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A PRACTICAL TREATISE
ox
Materia Medica and Therapeutics
WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE CLINICAL
APPLICATION OF DRUGS
JOHN V. SHOEMAKER, M.D., LL.D.
iljr i^lijq in Eht Vedi'>o-C1iinir|iTal Cu:it]r« nf Philbklphii: Phjtldan tii tli« Utdloo-Cblrarcinl lln«pltal;
Vvinbvr Hif tite American Uvilical Ai«uetktloii, or tlia l^iiiii3']Tiinlk ih^l MJnnBHoU llt4H H«dEi-Al
r^ii-ivhcf. l^ AnuTliAii Acudflinj of M*01chh«. th* l)rtci*h Msdtul AMiiuiAtlcf d j
FfIIow rT til* M*iLi«L Sodst/ of l^mditB, V^., «tr.
FIFTH EDITION. THOROUGHLY REVISED
PlIlLADBLPHIA
F. A. DAVIS COMPANY, PUBLlSHKItW
1901
••• : ..: ..: :• :."■•...
CriFYHIUIIT, igiii.
V. A. JMVIS COMFAKY,
fK/igiilcrolat SI3tlH>utn' JlkJI. Lndun. Enf,]
miadalrklL Pi.. U » A '
W4-ltCb>iT7Su>».
■J ■. -2^^
i2> o\
THE MANY PUPILS
WHO HAVE ATTENDED HIS LECTURES DURING THE PAST TWENTY-
EIGHT YEARS AND ARE NOW PURSUING THEIR PROFESSION
IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND (N
MANY FOREIGN COUNTRIES
THIS VOLUME,
ILLUSTRATING AN ALL-IMPORTANT AND PRACTICAL
DEPARTMENT OF MEDICINE, PHARMACY.
AND DENTISTRY,
IS
RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED BY THEIR TEACHER,
The Author.
PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION.
In order to render the fifth edition representative of the
present state of our knowledge the literature of recent years
has been carefully reviewed. The progress of discovery,
application, and experiment in the field of Tiierapeutics has
continued with uninterrupted activity, and we have been
placed in possession of many new drugs and preparations.
Important chemical modifications of some of the older prep-
arations have also been introduced. In certain instances such
alterations have produced notable improvements, retaining
the virtues while removing or lessening the defects of the
original drugs. New applications have likewise been found
for some of the older articles of the Materia Medica. Re-
-searches concerning the physiological action of remedies have
been studied and their results incorporated into the text
wherever positive additions had been made. A number of
new medicinal plants have been brought to our notice, and
those endowed with decided efficacy have been succinctly de-
scribed.
The preparations of tlie British as well as of the Amer-
ican Pljarmacopceia have been enumerated in this volume,
antl the doses of all drugs and preparations are given in terms
of the metric system in addition to those of the older notation.
J. V. S.
(V)
TABLE OF COXTEN'TS.
Classification of Kemedies
Pharmaceutical Tlierapeutic Ageuts, or Drugs
Xon-pliarmacal EeiiiedicB and Expedients Kmploved in Medicine
Classed witli Drugs
Klectricity in Medicine — Electrotherapeiitics
PI ly Biological Effects of Currents 'of Electricity
Methods of Electrodiagnosis in Various Xervous Affections
Clinical Electrotherapeutics
Electricity in the Treatment of Paralysis
Elcctrodiagnosis in Paralysis
Electricity in Gynaecology — the Apostoii Method
Electrolygis in Medicine
Application of Electricity in Dermatology
Removal of Superfluous Hair^ — Hypertrichosis
Hemoval of Foreign Bodies from the Eye with the Electromagnet.
Electricity in Xose and Throat Diseases
Elwtrical Illumination in Medicine and Surgerj-
Kinesitherapy ; Mechanotherapy; Jfassothcrapeuties; Massage
Rest-cure
Technique of Masso therapeutics and Mechanotherapy
Physiological Eftects of Mechanotherapy
Thernjicutic Applications of Mechanotherapy
Massage in General Medical Practice
Synergists with Massage '. .
Contra -indications to Massage
How to Prcscrihe Massage
Pncnmotherapy and Pneumatic Differentiation
Oxygen
Preparation of Oxygen
Physiological Effects of Oxygen
Therapeutic Applications of Oxygen
(vi)
TABLE OF COKTEiTS. vii
PAO>
Apparatus and Technique of Administration 939
Ozone 940
Physiological Effects of Ozone 941
Ozone in Medicine 941
Xitrogen and Nitrogen Monoxide (Nitrous Oside) 943
Pneumatic Differentiation and Treatment by Inhalation 946
Medicated Vapors — Atomization — Inhalation 947
Formulie for Inhalation 948
Hydrotherapy and Balneotherapy 951
Phj"siological Effects of Water 954
Clinical Applications of Water in the Treatment of Disease 956
Hydrotherapy in Nervous Diseases »(J7
Mineral Springs 97U
Physiological Effects of Mineral Springs 974
C'limatotherapy and Climatology : 978
Climatotherapy 984
Choice of Climate for the Treatment or Prevention of Disease 986
Diet in Disease 989
Formula for Fluid Foods 1001
Fredigestion of Food 1003
Psychotherapy; Hypnotism and Suggestion; Metalloscopy and Metal-
lotherapy 1005
Hypnotism lOOti
Hypnotism in (.Jeneral Practice 1010
Metalloscopy and Metaliotherapy 1015
Heat and Cold as Therapeutic Agents 1U16
Heat as a Kemcdy 1017
Physiological Effects of Hot Applications 1017
Therapeutical Applications of Heat 1018
Effects of Abstraction of Heat by Cold Applications 1020
Therapeutics of Cold 1031
Light and Darkness 1023
I'liysiologit-al Effects of Light 1024
Therapeutical Deductions Concerning Light 1025
The Roentgen Bays in Medicine 102G
Music 1028
VUt TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PhyBiological EffectB of Music
Therapeutic Applications
Various Therapeutic Methods More or Less Mechanical and Lt
their Effects
Acupuncture
Antiseptics
Aquapuncture
Aspiration
Bandaging
Baun Scheldt i am
Blood-letting and Transfusion
Hypodermoclysis
Enteroelysis; Irrigation of the Bowels, Injections, Clysters, and
mata
Formula; for Enemata
Rectal Alimentation and Intestinal Inhaustion
Setons and Issues
Suspension in Diseases of Spinal Cord and Nervu-stretcliing in Xi
Disordere
Kervc-stretching
Formulary
General Index
Clinical Index
Table of Doses
Therapeutics and Materia Medica.
OENEEAL CONSIDERATIONS.
THEUJI'Kfnt-s is tlie applicaiiou of kiK-wJcdgt- to the treainient of
the ac);. It t-ouiprwi-* in it* wi(J(r>|. !^(-i>itf cn-rytlnng ivlikliug Iw the |iii>-
vcntiOD, cure, or allevlatioQ of diseasp. The special phannaceuticat aganu
employed in the trvntmcnt of )(i«.'kui'M jii the liuman eubjuct, lukeu iu tlic
•^rcgati?, coDstituto the Maieria Medica. AtnuDg these are nianj iuot;^^c
ckraeuts atid their compouiiJ«; but by far Uic larger jjruportioii Is made
np of or^nic suU^tancea, eepeeially certain vegetoble ftmctures. These
enidc dni)f» and their ilerivaliTts form the priucijiiil pan of thir varioiii?
daaws of otiicial pliarniaeeutical preparationii. A smaller portion is sup-
plied by aiiitual bodies, such iis l\\u orgimtc cxlrui'tis uutiloxins digestive
unnenU, etc.
Thv drug» and prcpitnttious wbtcli tniiiiiitute tJie Uiiilt'd Stiitis I'hiir-
iiHCQp<Eia are, in iliis country, spoken of ss official. Ml other rL-medifS
ate uiiofririai. In tlic following piijfi-s the remcdiw of the Britinh I'hiimia-
fvpo^ia are also systematically considered, but these are only official where
tbe British ri^ndanl aiithorily governs. Thv uHU-ial renieilic.* represent a
ttlcct class of tlierapL'Ulic ajjents, the value of which has been established
by careful iuvi^tigntion and cliniiul cxijevicnce- The results of the cxcvU
lent work of the Committee on Uevisjon of the United Slates I'harmacopteia
deccrve high dppreeiation.
The Materia Medicu docs not represent tbe sum-tolal of the resources
>( inodrjn me<licine. In addition to \m knowledge of the actinn of drugs
tkt ptiyeician must understand the value of hygienic measures, which add
ereAtly to the comfort of tho patient and facilitate bis n^covery. The
DttDian liody is an assemblage of organs designed collectively as an ap*
fwatQS for the tramfumuilion and ovolulion iif energy. The activity of
ihe vilal forces gives the living body recuperative power which, when |)rop-
trly directed, tends to restore disturbid functions to their normal condi-
tion. A kniiwledgv of physiology often enables the physician Ui anticipftle
Nature's methods and to place tbe ]uitient nnder eircumstancee roost favor-
able for III* reeovery.
Morlcrn therapeutics is not based upon mere theorj". but upon a very
wlid and scientific [mnidation of physiologv' and clinical experience. Pbar-
DMCblogy i* alliltiiled with the other natural seiencea, and its facts, whicb
ur determined by true scientific methods, are cniwible of dcmoujilration in
ihe blMtntort' and clinically. 'Hiey also agree with the general experience
of mankind. In bis early iilriiggltts for existence man learncil by accident
the aedieinal <|ualilii> of mineral springs and some vegetable sulistancea.
In tbe course of ceDlurie« the ctTccts of tbt-se drugx liei-nuie thoroughly
•Mabliihed hv esperifuee, and their application to bodily disorders wae
better delin«d. it is to be noted that tbi-»e action* of drugs upon the
bninaD body and its (unctions are elementary' facts and are c«i«ntial char-
(1)
TKBIATEirriCS AND MATKBU MEPICA.
mcUin of till' Dubslaiicire in ijuestioo. Tb«v are supported hy
ohnrat'tcr of widfncv an thv KUtomi'iit tUnt »iigir UMv* «weetj
bitlvr. Thvv are grnuino, biochemical pb«ootneDA. '
Ttii- irilnii.-n<^- of ttio mind iigiutt the body. eii|MVuIly ^iati^
tit ■Imtii; cmotidtiA or nf siiix-onscioua utiention, is full)" recoj
]>iillioIo-;i»U and (?lini<nl ubwrvcn*, iii> o cnarv of diitordtTi-*! func
BH iij>liiii)iii, [ttinilysiij of »ematii<n or motioii, and various neuro9i
Ixwii Nhowii \iy mpini-nci' thai, fniiuciitlr, such e*»c« may lie
iiii;ci{(.'"lioii, or by siniply sctinc on the mind of the patient. Tb<
IrMon to be li.-&'nii^l itt that tiic mind Ja ft powerful factor in (
inlonsifyinf; dlsturliancefl of the body, and, on the other hand,
vaJiiablr Hdjiiiict in UifrnpirulicK. Dr. Jamc» Kiimh appreciated tl
hipbly that lie always, before Kiving & remi-dy to a patient, took
care to improut upon tht- individtmrg mind the cffecbt whith he
to follow ita administration. This practice is now followed by n
are nt'knowledged to be the ni<*t itucccwful expoinntt of moder
Bcience.
It haa often be4-n obM-rvcd that amon^ patients a( highly
nerrous oiyanizalion the administmlion of some almost inert r
even Ihu utic of wime myitleriou* agent (»ueh as Perkins'* tract
garth's imitation tractors, the iron ring for rheumatism, the horse
or potato carried in the pocket tar other di«onlers, amber necV
HIh, etc.) may be followed by apparently marvelous results. The
Amenntn Htir^'i'nti, .lom'pli Paix-oii^t, in lovtunng to his clna^, po
that sonic uulieiils siiircnd discomfort or disease, without having a
disorder; out he iiisinted upon the cHnira! fact that, whether a
tick in biti body or lus mind, he is ><ii.'k, iind appropriate tK^tmei
be administered.
Thfire cjiii bo no iitcce«« iu Uirrapeuttes without recogjiiKing
portance of the psychical factor in disease. Sometimes a suddei
ahock will rcjitorf upcech to an aphonic jf>atient, or it may be «
attention alone that accomplishes the result. Sir Humphry Davj
an intcrfiliin: case of a paralytic ptitient. wh" ri-markcd, after cxpi
the novel sensation of having a clinical thermometer placed u
tongue, thai he fell better. I'pon re|N'iiIing the procedure daily h(
improved and fully recovcrcti at ihe end of a fortnight witJiout a
trealmenl.' Patients of neurotic ancestrv-, without being actimtl;
often have delusions, or morbid fears, about their health. In su<
what ifl calK'd the morxl treatment is of the highest importance'.
to obtain the be*-t results in thera;>eutics, it is essential that the \
ahall oso pvcn- proper means to secure the coiiitdence and, if poss
co-operation of the patient.
DiM-ase is fre()uenlly causied or maintained by certain stat«l
blood.' The*« may be provisionally divided into three classes. 1
in which there Ia a diniinulion or absence of iTrlnin principU« in tl
which arc necivsary for eell-devolopnicnt and metabolism. Thira, a
"^n Sup«nl)tkHnii CnnnivtHi with Uvr llittorj aim! Prmrtk* of MHi
SargvT-" ^T l'l>o*na« Jt<M-pli ivuijirvii, Plii1iidcl|<hu, 1M4.
*Abatnctr<) fmm aa adilivat on "Our Tbrraprtit !<-*." delivrmi bv tli
Irfare tW Ohiu Sliiu- .Mi<diriil Socwtj'. Jotirmat u/ tAr Amiirican Jf^ioit An
JuiH 3,
CUSSinCATtON OP RRMEDIBS. 3
ntorbid condition (cachexia Etrumipriva) ]iu» been obscncd to follow ru-
moTal, ur de^ nicl ion by disease, of the thyroid gland, apparently because
tbe blood ifi deprived of fiome importtinl cuni^titiicnt or lutcmal xccrelioa
which thi» g]»nti olaborali^ and which is neneasary to health. This con-
dition ba& been shown to be amenable to trt-utment by myaiis o/ thyroid
extnet obtained (rom the oi;gan3 of sheep. When we treat anieniia with
inm, rickets with lime-salte, scun-y with 1 cmoii -juice, or nciirusthcnia with
livpopbo«phiie$, thi.4 principle is followed of eupplying to thv blood ctjrlain
proiimale principIcH which are needed for hcultfay mcltibulii^TU. In a similar
nuiiDer ve may su])piy to the blood some substance which enables it to
: - t iitfcctioi] or throw oft the coni-cinicnct^ of infection. Thn*, anti-
'.-jAiQ h usod in diphtheria and similar bodies tn ervsipelas, tetanus, Qmhoid
Urn, pbgtu.', pneiinioLiu, tubcrcidosiB, cholera, and yellow fcvor. 2, There
u iBolher cla.is iif ca.'t-i in whii^h certain elements normally present in the
bkod ar* in such eieess us to cause symptoms of disorder. Tn diabetes,
^^Kf>f sample, there i> an excels of ;.'liicoee in the blond, and the result is
^^PBnuTntMl iu glyco^nriii. Id gotit and lilha'mia we hove evidt-ncc of excess
of uric acid, or of other compounds of the xanthin group. In jaundice there
BUMcvss of bile lu the eirculsUng fluid. Tho object of treatrntnt in
rati uses b to diminish the quantity of the pathogenic element by admin-
iHHWii drugs which reduce production and uuj^mcnt excretion, thu* placing
tht patient in a condition approaching the normal, 3, In a third class
tfcere are pr*wnt in the blood tubstunctrs which are not among its ordinary
((OutiliKnts and which cause disturbance of cell-action (alcohol, nicotine^
nmarinr. motatlic poisoDV, etc.). There is a large clui« of Hubstanccs of
keterial orifrin which cause sj-mptoms of disease when introduced into
Iil^ blood. In addition lo the group of infectious discnsi'j', which are famil-
itr intuners. there are oIm) toxins absorbed from the alimentary tract and
pwdnctive of symptoms, the origin of which h often overlooked. Tliud,
•neat* may be produced in this manner. A case has been reported in
•luili, after the reraoTal of a Fallopian tube, which was distended with pu*,
t lopDi of the faci- underwent a spontaneous cure. Albuminuria is likc-
«ue m-CKMonally due to toxins. In all these instances it is seen that when
ibeaclivi; cauife of the difensc.' is recognized and removed the symptoms will
Jianpear. How dnip? may be utilized in bringing about ibis result it will
t» (Ii« otijt-ct of thiTaiieuticx to show, as will be made manifest in the fol-
iffwiag sections on the ui-es of drugs.
Classification of Ri^ukdixs.
DilTerent methods of elnssificat ion of the articles of the Materia llledtea
bare been employed for diHerent purposes. Thug, » botaiiieal basis may be
Miofitfd or druiH and prejinrations may be arranged according to iheir
(lieiBical and pharmaceutjcal relations: or remedii's ntay be elfi^sified ao-
oifding to ibi'ir most pnmiineiit physiological or therapeutical effect.s. It
■ BWi'Tslly rfH-n^nirfd that drops altect funclion hecanse they contain cer-
— , <ir e\lraelivef, by virtue of which they produce
*' . n and their therapeutical powers. A cinchona-tree
•bich ie grown tn n botanical jnirden. and on this account contains no
qninine in its bark, will have no medicinal value, and preparations of such
liari will exert nn therapeutic cfTcet except it may be through mental im-
4 TUEHAPEI'TICK XSU MATEUU UKDIC.l.
1
riKHWiM Upon tlic patient vlio Lliiulu that hv iuis taken nn an
n juiEtiin]; it may b« mcntifned ihat one of ilie gr«at i^ourit's of
clinii.-al ibrrnjiiruliti' vxijli in Uic vunin^ qujility o( (inijcs untl I
quvnt tiBcerlainlj- as to their effects, lliia may be obviated 1
extent l(v unin^ pn-caiitiouK to olitnin only tlie \>v*l (juulily of (
to use wliat are calte<I standardized preparstions. in «-liicfa the ]
ol thv netive priuajili* it uM-iTtainnl and guamntee<l to he unifoi
■ It ia only proper to state that tJie therapeutical cla^iiicutiui
iarily only a gvnerul oni\ and many exceptions can be tHki.'n. ,
is it to b« noted that it is not to he inferred Ihat this cisssificaf
elusive, and that, litvaujie tli« principal aetinn of a r«medy undei
circumHttiiK'i^it is such a^i to warrant its Wing places] under n »p0
inij, it itii^ht not slao Ik- cnlitU'^l t» ii I'laee uuiUt auothiT hi-adi
diliiculty arUea from the multiple action of drugs, and that t
ael upon several organs gimnltaiieously. Thiu a Orug. like quii
l>e an antiseptic and it may alm> be a iitininlant, or an anliperiodi
incidental effect it may act as a deprwisant or eausc certain eni
the -kin. The oil of tur|H»»tine is an uiitiM!ptic and a stimulant
gestive organ§ and the heart, it is also a diurvtic; but it is ctipahl
caMui of eauding toxic Minptomn and gi-nirul iiifiammation of th
rtraiiffiirT and nephrilis, even from small doses. With rcfcrcw
peculiar pf^rsonal stiftceptiliitity of individuals to the action of drt
for convenienie idiosyncrai'y, no naltsfaelory explanation can
Thus, opium, inctend of acting iiri a naroolic m it ^ncrnlly docs, t
sets as a slimuUnt; moriihine in some individuals eauses wakcfi
vomiting and annoying itching ot the skin. Cannnbis Indica i
dcliriiini and nervous exeiiement instead of «>othing the nervoi
In soiin- iJKcs alcohol acts like a narcotic poison, in others it prodi
mania, In thf ('iirxiili-ralion of Ihe actions of drugs in the ne;
many siah examples will be referred to. Enough have berii mcnti
to prove the statcnK-nl that claKKiHwrtiou of drnga according to th
upon tile human body is only ti-ntative and suggestive ul the bt
subject to many corrections as applied to individual cases. The
list, being aware of the incidental effect* of drugs, is constantly oi
to modify his treatment when they are manifested.
Hcinidies may he divided into cliisses (after Oarrod): —
CLASSIFICATION OP REMEDIES.
AmcTiHO
IniiH*!.
BuuDin.
Medicibu
Actrao
THBODQB
rnk
KUTOOB
SlITXH.
Chuicil
InlluiU.
ClatiificaHon of Remedies.
Blood tonld (hanutlqlo).
AlkiUoi.
Acidt.
AMrlngoiti.
BatHgouU.
Autiprivtics-
Altentlfa.
TbtBrmln.
^dnilOnd.
r EihUuBDti.
i RrpDOCIo md ADodrna
I AniMttaeths.
f StlmulinU.
tSedsUTH.
„ __. ( AntUpMioodli*
Nsr<«-OeiitT«B 1 xoDl(3lind
ud GmgUonio Orrtem. ^ Antlperlodj™.
Htut lod CIrcalilorr
SjnsDi.
' ViKuIU lUmiiUilU.
Vuculu- MdnUtu.
AUmeuUTT Cuul.
Tba Ufct.
ADtbliQics.
EmBtlix.
Antt-Emstlc*.
PUTgHtlTa.
Antlirimlntk*.
Stomicblcs.
f Hcpitlc (tlmaluU.
t Hepmtic depr«»»nt«.
^Kclll Orgaiu.
(ExpectoruiUUiulni.
CuUneoui Bjilem. t, Dlipbor^o,
Drlnirj Bjitmi.
0«ncr*tlT« STiUm.
Sedul'o.
DcniulcmU.
EBOlllfllU.
AitilngBDU ud StTpUcf.
AnUFVultla.
( AatlHptla ud
\ IHaliilMuiU.
Tin EjM.
EplapiitU» or bllsteilng igenlo.
Puatnlinu,
EKbirotli* BOd CuiMicB.
fDluretlo.
1 Utliooirlpllia.
Embolica.
EmmaiugogaH,
EcboUcs.
Aphiodiiliw*,
AniiphrodilUCK
fUTdrUUis.
PART L
PRAUCACEimCAL THEEAPEUTIC AGENTS, OB D&nOS.
In this BectioQ will b« considered, sy^teinaticalty and in alphabetical
«der, the ivmi.tliul agcnU <ir drugs iu prexonl ukc in the treatment of dis-
■•M. All n( the drugs and preparations made oHicial by the United States
•fid British rhurmacopa-ias rccoirc uotice and considoTation in proportion to
tbcir ijnitortance. Some of the most valuable of the new remi'dieii wbich
■» comut^ larg<rly into luc by the profofsiun have ulso bii-u inlroduL-ed,
thwc bein;; distinguished from the omeial agents by Uie abaenee after them
rf ibf IclU-re r. S. P. or B. P.
Eftch drug will be considered indlviciually and from three dillerent
points of liew: (1) the botanical or chemical deiimtioD and physical char-
»etm of the remedy, vith the strength and dosage of ita various prepara-
tioaa; (t?) tlA physiological actions, including toxicology and sntidotcs, with
■pecia] effects, if any, upon individual organs and tissues; and (3) the thera-
protical indications, with illustrative formuhe, comments, and suggostiont
•I to rli;;ible forms of administration, or cautions concerning ite use. This
■wagrmcnt is the one which has been found by experience to be the most
MaTrnienl to facilitate reference and study.
ABSUS. — Jeqairity, Wild Idoorice, or Abrus precatorius (Legumiuosie)
■I a «ma]| plant or shrab, a native of India, hut naturalized cWxvhcru in
Bb* tro{ii4S. The part used in medicine is the aeeds, or beana. Theite are
§n*U. nearly round, of a bright-red color, with a black »pot ot the hUum.
nicj contain Abrie Add, a paraglobiilin. and an sibumose, the action of
•4i>>-b cjo^flv rew;mbli-s that of toxin* vf liiti-ti-riiil origin and to which the
of tlie infusion appears tn be principally due. The latli'r two
■ pf similar chemical composition, atw both toxic, and their i^ystcmic
!i,(-. >• bet-B likened to those produced by the venom of the snake.
-:ijM?raturo i» lowen-d and the blood remains tliiid after dvatb
and Wiiifenden). The «ee<ls do not contain an alkaloid. The root
-■.ainius plyeyrrhizin.
TJictspy. — The infusion is made by triturating three seeds in a mortar
rni^e of ctdd water, to which is added an ounce of hot water,
tin; doluiion is filten^d; Ihi' r<-.'«itltii)K filtrate coniainTi tbe
'■■ or fcmiciit. which, if iutroduccl into the eye. is highly
causes a purulent inflammation. It litis, acf-onlingly Ix'^n
tuilv ufL'd in o[iblhH]mological practice in the treatment of jfriiDiiIaT
ir trachoma. It is itpjilivd Ihn-o limoa the firet day and Kpeati-ii on
^ud artti ihini days, if necessary. This powerful application should
^j,^- w-jtii care, sine Pr. T. K. Xhirrtill describes three case* of strict-
nf the ruwal iluct that had resulted from its careless use or too frequent
fi^-atjon.
y^ Citato in which jcquirity is apt tn prove most seriiceable are the
of trai'lir.ma «t the fibrous slate rtf the coiijiiiiitiiH following
GonH fi-iuUs also follow its cautions use in vascular keratitis
PHARMACKl'TICAI* TflBRAPBtPnO AOESTa OR DRrOft.
proiliieed hy a hum. Thp powclerc-il drug iiiny be njijiHod by n
canivtVlialr bru§li to tht- evertixl lid, a very small i|uaiitity Wii
fimt in order to avoid nn i-xccfiiiivo reaction. Jcqiiirily hai nho
[iloyed in the treatment of chronic euppuntion of the middle i
chronic inctnti*. i
Abrne is not used internally. Injection ol the infu^oa
circulation or the loucr iinimnU wiuhck death.
ABSINTHUrM (tT. S. P.).— Wormwood : "the leaves and topi
misia Absinlhiiiiii" (Coinpositn!).
Pr*pfU»tion».— Wormwood has no oflicinl pr<'pBrntion*.
Pharmacology. — An herb, hitter and aromatic to the taste, il
to Europe, but nattiralixcd in thie country, and common along waj
contains the aldehyde Absinthin, a very bitter, yellowish-irhite powi
is soluble in water, alcohol, and ether. Wormwood also contains
volatile oil, more in the dried plant than in the fresh state. The oc
largely of Thujone. or abunthol, with a blue coloring principle. 1
Bavorcd with aroniatie^, cnlh-d Absinthe, is used to a large extent
toxicant in France, where its pernicious effects have attracted the
of sanitarinna. The coiiAtant uite of abi<inthc prtiduces profound'
of the nervous s.'t'stem, epileptiform convolsions, and renders the
phyHical wreck. These efTecis arc similar to thoie produced by th
oil of wormwood upon the lower sninmls, in which it acts as a dc[
nervous energy, followed by stupor, clonic muncular spawn*, and fa
According to the experinienlti of Cadi-ac and Albin Meunier upon
the oil of woniiwood, in small and large doses, possesses decided i
properties.
Toxicology. — Poisonous effects may he counteracted by cold ;
followed by friction of the skin and sinapism:^, with careful admii
of ammonia by inhalation, or by the mouth, or by injection under th
into a vein. Evacuittion of the contents of the stomach should be
by stimulatins emetics, or, if these fail, by the stomach-pump. T
mcnt of abainthism calls for hygienic and restorative measures, pin
nerve-tonics, in addition to the usual treatment of alcoholism. Tl
absinthe as a stimulant ><bould be dtscoui-a^ed on account of the }
terioration, moral and plivBical, which it produces.
Therapy. — Wormwood has been used medicinally in the for
fusion (4 to 8 lini. to 473 c.cm., or ."ii-ij to Oj), a wineplnssful b
dOTO, Uf tt Ionic or as an nutlielniintic. for children. The infitsiot
wise employed as an enema for the destruction of thread-worms
Hiccough due to flatulent distension may be checked by the
trstion of a few drops of the volatile oil. The dose of the powderi
i8l.30to2.fiOGm. (orgr. xx-xl). or, of the oil, 0.06 to 0.18 c.cm. (o
It is a domestic remedy for flatulent dynpepsia and weak digesti
temallv, it has been used as a «linndant application to indolen
According to Dr. 3. L. Corning, the volatile oil of wormwood i.s a
local aniesthetic, and may be scrviceably applied for the purpose of i
rheumatic pains. A wine slightly tinctured with wormwood, k
Vermouth, ie sometimes given to increase appetite and hasten conva,
Absinthin has been employed recently as a bitter tonic in doses of O.i
(or gr. '/») before meals.
jkCAClA.
9
ACACIA (17. S. P.).— Aoaoia <Oain Arabic). A gummy exudation
tivm .Kau:ii Svnefin], WiDdenow (Legiiminofite).
ACACLS OVlOn (B. i*.). — Oum Aetcia. A gummy esudation from
tbr ttem uid branchnc of Acncift Scn^ol ond of other species of Acacia.
Preparationg.
SyntviM Acacia: (U.S. P.). — SyTn|bo[ At«cui (mucJIiifte of acacia, 28 parlJ, with
•fraf, TS jiaR»K Do**. 2 to 7^ c.cai, (or f3««-ij|.
Piilti* I'rHar Coinpoiiloii t L'. S. P. | .— Cvnii'ound Oialk I'uwilcr < pr«p&rcil clialk,
it; •rarU, 2(l; iill|[sti. Ml. Tor makioK rhiilk mixlurr.
UuriU^) AcMciip il'-'sP.. B.P.). — Macila|<i of Acacia lU.&l*. FontaSn« 34
wf. tijr ircifkt. nitli wmlrr Minujch to make 100 pnTt>). Daup, 2 (o T.ft rxm. |i>r
ThcM ar« tlie cnly official fttfontitma of acacia, and arc i>iiiipty used ■■ vehidei.
TW Iwhj of tlM MlBUon of gun aralile enablM it l» be lued to'sufpcnd iniolnbl*
ftmietn or fifk; in ||m> Utltr oue tbe multing niixturc in an tmnltion.
PltanuMlSfT. — Cum smbic com^ in white, or nearly colorl^w, trane-
tacent, irregnlar lumps, which arc brittle, odorless, and almost tastelcn. Jta
miation it raJuc^ for its adhesive qualities. Acacia also possesBes some ou-
trr;,- r^T.-.r>erties, and in the Eiirt it is cnten as food. It ii soluble in water,
be.' >le in alcohol. It has a faint odor and a mucila^inaus, insipid
»• rF:ia coniistB of a peculiar principle cnlle<l arabis, or arable add,
KL ': calcium, potassium, and magnesium. Arabin is described as an
matphoat. ^laNv, and transparent suWtunce vhen dry and of a milk-white
aalor when moUt. The solutions of acacia readily undergo acetous fer-
■wtabon. nnlese some antiseptic is added to preserve them. Aa a nile, they
flkxsld brfrtdilr made.
Tliezap;. — In bowel disorders nnd fevers, n thin muciiagp, flavored with
i™.. . . ., 1 cirn-t4-nfd, rnnkc* a nourishing, bland drink which relieves thirst.
n the throat is relieved by ^m-arabic troches. Coryza is cheelced
ii: of acacia and bismuth subnitrate, to which a little morphine can
J, aa in Ferrier's snuff: —
^i.'
or
or 5>j,
or IvJ.
a ICotiAIbm mlpliati* 32 Gm.
Padv«ri> acacue 8 Gm.
BianuUil (obnitralia S3 S£ Qm.
M. rt.h. pulvia
S^: A few pftiiM to be tnulTed into tbe aoitrils, at dlrMt«d.
For aore nipples, a good combination is as follows: —
S PlUrrrii aoK-lai 15 It Om. or Sir.
Pttlvrria aodii boralis 4 Gro. or Sj.
PuhrMii Htnphoiw U Gm. or gr. v.
pitl«*rt> inamiiw . 8 Gm. or Sij.
\f Sig.: [>iut ortT tlia •arfacc.
AoothieT aerriceable applicatiog, in some diseases of the skin, is: —
B Polrcria acacin ...,,..„.... 12) Gm. or 3iij.
Pulvcn* ainci cilealia 2 Gm. or Sua.
j^jtnliai -..-- |iSJ5 Gm. or Jw.
H- Big ■- Ointment for Mr* Bip|>l«ii.
^.•■-(Trr«] jftini arable may be used to check bleedinj; from leech-bites,
t _ e acU aa a protective to slight burns and excoriations.
PHARMACEUTICAL THBRAI-EirnC AOEXTS OB BBI
The vmiiUion may likowuc be umployed ae 8 demulcent vehlclt
chitie, and in irritation of the genito-urinai? pftsiages.
Gum nrsbic is cliiolly employed for pliamificcutical purpose
preparation of emulsions, pills, etc
ACETAmUDUM (r. S. P., 11. P.).— AcctanUid, or Phenyl-t
Aoetanilide (It. P.).
DoM, <i J3 10 1 dm. (orjrr. ii-xv). B. P., O.or,.", lo 0.2 Gm. (or
Pharmacology. — Acclanilid is an ncctol dfrivnlive of aniline
white powder, of neutral reaction, slijfhtly pungent, nithoiit odoi
Eohibic in water and freely soluble in ether and in alcoholic solutic
not i^hnn^ed bv aciil:- or alknlicfli.
Physiol^cal Action.— Id ordinary dosC. the action of acetanili
leN marked ujion a jicr^on in health than when fever in present, ai
evident action is to reduce t«mperature, possibly by converting <
globin into methnimoglobin in the red blood-corpu«clc and intcrfe
oxidation. The effect doea not depend upon sweating, since it oce
no pentj)imlion it produced. "Wh«n o toxic iiunntily hn* been ab»
patient becomes prostrated, the lips and finger-nails are dark col
pu!t>c rapid and comprc«siblc, and the skin pale and moi»l; the
of the blood is lessened, the red corpuscles destroyed, the hsemi
librraled and eventually appears in tnc urine, which bocomea da
in color. 'Hie quantity of uric acid and urea present in the unne is i
iMTgt ic»t$ cau«c diastolic itrrcst of the heart, preceded by trorr
vulsione, depreBsed temperature, coma, and motor and sensory para
BTualler doses, tho a^^Iion of the skin and kidneys it! inercaBod: t
pressure is at first elevated, but soon falls, and the heart's action
slower. It ia claimed that, in moderate amounts, ncotanilid acts as i
and vasomotor stimulant without causing any subsequent ill efi
some cases, however, whether owing to peculiar susceptibility or
in the drug, symptoms of poisoning — cyanosis and collapse— havt
even from small doses. Vomiting or profuge sweating, aocompuiue
found prostration, have also been witnessed as the elfect of model
of acctanilid. Toxic symptoma ars especially apt to occur when ai
is present as a contamination. Acetanilid is, in some instances,
iipiin the skin in crystalline form, or, it the substance is not aectni
some product which results from its decomposition. The ill effci
drug must be counteracted by use of externa! heal, vigorous aicoli
ulation, together with the hypodermic use of ether, atropine, an
nine, in order to support the re*pirntiou and circulation. In pat
fering with fatty or dilated heart, it should only be used with grea
if nt all. Owing lo its action upon the blood-cells, it should no
repeatedly or in large doses, in the low fevers. The prolonged ad
linn of acctanilid gives rise to congti^lion of the liver, spleen, and
In animals poisoned by acetanilid the heart, liver, kidneys, and oth
have been found affecled by fulty degenernlion. It is climinut<
kidneys. According to the observation of Picciorini the ingestio
tanilid producw peptonuria. Wlicn u^ed ae a dusting-powder.
with an equal quantity of starch or zinc stcarate. in the treatment
trigo of infants, it luie caused death from absorption of the drug,
cases {Journal of tht American Mtdxcal Association, feb. 1, 189G
A
ACETAXILTDUU,
11
Thenpy. — Avotunilid p<sfie««c« antiseptic properties aai miiy be «d*
mn(a;;(!oU5JT used as a local remedy. It it »n efficacious local application
to c)iaiicrnid« and ulcvrated cliancres, uwd sb a diisting-powder. In the form
of ui aintitiftil c'oiiiaiiiiii]e 1.30 Gm. (or gr. x.\) to 3l Gm. (or .^j) it is of
•TW* it) ub^tiiialc and irritable ulcere, erysipelaB, ecxema, herpes, iirticario,
-I, IT diseases a3Wctat«d with considerabli; irriCutitin. roiuhiiicd with a
: ml it exercises b beiie:Scial inflaesce upon the lesions of psoriasis. A
. : ■ , •^ntainin^; 0.25 (im. (or gr, ir) of utxitnnilid t« 3U ccni. (or fjij) of
< ■ iiijv be beueticially employed in pharingitis. Finely-powdered uc«-
tu litatcH an exct-llcnt drnaing to burni!, Kcalds, contused and small
kc<.^>^-i 'ouodfi. In many caseis it haa been found to prevent the produc-
tion uf pua. It hat a l»e»eJicial influence! upon ulcere and ha« bi-en applied
vi*; -A to mucons patches. In sinjtlc doses of 1 Oro. (or gr. xr) or less,
«r ; n doMt (0.80 Gm., or gr. iij, or less) every hour, it will usually be
loUoorcd by prompt reduction of the tcmpcralitri^ to the normal. It is also
ai>li*pa*mrHlte. and tia« Wen used in small doses iii epilepsy, asthma, and
•I i^u^h. In whooping-cough ii is given in the dose of 0.03 to 0.32
,^i „ ■ ss-v), according to the age and condition of the child. Improvc-
lakt-n place in chorea, also, in consequence of its administration.
■ rvlii-'f of pain it has been employed in nervous affections, and relierw
attack* of facial neuralgia, locomotor ataxia, sciatica, etc., in doses of 0.65
■ '- r 2T. X-.VV). In migraine, or neuralgic headache, it ie also an
:v. Acelanilid is highly esteemed in the treatment of dys-
. especially of young girU. In do««s of O.SO to 0,3S Gm. (or gr.
.' daily it is of value in relieving seaKi<;kne«^ Acetamlid may be
Ftoed vith lupiilin for the affections just named: —
B AcrtanlHd.,
L-apnllni
Sy.: Oiu! Uf two <«{Kiiln <very two or tlm« botin.
It may be employed with camphor, as —
9 C^npbone .
AcrUnilM.
V. rt R- aiipptMitorii) no. x.
^tf 1 iBKit one into ibe Innrd every two or tLr«a tioun, for the pain ot neu-
aa 8|50 GiD. or gr. c.
3|£S Gm. or gr. 1.
6100 Gin. or gr. «.
' •-nmatJc tetanus, dose* of 0.2f. to 0.38 Gm. (or gr. iv-vj) of oce>
te. :y third or fourth hour, in conjnnction with hypodermic injec-
m* M cATh-^iu- Bcid, have befo used with successs.
A romliination of value in the treatment of nenralgia, headaches, mus-
Inla; aod acute Hrticulnr rhouiiiiUtsm, dy»mr'n<>rrh<VH, tnfluenia, and various
Ifctnle affunions ie thus given by Dr. \V. Blair Stewart: —
% iLMtaaOM..
Quialmr biMilitliat., aa [066 Gm. «r gr. i.
CoHda. brilrwhlotaL |D04 Gm. or gr. V,|.— M.
The in^Teilieats are compressed into the form of a tablet triturat4>, and
- ■ ' ■ an lip admmietcred every three or four hours according to its
ie nature ol the case,
Atftan'fj^ is said to be of value in the treatment of obstinate vomiting,
12
I'UABMACBimCAL TUKairEl'TIC AOBSTS OR DBCOS.
eepeciatly when dne to nervous distTirbance or extreme irritabili
Etoniarh. It lias iili<o broD vinployt-d with siioccM in order to r<
vomiting: which follows Burgical operations or the use of an anaetl
Dr. Hollopctcr rccommcDdf, in simple fever« of chili)r«n, the.
combination: — '
20 Om. or g
Oao Oni. or f
TS Gm. IV g
On. «r I
1
B ArciBnilid 1
Hj-ilrui^. chlor. mltit
Scidii bicnrb >...<..,
S«rcli. Imt- ,
M. et ft. chart, no. xii.
Sig.t One rvi>rj two lioiiri until thnr niv takvn.
Acetanilid often proves very useful in acute infiaminatory rlw
rviliiciD^ Ihc lonipcratiirc and relieving: the pain and (dwelling,
infreqnentiy speedily elficacious in cases which have received no bei
aalicyliL' ncid or the Mtlicylates. It it; capuhlc of notubly amoltor
actuid BufTering, though it is not always able to prevent relap
remedy it likowiKc cfTicacions in neuralgic and muscular puin of i
orifrin and in pain caused by comprGsaion or alteration of nerve-i
The headache snd dy»pha^ia of tonsillitif arc allayud by the ii«c of i
It has been used in croupoiu pneumonia by Wroczynski. wh
that, in addition to rt-diuing the temperature, it favorably infill
pathological process in the lunc. It often proves of service in red
JicctiL- (I'vtT of pulmonary tiibcrcidoi^is. In K-urlutina and oth
affections araong children acetanilid has given very excellent result
here, al#o, it mii^t be watched carefully, as a number of cases of ini
from the drug have occurred among children. Griin claims to hai
rapid improvement in acute bronchitij" from ihe adminislration of
stance. It has also proved beneficial in allaying retlcc cough.
ACIStJU ACETICUM i U. 8. P., B. P.).— Acetic Acid, compo
per cent., by weight, of absolute acetic acid, V. S. P.; 33 parts of
acetate. U. P.
ACIDUM ACETICIJH OLACIALE (U.S. P., B. P,).— Olaci
Acid, nearly or quite absolute acetic acid.
Prf pa rations.
Acidnm AMtirum Dilutum (U.aP., B.P.)-— Uiluted Acetic Aclil con
tmil., Ii,v wpiKlit, ol absoluic acetic avid, U.S. P.; 4.2T mith of liydrue
B.P.
I.itiitiipniuiii TtTi-liiiitliin* AoeliVum iB.P.l.— I.iniinpnt ofTiirp»nlin«
Acid IcotiLfnintd (if oil ol tiirtirntinr. glaoini ntctic neid. nnd llnlmpnt nf
Tllliiti- ni^lio ticiil ■<• tlii^ 1iiiHl> ot tli« ui'Ka, or orili'iiil vim-iparii. pxce
CaDtlmridi* ilJ. P.J. iirhii^h rontnlns (jUpinl nwljc ncid.
Pharmscolo^ and Poisoning. — Acetic acid i* a clear, color
having II strouir viucgnr-hke odor, with acid taste and reaction. It o
water or alcohol in all proportions. Glacial, or absolute, acetic
cryflalline solid at 59* 1'".; it attracts moisture from the atmosp
should therefore be kept in well -stoppered bottles. Acetic aci
etrongest form nets as an escharotic to tlie tissiiefi: and. if taken i
is a violent corrosive poison, causinjj; vomiting of sour-smelling lie
intense pain, followed by convuldone and fatal coma. If the ca
i
ACtUUil ACETlCtTM.
13
longed, gastro-enteritis is produc«d by the acid. It lia« soni« aoliEepttc
qualities, and slifihtly incTeascs the acidity of the urine.
Tliv 1". S. I', aternni. «r vinegar, which cuntaiii^ from 6.3 to 7 per
cmi- of acetic acid, has a decided inhibitory etfcct upon the growth of
iiucro-oTysiium#. The tise of a fiU-iier-oent. awtic ntid ii* rccninniciided by
good autaority a* a men*tnium for extracting the active principles of drugs,
with which it sweiiist, in many in^tancc^ to form soluble compounds.
PyroliRneous acid, or crude acetic acid, a dark-brown fluid having a
tVj odor, obtained from the deatnictirt- diitt illation of wood, may be utted
•dnntage as a disinfectant. Glacial acetic acid is partially eliminated
ihe inteitlinni canal, but chietly hy the kidney^- In ca^te^i of poisoning,
milk or 9our and water should be freely given, and vomiting cncouragea.
Weak alkaline »olutionji should be aduiini^icrerl as choinical antidotes.
Thenpy. — Glacial acid is used succ<-K»fully as an appliculion (a lupus
cpillie}i<ima, uleer«, papilhminla (or narl.xl. and iia.^al hypertro|ibie«. and
•Mitan application to ringvronn and other forms of tinea. A mixture of
Slparts of acetic acid and 2 part^ of >«licyli<^ acid ii* e#ti-cnied aii ctHcacious
afftication to venereal warts. Vinegar (not official), or dilute acetic acid,
ue beat given internally to cbi-ck niKbt-nueat; and to rt'lieve dtarrhcea.
After eon^tigmtion has been overcome vinegar lias been employed with good
•Jert in the treatment of lead colic. Vinegar in a convonienl antidote for
BoiaDniog by caustic ijlkalic*. It is also used externally for the relief of
uidscbe. and the entire surface of the body may be sponged several times
aiiiy with rincjjar and water to reduce high teuificralurc and acid sweating.
It nil also prevent the formation of bed-sores. The vapor of vinegar dif-
fMtd tfarotigli the sick-room is, according to Dr. $. J. Bumstead, of Decatur,
m. beneficial in cases of catarrhal, merabranoua, and diphtheritic croup.
Eiijcclmann claims that the din-ct appliciitinn of vinegar nnvwers a good
pvpoae in diphtheria. Warholm recommends the me of vinegar for the
fftfott of relieving or preventing nniisi-u, vouiitinK, and headache following
the inhalation of chloroform. A compress saturated with the liquid is placed
•«T the Roac and kept in th»t poiition until conscious nesi^ has ix-tiirned.
The following liniment is useful in chronic rheumatism of the joints.
Itii Stokes'a nr St. John Long^s liniment, the Linimentum Terebinthinffi
AcMictun of the National Formulary: —
B 01. trrebinttt COJ P-cDi. »r fJUj-
Ovum n-wiit..
DL ilmoniii i (-.cm. ur [3j.
Ariil. >o«lic. ,.... lanO ccm. or f3v.
.iquic Totm 7S ccm. or ISH\t».
U. ti ti. lintmentUBi.
Ptoperly diluted, acetic acid is sometimes able to mitigate the intense
jiraritiit o( urticaria. It is capable aNo of checking moderate bleeding, as
iTom leech-biiea, superfleial wounds, and epistaxis. In post-partum hfcro-
orrfaagt, weakened acetic acid, or vinegar and water, exprci<sed from a mop
offpoD^ into the cavity of the womb, will cause that organ to contract and
prevent the low of more blood. Acetic acid may be of service in bleeding
Eran the stomach. Ur. E. Maguire reports goad residls in acute gonorrhuui
tram the naa of injections, consisting of 1 part acetic acid to 4 of water.'
'"Aaaual cl th« L'nivivnial Medical Science." lAOO, vol. v.
H
PltABUAreUTICAI. THKUAI'EUttC AUKNTH UR LlltUOS,
-1
ACIDind ARSENOSnU (U. S. p.).— Anenout Acid (ArKiiie
White Arsenic). i
Lose, *)M'^ to 0.005 Gm. (or gr, VWu)- j
ACIDUU ARSENIOSDK (B.P.).~Amiuous Anhydride.
Dwe, 0.001 to 0.004 Gin. (or gr. V„-Vm)- J
U. S. /*. Preparations.
Annil Icdidiim.— Arwnip lodid*-. Dom.-. 0,0027 lu 0.008 (Jin. (or gr.
Sodii Arwn»».— Suilliiiii Ar>i'iiiH*. Hfiiw. O.iMiiT to O.OOft Gm. \m gr.
MquoT Addi Aiscnosi.— Solulion ot AracnouB Aoid ll per cvnt.). O
0.00 iMTiu. (or »ii-x).
Ijqiior Poto'sii .ArjcuilU. -Solution ul I'otawiiuiii Antcnilv (I per
lw'» Siohition. Vim; IMW to 0(10 'r.riii. (or n»i\l.
Liquor Soilii Arii-nnlU. — SuluUon of Soiliuiii Aftnenutc (1 per cent.
KKlhini). Dose, O.IM to O.iW ecm. lor Mix).
Liquor Arovui *i Hfilmr^yn lodiJi. ^Solution uf ArwnU- «n<l .Mors
ll p«r cent, each of anu-nlu iouidn itnd led mercuric iodide). Donovmn^
I)v»«, O.OU to V.SO F.ciii. tor mil).
B. P. Prtpanttiom.
Ferri ArwnM^— Iron Aracruiti'. Doac, 0,004 to 0.015 ror gc '/„■'/,),
AnmU lodldum.— .\rHniou» lodidf. Ih.np, d.(k>.i to 0.013 Um. (or
$m1ii ArM-DSit.— Dom. O.OOIO tu O.OUO Uiu. (ur i;r. V»-*A<I.
Liquor Anwniralli'. — .\rMTnlcn1 SdIuiIoii, Fuwlvr't Solution |1 per cei
0.00 Ul 0.50 c.cui. (or nii-viij).
Liquor Sodii Araemtlii. — Sulution of Sodium Anciuitc ll per cent.).
to 0.50 cciii. (or nilvllj).
l.iqtior An^nii «l llj^drargyri lodidi.— KolutioD of ArMflions ari
lodidpt. Dosp. 0,30 to 1.20 c.cni. ior mv-xxi.
Liquor Art^'iiici Hyjroi'hloripu*.— Hydiotliloric Solution ot Arwnli:
coiituiu 1 Gm. o( nriciiiouii nnhj-dridel. Ijohp. 0.13 to li.AO com. |or mii-ri
Pharmacology. — A white, almottt tasteless, heavy powder, or
mass of crj-Htnis, eoliiblc in 30 parts of cold water or 15 of boiling w
in glycerin and in hydrofrhloiie-acid solution. It is arsenic
(A,0,), and i* prepared by roasting the ore and sublimation. Wht
upon burning charenal it volatilizes, the garlicky fumes being very ]
It is recognized by Uanh'i test : by the ptneration of hydrogen in
ence of a solution conlaining ai-seuic, arsenureiod hydrogen is
which leaves a dork ring on a cold plate hold in its flame; thie a
Iremely poisonoua if inhaled. Beinsch's test conBisIs in adding a :
of hydrochloric acid to the suspected solution, and immersing in it i
plate of copper; the solution being healed, metallic artcnio is depos
the copper. Arsenic possesses antiseptic qualities, and preserves bo
decay; when death occurs from its effectt;, it, thert'forc, remains f
time m the stomach, iivcr, and other organs. Owing to its taetelcs
want of color, ai^enoiig acid is frequently given with homicidal in
it is the most easily recogniz4.'d by ita tests of all the mineral poisoi
green, or Scheele's green, is an impure copper arsenite, used U
potato-bugs, and as a pigment in wall-paper«, and is a frequent
poisoning.
Clemens'! solution of arsenic bromide is made by hoiltng ;
arwnnus acid and puia.'i.'iiuiii cfirlionate (of each, 4.t4 (Jm., or gr.
distilled water (tiO ccm., or fSij), and the resulting sohition cooli
1
ACrOt'U ABSEXOSl'M.
15
29fi c.cm. (or fjx) of water, then bromttie, 7.7 Gm. (or gr. 117), and aft«r-
«mnl cmrugh vat^T to nmki' \T<i (..cm, {or i>j). Thv tlui<l is kopt four
vwkn, briii^ {T<.->|ucntlj hhakfn (turlng the fir^t veek, or uiitil it [orms a
prmi«n«-nUT-clear solution, The doso is O.Ofi to 0.30 ccm. (or mi-r) daily,
frvi'ly Oilutrd am] jfivoii afl^r mt^nlo.
Oacodyle, or kakodylic acid {»et Aoidam Cacodylicum). is a white
CTjMailuti- rKiwdi-r. ^oiiiljlr in water.
PhTtiolo^cat Action. — To the surface of the skin, if moistened, nrscnic
act* M an irritant, and produces inflammation and sloughing. Antcnic ia
wdily alisArbi-d, and i« supposed to enter into combination with the red
Ueod-tforpuacloa. It diminishes the elimination of carbonie acid and prob-
ably of urea.
Taken in small doses, arsenic exerts a tonic effect upon the nervous
^$teBi, EtitDtilates the circulation, and permits an increased amount of ex-
ttciM In be taken without fatij^ue or short breathing. Large doses depress
the action of the heart and diminish blood-presstirc. The rcspiratorv cen-
Irt ia atitnulmt^d br small and depressed by targe quantities. Jliledicina! doses
4tat*Bt. and exoi-«<ivc nnmuiits increusi-, the metamorphoeix of nitr(>gcnoua
tmoK. Wht:n ailmint-Htered for a long time, the sj-stem becomes habituated
Id iU use and much krger doecs may, in some cases, be taken without eeri-
ou cu&aci{ ueQt-es. The arsenic-eaters of Styria can take 0.50 to 0.G5 Om. (or
gr- Tiii-x) at a dose. It is «aid that but few can tok-rato such large doses,
and thaj are cartful not to drink water afterward; so that absorption prob-
Mj goc* on Tery slowly, at the same time that it is eliminated rapidly by
Uff kidocyf. It is possible that the tolerance may be partly explained by
heredity, as itnilaiora of the arseniceaters, sooner or lati^r, expt^rienc^ the
; affrcta of the drug. Inflammation of the stomach is one of ihe reMilta of
I jpjtnUDfi by an^nic, e^cn when introduced per enema or »hiKirbt.-d Ihrough
Ibe geacrsl surface. The urine becomes scanty, albuminous, or bloody.
n« skill is affected by arsenic; superficial tcdema, especially of thu face,
mrmn, and may be followed by vczcma, urticaria. h«rpes zoster, bronzing
M f«tchc», or fxfoliation of the epidermis. The hsir and nails may fall and
I v^'imctiTitt* may occur. If the remedy is not discontinued at this lime
I &t puffiness of liie eyelids and face may increase until a general anasarca
x£^ r^nilt. Cascs of idios^^'ncrasy have occasionally been observed in
'he prolonged administration of aiBenic in medicinal doses has given
urethritis, which gradually abated when the use of the drug was
ijon«d. Thr dift^iive organs are stimulated by small dosen, but large
. eatMe tfSfLro-entcritis. with bnming pain in the epigastric region, Tom-
anrsixig, and collap£« resi'mbUng Asiatic cholera. In fact, when eymp-
.- •■■■■ kind appear in the absence of an epidemic of cholera, lliey
. ly canned by arsenical poisoninj;. and should always excite sus-
. jjj^ 'adniini^ration of arsenic. ArM-nical poisoning is occasionally
jjj^j i>v pnrah'sis of one or more extremities. According to the ob-
. f/r. Thomas Ruward, the continued »sc of arsenic will occa-
tj-t*^ 111 multiple neuritis. Arsenic is eliminated from ihir nys-
nnd can lie rcfldily defected in the wriTic, when recently
tind Dearden' have shown conclusively that arattnic <*•
Vhe •V*'*"' 'hiongh the hair. Their metliod employed was not
3f«r<-A
£3. tMl.
18 raARMACBlTICjlt TOKIUPErTlC A0ENT3 OR DHUOl
only «no of detection, but also cetiination, ami oblained as high 8
of ar»eiiic lus 1 to lU.OOO. Tliurv if iiUo at tlie ^roiiciit time ali
(leiicv U) «liow tliAl the fate of arsenic in the body is partly in tl
this fact canoot but hv of Uie uttDtwt iniport^mec: in mvdidiu
in tosirology. j
ThL> neuritis and paralycie bo oftuti observed in nlcoholics a
he liin', not to alrohol, hut to a contamination of arsenic in*
bevexajic*. The attention t>( th« |»rofct*iiiii hii» niimtly been on
importoiit [.uljjeel by Dr. K S. itcynulds, of Manehcsler, Kn^hii
nounced at the nieclinji; of tbt- Miinelu'stcr Mi'dical Hociuly on St
l!JUl>, that till.' e[)ideinic of multiple neuritis then esiiitiiig in tl)
caused by arsenic in the beer drunk by tho«c u afTc-cted; ho fgil
arM-nic«l contamination was due to the use of sulphuric acid emp)
preparation of Rlueoee being made from arK-nic pyritec. tlie aiid
luminuti'd with araenous acid to the extent, in some instances,
cent, of its weight, the niYcnlzed glucose currying with it »* h
(Jni. (or j-r. ij) of arM;nou» oxide to the RalJon of beer. This
occurrence, it is hoped, will serve as a warning' to iircwer* of ih
tubstiuiling oiti'Hp and impure produila for the proper in^ed
general ajjpearuncc of the jmtivntii wna dcwcribed' a» fri-qui'ntlj
nieiini' always, iluit of pcrAons sulTi'ring with alcoholism. Usuf
tients walked with difliculty. in au ataxic manner; pigments
ficin in variou." parls of the body was observed in almost every i
of exposed parts and of the uxilla\ the groins, the areola- of tliO ]
the region .■"iirnnniding the uinbilieus.. In many rases there '
erylhenin. or an eruption of pflpule*; cmmp!* and pnins re^ici
gurant pains of tabes dorsalis were common: and the soles of tli
cxcceilintily lender, *" that walking, lii-side* being ataxic, was
painful. Other symptoms noted were tremors, exaggerated refl
niition or ahsinci! of kneo-jerk, and u condition resembling cryth
nausea and vomiting were often complained of, but in many eas<
no vomiting. The vxaet number of cases poisoned in Manche!!
not definitely known, though at one time more than three bundn
been under observnlion.
The vagina also has been used as a route for the introduetto:
into the system, and a number of cases have been reported in w
thus administered criminally, either in solution or in cry.-itals,
century a pcasBnt in Hungary, as reported by Mangar. poisoned
by iolrodueing areenic into the vagina after coitus. Hanerda' re
of a young wnmaii wlio apparently had committed suicide in tl
the autopsy there was found aeute infliimmation of the snrrouui
and a paper package containing arsenic crystals «us found in
vault, imbedded in thick fibrinouR exudations. The patient died
tomi^ of pt'rilonitis,
In exceptional cases of poisoning by arsenic the gastro-inte(
tome are not prominent, but profound collapse or stupor may I;
manifestation and herald a apeedy death. .After recovery from
ditte clTect« of overdoses of arsenic various disorders, especii
' A'cir lor* MnlUiil Jnunial. Uei»iiil>«r 15. 1900.
'Cmlwlblatl far r.ynahiUigte, No. 60. ISdfi,
ACIDUM AUSEXOei'M.
17
•limentar; canal and nervous system, may occur aa a mult. Myelitis,
peripheral U(.'uritis motor panlytu, liypeneKthpsiu, or aassthegia are among
Uh after-effects of this drug. A case fell under the observation of Dr. Roget
ta wliicb cpjlep«y occurrea as ouo of the secondary effects of the poi&on.
Chronic arsenical poisoning is not uncommon among workmen ou account
ai ifae extcnvive employment of thie Eubstnnc<.> in tho arte. A summary of
Utemoet typical manifestations of this form of toxaimia is thus given by tho
bu Profeetor Taylor: "Dryncac and irritation of the tlirvut, irritatian of the
luoous membranes of the eyes and nostrils, dry cough, lan^or, headache,
lat of appetite, nausea, colicky painic, numbness, cramps, irritubility of the
bowels attended with mucous disdiarges, Rreat prostration of strength, a
ferouh condition, and wuting of the body."
In vorkmen employed in making arsenical dyes local affections are
produced by conxlautly lisndling the substance. Among lliesu ctTccta arc
oloos about the roots of the nails, papular and eczematous eruptions, and
a^pcbut. To thcM local diJticultics the const it utional symptoma of chronic
inloiication may subsequently be added. After death from arsenic, fatty
dcguexation of the henrt, liver, kidneys, and other orgUDS hat been found.
TV temperature is depressed by toxic doses. Fly-poison, or cobalt, an im-
pnn arfienical oxide, is »<>nH-limee ewuUowed by mistake; so is rat-poison,
Dude by mixing arsenic and meal ("rough-on-rats" contains 50 pur cent.).
AiKiuc it excreted from the body by the kidneys and inteslinnl ciinul. It
iIh escapee by way of the skin, and it has been found in different secretions,
HtheiaUva, tears, and milk of nursing women to whom it had been admin-
iHtni.
At arsenical intoxication i» occasionally due to wall-paper, the follow-
ilgtestisof easy application in suspicious cases: A small piece of the paper
puted in strong ammonia-water will gire rise to a bluish color if nrsenlte of
tsfpper be prw«-nt. A yellowish deposit upon a crj'stal of silver nitrate.
muBtened with a drop of the tluid, points to the presence of anienic. Death
lus b(«n caused by the ingestion of 0.13 (im. (orgr. ij) of white arsenic. On
the other hand, considerable amounts have been taken without fatal conse-
oCDcee, the immunity being, in all probability, due to prompt cmesis and
iLeform in which the poison was taken. Death from arsenic usually occurs
nthtn from eighli>rn hours to three day», but it has taken place in twenty
minutes, while, on the contrary, the patient has lingered until the aixtecstb
to twentieth day.
Aatidotes. — The antidotes to arecnous acid arc the fri'shly-prccipitated
•esquioudc of iron, or the ofTicial ferri oxidum hydratnm rum magnesia, of
which about 1.30 Gm. (or gr. xx) must be given for eiieh grain of arsenic
fvallowed. Tho solution of diKl^'2ed iron is also a convenient preparation
for this purpoee. Calcined magnesia and milk may bo fncly administered,
and the stomieh emptied by the stomach-pump, or by free vomiting.
Oleaginous or macilagiDons drinks are also serviceable. If purging has not
accuired, the bowels «honld be emptied by magnesium sulphate or Rochelle
«1L The ease subsequently may require Irculmeut for rebutting gastrin
inflammation. The autopsy reveals lesions of the a?sophagus and stomach,
Willi erosions and ecchymoscs, congestion of the lungs, aud fatly degeiiera-
tino of differvnl organs. The arsenic may be detected not only in the con-
lent! of the stomach, but also in the urirn^- and in the tii-siies, ivpccially the
liT«r and great nerre-eentree. The antidotes to Fowlers solution are the
PHABMAOEUIICAL TH£KAP£DTIC AOENTS OB DRC08.
ferric boUs, eapccially the official nolution of fciric acetate, to whi
ammonia should bo oidti to Beutralize the free acid.
Therapy. — When sdmioistered intisrnuljy, arsenic ba« oc
shown considerable powiT over morbid growths, and is the only r
bare at out command that has any effect upon the development
of the viscera. In epithelial cancer and other superflcial growttu
paste has been employed (cinnabar, 70; dragon's blood, 22; arac
8), but, as previously *1ated, it is a very painful treatment, and
be applied to it smalt area at a time on account of the danger of '
toxic effects. The cxcewive uee of an areenical paste or powder 1
death by absorption of the poison.
Dr. Wight regards anenic bromide as the most eflicacions age
venting the diKSomination and extension of malignant growth. I:
he recommends a combination of this preooration with calcium i
In ague and chronic malaria! disoraerx, and aUo as a pri
against malarial poisoning, areenic is used very effectually in small,
may be combined with quinine and iron:— ||
a tJq- potawii nriHinitii .,.....• (18 to ISO ceto. or fi
Tr, mchoniL ci>iu|) (jOO c.cai. or (
M. Pru doii.
n Bodii Hrwnatls i> [06& Gm.
Maw. trrri carbouaUs IS Om,
Quiniun Bulpli l|3 Gm. or i
M. et (L pll. no. xx.
Sigi: One ttirw times a day.
^ .^raoni eulphiil) .......4........
.\Iniini •■•■
^'urri pyrophocpliatit 2
M. ct ft. pil. no. xs.
Sig.: Ona thr^'e time* h day.
13 Otn. or |
006 Gm. or J
SO Unu or }
Dr. C. F. Brj-au beiicves thnt arsenic acts as a prophylactic agi
let fever and, perhaps, n^nin^t diphtlicriB and influenza. The use
in pulmonary tuberculosis is advocated by I>r. Karl Hochlmlt, v
that in fifty cases the appetite improved, the weight increased, and
dimiiiixlutd while I'owler's solution was being administered. In
awcnic frequently exercises a very happy effect, especially when gi'
form of the solution of sodium arsenate. Larger doses are reqiUrec
cases of chorea, but the effect is very marked. According to Di
Murray, of Ncweatille-on-Tyne. the most effectual method of treat!
is by the administration of large doses of Fowler's solution. He
giving 1 or 1.20 c.cui. (or mxv-xx) three times a day. iu Uie mi
meal. lie claims that these heroic doses may be given for n few da)
disturbing the stomach, and that it almost infallibly cures chorei
WMk.
A course of arsenic has a valuable tonic influence in organic
ease, and under ita use dyspnoea, palpitation, and oedema improvi
correct* intcrmittency of the pulse. This remedy is of service :
forma of chronic albuminuria. Dr. Phillips has employed it with i
for many years in albuminuria following scarlatina. " Arsenic wi
frequently succeed in relieving ha-morrhoids.
ACI017U AB&B^iOiVH.
19
It any be administered with advantage thus: —
n Uq. •odii ancnatift,
Eit. houic-iun fld i.... na 41 cum. or fSj.
nU. goitiBJUe ICOl I'-cui. or (S<r.
IL SIg.. OiM t*a«iioonful In WBtcr mfter mealu Uwd in ncuralgiA and ehono.
SswTcr' liighlir extols arsciiic in gu^triilgin, where puiii exists wticn thv
Itodurh is pmpiy and i* relieved b.v taking food. He gives 0.0027 Gm. (or
J- 'yiJ. in pill with some vegetable extract, three times daily, baU-way
fta mcolf .
A pill highly extolled in the treatment of neuralgia is; —
R Arwui iodiiL 1006 Gm. or gr. J.
F^t. lirllndoniiiB tol. ale,
Merpfam. vakrianat. • a»
Pnh*. net. gratinnie
Pah-. txU aponiU
IL (t ft. piL nix Ix.
%. Ow to thr«e |>l1li during Ui« day.
Wl Om. or irr. vlij.
32 Ciiii. or jfT. V.
32 Gill- or gr. v.
Some spasmodic disorders of respiration, asthma, hay fever, and ohronic
oterital bmnchitis ore controlled by urscnic, and, if there is no acute in-
iuuntion, it mar be used with the atomizer. Arsenic is of service is
oiBTlial pneumonia. Cu«-s of ixTiodiml KUet'/ing, di-pendent upon reflex
inioii,)i8ve l>een cured by the use of this remedy.
Is irritativo dyi^pi-peiu, with morning vomiting and clean, red tongue,
maae u of service; also in the diarrhoea cominj; on immediately after
■Mil^ In skin ditteaw^ arsenic is valuabit: in proportion to tlit.- ab«encG of
iniiation or acute intlammution. In alt chronic procesGi?^, egpecially when
Mcea|ttnied by desquamation or infiltration of the skin, such us pK'riBsia,
4e persistent use of small doses is ott*'u curative; also in the dry form of
NMutnd impetigo, as well as in pemphigus and lichen. In the veificulnr
vbuDoDB eruptions of children Kmull uud repeated doses of arsenic are
muIIt followed by speedy improvement. It is contra-indicated in the early
Mft (if mch of tlnwo alTeciions except psoriasis. Sawyer' rccoiriiiicnds
irwDoiu acid for gaatralgia given in pill form with gentian or other vcge-
J*ecilrtct.
Prof. O. Lassar* gives an account of three coses of cancroid in which
the >Bt«mal use of nn^i-nic was followed by a disappearance of these growth*;
• PBe ttuv section* were made of the growth before treatment, which upon
ountnatiou gave the appearance of a beginning epithelioma; the arsenic
v»>admitiiotered in pills containing 1 millipmmme. increasing the dose to
Ike ptiftiologieal limit and continuing treatment for several months. In
•• patient there had not been a recurrence of the growth at the end of
right tl-OTS.
Eiiennatitifi herpetiformis and recurrent herpes are benefited by the ad-
nuoiftntion of arwnic It is generally of service alao in the treatment of
^nnic ttrticaria. The internal administration of arsenic will prove of
hoKfil in chronic »caly affections. The pendatent administration of unall
•ImmM. Julr4, laOfL
'UtitH.Jvjfrt. leM.
• BfTlttirr tllnifhr WartifTitdirift. Mnreh II. IWl.
20 PHABMACErTICA^L THEBAPKCTIC JLOENT6 OR PBrOS. I
dOHi of irwmic i« usuallj of •crrice in the Rmall piutular and pa^
of «cne, especially in ca»a dq)endem upon debilitv or aitKmia.
The following iirv Mrviccablv formula] in the discaefti ntvmi
B Uq. |Mt«Mll anaBlll* 4^ e.cnt. oc
TJoet. nucui vooiIck TiM cem. or
H. %.i liyotn IC to SO dN(« tn waur thrae tinM* ■ day.
A Sulphurit Bublinutj , .. ajM Gm. or|
Acidi aj>ena«i ....* |08S Om. or |
U. et ft. cantuta no. xjc.
Sig.t One art«r meaU.
In diabetes mt-HituA. the solution of Brsenic bromide {not oflte
in Vichy water aftor each meal, ha« product KmarkAblu re«ult« ia
of Clemens, probably on-in^ to its action upon the liver. ^
Quinquniid Iios experimentally domonMratcd that, in animo]
anenic, diabetes cannot be produced by lesion of the bulb. Ia<
the liver or kidnt-yi, capecially the early gtagea of cirrho«i», ancnic:
baa a very decided effect. In romitinj; and diarrhtca, especially 1
copper araenit« in infinil«aimal doiea (0.0005 Gin., or gr. '/i:i> io
com., or f^v, a teaspoonfut being given every hour or less) has
Inwod by good rc^nlta; but the older method of uxiug Fowler's «
the same way is probably better, because less poisonous than t
.aracnite, the elTect being largely duo to the antiicplic action of tl
which acts more efficiently m the soluble form.
ITie vomiting of pregnancy is often remarkably relieved by (
ietration of a drop of Fowler'* solution immediately before each n
aarne preparation is valuable in rhronie gastritis (esijeoially when i
produced by alcohol), in chronic gastric ulcer, ana cancer of thi
Arsenic in Bomctimea beneficial in chronic rheumatism. In r.
arthritis ]*hltlips li'slifxcs (hut undur the continued use of this di
known tlie joints to return to their natural size. Id angina pectc
Bseerted that arsenic wa* of di-cidcd scrvico in mitigating the scve
tacka, ospecinlly in anemic patients suffering from overwork an
Syphilitic affections nic t^omi'timCH better treated by the combinati-
cury with arsenic than by mercury alone. Donovan's solution is
useful in old Byphilitic skin li-jiions.
Dr. II. Smith ha* reported a case of secondary syphilis, in whi
produced 11 rapid improveiueni, after mercury and iodide of pota
failed. An isolated case of tricbinosia was successfully treated by 1
by means of FowItT'* foUilioi) in i\(»c* of 0.3U e.eui. (or «iv) Ih
gradually increased until constitutional effect? were produced,
to its administration the palionl was sti-adily gmwiiig worse.
Bolvtion in doses of O.iiU c.cra. (or mx) three times a day is said t
in gh-ct. Kinully, in chlorosis' and nmrmia tho tonic effects of or
well ho combined with those of quinine and of iron. The u»ui
arsenuus ncid is 0.0027 Oni. (or nr. V'j,). to be caiiiioiislv increa
best method of administration is in solution. Arsenic iodide hajs b
t-xlrrmely clTectivc by It, St. Vliilippe in caws "f ebroiiic eezoro
niation of (he eyes, intestinal catarrh, ami other manifestations O'
From 0.30 to l.SO ccm. (or mv-xx) a day. of a l-)>cr-crn(. soliitio
ACJDUH ARSCNOgiry.
SI
lUr. of oriienie io(]i(]« were adminiMtorcd, with no local tivalnicnt except
Id b case of leukipinia which Dr. Drew tr«fttecl by mpdns of an areenical
itKin in n«cvTi(IiDg Aoscs iiQtil the phrsiolof^cal limit was reached, the
i-n. whirh had been greatly enlaripi't], Wojime. in the course of Ihreo
SMtiihf. ilimiRighf] in »xe, the proportion of white blood-corpnscles waa
^jgcr* ■ jfd . and rhe nuinlierof r<>d corpuscles was augmcnlcti. When amcnor-
l^kn U milled by conpi-Etion of the uterus, anemia, or chloroRS. the sdinin-
PHmlion nf arsenic will uHually be followed by a rotum of the catBmrnial
Sow. Pn>f«(i«or Ttcnatit, of Lyoni<, advocates the adminiglration of arsenic
hx Thv nrctum. Three injection* may be given <Inily, of a goliition contain-
[lag o Ibird of a milligrnnime (gr. '/,,o) in 5 com. (mbtxv). The treatment
ntinui'd for inonthii. Should any rectal irritation be canned, the
f a few drops of laudanum will obviate it. This treatment is
■rien<l<.-d by Kenaut in the early stage of tuberculosis; also in
tus. and in exophthalmic ^^oitre.'
Uaijflttfc wna the first to une ar*ciiic bypodormicftlly for Uie relief of
«a, in IBliG. and since then it has been frequently used in scaly skin
t*». lympha'lcnomata, an<l nervous diMnlon. This method is also of
- ■■ in ihe tteatmenl of obstinate cases of malaria which have resisted
of quinine. Very marked hypertrophy of the liver and spleen
■.\\.,'::r-.i Mijy be reduced by the injection of I'owler's solution. Dr.
i.'iij- 1!.- NHwl hypodermic injections of 1 to 1000 solution of ar*en-
1 >c-rable cancer. In a case of epithelioma of the cheek he claims
■ <] n complete cure, Plnm-l obtainctl the same result in a co#e
|ni>c«r of the breast- This agent has also bicn UH-d in t-cvtral taM-s of
M* of cancer; in some the progress of the disease has been distinctly
tit others the treatment had nn effect. Hu£ used the following
Add. ■iMnon i20 Gm. or gr. iij.
Cmtmit^ hvilrodiloraltq 1| Qm. or |rr. xv.
JU^p^ dcMiltalw 90| cnm. or (3Sij.
Of thi'. 1.30 to i.Stt c.cm. (or mxx-xl) were injected into the substance
111 inti'nal^ van ing from two to eight days. In the successful
loma above mcnlionud Hue gave daily injections during 8eT>!
nx'oths.
The oinraicnl nf (di'utc* of ancnic is nUo a lueful application in th«
tnsiBMnt of old ulcers, epithelioma, and lupus. The following combina-
m will be fouml of senice in the diseases just named: —
B itirwp*-""*' nolrl^illii |13 Gni. or gi. ij.
Xmci • !*2 Cm. or kt. v.
j^lv, - ■"U. ., 4| Om. or 3J.
^'ffg*. aravwi olcaii* li^ Qm. or b».
^ Sif.-. Api^ij no «lil musUn for wvoral hown.
j^f^gttic ioAida (0.25 or 0.33 Gm. to 4 Gm., or gr. iv or t-3j) in oint-
fl. ISM.
>ii'>, LijirrUIlv In Skin Di*M«*»." 1>y Ihe anthnr. P. A.
22
FRABMACEUTICAI. THF.RArRmC AOEXTS OS RltrOH.
ment » m vahublc iriiinulating nppticaiion in old dry eczema. Ii
11107 ^^ made stronger, or we may combine it with corrosiTe Hub
Cm. or 311
It Hydrarg. clilor. oorroa. 10;
Addi •nenoti 4
H)-dr»rK- culphidl rabri .>... t
Mix with witur to * puts aad apply villi s bnuh.
Gm. or Sf,
DO <im. or gi
In wnrt«, Unna advi«fs the application of mercurial ointment
iag from & to 10 per cent, of areenic. K. Man^l Symp»on declara
internal admin isl ration of email doses of aisenic has a curative et
varte. After a week or two of thia treatment the growths bejnn to (
ACIDUM BENZOICUM (i:.S. 1'., B. P.).— Benwic Acid (fl
.\a orf^nic acid tisuall}' obtained from bcnziiin by ^ublimatioi
pared artificially, chiefiy from toluol. {Bee BenzoinniD.)
ACISUH BOBICnX {V. S. P., B. P.).— Boric Acid (II.BO,).
Boraoio Acid.
Do<e, 0.32 to 2 Om. (or gr. v-xsx). K. P.. 0.32 lo 1 Om. (or^
Preparations.
Glyetritum Borogljcerini (U.S,P,).— GlyceriW of Glyctiji Borate, f
BoroB'yreridp. Kor cxtrmal me.
Soilii horao (t;.8. P.).— Solium Iturule. Hurat. Dose, 038 to 8 0
*xxx).
llorax (11. P.).— Ilnrax. Sodium BllKimtp. Dom-. 0.32 to 2 tim. lor gr,
Ulyocrinum Add: Boriei (B.P.). — Glyerfin of Boric Aeid.
Olyocrimini BnrnrU (R P.|.— Glywriii of Bomx (1 to fi).
Mi-I Bumcis |B. P,).— Botax Honey (trarax. SO; glycerin. 25; claril
400 Gm.l.
I/ngiinntum Addi BoricI (B.P.). — Boric-Acid Ointni*nt (10 per (ent.,
alGn oinliiiriit).
Phannacolo^. — Boric acid is in Iranjipari'iit, c«lork\*s, $ix-sld<
soluble in '^5 parts of wntor or 15 parts of alcohol, and in 3 parts c
wolor or ■> of Vioiiinj; alcohol. The jilcoholic Kohttiou (fives a gre
Borax ia soluble in IS parts of cold water, but not in alcohol. The i
of boric acid if ^rt'fttly increased by the addition of borax. Wlicn c
of etjual parts of boric acid, boras, and water are heated together a
ia obtained known uk the tetraborate of sodium, which is apparent
Bait, as it is of neutral reaction. Sodium tetraborate h a white,
powder, readily sohihlo in water and free from caustic or toxic pt
Boric acid has a fccbly-acid taste and boras a sweetish, alkaline 1
alkaline reaction. Boro^lyceride i» n combianlion of boric ncid ('
and glycerin (92 parts). When diluted with an equal quantity of
it niakoB the official nolution of boroglycoridc, in which form it is ui
antiseptic. Lister's antiseptic ointment for dressing wounds is
addtni; 1 pari rauh of boric ncid and whit* wax to "J parts each ol
and almond-oil. Borated lint or boratcd cotton-wool (alworbent c
made by stooping the substance in a witnrutcd solution of boric
allowing it to dry.
FhyBioloerical Action and Therapy. — Boric acid is entiitepttc.
ing to the observations of (iaucher, it arrests the progress of tub
in animals. The prftwncc of borax in fnoii notably retard* the ]
ACIDDU BOniCCK.
83
MliTft opon slarcli, as shown by exi>eriinenls maJc I))* C. T. Fox, nndcr tin
direction of Professor Weber, of Columbus, Ohio.
Chittenden and Gies' found lliat modcmtn <1um« of boric acid (up to 3
Gs)., or gr. xlx, daily) are practicslly without influence on proteid metabolisn^j
or upon general nutrition. The nmc is tnie of borax, up to daily doses ' "^
i Om. (or gr. Iixv), Larger doses of borax from 5 to 10 Gm. (or 5i'/»-ii88)(
dailr. liavK a dini'ct stimulating clTt'Ct upon proteid nK-tabolifm, and lead tol
facte arc d excretion of nitrosen; also of Eulphurio and phosphoric acids.
Tbc7 rtrtanj the ouimilation of proteid nnd fatty food:*. With vi<ry largo
4a*c* there is a tendency to diarrha^a from increased secretion of mucus.
B^nx decmsce the volume of nrinc, gives it an alkaline reaction, and, owing
to its excretion by this channel, raises the specific ;;ravity. Neither borazi
iwr boric acid have any influence tipon the pulrcfactive processes of (he in^'
taitillc. The; are rapidly eliminst«l from the body {twenty-four to Ihirty-
aiz hours).
Boric acid is rapidly eliminated in the urine and is said by Max Gruber
to inczcAsv the elimination of urea and the quantity of urine paired. Acci^
dcBts from its use are rare; but a few cases have been observed in which^
korie acid excited cutaneous eraptions. The eruptions which may he ex-
«itod by I he internal use of boric acid assume a number of forms. Erythema,,
Kales, blcb«, gent'ralizfd urticaria, and confluent rubeola-like rashes havi^
a obferved. Disturbances of the nervous system have also been causedl.
The symptoms have been attributed to non-elimination of the acid by tht]
Udnaj*. Suppuration of the ear, or running from tlie ear, is cured by
the canal end iUHUillutin^ fincly-powdored boric acid. In the
tt of aural suppurations and wounds Dr. Jaenicke, of GorlitE,
ad* Eodium lotrnborale, which i» aliw con^iidered as a valuable appli-
in conjunctivitis and keratitis and is said to restrain the formation
_. ^.is. Dr. J. Harris Pierpont suggest* that finely-powdered boric acid i».
» ready mesne of diagnosticating small perforations of the membrana tym-f
■Uti. After the exKrnal ear has been eleansed and dried the powder is
thii II into the canal until the membrane is completely coated. When an
oxBiiBatian i» made, a few hour* suli*«<|uenily, the perforation, if present,
«in Bppear as a dark or discolored spot upon a white field, the dischorge, in
maptag thmugh the op«nin^, having iMiriiiTlly or tiholjy 'lissulved the acid.J
T^w^ervd boric acid is rcganled by McCutidlit^g' a« an cxcrlK'iit applicntioQJ
la irg alecTs. It is entiivly nnirrilating wlu''n applied to the skin, and haaj
iso i»ed w a dressing for wounds in powder or ointment.
B. B- Wild.* after citing a number of cases, including some of his own,
fcljili iiithrn two forms of intoxication fixim boric acid — one in which a
hnc onmntity of the drug is rapidly abtorlMd from the alimentary canal,
^^g^ r, '- or other cavity, or from an extensive raw surface; in thesej
^MB *> - ^°'' 'li'iCTha'a, general deprc^ion, and partial paralysis of tli<
ivraos KOiI iniuieular systems occur, ana may cause death. A rash is noted!
■» »rnn» Inrtiinccc, i-specially when the pulient recovered or lived acme dayt^
rption of the drug. The other class of cases results from the
mrjuDi'iiBi'-'^ °f bfific acid or borax in comparutivoly small doses for long
, _.^a«M Jaurtiat of ntftMagg, Jan.. 1SU3.
: *'Tf- i.?«. ,-1932, n 23.
u
EUTICAL TDBRAPECnC AQB.VTS
periods, and the symptoms appear at a Tsriable time after the ct
aient of the drug. In somr (>( thcM cases it )« in«ntioti«d liuit Ih
were diseased, and the author gives, as a poefiible reaeon for the i
to ihe injurioud effects of boric acid, its very rapid eliminstion b;
kidneys.* FitrtliL>nnorc, it is possible that cnse^ of intoxiciition oe
fieqncntly than U at pr««ent recognized. Boric acid may imwit
taken in food and cause a toxic skin-eraption which may be mttf
ecicma, psoriodie, or exfoliatiTC dermntitis. It may l)C noted that •
solution corresponds to 1,13 Gm, (or gr. xxim) per pint of the ad
large dote for an infant on milk diet and one likely in some cum
duee distnrbance of the alimentary canaL It should also be ascerts
the milk ordered in cases of kidney disease is fr«c from excew of h
or borax. The use of boric acid or the borates in surgery and theil
administration ought to be carefully guarded in patientu with dise
neys, and immediately discontinued on the appearance of dennatitii
toxic symptoms. In suspected ca«es examination of the urine m
valuable evidence of the presenee of the druj;.
A solution of boric add i.'* an agreeable application in conjn
and ia venr efficient in the treatment of bums, applied upon lint or a
cotton. The saturated solution is used in rnrious chronic, scaly, n
sitie akin eruptions, and is the best remedy for bromidrosis of tli
fetid perspirntion. Among the beneficial combinations are: —
R A(4<U bond ' 2| Gm. or Ssi
IJlywrini,
Tlnct. opii as 161 CjNii. or fji
All. camphor. 30| c.cm. or fjj
M, Big.: Ten ilrops to bo instittpd Into the m for onracho. (Dr. Prom
B AcWi borld,
Bisinuttii aubiilt aa 12| tiiri. or Sh,
M. SJg.; For running from the car and in excesrivc and fetid pcrapin
B Acidi borici ;...•..■.>>•■ .■.■■■.>••. SI Gm. or Sij
Ptitr. ilnd carb. imp. ISJS (im. or Jm
U. Sig.i In acute ecMiua and erytJieui&.
B Acidi Imrk'i 41 Gm. or !j.
.\iiuic hnmnnii^Udl* dwt. lfio| c.«n. or (Ji-
M. Sig.: Um in fetid pempiratlen and la an oily state at Uie altin.
In pharj'ngitis Dr. Capart prescribes the following combinatio
B Sodli bOTktis 41 Gm. or 3].
Sodii inlicylntis ,. (,,........ 21 Gm. or 3i)i,
Dfrortionit nltlmet 180| e.cm. or fjv,
*M. Sig.t To be giyim in divided portion* through the day.
Whitla, Ki'cgan, and others have employed boric acid in typho
with pood results. The temperature was lowered and the diarrha-Ji c
Dr. Tortchinsky' has used thi* remedy in S40 consuculive cases of
fercr, and reports very favorably of its action. It is stated that tht
of the disease was considerably shortened and that complications vn
' Ut^rrk't An-liUcA, .Jan.. 1h[)!(.
^BrtlUh Jfrrfinil Jvunial. Jan. U, 1863.
ACIDCU Donicuu.
S5
Om. or Svi'/,.
Gni. or gr. xv.
ZS Gm. or st. ir.
com. or 01'/,.
HR. The effect of the boric acid vas enhanced, in the late «fn^Git accom-
psni«d ))j cerebral ^ymplomic and in relapses, by a combination with quinine.
Tlie same wrilcr haa obtained equally ^ti&factory resnlta from the use of
boric idd in the sumtncr dinrrhcca of children.
OMid resnlts have been obtained in erysipelas, even of the phlegmonons
form, by tht- opplicmtion of lotiun» containing this remedy.
Borai in snbBtance, mixed with white sugar, is applied to aphthous sore
nmth in infants. Aiifn^cbt roeommcinlic the internal administration of
bom ia the etomatitiA at elderly and debilitated persons in whom the di»-
caKGzlenda to the cc«ophaguK and atomach, causing dysphagia and dcft'ctivc
tatrition. A piece of borax of about 0.J3 fo 0.2« Gm. {or gr. ii or iij) placed
iniheiiioulh isaiid to be nseful to eipeakersand dingers by producing saliva-
vm nd teUeving hoarseness; its solution is a cooUng application to super-
ftailiaSainmationi^ of Die tVin, and for pit>Tiasis versicolor and seborrhcea
of the scalp, or dandrnff.
Hie late Dtijardin-ReaumoliE u»ed the following as a favorite prescrip-
tko far a dentifnee: —
Sltfd. bortcl £I>I
itid, ewbdki >..■•..••>.... I
n^"^ ■■•■■ — -
itfrna «...8SS
Sp. menUug. >..>•■ in.!, ••••^ii.. •■■.><••• ICO cent, or nix.
SjiuiM 0|s5 vxm. or fSiiiia.
Cctrl .,,,.,,,........,.... q. fi. nd colornnd,
Sp. Twi reet 80[ ccm. or fjiij.— M.
The above author lays stress upon the importance of attention to the
■dbIIl ivpfvislly in diabetes mellitns, in order to avoid lesions of the mn-
om nembrane, gum.*, and teeth.
A lotion containing borax may be used in order to allay the itchinj; of
iTtictria and pancBtheata. Intomally, bornx, in 1.30 Om. (or gr. xx) doRca,
t^tm trritable bladder and reduces the acidity of the urine. It has. in
MK is^ances, given encouraging results in epilepsy. Thn general tend-
txyof borax is to diminish the number of attacks. It will sometimes sue-
WW ia cases which potassium bromide ha» failed to relieve. A combination
(f tW nro drugs has disappointed uxpcctalton. It is recommended t4 bi.'gin
■ftkdoces of 0.50 to 1 Gm. (or gr. viisa-xv) and rapidly increase the amount
■til the limit of tolerance or a decided effect upon the disease is produced.
Praf««soT Mairet, of Montpelier, states that when daily doses of 8 Gm. (or
S}) ire iRinnieifnl to hold the altaclcs in check it is to be feurud that larger
W!« irill prove no more auccessful. When the paroxysms have been re-
tinmei, he advises the reduction of the amount to about -1 Gm. (or 3j) pur
*<■. Among the disadvantages of the prolonged administration of borax
ucaliiation, impairment of appetite ami digestion, diurrbiea. emaciation,
weSiig of the face, cedema of the lower extremities, cutaneous rashes, con-
jiOMtiiilif, iissiu-es of the lips, tall of tbe hair, and alterations in the noils.
.\«ording to I>r. 0, l*raoine, a bine line, resembling (hat of lead poi-
Miiiu;, may form upon the gums after the prolonged use of borax.
Ooirers has, when administering borax in epilepsy, seen psonasia de-
nlep in tevi-ral instances, and ic disposed to attribute the disease of tbe akin
XUieinflaeDceofthedrug. Both psoriasis and eczema have been attributed
PHAB«ACETTTICAIi THERArBmC AOEXTS OR DSPOS.
bjr oUier writers to the ingestion of borex. Boras is said to be bfl
wheo sdminiatcred in ^Ivcerln instead of a<|ueou4 stilulion, or wi
tiul antisepsis is conjoined. Dr. Ch. F^-ic, after on experience ol
with borax in epilepsy, re^rda it &■ distinctly inferior to the hi
«fficacy. The reniil trouble excited by prolonged use of the druf
always subside on suspension, and one case is mentioned which t
fatally from urtL-mic coiuu. When the epileptic attacks arc noututl
tton of the drug should be given during the ni^ht. In order to
tacte of borax M. Uay rcoommends solution in un infusion of lie
the addition of a liltle glycerin; in sweetened milk and strong od
#yrup of oronge-pccl with julep. Synip of orange ii; said to bl
vehicle, I'rofeseor Lashkevich considers the borate of ammonium
in phthisis. It is iiuid to reduce the expectoration and, in some
fever. lie combines it with conium, byoEcyamus, or some othei
Dr. Golding-Biril asserts that borax cannot be employed with in
women, as it has a stimulant action upon the uterus, and states tj
instances he has itccii it produce abortion. Some have employed
the purpose of exciting uterine contractions in protracted casei
It has ai» b(Hrn adminiytered in amenorrhcea and djrsmenorrlm>a.
Dr. Sacaze, of Montpelier, reports sn excellent result from '
borax in a ease of paralysis aptans. It was first given in 0.2.1 Gm.
dose* tJiree times a day. ;Uter a few days the dose was gradually
to double that qiiBnliiy. Improvement wa* rapid.
Several cases of poisoning, some of them fatal, have beta
apparently due to the local application of boric neid or its soluti
temal cavities: the vagina or gtomacli. The Eymptoms wer« ret
temperature, depression of spirits, sioknees of the stomach, feeble ]
in some inttance», hiccough and ecchymoscs. llie nitnd usually
clear, but coma sometimes occurred.
Solution of boroglyceridt! (50 per cent.) is a pleasant and cfTici
cation for conjumlivitis, pharjngitis, and as a dressing for wc
granulating surfaces, having the important advantage of not bei)
OHH. It is especially recommended for the local treatment of d
Boroglyceride ointment, made by adding to it unguentum rnjuas
' pK'a.iant application for sunburn, pruritus, and other skin affection
aeid ointmtnt (in lanolin or xiiic ointment, 1 to 6) is used a* a dr
wounds and ulcers. The solution of borocrlyceride is a valuable a
in chroiiif rcwma of tho pnlma of the hanil= and the soles of the i
also useful in subacute and chronic eczema of the genital organs,
when the scrotum is invaded. It can be preeoribcd with wilch-ha
The addition of borax is said to increase the laxative effect o
suppositories.
ACIDUM CACODYLICUM.— Cacodyl, .^r Kakodylic AcH, i
CTysialliuc' pt>wder. odorless, s-jluble in wiitcr. and tontaiuing 64.4
of nietullic arsenic, which is ei|uivaU>ut to 71.4 per cent, of arse
Cacodylic acid and sodium cacodylate have lately been occupying
tion of Continental investigators as substitutes for the usual pn
of arsenic on account of being less toxic in their effects. The nan
waa suggested by Bcrzelius on account of the extremely offensiv
Cadet's liquid.
JICIDL'U l-AKBOLICT'M.
Dr. Dsntos,' of Paris, Fraiice, made a second report of hie invcstigatloiu
widi ihe use of the eodium cacodylatt- before the i'aris Medical Society on
June lli, 1900. Ha lia« trtiatt'd mme sixly iii!'*!:' of jisionAKU, with good
reeulu, tlthougb he lias to note a tendeucy to relapse, the method of ad-
ninitlittion iH-ing by hyinxicnnio ijiji'otion.*. Internnlly this uuthor has
and cacodylic acid with good resulta in lupus erytbcinatosus, and in tuber-
cuIoiUof the «ktn.
Dr. M. If. Billet,' attached to the military hospital at Constantim-,
AI^OM, report* thirteen c-a»i'* of malarial cachexia more or leji* pronounced
thU k«d been tn?ated with cacodylate of sodium. This dniR following
immcdialely ujioii in-almt'iit by iiuiiiiiK', )ini1 reetori.'d the n'A hlood-cells
boo tbout 3.500.000 per luiiiimetre to normal, in the space of from liftfen
toiafBly day*. Thi- immlicr of injirlioru' vnit from four to six, at intervale
o( three or four days, the doae employed being 0.23 Gm. (or gr. iii */,) for
nth ilijeclioD. The hifmoglubin propitrtion IiikI been mised fimiillaneouiily
vitlitlK increase of red blood-corpuocles, and the bodily weight had like-
vinfollov-ed an ascending progre«tiion. It has nUo been noted that the
tAauiTe garlic smell of the breath when given internally is obviated by
hTpodemiio medication.
iCIDUX CARBOUCUU (U.S. P., B. P.).— Carbolic Acid,. Phenol
*C,II,OH).
Boie, 0.03 to 0.13 Gm. (or gr. *«-ij).
A constituent of coaUtar, obtained by fractional distillation, and sub-
•fsmtlT purified.
iCISUH CABBOLICUU CBITDUU (U. S. P.).— Crude Carbolic Acid.
A bquid consisting of Tsrioua constituents of coal-tar, chie0y cresol and
ihtoo], obtained by fractional diKtillation.
ACnilTM CAKBOUCUU LIQUEFACTUU {U. P.).— liqacfied Phenol.
DoM, O.Oti tn 0.18 cc-m. (or mi-iij).
Contains 10 parte of water to 100 parta, by weight, of phenol.
Preparations.
Vtnnitam Add! CnrboUd (U-8. P.j.—Glvcerite of CaiboKc Arid (20 per cnit.).
*C*i Sali^iomrbolu (U.S. P.).— Sodium Sulpliwnrbolate. Uoet'. 0.33 to 8 Gm.
<<tp.txxx).
l«lwnU(m Aeldi Cftrbollci IV. S. P.. B. P.).— Olnlnient of Csriwhc Acid (U. S. P.,
•(»i«M.». Plicnol OicliiKMit. B. p. (I [fi cent,).
TrsrhlKUfl AeidI C«rUi>llci (B. P.I.— Plirnnl l-owriRi? (0.1W3 Oiu.. or cr. I, witli
Qlreuisum Andi Cattiolm IB. P.I.— Glycerin of PliMiol (20 per <*Tit.).
SappOMloria Aeldl Oifli<>lici IB. P.)- — PJivnol !>iippoaStories. Kach contains
•••SOi. (or gr. j) Yfilii nliilc liMii-wux and cacmibuttrr.
Pianaacology. ^Carbolic acid ie a liquid obtained during the distilla-
^m of coal-tar lietween the loni|ierature* of 1X0" and 190" C. (356° to
37*' F.). What is called crude carbolic acid is distilled at a somewhat lower
IwBpersrare, and containit also cresylic acid and other substances which
Wwer it dniit for medicinal use, except as a disinfectant for drains, etc. A
"Boll. »t MfmoLres." vol. xvl. p. 688.
'Vm rori- Mriiail Jounmt. Aug. sa, IWU.
»8 rn.iRiucEtiTicAL tekbapkutic aoests on drugs.
mixture of coal-tar constituents has. under the name of saprol,
posed m n cheap di^nfectant. Saprol is n dnrk-brown, oily sulial
floats upon thi- surface of water, which extracts from it carbolic aol
and other lohibtc producti> of ooul-tar. In l-ptT-ccnt, sohuion, kaj
energetic ageot, and ts well adapted to the di^nfection of dejecta ia
prisons, nnd «chooU. It iiiui^t be borne iu mind when using lhi« flu
)6 of an inllamnuible nature.
Pure cnrli'ilio noid h rrvttnllinc at ordinary tempcnitiirOK. at
is colorlees, but reddens after exposure to the kir. It has s chai
odor nnd |nmjrent tnetcj it ik very toluble iu nil the \\t\ie\ mcnrtni
the peculiarity of being ljquefie({ by 6 per cent, of water; but th
addition of water prodiiocs turbidity until the proportioni> are ro
to 20), when it remains pennanent'ly cloa:r and is not affected b.
dilution. It rf«emblee creosotii in ilvdininfcctant propcrtif-*, hut di;
it by beinj; converted info picric acid when nitric acid is added to it;
with creosote, nitric ncid (onii'* oxalic ocid. Ue«orcin i* nlno of
character, but is in the form of a pawder. Both creosote and reoi
be considered separately.
ITie following unofficial preparations are sometimes used: —
Uno^ciat Preparalitms.
Aqua Addl Cnrbolid (8 Gm, in 473 t^.m\. of wat«r, or 3ij in Oj). Dos
com. lor rSi-iJ); rIsci u a wnoh, kiiikI*. or spray.
Cnibiiiui Acidi Cnrbolici ignuKc. conluininK nirbolu add. 1-, miun, S
T part*).
Utrtim Afiili Onrbiilici (I iii SO of oIiv«- or cottoti>mvd' oil).
t>jrbi>lic*Ai.-iil Ciiiii|<li<.<r,— Itix'-ulvi.- 0 |>Hrt>i fttiil iu 1 uf aluoliol, and m
farta Cflmphoi', (omiintc n dcnr, oily lolution.
Liigliur sixlii Curbululus IN. F,|.— Solution ot OirbolitW of Soda tear
12.00 Gm.. or f(r. fUxxviiJ: cuuBiii? sodn. 2 Gin., orgr. xxxj: nul*r, 120 c.ci
FW fxl'mnl iigp, properly dihili^iJ, Phfnol.sodlquc.
Liquor Sodii Boiatia Compuiilus tX. F.).— Uobi-U's Solulioti tbumx ni
tiimrbonnti', oich, S 6ni,. i>r Sij: onrbolic acid. l.S.I Om.. or gr. xxiv, in n
c.clu., or Oj). For c.^tcnial itti- tri tpirny fur now Bnd thront.
TribromojihcnoL — A com|M)uii<l of Btiiminp with Cnrbolic Acid with »
luiiie odor. In tliP form of wfl, wlilli- iioodlM; uwd M an antlMptlc *Xt«)
intcniallj'. Dobp. OJiO Gui. (or jtr. Jijl.
Painplilorplinniil. ,V* nn nnliupptii-.
Calcium Curbolaituiii. — Carbi'lutcd Lime. For diHinlcctlng purpouc*.
Physiologrical Action. — Carbolic acid and its preparations ai
gui?lic(l by their di-slnictive action upon Ihc lower forms of lifi'. bi
to their tarry smell and toxie effects, they cannot be used for preserv
and ore not popular in the household. "When applied to the skin,
acid causes irritation, and sometiinea siouRhing. fiangrene somet
lows the use of carbolic acid as a surgical dressing. According t<
senrations of Dr. E. T. Keichert. this result is most apt to be causf
UM of tnoist applications and occurs especially in weak subjects, wo
children. According to some reported cases, the presence of chro
holism or diabetes seems to favor the occnrrence of this accident,
acid is a local anasthetic. It is also readily absorbed through the (
toxic effects have teen produced in this way, although much more fr
by the absorption through the raw surface of a recent wound. T
ot coma due to the application for a variable time of a 5-per-cent.
have been reported by R. Clement Lucas and W. Arbutnnot Lai
k
ACIOrU CABBOUCCJI.
29
it dimiiiiehed in quantity^ and on Etandiag acquirer sa oUTe-gre«n
this 13 (generally the earliest symptom of iiitoxicatioi). We alsn notice
Ins of appi.'titc, tiBusGs, vomiting, frothy «iliviition, difTictilty in evallow-
iag, and nen'ous symptoms. Th« pupils are ooniraoted and the functions
of tli« brain and spinal cord are affcvtcd, liiispondfd rffli-xee and impaired
•^MibiJity and motility beinf; obeerred. Lar^e doaes exert a depressant in-
4amc« upoo the circulation, and aftvr lutlial umounhs the heart stopo in
^wtole. Death occurs from respiralopi' paralysis; the temperature is at
Ictt iorrvaE^. but aftiTvord is ri-diioi>d. In sorcnt coecs IIktc it nhock.
(Mat pallor, and eiudden death. At the autopsy the drof; may be recognized
«T it* ponotrating odor; evidences of corrosive action may be scon it taken
A concentrated form, but even in small qiuintitiee it produces gastritis. As
tkninatioD takc» place prinnpally by the urine, the kidners may be COD-
IfMtcd or iiiQamed: the blood is dark and imperfectly coagulated.
According to the ob»tT>-ation of Dr. W. J, Wilkinson, the number of
fad blood-corpuscles is reduced, but the percentage of hemoglobin remains
■BaJtvml. ZwaanU-maker has shown that ruts and cats arc particularly sus-
rrptiblv Ui the action of carbolic acid. After a poisonous dose death some-
biBM cotnce on with great rapidity. In rare coacs it is delayed for several
hMTt or days. The fatal dose varies within wide hmits, the minimum being
latbvr more than -1 Gm. (or 3j).
Tnataent of FoiMmiatc> — When carbolic acid has been swallowed
pTDOipt trvatmcut i« required. The soluble eulphatn (soda or magnesia)
■R the bcflt antidotes, but the liquor calcis sacchnratus, or eyrup of lime, is
also nscfuJ, if at hand. Alkslies, ^oap, albumin, flour and water ina;^ ^^
pvas, and the stomach wadicd out with the stvmach-pump. Oils should
■K be giTcn, as they favor absorption. The bowels should be freely opened
with magnesium, or Mdium, sulphate. Collap«e i« relieved by hypodermic
is^etiooa of atropine, by hot appUcafions, arterial stimulants, and friction.
Tarn toloble sulphates should be admiuigtercd in t^insll doocc for Kcverul days,
m f>rder to remove the carbolic acid from the .qyatem. Professor Carleton,
if Nnr York, staleB that vinegar i» an cxoillt'iit anlidote to phenol. When
Ufiied to a cutaneous or mucous surface which has been burnt by the acid
ia cfaaract eristic whitish appcaranc« prudueetl by the cauiitic at once dis-
■Mean and subMHiuent ecarring is to a large extent prevented. Vinegar is
^u wd lo be equally good sh an antidotv when the acid has been taken into
(W alomacb, and it is recommended that the patient should as soon as pos-
mUt drink some vinegar nii.iod with an equal part of water, after which other
ammanm nay be taken to more fully counteract the poison. Drs. Phelps
^bd Powell state that alcohol i« nn absolutely safe and sure specific against
5- e*<'liarotii; action of concentrated carbijlic acid. Dr. Gross, of Fort
further »nggcata the use of alcohol imemally as an antidote for ear-
n-,,cid poisoning. Cases suecessftilly treated by alcohol given freely, botli
month and hypo<lermieally, have been reported by I>r. Kelly, of
and Dr. llair, of Bridgeport, Conn.' As cases of poisoning by this
becoming quite common, it haa been suggested that erer^- physician
cm hand Hulphate of soda, which is a prompt and safe antidote.
^^___ ■. .^The antiiryuiotic and antii«ptic qualities of carbolic acid
Jteeii fMrgslj atiliied in atirgery, although it has now been nearly super-
,^^ tfrMt^i B-IWJ*. Feb.. 1000. p. 87.
80
PHARILICKL-TICAL TBBBAPBDTIC AGBKTS Ott WIUUS.
Beded by the eotutiocs of mercury, which hiiTC no offensive odor, i
th« Bpray of carbolic wntcr wa« conritl^rcd an indigpentMiblc fcati
IJstcrian method, but tliia liaa been found to be unneeeesar^' and
abftadoiied, n« asicpsis can bo iti.'cured without it. The i<o1utiOD is
as a detergent and as an uppliMtion upon dressings. In the trei
earbtincic or niiili>rnnnt puittule, after incision and scraping, the a]
of puie earbolic acid not only acts as an antiseptie, but also as a U
thetic, relieving; pain.
Dr. Oscar II. Allis, of Philadelphia, and Dr. B. 1-". Gardner, a
burg, Pa., apply undiluted cnrbolie acid in the treatment of wo
bums. The tissues turn white immediately alter its application anc
cle^nited by douching with sterilized water. They have witnei«*oi
use in this manner neither shock nor eystemic absorption. It also
hnmoiitnlic effect, especially upon the capillary vessel*.' C^icruj
three cases in which carbulic-acid solution was applied to the fil
caiigreno resulted. In two of the casea, a 3-per-cent. solution wai
but it was kept on for several days. The duration of the applieatio
important ihun the concentration. Dr. Houscll" has collected ft
eases of carbolic-acid gangrene and calls attention to the fact tl
been caused by solutions a* weak a« 1 or 2 per cent. He warns j
to dbcard its use as a dreeeing for the extremiiics in all suenffthi,
acid camphor, being free from offensive odor, may be used a« a subl
the pure acid. In weak solutions carbolic acid has been used a
eiticido in various forms of linea; nud it has also been used topical
prevention of pitting from small-pox. An ointment conlaininn
acid and camphor has proved of service al^o in mitigating the pn
eompanying variola. In the treatment of burns, in the form eapi
carboUzcd oil, it ifi much employed. In acute vesicular eczema, <
and in dermatitis, especially from various poisonous substances, tl
has employed this combination with great service: —
B Addi pnrbolic-i |38 Giii. or ji'
l^ilv«ris zind cnrb. [mp 31| Gm. or Sj
Liq. cnlei*.
Oljorrini sa 00| ceni. or fS
U. Big.: Slial(« well, and mop frequently orer the aurfav«.
An ointment containing oarboiic acid, sulpluir, and camphor
effective in many pruritic diseases of the skin, especially papulai
ptiorinsis. liciien, and urticaria (or nettle-rash): —
H Arlill cBrboUcl ., 32 Out. or gr,
8ul|)liuria oubl 2 Gni. or 3«»
Oiinpliorw K5 Gm. or gr.
Vngt xliici oxidi 31 Om, or 3j-
M. Big.: Apply tiequcntly to the irritable surfMc.
Lotions containing carbolic acid also allay the itching whid
panics jaundice.
In the vidvitis or leucorrhroa of young girls lotions or injectioi
' Spc iinwr bj- llr. (Unit H. AIU*. on "CxTboltc Acid Uwd in FulLI
Surgery,'" in Mf>liral lliillrlin. Jbo., 1S94. p. 4. ^*"
' Uiinfhffirr mnliciTiUfhr ffocAmscftrt^f, April 20, 1897.
' Bfitrape ctir lliniicfie Vkiitirffie, B. IB. H. 8.
lOlDtrU OiRBOLICrU.
31
[boUc Bcid in tb« Etrength of 5 parts to 1000 of vater are beneScial, pads of
''~' Mtnsmt«d in the fani« solution being u»ed in separate tho JoHuTncd part*
inltfrvmls. The gonorrhcea of fomnles has aim been euccessfully man-
by the applicftlion once or twice a day of tampons moistened with the
vwini; mixture: —
Arid* csiboliri 1| Om. or gr. xr,
Aloobul. rcl ip. odoraL.... 304 a.0in. or f^j
AqiM* 73| ««ii. or [jibs.— M.
Scabiet has been cored by friction with a 1-to-lji carbolized oil.
Internally, carbolic acid, sometimeH, rather unexpectedly produces
^nptoiiut •>( poisoning, which fact restricts its use. In fermentation accom-
pBSyiaf; Ilntaicnt dy^pepiia an<I in dilated stomach, carbolic acid will check
tbr pr"cr-i» and relieve the gymptorae. It is ueeful in irritable vomitini;,
f^- (iicntly in broken do«««. Tlic author suggests the following pre-
■cr.r-- --^ >n the Tarietjr of dyspepsia rcfeired to: —
B Acidi MrbotM \t» Qm. or ir- iv.
Pnlv. ■ttuuaKcl |7$ Ota. or ^. xij.
M. ri n. pll. no. xij.
Sty.: Otw bclor* mcoJa.
a Addi otMid I f3S Gm. or gr. V.
AifOMT dsBaiuonil aa4S| c.nn. or IJih.
M. Sig.i One tMjpooafal b«fM« mrala.
Carbnlic acid i^ also of service in the treatment of diarrhcEa. It has been
•ad in pili form in the treatment of tape-worm. It is part of the so-called
jyfiri5" ncntment of typhoid fever in extemporaneous combination with
StActntv of iodine (1 to 'i of i'ldiiie) in ioMis of 0.1'^ to 0.1^ c.cm. {or mii-
iqi ervery ihrti- or four hour*, given in mint-water. The acid has been
pm in tjphoid fever nnat«ociat«d with iodine. Surgeon R. U. Qitill, of
At British army, has usmI in typhoid fever a combination of carbolic acid
md chloroform (the proportion of acid to spirit of chloroform bdnj; as 3
» 10), and gives the moist favorable reports of this method. In puerperal
■pCieamia, alone or alternated with quinine, it has been thought to answer
aaaad pvTpow. Carbolic acid has been recommended by some writerB as s
ij^blc prophylactic againat scarlet fever. In offensive breath, the cstise
■^ff be in the mniilh. throat, or bronchi, and in any of these cases the use
rf lb« «te«in-atomirer with a &-i>er-CGnt. solution of carbolic acid will often
i^ere U»e p«tii-nt vtry promptly. Caries of the leclh may be relieved by a
^^ah-wmfh containing carbolic acid or phenol -god iqne, well dilated. The
^mt applied with a brush or atomi:!er has been used in diphtheria and vari<
«w farata ot »otv throat. Vti-ak solutions are used in hay fever, chronic nasal
1 ^Mflrrh, corrza, and influenza, and afford marked relief; the one known as
' . ' - -(.o is widely u«d for the purpose, and for cleansing the nos-
ro making local applications.
dobcntane*'"^ injecUoM of a 2-per-ceni. solution have been made for
P.i^^;„,_. ifjf. prrijrress of er>'Bipc)as, and piirtnchymatous injections into the
ry ])hthi»s. In the early .atajie of furuncle, and i(i en-
, , _ ;^-iandfi. the hypodermic injection of the Mme solution will
^^^ ■; ctiuU in prevoniing the formation of pus. The same method
32 PnARM^OBLTICiL TUEItArKUTIO AGENTS OB DRUOS.
has beoQ emplojred with eucceee in the treatment of chronio eyn
it has proved of scrrice id ccrt«in fortiu of functioiinl spium. not
by lui'ubz^'d pain, tlie injection being made at the painful spota:
tetanus linve been Bucoetafully trcntcd by the subcutaneous inj«
joined with wann baths and cnemata containing chloral and
bromidL'.
Dr. F. E. Place has treated successfullj tetanus in horses by h;
injections of pure carbolic acid. His raetJiod Is to inject in the dcu
of the nvck and shoitldera 4 Gm. (orSj) every two hours, for the fl
two houra of treatment, and leut frequently later. A large awdlil
at the site of the injections, but disappears in about fourteen da]
times there is a loss of hair over the spota, but it i» not pennsneaj
never administered less than &4 Qm. (or Sxvise) in a successful cose,
and Amyx' hare reported 4 coses of tetanus in the human subject'
iajcctions of 3-pcr-cent. solution of carbolic acid under the sk
neighborhood of tht: wound. The patient who received the lar^
vraa the only one to recover. In each case chloral-hydrate and '
bromide were given simultaneously in large dosea. The case wh]
tred reooivi'd 17.30 Gm. (or gr. cclivij) in eight daj's, of which S.
gr. e) were given in the flnl twentj'-totir houn, witliout untowan
any kind. '
l>r. Flave] Woods,* of Philadelphia, reported teoeiitlv a ^
recovery from letanus by means of large doses of carbolic acid. Tb
was introduced by Baccelli. Babds* speaks of it in very high ti
says that the statistics of the antitoxin treatment do not show any
suitft, Bab^s injected 0.50 Gm. (or gr. viiss) of a '/i-per-cent. solul
the spinul column every two hour*. Arcoti injectt'ii a 2- or 3-per-c
tion in small doses, the patient receiving 0.32 Gm. (or gr. v) a d
Accnd«iii» Mt'dica, of Borne, pubUdhed these stnliglic^: One dei
cases with Uaccelli's treatment; 8 deaths in 40 with Tizeoni's ser
11 cuscjg with Bi'hiing's serum No. 1; 2 in 9 ea.ses wiih Beh ring's sen
Lieutenant-t'olonel W. G. H. Henderson' reports success with the
acid treatment of tetjimis in both man and animals. Of 20 paticn
three times a day with injections of 0.13 Gm. (or gr. ij) of carbol
1J80 c.cm. (or mix) ni xiiter, 7 recovered. "Kilasnto has demon.sti
carbolic acid acts as an aniesthetic, then as an antiseptic, and as an
to the toxin of tetanus."
J. M. Atkinson recommends large dosca of carbolic acid hypod
in treating the bubonic plagnc, and reports n successful instance o:
Subcutaneous injections of carbolic acid were found very efE
Skullecki in 2 cases of severe erysipelas and 1 of septic puerperal 1
recovered promptly, and he recommends the treatment as strongly
already heiii lauded for tetanus and anthrax. The erysipelas pui
'/rfinivf. Feb. 2^. liMlO,
*St. Louis Ueiliail Rrririi: ttec. 180fl.
'Ktitorinl in Mriilml Kivord. Opt. 21. IflBO.
*"T«*i-nlii'lh Ci'utiirv I'rnctico at Sli^iiiyinw."
•Utnerl. .Ixintt 3. Irti'm.
' Lancrt, Dee, 9. 1S»1'. fti- nls" arlirlf on the "liiibo Plajtii*," hv I
tevitoit »dilion of "Hcfprpnce Handbook on Vlie Mvdical SciPuce*."' Willi
t Co.. New Yott, IWKi.
ACIDUU OlRBOLtCtrsr.
33
m^td WTentr-two lo ei^btj-four injectiom, a total of l.ll to 1.68 Gm.
ffanicacid (or gr. 3JtiV«-3t]ivj), in a 2-pcr-c*ut. solution, I c.cm. (or mxv)
tun fonr hours. The puerperal fever was troJited vrith 0.38 Gm. (or gr. vj)
if phenic add every ihrpe houre, the lirst day, and afterward vritb 0.30 Gm.
(«rgr. irse) every four hours, for a week, when the cure was eomplete.*
A. Sirubell tx'porle a severe case of gangrenous and necrotic anthrax
ipKuiing from liie lip of the nose, with chill.*, fever, etc., completely cured
vitliKarcely a scar, by frequent injections of a 3-per-cent. solution of car-
kdkadd, a total of 4U0 Pravaz nyringcfiiU in eighteen day», combined with
ctfiooistimulants, warm baths, and hot cattiplusms at a temperature of 50"
toM* C, applied locally every ten minutes, night and day. The growth
Wlbcanthras bacillus is checked at 40° and permanently arrested at 43°.
Utorei Ironi the noae were very virulent, but no bacilli were found in the
faaautn recommends in tonsillitis the injection into the substance of
tht^d of 0.50 c.cm. (or mviij) of a 3'pcr-cent. solution. Relit-f i» rapiil,
oftaifter only a single injection h^s been made. As a prophylaxis against
bi^nnt rcciinent attacks of tonsillitis, gargling the throat with a carbolixed
•Infatliesolation has been advised. The pure acid (1 to 1.30 Gm., orgr. xv-
n]hub(«n use<l by Levis as on injection into the tunica vaginalis, in cases
<f hjdtocele, with successful results. In haemorrhoids, carbolic acid, either
piKcr diluted with oil, has been employed with Hitisfactory results; but
thtrt bate been some accidents. It has also been recommended in weak
EtlntioD fur the treatment of a«carido» by enema, but the danger of absorp*
tin is too great for its use in this way; it may, however, be applied ex-
tol^, as it is an cxoellent unlipruritic.
The vapor of carbolic acid may be inhaled for whooping-cough or
ptiBiili*, in the pliiee iif thv spray, by placing a few drops upon sQme ob-
Mfbttt totton in an inhaler.
T>T. H. Ern«'iit Schinid relii-i' entirely, in every stage of whooping-cough,
>pn the use of a spray composed as follows: —
• Aali t«rlio1iei
Utathol <4 pprccnt. *ol,) ,. )6
Cmia. hycbnchlor, (S-pcr-cent. toL 11
C);«mn. 4
Ai{. lanroccraiii • ■■ q. i. ad 30
38 Gm. or Kr. vj.
c.cm. or rSiv.
c.cm. or (Siij.
crm. or (3J,
c.cm. or (Jj. — M.
lie solution is tised by means of an atomizer every third hour, the
unit of the instniment being directed as far as possible into the mouth
<4 <hv ptttent. The use of a weak tohittou of carbolic acid by atomixation,
umUmiI with its internal administration, is of service in ptilmonary gan-
pfBt
!aU» septic diseases. — stnall-pox. seplicf^mia, puerperal fever, etc, —
(hf (ulidiix^'Xrboletes have been used with awerted .4iicces.i. In typhoid fever
fif. (Ttugh has bad good results from zinc snlphoearbolatc, in doses of 0.13
' '".''jr.m. (orgr. ii-iij), four or five times a day. It has the advantage, over
the a.'botic-acid-and-iodiac treatment, uf being less depressing to the heart
od kti tDJurioiL* to th« kidneys.
•«fM(M ITMtoiJc. May 2fi. ISM.
'VnrAntn- mntitiiiitchf M'oelieiudtrtft, Nov.
S9.
PEABUaOBCXICAL THBRAPECTIO AOKNTS or DHtJC
Prof. 11. Chartoris, of Glasgow, belicvos that pure carbolic i
good resultj in lh« treatment of t}-phoid fever, lie ^ivee it in tl
« pill containing U.16 Gm. (or gr. iist) of pnrv acid made np witl
nocuoust powder and covered with keratin, for the purpose of deli
tion until it hai- poeted into (he bowt-t. He is nUc of the opini
tcav be useful as a prophylactic and therapeutic a(;ent iji choWis
it might, with advautugc, be tried in diphlherin in doses ol" 0.13 C
ij) every two hours.
Maj^iimtim sulphocarbolitc 18 «aid by Dr. G. Taro7.«i to be an'
laxative and inleatinal antiseptic in doses of 1 to 2 Gm. (or gr. x*
Parachlorphenol — obtained by llio action of chlorine on phen
by Girard, of Heine, to be more stable, energetic, and constant in a
other drugs and ita toxicity \s much Ices than mercury, cre^ol, i
Subcutaneous injections of 1 Gm, (or gr. xv) per kilogramme of be
are required to form a loxie do*i' for n dog or rabbit, A 2-pfr-coa
kills the spores of anthrax in an hour, whereas a S-per-cent, s
phenol rciiuirv* Uvwity days. It ronn* a valuable antiecpltc dl
wounds or for cleansing surgical instruments.
A combinaiion of nubslancea possf^iiiing antiseptic properties
been proposed for the purpose of securing increased action, leMent
greater solubility, elo. Dr. J. de Christnias, of (he Pasfonr In
Parii, has devised a mixture which he terms phenosalyl, the formul
IE as follows; —
Carbolic arid 90
Lactk add : SO j
Saluylio mM 10 j
Mi-nthol 1 ]
Fhenosalyl is a clear, syrupy liquid and partially crystallizes a
peratnres. but upon thy addition of a small quantity of glycerin a
tion rcKiilts. This will not again cn,'8tallixe and readily dissolve
water, alcohol, and ether. In cold wat^'r it is soluble to the exter
cent. Kxperimenis have shown that phenosalyl is considvrnbly h
ous than carbolic acid. It has Ixeu used in 1-per-cent. solution f
infection of hands and ingtruments, for irrigations, etc. A sohit
same strength proved rapidly curative in a ceae of impetigo, w
5-per-cent. phenosalyl pcncib' were beneficial in endometritis and
Phenosalyl has been advantageously used a« an antiseptic in obstc
A 2-per-cent. solution injected into the bladder was productive ol
results in purulent cy.*titis. An ointment of 1 part of phenosalyl
ICO parts of vasclin was suoccssfully Huployed by Dr. Bergpr in 1
eoilis and a 0.2- to 0.4-per-efiil. aqueous" solution in different
conjunctivitis. Scheurlen and Ilechmen, a few years ago, publish
suits of experiments proving that the germicidal action of carbo
decidedly increased by the addition of sodium chloride, A soh
per cent, of carbolic acid with S+ per cent, of common salt gi
results than 6 per cent, solution of carbolic acid in plain water.
ACtOrit CIJHOSilCUU.
35
ACIDUH CHROMICUM {U.S. P., B. P.). — Chromic Aoid (CrO,),
Cknaic Thoxide, Chromic Anhydride.
I'rcparalions.
PeUMii Kchromu (U.S. P., B, P.).— roUmiiUU Bipliroiuuti-. Dow, 0,006 W
OettGm, tor gr. V»-V,l.
Llqumr .Vddl Oimmkl IR. P.).— ^TiiHoft at Cliromlc AM r2fi prr nent.).
" FharmaooloBy.— Chroinic acid ocnir* in tin; (orni of wiinll, erimnon,
DK^e-shaped cmtaU, deliquescent and very soluble in water. Tliev ehould
aa fce tdded to uK-olinl, n* itiutuAl decomposition take* plnec, Fomelimea
tjytoarelT. An explosion results instantly from a mixture of 1 part of
OTieic aeid with 2 pnrl!» of jrlyoiTirt. Fur ilu- i^amc ri-fl!ii>n chromic acid
•iinBid never be combined withl spirit of nitrous ether.
njnologrioal Action and Toxicology. — On account of its marked
tSattr for waier and ii? conlaincd f>\y};i'ii, thromic acid rapidly d«jtroys
tiaoa, forming an eschar, and it iii a powerful aniiaeptic. In solution
(ttam S to 30 per tvnt.) it acts as a caustic. When swallowed it is a cor-
nsTc [<oi»on. and reijuircs prompt Irealmcnt by demulcents and alkalies,
■ilh inigation of the stomacn. If death docs not occur at oiicc from shock,
tt BUT re»nli from intlammation and snhacclation of the mucous coats of
IbfEomarfa. Workmen in factorii.'s wIutl- chromic acid is used arc liable
iDhite perforation of the nasal septum from the local action of the acid
ifplkd Bccidonlally upon the finger*. Kcx^ma of the hands is liable to
•ear in tha>« enframed in makin^r the bichromate dilution used for dyeing
farpOMc. Cloth dyed with this material i* apt to produce tilct'ratiiin of the
Meanest. The electropoion fluid (Liquor Electropoeicus. X. F,>, or
mny^aid, contuii>» {K>1a.<(riiini bidiromate in powder, 186 Om. (or jvj);
"'■n-ial sntphuric acid. J80 ccm. (or (ovj); cold water, 1419 c.cm. {or
1 1. Bi-inj; of en attractive red color, and in such common use among
fi.ttinoii. it may be svallowed by mistake, and instdbces of poisoning in
(bny are not unc-ominon. In such cawa, soap'Suds and milk may be giwo
>«K«.and the stomach carefully washed out with a soft tube, as vomiting
■iTnntitir the ■tomarh. .\rteriat Htimulants and external counler-irrita-
tios ua hot applications may bv required. Chrome yellow, or lead chro-
tK(. has br«n u»ed by bakers in order to give a rich color to cakes A
: of caeee arising from this aduItcTnlion have been investigated by
■< D. Stevart. of Philadelphia. Though mentioned here incidentally,
tumnptoinc are principally indicative of lead poitoning.
, nenpy. — The solution of chromic add is an •■xcetlent remedy for warla,
(JlUrtie mucous patches, and enlarged tomiils (0.6.5 to 30 c.cm. of water,
nra-.xadaq. f?J), applied with cotton or a cunelVhair brush once or twice
i^t. It has also been itsed in gynKcologietJ practice in uterine ha?mor-
rtap and atdocerrieitis, and has been injected into hsmorrhoids, and ap-
fM to bjpertrDphice of the naial chnml>ers. and aUo to nome malignant
tnmhi. SVeatii^ of the feet (hyperidrosisl is relieved by sponginR the feet
Wt «iih a veak solntion. Para.iitic skin diseases, sycosis, lupus, timra cir-
nsAi. aad condrlomata require a stronger solution {6.50 to 30 c.cm., or gr. c
t"<S]> As the caostir action lendf io spread, it should be um^ with cantion,
nmmt the neighboring surface with ointment, and promptly removing
Woi sf add with an aikalin* wash.
86 PHAKMJICBDTICAL TTIKRAPKCTIC AOSSTS OH DRrOS.
In favug, nflcr the cmats have been removed, an ointment con
follows has proved eerviceable: —
B Potus. blchcomat. Ij <:ra. or er,
Adipi* 3)j Cm. or Jj.
M. H. ungt
A 1-per-cent. solution of chromic acid in water Ims been 1
ProfoMor Kaufman, of Alfort, to he an excellent remedy in easea
bilea. As an application to chronic iilccnt the following comhinatii
ommcnded: —
B Acid, chromic. S| Gm. or |p
Acid, tannic. 1|30 Urn. or gt
Morph. tulph 32 Gni. or ip
Chloro). hjrdnit. 83132 Uni. or oi
AqvM V-- ^'■'1 c.cm. or O,
M. Sig.: Appl^ freqntntlf witli M&ielVhair brush.
Chromic aeid h8« been snccflftsfully usid by Dr. W. K. H. S
the treatment of ranula and cystic goitre. After the tumors had bee:
their contents washed out, and after hremoirha^ had c^Hiied. a
solution of chromic acid was freely applied to several points of the
Chromic acid is not used internally; but (he polaii»iitm bichromate
administered in doses of O.OOfi to 0.012 Gm. (or gr. '/,„-'/.): it 8
emetic in doses of 0.0-18 Gm. (or gr. '/»)- H 'ms been uncd in chro
matism and syphiliji, made into pill with some vegetable bitter,
doublfnl utility in these conditions.
Potaiiiam Bichromate. — Dr. Joseph II. Hunt, of Brooklyn, p:
action of potassium bichromate as an expectorant in catarrhal com
the respiratory tract. To children of a yejir old, he i» accustomed
in 0.0033 Gm. for gr, '/,,,) doses. When the respiration is serious]
raseed, he rfpfnt* itn- dnse every fifteen or thirty miimli-!! until t
toms are ameliorated, when he diminishes the frequency to hourly
Following ihe .'(uggestion of Vutpian. ProfiWdr Fru*<;r, of E(
has, with advantage, made use of po^ssium bichromate in nuraei
of aggravated dyspepsia,' some of which were ai*ij»)ci»ted with d
symptoms of gastric tilcer The remedy was generally given in tli
0.005 Gm. (or gr. '/ii)i sometimes increased to 0.01 Gm. (or gr. '
times a day. Professor Fraser advises that the remedy he Riven du
ing, while the stomach is, as far as p0!«ible, empty. He states that i
bichromate is capable of relieving, and often iii a short time of i
the entire group of flymptom.i, exio-pt ccinstiiiatidu and anwrnia, em
in dyspepsia. It is particularly useful in alleviating pain, nausea,
iting. In gastric ulcer it did not sucreed in ehfciiing hiemorrl
obstinate vomiting, gelatin cnpsuks, each containing O.OOG Gm. (or
have been given every hour or two, with good results. In gnslr
they have been successfully given, 1 three times a day. on an empty
by llradhury, of London.' Professor Fraser, of Kdinburgh. reat
before the International Medical Congress at Rome on the use of
n'commending it in certain aftecfions of the stomach.*
Potassium bichromate has likewise been administered with
benefit in locomotor ataxia. Dr. Diago reports very favorable res
' /.oncrt. April U. 1804. ' l^ncrt. Sept. 14, IS»S. • iMMCrt. April U,
ACIDDU CITRICUU.
37
tbtnclmive admJDigiration of this remedy in seven cases of h»inaiocIi,vluria,
Ihnt of which dvpendcd npon thi- prtwiifc of filiirin?. It was given in the
dweof O.OS to 0.03 Gm. {or gr. '/fSe) in half a pint of water. He regsrda
ttenltuof vdlue in thelrealnivntof p<Tniciuiis niularini an»-Diiii. In case*
at faieamng by potassium bichromate the same means are employed as in
chnmic^cia poisoning;.
ACmUM CITRICTJM(U. S. P.. B. P.)— Citrie Aoid(H,C.H.O, + H,0).
Dwe. O.ijfl to 2 Gm. (or gr. i-5es). H. P., 0.3g to 1.30 Um. (or gr. v-xx).
Preparaiion.
Syniias Addi Citrici (U.&P.).— One per cent Dow, T.fiO to 30 c.nn. (or
omit,
PhftrauMlogy. — Citric acid is an organic acid, usually prepared from
bDSD-jutce; it occurs in the form of colorlciia cr^'»lnU soluble in lect than
IbcirciK'n weight of water. Citric acid is soluble likewise in alcohol and
•flwr. It is not infreijuently aduUeratt'd with tartaric acid, which may be
Kpatcd in the form of bitartrate by the addition of a strong neutral soln-
lUB of carbonate of potaRsium. It liais a .lour taste, not unpleasant in weak
nMinu. In Eub«tancc it is irritating to the gastro-intcstinal mucous mem-
kiae, and may thus act as a poison. It renders the urine add. It is elim-
iwied to somv extent by Iho bowels, hut principully by the kidney*.
Therapy. — In the proportion of 3T fim. (or gr. olxi) to 473 c.cm. (or
0]'| o( distilled water it forms a solution of the average acidity of lemon-
JBCt which may lie further diluted and sweetened as a refrigerant drink for
fnct. Il has bevn used aliio as a substitute for fretih UmoD-juice in the treat-
Bwt of fcurvy, but is less efBcient,
Citric acid has likewi«r bwn employed for the purpoM of relieving in-
•rtfilTof the liver and catarrhal jaundice. A 1-per-cent. aqueous solution
tftincu-id is Mtil to he usefnl a* on injection in gonorrho&a.
CStrie acid has the power of sterilizing polluted water.
iCIDUM OALLICirM(ir. S. P., B. P.).— Oallic Acid (HC,H,0. + H,0).
Soie. 0.13 to 0.«.'. Cm. (or gr. ii-x). B. I'-. 0.33 Ut 1 Gtn. (or gr. v-x?).
\n organic acid nsually prepared from tannic acid (C S. P.l. A tri-
MiiroiyL-iixoic acid. Il may he prepar«i by the action of diluted sulphuric
>ai uo tannic acid (B. P.).
PhanLMolo^.— Oallv are lumps or node-i upon the oak-tree, caaied
*•? iowcts. They contain about 50 per cent, of tannic acid, which, chem-
icdr, in BD anhydride of gallic acid, and, in fact, is convertible into gallic
*cid It acids or dimply by immersion in water. Its solutions strike a black
"iloriD Iht- pn^enee of iron, and they ahould not be prescribed in comhina-
two with ehalyl>eates. Gallic acid is in the form of long needles, nearly
'qMmk. ^iichtlr acid, though les.^ nMriugent than launin; it i» xohible in
IWpini of cold water, 4'/, parts of alcohol, or 3 pari* of boiled water.
ihawpf. — Like tannin, gallic acid ha* the ellei-i of restraining itecre-
iMc, mjnring swelling^, and hardening tissuL-s. It is eliminated by the kid-
'"'" inder its own form. In solution, as the glycerite (1 pari to 8 of glyo-
'\ forms a favorite application to sore throat or tonsillitis: and the
••caunnil of gallic acid is > good application to hiemorrhoid.*, being an im-
38 rllARHACEtlTICAL THKRAPRl'TtC AOKXTS OH DIirnf>.
provcraent upon the oiatment made of powderod pnlU. The alcofc
lion is useful as a. local npplieation to llir itu-mlirum'« in diphihci
Internally, gallic acia U given in hietDorrliajje (1.30 Gm., or gr
doBc) from the nliincnliirv canal, kidney*, or lungs; also in menorrb
here it iB interior to ergot. J
In hafmoptygis, ulcer of tlie stomdch, lisemorthage from t!h
especially in (ypnoid fever, the following formuUe can hv usod:^ —
B Add. nalllc 8 fSm. or 3
Acid- lulphurie. trom 4 ccm. or t
Moqihlnie iiilpli ....>.... IWfi Gni. or u
Tinot. Mrdamom. to , 30 c.mi. <ir t,
AquK rQ«a' 60 p.cin. or t
M. Sig.: One tciupooDful In n-aUr «i-CTy hour or twc. I
R Acid, ipillic 81 Om, or S
Glyc*riiii Ml ccm. or i]
U. 8ig.: On« t«aspoonIut every halMiour or liour until rtliercd. 1
It has ttlao Wen uteH to n/dnco tint ([uaiility of albumin inj
disease. On account of its astringent eSecta gallic acid i» useful in b
of disorders attended by czccesiw secretion or transudation, as chrot
chitis, cystitis, chronic diarrhosa, dysentery, and the nijiiht-sveats oil
It is likewise son'iceable in purpura hiemiirrhugifo. It retards tl'
of pyelitis or pyelonephritis, and diminishes suppuration. Coml
opium, it ha* been fount! liencfieinl in diahcK-*' iii^ipidu*.
ACIOUU HTDRIODICUH.— Hydriodic Acid.
I'rfpitratiijii.
ttyrupus Acl(i! Hydrimlici (U.S.P.I.— Syrup o( Hydriodk Acid (cunln
1 p«r ewit.. by ivcialit. of ub^olttti.' *d<l). Uoss. 2 to 15 c.cui, lor rnxxs-fSi
Pharmacology.— II yd riodtc acid \& a gas which may be prepare
fiction "f iodiiip upon phortphoruH in the pi-e:<«'nci* of water, with tl
gentle heat. It is colorless, but prG<hiccs white fume? in air; it can
ficd or even n ndeu-d *olid by strong prt-ss.uri! inid a Ifiw ti-mpera
solution of hydriodic acid in water, if exposed to the air. soon bec(
colon'd, and after a titno (lirf)0!iiis crjstnls of iodine. The solutie
oBicial. but the V. S. P. recognizes a gyrop.
Therapy. — The syrup of hydriodic acid is a valuable means ■
ducing iodine into the sTstem. When administered in this way the
liberated in the body, and is pocidiurly aclive in its nascent form, e
cially adapted for administration to scrofulous subjects and cases of i
pneumonia of the chronic type. In gome skin diseases o( the same <
the syrup of hydriodic acid, when properly made, has proved of gre
It is Tcry efficacious in spasmodic asthma, especially of that variety
linked with the gouty diathesis.
The ?yru|) of hydriodic acid is an efficient remedy in tertiary
acute and chronic rheumatism, lumbago, rheumatoid arthritis, ohrc
poisoning, bronchitis, exophthulmic goitre, and other stfccltous i
iodine is indicated.
Dr. James Craig, of Jersey City, speaks very highly of the i
hydriodic acid in acute rheumatism. He gives from 7.5 to 11 cera. {oi
XClDVit HVUBOBROMICCU DILCTUH.
39
iBi«in«cla9s(ulofwatereTery two or three hnun until rclkf j« experienced,
■ftnvird mincing the (}osc snd continuing the remedy for several days if
teawcd. The pain and fever are reduced within forty>eight hours, and he
Mrrctthflt this treatment exerts an important influence in preventing ear-
£k com plica tionti. Ita power over serous oxudaticm and fibrous adhesive
■immation is well illu»lrated in plevtrisy with large effusion, or in plastic
flmnty with adhesions. As the latter is a prominent predisposing cause of
pbUiius, it is important that it should receive attention c^rly and be over-
tme br the administration of iodine, especially in the form of syrup of
hfdtiouc add. Wile has used this preparation with success in various forms
m lead poisoning.
4CIDUM HYDBOBBOMIC0M DILUTTTM (U.S. P., B. P.). — Diluted
ijdtobromio Acid (lib, + LHiOJ,).
How, 2 to 7.60 c.cm. (or mi-TX-foij). B. P., 1 to 4 c.cm. (or mxv-f5j),
Fhannacolo^. — IIy<lrobromic acid resembles hydrochloric acid in
leii{ official only in Holution, each being a ga^ous substance. Diluted
^dnbromic acid contains 10 per cent., by weight, of absolute hydrobromic
iM(hydrogen brDmidi\ B. P.). It is a oVar, colorless solution with an acid
tiiM, tiid can be given in Icmon-syrup or simple elixir.
Ilieitpy. — Hydrobromic acid should he an excellent antiseptic for
iamg wounds, being sedative, non-poisonous, and bactericidal in its
idion. !t wan introduced as a substitute for the bromides, hut it has not
hUUid the expectations of its projectors, although it has some anodyne
■dbjpnotic effects. It is more pIe8.iHnt to take than the bromides, is leas
nt to produce an eruption or ph}-Eical depression, but it is more irritant to
tu stinnach. In some cases of nen-ous cough, neuralgia, headache, and
DBTOQEDcs it has a good ctTvcl, but is ordinarily given in too email doses.
Itiictkiti in epilepsy may be compared to that of the bromides, but the^
REttie irritabiirty nliich it excites is a. bar to its continued use. Dc
Sdivtiaiti.has found it useful in headache due to eyestrain. In cases of
BowTi&g tinnitus after taking quinine it is »aid to give prompt relief,
■mogb it often fails in relieving tinnitus from other causes. Two flui-
dac^ (7.50 cxns.) arc equivalent to 18 grains (1.16 Gm.)(if potassium bro-
mii^.
T« lelieve irritative cough in phthiais: —
> CbWnn 106.1 Om. or gr. J.
AcUi hydrobronuci dU. .......„,.r SOl ccm. or fSJ.
^. •urantii .- C0{ c.cm. or tjij-
M- DoK, I or i trv^fxxmbiW
ACnm HYBROCHLORICHM (V. S. P., B. P.).— Hydrochloric Acid,
tonatrly Moriatio Acid (contains 3J,9 per cent, by weight of absolute hydro-
rUorir icid, with water, 68.1 per cent.; B. P., 31.79 per cent,, by weight,
of ivdttgri, chloride). (HCl + [H.Ol.)
Prtpamtion.
JuUaia HfiIr<i«titorfciiDi Diliilum (t'.S.P.. B, P,).— Diluted Ilydrochloric Aeid
IMMtani to im cvnl. of nbiolutp hydroFhloriF nciil in water: It. T. oontoins 10,3S
pBita W bjrdrngFo ehloorUv in JUO par'u ol wntir). Do*v, O.nO tu 2 cxm. lur mx-xxx).
40
PHAHlIACBin-irAL TllBltAFECTlO AGBKTS OR DBUOS.
1
PhwTiiMoIogy.— The official U. S. P. bydrocblorates are o^
Sliint% iii<ir|>liin(>, pilocarpi lie, und quiiiino. Aqiiu olilori i« oho a
. P.). Hydrochloric acia itself ia an irritatinj;, irrespirable gas, '
aw Aolutione arc clear, eolorlees, und di-cidcdly acid. When appli
skin they are aotieeptic and aHtringeiit; in some penwns with del:
hydrochloric acid i* irntiititit: mid plifrhlly cau«tic,
Fhyiiological Action and Toxicology. — When taken intemall
Bonous doif*, it ncU us n violent irritunt, causing burning pain,
acid taste in the month, red and swollen tongue, and discolorati>
lips. Vomiting occurs at once, and may be accompanied by blccdi
patient is at lirBt feverish, but »oon falls into collapse, and dies of
exhaustion. Violent ga«tnc inflammation it found after death,
cesophagUB and mouth show the effects of a corrosive poison. 1
of ammonia escaping near the vomited matters produce* a white
ammonium chloride. The treatment is the same as for other corrt
eral acids, — demulcent drinks, flour or soap and water, mill(, oil
llic carbonates may be given cautiously, for fear of rupturing tht
by the escaping carbonic-acid ga*. The stomach Wing miftcncd liy
it should be evacuated by the tube rather than by emetics, if vomi
not occur spontaneously. There it, moreover, danger that, in t
Tomiting, a portion of the acid may find its way into the air-pesi
thm stilt further extend the mischief. Subsequently, the patient
treated for the resulting lesions, which are not limitea to the inteeti
since congestion of the kidnev.t and lung:* may also occur. Medic
stimidale the appetite and promote digestion.
Therapy. — Topically, hydrochloric acid is applied to septic wo
tecting woundti, or bites of rabid aniiiinls. It has also been u»cd, m
an equal proportion of honey, as an application to the throat in di
It is iniporlant that this apjilication should be made only to the
'surface. It ia a good addition to hatha in cases of skin disease, as
versicolor or tinea, and in full strength it is used to destroy war
hands of children. The undiluted acid has been successfully used i
ter-irrilaiit in sciatica. I)r. fiennatis, of Montpelicr, applies thre
coats by means of a small brush, along the affected nerve, and wra
part in cotton. The application may be repeated in twenty-four
eight hours.'
T>r. Morris, of New Yiirl(, has, in some cases, utilized hvdroch
for the removal of carious and necrotic bone. Through a sinus o'
a £- or 3-per-cent, solution of hydrnchloric acid in distilled water i:
every two hours or at bed-time, according to the circumstances of
The exposed portion of bone is rapidly deciilcified, afler which th
jected every second day an acid-pepsin solution made by adding
(or mxv) of hydrochloric acid and 2 Gm. (or 5«s) of pepsin to 120
f^iv) of distilled water. The decalcified bone with caseous or fatty
is digested out within a few hours, leaving exposed clean dead boi
can be attacked in the same manner.
When hydrochloric acid is given well diluted, it is acccptab
stomach, being one of the constituents of the gastric juice. When i
lion of llic food takes place, causing flatulence, or "windy dyspepsia
• Lanoft. Nov. 20. 1M7.
ACIDrU nTDKOCIIt^RICCU. 41
doe to « de6ciency of thie element. At all events, cases of weak digestion
' '- •■ "'-i« nn w>metiines much boncfltcO by 0.60 to 1.20 c.cm. (or mx-xx)
ted acid will) half the (|UBiitity of tincture of nux vomica, after
WiitTi' Jieid lit'iiiiafh i» cnu»<-(l hy ihir {ironenee n( baetoriu, Ihc
;(^iioii is bett obtained by adminifitLTing the hydrochloric acid
i.ii-h ij. .-mj><y. *ln>rlly bi-forc irttiiifi;. It if also held Uiat the
■ii.n of hyiirochloric acid (which forms one variety of acid
itaaucb) r [>rcvcntf<l by admin ixtcriiiji; an acid ttohttion ju«t before
•■ ■ .:. that acids check acid secretions. Uydrochioric acid some-
_rf-iil relief in iiaim-*. In iiitcMinal indigeiilion with diarrhcea,
lit 1^ iiisn very effective, given one or two hours after meals. The
ry atliuiiiiFtrntiou of pep«in in combination with tlxi aeiil t# of great
i-SKS of this kind, but the pepsin should not be continued too long,
p*ptic ftlaodi may lo»e their (unctionit.
A digestive mixture which is very beneficial is: —
B Arkd. hydrochtar. diL ICj o.«m. or IMv.
P*p«ln. Mir IS ft Obi. or Siv.
QtyetTiiti 90| c.em. or (Jilj.
It, 8i|t: One tcufioonhtl in water nttcr mcnlE.
Is feTers, where the secretions are ven,' much diminished and hydro-
tUonc acid is not secreted, its administration is of great s(Tric« in nHisting
Jtmltuo. In iT]ihoid fever dilute hydrochloric acid is very useful (0.60 to
1_M ccui.. or Nix-xs, ever)* thr«e hoiirv), and it exercises an important id*
tHnce npuQ tbc rontenis of tbc bou'eU, beiu^ »It<!htl.T astriii^eni, aud pr^
vtatiag ittt moltiplicalion of bacilli. Relapn.- is li-** fnijucnl uniU-r this
tnatneiit beraofe autoinfectinn is less likely to occur. In other infectious
Ifamtic di*^«»«i — m Marlet fever, itmall-pox, or diphtheria — hydrochloric
•sd mar be administered in Ihe same way.
Tt 1.: >4rTiceably combined with the tincture of iron in the treatment
al ria, and the mixture may be used both internally and as a local
•Bp-.i'jaiiiTD. The presence of n mineral acid has been shown to diminith
fit nmlence of the toxins of diphtheria.
In nbthi^ift it is •ervieeablc in disinfecting to some exlent the alimentary
flea] r-h'f^cinir ^'vcesrive sweafinp. or watery diecharj^es from the bowels,
ft ■istraclive mctamorphoaiii.
< :al combination for phthisis is: —
U AeiiL faydroehlor. diL,
11iK-t. nucii rooiicfl >. aa 12-30 e.eta. or mcc.
Yiiu^i- capaicri 4' i-.cm. or tJj.
Tlaet. riwititoam 190j con. or ISv.
M. Siff-: Two Ua«(Monrulii la water after laMls.
■n.B f.irtnerly official liquor pepsini contained »accharatcd pcpnn, 40
ichlofic acid, Vi parts; glycerin, 400 parts; and water, to make
It may be prescribed cxtemporaneottsly. The usual doM is a
wofal after eating.
ilnrine. fT bleachinit or diBinfeoting purpofc*. can be obtained by
_4 hydroclil"rin arid upon maniranese binoxide. It is a greenish-col-
uttKn*rlv' irritating gas. {S*l- Cblorinom.)
PnAnUACECTICAL TIIEH.\PKnTIC AOE!rtB OR DnUGS.
ACIDUM HTDEOCYANICUM DILTTTITM (C. S. P., B.P.).-J
Hydrocyanic Acid (Ptuttic Acid). (liCii -^- [H,0].)
DoM, 0,06 to 0.30 com. (or mi-v).
PbarniAcolQgT. — ^A liquid composed of S per cent., by w(iigh(|
late liydrocyunio iioid (hydrogen cyanide, B. P.) and 98 per c<'nt.
It is colorless, faintly acid, with taate and odor of peach-kcrncli
lo«c8 the ToUtilc Hcid when exposed to the uir nm) ti^ht, and de
if kept too long; so that the dose is variahle. We shoiild always 0
with the iDininiiim doec and cautiously iiicrx-iii'o, ljcoau«c of thei
degrees of activity of this preparation. Cherry-laurel water (Aq
ceruiii) is olTic-ial in Ihe British PhArnincopreia, but not in l'. S. P.;"
of very variable strength, but is used in somewhat larger doses {0.3
ccio., or mv-xx). Diluted hydrocyanic neid iti al« present in the
of chloroform and morphine (11. P.). The cyanides of mercury, p
and nilver are oJTiciol (V. S. P.). By ihe addition of an ocid to nnj
salts, it will be decomposed and hydrocyanic acid set free, as in th
ing pro»eriptii)n; — ,
H PotiiMll 9-(U)rdi jOGS Cin. or gr;
Add. citnc. |32 Gm. or kt.
SjT. Tolutani MI vd eO| cnii. or (Jll
M. Slg.: A t««upoonlul a* a. doao for an irritable cough. I
Phyiiological Action and Toxicology.— Hydrocyanic acid is
eonoiiE US a gas, and even in the ordinary solution, in sufficient t\
to cause death, it is almost immediately fatal. In cuecs where it
cause death at once, there is great prostration of bodily powere; w
tering pulse; cold estremittes, and impending collapse. Atropii
dennicully, is the iihysiologieal antidote.
According to l>r. Johann Antal, cobalt nitrate is an cfllcaciouf
antidol*', but un time should be lost before emptying the stomach
aid of stirauiatinR emetics. ('a]d affusion.* to the spine, with frict
sioapisms to the surface, and hot applications are also efficient. Th«
bitter-almond odor of the ej'ecla indicates (he character of the poisor
generally occurs by sulToculiou, from paralysis of rcspinition. Elii
as well as absorption, of hydrocyanic acid is very rapid. Kinger st
if life can bo supported for half an hour recovery will usually occ>
feseor Kobert advocates the use of hydrogen dioxide as an antidote I
cyanic ecid. He usca a 3-pcr<eent. solution hypodvrniically and i
cent, solution for washing out the stomach. Vomiting is to be eni
and urlilicial respirnlion practiced. This method depends upon
Tersion of hydrocyanic acid in the system into oxamide. Where |
has occurred by inhalatiori, it will not be necessary to wash out the
Kobert'a method of treatment has been used for several years in
milting and smelting works, where a great deal of cyanide is used.
ommenda a cabinet containing both solutions in hermetically sealt
with hypodermic syringe, also a stomach-tube and funnel, to be li
stanfly ready for immediate use in chemical laboratories, phot
studios, gnld-bniling establish men t». where the ueid or cyanides a
Locally, hydrocyanic acid at first slightly irritates the skin, b
• Utntl^f ArtiMvff. March, IMM, p. 04.
ACIDUU LACTICCU.
43
nrd uU as a eodativc. It should cot be used in skin diseases when the skin
Bbntei, for fear of absorption. It \iui *onie action xipoii th« brain, cuiis-
itgTertif^ and hi^bi'tiidc: the reepiratorv centre is enfeebled and the motor
iSTCi paralj^ed, producing great muRoutar f('obIcne>u>. Tlic conducting
pettr of the senjiory nerves ip diminished. It is a decided cardiac sedative,
till pulse becoming slow, with lowered arterial tension. The poison oUo
ictiBpoi] the respiratory function of the red blood-carp iigcles, and pierents
tbm ^m carrying suDicient oxygen to the tissues.
Hunpy. — Hydrocjiiuic acid hu« been used as an auti«paemodic in
nriDBS forms of reRex vomiting, such as the vomiting of pregnancy and
6a of phlliisis. It hsK also been emphiyod In ncrt'ous cough, in irritable
bait, and asthma. Whooping-cough, acute mania, and melancholia may
ibo be relieved by the admmiKtraliuu of liydrooyauic acid. As it in rapidly
diniiuted from the system, the dose should be repeated at short intervals.
htiedttive effect upon the ^a^^Iric iniieou« mcmbrHnc renders it vnliiuble in
jMiiM aSections of that organ, such as gastralgia, ulcer, and cancer. The
■Dcbenefit is obtained from it« use in enternlgia. For f'xternal use it may
beiiUed to ro6c-water (7.50 to 340 c.cm,, or fSii-foviij) with a little glycerin,
to in applied in c«ie* of troublcsoine pruritus.
ACIDTTM HTPOPHOSPHOSOSUM DILUT0M (U. S. P.).— Dilute Hy
popluifihorous Acid.
DoK, 0.60 to 2 com. (or mx-xxx).
-H liquid containing about 10 per cent., hy weight, of ahsolute hvpophos-
flunsoi acid, and about 90 per cent, of water. (Sfe Acidom Ftaosphoricam.)
ACIDTTM LACTICUM {U. S. P., B. P.).— UcHc Acid.
Dme, 1.20 to 2 ccra. (or w«-f3«»).
-Vn organic acid, usually obtained by subjecting milk-sugar, or grape-
•api.l* lactic fermeiilation; eompowd of 75 per cent , by weight, of abso-
lve Uctic acid (hydrogen lactate, B. P.) and 25 percent, of water.
Preparations.
^nqiiu CUcii LAct^botphatuRi (U. S. P.J. — Syrup of Cbldiim Lnctoplioiiphate.
IWri Lacfau (U.S.P.).— PcrrciuR lAirUte. Dow, 0.13 to 0.12 Gm. (or gr. U-t).
naimacoloify.^A colorless, odurlces, syrupy liijuid. with un aeid ta#ti\
0* mount of careleeeness in manufacture it may contain hydrochloric, aul-
pfavic, or Mrcolactic acid and truci-* of metallio impurities. It is soluble in
nlfraod alcoholic eoUitions. The ordinary dose is from 1.20 to S ccm.
<0T»u.(3ss). di)ute<l and Kweetencd.
IliyRolo^CRl Action. — Lactic acid is present in the stomach during
^iltprti^in of carl. "hjit rates, especially during the first stage of gastric
jyfra. When in ejtcees, it forms one variety of aour stomach, and causes
inn JB dUterent parts of the body, headache, etc. It ha* been afweHed that
■Ixanalum is dne to an excess of this acid in the svBlem, and the fact that
tfcratnttic mnptoms sometimes develop after partaking of aonr milk or
Itttie acid seems to lend support to this view, huch patients are benefited
b? the nee of alkaline treatment. I^rge amount* act as d^-presaors to the
•WTOue lyriem and decrease the normal alkalinity of the blood, thus favor-
iae mralgic and neuralgic attacks.
44
PHARUACECTICAL TBEBAPECTIO AOESTS OR DRrOS.'
Therapy. — liocally, InL-lic acUl, dilutctl villi wattr iir
beeo uaed in tuberculosis of the throat and larynx and in
croup ti» a solvoDt of false mcmbninc In Uiput; or Inborcular ulc
the tongue it has been found very useful, as welt aa in lupus aj
diluted (Vj to 30 per ceol,).
A Bolntion of lactic acid varviiij; in stren^h from 10 to 30
is alto a bpncfieieJ application to many lunngcal tumon. In a
per-cent. eolution it lian been employed with good result in si
otitis ftud ulci'rv of thu na^al fo^su'. Muscltg-Moorhof Ims used col
lactic acid locally- in caries, lupus, and epithelioma. 1
In the cxtonial lesions of luberculoKis, Dr. Zippel, of Hnni
fers the appltcatton of gauze tampons soaked in lactic acid. In
mcut of tutrcrculoue fiMtultc the Mine writer recommends the inl
of rods composed of a paste made by gently healing 50 grammes (,
of gelatin, tactic acid, and water, and then adding 30 grammes (j.
thol. The rods made of the congealed paste are covered with
collodion.
In dyspepsia, with deficient secretion, pepsin may be comb
lactic acid at mcAl-time. lactic acid i» of utility in litlm>iiiia >
phaturia. In the green diarrhcea of infancy, attributed bv Hi
microbe, this agent well diluted (4 ccni., or f.^j, in a tumblerful o'
boiled water, sweetened with white sugar, of which solution a t<
may be given every half-hour or hour, according to the ca^ie) is fi
cient remedy, controlling irritability of the stomach, relieving
changing the character of the dli^cliarge.'i. It has been shown, hov
*ome of those cases nre duo to (i specific microbe, while others dej
hepatic disorder. In the latter class of caaes the remedy is of
Lactic acid is ulno of value in Ibi- vnmilini; of newborn babes rau*e
gestion. It is likewise useful in the diarrhoea of typhoid fever,
catarrh, and intcstinii] tulKTculosis. Br. N. V. liojkin regards lac
of great value in the treatment of chronic dysentery.
From theoretical consideration, the u»e of lactic acid in diabet<
was proposed by Cantani. Cases have been rejiorled in which,
with approprijile dirtetic reginim, it ajiiicnn-d to favorably infl
disease and lessen the quantity of sugar excreted. In other cases
proved a fuilDre.
Dr. Foucaiit, of Orleans, suggests the use of lactic acid as
lactic in gout. He gives 4 com. (or f.~>j) a day for three weeks or
when the remedy is discontinued for ten or eleven days, after v
resumed in the sflnie manner. It is said lo reduce the number of at
to render them less painful.
Lactic acid ha* Win sueeeNifiilly iwed in arthritic dctorraai
torin,' in a case of ten years' standing, the last year of which tl
kept her bed, began with ti.fiO c.cni. (or tnx) on an frnptv ctoriiael
being allowed for an hour and a half afierwanl. and gradually inci
io*e to 2.50 C.ein. (or nixl) a day. In three wwki! the wornjin enu
of bed and walk a little, ilie pains being much relieved and the
cnmfcrence slightly diminished. The improvement lasted luitil tk
required, and ordinary duties could Ims resinned. Xo internal niedi
than lactic acid was given, and no external placebo except slight n
• /^ MfJrcdtr iliult^rnc, vol. ix.
WltMCOM (V. S. 1'., B. P.).— Hitric Acia (UNO,J
Preparation.
Afidam Kitricaai Dllutttm {V.ap., B. P.).— Diluted Nitric Acid (conUlot 10
Ifjr w*i]|rhl. of ali*olute ntulc «cUi a F,. 17.44 per cent.). Di>v, 0.3(i to
\ar mv-xx).
Pharmacology. — N'Uric acid (U. S. P.) contains G8 per cent., by wciglit.
toluti- uiinc noil! ami 32 piT cou). of wat<;r. B. P. ruiiluioe 70 per
by w».'i;;hl, ft livdrogen nitrate.
rii»- aniRimiiiini. k-mi, and Hxliiim iiitratcd nnd ii i t roll vilrnclil uric acid
oinrinl III lilt? r. S. !'.; potiiMiuiu and silver nilralps, Apirii of nUmiis
bivuiutli sul>iiitrale, nnd ddutvd Ditml)ydn>chlorii' »i.'id in V. S. I*,
H. 1*- lilt-" ft"liiiioiii of ferrit; and of pierenric nitrate are official in the
K. P.. nti<] solution of ferric Bitrate and acid Euhition of murctirir nitntv
Phjruolffipical Action uti Toxicolo^;. — Diluted nitric acid when ap-
^Xiir flkin produces a y.lI.'wi.Hh diHioloriition. Slronj^er applications
^___ bulluiis t-niption r<-«'itililin;^ tn.-iii|iluyii^,
fntroduc«il into the Htomach in a concentrated solution, nitric acid is a
it corro«iv<; poi^nn, dnd producer vomiting, pnin, nnd cliKtrcse, at onc«,
by inflammation end sloughing of the mucous membrane of mouth
owuphagrufi. .Mkniii-^, dcmu!c«nt«. and milk diet constitute the 1ri<at-
atet. Fatal accidents occasionall}' happen from inhaling the fumes of
^jj.^ ..- ■>iormii>L>ni), acid«. In email dotw» nitric acid Htimulates the iu-
i\ uvn H- \'.f-- hii> b«pn too-loD^ continued, nitric acid causM BaliTatioD.
and II" i:)^- cums. with loimcnin;; of the teeth, foulneas of tb«
dvM" !"-'*■ L-fltic. Iitsadachc. and d<0)ility. These untoward effccta
^Bui|iji. .ir whfn the remedy is suspended.
niTkpy-- Vi'ru-acid i" an oxidi/injtiigi-n) in (be tnhorttury, and wbi-n
.(r. n ■ 'mion it has a decidedly caustic action, staininp theskir
I'lred eaniitj<> for veDdreal tarts, varta. noisoned wound
46
PnJkBMACKl^TlCAL TTIERArEUTIC AOBN'TS OB D&vas.
S Acidi nitrici diL >.. IS
Tlnctutw Upps wm to
Tinrt. xttDthoxyli , 60
M. EIk-: tvio tcnipoonluU in water three timn a dujr.
30 r,i-iTi. or I
c.cm. or 1
C.CII1. or 1
In dilate solution (O.GO or l.SO to 30 can., or mx-xx to i
1)rcn ii»C(I ill oii»c« of phnsplintic cslculi, to waeh out tlie Iiladder, a
be iiBcd as an injection into einnses connected with dead bone. A
of nitric neid to 30 ccm. (or f^jl of waier \» an expelleni sltmiilant a
to indolent ulceTS, In whooping-cough, or bronchial catiirrh, it
ndvoi'uti'rl. tind in hooTHenewi of public s))i-akerfi a fen- drapii in
water afford relief. It ie inadvieoble to continue too long the admi
of nitric acid, «», in that case, it excites ^Htro-intetitinal catarrh,
remark applies to the other mineral acids.
In many t^in (lisen»eii, such as impetigo, lepra, acne, the »
nitric acid to the bath has been found useful in addition to its i^
miniiitration. '
Kiitnm Camphora Aoida (X. F.). — Hope'* camphor mixture
R Ai IJi niUiii' , 2| c cm. or (
Tincture upii , 130 r,cra. or i
Annie eanifihoTtB 120| c.cm. or f
yt. I)0A«, M. U-Hipoonful to a Inbli-Jipoonful pv«ry hour or tiro, if
■ymptom*.
Diluted nitric acid will often reliev* chronic diarrhrea, and i
mar be increased by the addition of witch-hazel, thus: —
R Acidi nitrici dil 101 C.cm. or I
Ext. liiimitiiiclidiH It. ..,.,,,,,... Ill crm, or 1
Syiup. Durantii 120J ccm. or 1
M. SIg.: From ono to two triu]HionfuU In wat^T tlirM or four tima
In Ihe daily dose of 4 to 15 c.cm. (or f->i-iv) dilute nitric acid
[inii-s pr"vi-d sucw*sful in di«belc» insiprdii*, uud it is said to allay
of saccharine diabetes.
Full doiivd of nitric acid, ercry fourth or sixth hour, have bi
useful in intemiitlent fever. After the paroxysm has been brol
(jiijnine, nitric acid may be serviceably given, in order to relievs
of the liver and intestinal glands. Small doses of nitric acid are
in aphtha' and uli-cralivi- stoinnlitis.
\itric acid reddens morphine, and probably decomposes it; a
fore, (ihiiukl not hi.- prcuci-ihcd in solutions with this agent, tis the i
nitrites have a decided lowering influence upon the temperatuf
cnlation; they will be congidered in connection with amyl nitrite.
ACIDUM NITROHYDKOCHLOHICmiir (f. S. P.).— Nitrohy
Acid. Nitromariatic Acid (nitric acid. 18 parts; hydrochloric acid,
Preparatioti.
Acidum Xilrohyilmfhlorlciim Diliitiim (U.S.P.. B. P.).— Diluted ]
chloric Acid (Diluted Nitiomuriatic Acid). Dow. 0,30 to 1.20 c.cm. (or TO
'Tlic origiimt (•■rmiilft ffir (1]ii« prp]inrntioii fiillcd for iiStroiiB acid. li
mtroial nitric ncid unuullv coittiiini! some iiilrou', il lin.i lircomc rUJitomnT
nitric acid.
ACIDDU OLBICL'II.
PhanoHcoIo^ and Therapy.— This combination of nitric und hydro-
(Unnc tcid« is ofiicial ouly in the V. S. P., the diluted form (L'. S. P.) con-
waang 4 parts of nitric acid, 18 of hydrochloric acid, and 78 purts of dis-
tiSti water. It should be allowed to stand for two veeks after mixing,
ndkejit in a cool place. The conc«ntrii1ed vijiitiuii n-udily dissolves gold
Wvhrn immersed in it; it is not used for medical purposes, the diluted
'Ibanbein^ preterahle. It is nuppoaed lo lia^v a ftpi.-cial action upon the
bptic functions and is a good tonic and astringent. It has been applied
ipoD rompresse^ in chronic Hvor disorders, in a solution (15 com., or fjss,
lo-lISe.ciu., or Oj, of water).
blemailT, the dilute nitrohydrochloric ncid is given in torpidity of
fit liter, th« chronic hepatitis of the tropics, and in the early stage of
W|«ttc cirrhosis. It is of service in chronic dtarrhcr-a and dysenteric Jior-
tni. This and has been occasionally known to produce salivation.
Sjinptoni- "I poisoning and methoda of treatment Raise a» given under
Actdain Hydrochloricam.
4CIDUM OLEICUU (U.S. P., B- P.).— Oleic Acid (HC„H,.0,).
An organic acid, prepared in a sufficiently-pure condition, by cooling
(Mmnerdal oUic acid lo about 5° C. {11° F.), then separating and preserv-
ing Uie liquid portion.
Preparation*.
Obatarn Vcntiin* (D. S,P,).— Olrate of Vcratrine (2 ji*r cent).
riUaium Ziofi (f. S. P.). — Olcnl* of Zlno !!> per ci'iil,).
(HMluni Hnlraivyri (U.S.P., B 1'.),— OlcBte of Mt-rtuTj-.
I'lgucatum UvdrarnyTi QlpntU (B. P.). — Mpreiiiio-Olpaip Olntmrnl (t to t of
hUMMM lard).
ri^entiim Ziaci OI««U> (B. P.).— Zine-Olcalc Ointment.
Fkimaoologj. — Oleic acid is an oily, yellowish, tasteless liquid, grad-
mIIt betuming brown, rancid, and acid when exposed to the air. It is
iMdnble in water, btit soluble in alcohol, ether, etc. Equal volumes of the
•od nd of alcohol, hcatc«] to 77* F., should give a clear solution, without
•Ocnriag the appearance of free drops of oil upon the surface.
Owe Bfiid, fresldy prepared, is o bland and unirritating application
to theikin, and was brought forward as an addition to ointments and lini-
neatt to increase Ihvir penetrating power, but lanolin has now largely taken
*U phot tor this purpose. Lately, greatly through the influence of the writ-
ing of the author, it has been much us^i\ in the manufacture of oloalcs,
rtieh m now produced in the form of true chemical compounds, instead of
•UBpIe Duxturen, as heretofore.
Tbt foUowiog is a summary of the action of the oleates, from "Oint-
meBts ud Oleates, especially in Diseases of the Skin"*: —
The OUatts.
A'VitJB* Olcate.^ — Not xttv Bi-tive. On be txet^A in neuTalgU,
Ahajnm (Hette,— Dilutrd on^hsH with Inrd or »oine fntly •ubstnni*, it fortnn
Ativfjat OI«at«- — Not vfty arllvr. Con'titiitional vffiict« nnt produced except
vkn lti|ii Rtfacn «re Bnointed.
'&md Edition. Pkilsdvlphia: Tb« F. A. Tlavit Oompony, Publisher!.
■k>>a*'udStMikiitft'BMMlr-Rcl«raK«S«riM. 1800.
Phy-
48
PltABMACEUTICAL THKWJEOTIC AOEWTS OB BBOOS.
tb* ellrtnmt of th* oleate «( aluminuin. which is dcritlcdlf Mtringont.
in ehMklng lh« niuco-F>iirulmt dinclmrKM ot dtrnuutiUi >ud ecwm>, kndj
or intertriph Mpvciull.v in iiidinU nnil yoiin^ chtldrrn. In liypcridroHia uf
droris It ts very cfFrctirc. Thii oinlmmt » alsu a uiM>tu1 drpMitif to bumij
ebilblaitiH. and »inUMK.
Aticnuni OI«ate.— A nltuibl» alteialive nnd rurharoltc. but it mu
Willi i-mitlon. The olnnl*. when melted with laid ur vintm«iit Uxo |l to 4
foniiB th« vinlniniit of nrti^num olcate. ThU han little aetiun upon a he
but when the epidcrmiii hat bwn Knioved, or nn gruiulntln^ ■urlncvu. 1
lolUiniiiatlon nnd dectroj'* the vitulily of the tiiiUM to a n)Ti»l dent hie dej
«-«)) diluted, it *x«rU it nio«l «xrrl!i>nt allcriitiTfl tmprowiion upon the ii
Mtd nlui in alceTBling epithet iunia. in lupus (tift«r wrnpinKl. and in old
ulcers, this Is ol gnax. utility. In syeoui. ■cborrhiea. and chronic eczenie
wiK of Herrin. After acraping or piincturine Iha atroeled area, It enii
dmtroy war1>, conn, horna, coDdylomalu. old gTBiiulatlon*, and meri.
adv&nt»geou»ty combined with o|)ium, belladonna, hyoacj^unus, kmica,
cmphlol, rU- (Kor tonnulte. »ee HUtlior'« IxHik «t\ "Okaleft.")
BSunuth Olralc. — Emollient and 9lit;htly iLBlriii^-ol. In all puHtulH
in aycoua, it relieve* (he iU-hlnj^ and ollrn nhoris Ihf pustule*. It allnj
in eryaipelni and sunburn. In ai'iie niMcea. it relieves liie iuflaniiuaUl
conjunction uith ncnrill.-ntioii of the surface, i* curative. In nrulc ecxemo,
ii eonrideied indiBpeiiaabli* in arresting tli<> progn-Hit of the malady. Cnick
oippleaarr usually healed by the oleote-of biuiiuth uiuluicnt {1 part of bin
to 7 pW(a of ung. aquw nwm].
Otdmium Olcftto i« ■timulatintt nnd irritating. It haa been ua<4
CCieina ti Ith ^rrnt intlltnilion, cxubrinnt irrnnulations, and mla(|[«<l i
■tnngth ot the ointmi-nt bciti;; adapted to each casi'. ,
Cocaine Oleatc. in the form of a S'lJcT'Cvnt. alkaloid, with oqiul |M
ment or lanolin, hits not niHW«>red expectations as n local anodyn« or
but ha» bteo used with tome benefit in pruritus pudeudi and ani. or A
irlDntiim. I
Cojiper Okale, in the form of 10- ur 20- per •cent, ointment, baa no V
upon tb<- bpallhy skin, but iienelrates deeply into the follideti. where
i.tiniu!nlin(i and nntiieptic nction. It i» drcidcdly astringwit to tho brol
raw siirfHCP. reducing r^ubemnt granulations, cjiei'kin^ hu^uiorrhafce frc
lores uiid old ulcers. Owing to its para.aitiride netion, it is the best rem
VBrioui form* of rintiwonii. In tinea vcTiiralor, pvpn in favuK. it is ei)ual
In destroying lh« pninsite willioul epi1atii>n. Copper oleatc. uicltrd and
plaster. Mill very often cure warts, eornpi, bunions, and Ihlcknnpil condU
rpiili'ttiin. The ointment ahovp referrpil to in alwj uwful in freckles unl
colonitiona of the skin. It is Msentiul that the suit shmlld be made fn>n
acid, as otherwise the application may be nccompanieij by irrilatioiL or it
of llLf skin, The weaker ointment |0.32 lo 0.i55 l!m., to ,11.1 (Jm.. or gr.
should bo first tried and the strength gnidxiully increiiipd.
Iron Olpate is n. lahiahle ttyptic and a^tritigetit. The um of k wel
in the inflummatoty form of »v7emn, in which the surface is raw sind
followed by good rosiills; also in puslulnr ccicnia. ayeoais. furuncles, and II
sores, Mix<^d «ilb the oil of ergot or any hlnnd oil, the Iron oleats Is i
vantnge in dry selMirrhiro and in jintches of alopecia. The early atBgei o( I
are often eiitirelv relirvcd by the weak application of ointment of
In ulcem enused by anenioal poisoning, this hits (tiven better results thai
remedy in tlw hands of the writer, especially with tlic addition of I |
carbolic acid.
I.enil Olcate, meli4>d with equal parts of lard'Oll, or lard, forms a en
semisolid ointuient, which is »upcrior (o (ioulard'a cerntc or Hcbra's litha^
It allays irritation in papular or pustular eexem*. and also in flsmrrd ec
hands or fill. In hsird and induraled papules, ns in nrne of the face, necl
it ia rscellent in its elTei-is, Tliymol. naphio). carbolic acid, ull of ehunu
of cade mil) lie combined ivith it. aceordinft to the rase.
Manganese Oleatn has been med (a 10- to 20-per-cent. solution tn O
a remedy in ainenorrha-a and other uterine ntfedinnH. applied with Mt
abdomen. Probably its aurrl/'il ([ood cUpcI, are to be iitlribuled to |
rather than to any constitutional eflefi from tlic manean«*e, ns Uiere la
o( iU abaorption.
ACIDCM OXJLUCCJt.
49
Hmoiic CMmU (U. S. P., B. P.).— The i>tDtmenl o( meKurlc olMte' b « TtJlonitih
idiUDM of btt}' coiubtMicG. It ii (timulating to the. ikiii. and Iiai h deciaed bIIvT'
■ttrliM Bpoa tha clondular MriK^turi^n. In <ild fexrinn, ujtii Ibir-krninx of the ikiii.
Ui l««loM a«t(oa u very l>eiiirlit.'iiil; aUu in pupuliir niid tubcruular l««ion>, and
irfhntion attendant upon atuccum. In influinitiutinn at the hui^folliclv*. avcwia,
uc wrofulodrnnata It i* i|iiK'klj i-iiiativv. [t« liiii'li'rk-iilHl action makM it vAluabls
■ 111 CUM ol ptMrilic invajuoD of the ikio; mid, in the trvatment of luusiiiva«, the
iJtilMi ot picrotoxjn ['/• of I per cent., or gr. i-Sj) U advimble. In otdcr to dcntiay
titntilitT ol (he nits. If it is d<«ire<l U> pimlucv a ei>niititulioiinl inipre«>)ion. lannlln
Ml l« added, ur mcrcuroui oleiile substituted. In faet, mercuric olente ti absi^rbed
aif ntj atovlj. iMTgn qunnlillts linve Ixvn applied to the nurfnco without pro*
bote cotiatituliODal elleots.
Utfcuiciiu Olcatc.-
I.— Thi» oiiHntcnt eontains a higher percentugc o£ inercury tlian
IttfwwdJng (41.0 im c<-nl.)i it is substituted »lii?n it is dixiri'il Tj> make a more
inMud inprcBMOD upon (he atruelures of tlie ikiu. or to pru^^tiee the iuuiictlon
UmtmBt M «7pUIitk aSccUoni, and (or this is fur ouperior to cither the ordinary
Im dotauBt or th» mcrouric olMit«. In old spots <>f usorlosis ainl cbroni.,- plantar
■4 Mlnar tatma, it eaji be ngcd ulonc, or combined with soiue form of tar or
iqlUL
ItinhiiM Olot« has only a feeble at'liuu upou thi* iulfguuiciit, and lias no
ftaii •dvantage.
mtktl OIe«l<>, in the form ot oinlincnt with soni^ fatty base, bat a veiy decided
Hnapot aetion upou abraded ■urlnceB. In the proportion of from S to JO grainii to
lk««M> of Utd it acts well in epithelial ulccrntion*, old callous ulcers, or chronic
(tnnnp Oleate haa alight stimulaut and antiseptic action, but haa no special
■4>attp«.
Sllrar Olcttt* coA^latM aJbuuin, and, when sprinklvd over sonNS, ci>ats th« sur-
ki nd catdudta the air: at the uune time it atimulatei granulationi and cleans off
SiHtlaML DlMOlTVd In olHc add and mlxril with lard (Q to tlO grains to thn ounci^),
JttaMS ft 4aric'brown. pliable ointinHnl, which muy lie applied in otisn of erysipelas
tikn thr InCamtnation from spreading, lu superfleial lupun it sometime* lesieni
sD-IUltnttOB and reduces active inflaminntlon. In liolts, carbunclrs, ecieiiin. around
^Motsb or OD the buttoclu, especially it attended by irritation or itching, marked
ntW Motra the application, cither alone or coinhined with opium, bellaJonna, or
■gwrnnua
StiytliBine Oleate has no special value as an oiiilnient.
Ifai OUata. — The ointment (O.IU to 4 Gm., or gr. x to IX'Sjl la a grayish-brown
MMnai, poMcariag aonie HS(rJne«nt and tonic action. It is of ««pecial svrvke in
Amm of th* n«ila and in Irrilatioa of akin around the nails (agnail, etc.).
Ttralrine Oleate tU. S. P.| U ofHcia! in 2 per cmt. volution in ointiueiit. it has
Mdid eonnter-irritaiit and benuuibtng eltfQU u]ioii the skin, making it useful in
■■i <W(* of neuralgia or tender spots.
Ztat OlF«t« (U.S.I'., B-P.). is a line, pearl. coloiTd pon-di>r. soft aiid soap-like to
IhtlnA. is astringent in its rlTects. and can be used us n dusting- powder in hyparl-
drail ud brMQidron*. In local ■weating of the luillie, t^nitnlia. hands, or feci,
••Mitllf when atl«nded by maeeration of tli' rpider'niis, tins agent is very uieful.
Mndl, ol London, has also used it in the lueattng of phthisis, combined with thymol
II t*M|. Salleytie acid (3 per cent.) or French ehnlk may be sddtxl (o it. for
(W tmtnoit ol local affections, such aa comedo and acute vesieular ecxema. In all
Mek ance iaflftBiniatarT alTeetions it can ba used with advantagti, where gn>HSy
•tylJBitioM cuinot ba borne. It has niso been used in gynAc-ologe as an apulieation to
laBnnu nlcnBlioB ol tlie cervix uteri. Hrre it. may be eoinbined with iodoform
loMthaU.t; iodoform. 8 parta) ,
ACDTnC OXAZJCmC.— OxAlic Acid.
nmiiMUiiry And Therapy.— Oxalic adA ia an IrrUnnt poison, and is
taken by mistake for Epsom salts. Its antidote is lime, chalk.
'OhatiiB faydraritjrrt of lh« U.S.P. contains 20 prr mnt. of rellou- roerenri«
«Ua wHb M p«r cent, of o1ei« acid.
4
60
I'UAnUACBCTICAL THKKArELlIC A(IBKT8 OR DRHOB.
or whitewash. Tsylor states that 4 Gm. (or 3j) is the smallcol
which 18 known to have causi-d dontlt.
Oxalic acid has, at the sugflfcstion of Dr. F, Poulct, been en
an cinmenngOEUC. Dr. A. W. Mari^li hus foimd it uei-ful in am<
He remarks that the remedy is not unpalatable, and, in nivdioi
ix uiiirritanl to the stomach. Dr. Muivh aleo recommends oxal
the treatment of acute c^^ttli.i from whatever caute. He
to prcscribt':—
H Aciili uxAlid 1| Cm.
Syr. ■tiiuii, cort. i. 3fl[ ci,cni. or t
Aquio (fluvial. , 90] c.cm, or I
M. tt ft. M>1. I
8ig.: Tcnapovnful ercry four hmirii.
In some castfH where nxalii! acid was given in 0.033 Gm. (
dosn's Dr. F, \V. Talley. of I'liiladclphia, observed that the reme
naui<ea, ga.itralgia, ami an iTtiptioii rc.-'umbling urliairia. When
terod in solution the acid must be dissolved in either rain or distl
in order lo avoiil the depo:tition of oxalate of culoiuni.
Poulet has found oxalic acid useful, likewise, as an expet
asthma, capillary bronchitiH, and tuberculous bronehttiii. He rei
the following formula: —
It Acidi oxuUci , .,>... 2 Uin. or 1
!n(u6, rnioplliai .,...180 c.cm. or 1
8}T. «uninU corL 60 t.cui. or I
M. ct n. »ol.
Sig-! A tMif[iounful every hour.
Dr. Talbot Jones, of St, Paul., has reported four cases in wl
articular rheumatism was apparently produced by prolonged cont
solution containing oxalic acid. The piilicnts, engaji;ed in maki
were accustomed to keep the handii and forearms inimersi^d whi
the solution.
Dr. F. J. L. Hart* reports two cases of poisoning by oxalic
instance was a boy. a^ed 15 years, who had taken about 12 Gm. (
the Hcid; he hiid several convulsive eeizurcs, bi.s pupils were dila
jaw fixed in a tetanic spasm, froth exudiug between the teeth,
could not be fell — stomach- washing and the hypodermic injcclii
morphine, 0.006 Gm. (or gr. '/,„). were resorted to as well as bram
nine, and digitalis. The patient in a few dnvK made a good reci
the second case the quantity taken was unknown, the .patient dy;
one hour.
According to Taylor, 4 Gm. (or oj) is the smallest quantitj
acid which has been known to destroy life at the age of sixteen y«
occurring in eight hours. X'nder three minutes is given as thf
known period of survival after on unknown ciuantity of this f
been taken,
ACID1TU PHOSPHORICUM (U. S, P.).— Phosphoric Add.
AdDTTH PHOSPHORICirU CONCENTBATUU (B. P.).— Cdt
Phosphoric Acid. '
•/,an«f, Oct 1. 1898.
JlCIOCU phospuobiruu.
Frtparaiiong.
51
Ictdiun n^pophoiphtiriHiiiiii Dilutnm (l'. S. P.).— Dihilnl Hypoplioiphoroui
Ji(U Imntsins 10 pvr tmU hy nt'i);lil ut al)«ulule acid, witli IN) uf wulerj. Uotv. 0.00
to!cAi. (or mx-sixt.
Jtiidnn PluMphoriram Ulluliun (U.S.P.. R. P.).— Diluted Phncphcirie Add ilO
)nmt, bj wtiglil, of ortt>u|>hu8uhorle Acid: it. P. ountaiui I3.S parto of hydrui^ii
oilmptinifluit*). DiMP, 0.12 to 1.20 c.vm. |or ntit-xx).
nunnacology.— Phoiiphoric actd in iht- solid form, glndnl phosphnric
iaJ,Unot official in the pr^^pnt edition of tlie pharmacopctia, on account
tditi nnrclialiilitj. Th<! <ri)ii'ia1 pluifiphoric acid is n culorl(-ji», odorless,
iJTOpy liquid, containinj^ not less than S5 per cent., by weight, of absolute
tithophaip boric acid and no) more than IT) per cent, of water. The British
NBOtntrated phosphoric acid contains only 6C.3 per cent, of hydro|;en ortho-
[Aiqihatp. The diluted acid coiit^ius 10 per cent., by weight, of abiiolute
atbephoaphoric acid and 90 of wotcr (13. S parte of hydrogen orthophos-
fhilf in B. P.).
Ph<r>ioli>g1c»l Action. — Phosphoric acid, locally, le an irritfint, and
nnttHine escharolic effect. When taken internally, well diluted, it aids
aitritkiii and growth, as it is an cu^cntiul clement in all bony and vascular
rinctOKii in the fomi of phottphates. it is also, like nitric acid, a slimii-
Int tc oiidation. It improvcH the appetite and the digestion, ittcrcu«cs
McntioD, and is synergistic with the vegetable bitters. Phosphoric acid has
ben kiii>wn to give rific to an eruption resemblinfi ihut of pemphigus.
Ttwnpy. — In all debilitated conditions of the system, in nniemia, in
theakaostion of prolonged laetntion, in bronchial catiirrh of the aged, phoe-
siodc acid is an excellent tonic; it is also useful in struma and wasting
oetM. Its action being different from pho.iphoruR in Riibatancc, tt is less
(Aamt in the treatment ot neuralgic conditions.
t%U(phoric acid is especially valuable as a tonic in th« following for-
■ill:—
B J*Ui phoapboriei dil , ID O-em. or tjM.
Ihtt. Ditcl* rominr 12 SO com. or mcc.
Tlitl ferri ehloridl BO con. or (31)'
8)r. pruni Virg. 78 t'.tin, ur fjiiw.
H. Sif.: Frnoi nne-b>K to on«' iMipoonful in n winrglaas ot Huln-, taken through
B AcMi pliMpkario ilil 11
Sli;tkiunn! nalpb
Oljwrioi 34
ijt. »uraiim 106
V. S^: One tfiupoonful in winrglaM ot water, talutn through a tub« after
c.cin. fir fSiij.
03 Ghi. or bt. ••
ccin. or ISfi.
e.tin, or fjiiin.
TaiUr the name of liquor acidi phosphoric! compositus (K F.) an «x-
••HMtloBic is furnished, composed of the following ingredienta^ —
B«»*di 1000 poniL.
MAnrie acM '.. TW) j^iU.
W«*« 4000 port*.
vkicii ii approitRtated by the following formula:- —
B2
FUARHACBL'TICAt. TUEHAI'BUTIC 40KST8 OR ORU09.
or gr. 3M.
oi gr. 94,
or iir. S2.
B OlHI phoiphnUii ....- 85 Qui.
Mogneftiie phMjihatia 429 Gm.
Polaini phosphaUa S 10 Om.
Farri phoxphntiii 4f£S iim. vt gr. M.
AeWl phoapliorici \»p. gr., 1.710) »)] o.cm. i>r m 808.
Aqun q. «. nd 4T3| cmii. or fjxvj.
M. Sig.: Tbls preparation majr be gtv«D In t«s*poonful dowa, veil diluted iritli
WBter.
Given before mealfi, phosphoric Bcid i# beneficial in hyperscidity of ihe
stomnth. wltotber due to incrouscd prodia-lion of hydrocJiiorif «dil or the
result of fermentative changes In the food. Phusphoric may reasonably be
preferred to the other mineral ueidfl in the treatment of Irplioid fever when
the nr«doniiuont symptoms denote great nervous prostration. In diabctee
mcHitus phoEphciric-acid lemonade unswerH a usefid purpose by ussua^og
thirst. It has been employed in rickets.
The diluted solution muy be applied as a stimulant to indol«nt tilcert,
and it has been proposed to inject it into enlarged glands.
ACIDtIM ?ICRICUM.— Picrio Acid.
Pbarmacoloiiy. — I'uvii-, or earbniotic, acid (trinitroplienol) is in the
form of pale-y^Ilow t.id •^. soluble in water, and has a very bitter taste.
Owing to its power ui' i;oiigulating albumin, ilit watery solution forms a
convenient test for albumin in the urine; it is also a test for peptones. It
should be used as a conllrraatory test in conjunction with the heat te»t
and Heller's test with nitric acid.
Therapy. — The application five to ten times diiily of a 6>pcr-oent.
solution of picric acid has been found useful in erysipelas. Picric acid eon-
stiliiK-* iilso n good drfii.«ing to Biiperllciftl burns, and has bewn used for
several years for this purpose in the Charity Hospital of Paris. A satu-
rated Holulion (about 0..") per cent.) of picric acid in applied upon com-
presses. It exerts an analgesic etfoct upon the surface. It UBually give*
riae to no irritation, and the only disadvantage of the method is that the
solution communicatee a yellow stain to the tissues witJi which it tiottif*
in contact. Dr. Charles Willems, of Ghent,' t^peaks favorably of its use
in bums of the first and second degrees; he uses it in the form of an oiiii-
menl in the strength of 1 to 2 per cent.; he has never observed any toxic
aymptoms from its use, and the only inconvenience has been a yellow dis-
coloration of the skin, whieh niav lie got rid of by alcohol washing or by a
watery solution of carbonate of lithium. The late Dr. Quinquaud rocom-
roeuded picric acid an a local remedy in epithelioma. In chronic eczema
Calvelli claims good results from the application, several lime* a day, of
a solution of J Vj pfirt» of picric acid in 2.j0 parts of distilled water.
Tiie ammonium salt has been highly praised in the treatment of
whooping-cough and malnria. the average dose being 0.038 (Jm. (or gr. 9)
four iir live limes daily. iJr. Marten Clark anerts that this salt has proved
efiieien! in nialanal neuralgia. Picric acid should be used, either internally
or eili-nially. with caution, since it is apt to excite urticaria and other symp-
toms of systemic intoxication.
Shoes lined with leather dyed yellow by picric acid have been known
to excitft violent dermatitis, the feet becoming swollen and being covert
'Annaletilr bi HoWiTC BWirerfe CMrvrgir. Mnv 15. 1888.
4
U iimDrafmljlr Vf»iclw, uliich ctwiU'ewl aud became filled with purulent
Kniio. Coast ilutional leactinu vas also occasioned.
ACTDTTM SAUCTUCtm (V. S. P., B. P.).— Salicylic Acid (nC,n,0,).
Dote, II, ;i',; to l.^o l.;iii. (orgr. t-xx).
Preparalionn.
LittiU SaliejrtM (U. S. P.).— Lithium SaliejrInU. Dom. 0.32 to 2 Gm. (or gr.
t-nil.
SoiUi 8«ljcv)a> (U.S. P.. B. P.) .—Sodium Salicylutc. Dow. 0.05 lo 2 Giu. (or
Cag:u«iituiii Avidi SaIu^>■IiGi {B.P.)-— SAtfcrlic-Aciil Ofntnwnt (I! pn <s«nt.).
Ib»tmAto\ogj. — Salicylic acid ig an organic acid cxUting natiirollj in
MobiaBtion in Tarioiu |i!sni«, but meet largely prepared synthetically from
oibiiiie acid. It occurs as 6at. white, needle-shaped crv»tale, soluble in
HO parts of cold or 14 parts of hot water; and in alcoholic solutions in
Stptrts of chloroffinn. GO parts of glycerin, and in "i part* of oHvc-oil (by
lid of heat). Thirty ceni. (or f^j) of aweet spirit of nitre will dissolve l.O-t
tim. (or gr, xvj) of salicylic acid. The solution remuius clear even upon the
■dditwn of water. Cry^lalliied salicylic acid a pure and without odor;
ptecijrilated acid has a rather peculiar, disagreeable taEtc; the sublimed acid
» own pink colored, and smelb of phenol. Dialyzed salicylic acid is pre>
fened. It is claimed that the salicylic acid made from the oil of gaultheria
iitk best and purest fvnn in which to prescribe ii.
Tk^itolocical Action. — Salicylic acid is an antiiieplic and antiferment,
•ad prercnts souring of beer, cider, or milk, or the putrefaction of urine.
It amrti the action of sahva upon stnrchy food. It is injurious only when
n«d ocmstantly and in relatively large doses. It is Tcry irritating to mucous
tvbc«^ and i* not to be administered in pill, powder, or capsule, but
dvtri in solution, and preferably with ammonium or potassium acetate,
y*Miuiii citrate, or ammonium pliosplmte, which iucrcasc» it« sotubility
« wWct. or it may he given in some syrup or elixir of orange.
tkVta internally, it reduces abnominlly high temperature. In health
thfi action is not observed, although some obscn'ers UM-crt that a slight re-
dncbn if produced. Sonieiimi's headache, giddiness, and ringing in the
wahavt been noticed, but usually no marked effect is seen upon either pulse
wn^inttoR. According to Vanden (Jorpul. salirylic acid diminishes the
fnKtMBal activity of the testes, although it is believed to cause conges-
lioa of th« uterus and ovaries. It may produce abortion and, therefor*,
(faonld be cautiously given in pn^gnancy, especially when a teodencT to
•hltian or premature confinement exists. Toxic doses c«use slowing of the
bradiltig. Convulsion;, natisca. buniing in the throat, vomiting, and gas-
trit initahihty have also been observed to occur, followed occasionally by
•nraniouria. Wmaturia. or almost compb-ti' stoppage of urine. This is a
demtion from the normal action, for in ordinary- cases it acts as a diuretic,
■ttb ilight intTca**- of i-liminiiliou of IIk- iir(itc!i and urea. Piccinini stale*
thU. after ifae administration of sodium salicylate, peptone is to be found in
iW arine. Salicvlic acid is absorbed with rapidity, but slowly eliminated,
la tcnte nephritis it diminishes the quantity of the urine and increases the
proportioo of albumin. It if stated that deleterious elTects are particularly
•pt to ooonr in dmnkanls from the use of salicylic acid.
B'l PHAHHAClUTrCAL mSBAPBiniC A0EXT8 ORDSCOM
The treatment of intoxication bv thin ft>rent ia that for an ij
son: the stonmeh should be washed out with warm wdtcr, decoctlj
administered, and the patient treated iymptoniatically. The effii
paM oH ik« (he acid is carried out from the «yitom by the uriniy
without change, partly also as ealicin and salicyluric aoid. Prii
also escapuK iii tik' «went itnd euliva. After uxce^Give dowH the ud
olive-green in color, from the presence of indicao and pjnocatecl
subBtancui) result from the action of the pnncrealic juice upon «]
or it may indicate the presence of phenol in the salicylio acid,
of chloride of iron «tnKe» a rioli't color with urine which contai
acid. In the body, the add combines with glycocol in the live
where, and become* converted into Mhcyhiric acid. The iu^C
cylic acid, or sodium Ealicylate, may be followed by the developnu
ous cutaneous lesion*. P>ythcmn with oedema, intolerable itchii
gling of the skin, and fever have been caneed by large doses of i
salt. OthiT effects which have been ob»erved arc vcHclee, pa
patt'lic!- of I'cehymosis. <
Therapy.— For eiternal u»e salicylic acid may be combined'
as a dentifrice. A similar mixture may be used for the relief ol
spiration (feet or axilla), or with talc or corn- or rice- flour. In g
eiougbing cancer it may be applied full strength or dihitei). Dr4
be saturated with an alcoholic i<olution and subsequently dried,
powerful at carbolic acid, yet it hiu the great advanta^ce of beil
and freer from danger of toxic symptoms followinK absorption,
nscd in solution u« a substitute for carbolic acid in the details of i
intiseplie meihud. (A solution can be made h_v adding 8 parls >
100 parlM of boiling wattT, and, wiun di^^olvcd, adding 10 parts
acid, and filtering when cool. On account of its irritant actioa
good applicalion for diphtlKria or croup.) A saturalfd solution
acid, in collodion, is a very effective tipplication to corns and warts
of cannabis Indiea h often added, but it oroducct an unyightly sti
conferring any additional advantage. The solution of salicylic i
lodion is jikewine a-saerted to be an eflicacious application in ticabt
liaving previously been cleansed by means of a hot alkaline bath
meni containing this substance is sometimes of benefit, espt-ciatlj
eczema and in ulcerated lupus vulgaris. A similar applicalion ii
in hipu* erythematosus of the face and eyelids. A powder con
parts of saUcylic acid, 15 parts of xinc oxide, and 30 piirfs of powd
may be employed in order to relieve the itching and smarting a
From 0.S2 to 4 Gm. to each 31 Gm. (or gr. v-Lx lo .^j) of lard, lanol
eicipient will sometimes remove freckles. On account of its
virtue, it may l>c advantageously used in the treatment of tinci
It has been found useful as a topical application in thnish ac
stomntitiE, in which conditions it act* ns a lonil anodyne. It allay
ing pain of the erosions left after the vesicles have ruptured. T
is made by diesolviug 1 part of acid in sutricii'nt alcohol and addin
of water. Salicylic-acid solutions have likewise proved of value ii
of the largo intestine for dysentery. .\(ulp intc^liual calarrl
treated in the same manner with very successful results. In
malady the internal use of the remedy may be conjoined.
Salicylic acid may also be employed in feted bronchitis as oi
i.
56
PHAtlJlACBUTICAL TUBRArEimc A0BXT9 OB DRCGS.
R Acidi Mlicylici,
LKnolin mi 101 Gm. or Silw-
OM tM«Wnthl]w reatillcat. fl £6 e.<-m. or fSSlM.
Ailipi> 7I[6 Gtn. or iiiiit.
It iiiii»t be noted, howi?T<?r, that cases of intoxication have occurred u
n r«Eult of the excessive local use of the remedy.
WhCD the salicyhitc catu«s gastric disturbuuco, it may be given by lh«
rcclum, which should be previously washed out by means of a purgative
enema. It is well to combine Imidanum with tbo salicylate in order to pre-
vent irritation of the bowel. I^abeeb has witnessed benefit from the local
use of salicylic acid in sprains, irrespective of the presence of the rheunistic
diathesis.
Salicylic acid, or its sodium »ult, hDi< been found useful in those effec*
tions HO often associated with or dependent upon the rheumatic diatheda,
as the various forms of neuralgia, especially mtgrnine, trifacial neuralgia,
and sciatica, chorea, tonsillitis, urticaria, and erythema nodosum. Sodium
salicylate is serviceable alsA in erythema mnltiforme, esm^eially when, at it
frequently the case, the disease is dependent upon a rheumatic diathecis.
The remedy suppresses the eruption and relieves the articular pains. In
Bcialica, Ringer prefers it to any other remedy. Rheumatic iritis may alto
yield to its influence.
Gay has successfully employed this remedy in Meniere's disease, giviae
0.20 Gm. (or gr. iij) three times a day. The attacks of vertigo, which baa
been very frequent, rapidly diminished in number and severity. As improve-
ment progressed, the remedy was suspended during considerable intervals.
In the experience of Dr. Striiower, salicylic acid is an excellent remedy
in the treatment of gall-stones. He is accustomed to give it in 0.65 Gm. (or
gr. x) doses three or four times a day in the intervals between attacks of
colic, and states that it prevents the formation of concretions and hastens
their expulsion.
Salicylic acid has been successfully used as an anthelmintic. Tmua
solium has been removed by five hourly doses of 0.50 Gm, (or gr. viij) each,
preceded and followed by a dnse of castor-oil. Round-worms and seat-worms
are deetroycd by the *amD agent, the latter by the local effect of an injection,
the former by the internal use of the drug.
Salicylic acid may be given in 0.32 Gm, (or gr. v) doses in order to purify
the foul breath sometimes present in phthisis. Improvement has sometimes
followed the administration of salicylic acid, or its combination with fodium.
in diabetes. An antidiabetic powder employed by Dr. Monin is composed
as follows: —
B
Sudii bicnrbonAt. .••>..■■ 03
Sodii Wnxoat. i 3D
Sodii inlii-ylttt 11)
LiUiii mrlwuat. 16
U. 81^ i Ttupoonlul at Meh Btttl.
Om. or Xij.
Gdi. or 3x.
Cim. or Sv.
Gm. or Js*-
I
The same remedy is of service in diabetic neuralgia. It is also em-
ployed for its antipvrctic effect in typhoid fever, pneumonia, eiysjpelas. and
phthisis, but it is regarded as especially serviceable in blood-poisoning and
tDnrmio, pya*min, etc., and the eruptive fevers of children. Dr. de Rosa
ibutes prophylactic virtues to this substance in case of exposure to scar-
fever. Dr. C. A. Brycc ustocms salicylic acid as of decided efficacy in the
ACtDDM SaLIOTLICVU. "^^^V 57
trabnent of nnall-pox. lie states that it reduces t«inperature, relieves pain,
ud limitB the deTelnpmcnt of pustules. In rdapsiii)^ fever it is said to
roder the relapse shorter and of less severity. It promptly checks the
jwtj Tomitini; dependent upon the ^owth of Sarcina ventricuH. Some-
lina kHous disturbances of the circulation occur from medicinal doses in
aH6«t ferer. it is v*Ty pmliablc that in coioo of these cases the resmlts
MilHibuiable to impurities in the salicylic acid. Urticaria, erythema, and
Teanilar cuianeous symptnma have been noticed after its admini^trntion.
Tm toquiimatTon has sometimes followed the erythema. In exceptional
OMstheexhibiiioDof salicyhc acid is followed by hfemorrhage, usually from
Ibe^mt or noae. The soda salt is believed to dc frc<r from this objection.
Beroheim makes use of hypodermic injections of salicylic acid in order
torriieve the ni£ht>sweBt« of phthisis. The wilution which he employs con-
tuc 6 Gm. (or oiss) of the acid in 30 c.cm. (or f^j) distilled water, to which
siddtd 11 ccm. (or foiij) of glycerin and 15 c,cm. (or f5i»») of alcohol. He
i^MsS c.cm. (or mccs) of the solution on four or five succes-iiTe evenings.
Tie MDie writer has reported five cjises of incrpcrublc cancer of the c«r\ix
Mtfri itt which the injection of salicylic acid into the growth was followed by
dissMwannce of the hiemorrhagcs and offensive discharge, with diminution
a the &ie of the tumor. Sodium fialicylate in 0.6S Om. (or gr. x) do»e» will
flnaetintc assuage the pain of carcinoma.
De Becker n«s treated a number of cascK of acute pneumonia with sali*
tylkacid. He gave to a child of four years 0.10 Gm. (or gr. iss) every hour
Tilk snccessfo! letnlt. In adult.<) he ^ivcs 0.50 Om. (or gr. viij) every two
or thtte hours. As soon as the expectoration is free, he diminishes the dose,
flotmer, coffee, tea, chocolate, and milk are good vehicles for the medi-
cuie. lie bclieres that if salicylic acid is given early (on first or second day)
it will be found a true abortive of pneumonia. He treated twelve cJises, with
oaedtaili; the fatal result was due to meningitis. The others rapidly recov-
fied.'
The granular effervescent form is a good one in which to administer
^iilicylates, or thev may be given in effervescent draughts, or in combinA-
tioB like this: —
Ra4fiMUc7l«ti 61 Om. or 31}.
TIart. lanitdulic eaoap. IfU con. or fSiv.
Sjn[|i. annntii lOSJ ccm. or (Jiliin.
M. Sj.: Gir»r b tnt>ln)K>on(ii1 ffrcry thre« (or four) hour* (or acute TheunialluD.
^following prescriptions may likewise be recommended as benefleial
<""Wiutioa» in aculo rhuumatism, gout, and neuralgia:^
BAdainlk/lld 81 Om. or SH.
M- Mberfi ttilrod ISO c.cm. i>r fSiv.
TWi. rardBiDuni- co. 30| c.cm. or fSj.
)L %-: Two tnupoonlttls In wAt«r evtry two hours.
S 4«Mi wliryiki 13| Gm. or gr. cc
lif, kssioTi. BCctatU,
Mam MiDphom n* 18150 c-em. or f3v.
Sft. atlimi Dilroil q. ■. nd (id] ccm, or fjij.
K. Sig.: A tmi-pocnful la iim(«r •very t«0 or tlirpc lioura.
'BrttUk Medieal Jovmat, Epitome, 10S2. 18t)S. p. 87.
68
PffASUACEtmOAL TnEHAPRTTIO AGENTS OB DRUOST'
The appended formula is eervicesblo in chronic rheumatiem an
H Acidi iftUoylld lat «m. or B
Elix. coscone MgradK 180) c.cnL or (
M. Slg.: A tAbUapoonhil Ui wtUx two or throe timci a, do.}'.
On nccouDt of its influence upon the titero-oranan circulation
insy 1)0 advantageously giv«n in eusoe of ftmcnorrhu?'ii and dy^m
Sodium salicvlate has been iL^ed with t-xcollent effect in chroni<
It promotes alieorption of th« efTiii^ion Ijy a poworliil diaphoretit- ae
parable to that which it exerts in rhenmaliem.
Since the tiae of salicylic acid has finintttimec been followed b
Professor Peahody, of New York, combined it with iron, as follo'
B Add. talicrlic 1|30 Gni. or f
Fvrii jiycophofph.
Bodii pbo^hat. 3
AqiuB -. > 19
M. 8ig.: To bo takvn »t « dOM
32 Gnu or (
■ill Oni. or 1
e.cm. or I
I
ACIDirU STEARICtTM (U. S. P.).— Stearic Acid (nC„H,»(
Stearic acid ie an organic acid which, in its cinnmercial, mi
impure, form, is iisiiollv (.ibtaincd from the moro solid fats, cliie
It is a hard, white, soitipwhat glossy, solid; odorless and tasteless
mancnt in the nir. lii>'iliib1o in water, it dii^olvcs in about 45 par
hoi at 15° C. (6a° K); it is readily soluble in boiling alcohol am
Stearic acid has no physiological action upon man and is en
mcdicinu only in the manufacture of glycerin suppositories, Th
fatty oils, of either animal or vegetable origin, consist mainly of
of three fatty principles. — olein, patmitin, and stearin, — which
erides of the corresponding acids. Immamie! Mnnk has shown
acids alon« are competent to produce the nutritive efTeets of fat, th
being unnecessary and somc-limcs injurious. Senator has advo
cases that cannot tolerate codliver-oil. the administration of the f
which can be civcn in keratinized pillt so as to pns.4 through th
unchanged. lie regards the saponified fat acids, or soda-soaps, as
cither to fats or pure fat-acid.4. Being already in a soluble and >
condition, tliey make no demands upon the digestive capacity '
testines.
ACIDITM SULPHOEICINICITM.— Sulphoricinic Acid.
Pharmacology. — This derivative of eastor-oil is only slight!
to the .nkin, though rtipidly fatal to aniitinU when injccled inlo
pleura, or peritoneum. Tiie sulphoricinate of sodium is made 1
neutralising sul|ihori<'inii; acid with «oda.
Physiolo^cal Action. — The salt is antiseptic and deodoriziii
here* w.-ll lo the skin. Borlioi found that a 10-por-cent. soliilio
deetroyed the odor of five or sis times its weight of very fetid pi
Therapy. — The sodium salt hnn been used as a topical i
oiiicna, diphthi-ria, and laryngeal tubereuloi*!*. Sev<Tal antise
pounds have been prepared with the sulphoricinate of sodium.
ricinatcd naphtol forms an eiiuil;iinn which ha* been twod in
_ VA <4m»si>«rH0. i^ \jvuM MijHiMVH Vi *v IJIII ig 1/4.
' 1»TtP <*T pr<-<«w»tc or lerpin hydrate, and 80 parts of etilpkoricinale
litmi IS ulso Berricpiibic as a to{)ical application in (liiihtlicria.
ACIBtrM Sin.PE1TBICirX (U. S. p., B. p.).— Snlphurio Add.
Preparations.
lum SalpliarlcuiD Uilulniii (V. S. P., B. P.).— Vilutrd Sulpliuric Arid [V. S. P.
lu ix-r fi-nt., by vteiglht, of al>w>luu> oulphuric iK-idj U. P., IS.IlS [ict cMit. ot
ulphktel. iio'*, OM to 1 r.riii. luT nv-xv).
. SulphuHcum AroiatUcum lU-S-P., B-P,).— AtomAtlc Solpliurio Aold.
Till) ( I.'. S. I*. I'oiitAiiiii aiilfiburk acM, 1O0 e.fm.; wiili ilnvturv of gingar,
I ^... . .>il u( cmonnMni, 1 c.cid.; and akobo], t{, •. to matte 1000 Cjmi.). Dvie,
la LSO c.cm. (or imx-kx|.
i
Phumscolog^. — The official V. S. P. aciil C'Oi)lflitii> not hfn than 9S.S
— nt.. Ly wi'i^lit, of absolute sulphuric acid ami not more than 1,5 pi-r
water. The B. P. acid contains 98 per wnt., by ni^ight, of hydro-
' 'i'. It irniBt W colnrlcea, without odor, and of an oily consistence.
.lUstic- nud corrii*ivo, aiul ihould h« kept in i;l<u^«-K[(>PI><-'rod hot-
rcial acid (oil of Titriol) conlaim various impunlies, —
■' arid, i?lc.
it;iil Action and Toxicolo^.—Sulphiiric acid, in full strength,
rli-tiiiic-,. mill liii* II dirutij; afTinily tor wutt-r. Applied to the
- at a cnustic. rvdUsolving the coaj^Ium formed and pcni-trating
r-" llit> Kurfooe black, ^^llca taken internally, the lips and other
■ utli arc blnckoned. and Bymptoma of oorrosive poisoning ar«
i(ii'r« is inlciLK' pnin, with efforle at vomiting. Collapse and ilealh
Dv cnf'ue from the intense conjjeftlion of the <»sophaRUH and stom-
I iir iK-condarilj from the re»iilting ga»tric utccntion and
"phapufl,
Bcaai Ie»iwit3 ■ ■ n found bv Drs. Eiixcne Friinki'l ond F. Ilcicho
t« cflM^ of J" "-, from sulphuric acid, one of which caii&ed death
I—-* «^hilp iheothgrtwoeasetiirprefatalin from two tofonr months-
r
J
THABHAOBtTTOAt THBBArSTTIC A0EXT8 OB VBVW.
wpccinlly in the face. In such a case water is fo be freely used td
the excels of acid, and an slkaline wd^ applied; to rclii;vL- pain,i
tumally will be needed. The subsequent treatment is that of aq
bum.
Sulphuric ocid ie eliminated to a small extent by the kidneys i
ably also l>y the lower bowel end »kin. ,
Therapy. — On account of the pain following its application, I
acid U not much used as a cauAtic, «llhriti);li it is an etilcient clai
tiKiuc. Vclppau used it in cancer, and Iticord for chancres, the a
mixed with s^mt- abtorbinji substance like sawdust or charcoal. ;
and necrosis, and tuppiirufing csntiee or siausce, it may either ti
upon a Rlasfl rod or on tint, diluted with 4 to 6 parts of water.
Tntcrnally, dilute sulphuric acid acts as an astringent and a
The elixir of Vitriol is the preferred form for checkinR the night-
phthicii!, and in some cases of dinrrha'a. Sulphuric acid, with wat
ened so as to make a pleasant drink, ia a valuable prophylactic agi
poivoning, often u^d by opcratiTc^ in lead works. It also has be
to be a preventive of attacks of Asiatic cholera, when taken regular
the prevalence of an epidemic:^
B Add. RUlphurici dllutl VZi r.cm. or
Tr. opii deodorati 4 c.cni. or
E3ixir aromatici 30 aiMii. or
Aqii« , q. «. ad 1B() e-cni. or
M. SJ^.: Take a tablMpocnful for dyteaiay, every hour or two.
care Uie netion of the opium.
Sulphuric aeiil is very commonly given in typhoid fever. I
prefened to hydrochloric acid when the diarrhcea is excessive. 1
is relioved by the use of sulphuric aciiJ, and the constipation of lea
ine is effectually treated by a combination of diluted sulphuric acid
sulphate, and magnesia sulphate. On account of its astringent i
it is benefieial in hicmorrhage from the uterus, stomach, or intestii
and in purpura. Thf following prescript iouB have been found ben
B Add. 8ulph. DToniBt T|U c.ctn. or fS
Exx. liHRiniiiplidl« II.,
Ext, ergutsp 11 ita 60] p.rm. or fj
M. Sig.t Two tcnspoonfuU In water every two or Uiree houn. U«e
In hninon-hnge trom lun([>, Btoninch, or vroiub.'
e.rm. or fj
Gm. or Sij
com, or fS
e.cmi, or fj
B At'td. milph. nroniat. 15
MngnF«ii sutph 02
8pt. chlorotiinni II
Inf. rOMC tcnllkn <|. g, md 240
UBefiil in hiemorrhimo trn
M. Sig.: A tabWpoonful every three hour},
and eonilipation.
B Aiid, sulph, dil , 15
Quininic luiph ..-,.,,...
Tlnct. opii :
Sj'nipi vt nquK q. a. ad D(l
M. SiK-! A rrnopoonfal In water every four hours in enteric (ever i
tney to diarrhwa ani] suenting. Alio uicfut in iwenting oi plithisie. |
Liquor Acidi Sulphnrioi Halleri (TIallcr's acid drops) — not oi
a rai-xture of equal parts, by weight, of acid and alcohol, gradi
r.cm. or fJ
IS Om. or gt
SO cent, or i3
ccm. or IS'.
AClDVa SCLPUUBOSt-'ir.
61
fil&TOartant stirring, taking care tlint tli« lempcnitiire of the mixture doe*
iut^t»o high Bs to vaporize the nicohol. It contains ether, alcohol, sul-
fhuTW acid, and aulpho-elhvlio acid, and \» uHcd for the «aine purpose n»
ttf iTT'inatic acid, in about half the do»e, on account of the larger amount
'rf tcid.
icidom Sulphorinicum, or cthyl-sulphnric acid, is prepared ly adding
silphoric acid to alcohol in combining proportion. It is freely soluble in
imol, and mixcR with water (1 or '-i parts) without losing its oily character.
It b ■ yelloviah liquid, with slighlly astringent ta»te, and iii neutral in re-
MiM. The ethyl gulphatcs are crysCallizablc and soluble in water. The
ft^-totpbate (or sutphovinate) of eodium haa been used as a saline ca-
diitie. Etliyl-^ulphuric acid is an example of an acid ether, and ie a solvent
hrtamphor (85 per cent,), iodoform (3 per cent.), sulphur, naphtalin, chry-
makai, rtv., and can be uccd as a vehicle for these remedies in tiiu treat-
mat of skin diaeases.
ACIDUH SULFHUROSUli (U. 8. P., B. P.)-— Solphuroas Acid (SO, +
m
Dote. 0.30 to 1 com. (or mv-fSj), well diluted.
?rep«ration(. — In combination with a base sulph"rou« acid makes sul-
pfaitN. Of ii* combinations, the following are olTieini in ilii- U. S. P.: So-
ciam sulphite, sodium bisulphite, and eodium hyposulphite.
fkarmaeolo^. — Sulphurous-acid gas (sulphur dioiide, SO,) abaorbed
bf ntei forms the official acid. It has a sour, sulphurous, somewhat astrin-
gtit taste, and contains 6.4 per c«nt., by weight, of the gas, and not more
thiB 95.6 per cent, of water. The B. P. acid contains G.4 percent, of hydro-
npnilphile, corresponding to 5 per cent., by weight, of sulphurouit atiby-
Phjiiological Action. — This acid and its salts are very destructive to
lovforais of animal and vegetable life, owing to their affinity for oxygen.
It ii not well borne by the stomacii, and should be given freely diluted with
nttr, IS its taste and odor are very iinpleu«aiit. Locally, it docs not excite
MDth irritation in medicinal doses, but inhalation of air containing from 1
toJpatis of gulphurotu acid per IDiX) produces in animals intense iuflom-
nutiao of the respiratory passages and lungs. Injection of a 5-per-cent.
■lition into the stomach was found by Dr. I>. Pfeiffer to excite severe gas-
Inlil. Animals not lulled by the acid recover very rapidly from the imme-
diitt effects, though they may subsequently pcmb from inflammation.
Pfdffa has demonstrated that 9". 5 per cent, of sodium sulphite is elimi-
Mti in the urine as sulphate, the remainder only &s sulphite. Nearly all
odlnrge quantity of sulphite administered was eliminntCfl in five hours.
Therapy. — As a local antiseptic or bactericide, sulphurous acid is highly
Ijoud in those forms of skin dieeasc caused by purasitic invasion, such as
tod tomurans and tinea versicolor. It may be effectively used in tinea
fanaby the eimwle device of Dr, Schuster. .\ net of strings it stretched
tarn the lower third of a card-hoard box made to fit the head. A saucer
Bntuniag burning sul))hur is laid upon the net of strings and the box cov-
fnd. The patient must sit still for half an hour. An abundance of sul-
I^Broas^eiu gas is generated, the sulphur ceasing to hum, of course, as
»0D as all the oxygen is exhausted. In various forms of sore throat it is
62 PnABHACEl-nCAI. THKHAPEDTIC AGENTS OR DRrOS,
Useful, but pnrtiotilntly in diphtheria, where it cnn be used topil
also taken inti-mulU*.
It i( beneficiariy applied to unhealth]^ or Bloii^hin]; wounda (
Four to 7.5 o.cin. (or fSi-ij) of the olTiduI acid to 3y ccni. (or (Jj)
or water and pijcerin. is of service in chilblains and chapped hani
phuTOUgacid, he Rin^'cr pdintK out, muv be ui-cd in »iich u tuuiiner a
i<oabi<-« with the iitmoi^t rapidity. This mi;lhod consists in expc
patient, his head excepted, to the influence of sulphurous-acid gas, g
tiv burning 46.7 Oin. (or 3xij) of aulphur in a !<iiilablc closed apparnt
ciothee should be, at the Bame time, put in boiling water. Dr. Di
, Dtumeiidf equal parts of gulphurou» acid and of water as an vtllcicat
in eryEipelas. {
In fermentation of food in the stotnoeh. flatulent dyepep«ifl i
stomach, pyioeis. dilated stomach, etc., giilphuroua acid, properly
hat been recommended. In typhoid fevir it lini- b1«o been used, t
aaserted, with success, and may be tried in measles, scarlatina, and si
In Eone bronchial aftectionji — catarrh, whooping-cough, dilated 1
tubes — it may be inhaled with a steam-atomizer, it is also of t^ree
in many skin alTcctioni, «uch ao urticaria and purpura, after other
have failed.
The author would recommend the following forinula; for t]ie
just referred to: —
li Acicli lulphum*!, q
Syrup. zinKibcTi* an A')' e.cro. OT-I
M. Sig.r Krutu unc to two tea* poon tula la o'atM' tliioo limes a day. \
n .\cidi eulphiiroii,
FjtL *rgot<B fl„
Synip. iiurantii nn 30| c.cnL or
M. Sig,; Tna tenspoontuls in water thr«« or four timca n day.
The sulphites and hyposulphites arc employed to fulfill the sa
cations. The adniinisiration of the sulphites in pyemia was advo
PoUi. but later oliniciil observers have not been able to obtain the
suits that he promised. (The sulphides will be considered under ihi
Sulphur.)
ACIDIIM TAUNICDH (ir.S.P., B. P.).— Tannic Acid (Tann
DoM, O.OG.-J to 1.30 Gm. (or gr. i-sx). B. P., 0.13 to 0.32 On
ii-T).
Prsparaliona.
Collcidiuin !-typtlriim iV.S P,).— Styplii- Onltoilion [ooodsta of 20
tannic arid. & nl alcohol. 2.1 of rthirr. uiid 50 of vctllodionl. For «xtpriinl 1
BttriiuKTit
finKVicntuni Airidi Tnnnld (U.8.P.).— ^intnifnt nf TnlInt■^ Acid (coi
per cvM. of Innnlr aHdi.
Glj-wTitiim Ai'idi Taiinici lU. S.P.|. — Glywrin and Tnniiin .\cid (M f
Tiophisfl AHd! TaiiniH (I'.S.P.. B. P. ) ,— TrodiPB ol Tuimic Arid (-
Qm„ or sr. i; R P.. 0.03 Giii,. or pr- a*).
Olynnriniim Addl Tnnnid (t). P.*.— Olyccria of Tunnk' Add (20 per r^
SappoMtoria Addi Tannin (B. P.). — Tanni«.Acid StippoidtoriM |0.£O Gi
lEj, of tannic acldi,
Fhannacolo^. — Tannic acid is a common constituent of vegcl
ganiams, especially those noted for aatringency, such as oak-bark
ACIUL'H TASSICUM.
63
oitaii about 50 per cent, of tannic acid, whicli cun be obtained by exposing
pradend gnlls lo dumpDcs and afterward disflolring out the tannic acid with
ilfUfl of ether. It occurs in light-ydlowwli *c-fllc«, soluble in 16 parts of
nld water, and iilighily soliibk- in alcohol. It is likewise soluble in glycerin.
liouguUtee albumin and gelatin, and Hlrik<-»i a black color with pruparalions
mitsiiiiDg iron. SoltilionE containing tannic acid (infusion of black tea or
(At) arc antidotes for poisoning by some mt^tnllic ioHt, end especially
aliiuny or ortiir '-mitic, and the alkaloids.
Phjuological Action. — Tannic acid, when locally applied, has an
otiinRiit action npon the tii>«iics, owing to its affinity for albumin. In-
teulJf, it acts «s a weak acid upon the digestive tract, but when it* chem-
ioiiffinitieit arc ntisficd by comuiuaiton with a base or neutralizing it with
lOnmin. it ia no longer capable of precipitating albumin, and therefore no
IngCT CxerciMV an aMriiigont action upon the parts with which it comes in
cnnUct. Hence, according to Stockman, it can exert little, if any, action
apoD tlie vaflcuiar system, and, a* it i* not excreted by the bronchial mucous
otalmiK, Tory little, or none, upon the flow of the bronchial secretions.
Tith regard to ita action upon the kidncv-i, a« it i» excreted principally by
thii ehasnel, it is conceivable that it may have some influence in diminishing
AuMinima, although even this he regards as doubtful. Ijewiti, however,
HMOBends the adminirtration of tannic acid in the form of an albuminate,
vlikh is free from irritation and is more readily absorbed (tannic acid, 2
pott; water, 90; mix well, and add white of egg. 10 partx). The external
oriWenal use of tannic acid may occasion erythema or urticaria.
Ihenpy. — As a louil ai^lritigent, tannic acid heads the list. A com-
biiution of iodoform and tannic acid (3 to 1), finely powdered, is a good
d«tiig-po«der for tnui^t eniplionH, some forms of oc:;ema. and for insuffla*
tioa into the nose to reduce secretion in catarrh. After tlie severity of the
infltmoMttOD has somewhat subsided, the glycerite of tannin 18 a good ap-
plialmi in acnte eczema. It may be applied twice daily, and ailays the
ttintii^ pain and itching. A solution of tannic acid and camphor liU'' hm-n
used rrth good results as a topical application in erysipelas and lymphangitis.
A njotion of tannic acid in glycerin (1 to 4) is a good topical np;i!icntifln
totainllitis or pharyngitis, ft may also bo used as a spray, properly diluted.
is lumo[ihiis. For disorders of the lower bowel, ulcers, lia.iures, h»mor-
riuM^ jnotapsiis, and to expel thread-worms, a solution may be injected,
or Rppotiitone» used, each containing 3 to 6 grains, with cacao-butter or
■UrelL
iJct^rsohn has obtained good results in severe acute dysentery from
tbtueof hot enemata of tannic and boric acids. The injections were given
<vftT tbrec hours an^ consisted of a 4-per-eent. solution of boric acid, in
*bcfaO.G5Gm. (orgr.x) of tannin were dissolved. A few drops of laudanum
voe added to each enema. The effect was to arrest h^morrliage, diminish
F>iii and ttncsmus, and materially ahridge the course of the disease. A plan
■Imalineiit introduced by Cantani has been used with advantage in the
ottf itag« of cholera. Ijirge enemata of tannic arid are thrown into the
boielWvond the iteo-caecal valve. From 6 to H).5 Gm. (or3is*-v) of tannic
•eid, distolvcd in 2 litres (or Oiv) of water, with the addition of 2 c.cm. (or
uxxi ut laadanum and 46.5 Gm. (or $m) of powdered gum arable, are in-
)mM Bt toitflblc inten-als.
A lolatiaa of tannic acid is useful in caees of kucorrhoea. The gljceritfl.
M raABMACEUTICAL TUEBAPSnTIC A0EST8 OR DBr08.
or iodoform-lamijn, is an excellent application for ealflrrhsl inflt
of the cervix ut«ri. Etvii in oarcinoinA titeri the glycorito of t«iu;
efficient in moderating ducharge and allaying odor. Its virtoil
assisted by comlijniiig it with lific glyccritc of carbolic acid. '
The odor of OKtena and other stfections attended by fetor mag
ing to Or. B. W. Richardson, be oveivomc by the application of ccn
previoiisly moistened in a saturated watery solution of tannin and,
In gonorrh(ea, after the acute etflgc has parsed off, tannic «ci(
fill mi'dicami;nl. In men it may be sdministered, dissolved in w
urethral injection. l>r. Hanika, of Munich, him treated gonorrhn
iug the urglhra with a powder consisting of equal parts of tannia,j
and thallin sulphate. x\ie powder is introduced ihrongh a melnlt
or twice doily immediately after the patient has emptied his bit
vomen a waterj' solution may be used as a vaginal injection, or t!
may bo packed with gauze covered with lannm. Solutions of ta
may also be employed for the purpose of hardening tender nipples a
feet. A concentrated solution of tannin miiy iin»wcr a u»clnl put
palliative remedy in inRrown nail. A lotion of tannic acid is fret|
ecnice in herpn-s. It is useful in phagedenic ulcers and ulojiccii
scripta. Made into a pomade, it has been found of benetit in
Ringer recommends the glyccritc of tannic acid in otorrhcea, not,j
daring the acute stage, but after this has been relieved and but ai
discharge it left. The remedy i« more benolicial when the membi
pani is intact. The canal is tilled with the solution, which is re
cotlon-wool.
With alkaloids tannic acid generally forms insolubli? comp(
should not, therefore, be prescribed with preparations containinj
quinine, strychnine, elc.
Xotwilhalanding the chemical argumenta urg«d by Dr. S
tannic acid has long been sucoi'ssfiilly adminislercd u* un aetringen
As, however, it enters the blood under the form of gallic acid, ii
effects are, in rcalily, due to the latter acid. Tannic acid is prefei
ployed as a local application, gallic acid as a systemic remedy. T
peiitical uses of gallic acid have bct-n iiln-ady dwcribcd, and need nt.
repeated.
Tannic acid has been uied in tuberculosis under the ides that
to destroy the bacillus of the disease. M, Arthaud has detailed tl
obtained in two thousnnd cases from this im-thod of treatment. }
that tlic effect of tannin is superior to that of creosote.
. ACIDnU TARTABICUM (U. S. P., B. P.).— Tartaric Acid.
Dose, (<.'32 to l.ao Gm. (or gr. v-xi),
Preparations. — The I'. S. P. ofticial sn\ls arc antimony and j
tartrate (tartar emetic), iron and ammonium tartrate, iron and }
tartrate, potassium tartrate, potassium and sodium tartrate (Rochi
and piilassiuni bilnrtrate (cream of tartar), Spidlit/ pmvder. <
efferveicens compositos ( II. S. P.), palvis sodse tartaratte efFervescea
is dispeniied in two small papers, a blue one containing 8 Gm. (l
potassium and sodium tartrate, with ".GO Om. (nr gr. xl) of sodiv
bonate, and a white one containing 8,25 Gm. (or gr. xkxt) of tarti
When administered these are separately digsoivcd. each in aboi
ACIDUU TRlCHLORACETlCril.
6$
otI^j) of water, aud the two solutioDS mix^d and drunk while efferTeseing.
iiltie of Iiiiiiiii impnui'.-* tin- rtiivnr >>( ihi- iliw.
nannBcalofy and Phytiolo^ical Action. — Tartaric acid is obtained by
ik (kcota|)osition of crL-ani «f liirlnr (polawiuin bitiirlratf) found in old
varoKks. It IE laxative and slightly diuretic. It reduces the alkalinity of
:k blood and make&lhe urine acid, "in lur^vr doifi'* it i*an iirilunl; iudwd.
aitttSixts it resembles oxalic acid, and the morbid appearances are a1.4o
nrfBiKh iheMnie. I» exc«K«ivi> amounts tartaric and rctHrd»and wnikcns
At moremente of the heart. Ita saturated solutions are irritant even to thte
iim. In a few ini^tanoeti death ha^ re^ultfd frnin thv ingestion of this «ub-
RiMc. The symptoms are best relieved by demulcents, the alkalies, mag-
KBn. chalk, aottp, milk, etc.
Tkenpy. — Certain of the tartrates arc used as laxative*, magnesium
utltste affordinf! a good substitute for the titrate. Hochello salt, in 15. ,5 (Ini.
t*r J«) doecss before brcoikfast, is a good remedy for habitual constifmtion.
PMisanm bitarlrate (in doses of 0.G5 to LSD dm., or p: x-xi) exerts a de-
cAxi diuretic action, and iu combinalion with washed sulphur (1 to S) it
forms an excellent laxative remedy for ha'niorrhoida.
The combination of diuretic and cathartic virtues renders potassium
^iUrtnie very useful in the treatment of chronic Bright's di.ti^n^e. ll re-
^^pocedcma and delays Ihc manifestation of ur^vmia. For a similar reason
^nitoeful in ascites. l'otas.Hiuin tartrate, or Itochelle sail, proves of utility
inlirpalic indigestion »ccompnnied by an c\cc» of uric acid in the tirim".
ACISUM THICHLORACETICmi.— Trichloracetic Acid.
Fharmacology and Therapy.— This acid, a crystalline aud deliques-
fcji wM^t.mci'. r.M'lily soliibk- rn wntcr, is nn I'lGcaciouB caustic aud astriu-
ji-"i. It has iict-n iucce.isfully employed in the removal of enlarged ton-
alfi, hyiH-nrophii'd follicles of the phiirynx, and polypoid excrescences. It*
aetioD ran be more strictly limited than that of some other caustics, but
il !* loo slow for us« when large masses of tissue are to be destroyed. It
<u be applied to the pharynx without any previous anaistheti7.ation. (n
thcaarts, however, the surface should first be loiiehcd with a 10-per-ecnt.
toi the larynx with a 20.per-cent, solution of cocaine. It is notable for
llw 4i7n««e of the eschar which it produces. Trichloracetic acid is a
«»nicMblc ap[i)ication to warts, vascular nsvi, pigment patchea, and in*
Aileat ulcers.
■\xui a«lring4^nt, the following combination is recommended:—
B Wl 15!.^ Gm. or S».
r*u«iit iodid. 1114 Gill, or 5v.
Afiitl irichlonntlel IS^^S to 31 Gm. or S">'J.
<il««TUii - - - imi c-cin. or IJiJ.
M- iig.; Apply to Ui« affcvtt^ *iiTtii«« on a plrdg*t of cutton.
Df. Adolph Bronner employs trichlnracptic acid in the Ireafment of
H4' Biake* one of a 10- to l.'i-per-cent. aqueous solution and applies
it to tlii> mucous membrane covering the »e]itiini uiid turbinated bones,
T>i.' ripcnlii>n i* rejH-ated two or three times a week for several weeks.
t'ju»IiDo rerommenib the use of trichlorHcettc acid in epistnxis. touching
tkr Unding-jtoint with a piece of cotton saturated in a solution of 1 fim.
(«)(r. n) of trichloracetic neid to 30 com, (or fjj) of water.
t
P
ACONITI RADIX ilJ. I'.).— Thi- roots ot Aconitnni Xi])«Ilu
in autunrn from planln ciiltivnte<] in Britain, and dried.
Preparationa.
Ebttraclum Aconitj lU.S. P.)-~Exlraet of Aconite. Do». 0,016 te 0
gt. V.-V,).
Exlraclum AcouiU Fluidun (U.S. P.).— Fluid Kxtntci of Aconitf.
to 0.00 con. («r niV»-j).
Tinrturn Acnnitl (U.fi.P^ B.P.I.— Tiin-tiir«> o( A<;iiiilu. Domp, 0,00 *
(or nti-v|. 11. P.. 0.30 to 1 F.cm. (or niV'Xv) ; if freqiii-utlv miculiil. 0,12 1
(or mii-vl. tTlic ['. S. P. formiiln ii *e\va tiaw* tnc ilri-niitli o( thn R. 1
Aootiittiia Ml. P.l,^ — AiMmitino: nii Hllmloid obuiiicrt frtitn Hrunitc-ni
iag thi> formula CHiluKO,,. (l*rcpanition« voiy *o much In rlToct Uin
c«niiol be drfiuilely 9tiili>d,|
Ungiicntiim Aconitinm (B, P.). — Aconitino Olnliiipnt (^ JP*'' crnt.).
LlnSmrnlum ArciiiiLi lH-P-l.^-Linimrat of Aconite (500 Gin, in T50>
vxlvraal uu. with caution.
PharmAcolo^, — The tulieroue root of Acnnittim Napeilus
Iccete), a perennial pinnt indigenous to Europu, but «omDtiin««
here lo gardens for it^ ornameiiial spike of blue flowers. All pi
plant nrc poisonous, but the- uctivo principle, on nlkuloii), Aoonit
in greoter proportion in the root. (Napelline ia probably onlj
aconitiii(^) Aooniline crysDilHws in rhombic or hexngonal plut<.-s:
in akohot, ether, and chloroform.
DuRstan and Carr have found that ditTerent samples of acan
estrcmt'ly as regards toxic properties. What has been termed "
aconitine" contains but a very small proportion of true, or cmtall
tine. The lyime writcn- have ascfrtained that when aconitme is
its melting-point there is obtained a new alkaloid, which they
call mnieonilinc. Thij- snbstunce rotidily di»olv«s in acids, for
whicli can be cri-stallized. The solutions of these salts have a h
and arc not toxic in small do!<w. When heated with diluted acii
water in a closed tube, pyraconitine and its salts are converted ii
acid and an alkaloid, wliicli bus be>in ramcil pvraconinc. Pyi
soluble in water and ether. It combines with acids to form cryati
which are very i^ohiblo in water.
All the species of aeonitum are, as a rule, virulently acti
napellue is the only oflicial one. TIil- root of Hconlte in winti-
been dug up in the garden and eaten in mistake for horse-radish,
conseqnenceii. It i» only necessary lo be aware of this liability i
efTectiialty guard against the error. The aconite-root is premo:
not taperinK throughout its length, as the root of urnioracia i«; i
a brown color, and when scraped does not give out the irritating
is so characteristic of the latter. Poisaning in this way apparc
only occur as the result of grossest carelessness or of criminal int
' Fhysiologiical Action. — The effects of aconite are those of
prineipli-, aconitine. JIany researches have been made to dett
exact action of the aconite nikaloids, but the results have differec
on important points that it is evident the various investigators hs
with more or less impure or different substances. In the recent
AC(»XITITII.
tkio by Prof«£6on Cash ani] Danttiin,' tho grcatvHt etie Uns bi!«n xakeo to
SMort the alknloidg iwed Iwing chemiciilly pure. They found That acoiu'tine
blls mtniuutlia liy it« iictinii on lliv ru«ipirfit»ry rt'iilrc, <1iuc«t>'l-aconitine
W tnacb tile Himc actiun. but U not bo powerful, while benzocoaine and
atftnine an.' much wt'jiker. On the hciirt ml hnvo finally n iKtjircnniiig cifect.
ini acomtit, compureil with the othen-, jiTOved (o be relatively barmlees. It
w»r f^iiiiil tliat atropine und (ligitHlis i-xf^noiM'd a certain umoiuit »f ant8)E-
»: •:t to acoDitine. The addition of the tiro dincetyl groups to scont-
tu.>. ..^;.i1t weakens ila action, but pixKttt<:e4 no radical chan|[i>. The re-
Buiil ut an ncctyl group from aconitine to form b(.-nxaconinii greatly re-
4a(T6 tta loxie power and greatly altera many of it» minor effects, although
t* a ifrnvral way it« dcpri-^iiin); action on the r<-epinition and teinpeniture
nvmblni that nf amnitiite. It is no longer a atrong heart-poison. Aconine
• T*-r* mtx'h Iet«- pi>iM>noui, it hai! a curare-like action, atid sclunlly
«T > huart and oppoges the aeequence and inco-ordination which
». . luce*. The introduction into ita molectile of bensojl, and
K<n^ uf acetyl, to form the other alkaloida heightens its lethal
_. .- and nio<lifii.-« its action to a very remarkable dii-grue. The au-
tkM» kImi found that there is a c«rtain aniagonism in action between
•eoainr ant) brnxaconinc, on thi; one hand, and aiionitine, on tho other.
It abould he mentioned here, in explanation of the difTerence in effect
frws i: ~ :' fiH-c-imtns of aconite, thai the alkalnidsl iitri?ngth and
ibr p:. lal activity of the plant are much affected by circum-
ul It- growth, tile wild vuricticK being more poixontnii^ than the
(«1. In this way the well-known differencts between the aotirity
W^HTrrvtit kind.4 of aconitine are comprehenetble. Murrell haii cnlh-d at-
aatioo to the fact that the English drug is *vvruteun times stronger than
tk G«mian, while the French is variable, but generally between iheM; the
^THaltine «ancty (Oiiiiiiei'ni'i's or Merck's ai'onitinc) i* thorcfort- to be pre-
VfTid whrn prescribing, on account of its uniform strength. Aconite re-
does cardiac action and litood-pn'stiure, diminit<b<'K excilubility of cerebral
•■tm. tbe aenaor? tract of the cord, and the pcnphetal terminations of sen-
nerves. It b1»o promoti-s tho action of the skin and kidney*. The ex-
application of preparations containing aconite has sometimes been
t>T rcdm^w and The deyelopment of vesicles, puitules. and blebv.
intfituil use of aixmite will occasionally produce decided diaphoreeis
Imlln I vilh vrviciitalion and more or less itching.
iMde EffceU. — 11ieodorc Caith' thinkii that th<* uncertainty of nconi-
toK it dii« to lb'- mixture with the other alkaloids of aconite, which differ
%«f]v9t <>xlent in potency and physiological action. The dilTerence in the
d«M« i' shoM n by ihe following table: —
BAsarr. fboo.
-„.,. „ f 0.00058B Gro. March.
AcooiUne 0.00O12 Gm. jyo^j., q^ j„jy
Bfonwonine 0.02;2 Om. 0.%84 Gm.
^-«ni)n« probtbly 0.28 Gm. 1.055 to 1.75 Gm.
"i-^mrue of bo<)y>wvig)it. Aconitine U about 200 tim#« as toxic as
.* JtfMtlml JmtrtMil. Nm. », 18M, p. 3«S.
•«nf*^ Mnlfnit JnwrMl. On, 8, ISM.
l_J
68 PUAUJiACKL'TICAL TllERArBtTIC AOBKTS OR DUCOS.
benx&coni&e, and 3000 times at toxic os nuoninc. The acooitii
doK*, slow* ttuiJ steadies (he pulse, with a slight decrease i>( pr
laconine has a like efTcct, in a much more markiil degree, nliik- acd
this propcrij-. The 6rst produces the characteristic tinglinj: of th
memDrane and impairs sen><ii[ion, ^<-iuTfllly bv ili< action nn Ihr |
KDiarv nvrvcii. The other two have no such action. They all hai
taste, but the la^t in not mi marked. ])ea(h from acunttiiii' k prin
to respiratory fniliiri.-, although in sinoli doses it at first stimtilat
spiratory centre, then linnlly dcpr<**cii it by paralyzing the s^^D-sor;
the pulmonary va^i. Bcnuiconine acte much like the above, exec
has very little effect upon the sensory nerves, while it deprejse* |
group and al»« the nniKlc-Sbres. It aUo locks the antipyreliel
ficoniline. Aconine is not such a cardiac depret^anl as are the ti
but, Hi above- «atod. actually sircngthcns the heart and oppo^ei
quence and inco-ordination which aconite produces; upon the ii
tern it iit a decided drpr^»sant nud acts like curorc.
Applied to the skin or mucous surface, aconite fir*l is Eli^htl
but this it soon folloncil by numbiic^ff. which may be ai'companii
gliug sensations. If a hotile coniainini; aconiline be held to the not
irritation of note and eye^ rcsulli^. In relatively large dosce dea
.' very promptly, and, if given hypoderniically, the fatal result may
less than a minute, according to U'ood. It is destructive to all fori
nial and vegetable life: sometimes vcn,- aniall doRes produce extrem>
cymptoms. A case of dcciOedly marked iiupTO-^Kiiin from u quan
to 0.18 c.cra. (or miij) of ihe tincture has been reported hy Woo(
which vomiting; loss of pnvver of extrf-niitics, with panesthysia a
ness; loss of sight, mild delirium, weak pulse, and threatened si
collaptc occurred, life being saved apparently only by very promp
orous treatment. The first symptom observed in a cuf-e of poisoniu
ing or tiujiliitg in the mouth and throat, soon extending to the e>
and sometimes over the whole body. The surface of the extreinit
or clammy and numb, hut at the same time the patients complain
feel as if the limbs were flayed. Siglit mtty lie lost and hearing d
ordinarily the intellect ri'mnins clear, (.'onvulsions occur occasioni
pulse becomes weak and vfirifible; fli^hi cxvrtion may bring on a
cope. The miwcuiar strength i§ early atfeclcd, so that the patient
to stand. Owing to the lowering "f ihe lilnud-iire.wure and the dil
the arterioh'J! Cdusied by the aconite, the heat of the body is at first
with the increased blood-flow, to the surface, and there the blooi
heat by radiation and ihe temperature of the interior of the body
lowered. The deprcMii)n is aw-ompanied by increase of perspirati
still further reduces temperature. This occurs more obviously w
is pyrexia present than when the temperature is normal to be
Death re*ulls from failure of respiration generally, imt it niav (
denly from syncope, «:• already stated, .\conite, applied locally, flrsl
the sensory nerves, beginning with the end-organs and MM'cn<iint;
to the centre. The motor nerves are next affected The reflex (i
the cord is impaired. Uncertainty rtill exists, however, concerning
' "Pruweding* «I the CoUege of PhvBitiHiiB of Pliilndrljihia." Ihinl
X. p. -WO.
i
ACOKITDJI.
en
|on3rr in whicli nconilc nllfcu the different portions of ihe wr^.^,-,,™
Rtn^f r conclu<](^. upon ihe basis of hi» ana Dr. Murrdl's oxpeiSSt .
troQitine pnmlyzfg all nilrogt-noue lief^iiee, abolisbio;; the functions,
iSnt. of the «m6ori-perceptiTe centre, nctinj; next upon the ncn-ce, and,
[toallr. upon the iuiim'Io. Siniiliirly. flnit thi- ganglia of the heart are «t-
1 ite nervee, and laatlj- ila muscular siniotiire. After n fatal dose
iki-ii iho nyni))torns UMislly uiiiki.- tbt-ir nppi-urance very rapidly,
i'i'uiii iiiuy rc-eiilt in half an hour. The average time required to prodnce
ifi i» mthcr iiiori- iliiin ibrci* bniin?, tin- Innj^c^t east? on record being fiv«
i half hours.
Antidotes. — Xl»e antidolw to aconite are tannic acid, astringent iu-
aIc4ihot, and ammonia. Digitalis appears to he the physiological
•ti4i^"mst t<» i'"»inlefuel the depnsMint vdccX upon the heart, or tinctura of
! lu^iihiinihiis tiiiiy be subetittited. The h)-podemiic injection of atropine
:i tilt- t*amv manner. Inhalatioiu of amy) nitrite, adminidered
' jirt'd lo save hfe in Dr. Elliott's case. The patient Ehould be
til M n-fiinilH-nt position. The i>toniach-pitnip. artlminl r<-«pirationi,
or nlciihol. nnd tincture of digitalis hypodermically, and a hot pack,
all ct'iue in rutjui-iition; even faradization over the epigastrium and
, region nii^ht be ni^ofitl.
ipy. — I..cically, the benumbing eiTects of aconite havp been utilized
"tTi-nlinvnt of ncnralgia. the bert comhination, probjibly, being the
.«• lininnriit, or the lintmentum aconiti et ehloroformi (N. l-.): —
R Tr. m-fltuti.
< hV-irol«>nn» aa 7130 e.cin. or (JiJ.
i iiiiriwni. •«ponli q. a. ad M] c.ciii. or iJIIi.
U. ^m-: Poiao^. For extenial uaa. To be applied along tlie eourae of tbe
The oleate ot aconitine (4 per cent.) ha* 8l*o been used with a»#erted
^ti rMull? for ncitrnlgia. An ointment of aconitine is official in the British
Ibrmaenpo-ia. This preparation contains O.fi.') Gm. (orgr. x) lo'id Gm. (or
' '.ird. the aconitine being dissolved in 5.30 dm. (or gr. Ixxs) of
le hfing rubbed up wtih tlii-fal. Aconitine ointment will often
lin of chronic rheumatism, gout, and mj'algia. it serves the
fll=o, in herpes zosii-r, hiilL-ar^' niutit be taken, in thi* affection,
!v it tit the nlirnsions produced by rupture of the vesicles. The
,.:uioni Bi**> affotds relief in neuralgia of the »kin, pancflhesia or
.. papular eczema, and prnri]^. It must never be placed upon a raw
- control over the circulation places aconite in the first rank in the
..f the fever process; in manv mibm wc may get the he«t results
f nn*tional do«w (c^ery ten, fifteen, or twenty minutes, give a tca-
■ r from a tumbler in which 0.60 to 1 c.cni., or mx-xv, of
lici-n driipjH'd). This is inrahiable in the treatment of
.■roi I'l-'vers of childhood and hyperpyrexia attendant upon the
: a. J " aduIlH the n-sults are also very positive; so that aconite ha*
ri'Iv lak'-n the place of thi' lancet in the antiphlogistic treatment.
.wpver, should be abided in typhoid fever or other diecases of
.irwcter.
In ihi: trarly •tsjre of innammatoijr pnceaws — pneumonia, jdeuriiy, peri-
TO
PHAKMACEUTlCAt TnKRAPBfTlr A0KST8 OS DBCO*.
rsrrlitU, })cntont1iK. erysipelas, rhvuniatUm, meninj^itis — and in childreB>
diseuses. it modifies materially Uie severity of llie •jmiplonis rcducn U-in*^
peraturo, and moi^tras the ekin. M
In the treatment of rheiimatir iritifi Dr. Jonathan Hiitohin«>ii rMom-^^
mend« the tinclnri.' of tuoiiite in 0.<iO-i-,cni. (or mx) do»c*' three limes a day
(equivalent to tineiura sconiti, ['.. S. P., O.OS c.cm., or miss), given in com^'^
binatioD with iilknJieir aii'l the iodide of polHSsiiim. lie lookfi Upon aconite^
aa of service in mitigating the pain of carcinoma. It also serves a useful
imrpiMc in ncule congestion of the brain. In spasmodic croup aconite rc-
ieves the dyspntea within a few hours. Aconiti' ha.* been teeommcnded a»
of Mrricc in relieving the voinitm;; of prcgnuncy. It is asserted that aconite^
is an antidote to the sting of the scorpion. fl
A#thins, especially in chiMrcn, nnd preceded hy cory«i. is jtonerally^
lenefited hy ihe use of this remedy. Kinger states that a drop of the tincture,
vvery hour, i* ui^cfiil in aculi- gonorrhwa. In c«nT;a and ijiiinsy. or aeiiti'
tonsillitis, it is hi;;hly prized for its influence in shortening the course of
the ili«'M«'; and it bus al*o been givi.n to uhori or prevent urethral feverS
after the use of instruments. It affords prompt relief in eongeetive dysmen-B
orrhtt-a; and in amcnorrlm-u, produced liy i-xjicwiin- in lold, it i* often efli-
caciotis in re-eatablishing the flow. In facial neuralgia the c-Ttract may lie
given inlernally, in eombination with ijuinlne and a carminative, vii.: —
B Rxtnicll Ri^nnitl ,,.
(juinlTuo bisulpliat. ,i...,'.
^p«rin 4. ...... >•-.(.
Dlv. In pil no. xx.
Sig.: Givi> KDU every tuo IjuurB imttl n-liwed. And ucn on? fvnry four hoa
■B loag a* needed.
In migraine, or sick headache, it may be combined trith eannahii
Indica: —
125 Gin. or p. ir.
I Gm. or Sj.
ISS ISui. or gt. V.
B Tr. aMHiiti IS e/'iu. «r mIJ.
Tr. eannabi* [adiMS ., , 1 c.cni- or hixt.
Tr. cardamom, oo ." ' q. ». ad 4 e.nii. nr I3J.
M. Par one doM, to tw repeated crcry hour, or two huun. until palirnt
f«lipved.
Tincture of aconite will relieve the pain of epididymitis and of othe
glandular structures, commencing with 0.1$ c.em. for "liij), lo be follrtwe<
by 0.06 c.em. (or wij) every half-hour until pain is relieved or the heart shows
its effects by lowered rate and diminished arterial tension. In nervous pal-
Eitation and overnctinn of a heart somewhat byperlrophiod, and in the to-
acco-heart. aconite cautiously ii*eil gives niiirii relief.
Aoonitine should never be given, even in the nnallest dose, where ther«
is a weak or fntty heart. It was used by Gubler In the treatment of facial
neuralgia, and Seguin also advocated the crvstaUized aconitiue in trigeminal
neuralgia, in dos« of 0.0002 lo 0.0002-1 Giii. (or gr. '/mo «r "'jso)> to ^Rin
with, repeated cautiously, and gradually increased until numbness is felt
through all the body, with chillinetis and, in some instances, even nausea and
vomiting. Xapelline has also been used in facial neuralgia in do'Cs of I>.03m
Or — S3), r<'|«n|i'd everj' two hours until the pain ha* disappeared. ^|
-w o( aconitf of tlie Itritjili PhBrmu™].i(rin )■ fttily oni!-«evMilh tb*
Clirni RffHilti Ol t)ie L'allrd Slnloi Fhaniiftcnpo'ln.
A»BP8.
Ttsor haa employed the crystallized aconitine nitrate in the treatmeni
of facial cmipt'liu, imd n,-p»rt:« that i( iilmo«l invuriably diminiehee the
dmlion of the di£ea^ and prevents the occurrence of conipiicAtionii. It
ill voy cDCrgulic- mU, but it can hv rt>»dily administered And regiilutcd as
t^u^ (io« by difisolTing it in a mLxture of distilled water, Klycerin, and
ilnhal, hftving vxitelly the dcnitlty of dl-'^litlcd waior, ^n tlmt .^.tO c.pni. (or
•ItemiRin 0.001 tim. (or gr. '/m)- It may. therefon:. be iiwd in the dose
ttOM^ii dm. (or gr. '/.im): I minim of th« suhition. He iifuoUv adds
(1(01 Gm. (or ;rr- '/•») of aconitine nitrati- to a mixture, and givw it. in
MM d'W'*, in Ibc r«urin' of iweniy-four honre.
Araiitine cannot be regarded othorwti^e thun as u dangerous remedy,
fi&itbefj) found that the Aase. TarieH greatly in dilTerent tmbjects.
ADEPS (U. S. P., B. P.).— Lard.
Preparadims.
Adlpl* (U.S,P.).— r.-rd-cill.
IVnziitiuituB (IT. 8.1'.). — B«n«'>irinli.'rl Lniii (Ijen^niu. 3 fxr evnU During
tA per wnt.. or tnotr, of Ihc Inrd thould bp repluMnj bj- wUitc wax).
Adfp* |{enjKintu» (K P.). — llviicoftled Lnril ilientolii. 3 per n>nt.).
Pltumacolo^.^ — Lard is the prepared iniernal fat of the abdomen of
Swicrofs, Lium'; (clu««, Mammalia; order. Pnchydtrmata), puritU'd by wa»h-
ag vith water, melting, and otraining. The speciilc gravity of lard is about
•iJS. Il is entirely rojiible in elhcr. lit-nzin. and disulphidc of carbon. It
lodli It or near 95° 1". to a clear, eolorletis liquid. Ii consists chemically
rf fii pt-r cent, of olein, or fluid fat. and 38 ptT cent, of the bard fat*,
ptlmtin and stearin. The olein may be separated by pressure, or by the
■(tot Wiling alcoiiol. Thi- salt with whidi il it frc-ijucntly impregnated
■•» be removed by boiling the lard with twice its weight of water. The
tmaej to rancidity h obviated bv tin.' ndililidii n( Itonzoln; it may aUo be
owwioe by digesting the lard witK betanaphiol or poplar-buds. As a coii-
*nKiil inimal fnt, Isnl is largely ui^t'd in pbnnnacy us tlu- hit*i» of ointini-nta
■ndcwiles; and in domestic practice it i* universally employed as a lubri-
cani. By Uie addition of benzoin it i* prevented, not only from becoming
BKid,t(iit an agreeable odor \s also imparted to it; dehydrated lard is prt^
btni vbtrv Uie presence of water i» connidered objectionable. Lard-oil is
WMrtiiwe used for illuminating purposes. It can be administered, in casua
•f (nn«rirc poisoning, as an antidote, except where phos])honja or carbolic
Mid his been Ewallowed. Lard is tin article of food, or, more correctly, it
lirjelv amptoyed in preparing other articles of food.
nmpy. — Lard hus more penetrating power than petrolatum or vaitelin,
uiartiTe agents (such as meicnry op the alkaloids) can be combined with
It far aibninistmtion by Innnclion. Wasbi-d lard, bcatfn up with an equal
qiaatity of lime-water, and a few drops of oil of bitter almonds, thymol, or
•!caib)lic acid added, mak«« an elegant subnitnte for i-nrron-oil us x dress-
in* hs boms, or for fome acute inflammations of the skin. Stiffened with
i }ittlr yellow wax, it for:ii.4 thv simple oiniiii<-nt of th<t U. S. V. Tbi*
pvptntion is well adapted to fulfill the general indications of a fat, and to
Krr«»an excipicnt for mon- ai'tiie injfrcdienl*. When the secretory func-
tion' of the sldo are suppressed, inunction with lard serves as a partial sub*
.for (he natural secretion, softens the hard tiMue. and rcducce its
n
PUARJiUOliLTICAL TM>:R.\rSrTIC AOENTS OH ORDOS.
heat, II ahentliH (he ruirfucc, nnd prevent* the contact of tlie at
■ir with its floating germs. It leesena or preventB the efTect of ir]
charges, l^ard anflenit ami rcmovce «cohi. The free uprilicAtion
oinlmciit ri.'li»v« the intense heat of the skin and ilchinR in scarli
at the aanie time it tmm in n-flucing the pulsc-ruto and tompcrut|
body. Inunction k likewise of value in meaeles. It has been cU
it is useful as an antidote to iitnThnine, and that n dog which 1
poisonous doxc of strvchnine will recover if given lard freely. \
ADEPS lAHM iB, P.) —Purified cholestcrin-fat of sheep's »
ADEFS LASX HYDEOSUS (l'. S. P., B. P.).— Hydrous Wg
Lanolin i£ the purified fat of the wool of the sheep, mixed with
than 30 per cent, of water.
Pharmacol o^. — la the waehings of wool is found a variety oft
owing to the presence of cholesterin, combiner readily with mon
own weight of water; it doee not become rsncid, and resists sapoi
It is neutral and is a good vehicle for remedies to be used by inu
it pants readily through ihi' «kin; it ie not adapted as a prot>
this reason. The sheepy smell of ihe fat is removed by repeated
and pure lanolin is now obtainable that is nearly odorless.
Lanolin used as a medicament contains from S5 to 30 per cent,
which ii not, however, ohc-mioally combined, and is readily scpi
heat. Anhydrous lanolin is completely soluble in ether, benzol, an
form; sparingly soluble in stronger alcohol; and insoluble in wnt<
lied lanolin is of an unctuous, tenacious consistence and whitish c<
A. Gottstein, of Berlin, has demoDGlraled that lanolin i« indestn
impermeable by micro-organisms. Its employment may, thereto)
garded as an aseptic measure.
Physiolo^cal Action. — Lannlin has a soothing action on it d
irritable skin. It i? not used internally, but only as an unguent.
Therapy. — Lanolin la a serviceable dressing in cases of burr
erysipelas, frost-bites, erythema, and dermatitis. Its property of i
water, its blanilness and aseptic nature, render it an excellent me
or base in acute eczema. In chronic ec£cma with intlllration and in
lanolin softens the skin and favors the action of remedies with whi'
be combined. Lassar highly recommends it in the treatment of
contagiosa. When suitably diluted and perfumed, it is an admira
pomade. It rapidly heats chapped hands and lips, and may Ih' )-pr
the face before retiring at night in order to soften the skin after ex
cold and wind. Lanolin, in conjunction with appropriate internnl
restores the lustre or gloss of the hair when it has been lost in cor
of systemic disease. It is valuable in the treatment of atrophy of
and counteracis that dry, harsh condition of the hair which is n
some individuals. Senile atrophy of the »Vin may he benefited by
»i»tent and systematic use of lanolin. Inunction with this substan
of the best means at our disposal for the obliteration of wrinkle*.
favor* the prup^-r performance of the glandular functions of the i
is eEBcacious in nnidrosis and comedones. In ichthyosis and sclerc
£often« the surface of the integument. It is an exceHenl vehicli
parasiticides made use of in tinea versicolor, tinea favus, and the
o( tinea triehophytina. It is admirably adapted to sen,'e as an ointm
ADHATODA .irSTIClA.
73
trboIeaU! of miTCury or copper in Ihe troatmcnt of the aSeoUons ftp«ci-
iA On account of the ready miscibility of lanolin with mercury ana its
pactnlive power, it i» pfcutiurly Kcrviwablc in the inunction treatment of
mildlis. In affections of the nasal and genito-urinary tracU Innoltn i« ciften
(opcil advantaxe combined witli cocainv liydrochlorutc.
]| is a gooa vehicle for the anodynes — atropine, cocaine, morphine,
flt— in cues of neuralgia or rheumatic joints. As an ointment alone
fw the eye, lanolin is too thick, tenacious, and sticky, and to remedy
tixK defects a combination of 1 part of bcniioiniited lurd to 3 parts of
Inudia baa been preferred: this makes a fine, smooth oinlmeni, which haa
Wn found a g^ood vi-htclc for eye oiutnicnts, uiid, even wtonc. is often used
bi^ly at night to the eyelicU in conjunctivitis and almost all external
Ulnniutions. lanolin contnining a large i>mporf ion of water i» efFictent in
nEnms the itehinp which accompanies mcaBles. scarlet fever, and chicken-
pii. Tlw; ^dtial evaporation of the water produces a cooling efteel upon
thcikin. In these affections Dr. Klein adds to 31 Gm. {or SJ) of pure an-
l^diMi lanolin Vi Gm. (or?iij)of va»elin and 18.5 com. (or f3v) of distilled
win. Liebreich recommends the injection of a lanolin cream into tha
lowl for till' relief of inflammntion aod erosions of the rectum and hiemor-
Amis. Lanolin eeems to heighten the efficacy of mtiny of the driigs for
■JuA it b employed a« an oinlmeiit-basfi. This is especially the case as re-
jedi cfaiysarooin. Applied upon a bougie it haa been found of advantage
la lie treatment of gonnrrhnn.
ADEATODA JUSTICIA.' — Adbatoda vasica, A. gendarussa, or A.
pBbcteeat.
PhftrmaeolOfT and ?hyaiolO(ioa! Action. — The leaves of this plant
il^lwipng to the Acanihact-a?, indigenous to India and neighboring
■•(>t«ki) have K-en imed irilh assiTted lien(;tlt in piilitionary and catarrhal
■ftctiocie. It contains an alkaloid. Vasicine, combined with adhatodie
•cii Hooper found it poisonous, when ii*ed in infusion, to flica, frogs, and
*llibe smaller organisms, but harmlow to large animals.
Thotpy. — In asthma. 0.G5 Gni. for gr. x) do*i;s of the powdered
Imim. giren three times daily, afford great relief, the patient beinfr also
ftnnitted to smoke the leaves in a pipe, or to inhale the smoke. On ac>
M«l of it? bacloricidal properties, Dr. H. H. Rusby haa recommended
die OK r>f adhatods infusion in diphtheria, and it has been suggested tlmt
it nigbt alw be efficient in typhoid fever, and by inhalation of the spray
fnmt 1^ atomizer in cases of phthisis and fetid bronchitis. It is proh-
lUtthal it might tlta b« n«<>ful in infoctiousi dyspepsia due to the abnor-
wl fermentation of food in the stomach.
AMHIS VEKHALIS. — False Hellebore, or Pheasant's Eye. is a
^Dtiial herb {Wlonging 1o the Rnnnnculaccicl, indigenous to Europe,
wring bright, showy flowers. There are two species, the A. vernalis,
II«weriBg in May. and the A. nutnmnalis, flowering in September; the
'nsrr has yellow, the latter red, flowers.
n^riowgieal Action. — The active principle. AdonJdin, appears to be
t^iKOcide (ahhongh it has been a.4serted that this is not a simple, bnt a
"Asiraal 0* the UnivCTial Medical Sciences." 1890, vol. v, p. A-T.
T4 PHARMACEDTICAL THEBAPECTIC AGENTS OR DBTTOE.
compound, body, containing picro-adonidin, a slucoside, and other antlo
tormiiR'd subtftuuvpt;). Adouidin is a vcUowii^h-uliiU-. hygroscopic, bilie
powder, devoid of odor, soluble in water and alcohol, insoluble in clhct
cltluroform, and btuzio. Merck hu« ii^olalud n crt^lalHiic principle terinet
Adonite, which ha^ been shown to be a pentahydric alcohol, converted int
a eii^ar by oxidatiun. Adonite is very soluble in water and hns a slightly
swi'i-l taste, hut, lUiording to Kobcrt, has no decided physiological action
Whether used, ng the pcusunts of l{uii:-in are said to be in the habi
of doing, a» an iiirii'tion, as the tluiii extrait, or in the forin of adoaidir
adonis nets upon the heart as n stimulant or cjirdiac tonic, resembling i
it« action digitalis or strophaiithut'. .Adoni^t i» «nid to increaBt> the arteria
tension and in lar;;e doses causes diastolic arrest of the heart. In larg
doR-if the finjt riae i* wicceeded by a decided fall of arterial preSBure, wit
parnlyais both of the heart and blood-vessels.
ll is claimed that, in niodernie doocs. adonidin lit devoid of dangc
from cumulative effect, and that it asreea well with the digestive organ
Iluehard. however, found in some case*, that It canned vrtmitiilg or Aim
rha-a. In a case in which 0.20 (ini. (or gr. iij) of adonidin was taken \
niistnlcc. vomiting and diarrliij?U were prominent nyiuptomii. The action i
this drug is very promptly manifested. In accordance with the observ
tion thai it increases arterial prcKnure, ihcre is dn inoreased ftow of unci
but adonidin U said to have no effect upon ihe secreting structure of tl
kidneys.
Therapy,— 'Internally in cases of mitral or aortic regurgitation it
claimed to be of great value. In functional irregularity of lh« heari 1
Cflsla has found much benefit from adonidin (in lioses of 0.003 to O.O
Gm.. or pr. '/-o-'/a- thrice dnily). In cardiae asthma il also affords n-l i
to the dy*pnu'n. The iluid exlract (normal) is a good preparation in do«?
of O.OG to 0.12 c.cm. (or wi-ij) cautiously increased.
Profoimnr BckhtcrefT hnii observed a favorable influence from th
addition of adonis vernalis to a bromide solution in the treattueiit c
epilepsy. The combination which he hac for several years employed is:—
B Poui*. liromlil 8| to I2( ()ni. or Xil-HJ. ^
Tinct. B(!onii 41 ccm. im- fSj. I
Coilpin)^ sulph ...._. ISO Gm. or itT. Ilj. m
Aquie '....•>.... H0\ I'.cta, or ESvltj. M
M. H n. fnl. ■
Sig.: Tablnpoonlul fioni four I* eigUt timn n day. ^
The tincture of adonis testivalis. nn allied «pecit«, in 0.60 c.eia. (or mx'
doses three times a day. is reported lo be efficient in reranvinE fatty tiMae
from the heart and relieving the dyspnina which accom)ianie;i obesity.
XSCULtrS HIPPOCASTANUM. — Bippooadannm, Hone<cliutnii
Bark.
Pbarmacology and Therapy. — The horse-chestnut, .-Esvulii* hippn
eastanum <IUj*pofa.Blaii.>a'i. 1;^ a large tree cultivated in Europe and Noril
.■\mericn hi a shade-lrce; its "rigiiinl hwhitat t* unknoMii, The bark con
•IS tannio acid and two neutral bitter prineipk-s — ^£sculi& and Fnzii
^ir *dTect# are those of the vogclablo bitters: the bark also ha,* som
periodic powers. A fluid extract, with dilute alcohol, is the best prej
^
jBTUKK.
75
,iIiDD. The iluid extract has been adniinistored jn niulHriul rljsorders and
iDtunJfu.- sffwtionjj in Ji>»i.'» of 1.20 to 4 e.cm. (or mxx-f3j). ..^i^itculin
ieciia ihe form of brilliant, white cry^talK iind h mUihiv iii hot n-utcr.
EvMiiI to have bcoD given vrith gouil result us a suUelitule for quinine
Inhml fevers, especially of ihc- ri-iiiitti;ril fiirm.
STEER <V. S. P., R, R).— Ether {Either Fortior., L". 6. V. 1880).
iTHEB PUaiFICATUS (li. P.).— Purified Ether.
Sbk, 0.60 to i c.cui. (or mx-six) for repeated ndraiiiii-t ration; for B
■oiilcidBaiQiflrstioii, 2.40 to 4 cciii. (i>r nixl-lx).
Prsparationa.
tXnaa JEthrnatu IV.6.V.). — Ellirn-iil Oil. Euuul rulumn of utbi'r and he«i'V
Sfiiiuui .-nbcris (U.S.P„ B. P.).— Spirit ot Kthrr. 1>um. O.HO to E cem. inr
^^Sfifitw AUhnit ConilHMituH ir.S.l'.. B. R).— CompounU 8|uTil of Kther. or
'MTBiaa'a Auodriw iL'. S. I'.. muipuiMil of fthri'. Sib v.mi.'. hU'oIiuI. iloO c.oin.i hikI
*- mOtmtm, 2i c.tm.l. Dow. O.lVi Ii> -X im-ih. (or mv-xxxt.
^^ i»lrilii« .'t:ihtTi4 }t'ilruii (f.S.ir, II. P.I.— S|Hril of Nitrous Ktb«r, of 8wwt
Tfc^ot Nit(*. Doic. ^ to 4 can. <ot Rm-j).
n*nBtCQlog7. — Ether is a liquid composed of about 96 per ceut.. by
^^l, of abaoliit^ ether, or ethyl-oxide, and about •) per cent, of alcohol.
Mining a little water. "A volatile liquid prepared from ethjlio alcohol
niersdion with sulphuric acid. It conlains not less than V'i per ci'iit.
toliime of ethyl-oxide. It was formerly termed sulphuric ether" (B. P.),
" ether i*: '"ether from whieh most of tlie ethylic akohol has been
itfd by washing' with distilled water and moat of the water by sub-
1 distillnt-ion in the presence of caleium chloride and reeently-pre-
■•rrf lime" (B. P.). It is a thin, very diffusive, clear and colorless liquid,
*ilh 1 rrfredhing, cbaneteriRtic odor, a burning ami cweelish lajite, after-
^••t^dightly bitter, with a neutral reaction. It is soluble in all proportions
ia ilrohol. ehloroform, bi'mud, bciutin, fixed and volatiU' oils; dissolves in
•liMHen tiroes its volume of wnttr at 59" I-'., and it boils at 98.G° F. It it
^ aitnunable, and its vapor, mixed with air and ignited, explodes vio-
wh. The vapor is slightly irritating to the conjunctivsc. and at first to
^Immehial inucou* membrane.
ftynologioftl Aotioa.^AVhen cth«r i* ponred over the skin it cvapo-
'We w quielily that a sensation of eold is experienced, and when its applica-
'Wistoatinueil, as with the atomiiier, the temperature of the part i* lowered
n'ttnajbe frozen, which is announced by sudden blanching of the skin.
VW Ihe escape of the vn|ii>r iii prevented ether acts lu a cuunlcr-irrilant,
Bnmg Rddening; even vesication may be produced.
When taken internally, ether is a dilTu«ible »lTmulniit. resembling nlco-
^ in its effects, which, although manifested earlier after ether, are more
Imaitory. When introduced into the cireiil.ilion. by alwirption from Ihe
ifiimncli or the rectum, by inhalation, or bypodermically, it is found terapo-
< iDorrsi'e nrleriul K-nsion and ittiA us a cardiiu- stimulant, the heart
■ L- TO beat after failure of respiration. In tbe*e respects it is antag-
'rurorm, which loweni artciiiil ]in's.iMri- and i* » cardiac fedolive.
-tajwr IB inhaled pure, while chiorotonu-vapor must he combined with
76
I'UAItHACEI-'TICAL TUEBArEmC AGENTS OB DRUaS.1
95 to 97 pfirts of atmospheric nir. Upon tlio ncrve-tcntrc* ethi
much like nlcoliol, Dlfocting (1) the cerebnim: (S) the eenaory. an
motor, functions of the »pinnl cord; (3) ihe sensory centre* in tl
oblon^aln; siiil (4) finally the motor centres in the medulla. K«
a decided increase in tho nnioimt of indicau excreted after cthi
the tifc of itie oncomelor di-monflrated a special eontraetion of th<
of the kidney, and danin^'o to the nepretory cell*. Therefore th
of nllitimiiuiria or piilmonnry wdema is iisualt]? legarded as «
contra-indication to its use.
The State of Anestheiia. — Ann-Ethi-^iB produced bj the inl
ether-vapor, when coinplule, nearly approximatei' the state of cot
proiicJics hy wcll-dfrined stages, the first being one of e.xcitemen
aration; the second h narcosis; the third i* abolition of ^ens
reflexes, ttnd, eniried further, it ends in paralysis and death frori
respiration, owing to paralysis of the (i-ntr*"* in the medulla oblon
ner\x-c'en tres are iiffectcd in the fo!lowin<r order; The hipher cec
brain, the motor and sensory centre* in the niednlln «pinaliiL
mately. the ecnsorj' and motor centres of the medulla oblongtia. '
of ether is at the bej^nning of Ihe inhalation irritating to the a[
and may cause strangling ».>nsatians to the patient, but this soon |
as ansetheeia becomes established; it may be noceiisary, at the
allow some admixture of uii-, so as not to frighten the patient, \
as may be possible the pure ether-vapor is to be administered, ec
vent efTortB at vomiting. Owing to this irritation of the bronch
membrane, there may be produced congestion or wdema of the I
cially wlion the patient la not kept warm dnring the operation, or ;
may follow.
The presence of bronchitis contra-indicates the use of ethei
ing to the obscnation of Poppert, (cdemft of the lungs is the fp
mediate eanse of death from ether, and is due to the toxic inflw
nDfeslhctic. Senger draw* attention to the danger of cerebral h
during ether-narcosis, in patients suffering from arteriosclerosii
operations upon the mouth, and pnrlitiilnrly in the extmotion of
blood running down the throat may cause asphyxia. A few "don
be borne in mind when adniinistirring itber:—
1. Don't give it to a patient whose kidneys are diseased.
S. Don't give it when the jitoniacb contains undigested fofl
tient should be fasting for at least four hours, if possible.
3. Don't give it without removing arlificinl teeth from 1
which are liable to fall into the throat.
4. Don't give it unb-sa tht clothing is bo loose as to allow
respiration.
5. Don't give it when the pleural cavity is full of fluid.
6. Don't give any ana-sthetic to women, especiully young i
eept in the presence of witnesses, who can testify as to your acti
the period of unconsciousness of the patipnt. as under such ein
women sometimes acquire fixed delusions which can only be vu
mony absolutely proring their falsity.
7. Don't forget that etlier-rapor and air make an inl
'JTw rort .VwMcal Jnum^l. N'ov., IftflH.
.ICTKKIl.
3lMi«e mixture, out! that ether niay lake lire from the actual cautery as
i w Irom » candle.
8. Don't forget that there are different qualities of ether, and that
IJud for surj^tcfl] {iiiri>o<ie« i« the otTicial ether of the best make.
• ;i't forgot thnt ctht-r, like alcohol, lowent lemperaturc, ami that
jtr f>«t)Tj:>t should not lie too much exposi'd to cold diirin<; operation.
10. IMn't forgvt thiit i-ther ouiises death by respiratory failure, and
the t-olor »f the lipe and ears i» a better guide to the stale of the blood
lh« rmdiat pul*v
11. Don't fori;et that the an«sth«lie aiate le a «iate of danger, and the
|ttWsi u not Mff until the vfTt-cte of the ether hare entirely passed olT.
13. Don't for^jet that ether is eliminated rather slowly bv the lungs and
&t kidney»: ao the patient ohould be watched for several hours after the
•fatBististion.
Ihe Choice of AnswthetioB.— The aiw<tl»-tie agent should be suited lo
(keopersiiiJD and lo lllel'i^cunl^lance3 of each ca.'ie. For maity triviiil oporn-
tma. or tJtioae which are rapidly jHTformed, pure nitrous-oxide gas is siifli-
<rVs: and moch safer than the others. In young children chlorofonn-vnpor
r of administration than other, and comparatively free from danger
■ -Triy administered, ll also is preferred where the actual cuulery
I, or wherl^ lightx are Te«iuirifi »i-ar the pativnt. In midwifery
fQLticv i\ also is the preferred ans^thetjc, For all ordinary cases ether is
•ftr than chlorofonn, and ii> by far the mo»t frequently used.
iblu pajMT has been published by Dr. Julliard.' of Geneva, upon
■ naifty of ether and irhloroftirm. I'rom the record* of several
thousand adminii^t rat ions of ether and chloroform it was shown
the ranrtality from the latter is from four to five times greater than
kaa ethrr. Molliylonc birliloridc ha# boon tried in Knxluiid to ttomc extent,
' ''v sold it appears to be merely an alcoholic solution of cfaloro-
<;omide l* of more recent introduction, and when pure
»eii :or short operations, but docs not Have decided ad%-antages
tb« b>f«t ether, exoopt in having a slightly more agreeable odor. For a
nn it is well to precede the onipsthetic by the adniini drat ion
-<i c.cm. (or fSii-iv) of whisky. In a similar inunnor an hvjw
n of morphine 0.015 Gm. (or gr. '/,) and atropine O.0D05 Cm.
: iiy lic given before operating (NusubatimV nicthnd). Various
anesthetics hate been proposed, the best known being the A. C.
of the I.ondon hospitals, containing alcohol, 1; chloroform, 2;
ctber, 3 parts; but, owinp to the different density and varjnng rates of
mm. it It impxKniblo to tell just how muoh of each is i>eing given; Ihere-
ihca* mixinres are not rcoommended. Gurlt finds that when a mixture
^aU vas m«d thv proportion of accidents from asphyxia was greater
vboi chloroform alone was employed. By the use of an inhaler, ether-
nixed vilh oxygi'D can Ih- adniini-ilered. the fiait passing through a
coataining the ether; by this method asphyxia is nvoide<l and
tma ufetT set^iired.
Wberv a |uitient dulikrs ether, or takes it badly, the adminial ration may
^Biiii , sitb nitrous oxide and ether substituted later, or it may be pre-
^Ad kr a few wbifls of chloroform. Dr. A. Diax de LiatVo has invented an
^TlHL
MMteclr 4r (• SwlMT Rtmuitif, Febi, IWl.
rs
■■UjHIUACKUHCAL rilHRAriEt'TIC AGENTS OK DRCUSi
apparatus by means of which ether can be mImtnUteTvil at a Imi
8ri° F.. and claiinit that liv liii; methoi] the dieadvantages both d
and chtoroform are obviated. Jt is claimed by soDie cliniciutis tl
Itmiiiarv appliciition of cocninv «ohition to the Dtisal mucoua met
vculfl irritaiion, and the unpleasant after-eflecti are, to a large'
vented.
The production of aurjeicnl anteath«'sia by abiwrption of
from the miicona of the rectum wa« advocnicd bv Pirogoff in 18
prominently called to ihe attention of the pro'fet»i»n by .\xel
Copenhagen, and Daniel Mol!i*rc, of Lyons. More recently, 9
Ihe Sheffield Hospital, made a plea for thiii method. It i.« acoo]
attnching to a rectal tube ■ rubber pipe connected with a buttle,
with ether, which ia placed in a bucket containing warm vraler. '
of trrilalion of air-pasaage*, struggling. Hnd vomiting by this t
gesls its adoption in suitable cases. On the other hand, it \i slo
requiring from five to thirty-five miiiuten. and it may be ncce^au
ment it by ordinary inhalation. At least two deauis have be^
rectal etherization. In another caite, death resulted from rul
intestine at the site of an old cicatrix from an ulcer which yi:
prcwure of Ihe vapor. Caldcron* believes ether-narcosi* bv th
be of special service for surgical operations about the hea(I, a]
mastoid operation done «uccew<fu]lv upon a child wiih it» aid.
What is called "primary amestWia" occurs early in the ad
of the ether, at the time whi-ii nnrcoftis iK^^ins. During this i
is very brief, small operations, incisions, punctures, etc., may bi
out waiting for completft nnn?sthesia. In order to ascertain whi
the patient is directed to extend one of hi» arms pcrpL-udiciilarly
to hold it up as long as he can. At the moment when narcod
arm falls, wriich is the sigual for the operator to cut and for t
[ration of elher to cease. The patient regains consciousness t
generally there is no vomiting or other ill effects.
Treatment for Toxic Effects. — When a patient appears i
rhythmical traction upon the tnngiic liy Laborde's method, a
pirfllion, inhalation of ammonia, slupping the expnsed surface
with wet towels, and the application of the faradic current to tl
region will usually restore him. Rubbing the body so as to ke«]
culation, or the use of slimutnting enemata, ia also of service. O:
be administered, or a mixture of osygcn and nitrogen monoxide
amy! nitrite cautiously inhaled so as to flush the brain and medu
with blood. Nitroglycerin, 0.0006 Gm. (or gr. '/„o), may be gil
mieally.
Ill Effects of Ether. — The unpleasant results which somoi
the administration of ether, such as nau^t-a and vomiting, may
by giving the patient a eup or two of either strong, hot coffee o
states that often the bud elTeel* of ether may be avoided by i
keeping Ihe eyelids closed for a time after regaining consciotisn«
dieting the use of water, cither to waiih out the mouth or to dr
planalion he wtales that he has obsen'cd, in many cases after
• (^uarlrrlv UniUytl Juurnal, Sheffield. Jan. 18, 1896.
'Paeifle J/frfhwI Journal, Murch, 1900.
.ETHER.
79
fif opcntion*, *$p«i«lly in extrneting tcetli, nausea and voraitinR follow
ban Ui« eiDplo3mient of wat«r. In IJie event of nausea, Toiiitting, or evtii
nlMAilnc«« #ui>enening. Dr. Dorr iKiminisfi-r* almnt l.iiu Gin. (or gr, xxv)
ttpMudum bromide in sirong eoBee. At times the eame authority give«
hoiBi few minima to -1 c.ciu. (or f3j) of coinii'mni^ sjiint of cihor in water.
The author can nbo commend sodium bromide (1 to 1.30 Gm., or gr.
iMi, in eoda-watcr, todn^miiit-wKtrT, or eiiiniimou -water), eemphor- water,
iW iromaiie spirit of ammonia, caffeine citrate or hydrobroniate (0.085 to
WiGm., orgr. i-iv, at » dun-), tiiir.tvin' of coii*icuiii (U.fiO to I. So c.cm,. or
"HI. SI a dose), or thf elTervoscent salts of sodium or caffeine bromide, all
(<thH« being Mpccially tiiitabk- for the treulment of the iI1 i-tTi'cts fntlowing
;k(idministraiion of ether. In order to control hiccough and vomiting
im^iitmtlH-ftii, Dr, Hiriinnl Jim* i* in the biibil of making di);iiat com-
poBon of ihe phrenic and vagus nenea against ihe sternal end of the clav-
iiJf. He states that, af a nilc. vomiting immwl lately ci'a*p»- The jirowure
iinetiniied for a few moments in order to prevent a return of the sickness.
y Fittimck SilkV concliisions on "cthiT pneumonia" arc: 1. Klher in-
Uition ia only one of the minor exciting cnui*es of croupous pneumonia.
Tlieitimulaiing properties of the vapor may even help to ward olT an attack.
i. CitHrrh&l conditions of ihe mucou.* mi-mbrane of the air-passages are uni-
wbI under ethi-r. and their tendency is to subside on withdrawing the
npir. In a small proportion of cases, however, an inflammatory condition
■ produced, and the patient's life is in jeopardy. Other concomitant cuukos
«i!i then generally be found at work: e.if., cold and exposure, 3. To limit
dit tenilencT, careful priKmutions will usually suffice, eepocially in tlie direc-
ti» of sToi^ing esposme, cold, and draughts.
Therapy. — Ether may be nawl locally for its refrigerating or detergent
•fat before a surgical operation. It dissolves fat from the skin, and is ap-
FU to wash the surface after ii»ing soap. The ether-ijirtiy may be used
hbtnamb a part of the skin before making an incision: and. in thorca,
lAn^nv hit Wen applied to the npine with good results. The ether-
■JOJ IS also often very serviceable in allaying the puin of neuralgia, espe-
filly irhen seated in a smpertlcial structure. Tlie ether i» directed immedi-
Bdj upon the course of the aching nerve. Sir James Sawj'cr points out
tte etbcr i* the best menstruum for the Kohition of many remedies to be
■d upon the skin. Ether is a good solvent of the active principle* of
ttn drugs and also of sebaceous matter. It may be used as a menstruum
If nuking ethereal tinctures or liniments. In strangulated hernia, 'iO to
•tan. (or fji-ij) of eiher may be sprayed upon the tnmor, as successfully
aajloyed by Finklestein* and GusseDbauer, or allowed to fall upon the sur-
btt imp by drop^
Dr. Charles K. Iluphes. of St. Louis, has had good effect from lavement
wb «ther for the relief of pain: thus, in severe headache he hat poured
•ftwoo the scalp freely with prompt cure. .
A ate in which a fistula remained after an operation for cholecystot-
•ojW recently been described by Dr. John W. Walker. Seven months
hkt a {tone again entered the duct and was dissolved by a mixture of cijual
•PtartdioiMT. Marrh. IflOO.
"Tnalmrnt c^ SlmicutaI«(I Brraiti br Applkations of Ether, after tli* Method
llUdiOna,' fMsrtfe UMimIe de Slmttwurj), No. 3, March 1, 1806.
80
PUAItMACBmCAi, THEIUPECTIC AGENTS OB DBUOS.
parts of ether and glycerin placed in a small ^lass tube cttsohcd to a n'riiige,
tlu' tube pro**«d directly upon the stont; and the ether-glycerin injected drop
by drop.
Ethcn'til propBrnlitjii* may be used inttrnally for liysteria. colic, and lb(
passage of biliary or renal calculi. Durand'.t remedy for gall-iitoncs u (uiiul
pfirts of filler and tiirpeuliiie-oil, givun a li-UKpoonful ut a doee.
Kther is a diffusible slinuUaut, and can be used hypoderniically in liMtt'
fniUirc (1 ail to 2 ccm,. or m\x-xx.x). Taken with wster or syrup (S lu i
cum., or foas-j), it affords relief in flatulence, spasmodic asthnui, or colic
It has «milur cfluels to tliusv of alcohol, and n habit of cthcr-drtjiking:' lia
in like manner been established in same persons (ahhoup;h the odor of thi
breath plainly announces to others the fact that it has been taken), but it
effects are more transitory than those of aleohoi.
The internal administration of ether iE capable of relieving mild attack
of an>:iiiii pectoris. It is a good plan to combine O.tiO lo 1.20 c.cm. (o
mx-o) of ether with codlivcr-oil when the latter subi-tance is not well boro(
Klher racilitatt-tt the digestion and absorption of the oil, iinibabiy by inere*
ing the secretion of pancreatic fluid. Hoffmann's anodyne in 2 c.em. (<:
(oBs) doses is usitfn! in sick headache. The hypodermic injection of from
to S c.cm. (or /nxv-foe*) of ether in the neighljorhocd of the atTcctcd nen
ha» proved of value in sciatica, gastralgia, and various forms of rhtMimai
neuralgia. Itarth obtained very excellent results in typhoid pneumonia froi
tliot: nubiulani'ous injections of <-)her. The injwtionji nen.- given from t»
to four times daily, and were followed by notable increas^e in the sirenfc'
and votuiric of the pulse. Castel rejiorU favorably of thi- winie method
sm«ll-po\. AftiT puerperal, pulmonary, or other severe hsemorrhage ctli
thrown undiT the skin stiinulatea th*' heart and may avert faiul syiiciipc.^
The following combinations of ether will be found serviceable: —
ft Spt. R'tberi^ corop 00 c.eui. or f3>j.
Tlnpl. capdci 4 c.cm, or fJf.
SpL ammnit- arnm ,,>... 1'2 2S e.cni. nr laee.
Aqun sodw iiientli BO c.um. or tSij-
M. Sig.; A tcnspoonful in wnt*r rvrry (frw mimilM uniil iriipved. Thin p
wrlplion is egpecinlly iiwfiil [n tlii- Iri'ntoieiil ot tyiirojie, llatiilenee. and aen-oV*
hyilcriciil puruxjBiDB,
t
B ^vt. telliiTiB cninp.,
Elix. hipulini.
Tinrt, valerian, ammnn an 90[ c.cm. or fSJ.
M, Sig.; Two tcHBpofiuful* in unttr t-very lirin-n or tweiily mioutn. For ^'
tci'iu and ncrvoiu niclt hcadachf. ni-urmtliniin, angina pectoris, and ■pniinndir ■»(■>'
The diagnostic use of ether is resorted to very frequently in suffterj^
order to examine fraotnres, explore cavities for morbid growth* or forc>
bodies, and to detect malingerini;. Knieriion E, Sutton has suggested *
fm(doynient of ether-vapor, in place of hydrogen in Senn's method of ^
termining the presence of perforations in the intestines, after laparoto.
for gnnsbot wounds.*
1
'itrrfntinji: adilTCM tm "Ktlier- drinking, its Prvvalcnc* and Rnraita." ^J
dciinrr'-d iR-fi'i* liii" Snoitly for (he .''tiidy and Cun; of In^hrfely, •■
Vrdinll Jouruai. Nov. 1. 1890.
•I" anxrimii Mrdliiil .Umciattoii . .tiily 23. 18118.
Spiritui ^therii CompiMitiis (V. S. P.. B. P.). — In hj'steria, flatulent
n'it.iud iifrviiii:iiii-iMt tliU *oliititm iii niin-li iu ilc-mAiii]. Compound Bpirit
if oiler is likewise T«ry wn'iceabJe in the treatment of hiccough, riineliuiinl
plnniion ut Ihv heart, or «jraci>ue. It will uftcii iilTord rHief in gastnlgia,
gnvin somelimefi prove of marked benefit in angina pectoris.
It is a diffusible Mimulant nud nnliMpiixui'idic.
The (oUowiog formula?, coutaimng compound spirit of ether, are use-
BSedii bicwbonsiiit if, Uin. or 3iss.
^L ammoii. atnllL,
iWt. ijfi)cib«iis aa 4 ccm. or IS'f,
tfitita* Ktberii camp I20| r.cta. or fS>v.
It Si;-: Two t«ispoonfula in water fur hj'iWria or llatulenc«. Kepvat wli*ii
K Spirituf atlicria Mmp^
\ ini tone »a 60| p.ciu. or (Jij.
V. Kg.: Fram oo^balt to a Uble»pomiful In «'at4-r i-virv hour or two ■* a
Sfiritai Mtkttis Nitrwi (U. S. P.. B. P.). spirit of nitron.^ othi-r,
^pnlarlr known an swei'l npirit of nitre, ii* an alcohoHo solution of ethyl-
litritt'. yielilin^, when freshly prepared and letited in n uitromiler, not
lestt tban eleven times its own volume of nitrogen dioxide. It is made bv
the ittion of mlphuric acid upon eodium nitrite nnd deodorized aleohol.
r'poD the human system it aou as a diaphoretic nnd diuretic, the ethyl-
nitrite Wing a fcdalirc to the circulation, fspt'cinlly when fever is prevent,
rhepharmadipipia.^ direct that it should he kept in emali, glass-stoppered
BObln, in a dark plai-e remote from lights or fir«. Vory much of the sjiiril
Bf nittDOs ether dispensed is deficient in strength, and has become acid
f^xnoip;. Wlivn this has occurred it should not be used. The low of the
Kttrl-nitrite is prevented, to a large extent, by a combination with an alkali
or tamonia acetate or citrate. When good, it renders excellent service as
Anmic, espeoially in scanty secretion of urine in elderly people.
Kitroua titlier rcsK^mblva the othvr nitrites in iU sedative i'ITi>ct8 upon
*h« !Tstem, but its action is overcome or modified in this form by the com-
pamively larp' quantity of alcohol accompanying \i. which wally make*
th»(jMn't of nitrous ether a dilTusible stimulant. For this reason ^Vliitk
•■pKially commcndK it in thv dn)p«y of debilitated subjects. In fever it
Jttii be given in cold water or lemonade, or in combination with other reme-
ditE.u aconite or Tcralrum viridc-. It aetii upon the skin as well as upon
tilt firculaiion, and reduces the temperature. It is useful, above alt, in the
IcWile tlTrctions of infimcy nnd childhood. It enters into Brown mixture
0(i«. glycyrrhizK co.), of which it constitutes 3 purts in 100, forming a
V¥^ rraw-dy for acute bronehitia.
Spirit of nitrous ether can be employed in the following comhiuations
Tft Mvantagi-: —
K Spirilna »ihrt\a aitr<aj.
A^VB Mnphon*.
til). •lamon. acrUtin , •■ nOI com. or ffij.
Aitimaaii tt pntauii tart |OSS Gm. or gr. ^
Uc«thlBM fulplMil* |a? Gtn. nr gr. «•.
IL Si|!.i A taU««p<M)4ititl In water eveiy hour or two until nlicvrd. For acut«
"'■UUi. mmU tWumatimi, and In fcrtra. ,
82
PRARUACEDTICAL TBCRAPEVTIC AOEXTS OR DRCOS.
B Splrllua «lherl» nltrotl,
Dtx- huiDuli,
Syr. Inetucurii a» flO| com. ot
U. Slg.: From a half to • UblMpooaful cvvry hour wh«a unable to •
icuble in ituomuiB, K«:ii«ral imrrouuicu, and driiility. 1
a:THER ACETICUS (l". S. P., B. P.).— Acetic Ether. I
Doie, initrnalij, l».60 to 2 c.cm. (or mx-xxx),
Aevtic iftlior is & liquid compotn.-'il ot about 98.5 per cent., I
of etbyl-acetate (C^«C,jI,0,) and about 1.5 per cent, of alcoho
ing a little wuter (U. S. P.). It i» i^ulublc in o put! of wtlar (■
and mixes in all proportions with alcohol, ether, chlorofonn, am
volatili: oiU. U enters into culogiu' tinil tinctiir** of ft-rric acotut'
fiimilar effects upon ihe sy^lein \o ethvl-oxide. and also can be ut
lialutiun ai^ an ann'.'llu'lio, but is i-loMcr in Us action.
Accordin)^ to the experiments of Krautwig on rabbits, model
titJes of acetic ether greatly incrva«G the respiratory capacity, the t
menting in proportion to the dose. There was no influence from
quantities upon the hlood>pres#UTe and no ill cllectii upon the h
halation of the vapor of acetic ether allays laryngeal and oroncbial
In n<.TVQU8 cough aUu it may be u^cd with good elTect. It it r^
irritating to the skin than ordinary ether. I
£TH£K CHLORICnS.— Chloric Ether, or Ethyl Chloride.
Ethyl chloride jk it loinrle** lluid of an ethereal odor, and be
i\ It produces local anivetliesifl by its freezing effect. The 6k
reddened, after which it hccouiei* perfectly white, and a snow-w
ing fonns upon its surface. Ethyl chloride is put up in hcrmeticH
plnKS tubes tontiiining D.-jri c.cni. (or (Sitw). one rud beiiif: drawn
fine point. When this is broken otf the heat of the opcrut'
projects a line spray upon thi' surface lo be nnjeslhctJ/'-d. Kihy
naa been used euccessfully to allay the pain of neuralgia, luml
nitgraiue. It hm uUo been found serviceable in minor surgery
tistry.
[Ethyl chloride niU(!t not be eonfouiided with Spiritug Ch
{flpo Chloroformnm). which by the Uritiah Pharmacopeia ia d
"Chloric Ether," or "Spirit of' Chloric Etlicr."]
JETHEB HYDRIODICUS,- Hydriodic Ether, or Ethyl lodi
This is MTV iitiJilogouti 111 I'llivl bromide, iodine nicn-ly repi
bromine. It can be administered from a vial in drops on a han
or by gelatin capsules containing 0..10 ccm, (or mv) t'ai'h. It ia
for producing aniesthcsia. but may be cautiously inhaled for syph
chilis, phthisis-, ealnrrh, whoopinji-roiigh, usthmii, nr olhi-r spttst
orders. Dose, 0.3 to 1.3 c.rm. lor mv-x.\), by inhalation.
JS-TEtS. HTDaOSEOMICUS. — Hydrobromio Ether, or E
mide.
Fharmaoology. — This liquid has rathi-r a pli-ariant odor and
taste. When pure it is colorless, volatile, non-inflammable, and
ether or chloroform in its effects when taken intemallv or bv ii
A
JETIIKR UYUItOIiROUICrii.
63
btftety slightly soluble in water, bat freely soluble in ali?o)iol and ether,
dfanfoun and oil. Air ami tuoiifluri.- c-unsc it^ decomposilioQ. Under
iknAnence of li^ht tht> bromine gradually sc'ijaralp!«, oaii^ing disoolorii-
an ot tile ethyl, when it becomes unfit for u»-, owing to ihe poisonous
tiMUof brotiiiue. (It muiit not be eoufounded with Ethylene Bromide.)
Ili«l»py. — For anesthesia, the pure ethyl bromide only ebouid be
wi. It daiigvrous *yniptoni*. even fatal renull*, have been aiicribud 1o
cWnie of impure preparatious. It is thought that some, at least, of the
tiultfl£«« may have bucn (■»n«cd by the yinployniont of ethylene bromide
nmistake for ethyl bromide. An easily applied test for the purity of ethyl
knzoidc ii given by StenibtTg: if a drop of ethyl hroniidu hv Id fall in a
lolation of potassium iodide 3 centimetres (about 1 '/, inches} deep, it
limiild teach the bottom without bfiiigiolortd viob.-t. In ex|H'ririient» upim
uimtli tthyl bromide ban generally proved fatal bv arrest of respiration,
KfcUrr, however, has reported a case in which death ooounvd from a
nikn rfjisation of ihe heart'-s action. Chemical examination demon-
ilnl«d that a pure sample had been employed. In other cn«cs. which did
oot iKiiiiinale falally. the inhalation of ethyl bromide occasioned nausea,
Twiitiiig. collapse, spasm of the glottis, cyanosis of the face, or other di«-
Intao): symptoniK. In i^ome iiiKlanct'» irrilnbility of tin- stomach, loss of
ippHile, and prostration continued for days after the amesthetic had been
pwn.
!■ dosage, it stands between ether and chloroform, and probably
mofies the same relative position with regnrd to safety. It* cbarai-tor-
itbc eSeclf. when inhaled, are the rapid approach of anEsthcsia, its brief
Jnntiat). and the rapid return of consciousness. It is, canswiuently, ill
•fapted for use in prolonged operations, li^ien sprayed upon a part it
fmwet local auiesthesia. It may he inhaled in epilepsy, chorea, and
atUr««gmodic diseases (about 4 c.cm., or foj, at a time), lleing unin-
luwile and not unpleasant, it may be used instead of ether for minor
Mnktl operations. One advantage which ethyl bromide possesses is that
it itti not irritate the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract.
Ibvmt is not appropriate for use in the reduction of fractures and dis-
botiwis. ac it is liable to e.vcite muscular spasm. It is unsafe in the case
«f Jmakarde and those sufTering from disease of the kidneys, heart, or
From * Kiies of experiments relative to the action of ethyl bromide,
I- ttoinzbonrg coucludcs that small (luautitics produce narcosis without
»5tvlinjr artfriai pn'usurf. Ijirge amounts diminish blood-prfsxun- by
■ng the peripheral vasomotor constrictor system. It is without
ijion tbi- ('■■niral vaw>molor dilator sysliiri or upon the vagi, Toxic
i»w disturb the action of the heart, but, as a rule, produce arrest of respi-
ntiaB before that "f the bearl. The saine precanlions should be taken
■ «diainuitering ethyl bromide as when giving chloroform.
CotyL— Pnder this name a mixture of methyl chloride and ethyl chlo-
ridr haa be<>ii employed as a local amesthetic in dentistry and minor sur-
gOT. Though it doi-s not produce a* much cold ns methyl chloride, it has
the adrantage of l)ejng a fluid at 33' ¥., while the latter boiU at a much
iwer temperattit*-
Ethylene Bromide. — This fluid has at first a sweetish and »ubsc-
ifWBiIy a burning taste, and an odor which resembles that of chloroform.
S4* PUAJtUACBUIICAL TUBHAFBUTIC AQBXT6 OB DBUG8.
It clissaltes ID water and mixea with oil or alcohol. Kthylenv broniiile
bi'cu usfd with Kuccui^ in ti iiiimb(.-r of vxaes of epilepsy h« n «ubslitutc
potn^Aium hroiiiiilc. Tlit> than fur ndiiU.^ is fnnn D.IK to U.5 nxm. (or m
viij) thrice daily, and can he jn'adually and cautioui^ly increased to 2 vj
(or fow) two <ir tlirce linn-* a day. It ((in hi- adiiiiiii»iiTt?ii in wint or
capeules. It is never used by inliaUtion. It contains 90.9 per cen
bromine.
1
£THER VALEEIANICUS.— Valerianic Ether.
Pharmaeolo^ and Therapy. — Valerianic ether, or the ethylic Pl
of iHo-vaii-riuiiii: iicid, \» n loIorU-.'iA Huid, liiivln^ an odor rt-Hcmbltn^ thai
valerian. It is a less volatile fluid than ordinary ether. The dose of vbI<
anie ethor i* 0.12 c.cin. (or niij), Imt in pracliic It i« found |)referable
dilute it with sulphuric ether, and it is thus prepared and put up in avla
cansuk-it by M. Vin], each lapitiili- cimtiiining hIkiui 4 ilrnixt. VaWria
ether is a serviceable remedy in dysnienorrho-'a, nervous headache and
citemeut, asthma and other spasmodic dii-orders. neural^d. and nent
vomiting. It is of advantage in mania a potu. by controlling arterial I
nervous exciU-UK'nt and tremor. In periodic hay fever Dr. J. P. Chi
man, of Allentown, I'a., found it decidedly uftcfuL'
AOARICTTS ALBUS.— Forging Agaric. (Polypom^ officinalis, Bol«
larieis: order. Ba»idiomycetes. Hyiniinunyeeles.) The European In
haiii a fungus whieh grawi^ in large, hoof-shnju-d ma^st^it horkontally fi
the trunk, and penetrates, with its mycelium, deeply into the wood. '
massefl are coIIi^oIimI in l!!nni|)e and .Aniii Miixir, and. aficr pi-i-iing '
drying, they form yellowish-white, friable, spongy, irregular balls, fi
the me of an orange up In that of a cocon-nni. I| hai> a h<-«vy. fuiif
like odor; a sweetish, followed by a bitter, nauseou§ taste: and ile pow
is irritnting to eyes and nose. It largely e.on*i*t« ot rcsinoui' maB
Agarioin. In doses of 0.G5 Qm. (or gr. x) or more it acts as a purgati
in finall doKi.'« in toiiie and anhydrotii-. I
Fhysiological Action.^ln small doses (0.065 to 0.32 Om., or gr. 1
agHricMi mis like utrnpinr. liiil d«e» not dilate ihe pupil, II i« a ct)mpOt
body, the active principle of which is termed agarieic acid. Hoffmeister I
shown that the subslam-e iniJiilly employed under the name "( agariein
agaric acid is an impure product. Pure agaric acid is a white, light, cr
talline powder, of a silky luKtre. It erytlallixes out of absolute alcohol
groups of tuft-like needles or as distinct rosette-i. Its melting-noint
138' C. (2S0.I' F.). The free aeid it but slightly soluble in cold w«t
but is moderately soluble in boiling water. It.* alkaline conihinaliAm i
freely soluble, but its heavy metallie salts are insoluble. It is a «inj
Int-ai irritant, and its suheutaneoiis injection results in active intUmt
tion, with the production of pus. On aeeonnt of its slow absorptioi^
produce* no grave symptoms in warm-hlooded aninial». The TiiihcutanCi
or intravenous injection of a soluble salt tirst excites, and then piaraly:
the vagus and vasomotor oentri?». Death is preceded by eonvulslnm;. t
results from cessation of respiration or. in animals when artificial respi
lion is kept up, from the extreme fall of blood- pressure. The influc
' Me/tlMl ftuUftln. .Tun., \fiSi2.
AUAKICC8 CQJBUItGUJit'M.
85
I the ««crc-tion of sveat te not centra), but is «]c«rt«(l upon the sccrc-
'iHb.
npy.— Asaricin, in doses of 0.006 lo 0.065 Gm. (or gr. Vn'j). >«
wl to ch«ck niglit-fwefltin^, and ^onu^tlnivB to suppress laetetioa.
n A^rli-ln
Aciil. «ul|iti. aronMl. ...l
E&iir -
(ItUi (!iiL or BT. j.
c.cin. m' Stir,
cviu. or IJiHii.
H Sj^: Take one drachm M-rry four houts in water.
.Agiridn aUo Btiiiprc***-* p^Tn]iiriili<»n due to other morbid caueoe. A
I of Sfraricin in aleohol has lici-n sucj:osti-d as of value in hypr-ridro-
Ii lia« aUo biH>n rfcommended to comtine a small quantity of Dover's
■drrxith each dooe of agariein, when there U a lendi-ni'y to Ioosi;n«««
ttbr bnwflE following its use.
b order to redue* the fever and resiriet the nifihl-awealx of pul-
Mv iab«-n-iilu»i«, lir. J. M. Anders sometimes resorts to the following
Dhioation: —
B l^liIIiD. tulpkit.,
ABtipi'rin .....•••
dfinciD.
X. K tL rap«iikr no. xij.
|)0 Gm. or gr. itm.
A01SIC1IS CEIRUBOOKUK.— Folfponis Igniarius i^ nn allied fun-
p»to ih<- prwpdinj;, bm is used sololy on account of its porous texture,
II W been employed a« a nu'ehanicJil hn'iiioslHlic ami for il.< xlow bvirrdng
***BOM. It may be soaked iu potassium uiiratc or chlorate solution,
■hid nuikf» it niurv inRninmablu.
46AKICTIS ICUSCABIUS.— Amanita Muscaria, or Ply-funeus (Bn^id-
jtwtffc. Hynienomyceles), is a poisonous mushroom, consisting larj^ely
lignM-cllidrii'^-. It* nctive principle is a synipy alkaloid. Hnicarine.
rb without laste or odor, but produces poworfnlly-intoxicating effects
*«'>™hai nnalogoui^ to pilocarpine in its action, and antagonized by atro-
*iT»e alkaloid U soluble in water, and it is said that mushroom
ig nioy W prevented by soaking the mushrooms in water slightly
**Miiit«d with vinegar. In cases of poinonin^ Whitla has successfnily
' litn^pioe and diffusible stimulants. Digitalis may also be given hjrpo-
ninlly. and Mimnlating eneniata admiuiittcred.
Phyiiolo^ca] Action. — The action of the heart and the respiratory
"imeii!* nr>- rlimiMi>hi-d bv largo done*, the heart being finally arrculed
lole. Smaller doses diminish blood-pressure and reduce fempera-
llhongh iIk- bodily hcnt may bo *oi'ondorily irRTowoit. Tlic nct-rc-
rof the skin, the liver, and intestinal tract are increased, while that
jflfce kidneyc t* Hometimc* rcdinfd or suppressed. The muscular system
^ftUiwi. hut conyulsions may occur from accumulation of carbonic acid
blnod. T'pon Iho bruin a marki'd narcotic or stupefying effect is
',ta that ii has been used in Asia as an intoiicant. The pupil con-
Ffrom the clTcots of the internal a r1 ministration, while the local
^fiKnion of muscarine may cause dilatation.
Therapy. — Administcrc"! medioinally. muscnrine has some reputation
rnABMAfEl-TICAL TflBRArBl-'TIC AOKSTfl OH DRC09.
in checkinjK ihi' fever Hnd sireatin;; »( plilliiitis. It ruoy l)p u««(]
tioDB of the respiratory tract where there is a deliciencv of secrwl
diflordiTH of tho fllinu-ntnrv I'anal where tho oniiie iniliailion i* t
and tn iivt-rcoitie a tendency to constipation. Mtii^carint: can Iht
coiuhinod with sutli drvigs an bclhiduiiiin, hyoAvaiiiUK, ^Irychnj
cosc&TB Mgrada, or tiulpbur, witli advantage, as la the following f<
B Miucarinn |30 Gm. or c
Kxt. iKnniJn ...i |W5 Qm. or g
Aloini.
Rxt. twlludnnnm follor. b1& ra tO '^!ni. nr g
Est. gttiitimu! .,,..... 1 (.im. ui g
M. rt (1. |ilL no. xvj.
S\g.: Oiie ]>ill two or Ihrw tiowt n do}'. Donendnl in coiuti|>fttion an
rh»I juundiet
Thf dose of muscarine is uauallv 0,008 to 'J,13 )iin. (or j;r.
solution, or iiiu»can'tic nitrate may l)c given in uomewhut wnal
For the sweating of phthisis, Murrell uses a 1-per-ceiit. solutioD.
the dose is 0.30 ccni, (or mv). i
AOATHIN i« the name bcHtowod upon a new vyiithetical c
discovered by Dr. Israel Roos, of Krankrort-on-the-5Iain. It is a i
of Mlicylie acid, and its cli€tnteal composition is expressed by:
•%alicyl-aidehyde-methylphonylhydraxin." 1
Ajnlhiii occ;irs in the form of small. Itght-tn-^cn. cryt^txllt*
destitute of smell or taste, insoluhli' in water, Holulde in alcohol a
and iriHlinjiHl Tl' C. (1(15' V.)
Physiological Action and Therapy. — Moderate doses have no
ujiim Hiiiniiilif, When tidniini^lcred to the human subject, agAth
ally increasL'd the appetite and ex(7retion of perspiration. It v,
bcnelii.'iiil flinically in uc-iiraliiia and rhenmiitism, being gcncru
in the dose of 0.50 Om. (or gr. viij) two or three times a day.
was not inimcdiately cserteil, nnd itM use. it is claimed, does iic
appear to be aceompanied by any drawbacks. On the contrary. I!
Badt have observed cases in which iigathin gave rise to licadaeht
insomnia, vomiting, diarrhtea, thirst, sensation of heat, and ^mar
during micturition.
AILANTHirs GLANSULOSA— AilanthUB-tree, or Chinese
Tho Ailnnthus, or Tree of Heaven (belonging to tho nalunil ordei
baceK<), brought from China, is now naturalized in this country as
tree. Ilic inner htirk, which is the part used, eonlains an oleorei
volatile oil.
The Hiiid eslnict (0,60 to 4 ccin., or mx-f3jl and the tincture
of a to 7.5 c.cni., or f5sfi-ij) have been used. The bark may be
doses of from 0.32 to 0,65 Gni, (or gr. v-x).
Physiological Action. — When taken in full doses, ailanthns i
nnd pur{;<'^; it sUo givi.-s rise to vvrligo. heiirlHchc, pnins in the
limbs, and prostration, with numbness or tingling. Itoth respira
pulsc-rntc are reduced; death results from arrest of respiration.
Therapy. — The fresh hark has been used in the treatment
worm, in decoction (13.5 Gm. to 4T3 c.cm., or Siv-Oj) or the oieon
un., or f5j, doa«5). It has also been uiif^d in timli^imnt »itiir1iiliiiH, in
tfuoiwlic di«or(lur», and in i],vipc[>itin. An infusion of ihe Icavt-s has hccn
aploTed in dvsenterr.
US. — A mixture of ox}-f[cn nnd nitrn^cu, with t^mtillcr quuntitit-s
1^ ctrbon dioxide, argon, and watery vapor, togetijer with acoidenlal
ntfuac and inorganic oon»tiluent-i, rnnijioi^in^ Ihi^ ntniosphtn-, u'tiit h uu
hnlhr. (For tlio effpct* of air, sct> section devoted lo CUmatotherapy,
iIm Puunotherapy and Pneumatic INfFerentiation. Kur I.iiiuid Air, tve
fitimon Heat and Cold ai Therapeutic Agents.)
AIBOL. — This ia a trade dcai^nntinn for liiamuth-oxyiodogallate,
in II grnyi»)i-grci>n, odorlose, tiistcleiri; powder. It is ineoliiblf; in
i), vater, etc. It has been employed im a Rtir^ioal antiseptic dusting*
foider »r a« an emulsion with plycerin (10 per t-ent.). or also as an oint-
bent, at a substitute for iodoform. Airol hn» iilso been used internally as
ai iBtcttinal astrinfjcnt, in doacs of 0.13 lo 0.3'i Gm. {or gr, ii-v) several
tiott daily. Iti ophthalmic pnurti/c Bouivcnlo had ^ond roMuU# in forty
WM of iiifectious, ulcerous keratitis, the lenjedy being lightly dusted
^tbe affwilod area after preliminary antiseptic eleHiising. It* applica-
I it usually painless.
AlCOHOL (U.S. P.), SPIBITirS RECTITICATDS (B. P.).— Alcohol,
Sfint of Wine.
Prtparatiorit:
Otodoratum (U.S,P.)-^Dcoiiori»d Alcohol (7.8 per ouuL. by weight,
Dilutiun (U.8-P.).-— Diluted AlcolioL (6fl i*r cMit,, by weigbt, wntW).
biriliu Frummli (U.S. P.).— Wbiskj tconldin* nbnut AO percent of alcoliol).
Urttuf MvTdiB (U.8.P.).— Bsy-ruoi. For «x tenia 1 uuf,
Thnan Albam (U.S.P.I.— Whitr Whip (iO to 12 per wiit nUiohoI),
Vnum Rubmtn {U.S.P.).— RH Wine 1 10 tn 12 por cent. «Icoh<>l).
Alcohol Ateohitiun (U.S.P.. B.P.). — Absolulv Alcohol (containing not iiior«
'^ 1 o«r tmtl^ l^ nrtight. o( wnter) .
^pfrlUis VIni Oalllcl lU.S. P.. B. P.).— Bmmly (cnnlniiis nhout BO per e^nt, of
TBttam Splritu* Vini nallid (n.P.).— Mixturn of Itrnntly (binndr, 113 ocm.;
^■H»-«at»r. 113 «jnn.i cvfin^d sugar, 14 Gra,; two ;pelks of egga). Dow, 30 to
■ uB. lot ISi'ijl.
Timun Auraatii (B.P.t.-^Orange-wini* (contalno 1ft lo 18 p«r ovnt. alcohol by
VtauH Saricani (B.P.1. — Shfttrv Winr (contniin not Inw thon III por rent. a(
•Wdbr volnnw).
Sot OfflrUit.
Sfiritm Gpiwidf. — Gin (dilute alcoliol flnvorcd by junipcr-bcrrici).
Sidrilnii .lanukvrtiiik. — Inmnira Itiim (npirlfj frnm nioInsMS).
i SJAriliu Odnrntu^t.^Kav-de-Vtilogru!. Cologne- w a tor.
^^ Akiohol ia a litjuid composed of 91 per cent., by weight (94 by volume).
^BeArl-alcohot, and of 9 per cent- by weight (G by volurne), of water.
P^iprmc xn^ity, 0.82l> at .59° F. It i* a tronnparent, colorless, volatile.
ialtiBiinable aubetance. with a charaeteristie, pungent rather ngrueuble
iMteaod odor. The Brili«h Pharmacopu-iu recognizes absolute alcohol atul
PBAKMACEliTICAL THBRAPBUTIC AOKNTB OB DBOOB.
rccfifii'd epiril^ tht- latter containing 90 per cent., by Tolunje,
hydroxidfi.
Pfaarmacologry. — The hydrate of the hydrocarbon radical
ordinurily uinit-rstoiid to he meant liy thd tonn alcohol, although m
nwhfXances are know-n to the chemist. EtJiyl-alcohol, also, is tb
of brandy, whiiiky, wjnt-, and various epirits and cordials. Its c9
the organism are leae toxic than those of other alcohols, such i
methyric, or bulylic. During dl^iiltntioii of grain, unlesM carefully
considerable amylic nlcohol will pass over with the etbylie, espedt
process be continued too long. By keeping whitiky stored for si-v*
the amylic alcohol becomes largely changed into various ethers, i
part a flavor or bouquet to the spirit. The United States Pban
therefore, directs that grain-spirit (whisky) sliould be at least two
and the spirit from fermented grapc« (bnndy) at leart four years ol
is made by fermentation without aistillation. Red wine is a deep-
holic liquid, made by fermenting the juice of colored grapes In th«
of their skins; white wine is of a pale-wnber or straw color, and is
by fermenting the iinmodiSed juice of the grape, free from seeds, >i
eicins. Spiritiis Genevje (gin. or Hollands) is not official: it is ob
adding juniper-berric* to dilutisd alcohol. Kum, or molasses spirit
fuscus, or Jamaicencis). is made by dietillation from sugar or molaS
has undergone alcoholic fennentaiion; it is about the rame .
strength as whisky. j
.Alcohol dissolve* alkaloids, fatly and rennous iiubstanees, and'
used as a menstruum in obtaining the active principles of drugs in
able form for adtninislralion. It is the basis of the t'. S. P. spiri
iir«, and elixir?; spirits being solutions of volatile siibstaucee in
tinctures, sohilions of active principles of plants, generally obt
maceration «nil percolation. An elixir is a cordial flavored wit]
and syrup, generally used as a vehicle for other remedies. Matt liqu
beer, porter, etc, — are produced by fermentation of malt and hops,
tain nutritive material, together with a small proportion of diastai
makes them useful in ci'riain cases of weak digestion. They con
from t> to 10 per cent, of alcohol. Malt liijMors can be taken by t
suffer from the cenibral elTeets of wine, hut to some they are unpl
their effects upon the brain, owing lo the oil of hops which thcj
(Bossbach).
Absolutely-pure alcohol is rarely found, even in the lahoratoi
chemist. Owing to its great affinity for water, it will in lime ul
from the air. Absolute alcohol, of the shops, usually contains abc
cent, of waler. It is a colorless, pleasant-smelling liquid, with a sha;
taste. When added to water, heat is developed, and the mixture
measure ns much as the sum of its constituents, owing to combinati
sides its atCnity for water and its power as a solvent, it has a eoa
action upon alliumin, and is an antifermeot when in solution conti
least 18 per c«nt. of akohol.
Physiological Action. — Owing to volatility,'it gives a cool Bern
the akin at first, but afterward, if evaporation be interfcrt'd wilh,
irritation and beat, and, if continued, produces inflammation.
hardens the integument by abstracting water from it, coagulating
its albuminoid constituents, and dissolving its fat. It has the eat
ALCOHOL.
89
ifta nuooiit iDcmbrancf, tliue enabling it to act &s an astriti^ent. It has
LMOtuuKlhetic action, possibly bv reducing the rongertion by iU cooling
rceofliiiijir'nt vtlvd^ upon the sntalkT blood-vcs^elf.
After alcohol, in the Btrength of ordinni^' spirit!*, is swallnwcd, in email
ntitr 41.) 10 60 c.cni., or f^^^ij), there is a seni^tiot] of heat in the epi-
fiatn, which soon diffuses tt$«ir over tho body. The experiments of t)r.
uoni fhowcd that Kmnll amounts increased the vaficularity of the stom-
land stimtilalcd the flow of gasitric »ecrciion«. I'ndir fitvi'inbli.- circiim-
thiMx'fori', ak-ohol iucrcuwK the digestive power, cousinjj iin aiig-
BMOted gastric juice. If taken in large qiianlities, sppt^lilf i» lout and nausea
■pr**"! ind the digwlivf power is tutpcnded. Ae a rei-ult of long-coa-
ucufd indulgence in alcohol, the eiomaeh undergoes ehanges in itsi coats,
new arenlar liwui- bring formed, which, by its subBeqncnt eontrDCtiou,
«47asgnlat«6 the gastric glands; hence, dyspepsia and gastric catarrh, with
morning vomiling, arc very common among druDkarii». In addition to
E'XrKtQral changes, alcohol, in excess, precipitates pepsin from the gastric
juiK, and lliiw increu«'K digestive dillieiiUies.
IL Wendelsladt,' of Itoun, as a result of some eiperinients made to de-
lezniiiie the inlhicnc*' of alcohol on the respiration iu nian. found that there
^raimuch individual variation, but in "it cases in which pure alcohol was
infUfd. T showed diminution of respiratory uetivily; hut, when the alcohol
^HK taken in the form of wine, only 'i showed such diminufion. while the
anmnt of incrcuw in every ca*c in which it occurred was greater. The in-
CRMewas also more marked in cases of fatigue or debility, lie therefore
amidadit that in dobiJitalvd ftate^ of th<? body, alcohol, e«peciaU; in the
hiaof wine having much aroma, is the best stimulant.
Dr. GloMT has recently studied llie etTert of alcohol upon (he kidneys
I nd urine. lie finds that a moderate quantity of alcohol causes irritation
[tfthe kidnevi' and allcm ihi' i'oluhility of thr urinary sails, favoring the
'ijiritof oicalflte of hme and uric acid. The iuRucnce does not extend be-
m thirty-tiix honr*. but the eontiniied use of alcohol produces a cnraula-
Iwtfftct, Dr. David Cenia, who has also investigated the action of alcohol,
ndvivt that in large doscii it enhances coagulation of the blood, while in
■*iiF >)uantitiei it <}estroys the ozonizing power of that fluid end ciiiim<)' a
''puiiMn of hiEmogluiiin from the corpuscles. Over-indulgence in alcohol
M«lnng be*n thought to impair the sexual power, and there seems resaon
•" infer from ei-nain experiments made by il. Bouin and M. C. QarniBr'
tte it mar actually cause decided degenerative cli«nge» in the testicles.
fining induced chronic alcoholism in a number of white rats, in two of
tkciDtmals they found atrophy of the tc'-ticleK. with almost complete de-
rttwtion of ihe epithelium of the seminiferous lubules.
Dnbois noticed Ihat certain plant* exuded droplet* of moisture over
lWiiir(ac« when exposed to the influence of chtorofomi, ether, beniin, and
llmhol. Ue considers the procew an indication that the vapors penetrated
tfce protopWma of the plant-tissues and forced out the water, taking its
jitet. Meyer* bases a theory in regard to the effect of narcotics in man ou
Ike obatrvation of this phenomenon, suggesting that certain aubatonccs in
■ /^Bo^t. tvb. 17. ismo.
■fVtMr J/MiMlr. Jun. 17. lOOfl.
■JraMr f. Srp. Palh. 1. P/iartmilMloilie. xlti, Z to 4.
90 rUARUACGUTICjlI. THERAPeilTlC JLOEN'TS OB DRt
the protoplasma of the cotlf — tlie lutiithio, etc., — eo important to th
functioning of tlic cell, are dissolred out of their normal proportion
lion and conibtnalion in rosiK-ct to the otluT components of the t
water, ealte, albumin, etc.,— by the tension of solubility lietwecitjj
chloroform, alcohol, and other nurcoticti. analo^oug to the effect!
the organism. If ihia theorj- ig correct, then all chemical Eubatani
dissolve fat and hoiHes rescmhlin); fat — lecithin, protagun, etc — i
ducc ft narcotijiin;! effect on living pmtoplasma, and the effect
most marked on the cells which contain the lorgcst proportion of I
stan(«i<: the nurvc-cellB. The effect would also depend on the ni
affinity of the narcotic« for the other constituents of the cells Ix
fatly mutters, CEpccinlly the water, and aUo on its co-eilicient of d
a mixture of water and fatty suliKtance*.
Upon the nervous system alcohol first has an exciting effect,
bj narcotitim or coma. The arteriole arc dilnled, thus admitting n"
io the brain, and this ie succeeded by diminution of mental activi
to the elTecta of the alcohol upon the ganglion-cellii, weakening th'
A similar ofTcct is seen on the spina] cord, usually occurring later
soinetimeit preceding, the brain symptoms. The reflex action o(
is reduced and the power of co-ordination impaired, so that wall
a staggering gait, and finally Ihc knco^ will no longer support
This paralyzing effect is sUo seen in the sympathetic system, sinct
lation of certain vaKCulnr nrcss muHt he due to the loss >if functi
vasomotor nerves. The action upon the centres in the medulla
the lowered temperature, the slowing of the pulse after a prelimit
oration, and the sighing r<!spiration or sterlnr. Donlh is produc
spiratory paralyais and lowering of the bodily heat, from this it ii
ueohol will not protect from cold, but will actually hasten the (
of death from cold. The experience of Arctic voyagers ia to the i
those pcreon* endure the rigors of the winter best who ahstnin froi
Dr. Parkes, in the'Ashantee campaign, also found that the fatigue
ing in the tropics is borne better without the aid of n spirit rati
to the diminution of muscular and nervous energy and capacity
due to the physiological action of thi* agent, Tlie only advantaj
from its use was to take away the feelings of fatigue after the
come into camp, and thus enable them to eat. It is also useful, ir
of hot drink, to revive a person, who has been exposed to coldj
exposure has ceased.
As to the changes that alcohol undergoes in the body. An
that s variablf amount (1 to 15 c.cm., or f5i-iv) disappears, or is bi
the blood or the tissues; this quantity may be increased by hi
excess is thrown off by the lungs, kidneys, howels, and possibly b;
Prof. W. (). Atwater, of Middletown. Conn., has recently ma
experiments to determine the relation of physiological or mode
of alcohol to general nutrition, conducted with the aid of a c
chamber in which the subject of the experiment was confined.
1. That extremely little of the alcohol was given off unconsumcd
in the oxidation all of the potential t-nergy of the alcohol was tr
into heat or muscular ener<;y. 3. Tliat the alcohol protected th
of the body from consumption just as effectively as the con
amounts of sugar, starch, or fat. It is, however, to be home i
AUXtnoL.
91
Ike nflaeDoe of the alcohol upon the circulatory and nervous function* '»
ttpKUllf important and that these mntlere did not come within the limits
« Alwater'a experiment*.' Tho infcrt-ncf sought to be drawn from these
ixpenmenls that alcohol is a safe and useful food is quo(tton<>d by Wood-
mj and Egbert, who e#si>r1 thut alcohol at the beet is useful only as a
tiaaltnt and excitant to the circulation and nervoun Mystt!in« during cnicr-
gtadvs^ out) they tguote anthoritic!^ to prove that as a food its objectiom ont-
>eijh lis tlU'^'d adrantagcs.^
loxiMlo^. — The symptom* and irciilnu-nt of acute poisoning by
•Icohol dillcr (o much from tboae of the chronic form of alcoholism that
Cttch stale musl he ^parntely ronsidcrcnl -.^ —
I. Acuif poisoning by alcohol munifcsia itself by an exaggeration of
|tlie physiological action. The rapidity with which gnivi> symptomM appear
lis ID proportion to the quantity of alcohol taken, its form, and, to some
h^Elat, its temperature, as hot drinks more rapidly intoxicalv than cold.
^iVktK a iargf quantity is taken at once, as when a whole bottle of whisky
9 innk on a vager, or a comparatively large quantity administered lo a
:l^!ii, th* ntHgc of ('xcitemi'nt is too brief to be noticed, and the patient fulls
■it once into a stupor, which may be followed liy coma or fatal eonvulsions.
"Wltfe the iiilminisirution is spread out over a lonjier period. drunkenncM
cows on progressively, but ends in unconsciousness and insensibility, and
^be patient i» snid to be deud-drunk, because of hi* complete helidiwiiess.
SiMe alcohol increases the blood-supply of the brain (and especially since
<J»iiBkfn men arc apt to full hearily and strike Iheir heads), the utate of
•iMfcolic coma may often be accoinpanied by meningeal hiemorrbuge or
*Ml(zy. Intoxicated persons xhouUl never he allowed to sleep olT their
dnokeoDess, but shouhl be treated as if they were poisoned, us — in fact
— ^bejatt. The trMlment couitist* simply in evacuating the stomach with
*«ftiM (mustard, etc.,) or the pump, and administering ammonia, either
tlenntnatic spirit or the carbonate, both by the month and by inhalation.
Ilttpirit of Miudererui likewise fulfills the same purpose. Digitalis may
btpien hyiK>dcnniiyiHy; or, if the patient is noisy, morphine and atropine
niudfnte dosee. It is said that 30 or (!0 e.em. (or fji-ij) of eider-vinegar
^•iohcring effect; and after emptying the stomach with the stomach-
|«6p it is well to introduce a pint of warm coffee, — it should not l)e hot
wfc», for fe«r of injuring the stomach during nneonsciouaneas. .\rtificial
M^inlion and electricity may be required to keep up the breathing and
lamnt the undue accumulation of carbonic acid in the blood. Cold affu-
Mi should be ueed with care, on account of the lowering of temperature
htheakohol; but hoat and sinapisms arc of great utility. Apoplexy, or
••nbral hsmoirhagc. may be suspected when there is marked deviation of
tbtcyes or unequal dilatation of the pupils, especially if there is co-existing
futlYsie of one side of the face or of the arm or leg In such a case the
fDtttiaii of surgical interference would come up, to decide upon the prc«-
(9ee of fracture of the skull or memngenl ha>morrhage and the appropriate
taataient therefor.
8, Chronic poisoning by alcohol may be shown by the changes taking
•BalMiM Xo. 09. »/ fhr F. S. Dtportmmt '.f AiiriciiItuiT. Xor.. 18».
•Jmnat »/ (A« AmerttMn l/rdlcat .1 xwidnHon, Murch 31, lUOO.
98 I'HARMACBfTICAL THKRAPEmC AOEXTS OR DttCOS.
place in the stomach, liver, and Icidntye; incrcsgc of Gbrotie o
(i*8ii«, followc<d by contraction and destrnction of the clinractfrist
inp cells, and fatty infiltration; or. in other wonU, the tyjio of cirr
to the long-cou tinned action of alcohol upon the tissuefl. Gastrii
indigefition due to defiriinl iiction of the livtT, and ulbitminuria (
Inct4id and erippled )iidneys are commonly met with In old alcol
jectB, Chronic laryn^iti« und bronchitis. al»o chronic calorrlial jn
and Tibroid phthii-iH, are also frequent in such subjects. The offe
ever, are most marked upon the norvoii!* ttytt^m. Dr. Wilks has
cases of paTapte<;ia and numbness. Ana?«theeia and violent Ehoot
have followed Ihft long-eontinur-d and excewive uae of alcohol,
vasomotor disturbance due to the habitual use of alcohol haa been
by l>r. Q. Kaempfer. A man, who bad hca-n on excessive drlnke:
tucked, within half an hour after taking any alcoholic fluid, by an
on the &kin conttisLing of patches of erythema of variable size a
also injection of the pharynx and distension of the veeacis of tl
The Hush upon the skin faded within an hour after its appearai
form of insanity accompanied by puclivmcningitifi may be caused b
'Hie damage produced by the habitual consumption of alcol
confined to the drunkard, but ii; transmitted to his children. It
abundantly shown that the oiTspring of alcoholics are degenerate!
with morbid craving for drink and subject to cpilepity, idiocy, ch'
teria, and physical defects. When alcoholic poisoning is ment
^oncrnlly understand it to mean deliritim trement< or mania u pot
are not identical; the latter is, to all intents and purposes, an aci
of mnnia caiued or incited bv alcoholic excess. Delirium tremer
contrary, is a milder form of delirium, due partJy to the action of tl
upon the brain, but also verv largely to anicmia of the great cei
the former the patient Is viofent. and requires several men to con
but once controlled, and the inojicr medicines given (potassium
hyoscine hydrobromate. or chloroform inhalation*), the pntieni
period of sleep, uitiiaily rapidly recovers. In delirium Iremens 1
toms are mainly those of nnieniia of the brain: it is apt to occi
bout of drinking lusting .K'Vi'ral dny:", during which very little foo
or is rejected by vomiting from the excess of alcohol. Here tl
has a quiet delirium, and ba* hullucinations of sight and hearii
in many cases may not greatly annoy him. but, on the other
visions may be horrifying and very dislrcs.iing. These patients
treated with ditriialis, and aroyl nitrite may be cautiously given I
tion. or nitroglycerin by the mouth. NouriiJiment must be given
readily assimilated and at short intervals, hot broths, well season
the most acceptable to the sloinaeb. If, as is usually the ease, tl
haa been a steady drinker for a long time, alcohol should not b
withheld from him, lint given In combination with food. In siicl
the blood-vessels are generally the subject of atheromatous cha
the heart reqiiircs its accustomed stimulation in order to carry o
culation. If the patient cannot sleep, he may be helped by sndiun
and chloral (au 0,(15 Gm., or gr. x), by hop-tea with capsicum, o
moniated tincture of valerian. For the debility and tremor, nv
haa proved very usefid in comparatively large doses of the tinciun
or f3»», or more). Hypodermic injections of etrychnine nitratt
i
ALCOnOL.
B3
••efnt After death from chronic alcohoiifltn the or^^aDism tihowa changes
meterypart, whieh BarUioIowaiiniflupin \v/a wor(I*"libn»»i»un<l Ktvutosis."
Bj inhaling the vapor of alcohol complete anesthesia may be prn-
dnc«d,ai>)i the tliSerent negreeit of intoxication up to in»en!iihility. lit »iich
oscf the etomach need not be emptied, but artiticial respiration in the open
>air,or the inhalation of oxygen vill soon i-t>iit(ire the patifnt in consdnniineM.
jTlwiDaT be hd<ten«d by a stimulating enema.
[ Aheinthiam, a form of alcoholic poinojiin^t attended by epilepay, follow-
Izkg iodulgrnce in abMnthe. has been alreuOy d ii-ciii-jred.
Tlunpy. — Alcohol may be used as an evaporating lotion in eases of
^otftl inflammnlion, or of bruise or spruiii. Diliitid alcohol (DO e.cni., or f.^iij)
^ritii Wd-waler (30 c.cm.. or [,\j) and morphine acetate (O.Gj Gm., or j,t.
tty, (I^UmI upon s single layer of cloth or absorbent cotton and allowed to
^▼twratc, formfl an excellent lotion to keep down intlnmmation, and in point
of clMDliness ismuch better thun the old lead-woter and laudanum. Abitoluta
#l(ohol is UM-d a.4 an a.4tringent application to exuberant granulations (polypi)
I'in the «r, and also applied as just directed to control acute inflammation
I of efUnlar lisAuc, and in OTysipebi^. Ordinary alcohol is a. good application
to wneDt bed-sores, and for thi» purpose it is customary to add a little aliini
(4bni. to 473 c.cm.. or ^i-Oj). Hot applieations of alcohol relieve pain, and
in (icitt neuralgia, cold in the face, or toothache, the employment of u smnll
tendlMg containing ho^Kt and dipped in hot whisky will generally afford
"•t'H relief. In some akin diH'«sc». as ulcers. lo«< of )iair. fro*t-l>ite, ex-
secretion of sweat or oil, fetid sweating, freckles, and vegetable pora-
iu alEtctions, concentrated alcoholic preparations may lie used. Some
n^fomuUe are here added: —
HAkdholls.
EA boroglytvridi (SO jwr «PBt.) ah 60{ e.cm. or fjij-
U. Sf.: Applf Insbr ID txcetniv^ or fHid nwcatiiig, and in i-fgctable paraaitic
*^mt at tli# »kia.
ITwo glycerin does not agree, we may prescribe: —
» Ahobolh 60
Cvniiiir hjrilroclilorati*
Afidi borici i
c.pm. w Wj.
32 Qm. or sr. y.
Gm. or 3J.
^ Slff.: Uw with oM miwlln nr cottim (n (rost-bltn, oJty «ccTvtion, fr>d[)M,
••* «Wr pgntenlary drpusiu.
• ^«tal|^lllri 120| ccm. or (Sv.
liacU unci* vmuioe,
Tlnn. tafiei «a ISj r.wii. or (Jm.
S- SIg.: ^pJoy tt OB l)i« sc«Ip tor Iom o( Imlr.
Uoir recommend.4 the local application of alcohol or an alcoholic solu-
te at an effective abortive measure in herpes. The aamc treatment will
■S(tp (he pain of herpea soater.
L XcuftadI' reports n ea>c confirmatory of Biere and Salzwcdel's cx-
fmmt* as to the great valne of alcohol dressing in tubercular lesions.
ui the case referred to thor<t were tcndo vaginitis and ostciti* tubcrcukwa
ef the led liand. After the daily apphcations of a compress wet with alco-
kiA for six weeks, it wa« completely cured, although it had been pronounced
'Pngrr mrdUlaUflK WodiruMhritt, Fob. 13, 1000.
94
PHARUACEirnCAL TSKBAPBL'TtC AGENTS OB DRaOB.
fl proper case for amputation previous to the Irentnivnt. Ad};ci
reported 7 custe of local tiiberculoeis treated bj alcohol, 3 of
cured and 4 remarkably improved.
Its iintiscptic virtues and the astrinKeucy which it possccM!
sequcnci^ of its power >>f (.'iiii;(ii[alirij( ultininiu rfiidtrs alcohol, wher
diluted, on excellent frargle in phorynKitis, stoniaiitis, seun-y, and i
It 13 also useful to iipl'ly tin flli'olioliir lotion to th« nipplet; of unrein
in order to prevent the formution of fissureG. Alcohol pf^sessei coi
value as an ha-mostatic, and may be utilised in om-t where cspiU^
occurs, the follovring prcMription being very valuable: — I
n Ali-oholif, 1
I. ill. vipcnit, T
ExL hnmnroplidU 11. nn SO] e.om. or l|
M. SIg.: Riiigiloy its ft styptic in local hwmurrhage.
To the actioD upon tho digmilive or^ns and the Etimnliiting el
UiA nervous mtem and the circulation are to he ascribed the uac|
Ihe Ireatmcmt of diM>a»c of alcohol judiciously ^iveu It is no
sickness to reduce temperature, altbonjjh it accomplishes this i
nor is it ^ivcn m a nurcotic, although it# sedative action may n
desired. In almost all cases it is intended to act as a restorative, a
fore, its adniinislration must he kept well within pbysiiilogical li
some cutvf. espeeiully in typhoid fever, unfortunate results hav*
its use wilh too froe a hand. In most cases of O-vit, (rom (>0 to
(or foii-iv) of whisky daily is amply sutlicient for an adult, and i
this does harm. It is judicious, however, to make allowance for lln
previous habits. One flccuslonicd to the daily use of alcoholic
will, ifeiierally speaking, require proportionally larger doses thi
stuiner when atluukei) by any severe disease.
In phthisis a tolerance seems to exist, and patients can take
Iiirge qiiiintities without showing symptoms of intoxicalion. The h
Flint reported the case of a younfi lady who took a pint of whisky
nearly two years for piilmcmary phtliisis, and wns finnliy cured
course of a disease, when the powers of life are succumbing, the f
of the heart is weak; the pulse feebip, soft, and irrejjutar, but
rapid; when syncope or delirium threatens, alcohol should be ;
denvoring to combine it with food, such n» brolh, milk, gruel,
period at which these symptoms generally appear is, in typhus fe
the end of llic first week; in typhoid, at the end of the second
small-po.t, when the secondary fever commences. The e.tcellcnl
rules formuhited by Dr. Armstrong for the use of alcohol in fev
confidently followed. Alcohol is beneficial when ihe dry longnt
under ils ii;<e, the rapid pulse becomes more slow, Ihe skin less pal
the respiration more tranquil, and, it might be added, where it
patient, If opposite results follow, the remedv should be auspei
the above rules. Hinger adds that alcuhol does good when it prod
and quells delirium. In measles, when the eruption turns dark i
rhagic, alcohol is best given in as large doses as will be borne, ai]|
intervals, as puinU'd out by Vr. John M. Keating- In acute infll
as in pneumonia, when the heart begins to fail inid symptoms
appear, alcohol can u»tially be given with marked benefit.
ALCOHOL.
95
omeatioi] of tlic Inngf. Ij-phoid pncumoDie, or the pneumonia pt thi? nged,
ilnuolic siimulntion is particularly indicnted. Diplitlicriii, phlegmonous
ttjnfdit, and tubcrculotis of bouc!<, joints, or •;Und& are affections in whieh
finulatjon is demanded. The 9lron;:er alcoholio hcvcragcs—vudi ae wino,
rtitlET, or britnd)'' — on; vuhiubk' in old uge, when digestion is weak and in-
mnut marked. Hot spirits and water, cautiously ndminiatored, is uKcfu!
imtorativc in (he condition of «hock Ihc ri-»ult of iujiiry. During con-
ice Irom ferers, when the structures of the heart and stouiadi have
tllcred hv the fevcr profje.iit anil digt-stion is weak, it is often found
i( nult liquor in some form increases appetite and digestion, improves
BQtiitioD, and enables the piiiient to ssleep better ut night, lu tho *unie way,
penaoB who follow sedentary occtipatione. and whose bodies are insufli-
ci«nily nouri^hHl, often lind iiiiich hciiufit fmin llu) mv of akobol in niod-
vntcquanliticE. given just before or after or taken with their meaU. llsanti-
*«j>tK powen are useful in infectioui^ dyspepsia, where digestion \* Htopped
by th« growth of micro-organisms, which scjt up excessive fermentation in
tmnninach and intestinal canal. 11r acknowledged value in the zi'motic
diintM, and pre-eminently in diphtheria, is partly due to its untiecptic
c6oa in the alimentary tract. In a similar manner, in cholera epidemics,
aXctliol has decided prophylactic cfTvcts. and this is not controverted by
Uieticl that persona weakened by debauches and alcoholism are most liable
to pcTuh from tfat- disease. In cholera intanlnin, also, hnindy exerts an
C3c<lknt influence; and, indeed, in many bowel disorders among adults
(wbeli an often connected with the growth of micro-organisms) nieohol in
tlKforai of brandy or red wine (port or Burgundy) is of great assistance in
'Uutr^-elment. ^'^len flatulent colic or neumlgic pain« occur in the ahdo-
)itti,(lothB wet with hot whisky externally and some hot loddy internally
ginpmmpt reliff; in inf>inl>, gin and hot water i» a remedy often used for
Mlif by old nurses.
Fonni of AloohoL — In order to estimate the effects of different forms
q( iloetiolic liquors, the following comparative strength should be reniein*
BriDdf. vtibkf, nun, gin. cordinto.. .30 to 50 por cent, of nbsulule alouhoL
Stratah aad Il*lian sw»«t wInM i:i to IT " " "
Botk ud claret 8 to U
Un» portar -t to B "
llwl or bMT 4 lo S ■' " " "
KconiM 1 to 3
Champagne contains from 8 (o 10 per cent., but the presence of the
(■fbJiiic-acid gas makes it more "heady"; that is to say. the cerebral stini-
■btini is proiiuci'd inorv quickly, and with a smaller quantity of alcohol
Atn by ihc still wines, and th« after-effects in the way of headache or
nnim] congestion are Icm apt to occur. Moreover, the carbonic acid acts
Mkicdative to the stomach, thus making champagne cspeeinlly serviceable
■doe the stomach is irritable, and where prompt stimulation is rei^uired,
• is setficknes or in yellow fever, ftliere the expense is an insupenihle
tb}(ctii>i). a gowl suhstiiule may be made extern porn neoiisly by the addition
cf orbnnic-acid water or koumiss to wine or brandy.
Special Applications-^Ao un antidote in snake-bite, alcohol enjoys an
cttesfiti: reputation, which has not much scientific foundation, The liquor
AkH be givfi) only, a vincghissful or so at a time, repeated at intervals.
9G
PHABHACEariCAl, TBEBAPKCTIC AGENTS OH DHUQS.
[jut »)ioiil<l uot bf given iB excessive quantities on account of the danger *
fatal alcoholic eoina. A ligalnn.- slioulil bu thrown around the limb or men
b«r bitten, if possibU-. and the part cut out or oauierized; if a finger, it migl
be safer to amputate il. It nm, the ligature should ofter uwhitc be loosenc
gradually, and immedifltcly lightened upon the reappearance of the sjro;
toms. In this way the .^yslem will be able to throw olf the poieon; wherea
if the whole quantity were to be introduced at once, it would he overwhelm©
The alcohol here ams, not a» an antidote, but as a stimuhnt to kvcp up U
ciroulotion until thv poii;on i« eliminated.
In septic poisoning — »eptiea'niia, saprtein [a, dissecting wounds, ctc.~
alcohol a considered to have an antidotal effect, and, with quinine, const
tutea the great reliance for overcoming the tendency to a fatul r«:<uU an
keeping up Uic strength. Alcohol is. in some measure, antidotal to the pw
son of the hnoillus tubi^reulosiii, and it n to rlti.i action ihat it" unquc-jilioiiaU
^'ahie in prolonging life in phthisis is due. .
Phelps and Powell' claim that alcohol is the best antidote for carboii
acid poisoning. Phelps declares that it is a safe and sure preventive again
the escharotio action upon ihe skin and mucous membranes. Several "
Etauccs have been reported in which a fatnl dose of the acid had been lakrai
but, owing In prompt use of whisky or brandy, the patient recovered. (S
Aoidum Carbolioum.)
.AJcohi)! whould not he given in eaaej" of liver disease, nor in nephrit
In gout the sweet wines and malt liquors are inndmissihte, but, if a stir
lanl be rttquired, whieky may he used cautiously, on account of the tenden
to kidney disease. Malt liquors and sweet wines are injuriuns in diabct
but dry wine, whisky, and brandy sometimes answer a useful purpose in thai
disease by promoting nutrition without increasing the loss of sugar. Durinj
the course of a gnnorihiea or urethritis, it is ciutomary to forbid the nw «
alcohol in any form. It should not be used in hypertrophy, with overactioi
of the heart.
For the relief of cancer of the hroiwl, Hawe, in 1873 {nt a mealing o
German Physicians' and Naturalists' Association), presented a communica
tion advocating injection of alcohol. The subjeet of ihe treatment of c«nce
by interstitial injections of alcohol lias since been reviewed editorially by Di
C. K. de M. Sajou*.' Hr. Kdwin J. Kuh has reported a case of primary' canc«
of the nano-pharynx cured by injections of alcohol," but subsequently report
serera) failures of the treatment.*
ALETBIS. — Star^irau, Biasing-star. Uealy-starwort, Colio-rottt
Aletris farinosa il.iliaces) is an indigenous plunl, the leaves of whid
spread upon Ibc ground iu the form of a stai'. The rhizome contain
•tnroh and a bitter principle, hut appears to he free from tannin. Th
Tirtues of the root arc extracted hy nlcohol. In HUiatl dose* aletris is i
hitter tonic; it increases ihe appetite, loosens the bowels, and promote
the secretion of urine. In larger i|iiautitics it acts a* a cathartic am
emetic. Aletris has hci'n used in lolic, chronic rheumatism, and dropq
It is said to he serviceable, likewise, in dysiuvnorriuea. The dose of tbi
• Uerck-t Arxhtvft. IVc., ISJW.
'Monihtu CvrilnpirilUi nf I'rafticnl Mr4M-nf, Jan.,
'ITi^trtir Krcorii. April IT, INUT.
• PhllaatlfiMa MHical Journal. Maj- 28. 1898.
I89S.
ALura.
97
r is 0.65 Uin. (or cr. x). An infusiuii (1-lti) ift given in UliluspooDful
The NaUonsI 1- oruiulury coiitaiiig u lluid extract.
f AUi™ (U. S. P.).— Garlic.
Preparation.
^nvpus AItU (U.8.P.). — The syrup of garlic con^Jiw garlic (20 per cent.),
■U duuterf antic Add, uid augar. Dvw-, 0.00 to 4 c.cm. (or mi-foj}.
Pharmacology-— f'tiriic i» the bulb of tlio Alliwm witivum (Lilincusc),
iMlive oi .\-i& and Eppt, but now naturalized in Kurope and .America,
id teiemble* the onion und l«ck iu its ('bi'riiii.'ul chiiniekTv, as ils nctin:
i&dple ifl a volatile, oily substsnce — sllyl-Bulphide. Qarlic is more active
aa the others, owing to poucKSing a largi-r projwrtioii of tbc uotivu prin-
ple. TTie bulbs may be kept unchanged for years by placing them in large
ttn bottles ooniaiuing a i^mnll nmoiint of alcohol and ttcciircly cloftlng the
•ttl*8 by stoppers of glass or cork, as proposed by Mr, A. P. Sharp (Proc.
. P. A., 18&1). The plinrmacopa-iu directs that garlic ohuuld be u.ied with*
■t betog drie^.
IliTBoliieical Action and Therapy. — Qarlic is antiseptic, but its eSecte
^chiefly tho«e of a stimulnlinj; cxpectonint. Wliilc Us antiscptie prop-
rtitthave been trieil in phthLnis without succeaeful results, it is useful as an
Kptctoiant in chronic bronchitis, or in cnfTuuutive catarrh (capillary broii-
kutif of infants). Here it may also be made one of the ingredients of poul-
■cs to be applied to the chest, or the oil may be wwd externally, hut the
ifleniive odor of garlic will in moet families be a bar to its use. A garlic
l!«ritic« may also be sucecwfully t-inphiyecl in infantile convulsion «, and
rdims the pain of gaatro-enteritiB, The syrnp is a good addition to cough
votntt, but cannot be used in conjunction with alkalies, such as ammonium
nAante or the bromides, on account oF its containing free acetic acid. The
Ipif efgsrlic can be adminl«tered thus with service in the treatment of
InKhiiis, especially of children; —
R Sjtwp. allii 60] c.em. or fji].
!pt albcr. nitron,
BfyreriBi - - IB 30| com, or (Jj.
it Sig.; Ftooi one to two t(«<ii)Oon(uls in water ernry lionr or two,
8 BrnpL allii UOl c.cm. or fjlij,
^^ ^mf. pieia liquid* Ool o.cni. or [Jij.
^^■L Sl(.: A tca^MMafnl or two in water every two or three hours.
H'tbe joice of garlic in the dose of 2 to 5 drops has been given for the
Wfe of nervous vomiting.
CarUc, like the onion, has antiscorbutic cfTects. and is a stimulant car-
omiilite. Do^e, 2 flm. (or gr. xxx): beat given as a syrup. It is destructive
Co imbncoid or round worni«. It is also cflicicnt against a«curidcs when
MbunittrTed by Ihe rectum. Garlic is a domestic remedy in whooping-
BOngb, and a garlic poulticv applied to the perineum h '«sh\ to relieve
bugttty.
Alljrl-tri bromide. — Thie compound, otherwi*o known a» tribromhvdrin,
bKlj relit«d to the oil of garlic, is a colorless or faintly-yellowish fluid,
rfaid 1mi a specific gmvitj of 2.43, soIidiGes at 50" F., and boils at 423° F.
PHABUACEUTICAL TUBBAl'KUTIC A0KST8 Oil DRC08.1
Allyl-lribronude diEsoIves in ether, and in S-drop doses, inclosed i
hflfl been uivtn with adrantuge in vnriuus spasmodic nffectioni!, t
uthma, wliooping-cougb, infantile convulsiens, and angina pectH
ALLIUM CEFA. — The onion (Lilincea) is cultivated everyi
the bulb is coinmonly used att a food. Oiiionjt arc uUo largd
domestic practice as a catuplnsm for "earache" or for acute ■'
also added to sugar and wnlcr and giwn as a cough-^yruj
("Practical Hygiene") states tiiat "on account of its volatile oila
tribe in largely ufl«-d, and in a rupilnl condiment, nod has an at
nntiscorbulic. The oil appears to be identical with that dei
garlic, (C,H,)rS. OnioiiM eoutniii phosphoric acid, citrate of l£
^^e, and sugar, in addition to the allyl sulphide.
According tn tlie curcftil studies of Dr. Pilacki, th<! codsv
onions causes a decrease of the assimilation and metabolism of n
material. The a»»iniilutirjn cxccvdi; the loss of nitrogon. The ui
endly increased. Thi: diminished assimilation may be due to thi
effect of large uiiaiititiee of ouion upon the gnstric juice and
Dr. Popoff has shown that onions neutralize the acid of the gai
In a email quantity, howcvttr, ouious promote digestion. Oi
especially garlic, produce a decided augmentation of .secretion 0
Siocria great di;pcndence is placed on the onion as a propbylac
scurvy.
l)r, Whitla points out that, owing to the large proportion
which it contains, the Spatiish onion mav he iitit ii^ fit e tori ly ci
tho$e cases of skin d;»euse in which it is desirable to administi
The action of the volatile constituents enhances that of th
Boiled Spunish onion, cniun freely at bed-time, is an excellen
The author mentioned values the onion particularly in chronic
the larger respiratory tubes. According to George Covert, (
removes the odor of onion from the breath.
The raw sliced onion can be used as a counter-irritant;
constituents are especially irritating to the conjunctiva.
ALinjS.^Alder-bark. The bark of the Ameriean iilder ot
AInus serrulata (lietulnceie), contains tannic acid, a resin, and
i« uBvil for its aslringont efti'ds, chiefly in the form of fluid exl
fusion (diluted freely), as a mouth.wash for spongy gums, a
BOrc throat, an injection in leucorrhipa. and for applications
Internally, it has been given in diarrha?a and hienialuria. It i
to have allerulive effects, and has been nsed successfully in sent
xUs, and some cutaneous diseases. The dose of fluid extract is
c.cm. (or mx-xl),
Alnuin, an alcoholic extract, composed principally of the
been employed internally in doses of 0.0(15 to O.SO Gm. (or gr. i
AI0£.~Al9eB.
Aloe riiriat-ula m.BLP.).— Piirin*d Aloe*: a Straiued Alcoliolk KkI
0.06fi to 1.30 Gm. (or gr. i-xx).
Alw BarbudpuuB (U. 8. P.. B. P.).— BsrliadMB Alo«. Dose. ai3 lo (
gr. U Jt).
a
ALOE.
99
Bm-utrln* (U.S. P., R.P.>.— l^ocolrlne .UoM. Dow, 0J2 to 1^ 6m. {or
. «-n|. D. 1'.. U.13 to OuSi: <;in. (or gr. ll-v).
V. S. /*. Prti>aralion$.
AMaun. — Alola. Dow, OJOtHi to ».I3 Um. (or gr. V»-ij).
ExtTsi^um Alum,— EaUikI of Alovs. Dot-, DjQS to OM Um. (or |[r. m-V).
PtIuU- Aluvk.- rilU of Alon. Dok, I to 9 iiilU.
PlfaalMi Altwq vt A-alipllOH-— Pi1l> at AKm'h unil AvifrtiiU. Dniw, t to 5 filUt.
mnka .\)(>e> •■t pPtri ^I'ill* of Alon aiiil Irun. I>oi«, 1 to & pUts,
Nulw Aliwo i-t Xla>l>'-lir>.- rilU ill Alxrh nnd Mattir. Dow, 1 to 5 plIU.
ifluW Aliica rl Myirliup. — I'illii of Alum Hiiil Mjiih. l>u«p, I to 6 pillB.
I^lului H>H-t (Vui|io*iU-.- -L'oiD pound TilU of Itliubarb. Uuu, 1 lo A ptlln.
Tkantitm Aloeo- — Tim-luM of Altin 1 10 |i«r cviit.). Da'«, 2 to TJiO <Mni. (or
Tkortur* Aloo n M)rrrh«.— Tlnotuf* of Atoi-a Mid Hjnh |nl Murh. Id per
L.I . V*a*r, 'I to T^ c-cjii. (or fSMt-ij).
DOH, <MM9 lo
*^Va
kon. — AMa. Domv ftM to 0.13 Gm. (or (rr. M-lj).
tam Alov* Uaibiiiltiul*. — Kxtfact ol BarliiMlora AloM.
lor ex. iivi.
rthiU AW* ltatb«den*i».— Pill ut B«>b«doM Aloes. Do«e. U.25 to O.SO On),
■fr. tv-vttj).
I*llu)> AloM SocolrUur.— PUI o( Socoirim Alo<-«. Dow. 0^ to 0.S0 Chu. (or
ir-rilj 1 .
l*UaU Alovn oK AMfirlidir.— Pill of Atuca and AMfctldn. Dow, O.SS to 0.60
k, (or %t. t*-vit)l.
nitiU AltHO «t Fmt— I'll! of Aloca and Iron. Dom, A.£3 to O.OO lim. for gtr.
Do*e. 0.sa to 0.00 Unt. <ar
Ilia A]«ei ft Mfrrbv.^l'ill ul Alucs kbA. Myrrli.
Tartars Aloe*. — Tiocliir* of Ato«ii. Dow, 2 lo 4 c.cm. lur t3>">-J) tor rep«at«il
Uon: tor stngjv aitmitiiainlion. (I to I.S ccn. (or fSiM'ij).
DavoctUBi All)** riiupoutun (K P.), or Bourn* do \ve, t'ontaiiis abuul Q.S5 Gin.
^. i*| aim to 30 t^.t-m. (or 13j), with enrdunioni, Ucoiice, (oiTTnn, and myrrli.
C 15 lo 00 vxta- (or IJuiJ).
Aln— bUo Mit«>r> into totnpuond eitiaH of fQlopfittb and conipoiiml Ilii(>liir(>
I ■■mill (t>'. 8. P^ B.r.)i comtioiind pitl of ralocynth |B.P.). SO parlii; compound
•4 bjriM«f«inua IB.P.}) and compound jiill of gamboKo (B.P.)-
[nttraULooIO(7. — nnrliii<lo(.« aloes is the impifsated juioe of tlie leaves
Tera, «1sa ^Uoe chinensis flu<l otlier njM.'cio« (B. P.), and Socotrine
i* the UifpiFNiU'il jtik-i; of ihp Aloe Penyi (Liliacee). Owino; to the
kIim^ frwjuenllj- eonlniit.'! fortngii iduKitk. tht* I'nitoa States
ifMpjji direct) that fur insking pteparationti [iiinftt^l uIocm only
Lied (obtained by di»«iilvin^ Riiontriiic aloo» in alcohol, paasin;
■■- through ■ ftroiiM-r, and nllowin); the alcohol to evaporate).
?ark masses of a vello wish-brown rojor, the fracture prescot-
.ipptarani-e (hrncc wmL-timea c:aUed hepatic aloe«). It has
- uij-tf , is soluble in alcohol, leas Miluble in water (unless boiling),
. Aloin, or sixaloin, a volaltle oil. and a resin. Barbadocii aloes
.08 each contains a variety of aloin, and the farmer is officiiU in
I iHted Stalin ami Hritiih Phannacu[>u<ias.
AMnmm (t.'. S. P.. K. P.), or Aloin, in a neutral prineiple obtained fmm
of nloefi. chiefly Barbadoee aloea (yielding bartwloin) and
I -ar al™-s (Tictdinj* eocaloin), differing more or less in chem-
[ wmpautHio aad physical prnpertici according to the source from vhich
100 PHARMACEITTICAI. TUERAPBUTIC AGENTS Olt DllVOa.
it is derived. It is a vellowish-white, or brownish crystalline eabstaace,!
ble in hot water and alcohol, sparingly soluble in ether, chloroform,
bencol. It i^^ of neutral reaction, destitute of odor, and its taetc, wki
Bwceti'h at fir§t, suliBequently becomes very bitter.
PhyBioIopical Action. — The principal cllcct of aloes is th»t of ■ all
actin-; purgative, principally a!TGctin>: the large intestine. It increasa
P(-ri)itaItic movcmi-nts without producing excess of accretion; so that
feces are formed and only slightly softened. It is a true cholagoguc
creasing the Rccrction of biliary salts, and renders the bile more water}' 1
given in large doees. As it sometimes gripes, it is beet to combine i
carminative with it. It may cause irritation of the bladder, diminuliii
urine, and albuminuria from renal congestion. It also has emmenaj
firopertics. Following large doECS, the nteniK and app<;ndngeit are moi
ess in a state of congestion and hiemorrhoids are apt to be irritated,
there has been an overdose and these symptoitig art- aggravated, it woul
sufficient to give large draughts of demulcents, and an anodyne in the i
of an opium suppository. It is stated that such phenomena do not fa
the administration of aloia, which requires only about one-third or on*-
the dose in order to produce the physiological effects of aloes.
The chemical and physiological investigations of Professor Meyetl
to indicate that aloin itself is not an active purgative, but that it bec(
gradually decomposed in the intestine into a more energetic aubstanct!
is thought that this may account for the slowness of its action. 1
Powdcri'd nloi'!', dusted upon an abraded nr blistered furfnce, IIU|
absorbed and exert a purgative effect. Aloin has been detected in the H
Therapy. — Alocii, or aloin, is a slowly-acting purgative, and, there
ahouid generally be administered at bed-time; in this way it operates dt
alwpi and griping ia avoided. For the same purpose it is well to con
it with a carminative, as in the compound decoction, or the compound
barb pill, which is a useful purgative for an ordinary attack of constipi
The following are likewise excellent formula; to use in the same cui
cases : —
B Vini nloi^H.
Est. <-«B<^iir *ii|iraila> fl «« S2| p*in. or (3vi.
FAix. otOTiiivtie q. ». nd 180J ccw. or 0»j.
M. Big.: A tublcspuonful moming Bnil evening.
BPulv.»Io#8 Itl Om. or 3Hj.
Ptilv. glycytrhUir comp 1241 Gtu. or Jir.
M. S)g.: From oixr-hall to thrco t«a«pooiiIul( In WAtcr or mUk, sari; In Um I
{ng or on rvtiring.
Kohlstock has ejcperimented in the clinic of Ptofes«r>r Senator, of Bi
with aloin and other cathartics applied locally to the rectum. ITie aloii
dissolved in a small quantity of glycerin and subsequently la formami
Gm. (or gr. xv) of the former to 10 Gni. (or gr. cl) of the latter. A
representing, of the aloin, 0.38 to 0.50 Om. {or gr. vi-viij), was found
cient, in all mild eases of constipation.
The pill form is aUo useful for the oxpuision of asearides, whid
apt to lodge in the csecum; with this may be combined injections of ala
solution (4 Rm. to 4?3 c.cm., or 3i-0j) and irrigation of the bowel. Fa
latter purpose, in young children, a soft catheter can be inserted beyoni
ALOE.
101
aid Sczore of tlir colon. Id una'iniii afTecting young girU (chloroeis) Sir
r Clarke claimed that constipation hn# mudi to do with itn causation;
btcillnl it fa.'cul intoxication. Here slotv, in combination with iron, is of
LWMhKnrice: —
B Ho** |niTiA<«l« 8< Gm. or 3tj.
UuuE frrri corbooMtiii £60 Gm. or Kr. xl.
PuiT. aionutici ,.,,,,,,,,.,,,,., 1{30 (ini. ur gr. xs.
Km ft. pll. ii<i. XI.
^1 Take (iiMi or two ml btrd-boar.
Sr Andrrw ClarkeV pill ie likcn-iee valuable: —
B AktB^
fffTi Milfih. extit.,
Eit. btludoono! ale. (B.P.),
CtL BUOU VOOL,
Piilv. ipecac,
M*. myrrli,
StpoKi* Kn |(K! Oni. or gr. m.
K <4 rt plL no. ].
V' One pill omv hour bc(<ir« Init ukuI, ■honid the bowcia not act during the daf.
Ipecac is omitted if there U anj cardiac wcakneci.
ui (•«» of hysteria, with ansmia and conHtipatJcm. the pills of aloe*,
n&uafetida. may be ritcd (3 to 6 daily). Theat? have aluo a carminative
tin. An atonic condition of the muscular coat of the lar^e intestine may
lOtrit* contents to accumulate, t» preiu upon the common Ijile-thict, and
thtract the pMHgc of the biliary ^pcrction into the upper bowel. Thi5 con-
fitinand (be jaundice which is its result are relieved by the adminiHtra-
bnet aloes, with which belladonna and str^'chnine, or hyoecyamus and
ipaeusnha, may he very usiefully combined, in such fominln! aR the follow-
*
S AIms puriflpatir .,. 2
bL belladoonte (olior. ale.
$if;{hnin« ntlphati*
U.nft. [rtl. no. sij,
9f.: A pill Uin* ttniM • dajr.
B AlMt
Ext. hjeacfani ,.....,,,, j.
bLinatw T....
hlr.lprracnRilhn
tftft, ])j|. (ift I.
Sb: a i-ltl thm UaM« a iby.
Gm. or 3m.
OOG Oin. or gr. j.
Cp3 Gm. or gr. m.
HS Om. or sr. j.
ns Om. or gt. X.
DOS Gm. or gr. i.
13 Om. or gi. Ij.
13 Gm. or gr. ij.
40 Om. or gr. xxx<r].
ccm. or Bj.
Alofs is an excellent emmenagof;a«; given for several days before the
ojMXttd period, it w genenlly »uccc«(ful, vspcciully wlirn employed thus: —
BAUni
Hub. f«rrl raib. S<
AjAel 4
U, <t ft aipaul«c MOk xij.
Sit.t A Mprale morning and crnilng for fire or «lx dnvn b«(or« th« tnonitrunl
Ill icuity menEtritation, depending upon anwmia, the chalybeatea
da«ld iIm be pushed, preferably u»iing the pix-pnratioD* of iron which are
iwteaiulipating. such ae the dialywd iron, or the carbonate, or pyrophos-
pihrie,niticr tlian the sulphate, which is contained in IheoHicial pill. When
Mi
*
102
PHAHMAOBCTICAl. THI
A0ENT3 OR DRCO
into»<tiiiHl indigcEtion is causikI b)' dolicient secretion of bile, oloes
ciui vnliie, and I'njoja a reputation as «ii in^credient in "(iinner-pilW
kindx. Wlu-rc the mental i^yiiiptomif of dycpcpeia — drowsiness, dcp
epiritfi, or toeiancholia — are marked, the use of a pood aloelic j
diatch' nftcr dinner is often cffeelive. i
In cases where there arc biemorrhoidH, the aloes eometima
them ; iind^-r such fireum«t8n<'W the proper course to pursnc woj
to neglect such a valuable remedy, but to operate surgioally upon
and ri-movc Ihem. Tlie po^^ivc turf;c»ccncc of the inferior hren
vessels, however, is not infrequently relieted by the use of aloee
eponks of having obtained ^urprLiin^ results in okstinate dlarrha
dren or adults from the administration of a few 30- to GO-ccm. j
doses of the compound deeoclion of aloes. Wc may prcucribe thej
for an adult with obstinate diarrhcea: — j
B Alolni
Sulphum niM O
ICxt. bclladnnnat follw. >Ic
M. el ft. rapiulte no. xx.
Sig.: A cppnUe thne timca « dkjr.
13 Gm. or gt
SO Gin. or ||fl
13 Om. or gc
Tn small doses aloes acts as nn hepatic and intestinal tonic. W
rhcea is maintained by the action of germs of fermentation, the
flow of bile exi-rtsun antiseptic elTtct and the dinrrlitva may be chei
a preliminary purge ; although the rule is that, where diarrhroa is d
tffltion from nbiiunnnl oontlition nf the contpnts, the cause of di
should be removed by a more prompt cathartic, such as sulphate of
{or the citr-ite) ur bj an aniiBeptic purgative like calomel or b
Aloetic purgatives stioutd be used with care during pregnancy and
The milk of women taking aloes will purge babes whom they suck]
may be used as a derivative in cerebnil disorders.
A glycerole of aloes is prepared by evaporating the tincture ai
glycerin. This mixture may be applied l<i fissures, abraiiions, ai
The bitter taste of aloes is sometimes utilized by applying a soluti
fingwr-ends of children in order to break them of the habit of bil
nails or sucking their thumbs, or to the nipple when it is dcsiruc
sn infant, which is unneceesary cruelty. The compound tincture o
contains 2 per cent, of aloes. This fact should be borne in mind wl
ing cracked nipplfs with this preparation, as the infant may be wi
early.
ALTHJEA (V. S. P.).— MarshmaUow.
Preparation.
Sjmipu* Althmo (U.S.P.).— S>-Tup of AIUim (9 per eeitil.
Pharmacology. — The root of Althiea officinalis (Malvaceie) c
mucilaginous principle, with about 2 per cent, of asparagin, but n
Altha-u is a constituent in massa hydrargyri (blue muss) nnd phospht
Therapy. ^The powdered root treated with hot water may be
poultice, it is slightly diuretic, on account of the aspiiragin, whi'
make it of service in children's discBsc* in the fnnii of a fresh infiifli
cially in Brighfs disease. The confections are useful in sore throat
^
ALCMBS.
, ud diphtheria. The sjTup is an agreeable addition to eough-inixt-
Duw. indof]nito. Allium combim^d wrjih tienzuinnlod lurd is a bland
bmof for skin di»esHe«. Aeparagin has heea recommended as a diuretic
BjDDt ud cardiac dropKy, in dosi^ of U.0G5 to 0.13 Om. (or gr- Uij).
AiraES (IT. S. P.> B. P.)— Alum (AI,K,[SO«]. + 24H,0).
Preparitlionx.
Alunitil Ujdna (U.S. P.).— Aluminum H>drate. Dom, 0.20 to 1.30 Gm. (or gr.
lui.
jUmuni Sulphaa (U.S,P.J. — Aluminum Salpliate. Fbr Mtwnftl use.
Alumrn Kxiimttnni lU.&P., U.P.).^Dricd Atum f'^incii uituu). or burnt
■I Dow.OOOS lon.3::Gw. lor^. i-r).
HTwraiim AlaniinU |B. P.).--(>lycrrin of Aluni (about 13 pvr ci^ut.).
fbunuology. — The U. S. P. ofilciiU alum ie potu^i^ium uiuia (ulumj-
iinj potaninm sulphnte). The Rnlii'h P)mnnncopa^ia n-cognizcs potas-
*Iam (aluminum and potasifium-giilphate). or ammonium alum (alu-
suumaDd ammonium »iilphHlc). It in in {hv form of trnnflJiioenl, white,
KtlMnl cnslals, with a sweetish. astriiiRynt laale and acid reaction. It
Mtuunnlcr of cr^iitullixiilion, nhti-h i-an lie (lnv<-ii olT l>v liiiit, forming
teddmn. Anunonia alum, which was formerly the official alum, has very
Wib the M&ie pitipcrtiw, and i« ofti-n dijipi'uwd for ulnra, Tlic mctnl alu-
■BMH not official. In appcarancf- it is like silver, but is much lighter
aimn durable; is u«erul for tnaltiiif eurgical iD^trumentx, in nl^rrc of
OKt.
Phjnfllopcal Actios. — Dried alum i; sstringent, nnd iii a mild eacha-
Miefer fungous granulations. The glycerite (20 per cent.) is useful in cases
rffanuillilis nr pharyngitis of fiiliacute diariK^trr. In solution alum con-
fauet liniies by coagulating their albumin, and acta as an astringent.
Tbuipy. — It checks exoea^ive nwr-iiling in phlhixid when applied with
* W*jc (1 Gm. to 4 J3 c.cm., or 3i-0j of whieky and water). It is used as an
■^(m in leucorrho'a mid in gonorrhea, and o wntety solution of the glyc-
nit* » useful as a colljrium in conjunctivitis. In the lalter affection ftlnm*
fni If Kmetimes applied (2 Goi.. or Ses, bt-aton up with the albumin of 8
In chronic gnnnlor conjunctivitis. Dr. W. T. Montgomery, of Chicago,
iKeof: —
% bfti Mlphat.,
Zlid svlpfanL,
hnJMlphat.,
ihmiai* a* 138 Gm. or gr, v.
Ai).4«atiL 30] e.cm. m- Qj.
IL Sg.: RruA Qptin tli» tosiile of lfa« lida oni.<«> lUily,
Applied tocallv in the forin of powder or saturated solution, alum in an
csedknt itypUc. A most useful alum styptic combination is the follow-
i^
B JUomiida glrnritt.
Lib. itiMiiiis D*. SO]
e.cin. or Qij. — M.
Compresses soaked in the preparation just formulated, or a solution of
tima, inaT be used to restrain capillary htemorrluige from wounds, blueding
lOI
PHARMACBUTTOAL THERAPBimC AOKNTS OE DBUOS.
from the ^iiri«, or Ii>ech-bitci<. In cpiHtnxis n pluj,' of cotton mc
alum-water may be pauicd into the nsres; a solution niaj- be t)u
iojcction orpowderwl alum lanv be sniilTccl. Th«o mcaGum will
proTO BUCccBsful. In cbronic phar^-nsitis, tonsillitiH, and na^al o
local action of powdcrod alum ih iK-ncficiiil, A prcHoriptioii compo
often elf eetual : —
a Acidi MrboUd
Aluminw gljrceritl DO
Ariatot S
IS e.tta. ar
con. or I
Gin. or i
M. Big.t
the tuTfacA.
Apply with cotton or a ounclVhair brush once or IwiM
It may also be used in solution oa a gargle with good effecL
application of n GOtntion of nlimi is of bvnolit in ca»?B of mercurial
Mr. Corson asserts that KarglinR the throat with 4 to 8 Gm. (or 5i-i;
dissolved in about ISO to SIO c.cm. (or Jvi-vij) of a decoction of I
the addition of 7.60 com. (or fSij) of honey of roses, is a scrviceab
in the case of epcukers and eingers, shortly bcforv using th» void
An injection of alum is a serriceable astringent in hiemorr
the rectum or in gonorrhu-u. For gleet, tho following formula
mended: —
B Pulv. ilumiaii 8
Ext Kcrnnil lluidt IS
Aqute To«te 13G
Or>. or :
ecm. or I
com. or 1
In the vulvitis of children n solution of a dnichm of slum t<
water ii^ u serviceable local application and may from time to tin
as an injection. A solution of 0.05 to 473 c.cm. (or gr. x to the
useful injection in chronic cystitis, as it relieves vesical puin and
of micturition, while decreasing the production of ropy mucus.
A lotion containing alum may be successfully employed in tho
bowel of children. From 4 to 8 (im. (or 3i-ij) of alum to 473 c.cm.
of water, or alcohol), is a beneficial application in hypcndrosis.
that 0.65 flni. (or gr. x) of alum, placed upon the tongue, will i
arrest a paroxysm of asthma (Ringer). According to Ringer, mar
chronic ozmna are rapidly relieved by irrigating the nasal chamb
solution containing a drachtn of alum to the pint of water. The d
checked and the fo>tflr removed. Pruritus of (he vulva sometimes
hot alum solution. The local astringent action of this substance is i
found benotlcial in purpura. .An ointment containing alum is oftei
herpes, and the same preparation removes the offensive odor of br
The following formula; are of service in the diseases just namcd:-
B Pulv. nlumiius ..•.. 4
Sulci 4 2
Biunulh. Bubnit .■.....■.....'.. ,,.,,, n, 4
Ungt xinci oxidi 31
It Pulv. aiuminii ., 16
Glycerini 30
AigiiiR iiRnianielldls d««tlliatw 150
Gm. or I
Om. or t
Om. or 3
Gm, or 3
Otn. or S
crm. or t
cciu. or 1
In chilblains, also, a solution of alum has been used with am
vantage.
A
ALtmsx.
Ids
As an emetic in croup, a Itcsping tcaspoonfiil of alum may be dissolved
'"> e.cta. (or fS'v) of §tmpl<^ synip, of which a teaspoonfiil is given every
minuK-s until vomiting; ie produced. It is useful in bronchorrhcea
in whfKipinK-PouRh, especially where the »eeTetioa \» excessive, (liven
iTpallY. slum checks hKmorrhagc and profuse diecharges. ^\'hitla c-Gteems
I be«t remedy in hxraorrhage of the bowel due to typhoid fever. It may
rro with good result in the hmniDtvincsiE dependent upon cirrhoGis of
' &e tiTCT and in hvnioptrsis. The local action of alum may be aided b; its
laMtntml adminietrntion in the night-Kwout» of phthisii<. It cheeks cxccseive
I Bodoction of mucue in chronic gastric and intestinal catarrh, and it relieves
\me Min of gastnlgia and cnteralgia. Alum it an etficient remedy in
Clrstun rnntaining alum hove been succefwfully employed in chronic
4TKDtenr. and even in the acute form of the disease have sometimes been
(ovad of M.T% ice. The drug may likcvise be given internally in the manage-
stfit of dysenten*.
WliitU eonstder« the internal exhibition of alum of setviee in leucor-
m. The following formulie are advised: —
B INiIt. ■ttimfnt* IS Om. or Siij.
.\4Hdi fulph. atom 4 cjchi, or fli,
KiL K^nnii llaidi 60 e;cn). or fjij.
SjTup, iiii(fb«rl* 90| CX1U. or f3i>j.
IL 8i|C.; Oae to two t«Mp«<iB(u1s ia w*t«r every halt-hour or hour until turtnor.
^ la »fTu(*d. For iaaaafAjtu, hmnatuTw, mcnorrtugia, and uterine hnmorrtia^.
R rnlv. ■Inniinia,
8»iaL . aa 6j50 Uai. or gr. e.
M. vt It. (apcnliB »o. xx.
&K.I A capuile IhrM or (our ttntta a day. Employ MpccUlly in calAtrli ol th«
litf aad prartatitia.
B Pti)'- kluminu 13 Gai. or rt. cc
ItecL kino 4S c.rnt. or JJIm.
TI*et. opiicUBplu SO «.<■»■. or fSj.
ibddl anliih. arom. 4 cj-m. «r fSj.
apt. rini ^Illrt q. s. nd ISO| cxni. or t)v.
SC On« to too tcuKpoonfuli in iKai«r *verj thr«« or four houii. Scrvjcrnble in
m^ tUBirlitta, djracntfty, and in liamaturia.
Sume auf» have been reported in which alum vit* thought to be useful
a diahrtcs tnellitiia. It would probably prove of more decided utility in
Is con "ly large doses (2.60 to 4 Gm.. or ^r. xI-Sj) alum acts as a
ratitr. m '^cn used in colica pictonum. In this condition it irlievea
rp«in and oTprcomc* the constipation. Dr. Phillips speaks of its being
'il fD other forms of gasiralgta and colic. It hatiprovedof benefit in inter*
fifver in 0.32 Gm. (or gr. v) doses, although its action is not uniform
. affw'tif'n- Iron-alum lia« been employ^ in intermittent hiematuria.
[UI« in tf"^ "*'' * •"lution of aluminum acetate (35 per cent.) may be
I..' e«r freqw'ntly, and the canal phigjied with eotton. Alum
d u» an adulterant of baking- povder, and undoubtedly cauKea
106
rnARSCACEUTICAL THKRAFEOTIC AOEXTS OB DSnOB.
Tlie nluminuni «jilt« itrc untixi-ptiv iiikI c-tin Ik- ui-cd us injoctiom
corrhu-a (0.65 Cm. to 30 ccm., or pr. x-f5j)- anti saturated aolutioc
C8U8ti<>s. The olcate of aluiuiiuim «rrc«tK mnrbid discliurgcg.
ALTTUKOL. i« the trailc-nnmi- givon lo o suLstnnce diec<
Filehue, of Itreslau. It coQiiiats of a iniiittire of alumiiiuni salts of
8til))honic acid, and coiituiiis <• per cent, of nlumitmm and 15 per
Hiilphur. Alumnol ocoura in the form of n fine white or light piiilf
powder, frw from odor, not hygroscopic, readily soluble in water
in glycerin, less so in alcohol, and insoluhlv in ether. lt» iiohitinn
hoi ojthibils u bcantifid blue fluoresconco. The solutions poBse§8
reflction. The tast<> of ninninol is gwcetinh iind atttringcnt. Aluir
cipitatcs albumin and gelatin, but is rcdiesolved in excess of th
stances. It poflUftifli^ nmrkvd pem-lralivc action. It strike* a bl
with Kolutione of ferric chloride. Alumnol darkens upon cxposut
air, nit1i"iii losiiiii.' its pr«]nTtii'''.
Phyiiological Action.— This Bubstance is antiseptic, astringt
in coiici'ntriili.'(i fuiTn. ijiutcrunt,
Alumnol exi-rl* no toxic influence, except when employed
Urge qiiuntiticg tind under very favorable conditions for absorpt
practice, no aluminum was found in the urine of patients who^
Ircfttcd by large doses and for a considerable period.
Tbenpy. — It may be used as a lotion, ointment, or plaster.
is a serviceable npplicattou to ulcere, wounds, and absce»«es.
irrigntiou of absc-ess-oavities it may be usod in a 10- to 30-per-M
lion. A I*per-ccnt. solution is beiicfidul us an injection in goi
and in endometritis, duo to gonorrInea, sticks or bougies contain'
S to 5 per cunt, may be employed uilli udvuntage.
A 4-per-cent. solution dropped into the eye arrests the flow
for several minutes: n property which will, in certain inetsuccs
ally faeilttiite examination.
Dr. Stipanies, of Itudapest. has used alumnol with advanta;
Ipoalinent of chronic rhiniti*, hypertrophic rhinitis, simple ozffli
and chronic pharyngitis, tonsillitis, etc. This writer regards th(
as of special clTicacy in affections of the larynx. Hoarsen<'wi due
geal catarrh was speedily removed by inhalations of '/,• to 1-
aqueous solutions. Dr. WollTbcrg recommends a 4-per-eeiit. soli
the purpose of cleansing the eyes in gonorrhccal ophthalmin.
Brieger alumnol has been used with success in the treatment of
inflatinnalion of the middle ear.
M. Chotiten has reported his experience with this remedy in n'
three hundred caees. He describes it as a beneficial application
cres and chancroids, balanitis, and erosions. Solutions continnin
to 5 per cent, are of value in moist and papular eczema, acne, and
losi.s. An alcoholic solution of 2.5 lo 10 per cent, is elTeetivc in >
sycosis, and psorinsi^. Tncorjioratod wiih lanotin, in the strengt
5. 10, and 20 per cent., it is successful in ecitcina. seborrliaifl capil
asis, and favus. In crjsipt'loK and lupus alumnol is also emplo
good ri**ulta. In these alTecfiona Dr. Cholzcn applied the remcd;
ing to the following formula:—
I
ALVKLOE.
107
& ilBBOOl 4{
IudUd. Biilijrdr 10
hnffin Hnuhl 13
tVwiia" 2
II. rt ft ungt.
Cm. or 3j,
Giu. or 3v.
c.cm. or niiiM.
liui. or 3m.
Aluninsm aeetioo-tartariouni. — This uoinpound occurs in tlii' form
I"! ilmurt -colorless piwis. Iiaviug an gdor resomWing that of vinegar, a
^bllT-acid and not di^a^t-i^ablu tniitc. It is solulile in water, but not
■tiicvhol. It is chicfiy us*d ae a mouth-wasU and gargle. A 50-por-cimt.
•tiariMi i* rot-om mended in the treatment of frost-biie. This siihstauce
WbtCD applied also as a dressing to wounds. It is non-toiic, astringent,
*>i(initi«ptir.
Bonl and Cotol. — ^Alnrainum borotartrate (under the name of boral)
aoil jiuiiiinuiii Ixiniiiinnnlc (iimier the tillf of cutwl) have bwii lirouaht
fftmni as anli^-piie and astringent preparations, suitable for use in der-
•notrfo^ry. Boral i* wlublc nnd cntol i» insoliibU- in wnttr. The iHltcr
?»aybe rendered soluble by the addition o( tartaric acid, in which form it
t* ciaimcd to be ii«eful ns an injection in gonorrhceu, Cutol hds been ein-
plmtd with alleged success in facial erysipelas.
AliMinani boreformate. — This compound is made by heating to-
Reiher boric acid, formic acid, and alumina. It oceur* as large crystalline
•<»i«. Mluble in wnler, eontuins 3;t.5 per cent, alumina, and has b«en u«'ii
*fc4nibstitnte for other pri^-parntions of aluminum. A solution of boro-
Inarte, eaturated with ammonia and evaporating the clear fluid, consti-
tUctalnininHm ammouiu-bnroforinate.
SottL — I'nder this name an organic salt of aluminum has been in-
MdoGcd for ute a« an niitiseplic application. Soxal i« oV>tained by dissolv*
iVtltmuDim hydrate in phenol-sul phonic acid. It is a crystalline eub-
ain». readily soluble in waler, glycerin, and alcohol. SokoI has an astrin-
(at l»«te and a faint odor of carbolic acid. A l-per-cent. solution was
tMad bcDcGcial as on injection in ab8ce«i<, tuberculous ulcerit, etc.
AITCLOZ is the milky juice of Euphorbia heterodosa, belonging to
tiL»Riip(i(irt>iaeeiX': a native of Brazil. The usual irritating effects of the
juice of ptante of this genus is very marlfod in alveloK, which is said to aci
« • caustic upon the skin ven- ranch like zinc chloride. It has been used
in trtating concerou? and sypiiiiilic legions with asserted success, and the
application is comparatively painless.
AMBEAOBISEA.~AmbergTis is an odorous, fatty substance, found
in larjre masses Hosting upon the water, and is believed to be produceii
ii tbe inle^tincfl of the spormacot i-whale. Tt hax a consistence like wax,
'^'^'"■•r\s at the temperature of the hand, and melting below the boiling-
f iiatrr: it ID «lmo«t entirely volatiliKed by heat, and is inflammable.
13 "/mpoeitioD it i* like choleslerin, and is not «nponifiable. It is believed
la hate (omc anlinpacmodio efTcetn, and is official in the f>ench ("odev as
I IO-per<ent. tincture. The dose of ambergris is 0.38 to 4 <Jm. for gr.
'C»f»4iii >» a Bnturot niinrriil product whkh elcMcly rpurmblc* wliilp wnx. II
nsiM* ttl » mixture of wiliJ paranin with sonio OKTgcnnlml (khIIP'. and i>> fniind In
CaKria aad (outhttn I'lah.
bM
Eniulsuiu Ammoniaci iU.8.1',).— Eniulsiftn of Ammoniac (4 per ten
4 to IS F.rm. ((IT f3i-lv|.
KmpUfllrum Aiiiinoiiiaci oum HyAr».rgyra (U.8. 1'., 1). P.I.-— Ammonia
etuy Iluitrr (U'.S.P. coouiina ninmunia«. 78: inervurir, ISj with olcatv a
8; dSltitcil Htf'tli:' acid. 100; ami J«nil jilaittm.
iMi-tunk Amiiiuniarri (it. I'.i. — Ammoiiiuvum Mixture (amtiitiniAo, 6;
Tolu, 10: di>lill<^d wntci, IM). Da*o, 15 Lo 30 c.cm. (or I3"'jl-
Fhannaoolog7. — Ammoniap is a jrum-resin obtaioed from Doj
moniac-tini (UinlH-llifi-ric). cunUining a volatile oil. It occurs in tli
tears, of variable size, hard and brittle, having a faint, unpleasant
n bittiT-swtTi, sonifwliut acrid, lastc. It form* a niilkv cmuU
rubbed up witit water. .
Therapy.— Tt is u stimiiUting oxpcctornnt ami laxative, and'
aBafetida in il» elTeels upon the svstem. It has been used, with a
relieve chronic broncliilis anri asthma. It is wpeciully bencfieial i
bronehitis associated with emphysema, or occurring in aged persi
algid ttufic of cholera has been treated in the Finnic HoKpitel by
moniac internally, conjoined vith stimulanla and the hypodermic
of ether. Wnrni bnths werir also iidniinifttcml. The plocters are
glandular and joint ewellin^. By fti^inj: ammoniac and other ri
caustic polassa resorcin is obtained, which is a valuable antiecpt
otScial.
AUUONITJU.— Metallic ammouium h kuuv.'n only in its com
which are nuitierons and important. According to Ampere, its co
ia NU,, therefore b compound radical, uud as tiueh it forms talis
analogous to potassium salts.
V. S. P. Pnparationt {LiijutJ).
Aqua AiiiiiiDnite. — WoUr of Ammonto (containH 10 per cent, of gun-
nial. lloitc, U.1-2 to O.eO (•.eiii, (or mil-tl.
Anna Aiimicinisf Fortior. — StroiipT Wnlir of ,\miiioniii (2S ptr per
nilimoniik 1 . KxIcniHl uw.
I.iiiitnpniiiin AmmoniiP. — l.iniinMit of Aiiimouiu, (iiiiimoniu*«Mtpr, 3J
5; eoltwriweil oil, (10 <".i-iii,|. For pii)Bni«l imp.
Spiritu* .\inmoiiiiL-. — Spirit of Amtnoiiiu (10 jwr ceiit.t. Do-ie, 0,30
(or iiiv-xvi. I
SpiritUH Aiiiiiioiiiie A lo ma lieu*. — Aroiiintii.' S[iirit of Atiiiiionla. Do)
C'.cm. (or (Ju'ijI.
l.iiiuiir Ainiriunii Awltitia. — tlulution of AminoniiiTii AMatP. Spli
dcn-niit. Do»c 4 to 15 i-.vm. (or fSi-ivl.
'I'iiicliirH i.iii»iH<-i Ainiiiriuial«.^l)i)>w, 2 to 4 e.om, (or niijtx-lxl.
Tiuflii™ Vnlcrinnip Ammoniatn. — Do*c, 2 »o 4 c.cm. lor t3ia-j|.
}{. P. Prtparation* {Lifjuid).
liquor Animoniie. — Solution uf .Ammonia [contains 10 per c«Rt» by
ammonia, NH,I.
AmrotatTH.
U;aar Ammoniw PoiUs. — titT<>ng Solution of Aimnoiiis (3S.5 per cent., by
«ri(lil. of ttnmoaw, KH,|.
IJijunr Ammotiil j\<'FtMli«.— Holutiou of Aniiiioniurii Aivtatv. Uo»«. T.S to IfS
tjim. tor Bn-Tj} .
Uquiir Ainmonii CitratU. — Solution of Ainnionlum Cllrat''. Dom?, 7J> 1o HH
um.\ataSiTii.
Sjurili)* Amnion iic Aiomntkiw.^Aromntk Spirit of Ammonia. Spiritui Ammo-
■r (ranpncrtw. ^rit of tU Volatili^. Dusir. I.SQ to 2.40 vvm. (ur rnxx-xl).
S|iirilu» Anmionioi Fcrtidua. — Fttid Spirit of Aniitionin. Dose, 1.21) to 2.40 vjum.
LifiiniHrtuni AiiuiioiuiE. — Liciment of Ammonia taulution of uiunonia. SS ccnui
ilMoU-oil. i>«jun.-. olirc-oil. SOccm.).
imaonis is contained iu twvi-ral of tlie B. F. ofGdul tinctuivs, al«u in th« Ata-
aiaktri LiQinmt of Camphor.
r. S. P. and Ji. J', i'reparationa (^'o/lrf).
imnemU lodldum (U. S. P.}.~Aniniunium Iodide. Dok, 0,32 ti> O.OS Gm. (or
p. T-l,,
Amnonii Kitru |U. S-P.).— Ammoninm N'ltrat«. Doie, OM to 2 Gm. (or gr.
iBmonu Valeruuiu (U.S.P.).— Ammonium VnlcriaiiaU. Dose, 0.13 to 0.32 Gm.
lH«rl]i>oi Ammonii Cliloridi (U.S. P.I . — Troche* of Ammonium Chloride.
Clmnhiiiniini AmDianiatum (U. B. P.).— Aminoni.iti>d Glycfrrhizin. Dow, D.03
■*U1Gbi. iw gr. «»-vt,
Bfdnrgynini Aiumoniatum (U.&P.). — Ammoninted Mereuty, White Pr««i|>i-
fck I'wd only citrmBllj-.
Anoioaii ficnzoa* IV. 8. P.. B. P.).— Ammonium Bcnxoatc. Dok, 0.13 to 0.65 Gm.
"p. iiii.
.\uiniunii Urvuiidum |U-&.P., B.P.). — Ammonium Bromide. Dom, 0.05 to 1 Gm.
Anmonii CnTbonn* IU.&.P., B.P.). — Ammonium Carbonate. Dom, 0,13 to 0.32
•UnOm. (or gr. ii-r or xi).
Aiunonil Chloridum (U.S. P., B. P.).— Ammonium Qiloridc. Dow. 0,32 to 1.30
•^iwp. T-XI).
Asiuonii Phoirphaj (B. P.).— Phosphate of Ammonln. Dotte, (l.'ii to 1.30 Gm.
I "p. T-XX|,
Pb&nnacoli>E7 and Fhyciolo^cal Action. — .Atnmi^nia is a ksspoub bodj,
ItfUt imlating. even sutTocating, to the air-passa^oe, and may ca\ise aoute
■nmmatton with oedema of the t;lotti«. It stimiilnte; the trlfocifil nerve,
^mmt the blood-tension bv reflex action upon the vasomotor centre, and
pmnti syncope. If applte<J to the skin it ih nibefni'ii'itt, and, if dilTii»i<in
I •BfUnted. it will soften nnd vesicate the skin. The strong solution also
pUgect vesication and softens the cntiele. .Ammonium chloride, on the
*Aslund. is cooling and absorbent. The chloride, after absorption, hastens
^ilbthal proliferation of the bronchial mucous membrane and ItqucifteB
IwifBed mucous Mcretion*. The enrbonote in probably decomposed in the
t^tfna tract, and ita effects ate identical with Ihoee of the ga» or of aqua
^nmia in stimidnttng the hcjirt and circulation.
Ammonia acta upon the panclionie nervous system especially, and has
OTe tflfect upon the higher centre*, thu» diiTcnug from alcohol. It in-
BWet the functional activity of the spinal cord and is a promplly ncting
Ofiie stimulant. It* aceelerator ni-rvi's and the heart itself are stimulated
^medicinal do«e« of ammonia. Blood-presBure is moderately inereatied, but
it Itiigv doecd ammonia interferett with the i>xyg<-n -carrying power of the red
Uwd^orpaselee. and if long continued produces emaciation, .\mmonia
Sfctnie stimulates the respiratory centre. In »mall do«e» the aromatic spirit
110
PHARUACETTICUI. THERAPECTIO A0EST9 OR DHCOS.
of ammooia Ket« ai- nn antncid ani3 a canniaative; but the protract
anunonta, hy neutralizing the gai<tric juice, (!nfeelile« djjcostion,
originatv gti«lro-ink-8tmal catarrh. Injected into the blood-rei
blood- corpusc leg are Uablp to become cllaBolved, ami after death (
rc'iiiiiiiis fluid. Ammnuia likt^'K'isc nK-iEts in maintsining the soltiti
fibrin of the blood. Such injections are likelv to be fothiwed by
The carlKiiiiiti; may be given for the tame purpose by the mouth, but
doseB is apt to cause vorailing. Ammonia iniTpases Ihe seerelions
of Ihc broiichinl mucous nii-mbran«H, but also thv inloslinaK and m
iliarrhtfB. The Eolution of ammonium acetate acts upon Die ekiu, <
in fever. Ammonia has no *p»;cifll action upon (he kidney*, vxcepf
urea is increased by oxidation of ammonia, according to the obaei
Dr. llencc Jone.4, uho aUo found Dial nitric acid made it« appearai
urine after the administration of ammonia or its salts: it is elimin^
cialiy by the kidneys, broncho-pulmonary tract, and skin, Anini
weaes mark«d antiseptic virtnes.
Poisoning,— A !* tlie ammonia-water, or "spirit of hartshorn,''
in every household, cases of poisoninj; by accidental ewallowing i
occur. When the stronger solution.^ are swallowed, there is grea
burning pain alon^ tlic cc«ophagtts and in the t-tomach, with choki
tions from inhaling the sas or the admis-ilon of a few drops into tl
After death there are evidences of softening and acute inRamnmtJ
stomach.
Treatment.. — ^Vomiting ii likely to occur immediately, but u
administration of large quantities of bland liquid, such as water, (w
would he sorvicpnbl<>, and if the solution of the pas has boon tak-
be neutralized willi vinegar or lemon-juice. TreatmenI should bc
instituted ill order t" avoid such a decree of inllammation as wou!
stricture of the trsophagus. It the piilicnt is in u state of shock,
fusion of colTei- mav be administered by the mouth or rectum ani
of digitalis or tlrvclininc given hypodi'nnicully.
Therapy. — The local uses of ammonia have been already intin
sprains, bruises, and old rheumatic swellings the liniment is of ser
eifdiy if »oine oil of turpentine or chloroform be added.
The water of ammonia may very s<rr\'icciibly end-r into the co
of a stimulaling application in alopecia. In the headache which at
ordered menstruation or the menoiiousi- Dr. Tilt has seen Itas-pnil'
lotion aflord much relief. This preparation contains tiO c.cm. (c
stranger ammonia, fili.8 Gm. (or .^ij) i)f couinion sail, S,2Ti c.cm. (oi
spirit of cflniphor, and 1 litre (or OiifSij) of water. The liquid may '
upon a sponpe or linen cloth. Weak solutions of ammonia will i
relieve the ilcliing of urticaria. For this purpose 7.3 c.cm. (or fJ
official water of ammonia may be added to a pint of water, or
carbonate may be employed in the strength of I Gm. (or .y) to 130
it^iv) of water. The foltowing combinations of ammonia are also
for external use:^
H Aquw aninionlts,
Ext. srninc II.,
T.ln. oniMinU.
Otei tetrbinllilnw ,,,..i..t....i.
M. ^.: Itub in well Mvcral tlni«a ii day.
...1..... ML 401 exm. oi
For rlieuffialiani, brulMS, (
A
AHtiONirv.
Ill
9 Ub. vnmonUa mi rem, or fSij,
SC ctaloratonni 301 cvm. or ti).
n. lamthal* SOl (.cm. or (Hi.
Tinrt. upli dO\ vxm. or fjj.
M. ftt|;.i Applj* well over Ike mirfAce, vh«n ntccMnry (or lumfaaga, iwutbI^U,
I tUHim
Tine
rinrt. oipiid mt 19
Spt. laTUDiluko ,,.,, 3Q
tUii'L. nuvid TOBiioe ....>,.., 19
Lin. «unpbiM« TG
cttn. or (Km.
(.cm. or fj}.
o.em. or (Jin.
c-riD. or fSiiw-
M. 8%.: Applj' niUi frlrtioo to the scalp for toM of hair and for dKntdralT.
In DcunlgU thii]ible-bli.<ii«ring niny be pncticed over the painful 8poU
Vallcix. br Orupjiing some stronger aqua aminonife upon absorbent cotton
~ eonlioiii^ il with s watch-glnia or thimble iti rontuit with ihe Mkin.
'»piht of nmmimia is ■ good appli<-4ition to wounds caused by stings of
or gnako-bitea. In the latter eaue, aininonia-wat«r tan abo be inject«d
rnn in ordvr to counUnict the d«.-pre»j^ing <jiFecte of the venom. In
ing by f^^vrer-naa intravenouii injection of the official aqua ammonia has
A minoriitira -chloride solulton (8 to 15.5 Gm. to 473 c.cm., or 3ii-
nil i-...,tr,ves ecchymosif from contuxiom. ITii* Mlution is applicable
.i>]ymiti« aft^r the acute stage has subsided. Jt is, in fact,
■111 'in-RBiDK in the latter stage of Duperllcial inflammation, and jprO'
nh¥<>Tptton of exudation. Dr. J. II. Frvcman, of Nevada City, Csl.,
- ammonium chloride in the treatincnt of rhu»-toxi>
IIcdiK»ohv6$Gm. {or5ij) of the salt in 120 c.cm. (or
I of wati^r, ami directn it to be applied to the affected parts two or three
m day. Thv swelling and Uie hnniing pain rapidly disappear.
Intemaliy. ammonia is invaluable as a cardiac and nervous stimulant in
imonia and all typhoid eondilion^. in poisoning by pni»ic acid, in syn-
, «od in heat-exhaustion. The carbonate is the most eligible form, given
■ of 0.3:^ to 0.6,5 Cm. (or gr. v-x). In capillary l>n>uchiti« in infants
I faOuwin; answers a good purpose: —
K Amtnonii nrl»mUa •ii» |7S to ItGO Gm, or cr, sii-xxiv.
Arrap. TaluUnt ^ i& ecu. or fSiv.
1*1. aBiinoaU acotjitb - - . Ts] c.cm. or fjilw.
SC Stg.: Give a tMapooaful tjtrj hour or every two boun.
.Acror«ling to Dr. Beverley UobiniMm, ainmoniuni carbonate, in rather
rar'^ '■■ ■■■ntly-r*pcatrd do«c», is vcrj' efficient in aborting a cold. The
ru.. la is often most eflicient as an expectorant, especially in the
> ttagc ijl troncliitia:—
% jUKBKMiii nub. ,
SJrr. aeo^J* - . . .
r-HdipeMc. ...
*Tr. To!ot»ni
•p«. chlnm'"""'
Ati auap^'Mi^ H-
Qm. or 3J.
v.via. or Bit.
c.era. or fSllJ.
cciii. or fSj.
t.rm. or Oil],
ecm. or f3iv,
aunpbonB q. B. ad 120
IL Ste. : One to two t«a«)>oonfiila trrT; hour or two until rvti«r«d-
la the broncho-pneumonia of children, >farfan ordersi: —
l^^^^ntam raentliol a* •uj^rf^i'^l to M«irlia<lAl« (too "The Riirn Phsmia-
w i^QodtiBi ia MMDp<«J of nutitliDl. 3 partai chlotofonn, 4 partsi aail olivc-
PHARMACKmCAL TQERArEUTTC AOEKTS OR DBtNlS.
B Annion. amUt.,
Sodii bcitMikt •« tlOO Gm. or pt
8p. Tinl rail <.......... I... 4] ccm. or Q
Syr. Tulnuni.
8)T. aenctn ma 401 r.f m. or fj
M. SIk.: DrMrrUiioonful erety hour or two aceofding to age. Tbe (|
bruLd>' IB >lw> legulBUd atvarding to age.
The vnluc of ummonium carbonate in ecarlet fever has been
by Peart, Willdns<iii,and Witt. It na-i employed in 0.20 to 0.32 Oi
iii-v) (lospd, hourly, or at longer intervals, according to the severi
caee. It reduces fever and <"erelir«l exeilemu-nt nnd promnle^ de
solution of ammonium acetate is also highly recommended in e
The plan is to administer the remedy in lar^c doiii(*, which have be
to be well borne, even by children. The carbonate has likewise
played in measles, in which disease Kin)^r slates that he han used
witii considerable bcm-fit. The same salt ie valued by gome pnictil
the treatment of small-pox and erysipelaa.
Delirium Iremen*. oeing UKunlly associntcd with cerebral aiU
weakened cardiac action, may be benefited by the use of ammot
bonate. JU value in thi« nlTection is oonitpicuoii«. according to tl
ncnce of the symptoms just mentioned. The solution of ammonia:
was preferred by the late Dr. \ormnn Kerr.
Ammonium carbonate and acetate have been used in diabetee
Kichhorst vditi-:' that in two of hia case* the use of the carbonati
lowed by rapid disappearance of the sugar from the urine; yet thi
of the pulmonary lesions waa not interrupted
Pcrcira iwys that liquor ammooii aci-tatis is available id thoB
fever of a continued type where all violent action has subsided and
is not much disordered. Its diaphoretic action should he proi
diluents and by warm clothing.
Thf aromatic spirit "f ammonia may be given in thriiatenei
and .ihould be well diluted wilb water when administered. It is a
in hcat-exbaiislion with mtiall quantities of tincture of capsicum, v
relieves nausea. It is likewise of service in the sour stomach and ty
which not infrequently occur in hysterical women. Nervous he
often relieved by the same preparation. Ammonium chloride may I
istercd thus as an hepatic atimulant: —
Gin. or 3
Om. or S
e.t'ni. or t
e.cm. or fl
H. Sig.: A dtesvrtspooulul to a tablespoonful in water tliree or four t
The chloride increases the flow of bile (Ringer), and i*, thereft
in torpor of the liver. *ick headache, biliousness, and also in jaund
obstruction of the Rnll-ductB. It has some reputation as an cmm
Ammonium chloride is esteemed of value in catarrh of the stoi
bowels, and Barlhulow considers it useful in the first stage of cirr
M. Marotte esteems this salt as of value in cholera. He adm
in doses proportionate I0 the severity of the disease and staten tV
duce.« a return of warmth and perspiration and also stimulates th
to action. Dr. J. J. I'rus.'wwitach regards ammonia an one of the hi
it Ammnnii chlor .........••>•■.■• 18
Sodii rblorid 4
V.xL tamx. R. ^i... 60
IVfocti ftlocs CO. fld 240
AUMOKICM.
rtimnlciiU in cholera. lie gives it b)' hypodermic injection, making use of
StvSifrop* of th« satuntcd solution diluted with a eyriBgcful of water.
Tk(ff«cl iG prompt, and continues for some time. It may altio l>c given
ffll«mil]j in the »omc dUcaxe.
Ui iayal]^ and neural^a this salt is capable of aflording relief, and
ibaoid be gitffn in r«pi<ily- increasing dose« until the etfert is ohtjiined or
Ht ^cm Decomes intolerant of the remedy. It has also been used in in-
tBiuHnit brtnaturia. It is b«at given in capsules, on account of it« »au-
ntto^ Ks-water ta^te.
Dt- il. CanipbeH'a favorite prescription for neuralgia of the fifth n«n,-e
I Anaraoii cUoridi 2
Tioet. getenBti ...,,,,.,.. >......
TImL BMiiiiti ^.>
to. glvcyrrhloa fl 4
ifua q. «. ad 30
N. Sigr.: To bn takra In oat i}(if» tvcrv bnnr n-h«ii the pain conis on. until
ttnJNa (Tr uken.'
Gm. or gr. xxx.
50 c-cni. or mviiM.
06 ccm. or mj.
ccm. or (3J.
c.pm. or ijj.— M.
Dr, G. Come states that ammonium chloride is an excellent remedy in
litii from varioini causcK. Ho gives it in doncs of 1 to 2 Om. (or gt. xr-
a^ud obtains marked and rapid relief.
Is Vronchitis in it» fir»t stage, with deficient secretion, it may be com-
Vuiu foUows:—
B AdumbU chtOfidi S
Mmbm iodidi I
Itact. Inracnanhn i
UiH. BlycyRhitw comp. .....q. ■. ad ISO
U. Sig.; Dime, a ULbUspoonful every four hours.
Om- at Sij.
Gm. iiT gr, xvj.
ccm. or mxxx.
O'Cni. or IBiv.
This formula i^ of special service in acute catarrhal pneumonia. The
^intt is piarticularly valuable in chronic bronchitis accompanied by pro-
vtMrction. It ts averted that the continued use of large doses of this
iBir excite ulceration of the stomach. It is also a remedy of great utility
Itnpical or mabirial fcvvrs, such as are encountiTCfl in India. In thc>ie
^of a highly inflammatory type, it must be given in doses not lees than
It* 1.30 Gm. (or gr. xv-xx) veveral tinioi* daily.
Dr. Attjgate,' of Colombo. Ceylen, reports excellent results from am-
_MiiOMi chloride in »cuti>, tropical dvwintery. given in -i Gm. (or 7t)) dosea
r tow hours and the patient placed on mi !k-and -arrow root diet. In the
_ , ftlT af cases blomi diwippcand from the sIooU on tbv thini or fourth
JiT- Id a few cases this treatment was supplemented by small doses of opium,
la India ammonium chloride is esteemed to be especiaily valuable in malarial
famof a highlr-inflammable type; itshotdd be given in doses of 1 to 1.30
fim. (or gr. xv>xx).
In catarrhal conditions of the respiratory tract Kra);auer recommends
Ik UK of ammonium chloride in the form of a ^pruy. .Ammonia carbonate
MT also be used as an emetic in such cases. In the later stages of pneumonia
oprdiiration ia promoted by the same remedy. Liquor ammonii acetatis is
'JTnr rof* UnlimI Jiivntal. Srpt. 23. 18W-
• BtttUh Uniiail Joia-nal. Hay 7. 180B.
PHARUACKCTtCAI.
RIUPRUTIO AOBK
OB DBt
one of our moxt reliable diaphoretics, anA vnlcn into lite cor
many fever mixtures: —
B KxL HpoDiti II . . IS cMii. or I
Sbt. chlarnfnrmi IS txra. «r
I.i^. ammonii aoeUtia 7i (.cm. or
M. Sig.: Give a detterUpoonful eitry two or Uirce hooni in fever.
Both tb« ammonium chlorido and Ihc eolution of tho amin
tate are efleclively given for the purpose of quickly removing th
aliiohol or sobering a drunken person.
Ammonium bromide bae a special influence over vhooping-i
may I>c substiluled for the potn*li salt in epilepfiy and ncrvoua nfte
double ealt, ammonium and rubidium bromide, has recently been i
8« a remedy for epilepsy. I'he nubf^ancc is readily aoiulile in water
is that of the other bromides. Active doses arc from 2 Gm. (or gr
ward; as much a:^ 8 Om. (or r>ij) daily, or even more, may be given,
in syrup of lemon and vater. Laufeuauer hoe used it in all thi
states with the exception of bystero-epileptty.* In acute rhcumi
Dervous symptoms Da Costa reported good results from the use of d
bromide (1.30 to 2.60 Gm., or gr. xx-xl) several times daily. |
A very suitable prescription for insomnia and In gouty subject
a Sodii bromldi 21
TSdcI. lupulini 00
S])! chlorofamil
.Aqute ctiniplione 00
&0 Gm. or I
con. or 1
SO con. or 1
c.iKi. or 1
M. Sig,: Two bMupoonful* in water «vcty hour or two when neceM
The valerianate enjoys some reputation for its influence over
manifedatione, and may be given in capsules (0.32 to 1.30 Gm., oi
or tif an elixir" (not official): —
K Aniinoiiil Tftkrianati^ 6(S0 Um. or c
RlUir mirantii rubri .,,....,.,.,...,,...,,,,.,.S40| com. or I
Aquie ammonii q. (. ad ivnct. ne
H. Sig.i Dow, n tahlMpooaful.
Of the remaininj? salta little need be said. The phosphate i
and has been used in goiil, which may be connected with deficient
of urea. The bcnzoate.. where the urine is alkaline, as in cystitis,
cates, 08 it is cxcreled as hippuric acid, and thus pryveni* pho«j
posits. The nitrate is only used to prepare nitrous-oxide gas. whic'
by exposure to heat. The sulphate is usfd in mnkina; other salts. 1
may be employed in syphilitic affections, where the other iodidi
depressing.
In the strength of 2 Qm. (or Ses) to 30 c.cm. (or fjj) of glyt
monium iodide is recommended os an efficient local application to
tonsils, being painted upon the glands once daily with a eamel's-hi
Ammonium borate, nccording to Professor LaslikeTich, reduces f
tion and, at times, the pyrexia of pulmonary tuboreulosis.
■ Mrdiral ButUlin. July. ISM.
'In l)i<' Nntionnl Pnrmiilnry the elixir of amnionin vslirJ-inAtr c
and a little rhluroforiii to cover the odor and Innle- of the fn\{. at
present 0<13 Gm. (or gr. i;i to 4 c.cm. (or tSj), a> in the formula
oA
AMYGDALA SUAHA.
115
Ai(ia untuotuK mnv be udministerecl by cautions inhftlation, bypodcr-
ts vt \>\ th«.- mouth, ill ^hock. Id ctilorofona-BarcosiE, in poisouin); by
ic »cid or hydrogfin sulphide, and also in heart-olot, thrombosis.
ftl(t-ix>iv<>ning. Wlicre a prompt effect is needed, the remedy should
i:(vtl directly into a vein (O.tiO to 1.20 c.cni., or mx-xx) diluted with
lilisMl wal«T.
iirrODALA AMABA (V. S. P., B. P.).— Bitter Almond.
AlCYOQALA DITLCIS (EJ. S. P., B. P.)-— Sweet Almond.
I ' )tharumcopa>ia£ roco^ize two varieties of almond (BoMCCie): 1.
.la omnrn, \hv *<s-d vl I'runu* Amvgdalus; variety, Amar*. i.
hili'iK, or sweet almond, which is the seed of Prunus AmygdaUu;
Freparniions.
OUtiin AlBjrgfUlK AlBinB IV. S. 1'.).— Oil of Bilttr Almona. Dow, OOIS to OjM
A^«a Anvgdala Anarv (U.&P.)- — Mtter-AhiiODd Wat«r. Itow, 16 c.cn. («r
ftyni|MM Atuvirdabn (U. S. P.).— Sjrup of jMnumd, "Ormf Syrup (containing
I Mk Mvt and bittrr abBuodil. Do»«. T.6 la 16 r.«n. (or l3ii-(3u).
Sfaritu* ARiyi:>Ula> Amatm (U-S-P.K Spirit ot BItUr Almond*. DOM. IXW to
|4e«.««. lor OM'XX).
■oktun Atnygdahe <U.S.P.).— Eranlfton of Almond (>wMt Blmonda). Dom.
' ~?to IS KMn. (or ntl-QM).
CMmm AmjgdalK ExnrtMnm (U.S. P.t,~ExpmMd Oil of Almond (cither bitter
nmri al»«mb(. Dow. 1.6 to IS com. (or ail-tSMi.
r«rMuia A<)un> Row (U.S.P., B.P.). — Ointment ot Row-water ("Cold
Ui««Bi Aniy^t* (B.P.).— Almond'oU (oxpresu-d from tho Bitler or Sweet
lUfAnra Amrtrdalw IB.P.I. — Almond Mixture leompound povilrr of alnioadis
> •im.^ dMitlnl iialttr, 100 c.vra-|.
Pallia AtaffAmin Compasitun ^B, P.). — Compound Powder of Almonds (cootalna
-ft al«Mjada. SO Qm.; »ti^r, Id Om.i acacia, 'ZM lini.).
n&rmaeolofy. — Both t'amrtivK of almond contain fixed oi! and emul-
1, but only the bitter variety has also amygdalin. Hydrocyanic 8cid is
3Md «bm amygdnlin and cmiilKin react upon each other, and it is to
^ acid thus formed that the sedative and anttBnasmodic effects of oil of
■iKr almoDd are due. ItK toxic effects arc ul»o iai-ntic-al with hydrocyanic
fH, tod call for the same treatment.
Tkcrspy. — lilt- volalite oil of bitter almond mutt not be confounded
• :■ ihr III id oi! obtained from either variety by eipres-sion, the latter being
• ' !-'■] application, especially in the form of ting, aqiuc rn»a', to irritable
tiapprd hands or Upe. In doeea of 4 to 7,5 c.cm. (or f5i-ij), it is laxa-
- uiU OUT be ii»d as a fliibstitute for olive-oil. The oil of bitter almond
ftecn empUifeU in emulsion as a local application in pruritus, and in-
"" - ' same pttrpoccs a» hydrocyanic-acid solution. The oflicial
witli sweet almonds, forms a soothing application, and may
««Bbij>r<l a<<:ording to these formuln: —
a r—l*. amntdate 301 c.cm. or I3j.
fli^^h —■*-"" 41 Ora. or SJ.
fli^nl *l ^""^ or Jj.
jf^ |ita: For kical apFlicatloii to tr«ckln and akin (>igR»etttat]«BA.
116
PHARUACKUTICAL TSEBAPBI'TIC AOEiCTli OH DKC0S.1
H Buiult. BTiiyK'l'ili^ • • 30
liydnirK. Mot. eniroi
Ammon. cliloridl
M. Sig.: \'i>luable in kkin pigmi^nUUonk.
B Uydnirg. ehlor, mitoi \iMi tu 113
Emuli, aniygdaln 120[
IL Big.: Pot cxUrnal urn In acno roM««R.
ccni-
Gm,
Gm. ni
C-dtlp <v
,1
Under the name of Rcsorbin Lebermann has introduced
which if) said to be very readily iiliKorbt-d by Ihe i^kin. It is madi
nitying purot almond-oil wiUi dktilled water, a small quantity
vox, K(^]atin, aad Boap,-and is brouzht to an exact constiitcnce by tb
of a little lanolin. It ia recommended aa an excellent vehicle for ac
in medication n( Ihe skin, and may l»e u«cd in iclithyo«i«, pilyria
derma, sclerema neonatorum, seborrhieic eczema, pnirigo, and* act
sorbin will, it ia claimed, promote the absorption of mercury bj
Bitter-almond water is a good vehicle in which to adminiet«
drugs. The syrup of almond may be upiironriately addvd to cough
The «mulEioQ of almond ii; un agreeabiG demulcent, and may re
employed as a vehicle o( more active remedies.
Flour prepared from blanched sweet almonds ia used in mak
cakes, and puddings for diabetic patients. Almond-meal is
Hoap for the toilet, rendering the skin soft and smooth.
4
AMYl NITEIS (U. S. P., B. P.}.— Amyl Kitrite. A liquid )
about 8(1 per cent, of amvl nitrite, together with variable quontil
determined compounds^ (('. S. P.).
Dose, 0.015 to 0,06 e.cm. (or m'/^-j), internally; by inhalatii
0.30 com. (or miii-v).
Fbannscolo^. — A clear, pale-yellowish liquid, of an ether
odor, an aromatic taste, and a neutral or slightly-acid reaction. II
ble in watpr. hut snliible in alcohol, ether, and chloroform, in all pi
It volatilizee at ordinary tcmpcratiirov. and ehoutd be kept iu a
pered hoItl«, or in small glass pearls, each containing 0.18 to 0.3C
miii-v), Veiwels or tubes containing this fluid must be handled wi
it readily explodes at ordinary temperatures. It results from the i
nitric acid upon amylic alcohol, and may be cootaminalitd witl^
hydrocynnic acid.
Fliytiological Acttoa.— Xo local etTcctg are aHcrihed lo thi« re
when lukoti internally, by the digealive tract, or by inhalation o
very remarkable phenomena are produced. Tiiere is at once observ
ing of thi! face, with fulness and throbbing of the temporal v
patient complaining of li™iiuebc. fuliies*. and oppression, with
and confusion of ideas. The reflex excitability of the cord is d
The brain is indirectly influenced, and its functions <'xnlted by the
congestion. The action of the heart becomes excessively rapid, wit
ing of the pulae and marked lowering nf arterial tension, owing i
«ral enlargement of the vessels, due to action of the drug upon the
coats of the arteries, and not to the nervous system or vasomott
larger doses occaKon failure of cardiac action, arrest taking place i
According to the invest ign lions of tb»- late Pmf. Leech, of Mancl
i
AUYL NITBIS.
in
irtnin affect eg)>eciaUy the blood and inuftcks. They depress the serre-
eaon anS nerves; but tbvir uction in tliitt n-ypt-ct is lc«>t marked. Amy]
\ ■oite diminishes oxidation, and the arterial and venous blood both become
ifAtmse dark Oolor. Itespiration iind tcmpcnilitrt; »rr both reduced.
I hpr a)>pesn in the urine after inhalation, probably as the result of in-
Omd circidation in the tiver. It incrcaiiw trie tlow of iirine, pocsibly, in
tktane way, or because the lirer-sugar may act as a diuretic. In poisoning
tnatmyl ni1ril« the blood a»iimc« a cliaractcrirtic chocolate color, due U>
4ifmnatioii of met hemoglobin.
la K>m«- patients the nitrites excite gastric irritation and diaTrhoea.
IWcatir Leech rejtrards these compounds as useful, unirritatin;: diuretics.
Jstl oitritc is iibsorbi-d and elimiouted with gn-ni rapidity.
Tbanpy. — t>om a consideration of its physiological action Dr. Lauder
BnctoD TTis induced to recommend the u«e of amy! nitrite in the parox-
jBf of anfnnn pectoris, and clinical experience has shown the value of fhe
■Btdy. Whether Ihc relief be due to lowering of adi'riul U'n*i(in. an Bninton
maii, or to the alleviation of the neuralRic condition, as claimed by Johr-
p*. is not vcn- material, since by inhalation of a few drops of this remedy
tkpttient has complete control over the attacks. Dvspnrea due to oth«r
hu of cardiac dii^me and to pulmonary legions i» also relieved by admin-
.italiim of this remedy. It is particularly adapted to symptoms- dependent
iditMse of the miimi valve, but aortic inoom|ietenre. accordinK to Pro-
Leerb, offers no objection to its use in small (juantitlei^ when the
ilWna tf npprcjix-'l. !n BKlhuia, where the spfl.iimodic element is strong,
iBjl nitrite promptly affords amelioration.
nttmann nvommended as an injection in chronic cystitis, where the
•nttion is catarrhal and has a bad odor: —
I Imj-J nilrit ISO tern, or mv.
iq, dentiHat. ; ISO] c.nn, or (JW.
K fig.: Tnblefpoontiil In water •uffldftnt for a vhicbI inji^liun.
Anyl nitrite can often be resorted to with benefit for Ecasicknese, e^pe-
eiHf in this fonnula, pven by Marlindale: —
Blmyl nitritlt 11 c.cm, or ihtvj.
Ah«h(Flio TJS c.cm. or fSij.
Fulr. Iraffaranlhtt 138 Oni. or gr. vj.
A^Off <l(«lillatir q. s. aiJ 120] <.CTn. or liiv.
TW povttMTd sum tnmaeanth should Iw in • drr four ounce bottle, into whioh
I^ uil ulntion is poured, and the watn added grailiially alttrwnrd. Sltak* irolL
tw t to r.S f-otn. (or f3i-ij).
In epilepsy, telnnus, neumlgia. chlornform-narcows, nnd in strychnine
piHoinjc omyf nitrite has been tried with (ratifying resuHs; in whoopinj;-
_n^gi it has failed. Benefit results from its inhalatinn in muraljric dysmtn-
Wa. and it is re<^ommended by Dr. Winterburn for the relief of after-
Dt His practice is to satuntte a small piece of tissue-paper with 5 or 6
iftf the nitrite and place it in a tightly-corked 8 Gm. (or .lij) vial, from
ibd the patient csn inhale when the pain is severe. Professor Benedikt
Koatnenas n mixture of H parts of amyl nitrite with 10 partg of volatile oil
•f fouel, lor the relief of angiospastic hcmicnnia. Five drops are to be
118 rHARttACKDTIOAL TRBnAPkOTIC AOBNTS OK DBCGS.
poiirud Upon a handkerchief and cautiously inhaled. Amyl nitTi(
ficial in migraine dependent upon locul vaHomolor spaitin, 1
In aneemic epileptics the inhalatian, immediatelv before a fit, i
time« prevent the fit, Th« remedy should not he given to pld
Upticfi, nor to elderly people with brittle arteries. It is particulan
to thofte ca*C8 of epilepsy in which an uppnviiibK^ intirvnl occnt
the aura »nd convtUBion. Dr. S. Weir Mitchell states that amyl a
be advant«e:«ously caiployed as a me^n» of i!iaj;iio^)» bi'tw<-i;n imdot
mat and attacks Btmulatio^ that disorder, but caused by temporal
tion of nerve-centre*. In the latter cloM of ca»cfi amyl nitrite intta
paroxysm. Sir Crichton Brown has found this agent specially sen
the status epiUptieat.
Inhalation of amyl nitrite is serviceable in stimulating the \A
event of sudden failure, which may occur In fatty heart or after ha^
It has proved beneficial in intermittent coryza. In intermittent f«r
avert or suppress the chill, but is without inflni'nce upon Ihi; hot i\
In the trtalmcnt of epidemic infliieuKa, or grippe, where pneu
eurred as a complication. Dr. S. Soliit-Cohen' had succefiiful res
the adminislmtion, intentalir, of 5 drops of amyl nitrite in aloa
three huurs, asisnciatiifl with iitropine sulphate, 0.0005 Gm. (or gr. '
atrychninc sulphate. 0.003 Orn. (or gr. V»o)> every five hours; also, i
ammonium carbonate, 0.G5 Gm. (or gr. x), every hour, at first, aft
longer interrals. Although recovery was delayed by infection
sipelas, the patient made a good recovery.
In case of unpleasant, or serious, symptoms after the use ofl
amyl, the exhibition of ammonia by inhalation, by the mouth, <
enous injection, and the hypodermic injection of atropine or cth<
hydrate) with cold water or ice-bag to the head, sinapism to the
region, a mustard foot-bath, at the same time keeping the patic
recumbent posture, will very soon be followed hy relief.
AUYL VALERIANATE. Valerianate of Amyl, is an active
tion, whirh \* regarded as ft viiliiiihlir liypnotii- and anti^pasmod
combined, according to Dr. W. F. \Vade"s formula, by taking 1 par
valerianate to IS of alcohol, to which is added amyl acetate in th
tion of 0.06 c.cra. (or mj) to (iO c.cm. (or f.vj). Dose, 0.37 to (
or mvi-viij). This dissolves cholcsterin retubly, and is cM>nsiden
in cases of gall-stone than either chloroform or ether.
Amyl valerianate relieves the pain of hepatic colic and prevei
rences. It has been found of advantage in muscular rheumatisi
dysmenorrhtBa. It is useful likewise in relieving hysterical numifi
Amyl valerianate is a colorlcsa liquid of pleasant taste. flfil
AMYLENE HYDRAS.^ — Amylcne hydrate is tertiary amyli(
(dimethylethylearbinoll.
PhwmiRcology and Physiological Aetion.^It is a mobile,
liquid, with a camphor-like odor. It boils at 102,.r C. (SIK-S"
at SOO* C. (393" F.) is decomposed into sniylcne and water It foi
pounds with chlorine, bromine, and with iodine. Oxidation coi
' PhWadtiphla ntapHal Rrporli, vol. I, ISDO.
AMYl-Olf.
119
intoicetic acid and amtone. Miscibic with alcohol in al! proportians, and
HMlable in pighl parU of water.
Hannack and Meyer state that aniylenc hydrate at first excites, hut
■Amrerd euccpseivply paralyzes, all the nerve-centres. It likewise de-
^nscs Ihi; tempt* rat ure. In medicinal doKC^. 3 to 4 c.cm. (or mxlv-foj),
rt itcaid not to affect the respiration, the frequency of the pulse, or tue
tetim of the heart, but aet« principally upon thi- cerchruin. In excc8*ive
iettB it depresses the medulla and spinal cord, and causes death by respira-
tott failure. According to the experiments of Peiser, HTnyli-nu hydrule
disintihes the waste of mtrogenous tissue. He therefore regards it as
particularly adapted to those cases in which an hypnotic is needed for
pnlonged use, and in which decided nitrogenous waste occurs.
lacrapj. — ^It may be used as on anlispusitiodic in doses of 1 to 2 c.cm.
(artiiT>ixx), given in capsules, in alcoholic solution (mixed with beer or
wot), or with mucilaginous preparations. It has been used in insomnia and
waia. In mental afTections Dr. Hans Eveusen esteems amylene hydrate
ttumevhat uncertain, but finds it particularly useful in cerebral ansmia.
It ha.* been given also in delirium tremens, and in nocturnal epilepsy.
Sidi coincided with Wildermuth as to the efficacy of aniylcne hydrate in
H fcmmt and severe aliacks of epilepsy, especially where the brnmide^
Ktnt foiled. Ue thinks that pelil mal and nocturnal epilepsy are much
^■kt£ted by tlie drug. It has also been reooinmcndod for whooping-cough
^^M lo relieve the cough of plithisis. No dangerous after-effects have been
W iherred from the use of this remedy.
AMTHTM (V. S. P., B. P.).— Starch.
Preparations.
0);«rit(un Amfli (U.S.P.), — Glj'Cfrite of Starch (10 per cent). Loctl uae.
Glfemmim Amyti IB. P.).— Olj'ocrin of Starch (about 1^ pnr cont.].
Rareu»colog7 and Therapy.— The official (L*. S. P.) starch is the fecula
*ftlie«f<-d iif '/,^■^l Miijs (llramintw). The British Pharmacoptciu directs
Ikfiilarcfa be procured from the grains of common wheat. 'IMtieum sativum;
■UM,ZesUay8; and rice, Oryza Mtiva. It is an important clement of food,
•nd fonns a Lug^ P^rt of rice, wheat, barley, arrowroot, and other eommonly-
Dd carbohydrate* for administration to the sick. Starchy food should not
'«p»<-n to young infants, who have not sufficient saliva or intestinal juices to
^fut tbem, for thvy may undergo putrefactive changes in the bowel and
tnte colic and diarrhcea. Starch is a fine, white powder, becoming adhesive
*ka rnoift, and U a good aupliculiflu for hums or scalds, and for intertrigo,
«rckl£ag in infante. With boiling water the starch-granules swell and burst
ad a homogeneouM man retults, which answen very well an a poultice for
lOnkting local inflammation. The glycerite is a useful application in some
dia affection!, though the glycerin sometimes proves irritant, on account
rf ill aflinity for water. Starch is a convenient antidote to most corrosive
(ABona, when mixed with water; it is a test for free iodine, as it turns blue
*liai brought in contact with this agent. Starch-water is a very good basis
far hndanum injection or uime other form of medioateil enema, especially
*fcoi it is combined as follows: —
120 riiARUAcerriCAL TnEtiAPECTic aoekts ob dbcos.
R AqiMF omfii 30[ com. nr t
Bluniithl mbnll -, '. 2 Gm. or 1
Tinct Dpii |30 to |0D fxtit. or il
M. Sig, : Injmt into the bowel when nccMcarjr. Uie ftfter a fttuol id I
ABAC AKDIUM.— Cashew-nut.
Fhannacologry and Therapy. — Anacardium occiHonlale
ihiu'fit) ii- » smiill trci'. intligvnoutt to tropical Ainericu. mid n
in certain pnrtti of Africa. The nut iii mclo^od wilhiti two Aht^ilQ
which i£ coatained an acrid, oily liquid, vhich turns black nhcii t
with the nir. The pnitcipal ci>n»tiluont); of this fluid urc Anaoa
a white, crTrtallJDe substance, and Cardol, n yoUowish or reddish'
Tin; jiiioi;. or oil, in iin iictivc local irritftlit. imd lia* bci^n'
for the destruction of coma and warts, for the cure of obstinate n
riii^iwonii. It him n]n) bi-i-n ii#cd n* a loiiiriii ngi-nt in ihc trw
leprosy. The tuberclea and a portion of skin surroundinf; j
painted with the nil, which iit then nibln-d into ihc «kin. Aft(
oozing s ecab forma, and when it falls it ia aeen that the tiibercld
itihcd in etxe. The oil should not he applied to a surface of moll
inches square. In young persona and upon parts where the iulej
thin the oil gires rise to violent irritation.
J
ANETHI FHUCTUS (B. P.).— Dill-fruit
Preparations.
OIniiii Anotlii (B. P.).— Tlic Oil dUtilJpd from Dtll-fruit. Dow, 0.03 U
(or niM'iij).
Aqua ADelhi (aP.).— IMH-watcr. Distilled from the fruit. Tib to
Mnnmnlivc nnci iilimiilniit nf;<^nt ordinnrily rmfiloyi-d to rflii-ve nutulfm
Kll-vtaler is un u^rvcnblp vi^liiL'le uhich dnii-ea ila vuluo from thv vulalitu
Phftrmaoology and Therapy. — Dill is the Jried ripe fruit of Pei
graveolens: a native of Spain, Portugal, and the south of France. '
M the fruit is eomuionly called, hiivc a (.Irong aromatic odor, les*
than fennel-seed and a moderately pungent taste. The principal
ent is ft volatile oil, of a pnlc-ydlow color, having a hot, swcctish-ji
Dill-fruit has the property common to all aromatics, but is ra
in this country. In flatulent colic of iufunts the oi! can be givei
of 0.06 to 0.18 c.cm. (or mi-iij) on some supir; (he dose of the fruit
14 from 1 to 4 Gm. (orgr, xr-oj).
i
ANHALONIUM.—Mescal Bnttons. ''Pellote." The dried to
haloniuiii Iu'wiuii (Cact:n'Oii-i liavc been used in the relijiious ee
of the native Indian tribes of the Southwest as an intoxicant,
and Morgan' e.vamined into the physiolodcal action of ihe druj;, a
that three "huttons" were usually sufliicient to produce char
effect*. -■Vmong these are hallucinatinna of viaion, oolor-phenon:
dominatinji. bnt with remarkable figures and forma. The mind ■
parativclj- unimpaired, but the muwiilar xystem was much dopresn
papila were dilated. The heart-action was at first slower and
' yedlcal Iltcrd. Aug, 22. 1808.
AXtllAL ^ECBRTIOMS, BXTlUCrS, AND J(;iCE&
121
IhtD me lo noriiiftt, aiitl v»» nvwr <lepn'»s«cl. There wae a sentie of inti-
HHottbe alomai'U and occasiODally nauaoa and vomiting. Duration of
lim-nu uniioiit'vd and in^onmis existc'd for twelve to twentr-four houn;
B ikia respect, and in theab6euc« of any merry cliaracUT from tho visions,
1 fhirp contniri i» offered to vauiiRbiti Indies, tijimilar rcsulta were re-
jMlfdbT Weir ^[itcheil. Three alkaloids have been isohitvd: AnhadoninCi
oMUtine; Ketcftllne; and u third unnuiucd; aleo a resinous B(ibe(au<!e,
tkidi appfar? to In- the nioi<t iwportnnt couetitiunl. Atihalonine, in
Jiddtd dofiee, acta like sirychniue as a conndeant and totanizing agvnt
Itttogt. Id man ii acU a# a ealmant, {irnducin^' oidy wvuriiK'ss and tern-
pmn aleepleaeDeea, in dosea of 0.045 to 0.0J9 Gin. (or gr. V,o-Vio)- After
ftnonal experience Dr. Unvelock Ellis decliind that the phenomena of
■Mtal intojuealion are mainly a saturnalia of the specific senses, and
(bdyaa orjiy y( vision. Per»oiiiiHy, he ha* found the penalty of a single
hi* Hirprisingly light, though, having learned what the experience haa
(d latch, hi- hue no «pveijil inclination to renew it. But he fully agrees
■itliDr. Weir Mitchell, that there in every likelihood that mescal will be-
au jwpular. It certainly has a great future before It with those who
oltiTRle the vinon-breeding drug^. At the .lame time it in of mi little in-
tswt to the physiologist and psyehologist.
Therapy, —The pnudvix-d biittims and extruets and tinetnreB made
IntlieiD have been used in the treatment of varioua conditionii dependent
■9*0 Bcrvous iriitabilily, and nitb eonsidurable succl-ss. In therapeutic
*M, 0,50 to 1 Gm. (or gr, vii-xv), it does not produce insomnia, but fre-
tHxtlt removes its cause, and so conduees to natural sleep; it has been
•f nwst lue in »vmptoniatie treatment, as in eases of nervous headache and
covtb, ictiTc delinuui, mania, hypoehondriasi!<. tinil melancholia. The taste
•(^bquid preparations is very bilier, but is rc^adily di.sguised.
UnUL SECRETIONS. EXTEACTS. AND JITICES.
Ikumacologj. — \'.iiiL<u- reniedii-^ ul iiiimii!l orifjin are now made use
"( in llirrapeutics. They contain certain complex organic compounds of
iwrfin.. phosphorus, nitrogen, etc.; in unme inKlanc-ttx jiroduct." «( hnttt-rial
■ (ptomaines, toxins, antitoxins, etc.). and in others some proteid
'•^■^i.iwvnt of normal glands or organx, whicli have hern ascertained by
r'ment and obeervation to be available for the treatment of disease.
. coflstst of extracts of orgniis, serums, and disease products. For in-
flBut, the extract obtained from the sheep "s testicle by U. Urown-S^quard,
ui tmplcyo) by him and others for the relief of organic and functional
iMftiiH dtiorders and certain oonititutional diM-axes, oweti il« activity to and
■ JcHTibed under the title of spermin hydroehlorate. the virtue of testicnlar
fad having been ?hown to depend upon the presence of spvnnin: a sub-
flisce irhirh is also contained in other glands, especially the pancreas.
AyiiologicRl Actios. — The injection into the human hotiy of exiracu
obteoftl from animal tissues may prove of service by modifying the consti-
rtlion of the blood, or by supplying to it elements of which it stands in
■<*t It IS conceivable that, when the functions of certain organs, espc-
tiiU/ tho** concerned in nutrition and sanguification, are suppressed, the
atndiictfoo of the corresponding tissues, secretions, or extracts derivi-d
fna health; anirnala may prove bencrieial. Acting upon thia theory.
li»
rilAtlUACKCTICAL TUKBAFKltTIC AOKNTS OB DRUCiS.
preparations representiag muscular, nervous, cardiac, supiarem
and thyroid enbslance have been employed in practical therapei
to the manner of formation of antitoxins, A. C. ()'.Sullivan holds
toxin atiinulutcs the cells of the body to produce the antitoxin, ai
is not the blood-cills, but the tissue-col Id, that do so. When wc
inquire what the partioular cells are uhich produce aiititoun, wi
by greater difhcultii-s. Tetanus atTonli^ the inoi<t promising field
ing ihia queetion, because it is evident that tetanic poison acti
on iliR M^ntrat nervous syittem. Wa8«crnian ban shonii thut an en
the bruin of an animal which is sensitive to tetanus has strong ai
propertiea. while if ihe animul has been poisoned by tetanus it« b
this power. Here we have a ease of neutralization of antitosin
and ihi.*. not in thi; scrum, but in the brain-ecll« thcni»clve«, <
periments tend in the same direction, and we may say that in ll
tetanus, al all events, the cclli* of the brain, which arc those att
the toxin, are also those which produce the antitoxin. It is ea
that such a thing is extremely hard to prove or disprove in othe
where no speeitle cells are especially attacked, and. of course,
goes counter to all the work of MctsehnikofT and hie pupils on
tective action of the wandering cells of the body. As to tl
question, how do the antitoxins act? the fact« which have been vi
arc the following: 1. The toxin enters into chemical, or molect
bination with the cell-protoplasm, and when in this combinatio
tralized: i.e.. is innocuous for other celln. 2. The toxin enters it
ical combination with the antitoiiDj and when in this comMnatii
tralized. 3. The antitoxin ia produced hy the cell, and is thro'
the cell into the blood. 4. The cells «hich produce the nntitoxl
aame cells as those which combine with the toxin. We are aim'
to the conclusion that the element in the blood which proceeds
cell and neutralises the toxin in the blood is the ume elemi
neutralizes the toxin in the cclh And so we arrive at the fin
Khrlieh's hypothesis: "That element or group of atoms in the (
plasm whicti combines with the toxin when it is thrown off h;
into the Wood is the antitoxin." But we hate seen that it is i
of the toxin on the cell, and that only, which stimulates the ct
duco the antitoxin; that is to stiy, when any of ihi- conihining
the cell-molccules are taken up hy the toxin, they are replaced^
and replaced in very much increased numbers, as usually happ
tissuft-rej;encration. Ehrlich suppoaen that these combininj; gro
they become numerous, lose their hold on Ihe cell-molecules and
into ooinhination with the moleciilex of the fluid in which t
bathed, and so get into ihe blood, and that the injection of a gi
tity of toxin will stimulate the cell* to produce many hundred ei
of antitoxin. Hut there is more than this, for toxin docs not mt
bine with cell-proloplastii. It also destroys it. There is plenty o:
to show that the part of the toxin-molecule which poisons is not
as that which first combines with the cell-niolcoule. The toxin
Iberia and ttttanii*. when kept in the liquid state, gradually lose I
power down to a certain point, but they do not lose thvlr pow(
biuing with antitoxin. It takes exactly the same quantity of ao
neutralize a given quantity of toxin, no matter how long it hn
AXIIUI, 8BC«ETi«fXS, BXlHACre, AKU JUICBS.
1S3
ftr how weak it may have become. In Ehrlich's terms, the haptophoK
groQp in llie loxin-niolc'iili- r<-iiiMiii# iiiiii]u-re<^, wliilv tht- toxuphoru group
tt duni^, Tbu», lh(! toxophori: jjroup i» tmicli U-ttst stable and lem rapi^
in cMubiain^ than Un; ollior, iiui) hcnou is probtibly miicli mori* comphix.
Hmj facU connected with the infeetious diaeases receive a ready explaiia-
ti«k b;f meant of iIiih hyputhi-sis: t.g., what is a nuturully-immiiiie aiiiinal?
A natarallT-immuQe animal in one whose protoplasni-moloeule contains
f e« or none of tlic groups capable of coinbiuing with the toxin in question.
Ajun, the incubnt ion-period o( a disease, whieh appears in poisoning by
touHts well as by the hviog organism, is the time in which it tnkcs the
P^iitKUiig group to ijet to uurk after Ihr toxin huR been amhorcd on the
ccO-inolccule by itt- combining group. Again, it is found that the produc-
tin of immunity and of antitoxin, ullhcmgli the oiuhc of both i» tht; name,
d* tot at all run par«llel to one another in amount. An animal in the
eol;uag«» of immiiniKAtion may be liypcr«en*itivc lo the poimon while it«
Vni is full of antitoxin; and. on the other hand, in the later stages ani-
Mh aie often found to be pnu:tieully completely iiiimnne, while th«ir
Uwd yields no antitoxin at all.
nienpy. — I. Organic Eriradi. — A glycerin -ex tract of gray mflttor of
tlftfi'g brain has been used by M. Consiantin Paul with encouraging re-
nin in nuunuthenia. locomulor ataxia, and senile debility. Dr. Dana has
WBlMHid amendment in the »inie claiu of ense^ frnni the uite of k glycerin
biiB^itrad, and invtauecs particularly a case of rapidly-advancing bulbar
in which marked improvement was etToeled. Seven months after the
ing of the treatment no trace of the disease remained except slight
after long conversation or mssttcntion. In regard to sonic of the
ttM ft is specially slated that the injection of water had been inefreetual,
a proof that the amendment was not due, as thought by »ome orilins, to
■ere iBggestion. Dr. Juliux Allhaus. of London, has aleo given favorable
iHttmoay conc«niiug Ihe efTcit of inji-ctions of nervous r<ubslance. The
kiii^ttract, which he terms Cerebrin-dlpha (in order to distinguish it
feon the alkaloid ccrcbrin obtained from brain-mutter), was prepiirt'd by
^aBa% 1 part, by weight, of rabbit's brain with 1 part of glycerin and a
*Si»t-0!nt. carbolic solution. The extract of the eonl is made in the
nop nanner and is called MyeUn-alpha, to avoid confusion with the mye-
bovkich is one of the constituents of the central nerve-fibre. Dr. AUhau><
fonml that ibe extractji were of no benefit when swallowed, as they were
itWBipiMeti by the gastric juice. When injected into the substance of
■Mcle tbey were active in the average dose of 0..tO c.cm. (or m\). Hotli
•gnti *«emed of equal service in cerebral and spinal diseases. They were
bnefidal in locomotor ataxia, progrrasive muscular dystrophy, and in
Ifcaae maladies and conditions mainly characterized by loss of nerve-power.
Ii factional nervous disorders good results were ohtnined from the use
*(&(« extracts atone, but in organic affeclions they seemed to aet chieSy
Hadjinnts to other treatment. They were useful also in promoting eon-
^imetftce from acute diseases and in relieving the disabilities of aid ago.
Rumlns experience Dr. Althaus also dissents from the idea that the rt-
*Il» arp simply due lo suggestion.
nabrs lias employi>d an emulsion nindr by mixing normal brain and
Ccord witK broth in the proportion of 1 part of nerve-tissue to 5 of
.^bont 4 exm. (or f<ij) of the mixture was injected and proved useful
184
rUARUACKl'TICAL TUEUAPEUTIC A0BST6 OR UHU06.
in cases of epilppar, melancholin, «l»tinjit<> innomnin, chmnic hi
«;intiiii. iini! i>tlnr 'tUoT'li-rs of tht- ncnous (iVfitpm.
Spermin bydrocblorate nr miirinti:, iK-coniing to Dr. G. Arcliii
well, of Ik-troit. ii; tlie tnio factor in indticiti); the phvi-iolopicul [iln^
ohroniclcd bv M. Itronn-^cqiinnl, in hi* cotintiuniciitioii to the
Acudi-mj. It u obtainc-d from the ttsticulnr juice of the lowor
hy * oaix'fiilly-condu'ifO procciw. which iirolvctn the product (n
inminution liv infeotiou§ micro-orgauisms and isolates it, chemical
tm a salt «f hydrochliirif »rid. SjKTinin ix n crvi'tiillinc juihutiinc*,
in water and absolute alcohol, Itut insoluble in ether. It absorbs w
cBrboiiie acid from the iitmoBplierc. From exiiiTimciili* upon rohl
StockweU di'clares that this agent invariably produced powerful i
lonjtcd tliniulatioii i>( the Kyniiuilhctir ihtvouk ny^tcm, nmst e^trftng
fested throiiRh the speriuatic plesus. It fltiitiutatcfl the vasomotoj
imrt-ttsc)' lilnod-prpMiirc. niid addt; oxidation, In toxic doses it
distressing tetanic spasm and interfercH with respiration by spasm
Ation of miiHclc«. inoludinf; the diaphragm. Cutaneous hypcne^th
increased muscular activity wi-re ohaerrcl. Sexual prethinni was
in many ioftance*. The hypmiermic injection nf nn extract f
recent testicles of nianinials was found by Hrnwn-S/'ipiard' to have
lating effect upon nutrition, and to be especially active as a r«sto;
failiiiK niftritjon due to old age. Dr. H, T*. Loiiini*, of Nrw Yor
that the injections, "as claimed, produce nutritive modilicationi
tiwuipf of ilderly men. due, prob«bly. to stimulation of the iiervc-<
In tuberculoeis this substance has aleo been recommended.' Mai
provenient has been reported as oo<'urrin(( in some rases of lepr<
the injection of testicular fluid. In locomotor ataxia and varioi
of paralysis thi- »anii- tri-atim-tit hai' bi-en followed by aim-ndment.
hundred cases of tabes have been treated by this method by diff«
ficrvers and in n very li>rjic proportion the iiviuptonm of the disci
unmistakably relieved. In hysteria, on the contrary, little or no j
rceidted from the injection*, Tlicy were al»o found iiu-fTicicnt in j
In delirious epilepsy and in various forms of insanity the practice
followed by improvement. In una-miu, also, good results have
tained. Brown-S^quard claimed that testicular fluid had been ui
decided advantage in about 100 cases of cancer, in nearly all '
eessniion of pain and ha'niorrhajre and cicatrisation of ulcers demo
the eflicacy of the method which he advocated, lie also asserted
was eoirniiant of casi-* of disappearance of uterine fibromata and o
deposits of connective tissue in the heart, arteries, and muscle
stated by those who have prBetic<'d this method that belter resu
as » mle, been obtained in organic than in functional diseases. Ii
however. Professorii Oilier and Tci*sier and otbrr writers hove v
rapid improvement in eon.'^equcnce of these injections. Notable a
tion lias, in a large nnmber of case* of lubcrenlotii», followrd th
thtw injectious. l'rore.4.*or Pochl. of St. Petersburg, is of the opii
Tkr 1
■Si^e jitjm by the niithor «n "Tlic Cime of Dr. Brown -Pfquard;
SepM/r. Nov. 30, TSHl),
' Bfp Irdiirc bv Dr. I). f»pcn»ki. on " Brown- Sfqunrd Fluid !■ Tulwi
Deutscbf tM^liimiXritunff. Deo. 8f>. I8«l.
ANIMAL SKTIthmUN'S, EXTK.KTTS, ASD JCICES.
IKS
r inJM-tion of spermiti ia of »i(>rvic« iu Asiatic choleru, i>artii:uluirlj in the
r" ■■ iliecuM.'.
- »( till cxlrtft wen.' (rtll«w<'fl hy relief in cases of in-
t! |MiL-lii>iiilriii, fL'fble hi'srt, curxiiac a^ihmu. and apiiial irritftiion,
r , i by Dr. H, ('. Bruiiicril. of (.'luvi-liiini.
Thi- nittal det-idcr] rusults from thn aae of aiiiiiinl (ii>i'ii[-K or cxtrui^tji
Wt« b<r«n abkvrviil following the ndminiHtrntioD of Thyroid prv|)uni1ioni<,
Ittvially in the tn-armeot of myxoedema.' Thi^ diMetiflL* dojx-iul* iipoii
oJiiinn cif tliv [(iiK'tii>it>i uf llie thvroiil <!lun<]. Dr. Mtirrny. of New Castlv,
Sa|tl>n(l, diMiion^iraied Dtat grafting ol ii liciilthy thyroid uiioii llic hotly of
tfc» 'or the injection of an fxtrucl made from ttio ^'land in followfd
tn -. .<lilf and riijiid a int-lio ration. Tlivroid <-.i:triiL't i* oukIi' )iy cuiting
Or «iaii<l into tliin h]ic;iv, Itruiiting, and adtfiiig about 4 i-.i-ni. lor [r>j) i-ik;)) nt
elyvnji ami ntrriliw-d water to each ginnd. After titniidinjc for twi^nty-four
B«un tiie tluitl, whieli is tliiik and of a dull-n-d color, is ^tniiiied. Tho
(fuuttity of thr i-xtmct ttirown in i» 1.55 vxui. (or fnxxv), and the operation
i* rrpc^aUil oncv or tvi<.'c ■ wt-ck. according to tbc oeverity of the casv snd
'"^ r.' of imiirovraifni. At tlio<;nd of a month oritix weok* the condition
norully (iti-n so si^ully benefited that the pmccdiirc can he practiced
%'. -riHTTal*. The extract it prcpiitxl hy uiinoinj.' Ihe Jtland, frwhly
^- a healthy animal, maceration, and Bilration undpt pressure. The
] am! injivticiu nliioild Ixr made with i-veri' anlistptir pTccaution.
iijus favorable cases, in all stageti. which have been reported, leave
ra for douht that iu this method wc liavu a4-i|uired an effective weapon
,_i;_t a disease which hud been unamenable to any other mode of treatment.
It haat been deraoDstrated br i>r. Hector Mackenzie, of Ijondon, and
I>r. K. Li. Fos. of Plymouth, that the udministralion of the thyroid or a
; tr^nn-^slract of the gland, by the mouth, is, pfirhaps, as etlicacious as the
■ ■ ' The pland may be given raw, finely chopped, sciii^oned. and added
-I. or it may be lightly fried. Thorough cooking would probably
. lis Tirluc. ft is not ncccsMry that a large ijuaritity of the remedy
1><- taken. Eialf a gland or, el mo)^t. one gland, or an eqiiiralent
f ihe exttacl. twice a week, is suDicietit, and if a proper amount
.i..J vuruiting and increaired fre<(iiency of the pulse are produced.
u must b<' enjoint-d an regardji the sudden resumption of physical
. hi-n improvement lakes place. A sudden or excessive strain upon
1 heart may occasion syncope.
i-h I'harmacopo'itt recognixes as oflicial Thyroidcum Siccnm:
ir>*-l frnm the frc^h and healthy thyroid gliMi<l of the tihecp,
!ng th*' fat with petroleum spirit; also Liquor Thy-
' iitain» the prcnlucts of the gland with gly<'i-nn ntid h
*Vf«i^-cenl. phenol solution. The dose of the powder is O.iiO to 0.^ Uin.
- =^ .,i.^ I and of the lii^uid H'M} (o 1 c.em. |or mv-xv).
~ - is-Cohen has observed that thyroid extract has a very decided
-itr.r, and has employed it with satisfaction as a diuretic in a
ii na apparent diwade of the thyroid gland. He speaks also of a
in which the adminiatrtition of the same remedy alleviated
--sts that it may beof wrvice in a recent case by preventing
_- (.-ulnrfifejnenl of the pituitary boily.
^.rt u( l^mAaa (lininl 8ari*ly, lM>%rtt, Vt\K 4, 1608: alM the BritlMk
...il. Kcb. 4. IS93.
IH
rHAltUACROTICAt. TlIKRArBCTIC AGENTS OH OltCllB.
Hurtoghc, of Antwerp,' has ioimd that the continued admiiii«li
the thyroid extracts exenii n dt'|iri-sflin^ cfT^-ct upon the fiinctiou* of tl
orf[aiii> aii(] u stimidaling cfTccl upon thL- Uclcal inlands; in er
menorrha^ia woa oun^d hv thi-m tmd iii(-iii<trii8tion bccninc mirnml, v
lucU-4il H'C-relions wito romiirkaliij incrcasi-d. He aUo rwummoiu
all oongi'slive dtsturlinnces of thv jielvic organs. J
In Home forms of amenorrhwa. (.■spi-ciatly of thi^ eongeetivv
thyroid extraet in t.ma\i doflea nuiy be <'iiii>loyed with averted jfoo^
At n ri-ccnt meeting of the Liverpuol Mcdital Iniiticuliou Dr. Glyni
that in young girU in whom teniporaiy amenorrhcea, or a delay
alruation in confcqiK'nee of flight dcvelopnienlal change* occur
administration of thyroid extract in dosee of 0.03 Gm. (or gr. aa)
time proved eiiflloient to roH'etablivli or to institute the funi-tinn
etniatioD.
Byrom firamwL'll and Arthur T. Oavies have reported wvoral
stubborn psoriaaia and eczema whicli wore cured by thyroid feedin
u<c of tableU of thyroid extract. Branmi,'!] was led to make use of tl
OD account of its favorable effect upon tlie akin in myx<edema.
Bruce' Toporta his oheervnIionH with thyroid extract in Iwei
cflBO-S of insanity, ineludinj; mania, general paralysis: puerperal, lac
cliniaeterie, »yphililic, ami aleoliolic int^anity; hi.^ found that, t>
benefit from this treatment, it was nccessarj" in some cases to give
doKS (4 Gm,. or gr. Ix, daily). Itn admintatratifln i» conlra-indi
cases of mania w here the e.wilement is acute, the loss of body-weigi
and danger of exhaustion from nmhisKimilatiun of food; but when
covery was protracted, or where a tendency to drift into donicntis
Bod especially in the insanity of the adolescent, elimaeterio, and p
periods, a course of the thyroid treatment led to ultimate recover;
From an iuvrsligBtion of the chemieul conipotiition of thft tliyro!
Dr. Frederick Oourlay states that it contains no ferment capable ol
ing mucin, that the wily pruteid which can be obtiiiiitd from it in s
albnmin, and is inclined to Iwlieve that its usefulness in the treat
niyxa-dcma in due to the pn-wnco of the niieleo-alhuniin. Tfe as»e
that the secretion of the gland docs not consist of mucin. The d
powdered gland has also been employed under the name of Thyroid
powder is of a gTayish-yellow color and a peculiar odor. It is thouj
letter tok'rated than the gland. The virtues of an entire gland of
size arc said to be represented by 0,59 6m. (or gr. ixl of the powd'
officttcy of the gland doeii not *eem to be lusit by drving. The po\
been usually administered in the form of pills in daily doses of 0,11
Gm. (or gr, i(*-ivw), which amount may be gradually doubhtd. Di
Bramweil has derived the same results from the use of this prcpui
from llie Kland il«clf or its extTiiet.
I>r. J. D. Meniies, of the British navy, reports several cases i
thyroid tablets were of advantage in tireeociou* malignant Ryphilis^
medication being nispended. Dr. N. Yorke-Duvies asserts that, in t
ment of obesity, the uw of these tnbli-lii i* of great n^istance.
According to experiments and extended clinical obsenations o)
'Cult, de VAeait. de SIM. lie Bfloiqw.
'Journal of Mfnfnl Sefmee. No. xH, IflOS,
JllillUL BECftmOXS, EXTRACTS. AStt JinCB3.
127
b/ruid vJttnct. though often cBicAcioue, is still not « euitablc remedy for
tin the treatment of obe*ity or adipo&ity. Dividing th« patient* BlTcot«d
"lu wny into tno clasei-s, he finiu that a Iar;ri- number experience no
BproTi^mi-nt wtiaievvr unrttT thiit tiyalment, ultile another M-t n-ii<rt <]iiickly
)» tbv dru^ Hnd appurently derive benefit from its ueo; thifi lutter class
PtOBiiti mmtnly ol individuals in whom ionie traces — distant, it is true —
. DTXirdi-inatous tendency are dcmonstrabk': very email or non-palpoMu
o'm, dciuithineaa of the skin, imd flubcutani-oiis liiisues, etc. The advan-
.^Laimcd for the mvthod are that it effects positive restdlH, and this
in any nay restricting the patient's diet or his ordinary habits of
rrgKTtls exercise and occupation, — ^matti-re often of great importance
ivol»" prBttiee; hut certain well-marked subjective disturbances — suoh
1]' re^tU-i«n<-N>, tri'mor, and intoiDuia — go hand io hand with
i]». ' nte. and give the individual more or less discomfort. The
■t«Bt cnntra-indivation ift to be found in constant, great ly-increued
>i.<i-ii •'xcretion, an index of pathological albuminous brcaking-dovn> and
u(fl bo terminati-tl by umply cutting off the drug, but continites
.1. ..xiv-linite length of time after its adromietration has been stopped.
ThjrTco^ofanluL eunatitulvs about 10 per cent, of the gland (wet) and
— T^'^i the iodine constituent of the thyroid in the original form it has
totJw ^lBti43. Act-ording Io Oswald,' thyreoKlohulin vm fuund to have the
mt influeoee on the excretion of nitrogeu in animals in metabolic eiiuilib-
DVB M the i-ntitc glaud. His view is confirmed by its action in two cas^s
W mrxirtlema. lie obtained from thyreoglobulin a prodact resembling
iiAjthTriji (ruppowd to be the bearer of the specific qualities of the gland),
ntainitig 14.3 inntead of 9.3 per cent, of iodine.
I >r. Charles Macaleeter, of Liverpool, lieed preparations of the Tbymos
6aad vitb advantage in caM« of pseudohypertrophic paralyei^ und gcncml
iriVpbsde u iinia .
Utlculicz. in ten caMS of goitre and one of Graves's disease, obtained
•onnging ri^sult^ from the uih; of thymus glands. He gave at one dose
IV«r ITi Om. (or 5it '/ri^') '^f '^*^ sheep's tbymiin, finely eut up and spread
B Icart. llie ijuantity wasgndually increased to SS Gm. (or 3viKs).
■iphriit. a Mime glycerin extract of ihi^ cortical Kubatance of the kidney.
. bem pntposed as a remedy in cases of nephritis. Subcntsneoua injeo-
at nephrin will, it is thouuhl, prove of service in the treatment of
M. l^ienlafoy has described the reenlts of his experimental use of
in an aggravated cane of unrmia. The {nitiont suffered from sup-
iif ufiue. o^ema of the lung. copioiiE perspiration, and diarrhoea, an
3C« at im-u V-iiig conlained in tht- t-xcreted fluid«. After injections
srin orine u^s again wcreted, sweating of urea ceased, the mind
. >nd the pati<-nt na^ able Id «pe«k. The cans was too far advanced
t«BT inethM of trcalment to be of avail, but the decided effi'Ols produced
a patient «i-tualiy in tjriremis undniibti^dly uarrantii a continuation of
I iDler^ting ( hers pmit leal experiment. Further clinical experiments have
iin*d« bjr T«-i>*ii-r and Kraenkel. Tlicw obwrvers found that the injee-
lof n ^Ircfrin-extract of sheep's kidney in patients sufTertng from nephri-
t»ntp<i til'- jitiwer to exirrete loxic nubstam't-v in the urine. The sub-
I tjxptfiivoev^ a Mmse of general amelioralion. Albumin, at least in some
188
fUAttUACBUItCAL TUEIurKUTlC A0£KI8 01 DRl'GS.
cases, disappeared from the urine during the diiys when thv in
were pvea. There wu liUle or no i&flwnce upon Ihe iiiiaiititjj
passed. I
Thv drk<d and pulvi-rucd Saprannkl Gland, ohtainod from tit
has heeo found to poafless exlraordinary Jintrinj,'i,'ut powers ujHin Ihi
blood-vnMU, CRU«iDg iDtenitc annmiu whim upplicd to the »iirfai-c M
membraoeB. The adi«nal extract, owin;; to its conrenience and ac
largely used in order to produce bloodlcM operationii in nasal iurgt
tensive operations upon the eeptuni, or upon the turbinated bodies,
performed without Wntorrhagv \>y ineana of a [irdiminarv app)i(
a aolution, which may be prepared as follows: —
Urn. or 3j.
Gin. nr j|T.
«.(?iii. or (3a
can. or 13J
e.cii>. or (jl
R Adrenal* (.\riuuur'«) il«9iCGktCd 4
Acid, borle " I
dimamon- water ... >■■■■' 16
CHiii|>lior-u-at«r Ihot) 30
Diatitlcd (vai«T (hu() •' q. •■ kd 00
aiMMTHtc lor lour lioan. ihm Alter.
i
Dr. K. A. Peters' liaa used a JO-per-ceiit, solution of the sv
extract for the pnin in cun-inonia of the inammii', i^tric-tur<.- of ihe a<i<
tubiTculoftis of iht! huynx, and periodontitis. In none of these pat
there any apjMirciit ddflerioiis I'tTwts.
Siiprart^Dnl extract has also been used in Addison's disease, wi
fying results in some casvt, bepuuinj; with 0.1.3 Oin. (or gr. ij) th:
a day and ffradually increa.iini; until 1.3iJ Cim. (or gr. xx) are tak
I>r, Jokichi Tukamine i«olatL*il what ht- coiisiilemj the adivc
of the suprarenal giand. Adrenalin, which otLurs u§ a light, whit
ciystallinc powder, of a «li^hlly4iitfori!*h tai«ie, li'aviitj; n iiumlifii
on the spot of the tongue where it is applied. Kxperiments shi
phyeiolopicnl sdivily «f ailn-iiiilin wa.-^ ustouinHngly strong, a fri
a drop of an aqueous solution in the strength of 1 to 10,000 blanc
normal conjunctiva within thirty to *ixly second*, llr. Euiil Mn,ii
his results with the use of this agent in thirty-live rhinologioal of
He found that uii iipplication of n 1 to 10(H) wjiilion produced h
of the tissues within a few seconds, the operations beint; cither
or attended with viri' little lia-inorrhagc, and in no injiancf was t
constitutional di^liirliancc.
I'r. E. Flclvh<r Tngab" su^ge^ts that, it adrenalin is dissol
normal salt solution, it lesscfns the pain ami smarting. He has fo
fl 1 to 5(>U0 ill iionnal t-ah solution acts with the same rapidity
tensity a.* the jioluriim made with 2 tim. (or gr. xxx) of the desiccal
to 30 c.cm. (or f'j) of water. In acute coryxa. acute laryngotrachi
acute laryngitis this agent has promptly reduced the swelling au(
tion. and in a few da)*s the patients were well. In order to prevent
fonnntiouH in IIk-jv wtlution* Dr. Injnil* hax suggested the folk
part of adrenalin to 5000 of liquid containing 0.50 (Im. (or gr. viij'
iicid, cinnnnuin, and camphor- water, of each, 7.5 e,cm. (or f5ij);
tilled water, 15 cem. (or fSss),
'Lnnrrt. MhttIi 2, IMI.
'Mfluc/.l/.Aw MwHrtiF Junrmil. April 27. 1001.
'Journal nf the .Imi-rdviH Vcdicol Agsoclatton. April 27. 1901.
A
AKIMAL SSCHETIONR, EXTRACTS, AX» jriCRS.
1SB
AM* ^Tc the iiutuc of Eptnephrin to a body he ieoliiUtI rrom nd-
luiract, aiicl to uhi(.-li hi; Hltrilnitc^ lliP wi'll-ttnnwn I'lTcris on hlood-
[ of thie fubstancf. Ftom the reactions of cpincphriii it would seem
toMong to the frnjup of aniinnl iilknioii);', am] the fonnula C,,1I,,^NU, has
i&lcnnin«d for it.' It U obtained from uquoous oxtructs of the ■druuaU
Fibe action of bentoyl-chloride, and from the benzoyl combination thus
hm) Abid isolated the free bu«L>, and uinilv u picrate, bib'idphatv, h}'dro-
lUmte, and bydrobromate, aa well as a Inacetylnepbria and a phcnyl-
Mmin dcrivotivi;. Its vsiious decomposition Tcuctions Kcvni to OMiiixn to
mi^thnD a place amonp the pyrrol or skatol hasefl: treatment with dilute
•bliea forms n dark pigim^nt, which thi; author dt-noniinnlea a^i i^pine-
fkriaic acid, and a base of coniin- or pyi'idin- like odor. On fusion with
ftUisiiun, apprvciablv iiuaiuiticn of likiiliil result.
The fr*e base cannot be produced except at the expense of ita physio-
fcpal eRicacy. On the other hand, moi't of its enlU react on the system
nj cBcgeiically; they have a slightly-bitter taste, cause a partial ancs-
io( the tongue, and produce n local viisoconsLrlction. Wlicu introduocd
I the circolation. fmall do^cs at first excite and then centr»lly deprcwi
NqinUon; heart-fuilurc follow* larger amounts. The insolubility of the
mantton. howerer, which increases on keeping, unfortunately renders it
rfnsatail therapeutit^ally than might otluTwiiii; be expected; since the
tocc iloee is far above that required to produce the physiologieid action.
Tnerjihrin, the aoniiai pigment principle of the urine, in part exhibits
nulu properties to epincphriu, and the probability of a rclntioiitihip be-
■nco the two bodies seemti very great.
A certain proportion of cases of diabek^ are dependent upon or at
ImiI aMociated witli diiteaso of thi:- pancrcRS. It has been demonstrated by
Ukkixnlu and von Meriug tliat removnl of the pancreas chukch glycosuria,
BMpectiTe of the nature of the diet. If, however, only a Hmall proportion
•f the gland it left behind, diabetes Joes not develop. Furtlurmorc. when
funcof the pancreas taken out of the abdominal cavity were piafted into
ibe abdomiDal wall the advent of dJabt^tcs wu« prevented. Minkow*td was
W to beliere that the pancreas performed some function indisi>ensably
McHiry to tho nonual trannformation of iiugar within the organism. Pro-
ItHr lupine has ingeniously arj^ued that the pancreas genemtes a ferment
*Hnti is Dcc«itsar}' to asniniilation of amyUceouM foodit. In view of thei>e
tKUaod hypotheses it was thought that the ingestion of the pancreas or
fnfsniions derived from that viscus might prove seniceablc in thi> treat-
iBKit u{ sotne forms of diabetes. Ciinjciil experiment? hare been accord-
ieftynuidrin that direction and the results, which, unfortunately, fall far be-
la* expcctatton. have been jiublishcd by Mackenjric, Hnlc-Wliite, Neville,
T»«d, Battistini, and N. S. Davis (Jr.). The patients subjected to this
Mkod hsTC generally experienced improvinuent of Nubjcctive symptoms,
»i eome have gained in weight, The quantity of urine was not, as a rule,
iMRaM-d: in one caw reported it wa* even increased. The specific gravity
ui u«a were uninfluenced, and in most cases the amount of sugar wa? not
oatetially IcssenL-d. In one case ingestion of raw pancreas was followed by
iwftn erythema, accomiwiied by fever. U'emay, nevertheless, agree with
'Mtorir. f- phmiotog. CUtmie, xxtiU. p. 318.
'Sn Jtrrvfc** Arthlm. 1, No. t. p. 47.
130
PHARMACEUTICAL TUERAPEUTIC AOBKTS OR DRITGB.
the conclusion of Mackenxie: "¥or myself 1 would rather Sod an
mfnt in lh<? goniTnl coiiilitiou of the pdlioiit, iiiLTfai^Ml elrttogU:
iiilic'd thirst, ami diminished ^jiinutily of urine as a result of trratmi
a mere dimimilion uf the nmoiint of sugar in llio iiriuo without
iirovciiiciil. . . . It is evident that liquor [lancreaticiis is no
but the i'ITl-cIs in these ctutcs tire encouraging enough to induce mo
further trial of it, and it is po&sifale th^t in cases of Itue pancreatic
the benefit might be greater." |
The Uiiitfd Slate* Phamincopneia rccogniEes aa official fanov
a powder whicli eonsii^ts of the cnzvioes iiaturally existinf; in (
EiiiHnvix (if wiirtii-liloiidod aiiiumln. The llritiiih Phnrmacopcela
iquor Fancrettit: n liquid {-onlttining the digestive principle* of
paiieri'M of the pij:. Thi->e iircpiinitioiis are used mostlv as difteatii
eapeciall)' in [hone dit-oaseii and conditions where Glared and fat &
fectiy digested (sec Fancreatinnm) . As these preparations contain t
principles of pancreuri. and are moie palatable than the raw gland, '
be administered in thoM* >nf>A of lumcrentic dinbetea where irritabil
stomach is a prominent feature.
An e-xtract prepared from the Parotid Gland has been used in
0.13 to 0.3'i Gm. (or gr. ii-v) iu some of the functional disorders of i
viscera, especially ovarian neuralgia, with grmifyinK results. Imp
has also heen noted in acromegaly after the use of an extract
Pltlitmry Gland; and preparalinns of CanJiac Tiuue have been
hypodeniiiciilly for the relief of weak heart.
BenC'taarrow has been given with decided advantage in &f
Dr. J. Uiokeon Mann, of Manchosler, and Professor Frasor, of Va
The part which marrow performs in the development of red corpwsc
U8 to believe that in this substance wo have gained n valuable rem
Mutin tliiiiks that, as the tisjuc- forming power is more active in yc
in old animals, the bones of the former are preferable as a source oj
cxfnicl. The exlrar-i which he employed wai- made from 1.h« he«e
bones of animals freshly killed, together with other portions of be
conlfiiu red nuirrow. The bones are broken into small pieces unc
in glycerin with frequent agitation. Several days are required to a<
complete extraction. The ri'^nlt, after filtration, is of o red or redd
color and has oo unpleasant taste or odor. It may be given in te
doses once or twice a dnv, eilher by itself or onrend between thii
bread. Dr. Mann gives tlie results of a ease of fi^mophilia in whii
of bone-mnrrow was employed. A boy had been repeatedly tr
attacks of haemorrhage which had left him the subject of pi
antemia. After a few weeks of treatment by bonc-raarrow a marke
in the number of red corpuscles had occurred and his face acquired
color. Thi- Slime result was obtained in aniemia from other causes.
Fiaser's ease was one of pcrnicioos nnii'mia. which had lusted for a
months, when the patient entered the hospital. Treatment by mea
and arsenic, both alone and combined, was altogether inefTectual
proportion of red globules and hamoglohin steadily fell. After tl
istration of bone-innrrow — which was given, uncooked, by thtt
improvement was almost immediate, the quality of the blood
change, and at the end of six months the man was praclic«lly in
condition. Dr. W. G. Bigger has publwhed the history of a case at',
1
AMIUL SECXeriOXS, EXTJL\CrS, AXD Jt'ICBfi.
131
flhicA m apparently cured br the nee of bone-ttnrrow, given raw, spread
open thin *Iioes of breaii, mid pnKiucwJ a reniarkiihii- inijiruvi-mmt in ibe
rjBfUOil u( the difi-ofv. Al llw^enil of several maiillii^ the boy was reported
tMifeetly well and the spiwii of normal nizt!. Tlic cxlraol of bont-iiinrrow
iwlmii cmpioycii by Killcaii in tuliereuloi-i!-. The Armour laboratory sup-
fkMs^lyc«riu extract of ri=d bone-marrow, which Dr. J. A. Bobison, of
Ckio^o, kt* wvd sueei-t^cfiilly in viirioni; forme of aiiiemia.
S. Sfruma and Aniiioring. — An intereatinK *'el<l of investigatioa re-
kutto the oinploymi-nt of Blood-terom iik n Imctericiilul iigctit and l» titc
SiJlfinition of the blood by means of baelerinl produeU and the production
tf Bnmtinily or cure, Thv fiiiidBmenlnl prim-ijilt! is the nlleralinii of tlie
anm in such a manner as to render it destructive to certain speeilic bac-
toiil products. This mclhoi! of rcfcari'h has been iipplicd vxiHTiini-ntiiliy
UKveral dangerous infectious diseases. Tetanus was one of ihe first mala-
ieslobi'thiii^t^t tidied. ltchringha» conducted n serifs of cxprriniiritswilh
it)f» of first rendering an animal immune to tetanus by inoculation with
tkloiin elaborated by the bacillus of that disease, and, soeoiidarily, iililizinff
Qtieniiii of the immunixed animal as a curative remedy for the established
tNue in another animal or in man. Inimunily it eccured by *neeessiv«
Bjirtkins with the toxin of tetanus in gradually-increasing doses. He
min» that he has proved that injeetioii* of the immiini/cd m-rum into
Atfabjecia of tetanus will cure that disease. The tjuiiutity of the modiUcd
■asm aittt hcur a certain proportion to Ihe hody-weijuht; so that much
■tnitiequiifid for men than for small animals. Dr. Uehring has succeeded
■ pnpanng a fumdnrd ^I'nun fram tlie horse. The longt'r the Kiagc of
ianliBtioD and the more chronic the course of the malady, the more favor-
lUtulhe effect of the injections. A number of cases in the- human subject
bw bwn reported in which recovery oppeared to be due to the employment
''tWit method. ITie injection^ are said to be in tbemselves harmless. In
«eof the successful ca^es tlic period of incubation was only n'lx days. Dr.
Jwfpll F. Hotison. of t'leveland. reports the successful treatment of a case
t'lctiBne, which developed on the tenth day after a compoiiml fnicturc of
Ailibta. An injection of 10 e.cni. (or f5ii "/,) of the serum was given, aud
opctlcd at intervals »r four to six hours for llie next five or six days, when,
«Hi(t to improvement, they were given with less regnlarity, Uesides the
v-'« fhloral hydrate, i (ira. (or gr. xv), and hyoscine hydrobromate,
i.m. (or gr. Vm»)> w''™ givi-n every four hours; nUo morphine smI-
rMii- tiypodermically. 0.016 Om, (or gr. '/,), was given about four timea
^Itlrwbpn the patient was slecpli'.** or nervous. The local wound was not
liiivpcn. as it appeared healthy. Itecovery followed, the serum being dis*
nttoiied on the tenth dity. These pnieedun^ and Ibcir results have not
4bM to meet with adverse criticism, but in view of the inadequacy of for-
arrnelhods the path of inijuiry is cfnainly legitinialc, and il is probable
litit it will lend to an effectual means of combating a severe disease. The
Jtiltlanic serum is now also prepared in a dry state and sr-nt out in tubes
^M containing 4 or 5 Gm. (or 5i-iV,]: a quantity rather larger than the
PWiBuin do6« re>n>nled as curative in the case of a man. The dose varieB
leeording to the severity of the symptoms, and is repeated for several days
■ Boaller quantity. Thi- dried serum is to he dissolved in distilled wafer
" eobcntani^nusiy injected. Several (mses of recovery from tetanus of
tic oiigin hate been reported, in which intracerehrai injeelions of
ISS
l-IIAUUACUUTICAI. TIIBBAPEUTIC AOENTB OR DHDOS.
antitoxin were given, in tonnt-ctioti with oiIrt tn<ntincnl. Ruux i
rei, from experiments at the Paris Pasteur liiiititute, demonstrated
tolanic toxin is t-xtruc-ted from ihi.- blooil iind h lixed by the nt^
while tiie tetanie antitoxin, when injecled into unimats, renuiEi
blood; so thut the unliilole does uol vntm- in contml with the pOf
the two Hubiitnneeii, though so in-ar to each other, fnil to meet,
plsiiis wh_v, in nun ae well as in animiile. the stibcii to neons und ini
injeetioua so often fail, for when they are rosorted to the nervous tt
pointed out also hy I>r. George G. Iljimbaud, hue already lixcd a ti
^ri-nier quantity of (he toxin, and while the antitoxin, thua admi
neutralizes llie toxin circulating in the blood and liniitu the Jioli
docs not reach that whieh in attached to the cerebral or spinal celli
tetanized guinea-pigs, treated with intraeerybnil injeetions, 35 r»
of IT others, tn-ated wilh jiiinph- siibcntaneous injections, only 2 i
of 1> not treated with antitoxin at all, all died.
The Iechni*|uc of the upcration in inun i» siinplff. After tho
of a snisl! button of bone by a trephine {'/, inch), the intracereb
tion is nmde, into a neutral area, such as the fon^'part of the fron
The quantity of the serum injected is small (■> to 6 e.cni. of a com
MTUm made by drj'inc 11) parls and thus rcdissolving in 5 part*) by
introduclion of whieh any undue compression is avoided. In ad
the intracerebral injection, it is neoeseary to give antitoxin intn
or sitbcutancoii^ly for a few days, »o thnt ibereby the toxin eircu
the blood and any that may later be secreted at the site of injury
neutralized before it (.nu nlfect the nervous centres. Out of 9 c
treated, wllected by ITambaud. 4 recovered nnd 5 died. Snccew
have been likewise rejtorted by Dr. Charles A. Church, of i'aseai
Dr. E. Forgal, MontpelHcr, France; and Dr, Scniplc of tho .\rnij
School at Xetley. England."
TTie same principle* have been extended to the treatment of di
Behring obtained a curative serum trrfm the blood of sheep which
rendered imnuine to diphtbcriii. Tliis scrum bup bei-n rlinically
by lleubucr. Henoch, vou Uorgmann. Kossell. and other obser
encouraging results. In a scries of thirty lam* Ibe Tnortiility wai
per cent. In another scries of eleven patients there were two dea
nearly the same propdrlion. Three out of four traeheotomies recov
a more recently reported series of 220 cases the mortality was 44. !t
among those tracheotomixed and 23. (> per cent, in the cases whic]
require operation.
Uigbly-safiBfactory results have been reported from tbo use of
toxin made also from horse-scrum. Dipbtheria antitoxin of good
now manufactured in this country by 11. K. Mulford & Co., of Phil
Parke, Davis & Co., and Frederick Stnirn* S Co.. of Detroit, and ot
Profesior Uoux, of Paria, and a number of Knglish and
physicians have borne testimony to the oflicHcy of antitoxin injt
diphtheria. The author has had the opportunity of witnessing
experiments with this remedy, and i» favorably impretscd as to ita
The use of diphtheria antitoxin is not altogether free from
The injections may occasion erythema, urticaria, fever, swolle
■0rir(*A MrdiNti Jnnrmit. -Ion. 7. ISIIO,
AXIMAI. gECIIGTI0.\8, BXTKACTS, AND JUICBS.
133
utlinlK, benutuiia, and albumiuiiria. They have also been Ihouj^ht to
&niruiticrea»<-i] Icndeiicv lo iinrnly*U. Si'voral ilculhif have Iuh'ii repoHcd
dnttlr /olio trill K this method o( Ireatnient, perhaps due to some iinfortli-
au ermr in thi- methoil of ]ir<<iianittiJii of (he n-nindy. Owin^ to the
lions taken at prc$eul ia the maouf act lire. fiUch aceidenttt are now
it rare. Ihv jicneral i^nnnt-niiw of o)iinioii of aulhcirjliirs upon the
Djtct appears to be f;reatly in tavor of the iii^ of thiii a^jent. The H§iial
(Otuoi i* to administer a manininm iIom; once ilnily (IDUU to 1*^00 unil»),
to Dr. John II. Uu^ser advocates Ihc safer uonree of RinDg fimaller dot-es
(MluitU) and rep<-ating them erery fotir or »ix hours, ac^cordin^ to ctTetti.
Enrrcare should be taken to obtain fresh antitoxin and to stenlize thor-
Mghh tho hypodennio needle and plaet- <>! injr<^tion, which i.-i uiiunlly in
ttehunbar re;{ion, or buttocks, or between the shoulders, or under the skin
4{|&«ilidoininal wall. Ttit- K^iitliiijj prim-iph- in the admiiiislnitiim of the
wnm is that it mutit l)e ;^ven until ihe ebarncterislie effects are produced,
DodT: »hrivnling of the membrane, dimiiiiition in nasal discharge, correc-
tm of fetid odor, and general improvement in the condition of the patient.
Kilttin liuiK-Mihal' bus taken much painx in obiaininK utiiliNtiial in-
(■aatian respecting the mortality records in cases of diphtheria, and with
tii< (Dd has obtained reports from one hiindrx'd and fifiy-sevon eitiiw, in
't» Lnited :*iaieti, having organized bureaus of health. A summary of the
imIu is Kfi follows: —
Xiimber of cases previous to the eerum period, 183.856, with a mop-
litj of 3i<. I per «!nt. Xnmber of cases since the antitoxin period. 1S2,.V1S,
•ilh a mortality of H.6 per cent, llie latter were not all treated with
tnoi: in computing those cases treated nilh the eerum ulonu the mor-
ttliiT wa* y.8 jjer cent.
JclTeris Turnrr' reci>r(!(i his experience of the treatment of diphtheria
B ihc Children'* Iloi^pital. Brisbane, and oomnares the re.-ults obtained
Bbce the injection of aniiloxin wa* begun In IliiU in*tHiition nitb those
«6wTed in the same hospital in thff preautito.vin period, from July, 1889,
'sJiaoarr, IHS.i. As n-gards laryngeal cosch, in the author's experience an
■ttafia mortality of '>d.2 [it-r c«nt. for the preantitoi^in period has been
ndocM tn an avfrngi* nmrliility of 18. li per cent, since the use of aniiloxin.
tlltilg the same periods, wberefls formerly only 8.4 per cent, of Ihe laryn-
IRil nses recovert'd wiihout operation, since the intrndwction of antitoxin
ttiTerajEC of 38.4 per cent, have recoxered without operation. As regards
*Mnli«n rases alone, whclber intubation or tracheotomy, or both, the avftr-
^F mortality of 63. T per cent, for the preantitoxin period has been reduced
•*« avcraee of 2S.4 per cent, for the antitoxin period. The author stales
in in the five Tears that have elapsed sinee the introduction of the use of
n, "tJie ilimmntinn in the hospital mortality of diphtheria has been
.; short of marveloii:i t-t all but a few who had made theiii«'Ives nc-
4uiated with the thorough and unimpeachable experimental busi' on which
tWnnr in^tiuent had been hasi'd." He emphnsines (be importance of its
wij administration, and concludes that, with certain necessary <|ualtlica-
nuns, such »i the occasional dil!lculty of diagnosiit during the early stages.
In child ought to die of diphtheria."
'Ueiltnt Prr»». S«pt. 19. )900.
^ lalfrmatUmal ileaknl Jourual of .Iwflifilail'i. Vm. 20. 1800.
I'llAHKACKUTIClL TUBHArEt'TIO AOBHTS OR UBC09.
Dre, 0. and !■". Kleajperer hare wsayi-d lo obtain an imtnunix^
which should be ciirutivv of croupous jmi-muoiiia. Iminumty was j
by injections of 6flli\-a from patients, a glycerin extract of piicumouo
under certain conditioiui, botii lion •culture?. Immnnii'.ed serum a
moie certainty when injected directly into the btood-current, and is
to ntulniliiu.' the poiaonoun products u( Ihc pnctimflcoRei. These inve
concludt! that "ue have in the serum of immune rabbits, the p
action of which wc ure abk- to destroy, a upecifii- a;;aiust pneumonif
uctioD of the material nae tried in »ix patients t-iilTiring from pn<
and ill every case there vrax a conuderahle rednelton of tcmperatui
and respiration. The effect was mauifcetcd in from eix to twelve lie
in two ca^cs the tcinperatnre remained normal, while in the remain!
it rose at the end of six hours. In ecverul cases treated by other (
an improvement followed the use of this method. In other cases fa
resulted. In onu ca«c of pneumonia following inAuenxu, Fuurrtvrc
benefiE from the injection of 11 c.cm. (or fjiij) of goat's blood, the o
being repeated fmir day^ later, the blood pr^^sumubly acting by virli
bactericidal i|uatily of its serum.
An tuitipiieiiniococciceenim now in the market i« obtained by i
living cultures of the pneumococcuB into the veins of a horse, aq
immunity has became c»lubli«bed, separating the »criun from thef
drawn blood of the animal, and, after the addition of a small an
SrciKirTativc (tricresol), it is scaled up in small flanks. This remed;
y hypodermic injection (dose, 10 to 20 e.cm., or f5ii V«-v) in cases
croujious pneiimonin. Tlie result* reported by Dr. Janie« C. WiU
not very eucouragiup, allording a morlaiity of 22.? per cent, flpaini
C^nt. by otla-r toelliDd?; btit Ibiit h priiiioiiurecl ii t(-Tii|itiii}; fiehl fn
investigations in serum-therapy. I)r. Louis de I'lasse, of New Yor
to Uttw (Uinousliated tiie curative cITecl* iif Culmetle's serum in rat
bite. 4
Similar experimenls have been iondi% vrith excellent ro»ulH
treatment of glanders in the horse by means of iiumtinized licnun,
not yet been exlcndcd to thi? human nubjecl. Mallein, ii« it i» ealle'
employed principally for diagnostic purposes, but it should not be in
the lempemlun; i* above normal, Rcrtiheim has made u.ie of 1
method in the treatment of more than lOiJ cases of tuberculosis an
that the effect was beneficial, and stale.K thai in thirty patients the
signs and symptoms had shown improvement for Bve months.
Prophylactic and curative iuoculaliomt have hinm recently (
against typhoid fever. Fracnkel and Manchot obtained a stcriliz*
from a culture of typhoid bacilli in bouillon, made from the thymus
a calf. They employed it clinically upon fifty-seven cases of fyphc
administering 0..^ c.cm. (or mviiss) of the sterilized fluid by deep
into the buttock, without unfavorable local or gi'Ueral effects. The
1 c.cm. (or nixv) was similarly injeoled into tiie buttock of thfi ot
In the majority of cases the second injcclion produced chilly b9
elevation of temperature, followed by a di'cided fall. The injectii
given every other day, with umelioratiim of symptoms and early <
ccncc Klenijxrer and Levy subsetjuontly injected similar bouillon
•Journal of Ihe American Urdicat Aaso^tion, Sapt. 8, IOOOl
A
AXIXAL SECBBItOXS, KXTUAUI'K, JLMJ Jl'ICBS.
13&
(-..i...;j v--,-jiii jntn doRaand obtained a blood-eeraiu capable of iinmaniz-
iiniiusU Htid of trcaiiiig the (]i»«u«e, after infection.
tu aouui -Vfrica this prerentive antityphoid inociilatioit was carried on
(• Mfflcere and men, during the aioge of l^dyKinitti, of wiiicli Dr. A. K.
' v«e some statigtio;, in tabular form, lie states tiiai whito it js at
iinpfusibic to rletennine preeisely that the inociilalcd iicr« pro-
*-t the reeult^ would appear to be distinctly eneoiini<:iiig, irniKmuch
»how that the proportion, on the one hand, of atiao.k», and, on the
■tbvr luind. of deaths, from typhoid, vns seven times smaller in thi- inocu-
-'• ■ ^iah in the uniniM.'ulat<<d. Or. A. Conan Doyle, in a letter from South
to the Briliik MedifalJoiirnal, reffreti; that Inocnlaliuna for enteric
waa not made compult^try, and considers this a mistake, which will not
pvatrd in any «iib»ei]Ut>nt nimf>{ii^'n. If it had bi-en niadc compulsory,
annjr wouhl have escaped from iimst of it* troubles. The strong im-
boacd upon exptiiinrv, i« "thai, ultliough it ia by no mcam an
ute preTentive, it certainly modilies the conrse of the disease very
CkoL^a ii another infection which it ia aought to control by injection
w tacrinatinn with products dcrivt^l from the cholera bacillus. Prof^^or
SMm haa separated from cultures a material which he terms snticholerin:
»d««r. brow niiih-yt'l low vi«cid liquid, which has hc.ttn ptintled by removal
rfpnducU deleterious to the animal or^ni^m. Auticholcriu has no toxic
n tuan. but 19 thought to antidote the viru^ of choK-ru. .\ tritil
''■urg hospital, limited to seriou« cs««a, is said lo hare given
11^ rwulta.
iiiilkinu faoB devised a method of Taceination with matter derived
:>un* calturee of cholera bacilli, and ia now engaged in prosecuting
'.^..mcntf Oil a lar^ itmlv in India, with what bi-ni'lk remain* yet to be
«ca The theot7 is now advanced that the bactericidal power of liJood-
^mm resides in llio nuclein, (tie reproductive eltmenl of blood-eclls, and
dat th« nuclein contained in immuuii^ed t«nim acts by stimidating the
l^poa of aaofpiifioiiticin. In response to this stimulation u fresh supply of
■ilBti is sivvu to the blood.
1 ' -.I of the blood of the lamb and the ox lui* been injected
BlA »\ , •'ub]ec-t», in a number of cases, by Italian cUniciuus, and the
^■ptoms of tiie malady have undergone decided improvement. The
faaslilj employed was about 6 com. (or foi^s), thrown, upon alternate
Mca^ms, inio tlie subcutaneous tissue of each buttock. No other medica-
tafB.wa* used in these experimental cases. ColteroU made use of dog's
*i-ain In two cast^ ot recvnt syphilis. The ranh and other niaiiiruMalions
■ ■! under the influence of the injection. Some observers
1 improvement followed the injection of dog's serum in
pamonary iuLx;rculosis and neurasthenia. The serum of the dog was
liyerun«n tally employetl by Tommasoli in three caitcs of lupii». The
atbml, however, proved of doubtful utility. Though the lesions were
kweablj (ncxiified, eapecially in one case, the di»eaKit took on fresh activity
«tlw pnd of A month. I1ie subject deserves continued investigation. It
le that thu blood of animals ini(u»oeptiblc to $yphilU may have an
tic action to the vims of that disease.
MHiUl^ J/rdfMl Jonnat, JdIt 14. 1000.
186
rUABlUCEtmC.il. THBHAPKUTIC jKIBXTS OR DRCUe.
A roport upon thr ])n)jicrtie« and vg<?g of Huolein him bocji i
Gcmiiiin iiiK. It lia« bei-D ulttaincd Xrom the nuchi of celtt-. tliL- pul
spleen, and the yolk of the egfj. It i» ili!ilinguiiiht>'l from other albi
firoUrid« by the prt'seufe of phm-jtlioric acid. Nuclem i^ a colorlew
owiflh tiowclcr, iiiiioluble in wator and alwihol, but goluble, after long
iu woaK olkatiiic eolutionii and iii water. It is givcii in the daily
8 to 3 flni. (or ^r. m-xlv}, and caUBe« a considerable increatte in the
of white corptisdcfi. IVeBiiniably for this rcafion it ia ellicBdoiis in |
pncunionia, and oilier inft^ctious di^caseii. Kucloin a thought to be ^
of dinguoEtic value in latent tubcrcutaiiit-, producing a trantticDt fcv
coogeation of the apiece. The aetir>n <if imclein upon micro-organi
been studied by Dr. Victor C. Vaughun. who, by its use. sHcce«ded ii
j^uinea-pi^H sufforiiig from tuberculoiiis produced by inoculation,
vevtigator uUo titalee that the iiijtctioD of iiuck>in loto guiiMta-pig»
them immime to pncuiuonia. The sttme method of therapy lias been
to tuberculosis in thv human subject, with very L-iicountgi'ng remits
streptococcic serum brouRht out by Msrmorek as a remedy for scar!
And luppurating diseases 'iun bi-cn used by Baginsky in scarlatina, wt
that it is not a specific in the sense that antitosia is against dip
JM\n6 Fischer has reported unfavorable experiences with ihi« ageni
Adamkicnic/ hns endeavored to arrest the progress of carcin
iujcction of a subjumce wliicli he cjiIIs Cancroin and which is a pri
the living cancer-cell. In respect to chemical composition, eon
identical with or elo*eIy related to nebrin. As prepared, canero;
aaueous solution of neurin, to which carbolic and citric acids ha
added. Blood-iternni or toxins from horses inoculaied with erysipe
lately been used by parencbyinatons inicclion in cnrcinomn. llw
reports are conflicting. A serum antidotal to streptococcic infed
bnn administered subculancoiisly by Roger, with reported favorabli
iu sevpral caHcs of pvierperal fever, erysipelas, and suppurative tonsil
Sareoniii hus Ufii successfully treated by Coley, of Xew Yort
original method. The followinij are his directions for use of the c(
toxic products of crysijielus and prodigio&uw: Inject dosc overy day
tumor, or in its neighborhood if inaccessible, aiming to get a rise
perature to 102° to lui" F. Begin with 0.03 c.em. {or mss) and
dose as required. If the patient shows little or no reaction, the dosi
increased beyond O.S coin, (or mviij) without danger. If too great
sion follows the injections, they may be given at longer intervals: t
or more. Shake the bollle before using, and keep well stoppered ii
dark place,^ — on ice is best. Tlie lucdfe of the bypodennie syringe
be patsctl through an alcohol-tlame before and afurr uning. After n
stopper place steriliaed needle of the hypodermic tiyringe into the bo
witiidruw enough, or a little more than enough, for the ri'ijuired di
quickly elose ihe bottle. For tiist few duscs, up to U.IS or 0.!ii com.
or iv); dilute with boiled water.
Anttvencne is a eiinttivc serum obtAtncd from a horse which h
immunized ii^iost snake-venom. According to Dr. Joseph McFnr
is a very ellieicnt autidolc against Ihe poison of venomous snakes.
J nternalional Mtdieai Maijazine, Sf])teraber, ]!*00, he give* the re
experiments upon animals, and demonstrates the protective value
venenc. The followiug is the treat ment to be pursued when a pati
AKIODOU
137
baiiltcn by «poiscnoua finak«: I. I ni mediately etop the circulation in
lltbiltai part of the bodj, so as to pn-veut nbKurption of tlic poiiton. 2.
Idcw iQi! enlarjce tli<: fAiig-wmiiid and extract the poison b^ gtictioi)
tptftnUj by a cuppinj^-^las^. or with the mouth, if the mucotu membrane
iiftiataaQd). 3. Inject hyiiodermicaily 0.18 to 0.37 c.em. (or miii-vj) of
tmA IR-per-cent. aqueous solution of calcium chloride into about u doxei)
Ihceiantind Ih4> vound. 4. Give gtrvchnine liypodermicaliy to etimuUte
^KTOtntory centre. Whisky »houli] not be given at a!], or only in very
uU acM8. i>ecau»e an exce^ of alcohol »till further depresseti the heatt
ilrmiy deprt-titied by the venom. 5. Immediately inject 1" to 20 c.em. (or
3ii ', ,-TS6) of ftntirenomoua nerum, and r<*peat the injection frequently. Mo-
)''iilm) advi««6 people living or going into regiona where there it; danger of
nube-bite-i to carry n bollle of nutivcnommis (vniiri ivith them. He pro-
SflMCet ponriaiiganatc-of-potassium injections of little value.
ANIODOZ.. — M. Svdan, of Marseilles, has recently introduced an anti-
■«fiir antler this uBine, for which he claims remarkable power aa a safe and
Amji reliable antiseptic and an cicellent deodoriser, even the most fetid
'•wiuooa or gangrenous wounds becoming odorless. This new product is a
^itioB of trimcihanal. In a fohitivn of 1 to 100 it dcKtroys, within Hve
Bniott*, nearly all microbes; in the strength of 1 to 10,000 or even 1 to
StWO it Rterilizeg any centre whatever. The exact bactericidal proportion
h»! i*rn fixed by M. M^rieux, director of the Pasteur Institute ut Lyons, at
1 oSliOO; but numerous exiH'rimenti* prove that the tubercle bacilli, con-
5^ri in saliva, arc dcslroyeu in six hourii by a solution of 1 to 500. which
Ml verv satisfactory result.
It IS Dvcessary to uudcrntaml Ihc notion of the »1rength solution used;
"^Kt that are too titrong will stenlizc a wound, hut will dry it and prevent
«»itriiing. A moderate doac, 1-4000 to 1-3600, on the contrary, acU ex-
'^«tDply well. For the nostrils or mouth, a aolution at 1 to 15,000, at the
■*=•«*, anil 1 to 3000, at tho (ttrougeml, produce cwmplcle disinfection. For
*• hude and surgical instruments a proportion of 1 to 2000 generally
UBOK {V. S. P.).— AniM.
UI8I FSnCTUS (B. P.).— AniM-fruit
Preparations.
t/Ham AiW lU. 8. P.. B. P.).— fKl of AniH. Done. 0.30 to &00 ccm. (or mv-x).
^- iqua Anlsi tU.S.P.. B.P.).— AuUe-waier (oil, i partH per lOOO). B. P.. dEo-
»»mi (ran ttnit-
Spjritns Ani>i ll^S.P.. B. P.).— Spirit n! ,\n\*v (HI pvr cent). Poon, 4 to 7A
lorrai-nl. H. P.. 0.30 to 1.30 p.cin. lor »rv-ii.\ i.
L^^ Aotir ■lu) rntrr* inio !!»■ V. S. P. olDrinl kpiritiin auraotll ci>ni]io>itiit Mid
^^*<liu» opu aunphunitii.
-^ fhaznaoology and Therapy.— .\iiisc i* the fruit of Pimpindla Auisum
Wmbflliferw). The physiological eflecta are due to its volatile oil, which
'■kalound in »Inr-ani«* (lllicium vcnim). It is carminative, and, having
^•ertetble odor and taste, is much used, in sweetened infusion, in treating
^Mnt colic in infant*. Anise miiv be iinUicd thus for the latter dis-
138
vuxmii
JBBAPBOnC A0BKT8 OR DRtHIB. i
B Mfij(ii(«ii rairb. , ,,., 2
8pt, chlorofornii •-
S;trup. simpltd* T
M\iw naiai , q. t. id 30
00 Gm. or gi
no r.otn. or ni
3 F.nn. or ti
ccm. ur (!
M. Sig.: A inupoonful, for • i^hlM un<l*r one ytor, ev«ry liour.
In bronchial catarrh, auiso U expectorant and slightly sedati
therefore iiaed in cough-inixturo«. It liu« likcwiiic been regarded e
ing Ui« power to etimuUte the secretion of milk.
ANTHEMIS fl". S. P.).— Chamomile.
AKTHEMITIS FLOEES {B. P.).— Chamomile-fiowftM.
Preparalions.
Extrkctiim Anthomidit [B. P.)-— E^traol of Cliamomilp. 1)om, 0.13 t
(orgr. ii-viij).
Oleum AnUiemidU (B.P.).— Oil o( Chmnoniil^ I)o»o, 0.03 to O.IS
Fbarmacolo^ and Therapy. — The flowcr-hendi< of .\nlhcn
(CompoGita>) coHucted from cultivated plants. The oil. which ia
principle, haii s powt-rftil lowering action upon thu reflex c-xcitahil
spinal cord. The hot infusion acts as an emetic when freely used,
quantity it is aromatic and earminntive, and favon pcrgpiratioi
action of the kidneys. It checks reflex cough. A very good co;
after a severe cold, in simple fever, and often in acute rheiimntia
pared by pouring 473 c.cm. (or 1 pint) of boiling water over 31 G
each of chanioniile-flowera and the leavea and flowering tops of boD'
patient (should drink about onc-hulf, hot, on retiring, us a diophore
entire pint, should emeeis be desired, A very escellent prescr
flatulence, and especially flatulent colic in children, is:—
R TnfuH. BtitlipnildU.
Mist, bchI« uit^ntli, . , . .' aft 1K>| ccm, or 1
M. S\g.: From oni^-hnlf to two titble«|ioonfu1a when neeeguiy.
Locally, a chamomile eafaplaam may be used when heat and
with some ecdative uction, are desired. The recent iiifiL<ion i*
either hot or cold in domestic practice, in the treatment of colds, 1
and intestinal diwrder*, or dys|K'pein. The oil baa been proposed i
dote in strychnine poifioning, and is useful in spasmodic asthma
of chamomile, on nceounl of its aedative action, is a very good a
fatty preparations for various inflammations of the skin. Used ir
mcnts named, it will prove of value: —
H 01 ftiith«iniilii (30 to 160 ccm. or i
Itiamutb, nibnit. i 4 <im. or I
Vngt Jiinci oitidl 3l| Ooi. or 1
M. Siff.T Apply well over Ui« aurCtuw tor ei7sipolas, acut« 0C)wm», ao'
B 01. «TitU«midi« .,,, {37 to TS e.eiii. or i
ntdrarfr. chlor. mitia .,.. US dm. or j
of- •iicnIypU • 30 c.inn, or I
Lnnotini' 31 Om. or I
M. S\n.j Um upon old mualln. nnd npply to the turfacc in inf&nUle
in seborrluvo.
i
.ISniBAROBlxm.
139
AirTH&ABOBINlTlL— Anthr&robiB i« a jeUowisli powder, iiot Miluble
- < r M awT, l<ut aolublf in alkalteB, glvcerin, and alcohol. Authrarobin
! to vhrjearobiu, for wlik-li it U a vueUil eiibflittite a:« on nppliralion
• •.111 iliscaM^a. It [irodactis l«se irritation and staining than diry^arobiD,
d u taiil tu horc tio toxic effmits. Antliarabin i* excroted, (or the most
It. bjr th« urine uncliunifL-'d. tliou(;h gome of it i& oxidixed to form alistarin.
ool'-r* Of jtkin jf-lluw niid itii- hair ted. lii psoriapi*, tinc-a vemicolor, and
Ti' I n Hf-piT-cenl. oinluivnt «r alcuhulic solution, wliich should
t, i li'8»l evi-ry Ktek.
AtitbrKrobm can be prt-iteribi-d tliuK at times with advantage: —
a Avilininiblni 4
Gm. nr 3].
Gm. or Si^*.
Urn. or Si- — H-
Gni. or Si.
Gill, or Sj.— M.
ITnitt. hvijnrg. nttntia • ■ • iW
Ungt. tioci uxull ai]
tat cbrunic menM •nd pMriui*.
R .Ixtlmtvbini 4t
UafC hj-dnrg ob«ti> (lOptrMnt.) 3li
I'v ID tiar» •roioilof. a* (r«ll At in ring'o-drm anil (hvii4.
HydroxjrlamiB Hydrochloride. — An allied subetatice to anthrarobin and
imliin, this coinpoiinii owiint in the form of colorlew hygroacopic
•filubU in water, alcohol, and glycerin. It has the advantage of
ing the tiktn, but tK highly irritnnt and is rajiahle of jiroducing
It haa been ii«d in peoriasis, lupus, scabies, and vefretablo para-
^dtaMa«*. Hydroxytamiu hydrochloride diould not In- applied, to benin
»ti fiitater strcn;:tli ihiin '/le "f 1 per tint, diewdved in cqiial parte t>f
[ and glywrin. The pniporlion niay be gradiinll)' increased uritbin the
uf tolerance. This compound it not adapted to internal use.
AJnTXONIUlI.— Antimony.
U. S. P. Pnpantuma.
Anuii>aMti vt PotmMli Tattnta. — AatlMionr and PoIhmEuiii Tarlrate, Tartar
Mate. Powr, ».ooii> to 0.06>t On. lor gr. V.-jt.
iLBtimaau Uuduiii. — AnUinony Trloxlile (rarfty uwdl- Dot*, 0.13 to OJiO Uia-
tft. a-Oi*
Artiifti™" Sulptiiilutn.— Antlmoajr ^Iplildn. tor tnaklnfi the OxIiIp.
JLsUmiMiii Sulptiidum I*urt11ci>tuiu. — I'lirifii-d Antiinunv SulphiMr. Uicil in Rink-
r 'Adi^nintml Antininnv.
' iifkoniuni 5ulpburaluiD, — Sulpliuratixl Autimonf {KernK^ji Mint^ivl). Dom,
■ S» i:m. lor gT' i'iij).
Ptiivi* -'i- 'liR- — Anllniontal or Jkum'* Powder lantinKinii oxiduai, '.',;
m (mrii. t" */•)- !><»«. OJMS to 0.38 Gm. (or gt. i-vj).
tfibila Afii t 'oBipo«ll«). —Cora pound Pll'* of Anlimony. or Flutnmcr't Fllla
•ulfiburalrd anliiiKin.v and mIoidtI. cucIi. about 4 Gm., or Ij; jnuunr. 8
J. in nnv butidmi jiilli). Dom. 1 to i pllln.
_ Antii»oi>i>~ — Aniinionutl Wine lci]nlniii» aboiit 4 Gm. tarur emetic to
I ifjTii.. or 0-13 Gib., or gt. i], iii mrti 30 c.cia-, «i IJji. I>um>, O.IS lo 0,60 e-em.
■ MnKtc *!■« ent«n into mrrupua ■cilbn compoiltni (V- S.P.I. MUlur*
cmtipnifta ll'.i^P.), nr brown mixlure. cuntainii antinionial wine. 0
I), or i*rtar cnKie, about OSIOS Gm- in 30 ejem. for ftr. 7, )>nr ounor),
S. p. Preparations.
Bitnium TttrLaratum.— Tartaralrd AntlinoB>', Tailur Enicli«'. Dow, at a
nwKT ta OjOM Gn. (or gr. V„-'/,): »■ an proctic O.iMiS lo 0-13 Gm.
140
lARUACnmOAI. THBIUrBmo A0ENT8 OB DRt'OT.
AntiTiioiiii Oxiduni. — .AnUnioniauii Oxidir. Dow. 0.0U& lo 0.13 Gm.
Antimonii Ni|p-iini riiiiflcalum.— Antlnioiiloiiit Siitphidv ilui' pliur
purpo»e»).
Antiiiioniuiu Sulphur* tum.—H ill iihurAtrd Antimonr tn mixture foaVt
mony ■ii1pliiil''H mid oxidva, and nulphur). Dosr, O.ll'tri lu i>.i:t Uiii. (or ^
I'ulii^ Atititiioniul.— Aotiniookl I'owdrr. Uosc, «".2n to lUS Gm. (or
I'ilula HydmrKyii 8ulirhloridl Ci>iiipo*it«.— »;i>miji>iiiiil Fill of MeiVU
ridr, I'liiinmcr'i I'ill. Dow, 0.2:3 to 0.50 Uiii. lur gr. iv-vii]).
VixiUEii Anltmi>ninlc.'- AntJinonial Wina. Dom-, O.UU to 2 fjtta. (oi
ii> an fnittic, 7.S to IS cvm. (or f3ii-ir). |
Ffasrmaoolog;.^ — Antimony and poUusium tartrate, or l&rtsn
luoiij (l'KjSbi)JU,ll,(), -f liS>). Ua powcr/ul irritant, ami, appl:
skin, cauKoe rodncss, followed by a puatular eruption, resembling i
When swallowed, it is a ilepuityiiig vmctic, nlso cnuKin)^ an inerci
secretions of tht- intcEtinal tract, with occasional diarrhcea. It has a
diaphoretic action, and in clitninutetl by the bile, milk, Rwnit, urJm
)titr>linul Kccrclions. L'pon the circulation it is depre§eiof,' : unc
lluence the heart's action becomw ueok and irrcjinlur and tin- arl
eion lowiTcd. The puliitttions arc likewise retarded. Itespiratioc
slower and Ihe bronohinl secrplionsi arc iiicreanod. Thy brain ii* U(
alTfuted, fxcepl that nndtr certain conditions, especially when
with opium, tartar emetic exerts a. sedative action. Large dnaes
reflex excitability of llie spinal cord, and may produce paralytis.
action has been noticed upon the liver, the waste of nitrogennus
being inoreasi'd, with diminished oxidation of the non-nitrogenous
Excesaive doses have a toxic elTect ttpon motor nerves and muscle
Toxicology. — Poiitonoiis doneit of lartar emetic (u,0(!j fini.,
or more). cau*e vomitinj;, with burning pain at the epif^ustriu
colic, pursing, and smiiU, freijucnt pulwe and early ci>lbip!<^. with tr.
(ration of muscular system, rapidly occur. Itespiration is shalloi
in cholera, the patient suffer* from cranipinj; pain in the calves ol
In some cases furious delirium has occurred. Death is tisually pr
stupor or convulsions. Toward the close of the case the urine las
bloody and scanty or may be suppressed. In some instances vomit
sent and there is profound nervous prostration. Hepeatcd small
tartar emetic may occasion a chrotiic intoxication, evidenced b
purgation, a small, frei|uent pulse, and. finally, death from exhaui
this class of cases suspicion should he aroused that Ihe drufr has bd
istered for criminal purposes. Ab.wrption and elimination are ra;
drug is eliminated by the mucous menibninc of the slomneb and bi
especially by the kidney. Death may result from exhaustion, or
eulting gaslro-intcelinal inflammation. The antidote is tannic ac
rendent (he salt insoluble, to he followed by demulcents and ao'
relieve the pain. Depression is counteracted liv alcohol and diicitali
emetic i» incompatible with acids, alkalies, and dniL's containing ta
Infusions of colTee and lea are both physiological, and chemical, an
tarlar i-melic.
Therapy.— Turtar-cmetic ointment is a powerful counter-irr
i« seldom uncd on account of the danger of producing sloufrbing i
The treatment of inilammation by tsrlar «;nielie in large doBe.s
abandoned, hut fractional doses (O.OOIC Gm., or gr. '/„) alone or in
tion with Dover's powder (l).13 Gm,. or gr. ij) or nitre (0.20 Gui.,
i
ASTISEBTW.
i41
but BMTtd ver>- MTvici-able in Gth^nic pneumonia and in pleurUy. In
InBUial infiammation iriih deficient nvcrction itie vhw of tiiitinumy, or
Dunii jyrup of eijiiilU, is frctiuently given. Dr. J. li. Davis writes with
I o( the aeiion of the golden sulphuret of antimowy in clironiu bron-
Hc administers it in doses of O.O012 to 0.008 Oro. (or gr. Vm-'/m)
tahmted with sugar of iiiillc.
Ttitai emetic should not be jfjven in erouii (especially diphtheritic), as
_ tfi too depreasin^. For broiK-liitis in children, Kingcr udvi*cs a solution
'•f 1.065 Gm. (orgr. j) to iTi c.cm. (orOj) of water, of which a teaspoonful is
Vkniven eveir quartt^'r- or half- hour. Tarlur cmelif should ruroly, if ever,
k ilnuu«terea to infante or very young children.
&n8ll doMS of tartar emetic have niso been rccommendeil in oroliiti«,
tummitis, tonsillitis., parotiditis, muscular rheumatism, and spasmodic
Mknu. A combination of tartar emetic «ud opium is vi-ry servicenblc in
litfarioas delirium which attends some cases of typhoid and typhus fevers.
A smilar condition in delirium treiin-us is reiicvcil by the Kam<- trealinent,
tilth has aUo be«>n used with sur^coss in puerperal mania. Hinder states
ftil chorea is sometimes benefited by tartar emetic given in doses sutFicient
bfrDdiice vomiting, once or twice a day. Administered in the same man-
6^. it has been found capable of relieving rebellious caseii of lumbago and
BiKiiUr rbAimuti»m. In acute gouorrhna Surgeon-Major T^awrie regards
ium. (or fflxv) of antimonial wine, given every second hour, as an excellent
nmiij.
In wme skta diseases — as chronic eczema, psoriasis, and other scaly
fcardfn— tiie uw of tnrl«r emetic, or the oxide, or sulphurated antimony,
nimall doses, and frequently repeated, is of much sen-ice.
Tlie so-called toleraiicp of anliniuny vtm Aw- (n the fact that after the
"iitlity of the system became lowered by its action, comparatively large dose*
*»ld be jwallowed without producing vomiting.
AVTINERVDI (Salicylanilid-bromacetaailid). — Antinervin is a com-
waitiou of acetandid. salicylic acid, and liromine, with the formula C,H(NH
fC,H.(nH)(CO)J +C,H.Br.NH.(.'H.(M>, according to its introducer:
i*«- S. Itadiauer, of Berlin. It is a white, crystalline, granular powder, with-
^Qtodor, and almost (aslelfi>s. This substance is soluble in alcohol, dilute
*l«olioI, and hot water, and olmoHt insoluble in cold water; it is more *oIulile
Winter slightly acidulated with hydrochloric acid or in dilute solution of
*»»itic pota.s^'1. The dose i? 0,'i'J t>i "..ill Gm. (or gr. v-viij).
Fbyiiological Action ud Therapy. — Its physiological action is similar
^ thst of othvr remcdii'S of this clasa: it is antisentic. antipyretic, and hvp-
ttutit It resembles antip)Tin in its effects upon tne sensory nerves and has
Wa BEvd clinically (1) to relieve pain; (2) to produce sleep; (3) to allay
^yaodic cough; (4) to reduce fever; (5) to arrest fermentation in infec-
tou dj-spepsia. In Ihi.* itniall doses n«ualiy given (0.32 to 0.50 Gm.. or gr.
'■Tiij), it relieves headache and restlessness and produces natural sleep. In
11)( imtmvnt of influen7.a, or grippe, thtf salt reduces the fever and allays
fUB and restlessness. Where cough becomes spasmodic and paroxysmal,
otiBtfTin exercises a sedative effect and produces sleep. It is of advonla^
a vtioopiiig-cough (0.lHi5 to O.l.'i Gm,, or gr. i-ij. every two hours) or in
Mhoa, whether of cardiac or bronchial origin. It has been u*e.A in Ger-
amy, wHk euccewful mulls, in diabcteK, reducing both the sugar and the
M2 I'MAIIHACKUTICAL TUEBAI'EfTlC AOKNTS OH nilCOS.
uiiiount of urine: and it is stnted to be pariiciihrl^ »crvicoublo
articulnr rlK-uniali»m. Dr. Ludwig Sior, of Dannetadt, aeccrtaii
when aiitiiKTvin wae Riven in 1 Urn. (or gr. xv) doftcs at Iiowrly i
for three hours, be^iiinin^ iihout noon, il ixtTDiMd H decided infli
reducing kmjjcratiin;. The iinninnim temperature watt gonerally
from six to nine hours «(ti-r t!ir Hiiministration of the fir§t dose,
twt'lve tioiirs from the same period the temperature began grad
uBocnd. The reduction of lciii;icriiltirc was not aecumpnnied by no
iTiumri'i^laiionH. As u rule, copioiiE perepiralion and, fre<(Uently, n
several hours were produced. In acute rhttuniuti^m its action woe
that of sodium salioylutc. It woe beneficial in trifacial neuralgia, d
the pain of transverse myelitis, and in headache from vunoiis causi-s
anulgcvie it was usually given in doses of 1 Gm. (or gr. xt), repestc
needed, twice during the day. In the cases wbert- it vran U8cd no dc
clfcct« upon the- heart or nervous system vrero delected.
^
AFOCYmnc (U. S. P.).~Apocynum (Canadian Hemp).
Preparalion.
Extrnptum .^pocj^t FluBum (U.S. P.). — Fluid Gxtrnct of Apo<-ynui
O.30 t" 2 c.cm, (or niV'XJixl.
Pharmacology and Therapy. — The root of Apocynum'Cani
(Apocyiiiicrsc), a plant belonging to this country, contains Apooj
Apocynein, the former soluble in alcohol, the latUr in wuIot. Thi
cipleii in Email doses act upon the circulation, like strophanthus, as
In larger aiiiounta they arc emetic, cathartic, and diuretic.
Apocynum usually, but not coniituntiy, increases arterial teiu
acts as a diuretic without irritating the renal epithelium. It is
that the emetic and cathartic effects of this drug are due to npocyi
its diuretic virtue to apocynin. The decoction of apocynum is in
the stomach and bowdsi, but the tincture in free from this di«ad
The tincture (1 to JO) has been employed in the daily doses of 4 tc
(or mix-xc). A decodion has been used in the dose of 3U to 60 e
fji-ij) in the treatment of dropsy.
Dr. W. T. Richmond regards apocynum a* of vnhio in tlic ti
of ascites, Bright's disease with or without dropsy, and valvular hi
ease with general anasarca. He employs the fluid extract, beginni
7 or 8 drops, and gradually increasing till the desired effect is c
Toleration is established bv continued use, and the dose must thet
raised from time to time. l3r. Richmond has also seen it of service
dice. In the dose of fl-Ol.") to 0.03 (Jm. (or gv. V«-Vi) apocynin has b
as an expectorant.
Ilr. J. Glin.'*ki Iian found (hat apocynum relieves the funetic
turbances which accompany organic heart disease and diminishes
of dullness in dilatation. The drug seems to have no cumulative efl
APOMORPHINffi HYDROCHLOBAS {C. S. P.).— Apomorphini
chlorate (C.Jr.^NOJICI),
APOMORPHIRa: HYDROCHLORIBUM (B. P.). — Apomorph
drocUoride.
Lose, 11.003 to O.OOS Gm. (or gr. Vto-'Ao) by hvpodermic injecti
the mouth O.OOG to 0.015 Gm. (or gr. 'Ao-'/.).
AKiMORrnnt'.fi iiydhoouloius.
143
PhArmacoIo^ and Therapy. — Apomoqihine is obtained by noting upon
Btorphme by pure hydrorhiorii- jicid, 20 purts of the latter being added lo 1
faitgf the former in a slrou;; t;ia?j tube and espoaed to a high temperature.
ApODwrphitie hydrochloraiL- ooi-ut^ in the form of colurlegs or gmyig]i-whit«
c^itab, colublr in water and alcohol, almost insoluble in ether or chloro-
•Ofm.
-According to the inTCstigationE of Snichert. toxic quantities of spotnor-
^' Aiie ];ive riae to conruUiotu followffd by paralysis, chiefly of xpinnl origin.
Sim Then given in ordinary medicinal amounts extreme prostration and
notntrollable vomiling may follow, with weak, Ihready puiste and low
VMri*] pressure. Poisonous doses rause rapid (ind irregular TL'spiration.
ipnnonihine hrdrochlorate ia a aystemie eraetic and can be ii-xed hypo-
itaueuly in the dose of 0.008 Om, (or gr. '/») to empty the stomach. In
mBh doses it can be given as an eipertorant in bronchitis. It is of value
iBilie treatment of dr}', hacking coiigli, (illcndcd with little or no secretion.
lithe result of a series of clinical esperiment?. Murrell' has ascertained that
tponnrphiDe, given by the mouth, i» tolcrnti-d in much larger do^cs than had
' infapnoe^. He Was able to administer O.0G5. 0,10, or 0,13 Qm. (gr. i, iss,
'^Hbnee daily without exciting naiieca. In these qunntitip* he found apo-
."line hydrochlorate an excellent expectorant in chronic bronchitis, bron-
(farrlwa. and i-mphyMma. Murrell usually prescribes the npomorphine in
^ip of wild cherry, of tar, or of lemon. The addition of a few drops of
ftmhydroehloric acid to the mixture is ndvantagcou.*. Thi' same observer
W tnrployed apomorphine as a spray with very satisfactory results. He
iis fmjiiently given as riuich a* 2 com. (or f.'fes) of a 1-per-cent. Golution in
iGltle water for each inhalation. A combination of apomorphine and mor-
[tiac it Taluable, and Iihn been employed by RoKi<haah in jilithisis. The
misbecomes less frequent and the sputum more fluid.
Apomorpliine liydrnehlotate is often aeniocable in the treatment of
*tlun>, the writer prescribing it thus: —
S Apunorphin. hydrocliloKl. ,.,r -■- >- 13
.\cid. bydrMhloric. Jilut >.> •■••.. 6
Morphinv h;drocli1o»t (
Byr. Toluiani 80
Juq. eUotoianni q. >. ad 240
M. Sij.: Ft(l*»n cubic wntiin«tiv«, or halt nn rmiiM-, fvitry third hour until
*9i|aca m r«U«v«L
Dietalifl or atrophanthus may be combined with the above if there is
■Bftaraiac debility.
Apomorphine shonid not be continued too long, as it is liable to pro-
4itt pnlmonaTy oedema.
w. Alexander V. Samuels has written of the value of apomorphine in
^wmnHc croup, giving O.IHtJ.I dm. {or gr. '/«) every five or ten minutes
tttitmniiting is produced. If the child i." unable to swalliow, the remedy
■nlje introduceu beueath the skin. J. S. lIor*ley has found Ihi^ alkaloid
ftmroe in controlling conTulsions, lie successfully employed hypodermic
I^KtkBi of O.OW to 0.006 (Jni. (or gr. Vi»-'/,o) in a case of strychnine poi-
"Oo the Action f>l AponioTphlnn nnd Aporoddnft. with Ri-frrcnce to thair V«Iub
w EnntonnU In tb* TrMttmmt of Clironk ItroDchHit," by Willinm Mum)l. M.D.,
'^£F. in tlM irerffM) SunWin, KUroh. 1891.
Gm. or gr. ij.
e.cm. vr fSiM.
Mfl Om. or bt, j.
e-cm. or Fjj,
tcm. or fSviij.
t
144 niABHACEUTICAL THRBAPEUTIC AOBMTS OB UnCOB.
soaing. Tliis writer recommends apomorphine in the treatment ol
saons and minor phenomena of livateria.
Ajionwrphinf haa been usea, on account of its depressant ei
maniacal delirium, hretero-enilepsy, chorea, and pertii«t«nt hiecoi
has been ndminitk-rcd to pruducv relaxation of a rigid 06 uteri.
AttUA {U. S. P.).— Water (H,0).
Natural water in its purest attainable state.
J
AttUA DESTILLATA (U. S. P., B. P.).— Biatillwl Wttcr.
A i.'oIorU-Ma liitipid liquid, vithoui odur or tIl^tL■, and pvrfcctlji
to litmus-paper.
AQUA HYDEOGENn DIOXIDI (U.S. P.). LIQUOR HYDR
FEROXIDI (B- P.).— Soluiiuii of hydrogen dioxide. {Snifi Barii Die
ABAROBA (B. P.). — Goa powder, or crude cliiysarofain, ia a s
found in ihi; cavities in the trunk of Andira Araroba, frcud at :
notaihle from fragments of wood, drie<l, and powdered. (Sec C
MnniB.)
ARASA is a native of Brainl and Uruguay. The portion ti«G
bark of tbo root. It is omiiloyod in South America in cases of metre
2 Om. (or 3«s) of the bark being boiled iu a cupful of water and adm:
for aeverol day» before and during the menstrual period. The tast
to resemble that of cascarilin, and no unpleasant sccondnry eSecto hi
observed.
ARECA. — ArecB-, <;.r BeteU nut, the seed of Areca Catechu (Pa!
contains nn nil and at) iicid constituent in addition lo tnunic fioid. J
has extracted three alkaloids from areca-nut: arecoline, arecaiai
third, the quantity of which was too small to permit chomical inves
lie regards arecaine as the active principle. It is a crystalline body
in water, insoluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform. Arecaine is ft ]
tsniadde and poison, dcpre^sin^ the action of the heart and res]
produoiiig tetanic convulsions, and incroasinfi intestinal peristaleii
dered areca has for a long time bicn used as a tn^nlacidu in vcterina
ticc. More, recently this remedy has been used for the same jmrpot
human subject. Dose, 0.32 lo l.^D On,, or gr. v-xx (4 to S Cm., or
a vcrmifiij;!'). The fluid extract ia the best preparation. Its adn
tion should be preceded and followed by a purgative like castor-oil.
nut in bclii'ved aUo to tncreas(< the seereliontt from the salivary glai
has a slishtly stimulating cllcct upon the cerebral centres.
Arecoline bromhydrate it a myotic. When applied in '/i-F
watery solution it cnuses a alight stinging sensation for a few mome
leaves no conjunctival or ciliary congestion. Chetwood-Aikon' com
superior to eserine in the treatment of glaucoma. It^ action is rao'
and more powerful, but its clTect is of shorter duration, and is d^
headache and the other unpleasant after-effects so often noted with
■ Brtll»h ilrdUal Journal. Jun. U. 189B.
AKOEXTt'M.
143
' dt.>«cr)bca thu action of arecoUne. u drug extracted from thv
Jtalian arvc-tm). Friilinvr (oiiiid bomo timv ago that arccolitm
tbu 1ml aialsftoKUV) being eupmor to pilocarpine, and thai it cquiila
liiM u • Iftxativc.
l>r. LmvaguA now reports that the inelilJatiaD of a drop of a l>per>e«iii.
■twn of ih« hydrolmiiiiatc into the conjiim-tival «c nusutt a «cnKation of
mtb, and afterward eome lacrymation and epasm of the ejeltdti. The
itauoa Imtt* scarceiy more iban a minutv, and id followed by slight hypci-
u of the conjunctiva and Bubcorneal injection, which disappear after
fflinulv^. After 2 minut<>« violent clonic spiisms of the irio arc prn>
ad and there is distinct diminution of the pupillary space. The tayoeia
W17 nuticv«blc after !> minutei, and reaches it* maximum in 10 minutvii.
maximum is maintained for 25 to 30 minutefl. after which the pupil
inc lu viilur^, and becomes normal once more after about 70 minuter.
the end of iiO minuter the pu]>il is aliout ou<shalf millimctro liirgcr than
.1. Or. l^vsf;na baa not noiiced any modifications in intni-ocular leu-
I do« to thu drug. iU-fori.* acting nn the iris urt'culiiie causes a spasm of
aluirjr iiiusck', which gives rise to increased refraction in tlie eye for the
• being.
ABQEimnC.— SUTer.
Prtparalions.
A»«titl CruiMm (U.S.P.).— surer Cyanide. Dok. O.OOIO to 0.003 Gm. (or
AcgraU lodiduni (U.S. P.t-— Silv*i Iodide. Dow. 0.008 lo 0,015 Gm. (ot gr,
-■.'-
jtrfvnU Nilni FuMs {U.S.P.>^>Ii>liM Silver Nlumt«, Lunar Caustic [tor M-
J OMl.
ArpMiU Nitna Diiitttw fU. 8. P.>.— Diluted BUvrr N'ltrato lallvcr nitrate, 1 part:
iinlaMMiiiii nitrat*. i F«itel. RMpttmI iu*.
AipnU Nluu 1U.8.P.. B.P.).— Silver Kttrate. IXwc. OAII tn ».03 Qui. (or gr.
_-uU OxidtMi (U.S.P., B.P.).~SilvM- Oxidr. Dow, 0.03 to 0.13 Oin. [or
nli Xilia- >liti^tu« IK.P.).— Mitit!at«l ruii*ti«.
- : _ . nli N'ilra* Induratiis <B. P.). — Tou^cncd CauMic <flO to 5). Rxlmuil uor.
V%MrmMeQl<tgj. — Metallic silver is a white metal taking a high poliith,
aot oraally afToctnl by acids or by oxygrn, although readily tarnished
^..'..i.M- It It nflirial only in the form of nltfi, of which th<- nitrate i*
iisetl. Silver nitrate is an anhydrous salt which crystallizes in
rnombie platei. It is readily soluble in cold water, and httf a
, fiyptic taste. Tpon the addition of hydrochloric acid or a soluble
to a mlmion of the nitrate, a while, curdy precipitate i.i formt^I.
: orrirtpttate is wholly sotubk- in ammonia. The crA'»tals, fused and cast
twildir prc*cnt the form of round, grayish sticks. 'Vhe cyanide is eon-
■t#nt for tbe extrmiioraneotts prvpnralinn «f hydrocyanic acid, by adding
- of some mineral acid to the solution containing this salt. Metallic
iiswl in sTirgeri- in the form of silver wirt' for sutures and for can-
- fracheoloniy. catheters, etc. •
fhjnological Action.— Silver aitratt, in weak Mlaliont, acts as an
Clmrmalr drlla H .IrrndcMia 41 VnflrflM rff Ft>rm«, 180S, Xoa. 3 and 4.
PlIARMArerTICAL THERAPEimC AaETTTR OB DlirOS,
aetrinsent, and, in iiiibstaiice, congiilnl«s the ftlbiimin of Ihe tiraitcfi
stroj'K thftr vitiility. ucting as a caustic. The mitigated stick of luiiai
is mild and superficial in iU action; th«! pure nitrate may caii*i; sli
or ulcoTution. One objection to its use is the discoloration it leaves
the skin becominj; blaok after exposure to Ibc light, (Wlit-n the pV
Hagcn arc stained with nitrate of silver in making; an application, t
may be removt^d by at once wnahiii); uitli a Kohition o{ cyaiiiilo of poti
According to Ilaho, the stains way be removed from the skin or i
by a solution contalnliiK 5 (iin. (or gr. Ixxv) eneh of corro<>)ve Kublin
timtnonium chloride in 37 c.cm. (or f3x) of distilled water. Local
tions of silver nitrate wliiten niiicou$ mcmbrfliic. When swallowed
toms of irritant poisoning appear, with pain, disti«ffi, and vomiting
mon salt is the antidote, and vomiting Khould heeiiOHurneed by adiniD
wonn salt water; after cleansing the stomach the bowels should be
by ail. When any of the silver salts (but especially the nitrate) h
taken for a length of time, a slate-colored line appears along the gi
there is darkening of the conjunctiva, and soon afterward the ontiro
of the body becomes dingy or slate-colored, due to the deposit of met
ver in the pigmenl-lnyer of thv «kin and in all the const itueuts of 1
below the Malpighian layer. This condition ie known as Argyria, ani
manent. The patient should therefore he carefully observed dtii
administration of silver, and the remedy from time to time inte
Argyria has also resulted from the local use of silver nitrate, »» rcp'
Hutchintion, in the AnnaU of Surgtry for April, 1892. In medicin
the stiver salts act as a tonic to the nervous system and changes oecu
Iiloni!; tinsiie-chaiiiire is increiised; the flow of hilp ia also inerpawid
larger doses there is cnibarraeement of the respiration, depression of
culntion, and reduction of temperature. Tetanic convulsion* or i
may be produced by overdoses, the paralysis being of central origii
Therapy. — Silver foil, or metaHte silver in very thin sheets, is ei
as a surgical dressing for wounds. At Johns Hopkins Hospital the
originated of applying silver-leaf dressings for hums, tlie lesion bet
ply covered wilh the leaf without the use of any adhesive materia
un excellent protective dressing which may be painlessly removed
newed. It prevents suppuration and is said to reduce shock. In
HoBpifol it bus been used as a dressing for laparotomy wounds, the le
followed by a gauze compress and bandage. Silver nitrate is uncd b
2-per-cent. snlittion dropped into the eyes of newborn infants to
purulent conjunctivitis (ophthalmia nconatonim) after the method o
G. E. De Schweinitz' has seen marked conjunctivitis neonatorum
after the employment of Credi!"s method and has also observed sev(
of conjunctiviti* with haziness of the cornea, and one case of persist
junctival hemorrhage, which nearly proved fatal. He insists that
method should be reserved for the eyes of those children who hav»
through a birth-canal known to be infected, or from which the BUSf
infection contd not be positively eliminated prior to the birth. W
infection, or the suspicion of infection, can he excluded, Credo's m
not necessary,. milder methods of prophyla-tis being sufficient. Tl
'WHIoitelp*Hi Mrrficnl Joiirnnt, vol, ill, 961.
AROKXTITU.
147
M stick i* a good applicAtton to granular lids, cliancroide, emall-pox vee-
■i (in order tu prevent pittiog), and in funeral (o exdtc u hejillhy action
l^nulAUni: -urfMcfi*, lu gyniti'Ology, (lie lunur ojiustic. in solid form, it
• 'I' cerx'ic-Hl caiarrh and in venerval sores. An applicAtinn of
. to tht.- N.-riitiiiii hof A good ttttci in nciitv L-|iuli<lvuiiti« or
, nLiMi filoiiK tli*^ iHiurst- of thi' affected ^eRscU in lympliiuixitin of the
I. from a poisoned wound of th«; finger. Thoroughly applied to the
'-vuseft by the bite of a mbid animal, it is claimed by Voualt to Uv n
-••r r>r»tec-tion ngnii>*t hyilropliobra. For na>a) catarrh it may hv
atl «itti ^tiin acacia, pulverized, and blown into the throat or noso. Id
tit, lonsilliliF, and laryngitiv, foliitions (imide with water or apiril
ether of 1.30 to H.tiO Urn. to each 30 c.cm., or gr. xx-xl per ounce)
ili«^ wit]i i.xr<-IIi.>nt rciiidti»; Dr. Horace Grccu advocahd the stronger
a appli^-'l with a prohang to the lanux in diphtheritic croup. In
riatc c«s<'6 theiw «olution« ar« also vafuablv in gonorrha-a, urethritis,
An abortivo mtfthml of trruting gonorrhii-a hw had its advoeatt*, and
^1^1* vMf ntinlly in the injection of a strong f^lution of silrer nitrate dur-
«( tb* «*rly etiig* of the ditnitc. Profciwor Didny. who was in th« habit of
(rating gonorrhu-a in this manner, insiEts upon the importance of the fol-
Wiac pointji: Tho ntrrngth iif the iiolutioii «houM be 1.60 Gm. to 30 e.ctn.
X31V to f^j) of dii-tiltcd water, which, in moet cases, will cause but
pain at thv lucimiiit nt injection; if ^haq) p«in Ic produced immcdiutely
ahoulil not t>e allowed to remain for more than IS or 30 seconds;
tka pain is mudcrsli* it is allowed to remain for I or 3 minutes, accord-
lb* tolerance. Diday states that he has often succeeded in aborting
, er^n when it was in rather an advanced stage.
In «ry»ipela.<i the disease may sometimes be arrested by delimiting the
,rea with silver nitrate. It has also been used with good results in
vuItw, herpes, rcz«mB, and lichen, when they occur in eircnm-
patcbt«. BoiU may omelimos he aborted in this vray, and a stye
v]rr may be checked by an early application. Buboes are treated by
■, whethrr cupptimlion hni* occurred or not, by puncture, through
2-[xr-cent. solution of silver nitrate ia injected Kecovery is said
W rapid and the formation of an unsightly scar is avoided, .\ftcr disin*
of the wound. Simmons recommends the injection of a solution of
nitrate, with a view to presenting the derelopment of tetanti* from
retl wonnds. The solution which he employs contains 0.65 Om. to 30
frt- pr. I to f^). Dr. laizaro pn)po«n) *ilveT fluoride aa an efficient local
D in anthrax. It is a brown or blackish-brown hygroscopic mass.
_ aolnble in water, anliHptic, equal in caustic effect to the ntlni[<', and
^IwiiiH fim to the anthrax liaoilius, while hnrmleas to the human organism.
Tint aolid stick nitrate is us«fu] in restraining the bleeding fmm leech-
TThtn. in the course of a chronic iltneoa, bed-sores threaten to form.
-> >'-[dicati<>n of a solution containing 1.30 Gm, to 30 c.cm. {or gr, xx
vcr nitrate will avert the mischief. Ringer has fonnd the same
-:ui III whooping-cough < A solution may be applied to the throat by a
r tfoufK, or it may be n»ed in the form of a spray. The latter method,
ia ioapplieable to children less than three ycsts of age. The slain
moreover, ii a iii-riouK ol>je<:tion to the spray. A strong solution,
Mlid stick, is a good stimulant to indolent ulcers and to ulcer of the
148
PIIAnUACCrTICAL TUEBAFEt'TIC A0EXT5 OH DRCQG.
rectum. A S.CO Gtn. (or gr. xl) solution in nitroue «thtT has bcGi
tine« tricliophytoEis. A ealution containing from 1.30 iim. (or gr. i
ccm. (or fSij) to 30 coin, (or fjj) ot woter inny ba Buecr^fiil)}- cmpl
injection of small quantities (a few drops) imo lh<^ »ae: of an hfA
cjr&tic tumor. A sponge probang sattiriik'il with d very weak sol
stiver nitrate is somecimcs of service in siiasmodic fliriclure of the aa
Applications »liouM be made uccsHonully. at interval;- of several (
pK'iidomembnmous enteritis it is a Rood practice, in the intcn'sla i
ysitxi, to irrigate the bowel wiih a 0.34 to ">.(i5 Gm. (or gr. v-x) so
silver nitrate. Prolapsed rectum, especially in children, is bencfltei
terizalion with mitigated silver nitrate.
On account of the staining of the skin, silver nitrate is but li
internall}', althoutch it has acknowledged cfTects upon the ncrvoui
Caccianiga baa collected 60 cases of acute lobar pneumonia in whi
inent by *ilver nitrntc seemed to be clearly hencficiiil. Of llie groii
died. Thedosp n as from 0.10 Gm. (orgr, iks) in children (cigbl toi
up to 0.25 li> iX.ta Gm. (or gr. iv-v) in adiilt«, given in pill or stispcn
cascB of urgency, a 0.50-per-oent. solution of protargol was inject
derniically. Riyond some vomiting, no ill effect* wore observed
treatment either by silver nitrate or protargol. The most marked
the silver salt was the reduction of the teniptrBture, which bego
first twenty-four hours and was noticed in all the cases. Apyrctia
by crisis in -18 cusp*, by IvMHi in 12. When Mmill doi^s were given,
generally occurred by lysis, with larger doses by crisis. In tlie defe
due to silver the \'\iUv did not come down at the same time, but late
oxide is said to be Ices subject to this objection and equally cfliciont. i
in the early stages of locomotor ataxia and in epilepsy. A double
Bodium and silver hypostdphile, has been recommended by Ciirci ai
as cfficaciouH in locomotor ataxia, and free from the disadvantage oi
the skin. It is very soluble in water, docs not coagulalc albumin,
be given by the mouth in doses of 0.045 to 0,80 Ora. (or gr. Vr'ij)
dennically from 0.01 to 0.045 Gm. (or gr. */,-"/,) in the course of
In gaalralgia. also, the silver salts are sometimes remarkably curati'
have effected improvement, likewise, in chronic gastritis and ulc
•tomach. The silver nitrate has been successfully given for the p
allaying yeasty vomiting. l\'hpn, in typhoid fever, sjiuptoms of
in the alimentary tract become prominent, and peritonitis or hie:
appears imminent, the following prescription was used by Peppc
Pbiladeljihia Hospital: —
B Aieentl nitrutU 113 <';iii. or tP
MucIImiI!: nonciic 60| o.i-m. or jj
M. Sift,: A teospoonful thn» or four tiniM dslly. pumblned with 1
o|iiuin or l)?llAil»nnit, if necessary, (or diarrhoMt or comtijiatioD.
Silver nitrate sometimes yields good results in enteritis or col
oially if ulceration is present. Silver nitrate or oxide may also be
followa: —
B ArjrentI nltntis,
Extrart! flpU »■
H. «t ft pil. no. viij.
Slg.: A jiill every [our houn, for gaMric ulcer.
113 Gm- or [
iII11KNTt-M.
1(9
B Atsvati «xMi ■..• 113 Oin. or gr. ij.
Eit. bcUadoBMB M. ale. lOtiS Gm. or gr. ).
EiL gmliMua L..... I 9(> Om. or gr. xx.
U rt ft. pll no. xvj.
t^if . A I'M tliT*« tiioM a d«y.
Aa rtficipot prescription for neuralgia nnd chorea: —
E AncvBti mirotiii .i i20 Urn. or ir. Uj.
Brraf\ tiwar _.....,, . 9o! c.na. or Ijj.
Morjihinv sulplinti* lOCo Gm, or gr. j.
Hofil mrmtim On[ cent, or ISi}.
M. Si^. ■ A leaapoooful in water, thr*e limn n day, b«foK mcnls. EscrU inarkfd
0««r rhroMM dlBTThCM, MpMbiUf ol phtliuig.
gtstrie catarrh, the gastn-intesUna] catarrh of phlhisie, uleor of the
1, or chronic diarrhcn wc may combine it as follows; —
S CndeUue jSO Gm. ur gr. iij.
Atvvati nitTkt. ■ fstt Qm. or gr. vj.
PbTv. •ra«'i«' ...,,..,.. q. «.
HI*. In iiiL no. xtj.
9if.i Giy* MM fvay tno lo four lioun.
Id catarrlml jntiiiiliui' sitrtr Ditrate hae been i^ivon in 0.005 Gm. (or gr.
p, u) AiMr9 with adrantflge.
lo pill fonii ihc cITcct ie more euetained and the remedy can be given
, knrvr dfjws than when in Kilmion. When used in affcctionti of the «tom-
ihr n*nifdy re lH-«t givtn half an hour or io before mcaU, in order tliat
tssl eBevl may he sooured.
t>r»enterj\ »ilh iilceralion of the large bowH, is very much benefited
injections of weak solutions of silver nitrate (O.OOTS to 0.015 Om.,
,-'/*. to 30 c.cm., or f^j, of niiicilugo). Burlholow advifCK the internal
of tbe nitrate, combined with opium, in addition 1» the treatment by
According to the some vriter, cither the nitrate or the oxide it
I in RervDua dyspepsia, cholera infantum, and jaundice depending upon
rh of the bilo-dncl*. Silver is (Omctimce beneficial in chorea. SiItw
it ocrafionally able to check profuse perspiration, and may prove uee-
I is tti<mnrr)iagia. The nitrate hait given relief in obi-tinatc cnteralgia.
Dr. Cn>cii, of Itniseela. claims that silver nitrate is a valuable remedy
i|ditlib(i«. promoting appetite and digentitm, iliminishing cough, espectora-
,and ni;rl>t-«*t-ats. He administers from 0.009 to 0.03 Gm. (or gr. */■,-
rinc the day. Mr I*. A. Brndy, forly years ago, regarded this salt aa of
vaJoe io the treatment of phthisis. He was accustomed to give it in
of 0.01 Om. (or gr. '/,) combined with O.aO Gm. (or gr. iij) of Dover's
thr^e timea a day. Dr. Thomas May^, of Philadelphia, reporta aome
ilr results from hypodermic injections of eolutions of silver nitrate
>«fctn of tlie neck, over the pneumogastric nerve, in the treatment of
pulmonalii». In some case* slriking benefit was noted.
Tanoue int-thoda have Wen propoBcd for ihc removal of the hine dit-
krir n :.ro-iuc«-d by nilvtr, rnfwrtunately, none has proved reliable, and
.1 jority of crhcs the atain prove* pt*niiitnvnt. It ho* been claimed
,,t.-.iiji w-ill lighten xhv color. I>r. Kichmann states that in two eases
dioapp'sred after the use, four times a week, of potash-and-eoap
UD
PBARVARBUTIOAL THKRAPKirTIC AOENTIi OR DBUOS.
baths. PotaJMium iodide has been givcu inlerDally for the «ai
Argyria is by no means as common now as fonnerly, since it is no!
largely employed in the treatment of cpiletwy and locomotor ataxii
l)r. (Hear Werler' wannly advocates the use of the lactate ani
of ailver, for the power of penetrating the entire organixm and elT
general disinfection of the entire body. In sepsis he obtained gooi
by inunction and the tt'»»ihing of Ibe vound wilh citraKr-of-Mlver
(1 to 4000). The method by inunction with un^icntum Crcdt' (inj
soluble metallic xilver) and local applieallon to the wound of ailvc
solution, is i-uitcfl both to chrniiic sopsis and funmcuto^iti.
Ethylenediamlne-Silver-Fhosphate Solution. — This new combii
brought forward as a substitute for the silver nitrat«. Etfaylcnedii
a clear, colorleHs fluid, readily soluble in water, of an alkaline reac
ammoniacal odor. It has the powvr of dissolving albumin, and 1i
slight caustic action. The solution of ethylenediamine silver phoe
u clear, colork-i's li»juid, and, according to Dr. Scbalfer, pos9es.*es
cidal properties which will render it valuable in the treatment o
rhoBa anil diphtheria, lliis fluid contains 8 per cent, of nitver ph
and ia detomposi'd when it is expoeed to the light.
Ai^^tum Cred^," or sohiblu nn-lnlUc silver (colloidal silver),
nally recoinnionded by B. Crede, of Dresden, at the Moscow Con
used in medicine as a lO-per-ceut. ointment: the iingiientuni Crod
employed by inunction, uning 3 Gm. (or gr. xlv) for an adult, or for
1 Gm. (or gr. xv), especially in septic cases. More recently Cred6 1
colloidal silver in a pill, containing* O.dl Om. (or gr. '/„) wilh
milk, glycerin, and wstfr. q. »., givmjr 2 pills two or Ibrct' times
acute eryftipelaa, and in cases of gastro-int«6lina! disease in which it I
cnstonuiry to give llie nitrate of nilvi-r. Argynn wan not observed.
Argonin. — An organic combination of silver with casein h
introduced under this niinie by Drs. Itobmunn and Liebrecht. Argo
tains one-fifteenth the amount of silver present in Xhr. nitrate. It J!
in water, non-irrilunt. not precipitated by salt, and is claimed to be t
to the Rouococcua. l>r. Johann Jeilinck. of Budapest, Hung)
written on a new preparation of argonin called ".\rgonin L." H
thin preparation aw having the advantage of not decomposing afti
kept in solution for several months, and again containing in per
silver instead of 4.2 per cent, as in ordinary argonin. Tlie aiitbo
1-pcr-cent. solution in urethritis, both anterior and posterior. (
lArgin.)
ARISTOL^Dithymol Di-iodide. .VH^tol it mode by adding a
of iodine in pata»-ium iodide to an aqueous solution of sodium hydr
taining thymol, when it is thrown down as an ainmdant. red-browi
phout; precipitate. In the reaction an iodine atom is substit
hydroxyl. The proportion of iodine present in ariatol ha.H been cs
by Carins at 45.80 per cent.
' DeuUche medleinUi-br vroithrntclwiH, Oct. H, I80S.
' Tills is nlse cnllcd "( "oIIutk'.'Iuiii." ns jin-gisred bv von UEnleii-
•JEHh. Therap. Woehciiidiiijt, laos.
ARISTOI..
tSJ
.Vrutol i» inAulublr in vntct end ^hxHTin. »li^htly «olul>lv in ulcoliol,
rMdily *o in ether. The addition of alcohol precipitates it from ita
HhtTfml solution. It tM very mIuIiU' in chlomrorm und oils, but the solution
tact b» uuidc bj- friction without the aid of hout, since aristol ia decomposed
»h«- action of hi-at or of h^ht. The chiiriictor of it.'i oheiiiiral conibinntion
it an unslsblc compound. Aristol is decomposed in contact with
lis, alkftlii-* and t-iirlmnatrH, mrroHtvc Kitblimiite, mctHllic Dxidctt, and
fdarrh. It poBccof'Cs but a slipht odor, which aKTceably recalla Ihal of thymol.
Ia Ihi* r*^i>«.-t it i.- dwidi'dly prx-fi-niliU' to iodoform.
FhTStolo^cal Actios. — Aritito) adheres very roadily to thi- Mkin, and
«. ih*refiire, well adapted for use a* a diislinc-powder. It is free from irri-
laot action upon Ihc unbroken ekin. Applied to the niucnus membrane, it
fffMnot<« M^cretiiin. It is not absorbed, either through mucous membranes
we law fturfni'ei'. am) therefore produwii no tonic effect. It hn* been )(ivvn
tBtrmally by Neisser with no appreciahle result. This experimenter found
that. vh<-a dimolved in suitable mentitrua and itiji-cted into the blood, il
hitanii doroitiposed and iodine appeared in the urine.
The abwrn-x' of disaicrecablo odor and it» freedom from toxie inllwence
a: r«i which pive aristol a Rieat advantage over iodoform, and. from
tii . - .'..net: now beforv ut and eoulinually ■(.'cumtilatin^. it seems probahle
itat in a wide range of conditions it may eventually supplant the latter
■hrtanc*.
Tbwrmpy. — The attention of tUe profession was first drawn to aristol by
T>r >!•< liboJT, of IdlH'rfrld, who wannty I'ommcnded its local action in a
i=,3i^ir -.r affections. Jlis experimeuis have been conSrmed by rarioug
ihaartr ir. hnth in Europe and America.
Arieto) is remarkably elTieacioiis in promoting rapid cicatriitalion.
Tarieo*e olcers of the Icr. so <«mnion in the old or decrepit, heal very (juickly
iiali r the application of an oiuinient euiitniniiig 10 per ocnt. of aristol. A
h-prr-^rat. ointment proved equally efficacious in the case of open buboes.
!■ lapita ulrvn> a ■mouth, imund, and hnaltby sear i* at timvs obtained by
tka na* or aristol. either as a powder or in the form of an ointment. Eichhoft
paiBi* oat the fact, which utu Mnfirmed bv the InvestiKations of NeiM>er,
dkat the remcily is ineffective in lupus which has not advanced to the
liDcnlive Kinjt*-. 1*he •'xplannliun i^ that iirislcil I1114 no o'>rriiiii vo power.
hi* ni>t i-apable of destroying or penetratini; an intact cuticle, and there-
Ihc ean pxrrt no influence niion the ci'IU of the lupus nodule. It« action
• Bot upon lupus a* «urA, but npon the ulcer which is the consequence of
ta adiaDcrd i>!a;ic of the diseaii«. Kiehboff iu several oatea anticipated the
iwalt br ihe formation of an actifieial ulcer by the use of the sharp epuon
«I^i>el>f>'a cautery, in Mnifuloderma excellent results have been obtained
tf the tuv of the remedy under discussion. Overhanfnnt? edges should b«
tTMmrrl away, and if the grannlationa are flabby the bajM- of the ulcer should
feaenp^ before the aristol is applied. Vinnl recommends a 20-per-cent.
_pot of aristol in the treatment of fUsured nipples during lactation.
Upon Ihe ulc«T» of late secondary or terliiiry syphilis thia remedy ex-
A rrinarkable intlutnce. KiebhofT, indited, expressly aaeerts that aa'
[ ■pplii.-ation in tertiary syphilis it is suiwrior to any other agent. It
^rftgnat value in the ulccra of the conftenital form of the disease, and in
B, Urer. inoi^t papultx of herrditarr or acquired i^yphiliit. Another mani-
butioo of thia malady, which may be amenable 10 the influence of aristol.
PHAHltACBtmOAL THRHAPEDTIO AOKKTS OE DRrOS.
is ozsna. Witliin a fiw (lays the fcetor and difwhurge may diKtipp
scabs c-pflite to fonn. Simple oucna aUo is notably improved by tl
treatment. Tho intiuQIation of aristol Inu been found beneficial in e\
In dr}- rhinophtin-ngitii), atrophic rhinitis, and dry laryngitis the inm
of aristol is of decided benefit.
The wntcr is by no means desirous of advocatin;; injudiciou
prematurely the virtues of anv mudieament, especially in leferenoe
H inulign ufT<'ctioii as cnncer. Sut. from the testimony of excrllent ol
and from bis own clinical experience, aristol appears to have a po'
hitJiortrt cxhibilid by other rciiitrdic.-iT that of onjpnating apparently
(granulations and cicatrisation of some canoeixms ulcers. Eichholf n
H pr<ini|it cure of chancres of the penis and lipe. but etraugoly enongh
good ejects from tlie use of aristol in chancroid. His experience as
thnncroid has been corroborated by NoiitMr. It is reported that th
is very ^od in ulcers of the cornea, in an ointment of 0.06.* to 0.13
•I Gm. (or gr. i-ii to oj) of lanolin and bcnzoirmted lard. He has
great benefit from it in pare powder on the ulcers of the lid and b
causes such to IicbI up very quickly. It acts, he adds, like iodoform, i
not such a very nenetrating and unpleasant odor.
Dr. James Widhice hiid einploy<-(l aristol powder with success
purpose of clearing up corneal opacities in the chronic stage of infi
JccratitiE. Thi# substance is likewise an excellent and prompt niitixcp
tinea tonsnrans anil tinea sycosis it generally proves efficient in the :
in ointment containing from 5 to 10 per cent. In favus, however,
little or no avail. In balanoposthitis, after the preputial sac has bee
oughlv cleantted, \hv appHmtioii of aristol in the form of a diisting-
ie of decided service.
Kiclihoff, La.t.'iar, (Jaudin, Xeisger, and others have witne8-*ed ■
improvement from the use of this ag;ent in psoriasis. The author hai
it at least as benefii'inl hk chry^arobin, while, unlike the liitler, it d
stain the skin and clothing, and is free from the danger of e.tcitii
junctivitis. In eczema Ht{uaniosiim, likewise, notabb- amendment
tended its use. It serves a good purpose also in erj'sipclas. Itoh
employed aristol by insufllation with very satisfactory results in si
and acute inflammation of the middle ear. Tlie discharge speedily
ished, the mucous membrane became smooth, and the perforations
Inflammation of the external ear was also very amenable to its in)
(luerra y Kstaiie obtained excellent results in twenty cases of disease
children, to wuom iodoform is so repugnant, and, in fact, dangeroB
extcne>ive ulcer over the parotid gland healed in seven days, a chronic
in six days, and in the case of an unhealthy ulcer over the thorax 8i
tion ceased in twenty-four hours and cicatrization soon began. No ill
were seen in any of the cases. Pollack, of Prague, has found aristol
scs« marked sorbifacient virtues. An enlarged thyroid gland was perc
decreased in less than two weeks and soon afterward the neck wa
normal in si/e. In epididymitis, chronic tubercular adenitis of th'
paiametritis. and typhlitii- equal snccess attended the use nf the remi
Thi* author' has made use of aristol with advantage in hyperidro
bromidrosis, either prescribed alone as a dusting-powder or combine
'S<* pappr oil "AriBlDi" in tlio Wtlfiytl Hullrttn, June, 1801.
AR18T0I/. I^^^HH^ '^^
Uficind. It restraiBS profuse secretion and overcomes offcngivc odor. An
t<DlBmt conMining 2 Gm. (or gr. sxx) of sri^tol to th<? ounco of excipient
» mieeftble in acne and rosacea. Dr. Kejzlar ha.< employed arUtol in
ioAUyoii account of ite antiseptic properties in gnn^i'nous pulps, in dis-
iateting the root-canals and carious cavities, before introducing Ihe filling,
rtt On gan^enous pulps h«; duitted nrii^tol by mcini* of a fine brush: for
eltiuiDg the canals and carities he used a 10-per-cent. solution in ether.
He ether evaporates and the aristol 18 left in Uic cavity as a uniform coat-
Of. Dr. B. M. Kandall, of Oraceville, Minn., derived satisfactory rei<iilta in
dneic ^venter; from the use, three times daily, of a supjiository contain-
ii^O.£0 Gm, (or gr. iij) of ari»toI and O.OS Gm. (or gr. '/,) of morphine.
At the U&pital Saint-I<ouis, in Paris, an aristol plaster )ia« Ix'eti n^ed.
TWfoUoviug 18 the mt-thod of ite preparation: Finely-powdered aristol is
mud with a small quantity of oil, and to the mass i» added lanolin and
OMlchoue pIsKler, prexlou^ cooled and made very fluid by the addition
afbtuin. The beozin is eufncieotly evaporated to leave a preparation suit-
■Uelor qjreading upon miwlio. An aristol gau-/.e has lately been brought
■Ua BK aa an antiseptic dressing. It is made by impregnating gauze with
■itluttal lolution, and cuntaine from 1 to 2 Gm. (or gr. xv-xxx) per square
JUi.
Tie following formnlie containing aristol will be found of great
Wriw:—
Pidr. linei oub. impur. an 1S|S Otn. or !«a.
IL ttf.: Diul orer tli« tnrtac*. Employ a« a dre«Hiiig lo wounda: alio, in
■"•■In taraUi^; and oily ttnte of the iilcin.
I ArUol SI Gm. or So.
Uogt. nncl OKidi,
Vugt- plmnlM HUbatvlaUs «a ISjS Um. or Shl
H Sir.; Applr well lo the surfaw. Beneficial in inrnntile and chronic ecieioa
S Ariitol . . 3125 Gm. or gr. 1.
Ext. VUndonniP foliar, ale i jlT Gtn. or jn*- H^.
Ot Ibeobrooimti* ...•..••.■•••■••••■■i q. •.
K K f L mppoa. n«. x.
^ %-• Inirrt vat in lie bowel when ntt«.'««iiry, to relievo pftin. For ey«UU« and
Dr. Brooke has employed aristol internally with decided advantage in
■tcieiUDer diarrhcct of children, typhoid fever, in simple and complicated
•nfiwaBi, and dreentery. He regards it as valuable in ca*e» of offensive and
Nwdy muco-purnleot di»charges from the bowel. He gave it in doses of
tJtGm. (or gr, v) to the adult and in proporttonul doeeit to children accord-
iDtonaphtol,— This name ha* been bestowed by G. Braille upon a new
bofy, analogous to arii'to!, prepared by adding an aqueouI^ »olulioii of iodine
nd potaaeinm iodide to a solution containing betanaphtol and pota««ium
^diale. To this mixture is gradiialiy added a solution of sodium hypo-
Uvrilc containing ten times il» volume of combined chlorine. The new
tdyoocurk in the form of a greenish-yellow pulverulent precipitjite, which
odorins and tajiteleju, insoluble in water, partially soluble In alcohol and
Kt^ aod. It soon darkens upon exposure to light.
154
FIIARHvlCKUTICAL THEBAPEmc AOESTS OR UniraS.l
ARHORACIA RADIX (ti. P.)— Horse-radish Boot.
Prcparalion.
Spirit)!* Armonoia CompontUB IB. P.). — Compciuml Spirit of
DoH, 4 to 1^ G.cm. lor (Si-iji.
PhArmaoology and Therapy. — The (rcKh root o£ Cochleurla A
oollecled rroin lultivnti'd jilnntx.
Ilorecr- radish, in its fresh state, ffrated to a pulpy inses, to whk
viiie|;ar is added, is a tamiliar oondiinottt as & dressiiiK for meat at o
It is pungent, and excites tlic How of eecretione of sahTar>' and ga$ti
and Htitnulateo the appctile. It ooiitjiinit an nctiTe principle aBalog<
volatile oil of muBtnrd, but yields no oil oil distillation. Extemali
Tftdish U rubefacioRt. Inlernallj, it ia a condiment to tiie atonae)
crva£cs the iirinarj- flow. The addition of grated honse-nidish to dd
it actively diuretic, and useful in dropsy. The dried root i> not i
in medicine. ^
A&inCJE FLOBES (U. S. P.).— Amioa-flowert <Leopard't-be
A&NIC£ RADIX (U. S. P.}— Arnica-root.
ARKIC£ RHIZOMA (B. P.).— Arniea-rhisome.
Prtiparalioiiii.
4
Tinrlura Arnica: Florum (U.S.P.). — I'mctur* of Arnloa-flowere (80
Dow. 0.B0 to 2 e.<im. tor mx-fZM).
Tinctum Amieit Itadk-iii (U.S. P.), ^Tincture of ArnicB-it>ot (10
Dow, 0.30 li) l.ao c.cni- (cir mv-xx).
Bxtractum Arnirn! Rndicjs (U.S. P,).— Extract of Arnica-root. Do*
0.13 Gm, (or gr. I IJ).
Extractum Arnicie Bsilicis Fluidum (U. S,P,).— FluW Extract of J
Dow, (l-SI) to 1.20 ccra. (or mvxx).
EiupluHtium Amicv (U.S.P.). — Arnica Plaster [extract, 1 part; rv
C parU).
Ttnctiira Arnioc (B. P.). — Tincture of Arnica (6 per cent.). _
Pharmaoolof7.— Arnica? flores, the flower-heads, are official i;
and Amitii.' radix, the rhizoniL' and roots of Arnica montanii, are
both the !'. S. P. and B. P. The plant belongs to the natural oi
positjD, and it is indigenous to northern Europe and Siberia an<
northwestern part of the United States. The flowers are oran
disk-shaped, with rays, of feebly aromatic odor and bitter, unpica:
Trimethylamin has been oblaim-d frnm the flower*, but the prini
slituent to which its local effects are due is probably a volatile oil
this there i» a gtucoetde. Amioin, and »!«!> innlii), lannio ncid, i
(ither unimportant elements. According to some writers, arnica
tains two atltaloids, amicine and cytisine, the latter of which is u
identical with the principle of the same name derived from the I
Fhyiiolo^cal Action. — Applied to a delicate skin, arnica I
produces redness and inflamnintiun n'-aembling erysipelas. A puat
tion may aluo be produced by the application of this remedy. It
counter-irritant and revulsive. InternaUy. in small doses, it has so
Inliiig influence, raii^ing (he blood-pressure and the action of the f
AtiAm:TII>A.
1&5
_ of wnrtnlli over th« body nnd ini.'rea»ini; (he Mcrclions. It
t shown that small quandtiee of arnira exert a sittinulatin;; influence
tW (Jitfumot^astric iicrvw. larger (Iomb onu»e ticprwsioii, paralvsiB of
tsgi. foMuw<*<i by vomiting and collapet'. Death results from the cessa-
[boB of ill* lu'arfs ai-tion, ntid in iinrt from llic aci-uiiiiilution o( farlioiiit acid
lib* bloiMl. Atrnpine is tht pliysiolopcal antidoto, with stimulants, arti-
■piration. and cuu»t<^r-irri(atioii.
Thar&py. — Tijioture of arnica is largely used in domestic practice and liy
w irrv^^ilar practitionerii as a rL*medy for i>pniinH, coDliuiiona, myalf^a, or
lihruiuativm and local paralysis, and it is also believed to have some influence
|*«frh»inorrbtt({cs- It >!* afserlH hy »onne authorities that any ))ow«r it mar
Ibw in ca\i*jn^ absorption of ccclnino^s is really due to the alcohol of the
Isactiu* which i-i ronimonly used. I1te author, from clinical experience,
■*■• iKat aniicii lia« most eSevtive local action upon the tissues, parlicu-
iti. l>i)its, absetsMs, and in nil thieW-nod conditions of the
fnltowing combiDatlons are especially of voluc: —
K I^lX. amlcMi n^ck fl.,
Tlad. opU «a 30| o.cn. or fjj.
M- Slf.: Applj- vltli friction tor bolls, abaMWM, and Uilckonliig of the •kin.
B Ext. amkis ndiFi* fl..
AqtM* hatnauMtidis dcit na DO] e.eiii. or fSJij.
M. Wc.: V** OH nnistiii or lial ior hmionha^. A rliftimatlc joint may Im
■v«4 with cloth* nlvratrd with tbe arnica and witch'haMl. tli« combiiuitioii oftm
Wf wtatw cSnclivn whMi apptlMl liot.
Arnica hat been used internally in large doses in mania with high arte-
t' ' nt. in delirium cbriooum, and in acute rlioiimalium in Mtbenic
- ;ill dii*<-» of the tincture are useful in (ever attcndrid with much
■iuu. This remedy may likewise be beneficially employ*^! in chronic
faiiliii a. chronic dysentery, and in various fonus of haemorrhage. It has
haat tlMiu^bt to be useful in paralysis of the bladder.
ASSESl lODISUlC (U.S. P., B. P.).— Arsenic Iodide (Asl,). <See
iotam Araeiuiiiun.)
ASArtETIDA (U. S. P.), ASATETIDA (B. P.).— Asafetida.
Saae, ".i;o Um. (or gr. x).
Preparations.
fcrit*—"" Au/<Ftido 1U.S.P.}.— Ekniitsion of AMf«tld* <4 per efnU). Vote,
Cto JBcjesi. (or Om-)).
-Slato Aaatotid* lU.a P.t.— Pill» of AtatHlda (mcIi oontalnInK Q.SO Gm., or
efaMfrtiaa). Dow. 1 to 4 p4Ua.
inMur* AaafiKlidn lU.S.P., a P.|.~Tinclurc ut .KiwtMiiln i20 per <#nL).
: U* 4 e-nn. tor fSw-l).
' Juke Ato^ rt Asafelidv (U.&P.. ».F.).— PilU of Aliw.i and Axafrtida (of
10 Om^. or gr. i '/•. U. 8. P.). Dow, 1 to 4 pllU. B. P.. o:ii to OM Gm.. or
• 'Uj-
«|icrilu* Amniania FortUIaii (B.P.),— Pptid Sgilrit of Ammonin jmnuiii* TJ (>m.
■■ MlWid* If ■ mpiMtniMn of in |iartii of stroo); solutUm of Btntnonia nitli 00 part*
, J: IMi p^r pml.1. Oiwr, 1.20 to 2.B0 p-fiii (or nixX'Xl).
, ,iiil^ GaJbonI rompuitn «U Pi— -OuBipouwl Pill of Galbanuin Icoatain* 33
ct mm»tetU»4. 1>om. A35 to 0,50 Om. (or gr. Iv-vllj).
IM
PHiaMACEmCAt THeBA?ErTlC A08NTS OB DBUC8,
Fbamiaoolog;. ^.Asnfetidii i« a gum-rcsin derived from the
Ferula fcctida {Umbellifene), usually obtaiiiod, by incision, from ill
root. This plaut is a native of Pensis and ncighborins countriea. 111
Df the asafetida of commerce muiit still be conudertd doubtful; it
ifl brought to this country from fndiu. The drug occurs as rough, u
rather soft maases, of brown color, ."'uncvi'liiil jrnrlinky odor, and ncri
taste. The odor depends upon n volatile oil, which appears to I
persulphide. 'J1ie a^ent sUo cuntninK ferolaic actd, rosin, j^um, I
with truce* of ucid calcium malate (Pclletier).
Fhyiiolo^cal Action. — The effectsi are moderately ^timulatio
$pii.«iiioi1ie, und cxpcclomnt. Large doses cause vomiting and diarrhc
cially in persons unaccustoroed to its use. In medicinal doaeg il
miiialjvc. mid increases the quantity of the gastric juice. The sexu
tions are said to be stimulated, and a genersJ feeling of warmth is
through the body. AKufdida increases the action of the heart and
pressure, stimulates the funclioni< of the tikin and kidneys, and if
cerelirfil t^-Tcitant. It is eliminated by the limgs, bowels, skin, and
Therapy. — Asafetida is not used locally (although the plaster
morly official), since, to those unaccutftomed to its use, the odor
offensive. This, however, makes it additionally useful in treatii
nervous disorders, such as hysteria. Ooodell advised that a tenspo
the tincture be mixed with hot water under an hysterical patient's n
wtoi cither by the stomach or per enema. In nervouMiees of chiti
pilts are serviceable, and in colic or oonyulsions the emulsion or
flsafotida may be used freely as an injection, The mixUtre of magn
asatotidfi (not ofRoial) is used as a. carminative for infants with Oi
the opium in it must not be overlooked. The pil. galbani comp. is
flatulence and intestinal indigestion in elderly people. The com
with aloes is theoretically useful in amenorrhtea, but, practically, i
in these cases that osafetida can only rarely be used, on account of
and taste. Italian physicians recommend the systematic administt
flsafetida during pregnancy, when there is a history of previous al
or when abortion is immediately threatened. It is given in doses g
ascending from 0.2D to 1 Gm. (or gr. iii-xv) a daj. after which the ai
in the seme manner, reduced. Its use is not advocated, however,
dependent upon sypliilis, tuberculosis, or disease of the uterus ani
pendages. The favorable influence of asafetida in these cases has h
firmed by Warman, who found that the drug rediiced h^Bmorrbag
tranquillizing effect, and was particularly useful in cases of habiti
tion. Small doses of asafetida are valuable in the later stages of br
especially that occurring jn old people. Its combination of expecto
carminative virtues likewise renders it of service in emphysema.
often be ndvantageously employed in spasmodic asthma, especially
follows: —
B EmuU. ii>at<tt;diB 80{ ccm, or fj)
Elix. nminon, Valeria nnti*,
Elix. liumuti ML 4S\ c.«n. or Qi
H. Sig.: A tmipoonful or two in wot*r every hour or two.
Ai an antispasmodic and expectorant, asafetida has been cmp
vfaoopiiig-cough. It may also be given with advantage in chorea, e
i
ASAPEOL.
nt
■bee Utat alT«cUon on-ure in weakly girU nbout the period of puberty and
•■ecuud with menstrual difficulty. In the flatuli-ncc arnl constipation of
I kjjmboDdnui*, it i« u good remi-dy, and is e^peciailv appropriate on account
(f tb undoubted eshJIarant effect upon the brain, the mistuii? »S asafetida
L iifJKt«d into the rectum i« ctTictent iii promoiing the cxpuUion of flattix. nod
j Bi? be resorted to in the tympanites of typhoid fever. It can be prescribed
linimully, thus: —
8 nnrt. onfo^liilir.
Ttnct eariliiiiioiii. co, ,,..,,. , a& 301
6pt. aunmoa. trem. 4|
Aqim niBntli. ^Ip (Hl|
H. Sig.; On* U> two Uvapcmnfulii in water vrery two or llirn' lioura.
e.em. or (J .
i-.cm. or 15
c.cm. or fj
ASAP&OL. — A Biilt ol calcium with naphtol and monusii1|ih(mic acid
*•«, for convenience, been termed ajaprol. It occurs as a white powder, very
*DlDbk in water ond alcohol, and is dcirtrvctivc to many formv of hnctoria.
« if admlnifitered in daily doees of 3 Om. (or rt- xx\). gradually increasing
*<i 4 Cm. (or 3j). Ai^iipnil i» incumpatihlc wiih alkaline iodidcK. ^tilphateg,
■nd with moat of the alkaline mUs. Quinine and iu salts are also incom-
patible with this compound. Asaprci! rcdutcs febrile temperature and ang
BMnti the secretion of urine. This substance has rendered service in the
l3TBtm£nt of inlluenzs, gout, a^lhina, hoilx, carbunokr.1, tonMlUlis, etc. A»a-
prol igof advantu)^ in acute rheumatiam, and in chronic forms of the disease
it- is Qseful in relieving pain. It in useful, aim, in atonic dy^pvpsia. Thii
T«iiii.-dj has been employed as no antipyretic in typhoid fever and pneumonia
■ad as an analf;esic in sciatica, intercost^al netiral^in, and tic doi)]i>iiri>iit.
A8CLEPIAS (U.S. P.).— Pleurisy-root.
Preparation.
btimctaiB AMlHiiulia FluiiluDi lU. S. P.).— Fluid Extract of ds(-lpp<n».
lutcxm. (or mxv-(3j(.
I
l>o«p,
nunaacoloty. — Thi; root of Asclcpias tuberosa (Asclepiadeae) contains
■as and fatty matter. Aiclepidin appears to bo impure resin, precipitated
« aJcohohc tincture by the addition of water. It has been given in doses
viOM5 to 0.32 Gm. (or gr. i-v).
feTIlysieIogi«al Action. — The infusion is used in the southern portion of
country as a diaphoretic and expectorant; in hr^io quuntitici^ it is emetic
eatbartic. It dcprtsi^cs the heart's action and increases the functional
rity of the skin and kidneys.
Therapy. — The R-wut infusion (31 Gm. to 473 c.cm., or 5j to Oj; dose, a
(qM^laf^ful) is used in domestic practice for colds and pulmonary affections
I fin inHammatory and catarrhal character. In diarrhf^a, dysentery, and
I fi^vi diiiorders of the stomach or bowels it is often effective, a very gwxl
I fmctiption being :^
It Ext- a^clrjiuuli* ft.
Spt. vini nllici ■ . .
Sjmili. ruDi itei
60
31)
00
I'.tin. or (Xij.
e.cm, or 15j.
<^JVi. ur tSiij.
M. ag.: A tmipCKinfu] to a toblMjiooiiful every hour or two, for diartfawi •»*
'.•"amy.
158 rUAIIMACKl'TICAL TUF.BAFBUTIC AGENTB OH DRUOS,
As a diaphoretic, it 'n tiR'd in the exanthemata, in order to f
the eruption iind reduce the (ever, and it is said to be advant«f;eous ii
lar rheumatism, in controlling the inflommstion and reducing th(
actios.
A decoction, made from the rnot-bark of Asiflcpia^ syriucn, i
Besses diuretic properties, and has bc^n found UEeful hy T>r. G. D. M'
in the relief of renal dropsy. In tedenia of cardiac origin it appei
o{ no avail. A tincture of the root of Asclepias vcrtidllata has a
reputation in the South as an antidote to the bite^ of viinomoua
and initocts, as well as in hydrophobia. Thr«e hundred and sixty c
fS't'i) of a saturated decoction are said (o relieve ])ain, produce pers
and promote sleep.
ASEPTOL. ^ — Sosolio Acid. A synipy, dark li()uid, freely so
^jp^gl, vatcr, and glycerin. [1 contain)' urthopltcnot-sulplionie aci<
pi^CMt.) diluted with waler, and resembles carbolic acid in odor,
i&inter. It is leim caustic, but is decidedly antinoptic, and i# mid t
toxic. When used, it is to be diluted (1 to iO of water) for surreal
ASPAEAQU8.— Asparapnt. The root of Aspar«?u» offiHnalis(L
when freiJi, is used in demtlion or infusion (.11 to fi2 fJm. t« 473 i
^i-ii to Oj) as a diuretic. Juxative, and blood -purifier. The frei^h st
u«ied as fuod, and increase the How of uHue, whili- imparling to it a
ht«vy odor; in some cases it has apparently caused con<!estioi) of the
with hipniaturia. Asparag^ which is obtained principally from t
hail a ccdativu notion upon the circulation, ndiioing the force and fi
of the heart's action, and causing frontal headache. The pecul
emitted by urine pai^^ed after the ingugtion of aspaiugu.'* depend
probability, according to i'rofessor Nencki. upon the presence of
niercnptan. This euhBtam-e is tliought to be produced in the alh
dieinlcjrration which accompanies the germination of the plant.
Therapy. — Asparagus wilh ln'iit-vtHJ by Ibi- ancients to have
aphrodisiac properties, and was used as an emmenagogue; the wr
firms the observation of Ehrhardt. that a dischargi! resembling that ^
rhcea or urethritis may be caiiaed by eating asparagus. Asparagus i
oonnidcred bannful in gonorrhtea. Though it increases or even excii
ing, yet its action appears to be very uncertain. Berkcly Hill,' ii!
ti[ twenty cases, aliowod one-half the number to eat avparagnii an
that some could partake of it with impunity, while in others it j
increased congestion and flow of discharge.
It has bcf'U claimed that asparagus has special offecta upon tl
na an oxvtocic after miscarriage, or in laV)or. A tincture (1 part of I
topa to S of proof-spirits) is used as a diuretic, in doves of 3 to 4 i
fSKS-j) by I>r. Jefferson, of England. Asparagin, in doaes of 0.13 to (
(or fiT. ii-iij), may be used as a diuretic in dropsy, and, according tc
appears to act in gout like weak doses of colchicum. It is alan
service in cardiac dropsy, chromic rheumatism, and gout. The eom
of asparagin with one of the bromides for the latter affections in
acription is often of value: —
* "Chniiie UKthritii and its Tn-atiDenl," t^ondun. )S90,
ASPIDIUM.
1S9
R .Anan^ ill 11 Gm. or p. xtj,
$Mii broDiidi IB 4 Gm. or Sv.
Sjnip. MumuUi 120| crm. or fj'^-
U. Slg.; Tnn t«a*poonfuIii in water thrw or four timn « do}-.
Th« iogvetion of aepaniguE ia capable of causing, in some individuals,
Idfttnibuice of the functions of the kidney flnd a notable decmiuw iu ihu
[ of uriiic cxcrt-tvd.
ASPIDIXTH (U. S. P.).— A«pidiuin.
mix HAS rB. P.).— Male Fern.
Due (in grnvdcr), 2 to 6 Gm. (or Ses-i£8).
i*r*j»(if«(t(>»*.
Olrtmina AnpUil (U.S.P-). — 01coi«Aia of ARpIdiiiin. Dom, S to T-5 com. (or
. ijtnctum Fllida I.iiiuiduin |B.P.]. — Liquid RxlTnrt of Main Frm. Dow, 3 t«
■*«B.(or mxlv-xc).
Pharmacology. — A'pidiiuii is the rhixomc of tbc Drj-optcris Filix-DuiE
f*^ of Uryoptem marginalia (Filicea), 11, S. P.; the rhizome of Aspid*
'^Un Filix-maf, B. P.: plaJita found iu almost every portion of the
^wld, especiali.v the former, the latter heiiitr indigfimue to N<irUi Ajinjr*
*C«. The rhizome, the portion employed {which deteriorates on being re-
3*iiied for a long time), has a *wei^ti!*U-liitli'r. asirioK<'nl tflati*, with some
t odor. It contains an active principle, Filicie acid, a iixed and volatile
miD, tannic and gallic acids. Its virtues arc due to the clh<;rral (extract,
in. The root of a^pidium contains intercellular gtand^, which hold
%gR«nish secretion. When mcIIorr of the root are preserved in glycerin,
tmul* an formed, which are soluble in ether. It is to this secretion that
■hie iDtheUnintic qualities of the druR are due, according to Ijauren.' The
tUtctaiB of upidium is a dork, thick fluid, of a bitter and nauseous tast«.
AonrdiHK to Professor Kobert ita virtues do not depend entirely upon the
ifidc acid pT(«eot, but also upon the ethereal oil. Fiom his chemical and
fbjiiological investigations E. Poulsson cimotudes that tho cry.itn!lin(' sub-
lUnee heretofore known us filicie ncid is really the anhydride of the acid,
nrf he proposea to call it Filicin. IVue iilicic acid precipitates from en
tlhlinc Milutioa as an amnrphoui<, whilv powder without tast« or smell, in-
icCcble in water, soluble in boiling alcohol, and it is this substance which
Poaltton rcgardo as the principal poiwnous and In'niacidc constituent of
oltorcsin of male fern.
n^iiolo^cal Action and Toxicology. — Aspidiimi poseewes the power
ofupelling. and perhaps dcatroying, ta;nije. Harley beJievea that it is only
■Ueto detach the enloz^iiin from the intestinal wall. It is especially active
ipinst the bothriocepbalns latu.-.
iMlge doHTS of the ethereal extract, or oleurcsin, may occasion nausea,
WBiitiBg, and choleraic diarrhtea, followed by death from the congestion
oi inflanmation of the gaslro-inlestinal tract by the irritant action of the
iaj{. Id the Wi»ner klinisflie Wochetisfkrift is reported the case of a child,
J'/, years old, to whom 7.5 ccm. (or fSij) of the oleore«in were given, in
•ncnvmftttikp lfoiMf«H«/t. April. 18B9.
160
i>nAii»ACBt*ncAL TQ&nA?Btmc agbkts on uituoe.
three doees, witbio one hundred minuke. In an hour and a haU, par
taseworm wok exiicllcd, thun vumituig occurred, and somuuk-ucc, wb
followed by twitohtng, sopor, and trismus of ten minutes' duration, en
dcaUi five hours after the last dose of tho extract.
A post-mortem exanunation of a case of poisoning and death fro
fern revealed congestion and ccchymo»vK oi the stomach and blo'
over its surface. Poisoning from male fern should be treated by the
tstration of magneuum sulphalv and by the hypodcnnic injection c
of ammonia, from 0.60 to i c.cra. (or mx-f5Bg), properly diluted. .
ing to Prevott and Binet, death usually results from pnnilyi^is of th<
which is found, after deitb, lirmly contracted and unresponsive to in
Klnlc fern generally rcducMis the amotmt of urine secreted.
Therapy. — As « tieniacide, the ethereal extract, or oleoreein, is t
acceptable preparation, but, beini;: a thick, bitter, nauMoue sub»lan
best given in capsules. It con be given, but not eo well, in milk or m
It can be acceptably adminiitcred with an equal quantity of aromat:
of rhubarb. The dose should be preceded and followed by a pu
Calomul may he given as a preliminary purge. A full dose of caKtor-
hours after the administration of the remedy, will iiKunliy bring r
entire parasite. Trousseau and Pidoux ndviiie tho rcntriclinn of fo
milk diet for a day or two previous to the institution of the trc
Whitia hue found that male fern is efficient among children, in a
dose, when combined with turpentine,
This combination of male fern often acts well; —
B Olcominn nipidii SI a.na. or ISai
01- pRpanis cxpTCisi IS ccni. or IJu
01. terebinlbina -. fi| com. or mx;
M. SJg.: Tftlce at n doM after tatting, and follow hy » piugative.
Lanura claims good results from the uppliculion of male fern in
The formula which he employs is as foilowa: —
B Ett filirU liquid) 281 ccm. or Svii
AleoliolU isj c.cm. or (S"
Eit. luyrrb.,
Bxt. opii aa 4| Gm. or 3j.
M. Sig,: For external use.
In several cases of cysticercus disease Dr. R. Felotli has obser
provement follow tho use of ethereal extract of male fern. The rei
especially favorable when the lesions were situated in the subcutac
muscular tissues.
Jn Finland the aspidium spinulosum is used as a tsniacide m
quently than the official drug, as it is a more conimnn varii-ty in thla
It was found to be equally efficient in doses of 1 to 4 Gm, (or gr. xv-h
extract, by Laun.*D oud Schumann.
ASPIDOSPEKMA (U. S. r.).— Aspidosperma (ftuebraeho).
Preparation.
Extraotuin Aapi(Io«[>«rniiitis Kluiduin (U.S. P.).^F1iiId Extract o( A*pld
Dow, S to 4 c.cm. (or fSssjI.
ASniMlfPHBUA.
161
fh&nnacology. — The Uirk of AKpidosperma Quebracho-bianco (Ai»o-
MxU ■ large tree of Jlrazii, It contains twn alkHinids, Atptdospermine
ttewMliiite, and oIIkt priiK'iplcs not yet stmiicrl.
AipidoEpvrmine occurs in the form of colorli'fs crvstulu, iiisolulilo in
nttr, Bodejalcly »o|iiIi]v in ulcobol and ether. (Accordinjj to Dt. 0. BoiJet,
it Hpidoepenninc of commerce i$ a mixture of acveml products derivvd
fen quebtacho-bnrk.)
n»ne states that thr^ other alkaloids are also present, viz., espid-
^RBitine, aspidoMmino, and hyjioquebruchinc. (Juebrachine is saia to
Ulbtnon powerful of these alkaloid.^. Qui^brachnmine h also found pr««>
m ii th« bark.
Quebracho is also found in Catanmrea, of the Argentina Itepulilic, where
It bn ■ popular rrpulalion as a febrifuge and antipcriodic. A fluid extract
■^ wet preparation.
Phjsiological Aotion. — Quebracho is bitter and stimulant to the jiativarj"
tiudE, attriajfent to the intcstinni tract. In lar^c doaeit in animals it pro-
•m paralym of the limbs, of central origin,' It al^o eaueoe Eutivstion,
Sjm of respiration, and diminished frequency of the heart's action;
1 IR caumhI by paralysis and coiirulfiions due to upnwu. Mudenitc doses
Btti4 breathinR, and make inspiration slower and fuiler. Aspidospermine
■cntMi the rt.-spir8tot7 mov^m^'nttt in the higher auimals by stimulating
IW ncpiratory centree. It is said also to cause an excess of oxygen to be
>tea np by the red blood -ei>l In, and may thus induce npncfia. In man it
hi BO influence upon the temperature or the frequency of the pulse, but is
■>) fiT Hale U> "impart *onie tonicity to the hpart."
Ikenpy. — The special action upon the motor apparatus of respiration
quebracho valuable in trentiiiy dysjincra of nil kinds, whether bron-
eardiac, or nervous. In emphysema, with or without asthma, it has
»ery RTviccatUe in the form of rtnid i-xiraet, 1.20 to 2.S0 c.cm. (or
•n-il), several times a day, Quebracho is also of seniee in spasmodic
otts^ Dr. Pioot «latt-s that it i» advantag«ou4 to t)ie rftspiratimi when taken
" t hill-climbing. The effect of quebracho in relieving eynno»is is ver^-
;td. In the case of a child, suffering with double pneumonia, Dr. Law-
vitneesed decided improvement of the respiration and eireulation foU
the use of this remedy. This dnig very sensibly diminishes the pulse
IdDperatiiie in acute rhenmutism and iiiflnmniations of semus mein-
hmt. An elixir, a wine (6 per cent.), and a tincture (40 to 50 per cent.)
Wftalra been u*ed, Ttie ulkaloid, aspido^pcrniiin', hu* been employed na
ibkifn^ and, according to Gutlmann, its dose as an antipcriodic is l.'iO
6ia.(orgr. iviij). the oniinary dotn; bein^' O.Ofi.'i to 0.13 Om. (orgr. i-ij). It
• nlibU in oils or 50 parts of pure alcohol. IJiirdel has piven aspidospcr-
■Bein dr£pn<ra with good results. In >ei'i<>ij> ca^e^ the dnrg can be well
■JBuninwJ by hypodermic injection. Qucbrachine hydrochlorate has been
pwn both by the mouth and by hypoderuiie injection for the relief of dysp-
■iQa.theda«« employed being from O.OfiS to 0.13 ftm. (opjtr. i-ij)- Tritural«
•('/„ and V,4, of aspidosfwrmine (all the nlkaloiiU) are also used. The solid
otnct is fl useful priM>arnlion for asthma, given in 0.005 Cm, for pr. j) doses
Ibtt ttmes a day. The ollicial Buld extract is also an eligible preparation.
*F. rnmUI. Berllnfr kUnUetif Wophnufjtrtfl. No. 19, 187*.
1C8
PHARMACEUTICAL TBB«AP£DTIC A0KXT8 OB
ASFIBUT i« olitaincd by the action of awilic-acid nuhydride on
ncid; il oLciirs io ihc form of wtite, fmtnlUne ncedlpj, which h&vt
iug-point of 135^. 1» readily Holuble in alcutiol and eth«r, and gn
fernc chloride, a blue color. Experimontit with an artJGciul gusti
showed that ahpirin wan very »(ilul)lc in an acid nu-dium.
Wolilgemiith' reports his results in 10 eases suHeriiig from rhc
mani festal ions; in 2 cases of acme rheumatism in which salicylic i
nnlipyrin had been used with u^gutive ri'!<uU»i, uapiriii wan given in
3 Qm. (or ^t. xlv) daily: the patients improved almost immediate:
and swelling diHuppeuied within a few day:<, without any gastric dint
The remaining 8 cases were not true joint rheumatism; some hat
fever, otherx aiphlhcna or angina; Uiesu patients were given 1 CJn
xv) three times daily for eipht day* without fcehng any ill effec
action of oRpirin on tiict rht-uniatio joint is identical with ^licylic ■
is, according to this author, to be preferred to sodium salicylate
because of its non-irritating character when administered by iLu m
should be given in powder, and not in a eolution.
ATBOPINA (U.S. P., B. P.)— Atropine (C„n„NO,).
1
ATROPINE SBLPKAS [V. S. P., B. P.).— Sulphate of Atropii
Belladonna.)
i
AURANTn AMARI CORTEX (IT. S. P.). — Bitter Oranje-pe
rind of the fiiui uf Citrus yul^iiriB (Rutacete).
AURABXn DULCIS CORTEX (IT. S. P.). — Sweet Orange-pe
rind of the fresh fruit of Citrus Aurantiuni (Rutaceffi). j
AURAKTII CORTEX BECENS (B, P,). — Fresh Bitter Oni;
"The fn'sli rtiilur |miL ni' ihi- ]n'iii"nrp of Citrus Aiiniiiliuin,"
AURAHTII CORTEX SICCATUS (B. P.). — Dried Bitter Ont
"The dried outtr part of the pericarp of Citrus Aurantium,"
f". S. P. Preparations.
Olpuni Aiirnnlii Florum. — Oil of Orange- flowers [Oil of NcroHj.
Oleum Aiiiniilii rortiois.^Oil of Oiftiict-pitel.
KxtTiK^tiini Aururilii Aiiinii Fluiduin.-— r'luid Kxlrnet of Bitter Orangi
Ai|im Aiirnnt.ii Florum. — Ornnftc- flower Water.
Aqua Auiuntii Florum Forlior.— Slronjjer Onuige-llower WBter.
Syrupun Aimntii Florum. — Sj-rap of Oranpc-flowcrB.
Syni|>ii« dureotli (U.S. P.). — SyrYi]! ol SbwI Orange- peel.
TitiPtiitn -Aiiianlii Dulcis. — Tincture of Swert Ornngr-ped (20 per ««i
Tinrliirn .\urnntil .Amnrj. — Tlnctiir* of Hitler OrJinge-pevI (20 per cer
Spirilun Auranlii.^ — Spirit of Orangt (oil of ornnge-peel. fi c.cm.; aIc
dariKcd, fi5 e.cm.).
t<pirllu» Auraulii Couipoftitun.— Cuinjwund Omngc Spirit. Utod in n;
«lUir nromnlicuni. nnd alHo n< a. pleasant vchiclo.
Elixir Aronmticum. — Aroinatii- Elixir.
Tile dried ppel of bitter orantte enters into th* U. S. P. compound tt
dnchonu nnd genl.lnn.
' Th^rap. Mouat.. May. 1899.
At'BI £T SODtl CHIARIDDU.
163
B. P. Prtparatimtt.
JtqH AuTUtitii Fiona. — (.h-aiigp- flower Wutf r.
S|nipv* Auraaiii.- ■''.vriip o( Ur«nt[c Dom-. 2 to 4 ccm. for fS**-j>-
Sjnfm Aunntii Kluris. — 8>tuji uf UrHii^-c-llowei. Dom'. 3 to 4 cciii. (or
i'-
llBrlura Auntiitii.— TlriKliirp of OmnitP. Done, a In 4 p.oni. (or (3«-J).
lofiiMUi AuruuliL — Infusion oE Oningc*pt'rl lilrlvil biltvr orHuge^prul. S Uin.i
Ubc^MtUtMl irst*r, lINt r.etti.). Dotr. l.'i lo .t(l r.rni. (or rS»'j).
lufuitim Aiitnnlii CunipunitiiTii. — t.'um|i(iiiiiil liilnaioii uf Oniiitr<^-f)eei i<>ritD}n-
|«! ui4 lemon pprl, with cloven, in boiling (iintillcd wati-r). Uo«. 15 lo 30 ccm,
■«0'--Ii,
liaiuii Auianlii- — Oranife-wine {wine nindc hy Ihv fcrnientutioii of n Mm-bariiw
Witiw lo whtrh trculi l>lltcr nmnttnponl han born addnl; 111 to IJ pir citnt. of
ne dried bitter ornnKcpml enter* into the B. P. compound tincture* of cin-
Am hmI ^Biiftn; th« tincture of orao^ into tironiMtic tyrup.
Pfctramwlogy. — Th« T". S. P. iiri'jmrfitioLs uru obtaini'd from tlio bitter
■tUffi, Citrus vuiparis. and the sweel araiiRe, Citrus aurunlium (Aiiranti-
MMt): the [ruit of iirtiall trcvH which ^row in wnrin regions of thi'. Kaslern
plVesicm Hemispheres, The li. P, preparations from the outer part of
tiKprncnrv "^ Citrus .\iiruntiuiD.
Ilienpy. — OrBnge-juice, with water and sugar, may be used as a drink
iaiMven and a» an antiiicorbutic. Carc^ should be taken, after typhoid
hw, not 10 allov children to suck tJie juice from the orauffe, as death has
batauwd by thv pawu}^- of a *vvd Ibroii^di un iilccratod piitrh in tlic in-
tM^. Drain has also been catised by a child's eating the fresh rind, which
Wun* ihc voUlilt; oil. Krvthc-nia, (ciliTiia, vi-sitlc-M, niul pustuU-^ may h«
*(attoaed by paring bitter oranges. The elixir is nn agreeable vehicle (or
•iktmncditf«.)iariiig; iht,- nloolioJici^treii^th iit a curdinl. The other prepa-
miiut are pleasant tiaTorinK agents.
kVBI ET soon CHLORIDUM (U, S. P.).— Gold and Sodium Chloride
Uoa, + XaCl).
Dm, 0.001 (o 0.00« Gm. (or gt. Vm-'A.).
fbiniucoli^T. — A mixture of equal parts, by weight, of dry gold chlo-
nit tfid todium chloride. On account of its po«itJon among ni«t&le.
pUhu been credite<I with having some special medicinal value, although
rMiMnnal constituent of the human body. It is practically non-corrosive,
^^HWfore the'era of antiseptic surgery, it wan used to some extent to pro-
^^HiutTutDcnts from rutting. In a pure state gold is too soft (or most pur-
^^■m, although it is the best material for wire and for filing teeth. The
^^(|j pffpiralion official i« the chloride, mixed with chloride of sodium, cor-
■vcMing with at least 30 per cent, of metallic gold. This forms an orange-
"mni powder, slightly deliipiewient in tin- pn-x-nce of dampness, freely
tbUe in water. It is easily decomposed by sunlight and by organic matter,
ni b ln-<t di'pcn*.-d as a tablet trilumtc. Lainer hns recently prepared a
Idtlid potatsinm chloride by dissolving pure gold in aqua regia by the aid
<IWtnid adding n couccntruted «()lutii>n of [iutn.<!<iuin chloride. The com-
land if «aid to be stable and neither acid nor deliquescent, but no clinical
Jtfottt of its use have yet been made.
Tkjsiologieal Aetion. — The cfTccts of the gold chloride arc very much
like tkose of (he mercuric chloride. It has decided bactericidal powers.
AtoBBiiDg to Sternberg, a aolution of 1 to -lO.OOO restraina the growth of
IW
PHARHACECTICAI. THEBAPEtTTIC AOEXTS OR DRUGS.
anthrax bacilluit. nnd one of 1 lo SOOO dwlro^ it. This *t«lirtn¥nl liM h
qucetionc'd bv L. Hekfoen, wlio found that 1 to 40,000 delajed the rtot
but Hint 1 to 8000 rliij not doMroy it. A strength of 1 to 1000 dwtrojJ
bacillus of diphtheria and 1 to 600 (he bncilUiB of typhoid tevor. GS
and ShurU-y di'moni^lrati'd iU buctiricicliil poiver aj^nin^t baoillu^ tuber
Iceis by phyeiological experiments upon animals.' In concentrated «olutJ
it h^fl an cscharotic action upon ihe !>kin. Inlernnlly, in very »niaU dot
it acts upon the gliindutar structures of the stomach and liver, — Etimulsti.
nutrititm nnd as.iimilation; but, in Inr^cr dc«e«, it produces violent gattl
enteritis without ulceration or salivation. These symptoms hare bpcnfl
duced in an adult by 0.063 dm. (or gr. j], and thia same doae has prodi
death in a dog in four minutes, as reported by Daniel R. Brower.* In I
mia it increase* the percentage uf haemoglobin and the number of red bli
corpuscles, but large doses reduce the oxidizing power of the red blood-4
Large doses excite salivation, liut do not affect the teelh, checks, or gi
This salt exercises a constipating ciTect upon the bowels. I'pon the h
and Hpinnl cord ils etFci^ls an- tboite of a tonic. In «ome instances it pn>di
decided mental exhilaration. When its use has been loo long continue
fives rise to what has been termed '■auric fever," a condition character
y profuse sweats and an increase of saliva and urine. The remedy
upon the kidneys, increasing the urinary ilow, and the eecretion, after I
doses, is colored yellow. Renal hypern-mia with albuminuria is cansei
toxic doses. It is claimed that gold has aphrodisiac powers, causing pail
erections in men and increasing the menstrual flow in women. Gold ill
moved from the body chiefly by the kidneys, but to some extent also by t
liver and bowels. For the gastro-cnteritis. vomiting, etc., similar to corrosi
chloride of mercury, caused by large doses, the antidote is albumin b
dem'ib.rnl^
Therapy. — Prom the physiological action upon the glandular eyttv
the stoniueh and livi-r, and the resulting improvement in the power*
similation, gold may be especially valuable in atonic dyspepsia, enabling
patient to digest more food. It i» of decided service in nervous di
Also, in gastric catarrh, chronic inadequacy of the hepatic functions ftoi
liver), and early #lage of cirrhosis, the goM and sodium chloride is a nsef
remedy. Administered in this prescription^ it often i^ mosit effective in
trie catarrh and torpid liver: —
B Auri »t nodil rhiortdi 103 fim. or gr. tt,
I'Jit. rtieU vnmlwB 20 Gm. or gr. iij.
Kxt. Uraxnd 4| Gtn. or ij.
M. et ft Jill. r», ]H3(.
Sig.: Two pilLi three tliues a day.
In cirrhosis of the kidney and albuminuria due to interstitial :
acconling to Millard, it has a special place. Culbcrtson rMMtrtsnlS^i
case of albuminuric retinitis from gold and sodium chloride. This salt
beneficial in arteriosclerosis and the vertigo of the aged dependent up
atheromatous vessels, and aLso in vertigo due to indigestion. It ia oad
in hvsleria and functional impotence. In spasmodic affections (whoopil
cough, larvngixmus stridulus) it has some advocates. Where amenonlii
'TirroiinitiK r,a:rlle. April 15. 1891,
'Journal Amrrirnn Mnlirnl Aumivintifm. Oct, 1. ISOO, p. T64
Al'RI KT tiOUU ClILOniDt'M.
1G5
20 Gm. or gr. iij.
OOS Om. or gr. j.
SO Giii> or gr. lij.
Gm. or 3J.
' d;r£mcDorrh(pa ia dae to d«Scient innen-ation, and not lo local lesion or
miction, thus rvmi'dy lia* given good ri.'SiiJt*, and also in habitual abortion.
"XiDiplicAled chronic ovaritis is benefited by the adniinistration of gold.
I di>ubl« Milt it also luiid to afford rclii-f from ovarian neurulgiii. Follow-
;oBt the pliysiolof^ical action, we find that, in spinal solc-rosis, prematnrc
jiy, in dei>rtii*ii>n and hyjiodiund rin, it hn* a high degree of cllicicnoy.
1 remedy haa also been given with iidvantage in neuraslbcnia, progreesirc
; iMraly««, utero-OTumn congestion, mi-norrhagia, subacute metritis,
ipfaomania. and epennatonfaa?a. Dr. John Strahan, of Belfast, su^r^eets
ii it may be nM>fiil iu insomnia dejii-ndi'nt npon cerebral anaemia. In lh«
llBtfinnit of impotence, Profe&sor Glenn, of the Univereily of Tennessee, lisa
[fnnd the f(dlowing combiniilton "f M-rviec: —
B A&ri ct aodii chloridi ,....
fujrcluilii. inlpbat >.
Zisd pkaBphidi ..i. •..
Ext. damlanio ................ ,....,.. 4
v. It H. in capnulos no. xtx.
%; Dim captiile Uirire dntly.
Oald and sodium chloride is, in some cases, an efficient substitute for
ric chloride in the trtatmcnl of syphilis, and it has fwcu given iu thi«
nation, uhere there was an undue susceptibility to mercurv, with de-
ll»fl*fit: —
9 Anirtaodii chloridi .......> [005 Cm. or gr. j.
bL iB^utnariic 13 Gm. or gr. ij.
Ext ralombw , ,,-..,,,,. s| Gm. w gr xxx.
M. t* R. |)tl- no. xx(.
S|.; One ]>ill thiro Hum a i»y.
Cold sIh) proves of avail in the late mnnife»totion)i of Mvphilis, and is
(VBdiiBH effecHial, afler failure of the mi.\ed treatment by means of racr-
od iodine, or when these remedies cannot be borne on account of
or debility. Il hn* been of service in ulcerations of the throat,
ozffina. difcasfs of the bones, and syphilitic cHcheiia. Dr. J. A.
reporta two cases of dinbi-tes mellitos in which gold and Kodium
' caused a steady decrease and final disappearance of jrlycosuriu. In
indria and melancholia Ibe double salt i* highly ri'ccininn.-ii(]i;d. In
«w*of pyelitis. Dr. G. Frank Lydston. of Chieafjo, found the hypodermic
IfaJKtion of (told and sodium chJoride to produce decided imptovemenl.
chloride is usefnl in the treatment of chronic tobacco poisoning and
' '□« addiction.
From the dmuIIe of fifty-two experiments made upon various epecles
[ nini-hlooded animals, ralmotte concludes that the subcutaneous injec-
6i» »f gold is antidotal to the poison of the cobra di capello. He believes
tbt Ih* rentini may be neutralized, even after it has been absorWd, and
Iltt the treatment may be siii'C4-»<fulIy applied to human beings. His
iMtbod (* lo cast an elastic lifraiure around the limb, to inject T.-IO to 9.85
c*nL (or fjii-iiss) of a l-per-c-nt. solution of pold chloride into the wound
oi betinth the surroundinf; skin, not more than 1 c.cm. (or mxv) being
i^Mted at any one spot. Injections are nlao made at the level of the liga-
tanaivellss Itetween it and the henrl. The solution may be thrown either
inte the contKclive or miucuUr tissue. Aa scon as the injections have been
pnARUACBUTiejit THERArErnc aoicsts ok drcos,
nmdo the li(;atiire iimy be romored. The mclliod merits trial in th(
bitM from other vunomous Ecrpunle, since, as Weir Mitchell has sho
poisons are siibtiiantiallv of llie wime cliomieal coiiipo«itian.
In appropriate casee (hia salt may be jrven under the Bkin.
Gibbeti nnd Shiirley' have reported Buccwsfiil ro*uHs in twenty-*ev
of pulmonary tiiberculosis, by Rold and eodium chloride jjiven hypo
ally, in dt'«* of 0.OU3 to O.iil Om. (or gr. */„y/t). during thrt-L* '
months. Pepper also reported a ease of phlluBis apparently cured
drug.'
Dr. Joseph Drsewieeki reports the cure of a case of lupus by the
adminixlration of tlie tame ealt in the doE« of 0.0003 Gm. (or gr. Vn
times a day.
AVENA. — Oat, the fruit of Avena Eatira (Gramine»), is used a
in the ioiin of m«ii[, of which cak<-^, gnii'l, or poiridjri! is made,
highly-nutritious food, coutaininf; oil. nitroj;cuizcd principU-s. carboh
phosphates, etc.; but on account of iU ouncontrated form and the )
of irritating fragments of the outer coat, containing silica, oatmeal
to cau»e indigestion, and in young children diarrhi^'a. T\>e habit o
porridge with milk and large quantities of sugar is apt to cause sour t
and pyrosis, which may be avoided by u*ing butter or cream and salt
of the milk and sugar. Skin erupttans have been altributed to thi
oatmeal, particularly eczema, in infaula, which is cured by a change
An ukoholic tincture of onts hns been supposed to hav« a sedative actl
the cerebral centres and to remove the craving for drink. For the ]
would be more riitionnl lo recommend an iufuftcin than ii tincture, j
AZEDABACH.— Aredaiach (Pride of China). The bark of the
Melia a?i.'tlurnch (Meliaecw) is used in our Southern Stales in the fo
decoction (124 Uni. to OHi com., or Siv-Oij, boiled down to 4"3 c
Oj), as u rermifuge. in cases of round worm 15 e.cm. (or fjss) being j
a child every two or three hours until tJie bowels arc freely moved,
doees may cause vertigo, dilated pupils, and stupor. A fluid extract t
also used (dose, 4 ccm., or fSj), but the fresh decoction is the best ]
tion.
BALSAHUH CAHADENSE.— Canada Turpentine. The tlr. At
samen (t'onifera?), is indigenous to the northern part of the l.'nite<
and Canada. The bnl.iiim, or olenresin, is uliiuini'd by eolIectiuK tli
which nnlumllv exudes upon the tree, and through spontaneous evap
It is a viscid, uciiHy !rnnB|iiirL'nl, ycllnwiiih liquid, of rather pieaaa
and bitterish taste, completely soluble in ether, chloroform, or benz(
balsam is suid lo contain abciiit 20 pi-r cent, of volatile oil. When dr
a clear mass, entirely without structure; so that it is useful in miuro
work.
PhTsiological Action and Therapy. — In their actions upon the
body the ^aritiua furms of tiir]it'ntine resemble each other so closelj
to require separate treatment. It is probable that the good effects o
by Mr. Clay and Paracelsus, in the treatment uf uterine disease witl
'Vntwrtitif Mcitleat WnffurJa', D«., )8(I6,
BALSAMt7J* PBBDTIAinW.
line, might be obtained from our native turpenlin*. It may be ad-
ed ID cap^ulo nr emulsion, ami iiiay aliio hi> iiiJ[>Iici! locullv. As a
peal drc&^ing it alfo is iii^vfu), owing to ils sdhc^ive and antieeptic qnnli-
, resetnbiinp, in this respect, the balsam of Peru.
BALSAHim PERUVIANUM (U. S. P., B. P.).— Balsam of Peru.
Doee, «.30 to 1 c-cin. (or mv'xv).
thMrmMOoiogj. — A balsam obtaJDcd from Tolutfera Pereira; (Lefpi-
I'W) U. S. P.; ilyntxylou PiTctra' (B. P.): u tree in Central Ami'ricn.
^tui hoDcy-like liquid, of (ragmeni odor and a wanii, rather acid taste,
auiaio^ ni^iii, volutilc oil, arid both ben/.iirc and dunnmiu uc-id^. It Is
ihle, burning with a. white amoke and fragrant odor. It is entirely
itiilt in 5 imtU of uktihol, and i^honld not diminish in vulunu^ whfn agi-
"i«itb an equal bulk of benzin or water. Stockman states that after
; Penn iaii haUum the nriiic givo*. with nitric acid, h pr^'cipilate which
that due to albumin. The former is. however, soluble in alcohol,
Phyriological Action and Therapy.— Peru vijin bul«im is carminative,
nulant, and expectorant. It has been extolled in Europe by Landerer
iSchnitzler in phlhitis pulmonuli« and ohronic bmnehial cutnrrh. given
^Idpniles or emalsion. and also used in an inhaler. Professor Landerer
'ktranTinced himself that the virluf of biii«ira of Pcni in tnhercuiosi* de-
fadi upon the pretence of cinnamio acid, which he has of late employed in
riiMof the balnm. Tlie finn.iniiir ncid nf which hi- makes use, however, is
Lfteiiaed from etorox. It is cotorlcss, crystalline, feebly soluble in cold water,
th soluble in hot water, alcohol, and warm oil. A .Vper-cent. emulsion
tihe add ia prepared with almond-oil. yolk of egg. and common salt in »olu-
Beforc uiie, the emulsion must be rendered alkaline by mixing with
l2frpn-c«ot. solution of liquor potassa?. The emulsion is preferably thrown
Htoa rein. The method is not applicable to the later stages of pulmonary
Wocnloeis. From 0.12 to 0,37 c-cm. (or mii-vj) of the cmulnion are in-
itetedtwicca week. Of 50 eases thus treated, Landerer reports 10 deaths,
ll<iic8of improvement, and 2!) curcx. 1 case rcmmniug uuinlliiciictd. 1m-
pnmcnt is raid to begin in the third week. The treatment is believed to
pvdiiK capsulation and afaeorption of tuberculous depoeitf. In hipus he
mbn an alcoholic solution of 1 part of cinnamic add, 1 part of cocaine
l^incUoratp. and SO parts of alcohol, OM to 0.1'^ c.cm. (or mj-ij) being
■j«t(d into Ihcnodulea till 0.60 c.cm. (or rns) have been used at one seanct.
At the end of a week the procedure is repeated. As it is a dcodonint and
Wittptic, it ia useful as a local application to open wounds and compound
■JftiKtt, and also in the tjieatmt'nt of oza'na and old ulcere. In utoriiio
I we may use: —
SMofonni 16
B*lMuni Ptraviftiri ,.... 7
UmUdI OE
Gin. or 3ir.
c.em. or fSij.
Gni. or Jjj.
IL Hg.: For local aiiplication on nbaorbent cotton or rnrdcd nod.
1b infantile ecicma wc may prescribe: —
B Addi boric* S Am. or Sh.
Bataami Prruvkal , 60 ivcm, ur nix.
UnetM 31 Gm. or ."(j.
01 aiDfgdalK ncpnatt
t Sg,: Applj- freqaMiUf upon soft linen.
. . q. *, ft. tiBgl,
168
niAUMACBDTtCAL TBBnAFEimc AGENTS OR DBUOS.
BaUam of Peru is sometimes an efficieot application in pruriliu i
Tulva and ^oiiilu parR-^thcsin. It is likewise emcucious ia ccabivs.
coplskia, or local epithelial thinkeniii^ of tiie muoou.i membrane, is ;
hy ajipIicntionK of Peruvian buli^um; in It'prosy it may be thorouglily nilih
into the affected areas. It is also a ROod local application for diphthe
Tlic iulernal i\tc of Peruvian bal*aru has been recommended by Tr
and Pidoux in chronic intestinal catarrh and typhoid fever, Nuggia
found it serviceable in the gaxtro-inteiitinal disorders of childltoo').
external application of balsam of Peru has, in some instances, been folio
by an crylncmuUnis, uriicurial, or ccxemutous eruption. Dr. I.>ohaiu i
reported a case of fatal gastritis in a sis-day-old babe caused by baUaai
Peru whicli had been applied to the mother's nipples on account of '
BALSAMUM TOLUTANUM {V. S. P.. B. P.).— Balsam of Toln.
Dose, U.33 to 1 Giu. (or gr. v-xv).
Preparalion^.
Tlnoturft Tolutona (U.S. P., B. P.)— "nneture o( Tolu (10 jwr cM»t.(. Dom,I
7.6 c.cm. (or f3tii-ij|.
Syruimn Toliitonii. |U.S,P., B.P.).— Syrup of Tolu. Dose, 7.5 exm. (oi I
or nutre. 1). P.. 2 to 4 ccni. (or tSss-jl.
Tinotiira Bcnmini Compositu (U.S. P., B.P.). — The comyounil tincture ot I
tola containH Tnln.
Pbannacolog7 and Therapy. — .\ ImlMiim obtained from Toluifera Ba
mum (Loguminosa?: I'. S. P.): Myroxylon Toluifera (B. P.): a tree of Hi
flranada. It \* a resiuouie exudation, containing n volatile oil, tolocae.
cinnHmic and benzoic acids. It has an agreeable odor and taste.
BaUam of Tolu is, when fresh, a thick, vi«id fluid, but is, in time,
verted into a hard, translucent solid. It is slightly antiseptic and ex
rant; the .syrup is a favorite basis for cnugh-mixturcs, chiefly on aceonni
it« pleusiint tuste. The balsam itself may be administered in emuUion
egff or mucilage. It itbould not he wet\ during acute attacks of inflamn
lion. The syrup covers the taste of chloral or eroton-chloral {Bninton).
BAFTISIA. ~ Wild Indigo. Tlio root of Boptisia tinctoria <l4
minosffi), indigenous to North .\merica. Baptiiin, an impure resin, is e(
sidercd to have cholagogic properties (do!^'.'. 0.'k>5 to (1.32 Gm.. or gr. i»
and has been found of service in amenorrhoea. The decoction or fluid eiW
may l>e used as a cathartic in large doses, or tonic astringent tn small, H
tj-phoid fever and bowel disorders .small doses of a tincture have been uf
hui not according to Ihc be¥t pnulici-. Tlie dccoctinn may he employed
8 douche in nasal catarrh, chronic ulcers, leucorrhtea, etc., or as
wash in stomatitis.
BARn CHLORmUH.— Bariam Chloride. Barium, in its action nt
the blood-vessel B, nscmiilos boih ergot and digitalis. It cauws the caru
eontrnelions to become more slow and fim-ihle. Tonic spasm of involuo^
muscular fibre is produced, peripheial blood-vessels are conslricled. 4
blood -presKun? rii^e»- Peri*tulsi* is likewise excited. Overdoses give riai
iBalivation. thirst, vomiting, purging, embarrassed breathing, slow ptil
IjdilntHl pupiU, and parulyMS of the extremities. In experiments upon a
BARII DIOXIDirM.
169
I Pilliet md Molbcc found thnt banuni chloride. injecUd subcutflD«-
rin toiic doses, caused diarrhcea, albuminuria and ha>niOKlobinuria. and
enralsions, followed \>y riffldity. Afti-r dealli li-»ionsi wc-rc fonixl \t\ inoiii of
Aeocgus. The plomeruTi of the kidneys were particularly affected, and
baiMTfaage^ into thv ftrm^ht tubes wen; also ob«Trviil. Ai-ooiding to M.
taitt, barium chloride occa^ionn eoaKUlalion of the blood, aud death results
■Rhiaialij' fmm fiuboliMii. I>i'ath han ocLnrn-d in con!M:i|uenoe of fl.l?
8b. (« gr. lies), the quantity not having been taken in one dose, but in
U.TMrtion* of 0.015 Gni. (orgr. '/,), Thft symutomniif intoxicatinii mani-
(sM tlicm&clr^s at the end of a week. Tbi$, however, must be regardt-d
It a exceptional cane. Tlic tiniK, in #mull medicinal io»es. It dt'void of
KtiTC poisonous properties. Barium chloride is n white, crystalline fub-
.of «bitieranddi^a;^eabl(- taste, n^adily nohible in water. This fait is
dj fioluble in absolute alcohol, but dii^Holves in rectified spirit. Thv
"B^bttee are incompatible with IIk' ailU of biiriimi. In oaae^i of poiaooing
tkndium, or magnesium sulphate, with white of egg, niny be used a*
oiidoiet-
nenpy.— Barium cliloride may be used as a cardiac tonic in valvuUr
anffidene]' vith irregularity of the heart. The late Prof. Da Costa ob-
iftni that, in thm conditions, it relieves pain and the scueation of un*
**(iiua, acting as a fairly goo<l diuretic and capable of being given for a
cuaiiiierable period without dii;turbing digi-i-t ion. In minute doses it ie a
•tiamlant and alterant, and may be used in scrofula.
From on administration of this salt to «t'venty-*ix children Ijclli con-
cludes that it is eiKcacious in the gastritin which accompanies the torpid
foni of H-rofuIa, but that it is injuriuu» in the florid form. In the bezin-
Bi^ Ibe remedy irritates the mucous membrane of the bowel and renders
tile pnceiH more acute, "but the membrane is finally favorably modified.
B«aiD has been recommended likewise in chlorosi-i and in cachectic eon-
ditutt. In amvnorrhccu it hn# been given with nd\nnlage. It has yielded
0oai faults in varicose veins and aneurism. It affords relief to the vascular
^fewoinraa of exophlhalinic goitre.
BARn DIOXIDUH (U. S. P.).— Barium Dioxide (BaOS).
Pnparationg.
.■Jqw IljtlrogTDii Uiosiili (U. S. P.). — Solution of Hydrogen Diaxidr, or IVioxido
Hjrdro^unii Peruxidi (E P.).— Solution of Hydrogen Pntixid*. Dow, S
lor Owijf.
Tbe dioxide, or peroxide, of barium should be anhydrom and kept in
'^(•wl vr»els. It is used in the manufacture of the Bolution of bleach-
*t!ifiud, or dioxide of hydrogen, now entering largely into u*e for medical
[_**■) ratgical purposes.
y PhanucologT. — 'Vhe commercial dioxide of hydrogen is a colorless so-
fiwflf this agent in wat<,-r. U i», when undiluted, a synipy Suid, destitute
<&», of a har^b, slishtly-aerid taate, has a spfcific gravity of iAH, and is
oiulabJe composition. Its formula is 11,0,. and it decomposes into
1 naicent oxygen, yielding 472 times il* own volume of oxygen and
!b«hiDd 1 To1um« of water. Tlic freshly prepared ofTicial solution con-
iro
PltARUACECTIOAt. THBRAPBDTIC A0BXT8 OB D&VG».
taJDS about 3 per rent., by weight, of the pure dioxide. This diliitb
clear fluid, bsvinjr but little odor or ta.ite, end i» ofa sHglilly-acid re
corresponding to about 10 volimice of available oxygen. The ueual et
emplojed by aurceona is called the 15-voluiDe ttolution, because each ]
of the solution yields 15 volumes of the oxygen. It is an active oxidizL
antiaeptic asent. As it ^rraduaily decomposea it must be kept in a coc
and in lootely-stoppcrcd bottles.
Phyiiolo^cal Action and Therapy.— The afhilion of hydrogen (
destroys pus and thi- micro-organ isms, which excite suppuration, and
lates the albuminoid components of the inllnmniatory products. It 1'
the property of checking fermentation. It ia deelructive to the pi
netic micro-organiHms and is nn excellent atcent for purifying drinking
Dr. JakovlcS has ascertained by experiment that the solution of hy
dioxide increases the general acidity of the gastric juie* and the pro
of free hydrochloric acid, but diminishes the amount of lactic acid,
duces a marked increase of the digi-siivc power of the gastric juice,
pure and of oQicial elrcngth. it is free fr'>m irritatiug quuliticE, and
poured over wounds, injected into sinusps, or into the ear. or used as
in ulcerations of the pharynx and of thi- krynx. It produces o froti
when it encounters pus, owing to the liberation of oxygen, and the o
of this commotion indicates the removal of all the pus. The Mtrfaci
wound or ulcer becomes blanched, but is not injured by the appi
As u rule, the fluid t-xcrts an analgesic eiTcct upon the surface with \
is brought into contact. l^)betx;ular and mammary abscesses eepeci
well trcali'd in this way. Boils, carbunclcit, felons, and ulcers are in
and their pain assuaged by the use of this remedy. Unhealthy or p
wounds and phlegmonous erysipelas receive decided benefit from tb
hydrogen dioxide. This solution is a beneficial application in cases <
gangrene, phagedena, and syphilitic ulceration. It is peculiarly adai
injection into cavities, fistulas, and sinuses commuiticflting with h
joints. This fluid, moreover, possesses the valuable property of disi
mg carious or necrosed bone, uiul i*. therefore, of service in hip-joint
Oranular pharvngitis and stomatitis are benefited by the same app'
It has been utilized with adviinlagc for the purpo*e fif disinfecting
in carious teeth, in the treatment of abscesses of the alveoli or antr
for bleaching discolored teeth.
For the last-named purpose it is made into a paste with chalk o'
hone. It enables the dentist to treat and fill at the same sitting a (
pulp or cavity. Dr. H, F, Brownlee, of Danville, Conn., made use o
gen dioxide with marked advantage in a case of empyetna which w
•cterixed by the excessive amount of pus evacuated from the pleural
In ulcerative tonsillitis, fetid breath, and in some bronchial at
a apray of dilute hydrogen dioxide is productive of benefit. A epra;
agent is likewise of utilitv in chronic nasal catarrh, oziena, and sci
angina. Hydrogen dioxide ia a useful application in mercurial ai
forms of stomatitis. It ia pnrticularly recommended by Boennccken
infeclant to the mouth during febrile and wasting diseasi's.
For comedones Uiiua advi.ses the use of a preparation containi
20 to 40 mrts of hydrogen dioxide, 10 ports of lanolin, and SO
vaselin. The application of the liquid is also of avail in acne. D
dioxide, on account of its bleaching properties, may be used to decol
iMDit moxiucu.
in
^■rk lano^ hitTv which not infr«queQtIy disfi]^re the faces of women.
Toorhinc them with » camel 'it-ltiiir limsli which has been dipped in the
ISotd will n-ndcr thi-m much less conapicuoua, aiitl this procemire may b«
a*rtcd to when, for any resnon, electrolr*!* oiniiot bo performed.
I>r. Oolnvin cnmmendf the action of hydrogen dioxide in various Sis-
tt* of the conjtmctivs and cornea. In ulcew of the cprnea euppurttion
i*dimiRiah«<l and healing promoted. InfiltrationB undergo absorption. The
[TOBtdy is of TAlue in h^'popyon, and may render operntivc interference ud-
»r>'. Hydrogen dioxide ii- likewise beneficial in phlyetcnulnr conjnnc-
I ttvitiBan') fuMile fjonorrhceal ophthalRiin. It has been uHed with jiiood resultB
I dacT in. It it serviceable in suppurative dieeatics of the ear. Uy-
I dngai .1' has ^iven very favorable regulta in the treatment of mastoid
tmnMt, briufi duubly bviirfu'iiil by virtne of ils action, both upon the pun
«>.? tbf hone. Care should always be taken to provide a free outlet for the
< har^'e cauM-d by the peroxide, or pain will be increased and pus
— . ,.r fiiven dwpt-r into the sinuBee.
lo djpblhenn and croup itii value haii been eHtabli^hcd; » 2-volame
■Inti'-- I I'ially recommended in younjt children aB a local application,
■d pii '.y after Hieiianition of the membranes in ordi-r to remove the
*An and dt^iDfcct the Gurfaee.' It is elated by Dr. A. Jacobi. of New York.
tkat in rvrtain in-ilnnt-es even a weak .solution proves irritant to the throat,
iknifs the □lucoiis membrane, and that it. consequently, eometitnce proves
irtrim^ntal in diphtheria and mual be abandoned in such cases. In jiynte-
■ah^^iril practice this remedy has effected improvement in vaeinitig and
— ^-r^rlrili;*, and in chronic cTstitis. It may be beneficially employed, tike-
:) BOptic ounditiont n-^ulting from abra«ionH or wound« of the female
' : ict. It has been used with suceeas in the treatment of fionorrhcca,
tP». It ii thoujrht to l»e fttpeciftily vnluabje in the chronic form
ase. Or. Willard Parker Worstcr, of Xcw York, hns obtained good
Til the tr^'alment of rhancre* by hydrogen dioxide. The nicer was
.■rv day and in the interval kept covered with iodol,
_ .. ^v'ajlian, of Sew Vork, has found hydropea dioxide of advantage
a tbe trtaimeot of pas^fivc hemorrhages. Ttv MUKg<-.<t8 its ui^c in the form
•r » tpny for the relief of pulraonar>' hxroorrha^, or injected in cases of
tnMtnrui aod hsemorrha^ce of (he lower bowel, .'vpmying the post-nn^al
with a 1- or 2-per-cent. or stronger solution will generally check
evea of sovore lypc' In etrcinomu of the rectum or iiteru* it re-
paiD and cleanses the diaeased surfaces. The use of a spray of a 10-
«Ame Miliition is n-comuiciKled as a difinfectunt of the »ick-room in ease
^smtivc fcvem and other infectious diseases.
T: hap been admini*i<red, well diluted, in pa«tric affections, and has
imH useful in flatulent dyspepsia, heartburn, catarrh of the stomach
1^ (owrlf. vie. It would proljablv W of Bervice in the iK-ntment of gastric
Ar. It has even ameliorated the symptoms of cancer of the stomach.
_„ dioxidf. combined with tannin and injected into the intestine, ia
il m chrtmic dysentery. Irriffstion of the bowel by means of liquid
I^H, _, ' glycerin, combined with the internal administration of
IwCtn ■ '** found by Dr. Elmer Lee to yield favornbU- re»ulls in
.rt. » B. Pquihb, "On Uu JMlcal Um« at Hydromm Pfroxide." Galtionf*
^jjmrwol. -KUrrix. 1880.
^rJ^York J/rJfcfll Jmnnl, Xov. M. IM*.
172
PHAHMaCBCTICAL THBRAPEtmC A0KXT8 OB DBCOB.
AHJatic cholvra. In eholtrTa nostrsE, typhoid and yellow tcxen, the lutl
this a^ent either by irrigation or by the mouth promises to be of supen
eiFicaey. i
Sir Benjamin Ward Richardson, of London, has employed this Bgri
(or more than thirty yi-are, beginning at a linn; wln^n it was rejrarded 4
chemical curiosity, ile has reported a case of epilepey of long standing cnil
by Ihu ust- of 7.5 c.cin. (or fSij) of a 10-vo!umc solution iwice daily in will
He advises a systematic thai of this remedy in epilepsy, especially in tl
Jacksonian variety. From a number of formula: wfiieh have been publialu
by Dr. llichardson the following have been selected: — •
B Acid, tannic ^ i>i.i>>..
(ilyci-rin 30
Sp. vini rcctificat ■■.. 16
Aq. dcstillnt. 120
Aq. bydiag. dioic. (10 vol.) - .q. f> nil S-lfl
M. Sig.: An uitiipptic und a&tringcnt gargle.
OS CSm. or BT. X.
c.cin. or Qj,
C.CRI. or i^*.
cxta. or I2vtij.
(11) vol.) 16
B Aq^ hydro^, diox.
Acid, tannic, pur.
Aq. rasuB
M. Sig,: A u«ful collyrium.
B Aq, JiydroB. diox. (10 voL] 76
.Acid, aulphuric. dil. 2
(liycciin i i I(r
Aq. df^tillut. q. 1. ud 180
O.Oin. or J3iv.
3X Gdi- ov kt. v.
c.cm. or Qritj.
c-cm. or fSlifw.
ccm. or ra™.
c.nr. nr 13m.
c.Mii- or (Jvj,
M. Sig.: Ddh: two tnblrnpoon fills, w«ll dilutvd. An ^xecllvnt n»\tiirt In 1
CoUiqunLivf SHi'iklliig of phttiisi*.
R .\i|. hydrnK. diox T6| c.crn. or fStlM^
8jr. Tolulun 2i,| c.cni. or fSTj. I
Aq. dcHlill. . - f). ». ud I8tl| i-.ciii. or fjvj. '
M. $ig.; Uow: one ounce, diluted with iced water. Reeommcndcd in utU
liTUiiehiti* and plittiisia with ncvrr* cough and ■leepltnutntuu. ""
B Aq. hydros- "IJo*- -^ 75| *■""- or ISJIu. |
Syr. codnin 7|S ccni- or (5ij,
Sp. vini rHFlilicHt.
Olyccrin. , a> 22! ccm. or fSvj.
Aq, dcaliltaU i|. •.ad 180| ccm. or ISij.
yi. Sig.: Ddh-; one ounrr in ictn] unlir. A palliative ot decided nine i> A
bctea, giving ninrli holler mulls tliiiu codeine alone. ?,
B Aq. hTdrnft- dlox. 76
Add, |iho»plior. dlL ,.,,., 4
Syr. (t'rri miperphoi. ........<, ...,.,.,.. 'M
Gljccrin. , 30
Aq. dfMiU q. •. ad IH11
M. Sig.: Dow: ono ounce in Iced %rii1er.
with fldvanlagr In the early vtages of (ilitliiriii.
can. ar t^iu.
ccm. or (3J.
e.cni. or (3ij.
ccm. or lij.
ccm. or (Jvj.
BecoBiinended in aathenic eaaea.
)
Pyrozonc. — '1 his name h«« hi'^n pvcn to different standard solutitf
of hydrogi.n dioxide in water and ether. Mrdicinal pyrozone contaiB^
per cent, of hydrogen dioxide in water. It is used interoallT and extend
•( nn antiseptic remedy. Antiseptic pyroKone is a .Vjier-cent. solution]
ether, and is reoonnnondcd as un application to ulcers, rhinitis, and din
Ihvria. In this strength pyroKone is used by dentists during opcretJn
BELLADONNA.
173
J bora found of decided assistance in arresting bleeding and keeping
spirts perfectly dn-. CiiuKtic pvroKonc, a SS-pcr-ccnt. snlitlion in ether,
B nefficscions remedy in common and syphilitic iile^^ra. sinuses, etc. In
it lias h'cn employed for the purpose «t" Itlptieliiup the teeth, in
itment of dental abscenes, and in pyorrhcea alveolanB (Higgs's dti>
belladonna: FOUA (U. S. p., B. p.).— BeUadonna-leaves.
BELIADOHN^ RADIX (tJ. S, P., B. P.)-— Belladonna-root.
DoK-:i[ poviiiereii leaves or root, 0.006 to 0.13 Cm. (or gr. Vio-lj)-
O. S. p. Pnparalions.
I.KAVBH.
EitnrtnnB B«IUiluniite Poliortini AtrutioUmm. — Alooholitr Extract ut Bella-
l-hiTn. Dow. oMl:< to 0.0«a Gin. (or gr. Vu,-j).
Ibumn Brtladuauie Kulioriiiti.— 'I'lni'luro ot HeUadoniia-leiiVM (16 per c««t.).
Tlow.nsn lo 1.20 t.eia. |oi mv\x).
L'nrnrni II III IVIUitiiiinii-.— Ointmmt nt RclUdonna (contiiliiB, of ihe alcoholic
^otnit, III percent.).
Emplattmiii Rrlla'lnnniS'.- lirllndonna Pla<>1or.
BOOT.
Lunciuin B«llai]nnnip RAdlrU PI iiiiliim,— Fluid Exti'a«t of Hal larinnnn -root,
i lo 0.12 ccni. (or itlVm-ijI-
Bimrntuin Itrllndnnnn'. — Ri>llailoiiiin I.lniniont (contains, of fluid extract, 05;
;ipMts).
/i. P. Preparationf:.
I-EAVES.
Knnrtum Rolladounap ^^^lde.— Orpen KMtiul ol Hi>llnilonna (Iroui fr*ith Imvm
'."iun( hranphM). Ooib. 0.015 to 0.005 Gm. (or gr. '/.))-
'intaa Itvlladoiinin. — Jiiicp of nrDnilonnn. Hum; 0.:I() tn I cem. lor mr-xv).
KOOT,
Sunciuni folUdonnu^ Akoliolkum.— Alniholli: Kxiract of Bellitiluiina (conlmiB-
ttpv<*ut.o( alkalatdi of bflludoiiaa-ruot). Done. O.OlIi to O.OltS Gm. (or gr. '/i-jl-
. •Dranum Kcllndonnn' Liijiildiim, — Liquid Kxtrai^t of HollBidonnA Icniilatus /a
"^wol. alknloitlsl. Iloip, 0.03 lo 0.06 K.vm. (or nv-m-'y).
Ijortum Bclladonnir. — Tinclurc of lit-llndoiinn. Done. 0.31) to I c.cio. (or nivsr).
^UtifflentUD* BeIladuaii«F — Uoimi'iil ul lit'llMdonna ii-ou1tiiii)i llifuiil •^xtrai-l of
~ a. 2S c.mi.: mmphor. 2.5 Gm.: lii^tillpd wiitrr. A c.em.: ulcoliol. 00 pnr
■"^Jt. «d fiO o.cni.).
, t^iuoHituui BolladuoiuF.^^BcllBilounii Uiiitmi^nt ( )00 |iarts cuataiu O.U ]iart of
'**ll«kiid* of bcDBdonna-root).
Kaplwinini Itellndonnw. — Liquid Extrai^t and Rpsin Piaster (contains 'A per
■ <if Ibc alkntoid* of bpllndoniiii-rootf.
hp^lInrU Itrlladonnii-.^ — ^lUllmlnnnn Sii pposit orieit (eacb eoatainn OlOOI Uiii..
fr-V_Dt tbc alkaloid* of IwlludcmiiB-rocitl.
Active Prinripks and pTtparaiions.
L Alnfiiw lU-S-P., B-P.}.— Atropine (C„n«NO.). Do«c, 0.0OO3 to 0,001 Cm. (or
'■■-'/ J.
AtnfiiMt Sulphan <U.B.P., D.P.). — Atropine Sulphnti-. Done, the Mme aa atro-
^^
ITafnMitum AtTDfiinw iB. P.).— Atropine Ointmi-nt (2ptrccnl.l.
liquor AtmjiliuB Sulphitu |]). P.I. — Solution of Atropine Sulphttte (1 per oeot.].
'W.OAl to niMl cjTU. (or niui-j).
taadlv AlropiaB (B. P.).— JKscs of Atropine (each OJllS nigr„ nr |tr. '/^ ol
<*qwnlptela).
iM
PHABUACKCTCCAL THERAPECTIO AGENTS OH DUCOS.
Pliarmacology. — Tin- le«vfH iind the root of Atropa UcUadotina
sacca), or deadly-nighuhade, are each ofHcial, and provide pbamtat
preparatiuns. It it > native of Europe, and is ctdtivated here. A!) j
llic plant are active, but the fleshy, creepiog root i* especially 80. Th
purplish, branching fttinis »luiid about three feet hign, and the leaT
t>hort stalks are in pairs of unequal eize, oval, entire; the flowera ar
bell-sliaped, iieiidcut, and of ii dull'Tcddieh color, the short peduncles
from the axils of the leaves. The fruit, somewhnt resemhling « cliei
two cells containing numerous eecdt and a Ewci?lii<h, violet-colored ji
has an adherent calyx at the base. The lar^e, cultivated leaves are
have less of the active principle llion the smaller leaves gathered v]
plant i« in flower. The roots are taken from plants at least three ye
those which are tou^h and woody, breaking with a splintering f
«hould be rejected. Belludonna contains atropine and hyotcyan
belladonnine. The United Slates Pharmneopu-ia defines atropine
alkaloid derived from belladonna. As it occurs in commerce, it ie
accompanied by a smiill proportion of hyoscyamine i-xtracted along
from which it cannot be readily separated." The sulphate of atrop
more permanent salt, neutral to litmiu-paper, readily soluble in wa'
IB generally preferred for medical purposes to the alkaloid. Atropin
ically is tropyltropeine, and has been synthetically made from tron
tropic acid. By substituting dilTercnt acide> Ladenburg obtained
tropelne, benaoyl-trope'ine, cinnamyl-tropeine, etc. Atropine and 1
mine are isomeric, but the former is the more stable form.
PhTiiolo^oal Action. — Locally, belladonna atfeets the end-oi
the sensory ntirves, and reduces paiiifii! seiisibilily, conlrnels tliu ves!
checks the action of the sweat- and mammary glands. It is readily t
tbroiigli Die unbroken ^kin, and symptoms of poisoning have appeal
its topical application. When applied to the eyes, belladonna (or
loids) widely dilates the pupil and relaxes the ciliary muscU-, i^o as
porarily paralyze the power of muscular accommodation of the eye.
to the throat, it produces dryness and choking sensations, and tlii
of the first effects of its toxic action after it ha» been introduce^
system either by the mouth or by absorption. I
Upon the brain it has an exhilarating elTect. and a talkative
of mild form may appear. In some ease.t the delirium is of a violt
Subsequently, sleep usually occurs. In the lower nnimaU (froi;*)
produces a rre-st of breathing, followed by convulsions. The tranaie
ing, or erythema, which appears after its uw, i» probably due to it
upon the tympothetic system, as a stimulant. In some instances it
a rash, which closely resembles that of scarlet fever and which may
followed by dcsi|uamalion. 'ITie influence of the drug upon the h
circulation is believed to be indirect thrmigh the nervous system,
donna paralyses the inhibitory filaments of the pneumogastric nerve
a nsuh, the heart, under the influence of the sympathetic plexuj, i
rapid rate without being checked by the paralyzed pneumogastri.
toTW of the heart's beat is also increased. Coincident wilb lhi»,
result of its action upon the blood-vessels, arterial tension is incret
toxic doses, however, blood-pressure is reduced. The eontrnctioi
fimaller vcsseU may be due to action upon the muscular fibres oM
or it may be secondary to the aetion rjmn the nervous .ly.iiem.
BBLLADON'N^.
Its
becunm more rapid, owing to stimulation of the respiratory centre. Con*
tadicti" itit 1i«v« betn inaile in regsrd to thi- ctfcL-t of bL-Ilatlonnn
ii_ Vfon U. . ifntie. I)r, Duvid Cerna, as a reauit of txperimentnl
' rlinivmi »i u idis m iOi lla- oUvrvation of Bricliort, that "alropino
upon the 1 : ry function m two opposing nays, one (peripheral)
MDdmg to diiniiiiftii, the other (trcntrftl) tending to incrtmHC, the iiicrcae« or
ih» .T«-r,.(.M' of the rcspiratjons in the normal animal depending upon which
!«' ■' facturii predominates."
1 Li>- liiiw of urine is incn-a^-d at first as the rceult of increased arterial
tnnoD, but there is no increase in the solid constituents of the iirim^ I^r^er
lam dcvrcn&v the ijuaDtity of urine, apparently by virtue of a paralyiiag
■Siofi oo til*.- terminations of the vaRiis, if we may accept the experimental
TOittt of Ltizaro and Pitini.' The Mcrelioiis gcnt-nilly are checked, notiblr
Aoar of the mouth and skin; the flow of milk is also arrested by it. Though
wtrttintl fiocrelion ii^ at fin^t diminished, it it. probably, iub»ci|Uontl^ in-
rmMt^ •tinci> the alvine evacuations become more frequent and more liquid
admiDislrstion of bvUndonna. In »m«U doses it stimutates to
i movement the musctUar co«t of the bowel. Belladonna is etim-
tiy by the kidneys, but partly by the boweU. like other alkaloids,
i; i.i a certain extent, destroyed by the liver.
Cffects uid Antidotes. — i'oisonoux symptoma occasionally appear
Toduction into the svEtem of a very small quantity,
>tated, or by pai^inK fiom the eye into the nose, and
: ' ^at. In iuch cofiOB nothing mor« serious occurs than dry-
. dilated pupils, possibly an erysipelatous or erjtiiematotis
n upon the «kin, and «ome fever and re^tle^ness. Larger doses c*um!
' — nefui, and aching of the fauces; flushing, rapid pulse, and hurried
without decided inerase of temperatore, followed by coma or
■-.d death. The physiological antagonists which may be cm-
iotet are morphine, phyiwstigmine, muscarine, and jaborandi
. iiic). McOowan reports a caw in which two injections of 0.03 Gm.
I. of pilocnrpinc unqui-sitonably saved life. Chloral-hydrate has
:9cd as an antidote. According to Binz, morphine is particularly
,:..,._. .1 in •Haying the rertlessne** and mental excitement caused by
Wladonna- Failing reepiratioa is combated by strychnine. External heat
rin he Dtrftil if ■ state of collapse occurs. Animal charcoal, 6xed alkaliee,
aid dEmuIctrnif, followed by free eTnouatton of the stomach aud bowels may
ate be prPM^ribed. The comnound tincture of iodine is a chemical antidote,
_-i [mtjnjT the atropine ana rendering it inert.
tbermpy. — Belladonna ointment, or the liniment of belladonna, may
j^^^ with cood results in neuralgia and chronic rheumatism; al»o in looal
- In the form of atropine it is used as a mydriatic, but strong solu-
„'tf liable to cauw glnuTOUia. The solutions of atnipine fur ophlhalmic
"'■ or for uev hypodcrmically, should be freshly prepared and sterilixcd
in order to avoid the development of penicillium in the liquid,
rove the alkaloid, besides giving us an infected solution. M.
s tdt:ocatt* the combination of alkaloids, believing that in this manner
mme effects may be obtained by smaller doses. As a mydriatic he em-
• m*4r««
4r Fmrm. f Ttmjriai r. Diifvnke iaedl:iBal-KeU*»f, Vah. 3, UB6.
IM
PHARMAceCTICAL TBERAPEtTTIC AOEKTS Oil DIICOS.
Dubi^tio. oulpluit. MM 120 Gm. or gr. i
COMln. hTdrobromac S Om. or rt. :
Aq. itMUlUt. 90| c.cm. ur ISilj
Id eye-pnctice bellndonsa is tucd to dibte ths pupil and relax
commodation in order to facilitate examination of the eye and deten
irfractioQ, nnd also to prevent ndlicvionK bi'tHtc-ii iht- pupilliiry bo
the iris and the lens, or to avoid protrusion of the iris through an 1
the cornea. According to tlit obsiTvation of Dr. Geoi-ge Carpi-nlfr,
etillation into the eyes of infanta, thotif;h it mar cauee physiologic*]
toms, i» unflitiiifoctory n» rcKanU it« acliou upon the pupil, diktotio
generally very tardy and incomplete-
Some oculists consider atropine fiantonate as the beat combinoti
mydriatic, but atropine Kulpbate is the salt generallv employed, i
0.015 to 0.35 Ora. to 30 c.cm. (or gr. '/,-iv to fSj). 'Fhe same soli
benufu-ially lucd in 1r<;Mting iliM.-SKcs nf iJiv car, pnin from innammi
the middle or external ear, or niembrana tympani. or earache, bt
lieved by dropping it in wunn^ wlu'ti iiori'»iMirj'. {Hvn aUo Homatl
Itigidity of the o» uti-ri during labor id said to be relieved by loci
cation of belladonna ointment. The same preparation is useful in sp
tile neck of the bladder or of tbe sphincter ani, and in Taginismns. If
upon the abdomen, the extract of belladonna is said to check the v
01 pregnancy and to r<!lieve other reflex disorders dependent upon thi
uterus. In Icucorrhtea dependent upnn irflommtition of the ccrvi
bulladonnn. in association with tannic acid, is a soothing; application
strains di«chnrge.
It relieves the pain of herpes zoster, and of irritable and mi
ulcers. It also is serviceable in painful lijemorrhoida and fissure of tl
It cheeks the suppurative process in boils, and promotes the rcsulutlo
Urged glands. For any local pain, the appended formula, knownj
low's ointment, is very useful; —
R Atiopiim iiulplialit
Acnnitinw
01i>j tiglii .-.
PctToldti 31
M.
03 Grn. or gr.
10 Gm, or gr.
12 c.cm. nr mij
Gut. nr Jj,
SIg.: To be UMd bj' rubbing in a pi«cc nbout the iiixc of tn ordinn
This ointment may likewise be advantageously employed in ti
of inflamed joints. The following are also good combinations: —
tt Ungt. bpllndonnre 2 Gm. or 3ta
l.aiiotini 16 5 Gm. or 3m
Crrnti plumbi BUbawtat. •■•••■> ,,,... 12 Gm. i>r 31ij
Ungt, line) axidi 16 6 Om. or S**
U. et ft. uiLjEl.
Servircnble in furuncle, nbicess, caibunde, and berpes xoster.
B Cocninw bydroclilorat |32 Gm. or or.
Ungt. boliiidonniv 3l| Gm. or |{^
M. H ft. iinet.
A Rood upplicatioin in ulctrrated cnninoma or sarcoma, irrit«lilr Hlcsr*, «t
The pupils and throat should be carefully watched when be)
ointment i.* used upon open surfaces. Accidents, probably due to'
crasy, sometimes follow the use of atropine solutions in the eye.
BELLA UONK^.
177
unul manif (Elation of belladoooA poi«oniitg, M-lliilitie of the eyelids
c« and (tpiKtsxid have been obwired. In some persons the use of even
J»ctlv neutral soliitioiia of atropioe provu* markedly irritant to the con-
ir» nn<] ^ivra riee to what is known as "atropine conjunctiTitis." It
riw Mte »a an irritant in certain cases of iritis, especially tho«e oecurring
rlietinuitic palienta with poetf^^rior Kyni^chiip. Its use requiree great caii-
ui ftlaucoma. In chronic cases it may excite an acute exacerbation. In
tory glaucoiua it increases intia-oculur tenaion. Bdladonna is an
lent local remedy in intercostal neurali^ia or pleurodynia, and in the
t-paina of phthi#iit. The liniment may ho applied with friction, and i#
art! cleanly agent, bnt strapping the chest with belladonna plaster is
lly mi>r« «'fliri<'nt in pleurodynia or ncumlgia. The plaster u«tiallr
considerable relief in irritable heart. The aamo preparation is ef-
ti»« ID lunjbagrt and myalgia. It may he spread upon the abdomen in
orarian neuralgia, or, in theee afTcctions, the agent may be cm-
irding to the method of Troiuwau. This consuls in comhininK
tn ().13 Gm. (or gr. i-ij) of the cxtmct with 0,3s to 0.50 Gm. (or gr.
{) of tannic acid, and applying it to the cervix uteri upon absorbent
J, or introducing it into the vagina in the form of a suppository. This
itinn ia fften valnablc in leucorrhcen: — •
ft Sst. bvUadoBMS foUor. alo 1(60 Gm. or gr. xxir.
Aeidi lanaki , 8| Om, or Sis*.
OM tbcot>roR<atia •.>>.. q. a.
IL rt ft. suppoaitaria no. xxlv.
Tliiv* ur four ■uppoaitortM my b« UMd daily.
A rappository containing the extract of belladonna, alone or in union,
opium. i& rery valuable in dy^mcnorrha-a dependent upon spasm of the
Dteri. Belladonna, locally applied, has the power of alleviating that
inn of sensibility known u pancsthcsia, or pruritus. Hence, a lotion
i«nt containing this agent may be successfully used in pruritus of
r fmitai*. iirt ieaha. and chronic eocma, allendiil with excessive itching.
. frncription like the following may be written: —
B XsfthUtl- I|30 Gm. or gr. xx.
Vttgt. rocnUial. ............... ......,, a& 81 Gm. or SIJ.
rairt- tMttadma* lS>fi Gm. wr Saa-
y Add. <MrboUM 21 fxm. or [3*s
UMimMiti bflladoiuuE Mj can. or fSiy
jlq. ra^ • - ' aa ISOj t.vm. or tS'v.— 3d.
liniment of belladonna, appliwi itevcral time* a duy. hns n remark-
in rtTStraining local excessive sweating. A solution of atropine
parts <if nlcohol and chloroform, Uh- utrcngtb bring 1 per cent. (0.3?
..- y. itf tlic alkaloid to SO c.cm., or fjj, of menstruum), will some-
tip- iti Itartholow, allay oh><tin«1c cerebral or n'fiex vomiting.
lariea-i of Wll*donna, atropine may be used in proper quantity in form-
[wntP"*"** «i^*^ lotions, llie following it an elegant ointment for use in
nrmrimn. ulfrine. or [telvic disease: —
It
ITS
PIIARUACEL'TICAI. TtlKRAI'E'.rTIC AflKN'TS OR DRUOS.
I) Atropto. flulphatl*
01. neroU
VagL aqiut roae . .
U. et /t vngL
la
13 Oin. M gT'
37 c.cm. or m»j
& Oni. or 3m.
It has I>cen aidrrt(>(] Ihnl atropine oleat* {mi'lv by diMolviD^ 1
atropine in 30 ports of oleic acid and adding 80 parts of olive-oil) i
suppository of fnr more uutfortn composition than when eitiact o
donna is employed,
BeUadonnn is chiefly employed intemallv to alleviote pain, roUu
find ch(M!k exccefiivc secretion or morbid dtectiar^. It ie a valuable
in neuralgia, (^specially of the trifacial nervo, though oUier forms
qiuintly amenable to its influence. Anetic esteemed it superior to ai
agent in neuralgia of the pelvic viscera. Belladonna ia beneiicially j
the mouth in dysmenorrhtea, especially if the disorder is duo to Hpasi
neck of the Bomb.
Atropine is often productive of the happii-«t results in j^a^tral
teralgia, and gastric ulcer. As neuralgia is often expreadve of ios'
nutrition and is geuemlly associated with aiiitmio, a eoinbinnliou (
donna with iron, strychnine, and other tonic drugs ie frequently em
A formula similar tp the following has been widely UMcd: —
B Exl. tclliidonnn' fol, sl&
<JuiDiiu tulphnt
Feni DUlphot. cxnc
Strychnin. 8ulplint
Acid, uncnoni
Olcorriinoi pipcris
M. et rt |iSl. no. XV.
8ig.: A pit! thrice dailf.
S3 Om.
to Mm.
BO Gm.
OlS Gin.
013 Gm.
or gc
or gi
or gt
or gl
or er
SO c.cm. or in
i
For the relief of migraine. Trousseau was accustomed to ad
0.01 Gm. (or gr. '/,) of the extract of belladonna, every hour, until tl
tome vanished or vertigo made its appearance. The form cKpcciall
able to this treatment is the congestive headache, in which the paii
dull, comprcssivp character, made worse by Btooping over, with swi
the face and throbbing of the temporal arteries, aggravated by n'
movement of the body, efforts to read, or any intellectual exercise,
cases the combined action of belladonna with a purgative like podopl
aloio is especially effective. ITitt tincture or fluid estract of bellad
atropine eulphale. is useful in relieving the spasm of laryngismus e
hiccough, spasm of the u'sophagus, or local convulsive rnanifi'sta
hysteria. Inteetinal. hepatic, or renal colic is ameliorated by this
Belhidonnn is likewise of service in lead colic. A combination of
and potassium iodide is recommended as possessing decided efficac
treatment of plumbism. Belladonna has also been successfully e
for the relief of strangulated hernia. 0,015 Gm. (or gr. '/.) of thi
being given hourly, spontaneous reduction occurring after admin
of four to aix doees.
Atropine in dow« of from O.OOl to 0.0045 Gm. (or gr. '/„-'/»)
sueeessfully employed by Ur, Batsch, of Grossenhain, in cases of i
obstnietion where the xymplonn* went .iiibiieut'r or where there was i
to temporize. In some cases a single injection sufliced to produce ar
tion, followed by recovery. In others, the injection n-giilted unly i
k
HHLI_lt)OKX.«.
179
oftttfiaxn* nnd a irniall «|iianlitr uf ficcc^. <Irtiiiito n<liof only followin;; a
«wnd injpction on the nest day.
Belladonna U of M^rvicc in vpilcpey, but needs to Im; given persistently
■ pidually-increaBing doses for a long period of time. It is particularly
jKUiable to the- felit mal or nocturnal (-pilcjiKy and to anR>inic «iil>jei.'ts.
menheim reports a case of tlie treatment of epilepsy with combined usage
tfittopine and patastfinm bromide. He con^^iden epltep^* in rdiopntliic caws
K iJiif to »n autointoxication, producing an abnormal irritation on the part
ut'ie cortical cells. According to his theory, the mechanism of the trent-
Dnttfts follows: The bromides diminifih the sensibility of the corf ical cells,
■hich have become hypera^thelic to variations in the blood-supply; atropine
tttmilates the vasomotor centre!-, thereby making the blood-sii ppty mor? tini-
fom. In the early stages of treatment bromides are useful to dull the irri-
CaiKlity of the cortex until the proper vascular tonus is cslublishcd. When
tlut point has be<n reached, they are of less importance, and may be reduced
or nthdrown. Xcilhcr llic bromides nor atropine can in any way meet the
eaonl indication. If ihe disease depends on a passing intoxication, these
dnp will suspend the dwtriiclivc action of the epileptic seizures until the
maUria pweanf has ceased to act; if there is a permanent cause, as socm* to
exifl \a the majority of ctsiet, stich treatment will naturally be at best only
■ lalliative. Belladonna is one of the most esteemed remedies for whoopinfc*
ooi^ It vhould be exhibited in j^uiTiciently large doses to produce dilata-
tiaaf the pupils, and is generally well borne by children in proportionately
Uiipilow*: —
S nnctnn belladoiuue fol - 3 e.cni. or nil
Vln. |nac«caanha , I c.cm. «r niiv.
8ft. Toluuni q, b. nd 60 c.cm. or fjij.
Sf.i fitt« a t«a*poontuI every hour lo a child five j-ear* of nge until rclifvpd
' '(igiMl ttltctt are obwrvcc), nnd Llien continue every Lhrr<- or four houn
or htii Lb« quantity.
Belbdonaa is sometimes of signal service in spasmodic asthma. The
iBMi adnntageoos method of administration is that proposed by Dr. Salter,
^'.KtCTo. (or mx) of the tincture being repeated every two or three hours
*ilil iliiiurhance of vision oceiirs or relief i» obtained. The paroxysm may
tiniM; be nlleviau-d. though less certainly, by smoking belladonna- leaves
uipipp, or made into a cigarette. The tincture of belladonna is capable
^'tforaing marked benefii in exophthalmic goitre. When nocturnal in-
*(Blioeacv of urine is caused by spasmodic eontractinn of the bladder, the
^tilnu-t of iH'lladonnn is the best remedy which can be employed. The
*M treatment may be of avail in the incontinenee of the a^ed. Atropino
tf^ate p«>««'»»i» considerable efficacy in spermatorrhrea and prostatorrhrea.
flabett (piven at bed-time. Torticollis and muscular eramps are generally
vriinnfMl by U-lladonna. I'recnrdia! pain and overaction of thi' heart are
■leintemttl use of belladonna. This drug enters verv- servieeably
I,- for habitual con.^tipation. In disease of the kidney it n'lievca
'^S>^on by its action on the arterioles. In typhoid and typhus fevers Dr.
i'ia Harlrv ha* derive*! decided advantage from the use of belladonnu,
■liih rleans and moistens the tongue ajid quiets the brain.. Infbimmation
*ftk|iharrnx and tonsils is lessened by the use of belladonna, which mayi
*<tlignai utility. !■■ combined with aconite and given in a solution of pota^
■■cklotatr. A suitable prescription may be thus fonneil:—
180
l-IUBUACKtTlCil. TIIKILiP&UTIC A0EKT6 OR DRCQS.
B PoUh. chloratla 6
Acid. bydrodHoric. diL 6
Tr tuoniti ,..., I
Tr. brllailonntB lol. t
Intut. rlioiB glaline q. a. ad )2(i
M. ct ft K>1.
Sig.: TablMpounful every Uiird hour.
E0 Om. 4ir gr.
Urn. or tiia
c.cm. or mx-
ccni. or f3M
c.eni. or fjii
4
On iiccounl of its marked influence upnn the tliroaf, helludonna I
used in scarlatinni an^inn. Much linn bctn written concerning its vt
prophj-iactic in R-arlatina, but in the experience of the author no
can be placed upon the drug a« a pruvcnlivc of that disease. It ]
ionie virUif as an internal remedy in erj-sipelas, and in this alToctio
nseftilly given in conjimctinn with Ht-onite, ei^pwially if niikrli fi
dcliritim uro present. It is aomrtime^ ablo to check the vomiting
nancy. Aphonia due to fatig^uc of tin' ccirdu man dixapprnnt under
of atropine. Belladonnn ii^ iiiiefiit in allaying nervuue cou-^h. and, m
to Uartholow and Kothergill, ha^ an excellent elleot in caaeoiia pne
provided it bti given in the stage of deposit before softening has tak<
Small doses of belladonna or atropine three or four timeii a day cl
profuse discharge of mercurial ptyali«m. Prof. FI, Ki>bncr, of Bcrl
that the administration of belladonna faeililalei) ihe treatment ol
affections of the mouth, »» Ivukoplakia, mucous patches, i^v|jhilitii
tions, etc., as it restraine salivation and the consequent rapi<i rcmnv
dough produced by the enustic. He usually gives the extract of be
dissolved in water, but atropine pills may be used with equal advan
The free sweating which occurs in weakly children, after slight
or during sleep, is suppressed by belliidonna. The copious watery (
of the first stage of acute coryza is controlled by atropine, which is o:
best remedies also in the night-sweats of phtliisis, given at bed-tin
dose of 0.0008 to 0.001 Om. (or gr. '/,o-V.o)- The free discharge o
bronchitis is restrained by belliidoims. ColliquHtJvc diarrhisa is ar
ibis remedy, according to M, Delpage. In certain cases of metr
which had proved iiuanienable to oilier remedies, the hypodermic!
of the atropine sulphate, in the dose of 0.0003 Gm. (or gr. V,oo) ^
has been attended with complete suocesa. Haemoptysis has also I
trolled in the same manner. Atropine i^ usefu! in ulcer of the stomi
accompanied by hyperacidity. Tjic remedy is beneficin! in hypen
inflammHtory oonditions of the brain or cord. Li^geois and otht
warmly recommend the inlcrnal administration of belladonna in chr
cnria. Atropine sulphate is a valuable agent for dimii)isbing the
shock. It may be given, in the dose of 0.0006 or O.OOOf* (Jm. (or gr. '
bypodi'rmically, after a severe injury or prior to a surgical opcral
Lauder Bninton suggested that the hypodermic injection of atro
prove of service in the algid stage of cholera, and cited the case of a i
recovered apparently as a result of this Ireatnienl. Great caution i
obson,'ed in employing this method, for, as pointed out by Professt
gein, with the revival of the circulHlion ami absorbent capacity, to
fwUtion might very readily be produced. In many cases it is advisi
ject atropine into the affected lissims (piirenchymatnus adminii^Iral
deep-seated neuralgia of large trunks, as. for instance, in sciatica,
rapid relief i* obtained by this method. In sciatica and mvalgia it
A
HBN'XAN'IMD.
181
IfiMn lo ivailMOf a itinall qiiaiilitj (O.OUtt (iiu., or gr. */*) "f morphiiip enl-
Ifihali' » Jilropinc eotiiHon (or Biibtiilaneous injcclion. Tho 4-fTt!cl of
(*»«-h nil ti<-i^litcm-i1 tiy ll»' oomijiii)Hi<nt. Dr. I, L. Vau Zandt' uspb
ilthati'. ii.odl Urn. (orgr, '/jo*. liJC«<''?n"'canj- in the algid Ktiilc
>■* ■naliiriitl tvvvT. If no ilccii]f<i t-llvcts iiri; jirodiictrd in twenty
(■rinirty minuter, the dose is repeated. As a synergist for th« atropine h.-
• -mthnine eulphale, O.Wi to 0.003 Gin. (or gr. '/m-'/m). Stirling
i :id till- hyiHidermic use nf 0.0004 Gro. (or gr. Viso) ol otropinv valu-
u i-oM- •>/ liH-morrhage from the lungi:. In tic doulotireiu, likevise,
' throwa under the skin in fit)>eeiiilly iiavful.
ilorrtli rnommcnds the hvpodemiic injection of atropine in paraljTBis
[iptani^ fisli-nnaycr e^lw-nis the winie |iiyiocduro ti» a valuable scdntirc and
MMirr^t hypnotic in the ireatm^nt of inEanity. Massey has obtained good
lt«alt» in BT);;ina pectoris from the siihcutaneoug injection of atropine com-
1 •ilh niorplinie. r.<-Myn8ky has reported the eiiccessful employment of
' iTiixIrrtiiie injections of Atropine in a caM> nf miiftcular torticollis, whidi was
due to the influence of lead, as the patient was a painter. Various
'. including electricity, had heon u*c(l without effect. In torticollis
liT other catiM-s the same procedure 13 of advantage. Some writers
!.-> '>: ihf opinion that belladonna retards the growth, a^ well as lessens tlie
l«jn. of rnnecr*. and promotes the absorption of enlarged lymphatic glands.
■. ioeably employed M an antagonist to a number of powerful
nf, nn opium, morphine, physostigma, agaricus muscariuE, etc.
BEJiZAinLID. — FbenylbenEamid \t a white powder, which melts at
.cl_t° F,. u inwiIuKIe in water, »)luble in alcohol, and, wi(h difficulty, in
■'-^•^ In chemical comrmiilinn it » clnsely allied to acetanilid. It is with-
r and has a slightly caustic taste. It is given in single doses of 1 Gm.
tr), and from 4 lo 6 Gm. (or Si-iss) may he administered in the
fonr hour*. Though at first well home in ihew ainoiinls. intoler*
on i* gent-rally manifested after several days' use.
ThysiolopMl Aetioii.--H(;nr.anilid doprrsees febrile temperature. Ita
' -Tianifested frtim half lo one hour after i-xhiliition; the maximum
; n four or iivi- hoiitv: the temperature then begins to ascend, and
vtehe* it« orifrinal height in ten to twelve hours. Keiipiration iii nol usually
k*.— 4.-.I. though oceawoually it is hasteiicd. The pulse is rcndvrcd more
I «ift. Itenianilid produces no alteration in the tiuantity or reaction
urin«. but C4tmniunirjite« to that fluid a greenish or even blackish
After hBTing been used continuously for several days it gives rise lo
thi? (ace and cyanosis of the mucotte membrane. Dr. Luigi Cantu,
fr<im his exprrienw with this drug, states that it appears to have
itive elleet.
Ykerapy. — The activity of benzanilid se^ma to be limited to the reduc-
of ■ I lure, having no influence upon the eounn- of the dis^as*. It
h««-T lU Ivphoid fi'Vi-r, rbi-umatism. pneumonia, neuritis, sciatica,
cxe, Mr. ('aniu did not perceive any good effecle from its u«« in
'■■oiHti*. and sciatica. It exerti>d no favorable influence in malaria,
L-nrds the febrile paroxysms or the composition of the blood. It
r^i 1 iif tmin of actile rheumatism, but did not prevent extension of the
lo oiiMir jinnl*.
'■Itfrdf* Arrhirrt, .Aflril. IMl.
*
JOB I'llARlUCeUTlCAL TUEBAmCTIC AGK.VTS OU UHL'OS.
BEKZINUM (U. S. P.).— Bcnzin (PetroUum-benzin. Petroleum-
(C«U,, HuU C,H,, oud homologous compuimdi-.)
DoM, O.tJO to 2 c.cm. (or nix-f^s), in mucilage or cnpsuli.'.
Pharmacology. — A ptirifiiid dietiflate from Amcricao petroleur
sifitiiiK of iijdrocarbonB, chiefly of tbc mnr^ii-giis ^tL-noii, iind ha
ipecific gravity of from O.CTO to 0.075, and boiling at SO* to 60° 0
to 140* F.). ]tcni:in, or petrolt-iini -ether, id a clenr, coloHcm, (lifTusive
yielding infloinniiible vupore, whicli, vhca mixed with air, are esploB
therefore, should be kept in a cool place, remote from light* or Same
soluble in alcohol, ether, and oils, but insoluble in uater. Fate, reei
caoutchouc are diesolved by it.
Fhysiolo^cal Action. — Benzin reei-mbit* oil of turpi-ntine in i
effects, especially when applied with friolinn. It i* !ikewi.ae an irritni
swallowed, but does uot ciiii«c vomiting nor diarrhii'a. It producef ii
tion, faiotnese, headache, palpitation, or convuUionii, which may end
death may aUo be catittcd by ga«tro-cntcriliK, though relatively large a
haTe been taken and the poisonous action overcome. The treatment
b« directed toward evacuating the xtomadi and bowcK and connU
the effects of the agent by diffusible stimulants and atropine, or ethej
derroicaily.
Therapy. — Externally, benzin is used as a counter-irritant, appli<
a flaniii'I tstiiidnni', nr with friction, for neuralgic or rhcumotic paina,
odor is pcnetratinp and unplea§ant. Its action must be carefully »
howcvi-r, as it has been kmnvn to i.-an8U extensive blistering and deal
exlmuiftion. Internally it ie not ueed in medicine, althoujih it is n d
remedy for lurabricoid worms and tjenia. It is claimed to be a ffoo
aiticide in itch and pediciilo»i». (Scv Petroleum.) Bcnzin lias ht
ployed with success in the treatment of trichinosis, and is thought
Putt<T. fmm an <')LpiTioni'c with twi-niy-si-vfii jiorsoiis who had eate
inous pork, to possess prophylactic virtues apainst ihis species of
iiig. iJcnzin hiiif been udministcrod by inhuliilinn with asserli-d advai
whooping-cough. It has recently been used for producing anxtt\
Schlcich's method, which employs u combination or mixture of etlit
roforra, and benzin. It has been sliown, however, that the benxin
cided toxic effect*, and that patients, Bomeiiini's. show a tendency I
collapse, requiring artificial respiration to prevent a fatal acciden
use of thi» mixture, then-fore, cannot be approved, and has been aba
BENZOINtTM {U. S. V., B. P,).— Benzoin.
Preparalioiif.
Adppi BpDRiinAtiu {IT. 8. P.t,— lipiiKoinntcd l^rd (2 per cant.),
■nnetum Rsnimiii (U.S.P.I.^ — Tinvturv of B«nn>!n. Don*. 2 i- cm. (fir 13
Aridum Bciiioicuiii (U.S. P.. B. P.I.— Btiuoic .\cW. »«*«•-. 0.32 to I Gn
T-XV).
Ttnctura Brnroini rompoiilii [U.S. P.. B. P.). — Compound Tindure of
(U.S,P.cniit«inB bfnxoin, 12 (Jm-; nloi-i.aOm.; <i<ornx. M Om.: Tohi. 4 On
hoi. q. *. ad 100 c.pu].). A iiiiinlii-r of old r*inL'dii'« n-wmlilFii il in (■iiiup<i''ltl
K> Turlington ■» balnatii, i''viftr'« ImUam, JciuitV dropB. etc. Dose. 2 to T.& i
fSM-ij).
TrochiKua Acldi Bcnroid (B. P.).— BniMic-Add tjoMtige lO.OS Gtn., <tr_
bMKotc acid in each, with fruit IxmIs). "
BBXZOI-VVM.
183
Advp* llvBUMtu* IB. P.).— BcKOalnl L«rd (henxotn. IS On.; lard. MM Gm.).
AmaMMiluin and Sodium BmiMt(« «r« allicUI in Ii«th phnrmiicopiriu, liHiium
liMBBli IB Ch« V. ». F. only.
Fhamuuiology. — Bcniotn it ■ balMmic resin obtained from Styrax Beu-
ifiD (StrraceiE): a tree of the Hast Indies, oontainin^ nii iihundmico of
RUBou* fluid, which «xu<lce from ineiDions made into the hark. The hest
^iiAbtf K in Ueht lumpa or tear», but it also occurs lu Urge maafiCR. It con-
UiBji. br«idr* rv*in and n volatile oil. from 14 to SO per cent, of benzoic acid,
«)uch IHBT be extracted either by washinR the resin with lime-water or by
^mtillBtion. It »honld not oontuin cinnumic acid in aprireciafalc quantit}'.
fcaipie Aoid is in white, tustrou<i scales, or friable neeales, permanent in
tjr I ... -.-.^ n flight, aromatic odor »f bcnitoin; a warm, acid taste; and an
ac '10. It is solnble in 600 parts of water, 15 of boiling water, 3 of
il£unt>i, 'ir 1 of boiliof; aloohol. in fixed oils and alkaline solutions Ronioie
Kid melts at '^50* F. It forms neutral ^Its with the alkalies.
It is voUtilixed bv heat Two other tourcef of the benzoic acid of com-
MRcir art! IcTirtwn; it is a derivative of toluol and also of hippuric acid, the
•^ !?pttric a. ■ derived from the urine of home* and cattle. The hi-nzoic
(-11 may !■ .ne traces of its source, and, therefore, the pharmai-opcoia
■ rrct» tliat ii Nhall *nieU of benzoin. Bvnxoin prevenln fat from becoming
.-lac^d. and hrnce it is, in small quantity, a useful additioD to ointments, for
vkirh thi' lH-nioina1e<l Inrd la a good basis.
Fbjniologioftl Action. — In FoTulion in the form of the tincture, benzoin
• protective to excoriated surfaces, and. like other guma, is antiaeplic. After
ataafption it bAs a stimulating e^ect upon mucous membranes; pari of it
a dcirom posed in the system to form hippuric acid, and, being excreted by
iW kidneys, increafcs the acidity anil the iiuantity of the urine. Benitoic
Kid hm* aoroe power in prevt'Dling the )^wth of bacteria, posseesing the ad-
*uii»ire ovrcr carbolic arid of being non-poi»»nou«. Sodium benzoate has a
itimaUtinfc effect upon the liver, and, according to the experiments of Carl
Ttreliow, increases nitrogenous elimination (n^m the kidneys. Denzoie acid,
«r aodiiim b^nxoate, inhaled or taken internally, may. in exceptional in*
■anecsi, pixr riw to an erytheniatou*, or small papular, eruption. In some
emm of idiosyncrasy, urticaria may be produced.
Th*r»p7. — The tincture, espeeially the compound tincture, ia naed to
faint over abrasions and excoriations in order to protect the surface, )uir-
■" * rly in casw of lender nipnli-s. It may also be painted on the skin for
lina after bathing the surface with 5-pcr-c«nt. solution of carbolic acid,
I forrmerly employed as a dressing for ulcers. As an expectorant, we
■5 K^v^ tincture of benzoin in chronic bronchitis. The official camphorated
Kbarv of opium (paregoric elixir) contains henzoid acid. In troublesome
v^t the combination with opium is necessary, although the opium checks
Faaavtioo and expectoration : a better combination would be:—
B OodaiiMe [M Gm. or gr- »j.
AcMl brasoid .,^ -.. ,.-..^ U|S Om. or Siv.
Sjrr- Tohrtanl,
,^ttm mopbone «a MI e.«tn. or fjiij,
X. Sg.! Tkke ft dtascrUfiMafnl every (bur hour*.
rahataCi'"** of ateam impregnated with the compound tincture of ban-
I trr tTneficlal in acute and ehronic laryngitis. Morell Mnckennie used
184
I'UAUUACKUTICAI. TJieilAl>Kb'TlC AGKNTS OB DUUQK.
a vapor of the compound tincture of beiiKoiii, 1 teaspoonful to a pint of
»t MO" F., inhaled frequcntlj", for aciitc laryngitis. ■
The following pargle is recommended in phaiyngitia: — ^
It 8odti brnxoot. Its Gm. ur rr. x
Tinct. brnioln S (-.(in. or i3m.
Inlus. roui td u] «jcm. or (3**'-
Scidium bcnxonli; it aloo lucd with adTantage in chronic diarrba
dyeenter)-. In 0.G5 to 2 (im. (or gr. x-ixx) doses it is very useful in lifi
orders, litccwisc in chronic indigestion dupondcnt upon inactivity i
liver and accompanied by an abundant excretion of uric acid. This salt
of lervicc in H^ptic and febrile dii;LVit>c-&. in doeee of 8 to 15.S Gm. (or
daily (Senator). Owing to iU (solubility, it i» priiferable to benzoic sci
ia equally as cfTicicnt in acute rheumatisin. In ecarlct fever and smt
sodium benzoate reduces the temperature and mitigate the severity
disease. This salt hus proved very useful in the treatment of dipni
administered internally, and at the same time applied by insufflation
acat of the Iceion. Its employment has sccmea to bo attended nitt
results in typhoid fever and whooping-cough. The same remedy in thi
of a spray has been cJEtulk-d in phtliisis, out it has no such decided
upon the tubercle badlii as had been hoped. Benzoic acid, in daily
01 10 to 13 Gm. (or .^iiss-iij), has been found of service in acute rheuii)
but is inferior to salicylic acid. In eryaipeUa, beiutoic acid has been
with rcjiortcd good rcKUlts. It is of advantage in the treatment of e
bronchitis.
In its exit from the i^atem this acid acta as a gentle stimulant an>
antiseptic to the bladder and urethra. In chronic cystitis with fcrmei
of urine and deposit of phosphates, benzoic acid is extremely useful,
ing the alkolinity of the fluid and the irritability of the bladder. For i
reasons it sometimes proves of senice in chronic gonorrhcea, in obi
irritation of the urethra due to the condition of the urine, and in
tinence caused by an alkaline reaction of the urine. In all these con<
sodium or ammonium bcn/oate may be used instead of the acid. B
acid promotes the solubility of gravel, whether composed of urates oi
phates. A favorite formula of Dr. GoJding-Blrd was: —
B Sodii caibonnlte 6
Acid, btrnzuici - - S
Stidii phoBphatis ...'. ...••.•>.... 12
Ai). t^rventis ..,,.,.'.... IGO
Solve et adde: —
Aq. i^innniijuiii SSSt
Tt. hvoBcynmi .^ i... 15{
M. 8ig.; Two tabletpoourulfl three timet a day.
Gni. or Sin*.
60 Gm. or gr. s
Gm. or 3iii
G.cm. or
3iij.
fSiv.
c.cm. or (Svli
cem. or f3iv.
I
In uni'mic condition*, and what has been called lithn'mia, Utbiui
loate )>a& a most happy effect, carrying off the excess of uric acid and
•ctiogalso ns a diuretic. Even in albuminuria, the benzoates have bee
with advantage, especially calcium benzoate.
Freckles may be removed bv the topical application of tincture (
aoio, containing corrosive chloride of mercury: —
BENZOL.
185
S Uidruj. ebioT. cottoi. |Q1 Gm. or ip-. h.
Tiiwtan bcoMiiu 9ZS cent, or f^ilM.
-Ql^rcartal 7 SO c.ctn. or fSij.
Afm nme .~. ISO c,«m. or fgvj.
)L 1^: -Vm ■« a lotion to affccUd *poU.
The abore may also be used in pityriasis versicolor, or moth-spote, and
! Drticarii. I1ie compound tincUirf of benzoin is sometim&s able to
I the itchiDg of urticaria and eczema. A solution of benzoic acid in
-vat«r makes a plea^tant application, freqiientir successfu] in urti-
Uixcd with an equal quantity of glycerin, the tincture or the com-
I tinciure is nsetul in chapped lips and hands. The compound tincture
iipoi styptic, and yields excellent r«-sult$ when injected into old ginusen.
'l disnffcts the tract, and promotes healing. Benzoic acid is an efficient
itic application to unhealthy wuunde and ulcers.
I a dentifrice, Professor Miller reconunends: —
SAcid. \hjvihi
AM. bcnsMci .' 3
Tr. KlMlynt. (oL m
AlMbol. >bMl«t. m
OL KaulllMite) I
H Sig.: A UHpooBhil or two in lialt a glaw of water.
;25 Om. or gr. Iv.
Uin. or fT- slv.
cent, or R!*a.
p.em. or fjilj.
SS c.cm. 09 gtt. XXV.
Bismnth benzoate is an excellent dres.4ing to chronic, unhealthy, or
<I*V|IUBg nlccn, chancroids, open buboeti. chancre)>, and ulcerated lerions
^Me^rpbilis. It is usually applied in the form of a powder, the surface
Wfiiu prcTioutlv bwrn thorouglitv clconKcd bv n wcitk solution of corrosive
•■Blrte.
BENZOL (B. P.).— Benzol.
Fkannacologf. — A mixture of liomologous liydrocarbanfi obtained from
-i.\ii -.ml-iar oil. It oontains ahnul ''0 per cent, of benzene (C,II,) and 20
f"30 jk-r ci-m. of iiiliiine (C(H,CM,). This is diistinct from and should not
^coDtofiDded with iMinzin obtained from petroleum. It is a thin, colorleM
™i4. Tery vdalilc and iutliimmable. and has »ii (iRimalic, not very unpleas-
•t. fldor. It is almost insoluble in water, but dissolves in four part* of
•fc»hol. It may be obtained by diftillin^ a mixture of benzoic acid with
litte. nrl>T fmetionai diFtillnlion from naphtha: a derivative of coal-tar.
Phynolo^c*! Action. — Benzol it niiliseptic and antijiarasitic, with but
i>Uk local action beyond the extraction of oily matter? from the skin. Owing
tt ill Mirent action upon many alkaloids, it mijjht be u.4t-ful in local medica-
taobr enabling the remedy to penetrate the skin. Taken internally, benzol
^^ees intoxication, anesthesia, and coma.
Therapy. — It hw been givtn in a few drop doses as a remedv for dye-
jh'I also in trichinosis. It is employed in phamiacy as a so'lvent, but
•■ften administered, or employed in practical medicine. Dr. A. Da
' -~. lias ospd. locally, with alle^a ^ood results, a mixture of 1 to 6 of
tiKtnre nf iodine and benzol in diphthtfrin. Bcnxol ha« been advantageously
|MiiD whooping-cough by Dr. Robertson, in doses of 0.12 c.cm, (or mij)
*Mdlajtc to children six month.t of n^e. The «amt> writer reports good
•Xilt* from Ihe use of txnxol in influenza. lie administered if in the form
^ M emulsion in lemonade, 0.30 c.cm. (or ntv) at a dose, repeated every
-oari. It was alwavs well tolenitt-d. It hod the effect «f reducing
188 riUIIMACHUTlCAI. TUBHAI'KirriC AOBXTS OB OHU08.
Ii-mpi-rature and relieTinj; the gen«rnl diitcomfort. ConvaleiceBce m
eroliy rapid,'
V)trol>eaBol. — ThU product, known cnmmerciallj Bi Ihe oil of u
or unificiiil ■Imund-oil, is ii»cd txtcniiively in the manufacture;. of dy<
fnintTj-, and L'iploiijve coiiijiouudA. ('a»r» nf a»>uli; iir chronic poiitoni
low the aliKi>r])tion <i( nitrobcnznl. The workmen subjected to its in
frequently sillier (roro a train of symptoms which have been studied
Prosdcr White. The uitual manifo«lutions are deopincef, headache. Is
and a sevurc form of aniemia. There is a decided lo»i of weight, the a
becomeK cspricioun or altogether foilg, nnuMea and vomiting may occ
urine becomes darki-ned in color and contains aniline. The tempera
tlie body is (ilightly mined, but the cxtremitien beciunc very uHickiy i
There is excowive waBte of the mueclee, especially those of liie estrt
Uypcrn>3thi^iiia is n characteristic HVinptom. SrnKu(i<in in ihecxtrfiiiil
he slijrhtly impaired. The sexual appetite is weakened or lost. The :
are penerally enfeebled. The eye* are not unuiilly affecrtcd, though
beiuiol may produce a peculiar form of retinitis, with great defect o
The pui.io is feeble and thready, arterial len«ion l^ low, the blood is chc
colori'd or black. The corjiusclee arc decreased. No dinict anti
known. It is said that, when taken into the stomach, nitrobeniol i
maiu for sonic time unabsorbed, and un emetic or the »tomach-pun
therefore, be of service. A saline cathartic is also advisable, Itut oils, fi
alcohol arc not recommended. Countcr-irritation to the chcBt, frie
the liraha, and ammonia as a stimulant may he employed, Artifio
piration i* of uvnil. Or. White states thiit 1 o.cm. (or «ixv), taken
mouth, hag caused death. Letheby aud Filchne give the fatal dose )
ing from 0.12 to T..J c.cni. (or inii-f3ij). A case has, however, been r
by Dr. E. Cissel, of Vienna, in which a woman, it is stated, took nca
e.cra. (or fjiiis-s) of nitrobenzol and yel recovered. The symptoms we
cyanosis, snpcrficiHl respiration, small pulse, and dribbling of iirinc,
contained the tosic agent. Camphor injections were admini-ntered ai
ficial respiration was practiced. ConscioitKnciw returned and rccovi
lowed; on the fourth day the urine resembled that of a case of eystii
BERBERIS.— Barberry, The root of the Oregon grape, or 1
BqiiifnliuTii (l»rl".Tidiu;p!v), growing on the Pacific Slope of North A
contains an atkaioid. Berberine, which also exists in Hydrastis.
This drug, in the form of tluid extract (doee, U.60 io 2 e.cm., or n
is tonic and diuretic, and is believed to have some power as an alt
making it valuable for the treatment of blood diseases, dyspepsia,
disorder, habitual constipation, and skin diseases dependent upon UD
secretions or conditions of the digestive tract. Vehseraeyer claims
Produced decided improvement in the ease of au infant afllicted w
(cmia by tlio adininistratiim ■>{ berberine sulphate. Berboria h
topically employed in conjunctivitis, and the berberine hydrochloi
been used with advantage a.'* an injection in gonorrhcea. Internally bi
or its bydroehlnratc may be piveu in doses of tt,U15 to 0,32 Hm. (or gi
BERGAMOTTiE OLEUM (r.S.P.).— OU of Bergamot. (See
Bergamottee.)
' lAindan /xittevf, Xov. 11, 1803.
UlflUUTDiru.
18?
BETA. — B«et-root. The 6«liy nu|)iform root of iieta vulf^am (C'heno-
ivatt^l for food, as a vegetable, tnti from itsaicoliHrini' juic«
: "iif^nr ii^ olitainecl. A strong infufitun of llie {n-sii root (&0
i>t l^ii-iv, taken nt bi'd-time or i-arly in the nKirniiig) i» «aid hy
tu Ix- uneltil ID the tn-utniciit of chronic coiietipatioD and h»ni-
It is claimed that it does not cauae pain or nimblin);.
BISXTITHUK. — Biimnth.
t'reparaliona.
RtuuaUii CiUM* iL'.S.P.I.—mniiuth Citrate. Dom, 0.005 to 0.3S Gm. (orn.l-T).
Ehaiutki rt Amtotmim CittM \V.S. P.).— BUtnuth and AiniiioDium CilrmU.
iliMrtiout <lMii*.K— K*inuUi Subrnrtuiiiatc. Doie, OX to IJSO
KHiiiuihi i>ubniuu (U.S.P., aP,).— Biimuth Subnitral^. Dow. 0.32 to \M
BiMvuIlii CailioiMii iB. P.p.~RLmiiuI)i OxyrArbiiiiatr. Dooi-, 0.32 to 1.30 Gm. (or
' XK).
"i-iHuthI S«)ic)rlaa laP.}.— Bi«niu(li Salic^liilc. Dom. 0,005 to 1.30 Gid. (or
..AOHtUil Oxklua la P.).-^ili)f ot DUniulh. I)«p. 0.32 lo 1.30 Gm, lor gr.
• n>.
Uquur Htaniuliti «t Amnafili CItMtl* (a P.I.— Solution ol DUmulh and Am-
■MtKtD ntraU'. or Ili|iMr Bkmtithi (0.05 Gib. in I ccid., or gr. iij of biMiiulh oxtd*
tbOi* Paw. 2 to 4 i-.cifi. [or flM-j).
-rhlaitM lUtnatiit CoiBpoaltiu IB. P.I.— Compouml KUmutli l^xen^ (bi«niitth
date, nuganlBM GarbrawW, hearr, «( tacb. 0.13 Um., or gr. ij) prccipitaied
vn-ui catbonaU, OSS On., m p. iv, witJi roee basU).
PhJtrmaeoIorr and Fhytiotogioal Aotiou. — BiBniuth in the metallic
it not offii^inl, and han no medical interest. lu salta, however, are of
T&lue, thi- iusolubte ones ditTcring j^^aIIv in their applications from
which ar« M>liilile. Thtr ixibnitrutc ami siiWarbonate are, or should
h% in the form of white, impalpable powder, which has a alight astringent
^ni absorbent m-Ami vtn-n dii»lf<l upon i-xcorintcd or ulcerated surfaces.
Tbm takf-n internally, these salts have yery much the same effect along the
^fiaoire trad a« upon the surface of the body, checking exceHive secretion
ad «s«riiiiK a sedative influence. When injected under the skin, part of
: aalt it alMor^wd and poiooning may result. Or, if large do«es are taken by
|ft> atoDth, death may follow from g^ro-enleritis, the symptoms being very
lilce thcHW caused by gold, Icsd, and mercury. Af(«r death, bismuth is
I Inad in the liver and other viscera, and in the urine and saliva. A purplisli
^vpon the gtims, recalling thai of lead, has been noticed. The treatment
I ■ ||v drmulccnts, washing out the stomach, and the administnitiitn of the
I Mllrtiili I to ai-M'Tiic. with which native bii^nmlli is uaually combined. When
I &( lalabltr preparations are given for a contfidetable time, Ihc bismuth is apt
■ McunuUtr in the liver; but this it not likely to follow the administration
|*f dM huolubic salU. The solutions, or elixirs, purporting: to contain bis-
WKlh io riinibination with pepin, are un^cientitic and may be dangerous.
I tW dhcbMTflva from the bowels arc blackened by bi«niiith. Tlic tongue be-
I enal*^ with a slate-colored fur. The prolonged administration of bi«>
ft '•' ha* iH-rn known to cause a large intei<tinal concretion. It
i^t, Bt) ' *^ circumstances, also give rise to sloughs in the mouth and
l^trB-inlestiniil canal, al«o to dowiitamative nephritis and albuminuria.
188
rUAIIUACBUTICAL TIIBUAPECTIC AUKNl'S OH DRCGS.
Thenpy. — In using bUmiitb it is e^ential that it shall he pure a:
from iirHenic. When well miiil€, th« Kiibnitrnlf, or jubcarbonatc, is vc
fill as a diistiDfit-powder for excoriated surfaces, anil as a dressini
woiindi! or otnpiitationj; in this case its weight Ik an objection to
ployment; but it ie very valuable in small wounds and in some old
Comhinctl with mucilage (4 Gm. to 180 or 240 c.cm., 3j to JSvi-viij),
frood injection for gonorrhtea during the early stage; or it may be m
i^oluble boueie, or as a vaginnl xuppository for leucorrhiva. The am
sration is likewiBe useful in ulcer of the rectum.
The addition of a unnll proportion of carbolic acid or acetanilid '
liance ita antiseptic effect. In acne, intertrigo, and erythema in inti
in vmculnr eczema, the subnitnitc, or Eubearbonale, of bismuth i
lightly duiited over the surface. In the case of wounds, the red oxyii
pn'fcrrcd by A. f^idncy Ucynolds' to iodoform, a« an antiseptic and
an ointment in skin diseases. This salt is a loral ansesthetic and ant
U docs not stain the skin or clothine, end may be employed ns a d
powder or an ointment. It is an excellent application to chancre, chai
open buboes, ulcers, unhvolthy wounds, and phl^monoua erynipc'
following is a good combination: —
B
Naplilfilini Z
Biimiithl Kubicitlidi 4!
Om. or
3
Gm. or 3j.
Ungurnti slmiiliclR S9| Om. or SvIm
M. et ft. uagl. Uwful upon cliancrt*. chantrroids, and ayphUitlc uleera.
Siilinitrate-of-bi«miilb powder has been used with mcces« in
ozienn, snuffed into the nostrib, though it is inferior to other rcmed
may also be employed in aphthons or nursing sore mouth, and in m-
plyslism. It mny^o of service in chronic conjunctivitis and granul
Made into an ointment, it i.<» an exeejlont application to chancroids, i
ulcers, erysipelas, blisters, pemphigus after the bullie have ruptured,
raw surtaees exposed, the erythematous and hnllons forms of hums,
the first stage of dermatitis. In these conditions an ointment may
composed:—
B Bismuthi tubnitntii S Cm. or Sas.
Piilv. mnrnnUe >... l&S Om. or So.
Morphinn aul{ili)itiB .....'.. ..,,i 20 Om. or ct. I
■..aiioltni 1SS Om. or S».
M. et ft. ungL
An ointment consisting of bismulh subnitrate and boric aci'
lanolin and olive-oil. is regarded by Wertbeimer as particularly appi
to the treatment of bums in children. An ointment containing thi
of bittmuth is aUo valuable in diseases of the skin. It may be preset
follows: —
B Kxt. Mladonnie folior. ak
Ext, opii ]
Ungt. biBiuultii oleiitis 15
M. For furunclra. cnrbunclra, and n<zema of tlie genitals.
65 Gni. or gr. i
SO Oin, or jr. >
5 Gm. or Jm.
The internal administration of insoluble bismuth preparations
cipally based upon their local action upon the stomach ana intestini
•Medical Xneg. Oct.. 1886.
DISUUTHUM.
189
Gm. or !ij.
Gill, or 3j.
2A c.cm. Of miv.
They form a coatinf; over the inflamed or irritated surfaces and keep theiu
bmi coming in contact, while they al^o exert aii s«tniigcnt und sedative
ilect. la gastnlKia, irritable stomach, and some dyspeptic conditions they
Stofmach ralue:—
B BiunuUti lUbnitrfttu 6
Pcfuni Mcchanti ••. 4
Q«M0(i
ILctdir. in chartuln no. xij.
St.: Qiv* one rnvrj hour until re1I«v*il. ITIie o|] of gtultlivrlo. may b« mb«tl-
U Mt the cTMsotc, in case ot «hil(lii-u, anil llie puwdfra iiiuJv uiialler.)
Id painful dyspepsia and gaatralj^iu Diijtirdin-Boatimdz prescribed: —
B BiMnsltii subnllratix.
IhfiiMue,
(Mb pjiI^
Chlrii phu«{riiiitia an 10| Gm. or Siiiw.
X.tt div. in chartnln no. xl.
!«-: Oil* powdor b«(arv each meal.
Biflnnth may be given in ])owder aUo, as: —
B BdnwUi. «ubiii(..
Hiffiatl niTbonaliii oa 41 Gm. or 3j.
Uorpbiii* Auljibalia jOOn Cm. ot gr. j.
V, M (L chartuln noi. xij.
%: A powdpr ev»ry lioiir or two. Employ in gnstraliila, dyspepsia i>ttAnd»d
"i loditf . aiid in enntcr of the itoroach.
^In children sufTering with irritable ttomnch, the result of improper
" s, tg<Md combination is: —
BBUnvth. •ubolL SI Giu. ur 3m.
SoCi bkartd,
Pol*. rh«i ea {US Gm. or gr. x.
M. rt ft. diartnto no. i.
%.: A powdrr vvny ti>ur faoura.
Tkft following liquid conilii nation* of hitmnth arc hkcwiso of service.
^•wllf in gastric catarrh and some varieties of dyspepsia: —
B Bbmnth. cttratt* 8]
Q^rili pcpMim K)|
K Sjg.: A tnu|>ooBhil bcfoiv niMla,
1 Bteintb. nibnit ., 8
Pttlv. ihrl 0
Puhr. acaci* ......,„...,,..,,....,,....,..,... B
8pt mjTvtiftt ,,
A)iu«iiwniJi. pip. 240
M. Sg.: A lablnpoonfut In wafer «'ety four baurt.
tilt Mlivylnto ie a soft, whito pnwd<^^; insoluble in water, alcohol, ether,
•»i ehloroform, bnt soluble in acids, la gastro-enterltis, or Rummer com-
Httt in younj; infants, the salicvlatr givos excellent results in email dosee
(•fltttoi}.13 Gm.. or RT- i-ij)- This combination is likewiRo valuable in the
■Bibcea (if tyi'hoid ft-rcr, in which it is servieeably given with naphtol,
■BBitth >a1icylaie i^ u=efiil for the purpose of securing gantrie luitiscpsis in
of the rtomaeh. It may Iw OMoeiated with hetansphtol or salol.
■alt, oUo, is highly esteemed as a remedy in infantilo diarrhoea.
Om. or SM.
I'.cm. or W(I.
Gm. or 3ij.
(im. or Ilu.
Gm. or 3ij.
SO e.em. 01 (Sij.
e.cm, or fjrilj.
190
PIIARUACSUTtCAI. TUERAl'BUTIC ACIINT8 OH DBITdS.
Gastric uWr \e much benefited bj the eubnitrate in O.GS (o 1 4
gr. x-xv) do8C«, giv(-n evt-rj- three hours, or oIt«ner, if then- h muc
Where maligiunt ulceration is suspected, opium and belladonna maj
minietered at the nine lime, Tlic vomiting of prpgnnncj may soi
be relieved by bismuth subnitrate. It BcrveH a useful purpose in the
gastritis «o common in dninknrds. In acidity of tin- nlomach it i*
and also in flatulent dj-spepsia. A combination of bismuth with chs
«f[lcaciouf in tin? loiter condition, as: —
B BUmutlii nibnilrtttU,
Pulv«(!s aromntii'l aa 81
Cftrl>onU ligni <r«vrntU) ,,.., ISfS
M. et div. in churluln no. xij.
Gm. or Si].
Qm, or Sm.
i
In diarrhoea the »iibnilnilG is iisually a reliable mncdy. but, as
advises, it should be preceded by a dose of castor-oil, in order U> rein<
mcntiug material or otlicr caUKCi! of irritation. In the dinrrhava of G
it cjin be (liven in combination with pepsin or pancrealin. It may b
in hot milk to children; but il in aJmoi^t tastt-lcs^ and may be pi
once upon the tongue and waalied down with water or milk. In
diarrhtcn bismuth subnitrato not infrcttiicutly afTorda marked rcli<
exocllent prescription for diarrhcea, particularly when acute, is: —
B Ksmutlt. lubnit. T8j Gm. or giiw
Pulveri* mjrnitkR 2100 Gm. or 3 ij
Aqu» dnnaraomi,
Byrup, ncaciiB na 60[ cem. or IJij.
H. Sig.: Two tcfuipoonful* every linKhour, or hoiiT, until nlkrcd.
In cacce of infantile diarrhuie, when the stools ure grceni)-h,
casein, and are accompanied by abdominal pain, Dr. Ziunea relies U]
following prcacriptions; —
It BJamuth. subnitrat. , ,..t..L.. 3j Om. or gr.
Lfq. oalciK ,,, S com. or JSiai
Syrup. Runint ....'. 15 c.cm. or 1S»
AqUK ficniiMili ..,...,.......,1.. 00 ccm. or fSi}.
M. Si|r.: Tcfiepoouful ev«ry two houTB.
R Bismuth. xubnitraL 3
Syrup, ntitnnt i..^. > 15
infufl. calumbw 00
U. Sig.: One or two tfOspoonliiU every two houra.
Gm, or gi.
C-cm- or (Sn.
c.cm. or fjij.
In epidemic dysentery large doiea of bismuth have been admii
with benefit- Trousseau was accustomed to order bismuth inject
dysentery,
A solution of hiamuth and ammonia citrate is official in the
Pharmacopceia, An extemporaneous formula may be used, like the
ing:—
R BUmutbi ft ammoniiB dtnit. 32 Gnu or or. -
Aavue clilorolomii 16 c.cm. or lita,
Elixir auTnntii 4& c.i-m. or m^c
M. Sid-: Talce Ifi ctm. {or Qm) three or four times dnily. for irritable (
This double salt has bei'U employed In the treatment of aeu
chronic diurrhaa. P. Vigier has prepared a bismuth benxoate as a
iHTBirDr iiKni. ii puwwiiiHnsiiiiiruigviii, iiiiiuH!)Jut% aiiu uoMicfHui prup-
This luliMtnnc-t^ i* alM poMcMed of local anii<ethctic power. It is of
%nluu in Icstoiifi attended by profose eccrclioii. as eczema, biirn^,
vuonds, nnd disctses of tht eyv. nml ear. Dr. ECujjeae OoemberK^r
fUvut results from its use in pemphigus, hvrpett zokIlt, and ah-
IV Hkin occurritic in children. Dermatol has been advantagcoiuly
I chant^roids nnd ulcerated chtiicres. to balauitis, varicoHO and other
itf thf If);. Suspended in cnucila^. it has b(>eti used as an injection
Find chronic gunoTrhtra. Mixed with an oqiist quantity of caRtor-oil,
ha* employed it in tbe treatment of sore nipples. It is considered
£ ft dreesuog lo Abdominal wounds and in perineoplast}'. Tampona
'. gBQse impreftoated with dennstol an> of service in the treatment of
itarrh. A powder compo»ed of ^0 parU of dcrmatol, 10 parts of
70 parts of talc is a ftoo^ application in hyperidrosis of the hands
DvrmittfW may be tuted ptir« n a dusting-powder, m a 2S'per-ceut.
ft collitdiun emulsion, and as a 10- to 20-per-cent. ^uze.
inti nnd Dutto reimrt favorably of llic internal employment of
m different forms of diarrho-a, including that of typhoid fovur and
It vn giren in daily doMK of 'i to ^ Oin. (ur gr. xxx-xlv) in
portinns. Dr. Austin Flint recommends bismuth aubgnllute in the
It of fi'mienlalivc dyi<p<-p.-<ia. He hn^ had ivxcelleut reiiuitji. from its
efaroDic caw*, giving 0,3S Gm. (or gr. r) in c-opsiik- or tablet before
' tmch tneal. A number of loose combinationK of bi-itnuth have lately
intrtnluc*-*! m antimptic rcmvdicK, Phenol •bismuth, oresoNbiBinath,
kphtol-biamath are decomposed in ihe siomacb, the phenot and
sing; abeorbed and eliminated by the kidneys, while the bii-muth is
oompletely removed by the bowels. Naphto! is partly elimiuated
,the luine and p«rtlv through the intc»tinc. In daily doses of 1 to 3
gr. xv-xlv) Ur, Jasenski, of St. Petersburg, gave phenol-bismuth
.rantagc in tvphoid fever, acute and chronic gastric and gnstro-in-
ratAirh, and in diarrhira. Tribromphenol-bismuth is a yellow, in-
■ powder, without iwlor or ln»tc and nllll"^^ ir>f from toxic action. It
.19.fi ner cent, of bismuth oxide and 50 nei cent, of tribromDhcnol.
193 PUAlUUUKtrriCAL TIIGIUPEUTIC JL<]lfXT8 OR Duuas.
BiBmutb chryaophanatfl tins U-i-n introdui-od undur the name oi
II i» iiii iiiiuirpliiuiti vi'lliin* powdur of ui'ulml roactioti, ineolubk' in tl
nary meDEtma. It is prophoeed for use in the form of ointment in i
for which chryeophanic acid is employed.
Thioform is a combination of bismuth, itulphiir, and salicylic ac
occurs in the form of a hght, eniyitih-ydlow powder ini^dlubk- in
alcohol, and ether. Thioform is (Tevoid of odor or taste. It is compa
free fruiD toxic L'lfcct«, and liaR been UMd with iiiicccii^ upon burns, ulci
toughing wounds. l)r. K. l-'romra rcpoits fnvorobly concerning itt
in conjunctiviti*, piirultiit ophthalmia, and lln- xtnimoiis ophtlia
children. Thioform has alao been employed as n styptic in the open
eDUcU'Hting ibe i.-v<'l)nll.
Biimnih sulphite has been found useful by Ceearis and ItsocI
an int«i^linul anti«cplk' iind nnthclminlic. Eismuth tannate lin:t be
internally aa an astringent in dJarrhcEa in doec-g of i'.tib to t Urn.
x>z»).
BOLDTIS.— Soldo, or Peumus buldu« (Monimisccge), i* an cv
belonging to the western coast of South America. The leaves an
»U-mt conttiin a bitter extractive, a volatile oil, and a billcr alka'
glucoBidei'), Boldoin. A tinctnre {5 per cent.) is used in O.'iO c.cm.
doiet or more, gradually iiicrnLsing, and prodiici'it vomiliiig and pui
full do^es, and also a sedative or narcotic effect upon the brain. 1
du)K'» it ii< i-iiruiinativc and stinuilanl to the stomach.
Therapy.— In South America this plant has some reputation fo
nui-nue ujiim gen ito-uri nary disorders, gonorrhn-a, glci't, cy*titi8,
tarrhal iuHnjiimu lions of the kidncyii. It has also been used for rheu
and as a tonic in dyspepsia and genera! debility. In cirrhosis it is es
recommended by Cumpcnon. Htildgiii, the uclive principle, has h
powers, and has been successfully tried in France as a substitute for o
chloral (Juninville).
BOBAX (B. P.). — Borax. (Sti- Acidnm Boricum.)
BROMUM (IT. S. P.}.— Bromine.
Dose, i'.J'i to 0.18 c.cm. (or mii-iij). well diluted.
I
Preparations.
Valeii Dromidum (U.8.P.).— Onleiuni Uromide, Dow, 0.312 to 2 Gui
V-IKX).
Uthii Bromidum (U.8.P.}.— Lithium BTomide. Dok, 0.32 to 1.30
gr, r-xx).
iSnci Bromidum (U. R. P.).— Zinc Bromide. Dose, (l.Otis it> 0.13 Giii. (or
Qunphora Mmotiromnltl (U. 8. f.).~-MuuobroiuM<t'tl Ciim]ilior. Dose.
0,32 Gui. (or gr, 1 v|.
Aniiiionii Bromidum (U. B.P., B>P.]- — Ammonium Itroiuide. 1>om. 0.0
(Jm. (or gr- x-xli.
rotoHiii BruDiidum (U.S.P., 6. P.).— PotaMiiim Bromide. Dow, 0,05 '
(or «r. x-3j).
Sodii Bromidum (U.S.P., B. P.] ■—Sodium Bromide. Do««. 006 to 4
ft. x-SjI.
Ai-ldiitii IlTilrobrorniPum Diliitiim H'. 8. P., B.P.I. — Dilutfd nydmbm
110 per wiii.l. UuBi-, l.iiO lu !■& o.cni. (or mxX'ISIjl,
UHOUUlt.
ClMdMnt rrtporttl iottn.
193
lum— S'lrkel Krc>4iilit«. Dote, O.OOS to 0.33 Gm. (or gr. f-v|.
S}TU|'Uk K»Tri llruuiKlJ. — Sj'rtip of Trnva* Bromiil* III) |Wr conLJ. D««e, 0,(0
It I mi. iiir mx'fSjl. i
i.'dKiiiw tlydrubromu. — Cudiine llydmbromnte. Done, 0.001 to O.OOe Oin. |or
BMMNrfurm. — TribramiBeUiaiM. Dow, 0.1S to 0.60 tu-m. (or niii-xl.
Fkumacology. — Bromine, which obtains its name from its offensive
u » litowTiish-red. non-tiietal!ic liquid cli'mtiil, nfjlaincii from si**-
combining rcmlily with alcchol. fthor. or chlorofonn; and soluble
lX3 ^ r waU>r at 59* F. When aiiiiitil Ui wator, ozt>ne. U tibcnit<.-<l. It
ty. IniilixcM upon expo«uic Ut Ibeair, giving off a highlv-irrilating:,
odor like toat of chlorine, with whi<:lk it may be coiitamiiiat«il.
t pharnaccp'L-ial tou re^juiri' thu chlorine to bo not mure than 3 per cunt.,
itiat tln-Tc shall be only traces of iodine.
Physiological Action. — It i» Mnfortuiinic that the »mcll of bromine is
1 ubooxiou». einco it is a true disinfectant, rivslinK mercuric chloride, and,
rlaitnc^I, has even more influ«ni.'e Ihan that ugeiil in preventing the
rk>paii-Dt of Kporce. A S-per-csnt. solution in water destroys the spores
[•aihrax. Applied to the skin, it i.* a pcnclrating caustic in its piirK »tote,
dilutrH, i« iwtriugcnt and antiseptic. Internally, its effects resemble
! ilorine, causiing paralysis of the brain-centre*, death kn
:- of respiration.
la naM-n of poisonin;; by swallowing this asent, the stomach must be
i^hlv irrigated, and a purgative like croton<oii ndministcrGd in alkaline
(Vichy water), ftlicn inhaled, vrarm vapor from the steam-atomizer
I alkaline snlution (DobelFs solution) would afford relief to the irritation.
' bnimidps taken upon an empty stomach in concentrated form eomctimca
: pavtmJ^ia, which may be relieved by hot water and an hypodermic in-
vvtt of morphtne. combined with atropine, if jtiipnr be prewnt. After
.1 . - .-.;,!m are found in the brain, principally (Doyon).
■ .il doM-s i1k* bromide* and hydmbromic acid exerl n ecdative
upon the functions of the brain, prodnce insensibility of the mucous
le nf the fauiv*, and allay irritability of senwry nerve*, as i* very
Hawn by iheir effect in the treatment of tinnitus aurium after admin-
o[ i)Utninc. It hiu a tipocial action upon the ^enito-urinary tract,
ig M^usibility and preventing erections or ovarian excitement. On
RcJirr haii'l. t;<>diimi bromide has, in a few instances, I>een known to pro*
Bortumal erections and seminal emissions from relaxation. The bro-
gti Ji' ■■na the spinal cord, reducing reflex action and, when
■tied. (1 iig motor power and producing pnnityi>i« of the lege.
jiatinn i» ni"0 affeeied by their action upon the caniiac ganglia. In
■ >r i>r>tasLeium bnimidc, we have »u)H.'radded the toxic action of potash
irt-muM"!*, by reason of which, when given in large doses, the
,.ii>iiin is reduceil and the pul^e-ratc lowered. In the usual doses,
Ihia effert is hardly observable.
ordinff if the etndics of Germain Sec, potassium bromide causes
]oa »f t^*^ hi*nrt. The right side of the organ appears to he more
[Jr «ir«-clc<l. It is (laid {by Ilammond) to khIucc the cerebral circula-
amiog niioeniia by contraction of the arterioles. It is probable that
tic e(r<«'* o' bromides i* due more directly to their action upon the
164
l-UAJtUACKt'TlCAL TUBllAfHUTIO AOBHTS OR DBUOS.
brain-cectrcfi, eapeciallj tbe motor and mteU€ctu8l portion of th«
cerobri. To its fuc-ulty of reducing reflex nervous excitability ia to be a
it« well-known antispasmodic effects in convnUive disorilerH. No
cfftict upon ItrnptTuturc or respiration has been observed from ni'
dofic-s: veri' large doses may reduce both, and al«o dimini*h tiwuir-wm
Tlie rate and the force of the heart's action are likewise dim
and arterial pressure reduced by excesaivc dofua. Wlien continually
itterod in mudurately-large doses, the bromides sometimes excite nau
diarrhoea. A sedative action Ih exerted by the broiuidea upon the
Uiotic nervous mk-m.
The bromidcfl have confiiderablc diffusive power, and ere found
of the secretions and in the interior of rlanas liice the liver; aft
ad minist ration they accumulate partieularTy in thlii organ, and the
of bromide retained in the liver is very great. It has been surmis
thi» flaturntion of tbe system by bromide predispoM* to tuberculoi
Fere states that, although be has seen nothini; in patients to corrobo
Huppo»ition, guinea-pigs saturated with poia»«ium bromide and iiK
with tuberculosis succumb more rapidly than animals to whom the i
not been griven, Tt has likcwiM been eliowa that the bromides acci
in the brain and other organs. The glandular elements of the skin a
uluted Hiid an acnciform eruption follow* their prolonged iwc.
The use of the bromides is occasionally followed by the devel
of erythema or a brownish discoloration of ihu v1<in. In other inst
has caused an eruption siibtlar to that of eciiema, wbenU. or ulcet
effect upon the skin may be produced within « day or two after adn
tion of the drug, but usually occurs only after saturation of the systt
eruption occasionally appears upon the body of a nuiiiing infant, w
mother is upon a course of bromide tri'af ment. The bromides are eU
from tbe system by the aecretiomi generally, but more particularh
j;lands of the fauces, skin, bronchi, and bowels, and by Che kidnoj
sorption i* nuidi HK^re rnjiid than eliminntion.
Therapy.— I'or its caustic effect, bromine has been used in ali
to 2 or 3) in hospital pnuu^rene, and in gyna'cology as an applicntior
ccr ol the uterus. Diluted with sweet oil {0.60 c.cm. to 30 c.cm.. (
fSJ). it 's 8 sedative dressing for rhus-poisoning or chancroids. Bn
employed, like carbolic aeid. as a disinfectant for drains, but is too i
for use in this way in the siek-room. The bromides are not often
topical remedies, though an aqueous solution of the strength of O.C!
to 30 c.cm. (or gr. x-xx to f.>j) niny be serviceable in pnrffslbesin.
powdered poiaasium bromide is stimulant to chronic ulcers, and 1
advantageous in epitbclicinn It ha* been applied, nddfd to S piirla
erin, to ha?morrhoids and fissure of the anus, in order to relieve p
treating laryngeal diphllierin, or mombramnis croup, the following
used: —
B Brorai
Potawll bromtdl 4
^rupi «iinpUcis , S8
Decoctt altlucn q. b. ad 120
30 e.Fm. or ffii
Om. or 3j.
c.cm. or f3i
c.cm. or (ji
For a child of one year the bromine should be reduced to ose-tl
Irom one to four years two-thirds, of the quantity in this formula, <
BKOMIM.
195
i- (or li) *te lo be given erery hour, whil« the srinptoms «re urgent
nbscher). The oflirial solution of hvdrobromio acid rms not aniwcrud
topectation of Ihose who urged ita use ns a substitute for the bromides;
'2inf be less liable to produce acne, but it is irrilatinj^ and k-Ks edicicot.
. llluT be pTen for the relief of tinnitus auriiim, headache, or to prevent
)'B|MsaDt Eyinptonis from the clTect« of quinine:^
B QnCnlMn h^robramat. I
And. hydrobromic. dilut. 15
Bixir aurantil lOB
IL Sig.% Dow. a Ublmpoonful afUr iii«hI«.
B5 Om. or gr- mli'-
L-.oiTi. or fjss.
e.tm. or t3iiUa.
Special Applications. — The special use of the bromides is found in the
tMlnent of conxoUive disorders, such as gpasm of the larynx or epilepsy.
liihe former affection a few doses of O.GA tim. (or gr. x) or more in a child,
er usually enfficieot to accomplish a cure: but in the lattor the treatment
aftai eiH-ndu ovt-r monlhs and years. When the broinifli's are continued for
•lu^time. bromim is apt to be prodtic-cd. the phy^iologicul action of bro-
naebciDg shown by eruptions upon the skin, especially of the face; loss
tlnflexee; ingging, heavy eeneatioDs; and dillkulty in locomotion, and
DWnt ciwes special tendency to convulsive atlacks appear. It therefore
iHMDtt neoeseary to infemiit the bromide or change from one to unother,
od, if ihrre is too much depression of the vital powers, dijotalis may be
Mcribed in combination, or strychnine given hypodcrmically in minute
iwi (O.OU05 lo O.OUI Gm., or gr. V„o-Voo) several times daily. Brown-
Sivtnil pi«fen«d a combination like tiie following, in treating epilepsy, for
'ladld ten years of agei —
Qm. or 3j.
Gm. or Si.
Gm. or 3iiiu,
eO Oni. or fcr. xl.
.50 p.t'tn. or Bij.
c.cm. nr fjvj.
S Pota«sii lodldl 4
PoUaaii bromidi 31
AmmoBii bromidi 10
PoUMii blcarbonalla SI
t^rilVB chloroformi 71
btnai cnlumbK q. r. ad IHO
IL Dav, T.5 cjm. (or fSij) morning nnd ronn and II c.eni, (or fSlij) at night,
^"il*iliit thr ouanlHy allpr the conruhions ccnae. but coiiliiming the remedy nt
MirnliL. («prrLiIlT at tItR limn when the 1^1* nm liable to i^dir. It tlie paUont be
**k,tht intuiitm of digilnlis miiy in- Bubatiluletl for lli<! culutnlis.
^K K. Ch. ¥6t4 states that most of the ill effects of the bromide may be
^BU(d by the simultaneous administration of an iniestinal antiseptic. In
^K Bitugement of epilepsy he has often mude use of lliu following com*
B Pulaaii broniid. >..• 6| Gm. or Ziit.
Nuihtol 4 Gm. or Sj.
Soiii MikyUt s( Gm. or 3m.
H Sig.; To be dividinl into thrr* doua. One dose to be taken thrpc tiniea a dnj.
In trrsting epilrpi<y the partial insensibility of the fauces is the guide
'* <I>r idminislraiion of bromides; this should be cKlahlished as soon as
IjSie and maintained during the continuance of the treatment, which
■■'UBDt be pnshed to the point of bromism. Small doses of nrw-nic will
WWi, to tome degree, the eruption in persons especially susceptible to
3»C rilABilACIiUTIOAt, TnERAPECTtC AOEjrre 0» DRtros,
bromides, and it is well to nltcrnato the iodides with Ihi' bromides i
to prerent undue accumulation of the lattc-r in the syatom. The hi
action of the bramides is iiarticnlnrly m>irki:d when epih-psr is diii!
order of the nexiial apparatus. On the other hand, tne peiil mal i
Ion ami-nalite to their influence than the general conruleive seliures.
Bium [jromide has a certain sphere of usefulness in whoopinu-cough
of Da Rvuil when the bronohitie is severe, or when pneumonia is prcsc
in simple uncomplicated pertussis, above all when convulsions araU
to convuleions vxitt, this remedy is of ^rcat service in allaying the COI
of the nen,'ous centres. Spasmodic axthma is, in some instances, ci
ably benefited by the exhibition of bromida, and it* ellicacy is enhnl
combination with the iodide. The bromides are of decided value in ii
conruUions, especially when thwc ilepcnd upon rcficx irritation. T
likewise of service in the convulsions symptomatic of simple meningi
not altogether without avail in olleviuting those of ItiWrculur mei
Urietnie convulsions may sometimes be successfully treated by potassi
mide in combination with chloral -hydra to, assisted by active purg«t
diaphoresis. When cholera infantum is associated with excessive
trntubilily, potassium bromide servos a useful purpose, as it does also
caaes in which flatulent colic of infants is connected witU marked ii
spasm. Dr. Hurvey Vanutta. of Seal, Ohio, admin i»tcrcd potassium I
irith succes.4 in a case of invagination of the bowel.
In treating nervous irritnbilily. ri'i-lle^«nvsM, and insomnia it i»
combine bromides with other hypnotic agents: —
f) Potastii brODiidi ]| vel 1190 tim. m p. v
Cbloralis [06 Cm. or gr. x,
Aqum enniphorw,
Syr. Incjlitmrii an 4| c.l-ui. or f3J.
H. Sig.: Pro doti. For ncrvoua hcadadie vrith inMnmia.
The sedative and antispasmodic effects arc increased by coniJ
with gelseminni, asafetida, or valerian, and smaller doaea are reqnii
when each agent is udministrred alone. In Menii-re's disease Ferrer
good results from the use of larse doses of potassium bromide in con;
with ferric ralerianale. In the nflvcliini? of thu geiuto-iirinary orj
bromides are of especial value when spasm or pain is present. The i
of urine is increased and also the proportion of urea. The Bexii:\t f
are depressed; and the bromides are larsely used as anaphroduiaca
pism and D>'mphomaniii, especially when given in conjunction wit
«metic in minute doses.
A pood formula iisi'd by the author for gonorrhcea with chordi
following: —
B rutasfiii bioatti , t2 Gm. nr 31!
Pntaaaii tirnmliti IS 5 Gtn. or Siv
TliictuTW liyiidcjAinl 30 c.cm. or IJj
Spiritus cUlorofonni 15 ccm. or f3i
Inf. Iiiidiu <|. •. ftd 240 ccm. or tfy
'M. ^le.: A I«blMpoonfiit in )inilpy-wnt«<T every thrve or four bourt. '
btnation rtUcves icalding and chuiJti:.
The following arc also valuable prescriptions containing t
mides: —
BBQUnU.
197
II Sodil liTOmrai 871 Gia. or SvU-
Antimouii «t potauii UrI {03 Gtn. or gr. «i.
ana: cunphonD,
. im* «th«Tls nitrOHi lU 431 cjim. or Qiu.
Gynipi aurantii W>| t.trn. or fjij.
It Sig-i Tno tfiupoonfiiU tn UHtrr ov«rj two or three houn until rellpVMl.
ibir In rpididyniilit, ryiliUs, and praatalitiR.
R .Untii>Hui hromidt,
&lol au ij Om. or Sj.
]L ft n. cnpMilK no. xij.
Stf: Tvo <ji|iaiiti-i ftfry lioiir or two. Eniptny in ^norrhira nnd all irribitilc
■"" — I of the genilo-urinMTy organs.
Hie menitet »n (Jcloyt'i] und rondi-roil lew in i]Uonlity> by tht; use of the
Dides. When menoirhagia U caused by ovarian congestion. polasBium
■nidi; ri-ytmine Ihv flow, (uid tlie )>ain<; ugcnt soinelimi'v pruvce of service
lii«tronhagia. In the profuse and irregular menstrua! discharjieH, which
I occur n» the incnopaiiM; is uoartnl, the same renit-d; u of value. The
aches, Du^hiDi; of the face, subjective sensations of heat, and other
0118 n'm{ilom# whitli fWractoriM the »ame period recinvc notable
tma the bromidea, L'hordee occasionally yields to the same agent
itptnnatorthcMi and atonio inipotcn«c, di'i:>i'Tident iijK'n irritation or sub-
dc chronic inflatnniation of the deep urethra, the bromide is valuable by
ihiitg the reflex irritability (if ihv jjonitnl centre in the cord. But, in
" pollution due to debility of the fienilal centre, this remedy ia harm-
ItadihouliI be avoided. In all ca*e» of reflex nervous disorders having
I in ovarian irritation the bromides have a well-established reputation,
[iKibouid not be giten freely in aotcinic subjects. In reflex cough — or ao-
" Itterine couph, stomach-cou^b, ear-cough, etc. — we may give: —
B iMaMii bmroidi [32 to \<Sa Gm. or cr. v vel x.
Sjr. pruni Vitg. 7[5 ecni. or iSij.
It Take aTny loiir to kix houn. Ttia ahoTv U at«o URrful tn thr cough of chU-
Vlini it is desired, in lar(nKoIo;jj-. to make an examination or nn opera-
tlioipoii ■ very w-n^ilivc throat, the itsf. for a few days, of full doscB of
bromide will greatly assist in reducing such hyperseathesia. In
ihyjlerical llinut afTccIiitn*, the bromidrs are of tlie greatest value.
Ib irritability of the bladder in women who nse sewing-machines, or
<lrt.tbe following i* vervicmblc: —
it PaUMli rol *ix1ii brontlill 1|3« Gtn. or fT. xx.
Intiiv uvu ur»i , ... i\ cj;m. or f5j.
^ Sig.: T*k« tvery hour or two until relierrd.
Ib Diiifniiiif th» combination with opium is valuable: —
B Ti. sfU dradorat. 41 c.rm. or ISi.
FMMin bromid r 81 Gm. or 3t].
Mi. lijrdroliraniic. dil 00| r.cio. or fStj.
V antwttll ^ a. ad )20[ e.('io. or Qiv.
^ Sim Take a dew«TtipooD(ul ia nater, trtry two or tliree houra.
(^Mf of maniacal excitement, puerperal, alcoholic, or other, are relieved
Lvftf dam of bromides.
PIIARMACKDriOilL THBRAPBUTIC AOI
OB Dftres.
Many acute attacks of fever in children, with delirium, arc pr
ctired by bromides in small doees given every few miniitOH. Seasickni
the vomiting of pregnancy are controlled by small doses of brom
eCFerreecent salt; large doses have occasioned temporary derangOR
min<], and have brought this remedy into disrepute because improper!
In poisoning by strychnine and in tetanus large doses of the bromid<
proved successful in subduing the convulsions.
In acute cerebral congestion potassium bromide is of grcnt value t
ita influence upon the vasomotor system. It is very ser\iceahly given
jonction with the 6uid extract of crgoU which aids its action by eonvti
th« cerebral vesBels. 'ITie heatJaehe and wakefulness are also relieved
bromide. The same drug is cfTicactous in otluyiug cerebral vomilinj
(omnia, caused by nervous strain or exce.'sive mental application, is s
fully treated by means of the bromide. The headache oi pachymenia
generally best conlrolled by a eombiuation of potassium bromide and
u: —
B Potajuii iodidi > IT .1 101 Om. or 3iiM
I'obusii biuiiiidi 1D|s Gm. or 3v.
Bynipi aunntii,
Sj^rupi Riinplidti na 00] com. or {JiL
U. Sig.i Dooc, two teniipaonruU thrmi or four tlmu <Uily. m
In exophthalmic goitre the excessive cardiac action may often
strained by the bromide. This remedy may be useful in subacute an'
rheumatism, especially when the acute form of the disease is accon
by consttloralilc fever and (Jclirium, The resllpssm'jss and delirium
third week of typhoid fever is often admirably controlled by a bromidf
aame agent is very efficacious in i)reveiiting llir night-ternirs of ct
It IB claimed that potassium bromide is useful in diabetes mellitus of i
origin. The salt relaxes norvous spusm of Ihe oisoptiai;'!^ ""d allays th
oug symptoms of rachitis. Potassium bromide and iodide are rccomi
in eliminating metals — as mercury, copper, or lead — from the syeten
bromide may bo useful in reducing enlarged lymphatic glands and
thougli far inferior to the iodide. A bromide addition to a prescript
creases the effect of hypnotic or narcotic medicines, and it is often
obviate the unpleasant consequences of opium.
Victor Augngneur has found potassium bromide of service in
syphilitic maniftslatioufl. Dysphonia or aphonia someliiiics occur!
cially in women, in the sixth or seventh month of the disease. In th'
that it depends more upon disturbed innervation than upon the cr
of the laryngeal mucosa, he is accustomed to give bromide in comb
with potassium iodide with very good results. In serious tertiary dis
the larynx the iodide may give rise to dyspna^a. In this condition i'
Tantagcous to praetioe mercurial inunction and depend upon the hroi
reduce reflex excitability. When the dyspnoea has been allayed, the b
and iodide may lie administered in association. The addition of the b
to the iodide is also of value in cerebral syphilis.
According to Dr. Wilks, the bromides often have a good effect t!
ing reduction of goitre. They have also been used with success in a
diminish the volume of fibroid tumors of Ilie womb.
During administration of the bromides the digestive functioi
BBOSfClE.
199
tmone diiordereil^ and it is Deceesary to occaeioDally give cbolagogic cathar-
tia CO keep the liver up to its work.
In comparing the bromides we observe eome difference in their effect
ad thenpeutic applicntians.
Pixlasainm bromide is the most Irequcrtly prescribed^ and ia the moet
(&>enl. Where the circulation is weak the otbnr saltH, especially the aid-
■Htiain ult, are to be preferred.
Sodium bromide it the least toxic, and i# preferred in cased where nutri*
tin B poor, especially in anfemic women and children. It is not so efficient
isates of a uric-acid diathesis or Uthaemia, as other salts, and notablv that
■^litbia.
lithium bromide has been thoii);ht to possess more hypnotic power than
|)ota¥Eium bromide. Ammonium bromide combines the stimulating
of the ammonia with the hypnotic etiect of bromine, and is useful in
Mnbnl rheumatism. I'he manifestations of bromism arc not so readily ex-
Mid hy the ammonium salt as by that of potassium or sodium. Ammonium
kmnide it iiacful in whoopinjr-coiigh.
Kckel bromide, introduced by Va Coata for the treatment of epilepsy,
bitthe advantage of the smallncts of the dose, but the disudvuntfige of the
B«t»Uic poisoning when too lon)i continued. It is best given in effervescent
•It or in the form of a syrup mixed with orange-flnwer water. The salt i»
gtra in color, deliquescent, and soluble in water. It is well borne by the
■touuch, relicvea congestive houdnche* anil convulsive movements. Zinc
lw««ide is little used; it is supposed to combine the well-known action of
aacupon lh« ci-nlml norvou* syttem with the bromide action. The syrup
of foTonfi bromide has been employed for chorea in anicmic children, with
Enodretull*.
Strontium bromide appears to hare decided advantages over the other
bxoBidca in the Ireatmcnt of rpilepsy. Dr. Antony Koche has published'
■MIk of successful eases and saya thst he has not met any case in which the
tkmidde of strontium, given in the pre!*crihed doses and according to his
ttuthod. has failed to diminish the number of the attacks. In many in-
stances there luid been no return for periods extending to two, three, or
Ota four years. He usually begins the treatment of epilepsy by ordering
3 Gn. (or ^} of tlie strontium salt, night and morning in some vegetable
tonic infusion. Should this dose not control the attacks, he rapidly in-
cnasn it until he finds the quantity that will suit the individual ease. In
QKmhere there is distinct warning btforc the attacks be gives 2 Gm. (or
3i)it once, and directs this dose to be repeated every hour, if required,
lllhii way he has succeeded in preventing un altiick. In order to get the
M benefit of the treatment he has found it necessary to give this remedy
■ iu|e do«M and to continue it for a long period. Dixon Mann in his
%SQaI of Medical Jarisprudence"' says, with regard to the safety of this
tRitneot, that drontium salt* cannot be regarded m poisonous. He had
Wdf taken IS Gm, (or 5iij) daily for weeks without any unpleasant symp-
lOK. Th* strontium bromide doc* not cause the depreswion that follows
^fotassiunsalt.
bmiuiud. — P'isehedick and Koechling have introduced a compound
it Ike aniline group containing 75 per cent, of bromine and designated by
■Unttt. Ort. le, JMB. pL 987.
rUABUACKUTICAL TiIi:R.I.PliUTIC AUKN'TS OK DUl'US.*
th«in a» lirniiiiiiiiii}. 11 i* olitnim-cl in llu- form of coIorK-iu. odorle
Invlclt-ST' tu-i I llv-n lisped t-rvslals. ine<>lu)ile in wnlor. but toiulilc in I
ak'olio], etiipr, rhloroforni. nnd (he fi)n-(! «ilti. It iiivlts nt 243* 1
\'oIjitilr)[r« ut liHi" I', without L-liaji^c. So svmploiiig are proiiiiccrl it
by (ioee« of S Gni. (or (TT- xxx). Tin- (jiilttc-rate ii<, in adiittH. retard©
(io*i* of v.*io (Jm. (or gr. x). Jimmumid rodittcfl n fi-brile ti-mjuTiit
to 2.5" K without excetmlvc gwcatinj;. It docx not diaonlcr dif;«st
proiJuev diuresis. Thig EuhstuncL- liiu been fniploytd as an aiitipyrot
nntinuuraigit.- in doses of 0.C5 to 1 (3m. {or gr. x-xv) several times
to ndiiltii and O.OUR to 0,3S Gin. {or gr. i-v) to diildreii, nroniaini
Ll- administi-r<^d in enjisule!" and waft-rs or fnispcndi-d in n lluid.
Bronupin i» a cohition nf bromine in wiianK-oil (10 per cent
has been ustd iBtPrnally in the trealmont of epiU'iiwy by Zimmerm*
flanovor. The dox- ii^ 4 to 15 e.cm. (or foi-iv) three or fnni tiin«
with epileptics the doee may be increaaod to double this qiiaiitily.
t«bl«*pounfu] of bromipin ropremnle nliout 1.49 Gm.. or ;;r. xxiij, a
bined bromide, eouivalenl to 9,20 flm., or pr. xxxir. of potassium bro
Bromaform.- Tribromometliane. If to miHlmni\ or nmr^h-pia i
lie added SatoniBof iinmuin' in substitution for 3 of hydrogen, we Ret i
bromide, or brcutioforni (CTHtr,). anuin)c"<i»> chcrefori', in eiHHpo«it
chloroform or iodoform. Itromnfonii i» an oily liquid, having an agi
odor receniblin^ that eliloroforni. It ba* a sweet tustc, does not 8(T(
mneouB membrane of the mouth, and has no irritant effect. It U i
deeom)ii*i-d hy li^ht. Us denHily is 2.7T, and it boils at I. "ill' C, Ins
in water, it i!is.«olves in akohnl and elber, its reactions being similar U
rofonii. It usually is jireiient in omalt proporlion in eommcrciol bif
AJid is made by adding bromine to a salution of an alkaline hydrate in e
or wood -spirit.
Bromoform was first introduced by Stcpp. of Xureinbcrg. in 1*
a valuable remedy in whoopins-tough. In children aged from six n
to one year, 0.12 c.cm. (or mij) may .be given three or four time* dail
the dnae h increased hy about a drop for every additional year of age.
dose for adults is (I.ril5 to OMu e.cm. (or mvii-xiij) in cHiisutc;, Rrimt
diminishes the frei|iipiicy. severity, and duration of the paroxysms e
titans, has a fnviiralde iutluentrc uimri the mueoim secretion, and gei
abolishes vomiting and the hiemorrhages within a short period. Tht
severe CHses are perceptibly benefited within eight day*, llr. S. Soli*,
has used bromufonn with beneficial resuUs. as a local application,
treatment of tubereuliir and other ulcers of Ibe Ihront. He reeommei
combination with iodoform. The incal application of hromoform is i
utility in ozieno.
l)r. Fonticaccia reports that bromoform, given in daily dosei
grcssively increasing from 1 to .I.So ccm. (or mxv-I), has an es<
sedative effect in cases of acute mania. lie found the same remedy of
in delirium tremens, in whielt it allayod realles.-ness and induced
Several cases of poisoning from bromoform have Iwen reported, the p
in each case being a child who had talcen a large ignnntity of the pure
When bromoform is given suiipended in a gummy mixture, acc
have hisppencd through negkct of the i-aution to shake the bottle '
ponrin;; out the medicine. It is insoluble in dilute alcohol, but may I
solved by the aid of glycerin, and a formula has been proposed by Ih
BRTOKU.
201
whicli fi)mi« a otrtccX and palatubl« solution (each fluidncbtn
i*i.Aau., or iNJ, of liTomutotm): —
Tt. mrilani. co.
Gly*wi-lnt
i| cxm. or MxrJ,
Mk 7|S c.mi. or fSiJ.
. . . -Uf n^m. or (JIm,— U.
io Acid. — Thi? siihstanct?, otluTwiae known an bromogallot.
In brititiu- mill, ill whitli two iitoiu^ of hydrogi'n liiiv.- hivu iv-
by bromine. The blood of a do;; poisoneil by bromopallol was of a
1 rolor and fontuiiK-ti n large <i«iiDtity of methieiuo^tnbin. Rv»]>imtion
fii9t Decelerated, but afterward reUrdcd. L^-pin« and Cazencuve, of
!«« miptoyc^l it ac u succetlatuum of potai^tiiuni bmmiilc. It aiipcan-d
Iful in chorea, but laA vfUcifni in i-tiileptiy tbnn the Mill of potas-
Thif preparation, known aNo as tfalloltroniol. ha?; bc<.*n iiK'd with
locally in cvzeina rubriiin and other wtubborn fnrmH of t'czema in tht
of m 1- li> 2-per-<-ent. volution, powder, or ointintmt. In c.viftitis and
Ifnilis 3- to 4-ppr-cent. solutions have been employed by irrigation.
vomol, rir Tribromphenol, in obtnineil by the action of bromine in
ion lurlKflic and. Ii posseaeca antiseptic properties, and has been used
l«ftnln}ir in Ihr local treatment of wouniIn, ulcere, and diphtheria. In
■I'IuiumI allM-lioD Itadeinaker recommends a mixture of i part of
with 2!> parts of glycerin. Bromol ha* been given internally in
inf«ntuiii in cIohc* fnim O.liO.'i to d.OlS (Jm. (or gr. '/i,-'/,). On
ind <tf his ei|)enmental and clinical involigations, T>r. IVchourilov
tint trilimniphcnol m an cxi'f'lleni npplioolinii in erj'eipelfts. He made
■o( it in the fonn of a 1-, 3-, or 3-per-cent. ointment.
ISTOHU. (U- ^- P.).— Bryonia (Bryon;).
n.
Preparations.
Bt7<>itt« (C.&P.).— TlnMur* of ltr>i>ata
Dow. 4 to 15 c.oni. far
Cjttnrtam Br70DlR fluldum.—Fltikl Estracl d Bryonia. Ddm>, 0,30 to I c^ni.
Bi7««in.— Tlu! Retire prindple. Dow, aoi to ixoe Om. (or gr. '/^/,),
tlmtmrneohtf. — Bryonia alba and Uryonia dioiea (Cnoiirbitacctt) «re
>ourcr» of the root known a» bryonia, which must be recently
1 an oil] dniK is nseleaa; the /preen root is preferriHl hy »ntne as being
-'- Brronin, a glucotiide, is the principal constituent; it appears
laU or in white powder; it is very bitter; sohible in water and
<.>n tHMiig Itoilcd with diluted Kulphuric acid, bryonin snlits up into
■nd a resin. Bryogeoin. A second resinoutt principlf, iryoreoB, i.i
in the root.
slo^cal Aetlon.— The juice of the fresh plant hli*ler» the ikin.
internally, act* as an irritiint. and is a drartic purgative.
ihv (low of urine. Bryonia is wiid to produce an irritant
croua membrane* and in toxic done to jrive rise to symptoms
Ikctapy. — A* Ihifie arc better purgatives, bryonia is not required for
tpupoM- ll i» re]«rted to Imve been nsed with auccen in atonic dj*-
208
PHARMACEUTICAL THaBAPECTIC AOENTS OB DRCOa.
pepsin. It 16 usi-d, in small dosoB> in rhetimutism, pU-urtK}', and other i
inflamiiiatioQs, after tlie fever Iiah abated. It appears to be especial!}
iccabli' iu the muscular pains and EtilTucKs following colds. In cl
bronchitiH it has been advocated. Bryonia has been recommended i
catarrhal otaga of whooping-i-uugh and in cases of enlarged splcco
chronic malaria, and, also, by Petreaco, in cases of hemorrhage, espi
in epietaxi*.
BtrCHU (U. S. P.).— Buehu.
BUCHU FOLIA (B. P.}.~BaGhu-leavet.
Prfparaliont.
EstT««tum Buchu Fluiduni (U.S.P.).~Fliiid Extract of Buchu. Dow,
4 ftcni. (or mxfS}).
lntu»uiii Bucliu l]t.i'.)..~Infiwi'iu uf Biictiu. I)o««, 00 e.cm. (ur (SiJ).
tor I3m-J
Tinctum Buchu iB. P.}.— Tincture ol Bucliu (SO per ccnL). Do*c] 2 to
iarosigH
from H
PhArmaoolt^. — The leares of Barosma betulina. and Itaros
lata (Rutacvie); B. P., BsTOSQia bftuliuu onlv; derived from __
A&ica. They contain a volatile oil, which is tfte most active const
Thvy also contain mucilage. A cumphoruceous substanco, BaroiBU
phor, is depoeited from the oil, in the cold. The recent infusion ii
in the strength of 31 Gm. (or 3j) to the pint. The fluid i-xtmct d<
mix readily with water, on account of the presence of the oil and extn
F&ysiological Action. — Buchu-leaves have a slron^, miut-lJke oA
a bitter, pungent taste. When taken into the stomach a warming, ca
tive efFect is produced by small doses, but very large onps cause irr
The volatile oil diftueee into the blood, slightly stimulating the cirei
and especially acting upon the kidni>yB, increasing the quantity of th
(both fluid and solid constituents being increased), and imparting
peculiar, aromatic odor. In process of escretion the remedy acts
astringent and di&inlcctant upon the urinary organs, especially th
der. As a portion is eliminated l>y the bronchial mucous membrane,
ulating influence is also exerted liere in relaxed conditions accompai
increased secretions. \Vhcn used to excess or for a long jierind, or
large quantity, the kidneys suffer and degenerative or inflammatory
tions are initiated.
Therapy. — The principal use of this agent is for disorders of cs
character nffccting mucous nicmlirnncs and diseases of thp genito.
organs. In incontinence of urine, or want of tone in the bladder, g
«ults iisnally promplly follow its administrntion. Buehu aftord* r
irritability of the bladder, in subacute or chronic cystitis, and in )
Tiirough the enterprise of the owners uf propriolary remedies, buch
popular reputation for the cure of gonorrhcca. but. owing to the quai
alcohol contained in the fluid extract. Ibis should not lie used dur
existence of acute inflommation, and only with great care in chroi
thriti«, or glcct.
There are many good reasons for believing that the much-ad
"buchu-cures" for gonorrhcea contain no buchu-leaves whatever,
made from the leaves of nva iirai and other domestic plants, Buchu
nmtti rAH'roiiis.
£03
03 o( turpentine very much in its physiological effects, and is useful
Ibcfa Ibc smme clasa of case*. Id g]c«t it appcara to be highly serviceable.
ba has bc«o used with success in chronic bronchitis, atonic dy^pepia,
mis; and in chronic rheunatlMD it i« said to be adminifltered sometimes
I Mlvanlii^v.
BUBSA PASTORIS.— Shepherd's purse is a small pIniU belonging to the
eifrnv, a native uf Eurci]*, but growing liixurianlly in this country in
ivatn) Unds during the months of April and May. Tliv plant hiiii a
tr, a>>lrin^cDt, and strongly -pungent taste. It contains a volatile oil,
mUing tut ijf tuuvlan), a giiico«ido, bilter principle, resin, etc.
Ac«^otilitit; l4i Ton Oefele, the virtues of the plant depend upon the preg-
» of boninio acid, the «alts of whioli. with iron and »odium, may be given
M'J tim lor jir- ise) doaes several times a day. Of the tincture, made with
■■HMa. thv dosf i* O.fit) to -1 or 15 e.cm. (nr mx>f.^i-iv), given in ca^s
^^^^Kbaxe from the lung!<, kidneys, or uterus, and aUo in diarrhica and
Iralrty. A tluid extrail it alao laadv, llic dotic of which is fmm 3 to 4 c.cm.
ICiff-jt. Uotb prcparnliongare miscible with water without predpilatiou.
BUTTX^HLOBAI HTDBAS (B. P.). — Butyl-oUoral Hydntta. (See
IteaL)
CACTUS, — Cactus. Night-blooming Cereuj^ the Cereus gmndiQoris
I*-i.eBr). is a plant of Mcxtt^, with large, showy, nocturnal -blooming
unv of {K-url-whiti: pctalit, which linvc n neavy perfume. A tincture i>(
k fresh etcmf and flowers (l'2-l Gm. to ■\7'>i c.cm., or .Vv-Oj alcohol) ts
by Kubini to be a valuable cardiac tonic in doses of O.O6 to 0.30
or «u-v) tlirw tim«« u day. Probably thwe dose* might be much In-
oa Kunge gave 1.30 c.cm. (or mxx) at once, and U. C. Wood wa*
to perci-ive any effect from thcin at all. A difference might be
ited Tor on the ground that some use the fre^h plant and othent the
and li-a*i-s reii-ntly dried, the latter being the stronger preparation.
■Mi that cactus increases the contractile power of the heart-
,it4-» ilA rhythm, and improveii it* niitrilion. It in claimed to be
Irani the unpleasant effect of digitalis. Uoinet and Boy-Tcissior deter-
that in fn>g)i cacluii increases cardiac energy, but tiiat the eSect is
hninrv- t'r. Reynold W. Wilcox states that the pbj-siologieal action of
|tw MOpon the intracardiac ganglia and accelerator nerves, through the
ftc plrxus of the sympathetic system, and that there is no interference
th«- inhibitory nerves, nor does its administration produce any very
Aad Ta^ximntor change^!. It shortens the ventricular systole and increaaeB
Uood-; ' Sultan has extracted an activi' principle, which he temu
E, frt- . ntinv' fli'wtm (if I he plant. Ik- slates that cactin increaaea
■rgr of iliL- cardiac contraoiionsv heightens arterial teusion, and has a
■eoon op*)" I h<r motor it'ntn-s nt the sjiinal cord. It produces reffexes,
the gi-nerai ncnous tone, and can be used for a long period without
^aatric symptoms or cumulative effect*. Both puls« and blood-
are reduced by toxic amounts. The action of the heart is rendered
and it is arrested in systole. Death is ]>receded by clonic and tetanic
_n; rau^e«l by nvcrstimulalion of the motor tract of the cord. Dr.
'mind it €Srpecially Dseful in tmeompetuatcd easea of valvular disease.
i^nAnMAccmcAT. TnEBArEunc aoknts on nacos.
in ntlniivi- iRc-otuiiclonoy ilnp to inuvcultir tlc^i-nonitiDn. in wi-iik hiiiHi
typhoid feriT. in finiclionol heart disrases from alcohol, dyspepew, (
exnaiiMion, elr., nnd in tin- pal|(itiili(iit of i-xoplil!iiilmic goilre. In
rrgiirgitution Ik- i-uiiitidvni it to be the ilriig par txefHuntr. while in
etcDOHJ.-i it »<hni)M l)oav(iid(<tl. Wntcoii \Vi)liniii» hiix fmind lucIuk hcu
in milt] cni-i.> <if uiiginu pectoris. C'aetUH hes stao proved iiei-U efGcii
cardiac drujisy.
CADUIUU. — Cadmium ii) usually found oonibinefl with ziuc, in th<
It n-fcniLih-i' tin in t-t'iiiTul upiK'iinimc, and iIh t-nlt» nrc whit^- iind \
nent; they ai* i-oluble in water. They are astringent and resemli
com!);p(>ndiDg xino willif, pitidiicing emiifii', but they arv principally fin
for their local ellecte. Smul! doses of the salts of cadniiuni cxciti*, w
given by tin; UKiiilh or liy|)')d<'rmii' iiijttction, i)il1riiinitalion of the f
intestinal niucoui^ membrane, and tdccration may occur. In additioi
may i'nii>e uidiliiu-Mi, 1i>hj< of e<>n*cii>ii>ni-Ki, and retardation of rirt^ulntic
of respiration. Alkaline curbonatcK and urhite of egg are the prop«i
dotei!, Thi- ointment of the iodide (1 to H of lard) or the olcjite may b
in chronic enlarj;enieiit of jfland^ or joints, and especially in (goitre.
aliK) been rt^commendud an an application in caeeti of enlart;ed splee
is raid not to discolor the ckin. Linclce ha^ made niie of injections c
inium *ulphat« in teueorrhu-a and gonorrhipa. The sulphate may I
ployed as an a»tnng<.-nt wanh (in wiliilitms, '/» per cent.) or as an oin
(1 to -H) beiizoinnted lard). The eolution ot the sulphate \» used as a
turn.
CAFFEINA (l.'.S.P., B. P.).--Caffelne, Theine {C,H,„N,0,+
Doe»,0.l3to0.85fim. (orgr. ii.x). li. P.^ 0.065 to 0.3S Gm. (org
I'reparalions.
Cair«JnA Cltmla (U.S.P.),— ntrBt«l C^tTcine. Dow. 0.005 to 0,32 G
gr, i-T).
Cnffcinii rittnln Kfrpn*CBt*us (U, H. P-J.^EfltrveBceal CUmU-d CalFi-inp.
A to VI C-ii. I'-i' 3i'li]l.
. Cnircitiw ritrnn (B. P.).— OitTeinM Citwlp. l>o»>'. O.la to 0,05 (Jin. (or f
OtfretnH- Citrn« EfTm-pacen* (B.P.).— EtTtn-rxpcnt ruffpjnp Citratt, I)n.
BOiu. IcttSMj).
Pharmacology. — CalTeine i» e feebly-haMC proximate principle ol
from llie dried leaves of Thea sinensis (Ternstromiaceip). or from th(
seeds of ColTca arabiea (Hubiawn.-), and fouiii! aUo in utber pbinln (IT,
an alkaloid 'nwually obtained from the dried leave* of (.'amellia Tbea,
seeds of Collea arabiea (11. P.). Purapuay tea, or mate, tbc Itraziliai
(Ilex Faraguensis). also contains oaReine, and is largely used as a ht
cnige and stimulant in Smilli America. It evicts also in tlio kol«-
Africa, ihc fniit of Stercidia aiunjinata (Hiereuliaeen;). Jt is closely i
to theobromine, esixtinj; in iheobroma ciicao, and to eot-ainc, found :
thro.'cyldii coca, both in ehemioal eomposition and effects upon the I
body,
Citrated caffeine is most frequently employed in medicine on a
of its greater solubility, but Tanret lias recently shown that by th« o<
of an eijual weight of sodium salicylate or benzoale the solubility of c
CAFKEINA.
SOS
HfRttly in«Teaaed. Antipj-rin ha* aUo been found to have the ttme Action;
Mtlut bv thif mc-sns the h^*podermic admin ietration is greatlj facilitflt«d,
fuul a half <>m. (or ^r. xxiv) of anlipyrin will t;nnhlo 1 Oin. (or ar. xv) of
Btine to diseolve in 30 c.cKi. (or fjj) of diEtilled water, with the aid of heat.
:& permanent 1 7- limpid solution.
CalTeine if in the form of coloricfi«, Eilky, inodorous ciyetals, Bporingly
jHiiUe in alcohol and cold water (75 pHrt.i), but much mon- noluhle In boil-
Lwnler (9.5 parts). It is precipitated from its aqueous solution by tannic
H, or solution of potawium iodide nnd mercury; with the latter reagent
l(it«oeit is ciyetalline, whereas, with other nlkaloids. the produet is always
'■Mtpoous when thi.i tei^t in employed. OalTcine waK fiT»l extracted from
oAk in 1S31, by Pellctier and Caveiitou, and by Itobiquet and Itunge.
Jtourding to Wurtj;,' it ehemieally is melhyl-theobromine (or trimethyl-
mihine). The caffeine of commerce is usually made from damaped tea.
Fhysiolofical Action. — It hns been claimed by Dr. Maya, of I'htladel-
phit, that the physiological effects of the ealTeme obtained from coffee dilTcr
bm ihoKe following the ndmtniittration of the alkaloid from tea. It lia^
bwa held that the well-known differences in the physiological effects of
_tatn<l coflec were due to other eonslituents, and especially to volatile oils,
1 a the ordinary method of manufacture these might still contaminate
tttReine. It has been shown that tea contains another base, theophylline,
Mmehc, but not identicAl, with theobromine and paroxanthine. The pres>
of this ba-te mi^ht also affect the physiolojt^ical resultj>. The experi>
Itiof Dunstan and Shopheard demonstrate that calTcinc and theine are
al in chemical properties. Mays claims that theine possesses analgesic
ties which are absent in caffeine; and that the latter will not utfeet
i, while the former causes palpitation. Theine, he has asserted, when
^^fWed hypodcrmically. produces local ona'sthesia, whereas pure caffeine
*tll Mt affect sensibility. Tanrel and Fauvel, on the contrary, regard
^*lEriiie as an efficient local antucthctic. Investigations with caffeine prove
« to ba»e very decided physiologieal powers. There in, after its administra-
^on, tt first increase, hnt later diminution, of the activity of the reflex cen-
'*** of the spinal cord. In frogs eon^-ulaions and muscular rigidity are
*^»ird: the heart's action is at fir*t accclernled and afterward slowed. Artc-
*i«I pressure at first rises, but subsequently falls. (Jaffcine stimulates the
•••omotor centre and exert* a diri'ct influence upim the heart. It assists the
•yitem to resist hunger and fatigue, ft has a decided diuretic action. The
**tTrtion of UTCa is at first increased, nflcrvrard diminislied. Sobieranski,*
•ltd a Kries of experiments in the line of Ludwig's theory of urinary secre-
tica, fotmd that, in animals killed at variolic intervals afler (he injection
«f i»digo<rarmin, this substance was secreted by the glomeruli alone; it
*»i nercr found in the bdsut epithelium of the convoliilMl tubuk-s, which
ptma izain that this epithelium does not secrete. Further experiments
■pond tSat after the administration of diuretics, and while the system i«
niDj gndcr their influence, the injection of indigo-carmin varies in its ef-
titfiL With caffeine the cells of the convoluted Inbules were no bmjier
*^ti, only a weak coloration here and there in the secreting epithelium,
^ittlio explains by the fl^nm]itinn that eafft-ine paralyzes the absorbing
fwnftf the corTolutcd tubules, and to this he ascribes its diuretic action.
•CflnlbUiU fir fhvtMogit. April A. 1900.
so«
rHABUACBCTIOAL TBBR.lFEITTtC AOEN'TS OR DRCGS.
The diuretic salts — sodium chloride, nitrate, and «cctnt« — produce
effect through the blood's increasing the secreting power of the gloi
while only dightlv affecting the absorbing function of the tubules,
and kindred subgtances stand between theee, as they raise the osmol
efficient of the g!orai-ruIi on one liiind, uhik- thi-y diminish the abu
power of the convoluted tubules on Ihe other.
When caffeine is given in nidinary dogc« the rate of respiration
duccd. blood-preffiure lowered; temperature Bliphtly increased. aft«
diminished. The cerebral function* are sliniuldled, and, in wme m
wnkefulne»! rcf-ulls. Delirium^ alone or associated with Ti«ual hull
lions, is sometimes excited by the udminiHtrnlion of caffeine. It count
the effects of nai'colic remeaics. and is valuable in the troatment of
poisoning, althou;ih not a complete antidote. When taken into the »to
cufTcine diffuses readily into the blood, iind is eliminated by the kidnc,
iJie liver, principally Small dosctt increase the appetite and facilitate
tion; there is some irritation of the digestive tract, increasing peristalt
in some cases causing venouii congestion and haemorrhoids. From a i
0.75 Gm. (or gr. xij) of caffeine. Dr. Prutt experitnctd restlesGncee, alO'
nees, mental depression, and tremor. A de&^ertspoonful of the citi
caffeine produced nausea, stupor, extreme pallor and debility, soft
slow and sighing respiration; but recovery followed Ihe use of emetii
applications, and brandy. Zenetii' calb; attention to the dangers of cB
\Vilh doses of 0.20 to 0.33 Gm. (or gr. iii-v), two or three times a di
blood-pressure rises slowly, but steadily, and the quantity of urine
creased, llelween the fourth and sixth days the patient complains c
gtriction in the choiit, dy-ipimcfi, nnd restless ni;!;hts. duf to increased
pressure. Death may result from tetanic contraction of the heart, C
continue* to heexcntlcd, from ihf urine, for at k'Hst ten lo fideen day
the last dose is taken: so that it resembles dipitali§ in producing a ci
tive elTecU Caffeiiio should be used with CHUtion in all renal disea
arteriosclerosis, and atheroma, and all cardiac diseases secondary to
Another danger of caffeine eon.*i»t« in the existence of idiosyncrasy oi
ing suBceptibilily. Zcnetz reports three cases of. in his opinion, deatl
enlTiriue; in each the heart was found tn be so slrongly contracted '
could be cut with difficulty. One was a young man with croupous
monia, who wa? only taking 0.20 (Im. (or gr. iij) three times a day an
died suddenly on the third day.
Therapy. — In migraine, caffeine citrata may be adminiatered, O.Of
(or gr. j) every hour, with excellent effect; or a cup of strong tea or
given. Where there is eo-existing liver, kidney, or stomach di^orde
should aUo receive attention. Ifcmicranio may be relieved by the t
ii^lration of calTeine, and the hypodermic injection of this atrent i^ snm
efficient in neuralgia; or it may be administered as follows: —
R CiilTrinw citrat .*■ I|30 Oni. or gr. ji
Plipnncctin..
PdIv. arrrnintip an 2| Qm. or Sm.
M. *t ft. eliHTitilio no. x.
Sip:.: A powder cv<ry (no or tliri'c hour*. Scrviccalilc tn migTBinc. niiil
rolgia nbniit llic sculp, larr, nn<l In ifinticfi.
'Wlnier mrdleMnctle Vrochensehrifl. Dec. t), ISIM).
CAFFEIXA.
801
B Ciffeiiw eit«t 1
Arruntltd , 3
Eit. cfliuiabii Indictt •>>....
U. (I A. cajAukc no. x.
Sl|.: A Mpmilf BTtrj iwo or Uiree lioun tor neuinlgk.
BQilTrin« dtrat 2
AmmoitU broinldi 12
Bbc. guuBue Oi)
30 Gn. or gr. xx.
25 Gm. or gr. 1.
ao Gm. or gr. hj.
Gm. or 5«s.
Om. or SiiJ.
c.i'in. or fjij-
Jl tciupoontnl ererjr hour or two uotil rdicvcd of pnjn ot ncurulgiu.
In defpondency and hypocLondriaEiB, enffcin?. or a cap of hot cofTec
will Sometime* serve a good purpose. It may be jjivcn in order to
•te ihe drowsiness which is often produced by a hearty dinner.
As a cardiae itimiilant in valvuliir di^^eoac^, diluted or fatty hcnrt, or
Itbr myocaiditie accompanjnng rheumatism, in low fevers, and in dropsy
rtoweak hean, palTeim? may be given hypodonnicnlly (O.OfiS to 0.13 Gm.,
^p. j-ij, every two to lour hours), or the aodio-henzoate may be employed
I lecomiiiendcd hy Huciiurd. When being ndmini»t,ered in these ca*ee,
Itina vill sonictimes give rise to so much insomnia that its use will have
i te abandoned, or, at least, temporarily sua[)endeil. Dr. Petrescii, of
t. indeed, cinims advantaf;e from largely increasing the usual doses,
titatH that h« hna adminiKlered nith good elTect as high as 2 to 4 Qm. (or
jr.Di-lx) daily for several coiiseciilivc days. Misraehi recommends the use
Itbesodio-bcnzoate in puerperal haemorrhage, and ethics that when given
itcfllly it acts more rapidly than erfjot. In chronic Bright's disease
i diminishes albuminuria and dropsy. It may be used in co-operation
hjdrago^ic cathartics in ascites. TTripmic coma may sometimes be
wed by the hypodermic administration of caffeine. The hypodermic
lioo of caffeine is also of e^sislance in the treatment of opium poisoning,
tuybe used durinf; the intervals of administmiion of digitalis, or, where
lib jfng is loo slow, given in ihc following combinations: —
!t CaScin* citrat. 3|2S Gm. or gr. I.
I.iqunr potawH citTAtJa,
E;4Titui wthrri* lutroii,
ufiu. (ii]|iuli« a« SO] c.em. or fjij.
.H Sg,: A liall-tviuipniinliil In vinler eVHy tlirn or four hours. Employ In
I btnUicitncy. attvTidvd uith ilrupsy.
Id T(«]c, dilated heart, with gouty tcndt-ncy, and in nephritis, the fol-
I ire nsefol : —
B tkffinw cifrat.
I.ithii cilTatii ..Ilk. .. iin C
Slrychnina? lUlphaL
01. maltkerto ..
^«t (I. (apuliD no. II.
ft Oiirtiaw dtraL 3
TIbcL (tropbiitthi ,... 4
AqiuB MmpboM) 00
50 Gm.
Oln Om.
or pr. c.
or gr. v..
Sig.: A ItMpoonlQl Ihrae llmca a day.
»ilU drop«7.
30 ccro. or mv.
Gm. or gr. I.
Gm. or tnlxx.
C.cni. or titij.
D« in pnrenehyniBtoua nsphritU
la poeumonia, or conceslion of Ihe lungs with weak heart, in elderly
"■■", eaffeine is an exceUent remedy in moderate doses (0.065 to 0.13 Om.,
SOS
PHARUACinmCAL THKBAPECTIC AflEKTS OR DRUflS.
orgT. i-ij, pvcn hypoilcTinicftlly e-rery two to four houn). It ie likei
value in the vfeafcened heart of typhoid ferer and pneumnnU. after the
atnge hns pawod. In tlic dinrrhota of rclaxntiun, typhoid fever, »p
cholera, etc., the eodio-benioate or eodio-ealicylatc may be used, in coi
lion with mix vomicii or sitrychnine.
Cholera infantum and the diarrhcea of phthisis are not infreq
benefited bv onlToinc, An asthmatic paroxysm may often lie rchevcd I
remedy. (Jn account of its tendency to produce wakefulneec it list
erally in the form of a strong coffee (eilher given by the stomach or in
into the rectum), long been a rslustile adjuvant in the treatment of
poison inc-
Caffeine Tri-iodide. — lliis compound, s dark-^rcen cryEtallin
Rtance, readily soluble in alcohol, is a slimulant and diuretic, which ha
need in cardiac dropsy in the do«o of 0.13 to 11.25 Gm. (or gr. ii-iv).
Caffeine-tulphomc Acid. — 'riii.i coniiionnd, inlroduced by Drs.
and Licbrccht, is claimed to etimulatc the secreting power of the k
wilboiit incr<-n.4ing blood -preasure. It has been ^iven in the form ol
dium combination, and, while acting as a ^ood diuretic, had no ill
upon the digcRtive prooeosee. The salt in, therefore, well adapted
treatment of cardiac or renal dropsy. CnlTeinc-aulphunic acid will alsc
with lithium, and it is thought that this salt vill prove useful in lit
gout, and gravel.
CAJTfPUTI OLEUM (U. S. P.).— Oil of Cajnpnt. (See Oleum Caju
CALAMUS (U. S. P.).-CalaBM (Sweet Flag).
Preparalion.
Kxlnctuni Calami Fluidum (U.S. P.J.— Flniil Kitrart of Calamus. Do(
4 ftcni. (or ntsv-fSj).
FhamiaoolOBfy. — The scraped and dried rhixome of Acorns ca
(Aroidetfi) is slightly aromatic and quite pungent to the taste, and i
minative. It contains Acorin, n nitrogenous principle, ■ volatile oil, b
add, etc.
Therapy. — In con«eiiucnce of its feebly-aromatic laslc, calamus Js
times iisehil, and is popularly employed, in overcoming a tendency to
lence, by chewing it *lowly siid swallowing (he saliva. It is eomi
adopted ait a substitute for tobacco, by those accustomed to chewii
■weed. It is a constituent in variuii* "bitters" used as appetiwrs and i
lant«. An infusion (31 Gm. to 473 c.cm., or Si-Oj) may be administe
wineglataful doses as a stomachic tonic.
CAICICM.— Calcium.
U. S. P. Salts and Prtparations.
Cain.— T.ime. N«l uwd iiilrnially,
i'»}\ Chliiratn.— Chlnrinntpcl Lime (nvajloblc chlarinr, 3fl p«-r i*nt.; ntt
properly cullfd I'liloiiile 'if limi').
Calx Su!ptiiiraln.— ."^uliihuratpd Lime iCVurfi- Caldum Sulphide). A mbei
Cnk'iuBi Miiiio-iil(ilii<li' Mini Siilphalp, aiiil Carbon, in vatyliij! pfoportioiw. Uom
to O.i:! Om. rov gr. V.-ij'-
CalHi Bnimidiiiii. — Tnlchiro llroniiilf. Dnw, O.dii to S Om. (or jn- \-xx.x.
t,AlCilM.
2(Kf
CaUl I -■■-■--.^ PrNwipiUdiA— rrecipjutMl Cak^ium Carbonatr. Dmw, OjBB to
• Oh. t«i 1 1.
C^Ml <. L .:^ui. — ^CVlcitm Chliwid*. Uow. O.OU>S to 1^ Gul (or gr. i-xx|.
Calait Uyt>(>phcM|ituiL — Cktciam Ily[>opha*pliitc. Done, O-Ofi to 1 JO tini. lor gt.
-'ptiKB Pncc>|MtatiM- — PttcipitatMl Caldum PhoKplintc.
LXXl,
Dane, ft«S to
' »>'ii -^iili'has Exnircatus.— Urinl (.^Iduni Stilptiate. CunUtDn ttS per ernl., liy
:ht, ■! cttlctuni MilphaU' uni about 3 )wr cent, of waUi. <PIiL«l«r ul P«ria Xur
I'Cvta i*TwiMnilB.- Tteparcd Chalk. Dotw, 0.«5 to l.ao tim. for gr. xxx).
It«dr>r|cvruiii ram CVvta.— Mcmirv with Chalk [mnrciir)', 3S (iiii.; chalk, S7
Ik, tWUwd b»nr,v, 10 tim.l. DoM. 0,065 to 1,30 Um. jor gr. i-xsl.
1 inltn"tifnTT ( 'ali^n. — Ijcne Liniment (eqiial partH o( limp-nnlcr adiI linM«d-«ll).
RMviVmMl UH! IftirniFrly kuuHO ao iwiroD'Oill.
LiifOtic C'ltlrto.-'i^iliilion <il linir, or Limo-wator. DoM), 1& to 00 &«m. (or
MWiarw frrtic- -Ittalk Mtxlun (coiiipouod chalk-powder. cinnamon'ttntRr, anil
«M(). UuB«. 4 t<i ir> r^m, lor (31-ivi.
thrtai— (TUKi i-'^lcv.^l'otana with Liinc. Vienna or Caustic I'aita (equal purtn
«H^ iia>a— «i Btiil Uincl.
nlvW CrwtiP Comtiixiiiiw,— C'oiTipuiind CtiAlk'powdpr Ipreparul chalk, 30 Urn.:
a^ Se Um : ■ufpir. M Gin.l. Diiu. 0.32 to 2 Om. lor gr. vxxx).
— ,,..,. I ..|.^|«,'^)>r»p of LiiiMi. DoM. S to 4 r^u. (ui fSm-j).
■ • il'ii |jictopho*{ih*tiii. — Syrup at CklduDi I,act€>pbi»pluitr. Dow, 4
I i3i 1)1,
■ . - IIj'i>oi>h<i)iphitiini.--Syniii of thf Hvpoplio*phitpi> tvakiiim. 45 tim.;
ii>, ;.~i (id),; Hudlum, la Qoi.: dUut« hypophonphnrou* ai-ld, 'i (iin.; apirit o(
><iiniT. and water to make 1000 &(«ii.). Dow, t to T.& c.cm. {or f3q-ij).
ri>i<u- Hjrpopkoopbituni cuin Fcrro.— Syrup of Ilypapho«pMt4« with lion («on>
'adat^, I art ovni.l, (low. 4 to 7,5 ccm. (or t3i-ij|.
I I . r'lPif , — Trnch« of ('balk (pnparrd chnJk, 0l23 On., or gr. Iv, each).
B. r, Satf;» and Preparalums.
rxlTL — I.ittM (otilalard bv ralrlninji rhalh. liitirnlone. or marbl*).
' ' rinata., — ChloriDHtcd l.iinv. pontaininx 33 jwr cvnl. of avail able ohlorine.
.'Iiiirala, tfulphiiiali^ I.im* la mixtilrv containlns not inurh 1i>m lliull
till <<f ralciunt Kiatphlde lCai>|, with cal<it)iii Fiilpliute ond <>>Tbuo). IV-*.
iMiAA (;m. lot or. V,-j).
■■-•.iiia< Pracipitatn*. — Prn-lpllat^d Calclwm Carbonate ( l'rBclpii«t«l
■ to 4 Gin. 'or (tr. xix).
:t . ■ ! um.— Calcium Hilortd*. Do**, 0J2 to I Oni, (or jr. v.xv),
.tcii My lira*.— Calcium llydruxMr iSlakcd Unic).
U |]y]M>i>l>iK^ibt>.- Calcium Ilypophoaplilt*. Dow, 0.£0 to O.OA Om. (or gr.
C«Jril Phcwphaa. — l^lclnm Hiotpliatp. Doar, 0i32 to 1 Gm. tor gr. v-xr).
t*rirparata.— I'rFpitnd (lialk. 1>om. 0.S6 lo 4 tlin. (or jrr. x-Ul.
rdraryjniin cum Octa. Urrrury with rlialk. Do«p, OjCMU to 0.32 Gm. lor
Liumrr <lalrl'». - Solntioo of I.imc I Limr'watcrK Pow. 3» to 120 c.cm. (or (Jiivl.
^—■ar Calri* ttiloilnaiw.^^liitloii o( l1ilorinat<>il Uiuc (3 p«r (Vnl. o( avail-
^^tiur I . I>i»c. I.S" lo 4 cent, lor mxx-fSh.
T-iaaoT < aW'i Sacchaiatai.— SardMralml Solution of IJmf (calcium bvdroxlile,
-Html Mijiar, 100 Gm.: dUlilbd iratvr, 1000 ccm-l- Uow. I.SO to 4 ccm.
1 . 'Tim CBtria-^Unimml of I.imc (c^nal parts ot 1iriie>WHlGr and oliT«~oil|.
I iir«tj;yi Flava-— VclloTT Waati (cormaivc nubliinDlc, 0.411 Gm.; liuip-
w 1. '
I lrBiV5>~' Ni^rra.— Blnck Wa^b (cnlomcl. 0.685 Rm.; Blymriii. S cxm.;
^_^i _. .(,.!n-, li-A f-em.; limp-wnlnr. <[. : ad IIW cjctn.l. For extamal inw.
)l^'„ , — Chalk Uixlurr. Doiw. I.t to 30 c.cm. lor fita-j).
Iv,j,,. .Vroinatku*.- Aromalii- Fawijer of Chalk I cinnamon-bark. 80 0«n.;
1*
4
■ittiU
810
lAmi'TlC AGENTS OB DJ
nu(nif);. 00 Gill.) dar«a, 30 Qui. ; oaiiLuniani'tredB. SO Otn.i sujcnr. 500 Uiii.i p
rlinlk. ■•■21) ilni.). Dow, OMi to 4 Qm. lor gr. x-5j|.
i'ulviit CT4-IW ArunmlicUH uuni Upio. — Aioinatlo I'owdrr i>( (.'linlk u'itb
(HinUininu O.OOft Gin., or gt. j. of opium in 2.U0 tim.. or gr. xl). Dow. 0.8.1
(jm. lorgr. x-xx).
fij-iupu» t.^lrii I^(iopho*phutis. — Sjtu]i ei Cali-iiun Lactopliosjihate.
to 4 c.pm, (i>r (3**-il.
Fhjirmnoology. — Lime, or calcium oxide, is an alkaline earlli
like potAs»)iiiTi niitl Mxliiim. dceompoei-fl wuUt nt urclitiAT? tempvr
Calcium oxide, when fresh from the lime-kihis. is in large, hard, g
white niai^fii-t-, conEtitiiCing what is known at, quieklimi'. which has {
affinity for water, even lakin^ it from the air. I'nder the infla«
moiHtiirc, lime ^encrati'^ heat and breaks up into & wet powder, whi
mixture of calcium oxidi- and calcium curoonnteit, and conslitutea
lime. Calcium oxide jb more soluble in cold than in hot water. Ch
calcium oarhonatc, i» a valtuihb unlidote in caKC« of poifoning by ca
Bulphuric. or oxalic acids. It is found in the housenold in tooth-p
convenient tor {.irompt ndmini.itnilton.
Physiological Action. — Some preparations of lime arc Bedatire,
astringent or cuuKtic; (luicklimc it irritating and eaustic to mucouB
branes. Lime-water and chalk are aetringent and alkaline: they redi
acidity of Ihe contents of the Hlimcntary canal, thu« relieviog irTitati(
also exert a sliRhtly astringent effect. In patients suffering from def
of lime iu the fond, lime-water ie a useful and acceptable remedy, at
be continued for a long time. Calcium phosphate Berres an importan
tioa in promoting the nutrition of th« motor apparatus, — bone, ca;
tendon, and muscle, The presence of a certain proportion of Wme-t
the blood is essential to general nutrition. When this amount is n
diBturbances arise, affecting particulorly the bony and lymphatic gls
syateniB. Calcium chloride is more of an irritant; it ha.n a reputation
inSucDcc as an alterative in strumous patients. Vienna paste is nscd
gery as a cfiustic. According to the invest igations of M. Binet, the i
the alkaline earths are capable of causing respiratory and cardiac afTt
from which death may directly ensue. They may also cauae deranj
of the gastro-intcatrnai syBtom. Evcntunlly they may occasion low o
ons excitability and muticular contractility. Toxic doses of calcium
the heart in systole. Culciiim exerts a special action upon the nerve
tem, occasioning a condition of torpor with preservation of reflex excir
and sensibility.
Therapy.— Lime is an ingredient in depilatory powders, which a
BUperieded by the process of removal of hair by electrolysis. Freshly
lime absorb* the products of decomposition, and is used as a disinfec
cesa-pools, manure-heaps, etc.; but the chlorinated lime, which preve
composition by virtue of the available chlorine, is for better. In thi
ment of onychia maligna Professor Vannetti recommends the applies
caustic lime. Lime-water is a stimulating dressing for wounds and
and, combined with oil, is uw-d as a dressing for burns. Oarron-oil (
of linsced-oil end lime-water. It is suggested that the addition of '
per cent, of thymol augments the value of carron-oil by rendering it e
septic application. A better dressing is made by beating up lard {uc
with lime-water and adding a few drops of oil of bitter almonds,
good preacriplion to use in burns will be: —
CAIflUU.
ill
B CUrIa pnpctn 4[ Gm. or Sj.
Add) nrbolfci 8| Clm. or SiJ.
OLoUvD.
Aqm ealrit an 1A0| cent, nr fjv.— M.
C)Rrron<oil alio relieves pain cansc-d by the stingy of wasps and other in-
According to Dr. Joseph Bell, applied to the face on a niasti of
hvool it will decidedly diininiiih the pitting in small-pox.
Lime-WKter ie of undoubted value alone, or combined with glycerin, in
ItTtfltment of acute vetiicular vczemn. It may be employed for this as
juother varieties of eciema, especiully when the Burfuce is dry and irri-
' .with very great relief. Pruritus, which often becomes intolerable in
and other inflammatory affections of the ^kiu, and itching: present
persons, may be relieved or cured by the application of lime-water,
I rote-water, glycerin, or one of the oils. A very suitable application in
FdiifflHc just referred to is: —
H IJi|uor cnlcto tX)
C^NMti
Pntnrlii (iR(4 carb. limpur.) ,. SI
Glywrini vrl ol, olirte SO
X. SiE" ^akc u*cll and mop om tli« ■uriace.
c.ca. or fjiij.
00 cent, or mx.
Gm. or Sj'
c.i^i. or I3UJ.
t.
For the relief of pruritus ani, Dr. A. L. Bcrger advises the use of a
fWW of cotton-wool soaked in the solution of chlorinated lime and inlro-
^w into the bowel. In scborrhtt'a, hyperidrosis. bromidrosis. and in
Wm of the skin and deeper structures, the preparation!* of tnlciiim are
AsBwd with gwat benefit. The following are excellent combinations: —
t Ckltii tarh. pr«t«ip. 3lj Gm. or JJ.
Lk). tMroglfOfridii <S0 p«r c«nt.) 16] o.em. or
K. Sg.: Snmr onr th« poiti bmiKd.
B (kkit riiIori<U,
(Urii tarb. pnccip..
Pair, smyll -. an 31| Om. or Jj.
JL Sig.: Dost over U16 vuttavi-, ttpedall; in oily conditions of the akin and in
' utd tctid penpiration.
' htpurd chalk is emph>yed very largely, alosfl as well as an ingredient
'MaT Tei7 good denlifriecii, on account of its antacid, astringent, and
*blne action upon the gums and the mucous membrane of the buccal car-
%• Guretson recommends the appended formiUa as being a good tooth-
I Ct*M pvcpar.,
Pnlt. IrSdb llor. br ICIS Qm. or Sa*-
Pal*. owi wpix 6l Gin. or Sij.
Old litnoni* q. a.— M.
htpaied chalk is a good dusting-powder in intertrigo and hyperidrosia,
•iwy be ttwd upon the surface of ulcer* as n protective dressing.
nr preparations of calcium are especially useful in childhood because
^^dcoeieiiey of lime in the_ food of many ehtldreu. I.ime-water added
••^ttgive* material for bone* and teeth, improves nutrition, and overcome*
"■d«Bcy to rickets, ll relieves irritability ofthe stomach and vomiting.
SIS
PIUHMACBtTTICAL THERAPErnC AOKST* OH DBl'GE.
The Bjrrtip of lime, or the Knglish MCcliaTiited aolulion nf linie. co
more of the base than tho solution, and is a convenient antidote to poll
bj ozalic, sulphuric, nnd other mineral ncids. In i^hildren'ii diarrhcea,
due to flour stomach, chalk mixtare is very useful, and may be combinei
an aiiti#cptic end opiate: —
B CrpMoti ..!>. ■..■••.••■•.....
Tinrl. 4|jii omph 4
MUt. ncte q. a, ad 00
24 c.^ni. or ntiv.
can. or tSj.
I'.i'iu. or tSij,
M. Sig.: A tcimpoonful every two houi* to a child two j-ran old.
The eame mixture is useful in adults, with coireEponding inert
do8e and the iiddilion of a decided astringent, such sr tincture of kj
fluid extract of colo-bark.
The following combination is said to be useful in phthisis and c
pulmonary affections; —
5 OwoBoli 101 ccm. «r fSUnti
AtcobolU (90 percent.) SO c-«Di. or fSliJ.
Cnldi phoflphnt i.... 199 Gra. or Sv.
AqUH- ilMtillata 1815 c.mi. nr fSv.
Srnipi !■.•■■> >... 1051 c.nii. ur (Siiiw
vini alba iMnlnga) q. s. ad lOOOf P.cin. or Oiifji
Each tablu^poonful contuins about 0.16 com. (or mii>«) of crcosc
0.33 Gm. (or gr. v) of monot-itlde phosphate.'
Other very effective prescriptions contaioiug Umc are; —
B Cnloil onrhonntls prtciclpltatl IS
Tiactum csUchu 30
Tiaetune <n>ii m.. 7
Spiritua chlorofomil - lo
Pulvi'Tia ni'svitp 8
Aquip mcnth. pjp lOS
Om. or 3ilj.
CJ.1II. or fSj.
f.CDI, (rr f3ij.
p. cm. or fSiv.
<im. or 3ij.
cjcm. or f^vii
M. Sig.i One or two teospoonhiU in water evsry hour or two, (or acu
rheea.
B Ijquor cnlci*.
EkI. roln corticls H.,
Syrup, aoa(^la^ an. 30[ com. or tSj.
M. Sig.^ From onft to two teitBpaontula in water or milk i<ver; thrwo
boun, for chronic diHirliaia,
Special Applications. — In veri' vounj; L-hildnii linnj-wntpr alone
Gcient wht-rc tht motions arc too frequent and water}' and aoid in tl
action. It is also oswd per enema ngninst th rend -worms, ami it may b
as an injection in leucorrhtra. In diphtheria much relief is expe
from the iw of a spray of lime-water, preferably with the Ktcam-at
ilirceted to the fniiccs, or from inhaling the vapors from slaking li
is filaimed that the lime loosens the false membrane and partially A
it. It i» iilw useful in the same manner in croup and plastic lironchiti
Tapor obtained from chlorinated lime is advantaneoupiy inhaled in ha
In adiilts. where it is desirable to administer milk, it in often found m
to add lime-water to it to prevent curdling. In the nrtiticinl feeding
fants the addition of lime-water to cows' milk is of decided service
dering the curd more soft and flaky, and conseijuenlly more cn^y of di,
' Journal rf™ PraHrlent, Feb. 24, 1900.
CALCWIX.
213
tnd lim«-wsier will not infrequently relieve ga*lnilgi{i. and even, id
iii(1fln(.-V¥, the puin of gactric carcinoraa. In the latter affection it also
the Tomiting- The prolonged administration of lime-water render*
wme slkHltnc. and hence it may prove useful in lithiasis. It has been
that, ander the fame cin?umiilani.t:»i, cnrbnmic acid may appear In the
The acid is united to the lime and causes the fluid to emit an am-
odor. In combination with opium and aromntioB, a» in the piilvig
tntr ■romaticus cum opio of the British Fharmacopreia. chalk is of great
niKin diarrbcea. The carbonate of ealoiuin is likewise lienefieial iu diar-
Aut, and, finely powdered, is a good application in intertrigo and acute
KWDa. Calcium phoiiphnte itt ufeful in rickets; aim in anmmln, general
Militj, diairhrta, in small dosee.. given frequently; it appears to have a
tisnltting effect upon Ihv liver, and should be given in preference to mer-
m fn infants with day-colored stools, and in jaundice. I'he anarmia due
l>pr«{ii»« suppuration, or to lactation, may be rcmedii'd l)y the- adminigtm-
IMI of this salt. It is advantsgeoua, moreover, in mollitiea ossium. delayed
nuBof fractured bone, caries and neerosis, and scrofulous inflnTiunation of
ftthmphatic glands. The hydrated phosphate has been warmly recom-
Mutd ai T«]ieTing the sickness of pregnancy.
CUx eulphurata is useful in styes, acne, and furuncles; given in 0.015
fcWGm. (or gr. '/,-»») dojcs several lime." a day, it hastens maturation of
JMltlta. If given early, it prevents the formation of pus, but. if suppura-
tahas occurred, oalrium sulphide limilx itit exieni rtnd fnvnr^ larly and
W(toe evacuation. This combination is serviceable in both acute and
«bwjc eczema. It is likewiM' bemllcial in the suppuralion of scrofulous
fnb. Dr. Frank P. Sorbury finds it nseful in acute tonsillitis, especially
<(Riiiniius patienls, u-ilh n tendency toward rn[)id suppurtiiion. It prt^venta
• Snits the formation of pus. Dr. Withcrle, of St. Paul, slates that cal-
ow nilphide is beneficial in the early #tage of pulmonary luberculosiH,
pto itt dosca as large as can be tolerated. The swelling of the upper lip and
^9 'd Di« nose so often seen in scrofulous children may be decidedly im-
Jiwri b}' the exhibition, night and morning, of 0.015 Qm. (or gr, '/*) closes
'falduin fulphide. In diphtherin, during ihe period when the membrane
■ (naraing and suppuration is taking place, Phillips recommends the ad-
■aiitrttion of thi.< jalt in dnsea of O.Ol to 0.015 Gm. (or gr. '/o-VJ every
^ore*erj- two hours. A case of etephantiaais has been reported in whicn
SiriiJt vag successfully employed.
It is given with good effecta in ophthalmia and sores in scrofulous chil-
Calx sulphurata is the otTicinl ei|iiivnlent of calcium sulnhidc, which
Wen used in conjunction with defervescents by Dr. T. SI. Lloyd, of
BrtaUyii, X. Y., in measles and scarlatina, with the apparent result of
■Mfing the course of the fever. In pertussis the same remedy reduced the
mbei and severity of jinroxysms. It was administered In dose» of 0.03 Gm.
(•fjr.ai) half-hourly to children between two and five years of age. Rubbed
^nth Mgar of milk it was taken without repugiiaiu r. Tlii" >^It will occa<
■••IIj produce an eruption of vesicles, pustules, and furuncles. Dr. A. M-
ftfca advocates the treatment of di)>hthena by Icical swabbing with a mixt-
Biof carbolic acid, tincture of chloride of iron, and alcohol, and the internal
tdniiuitraiion of calcium sulphide, 0.05 Gm. (or gr. V.). every half-hour for
*9^od of thirtv-«ix hours, water being taken freely to help elimination of
Attuio.
r:
214
rilARHACEUTICAL TUERAI>BIJT1C AOKKTS OR DItVGS.
Calcium chloride (not calx chlorata) is given, veil diluted, in g\m
enlarj^cments, and is Kaid to be curative m oczcma aad lupus; it i» cli
that it aida cicatrization in tubercular ulceralianii, and ia useful in c
and colliquative diarrliwas in strumous childreii. Calcium chloride
vomiting produced by the presence of sarciniE ventriculi.
Dr. Crombic, of the aael Indian incdiLal ticrvic<-, has found ca
chloride efficacious in the treatment of boils and pneumonia. Dr.
Wright hsE ascertained by experiment that the addition of calcium ch
to hlofld renders coagulation more rapid. He has given the salt inte
with advantage in a case of haMnophilis, end Etif-^et-tit that it will prove <
in the treatment of internal tiffimorrhage and aneurism. He has knc
to arre*l an obslinatcly-rccurring epi«taxi« and a seven; case of ha'iiio]
The same writer had prepared a "physiological styptic" by adding 1 per
of calcium chloride to the fibrin obtained by whipping frethly-drnwn I
This preparation occasions prompt coagidstion and occlusion of wound
a case of ha^matemesis and gaetro-into«linal hemorrhage in a child i
old, L. A. Parry' gave frequent doses of 0.32 Gm. (or gr, v) of cslcium
ride everj' hour during the day and every two hours at night. The
took 10.35 (5m. (or IHO grains) in three days, when the medicine was 6
tinued because bleeding had ct-ased for twenty-four hours,
Dr, S. Solis-Cohen prefers the calcium chloride to any other dt
the trealmciU of tianioplysis, administering it in doses of tl.$h to 1 Gi
gr. x-x\) every second hour in glycerin, simple elixir, and water, or in;
of gentian. Dr. Saundby has employed the same salt with eucoom in pu
heemorrhagica, admiaistering 0.38 Urn. (or gr. vj) every two hours d
the day. Sir J. Suwvcr lius employed the chloride in chronic pulm
tuberculosis with gooa results, and stateg that in addition to its other a
iMget it will oft*-n suppress night-sweats. Both the chloride »nd th
bonate have been serviceably given in order to restrain baimorrhage t
by n fibroid tumor, and to check menorrhagiu.
Calcium liypophosphite has a special reputation for the treatmi
phthisis, and is a iigeful tonic in such cases. The compoiiml syrup i
hypophosphitea with iron or strychnine, in appropriate eases, i& one ■
best general systemic tonics that we possess, especially when prescril
follows: —
B Syrup, hj |)oiilioap)itU comp..
Syrup, fprri inctiilis ■> 1201 tjna. or f^«,
Strychnlnte iiuliihnti* iOI5 Gm. or gr. ■
U. Sig.i A hal(-tables|ioon(ul in wat*T three times n dny.
Calcium bromide was brought forward, by Hammond, as a aubf
for bromide of potassium in cases where the depressing effects of the
would forbid its use, such as epilepsy or choieii, in anieinic subjects (in
of 8 to 8 Gm., or 5s8-ij). Professor Germain S^e regards both the bn
and chloride &s advantageous in the treatment of dyspepsia and man
eased conditions of the stomach. This salt would, however, seem
adapted to fulfill the indications of a bromide in rachitic sid>ject». Th
mide is said to contain one-sixth more bromine than the potassium brc
Hugh Woods prefers the calcium oxylodidcs to the other iodine prepam
as containing more iodine. According to the testimony of Dr. Becbe
' The Lonca, July 16, 16S8.
CAIXIL'U.
SIS
mem-
obormtod bv I>r. Lnvrence, the calciom iodide
oup. These writers advisie that O.Ol to 0.0; . , - „ - ,. , .„
KMolvvd in water^ should be ffina ereiy fifteen, thirty, or eixtj minutes,
taeofding to tbt> •ererit}' of the symptoms. Gnibe hits reported' good results
■ £ab«C«e meUitus from what is called the "esK-shell" trcatnu-nt. the pa-
tet talnng a leospoonful of povrdtred egg-sholl daily. lie has suggested
I pvwder in imitation of egg-shells for the same purpose and haji obtain«l
tan it vary viicoumging rwults. Onibc's powder contains calcium car-
Waatc. 95 part«: u-ith calcium phoaphate ana magneaiura phosphate, each,
ly, part*. Of thia* Gm. («roj) are to be taken daily. The syrup of calcium
auaphate (made by dissolring calcium phosphate in lactic acid, with
-flower watirr and syrtip) is a pleasant and very useful remedy for im-
nutrition in young children, eapecialiy if there bo a scrofulous taint.
Kins about 0.75 Gm. (orgr. sjj) of calcium phosphate in each ouncfi.
I a valuable agent in treating many skin disea.ies due to malnutrition.
tCDubinatioo may be advantageomily pTr«cril>ed, in vesicular cmphytcma,
bronchitis, phthisis, debility, and waiting diseases, thus: —
■ Sjrrvp. emiell lactopliovphatla
OM (anltlMrri*
Palvvria acAcuc
Unaar paacrmtlci ,
OM BKirriaua^
H rt ft. emulKio.
Sg.: A tablctqKMtttiil three times > daj,
I>r. H. V. Knagga ascribes valuable nntisj>osinodic properties to calcium
■^kttr, in apasmodic diseases. lie gives 0.O03 Qm. (or gr. Vm) ^o ^ child
■eyear old £ttfr«ring with convulsions from dentition, mcnlngiti«,.aud even
■to mbcrculosiE. A saturated aqueous solution of the bisulphite is an
■BtOcnt non-poiAonoua di»inff«tAnt. Tlie preparotions of chalk, if given
kkiXB daec* for a cousideiable period of time, may form intestinal concre-
fm^ Calciom aalicylate, a salt which is sohihio in water, haa been rocom*
■■dad aa a remedy in diarrhtea, eapecialiy that of children, llie dose is
b^O 51) to 1.30 Gm. (orgr. viii-xx), and it 14 given either alone or combined
■lb tnunatb aalicylate. It is a white, odoness, and tasteless crystalline
00
c.cm.
or ISiij.
2
ccm.
or mxxx
4
Gm.
M 3i.
wrt).
SO
ftt'UI.
IM
can.
or IJv.
Calrinm carbide has been need in inoperable cancer of the nterua by
r, of St. Petersburg, for its caustic action when bn>nght in contact
Ma water and th^ disinfecting properties of the acetylene. I'nder its use
j^MarrbaiQe has b<K-n rheoke<] and the ulcerative proccKsc» retarded.
Oaleia^ Eoiolate is a sulphosalt of the aliphatic creoAote esiere.
lid to contain ZT> per cent, of creosote. Its formula is given ox
Kt)a^'*a- '" large doses it produces griping pains in the intestines,
The iherapcutic do*e is fmm 0.25 to 0.65 Gm. (or gr. iv-x)
jur timea a day. It is a grayish powder, feeling to the touch like
mxe<i pumice-stone. Its odor is slightly pungent and somewhat
it* tartc a little acrid and leathery. It a soluble in from S to 10
, at cold and in ? parts nf hot water. It is ven- slightly ^iluble in
, u>d insoluble in chloroform and turpentine, but is readily dissolved
Jfmani4e/te. Ma}-, I8M.
*I8 PHARJIACRmCAL THBRAPBCTIC AOKNTS OR DRCOS.
by hydrochloric, citric, and by eome other org«nic acids, while it dii
only slowly in acetic acid.
Dr. Hi'iimch Stern,' of Xi-w York City, gives the history of n w
fthle esse of diabetes inapiduR, in a buy of iiixteen ycani, vho vim paasin
one and oiic-liulf gullon^ of urin« per day that had a BpeciGc gravity 1
than vater. He was dwarfed in ataturc to that of a cliild of seven yeai
for a long time hud shown no etgnii of dovelDpmciit. (.'iidcr the ca
eoeolatc treatment, in conjunction with 3 com. (or mxlv) doees of fli
tract of ergot tour linieH a day, he for the first time in ycnni steadily
to incieaee in weight, lost his nervoumeas, the hydnuia gradually <
iiihcd; though occasional increases occurred for a brief period, tlicrc '
iucrease in the excretion of solids, and thirst was diminished. At th
of the report the patient still coutinucd to improve.
Five cases, reported by Dr. Stem, of diabetei; mellitns under trei
with calcium cosotatc and n milk diet ceased excreting dextrose, goi
weight, and improved otherwise. One of the cases at a later date c
endocurditi^, Ten cai^ce of phthisis ^huwi-d di^cidi-d signs of improi
under small doaes of the eosolate in conjunction with other remedies
CALENDULA (U. S. P.),— Karigold.
Preparation.
Tinctum Cftlenduto (U.8.P.).— Tincture of CaUndula (80 per oent-J _^
io 4 c.ctn. (or tSnrj).
Pharmacolofy and Therapy.— The florets of Calendula officinalis
Eiflsito/) L'imtaiu a vcihitile oil, an amorphous bitter principle, CalnidllJ
ow coloring matter, etc. It is used as an cittmenngogue and as a diaph
in ract-nt infusion. In the form of tincture, it is reputed to be tonif
spasmodic, and alterative, and may be employed locally as a rcvidi
sprains, bruises, or in superficial burns and scalds, resembling amies
applications, though less active.
CALUMBA (IT. S. P.)— Calnmba (Columbo).
CALITMBa: KADIX (B. P.)— Caiumba-root.
Dose, O.iJa to 0.(j6 Gm. (or gr. v-x).
Preparations.
Bxtraclum OlumbB Fluidum (U.S.P.)— Fluid Eitract of Calumb*.
to 2 c.em. (or mxv-ixK),
llnctiira Cbluinbs (U.S.P., B. P.).— Tincture of Cnluniba. Dote, 4 to 7
lor (3i-ij).
l.li]iior Oiliimlm Conccntmtus (B.P.). — Concentrnled Solution of C
(calumbM. 600 Gwi,; niooliol [HO per cent.], 225 c.eiii.; distilled wnlcr, q. a. i
c.Cin.). DoM, 2 lo 4 c.i-m. (or tSw-J),
Intusum Cslunibie (li. P.). — infuaion o{ Calumba (6 per cenL). Dose, 1
can. (or fSn-j).
Pharmacology. ^ The mot of Jalenrrhiza pnlmatn (Meniepem
P. S. I'.: -Inliiirrhiza Columba (B. P.) of Africa contains, among it
'Journal if thr .Iwrliviii IfrdiwiJ .^aimiHaliiin, xxxiv, p. 487.
CAH80CIA.
Sir
it*, berberine. calumbin, calumbtc acid, and starch. It is free from
, Bti'l ili.Ti'fnrv it«>fin-ii«nitt<>nsinay be combined willi Iron.
Tk^tologicftl Action and Therapy. — In composition and pbydological
Omni oklumba rescmbloK <iiifls«iA ami goiitinn, though lighti^r iind more
ETceable than some of the other remedies of this class, and more acceptsble
a the fftoniich. As a bitter tonic, caliimbii may be used during conro-
■oeDoe. nr in atonic dvspcpiia or other enfeebled constitutional conditions.
1 if belicTcd to be Hom««'hut wdative and antlsnosmodic; in cnKes where
tm qvalitT is required it would be better to use the fluid extract or powder
BkiB the tincture. A email do«« of the tincture or infiiKiou of cjilumba will
tltea relieve nausea and vomiting. Atonic diarrhopa is benefited by cahmiba.
Vkm the tincture is prescribed as an appctiter, the danger of forming the
tfoobol habit should be kept in mind: —
B Ext. CNinntMa 13 Gm. or gr. ij.
9ndU U<«rt> as Gm. or ^. x.
PkIt. rbei .... 32 Gm. or gr. v.
PuIt. tjagibcra 95 On. or gr- X.
M. rt fu chBrt. M<tt* UIm no. xxs.
SC'! TaJce <ph brlore tath lolid meal, tor weak dlgmtion.
Am ■ good carminative miiturc Dr. Crulchfield prescribes: —
Tr. nUn^b*
Sbl Mnnaii. BMnat
TV. cardkin. <o. q. •. ad BO
Doae: Tablnpoonfnl la vaur a> i«qair«d.
p.vm. or f3iij.
c.cm. or fSiu.
c.cm. or f3IIJ.
^BDt. SdiQltz hax had ver^ good rctults from the tincture of calnmba tn
Vtmtmeot of ^stric catarrh. Calumba has been especially recommended
■am rahublr tontc in convale»cenoe from influenxa. Dr. A. F. Myers,^ of
ig; Olen. Pa., conpiders calumba as the best of the vegetable tonics;
< a stntnachic in mild formi- of dyspepsia and as a general corroborant
eoDTalescent stage of acute diseases and in general debility.
CAMBOOIA (U. S. P., B. P.).— Gamboge.
0.006 to 0.20 Om. (or gt. '/„-iij).
Prepttnlion,
ntNia Ckmbogin Conipo^U (B. P.).— ComiNnind Pill of Gamltogc (oontsinina
^K. BarlMilor* alnr«, Mmpouni] rlniDnnnn powder, of Mcli. 1 |>«rt; hard luiap, 2
with •jrBp of giiKxiM. I part. Mix to form » ma>i|. Do**, 0.26 to 0.50 Gm.
i«-Tiij».
loology. — Gamboge h a gum-resin, obtained from the Oarcinia
((jntttfcnc): a tree of Siam, It consists largely of gambogic acid
' crnt). and is partly soluble in alcohol and ether, and fonnn an cmul-
Twitli water. It has no ofTiciuI preparations in the V. S. P.. and is rarely
l)v itiielf. but is a constituent of the compound cathartic pill
I pill containinE O.oi.i Gm., or gr. '/*. '•f gamboge).
IkTrioloffiesl Action. — Gamboge i« not a syetemic, but a local, irritat-
^itjrc It '* "' tir^t tftitclcse. hut afterward nroducea an acrid taste,
taereued Accretion of saliva. In Ihe intestinal tract it has a drastic,
'JTirflMl «M>' Siirfl<ol Feporter, Ma^ 1(1, 1RB8.
ns
PUAIIMACELTTCAl, tllKIIAPEUTIC AGENTS OH DRCOS.
hydra gogic, cathartic elTocI. It stiinulatefl llic inteatinal glan<l3, but m
liver (Bulhorford), and is also believed to have some power as a diurel
it iinparte a bright-yellow color to the urine. It carriea off the bile i
intcHtina] cansl and prevents reabsorption. Large doees cauee vomitio,'
fpastro-enteritia.
Therapy.— Gamboge hae no local eff4>ct beyond staining the skii
v/ae (oMtii>rly uHod in cardiac dropiy ait an hydragogic oathanic to car
large quantitiee of fluid and promote absorption, but the compound
?[>wder aoeomplishe* this renult more quickly, agreeably, and cert
he compound cathartic pill is a good remedy for constipation and i
beginning of the tn-atmcnt of malarial jioJAOuing. In minute duies I
Gm., or gr. '/,o, every hour or two) it is claimed that gamboge affords
relii^ in flntnlcncu and intcKtinnI indigestion. j
CAHEIXIA. — Tea. The cxtomporaiiooiwly- prepared infusion i
dried Itavts of Camellia thea (Temstrcemiacea;). or Chinese tea-plant, i
•0 widely u«ed at the table as a beverage Hint it hn)i yiven its name
evening meal. It contains caffeine (or thiini'). theophylhne (Row
Tolalik- oil. lunnin, etc. Green tea is made froni the younger leavex,
with a moderate heat, so as to retain their color (^omclimea fraiidu
colored with Prut^sian blue, turmeric, and copper), while the black
made of the older leaves, and contains more tannin.
Physiologioal Action and Therapy.— The i-lTcet* of tea are not
represented by calfeiiie; probably theophylline, which is isomeric with
bniniiiii-. und the volutile oil assist in pmdiicirig il(i |ihy*iological actioi
the system. Br. Thomas 11. Mays claimi- (hat the physiological flcl
calTi'inc di'riv<-il fnmi Camellia is dillirent in its tffectii from tliat of
It is an antidote to narcotic poisoning by virtue of its caffeine, and b
monv and many alkaloid* on account of its tannin; jt is also a physio'
antidote to agents which depress nerve-function or the heart. In smal
infused with boiling water, tea is an agreeable stimulant, removing a
of fatigue and giving a feeling of well-being. It is useful in hcadachn
overwork or worry, and will often relieve migraine. Tea is an accessor
but. on account of its convenience, it often becomes th* principal art
food for persons who think tliai they cannot sjinre time to jirepare
meal, or have not the appetite to eat it. In many cases of what ha
called tea-drinkers' dyspepsia, in sewing women, it is found, upon ii
that the tea is drunk with every meal, and that very little food is lake
it except bread or hot biscuit. Such caeeg of debility, palpitation
heart, flatulence, anorexia, constipation, etc., are not really instai
"theism," but cases of starvation and chronic indigestion, and requir
food, sunlight, eiercise, and tonics. Men who deal in tea. and com
taste it, only exceptionally show sj-mptoms of n«rve-disorder ascribi
this cause; even then it may he due to idiosyncrasy, for persons ha
fcrent degrees of susceptibility to the effects of tea. Some cannot m
all; others are proof, apparently, against any ill effects. Many can
black tea who cannot stand the effects of green t^-a. Strong green t>
embarraes digestion and give rise to constipation. Tea may also di
the tendency to sleep and in people of highly-m-rvous tempemmei
'Ze((»chrift fur FhynMogit^ Ohrmle. Themprulle nasrite. March U^
CAUftlOHA.
219
■t ulMtiiiatt? wiik«rulni>M. Unliiiurily, itio idwUtiiI^ use of tMi rolicve*
ifMr lutd di:ip(Mei> to nientxl cheerfulness.
Ihe tluiil (.-xtract ut \va may Ue umsl with fiotxl i<lTect iii low fevcis u
ri^nlnut. an<l in tvplioid j^iieiiiuouis, in the some cIas& of cases as uien-
CJJCPHOBJl <U. S. P., B. P.).— CuBphor (C,3uO).
DoM, 0.0G5 to 0.32 Gm. (or gt. i>v}.
Preparatimts.
Cmatfiimm (U.S. P.).— Civpltor C*rat«.
ir>il|illiili SJonobroBuiU lU.S.P.). -Monobromated Cnniphor. Dom, IK0S3 to
*». (or gr. i-r).
A^aa (*>in[ilionr H'. i>. P„ IL I'.l.— ('amplior-niler |C. S.P. Mnlaiiia 3 (ini. to
ks^Bu, nr irr. Iv-fjji, I>om. 4 lo IC r.ci». (or fSi-irl.
SpMtMS CMnpfaot* (U.8.P., B.P.}^-8pirit vt Canphor (tO per cent.). Dom,
»t> 1.90 CCM. tor MT 3UC).
UalBKBtiun Campbone (U.S. P., B. P.).~~<.'Biti|ihoT Linimenl, Oampharetad Oil
' r, SO: cottonarrd oil, SO part*). External uk. iln D. P. olive oH b lued.l
Incatan Ounptiora Ammanlalam IB. P.). — AmmnnUUd lor Compound)
LMf Ounpfaor leainpltor. SOGm.; oil of Utrndi-r. 3.5 r.mi.: lUong •olution of
l^pMis. lOO «.»!.; Alcohol {BO per Mtit.], a nufllclcnl ({iinntitj In ninko 400 c.rm.).
^■TtaftnrB Cmm^toK Compout* (& P.).— (.'<iiiii>c>iiiia TitK-lure of Camphor (Pare-
^Pk«r taivgarle Dixlr: tinctars of opium, nilli bonuiic acid, camphor, oil of aniw,
^■almko)). Eafli t v<m. (or drachnil contains th» «iiiiival«&t of 0.01C Gm. (or gr.
PPtf «eliuD, or nsailf 0.5 iHilligraoiini; of anhydrou* morphine ia each cubic ccnti-
Mk Dobe. S to 4 cnn. lor f3*a-J).
fnnAnr U a coaatitu«»t in lh« foUonln^ oflieial pn-pamlion^: CamphomUsl
tatvs irf tqrium, compouiul morphine powder, and enin]>ound inuMaril linltiient
iCS-F.)-. ooap. betladuBna, and chlorofoini liiiiiiimt* il'.S.P,, B.P.); cumpourxl
MAHVoC rwnpbor asd miutard llniinml <It.P.>.
narmmeologj. — Cunphor is "a etearopten (having the nature of a
■J obtamcd from the caiDphoMref. Cinnumomum Oamphora (Luu-
' purified by sublinution." The tree is n nstive of the Kattt Indies
It rontaing a solid, Tolntile, fatty eiibEtance. or stearopten. which
mil parU of the plant and erTilalliEes naturally in llie wood and under
Aj collected hy nativee, it is called crude camphor, which is sub-
It pprifiiti imd itiibliDi<.'<l in thi« country. Camphor come* in white,
t, partly-cri-stalline maaaee, of penetrating, aromatic odor and a
•rrid tofle. It i« lighter than wetor, in which it is very ^parincly mIu-
19 readily dissolved by alcohol and ethereal aubatances. Camphor
•oluble in mtUc, which may often, therefore, be used as a coQvcDtent
It » easily i^ted and hums with a smoky flame. With chlornl-
mpbot combini.>« when triturated, forming an oily liquid. VTIkh
^•rtv of camphor are rubbed with one part of crystallized carliolic aeid,
laqoid ia formal. Camphor nnnot bo powdered by trituration alone,
hrn mni-t-ned with alcohol, chloroform, or ether
ical Action. — Wlien applied to the skin, camphor slightly irri-
rvddens the surface, and probably dilTuae» through tuto the deeper
so ae to Fieri u local sv(lative effect. In considerable doeee, nun-
■■■ vertigo and confusion of )de«s. diaphorenn, delirium, or stupor,
■-- ""ilepiiforin convuhione and maniacal excitement. There is
refli'i excitability of the spinal fx>rd and mutcuUr weakness.
ra^^ I he fint manifestation of ita toxic action has been a audden
220 PHARMArRUTICAL TDKRAFBI.'TIC AOESTS OR Dlttroe.
lorn of cotieeiomnc«« with or wilhout conviiUionii. rpon <hc circuUU
EtiiDulatin^ effect is observed from small doses and the arterial tensii
wiwd, bill Inrger doses cause prostration Knd wenknew of thit )ieart':« ac
Camphor is autiepasmodic. and is a valued sedative in allaying abna
nerroti* cxcitubility often (-ntountered in women. (Specially in caws «
opium disagrees or is undesirable. It is, in full doses, a sedative to the
crative functions and allays pain attending menstruation. Poisoninj
followed the use of a Eatiirated solution in alcohol (Rubini's tincture, <
called "motlier-finclure"), which should not be used for internal admin
tion as so small a quantity as 0.fii) c.cm. (or mvij) has produced poise
effects. Toxic doses jtive rise to inflammation of the stomach. In cat
noisoning, if any of the dnig remain in the stomach it should bo ren
Dy the itoiaach-tube, thi^' patient allowed to drink cold water freely cor
ing ma^edum sulphate (31 Gm,, or 5j)> •nd the symptoms combated
arterial stimulants and hypodemiic injections of morphine and atrc
X^amphor is eliminated by the kidneys. lunRs, and sudoriparous gland;
Therapy. — Camphor is highly prized iu the household, for head
and various neuralgic pains, the spirit or "Eau Sedative" being applied
a handkerchief or a flannel bandage. It is also a common ingredie
popnlar liniments, Camphor-chloml is used in neuralgia and myalgii
rubefacient and anodyne. It dissolves moq)hine readily: —
R Morjihinm aulpliat 1130 Gm. or er. xx.
Cain|)liorch1ornl. 8| Oiii. oi Sij.— U
For local application to painful upot*. ■■
CavaKEani applies to chaucruide with excellent results a mixture
parts of chloral -hydrate. 3 of camphor, and 25 of glycerin.
A combination of camphor and carimlic acid (3 lo 1) is a valuable
septic dressing for wounds, the odor being more pleasant than that o
bolic acid, and, the solutimi being aiindyiic, it cannot be diluted with
or glycerin, but mixes with oil or ointmenis. It is a beneficial applicat
herpes and erysipelas, In vaginitis, vulvitis, and jiara^sthesia of the '
This liquid overcomes the fcetor of lochial discharges On account
anteslhetii' pr(j[>trlii-s it is useful in tin' Ireiitment of invL-rted toe-nail,
been successfully given by the mouth in doses of 0.30 to O.CO c.cm, {<
T-i) for the relief of gastric and intestinal catarrh, Carhidic-ncid cai
is a serviceable local remedy in pharyngitis or tonsillitis. Partestheeii
often be relieved bj the topical use of this agent, either in its pure st
weakened by some suitable escipient.
Salol and camphor, ami belanaphtol and camphor, aI?o form fluid
ing valuable antiseptic powers. By mixing equal parts by weight of cai
and absolute alcohol, and dissolving pyroxylin in the solution (in th
portion of 1 to 40), an excellent substitute for collodion is obtained.
phoid is the name given to (he fluid, and it is also a good solvent for sa
acid, carbolic acid, and iodoform. Oamphnid forms, in drying, an
film, which is not dissolved by water and is a good coating for abri
sup<Tlioial wounds, etc. A mixture of equal parts of camphor and roi
diluted with a mineral oil is useful, according to Dr, Sctn S. Bishof
lO-per-cent. solution in acute nasal catarrh and laryngitis. In hyperti
rhinitis a SS-per-cent, solntion can be used, A 3- to 5-pcr-ccnt, solul
lufliciently strong for injection into the ear for disease in the tymp
CAMPllOKA.
331
A Mlation of camphor in ether (30 to 180) has been applied to erj-
iakltm infliuninalioii with benefit. Camphor has bee'u used for the pnr-
rofalxirtin^ boils, llie seat of inflanimntion i» toitchod thntc timi:.* n
rrlh an alcoholic solution, anil, after this has eveporut«d, the surface is
NRnd with camphorated oil. Powdered camphor, likewise, is an efRcient
ndication to indolent ulccn;, and has betn used with success upon specific
vKtsof the gentiaU. Inhalation of a solution of camphor in colo^e-water
flTtsrriief in that form of headache, which may occur at the menopause,
jiu^or and morphine, locally introduced or applied extemallj' on a hot
ktR«d poultice, allays toothache. A liniment or ointment containing cam-
phr is useful in chilblains. The camphor ointment of the National For-
nlny (camphor, 'i'i; white wax, 11: lard. (i7 parts) may be used as an
•{ahntion to indolent ukera. Camphor, either alone or combined as fol-
lw», jieWs serviceable untiprurities in eczema and pancsthesia: —
ft CaDiphone,
BtUnaphlol. .
<3L anUi«aiidift
Bnnath. nibnit , 4
fPulvFria DMrantie ..., 4
ttngt. (ind oiidi -.. >• 31
aa [OS Gill, or gi. x.
80 «.em. OP
Gtn. or
Gm, or
Gm. or
mv.
QotpliOTtD SS Om. or gt. x.
HpliVTM ■ublimati S Gm. or 3«h.
Q. cntalypti BO e.em. or mix.
Cmmoll , no r.oni. rir invU],
Uogt aqiuu roo,
Dagt dnd oxldi aa 1315 Gm. or Sm. — M.
Cimpbor with salicylic acid {14 to U) combines with the aid of heat,
•tin the form of ointnu-nt, has b<;cn used in Inpiis and chronic ulcers.
iTbsdor of camphor is inhaled with some relief in coryza. Camphor cerate
'inwfal application for chapped bands and roughness of the skin, or th«
*R|6cir can be incorporated in suet or lanolin: —
B Cknipkonv ..^ Z' Gm. or Su.
OL Brroli .....I.....,,. ,■,,...>,...,,• 18 c.cm. ur tniij.
.WiiU carbolic! -- --.. 24 c.cm. or miv.
hv\ , .,,, OS Gin. or 3>i>
I K. 9ig.: Bull > smalt pircc in the pnlm of tba tend until loft, and Dpplv over
I WBrfice lor chronic rriu'mn: rhnppfd linnilxi SwtRM VB th» tip4. nt tin- UTiglc o(
. WMtlh, or arouiid th« nipjilM, anut. ur genital □rfrnns-
8 &»pltone
01.Junip«ri
I Uuoljii.
^HL Sg.i Uae id th« dianuca above named.
Ij.lO Oiu. or gr. XI.
120 ccni. <rr nixx.
31{ Gin. or 3j.
Internally, camphor is valuable as an anodyne, antispasmodic, and cnr-
_ iIji*, in diHinliT* nf (he digestive organs attended with pain or cramps,
** ii generally combined with aslrinsents and opiates. Velpeau"* diar-
■*»ixtwre con^iMs of «iunl jiarts of spirit of camphor, tincture of opium,
^ tnmpound tincture of catechu.
ladiarthfca Hope'* camphor mixture in iiscfnl, cspeeifllly in diarrhwa
I'l^mtion in elderly subjects. Parrish's camphor mixture (niistura cam-
H*" iwnwitica, X. V.) it nl*fl valued: —
tii
rUARUACBUTtCAL TIIERArBimc AOEKTS OR BRCGS.
fl Gin. or gr. xvj.
)2fl Om. or gr. iv.
R Tr. Uraadube 00. ISO* cmt. or t^ir.
Sarchnri .... 1110 Om. ur Jib.
AijiiM CHitiphorw 473 ccni. or fixrj, ,
M. Sig.: A tnb1e*poon(ul cvciy three hour* (or diMxha*.
This remedy is lilcewi»e very serviceable in infantilo diarrliutn Ii
' been found efficient in jVeUtic cnolora, provided it be given at the ince)
of the disease.
Camphor, in 0,13 Om. (or gr. ij) pills, ie serviceable in dj'emenon
hyoteriit, uml obst-urc uervotis manifrstntions in wnmen. It may likevi
given to relieve palpitation of the heart. Monobromated camphor i
teamed n valuable remedy in c-hordec and irrituble bladder; it has also
used in spaemodic affections, hysteria, epilepsy, chorea, delirium tiei
whooping-cough, etc
B Oamphonc 1{30 Om. ov gr. xk.
.'f!theri« q. a. ad ft. pulv.
Ammonij vniboant. •■... I| C
Pulv. opll
M. tl d\v. in clmrltilffi no. xlj.
Sig,: Gh-e one evrry two or three hour*, in eorj-si.
In ordor to allay the mental excitement of liystcrtn, M. Blocq orde
B Camphor, monobrom ' 3| Gm. or gr. xlv,
R\l. (|uaBitn> 2{ Gm. or 3nl
Sj-rllpi q. (,
M. «t ft pit. no. XXX.
SIg.i One, two, or thr«e pills & iay.
It has likewise been sticcei^fiilly omployod in s^omatorriust.
Bourneville has obtained excellent result* from the kdmiDist ration of t
bromated cumphor in the trcalmt'nt of epilepsy, accompanied by fre(
attacks of verti(;o. As a result of his siudies. Dr. Bouniuville eonclud^i
in vertiginous epilepsy the jidministration of monobromated camphor
is remedial, but in the typical paroivsmal variety it should be giwn tog
with a combination of bromides. It is a curious fact that the additiot
few drops of camphor to a glass of water will, when injected into the ret
produce a prompt evacuation of the bowels, thus offering a means of
coming a tendency to constipation.
Camphor has at times been successfully emploved in the msnagt
of roaniii, mclnncbolin, and delirium tremens. A combination of can
and opium relieves the after-pains of labor. The same drugs are a
tageously given in the form of a suppository after operation.i upon thi
thra, and in prostatorrhu'a (enlarged prostate), cystitis, and, in fai
all diseases of the genito-urinary organs, according to these fonnuliB>-
B Cnrnphorte,
IMororm. vel arlstcl. vel iodol ■» 4| On. or SJ.
01- theobroiuHtia q. S.
M. rt ft. luppaf. no. xv.
Sig.i Insert one, when neMssary, Into tho bowel.
B Camphoric,
I.upulinl , ak 4\ Om. or !}.
IvxI. bfllBilonnw tolior. alc>. ..................... 116 Om. or gr. iiu
Ol. theobrotnntU q. ».
JX. et It. «upp(»itori> no. X.
fig.: Insert one in the bowel every two or three hours.
I
L'AMrnodA.
As camphor escapes from the system largely by tlie bronchial raiicous
■mfafatt*. it » a ueofu] remedy in cbronic bronclutis, especially when
amniaf in the weak or aged, or associated with cinphvgcmA. tt« Ktimulunt
' taa* zcoder it useful, also, in capiUary bronchitis ana typhoid pneumonia.
'Ytorahatance may be Tery wrviccahly administered in typhus or typhoid
■ ■ the eruptive fercre, in ordi'r toBtreni^hen theactjonof the heart,
iiaetx,* of Tokio t'niverjily, Japan, in fact, for fiv« year* has
m omphor to the excltujon of all other medication, in typhoid fever, ad-
■EUrtniniE 1 Gfn. (or ki"- "') daily. Hv consider* it superior to any othi'r
^faf tint he has employed.
Is influenza L>r. F. W. Uevereux Jjong prescribes; —
I Mrltua cKTnpbotw,
1¥. I*rand. co ., , Ml
Kb. rbluruformi 4
HiMiUs. trM«»««atk 00
A«BM ^. •. ■<! 180
v. H^.t X«ra tabi eapoon fab trtty fourth hour.
ccm. or fUJ,
c.cm. or I3i.
c.cm. or fjij.
can. or flvj.
!- r.inivDt of camphor, or camphorated oil, is an ejccellent application to
. Knd painful breasts during lactation. Injections subcutoncously of
< mtt-d oil n re said by Alexander to be of benefit in tubeiculoBis, acting
innc, ftrcnf^thvning tJie heart, and rcduciog fever. In laryngeal tuber-
I be appliea it directly to the lesion. He injects 1 c.cm. (or mxr) daily
Ftnnr i-nnAccutive days, and, after an interml of eight or ten days, repeats
□t io the eanie manner. Dr. L. Gaussia has made use of this
v^iiiUM\i'>n in threatened henrl-failure, in influenta, pneumonia, typhoid
, and other debilitating diseases. This writer gave 2 to 4 c.cm. (or gtL
t) daily of a l-per-cenl. to 5-per-cent. solution. B. Alexandet* linn for
years used, in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis, hypodermic
■<>B« of the caniphoralwi oil of the German Pharmacopoeia (1 to 9),
rcmarlcablc beni-til. The injeclione are made once a day, 1 to 3 eg.
I It '/^'/,) each, in febrile or afebrile ca.ie9, or 1 eg. (or gr. '/») every
rforfotir days and then suspended for eight. ImproTement is noted after
neond injootiou. even in advanced ca»es. Dr. Courtin reports good re-
in the treatment of tuberculous adenitis from injections of a mixtnre
if J pan each of bctanajihtol and camphor and 4 parti! of 60° alcohol.
ilomeol i» an artificial camphor obtained from oil of turpentine by treat-
^ I*, vith bvf^rochloric ucid. It i* said to he identical in chemical compo-
Kim. and to clo«ely resemble, in its physical characters, the natural cam-
'inr. AceordiniT to Stockman, it has the same elTt-eis upon the circulation,
u iliowa a tenrlt-ncy to depress or paralyze the pneumogastric nerves, and
^Bcc9 palpitation of the heart.
Ckmpboric Acid is the product of the oxidation of camphor with nitric
t^^ It occnnt in the form of fine, white, cri|-«talline lamelln, melts at 368.6°
> (.lightly aoliihle in valer, readily soluble in ethylic alcohol and ether,
k a viihout odor, bat has a lompwhal and and slightly astringent taste.
babnllhT person it produces coQ^estion of the face, neck, and conjunctiva,
vitkaain in the brad. It checks the secretion of sweat even in the normal
■a, Mt •oeni'* to have no influence upon the saliva or to cause drynois of
'Awnul of <*0 AmtriMm SItdttat AfoeiaiUin. p. IS3S. vol. ssxilf. Nor. It, ISM.
•■«M*n*^V mrdtcimUrht ITnchruokNri, F»4i. tl. ISOO.
Mib^
PHARUACBLTICXL TKRRAPECTna AQEXTS OS DRUOS.
the throat and ekiii. Camphoric ncul is etimiiialed in the urine and
servi-s lliift fluid from uuderjjoing putrt'Iactive changL-t) for swi-ral days,
may he giv«n in dosw of 0.50 lo 4 fim. (or gr. viil-lx). ITie 1-per-cent. t
tion in water may be used in laryngological practice as a epray in catai
alTi'ctivDM; it probably oxerts some antiseptic ta veil n» a aedative el
The local application of a 2-pei-cent solution of camphoric acid is uj
in aculc coryxa, Wi-nde recommend* the following ».» a. good applicatig
intertrigo and acute eczema: —
B Acidi camphorici 4| Om. or Sj. I
Binnuth. BubniUat.^
Zinci cBrboant.,
Pulv. amyli,
rvtrolaL,
].Anolln. nnhydr aa S| Gin. or Sij.^
M. fiig.: Kor exltmal um,
A l-per-cetit. solution ia a aerviceable gargle in many forms of
tbroat. In combination with other remedies, such as boric acid or boi
borate, it is valuable in trotting slnitigiirY and irritability at ibtt bla<
and in the night-sweate of pbthieiM. The ammoniaeal urine of cyst!
cTieeiiily ck-arwl mud rendered ncid by the adminiiilratton of 1 (Jm. (or gi
three times a day. It is of avail, also, as a local rcmt^dy in chronic cy*
the bladder being unshed out twice daily with a ', j-per-ci-jit. snliilior
stronger solution than 1 per cent. i§ too irritant for use. In the □
sweats of pblhiHi» rampboric acid i», perhaps, superior lo any other rer
From an elaborate course of clinical experiments on tiftcen phthisical
aged from 18 to 5a years, Afanusii'lT has nscL'rtaiiied thnl. when it has
tflki'ii fur Novcrnl successive days and then diseonlinued. the jweats reap
but graduallj-, and only attain their initial intensity in from three 1<
days flftiT the last dose. The remedy never gives rise to or increases
rhtea or hffimoptysie. It causes no unpleasant effeets beyond slight heat
and some uienlol excilement, which is succwded by sound sleep. The
prcBsion of night-aweats is produced by daily doses of 2 Gm. (or gr. xx
in"rt-; certainty by single doses of 2 Oni. (or gr. xxx), according to the m
ments of Combemale. Ur. Howard has also seen camphoric acid n
profuse pcrspiriitioTi in acnle rbenmatisin. In a case of myoma i
uterus in which excessive nocturnal sweating had followed electrical
ment. Dr. Ralph St'ieltmon, of Kdintiurgh, cmlered 1 Gm. (orgr. xv) of
phoric acid at night, and afltr taking it for two weeks the tendency to s
ing ci'inpjctely disappciircd iind never relunicd. The same aiitbo
used it in cases of hvperidro-.is after influennB. and in other cases i
there was certainly no lubcn-lf pre.sent, and, in all of tlieni, doees of 1
(Jm. (or gr. xv-xxx) gave fairly sati^faclory or good results. Dr. Stoc
emphasizes its value in non-tubercnlar cases, fte considers it as efSei*
atropine, but in some obstinate cases it is leas powerful ns an anhydrotic
picrotoxin. Its toxicity is very i^light. It may be used in spemiutot
and in enuresis; and it has also been thought to have some influence
epilepsy, chorea, hysteria, and other spasmodic affections. Wien a
and camphoric acid are heated, they combine, forming mse-colored crj
which are soluble in ether or sflyceriii, find nmv be used (dose, 0.065 t(
Om., or gr. i-iv) in spasmodic atTectione. Sodium camphorate lias also
used with similar, but less decided. ctTccte.
C1XKABI8 WDICl.
itB
CAHVABIS INDICA (\J. S. P., B. y.).—UiUa C«iiiiabu, Indian Hemp.
Pnparalions.
Extfmrtum OumkkU Iadk« FlnUun (U.S.P.)— FtuM Extract ol ladian Cftn-
L Urn*. n.CMt to O.OO ccm. lormj'S).
E3.trKtuiii CkniMbU Ittditm |U.S.P., P. &).— Exlra«t o( Ii>diui CannabU.
fca^l>.« Um. <ar jir. luj. H.P^ O.OIS tA <MM>5 Gni, (or gT. V.-JI.
Tteetun CitBtiKbia Indiov (U.S. P., It. P. j .— Tincttue of Indian Dmnabla (It per
MUU.&P.i a per root, a P.). DoM. O.IS toO.MQ.oin. (ormU-TllJ}, a&P.; Q.90
kl r.tn. tor mvxv>, B.V.
?tuirmacolofy. — Cotinabii! Indka ofGciulIj- is "thv flowering tops of the
irnti*! lilnni of Canoftbis sativa (t'rticaceie), {erovii in the East Indies." The
Aaencaa litrnip grown in th« Southern United Slatc« io Cnnnabie Anicr*
' : 't there are no olticial preparationH. Indian hemp should not
i with Asdcpias incarnata, trhich is egmctimce called white
h^top, or wit]) ApocyDum or Canadian liemp. The flowering tops of
ifasmlw pliLnt of Cannahis ratira, as etatod above, alonu conttitutca In-
bemp. A confection made from it h called "hushiiih" or ''gunjah";
inr..ni<r VJn'l IS known as "bhang." The American and EaHt-ludiau ploiita
. the same, bat the latter contains a larger quantity of the
jiiti.>.4-i>'0. which un- a rc«iri. Cannabin, and a volatile oil. From the
■MT be obtained Cannabcne, of which the hydride ia a cryatalUne sub-
Thp resin app<-nr» to be or to contain the active constituent of the
W<>o(3, Spively, and Ka.ner{ield, in addition to several terpenes, iso-
[ I vnbetaiicc from the rvsin for which they proposed the name of Camia-
bri. Bt oxidizing the resin with nitric acid, BoUa and France obtained
a aystaUuitf sulxUiice, oxy-cau»abine' (CioHjaN^O,). Cannabin lanoate
tefaKO employed in medicine in doses of 0.065 to 0.65 Qm. (or gr. i-x), but
t Am* not Mppesr to have very active therapeutic powers. Churruv is the
Hi*K name for the impare or crude resin. A watery extract (the Extractum
(naaliu Indioe .'\i|U'>»uni Fluidum}t according to Dr. Cowun Lccs, has a
—ifiit anodyne and hypnotic effect, white free from the intoxication, bor-
tau on poisoning, which follows the i»c of the olcoholic prcparationi.
TfedflMi for adults is from 3 to 4 Gm. (or gr. xxx-tx). It is claimed by Dr.
Ifli to be especially valuable for the relief of cough in tubiriuloHiit of the
tap and nl*o as a soporific in diseases of children. Uashishin is an unofli-
■laleoholic cxtmct watihed with water, u««d in dyspepsia t&d gastric neu-
«e. ( t>o*e, 0.04 Gm., or gr. */.. per day).
n^rsiolopeal Action. — Indian hemp has no local action. Upon the
^■tinn an<l circulation no evident effect is produced. It acts like opinm,
mitn ritmiiUting the nervous system and afleruurd depressing the vital
tmsionM^ The primary stage of intoxication is accompanied by exhilara-
rhich lasts for »ome time before sleep occurs. During this period the
tion is aclirely engaged, intent upon visions of its ow-n creation,
aC firet are pleasant, hut which after awbile may become terrifying.
ic^nd, a« "B* of the first manifestations of the toxic effect, thai the
space and time ere diMurbed and hcc-ome exaggerated; there ia often
e^ns*^ ot double consciousness. Numbness and tiniiling in the ex-
ftr<c obaerrnl, followed by anscsthesia and diminution of muscular
^ ManUH. oa "th* AcUv* Priaclpl* ol Indlsn H^nip." Uneft. Jaa.
SSfi
PHARMACIfUTICAL TUEKAPEL'TIC AUE.VTS OR DRL'US.
sense. Oanndbt* is antispasiaodic. a&algeuc, hypnotic, aD<I, in thi' Eo
believed to be aphrodiAJac. If a Large dose be taken, coma or catalepsy
BUiwrvene, but a fatal t-ffccl rarely followic. The Bubsi^iiui-ju rfcult*
indtilgt-nce in tliis drug as an intoxicant are duUneae and lassitude, ve
and headache, and cUurcKis, but not constipation. Frequent wt of the
brings about mental deterioration and unfitness for labor. The abu
Cannabis Indicn is a nrnlific cause of insanity in Eastern countries,
irreeiatible impulse to kill ie, accordinj; to Dr. Thomaa Ireland, occaaio
one of the characteristic symptoms of intoxication from this drug. I
R. Mursliall reports an interesting personal experience in which the
ucteristic toxic symptoms were produced bv a small dose of Cannal
0.1 to 0.13 Um. (or gr. iss-ij').* A case has been reported by Dr. J, N
Hyde ill which, after a dose of 0.06,5 Gm. (or gr. j) of Onnuahis Ind
pupular and vesicular eruption made its appearance upon nearly eterji
of the body, and pave rise to sevt-re iiohing. Tuxic Bymploms Sieve
manifceted after taking two doees of 0.75 com. (or mxij) of the En
tincture, four hour* apart, as in a case reported by Dr. Antony Rodie.'
Therapy. — Owing largely to the uncertain quality of the drug, 1
is not cnijiloyed to the extent that its physiological action would wai
Cannabis Indica has been found extremely useful in acute dem
due to mt'nial anxiety, and also in melancholia. Thiii a^ent aUo mi
successfully prescribed in order to combat the wakefulness of del
tremens, and good results hnvi.' bei^'n ascribed to it in the mnnagcmc
tetann& It has been employed with advantage in chorea, and may i
times be of avail in epilepsy, .\melioration has been produced by
remedy in senile trembling and paralysis agilans. In neuralgia and mip
food results follow its cautious use. In other painful affections Can
ndica may be resorted to with advantage. Dr. Stephen Mackcnz.i
found cannabis of value in the severe headache of cerebral tumors, in eh
and persistent cephalalgia, and m the violent pains of locomotor ataxia
ha.* found it of aerpiee al.io in gastralgia and enteralgia. It may be ai
istered to mitigate the sufTcring caused by the passage of an hepatic or
calculus. In acute or chronic rheumatism, in gout, and in carcinoma
may often be very scrviccably substituted for opium, over which it hi
advantage that it does not derange the secretions.
Cannabis Indica quiets the delirium of cerebral softening. Dr.
Edes, of Boston, has, in a number of instances, observed the use o
drug to banish the tendency to bad dreams. It allays the itching of ec
Til the itching which accompanies many cutaneous affections, and pa
larly in senile pruritus, the internal administration of Ciinuabis Iodic
otlen iifTorit relief. In various uterine disorders it is used to relieve
and bring about contraction of uterine muscular fibre. The pain ol
nn'norrhiea may not infrequently be controlled by Cannabis Indica
influence upon the muscular structure of the womb renders it vnlual
mcnorrhagia. It* virtue is enhanced, in this affection, by combination
ergot. It has been found particularly useful in the abundant floodinga '
sometimes precede the menopause, and, in fact, it possesses consid)
power as a general hemostatic.
'tancrt, Jsn 23, laiiT.
• Lancet, Deo. U, 1698.
CAh'KABIS IXmCA.
2£?
CionibU IndicA has also been used with advantage in ut«rine Eiibin-
•dndoD and chronic cmlonietritis. The hen(Iaclte« which nttciid Ibe ^rand
doarinic will sometimes vitld to this remedy. In combiiiutiun with mix
Ttmicait if reganU-d bv de Schweinilz ii> of vnliio in headache dependent
■ftaietinal afthenopia. It may be productive of ^ood results in impotence
unoBMted iriih grOM leiion. In ^pn^iii of the bladder and dyauria it ^ives
aJttf.iad also, io acute gonorrhu-a with cbordec, wc see good effects from
liabitMtion. It can be given in either of tbego combinations with marked
taxSl for relieving the latter distressing symptom: —
B Extnrti cnnnablt Indica H S ceta. or fSii.
Sotii bram'tili .. ., ., 12 Gdi. or 3<1J.
JbL (odie nujith. DO c.cm. or fSiij.
tftVf. auruilil 00 c.rm. or (Jij.
9^: A tablMpountul at 1)«I-liine.
B«peut every hour or two uiilil relieved.
Kr. Uj.
R I'ttncti Mnmlib Indiv* >..> 180 Gta. or
Chlontlu 4] Gtn. or
£itr*rU opU |38 Om. or gr.
01, Ihfotiroiiiatia q. «i
H.ft ft. luppOMtArin! no. xij.
Sf.: In*nl one in lh« bowt^l ou tvUriug, and tvery two or three lioura nbm
" nitli chordee.
I^ fome praciitioucri it io esteemed of value in acute and chronic
' :'i disease, the presence of hematuria especially indicating its employ*
■bL Trial hts bi.'eu made of the drug in diubete;; mellituii. Though it
■f.it UmeB, be able to moderate cerebral irritability, it exerts no marked
MKtux upon the coukc or severity of the diBca^e. The spasm of asthma
>Mirtime6 veiy rapidly relieved by hemp. In whooping-cough, also, it
■IJWOTe of ferviee. It is a good remedy in irritable or reflex cough.
jUckenzie recommends tne use of Cannabis Indica in hay fever and
|nathiBa. Gi-rmuin S6o warmly recommends CannnbiG Indica as a gastrie
wtiTeof particular value in functional disorders of the stomach and bowels
Hndtd with puin. acidity, and flutulenco. Hv advi«u3 0.04 Gm. (or gr. V«)
inktextract to be given in three doses, or it can be prescribed in the form
■Atflaid extract, and creosote added with great advantage:—
B Eitracti canitahi* IndicBfl. ■■■ 3 10 crm. or ml.
Ciraaoti ■•• 30 c.cm. or niv.
SjTup. acociiE 90 c.cm. or fjiij.
k, Ei|^. : A Iranpooitful brioiv mvnia.
b » also of value in the treatment of gastric ulcer and may be com-
■rfwith silver nilrate, the cllicacy of which it incren*cK. Cannabis Indica
iiaidby Blacconnell to be of value in diarrhoea dependent upon indigestion.
(^■Bttni Indica i^ mii\ to do good in (exophthalmic goitre, and to enrc, in
iattatices. the opium or chloral habit. The tnnnate of cannabis is a
l»J hjjrnotic, and lia* been u.ied for insomnia among the iniwnc. The rame
pKpotT it shared by cannabin and cannabinone. both of which are given in
■•bo/ 0.03 to 0.13 Gm. (or gr. ss-ij). The oil of hemp-seed (oleum cannabis)
■•diTtni^ fixed oil expressed from the seeds; it is green in color, disagree-
tUtio nanll, and bland to the taste. It is used in tlie manufacture of a
pwn Mft-coap of deservedly high reputation in treating ecscma and other
*iiidi«t»c*.
Tilt tiueture of Cannabis Americana is regarded by some as equal in
SW MtABMACKUTtCAL TUEBAPEtmC ACEST8 OB OTUOS.
value to copaiba or esndal-wood in the treatment of gonorrhtea. The
arntion should be made from tho fruiOi plant and be givt-n in dotre o
H drops three or four times a day after subsidence of the acute sym)
CANTHAHIS (U. S. P., B. P.).— C»nth»ridM. (Spanish I-'liw.)
Preparaliaii*.
CoUodium CMDtlividatum IU.S.P.).— Cuntharidal Collodion lOO per cent
Oratum Cantliaridin (U.S. l*.!.— {'■ntliarldHi C>rat« (canthnHdcs, 3S Om
low WKX and rMiii. au 18 (ioi.; lard. 32 Gin.: oil of turpviiline. IS ccin.).
Eiiii>l&Mruiu PieiR Canthandatuin (U.S.P.).— PlBntcr of Pitch and Cnnth
Wonuiug Ilnotpr (Iturffuudy piU'li, DS Gm.; cenitv of ounlliaridM. 9 Uiu.).
TiDautn CuiUinndU lU.S.P., R P. I. —Tincture of Cniitb«nidM IS per
Do«», ((/.&!>.). 0.0G to 0.00 ccm. (or mix J. (TIm Brltjth UaotOM is only 1
crat.). Dow, 0,30 to 1 p.piu. (ur iiiv-xv).
Acctum Cnntharldls IR P.).— Vin«)?]r ol CnnthnridM (10 m cont.).
Liquor EpispsHticus (it. P.). — BtiBUiinc Liquid ISO p«r gctiI. uitli nctlie '
Ungucntuni Ciinthntidia (B. P.). — Can Umridc!* Ointment (cuntliaridc*, br
Om,; benzoat«d lar<). |i) CIm.).
Ein|)lniiituiii Canthaiidia (B. P.).— CanlliaridM PlatttT (35 per CMt.}.
KiiiiilRHlrum Calclacicna (D. P.). — Wanning Planter.
Colkwliiim Vctilcanf (B. P.),— DliatCTing Collodion tMlktorlng Hqiiirt. 4C
pyroxylin. 1 Gm.l,
Pharmacology. — Cantharis Tcsicatoria (claeu, ln.secta; order, (
tera), the dried beetJe, occurs in phnrmacy in a dried slate, either wl
in a more or lew frngmontnry condition, or as n brownish powder, in
the bright-preen fragntcnt« of the elytra are very noticeable. The ■
very irritaliitg, and the eyes should be protected whi>n ihc drug i« po
in \he mortar. The p«rfcct flies are stronger than the powder, whiel
has hixn damaged by the ravages of mitos or lower forms of life
active j>rinci|)le u Cantharidin, u fiilty oryataili)!abI(; principle (di*(
by Kobiqiiet in 1810) which is contained chiefly in the soft parts, an
cially the gen<'mlivc appunitii^, the blood, and in the eggs (Lcidy),
soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, etc. Besides this, which is th«
agent, there is a gri,-cu oil, black matter t<oluh1e in water, u yclloir
matter, fat, calcium and magnesium phospliatcs, acetic acid, and a ■
principle upon which the fetid odor depend*, and which, accorc
Dragendorfl^, acta upon the syslem like cantharidin. The green c
matter appears to be identical with eblorfipbyl.
Physiological Action. — When applied to the skin, an active prep
of cantharide? cuu.i..s binning pain with hyiKTR'inin, lo which, in th<i
of a few hours, succeeds the formation of vesicles, exhibiting a tend
nm together and form a large bleb corresponding with the area of i
tion. if the action is continued, sloughing and ulceration result
engorgement of the capillaries in the superficial slnictiircs i« as^ociat
ansmia of the deeper striicturcs. When applied to the chest, the li
demeath becomes pale and anemic, and, if its action be too long cor
a bli-iter may cause inflammution of the pleura: or it may produce
nitis if applied to the abdomen. Slight olevntion of temperature attc
action of the blister, which may be followed by depression of iem^
and weakening of the heart's action, Constituti'mal eifect* may bo
by absorption of the active principles throuijh the integument, AVhe
diiced into the stomach, canthnridos is capable of selling up much ir
and even gastro-enteritis. with vomiting, or purging and tenesmni
OAKTBARItt.
sciples soon pass into (he Moor], and at fir<l $lie;litly etiimilole the
ion; but the vffect is moet marked upon the genito-urinary organs,
kidnpyB are the chief orgnns by which thoy are t'xcrete<i. Cxtrome
jt»n ul ili« bladder is produced, the urine is voided frequently, and,
tn the con};i^ted stale of the kidneys, often conlsiRs nlliumin and
There mny bv Eupprcfi^ion of urine. ^VsMciated with this is priapism,
ilh puQ in the (;)»"» peiii», urethra, bindder, and aching in the renal region.
b«(bu)»: i>( the; external genitals has been known to occur in consequence
I UN administration of canthartde*. Toxic doses, according to Cnutieri,
■■Kt rapid ■.liminuiiun of blood- preeeure, dctrcasiiig the force of the heart's
0WD,\iut increasing ihepul&e-rate. In fatal ca8<j4 intlamtnatorychaugeRare
hod in the alimentary canal, with inteme hypertemia of the bladder and
Th* mlgar notion that cantharidc« causes erotic scntationi, or increased
imwer, has no foundation except in the evidences of conceetion and
ition of the urinary passages just rcfcm-d to. The resiiltfi of Evral-
: • few )^ins of Spanish fiies may be quiie aerious, and it is regarded
I law as a penal oSvmts toadmiui^ler this drug surreptitiously and with
liBtenl. The treatment of poisonin}; by cantharides is by bland drinks
l«ptal«« and a hot bath. Bismuth and cucuiiie are also of eerriee, Animal
has aim been recommended as an antidote. An anesthetic may be
nompy. — misters are usually spread with cerate of cantbarides, or
ibly with the cerate of the extract of cantharidod, the prescription
•• follows: —
Ocrati caatbandis, q. t.
litt iMplaatnuo 2 X 3 In.
4ft i Aypij to dMlimaUil spot nnd kIIow It to rvmaiii tour hntin^ Thrn rtimovc
Mhrtitate a poalUcc.
Tie fikin oTCrlying the effusion should not be remuvod. but simply
to allow the serum to escape; the spot is then dressed with some
ttt. such as «uet or bcnzoinatcd lard. A good wny to raise a blister
•la BK the blistering collodion and paint one or two coats over the desired
Ma. and lay over it a piece of voieu paper, under which the blister raises
X a !«w hours. Sain I- Philippe has snggeeted that the danger of strangury
falcwenrd by the preliminury use of an alkaline diuretic until the urine
Ikobw alkaline. It is likewise a good plan to sprinkle a few grains of
.« and camphor over the surface of the plaster before it is placed in
Blisters arc employed therapeutically to relieve pain, to reduce
inn. and as revulinnts to promote absorption of inllammatory
_ iKU. The warming plaster is very useful in pleurodynia. Meningeal
•|lMr«l inflammation nuiy be checked by the prompt application of a good*
k»d Ulster to the »alp or to the chest. In iritis, blisters behind the ears
•fe ^tito •erriccabte. Dr. C. Zicm recomniend:> painting cantharidal «ob
w^m Whind the ear. extcndin? downward as far as the jaw, in the treat-
Bf oartxin aetile inflammatory affeetions of the eve. He makes use of
method for relief in cases of abscess of the thyroid gland, and in-
of the frontal sinns and antrum of Highmorc. In pericarditis
nrliei may be afforded by blistering. A blister over the stomach will
''-unali: >umiting; and gleet is sometimes cured by a blister to the
S80
I'ltARMACBCTICAt THKBAPEimO A0SNT8 OK DBCOB.
perineum. Vesication of the back of the neck is said by Svaii to be a t
measHiv in cn»« of incuntinrnce of uriin;. Nouralgia is promplly re!
by ft small blister to the painful point; and neuritis is cured by flj
ten; thai n to »ny, a »ucoe*iiinn of rmall blistcre along the cuiino c
nerte. In acute rheumatism, marked relief is sometimes afforded to a ot
joint by »Hrroim(Jiiig it with *niall blitlcre. A bli»lcr over the afr<>ctcd
IS a good remedy in chronic synovitis. A larpe blister over the heart, a)
early in the course of acute rheumatism, it often remarkably tuccee*
reducing temperature and relieving pain; probably, also, it is of t
obvinling the tendency to endociirditi*, or curinj; it it present. In p
effusion, absorption may be hastened in a similar manner, and also the
ing up of the lung after pncumonin. The warming plnxler here may be
for several days, if the skin is not too sensitive. Blisters must be U8e<?
caution in aged or dcbililutcd potienig; also in children. They shoul
be appb'ed to parts deprived of vitality byparalysia, or to cieatricial I
or whore the skin is poorly nourished. The poMibilitv of abwrptioi
serious results should be kept in mind. Nor should a blister be atlov
remain on too looir. Cnntharis should not be u«ed as s vesicating ag<
the case of patients whose kidneys are damaged. The oemte. or tinctv
cflnthai'idt'R enter* (lonii'timci' into the composition of pomad«« or lotio
the treatment of alopecia circumscripta, and cantharidal collodion pi
over ihu putcbea, eveiy week or ten days, is at limes efRcaciou*.
In small doses, not exceeding 0.J2 to 0.18 ccm. {or mii-iij) daily i
tincture, canthnridesi hatt been commended a« a stimulant to the m
organs, in hrematuria, Bright's disease of the kidneys, pyelitis, cystit
contiucDce of urine, gleet, and leucorrhcGa; but is contra-indicated in
conditions of in Ham mat ion. Given in Ibis manner, it will usually i
cbordee. Ringer recommends full doses of the tincture of cantharid
combination with tincture of ircui and phosphoric acid or mis vonii
the impotence due to old age. ?e\ual excess, or masturbation, ('arthai
been employed with success in anu-norrhnia due to atonic conditions, ai
auppreaeed passive seminal emissions of the same character. Cuts
ofleutione, especially p»oria»i$ and olber si^nnmous diseases, are snmi
much benefited by similar small doses of the tincture. It has been u
produce abortion, and, in these small doses just mentioned, has ommeni
properties. There is some evidence to show that the internal administ
of tincture of cantharidea may check the proorresa of cancer. Several
have been reported in which the tumor remained stationary and the
toms improved, or in which, many years after removal of the growths,
had been no recurrence. It was given in association with the wine ol
phor.
Potassium cantharidate has been introduced by Professor I^iebrc
a remedy i7i titberculosis, especially of the larvnx. It is given by hypod
injection, in doses of 1 to S deciroilligrammes (or gr. Vnoe-'Aod). T
jeclion excites n moderate degree of pnin, but is not generally follow
pronounced febrile reaction. In cases of simple inflammation and i
culniis infiltration of the larynx, potassium ciinlluiridatc causes an e
tion of senini. which is, however, quickly reabsorbed. Hoarseness dimi:
and swallowing becomes loss difiiciiU. Tniii-rculoiis ulwrs show a ten
to heal. In pulmonary tuberculosis it has been found without effect
the fever, cough, ciiwctoration, or physical signs. The treatment is i
uoimiHoua
331
I me.
IS
idle •It^tit Rlhutninuris and urobiUntirtB. Peterntti has reported three
oil \^y him more than three years proviausly, sccordiug to thiE
ilh. At till* time, iippamitly nnfarorublc results. He subsequently
of the cases completely cured and the third so much improved w
ininbte a cure.
BcBoflt hns Bometimes resulted in caaea of lupii* and granular lid«. The
I nethml is i^aid to tinvc occusionod improvement in non-tubercular
tnoic laryngitis. Dr. Ch. Talamon states that, although he has trjtnofwed
taionihl« ciTccts of potassium fanthnridate in tubercular ca«es, he has
that the salt possesses a decided diuretic action, more eitpocially in
oluUK pativnts. In ordrr to avoid the pain to which these injections
', Dr. llenQi); has employed cocaine rantharidate in tuberculoaia and
uthvr i:hrunic afToclions, ok o2sna, nusal and laryngeal syphilis, etc. He
tolutioii of 3 to fi parts of the remedy in 2000 parts of chloroforra-
'. and the qtiantitv injected is e<|ual to 1 to 5 dGcimUIignmmcs (or gr.
'/,„) of cautharidin. Cocaine cantharidatc is rather a simple mixture
a cni'tnical combiiuilion and occurs in the form of an amorphous, white
iviitute of odor and having a saline and pungent taste. It dLiiolves
culty >n cold water, but in readily soluble in hot water. It is in-
ether, alcohol, and l>enzin. Cantharis tincture, internally, has
made use of as a »y«teniiv stimulant ia adynamic conditions, or after
or typhoid fever.
CAOTTTCHOVC (B. P.).— India Bubber.
I'rrparalion.
LiqtMir Cwmlrhouc iB.P.I. -Solution of India Rublxr llriditt rubber, 00 Gm.;
4 sad cBxboa bisiil(>hiil«, ot «acli, 500 ccia.i.
nsmweology. — 11ic prepared niilk-juic« of Ilevea Ilrasiliensis, and
' It other species; known in commerce as pure Para rubber. (See
CAPSICrnf (U. S. p.).— Capsicum' (Cayenne Pepper, African Pepper).
CAfSICI FRUCTirS (U.P.).— Capaicum.
JkoM. O.04>5 to 1.30 Gm. (orgr- i-xx).
Pnparalums.
bxnctBtn Oipriei Flnidiun (U.S.F.).~-F1tud Bstnct of Cnpnoum (alcolioUc)-
hOM to 0-30 c-cm. (or nl-r).
Ofa^iilBa C'apiM <r.a P.).— OtoonwlB of CitpidniRi. I)nw>. O.OOS to 0.1« Om.
baiplMtiiim Ckptlti (U-S.P.). — Cspsicum riMtn- (Mutaiu olMTMint,
Dwlan Qipici IU.S.P., B. P.).— Tincture of CapMcum. Dow. OM to I ccn.
C^timtnm CfttMiri fB. P.).— CHiMican Oiataimt (bTui««l ca{w!cuin' fruit, 18
; ■|Mnnu*tJ, SGn.; olivT~oil, 44 Gtn.|.
nansacoIocT. — The fruit of Capsiciim fasli^iatum (Solanace*). I'. S.
rhr drill! n\»- fruit of Capoirum minimum (H. P.), <-onxtitule» capsicum,
pepper, which j.tows in ihe East Indies and on the coast of Guinea.
' T«rietir4 an- luttivati-d all over tin- world for culinary and niedic-
' ^Qrf*i*f*- The Capsicum annuum is most common in this country, of
>tm pap**" *>7 oulhot os "Capalcum" in the UfJienI BullrUn. Xov., 1R84>.
J
23S
pnAKMXCSDTICAL THKRAPKtTIC AOENTS OR DBCCIB.
which there aro u number of rarictics, having ()ifToroiit-filiiipo<l jkmU or
berries, the latter heing pickc<1 green and used fnr picltliiig wiih vit
The ehief eonetiliient of red pi-pper is u cni'Hiallixuble, acrid subri
Ctptaioin (Thrci^h); also a yellow oil, resiQ, and n volatile alkaloid v
in it¥ odor n.'seaiblcs oouiine.
Physiological Action and Therapy. — Capsicum occasions irritation
applied to till.- i-kiti. iitid niny produce vceication; it acts as a countor-in
in relieving pain in the striicturea beneaUi, eapt-cinll^ in neuralgia, sub
tout, chronic gout, rheumatiam, and bronchitis. In the mouth the ts
ot and pungent, causing free flow of saliva, and similarly increasin,
flow of gastric juice, producing wannth in the stomach, expelling flatut
giving increased appetite and digestive power. Overdoses of capsicun
give rise to subacute or chronic gastritis. Excessive amounts cause t
pain, vomiting, and purging.
Capsicum ^timtilotcs the action of the heart and increases the dig
functions. It promotes the excretion of urine and posgeBses an apbro<
influence. A prescription of much utility in debility of the sexual o
is: —
B Pulveria otiwic-i,
Extncti eofie
M. «t ft. piluln no, xxx.
8lg. Two pilU tliwo or four t!m«« a day.
aa 4| Gm. or 3j.
I
Capsicum plaster may be used when mild counter-irntalion is de
The tincture of capsicum may be employed with advantage in chil
when the surface i« unbroken. Dr. Rheims recommends that a strong
lire of capsicum-pods should be mixed with an equal quantity of mU'
of gum arable. The mixture is brushed two or three times upon tissue-j
which is then applied to the affected surface and quickly relieves the it
and pain. Discolored brui&es and chronic rheumatic pains are lil<
benefited by the same treatment. Sawyer suggests a tincture of capi
made with official, pure ether in place of rectified spirit. He reports'
ether, by its action on the sebaceous secretion of the skin, is prcferal
alcohol as a menelruum for drugs designed to produce a therapeutic
on or through the skin, It has also the advantage that oil of turpenti
a bland oil h easily miscible with it, if requisite tn add either. He
that a mixture of equal parts of ethereal tincture of cRpaicum. liquo
monite, oleum lerebinthinoe, and oleum lini forms an e-icellent rubefi
liniment. An infusion of capsicimi pods applied upon a piece of Unt
markably cfTicncious in acute torticollis.
The tincture of capsicum is an excellent application to the mucous
brane of the month and especially the gums. It enters into very many i
washes, the following, tised by Garrctson, being very serviceable: —
n Tinet. enpdd TjE com. or fSij.
Spirltoe odorat,
Alpoholis «a 00 c.i-ni. or fjij.
Tinet. quillaJK .,..tt,,..t,.. , 46 con. or fjiss.
Titipt. gvDtinnip comp. 30 r..ra>. or 1%}.
Addi acplici diluti ....>.<.•. ...<■>. . 16 v.cm. or fjs^
Acidi cikrbollcl 12 acta, or mij.—
'London Lancet, May 17, 1890.
CABBO AKJMALIB.
33S
im infusion is used as an application to enrtutinal »orc tJiroat,
as a gargle in tonsillitis, pharyngitis, or may be used as a gQrgl^
ft Tlit«t. e«p«icl
Cjcm. or f3j
or Stii.
vjMi. or m].
ctan. or niij.
ccm- or fSxij.
IVrtwNli ehlorkUa 12
»G»y»T>nt 60
Acidi LydT«chlor djl - H
AqvH roMB. «d»W
Cb{irieum majr be used external); as a hair-lotion for promoting the
ttpQlary growth: —
K Ttort. capsicl 10
TliMt. ■npooaria: qniL 30
»01]re«Titii ■ 7S
nnrl. (^antharidiv , II
Sslrltom ronnurini .,,., •- 45
Avim row 240
cent, or fja*.
com. or rjj.
e.cin. or ISi'i.
com. or fSiij,
ccn. or QIm.
cem. or fSvitj.
M. Sig.i Drop OB th« hair nigbt and tnoraiiig nad bruah tli« tcalp woH.
Cafwicuiti is ^rcn internally after a debauch or in cases of drink-cnr-
Eaeabetitute for alcoholic drinks in vxtempornncotK infusion .tl Gm. to
» {or 5i-Oij, fjij). Dose, 15 to 60 c.cm. (or fSss-ij). In chronic catarrh of
Ittaauich of dnmkards, the tincture of capsicum, in 0.60-c.cm. {orgtt. x)
bcfarc meaU, fiervea aji an appetizer. The tincture of capsicum is a
•timulmit in delirium tremens. It may vcn* serriccably be admin-
IB ))cef-tea, ani] supports the heart, allfivs restlessness, and promotes
Capaicum. in fact, potec»tcs a slight narcotic power, and can bo given
with marltid effect: —
s
cxm. or OH.
Gm. or 3il],
ecu. or tS\v.
ia Gm.
20 Gm.
OlR.
or p. xl.
or or. iij.
or Si.
B Ttndunr MMld .--- Tl
Sodu bromidi 12
BUx. Inpnlini - 120
^K. Sig.: T»o t««spoanhil« ia water every hour or two.
It ia an excellent remedy in flatulent dyspepsia: —
% IStlverii Mptlci
Gstrseti oncu romUn ..,
Extrwrtl pBit«rcatia 4
v. «1 ft. nptuUe DO. kx.
Sf.t A capBolB alter nx*!*.
Capaicum is brneficiBl in t>'phoid fever and typhoid conditions, as a
inlant;. It aclK nUo as a im-ful adjuvant in the trratmcut of mulnria. As
I caliaiaxice inTigorates the muscular coat of the arteries, it may be ad-
sly employed in onler lo control hteniorrhnge from the lungs or
gb. On account of its irritant effects, it is contra-indicated in acute
ition of the atomach or bo«els. At excretion takes place by the
itBl^aL capaicam should be prohibited in inffammatory conditions of the
Lttiito-arinflrr (met; but in chronic digorderv it may often be employed with
Knta^. In chronic nephritis, pyelitis, cystitis, and ptostatorrhtea it fre-
HmIt proves d('ci<led]y lirneflcial.
CASBO AJnMALIS (IT. S. P.). — Animal Charcoal. (Charcoal prepared
^m. hoar- )
8M
I'lMRUACEUTICAL THBBAPEUTIC AOKN'TS OB DRCaS.
I'rtfiaralum.
Oirlio Aninmlia Puriflratu* (U.S-P.).— Purifed Animal Chnreon].
AQm. (or gi. x-Sj).
DoM, '
FharmRcology. — Animal charcoal is prepared from bone bv espi
to lu'ul; und ytooA charcoal is obtained by a eimilar process from soft i
The former occurs as a black powdiT or mass, the loiter in large frego
piTscrving the shape of the billets of wood, or as a fine light powder. ,
lied animal charcoal is tbc charred bone after treatment wiln hydroci
acid, which removes the earthy salts and leaves only the carbon, Rece
liiinied charcoal resdily abfiorbs gusiist. It \% an excellent deodorizer, a
dt's-truys organic impurities by oxidation, decolorizing solutions conta
them and rendering Ihcni tnoflenKivi; lo tartlc or timell, but it \i not,
criy speaking, an antiseptic. It is a useful filtering agent, when fresl
purifying water, luteninlly, it is given in too small doaeg to exert
effect of this kind in the intestinal tract, but it aids in purifying the stot
grtlr by mcchanienl actiim. It increane* *ccre1ion and peristaUis. R
Wild,' in a prize essay on "Charcoal as a Therapeutic Agent," sa,
have in charcoal, whether dry or mixed with water, n powerful oxk
sgeat, and one which, being non-poisonous, can be administered in
doees.
Therapy. — Charcoal is a good dressing to old or offenave gangr
ulcers, as il absorbs the foul matcritil uud cleans the wound, It \i gen
utilixed in the form of the charcoal poultice, being beaten up witK 1
crumb or fla»ccdmoal; or a small bug lilUsl with powderi'd charcoal n
laid upon the poultice when it has been placed in position. It is som€
used for tooth-powder, but it i* open to the objection of scratching the
and discoloring the gums. Charcoal filters are useful in pharmacy, bi
in the household, because, if not renewed daily, they lose their virtue
only act as a breeding-place for germs of putrefaction and disease. Oh
in powder or animal charcoal may be administered in cases of poisoni
organic poisons. In flatulent dyspepsia recent ly-burned charcoal is
times bpueticial, It has been used to relieve the pain of gastric ulw
gastralgia. In France it is sometimes prescribed as magnesia noire, t
England the term "lilack magnesia" is Bomctimes applied to powdered
coal.
CAKBONEI DISULPHIDUM fU. S. P.).— Carbon Bisulphide (OS
CARBONIS BISUIPHIDUM i R. P.).— Carbon Bisulphide.
Pharmacology and Therapy. — Carbon disulphide is a clear, vei
fusivc inflammable liijuid. of strong, olfensive odor. It is a bighly-refi
fluid, has a sharp, distinctive taste and a neutral reaction. It is highl
sonons, and its odor is also an objection to its internal use. It gives :
severe heudeeheand marked nervous excitement- Frequent exposure
fumes occasions ansmia, physical and mental debility with, in some ins!
amblyopia and epileptiform convulsions. Workers In rubber factori
liable to be affected by inhalation of carbon disulphide. The sjth
noted by Stadeimann' consisted of digestive dii^turbancea, muscular
' Nrw York iledlml Joumal. April 4, Ifittil.
'Btrliner Itllnltchf Wiwhrnsrfirift, Jum IS. 1890,
OAUDAMOUUU.
2K
ilmMr, ttaxia, increaEcd muscular irritability, painful mnsculiir apasni,
iwbtd seastition; altererl knefi-Jerk, toiiictimvs incrfuscd, Eomctimes
4iRiiiidied, clc. Tlic« symptoms arc not uncommon in Germany. Bern-
hrdt Mates that the poi«on may alTcrt tho peripheral nerves and ercn giro
Mf lo a dcgcneratlTe neuritis or paralysis, llysttrical symptoms have been
•kored. Stadelmsnn found do changes in the optic di«k. Poi«oning by
tUi tgent is treated by means of bromide and chloral, with the addition of
tin^U if the circulation is depressed, although it is a valuable antiseptic,
ud has been used in typhoid fever, dyspepsia, and in gastric cancer. It has
Koe anesthetic and anodyne properties when inbulod. Locally, the vapor
Wbwn proposed to be applied for glandular enlargements and in defective
wmtion of cerumen in the ear. Loeul auiustliesiu muy lie produced by the
■or in neuralgia, etc, W, S, Cline claims that 15 ccm. (or fjss) of the
otolpbide of carbon, being well rubbed over the painful parts, will cure
■ntics.
C&RDAHOUtru (U. S. P.].— CardnmosL
CARDAUOId SEHINA (B. P.).— Catdamom-Beeds.
^Bm*, i}.3-^ u. i I. 111. I'-Tgr. v-sv).
^^^r Preparations.
Tiactora Cafdamoini [U. S. P.).— Tlootura ot Cardamont (10 p«r wnt.). Dote,
^|T^ «.ciii. l'->r fSi-iji.
^■TiMtura Carilainanii roiiipn*[Ui lU.S. P., R. P.).— Compoimd Tinctura of Cardn-
*>^ii in ililutF nl<T>liul. q. n. nd 100 jinrts). Udw, 4 to 15 ccni. (or fSi-ir). U.F.,
llttcno. \tn fSM-j).
CuibMiom alio vnlcre into tlie eamptMitiun of nroinntic^ pou dcr t V. S. V. ; cardH-
<n ud lilltlDr]C> SB 15 Git). I rinnnmnn iml gingx't, h.i ^ii IpMi.I nnil »\\\ir ndJilvDn»
"VF.t.
I Rumwcology. — Cardamom is the fruit of Elettaria repens (Scita-
t), (-'. S. P.; the drieil ripi- seeds of RIettaria Ctirdnniomiuu { B. P.). It
' from Malabar. althouf;h other sources are recoj^nized in commerce.
I wed* arc iuclowd in iii[K»uIes, the latter being vuluelei»* exwpl an a
for the former, which contain a volatile oil holding a campho-
•WM! gub«laRoe lu .-(olulion. *
IkiMpy. — The seeds of cardamom are sometimes chewed and swallowed
jit^tve flatulence, or the tincture or compound tiuclure may be used, the
'*ttr brinf; « valuable carminative combination. The compound fluid ex-
'*i,{|»ogh not oiTirinl, is considered a better prepnration than the com-
^itiacture in the treatment of atonic dyspepsia and flatulence.
CAKDtmS BENEDICXUS.— Blessed Thistle. This plant belongs to the
ita> and i* a native of .Asia and Kuropi\ The leavi>.'<, somi'limcs the
"", are used in decoction (I to 8), and a fluid cstraet and solid
■dno been used. A hitler neutral principle, Cnioiii, — crystal-
■rif*s prisma, soluble in alcohol, less so in water, — appears to be
inpal constituent; potassium nitrate is also present.
^nwj' — Carilmui i« a bitter lonie used in Gerniiiny in digestive wcak-
Itnrunie hepatic complaints; best given as the fluid extract (I to
""^n-fSj, at a dose), in which the meniitruuin is diluted alcohol.
■if 111
PHARMACSDTICAL TllBBAPKUTIC AtiKKTS OK UnUGS.
Cnicin lias been ^rcn in doflcs of 0.33 10 0.65 Gm. (or gr. x-x) in iiiti'rmit
fevor, but in Dici^c qunnliticfi it is apt to cause nauKc-A, vomiting, and <
Th<Ea. The Cardunt Haruutiu, or St. Marys Thistle, anolhiT variety, is
fortfa*niii« piirpoKi.', but it is CEpudnlly in rcpulc for Irt^ntiiig coses of
stores. It has also been extolled &a an hemostatic, laxative, and diu
(Lobnch).
CARUUTDU. — Carmine i« thu ml coloring mutter obtained
cochineal, it iii vulir«l>- soluble in water. (See Cocoas.)
CAROTA.— Carrot'frnit. The swds of Doucus raroia (I'mbcUifd
a gniyi^ii color, about Vh ■'■*-''t in U-ngth, contain a volatile oil of
odor and taste. Used in powder as a carminative and diuretic,
CARUM (U. S. P.),— Caraway.
CARtn FEUCTHS (R. P.).— Caraway.fniit.
Dose, 0.65 to i (jm. (or gr, x-iix).
Prtparations.
OUunt Caii I U. 8. P.) .—Oil of Cnrawaj. Dow. O.OO to 0.90 a«m. (er lid-
Oleum Cpnii (a P.),— Oil o( Cnruway. Uiw;, 0.03 to 018 com, lor Bnw-lfj
/maa tnrui (B, P.).— (^rnwiiywntcr (.10 Oin. lo 1000 c-cm. dlnlilln] I
Cnrnwny PnIi>rB In the conipoiiiid >pint of junipt-r ItT.S.P.], Ui4 com
iiTP of nirdumum lU. S. P.. B.I*.), and spirit of juniEicr (B. P,l.
Pharmacology and Therapy. — The fruit of Carum carvi (Umbelli
contains s voUitUc oil, and h prized as a condiment. It is used as a stiro
in flaluk'iioo, or in eotnbination to prevent gi'iping of other medicine
case has been reported in which 4 c.cm. (or foj) of the oil of caraway proi
cerebral c on g edition, delirium, and ri^org in a man. Caraway has,
thought to possess gaUictagogic properties.
r.em.
tinctuTP
CASYOPHYLLUS (U. S. P.).— Cloves.
CARYOPHYLLUM (B. P.).— Cloves.
Preparations.
J
Oleum OftiyophylU {U.S. P., B.P.).— Oil of Ooveit. Vom, O.M to 0.37 c,c
mlvj).
Infusum Qiryo|)liylli (B.P.).^Iilfu*iwi of Oovtt 127> per cent). DoM
30 e.cri. {or (Ssaji.
Ainu vrilvn iiitu I In- U. 8. P. )irti|)ar»tlan» ot compound tincture o( U
aromatic tinctuic of rhubarb, aromatic nyrup of rhubarb, and wine of opium.
Pharmacology. — Cloves are the tinexpanded flowers of Eugeni
nialicii I MyrloL-Lie). U. S. P.; Ihc drit-d rtowcr-buds of Eiigenin caryopl
(B. 1'.): a lai-gi? tree of the Spice Islands and Africa. They an
hrnwn m color, about half an inch loiip. and have u strong, K|)ic]
and punnent, aromatic taste, owing to the presence of a heavy volat
(15 lo "in per cent.). They also contain Eugenin, tasteless crvstallin
stance; salicylic acid; and a neutral, tastele&E, odorless body, Caryopl
which crystallixcs in needles. Eugcnal, called also eugenic acid, ob
CA6C1 CORTEX.
237
\h Midition from tho oil of clovc«, is an aromatic liquid, readily soliiblo in
ueafaal and but slightly noluble in waMr. CloTi>-ttaIti£ arci the Hover-elalks
rflfae doves; inothcr-clor«# onj tiie whole fruit. Uolh of these arc uttsd to
itfiiltrnte ground cloves,
Phynelo^cal ActioD. — Cloves aro stimulant, carminatire, and anli-
Kftic The oil has some ansstheiic itifiueiice ov<t painful area£. In oTer-
iw it will cause gastixM-ntcritis, has a soporific elleci, and occasions death
- respiratorj- failure. The oil of cloves in elimiitat«d by the kidoeye,
-. tirdnchial mucous membrane, and ekia. It posseeses antiseptic Tiitues.
Therapy. — The oil of cloves is used to destroy stnMtion in ihe ucrre of
^~^-w, aching tr«th, and quickly relieves pain. In combination vith lan-
ds, it may be usvd for eczema. The infusion ia ueed internally as a stom-
le^c tonic for the relief of flatulence and pain, but it is generally given in
MBbinstiun with other remedies. It is said that 0.03 or 0.06 c.cm. (or gtt.
•f the oil of cloTOG, given in a little water, will rapidly allay excessive
Thv growth of tubercle bacilli ia retarded by tincture of cloves, and
Vmaotti. in eighteen ca*cs of local tubcreulosia, obtained marked improve-
'. from injectioiu of a 10-per-cent. emulsion of cloves in olive-oil. In
" "'it-'arifi the repeated applicolion of oil of cloves is itid to cause sepain-
epitbeliom and retrocession of the nodules.
i he oil of clovea is a parasiticide and has been made use of aa an appli-
'>& in pediculosis. Eugenol, a constituent of the oil of cloves, has been
i^bioed, by n {Mtentcd procesf, to form a compound termed benzoyl-
.-•■ool. ur t>eiiz-eugenoI. This product, it is thought, may prove useful in
' * trvattucnt of tuberculum Eugenol has been u»ea as an antiseptic remedy
■ the daily dose of 3 c.cm. (or mxlv),
Tbe acctamide of eugenol, a crystalline subetance, is an active antiaeptic
mai ia aUo an excellent local aiueethctic. This compound may be advan-
Mfamislj employed ia dentielry and minor surgery. It is prepared by acting
the »odium salt of euRenol n-ith monochloracetic acid, adding alcohol
chlorine-gas and ^resting wilh a strong lolutton of ammonia. Another
iM*"*'"" which has been introduced is einnamyl-eugenol, a colorless,
■jililliiii Bubstauc«, destitute of odor and taste, toluhle in hot alcohol, ether,
^ti cbltiniform. This compound has been applied to the treatment of tuber-
iilm.in
CASCA COBTEX.~Susy-bu>k.
Pharmacology. — The ErvthrophloEum Guineense (Legununoss) is a
-.■:- ■'.■ :■ tT '•' '■■'!: OH Ihc w>«st of AfHca. which furnishes the ordeal-bark
.\ _- i!n -ni'twise cases, or aaasy-bark. It contains an alkaloid, Eiy-
UTnphlorine. A tincture (10 per cent.) has been iimd by Brunton, in ^oec»
. .1.1 1.. (m;o c.cm. (or mv-x).
Phjnolopfial Action. — The powder causes sneezing when inhaled. The
ifnoD or tinduTo ^ires ri<« to vomiting, purging, and intoxication, fol-
wmJ Itr Heath durinj; mnvulnons. Upon the circulation vr^ihrophlocnm
^ tn action like digitalis.
Therapy. — In its native country sassy-bark is employed in the treatment
-• -it fever, ftalnlent dyspepsia. diarrhwa, and dysentery. Brunton
< tire uwfui in dilated liearl without valvuUr disease; uIm in
-Jai dievo^c and dropsy.
PnABVAOBUTICAL THSBAPBUTTO AOENTS OR DBUOB.
Accontiiig to Pro(. Gi-rmuin Siv. Hi»fy-l)nrk is very useful in ilyspm
markedly infreasinj; ihit depth of inspiration. It disturbs the digestion ml
thnn di^tulii-. The liyilniehlonite of-erythrophlu-ine is & milt in the fO
of a powder, soluble in water, which can be administered hjpodermicallj
dosM of O.OUl to »,0i"5 fim. (or gr. '/ou-'/n) «» » I*""' analgesic, but H
inferior to cncftine for this purpose. ^m
CASCABA AUABGA.— Hondurfts Bark.
Pharmacolog? and Therapy. — 'llie Cu^eara ainarf^ (SimarulucM;),
niindurns hark, hu> wiiin! rej)iitation a.* a tonie and alterative. The fli
extract (dose. 2 to 4 o.eiii,, -ir fl>ss-j. gevernl tinieif a ilay) may be iiKeil
syphilis, chrnnie liver ili«<'.i^i', nasal catarrh, and skin diseases (ecxet
piioria«ii>. cyphilodermuta, etc.). ^H
CASCABA SAOBABA (It. P.). — Cascara Sagrada. (Stv Bhamnus E
shiana.)
CASCABULA {[■. S. p., n. p.).— CascarilU.
Dose. 0.13 to 1.30 Gni. (or gr. ii-XJt).
Prejmralions.
Inhimm On«cflrlIIsi> Ill.P.I.—Iofuaion ot CnsforlUa (S prr crnt.). Dnnc, It ti
c.cni. lOT fjas-jl.
Tinrtum CB*cnrilla. (B.P.I-— Tincture o( CajMarlllA (20 per cent.). Do»e, 2
o.cm. (or fSss-J).
Pharmacolog:y. — The bark of Croton ehiteria (Euphorbiaceffi) from
Bahamu Islands. It has a warm, rather bitter taete. and emits a fras^
odor when burned. Cascartllin is a bitter neiilrnl substance, with vola
oil, resin, and tannin as the principal constituents. There are no offi
pn-jiaratioii.% but the fluid extract, infusion, and tinrture are used, noni
which is miscible in water.
Therapy. — Ca^earilla is a light tonic, somewhat stimulant and CAna\
tive, and the infusion has been used in low fevers. It may be profitably
ployed as a tonic in conTalesnence from typhoid fever or other cxhauHl
disease.
CASSIA FISTULA (U. S. P.).— Purging Cassia.
CASSIA PULPA (B. P.).— Cassia-pulp.
Dose, 4 tJm. (or Sj).
Pharmacology and Therapy. — The fruit of Cassia fistula (Trfgumino
a tree of the West Indies, is in cylindricnl pods of a dark-brown color, i
taining from twenty-five to one hundred seeds in separate cells, and a di
brown, coft, sweetish pulp, having an odor like prunes and containinR a1
60 per cent, ot sugar. Good casda yields Jibout 3U per c<'nt. of the p
which is the medicinal part of the drug, lliis ia laxative in its actioi
dosea of a drachm or more. There are no official preparations of easia,
the confection of senna contains IG per cent. Casaia fistula promotes
secretion of bile and communicates a brownish or greenish tint to the lu
CASTOREnSI.
CASTA5EA (U.S. P.).— Chestnut.
Preparation.
btnrtnn Cb«Um« Fluldmu (U.S.T.).— fluid Extract ol CbHtaut Dose, 4
tlium. (or (3i-ij),
Huraacology and Therapy.— Tin? leaves of Castantm dentals (Cupu-
e), Cf-Iieelfcd in Sepleiiiber or October, wliilo still green. They contain
, gallic Mii, mils, and gum. A recent infueion has been employed
iraccesa in wbooping>cough, and might, on acronnt nf its astinRency,
laNd /or dianhcca of relaxation, but for the latter purpose the fluid ex*
t »OTiM be better.
USTOREUK.— Cutor is the dried secretiou of the preputial membraDS
hhe i')Wi(>r fibiT or liriiver. It is of unctuous coiisi*tene_v, u brown or
[h-brown color; a pungent, di»i<;reeiible i^iiiell: aud a bitter, naueeoua
». It u Miluble in ftloohol and ether. Oistor e<>iitalii« a vojutilc oil, a
nlilT principle, of erjt^lalline structure, termed castoriu, and salicylic
rbldp. together with other c.irpiiiiii; uiul tiicirgiinii.' oniiMtituciit.*.
Ihenpy. — Thii? substanci> has a certain stimulant effect upon the nen-
liystem, and act« a« an antiikpn^modic. It hatt bct-n giv<;ii in doxeii of
lio 1.30 Gm. (or gr. v-xx) to control the spasms of hysteria and other
■"'ionB, the tremorii of typhoid fever, and those dependent upon an
'^ condition. It may be given with advuntuge in tympanites. Castor
, ,, ied to possess entnieuagogie projiertit-s. and han been admiui^tered
liKRUTrhora and nterine colic. It is ocHt given as a tincture in doses of
|toUr.cn. (or foi-iij).
CATECHU (I'. S. P., B. P.}.— Catechu.
Dne, u.utij lo 2 Gm. (or gr, i-xxx }. li. I'., u.ax to 1 Gm. (or gr. v-xv).
Preparations.
QMUia Cctcvba Compodtu (U.S.P.I. — Cumpotind Tincture of Catechu |c«t«chu
''fm»M(g. In dllnlfid nloohol). Ddm, O.liO to 4 cctn. lor tax-fSj).
Tnrtiiia Oleeliu {O.&P., E.P.).— Trcehw of Catecliu (0.065 Gin., or gr. J,
*' l)aM, 1 or more.
hliii C«l*cliu Oomposfttis (K P.|.— Compound Powder of CHt«e)iu fpateoKu,
klna.iO; kimiiiCTii.60; cinuiiiuun. 25; nulmcic.S5). iJ(»«. O.QA tu 2,00 Gm. (or
TbitHn Cilcliu (RP.}.— Tinctaie of Cntivliii (£0 p«r cent; oinnamoa, S p«r
bntt. i to 4 cctn. (or (3n-j).
'i*nnaool<^7.^Cat<.>ehu is an extract prepared from the wood of Acacia
i*ia (Ij-^uniiuo-iiE-), V. S. P.; an extract of the leave.^ and young shoot*
''^Wria Gambier (B. P.): a large tree of Pegu. It is in lai^e mmwi;*, hard
1 htiule, gtu^ii}' and porona on fracture; taste strongly aiitringent and
rt:.li; rpry little ixlor. The eonstitm'tus of black eatechii, nr cutch, are
dtttin-tuinic Acid ami Catechin, the latter being insoluble in water; but
atutnct IE entirely soluble in alcohol, though insoluble in ether. With
on, jCTsenuh- brown precipitates are formed.
nerapy. — Catechu is a valunble astringent. It may he used as a moutb-
tMk fnr apongy gumfi, a gargle in pharyngitis, or as an injection in gonur-
daaorkucoTTtian; but is most frequently employed in diarrhtBas of relaxa-
2'in PHARUACBUTICAL THBEjLFBCmC jLQBXTS OU DBDOS.
A* the yit'ld of catechu has become insullieicnt to supply the
the Colonial Ministry of Fiance is now inaiij;wraling the culti\-a{
Cochin China, of a tree, the Bragniera gymnorhixa (a variety of maaf
used as s dyeetutl), the bark of which yields an extract which has bt-cn to
to an^jwcr all the purposes of catechu.' I
CAIHA. — African Tea. A small ahrub of Xorthwestem Africa, i
by the natives as a £tiniulunt and temporary substitute for food. Fori
gave it the name of Catha eilulis (Celaeitraceie). The leaven are chewed
those of the Krythroxyloii coca, and are iuvi^'orating and rvstomtive;
recent infusion acts like that of tea, mate, or coffee. The plant haa 1
iiniily^cd without delecting cafTciiU'. riiiokigiT has isolated a liquid nika}
Katrine. An allcaloid, which seems to be the active principle, has been
tniiicd by Prof. I'goliuo Mosso, of tJeiioa.' To thin subntanci; the diseot
has given the name of CeUstrine. It is present in the plant in such e
(luantiti«-« that it« exact chemical composition hu« not j-ct been detvrmi
but it is probably related to caSeino. During a primary stage and in e
doMS, celastrine is stimulant to the nervous »y»tem of frog;); during a
ondary stage, and in large doses it is depressant. It produces an exci
etfect upon the heart of the same nnimnl. In dog« and rabbits blood-pret
and respiration were not notably inHucnccil, but iho activity of the
pathetic nerve was modified. In hiH experiment* Profea*or Mor^o fi
celastrine fatal in amounts in which cocaine is merely excitant. In into
tion from cela»lrine sensibility ii' preserved to the last, and eonvijUion
lacking. The stimulant effect of celastrine is essentially manifested upo:
brain, without leaving a trace of depression or visible disturbauce of tunc
The spinal cord, vagi nerves, and heart mny nhure the stimulant effect
are less powerfully affected.
in modii-inc cntha nii);bt be useful as nn art<-rial and nervous stimi
like coca, and probably wo<Ud afford a cheap substitute at the table fo
expensive Icji so largely used, if once introduced in this country.
CATTLOFHTLLHU (U. S. P.).— CaolophyUom. Else Cohosh.
Dose, 1 to 2.60 Gm. (or gr. xv-xl).
Prrparation.
BxtreictitiD Caulophylli Fluiiluiu (uiiufliriall. — Kluid Exlrnct o( C'auloph
Dose, I tn 3.3t) c.cm (ornixv-xl).
Pharmacology. — The rhizome and rootlets of Cnulophyllura f
troides (Berberidacca.-), or squaw-rool, a plant indigenous to this coi
It contjiine a glucoside, Saponin, and two resins, the latter constitutin
substance supplied as Caulophyllin.
Therapy. — Caulriphyilnm is t-nimenagogue, parturifacient, and dit
It has some reputation in the treslment of rheumatism. It probabl
some value as an cxpectomnt, owing to the presence of saponin, wh
analogous to senogin found in Polygala senega, ond might bo valuat
bronchitis and catarrhal pneumonia.
■ Kiritg Jniirtuit nf ChnniKtrs nnd Fliaitnaca. 19nO. p, 313; Amrrimn Ji
PharmaiTl, 1000, p. 178.
'Sec Ualioal HulMla. .\ug.. IWH,
J
CKRA.
«41
CUBIV is a whilp, ralh«r soft ointnifiii-baee. coiuistinx of 1 part of
: and 4 jihHn of ]k|ui(] [lamlTiii. According to r»#ilcil), it \* c1ii*iii-
^vmbli-. ointments of potassium iodide (without aodium liypo-
Dite)and of red mt-n-urii; oxiili! rt-tnaining unaltered fur eight monilia.
[till itkt up about 15 per cent, of water.
CEDROH. — Cedron-aeed. The Simuba cpdron (Simurnbai-^w) of the
ut'<d Stales of Colunibin contains two nlkaloidal ^ub«tanceii: Cedrine and
The wed"? have u bitter tOi<tp,
Ibenpy. — CVdron-seed has a reputation in South America for curing
' lalTi'clionji, and ii^ largely iiwd in (leningeiucnt* of the digejitivo or-
rhtEa. cholera morbus, etc. It is also claimed to havK decided
Dec over the eoume »i Jivdniphobia. and is nuid to be of value in treut-
led wounds, bites of venomous suakes, insects, etc. The reniedv is
Ibolii tnpicjilly and i:it<-rnnllv, the imual doi<e JK'ing D.O(i.'> to O.i:) Oiii.
^p. i-ij): but Dr. I'urple gave it in doses of 1.30 to i Orn. (or gr, xx-sxx)
intourhoury, in intermittent fever, with tiatiiifactorv rotnilt^
CEBA.— WAX.
Prtparatumt.
On Albft (U. S. P., a P.).— White Was Ivellow wax. I>1eavhed).
&i»Fkrt (U.S.P.,B.P.|.— Velio* Wwt.
tkntum 1U.8,P.).— Orate (white wax, 30; loTd, 70).
Phanoacolo^ and Therapy. — ^Wax is a peculiar, concrete «nb»tance,
by Apia meliifica (llymenoplera; class, Insccta). fonning the
mb; also found in certain T)lant)>. It iK iniioliiblo m water and cold
, but soluble in boiling stcobol. ether, chloroform, and oils. It is a
ludid, liijuefying ■ little above the body-teniperature, ami i» unirritating,
I inedunically, to the skin and raucous membranes. It is largely used
k{itvcon«isiency to ointments and *uppo»itorie«.
Epideniio. — This name has been given to a new ointment base, prv*
ibjS. Kolm by melting lo.AGm. (or^a) o^Avhile wai and triturating it
littnn mortar with an equal quantity of powdered gum arable until an
ouit po<t<' \* produced. To thiii ma^s \* Ibon added a bulling mixt-
t«(15 ^.cm. (or f^ss) each of water and glycerin, and the whole is etirred
r until cold. The result is a «cmilluid, creamy substance which, when
i to the surface in a thin layer, forms an adherent and flejible coating.
'*hich are to be incorporated with epidemiin should be previously
I up with glycerin.
COtn OXALAS <U.S.P., B. P.). — Cerium Osalate (Cc,[CA]i +
Dne. 0 It-;.', to 0.65 Om. (or gr. i-s),
ttArmacoIotT. — Cerium, or ceroiM, oxalate occurs as a white, granular
r, odorleea and tasteless, insoluble in water or alcohol, but soluble in
ehknic acid.
Thcnpy. — Sir J. Y, Simpson brought forward this remedy as one of
■I rali»e in treating the vomiting of pregnancy, in which it is sometime*
sfol, but often fail*. It is useful in controlling excessive cough in
I or chronic bronehitif, and in nervous disorders, chorea, epilepsy, and
Sc8 rHARMACBtmcAL THERAP^trrio xasnTS or DBvas.
dyHHifiiorrliixtt. Tliie Milt occasionally proves U8i;ful in vomiting dtpei
upon uterine disease, or «ven in cancer of the stomach. Cerium oialat
been eucct^esfully employ^ to relieve oketinate vomiting occurriog <ll.
the course of typhoid fever and phthisis. Dr. Busey prescribed it for
purpOM of reliering nousi-a mid headache produced by opium. It is a •
tive to the ^astrio mucous membrane, and may allay the pain of gastrs
It is bcnefR-ifll in dv^pcpi^in occoKionud by deprcHcd or deranged ioaerv^
of the sloinach. The following prescriptions, containing cerium ou
have been employed with benefit; —
B Orii oxulatia D Om. or liM.
nUmuth. luboit 10 Qm. or 3itM. '
Suirltii* chlorofomil ..,,..... T5 e.cm. or f3ij.
I.iquor ckldB,
Syrap. Bcariie ■» 00| c.cm. or QiJ.
M. Big.: Two tcAspocnfuli in «'iit<T whan necMMijr for imumb and diarrli
R C«rit oxaUlis 2 CO Gin. or gr. xl.
Ext. hyoii'vaml .....'.... SO Oni. or gr. ii).
Ext, toiiii 38 Cm. or
Ext. gent 13 Qm. or
M. tt It. piL no. xij.
8tg.: A ptil tvtry four houm for nauaea and vomiting. dpeciaUj of pregnu
s;:j.-
Cerium oxalate is also occnsionally efficacious in chronic diarrhces
is liable to be contaminated with other metals, euch as arsenic, lantha
etc., to which some of its therapeutic effects have been attributed
If the remedy be pnro, it may be given in doses of 0.6fl Uni. (or j
every four hours.- Failure from its uae haa been ascribed to the sinallni
the do«' which is genernlly prescribed. Cerium nitrate was also imployi
Simpson, who regarded it as useful in irritable dyspeptiia with gastroi
and pyroiia, as well as in chronic vomiting. The dote is the same as tt
the oxalate.
CETACETTK (U. S. P.,'B. P.).— Spermaceti.
Preparations.
Ctrratum Celaiti (U. S. P.) .— Sperniatfti Cenite (10 ptr c«nl.).
I'liKiic'iitiini .\.]iin. BuMo ll'.S.P.. I(. I'.i .— Rciso-wnlcr tlmi.nic.nt,
Uiigucnluiii Cvluoei (B.P.I, — Spermaceti Ointment (l(>eimiiccti, 20 per
with white wax, bcnioin, and nlmond-oil).
Pharmacology.— Spermaceti is a peculiar, concrete, fatty substani
tained from Phj'seter nwcrocephalus (class. Mammalia; order, Cetace!
sperm-whale. It is a fatty aiibstance, with little taste or odor; can I
duced to a powder by tin' additiim nf a liltle (ik'ohol. I'nlike other f
does not yield glycerin when saponified, but Ethal. It is almost pure '
or pjilmitate of cetyl. It is not acted upon by a boiling dilute Boluti
soda, and leaves no grease-apot on paper.
Therapy. — Used almost esclusivi'ly as an ingredient in ointmen
though an emulsion with was and yelk of egg is prepared sx a demulci
irritation of the bowels. The ungnentum uijuw rosa'. or "cold cream,"
elegant application for excoriated surfaces and chapped hands and IJpt.
< ETIIAKIA.
S43
CE7SAHIA (C.S. P.) —Iceland Moss.
Preparation.
Dmirlutn C«trariw (U.8.P.).— D«COClian of Iceland Mou [G |ior c^nt). Done,
(i> lHOcrm. )« ijj.iv).
Phumscology. — The eea-weed, Cetraria islandica (Lichencs). is foimd
locnlMro lnlitiidt-». It coiituiti» Lichenin, or lich<^n-.ilarch {70 per ceBl.}t
j rtxh forms a mucilage when hot water is ndded. Lichenin is a j'cilowith-
|tlae powder vhioh «wi-ll« up in cold water and dixiiolvefl after eight hours'
I iifmioB in hot water. There is also cetrarin or cetrarie acid, a bitter prin-
Ibple (ibont 2 per ci-nl.), which can he ri^moved hy washing with a weak
I lUi. Cetrarin occurs in the form of snow-white aciculor crystals. It com-
[lanritb alkalies lo form salts. Cetrarin at^o containf email quantitioa of
IMtttmc scid.
IkinpT. — It ha» some value as a food, and its demulcent qualities have
1 to its use in pulmonarj- affections and bowel disorders in the form of
«lioR. In «iich dii^ordent Ii-eloud-mo^ jtlly h an agreeable demulcent.
I^K made by adding to a quart of boiling water a handful of well-washed
. th« jiiic4> if two It'iiionjit, one glai)» of wine, and a quarli^r of a teaspoon
Vnoatmon. The mofs is first eoaked for an hour in a Uttle cold water, then
'fiica] in ihc boiling water and allowed to simmer until dissolved. It is
Lffco iweetened, flavored, and strained into molds.
Cobert hiti ascertained that eetrarin inereaiies intestinal peristalsi.t, aug-
I tbe number of red and white blood-corpiiscles. especially when they
)bera n-dueed by disease, and is a mild stimulant to the ctintral nervous
»m. It may. therefore, prove of service in chlorosis attended by loss of
niT and ooni^lipation. The dose is given as 0.10 to 0.13 Om. (or gr. ias-ij).
fin. when injected into a vein, causes an increased secretion of salivSt
.tnd pancreatic juice. In accordance with this action it has been bene-
' employed in djspcpvia.
I Iceland cetraria i* esteemed prophylactic againet a prevalent form of
tm. Dr. Eckfcldt slates that cetraria possesses ant ihscmorrhagie
rod has be«n recommended in hKmoplysis. The powder, blown into
iBOflrils. will arrt-st opi^tu^is. A tincture of cetraria is a good application
gums. The therapeutical properties of the lichens have been
by I>r. Evkfcldt. Itocclla tincturin is astringent, diuretic, and a
Dt expe«iorant. Species of the genera Usnea and Alectoria are iise-
klotally and Ky»U-micslly, in hicmorrhoids. Among the Parmclias, scv-
l(«rt an aniiperiodic influence. Ueindeer-moss is a demulcent tonic,
tit, astringcnl, and altrmtive.
QAUUtOOORA-On..— Cbanlmoogra-oil. The expreMcd oil from the
[Gyncicardia odorata (Bi.tinm.-) emiljiiiis gynooardic acid. The oil is
^ in rlhcr, chloroform, and alcohol,
firnocardic acid if a yellowish, oily i^iibslaoce, of au acrid, burning taste
lutisct odor. In leprosy chaulmoogra-oil has been ii,*(>d with awnTtcd
1 RtallB, both locally and inti-rnully. Tliough uuable to cure the dis-
;tl ha» in M>me caae^i delayed tbe progresa and oiitigaKid the fymploma.
[bu boen positivelv d i- mou kI rated that, under tbe influence of tbe internal
•tntinn of chaiilmoogra>oil, the bacilli present in the blood have
S44
PHARMACEUTICAL TUURAPEUTlti AGENTS OB DHl'G^.
diaiiniiOiod in number or have actually (iisnjijK-nreii. The remedy h jf
in gradually-iQcrcasiiiR d-jscs, but in apt to excite intoleniiic«. Renn
ex|ji'niTU'iit!> liiivr liii'i) timiie with cliiiuliuoii^m-oil in lejiriitiv \iy ^nlid
Deous iDJections. Toiirtoiilis Hey. of Cairo,' relates the tase of a t'<»]it
wliuii) llir li'pmtis niii(.-ij]i.-» ii|)]>(-iiri'd mitik' iUnf iimiitlH afti^r an altaia
fever (evidently leprous fever) at the age of 15. There was no k-jir
ill (he funiily history, liwt then* wen- U-pers in hi!> native village. He fl
came under ol»feervalion at the age of 35. when he presented a eharacin
tically-lcprous appeurunce. The patient wu* given subcutaneous injwiio
of chanlinoo^a-oil. Tubes cantaiuinfi; 5 c.cra. (or fS '/,) of the flenlit
oil were preptircd in Pari*. The inijiroveiiient wa* marked after 30 injeetim
Further injeetions of 3 e.cm. (or fSi ',\) i-aeh followed, in all during U(
lilSiiijei^lioiw; 106 in 18fl«, H7 in lH97,.'iO in IWIIW, when ihe patient refus
to have any more, as he considered hinii.eU' enreil. Tourioulie peivuadeJ IJ
jtatiunt to (itihniit tn -i'-i more iiijectioiw in 1H!>1I (I'lnit live nionilis). wi III
altoj{ether in sis years he was injected 584 times, amounting to a lot»l
8?20 e.cm. (or HAi) Huidraehni^) of tin- oil. The injitlion.i were madej
the outer sides of the upper and lower limbs, with a long needle intiodUB
«ubeutHiivotii<ly. They gave ri»e to but *tight pain. With ibeMMialanliwpl
precautions. Tonrtoulis never saw abscesses follow. The author dow B
wixh lo rciiieliiili- from this »iini;!e ease that ehanlmoogra Hubcutaneou^lT ■
cure leprosy, as there is alway» the possibility of sponlaneou.t retn^treuiin
leproiinilii tw be borne in mind. In the diecussioii on Tourtoiilij'f retnat
(Soc. de Derm, et de Syph.. Paris. .Iu!y Vi, 18S19J Ilallopcaii pointH a
that Jeanselnie and he Inid injected chaulmoogra-oil. 1" c.em. (or fSi '/
week, into the buttoeks, hut in one ease there was a severe oiitb
Dudulcs, and thi* led them lo give up this mode of treoluicnt. Du
had tried the subcutaneous method at Saint-I^uis. I.rf>oalIy it nay]
»erviet«ible, enmhineil with other ointment^ in treating ehronio «kii
eases. Chronic eczema, psoriasis, and lupus are benefited by the apnlict
of aji oinlnieiit containing chunlnioogrn-oil. ChatUmoogra-oil ha» heenl
filled with success in cases of scabies and jiedicnloBi.s. The i>intiueni I
ikewim- been uwil iipcm the enlarged glaudB of M-rofula and in ebfol
rheumatic arthritis From 1.20 to 2 e.em. (or vixx-\xx) «( the nil to I
ounce of c-xeipient \» the average strength of the ointment,
R ZJnei (sriionat.,
Piilv. iiinraatw ., a» 41 Om. m Sj.
Oki cli0iiIiii<Kii|T>F (rriaddl (Qmootrdld) 8] ex-m. or (3b.
I'dkT- 1i,viliiir|r. diniuoaiat. %] Um. or Sj.
Lunolini — lft(A Gm. or S"*.
M. nt (t. ungU
Fur chruiiii- ccnrma, pMirioiU, •cratulcHlfmiB, hipun, and Icpm.
GynoeaTdie ncid ha» been used both externally and intemallr im
roay, eyphilis. and rheumatic alTeetions. Its dose for internal use it
0.03 to 't.2() fim. (or gr, »»-iij), and externally as a local apjdiealion »it
(10 per cent.).
CHEK&N. — Cheken. Thi- leaves of Myrtuii chckan, or Eugenia cli
(jUyrtaceai), a j^hrub or small trtv of South America. It contains tani
' Aunah* dr ftrrm. rl ilr Sjnik.. .Iiilv, 1H!>(I,
CHELIDONICM.
245
liD«bcr«al oi); aleochtkcnon. chckeiiic acid, chekeii bitter, chckenctin.
ftbtfeibe etlierea! oil nlon* otTer* iiiedidnal interest (Weiss), niii* is
lie. dinrctio. Biid c-xpoflorant.
Beniiy. — t'heken was introduced from Chili thmngli the cTili-riirii-e
(tlmr> INrkc, fliiTis & Co., af a ivmviU- in rhninic c-atarrhal inHuTnmatioii
lfR<])iraior>' pn«iaj;es. l>r. Miirrell, itf Londun, extDls it in liit- ivintrr-
t«( ridcrlv ptopic. mid in ntliiT fornii- of tlironic bronchitis. In Chili
^wmjoy^a repiiution in the irealment of rheninali^m. The ilwi-of tlic
Ifitract ie -1 to 11 c.cni. (or f5i-iij),
CEELntOHimi (V. S. P.) — Chelidoninm, Celandine.
Boas, 0.65 to «.60 Gm. (or gr. x-xl).
PharmBcology. — Celandine is the entire plant of Chelidonium majos
iPijmt-riiii-ii-)- fi'und bolli in Europe and Norlli .Amencu. It contains two
■iilctd^. Chelidonine and Sang:ainarine, in combination with Chelidonio
A bitter, yellow. crv.itaUinv principle, ChelJdoxanthine (Probst). i»
lpree«nt. besides tannic acid, starch, cellulose, etc.
Pliyiiologioal Action.— It has a htlter, acid tmte. (ind stimwlates th«
, of the plands along the intestinal tract, including the liver. In
ndetablc doM»i it caiuts vomiting and purging, diuphon-^ji*, and increases
Ininan- secretion tnd also the secretions of the bronchial raucous mem-
Thcnpy. — The fresh, tnilky juice ma; be used as a local irritant, and
ibetn applii-d upon wart» and corns. Internally, in do«08 of 0.65 Gio. (or
ki)cf the extract, it acts as a drastic purgative, and has been used in jaun-
' titt to catarrhal fweliing of the bile-duots. Dr. Joseph Rwdmond claims
^km had good results from chelidonium in epithelioma of the tongue and
Tftelip, and also in ca«cs diagnoitlicntcd at cancer of the a-sopliagttii and
tilrt fiver.
CREHOPODITTH (U. S. P.) — Chcnopodiam. American Womisccd.
8«M, 0,65 to iM Gm. (or gr. x-xl).
Prrparalion.
dnun CbroopodJi (U.S. P.). — Oil o( Chcnopodium. D(mc, 0.30 to 1.20 c.cb. (or
ftuniAcoIogy. — American wormseeil in the fniit of Chonopofliura an-
^vt, variety Antheltniiiticiim (Chenopodiacete). a plant of ^Torth
^■ttics and Europe. It haa a peculiar arnmatic odor and n warm, bitter
^ Itc properties are due to the presence of a peculiar volatile oil, a thin,
Mniah, offensively aromatic li((uid, which is ofTicial.
Ajaologieal Action and Therapy. — The volatile oil acts as a stinmlant
''At drculaiion and nervous system, making it serviceable in chorea and
^■Uthenis. The oil of chenopodium has been employed in hysteria. In
Mill cbenopodium in esteemed as an aid to digi-'^lion and a.s an emmc^na-
l|it Dr. Hurillo r^rds it as an excellent carminative in the treatment
*finbBiiIe colic. lis common uw is for the expulsion of tumbricoid worms,
odil B beet given in doses of 0.60 ccm. (or mx), in capsules or i^mulsiou.
&nt limes a day, castor-oil being administered the following day; or the
at rHABUACBCTICAI. TBSaAI-ECrTIC A0KKT9 OH DSCOS.
remedy mty hv administiTed night ond nioniiiig for several days, nnd
lowed by a brisk cathartic.
Chenopodium album, white goose-foot, lanili's quarter, or hog-we<
plant common in cultlvnted ground, and llowering to July and Aiigiif
poi^swsed of hiemoi^tatic propertice. A tincture made from tb« leaves
ilowera by abfiolute alcohol is given in the doiae of 1 or 2 drop» freque
repeated in acute hwmorrh&ge, and in the same dose, two or three tin
day, for the purpose of preventing recurrence of bleeding. ^A
CHIHAFHILA (L'. S. P.). — Chimaphila. Pipsisiewa. (Prince's P
I'repaTaiion.
Exinnrlurii Chiniapliilie Fluidum (U.S. P.), — Ifluid lulriicl. of Cliiiiiagihlla.
1.20 to S.flO o.cin. (or mxxxl).
FhHrmacology. — The leaves of Chiinsphiia umbellota (Ericacew)
tain launin untl a coIork-£», hitler, crystallino. neutral principle. Aibi
and a coloHees and taeteless siibetance, in yellow crystals:, Chimaphillil.
fresh If-flvcji are also slightly irritjiting.
Fhysiolofncal Action and Therapy. — PipHssewa is diuretic and at
five. The urino in dnrki-ned by the use of this remedy. It hnn very
effect upon the heart or circulation, I'pon the digestive organs it ia 1
and astrinpcnt, Ai^ it is not an irritating diuretic, it enn he uwd in Bri,
disease and nephritis: aha in hiemniuria. in liihn?mia, gout, rheuma'
and kindred disunUrs this is a valuable remedy. As it favors eliinina
it has produced good results in scrofula, skin diseases, gleei, leucorrhcea
intemiiltent fever. A decoction (62 Gm. to 473 com., or S'i"^*i) nia
used, but a good fluid extract is better.
1
CHINA-ROOT.— Thp rliizome of Smilax ginbrn and SniilaJC
(Smilatfipj <>( CliJna Jind Japun bus the same inuNiii units and properti
siirBaparilla, but is more active. It is best given in the form of fluid ex
of Chi[iH-niot. in d"ses of 'i to A e.cm. (or fSss-j), a*veral tinu'* u day.
CEIROISIinnil. ~ Chinoidin, Quinoidin, is a mixlttre of alkal
mostly amorphous, oblainod a§ a bv-jinxltirt in the manutadure oi
crystal lixablr alkaloids of rinohoim. (See Cinchona.)
Chiuoidin possesseg tonic and autipcrimlie prnperlies. It is a i
colored .lubstance, nnd is active in about double the dose of quinine, li
apt to disorder the stomach.
CHINOIIHA. — Chinolin, Quinolin, is a colorless, oily liquid, dark*
on cxpnsiue lo light, and is a oou^iitiient of roal-lar. hut is prepared
mercially by frealing aniline or nitrobenwl wiih glycerin in the prei
of a di-iiyd rating a^enl. It may also be nliliiiui'd bv the dirilillntion of
nine, cinchonine, and strychnine with potas^iuni. T'hc odor recalls th
nitroben7i>l. It is slightly snhiVile in water, and the snhition noseee
pungent tiif'Ic. Chinolin ie readily soluble in alcohol, ether, and cnlorol
It is a hygroscopic substance.
In its chemical charnctera it is so closely related to quinine as to
tp its substitution in medicine. l>r. Julius Donnih claims that its ph
itfKtl uid thiirapeutic effects arc uUn idiMiticol with lh« natural alkaloid.
n* Uttnitc- U thv i-alt chiefly used, uhicli ii- in shining, eilky crjBtals, with
■ting odor and ptmf;ent taste, permanent in air, and soluble in water.
isti^htlT eoluble in alcohol; insoluble in ether and chloroform. The
ts biielily irriiunt to the gitttrio inucou« mombniie. A salicylsto
l>*'rn proparpd.
njilologfical Action and Therapy. — Chinolin is a vnluabli' nnti»eptic,
1 iu offvneiVL* odor has prevented its application in this direction in med-
bowever, it i» iK.-tieTed that much of Ibia objection cnn be removed by
' modce of preparation, Ii it could be obtained without odor or tasto,
mold be s valuitble agent for the prc»crvotiou of food. The tartrate and
urrlat*' ar« also poworful antizymotici^. Internally, these salts are nnti-
X uid iintimTiudiL-, iu do»cs rather larger than those given of quinine
: Cm., or See, daily, for adults).
U may be jriven to children in peppermint-water, or synip and distilled
fnitr, or to adults in capeu!c« or wafers. Neural^a dopondcut upon a
Kilsrial tntiit i» often relieved by chinolin tartrate. In xymotic diseases,
:bii than malarial, chioulia has not proved satisfactory as an antipyretic^
--iu»f it. has Ix-cn found to bo loo depressing in itii effects upon the heart.
:: inpical application in diphtheria, it may be diluted with alcohol (S per
-id u«.>h1 with a B>praj, or painted un with a bruiili, to the alTected part.
]'jn of the tartrate (V. to 1 per cent.) has been used as an injection
'•rrhn-ft.
Aoalgun is the name given to a derivative of quinolin. It is a white,
TKaltinc povrdor, insoluble in water, aoluble in hot alcohol and in acids.
iWn miied with iiitrou.^ acid a yellow prrcijiiinti' i.s formi-d. It has bwrii
■ed with t(ucrc«4a in neuralgia and has alleviated rheumatic pains. In some
MM it caafio« tht^ urine to itsvumu a dark-ntd color. This tint is due to a
Aaaae which analgen undergoes in the organism. The molecule may he
««tirely destroy^'d or the benzoyl group which cnn-rn into its composition may
ta Nrparated with complete oxidation of the residue. In the latter event
A* nrine is rctldmed br the action of the free amido produced in the uric
Kid. Doae is from 0.50 to 1 Om. (or gr. viii-xv).
CHUiOSOL. — Chinotot is described by the maDufacturere as a neutral
QMiind of ojiychinoliii. It is « bright-yellow, crystalline powder, readily
:ble in water, not caustic or corrosive, and is said to be non-toxic.
iwf* not com^lale nibuiiiin. It is very r<.-adily precipitated by alkalies. It
am a tli^htly-antmntic odor and an astringent taste like carbolic acid.
£ dam* the hands yellow; but the color is readily removed by fn^*h
•ner. It i» reported to be forty times more active in checking fermentation
AiB carbolic n<-id.
nysiologioil Action and Therapy. — Ohiuosol is antiseptic, disinfectant,
jt, and iiaeierieide. PMr«iMir« Emmerich and Kowmann, of
have used it in surgical work, and prefer it to corrosive sublimate
\w cmrbolic acid. Itonnema' »nys that chinosol oomhine^ large anti»fptio
1909 with a relalivrly small power of doing harm. In frogs chinoaol
••wed itptrlf to hi- a central |H>isiin; but he sd ministered to a rabbit 1 Gm.
f „. XT J by the mouth and one and one-quarter hours later another do»e of
. jXijjpcwrf— ■*' ilMVMhefu, Dec., tsse.
248
PUAltilACKCI
IPELTIC AC
S (im. (or RT. MS) withoiil nny i»a<l effi'ct. It has n dptfrrent notion U
the t-uififiuUlidn of hIIuiiiuti. iin<1 liiiiOi^r* tlic (tniiver»i»ii of iiUmmimjidi'
pcptonpE. Interitalty. it bax been \iAPti with some eucceiM in putmonun' tu
ailiwi^ Dr. Ali-xnniirr Mno(i rc^for, of l^)n{Iiin, n'ii»r(i> clinicnllv on ti\ a
and atafei- that, from the obt^crTationi! which he ms been able to make. I
(-Qnvii)i'(<<) that it i»a valuabU' drug in tho tn-atnient of thi^i atlGction.'
CHIRATA (IT. S, P., B. P.)-— Chirata (Chiretta).
Dose, J to 2 Gm. (or gr. xv-xxx).
I
Prtparalicnt.
Eilraclun. Clilratw FluWnin (U.8.P.)^FIuld RxtfWt of CUrnta. Do«.
to 2 c.cm. lor ms-xxx),
TinctiiTQ Chlrotir (U.S.P., B.P.).— TinHure of Chiratft (10 per cent). Da
U) T£ c.ctu. lor fSi-iJ).
liquor CbimtiF Cuncnilnttut IB, I*.).'~<'onoeDlrHlviI Suliiliun ot Chir^ttk. ;
2 to 4 r.em. (or rSon-jl.
lofumtn ChiTBlw (B.I'.).— Infusiftn of ChirclU (S per cent). Dot. IS i
com. (or fju-j).
FharmKcoIo^. — The entire planl. Swerlia Chirata (Ofntianejc)
India, if ui^cd ue a bitter aromatic tonic in tlio East, but rarely prescribe
this CDimti'v or En;;land. It conlainH two amorphous principles, Op)
Add and (^iratm jHohn), but no tuiniii.
Therapy.— t'hi rata resembles ucnlian very closely, to which it in a
botanically, but it is more bitter. It has similar therapeutic applicatior
atonic dyi^i)i;p*ift, etc. Chirata may often !« very *erviccably ctmibioed
bismuth subnitratc. or with hydrochloric aeid, for the relief of the
stomach of dninkards. It is useful in functional inactivity of the liver,
its action on the liver it indirectly overcomes constipation. As it con)
no tannic acid, chirata can be prescribed in combination witli iron, if des
CHIOBAL (!'. S. I».).-^Chloral.
CHLORAL HYDRAS (B. P.).— CWgral-hydrate (C.HCI.O
Dose, 0,13 to 1.3U Gm. (or gr, ii-xx).
Preparation.
H.0}
Synipus Chloml IB. P.).— Sjtup of Chlornl (0.66 Gm. in 4 c.cm.. or gr. x !n
Dow, 'i to T.'! c.cm. lor f3»8-ij|.
Pharmacolo^. — Chloral-hydrate (trichloraldehyde) forms coloi
transparent cryi-tals; of bitterish, caustic tast<?; of pleasant, ethereal,
Rlighlly-acrid odor; which are freely soluble in water and in alcohol. 1
hydrate of chloral should be of a neutral reaction. The crystals volat
slowlv at ordinary li'inperalnres, and should be kept in a tighllv-stopp
bottle: Ihey melt at 135° F. and boil at 208° F„ and are at the same
detomiioscd into aiiliydroiis chloral and water. Chloral for medical pur^
should be recrystalUzed, and the crystals should be dry, and not readil;
tract moisture from the air. If concentrated gulphuric acid be adde
chloral it is converted into a white, solid substance having the same (
position as chloral, but is not soluble in water. Chloral also combines '
' lionitoti I^HCrl. vol. II for IftflU, p. SO.
CHLORAL.
240
Axttoi lo fonn cnttAlt of aleoholute of clilora], which are less soluble than
, kjiutt of chloral. When triturated with camphor, menthol, thymol, or
< ajttilt of csrliolic iicid, hydrate of ehlorul forms u pLTmanent. oily tic|uid.
'bnotact with iron, even in Bmall i^uantity, crystals of chloral-hydratr oc-
(mrei peculiar yellow discoloration in consequence of the liberation of free
STrlrnchl'jricacia.
fhytlolo^cal Action and Poisoning. — Chloral- hydrate ts unfieeptic and
although slijihl irriialion may occur at first. It is an hypnotic,
■HBg ile«p by producing uii ana^miL' condition of the brain, the patient
nbng after several hours aa from natural sleep. Cnpleaaant afler-elTecta
ACcwionally observed. The reflex activity of the spinal centres is weak-
•nd this, ejttending to the medulla, cauoes paralyMs of the reapiralory
\o effect is sceu upon the sensory nerves, but the motor nerves nnj
pifnally alTecied, muscular weakness bcin^ one of iht; prominent phe-
Btaraa atli-mling chronic chloral poisoning;. Chloral acts powt-rfnlly upon
Se heart, lowering and weakening its rate of movement through a local
JnAnaice upon the fningUon and muscle. With this there is lowerine of
Mml preeeure. aided by dilatation of the superficial vessels. When death
iiaiuM hy chloral, the heart is arrested in diastole. The decided fall in
lAt bodily temperature ia probably aecondary to the cooling: of the blood
|l;fiiUtioD of the cutaneous blooil- vessels. Dyspnea may be produced by
'■pigtment of the lungs, due to the wenkened cardiac action and to the
ibolfiiltr^meDt of the puJmonarv' vessel*;. Death is produced by respira-
tanfaiJnre usually, although it occurs sometimes with such suddenness as
l*nd lo the supposition that it is due lo syncope from direct action upon
iWiwt.
Is a few cas«». death appears to be due to some deleterious action upon
^Uood, resembling scuny. as purpuric and scorbutic eruptions occur, with
txilen, nWrated gums, gr«at prostration, und collapse. Wc treat the first
(iHct cases of gradual respiratory failure, by artificial respiration and the
i*^uniimtiDn of stimulants externally, by friction, local weniith, and sina-
l(*^aBd internally by hot coffee, and artificial respiration, galvanism, etc.,
" liii» physiological antidotes, such ti* atropine and stTychnine. r>r, Colenso
' •'ttllj reponed to ihe London Clinical Society, a ease of recovery from
"fanl poisoning in consequence of the use of atropine and strychnine hypo-
•*»e«ly. In the second class of cases, unfortunately, death occurs too
WtUy for the action of remedies; but hypodermic injections of ether, atro-
f*"*, or strychnine, with evacuation of the stomach by the pump and the
r**Ddociion of hot alcoholic stimulants, might be serviceable in saving life.
* tit third claffi of cases transfusion of blood might be required, or the
"•ainiMrBlion of large doses of the tincture of feme chloride. Then- is a
*4iarkable rariation as regards the quantity capable of producing a fatal ef-
*ct Catea are on record in which from 15.5 Gni, (or .V") '" 31 Gra. (or 5j)
prfaced alarming symptoms, though recovery took place. On the contrary,
'••ft has been caused by a single dose of 'i Gm. (or gr. xxi). Chronic cblo-
■!■•— prcfenting symptoms of muscular weakness or paralysLs, moral per-
J^won, itebic heart, epileptiform convulsions, and delirium tremens — is re-
••wi by prompt removal of the drug and the administration of tonics, cspe-
*Bt otix Tomicfl or strychnine. Animals poisoned with chloral-hydrate
^"T if they are kept warm. In some cases an erythematous rash follows
I* •dmiiuatntioD of chloral, and desquamation of skin from the fingers
HI ril-lKlIACECTlCXL THBIUPKOTIC AOEXTB OB DRUOS.
around the extremitieo has been noticed. Other cutaneous munifcitlat
which have been noticed in consequence of the administration of chloraj
wheals, papules, vesicles, pustules, petcehlw, and ulceration Toxic i
hare been folluned by s^'lllptoIns of purpura htciuarrbagjca.
An eruption from ebloral it especially apt to occur id children, in i
anil cachectic patients, and in those who suffer from disease of the ner
system, as hvsteriu, chor«a, mycliti», or ^neral paraly»i«. The comiuc
caH6c of sucli a rafh, however, is the ingestion of alcohol at the same
with chloral.
This Bubetancc ie removed from the system principally by th« kidi
it also escapes by the breath, to which it givex a peculiar odor. In ]
amounts chloral is irritant to the kidneys, may excite nephritic, and (
the passage of bloody urine.
It is probable that some of the serious cITccts foUowinf* the admini
tion of chloral are properly attributable lo impiiriticji hi the drug. I
crystals have a pungent, acrid odor, they should not be used; recrystAl
chloral -hydrate should be preferred for nn-dical Hs<t. Where the he*
Borioiii-ly afTccted and its walls are thin and weak, chloral, as a rule, sV
not be given. It is also dangerous to use it freely in alcoholic subjects.
cording to the experiments of MM. Cad^ac and Mulct upon dogs, mor|
admiuiatered by the stomach and soon followed by a rectal injection of
ral produces complete aneesthesia, which contioues for more than ha
hour.
Therapy.— The antiseptic action of chloral is utilized in sur^ry, \
5-per-oeiit, si>hilion#nrcuseda«atimulating(lrosMii{;s for suppurating w(
and foul iilecrs. This solution also may be applied to parasitic ?Vin
tions (tinea versicolor). It is also u.ied to check itching in ecieme
prurigo. In urticaria Qunujttaud uses a lotion contnining 30 parlx of
acid, a parts of chloral-hydrate, and 180 parts of distilled water. Dr.
8fe is in the habit of using an ounce of a lO-per-ccnt. solution for injt
into the sac of an hydrocele after tlie fluid has been evacuated. In t
three days a large cSuston takes place, but is soon absorbed. The same
tion may be advantageously injected into the neighborhood of varicose
The blood gradually coagulates and the vessels contract, Dr. J. Palvy,
his cxpprienec in lift(M!n cases, believes that the injection per rectun
solution containing from 1 to 1.60 Qui. (orgr. xv-xxv)of chloral-hydratt
erticient remedy in hnjmoptysiii. In combination with other remedies
used as an anodyne and counter-irritant in neuralgia and rheumatiun
B ChloraL ., , SI Om. or Sij.
Lin. nupoius 120] c-cin. or (jlv.^
For application to pleurodynia, lumbago, etc, the combination flf
ral and camphor may be used: — ■
B Cam phone.
Chloral m 4; Giu. or 3j.
Lanolin! 31{ Gin. or 8J> ^
M. For nt>linil];1n.
Mr. Lennox Browne praises the virtue of n mixture of equal pn
chloral -hydrate and camphor as an application in neuralgia. The m
forms a clear fluid, which is applied over the affected part. He has fo
CHI.ORAI..
SSI
Gni, «r |[r lixv.
Gin. or gr. xlv,
Om. or Sss,
o.ciu, or (JiJ,
■I wrvioG in neuralgia of tlie larjnx anil in relieving epoeniodic coiigli
Itooibache. Chloral Jameful in tmmuit nnscontiiim, the cramps to vhich
■nt women arc often subject, ein^iiltue, and gpa^modic antj noclunial
Dr. Lyon I'lavfair recoiiiinends chloral fur the purpose of relieving
ipitii of pMrliihtion. II may be jid ministered either by tin- month or
D, and it ift asst'rtt'ii thai I wo or at moiii four doses of 1 (Jm. (or gr. sv)
III intervuls of twenty minuteii minimise siilTerins: without weiikening
fmergy of the uterine contractions. This remedy has also been used in
i of rigiditj of the ob uteri. In Epasmodic croup Holt advises: —
SCUoraL G
pDta«*fl brmnldl 3
AmBBOBii broiDidi -.. S
Aqiue nnnBmomi , ....,,. 60
M. Sg.t 0| thU the ilow tor a nhild ntiotit acvnn yran of age i* ant^ tcnapoonfiil.
rtfpMltd in (upnly minutes it not rellev«d.
b diphtheria a gargle of 3-per-cent., followed by application of a 20-
nt., solution is Miid to cause prompt disappearouce of the falHc mem-
Two or three grains of chloral to (he ounce ot wnter (0.1.1 tn 0.?0 Gm.
wm.) has b*en aucceisfTilly used as an injection in gonorrhtpa. Garret-
onplojrs the following combination, contnining chloral, with ofTect &» an
ioD in gonorrhcEs: —
SCMoraL.
Pftmibi acctati* •« 150 tim. or kt. viij.
.lj)Uip d#«l 2401 ccm. or iJviij.^M.
The principal e3:mptom for which chloral is prescribed is ineomnia
bm nental overwork, or occurring during the noiirse of tvphus or typhoid,
■ Uiriinn tremens, in phthisis, or in the aged. In acute mania, especially
tMcanaed by alcohol, v^^ry large dofiea have Ijepn followed by (he best effects,
lea injeclpd (-1 to 8 Gm., or 5i-ii) into a vein, genera! ana<)<the«is is pro-
^s4: but this method has no tpecial advantogv, and present!) tiome decided
^■dnotages. The restleeEnees and insomnia present in general parulyvis
if^inRane are allayed by the adiiiiniKirnlion of lhi:t n-medy, and it is also
tstfitial in spai^modic a^ections. chorea, whooping-cough, asthma, uterine
^Mitad tetanuR. A do^e of eiiloriil at bed-time is utieful in paralysis
VSiBf, and may be able to ward «ff an attack of nocturnal epilepsy. Chloral
•Wi reJief in laryngi.tmu.i stridulu,«. The hypodei-mie injection of 0.32
••063 Gm. (or gr. v-x) of chloral-hydrate, in combination with O.OOS to
' ''i- Gra. (or gr. '/,-'/») of morphine sulphate, is highly recommended in
'^Vn iDorbas attended with collapse, and in the algid stage of Asiatic
'^•Wq. If the patient cannot be made to »wal!ow, an emulsion may be pre-
(•wi aith egg containing 4 to 8 Qm. (or 3i-ij) of chloral, and given pur
VSL Tbii drug also acts as an antidote in eascH of poi.soning from physoa-
^U, pkrotoxin, and strychnine. If, on account of spasm, the patient can-
•IwiIloT, the antidote may he serviceably adniini.'itered by the rectum.
b CHCC of undue arterial excitement, during the early stage of pneu-
■*ua,n oreraction of an hyperlniphied heart, or in the increased arterial
•■■oil of Bright'a disease, chloral judiciously used may be of service. It is
"'" viih mnch benefit to allay the discomfort of seasickness. In con-
tttadachc vitli insomnia a combination like the following is advan-
252
rHARllACBCTICAL THI!BAPECTIC AOE^lTfi OH DR0G6.
B Clilonil
MorpbiniB hydrobromat.
AqiiK cKinpiiorN!
eo
Gm.
DOS tini. or
c.ciu. or
or Sj.
M. Sig.: A deuntspoonrul «v«ty Iwo hour* until reliered.
It lin» been found useful in ^cnrkl fever l>y WilaoR, wlio given 0.04
0.13 Gm. (or gr. i-ij) in n little syrup of lactucarium and water every tw
three hours for a child five yenn of age. Sir Renjiimin Wnrd Richnn
cgtcems chloral as a valuable antipjTetic in typhoid fever. In tetanus
to 1.30 (im. (orgr. x-xx) should he given every hour or two, according t(
gravity of the ease, gradually lengthening the intervale and aftenvarJ re
ing the dose. In (lonvubion^ nfter lahur, an enema containing 4 Qm. (a;
of chloral ehouid be thrown into the rectiun. or 2 to 2. GO Gm. (or gr. xx:
given by the mouth. Dr. Deshagi-s, of Orleans, advocate* the hypode
injection of chloral in puerperal eclampsia and also in eonvuleions from c
caujies. In thi' convulsion)* of children it is n very prompt and vffit
remedy. For rcftlce«nes« and insomnia chloral may be very advantage;
prescribed with polassium bromide, oa: —
tt Chloral 121 Gm. or 3I1J.
PotAMii faromidi It)|5 Gm. or Iv.
S,vrupl taotuoaril,
Syrupi nurantii aa W| e.cm. or i$ij.
M. SIg.: A doswrtapoonful at bed-tim*.
Qioffredi recommends chloral-hydrate to be u»e<l as an antidote v
cainc poisoning, giving do*c* of 3 to 4 Gm. (or gr. xlv-3j).
For the reliof of night-BweaU of phlhieifi, 4 Gin. (or -ij) may be diss(
in 90 c.cm. (or fo''J) "f dilute lathing- whisky and the patient's skin b6
with it. This is also a good application to prevent bed-sores.
The conipounds of chloral with camphor, salicylic acid, and with
bolic acid are useful as antiseptics, especially the latter, which is free
unpleasant odor Hnd is anodyne hs well as antiseptic.
The unpleasant taste of chloral-hydrate may be overcome by raixii
iolution with lemonade.
Butyl •chloral -hydrate ( B. P.). chhiral-butylicmn. or croton-chtoral {
O.IS to !.;{(> (Jni., or gr. ii-.\s), i» iihtniiH'il by the action of chl"nne
acetic aldehyde and tollected by disiillntion. It is the hydrate of trie
butylaldi'hydc, and is in the fi>nTi of while, i^hining, crystalline scalcf.
ing a pungent smell and a disagreealile. acrid taste. Hutyl-chloral-hy
is soluble in alcohol, ether, glycerin, and hot water. The action is like
of ohlorni, but said to be less depressing to the cinulation and heart,
more anodyne, and is especially useful in neuralgia. In neuralgia of (h(
U.32 (!ni. (or gr. v) is given every half-hour. I.iebrcich, who was tin
covcrer of this drug, praises it as an hypnotic in doses of 1 to 'i (ira. (c
W-xxx). rroton-chlonil Kivc* relief in bcaduche due to eyestniin,
liinger has found it very beneficial in migraine. It ban also proved set
able in dysmenorrhcpa.
The following combination ia recommended in neuralgia: —
B Hot.vlchlor»l lif<lr*t 8
AlcToholi. "
Kitv. )[uarnl>» ■■ ,.,.. .r 90
U. Sig.: A tvuipoonhil every Iialf-houT or hour.
Gin. or 3fj.
e.cm. nr (Sli.
o.ciii. or fjilj.
CULOKALAMril.
S53
Ixttin.' of butylK'hloral tind tincture af tainphor is Kcomincnd^j uj
application iti tii'unilgiit.
following; (orrnuta has been published as of servira in mignineN
Ihilyl-rliltitMl hydnt.
TV- x>rlii«>niii ....,,....
Tr. raamibia Ind-
Cljrvrriti
Aqu*
IL Sif.: A tfaird to be Uken «l once.
Gm. or gr. xv.
c.cm. or mxxx.
e.ota. or nxr.
c.cm. or rJH.
ccm. or IJilJ.
Tbe doM to be Kpeawd in balf aa hour.
It nwT also be ttdminiMtered in the form of a 8olutinn cont«inine 10 part
ri butyl-ciiloral and 30 parts of glycerin to 11^0 parte of dietilted water, i^
jfol ri'preacnting 1 Gm. (or gr. xv) of (lie remedy.
Jr-mi i'xi»«'riiiieiila upon trojte (Jrijjorefcu fitatee that biityl-cliloral is an
etic phygio logical niitidotc lo utryclinine.
~ ' i>nl-cafleine. — A muWiiliir c-ombination of chloral wilh onlTein^
tntk itself in tht' fi>rni of whit*:, shining i-ryslMlIin^ !>c-aloi<. easily soluble
iiltl water. Prof»«or Knald, of Bi-rlin. has utri'd chiorfll-cnlFfini; diilc
Jy is siiiglv di>i«-i of <K20 to 0.^8 (int. (or gr. iii-iv.^n), or in daily
J.38 t» 0.87 t«m. (or gr. vi-xiiii<«}. Tht- iiijectiom- ordinarily wen-
littlt! pnin. Ki-lief wha afTunled bv thi.« int'thod of treatment in
iRUitory r>icunlati«ni, tciatioa, rnipbyfciuu, and m-;>hriti«. It was aleo
of M'rviee in i-hronic cDiuitipalion.
Dnmiol ■«> n foinbiitatiun of cbloraUhvdralc with utnvlcne- hydrate in
ojol'.t ular [ir<i]w>rtinn. U is a oolorlesn oily Hiiid of n caitijiJiorui-foii*
and uf u jtin-uliar. though not unpUii^antly, pungent taiite. Dr. G.
the nriKinatiir of this combination, finds it less liable lo caii^ie toxic
in chloral by it*i;ir, "alwut 24 per pent, more of chloral in thr form
>| beins Imrne than when taken a.i uncombined ehloral- hydrate."
Sw» i1m? (•«>nclu8ion tliat the l«»*r toicicity of the cnmbination is refer-
the gradual tururrenoe and slow progress of disunion of llu- preja-
l>r. J- Arnold Goldmnnn. of Vienna,' reports the u*o of dormiol
reoty-ff>nr eawit. nrincijiully for its hvpnotie efleet. He found it to
prompt and reliable hypnotic action and aUn an undeniable <ieda-i
[efffwt. that it v»n be dq^-ndt-d upon to manifei^ii its action iii relatively
milisl do*** of 0.3T c.cm. (or wivj); that larger dog*s, often up to
< 3 c.cm. (or mzxi-xlv), vinployed occasionallv in individual cases, hare
ril can«?<iuenoe». It is Raiu to hare no cumulative action, and its long-
i\ u-e gifw riJte to no toleranw. He ali>ii found that O.T.'i ecm. (or
iVinniol. given with 60 c.cm. (or f?iij) of gum mixture, an an enema.
- rfiH'tlv Mtii'fiii'lory hypnotic action. Ihe «K*«p lai'trns; between
II hours in a ca^ of a man. M yeani of age, suffering with
ot ill'' ■tiiniadi. Itv the moutli it may lie givt-n in capnuleit of O.."}
E^ (*>r mviij) t->t>-h. Une capule at night is usually sutHcient, but in mmv
nacb rxi-'ileuieni, .uteh ii» hy^tcrin, lie gave :t capi'iiU'if three timeH a day
only gmwl i"iilti!.
mn^BALAMIB. — Chloralamid occurs in the form of white, granuUr
tU. which iti'-lt at 2;J0° F.. and are nolwble in water and akohol. Hot
nu>t not be iwed in making solutions, as the substance is destroyed ,
'Mtwrfm JrotJrM. Oct.. 1900,
264
PHARUACEDTICAL THRBAPKCTIC AdKlnS O^ DRt*aS.
wficii the mercury uwcnds abovi; 1 10° K. It is dvcoinpofiod by c«u^tic a
Iks and alkaline carbonateB. Whi^n heated to ite lueltiiig-poiut cblon
libcmtcd. The doee of ohiorulaiiiiil rniigc* from 1 to 4 Gin. (or gr. xt
It may be given in capsules or cachets, but a much better method of adi
intration is to diwolve it in « portion of wine, whisky, or brandy, li*
•rHoctfi are obtained when exhibited an hour or an hour and a holf be
bed-time.
Phyiiologictl Action. —CbJoruljimid ie free from local irritiint pro
ties. Il liiis but n .ili^'bl tmtr- und cxi-rts Uttlv or no dvl*-t<.-ri()ue inllui
\ipon digestion. It hue been given for monlhs continuou-^ly n-jthout van
any ilecri-ace of tlie Imdilj- weight. Tbi' cimipnund liuKnii aclion upon
howeU or IcidneyB. According to the tistiniony of moet observcre, it ei
little or no depressant intluc-nce upon the circulation. Ijang^nrd and 31;
und Bosc, however, etate that it reduces blood-prcesure, and enjoin cati
in it« u*e whi-n organic heart dincaite exists. Clilorelamid is thought to '.
a Etimulating eifcet upon the respiratory centra. The chief physioloi
action of chliinilaniid is that of an liypnoiic. Slei-p it often proLhiced wi
lialf an hour after its administration. (Sometimes drowsiue^ continues i
tht- following day. Ijirge doses hnve occflnionully produced hcadarlic,
tigo, sickuess of the stotnuch, thirst, incoherence, and cardiac diprcs
Dr. i^ye-Sniilh ha.* n;portcd a case in which 5.20 flm. (or gr. Ixx]
chloralamid, given in two equal portions at eight hours" interval, gave
to Revere univerMil ikrmatiliH folhiwed by profuMc di'Huunmation. Thert
fever which lusted a week, and the urine was slightly alhuminotie.
Therapy. — ^Chlorniamid is principally employed in the treatmei
insnniiita, especially when due to riervousneRS, iieuraKtheiiia, hysKri)
chronic alcoholism. It has been beneficially used as an adjuvant in epili
and i» of viiluc in relieving the paroxyeine of cardiac asthma. So far m
yet been observed, the existence of organic disease of the heart is no pos
i:ontra-indioation to it» employment. The effects of ehhiralamid, like t
of every active drug, require to be carefully watched. Dr. W. Hate \\
lia« given it with advantage in several cases of cardiac valvular di^^ea^c.
a rule, chloralamid will uot overcome sleeplessness caused by pain, thouf
a number of inetances it has suiveeded in carcinouiu, rheumatism, neurs
alcoholic nenritis, herpes rosier, and dysmcnorrha-a.
Chloralamid is efficacious in bronchial asthma, emphysema, plet
and pulmonary tuberculosis by causing sleep, and. consequently, prcsci
strength. It has, moreover, been successful in overcoming wakefu
attendant upon cirrhosis of the liver, ulcer of the stonisch. nephritis,
pelvic disorders. It has likewise, in the same manner, been of aorvii
typhoid fever. er}sipelas, and diabetes. This remedy has also a sphe
iisefulncw in nervouB and mental disorders. It is mn.it useful in mclanc
and chronic mania. In acute mania and progressive paralysis it often
It is of service in idiiK'y with hnllueiiiallons, lU'ulc and chronic para
periodic psychoses, and mtdtiple neuritis. Chloralamid is of scrvit
senilf dementia, but i» uselesB in cases where excitement h a promi
feature.
In the cerebral disturbances of children it answers a very good mir
and it has been given with good effect in acute simple meningitis. Dr.
of Halle, has obtained satisfactory results from the u.fe of ehlornlam:
chorea, and Dr. Ilexamer, of Stamford, Conn., employed it succeNsfvl
rntOSALOBE.
255
4
lie trrmor. A? «n hypnotic und xodalive it i* bencricial in whnoping-
luHuirnxH. Inrjofiisintis stridulus, and pi-reiBtcnt tinnitus aurium. A
p containing 2 um. (or gr. zzx) each oT chlnriilunui] and |iotii«»iuin
l\\r tiuncc i» knowii under the nanK- of chlorolirom and is bi^hljr
ded by Prfifessor ChartmB and others tt* tfrvivcnhW in caM-a of
It has al»o be*n found of value in obetimite Toroiting from
CSLO&AIX}SE. — ChIoralo«e (Anttydro-glnoo^hloral) h produoml by
n of Anl)>dn)U« chloral on glueoM. It crygtallizpe in fine nMdl4>^.
liitter to the Uste, readily soluble in hot water, hut dUaolvoH with
ilty in I'oH wat«r. In the proc4.>«8 of manufacture a second substjincv
itft- This in known as Paracbloralose, and cn'stallisef in the fotni of
pcarlv iBrntllw. whi«h mtlt at 239° C. (412.2°* F.). The melting-point
ri.|.^ra!.'.be is aixffn as 184'' to 186' C. {363.Z' to 366.8" F.).
Physiolo^cal Aotion. — Aocording to the exporinicnts of Prof. Ch.
and L>r. llanriut, chlomlo^ haH a marked hypnotic effect upon dogs,
S' (cn iti small time*. lu large quantities it is toxic. Chloralost- stimu-
ir spinal cord. Keflex action is not diniioiahed, but may even be
oatURntvd. It is claimi^ that, even in Large do«ce, chtoralosp causes no
Anioution of arterial pressure. Temperature is reduced from one-llfth to
tttM-(|uart«T>i of • degree, Chloralusc is (aid to produce an iocrMti-'d
cuvtKio tif urea and chlorides.
Tbtfspy' — From <l.20 to 0.38 Om. (or gr. iiUvj) occasioned n dreamleoa
■id rvfri'i-hing aleep, which was not followed by naimea or headache. It
~ ailnunirtcireil aaTantacwngly in gome enso* whore chlnrd! And morphine
badly home. Sleep is generally produced in half an hour after
tioa of tlte drug, ix Ininqui], and unaccompanied by perspiration.
futf ifiven diloraloee m doses from 0.75 to 1.50 Gm. (or gr. xii-xxiv)
nt ill effects. The cileet ia maintaincfl from four to ten hours. Ijirge
have been known to cause flushing of the face, tremors, epileptiform
mlsiQiu, headache, uncertainty of speech, and urlic^aria. .\ number of
erer, have occurred in which doeea of 0.20 to 0.38 Om. (or gr.
ioned convulsion* or cataleptic symptoms, while cynnaiis with
ha* also been observed as the result of moderate amounts, llys-
individii«ls art; jiarticularly Auscepiilile tn it» inlluenei-. According
b FlemminK, chloraloie is of benefit in ftmctional insomnia aud in that due
■• pFychJcal exuitemenl, hyateria, neurasthenia, overwork, and functional
»mc irritability. He found it of service also in attacks of epUepey and
■ -' -:ii, but Etates that it fails in wakefulness dependent upon alco-
* '-nt. multiple neuritis, and any painful organic lesion or
ml irritation.
In ni#»4 of iriMnily, without excitement, it produces doep; when ex-
r*r«ent it will usually act as a sedative, and, at least in tome
ipablt- of li»niJ>)iing hiilliiti nations. l>r. J. Sacaze haa observed
tMBpTMaioD <if uight-fiwcats produced by the administration of chloralOM
■a ^ihina. In bcclir' (ever he has used with adTODtage a combination of
fBSiBa and chloraloee. This writer has aW fonnd chtotalose of aenicc in
•Aer ehninie pulmonary allections. such as chronic bronchitis with bron-
a>trta»i» and fetid secretion, accompanied by copious perspiration.
k tkneliloraloM Kn« txH-'n thought to possess hypnotic prapertiee, bat.
£66 rHARUACEmCAL TUEBArEimC AflSKK OB dudsb.
Hfrcording to the i-xpiTimi-nlf of M. Hichei, it In «n eIiDo»t inactive 1
with ni'ithoi- t'>\ic nor llKTiipi'iiIio cffwt, '
CHIORETOITE.— Thifl ia the trade dcflijiniatioQ of tri-ohlor-butyl (
hoi (iiL'c'ti)n-i^')i)(iriirunn). tl i» formed bv sjawlj adding eqtial weiglil
chlnriiforni and act^tonu to ratiKtio potaHli, and i.i ii>olat«d Jiv diatilUtion
i^ a while. (-ryBtnllini- i-ulid liutiiij; a canipliiinicoaiic odor. It ia span
Bohi))l<? in <old water (I pt-r t*nt.|, ItuI fwfily induble In slrxnif,' aliohol. 4
rofomi, I'tbcr, and jilacial uti-tie ooid. Us itolittions an- antitieptic C
retone i& a local anesthetic, resemblinjj cocaine, w|)ecially as « fu\iM'.
in infiltretiun aiia'i*ib(.vin. On tliv.' ci'iitral ncrvons i^yi-lfin it acts a
anffstlietic and hypnotic, without depressinjr the nerve-centres. Do»i
0.20 tu D.tig (im. {oT gr. iii-x) in lubJcl, cajiviili-. nr elixir. Ki^vn at n
quiet nervousness and induce elet-p. Dr, freeman K. Wanl has a\s« U
it t« be of gr«l *enice in quieting the irritation i.uw*ed by bypcracidif
the fitoniach of nervous origin, lie stated that it aUo acted wi-ll in wli
in^-ciiii^li, j(i%injr one or two doses diirint? the night. i>f 11, Kt (jin, (or g
dissolved in a little brandy. It is also used in acute aleoholUni.
CHLOHOFORMTJM (U. S. P., B. P.). — Cliloroform, Trichloromct
(CHCl,). ■
Soac, O.GO to l,!iO ccm. (or mx-xx). B. P., 0.00 to 0.30 can. (or n
Prvparatiotu. ^^
Eniulmm Chlorofomii lU.S.P.l-— KmuUion o( Chloroform (chloroform, 4 t
fkprciued oil <it «lmind. 0 ccm,; tm^^anUi, l.ii (.liii,; waiw q, s. ad 100 0
Dose. 4 to T.6 c.ctn. lor f3i-it|,
Splrltui Chloroformi (U.S. P., B. P.).— Spirit o( Chioroform (fl per cent., U.
5 ]wr iviil,, II. K). noHC. :! to 4 e^m. (nr fSaa-j). iFor rrpoalrd ailniiniitrfttlon
to 1.2(1 p.cm., or r'iv-\x. B. P.)
I.iiiiniontiini Chlorofomii (U.8.P., B. P.).— Chloroform IJniini-nt |l.'.S.P
la'uin diltirofuMM. 3() r,i-iti.; "OAp-)iiiiin«nt. TO c.cm.i B.1*. contniiw uliloraAMr
p.tni.; linimont of eompluir, SO v.rm.t.
Aqua Chlorofurmi (U.S.P., B. P.).— Chloroform-water. Dose, i to IS ceo
Tiiitlura CUlnrofnrnii »t Mnrphlnn- Conip'milA (B. P.),— CotnpounJ Tincd
Chloroform nad Morjihinc (c-hiorofonn. 75; tnorptiinc hydrochloride. 10; dilulnl 1
cyanic ncld, GO; (inrturc of roiiiioum. 2Ai tincturo ol Initian hemp, KHl; oil o
fiTMiiiil. I '■.',: Blvceriii, 2fil.>; »li*oli"l. i], ft. ad 1000). IX)W. o.3n to 1 c.cui. (or ni'
n fui-h O.Oti ccm. (or mx] there i» 0.05 ccm. (or m*/.) of chloroform, 0.03 c.ct
mwi ot diluted hydrocyanic acid, and 0.005S c-cm. (or gt. Vh) at morphine I
chloride'
Pliarmaoology. — Conimerciol chloroform i« impure, only containii
per cent, of chloroforni, and ia used solely for phannaceutical purpou
' Tho following formnln is gircn by Oldbcrft and Wall oa a gooA nulxitltti
CulliB Broune's chlarodyn#: —
GBI.OROFOKMt UISTrRA nYDROCTAXATA (COUPOCXD CULOBOFORM MIXTDK
B Morphinic Bulphnl W Om. or gr. Iv.
01. nicnthip piperita |60 ccm. or mriij.
/Kthprts,
Alcohuli* f_, an ()|(t0 ccm. or mcliv.
Acid, hydrocyanic, dil SOiso ccm. or fjvtnxxxvj
Chlorotorini puritlaat. •■■.. IISpo ccm. or (Jilimecxxi
Syrupi ■ 603{ c^m. or fSxvi}.
Uow. 0.30 to ailO ccm. (or m\-x).
4
CHLOBOFtJBUL'U.
ssr
kcolvent, or for external appticAtioD. Official chlorofonn » a purified chlo-
1, |iref>arcd especially for tneJica! purpoece. It is "a liquid conaUling
. W lo l>y.4 jwr ciiil,, by weight, of absolute clilorafonn and 1 to 0.6 per
(>I alcohol." It is a heavy, dear, calorleas, diSusive liquid; of a char-j
atic, pleiisant, ctli^rcal odor; u liuniing, Bveet taste; aud a neutrar
ion. It is obtained by ad<!inj; chloral-hydrste to an alkaline solution,
the action of clilorinntctl liino upon etiiyl-oxide, or nleobo], and di8>
It is afterward purified by the addition of sulphuric acid, sodium
ite. and liiuc, and rcdi»tiltiition. I'lilDfuform iii only sparingly »o\-
in stater, but miies with alcohol and ether in all proportiouH. It is
It • remarkable »olvent, diwolviujt moitl alkaloi<Ui, resim, gutta-nerclm,
atchouc. paraffin, iodine, bromine, fixed and volatile oils, «tc. C'hloro-
u not infUmmable, but when mi^td with nleoliol it may be burned,
chlorine-gas will be evolved. Charles Martin has adduced reaEons to
^•w that (lilomform-Tapor, in the pre^mce of a naked flame, is decomposed,
tht ultimate formation of hydrochloric acid. The accumulation of the
ID thp aimcmphcrfi may l>e tuitlicient to produce marked bronchial irrita-
Chloroform-vapor i« much denser than atmospliGric air, and diiTnscij
imly. Chlorofnnn is unfit for aniesthedc purposes unleai it be abeolutet]
and fiillilU the tests of the pharmacopa'ias. "If 5 cubic c«iiunietr«4
tt of purifled chloroform h« thoroughly agiuti^d with 10 cubic cend-
I of distilled water, the latter, when Ecparuted, should not affect
Mm < ' >3pcr (abaencc of uoidi^), nnr tcit-iiolulioD of silver nitrate (ab-
^aet of chlorides), nor test-solution of potassium iodide (absence of free
iUiirin>-l. 1-f a portion be di^sted, worm, with solution of potaijda, the
'Uld not become dark colored (abtfcnco of aldehyde). On shaking
. ,UL..._ fi-ntimetrea (nicl) of the chloroform with fi cubic cenlinwitres
i»]ttJ of sulphuric acid in a glaif«-»to]>pered bottle, aud allowing them to
mnaiD in contact for twenty-four hours, no color should be imparted to
toiusr liquid. If a few cubic cenlimetres be permitted to evaporate from
UoClinff-pap^-rt no foreign odor should he perceptible after the odor of the
fUiBoform ci-ases to be rccogniwd." The imrifiitl chloroform contains
*A--ut o.(> lo 1 p<T cent, of alcohol. It must be kept in glas^stoppered bot-
Uei in a cool and dark place.
At the suggestion of Professor Liebreich. M, Pictet, of Geneva, has
opUed hi* procefic for the liquefaction of g8e<-« to the production of aWo-
lettdloroforni. At T0° C. (158* F.) a crystalline body separates from liquid
cblvmfarni- The fluid, from which ih« crystals have been removed, re>
(■yataltice* somewhat below 100* C. (213* F.) and the second crystallization
Mmsests nbeolnte chloroform. At 15° C. (59° V.) the purified cumpound
W m specific gravity of 1.51 and is said to be perfectly stable without ihe
■Utbon of alcohol. It cannot yet be demonstrated as certain, however, that
, ^ctet procesa ia superior to the methods of purification heretofore era-
f^ To« decomposition of cblorofomi under the infitience of light and
rc^rded by some chemistfi as a natural characteristic of the fiuid, and
doe to the presence of impurities It hot, in fact, b«on demonatnled
■ithout the addition of 1 per cent, of alcohol, Piclet's chloroform un-
decomposition, and lluit no svosiblc difference exists between tbie
'any otlier well-purified product.
_ Chloroform was diKy)vered in 1831 by Mr. Sumucl Guthrie, of Sackett's
^p^tr S. V^ and about the same time by Sonbeiran in l-Vance, and Liebig
258
niAnSIXOKCTICAL TUEUAl'BL'TIO AOKNTS OK UBUOS.
in GomiuDV. It was first used as an ameethetic hy Sir James V. Simpson,]
Ediiihiir^h. in 1817.
Physiologioil Action. — W'hi-n kept in contact with the skin for
time, it m»n-» irrilation nnJ, finally, vc«ication. After absorption it est.
a Ecdativc effect. Internally, it proauces a feeling of waniith in llie nlomi
and litis nn a caniiinnlivc, nnliK{>ii.-<niodic, and srtlativf:; large lioR-s ary
tanl. When intrtjduced into the circulation, whether by alworpiion fr_
the bronoho-piilmoiinry mii(!oii« membmne during inhalation or by that/
the stoiiiiich, the effeels are the same. After a brief period of stiinulation t
depr«'ii»iiig effect of thi' dru^ i* munifoHtt-d. iinil in overdosee it ie a card]
poJBon. acting by dcstroyinp the contractility of the heart-miiacle. Po
Julin A. MncU'illinm, of Ahertlcon, has dcmouHtrnted that, cwn when gvti
administered in moderate (juantities and irith due admixture of air, chlq
form CAUM's an npunxinble dilatation of the heart. Thit ditatiilion may pi
cede the loss of the conjunctival reflex, and affects both sides of the he«
It frei|iionUy occur* before »ny fall of blood-nrcuure. Artificial rcspiralil
therefure. often faiU to revive the patient because the enfeebled and i
tended heart if nnable to imiintain the circulation. The diliitntton is l
produced through the pneiimogastrics, but ie the direct effect of the dl
upon the cardiac niochaniitni.' In a later )!erie« of experinientE thiH writer 1
shown that the primary stage of cardiac acceleration is due to a more or I
comph't*' paralysis of the vngi produced by the ehloroform, Tlic (■iil)ee<(aj
retardation occurs "throuph a deprcEsinj; or retarding influence CJcerted
the inirinsic rbyllimicsl mechAt>i«ni of the organ " The occurrence of an
theeia is announced by complete muscular relaxation and abolition of 1
conjunctival and cremasteric reflexes. Dilatation of the pupils while i
Riibject is fully under the inHuenco of chloroform is an ominotia si,
Chlorofiirm is eliminated by the lungs and the kidneys. It proves irritt
to the kidneys as it escapes from the system. '
The administration of chloroform, especially if prolonged, is often 1
lowed by the appearanCB of albumin find casts in the urine: a fnct wh
supgcsls that the renal secretion should be examined before the patieni
placed under the iulliiince of the niitivthetic. It gcnentlly kills in Eur
and Anicrica by heart-pamlysis, though, according to the recent report
the Hyderabad Comniis.*i(in lo the Jirilinh MuHtalJaurnaU in India it k
dogs hy failure of respiration. According to liinz, death under chlorofo:
ameethesia is generally due to sudden paralysis of the re-*pirat"ry ecu
Sometimeti, howerer, the heart stops before the respiration and again,
other cases, paralysis of both systems take« place eimultauocusly. Hare
demon*! rated, in the administration of both chlorofonii and ether, that 11:
is a sudden fall of blood-prn'ssitre. during which sudden death may occur (7
syncope, or heart-paralysis, at au early stage of the aniesthesia. It hag
special effect upon the blood, unless the decided lowering of bodily tempi
tuTC is to be attributed to its action upon the red blood-corpuscles, inter
ing with their function as oxygen-curriers to the tissues, The absorptioi
chloroform by different tissues of the body has been studied by Pohl.
the blood of dogs profoundly influenced by the anicsthetic the blood (
taincd much less than it is capable of dissolving, but the red corpuscles 1
about two and a half time* more tliun the serum. The chloroform is
'Bnli»h Vnlionr J»uma\, Oct. II, IS, anil 86, 18S0.
cni^noroRuru.
2A9
toed witb thr hK>nin]^)obln. but »'illi the lecithin and choieaterin of the
■eiM. _or proi>nriiiin wfl* fotmd in tho htnin thnn in the lilowl,
fbbl bt liul the chJoroform is retained by the choleslerin, leoithin,
irio. KD*! otiirr >u)»itun»!* v«i^' jwlublo in chlortifonn. Tlip Hvcr con-
A leM than the lilooti, snd only traces ueri' foiintl in the urine. A Iraa
itily VA» prf acnt m the fnt (hnn in the blood, u-hich mny hv flltribiiti''(l to
leaf- ' ''it-eup|)Iy of a(lipoM> tissue. Chloroform appears to be shsorbed
\ r mi iitiiin'dsnllr by tis^ua rich in »uh»1itn<-i-# which are 8nliibl«
iMl ii^uiu. After ■dminn^tration hascoasud, the chloroform ia reafaeorbed
Ih* lilooil nv\<^ 4-liniinitl<'<l liv thi- kidneys. I'pon iho ncrvouB »y»lcn) the
i>^itivi'. Chloroform first affects the brain, (hi-n the ecneory
I. .iml fotd. ihvn tht- motor tract, then the sensory parts
The turdulia oblon);alii. and finally the motor portion of the mvdulla,
•r'r '. t.ri.iliioin;; death from feilure of respiration unleM the heart hoi
tiilicti to the drug.
iH-mii ii>>ni iiyncopc, ai ajready pointed out, not infreqaentlr happens
E^loroform before complete anipsthcGia has been produced. Such acci-
HUarv r. ■
A
its
•m.
r.-e to fotirtimw more common from chloroform than from
J I" Sir Benjamin Ward Hichiirdi-on. chloroform (;uus*'S
-by apnoeal syncope, by epilcplifonn s^-ncopc, by
■ •ck. That the toxic action of chloroform dc[H-nd«
n the preaenci- of impurities in shown by the experiinen!!i of <tu
mil. Tilt rct^idue left after the reparation of pure chloroform by
-•• vt» fotind [o exert a much more powerful infliience upon Ih4
I'l re«pinition than the puriRcd product.
;: has been recently directed to the effect of chloroform and
- on the liv?r, Bandlcr, of Prague, performed a herniotomy
• snons. healthy man. who was, however, a hard drinker, usmg
«£ the iina^^tbrtic, \ few day!* iifterwfirO iili-nis developed, and
iMtimt (li«'(i with chola-mic symptoms. A^ leiiiin and tyro§in were found
taa arine, intra riltm, the diji^o^i.t of acute yrllnu' atrophy of the liver
Ti rriTtiJe, and it was confirmed by the necropsy. Handler has been
^ the literature on the subject and experimenting on animals,
;:tiiiu- ihe exact effect of chloroform narcosis on the parenchymatous
He stBtce that every case of chlorofonn narcosis showed degeneration
.-lis afterward, while this degeneration was absent or very slight
irco»i». He therefore urge* the iniporlnnce of avoiding the use
*.nii in cases where there is reason to suspect that the liver is not
J oomiiil. and ii!<ing ether imil«ad.'
it the rvi'i-nt niftliu;.' at Nancy, of the Conjiri-s de* Sotietcs Savantes,*
't=»,__,r Carnier rclwirtt-d the r<--!<ult of a number of experinieiitv mode by
„nd hiiu»elf Aftrrlhe inhalation of chloroform, the glycogen
— !iH^. while Ihe «s!uctive power of Ihc blood increases. The
rm upon the blood in vttro confirmed the resultn oblainrd
•umi'T Ix^lie'c* that under thrac conditions h«Iroly«B of the glu-
»-itli the formation of a fermentable sugar Moiiging to the
, — Chloroform is wed as a local sedative, antiseptic, and cuun-
»l of Iht Amtrinn Jtrdtail AmnetatUut. Fel>. 20. ISW.
UMiraIr dr I'Kar, IMI, No. 8>
£60
rRABHACBCTICAl. TH Kit A PEL' TIC A(iBST3 OR DRCOS.
t«r-iiTitaiit, iiD<I, owing 1o Its salnnt sclion upon the nlkaloide, it(
Qseful vehicle for snodyneH. The soluiion of ^utia-percha in chlorof
(liquor gtiltii-p<.Tcha') is Gotm-'timce utc-d as a. protective in »mul]-poxj
Gryaipc-lnn. TIiIa h likewise a useful application in psoriasis, herpen vi
Bupcrficial burni-, fiiruncliw, uu<] fiKKurvd uipplee. Chloroform is an 8}
lent hfrniostntic and promptly checKs superticial IiiemorrhaRe when apj
upon lint or ebsorbcnt cotton. A lotion containing chloroform is olttt
aervice in urticaria, and a liniment made with chloroform, aconite, and i
phor soothes the pain of neuralgia and chronic rhoumatisiu: —
B Chlorotormi,
Tinct. opii.
Tlnct. aronit. aa ISj
Liniment wponls Til|
M. Sig.! Kor txirrnul upplicatioii.
cnn, or (Jw.
c«n. or ijiiss.
Anolhrr good formula for a local aiurathdic it that devised by Dr.
Bona: —
R CliloToIonnl,
Tinct. nconlL na 11| c.vm. or (3iiJ.
Thict. capdel 4| cum. or tSJ.
Tiuct. pyrethri.
01 <!Hry«pliylli aa 21 com. or fSin.
Camphotle S[ Gn. or 3««.
M. 6ig.: For external uu. The camphor ia fint diuolved in the chlor
and the oil of cloves and tlie tincl^ure* are tiian added.
Chloroform may also he used, as suggested by Southworth, in thi
lowing eombinalion to overcome a rigid |)erineum in labor: —
. R Clilorolormi ............■.......>......... BO ccm. or fSij.
.^herl* ,i... W c.cra. or fjj.
Spiritu* odomt. ..>...........•.■>• .173 ccm. or Oj.
M. Sig.: Apply locftlly.
This mixture acts uuickly and wcH, lorge hcods passing the peri
with no tear, which without it seemed impossible unless followed wit
tensive ruptiu'c.
Dohiach' recommenda a combination containing pure chloroforti
spray for its local anwsthetic effect in minor surgical operations, incisi
« paronychia, evacuation of a glandular abscess, extirpation of a supe
epithelioma, as follows: —
B Mentholl 41 Cm. or Xj,
Cblorofonni ...,'. 37 ccm. or I3x.
.^Ctli^rU &8| c.cm. or ISxv.~
The local nna-rthcsia lasts from two to six misutflB.
Inlernntly it is useful in gaatratgia as chloroform-vater, or in con
Hon with anodynes, as Ju chlorodync. It has also been giren in hyi
Uthma, irrilnhlt! oough, and seasickness.
Chloroform- water has been found serviceable in spasmodic cron
few drop* af chloroform, taken in water or upon sugar, will often t
vomiting when not due to inflammation of the stomach. Chloroform-
i« often of service in alleviating the vomiting of pregnancy. Chloroto:
'AUffcmetne mfdMnltrhr emtralZeihiasi, No, 14, 1890.
CHLOROPORltrU.
S61
lo^nficii-xs) doece, is ^nid lo protnoie a rtpid diaappear-
ituirin uik) nnaiaroi of prignnncy. Small dosM of cnlorn-
n and check ihe vomitinR caused by f^stric ulcer. In
■ iiiltf-ially cuiiliiiu'd with bismuth. Chloroform, inler-
U'rvd. relicvrt the paroxysniH of whoopiuft-cough. In diai-
.'f chluroform is Vncficmlly uddod to a mixture coni«int»g
iti kml opium. The chill of isterniittent fe?er may often he averted
MtlminUtratiim of « drachm of the spirit of ohloroform. The «nmc
lioo. ^ivvn alone or ia combination with morphine, allays hiccough,
lif niicroLicide acunn i>f chlorofonii makes it eon-iceabic )d some cases
SuviL-n! nntl fermentative or infectious dyspepsia. It has even bt-cn
■ ' uM^fiil in cholera in llii« wav.
T ner has nwd chloroform in 1^0 cases of typhoid fever. It had
Bnibic ini1ui.-nc<- upon the diurrhcca niid tympanites and leMened the
manilefitatione. None of the patients died or aoffered a relapse. He
jwl a l-pi-r-ivut. atjut'ous solution, of which he gave 4 lo 7.5 c.cm. (or
Kvvry hour or second hour, increasing the intcrrals as improvement
StiK-p alM reporiii gooii result* from ili» use in typhoid fovcr.
rit of chloroform ia nsed with especial advantage iu the treat-
l« ^•■ra morbiu, and often for its sedative action upon tlie system.
llu- sj.trit of chloroform can be ad vantageoiialy combined and used with
icatir» ani] other remedies:—
R SpJiilDBrhlnrafornl 1S| P.cm. or ISsii
Aqwr caniphor*.
SpiHia« Kinrriaromp. ^ aa 001 c.cin. or tiij.
Tiact. eapdci ..,,'. T|s c.cm. or (3) j.
M. Siy.t A dMMrlApoonfu) ia water, wb*D«ver neoestary, lor choUra inoibus or
■MMftchacIiC' or inUvUaal paina or flatulesM.
ft Bfiiriiua dilorofonat lltso c.cni. or ISv.
Ovoaoti
%dHlua amiDoo. arogo. T
Aqn* mralk. pip. q. a. ad 150
Sig-: A Inupoonlul or two bctorc maala for nnniwa or TomiUng.
37 c.cm. or «irj.
fi c.ciD. or I3ij.
cciu. or IJv,
IS
com. ov Qm.
065 Gm- or (tr. j.
c.cm. or fjiv.
ffpiritiM rliloroformi .<-,,
Mor^htnn nulpbatb
Aqna: aniiaoDami . ..i). i>. iit) 120
9ir-: Frotn on' (o two tfaipooDfuls evny half-bour for afttT-pauii or in
• or fajvlerital attacfct.
fever* the spirit of chloroform is useful to relieve rcstlosanesa and
. citii^h in pneumonia, bronchitis, or pleurisy, usually pvcn in a
-foivt ur'-"' fimKinaiion. *
Application. — The important application of this remedy is for
iag anaMhcsia during iiurgical opetations. It n the moi<t pleasant,
active, and the most convenient an»«thetic. I'nfortunntcly, ila
ard is so murh higher than that of its great ris'al, ether, that
^nnrivnF in this countri' prefer to use the latter, although its odor
a^re«ab1>', and il retjuires a much larger (|uiintity to produce uncon-
, and il has a preliminary state of excitement or intoxication.
apnn Tht *t8te nf ana-atiie^ia and the ehoicc of nnwsthetics may
uii'Ur ihi In-ndof JEther.)
Administistioa for Anattbetio Effect. — Tb« administration of
2t>a
PItARUACCUTlCAL IHERAPEUTIC AOENIS Ofi OBCOS.
chloroform for Hurgiosl opCrntion» rvsjiiircK M\l, laieWigOMtr, and «xperiq
The jjreater Dumber of fatal caaes, bv far, liave occurred in the hands of t^
who do not apprcL-kto the rcspoii^ibihtv thcv assume in iifiti}; this potr^
Bgent. The method to be followed is, iirst, to eliminate nil casi^B of weaj
diKCaeed facurt; and, if Ihi- o|>i-rntian is to hi; a h^n^ one, ri-t|niring prolog
sdministrstion of the anK-slhetic, CAses of kidney disease must also he
eluded. The patient sfaoiild not be in a sitting pnxttirc, nor should
chloroform be administered soon after a full men). The clothing about
»Mk and waist »huiikl be loottc enough to allow rcipintor}' movements,
the patient should not be loo niui'h exposed, on account of the loweriai
trtupLTUturc and the powtibiiity of uougcctiou of the l»ng» ur kidni-vii »u|
qnent to the administration.- The chloroform should be pure, and about J
to 'I e.cni, (or rnxl-foj), poured upon a napkin or towel and held a little
tance above the patient's noM or mouth, so that the denee vapor in fall
»li»ll mix with air.
According to Clover, the chloroforra-vapor should be diluted with
volumeE of nir, and he has devised a special inhaler dt-sigut'd to accomp
this dilution. An improved apparatus, now in u^e, is known as l>r. Juak
Inbaler. In inauy ca«ee full anawthesia, or coma^ it not necdt-d for hi
operations, nnrturition, passage of gall-stones, etc.; consciousne.^ ma]
preserved while the sense of pain im tenipoiurily abolished. Dr. Snyrc
Sew York, uses a much i^inaller amount of chloroform (0..S0 to 1.20 e.i
or i^t. v-xx). but jidmniistcrs the vapor in as concentrated a form at he i
avoiding the admission of air as far as possible, and speaks very confide:
of the eflicicncy and safety of this method. If the patient struggles violui
during: tlie inhalation, he is liable to gut an overdose, and tinder such
cuinslunce« the adminislrution of the anivi^ilhfrlie vhotdd he entirely disi
tinned until the breathing becomes normal and it is seen that tne ai
thesia is becoming fiiintor. Tlie eX]nrrienoed ana-alheti^ier will d«vot«
entire attention to his patient, and carefully note any change in the reef
tion. pupil of the eye, or color of the skin. The patient')! pu!*e aim) *h(
be waidied during the administration of chlorofonn. and, if it suddenly s
or becomts fluttering, Seluton's method should he at onee cmnloyed
which the patient is placed in a vertical position, with the head aownw
while artificial respiration ii employed, which is iisunlly successful,
horde'* method of rhythmical tongue-traction is very useful in restoring
leepiration. Tracheotomy may be required, and inflation of t!ie lungs '
tho hollows has been succesafully performed. Sir llenjamin Ward H
ardson regards arliflciiil n-spiration as the most impiirtant meiisurc for
n.'lii'r of chloroform narcosis, Moulh-lo-mouth insufflation may be f
ticed in the aGscncc of a convenient appiiratiis. ,\niyl nitrite or nmm
inhaliition^ jihonld also be practiced, or ether, digitalis, or whisky inje
hypodermieally. Etforts at resuscitslion should not be discontinued in
than one hour, a* pnlii>nt» have recovered after artiUcial resniration had I
continued for this length of time. The faradic current is likely to do c
harm than good, a* it interferes with other mcjisurcs, and if applied to
phrenic nerve may cause stoppage of the heart by inhibitory action. S
ping the chest with the fringe of a tone! wet with cold water was the fsvi
resource of the elder Gross. If vomiting occurs after the administ ratio
chloroform, Ltwiu has found that by welting n towel with vinegar and {
IDg it on the face of the patient the vomiting wilt be cheeked.
;iiLuLtorouut'Jt.
SA3
I^^tal ily injei.Ii-<i, h a raliwWe agont in comhatinj; the
»l • mi tijioii the hcnrl, llicojiijuiiuil \m- otilrjfch-
hs» bv«u pracUce<l on account of itf etimiilant influence upon the cir-
|cmluion and n.-vi>iTAt4uii. Small nmuuiii« oi nirohol arc vnluclcss in thi»
»CT, wliile larpe ijuanlitiefl only seeist the paralyzing action upon the
Wliun linn^cr thii-ati-n;, the anglo of the juw tlioiiM Ix- rniwd niid the
drawn (.irwaH. <o lliat no niechanirol imppdiment ehnll be offered
TTr«pimtii)n, In th* (iiilli!i;;<n i-itnii', Kiinig's mdhud of int«riiutti:nt
-».i>'ii i^ praflioed in a raodilU'd form. Tlie prrpcordium ia rapidiy and
'! Ht tin- rnl<.' of IW or more per mtnulo. Tin- nir-pnttigos ^
time, be f*diiloiiBl,v kept free from mucus and open.
i'- : i(. Ry' pnfei> chloroform oTcr elher for g<iUTnI unii>i>th«eia,
-K' f'l .1 ilisadvanlage of the former being the care required in the ad-
•o. Thii principal contra-indiciilionH to trhlornronn arc hvnrt
•-niphy»«nia, with dilated right heart; fatty depenoralion of the
I !•■, un<) uncoiiipeniFuK-d valvular <liii<-iiiii>. Kthor i« nl»o contra-
n ull these condition-i. Xeither ether nor chloroform eliould ho
fil by iirtiticial lif^ht (roin an upon iliinie, the firKt hrcflUKO it in
I lid the second Wcause it be<:onics decomposed and produces
..■iji vaj>0Tii. which caiisi' )<pa»iit of tltu Inryiix, or in tin nim.it ion
■■ii>Mii:eB. In administering chloroform, it U important to gain th«
an'l co-oporinion of th« patient, liccauw; Klrugghn;; and )x-vi*t»ncc
iirb the judgraeni and lead to the employment of a larger quantity
M.^ircd. Chloroform ought ni-vcr to Iw adminiMorcd rapidly, for the
I entmniNr of a »msll quanijty into the circulation is more dangerous
■ml alworplion of n Inrgcr (luaiilitr. In iiiajor operations, I>r-
ni^tratjon of the chloroform, it is customnry witn surgeons to
jiK-nt 15 to 30c.cra, (or fS*"-)) of whisky a.%an arterial and cardiac |
The adminiBt ration of a dose of nux vomica in the form of tinct-
-tryclininc at a guorcl against accident >x reiiommendi'd by Milne
.lAwurth. Chloroform is also often administered by inhalation for
<'t infantile and puerperal convnUiong. in puerperal t»lanuit the
of chloroform is a valuable measure. A combination of chloro-
n in this manner, and rhloml, adniiniittercd V>y the mouth in larffe
-^■j.. iius iM'en especially praised. Augustus D, Waller, on account of the
rn»w1^fje<l dnnffen of chloroform, con.iident it unju.itifiable to employ it
! operations, lie condemns the open method of adminie-
: of the uncertainty of ihi- doMi^e nnd iIr incrcaiivd rtok.
nncortninty of quantity ndrainietercd can be mo»t caeily avoided by
ring the principit* of junkcra method, in which the quantity is ae«
|t«lT iTirnfiur>:d and its do«Agc reguliited accordingly.*
Tile naroxyi'mt of whoopinx-cough are chockct] or mod«nit«d by this
K^rt. About 3 c.cm. (or tSfn) may be poured upon the hand of the mother
' ''1 near tht- chtldV now, or it may be vaporimi by mt^ant of hot water,
0.18 I'.cm. (or gtt. ii-iij) being used for each year of the child's a*:e.
i««d in the latlT manner, four umff daily, it is said to shorten the parox-
ll^i^ staiie. In severe cases of chorea, in which the convulsive movements
[sitsfprr with dt*glutirion and rest, chloroform inlialutionf anfw4-r a rcry
'Kfw: Tort Urdiml Journal. Nov. », lltOS.
• jgt« Hritiah JVfrfbnl JotmMl. April 53, 1896.
2IJ4 PHABUAOSDTICAt. TIIKRAPErTtC AOESTS Oa DHDOS.
good purpose by indiiciii); sleep, which is follovred by notable improvcmd
Adinitiis.lered nt fimt thrci; tinii-« n duy, end lew often bs the Kyiaptoras i|
STovt, tbU plan U «aid tu cure the disease, on sn average, in tventy-cig
«ys. Chloroform 19 of value in painful deliverjj, not eivcn »o «t to predB
uQcoji£ciou£Des6, but merely to blunt the scmibility. Used in this way, t
uterine contraotion* arc not weakened nor the danger of potit-parlum hteniq
rhage increo^. Chloroform is better borne by women in labor than by a]
otlier f.hsA of Rubjects. But if pushed (0 ana^Mhefia the contractions becod
k-!« vigorous And hicniorrliagc is favored. It is asserted that the inhalnth
of chloroform for a few minutex at a time, acvcral times a day, h bcneflcj
ill phthisis, ri-licving the cough and rL'ducin^ the temperature. For tbie pD
pose, Frascr recommendii also the hypodeniiifi injections of atropine {'/» '
1 nig., or gr. '/,,o-'/i)e) with morphiiti' hydrochloratc (0.005 to O.OO8 Gm.,
er. Vjj-Vii); for the latter Ur. Laborde auhstitutes narceine.' In sciati
Bartholoir has given deep injections of 0,tiU to l.'iO com. (or mx-xx) of ch]
reform, near the sheath of the nerve. In some cases this method has al
afforded marked relief in facial neuralgia. I
CHLOBUU.— Chlorine. I
Preparaficns.
Aqun Clilori (U.S. P.). — Cblorinc-wntcr |0.4 per cent, chlorine). Dose, Urgi
diluted, 4 to IftJ ccin. (or fSI-v).
Oilx Cfalontta |U. S. P.).— Chlorinnlsd Lime (36 p«r cent, of araUable chlorin
DoM. aeO (o 0.38 Gm. lor gr. iiivjj.
Lii]i)ur Sodn Chloniteu lU, S, P.).— Soltiti'tn of Clilorinaled Sodn. Ijiliarraiiii
Solution (2.8 per cent, avniklilc ehlorinf I , Dour. 0,00 U> 4 com. [or nix-tij), latgi
dilutt^d.
ChIk Clilorlnata (B. I'.).— -C>ilortnat«d Liiiit< ironUIn* 33 per c«nt. of Mvailo!
chlorine I.
Uqiior Calcin Oh1orlnnt« (B. P.).— Solution nf ChlAdnated LJmo [About 3 ]
t'trnt, at availabl<! vhlorinc when fivsli).
Liquor Sode Chlorinatn (It. P.).— Solution of Chlorinated Sod* |2'/, pw M
of aviiilubli! ohlurinv). Dum.-, 0.00 to ISO ir.cni. (or mx-Xi).
Fharmacolosy. — Chlorine is not itself official. It is a gaseous eleme!
with more than twice the density of air, of a greenish color, strong and si
focuting odor, irrispirablc. and, even in a state of dilution, very irritati
to the air-paasagee. For disinfecting purposes, it may be disengaged by ac
ing hydrochloric acid to niaiifnincse dioxide. Chlorine is soluble in wat
and under the influence of sunlight alowly decoiiiposea that liquid, combini
with the hydrogen and setting the oxygen at liberty. Owing to the utlin
for hydrogen, chlorine acts energetically upon organic substances, and oft
destroys them. Coloring matters of organic origin are blenched when i
poaed to its action. Chlorine 13 an efficaeious disinfectant, decomposi
iiydrogen sulphide and destroying putrefying material. It also destroys I
infeetioii.4 niiaiimH in the air, hut should he in excess and in a closed room
order to be very effective. The generation of chlorine in the same roi
with patient* i* of verj- little uae so far as disinfection is concerned. 1
combination with lime (chlorinnl<-d lime, or bleaching powder) is lurg
used for disinfecting drains and cess-pools.
For the sick-room, the solution of chlorinated soda (Labarraquv's sd
' Thetvpnilic Oturttf, Sqit., I80O, \\ «30.
mor»- convcnii'Dl and lejs offensive, for use in comtnodee, bed-pans,
tur mternnl iiilniiriiiitnition. The inhulatiou of aminonta-jins i» anti-
tci dilorint) when absorbed Iir the air-paesaees, Dmmonium cnlori^e re-
from their e<itnbi nation. In cams oi nccJiientBl poUoning from sval-
a chlorine uilutioQ, albumin, in the form of mitk, eggs, or flour, is
tratrdy nt «tir rommand.
cal Actios. — Chlorine-gas, in concentrated fonn, when di-
Qpon till- ttkin> cnuMs smarting and rcdne«», followed by er^thematoua
Ifotiuar inllaiuniation. It is a disinfectant, destrojin;; parasitic v^ctable
pvrtfat. Thv tnliolniicin of diluto chlorint- is irritating to the ]un;;s and
risaiatea the end-or^ane of the pneuniogastric nerte, causing coughing and
KaacliDg •ciUAttons. Internally, chlorine van formerly given in rarioiis in-
EM dbeasea, but this is rarely done at the present day, although T.«l>iir-
■ aolutioD ur (freahly prepared) chlorise'Water has decided influence in
liniD)! the stomach in an aseptic stale during low forme of ferer.
Iknapy. — Chlorine solution it ust-d to clean offensive ulcers and to re-
{■•tchpa of pityria»B. This liquid is also an excellent disinfectant to
iag woundKp and may be injected into absccits-cnvities, sinuses, or
, fnr the purpose of removing and neutralizing unhealthy or decom*
na.
miilt-Himpler praises the action of chlorine-water as an antiseptic
Otis upon the eye. He has found it especially useful in cases of
tis. In plastic operations upon the lids, tiaumatisms of the eye,
mppiiration. and M^rpiginous »dc<'r irrijtnlions with chlorine-water,
time* n. day, have given satisfactory results. This liquid hu» the od>
that it does not, like oorroiiive suhliraale. produee corneal infiltra-
afler the installation of cocaine, but prevent* suppuration without in-
die cornea. Chlorine-water was fonnd to be less irritant to the con-
. ilian the mercuric chloridi.!, and. when kept id closely stoppered
exdnded as much as possible from the influence of the air and light,
stable and active for some weeks. It is fit for nse as long as it pre-
ihe characteristic odor of chlorine. Prior to the operation the con-
T«l cul-dt-aac and globe are washed with chlorine-water, and when com-
the lida are covered with muslin compresses wet with chlorine- water
n ateriliifd with oorrosive chJoridi-, the whole being fixed by a ster-
tenda^.' As an antiseptic wash, ii may be employed in puerperal
Ittritia. One part of I.al>iirraiiue*s »«hilion to 10 or 1'^ of water iit a useful
D in ■vajrinitis. The same solution may be used as a prophylactic
paiftnn from bilr* of serpents or insects. Chlorinalod oiP — that is,
n saturated with chlorine — is a very efBcient remedy in scabies. 11 '
ithout irritating the «kin.
impound known as Cblorophenel (tricblor-phenol) has be«R em*
a local application in ervBiiwlas, in the form of a 1-, 2-, or S-per-
•!• ' The resnlts are said to have been excellent. It is thought
tt- , would be more eHicacioii.* if jjiven by ^subcutaneous injection.
A BoanljittalioQ of chlorine and phenol is highly praised by Dr. J, E.
. at Saint Louts, as a valuable lotion to ulwiatt-d mucous surface*,
lautii, nose, and throat or as an injection into the vagina, nterue,
bm Bmfttlo Unlknt (imf Hurgifil Jtmmal. May. ISOl
■^CMnrUuttn) '^n' Bar paprt by (ho nulbor, «nl(cnl RhIMId, 1834, p. 271-
2C6
PRARHAORPTIPJt
IBBAPEUTie AOI
OB DRUOS.
bladder, or rcdum, innn inHemmntory or ukfrBtod condition of thoHC
A 10- or SO-per-Pent. solution was employed. The evaporation of m^
Itki'wiKc n-ndi-re tli« fluid b eorviccaWe dislnfoctniit. Dr. Burney Yoo
bad good rcsulte from the u-rn »f chtorine-watcr in typhoid fever. iM
laquv's (otution may bu feiniiUHy umiI, much diluted with wotcr. Thsj
throat o£ Bcarlet fever is also benefited by the same methods. Oan;;re<
the month or tongiu- in likwi^c am<iinblc lo thu »mie iiiHiionce, Arcoi)
to same ahservcrs, ehlorine-water has an action upon Uie liver and is uf
in chronic di«eacu of that <jr:gnn. ,
The solution of chlorinated lime' of the llrinsh i'harmacoincia i4
of the beet anlidotes to hyfiroHiilplntric- acid, ammonium Kutpliyiliatc. p
eium aulpbide, and hydrocyanic acid (Riven in doses of 1.2U to 4 ccm
nixx-fSj). 8hcct8 wrung out of this !>olution may be wrapped arounj
body of A person dead of infectious disease or in a decompoiiin!; condi
Chlorine-gaeha»been utilized by Dr. Diver in (lie trentmcnl of chronica
of the leg. A piece of absorbent collon was char^red with the gas by I:
plfic-d in a bottle containing about S Gm. (or 5ij) of pota««ium chhiratc^
a (iTiichm or more of bydroehloric acid. The cotton was laid upon the i
covtred witli giitta-pcrchu li«-itc, and secured by a bandage. Tlie Shu
tiibhes plan of treating pulmonary tnberculosis ciinsists in Ihe inhalatii
fihlorine-gs8 and the hypodermic injection of gold and sodium chloride,
gaa may )>e evolved from chlorinated lime, from 2 to 23.3 (Jm. (orSss-vj)!
EpiCfld out in a shallon- diEh and from 1 to 3 drachms of diluted hydracb
acid tiddcd. alirring with a wooden spoon or sjiatnla. It is beat to he^n
2 Gm. (or Sss) of clilorinalcd lime, incretieing the iiuantity each day un)
or 15.0 (int. (or 5iii-iv) are uned. During llie inhalation of the gas the al
pbere of the room »hoiild be charged with a epray of mturnkd ttolutii
sodium chloride, llie patient should breathe through the nose, as o
is thus !o»» likely to be excited. The time during which Ibc gaa Is «■'
is at first about two minutes. This period is gradually lengthened to tv
or thirty minute*. In mild cases and in laryngeal phthisis the inlialati
chlorine-water aufficef .
At the Harper Hoiipitnl, Detroit. Mich., a focc-inhaliT is einpl
Chlorine inhalalions eeom to be of value in arresting the progress of <
tion. llypodcnnic iiiji-climis an- iiwd in the Shurlcy-Gibbes method, i
is begun by the preliminary administration of iodine. (See lodom.)
gluten] region is fclcctwl us Ibc proper site of opcmtion. The dose of v
generally used at first is '/j eg. (or gr. Vu) daily, increasing gradually
0.03 flm. (or gr. s*) and in »omc cases O.OfSo Gm. (or gr. j) is reached,
go Id-and -sodium aolntion is then injected daily, beginning with 2 or 1
(or gr. V„ or Vm) ""'d Hsccnding until n dose of 0.012 or 0.02 Gm. (•
V. or V>) is attained. At this point the quantity should he diminish
fi rag, (or gr. Vi») daily if the treatment is to be continued. At this
it is considered better to alternate the injections. If albnminuriu occu
iodine should be suspended. Little or no tendency to haraoptysis has
observed. Catarrhal msni flirtations and fever may, in the beginning <
course, be temporarily aggravated, but improvement is said to follow
|«ome instances, anorexia, listlcssncss, diarrh<ra, and asthmatic symptoi
'Tlir Hlrpiigth vS IhU ■oluliuu is onv iivoiTdupinii pound uf i^litorinateil lime
line alone cantiol be long cOiiliiniiHi. 11k- iiltt-inuk- luv of tlic rom-
. fVolongs the eftecl ol the iodioi-, It is recommended that, aa a rule,
aUcmate use tiliould begiu in thi' second or third week of the coiinte,
I fndoally dircrvnEiug thfir u*« to once or twice a week.' The authors of this
I vbm|>putical nivthoil tutri-, in n niinil>or of ctuc», iritDC^fvd improvcmt^^nl as
npid* symptoms with diminution of physical eifn^s and diBappearance of
W^Ui from the nputum.
CEOnHBUS (U. S. P.).— Chondms. (Irifh Mom.)
Phftrmacolog; and Therapy. — Iri^h laafs, or carragheen, ie CliODdrasI
<r«pi» antl tiiynrtma m.iiiiillosa (Algft') hWchi-d and dried by cTptwure ton
'J. It is in hard, translucent, yeliowish-white fragments of eeu-wced,
> ""-itcleriAtic odor nnd nlinc, muciln^inoiii laMv. It contiiin» iodine
iD« in small quuntities; its principal constituent is mucilag*.*, but
^ M<i)Ta:nn QO Vtarch.
Irish TDoes contains a peculiar priacipte called carmgheenin, which fa
■ '■ ■ Ml gum Ity not ln-ing proinpitnicd from its waterj Milution
in Etarch br not turning blue upon the addition of tincture
mill; Hiid wattr (1 to 16) and proi>crly sweetened with
■ d, it makes bla$>jc-man$t; or, in more dilute decoction
. a deinukvnt drink for the i(tck. It has not much food^value, but
- - ; useful in bronehisi affections.
CHOPPARO AlUROOSO is a small, thorny Imeh (Simaruliaoew) which
puw in e<mtli«.i>tiTti 'iVxne. It Iwurs pink fiow.-rs and red fruit. All
' Iinvi' an intenfit?ly-biltpr taste. It seldoin PTraiv^ iifiiw'a.
ilic bowels, nnd se«m.'« to be elimliiaied piint^ipnlly bv liic
PT», as its odor is perceptible in the uriTie. It pm^f^i -i-h-s also some nntt-
lic Tirtues, In largi* dotie> it causes llushinjr of the faee and a sense
tftin»**9a in the hc«d. T>r. J. W. Mi.Ton, of Wnjilitshont, Texas, ro[)f>ris
K.. I,,,* filttiiiiied encellent rt-snita from the adnii nisi ration of ehopparo
- ry, and 8u^g<-«ls that it mtxht prove us«-ful iu typhoid fever as
iinT..~nnnl antiseptic and tonic. A fluid extract of cliopparo amar;;o£o has
fiivfuirr-d by Sluirpe & l>ohme, of Baltimore, the dose of nhich, as a
■rom il.GO lo 15 c.cm. (or ms-f^ss), and as a stimulant from 11 to
■ iv f5iii-f5j)- The plant vield« il» virtues to boiling water, and is
loeiitl}- given in llie form of a decoction.
CHBTSABOBITTOM (U. S. P., B. P.).— ChryiaroWn.
Dote. u.ulJS til 1.^0 Gni. (or gr. */«-")■
Preparaiion.
XJwmtMit»t» Cfanraatobuu lU. 8. P., B. P.). — Oinlment of ChryurobJa (9 per crat.,
HA Iwiimlwtr't UrtTl. (Tfao Pritluli olnunrnt U not to mronit. in-intc I to 34. or ottly
a mUt wfwr * v** "^'^^
Pharmacolo^. — Chrjmrobin in its commercial, more or less impure,
^CB is a neutral principle extracted from Ooa powder, a substance found
^wited in the wood of the tnmk of Andira araroha (Leguminoae), a
f the East Indies and llrazil. It is an orange-yellow powder, odorless
■ Y%trmp*^**c fJ'KTttf. .\[>ri] IS, 1801.
■itib
IBlUrBUnC AOKXTB OR DRUUS.
nnd without tfistc, nearly inaoluble in wattir nnd in alcohol, but soluc
ether, sulphuric acid, and Folutiont; of dlkalk'^.
Phymoloerieal Action.^In comparatiTely large doses (2 Cm., or Ses)
caui'^H irntiiliiiii of lh<; mlvstiiuil Diucoue membraiie, end gives rise to void
ing and purfiinK^ with large, bilious stooU. ,1
U excite* inflnminotion of thv skin from its local application, nnd p|
duces a ycllovisli-brown stain of the skin and clothing. (The elain iaj
Ricvnblc with Q weak aolution of chlorinated lime or foda.) It is said t]
hot benzol will remove the discoloration from hair and clothing, provij
that no soap or alkali lias been used. A yellowish hue is communicated
the urine by chrjaorobin. This color turns red upon the addition of alkaH
The dermatitis majr be diffuse, or cxprcMod by follicular and furunco
eruptions. Chrysarobin is parasiticide, and destructive to epiphytic i
gaut»mx. I
Thenpy. — The principal internal aae of chrj-sarobin is for its cattiB]
action. It has bi-en udininittcred internally, in doses of 0.008 Gm. (oi gr. \
seTeral times daily in psoriasis. But its extremelyHrritant effect upon
intestinal mucous memurane so soon compels its abandonment that it is pi
tically valueless as a systemic remedy. When applied externally for a c
sjderable period, a emalt portion may probably act by absorption. Chryi
obin ointment should not be allowed to come in contact with the heal
skin, but, in peoriosis. the disease for which it has been principally emplof
should be carefully rubbed into the atTected area. Hie parts iihould t
be covered by a bandngo in order to protect the linen. Another method
applying chry^robin is by making a paste of it by means of water, nibb
the paste upon the patches ofter the scales have been removed, allowing
mixture lo harden, and, finally, pencilling collodion over the surface.
Chrvsarobin is curative by its stimulating action on psoriasis, chr<
acne, and vegetable parasitic skin diseases; hut the olficial ointment she
be diluted wvcrul times before Appliciition, for fear of exciting too much
flammatory reaction. Chronic eczema and the second stage of rosacea .
receive benefit from chrysarobin ointment. The same preparation has so
times proved of service in lupus vulgaris.
A very good combinnlion in obninJe ociii'ma and psorioats is the foil
ing:-
R 01«i cttdini S
dtryukrobini ••• 1
Unjtuent, linci oiidi 31
c.rm. or (5si.
30 Giu. ur gr. xx.
Gm. or !)■— M.
A 5-per-cent- solution in liquor guttw-pcrchie has been used with
vantage in chronic eczema and a 10-per-cent. .°iolution in psoriasis. Dr. ]
James vfrites that the most cleanly manner of employinsi chrysarobin ii
dissolving 1 part in • parts of chloroform, and stirring about an equal qi
tity of soft petroleum into the mass. The preparation is applied by m'
of a brush. Chrysarobin has been recommended by Dr. Robinson, of '.
York, as an excellent application in alopecia circumscripta. It may be ■
vcnienlly iiscd in the form of a stick, made up according to the folloi
formula slightly modified from that given by Dr. Leistikow, of Haml
B Chrywrobini ■ 31
Colophonii >.•■■•••■.,,.. 4
On* ilav. , 31
01. olim 30
ibor
Om. or 8j.
Gm, or 3j.
Qm. or Sj-
o.cin. or I5j.— M
CIMICIFUQA.
S6D
Eanbcn, or ohry»nrobin iBniiAtc, soluble id chloroform, acetone, and
*<h < il as a 0ur.fi;daneunt fgr cbiysarobin, especiallr as a skin ranitsh
lot >caly i^kiti irmpUoiis.
CHaciFUQA (IT. S. P.).— Cimicifnga, Black Snake-root, Black Cohosh.
CIiaCITITGS BHI20HA (B. P.). — Cimicifnga, Actteae Bacemoste
]>0M, 1.30 to t Qra. (or gr. xx-xxx).
Prtpaniiont.
EstnebuB Clmlclfapp Fluldum (U. 8. P.) .—Fluid Extract of Cunicihigit. Dom,
»JD tu * exm. lor nvfSo*).
t'AttmcliiDi Omicihign (U.S.F.J^Extncl of amicifUKB. DoM, OJMU to IU2
C«L (tx gr. i V).
TlMTtur* CimkKutcn (U.S. P., B.P.).— Tir.ctuJO of Clmidfug* (20 p«t ecnt,;
IkB BriUsli liucturv ■* unljr 10 p«r cent). Dom, 4 h> 7.& c.vtn. (ur ni-ij). B. P„ 2 to
t rem. (or Om-}}.
£str»etun Clmtrlfugw Uiiiiidaai (B. P.).— Liquid Extract of Cinikltugii. Done,
'» to £ e.r.m. [or mv-sxx),
Fhanimootogy. — llie rhizonie and rootlets of Cimicifugu rni:«mo»a
iUauncuUccai), a plant coRimou in woods in norlhern United Stateti, con-
a a m-'utral principle o( acrid taste, soluble in dilute alcohol, water, chlo-
form. or ether. Itn chemical iintur*? is not known positively. Mr. Oeorge
^i Unvis tu6 diM'ov^red a volatile oil in the recentty-pithercd roots; and
I'rof. Ocorgc B. W(io<l thouKbt tlint thi.t might be the active principle, since
ite dmf; dctiirioratos upon icctiping. It al»o contains two tx»im. So<called
aautUngui, or EaaCTOtin, ie an impure resin, depoEited from the concentrated
tiB«Cnr« upon the addition of water. There is iilso in the recent drug, he-
dda the volatile oil, some tannic and gallic acids. 'I1ie odor of the plant is
tMXher fetid.
Fbycialogic«l Actios. — (,'imicifuga has decided effects upon the human
tfsftem. Small dose* atimulule the digestive fntictiou und iucrcu^v socretions
Idjoa^ the alimentary canal. The secretions of the bronchial mucoua mem-
l^nac are also incn^M^, the aeliou uf the heart stimulated, and the iiriae
ii anifTneDt^ in quantity, llie menstrual How is increased, and some aphro-
Anae qualities hare been ascribed to the drug. Upon the heart and cireuls*
I Dno mD effect is noticed resembling that of digitalis, though less marked.
FvU cli)*e9 fIow the pulse and incrcaM its force, raise arterial tension, and
tfimolate titerine contraction; the latter action recalls that of ergot, though
<I If lv»» powerful. Cimicifuga lowers the reflex uctivtly of the )<pinal cord.
Xit* pnpils are dilaled; dimness of vision, vertigo, intense headache, nausea,
IBd *' result from large doecs. Even sojwrific effects hate been ob-
IB iiiT ;< iief from ftain or spasm. Death may l>e caused by failure of
myiiatmn.
Tkcxmpy. — The applications of cimicifnga are in accordance with its
ij^nologiral activity. Externally, a saturated tincture is said to relieve pain
n dwamati^ni and neuralgia. In chorea it is of decided value, especially
^ vflak aavmic children. It is, moreover, very applicable to those coses
v^ieh manifestly depend u))on rheumatism, or to those which develop in
^fi> at the Age of puberty and are associated with menstrual irregularity.
b orural^ta, eapecially when the consequence of rheumatism, cimicifuga is
PHARHACBUnCAL THRBArEVTlC AOKXTO OH DUUfiS.
of iindonbicd Iwnolit. In certain cotes of wiatica improromeat follows
admtntstntion of this agent.
A formiiln of Dr. Molcnif for tcintioii is: —
B Tr, ncoiilt.,
Tr. pokhic, turn.,
Tr. brilndona. lot,
Tr. dtnli'llufw
U. Sig.: Six drop* every tix boon.
,
n» 7}G0 com. ot fSij.
Ciuiicifuga Mas introduced into ICn^land hy Sir J. Y. Simpson, q
remedy for riironic rlicunmUsin, in,valgiii. nnd hy'rioeliondrigsii! with dep^
sion. It is bencficini in meluicholia, eepecially vlien that condition is a^
ciated with fiincTionnI or or^nic utorino or ovuriiin disorder. Ciinicifn{^
likewise serviceable in some cases of acute rheumaiism, and Kinger bas fofl
it iiM-fid in rh.'uumtoid iirthritij. The iluid exlriict i# the bwl and in
reliable preparation. In ulcrine eubinvolmion, ovarian neuralfjia. and «nH
orrbii-n it h hiylily poiniiiendtd. It ha« a good cITect. also, in other conf
tutional niani(e!-tation§ dependent upon disorder of the female jiencrat
»y«tem, as, for instance, convulitiong caused hy disturbance of the cutamea
function, and in puerperal nianin. CongeEtive dyemenorrhu>a ia likewise'
Itovcd by this remedy. Citniclfuga i« uften beneficial in menorrha^ia i
metrorrhajiia. By reason of its action upon the womb, cimieifuga may
employed during pnrlurition 08 a jtubntitute for ergot. Though not m p<
erful as the latter drug, it strengthens the normal uterine eontiaetions. I
its totiie elTeet.*, it is uiu'd In Inhaling gastric catarrh iind irritable *louu
of alcoholism: also in dclirinm trcmmK and functional impotence. In wt
and fatty lu'art it. is safer than digilaJiB. On acooiint of its stimulatj
effects upon the uterus, it should not be given during pregnancy.
In headache from eyestrain ciniicifiiga has been given with beneRt, t
is especially useful in acute bronchitis as an expectorant. Cimicifuga is li
iriM valuable in chronic bronchitis attended bv profuse muco-pnndent sec
tion. It may even be scrviccably prescribed m phthisis, as it facilitates
pcctoration, sustains the appetite and dige-ition, and reduces fever.
Cimicifuga may be adminiistercd in the appended fonnulic: —
B Ext. dmk'ttugte f1 4C com. or tBisa.
Tinct. inidn vomicic 4 tcin. or fJj.
Tiiicl. ciavlionie i?amp q. •. ad ISO c.cin. or IJv.
M. Sig.! A icMBpoonfu! or tvfo in wntn* every three or (our hour*. For «¥*i
and utMinv neuralgia niiO nmciiorrhd'n.
R Ext. clmirifugw fl >> 30| rrm, or fSJ.
Mnrphinw sut{>hnliii , {005 Oni. or gt. j.
Splrltnn iPthrrin niiro«i.
Li<|ti'>r Hiiiiiinriii nrcUIJa , na OOf o.em. or tSiJ.
M, Sig.: Two trojpoonfuU in natirr every three or (our hours. For Deura1|
acute rhetiniallsm, and nnitc hronehUla.
B KxL elmicKugip ..^ llSfi Om. *r gr. xx\v,
Ext. bdlndoniiw [olior. ale (lOS Gm, or gr. J.
Tiilv. enpiici [TS Gm. or gr. xij.
K. et (t. pil. no. xiJ.
'Vg.'- From one to two pills Uiree timea a day. For gulric catarrh,
tmnm*. and f^incUnnnl Impntrnct.
CTSCHOftA.
871
CI5CH0HA (U. S. P.),— Cinchona, Pernvian Bark.
CaCHONA EtTBBA (T. S. IM— Red Cinchona.
OKCHOHJE EUBRS: COETEX (H. 1'.).— Eed Cinchona-bark-
U. S. P. PreparalioM, Alkahidf, and Sails.
taatuutt CuKhonw. — Extract of Cftifhona. Dom. 0.065 to 0.66 Gm. (or gr. i-X).
buictuni Cini-buiiH! Fluid uui,— Fluid Kxlraot <it Ciricliunfi. Dom, O.IK) to "iJi
. llUMl-(3ijl.
liliKuiii I'inrlKiwe. — InfiMlon of (,'liichonii |U per cmt. cinchona, 1 per e«iit.
Hk lulfjiuric «cid. uiil wutvr, q. >. lul lUO p«r <'*ml.| . Uo««, IB to M vjem. (ur
Trari^n 'luolKiiMF. — Tiuutun* of Clui'ltoun iiO i>«r c«ut,). I)o«», 2 to 7£ cent.
iNobMUB C(i(n|ioMlA. — Compound Tlui'liiio ol Cinchona (nrd cinchoM,
: viiMgr-peti, S; iHTt>fiilariu, 2i giyueriii, 7^\ »lculiol auij ivuter, i). •, wl
i|. ItaM-. t t« 13 cciu. lor fSi'iv).
^tliiinna. — (JViBinr. & wliilc. amurphuiii (lowilrr, •■otuUIi' in lUTO paitH of ynUT
ltl«n> of akoliol. DoK-. U.OlMt to Q.tl.'i Um. lor j,T. i-H).
^niiH* 8ulpba«.— Vuiniii* 15u1ii)iiklr. \><i'tf, ii.(llir> l» if.li.'i Qm, |fir ur. is). In
>«Ulf; looiv, fiUform rtj'Atuiii. iragik'. und in » light, caMlj'-i'cmipiVBvitilc iniim:
I loirinK to luprrtli^iul Hllorci'M'iK.-n I , ndiirli-u. liming a pcrkiitcnt liitti^r tiutc
Blnl irai'tjon. i^lublc in T40 purtu of wutm, aud in (hi parln of alcokioi at
, iJS' F.I, in nmnU proporlioni> of uHdulittci] wntcr. Vety (Ughtly *oluble ia
Jqwona Milutiun, Mpvi'iiilly if Mi-i<!iiluU'iI uiUi oiilpliiiric: ai'iil. Iinib a viiid,
ifcwiMMiw. When trmlcd firsl with fn-■^ll biutiiiDt-uulfr. and tlien wilU
lotHi (>f vntrr of animonlA, llix kaIL priHluc-i'^ an i-iiirialil tirctrn color tlhal-
(.'iT-tals an- (uriitril ul tlio Miiiie I'ulur by trviLliiig iili ni-iili]1att<d Hutuliuil
ilmr wlphatc with MluniU'il alcoholic ■olulioii of iodine ikfra[MllkiU»t.
I^IB fiimlpkaa^ — Uuiuiur llliiil|il>ul<-. l>u*i-, 0.ix>'< l« I (.im. (or jet- i-xvl.
* I li: the sulpiiate. but much more loluhlc. diuolviUK ui lu purts of wdtcr or K
Loh.ll «i3»* F.
.ii« ity4robcuiDa». — Qninine Hydrobrarnnle. Vaur, 0.0G5 to 1.30 Gm. (or
,p-iii,.
>_ faniatt HyilrocUora*.— Ijuiainc Hydrwlilorat'r. Donv. O.Otlu to 1 tinu (IT ft,
- iible to 3* p«tt* ol «■ntl^l■.
:..iii) ^'alfTixna*. — Vu'niiif ValMnnatv. Itanv, 9.0415 t« 1.30 Qm. («r gr.
(jUtUiai* 8utphaii.--Qiilii>illn« Siil{il«itt>. fJiinc. O.'i'l to !! Gm. (or ur. r-xxs).
Uk^taloa. — C'ini^oninc. Uuve, 0.32 to 2 Um. (or gr. v-xxx). Wl>it« CTTatab,
■Adkh 3740 {muU of water at AS" F. Ua* an alkaline iraction. Taslcltwi at flrat,
mmi utl«r.
(Mooins Sulplian. — Ctnchonine Sulphalc. Dow. 0.32 to 2 Gm. (or gr. v-juutl.
■•UHnfafko, ■oliiblc in 6G parts nf wntcr nnil in 10 pailM of alvoliol. \'«iy hitt«T.
I.Wbnttidiim Sulpfaaa. — Cini-huiiiditiF i^iilphalt'. Daw, 0.32 to 2.00 Gm. (or gr.
Mil.
fori H QutnlMp rhrn».^lr"ii mill Qiiiuiiir Citrate (i-ontninB 12 per cent, ol
w. «S i>( Irnic citralri. Dimi-. LI.I3 to O.fifi Gm. (or gr. ii-X).
[Ftni M i^uiinv Cilraa Sntubilin.— ,Si>liiU«' Iron and guinini! Citrate. Doea, OSO
1 (in, lor irr. iii'l).
, '. upua Frrri. Quininir, rt Stifi^hninn Phosplinttini. (See Fcrrvm.)
MDDni Fvtri Aninfum.— Ulttpr Wine «f Iiuu. Dubc^, 4 tJ> T.5 exin. (or t3i-IJ).
B. P. Preparation.^. AlkahitU. and Salts.
Eunrtaia Ctiu^onn! I.lqniduni. — Uigiilil Exlrnrt <>t Ciui'liooa (fi p<-r i«nt. of
telMJt) Dour. liJO to 1 c^ii. (or n>r xr).
lateaun Clncfaonoe Adduin. — .^cid Intii*ion of Cinchona (mt.dnchona-hark, H
t: aromatic ■alpharic acid, 13.1> c.nn.; dUlilM wat«r. 1000 c.rni.). Dow, Id to
urn. <oi (J«*-i).
Thct>T« C1nchiH»-.— Tinrl.urc of Clnchonu (1 Gni. of iilkuloiiU to 100 exm..
If wfth ml rln<'h»na'li«Tki. Votv, 2 to 4 c.em. (or (Su j).
(.IncliiniH.- Com poflit a.— -Compound Tinrtiire of Cinchona (bittn' orange-
272 rHARUACBCTICAL THKnAPEUTIC AGENTS OH DRCOB,
pocli^O; ■(Tprntnrv. 2.>i cocbinml. 3.2: Hi6tron.IS.3i tincture of cinchanii. 900 1
Aloohol. q. H. u<l 1000). Doiw. 1! to 4 c.cm. (or (3tt>-j).
Quiniiur Siilphns.— yuiniiic Sulphotr, ])o»f tP.005 to 0.05 Gm, (or gr. i-x)
8llkr.\w)iiii> lllilonii cij'ilaK tuMv viry liitwr, Soliilitf In alioiH (WO parts <rf i
the notulion liaiiiifi: a t>1iii-<h lluorvici^nt'e : when watet is ariduluteil witii a in|
ncid the salt iH nnlitviv imliihlc ^Mim Miliitinn of ammonin )> nildrd to ai^
HOlulioii* <il rjtiiniiic fiitlli, ii fonii't H wliilc [mnrntatc tiulublv in i-lli<^r unci in 4
of lliR Boliilion of iininionia. ljuininc miliihiiti! tilipn cxponcd to dry air. the 19>
ciileft of wfti*r are rvdui'pil to 4, Jue lo rtllori-c'npe^
Quinino) Uydrovliloridum. — (Quinine ll^rochloriUe. Dow, OtOtU to O.flS Gfl
gr. t-xl.
<Juinin» Hrdiochluritliini Addum.— Arid Qllininc Hydrochloride. Do«e, 01
O-iUOoi. (orsr. i'X). \
I'incluni Quininw,— Tiiictuiv o( ()uinlD« |i|tiiniii« liydrochloride, !; tinrtl
orange, 100). Duite. 2 to 4 e.cm. lor fSaa-j).
Tlnctura (juininw Aiiiiiioninla. — Amnionluied Tiiirinfe of Quinine (<tiiialii
phaI«,Si solution of ainnioiiU. 10; alculiul. Oi) c.cm.). Dow, 2 lo ■! c.i.'in. (or fl
Svniptia Foni Pho*ptinlu i-iini t^iiininn et Strychnlnn. l8ee Ffrram.f
VStiuin Quiuiiiit,— (juiniiit-ninir (quuiine liyd'roi'hiorid^, 2 Giii,i orang*
876 e-ciii.). Dose. 11 to 30 c.eiu. lor ijiiifj).
Piliila Qiiiiilni« tiuIpliAti^. — I'iil of Qiiiiiiiie Sulphate (r^iiinine «ulpliat', SO
tarie acid. 1; KJj'ocrtn, 4: Iragacixmli, 1; to mnke a pill'ma»!<i. Doac, 0.13 t
Qm. (or itr. ii->-li)l.
Ki'Tri i-t Quiiiinie Cilras.— Iron and Quinine Citrate. Do»e, 0.38 to 0u6l
(or gr. v-x).
Some QnoAolal FreiMivtiont.
Chinoidinutn, — Chinoldtne, How, U.iin to 2 Gm. (or ^'. llt-xxx). A mixti
tlw alk^oidv, in an nniorphoui fonii, and dark colored; ciblniiicd from thit retidi
from Uie manufacture of tli« crj'stall liable gaits,
QuInlntB Hydriichlora.* OirtMinidata. — Double Bait ol Quinine and Urea. S
in an tnaai part of water, and u»ed hj-podermioilly in cungestire ehill*. Doae,
to 0.65 Gm. (orgr. i-x).
Quinntoni, or lionpital Quinine, is tlie mixed alkaloids predpit«t«d by Ul
largelv used as a febrifuge in Indin. Dose, about the same as quinine. i
Cinch on ldin» Salirvlns.— Cinchonidine Salii-ylate. Doee, U.13 to OM Om. |
il-X).
Cinehoninie lodoeulphas. — C1nchanin« todosulphate (50 per cent. Iodine). .
•tituta for iodoform.
Pharmacology, — The Cinchonit of the t'nited Stntra Phannacopf
the bark of Cinchona Culisaya (Wt-ildcll); Cinchona otlicinalig {Linn6);
of hvhriils of those and of other iiijecit-s of cinchona (nntiiral order,
acfw), vieltlinj;, wht-n ai^-ayed hy the official process, not less than
Pent, of total alkaloids and at least S.,'5 per oenl. of quinine (CjbUj,
+ 3IIiO). Cinchona rubra (F. S. P.) is the hark of Cinchona swcci
(Ruhiawa;), containing not Kks than 5 per cent, nf its peculiar
loids. Cinchona Eubne Cortex (B. P.) ja the dried bark of the
and brunches of ciiltivutcd plants of Cinchona wiccirnhra; "when
for purposes other than that nf obtaining alkaloids or their aalts, it a
yield between 5 and 6 per cent, of total ulkatoids, of which not leSB
half should consist of ciuinine and einchonidine." Cinchona flava
ofReial). which is thi> hark of the trunk of Cinchona Calisaya, conta;
least 2 per ci-nt. of (|iiinint'. Then- have been isolated from cine
bark about twenty alkaloids, differing slightly in physical qualities,
hility, reaction, and afTinitic*, but all possossinc to greater or lese di
the characteristic physiological actions of quinine. They may be di
into two g^roups: (1) quinine, quinidine, and quinicine; (2) cinch(
einchonidine, and cinchonfcine. These exist in the baric combined
CtKCnOKA.
278
••Utmic, kinic, and kinovic acids, vitb a tasteless, inactive sabsUnce,
liona-red. While South America rcitiains ihc principal Hiurco of cin-
Aata. TPl the cultivation of the tree has been so succeasfully carried on in
lifit and Java that nconKiderable portion of (he supply is now derived from
U (onrce. The constantly-growing demand for quinine has stimulated
kuical invcstigaLion; and Inbonitory products, cliieHy nf the coul-tar
kin, are now oSered in great variety, which closely approach the cinchona
jkaloids in physical and chemical chamclcrs, and which also have been
tvnA tmltiable as antipyretics. I'rominent among these are chinoline, anli-
Ijnii, acelaniiid, re^n^in, krvutln, and nnphtaliu, which will be consid-
Ind teparately under their individual titles. Thus far, however, no syn-
factically-pro pared salt rival* quinine and cincboninc in their control of
Hiuisl nianife<iiation£, or in their tonic elfects upon the system when given
|wt length of time in small doHe».
By ehcmica! modification of eupreine. a base found in the Itcmijiu
Dculata, MJI. Ciriinaui: and Anmiid have, by synthi^itis, obtained a nub*
absolutely analogous to, and perhaps identical with, quinine. They
' al*o dmri.'d other bo<iic8 similar to ijuinim;, which are ether* of cu-
jprac and are endowed with decided physiological properties. Quinine is
ffattically the niethylic ether of eupreine. By followiug a similar proccsa
E&at \^ which eupreine is transformed into quinine, two new alkaloids
lebccn diwovercd. Elliytic eupreine has bwm denominatwl quinetbylinfi
Impylic eupreine has been given the name of quinopropyline.
With regard to the comparative alkaloidul value of the different bark*,
tteC. C-alisaya contains the greatest proportion of quinine, the <J. succi-
Nba the grt-fltc:^t amount of tannin and coloring nintier. Hnder the namt-
l(|*le barks, the C. micrantha and C. condaminea were formerly official:
mi IK inirnnediate between tho two jiLtt named, in llietr alknloidal
. The O. pitayensis, cuprea-bark. and other quinine-yielding barks
n (Bployvd in manufacturing the alkaloids, but are not ^pei'ifically
ilbr the pharmacopceias : all are oflicial which contain at least 5 per
odlu; total alkaloids of cinchona and i.'t percent, of qtiiriini'.
Qvinine sulphate is a snow-white crystalline substance of a silky lustre,
becomes somewhat opaque in dry air from i'fllore*eence. It becomes
on exposure to sunlight, is phosphorescent on trituration at 330*
I red heat it dceompoees and biirnn slowly without any residue. Thin
fc aolnble in 740 parts of cold and 30 parts of boiling water, is readily
in alcohol and acidulated solutionit. and in glycerin. It dissolves
If in chloroform and is nearly insoluble in ether. A delicate test for
is th*" production of an emerald-green color when a solution of one
alts is treated with brominc-ivater followed by the addition of aqua
in fxc-f-r^*.
Aynolcgical Action. — The preparations of the bark are not fully lep-
■itfd by the salt* of the alkab)ids becaaae they poaaesa a-itrinftenoy, which
'ihnit from the latter, and because the physiological action is increased by
basociatinn vt different principles in accordance with the well-known rule
f eaBhination of synergistic remedies. For internal administration, how-
iV^tbe bulk of the powdered bark ia inconveniently large. In 1820 Pelle-
IT and Caventou first isolated quinine, which has since taken the leading
■re is tbenpeutics of fever, and it second only to morphine in importance.
I Ibe otlicr nits approximate more or less closelv to this, we may omit con-
374
eideration of their physiological action and simply take (|uinine a.i the t
Qui»ii)c i» a powi'i-rul antiteptic, and a very do'struclivc to iDfiiKoriatl
vegetable life, A solution of V, of 1 per cent., 0.066 Gm. to 30 c.cm. (oi
i-f3j)i destroys micro-organi^mi^, and double this strength prevents ferme
tion and putrefaction. Upon the ha»h of hi« numerous exuerimcntK, ]
eoDcludcs thill the remedial action of quinine in malaria is due to Ite dj
action upon the specific micro>»rganij>in of the disease. Upon the iwund
very litlle efTcct is, ae a rule, produced, but upon a part denuded of
dermis, or upon mucous meiiibranes, it is a decided irritant. Rashes, ]
ever, may be caused by the direct action of cinchona. Workmen empl
in making quinine are not infrequently attacked by erythema, vehicle
pustules. It causes muscular contmclions when applied directly to
muscle, but not when applied to a nerve (Kulenberg). It is therefore a
clc-irrit&nt, and nut a ncrve-irritnnt. Taken into the stomach, it exei
a. local effect upon its contents, checking abnormal fermentation and Ata
iag infectious micro-organisms. For this purpose it should be g\vea in
tion or in powder (capsule), so as to insure its solution in the stomach
moderate doses it stiuiulutcs the muscular fibres of the stomach, increi
its motor power, and also, by its irritant action, increases the secretii
gastric juice and. nif a bitlcrtonic, improves the appetite. In large quaul
hunger is abolished, and the excess of irritant action causes arrest of gi
■ecretion.
In excessive doses it may cause nausea and vomiting. Its prolonge
in large amounts has been known to cause gastritis. No influence ha«
noticed upon respiration, and very little upon temperature of a pers
health. In cundilions of fever, thi' adminLetnition of ^cvernl full doa
duces the temperature nearly to the normal; and there appears to be a
ance during this condition, for the system can stand a much larger qui
at a dose than it can in health, without producing toxic eflects. This
in part, he due to the fact that absorption is checked by the fever. The
upon the nen^ous system of small doses is best seen in cases of debility, ■
the agent acta as a tonic, invigorating the vital functions and aiding t
gestion and assimilation of food. In larger doses, symptoms referable '
brain are noticed, such as fullness, frontal headache, deafness, ringing
ears, and mental dullness. These symptom? are attributed to partial ai
of tie brain, owing to contraction of hlood-veaseU and lowered heart -a
possibly to direct action upon the multipolar cells, analogous to the
of morphine. There is stimulation of the sympathetic and auditory
(Oubler), With deafness there is associated disturbance of vision oi
porary blindness, due to extreme contraction of the arterioles and a:
of the retina, the optic nerve being perfectly white, resembling white at
"Riis condition of the eye-ground is more or less permanent, but the fu
of vision ie restored. Amblyopia has been produced in an extreme
ceptible individual by so small a dose as 0.13 Qm. (or gr. ij).
Large doses lower or abolish the reflex excitability of the spina.'
Soon after l)eing introduced into the stomach it diffuses into the bloi
may be detected in the urine, elimination takiug place slowly and '.
for several days. The quantity of urine is slightly increased in pereo
accustomed to ilselTeets; the uric acid is decreased and urea not coft
affected. Medicinal, and especially massive, doses of quinine have, he
been obBe^^-ed to cause a marked decrease in urea, and it i» thougl
CIKCUOKA.
275
lb jiainiahptl elimiDation of citrogmous vsste depends upon a depressant
afvcDcv rxerted by llii» drug upon tiKi)ue>changeii within the body. Full
4o» ' Hint- may cau** congestion of the geni to- urinary tract.
proliftliiy f»^-npL-3 from the hv^lem iiv othi^r routes, es it hu» been
dd' : lie Bweai, tears, and milk of nursing women, It has been found
il»i' md ii( driijimal etiusione. In llio blood, quininr arrests the mi-
fntiou oi tlic %v)iit(_- i.'nr{>u»cle« and clmLkf ihcir amii'boid mov<MiientM; the
M rdl* arv rcntlvrvd le>s adhesive and their oxvKen-carrying function >8 im-
ftini. 'Hie experimt-nts of Sokoloff upon rabbits show that quinine exerts
1 Eironblt- intliienct! upon the heallns of wounds. InflamiuGtory degenera-
liMi of tiM-tie 15 notably decreased. It probably tends to destroy infectious
cicTO-orgnQieiiifi in the blood and tissues. The pulse-rate is increaeed by
u^rntF (lo*es, but lurger ones (4 to $ Gm., or 5i-i«») cau^c lowering of the
'! of artcriul len.iiion. In animaU death results from paralysis of
11 after large dose« of quinine. In the human sulijcet very few
-tf»l ctii*^'s of death followinj; the ingestion of quinine are on record. ^
. . : hiiH followed the use of such enormous qunntiliet ag 15.5 or 46.5
'Jtii. i-r ^---1--). though it is very probable that in such cases the entire
UKTusi mub not absorbed. lu BazireV case death wue caused by 155.5 Gm.
Wjr) taken in the course of ten days. In some pati«its various forms of
<rutiau liavL- been noticed upon the tkin, cveo purpura.' A searUtiniform
cnpiKio occasionully follows the ingeetion of a small dose of quioine. In
•4Arr u)»tanct.-« the eruption lius resembled that of measles or cry»ipe1aft.
IitMiuBtnjition is h flequenee, and may be prolonged. The rash is often at-
kWM«(I bv seven; btiminj; and itehing aenjiation».
Tbeortificial alkaloids derived from the cinchona bases generally exert
lanre decided influence upon temperature than does quinine, causing a
Ifidocbon of several degrees even in healthy individuals. When inject«d
I abrutaseouely these snUtaoces give rise to total aniesthesia of the neigh-
IWwod into which they are thrown. Cuprcine is slightly toxic, and does
IMCtuon convtilsions. Quinethyline produces tremor and the sjinptoms
l^mitune intoxication. Quinopropyliae i& the mo«t toxic member of the
ks, and canees a profound stupor.
Tvboning'. — The toxic ^vmpkmi^ prodticed by quinine and allied salts
■R cpokeQ of collectively a.^ Cinchosism, which ordinarily is not allowed to
■B further than tinnitus aurium. Where these s^'mptoms are annoying, or
&e uii«nt 16 BufTerinje from an overdose, the alimentary tract should l>e
dnnd by a purge, and brandy and a cup of hot coffee administered, or a
i«a( en;ot. Wliero there is much irritation of the skin, urticaria, or ery-
iVna. a warm bnth containing sodium bicarbonate is useful; an hypodermic
m of luorphine may he necessary. Dilute hydrobromic acid {"i to
in., or f56P-ij(. giv.-n with ordinary dose* of quinine, pr<-vent>i the
nrrence «f ringing in the ears or headache. Some patients show idio-
■..niT if> the effects of quinine; urinary irritation, even cniig<-t>t ion of
I :i and huepiorrhages, may follow quite a small dose, ^ome, in-
.iiiiKtt lake a i^inglf grain without great iiK-onvttnivnte from cin-
-ru. It must, therefore, be given with caution when cystitis is pres-
iin(^ will also, in some iudividuaU, occasion detided irritation of
-intv>itinal mucous membrane.
'Cm^* by Of- Fnnk ^Voodbuiv rrpoilMl to Slate Mrdj«al Society of Penaiyl*
a, nkilndf IjiAbi Jfntfoal TfmM, 6epi. 18, 1880.
276
PUABUACKUTICAL TUEKAl'EECTIC AOUKTS OR DRUOS.
A ease h«it been reported b^ Dr. Kwnnhnl* in which the «(lmini8trBti(n
o{ 0.20 Gm. (or gr. iij) of quinine to a young woman was followed by higV
ffiver, bloody vomiting, and bloody di«rrha*a- Rrlenmcyc-r hn* recently dfi
scribed a case in which the nervous reflexes were greatly exaggerated aft
the adminii>lmtinn nf a single doite of 1 Gm. (or gr. xv) of quinine, followg
by i Gm. (or jp-. xxx) in hroien doK« on the Biicceediug day. Examination i
the patellar rt-flcx at thnt time occasioned a aericK of general eonvtiUinng
with violent contrartion of the arms and the entire body. Qtiinine is eltni
iaated rather slowly and principally by the kidneys. i
Therapy .-^Tlie application of powdered bark was formerly one of td
accepted methods of treatment of ulcers, hnt i* now obnolete. A l-per-cenl
solution of quinine sulphate is recommended as a topical treatment of dug
gish, unhealthy, infected wounds. The powdered (alt, dusted upon chan
cToids, has been found to promote rapid healing.
In hay fever a spray of cocaine, followed by a spray of quinine hydn)
chlorate (0.38 Gm. to 30 com., or gr. vi-fSJ), used frequently, i# luBhly re<
ommended. A solution of quinine, sprayed into the thro»t, is attended iritj
good results in diphtheria. Quinine has also been used as an injection I)
gonorrhn>a for its antiseptic action. i
Jn cystitis, irrigation of the bladder with a 2>per<ecnt. solution preveol
decomposition of the urine. The hypodennic injection of quinine is of gra
value in pernicious matariul attacks and in sun-stroke. The beet salts fc
this purpose arc the neutral hydroch! orate, the hydrobromate. or the cm
bamid-hydrochlorste (hydroebtoratc of quinine with urea). Injections hai
also been made directly into a vein, in order to obtain prompt results. Di
J. It. Gilbert, of Dallas, Texas, suggests that life may be saved, in dcspemt
cases of malarial poisoning, by injecting 8 Om. (or 3ss) of quinine into ih
circulation, ndministering cardiac stimulants by the raoutii ^imultaneousl]
The solution should be freshly made and filtered and a perfectly-aseptic eji
ingc used, as otherwise abscess or scpticiemiu, or even tetanus, may folloi
The erretailized bisulphate may also be similarly employed. Freshly-pn
vipitated quinine lactate, which is soluble in four time* its weight of w«t4
■ is well adapted to hypodermic use, giving rise to little pain. The cr>*staUizi
salt, however, is volume only in ii> to 20 parts of water.
As an ordinary tonic, in conditions of debility or conraleseenee, tj
tincture of the bark, either simple or eonipouud {the latter being more a*trll
gent), is more useful than the alkaloids, for reasons already stated, and bl
cause the alcolioi in the tincture is synergistic. In cases of diarrhixa tt
antiseptic action of cinchona is very valuable, and quinine is of service i
typhoid fever, especially during the second week; but it does not approae
the eharaeter of a specific, as it does in malarial attacks.
Some writers praise the action of quinine in summer diarrhipa an
cholera morbus, and suggest that it would prove efficacious in Asiatic choler
Professor Fullerlon has strongly recommended it.^ use in cholera, giving
in doses of 1 to 1.30 Om. (or gr. xv-xx) in the course of two hours at the o
ginning of the attack. He values it likewise as a prophylactic remedy.
in ordinary chills and fever 1 Gm, (or gr. xv) daily of the sulphate, i
bi«ulpbotc, or O.ITi Gm. (or gr. xij) of the hj-drochlorate or hydrobromat
given in two or three doses, at least five hours before the time of the expect!
paroxysm, will generally prevent its appearance, or greatly modify it. Tl
treatment should be continued for a week or ten days, diminishing the dc
ciNcaoxA.
877
tmf^'"'^~-'^iT it, if cinchoni^m oppcar, but rctiuming the full doae at sep-
Uaaxj -. after the appearance of the liuit chill, for ■ inonth ur more.
rfiiur>«)ng pri-scriptions may he used in malariu:^
:
a (jBlaiiw* »ulph«ti. S
Aridi otilphtifici aroin •■>••. 4
i>l mirsth. pip
lUt. ^ly^vRbine 4. 30
r.lyiTrini ISO
H. Sig. : A le«>poanhi1 or two werj throe or fouT houra.
K Qnlniiue >ulplistis,
Ft-m pyrophoa. an
Aridi araenmi
Gm. or 31].
c.cM. or 13].
30 e.cro. or iht.
c.cm. or 13 j.
c.ria. or (Sit.
Pnlvrtia capMct 1 SO
60 Gm. or p. si.
MS Om. or gr- i-
Gm. or gr. xx.
Goi. or gr. 1}.
Alolai
M. rt f t. ^il. BO. XX.
Oig.t .A {lill Uirci) or four litnrs a day.
B Tinrt. cinclioiue comp. 1201 Ami. or fjiv.
Tinrt. nurh voaili* .'.... 4| arm. or tSJ.
Wn*X. oBram fl. aa60{ ccm. or IJij,
E Si^.T A halt to a taU«ipoonru1 in irrater three or four tiicM a dajr.
A pftUent once poisoned kj* nuilariK may find it necessary to take a
w o[ quinine Tor svvcral weeks each yenr, at the seneon vhen llic attack
«ppcarr<l: nn<l if imncclimflted pcrt^ons, wishin;; to stay in a mulnhoue
jKslitv, or traveling; through one at certain eeasona of the year, will make
of the ptophylactif action o( qwininp ihcy may «BCftpe infection by taking
0.2A lo O.is lim. (or gr. iv-vj) daily. The late Dr. John B. uamilton
,rreil cinchnnine preferable Ui quinine for Uiih purpoiic. In children,
■ OS in adults having a weak or irritable stomach, it is more convenii-nt
ter the remedy in KUppontorie« of cacao-butter, on account of the
tMste and unpleasant effects on the digestion. The taste of quinine
lidenibly well disgtii^ bv milk, and, a« Dr. F. E. Stewart suggests, by
prepared with milk and sugar, the dose to be followed by a sip of cofTce
contains no quinine. Kinger states that an equal portion of powdered
coac««lfi the taste of quinine. In cnIare«meDt of the Bpk'i.'n (ague-
3 quinine is very etlicient in moderate-sized doHeo. in Intermittent fever
i i^atld not, as a rule, bo given during the paroxysm, bocauso its irritant
i^as nuiy incrrsse the nervous disturbance; out in other fevers pyrexia is
M «aitra-inilication to its itse. In infectious diseascc, hntmorrhagic meAslee,
^■B-pox, diphtheria, and pyemia, quinine, combined with alcohol, is the
daef r*Ii«npe.
This dnig quite favorably inDuences the broRchc-pneiimonia of measles
mi cDimtcracts Che tcndenc)* to caMOUs degeneration. It is a serviceable
^■■djr in children in lobular pneumonia dependent upon other ctusea.
Chaboictl with iron, quinino is vory serviceable in erysipelas. Sixty-five eg.
tmgT' x) at quinine, given with Dover'ti powder, opium, or morpbine, ar«
t in averting an attack of acute catarrh. The same quantity of qoi-
,p*va at the beginning, will !»metimes abort acute tonsillitis and pie-
u« fonnxinn of pus. A* quinine checks the principal phenomenon in
tion and suppuration, which ia the eacapc of the white blood-cell,
^y [rtiiif; liie excliange of oxygen by the red blood-cclls, reduce*
t is wpecially serviceable in pneumonia and other Incaliic!
278
PIIABUACEUTICAL THIiRAPBCTIC AUKNTS OR I>«rOS.
inflaminfitions, nnd al»o in reducing rliwliur^e from sbiiccsM^ and prcvcntii
MpmmM or pymmin. Bartholow considers that a larger dose (1.30 to 3 Ci
Qm., or gT. xx-xl) lias the power, i( atlminUlercd during ihe congestive stage
before exudation hss occurred, of euppreeeing a croupous pneumonia, pleu
, or endocaTditia.
Ill this country quinine is rarely, if ever, given in such large doses as i
. been in ORrmany for the purpose of reducing Mgli temperature in ery
sipeUe, sourlntina, or rheurastiem, although Liobermcister regards it as heia^
8 better antipyielio than the cold bath, ll is not rouRidered adviiinbic to US
such large amounts in typhoid, on account of the tndamroation of the patch^
in the smalt intestine, qiiinim^ b4>iug n pietro-intestinal irritant. In typhoi
and othLT fevers it may be administered in the following manner, especial]
if the action of the heart be weak: — I
9 Extnct cinclionir <1 , S3 c.rm. or Rvj. J
Ttnct. cardAinum, tainp. 16 c.im. or 13ir.
Spiritu* Kthcru comp i...L 81) can. or (Sj.
Tlnet. digitalis T TG c.cm. or fSij.
Aqu» chloroformi od SCO p.wn. or fS».
M. Si{[.: A linK to a. tabl«*poon(ul every three or four liours.
In whooping-cough, which ia regarded by some as a parasitic infeetia
its use has bi-fn nltendvd by much benefit in comparatively large docea, ca
joined with the local use of a spray of quinine solution (llenke).
In many di^onlm of atonic cliaraeter, such m neuralgia, dyspcpi
night-sweats of phthisis, general debility, neurasthenia, quinine ia liigl
Eerviocable. ll is particularly valuable in those manifcatfltinnfi of neiimlg
which result from tina-mia or malaria, and is well combined in the fornii
case with iron, and in the latter with arsenic, thus: — I
K QiiiiiiDEC milpliatis,
Mmuu fcrri eurboimti* ,
Tixt. nuclii voiiilcin
Kxt. hcUmionTiiP (olior. «lc
M. et ft. nil. no. xlj.
Kg.) A piU lliree or four times a day.
R Quinlnie vulphatj*
An"'Lii 9iil].i|i..
Kxt. iKnutiiu nlc
M, et ft. |)il. no, \x.
Big.: A pill tliree liinea a day.
oa 2{ Qui. or 3is.
[SO Gra. or gr. iij.
joes Oni. or gr, j.
il3
Goi. or Sj.
Gin. or gr. i}.
Dr. St. John Roosa has called attention to iht- dangers af the abu»e
this drug, it causing mauy serious disturbances of the ear. even when tak
in email, though long-continued, doses. Professor Charcot, however, n
oramended the administration of quinine in M4ni^re's disease. His meth
was to give 0.38 Gm. (or gr, vj) twice daily at mcEil-time for fifteen davs, T
drug ia then diiicontinued for eight days, when it is resumed in tlie sai
manner. The uoises in the ear and the vertigo may be aggravated at fit
but this eiTect soon subsides. l"'our or five such periods of alternate exhi
tion and discontinuance generally rvsidt in u cure. Many nkin di^ordi
and eruptions are due to malaria, in which quinine produces good effect,
pointed out by the late Dr. L. P. Ysndell, In old malarial cases the sulplii
of cinchonine or cinchonidine may be snbstituted for the more expens:
quinine »alt»:^
ft CMotvformi , , i\ txm. at mxxx.
ChMhwatdJMe «ulphu 8|ll) Gai. Or p. xMIJ,
Tinct. cKrdmiBoiii. eomp 7111 crm. or tUJ,
Mdcltoyiab ftcwfae q. t. ad I20| c.cni. or Uiv.
U 8i|f.i Take K dencrUpoonfiil every four hour* for malariul tniuDiiiia.
S CktaoUlal 4 Gin, or 3j.
CSncbonidins lolpli. 2 00 Gm. or gr. xl.
PlpcriiMK - .. 3& Om, or gr. vj.
CUpri atilpluiL 13 Cm. or fr. fj.
M. «t ft. pU. rd oipmilje na xxx.
■g.i Ob» or too tirry thrM or foiur hour* In coagMtire chills.
OUwr evidences of chronic malarial intoxication— nt: iliarrhtca, Aywn-
ttn, jaimdic^, and choreu — disappear tinder the administration of quinine.
!:t<nniTt(-'nt hieinatunn. when du« to thix cau$c, is ciired by the judicious
tdinmi^i ra tion of ijuiniuc. In view of its irritant effect upon the genito-
utsuT »<rKtcm. i^uinine will M>mctimes (excite or a^^avat« hiematuria iaj
cboae suffering from malaria. This fact should be remembered in Ihi* man-
tpnrat of malarial bipmaturia; in fact, it hflji been claimc-d thnt the hiema-
ana is really pnxliioed by large doses of this drug administered in the treat-
aat of th4 dueosc. Alexander Haig points out the fact that ordinary acid
■dpfaate of quinine contains 20 per cent, of xanthin, which is physiologically
aa MtholojErically eiiuivalent to uHc acid, and vhich may therefore aid in
A* mat ruction of rea blood-cetls and liberation of h^pmoi^lohin, which is tbe^
war (if lilaok water. Small doKi^ uf ([uiiiine, ti-m[)orariIy emploved, are tue- '
-aaes of catarrfi of the stomach, whether due or not to alcoholic excess.
lion i« aidi-d by as»ooiation with s mintrnl ocid. Quinine i» an excel-
Imt remedy in aphthous ulceration conseciilivc to enterocolitis, and in the
jaautj Tomittng produced by the ^wth of sarcina ventriculi. The same
ifi of Dtility in the trvatmout of asearide« aiid twnia, not so much, per*
by Tirti>e of a direct toxic influence upon the parasites, sb correctioft
□M unhealthy condition of the intevtinul mucous inenibntue, which favors
Aeir ■ ■ueot. Tonic doses of quinine render excellent service in de- ,
Sriasi n». llie laryngismus stridulus to which rickety children art
■ibjoct ts Bmcliorated by quinine hydrobromate. This salt is preferred by
Hodiard* in the treatment of grip, in which he gives from 1 to 1.40 Gm. (or
gt. n-ixij) ptf diem, for the first few days, or: —
B UainitU! h^drobrORMtia,
£:KU«c-ti cniitijD oqnoaM — >a
M. •«. ft. ptl. MtU« UW no. XXX-
Btif-i Sfx to tea in the counw ol the day.
]I0 Om. or gr. i«a.
In many ^in dUeases dependent upon lowered nutrition, — as, tor in-
oncc, arnc, impetigo, or vcthymii, — small, daily doKcs of uiiininc aK bene>j
inl. This n-inedy is of value aa a support to the system during the course^
af ■ prolmnced suppiimtion; and a full doso is prudently given before the
b^ r.f a uithr'ier or Ixiugie, in order to prevent the occnrrence of a chill. It
■'-I tonic in brouehorrh<ea. Good results have been claimed by
)i phyucians from the nse of quinine in acute rheumatism, but
' 'J of most ohsen-ors is unable to contirm these reports. It ts
~. „n .>- .;■-.-. -led hrncfit in chronic rheumatism, especially when occurriog
■ Bmiletlm de rieaJ^ie dr Uf4evinf, Pari«, Feb. «7. 1800.
280 riUSKACEUTIOAL TUBRArSDTIO A0RHT8 OB ORt
in Aged or debiliUted subjecte. Jn these cases it is best j{iven in conjiii
witR the tincture of iron, or in the foriD of mlicylatc, or with pota
iodide: —
n Quiniow nuljihAtia • 4' Um. or Si.
Tinct- tciri phlnrldi 30J c.cm. or (Jj.
EUi. ca»oiiTn> ugradn IZflj ccin. or fjiv.
H. Sig.: Tno tcMpoonfuli three or fonr tiniei B da.):
n Potaani iedidi STI Om. or 3Tij.
Gflritua clilocolorral 7ft v.tm. or fSiJ.
Tinct. dnehoDie Mmp, , 300| c.irm. or tlx-
M. 81g.: A tiRlf to ft tfiUMpoonhil In water thrco or four time* ■ dny.
^eoiftl Applicstiont. — In obgtetrice, quinine is vnlued &* an oxytoci
laenuio}: thi? cncr<;y of Ihe utL-rinc con tract ionti, Ihouf^h not capable of ii
citing them, The bile Dr. Klleralie Wallace approved of quinine iii titeril
inertia during labor when it aoconipenlt'K ^oncrul muscular atony. In sua
casea it Increases the expiilfiive force of the uterus and greatly reduces tt
danger from s^pt-is. Abortion hae bei-n produced by llip adminietration (
quinine iind strychnine as a tonic, the accident being attributable to tl
latter agent. Quinine is alao useful in aiding in preventing putrid infectio
from the uterine discharges, in the treatment of eo-called miltcfever (a mi]
septicicniia) or milk-leg, and also in cases of uterine subinvolution after pa:
tnrition. In small doees it stimulates the menstrual flow and acts n» a
emmenogoguc. In annemic patients it may bo given combined with iron:-
B Fcrri et qiiininw citmtis 41 Gm. or S],
OL Unnc«tj JOU c.cni. or ntx.
tl. et div. In pll. no. ix.
Sig.: One (our times daily, or two morning «nd niglit.
i
Warborp's tinotate is highly prized in England in fevers, and in shoe
or collapee. Thirty ccm. (or f^j) contain 0.C5 Gm. {or gr. i) of quinine, i
combination with nromaticp. lialf of the quantity being given at s dose an
the remainder in three or four hours,' Its administration is to be preceded b
a brisk purgative. In severe cust-s of poisoning by malaria, large doeee ai
'Th« National Fomitilarj' has tlic following formula for Warburg*a tindur
under tlie name ot Tinctura Aiili|>«riodica (N. F.) : —
R Rliubnrb,
An^lku-serd .}.,.. i. na 3|i5 Gm. or gr. IvJ.
EleoBinpanc,
Baffron,
Fennel U, l\SZ Gm. or gr. xsviij.
Aq. extmct of aloes,
Gentian,
Zedoar^,
Culwb, I
Mvnli,
W^iitfl agarii',
Camphor oji 190 Gm. or gr. xjv.
QuintnB Kiilphato ---.- 10{36 Gra. or gr. cts.
DiluU-d alcuboi .....q. ■. ad 4T3J ccm. or Uj.
M. SiR.: Si>p. art.
The furiimla may be presciibed iCfMouI aleei.
CIKCUOXA.
281
lely necessary to eare life vhen given bv itself, but when given in the
rambtnatioD much Fmnllerqiinutittt-s (in- touni to aiiJ*wer the purposo.
Cmcboniiline is usel'u! in malaria. The Theraptuiiscke WQchenachrift
itoili. 1900) giv« the following fonniiln for interna] use: —
B nndiaaidln« Milpli
Afid. UrUrid
Unt. acBcue
It T»k» in Ui« ttiane ot Ui« daf.
Gm. or gr. xv.
i6 Om, or gr. «IJ.
cxm. or 3iv.
Gm. or gr. xr.
n Om. or gr. xiij.
c.eni. or mxl*.
I Fcr raboutaneous injections the formula is: —
6 Qncboaidiiw «ulph
And. Urtarid
Aq. de»UU 9
H. T»rh ccm. of UlU M>lut)a«i conUtTw 0.3S Om. of cinch on Id inc. A dail; dow
<(IGb. {cd' gr. i\] cinchonidine bj' the mouth U uaually aulUdeiil, but l.SiO to 1.40
th,f<t[r. XTiii-lxij) can br tnkm uithnut dotrimrnt.
CiKhonine lodosnlphate is the precipitate resulting from the addition
ifluiDtion of iodstt'd polus^iiim iodide (Bonchardnt's rcag<'nt) to a vfstcry
Mkmo of the cinchonine sulphate. It is collected and wa§hed free from
liitiu,and driwi. The resulting product i* an amorphous, impalpable pow-
hlrfa brownish color, without odor, insoluble in water, thoosh soluble in
pW or chloroform. The do»<! of thi* propuretion is from 0.065 to 0.32
(■■(flrgr, i-v). The interesting point in connection with it is that it con-
IQIH per cent, of iodine. M, Ivon' has recently completed .4ome studiea
Kibe antiseptic qualities made with thia a.^ent, which, on account of its
i.be styles Antiseptol, and recomiiKiid* o» u substitute for iodofona
■tnoont of the low price and superiority as a surgical dressing.
Cinehoninc iodo»ulphate, or antieeptol, lias the notion of the two aub-
■iBnthat eater into iu combination, being at the same time free from the
Jwtffed, which follows iomclimes from the use of iodoform. Kxternally,
IWbten used by the writer for its antiseptic action with eicellcnt results,
i^KaUy in the treatment of chronic ulcers, sinuses, tibnisions. lupus vul-
|ii)- lucesses. chronic acne, and various inflammatorj- thickenings of the
meot. The following formulai may be rccommcDdud; —
B CbAonin* iodoculphati* 41 Gin. or 3j.
VtfL dnd ozidi ,,...,,.. 3l| Gm. or Sj-
It ¥tr t)iroai« acn«, «e)mna, and pioiinidt.
K Otdiooinje iodocutpbatia t
tt. mealrpti
UtoUal 31
V' fur trpblli*. rhronie ulcen, and craema.
Gm. or 5J.
60 c.cm. or mx.
Om. or Si.
Contra-iDdicationi to the uae of quinine consist in: —
kl. Idiosyncrasy, where nervous dlMurbancc!!, headache, «l(in eruptions,
pirpnn are caused by small doses, and where this cannot be overcome by
*■* »» of bromides, ergot, or arsenic.
' !. Atnte inSammBtion of the genito-unnBry tract or congestion of (he
3' Ante inflammnlions of the gastro-intestinal tract.
■^ftsfrtt ytdltal, .luly 12, 1800.
283
PnARUACRVTICAL TUKOAFBUTIC AtiSMTS OU DUITOS.
4. InfUmmation of the middle ear and dullness of hearing (nervo
deafiaccB). ■
6. Infants suSeiiag with eczema. I
It is stated on the authority of BrowD-S6quard and Alberioni tr
quinine and cinchonidine increane the frequency of epileptic convulsions.
The comparative antipcriodic value of the ulknlotds is thus eetimat
bj Itartholow: Qninidine ih firat as no antiperiodtc; quinini^ comes ne
Ciuchoniuc rcquirei- about twice the doee in order to cqiuil quinine. Q
chonidine is a little stronger than cinchontne. Amorphous chinoidina
ahoiit one-fourth the strength of quiDino. In the United States army]
hydrochlorate ia generally given the preference over the sulphate on accor
of its greater soluliility. The hydrobromate and valerianate arc suppoi
(o cause lees nervous irritation in susceptible subjects than the other sa
Thf addition of a few drop of dilute sulphuric acid to quinine Gulpb
makes it much more soluble; or ths biaulphate may be prescribed in i
form in thi< same doses as the sulphate. The borate, carbolatc. and salicyl
have been introduced as especially serviceable in neuralgia, but possesft
special advantage sndicient to compensate for their higher cost. Quin
sulphovinale is a very soluble salt, requiring only twice its weight in vt
to dissolve it, and might be used hypodermically. il. Grimaux has recol
succeeded in producing some new double salts of quinine, the hydrochlj
sulphate, the nydriodosulphate, and the corresponding phosphates.
The hydrochlorosulphate is a granular, grayish-white, amorphous |l
der and has an extremely bitter taste, is soluble in its own weight of wl
is equal in strength to the nulphnte, than wliich it is more rapid in its ae|
on ticfiiiHit of being morir rradily absorbed. The physiological and tb
peutical efTecta are the same as those of the sulphate. Its solubility rem
It purticiilurly serviceable for h)'podermic use.
Cinchon amine, a new derivative of quinine, has been studied by
Arnaud, who iindi- that it has us marked an etTcet and is more soluble t
quinine. (Mnchonamine is obtained from cuprea-bark. It is said to ht
times more toxic than quinine, is possessed of but slight antiseptic po
reduees abnormal temperature, and may be serviceable in malaria. 1
said to eiert a decided sislogogic influence.
Clinical experiments with the salts of the .lynthetical alkaloids 1
been carried on by Professor Bourru. of Rochcfort. The hydroebloral
cupreine is efficient in malaria, but must be given from the beginnin
doses of 1 to 2 Gm. (or gr. xv-xxx). This salt produced no ill effects. It
without influence upon the pulse. The sul|ihale of quinethvHne appea:
be superior as an antiperiodic to quinine. It was employed in maxii
doees of 0.75 Gm. (or gr. xij). The sulphate of quinopropyline ia the
energetic member of the series. In a case of typhoid fever it produc
marked reduction of temperature. A dose of 0..^0 Gm. (or gr. viij) gavt
to buzzing in the ears, vertigo, nausea, and general malaise. It is actt'
about half the doge of quinine.'
QniDiDEe Tannas.— The tannate is sometimes called "tasteless quin
because ihe bitterness is almost entirely overcome by the combination,
also, largely because of insolubility of the salt. Although insoluble in w
it is soluble in the acid gastric juice, and when adminiMcred with foo
'i« THiuMi JfMlcok, July 6, 1804; The Mtdicat BulUUn, Sept, 1S04. p.
CtKCROXA.
283
it Buswcre equally well with (he othtr eall*. In the com-
vith fiwtwt chocoliid! at) otij«ctionab!e taste is overcome, and, made
IMa tivcbt^ or compreeeed tablcU, coch con t dining O.Oiio Gm. (or gr. j), wc
im a mtrt of confection: probably the very best form in which to administer
piciBc to children. It maj be made extemporsucotiftly: —
1
S QBiBte* .,
A«*£ (Anniei
ttfrvpt clnaamoiai 00
M. E>^ tMutpoonfnl contains 0.066 Gn. (or gr. J) of quinine.
i^>>i> M lurd, tii« Unnic n<-l>l niiut be doubled.
S5 Giu. or gr. xxiv.
75 Om. or or. xlj.
c.cm. or Qiij.
If t1i« iiuiiilii*
B Qniain* hvdrochlorat.
Aridi tanniri,
GlrrTTrhizin. Baunoniat na
■t (Iiv. in rtiartuiw DO. xl).
Thrtv ilail}-.
l|S{i Gm. or gr. xxiv.
{75 Oni. or gr. xij.
K Qntnitk* Miltibaiii I[&S (Im. or ){r. xxiv.
Elixir Blycjrrrhizia ■jdiimii. SOI '^'(''■i' "^ ^'^i-
IL Sig.: A t«*iipaaiitul to a tabla^ooittul, according to olrcumitancc*.
[Bftgarding the method of administration of thiii rery bitter accent, sev-
iccs are adopted to irnnblc pnlicnt^ to tiikv it. umoiig the best of them
gelatin- or auf^ir* coated pill, the hard capsule, cachets de pain, or
I'he (oUovtltg mixture is an agreeable method of administration
lotioo :—
Qahuiu« Biilpliati* 113 Om. or gr. ij.
Acid, rltric. 38 Om. or cr. t;
gjmipi aunntii Horum 4[ c.nti. or I3J. — M.
to I'l* i'!a<'i'd in » nine-gUw contnininK •'O'liiim bitiirb'HiaK', 0.20
(or gr. iii-v), in saturated solution, and then drunk during efTcr-
aduTt can take a powder of quinine in a desflertapoonful of syrup
i nran^, or ^yrup of wild cherry, without experiencing much unpleasont
Same prefer to take it in a little whisky and water. Other prepara-
rhieh may Ix: iired with more or lc«g tucecM in order to diszuito the
tot *joininf are ca&cara cordial and the aromatic syrup of reriMi aanta.
I ^n?n io powder, quinine may be render>'d nearly tastclesB by nibbinjj
Jh nne-foiirth its weighi of ammoniated glyeyrrhizin. The ammontated
' of jtlvcyrrhizin it aim a g'>od excipient for tht- sulphate, which is sus-
td in til* mixlnre. No acid should be added when the extract is used.
Ftegar-coated m gelatin -coated pille are mo«t commonly used, and, if
fnavrlT nia<3e (und if they contain tlie full amount of the dru^), they answer
al amJinmry demands. In ca«e« of irritability of the Btomach and diarrhcea
l^etter to uaa* the remedy in the form of a solution. Pure einchonine may
ibly empl<>y<-d in^itead of quinine, especially in the treatment of
Cinchooine is effectual in malaria and does not occasion buzzing
. «ftr¥i. though it gives rise to a sensation of dryness in the nose ana
anrl Tnnv eausc paresis of accommodalion with alteration in the size
T
,,- i jnnat© of quinidine ia nlM almo*l ta»t«Ie$3 and may be used with
lage in dyspepsia, dlarrliiva, and ncphritia.
t»i
PUASIUCKUTICAL TIIHBAPECTIC AGENTS DB DBCGS.
Enchintn. — By the adion of tthyl'ChlorocaThoiiatc on miinine, ace
ing to von Xoorden.' a valuable substance is formed uhion pocMsses
ctirnttve properties of qiiinin« without it.i bitt«rnes», or producing nan
noises in the eare, depreceion of spirits, etc. It has been therefore ca
Euchinin. It ii a crrstallisuibie substance, sparinftlv soluble in water,
readily soluble in alcohol^ ether, or chloroform. Ine chloride of Euchi
however, ist estitlv Kolublc in water. Euchinin mnv he given in therrf-v
milk, or coca, 'l^he dose is 1 to 'i Gm. (or gr. xv-xxx), which in healthy p«d
producer no effect. Bcnpflcinl iwults have bi-en reported in febrile »tj
and in whooping-cough. It reduceftemperaturc in pyrexia. In supra-orb
neuralgia the effects were oflpeeially good. It ix given usually in tablet to
St. George Gray,* of St. Lucia, West Indies, has found very good rceulti
malarial fevers. He denies Iht* statement made by others that it will
caiise cinchoiiism, as he had experienced tinnitus aurium, deafness, i
otlter phfnoniena, ju^t as from ipiinine. He considers it a more powd
antipyretic and antimalarisi agent than (luinine itself. i
CTSVAXOWm CASSIA (U. S. P.).-CaHfa Cinnamon. The barl
th? shoots of oii<- III' iT:iir>' iittili'ii'rniined specie? «f (.'itiitnniuiiuiiti, ^t'nwini
China (Laurinew). ,
CnmAMOMtrM SAIQONICUM (U, S. p.). — Salgon Cinnamon. '.
hark of mi ihiuli-li-niiiiird fjH'.-iw of Cinnnmomum jLaurinea?).
. CINNAMOMUM ZEYLANICUM {V. S. P.). — Ceylon Cinnamon. '
inner iiarli ^f tht- fh»o\s. v( Ciniiuuiymum zc-vlunicum (Lauriiii-a;).
CINNAUOMI CORTEX (U. P.). — Cinnamon-bark. The dried ID
bark of vbools frcini the truncated stocks of CinnHuimmiin xcvliniiciim. I
tained from eultivate<l trees. Imported from (.'eylon and dietinguishiDJ
eommerce a« Crt/hn cinnnmon.
Preparaliont.
PiilvU AroniBtklis |U. S, P.). — Arnmatic Powder ktnnnrnon. ginger, u SS fi
raiilanioni uriil iiiilirw^, OA IB mH*|. Vir^v. 0,32 U> i Utn. (^r ^i'- v -xml.
Kxtrnctum Arnmntidini Pliilduin |U.S. P.].— Aromntlc Iluld Kxtnict (oron
powdnr cxliBiisii>d with nli'r>h(il. I (Jiii. ^ 1 com. I. Ili>*e. I !■> 4 cpiii. *<>r nixvfSj
Oleum CionDinoiiii (U.S. p., B. P.}.— Oil o( annnmon. D<j»c. 0.08 to 0.18 e
(or nl-hj).
Tmcturii Cinnamomi (U.S.P.. B, P.}.— Tincture o( (Snnuiuon. Dow. 4 K
cem. (or (3iivl. B, P.. 2 to 4 ccm. (or f3es-jl.
Aqua CiiuiBinoini |U.8.P„ B. P.),— CinDnnjon*u*nltT. Duie, 15 to ISO e.cm.
(S«(-iv|.
tiuiritut Cinnamomi (U.S.P., B.P.). — Spirit ot Cinntimi>n |I0 per c«nt. of
Dose, Ci.Oe lo 4 iMTiii. (or mxlZj). B,P.. 0,SO to 1.20 im-iii. (or rnv-xxi.
Pulvia Cinnamomi Compoaitus (1L.P.). — Com))nand Powder of Cinnamon (di
mon, caidnmom. and gingrr. equal parta). Dose. 0.G5 lo 2.60 Om. tor gr. x-\\).
Synijiim .\romallcii* (R. P.I. — Amnnlio Syrup Itinctiir* o( Aranjii- nnd Hnnon
wattr, rach. 250 coin.: syrup, 500 ci-ni. ). Vuxv. 2 tn i c.ciii. lor f3>>--.(i,
The follow-inR V. S,' P. prtiMimtionii imnlnin einnamon ns a cmi«titucnt ; j
mati'' >iiil|i]iUTir a<'i-t. i<onipi<un(l Ilni?tiiri' "f catni'liti. oixniKiiiii'l tinii.iiif of laren
itvrup of rliuhnrb, ntDinntie tinrtiire of rliuboTb, nToinntit- bjtii|) of rhulmrl), iwrnpfl
tinrturi> ill fardainom. I'liatk mixture, nnit \Tini> of opium.
*CentmnMt fiir innrrt Iffdlcfn. Not. 28, ISd".
■ Tht Britiih Mcdieal Journal, Fob. 211, 180S. p. S5l.
CINXAUOUCU.
2s:i
(F>«r Clnuunic Add m-o Styrax.)
Fhunaeology. — rmiinmiiii u tlio inner tnrk of the shoots of Cinoa-
■ mil (Oylon cinnauion), the bark of an unileterminod 8pe-
rTiiim (Ssi^on cinnnmon), or the bark of the shoots of one
iiiintd npecie* of ('innamomuni (frown in China. Cinnsmo*
I cat-- '. -la ciniiatniiii. or Chiiu-«e cinnsmon): large trcee boloDKing
idw iMtunil onJ«r I^uriiiew. Iksidee the volatile oil, which h umxI for
„.;^.. pttrp<i«ce. ciunamon contoiofi tsBiiic acid, muciU^e, coloring nutter,
nn<l lignin.
iiw Ci'jiDn ciniuimon is the choice varictj, but the prentor portion of
[U laluf^i npiee )nx>u;^lit to thi» oniintry n ihe ca»aia cinnamon, the tlnvor
liAkb is less ewcct and more puiii^nt and aelrin^-nt. Th« phj'siological
tiM are the nme.
Fkyiiologricml Action. — Ciniiiimnn is an aromatic, with c^nKidirnble
i<-_v It art* a» an hnniostfltic, not «> much throUjKh its aalringent
itttFTiU as bj virtue of the volatile oil, which may be used efficiently
Therapy. — In ca«et>. i?«pcciiiny among cliildren. where counlcr-irritntion
I »*:«1m1, tht- UM of a spice plaster i» recommended, as in croup, coHc, nea-
i-tc- They am he oblaim-d alrcndy prepared for iibc. or may be pre-
^Tt»-mporiin''"iii'Iy by pliicinj; aromatic powdor belw<t-n two Inyers of
■nil tiioisieiiin^ it with hot vhteky. As a etomjichie. in flatulence
lie dlgoKti<in. ciiitiamon in of iOme value, hut i1» canninative effect
(rc4)uently utilized in combination with other remedies, especially
ilivea. to prevent griping. It i» of service in diarrhcea, as in the chalk
•. to which ntber agents may be added: — -
Btenntbt MlirrUiL ;Oes to so Gm. or er. t-ilj.
KMone crrtas -tj «.«iil or tSj.
-pra doai.
(rrltaCire iU>it)iii« of iafantt, capMiallj- BumuieT diarrhica, thU dote to b«
I ■wiiiitinir to UTKcncy ever; boar or more.
fniidr-poK-dered cinnamoD. given in do«es of 4 to 6 Gm.{or 3i-is8),mom-
[aod ereniDi:. if *»i^ to be an efficient remedy in acute dysentery. It will
i be found capable of allaying nansen and vomiting., or even of reliev-
iekneee. In paiuive uliirine hiemorrhage we may give an cxtempo-
infunon in milk, or give the oil upon sugar. The oil may also b«
, at lesFt a>t an adjuvant, in pulmf)nary hwmorrha^r*'-
r, J. C. Row daiiiLi that large doses of cinnamon, internally admin-
ate of value in Ihe palliative treatinent of carciiionia of vuHouh in<
in. He slates that pain is alleviated, the odor decreased, and the
j Mttdilion improved. Dr. Rn>» direct* that from II to 13 ounccx of
[ einiuimon he placed in 3 iiuarte of water, boiled down to a quart, and
r itbout filtering. Of the mixture a pint it to be taken every lirenty-
khaara.
rariooa recetahle enencn have been ehovn by M. Chamberlnnd to poi-
te«l antm-ptic power. The essence of cinnamon has been utilized by
'Cliami'ionniere a# • durgical dreaaing. Employed in full strength
rr irHfant. Imt dii^eolved in retinol to form a pomade it constitutes an
It ' -iitured woundit after operatiiinn. I>r. J. Chalmen
■Li -I. recommends the oil of cinnamon as an injection
PIIARUACEimCAL TUBEAPKVTIO AOEKTS OB DRCGS.
in gonorrhiM. He first cleansea the urelhnL by diluted hydrogen dk
titter which he injects the oU of cinnamon dissolved in one of the liq
petroleam preparations. The solution is roadij of the strengtJi of 0.06 1
to 30 ccm. (or mi-fSJ) on ihc fir*t day, u,12 com. to ^0 c.cm. (or mii-fj
the second day, and thenceforward O.lt) ccm. (or miij) to the same qua
of menstruuiu. SpnylDg several tiniCH a day with tht; vsHunce of cini
is said by Dr. paptiua to be of decided service in all forms of malaria, q
which had proved uiiameuubk' to qiiininv and ari^i'iiic improving: willi
few days. The following (ornmlse for antiseptic ointments have been ]
lished by M. Champiouiii^e: —
B lUUnoU 70 Om.
Crri jit«Tiliat. 234 Gm.
Clnnmiinl'
1
or SiUlJ.
or 3vj.
B RetinoL 701
Ocri atailiuL 23 «
ClniULinoI , .., 1
BetaiMpht«l '. l[
c.cm, or tnxT.
Om. or Sillij-
Cro. or 3vj,
vxm. or iiixv.
Oni. at gr, xv.-
Btitlnol. c-l«orl 0313 Gin. or Jiij-
Ebi. ciniurniDini ....••■, l| v.oni. or mxv.
Ete. orlitnnl,
Em. g«ranU u -[HO c.cn. or mxi.
Ea*. vetbeixti: 21 o.cm, ur tnxis.J
Rptinol et c«ri
KsH. ^rnuii.
Eb». orignni,
Es». ihj-ini,
EsE. vcrlwnn •• an
D3{3 Gm. or Jiij.
I
1|S5 COD. or mxxr^
J. Hilton Thonnpgnn clnims that the oil of ciiuiaRion is of great ral
the treatnicDt of pulmonary tubcrcwlosis when administered by inhals
1"he patients like the odor of the oil, and will wear the inhaler sliuost
tinuoiisly. In addition he gives tonic remedies and continues the treat
for months. Under this method of administration the bacilli becomf
nnmeroiig nnd all the gymptoms improve. Several cases showing mi
benefit are reported.'
COCA (U. S. P.).— Coca.
coca: FOLIA {B. p.).— Coca-leaves.
Prtparations.
FAtmptiim Cor* Fluidnm lU.S. P.}.— Fluid Estnwt of Coca,
ccm. {or rax-Rj).
Coi'iiiiiie Byilrdtrlilor&R (U. &P.). — Cocaine Hj-dro(;li1onit«. Dotw. 0.015 to
Om. lor(tr. V.ji.
Eatrnctum Cocfl: Ijquittum (EF.).— Liquid Kxinft of Cock. Dobc, 2 to 4
(or fiM-j).
Cocuina (B. P,). — Cooaine.
Oominir nvdrDchloridum (B.P.I.— Omwiiie Hj-dnMhtoride. DoM, 0.012 t
Om. (orpr. '/»-"»)■
Unftuentum Cocttitwi (B. P.). — Ointment of Cucninc (* p*r cent,).
I.Mn«llie Cocainw (R.P.I, — Discs of COrsln« tench ooataiD», of covsliw '
cltlaride. 0.0013 On., or gr. '/■>)-
'Cinnamol in lli« trfth I y •distilled emcnoe «t cinaainon.
'BrilUh ifeilioai Juurroir, Nov. 7. 1898. p. !371.
COCjL.
«87
lajactio Coc«tnai flypodPrmiM (R.r.)'--IIrpod«rmlo Injection ot Cocaiae (10
frt (TMLI- I>(MM>. by KUbcnlnueMiB inj^vtloii, 0.18 to OM c.cm. <<>r uiit-v).
TraehiAcu* KnunrtiE et Cocuosb (U. i'.).— KmnoriA and CacRlm LuMige (eon-
»( krunvrln rxUsct, OXH& tin., or gr. J; coi-HiciK h}'dradili>rfde, 0.003 Gm., or
_*.
PharmacotovT' — Con is Iho Iciiree of Errthroxyloii Coca (Lineffi), a
«hI1 tree of Pt<ru ntiil Hi>]i\ia. It ooBtoins a cryslultiznliU' alkaloM, Cocaine
tvhifh has t>een ascertained by Loesen to be methyUbeEioyl-ecgoniiu'). he-
lidc* other nlknldidnl dirivativca of ccffoninc. It al»o coiitiiin" wax. Com-
tuaie aoid, nnd a concrete, volatile, odorous Bubetance. Tropaoooaiae, an
■•aliiifoua atkaUiidal compound, has be«o found hy Giesel in the #inall-lcsvcd
R»-plant of Java. Coca-Icaves are chewed by the natives of South America
maUio their mn'ngth during long; journeys nnd to invigorate thvin when
i^rd. and iht n-porta of travelers eBtablisJi the tnith of the obeervation
thai with the HHxiHinncc of a siimil iiiianlity of tho Iwivc* they can endure
^mtion from food and perform remarkable feste of endurance. The fsob
that th« aatne cffrclii cannot be obtnlned in thix country from tlie imported
diwl leavee makes it probable that the fresh leaves contain a volatile prin-
opkr of couaidernble pbyniological activity, which is lost after a j«ea-voyagc,
W partial fermentation and dri>'ing, as maintained by I>r. H. H. Ruaby.
nry >Uo contain ooca-tannic acid and »onic oil, aromatic and coloring mat-
1m. etc.; but cocaine, after all, is the most important constituent. As co-
atsv i^ <iccomiio:«cd into bcniioic acid and ccgonine by the action of mineral
■ekb. these ehould not be prescribed with the fluid preparations made from
«acm-lvttTc«. A precipitate also resultii from a mixture of the Rolutiong of
aaiiam bromide and cocaine hydrochlorate, The salts of cocaine ore incom-
patibtc- with those of mercury. A mixture of cocaine and menthol is said to
(arm a vexy irritant combination. Cocaine and silver nitrate are invom-
»tit>l<--
Fliyilalopical Action. — Coca ond to a morked degree cocaine cau.se local
■■nbae«8 or an^Ktheaia when applied to mucous raembranea and when in-
Meted bjrpodrrmically. Wlivn cocaine i« applied lo the coujitiictivu-, iion^i-
U^ i* reduced, the pupils become dilated, and the accommodation ira-
fatni; it contlricts the lilood-vcwel*. diminishe* the intnwiculur icn^ioji,
naaec enlargement of the palpebral lissure and prolrusion of the eyeball.
b occacioiu an irregularity of the corneal Kurfaee, or haziiK^^, whieh doe«
•of appear, however, to depend upon loss of epithelium. \Vhen applied to
the toD^e, it cauM-*: numbness and \o» of tactile eensihility without ufTecting
Um movemenls. llie application of cocaine to the pharyns, or larynx, and
■val cb«niber«. reduces the »cn»ibi1itv so as to permit manipulation or opera*
boo. and alao by its effect upon blooa-veeseU reduces congestion and innam-
^■tion. Taben in nnall doses fretjncntly repealed, coca acta as a general
t^ue and prevrni;. waste. In somewhat lar;;er do»s it is a ncrre-stimulant,
incnaaiiifr tf'^ blood-supply to the ner\'e-ci'ntrcs, improve* the digestive pow-
ai, inciwasee the force of the heart's action and arterial tension by its in-
tmenc9 apan the vasomotor centres and cardiomotor ganglia. It also gives a
•^« of well-being that enables the OTfranism to bear more fatigue and to
^Maia the powers of the body with let-:* food or less sleep than luual. Coca
[iji [in the Sow of arine, but the <)uantity of urea is lessoned; it thus acts
m an indirect food hy preventing waste. After an overdose (he pulae becomes
uid weak, respiration is labored and shallow, and oppression of the
£68
fUABMAUBUTIOiU. tTUBKAPKUTIC AGENTS OR UBUGfi.
chest is compluned of, with llirvnlt^ning ooUiipee, clunmy skin, hntlucii
liotiM, aid di'lirium. Clonic convulsions of cerebral origin arc occa»oi
and the bodily temperature markodiy incToiLfled. [)ealb is due to tbe paral;
of the heart, the t-piiul centres, or the centres in the medulla. Diarrha-
produced hy large dooes, with hc-adaclie (Hammond). Accordin;^ to
HtudicB of M. Maurcl, coca hu!! un action upon the lcucocytc«, causing thi
Id become globular and rie:id and tn lose their property of adhering lo l|
walls of the vcttseU. In this manner thrombi and emboli are formed SI
death is apt to result from pulmonary embolism, ((ley has experiment^
determined that the liver diminishes tho toxicity of cocaine. In Home^su^
of poi&oning from cocaine, albumin has been found in the urine. J
Poisoning.— The treatment is the same, genvruily speaking, ns for tol
dofies of cafftine. Morphine, atropine, chloral-hydrate, panaldehvde, at
Sihonal, amyl nitrite, chloroform, alcohol, and ether are piiyeiological anj
lotes. I
Ammonia and digitalis may likewise be made use of in order to cot)
teract the milder toxic manifeatations of cocaine. In severe caseii Or. '
Mitchell has employed with service a Large tcacupful of clear coffee, whii
can be administered cold or hot.' In some cases toxic etleets have apparent
b»-n produced, with gn-at depression and imminent collapn-, by extreme
minute doses, as where cocaine is used as a mydriatic, or applied to tj
throat, noee, or urethra. They can only be explained by idiosyncrasy, a)
the symptums usually promptly diaoppear after iht administration o( stii
ulants, or the inbaialion of ammonia or ether. A form of protracted acu
cocatnism has bei'U lately deicribed by Hallopeau, who has, in several t
stances, observed the injection of a single small dose to produce distrussil
aymptoms, which may endure for several months. The symptoms bear mm
resemblance to those which immediately follow the injection, and consii
above all, of persistent headache, accompanied by profound malaise, instH
nio, numbness of llic iimb.-, vertigo, syncope, mental tjxeitement, and l(H|ua
ity.' It occasionally hnppeni- tliat the application of cocaine swliilifm
certain portions of tiic mucous nienibrane is followed by great niusoulnr i
laxation, a weak pulse, dysphafnaj and pharyngeal paralysis without loss
consciousness. This condition has terminated fatally in n U-w cases win
the amount of drug absorbed could have been only a fraction of a grain, an
therefore, the result wa« in some m»mier caust-d by refiex action and p<!
Kbiy was partly psychical in its nature. The parts moat susceptible to tl
action of cocaine appear to be the middle turbinate bone and upper fossa
the nose, and the male urethra, A case of serious poisoning following tl
injection of cocaine solution into the urethra for dilatation of a strielurc'
reported by Brennan.* when morphine. nitn;iglycerin. Htid atnnionia we
used as antidutea with sueeow. Magnnn bus called attention* to a pecnlii
disorder of sensation attending chronic cocaine poisoning. It is a feelii
as of foreign bodies, grains of sand, worms, or microbes under the skin ,
any part of the body. This has been called Magnan's symptom. There
a generally recogniiod danger of forming the cocaine habit, and cmmplcs a
not wanting of unfortunate caws of this kind among members of the medic
^Wetteni iledical Beporter, Sept.. 1892
'IjO Tribunr VftUnilr, IJm-. 4. ISIM): Ufdiml Hutlrttn, .Inn., ISIU.
*y«c York ittilkyil Jviiriinl. Sov. 19. ISflS.
'ilUnflicnrr inrdirimnrhF Wiirbnuibrift, \»m. f. 117.V
COCA.
SS3
Cocainism, or the «vil n^ulu from coiiftiiiit Iv reporting to tliU
• fltmulaot, requiree moral ireatmeot more Ihaa medicinal; potsibly
Idiction may be, in some cakce at lettl, th<.- first iDauift'station of la-
in n large number of cases, moreover, those who fall viciima to the
:!■ habit arc abso addicted to the UKe of morphine, tho double iDtoxicu-
"or to tlie most serious deterioration of health. Appetite and
dccrt-R««. tremors nnd halUiciiiiitioue occur, und iiit^nttv may fmuUv
tnu*. Medicinallr, cocaine addiction is most successfully trejited by
dotes of cKl oral-hydrate, or iu>1ii»«iuni bromide id combination with
k1. Cocaine is eliniinaled by the kidneys, much of it, however, being
i>:d within thv t^yittt-m.
tlurapy. — Tl\e application of cocaine as a local ana;»th«tic is due to Dr.
tx, who 6j*»t calliil attention to it« ii««lulnv»8 io eye-surgery in 18&4.
t then its influence in causing local snsmia and dilatation of the pnpil
If been discovered, it is now one of the neceaary drun in eye-practice
|m-cent. solution being the usual strength employed, as first recom-
m by KoUer). An«)ithc«ia of the conjunctiva restilt-s in from one to
nitnates after instillation of a solution of cocaine. Dilatation of the
, doca not occur until ten or twenty minutes after the instillation: it
noes for about an hour, and then gradually digappcars. Though im-
tif the accommodation i« not paralysed, and is restored white the pupils
remain dilated. The conditions of the eye in which cocuinu is particu*
' appltcnble are diMiisc» of the conjunctiva and cornea, accompanied by
and photophobia. By its local anesthetic properties it facilitate:* many
w upemtions upon tlie l-v*-. The removal of foTei$;n bodies imbedded in
oomea, the excigjon of pterygium, the cautcrizotion of conicttt ulcer*,
of the Iacr)'mal canal; the operation for strabismus, staphyloma.
on; iridectomy, and extraction of the lens may all be accomplished
id of cocaine aniesthesia.
.urding to Pr. Arthur G. Holib*, of Atlanta,' cocaine should never be
_ en an abrasion of the cornea exists. He regards it as contra-indicated
in anv corneal inflammation, and thinks that it should not be prcscribe<l
tfce acute stage of any form of conjunctivitis. It is not so well
for u»e when enucleation of the eyeball is to be performed, though
ration may be done when the alkaloidal solution is injected deeply
the orbit, Jkfr. I.eahy ha;' fmind <ocaiDe aeniceable >n gonorrhueal
.Uniii- He incorporates 0.03 Gm. (or gr- es) of atropine sulphate and
" ' or fCT. i'v) of cocaine sulphate in fi.50 Gm. (or gr. c) of va^elin (lard
the writer suggests as a better Tchicle for the absorption of the
, iniiirporatcd), and applies the mixture beneath the upper lids. Dr. P.
nu^ Taylor, of fjouieville. esteems cocaine as superior to the mydriatics
dlj irmployed in the treatment of iritis. He advises its use in a concen-
" ft>rTT», as iu effect* in contracting the vessels limit its absorption. He
1 to i-raploy a 25-per-ceni. watery eolutiim or an ointment com*
pj iiirts of (waine to lOO parts of petroleum. The tablets or dis-
ot cocaine now supplied by manufacturers are useful in making cx-
iHtaO^ous and p^rfectlv i>icrile solutions of any desired strength.
"^'in auml surgery a solution of cocaine may be introduced within tlie
. ^T^TT- tJ>^ "ad .\l>Bv« o( Co(ain«. ntlli Hefermof to Muvom M«'iiit>mne» E>pe-
, ■• rkc BMitMrrv Jf rdfcdt ffwortf. Nov.. 1892.
290
PIURMACECTICAL THESAPEUTIC AQES'TS OR DBUGS.
extvmal mcotuE for the relief of acnte nnd chronic purulent otitis, ul
the canal, or to render possible operative procedoree within the tym^
cavity. The application of this sohition to the lower nasal paanges and ti*
orifice of the Eustachian tube is a valuable aEeistance in catheterization f
the luhc through the no«c. Dr. Ticaso has reported a ease in nhich a f«
drops of a 5-per-cent. solution of cocaine intjoduced through a catheter inl
the middle rAr hooii vxoited vomiting and diarrhoea, which continued f<
several hours, j
Ry application of this remedy to the mouth of the tube, the inflation t|
injection of remedial liquids into the tube and the middle ear are renderj
much en«er of performance. BonaiQ*« local ansettheaia comprises the ana
theeia of the external surface of the tympanic membrane with a mixture ;
phenol, menthol, and cocaine hydrocblorate, aa 1 Gm. (or j;r. x\); or 3 Gi
(or 3es) of the phenol to 0.5 or 1 Gm. {or gr. viias-xv) o£ the other ingredienl
The internal surface of tlie membrane sad the mucosa of the tympanum |
anssthetiied with 2 or 3 drops of a one-tentli solution of cocaine instilled 1
an incision or incisions made in the membrane with a Hsrtman canni^
mounted on a small syringe.
In chronic lunr'ngenl tuberculosis Professor Moure makes use of the fi
lowing combination applied by meane of an atomizer: —
[25 to 166 Om. or gr. Iv x.
Qni. or sr. xxz-d
o.em. or tiiat.
c.cm. or fjvj.
B Cocain. Iiydrochlorat.
Chloral t>.
PoUu. bromld ui 2] to 8
Glj'cr^rin. 46
Aq. dMtillat 180
M, ft. Ml. :
Sig.: To be used three or four tl&iei a day, from tht«e to 6ve minuUi on ti
occasion.
In dental aud uasnl surgery this substance fulfills numerous indicatioi
The local anssthesia produced by cocaine permits operation for ingnr
nails and the removal of jntralaryngeal tumors.
The rectal injection of a cocaine solution relieves the tenesmus and pi
of dysentery. Used on an injection, or applied upon a pledjiet of cotti
cocaine allows many gynojcological operations to be painlessly perform
"Vcsico-Taginal fislulae, lacernlton of the cenix uteri, and urethral canine
have been successfully treated in this way without a resort to general an
theeia. Cocaine likewise afTords relief in vaginismus. Dilatation and cut
ling of the ntenis, trachelorrhaphy, colporrhaphy, and perineorrhaphy i
likewise be performed in the same manner. A solution applied to the uter
necic may relieve rigidity during labor.
Shortly lifter the introduction of cocaine aa a local anipsthelic .'
Ijeonard Coming, of Sew York, dcmouiftnued that it was possible un
its influpnoe to remove large tumors and iwrfonu am|mtations. Continu
his researches, he developed, in 18fi5. a method of injecting the drug i
the vertebral canal between the spinous processes. Professor Rier, of K
pwt Corning's suggestion to the test of actual trial and employed the lum
puncture.' and his examplf wtis speedily followed by many of the disi
guishi?d surgeons, notably Tufiier, Wchw. Oberst, Murphy, and Marx. ']
method cnijiloycd is to introduce n r<uitabU- needle between the fourth i
fifth lumbar vcrtebrro into the subarachnoid space, allowing a small quan
^DeuUihf ZfittrHrlft fUr Ckirvvte, vol. U, p. 361. ISM.
COCA. 291
rfth* tvRhro-^pinal flui<l to cfrApe and injecting nith n hj-podenntc 8>Tin^
iwhuion containing 0,005 to <MH Gm. (or gr. Vii-'/«) »' cocniiif. Anal-
-.uq fullnwfi in from five lo eight minutes and persists from onv-lialf to
' hunrs. Xallior* putdislicii 12r> <-aM-«, including; 5if liipnrotoniirK at
<-^iMr functuro with & dejilhn, though he etstcs Ihnt only 1 denth i» di-
rtrtlT atiribtttnbl** t4i ihii' Ireaimi-nl. Spinal coniinixutioii hne iilso bwn
«(4 In- Kri-ie nn<l Mtirx' ill obslutrical practice, irho (ouu<I that the cocain-
lalion di'l not iiii.-rf«;t>' vrilh ihi- fiinolioui' of thi- uktii^. Tbc»« injoctioni;
ut often uttt.-nilt<d with more or Ices svvere aft4?r-etT<?ct; headache, votnit-
at, "irprvHfioii. iiikI rii-itij; IvnijHTnturc. In n numhi-r o( nM-.* olwertud by
6t snihur a teried nf most ahiruiiiig symptoms followed the use of this
r^tlioil «o tliAt it 10 not nilhout danger.' Six d<>iilh« have b«en recontly
: by P. Reclus in his statietics of less than 3000 applications. Intra-
^111 II injfctioiitt nf co<-ainen# a therapeutic method have bi>«n trivd w-
■■•■\j by ItT. At-hnrd incastrsof eeiaticH. Marie and Ouillain* report its use
- .^iwemec of scintioa. when .1 niitligramme.4 (orgr. V,,) wen- injected, with
I'- imin«<liBt<> noticeable improvement, the man being able to get up and
n;t olnMii without any appreciabli- pain. When a small do** in given then-
» im u.-i..ii»ti-il cuianeoiis aniesthesia, nor are there any constitutional
•Tffij t'.m- "t'casionc*!, wbili- the relief in a* prompt a» in the larger quantity.
('•t-iiinf i» n*iV<\ aa an injection into the urethra in gleet and previous
■.■nf-a^i- of inetmtnents or surgical operations. The injection of a few
in.;,. ..f a 4-]>er-cent. i>olution into the urethra in caw of Mrictnre of large
: ' rr iiiny succeed in relieving retention of urine. In such proceduree,
'tTw.r. It min>t W I)i>rne in mind th»t the urelhrnl and nrlal tnucoua
■_ nh-diu-i aiteorb with gn-at rapidity, and a strong solution must, ihere-
' re. be avoiilnl. Itt-rgtT has reported a ca»e of death from injection of
'■ Ora. (or pT. viij) of cooaine dissolved in a spoonful of water, the fluid
■ Of: aUowcil to eiu-api- immediately and the entire (pinntity being ap-
,4?cDtly re«iverc<l. l>with has been caused by the injection of a 5-per-cent,
Hfsbcm of cocaine into the urethra.
In a cmae of cystitis produced by the absorption of cantbarides Alharran
inoded with advantage to the injection of a cocaine Mlulion into the blad-
- - ■ iniions may be used in the bladder, provided they do not eonie
!h the urethra, but arc carefuHr removed by irrigation. Thus,
. Q of crushing for stone. Prof, ^''illiam S. Forbes has frequently
: Ills melboii with advantage, injecting a Ui-pt-r-o-nl. solution
firntra^ to Jiiholritr.
Cocaine i* employed at a fpny, or in wafers with jrclatin, in the throat
vame for viniple catarrh, pharyngitis, laryngitis, and for the relief of hay
ieift (4- m ?(t-pi-r-tvnt »oluti'in>. Dr. Isidore Gluck avoids the toxic effect
Am •Mnetinic* ensues by using the following iorauJa;: —
k Addi i-arbotiei 112 t,vm. or mij.
AqlM! ilralill- •••> 4j ccm. at IIj.
C^r«ln« hTdrodUonlia |63 Gn. or gr. x.
M- Pbenol rvad'T* Ih* •olatioa »s«ptlo and prwenta RbMrptloa of Um cocaiae.
/., .^..n..r.'nt- UeJimlr. MnT Ifi, 1»0.
y-ji--..-/ V*^», \u)ru*i )i5'. Iimo. nail J/niiml Itfwnl. Oct. B. IflOO.
■ '...nuif -f '*■■ AmtriaiK Unttenl iuteKilion, Nov. 24, IBOO.
ia*r^. A[.Ml IS. IKII.
S92
PIUBMACBUTICAL IHKUAPBL'IIC AGSIiTS OB DRUOS.
A chemical comltination, cocaine phciiate, hsG been more rectntly intn
cinced, and has been employed with advnntag« in most of the conditio]
where the hydrochlorate has proved useful. Cocaine phenatc is a ycllowji
anbstance, of the coD»t8tency of Iioney. It melts readily when heated. IH
soluble in alcohol. The dose is from 0.005 to O.Ol Gm. (or gr. 'A,-'/.). 1
may lie j;p]>Hed locally in soliilioD& varying in atrenglh from 1 to 10 per cei
When placed upon the tongue it obtuuds both taste and tactile sunsibtlit
It produces profound aniestheaia of the conjunctiva, with dilatation of fl
pupil, partial paralysis of accommodation, slight lacrymation. and often tM
porary ptoais. Anieathesia is of rather slover development than from |j
use of the hydrochlorato, but is of longer duration. The uhcnate, also,
much less apt to be absorbed and produce systemic effects. Cocaine pheni
has bci-n used in operations upon the throat and noic with advantage by 2
D. B. Kyle.' ^
Good results have Hkcwiee bees reported from the use of this ealt by ]
C. A. ^'ea9ev and by German observers. ,
The following combinations arc recommended*: — '
It Cocoio. phmat,
.Mi'iithol
Alcohol. diluU . > '■ 8
10 Gm. or gr. ias.
En Gin. or j;r. iv.
25 c.cin. or li'iia.
U. Slg.: For iiihnlatlon In <liM«Bta of tbo lar,vnx nnd bronoliUI tubet.
S Cocnin. phrnot ..j
Pulvcris acidi borlol i,
M. Sig.1 For iDMiffUtion id acute oad ehronie nnMil catarrh.
0
Oin.
OTRr.
or gr.
lij.
ssx.
Parker advocates a eombinatiun with reaorcin in order to overcome
impleu^ant or toxic effects which sometinics follow the application of stn
solutions of cocaine to the nose or throat. The association of these dr
seems to add to the antiseptic and astringent action of the cocaine.
Qauthier is accustomed to conjoin with the cocaine solution prepared
injection 1 drop of a 1-pcr-ccnt. solution of nitroglycerin. Ue conceives t
in this manner he is able to antagonize the influence of The cocaine «'
the cerebral blood-vessels. Rignor asserts that acid solutions produce
little anaesthetic effect, and advises that the ordinary solutions should
rendered neulraL When an excess of sodium carbonate is added to su(
solution, the alkaloid is liberated and forms a fiKcIy-divided mixture.
terms this suspension "milk of cocaine," and states that, when freshly m
it produces an excellent anesthetic effect.
Dr. John Edwin Rhodes, of Chicago, makes use of a combination, w)
he thinks intensifies the aniesthetic property of cocnine and perhaps has
tho antcsthesit. His formula is as follows: —
M.
Atnypln. miljilintU .»...
SUt>phflTiCliiui .1
Cocnln. hvdrochlomt. 1
Acidi cnrbolid
Af). dcitillat q. & ad 30
For hypodermic U».
03 Giu. or gr. w.
012 Gm. or gr. Vi.
SO Om. or gt. xx
32 Gm. or gr. v.
cent, or IjJ.
This solution ha."), injected in doses of 0.12 to 0.SO com. (or mii-'
' "Plir-natc or CnrboUte of Cocaine tti a Local Anieslhetio." Tbrraprtttic Oo
Jan. 1<!, mts.
' Journal 4c ilfiUvittf de Porf*.
COCA.
293
Itnd t\mo8t coniplvte local anssthesia without constitutional diaturl>-
«. Ithu alfio boon u«cd by mcatU! ot as atomizvr in lliv phnrynx, Inrynx,
' uA ami avity.
Ib order to avoid tlirnwing thi> cocaine into « vein, Miigitot o<Ivi8c« that
it be t&iKted into the eubetanoe of and not beneath the skin or mucottfli
mtamat. Except in the caK of operntionH upon the hmd, the paticnti
Aotld Ik i& a Tvcumbent position when the injection is made. The dose
ifaoaid be in proportion to the (.-xtent of Kurlacc to be anKSthctiKed, but;
■boold ectcr exceed 0.08 to 0.10 Gm. (or gr. i V«-i«). It is well to divide the "
doM into i(>'v«r«l portions, ii-ftving an interval of severnl minut«i between
<Mb injection. If toiic manifestations follow the first portion, further in-
JKtioti nagt l»e abanduuid.
Profesfor Schleich has devised a method of producing local anssthesia
tor (Oipcal opentiona by marking out the line of incision by a succesaioi '
ti bypodcnntv injpctions of weak solutions of cocaine and morphine.
The foilowins; nrc Ihc formulie for the iolution* used by Schleich for
pndnciDg local aiuFsthceia: —
No. 1. Strong:—
E OKaiaK bjrdrochlontit |S Om.
SlarpUac hydrorhlontUa
Sodii «liliiridi (•torilixed)
A^M tetUteta <*UTlllBid) q. a. ad 100
»OUni.
i Gm.
or gr. iij.
or gr. •/»
or
c.em. or
S^jiis/iW-M.
No. 2. Normal: —
*
B C«cua« hydrocUorati*
UorvUaa hydroohlomtli 02a Gm.
Sodit ehlori^i 'surilixfd) J2 (}m.
Aqoc dcitillate |it«rilind) .q. ■. ad 100
Gm. or gr. iu.
or gr. V»
or gt. iij.
ccni. or IS'iilSliM. — U-
No. 3. Wetk:—
ft CoobHK hydrochloralii
MorphiMF hydrocbloralii
Sodtr cUan£ {itrT'ilii^dl . ..,>.,
Jutum dHtilUtn |»tcri1iH4> q- a. ad 100
01 Gin. or gr. 'U
DOG Om. or gr. Vn-
2 Gm. or er. iii.
e.cm. oor QiiifltiM. — M.
One dmp of a -10-per-cent. nolution of fonnalln ahould be added to each
9(ibttt eolutions to present' them. The fluid is injected in such n manner i
taat the part to be op^rnted upon is completely surrounded by wheal? of the'
^jwti^ duid. These whi-als may be carried into the di-cp Umucs. The area
hr th« primary needle puncture may be ansethetized by a drop of SS-per-
(mt. !>QlDti(in of carbolic acid.
Bapif combines sparteine with cocaine, which obviates the depreesing i
^Bct pf the cocaine on the heart, while rendering the ann>«thcsia more latt-
■^ Bt ha» a powder prepared beforehand: cocaine hydrochlorate, 0.030
GsL (ar^. V»). and fpartdnexulphnte, 0,048 Gm. (orgt. •/.)■ Wh^n readj
Id sk, the powder is dissolved in 1 or 3 ccm. (or tnxv-xxx) of boiled water.
la nscb as 8 to 12 eg. (or gr. i */,-i '/«) of cocaine can thu* be injected, in
birtional injections, without accident. In operating on a tumor he injects 1
un- (nr mxr) of the weaker solution on one side, und waits Mven or eight
■not«i befure iniccting the other aide. lie can then commence the opera-
•Omitt* U^tlieal de Ut«t, Dm. 1, ISOS.
I>uk>
I'lIAUMAOBUTICAL tnEBAPECTIC AGBNIS OH
tion in a few minutee on the side first injected. If the i
ovf>r tvremy miinit«», a third iiijeclion can be tuad«, vrfa
anarathc^ia for thwc-ijuarterB oi an hour.
An ointment or Wulton'of cocnice hu been eniiiloye
of iclieving the pain of cracked nipples, but it hss been 1
further effect of diniini^hiii^ the secretion of the milk. Fi
of lactation. Dr. Joire, of Lille, rocommends the appticatic
1 Gm. (or gr. xt) of cocaine iu 9.50 c.ciii. (or f3iid«) csch (
erin.
An ointment containing coca or cocaine hydroclilnml
local remedy in affections characterized by seTere pain or d
The extract of coea (2 to 4 Cm., cr gr. xxx-Sj) may be incor
(or 5j) of lard, or the mH of the mkaloid may be used in
0.25 to 0,50 or 0.G5 Om. (or gr. iv-viii or x) to 31 Gm. (or 5j
R EstracU coc« 2
Crconoll 30
L'tigl. rinci oxidi 31
Ungt. plunnbi »ubacvtatU '. . . . 16 S
M. For flulucute ecionui or piorUiiis.
R Cocainic hydrochlontia 05
Plumbl cnrbonntii 4
Pulverii mnnuitM: .......i,. 4
01. MiCTiljrpU 21
Ungt. tinci oxidi ai
UMful in ncuto rcKcma, dermntitla, buna, and Irrltabl* ^^,
9 Cocaine b^diocbloratii ~i
Atropinie sulptiatia W
Addi rftrboHcl 30
01. anthemidb 21
Un^ ztnci nxidl 31|
M. For bcrp<>e, hetyt* totUt, dcriiuitalgia, and panetthMia.
B ExtracCi roc*) 4
Zinci curboiiatit . S
C«mnhor[B ,. 05
Siil|iburi« aubliuiatt > • > 130
Ungt. nquo! roue '. 31
M. For ertemn around the genital organt.
CocftiiuF bydrocbloTPtin 84
.(.*-
Mcntholi , , ,., 05
Ititmulb. nibait. .>......>.... ,.,..,.... 4
Vugl. iin«i oxidi,
I.annllnl »n 19|5
M, BciH^firial in urticaria, Ticrpei, and htrp«i to«t«r.
B Cocninw liydrMlitoratu,
Hydrarg, diloridi mltia ^, aa 105
ZincI rnibonntia 4j
Bt^UinnpbtuI,.
Cnmphorai (A 132
Ungt. linci oiidi 3l|
U. Valuable In Jntanttk ar»n)«.
NEW «»*'
HO
■
OP B
These oinfmenls are serviceaWe in dermatitis, acute ecze
herpes zoster, parii'sthcsia, urticaria, burns, and irritalilc nn
Bleulcr recommends the use of a l-per-cent. cocaine saW
Itlutt ^
PI* J
Tfr*
Tbor-
i
COCA.
295
tin and rnwliii iu caf«» of hcrpM zostor. The tendency
•I iiniiii'^iiil'.'l.v. ami jmiii iit Oiki- ()i!-u[ipeure. i^ith a re-
Bt cMv IU ifim ciglit Id ton iJays. CocaJn« ointiin-nt ulliiys the pain of
it»Hl carciDnoM and ia Wneliciaily applied to painful haMJiorrhoids, On
ml o( tu aflrinjient and slight ly-sumulant oction, coca oinlmciit is
tinux an elGciest applicatton in acne and rosacea. An anodyne oint-
tuy be thiu compowd: —
H Cenina hTdrochkintii
VtffUui tdtpkaik
Gm.
Om,
llni|dM( (UlphAii* llMS Gtn.
~ ' " Om.
or Kr. X.
or RT. ij.
Iff XT. j,
or Si.
Oni- or 5J.— M.
or
or Ibu.
or 3ij.
XV.
Vifonrtl tiuci oxidi
Ib l}ie treatment of burns cocaine hydrochlorate ahould be preferably
' 'ilh litwlin, since lh« latter Bubstance posMsses undoubted efficacy
he tnataent of this accident.
I Omiw hTdrochloratM I
iMlU 46
UHUnrboMtia 8
a*f. q.
It ft It. an^L umIIIb.
B OMiaB hjrdrodiilaiTati* MS Om. or gr. x.
tM«UBl 31^ Om. orSj.
wiDIti mibaiL vel plumbl csrboa 8j Gnt. or Sij.
**«*»■ q. a.
" I It. Wgt tnoUU.
^fi'une is a valuable remedy in pniritus ani or vylvne anJ in some en*c«
la ihtis poieooing and eryihctna the solmion of cocaine promptly
'*h< btunitio: pain. Cocaine can be employed in the form of a boIu-
"""nJing to the foUoviog formulae: —
*g»eaiB» fcjdxwcJlIOWtla 120 Cm. or gr. iij.
■■■Hut* tMtatia JM Gm. or ar. x.
"lyotiinl ■.. « cem. or fjiai.
^Iiw dMtUiatf 13S| ccm. or IJirM.
^'c r Uw u MI injectloB )B tiM tmtfara In ralMMUt* and chronic gononlKMk
" ^25*ta« brdTOcblonitia I» Gm. or gr. Ij.
Xf*oic«l 50 com. or mi-Uj.
'■7t*iiBi » crm. or fSj.
^« iMManMUdb d«at. M| c.rm. or (jilj.
^ J u^'P" Spray Into tba mm* or tkrMt In nSmpIc catarrh, phftrjDgilii. larpisitis,
* £?«*«* hydxodiloratii
Pt
""Si gljremA't.
|2$ Gnu or gr. ir.
'^*)>« kiHunrlidii dntt .na 60" c.cm. or I3ij.
^^ -S^' ^W'y '*"'■ *''♦ "Urtac* on old muslin, tor buminft «biI Itching of ery-
^^ '"'W^IH M tbe akin (roni rariou* planti, and in (unburn and BUiwrBcial heak
* ^'^Im hrdrodilontin.
"T^nuliL hydrocMeratEa aa BO Gm. or kt, ili.
^**r«i»roi« Ifi0( ccm. or (Mr.
^^It.: Mop ujKin th* Skin or apply with old niHilIn or cotton, for aeborrbc^
*'**««ri«. aonc, and rOH««a.
»9i
PUABMACEUTICAL lUeBAPBOTlC AGSKT8 OK DBCQS.
tion in a few ntinntes on the nde fint injected. If the operation require
over iwviity niinntw, k third injection can be made, which keeps up ihe
ansethesis for three-quarters of an hour.
An ointment or solution ^f cocaine ha« been emplo.ved for the purpose
of relieving the pain of cracked nipplea, but it hae been found to have th«
further t-fTeet of dimininliinj!: the secretion of the milk. For the suppression
of lactation, Dr. Joire, of Lilte. recommends the application of a solution of
1 Om. (or gr. xt) of cocaine in H.50 ccm. (or foiiu) cacli of water and glyc-
erin.
nent containing coca or cocaine hydroehlorate is an admirable
I affections characterized by eerere pain or distressing itching.
[coca (2 to 4 Gro.. cr ar. xjtx-5j) may be incorporated in 31 Gin.
or the salt of the alkaloid may be ueed in the proportion of
t55 Gm. (or gr. ir.viii or i) to 31 Gm. (or 5j), or o» follows: —
<idi 31
*ubftc«Utla IS
^czmna or ptorluia.
30
Gm. or 5t8.
criii. or >"v.
Gm. or Sj.
Oni. or Sm.
SI
n i.
111'
oratla [CS Giti. or p-. s.
-I Gnu or 3i.
*' Gm. or 3].
IS-l c.rm. or niiv.
3l| Gm. or Sj.
<«B, 4eni»tili«, buniB, nsd irrltahl* ulcers,
73 Gm. or gr. xij.
OGS Gill, or gr. j.
30 c.cm. or mv.
24 c.cm. or miv.
Gm. OT Sl-
at
ilalgia, and panetthuU.
.. 4
e
"!""!! 1
31
Gm. or Sj.
Gm. or Sij.
n& Gm. or itr. x.
30 Gm. or kt. xx.
Gm. or Sj.
faiiB
i
OS On. or gr. x.
Go Om. or UT. X.
Gm. or Sj.
*•
M ISJS
■t«r.
Gm. or Sm.
,
nil jflfl Gm. or fir. x.
4J Gm. or Sj.
31
Gm. or
rr-
lU. acute eczema, dermatalfnl
irritabifi nnd painful iilcett
cocaine i-ulvi.- made up irilj
295
parts of tnnolin htm) vaselin in cases of herpes sostor. I1ie tendency
j>n«d b ti'tin'vcd iiiinn-Oiiiti'ly, and jiain ai oiic<- ili»>i)<)>i-or«, uilli ii ri-
nitant cure in from eight t» ten days. Cocaine ointment allays the j>ain of
iilrcrsTi-d orcinoma and is bciiL<Gciolly ajipliud to painful hKniorrhoiuK. Oa
- of it« aelringcnt and slight ly-stimtilant action, coca oimment is
..(DCS «n efEcient application in ac&c and rosocei. An anodyne oint-
Bu; b« thiu composed: —
A r<H-BinN hydioehloratii 05 Gtn. or gr. x.
MortitiltiM auliihBtU 13 tim, or gi. ij.
AUopitue Milphati* OOG Gtn. or or. >.
PnlvrrU nurafttoi 4 Cm. or 3j.
UB^tMnti tliKu okIiII 31 Gm. or Sj-— M.
In llie treatment of hurna cocaine hydrochlorate should be preferably
mixed with lanolin, since th« latter subitance posMHes undoubted efficacy
B tb« treatment of this accident.
B CMMinv bjrdrochlomtiB 1) ^ Cm. or or. xr.
I Jinflliiii 4W6 Gm. or Jiia.
Sodii bkcrtxmatii B| Qin. or Sij,
OL oUvM q. I.
3L at ft. lugt. iDoUls.
B Ooeaiiuw hrdrotblanll* 65 Gm. or wc. x.
Laaolini 31 Gm. or Sj.
ntMintbi mbniL rel plninbl cartHM........ S Gm. or 9ij.
Dt. oliv» !(■ •.
M. et ft. nngL moUi*.
Cocaine is a valuable remedy in pruritus ani or viilvge and in Bome cases
' tf KSema. In rhus poisoning and en-thcmu the solution of cocaino promptly
I «Cpt«s tbe btimini; pain. Cocaine can be employed in the form of a solu-
li ^m according to the followiog formuUe: —
S CtmiiUB hjdrochlontla
Plumbi acvUtu
Gfjiwrial 45
Aid* datilUta 135
Gm. or IP*, fij.
Gm, or ar. n.
cem. or ft in,
c.cm. or fSiVMi,
It. SIf.: Vte •■ at] IfljoctioB la tbt nrcllira In nibomtc and chronic gonorrhoM.
■ Ceoliua bydrocblointi* 13 Gm. vr gr. I}.
Creimatt ■ SO c.em. or mrijj.
Glyt^riai ....>... 30 c.cm. or tSJ.
.AqOK iMViamaUdb dnL SO c.cm. or liiij.
IC S3f : !!pr*j Into Uit note or throat in slmpl* Mtarrh, phiir7n^tl>. larjufitli.
C » fc"*- I*rrT.
B CoeaiBar bfdrwhloratis \26 Gm. or gt. it.
PliunlM grlToeroli.
Aijvm bain«in«li<lU dMt. na 60[ cnn. or (Jl].
ft_ Sto-t Apfd^ ovrr tk» lurTaM on old mutlln. for burning oiid ildiin^ of er7'
^^ iHrfMiiitui' of tbe >kin friMn variou* pUnta, and in ■uubnm and lUfwrflcial htal-
1 riiLilw hydrophlontii,
Hj^fwatiB. bjrdrtwhlnratla aa ISO Om. or p. II J,
Aifta* ro«<» ■ *80( «.«u. or (Jiv.
K 9te.: Mop upon t^ *kln or apply wlUi old mualln or cotton, for MborrhcM
^ maiemri», »«»«. — "*
and TOMna.
COCA.
£95
puts of Intioliii una •ntuMn iii ciuc« of herpes 2i»t«r. The t«nilcncy
rmd is reiiioveil inimiiiiiiliiy, uiid pain at once diMippL-srs. with u n-
itt ctiTv in from eight to ten day*. Cocainu vintmcnt uHuvk thi.' i>sin of
lied csrcinoDUi and is beceficially applied to painful iiKniorrhoidii. On
It of its aHtringrnt nm) vlightly-i^ttinulant notion, coca ointmont is
an efficient application in acne and rosacea. An anodyne oint-
■mt may b« thus conipo«ed: —
Cuetiiim hydrochloratb
MorphlBB raJphatia
AtrVfitMe nlpliali* r....
Pulnrte nafanto 4
Vncntnti ciaei oiMi 31
Hi Gm.
13 Qin,
uaS Gm.
Gm.
Gm.
or K*- ^■
or p. y,
or gr, i.
or St.
or S^.-M.
or p.
or Slw.
or 3ij.
XV.
|Vlti the treatment of bumf cocninc hydracblonte should l>o preferably
pned with lanolin, eince the Utter eubetance possesses nndoubled efficacy
■ tkc treatment of this accident.
Oacalw fajdrodilontia 11 Gm.
LBBotini .40 0 Gm.
^ Sodii bitarboMatia (^••■i. B Gm.
fc 01. oHtw q. s.
^fl. ct ti. (uigt. iBollia,
H CoraiBM' hydrocbloratla 65
I^UMlud 31
BtanutU aubnlL vd plnmbi carbon 8
Ol. nUra 4|. a.
. vt h. iu|tt- moUt*.
tocaine is • valoable remedy in pruritus ani or Tuhte ond in some cases
In rhue poisoning and erythema the solution of cocaine promptly
the bnminf; pain. Cocaine can be employed in the form of a solu-
1 aeoarding to the falloving^ formoUe: —
B Ctaaiiw faj-tlroclitoratia -.. ISO
Plimtri aeetatM
Olyorlal -.. 4S
Aqum dtatiOata! 139
8&
On. or gr. ii}.
Gm. or gr. it.
c.cDi. or f^tM.
p.cm. or Qina.
Cm u an iaioctfam tit Iha ur*thra in nbteut* •nd chronic ^norrliiMt.
Oara*— hydrochlofatii 18 Gm. or gr. Ij.
OmmU 50 ccia. or nvlij.
t^wrini 30 c-cul or (Jj.
Aifo* banamdidi* dcat 90 r.mi. or fjiij.
Sig : 8p*ay into Ui« note or throat !n aimple ratarrh, phanmgiti*, UryngiUa,
I Imj intt.
OMains Mrmktaratis Si Gm. or gr. Ir.
FlMbi girnroll.
*f— fcMiittilUHa d«at. aa 00- c.rm. or n>}.
Vf.1 Af^J or«T the Burfat* on old muilin. for burning •nd ItclilnK of cry.
fmmiaf of the ikin from raclout plant*, anil in aunburu a&<l Mip«rlli-Ul bMt>
II).
I CtealM' feTdroehtoraU*.
BjJraMia. hrdrooUoratla aa ISO Gm. or or. ii
-HwroH tSO| com. or fjlr.
^ %-: Mop upon Ui« kkbi or appir with old mutlin or cotton, for •eborrlMaa
a, anmrfa, acne. an4 roMCCa.
2U
FDARllACSUTICJU. TUEltAPBUTlC AOKMTS OB DHD08.
Brushing the affected surface wiih a cocaine solution to which 1 pn
cent, of carbolic acid has bei-u added is rcconunendi'd a« a useful metinA
in QGiitc touEillttis.
In gasiialgin the um of cocaine, or of a hot infusion of cocb-Imto, ii
often highly sen-icoable and yields prompt relief. Cocaine hTdrocUonlt
isnn eHicient remedy in uaiiicusnd vomiting. In the hand* of Dr. MsnawiB
it yielded excellent results in the incessant 'vomiting and collapee of cbolm
morbus. Prompt relief often follows its u«c iu migraine. In Heastdnuti
and the vomiting of pregnancy the alkaloid is often useful. In the liltw
condition it ha* bwn used by the moulli, by injection into the epigaMiinni,
or applied in ointment form to the os uteri. Mr. John Phillips afforded pCT-
manitnt relief by adininiatration of the following mixture: —
OOS Gm. or gr. >/„
B Cacainie hydrocbloratii
Tlnrt aurantli ,....,,.,,'. ,,,
MUU chturofurmi
Aqua q. •. ad
U. l>ro dMi.
SO
cena. vr tSm.
e.em. or fSj.
A. Pozzi reported' that, at the Obstetrical Clinic at Turin, fiTo <
pregnant vomiting, which persisted in spite of the hypodermic injection til
TDOrpbiQe and t)ie internal administration of coenine, were rapidlv cured If 1
Tibone by subcutaneous injections of 0.01 Gm. (or gr. '/•) of t^« co<«m|
hydrochloratc in the epigastrium, repeated one*- or twice a day before aietii-
Food was retained, and neither pulse, respiration, nor temperature was in-
juriously affected. The general condition gradiiflily improved, the pttieot*
gained weight, and the vomiting did not return when the injections wm
omitted. Pozzi suggests that this treJituient may prove useful in other fon
of vomiting.
Dr. Carlson has reported a severe en*e of ptyalism accompany)!
nancy, in which rapid and complete relief was obtained by a few hj
injections of cocaine.
As an analgesic mixture which may replace an opiate, Portier
mends: —
B CfMotDK hydiochlornUi
Plii>nap«tiD. ■ ■
Exalgin.
Add. Mlicflic I|
M, «l div. in chnrt. no. x.
8i^.: One powder every time houn until poin hn diMippeared.
50 Gm. or gr. tiiml
W» Oni, or ft. sxtta.
50 Gm. or gt. tum.
Got. or gr. xt.
'IWt. H
leaeedl
VHian coca is used as a tonic in cases of dvbility, slow convalt
after fever, weak digestion, etc. it is usually in the form of an elixir or '
the alcohol in these coses being synergistic, nnd powibly in manv instance*
the more active agent in the combination. In these conditions the dangoa
of the formation of nn alcohol habit must be borne in mind, and a change
made to the solid extract or an infusion. In larv-ngeal tuberculosis oaaodatM
with dysphagia the use of cocaine has been found of marked benefit. In the
treatment of secondary syphilis Dr. R. W. Taylor often makes use of coca,
especially in the case of debilitated subject<i, n* a tonic adjuvant to specific
medication. lie employs the fluid eslntet and may combine it vith the
compound tinctures of cinchona nnd gentian. The weak heart of typhoid
' Atxh. d' Ott. e Gin*; 1B08.
COCA.
trdty 0.015 Gm. (orgr. '/*) doses, every two hourt, of cocuinc
Aci-ordiDR to ThoringtoD, cocaine ie of decided efficacy' in
T^lew rrrer, u it i|ai«U th« stomach and stLuulntes ihf lienrt. It ie useful
s wziul dvbilit}'.
A decided nphrodi^isc elTcct lta» sonKtimcs been a»cnl>cd to cocslno,
■ - ■'- tt.. [■««■* Dr. Arthur G, Hobbs hns observed a contrary influence.
, lence of an application to the throat and noso a rapid and penna'
rvlitt of priipiEm followed after the usual remedies had been employed
-: .410. The cocaine had, in each jn^nnce, been employed on account of
«itDodcnt nsnl and pharyngeal intlamrostion. Wells oas likewise obserred
the aine effect follow applications to (he nual and pharyngeal mucous
-, This writer has satisfied himeelf experimcntulty that cocaine
.-., >exaal excitability in men. He ha8 likewise observed the same
■ follow the internal administration of the remedy.
varioua nervous disorders — hiccough, asthma, chorea, paralysis
- ~, alcoholic tremors, senile tremor — liartholow declares that cocaine
•<* more favorable effectn than any other remedy. In a»thma Dieulafoy
"?□ afforded relief by the applicution of a f>-per-cent. itolution to the
iribers. Dr. J. K. TJauduy, of St. I.^uis, hHsi found the alkaloid of
-vice in melancholia, though in the experience of most nt-urologista
Txrmanent avail in this affection,
.._j.cll. Iff London, recommends the local use in neuralgia of a 20-
kr<«iit. toliition of the cocaine hydrochlorate (IiAaolve<l in oil of cloves. Of
«■ (olntioD 0.30 to O.RO ccm. (or mv-x) is rubbed in with the linger over
At Mat of pain. The pain of gouty joint* may alio be diminished by local
Ippiiatioo of thi« remedy.
*e-retal writers have testilied to the efficacy of cocaine in small-pox. A
3 is given inlcrnally in doses proportiooete to the age of the patient.
Pepper, of Algiers, states that a marked tolerance for the remedy
n this du«a«e. He states that the wohition of the puetulet i» arrested
-^at the conrse of the fever is shortened.
Wangh ha» inecl eoi^a largely in the treatment of alcoholism. For acute
be employs the folloving: —
B Tmet ajMid
VW tottt
IL Br-: A tablMpoonfal ertry two to tour kour*.
e.cm. or
can. or
To autat in overcoming the habit of alcohol drinking, he gives coca-
IS to the form of a maetioiitorv, which can be easily carried and taken
^VSAoot attracting; notice. He believes that the source of the longing for
t»k 14 nftrn to be found in the mouth, and that coca when chewed exerts
« W:al anvnhetic effect, as well as a general syxtetiiic action. The wine of
Ma is nwlul in giving (one In tlio vocal cords and preventing hoarseitess
I prafaMional speakers and singers.
AB»»theHa of the lower extremities and of the lower part of the abdo-
■ - ■ I'd by the injection of a very minute (juanlity of '/j-per-eent.
fc^ i-aine bydriH<hl(irale into the spinal canal, as first pointed out
Xo iTijurioUE effects were observed in six major sur-
■ ne under this form of anesthesia. The average amount
■ 'i'. fir CMfwrjrir, vol, 11. p. 344.
298
MC AGEX
9RCG8.
of the drug administerod was O.OO.j (!iu. (or gr. '/,.), and ntue«the^a of I
the lowiT I'xtrcmitK'^ could be produced in about eight or tvu minute) (
the injection of the Aims into the lumbar resion of the spinal canaL
witsch h«B also rcportcu' four fasfs in whicn he had suocf«fu!iy cmp
this method for major operations, diich m a Pirogofl amputation of the I
cxtirpiitionof inguinal glands for niclanoEarcoma, and a rejection of the I
Sensation returnt'f] in every case u'ilhin a short time, and there were do sbJ-
ous aftcr-cffvcts observed. The jinticnte Kutftrod only from a flight thil
and elei-ation of temperature and puUe. Few had vomiting preceded kj
vertigo and headache, tliough in ihc more recent investigationn these »Uw-
eSecta have been more prominent (see pages 290 and iSl).
Cocaine, or the fluid extract of coca, in conjunction with other remcdi^
is a nhysio logical antidote to narcotic poiiioning by opiates or chloral, uri
may oe used hypodcrmically. The subcutaneous injection of cocaine hai beta
found useful in cases of scorpion-bite. The treatment rapidly relievec in>
and rcslricts it to the part ^tiiug.
COCCXnUS— COCCULUS INDICUS.— Indian Berry, Fiah-bcrry.
Preparation.
Picrotoxinum [U.S.P., B. P.).— Picrotoicin (the active principle). Dwe. '
1 mjE. (or irr. '/,^-'/„l. B. P., 0.<HX)i(S to O.002T Om. (or gr. '/••■Vi.t.
FhEvmacolo^. — Cocculus Indicus \* not official, hut its active prii
is. It is the fruit of Anamirta paniculala (HcniEpermaccfe). a native of]
Malabar coa»t and of India. In IfiVi Koullny discovered and isolated a {
iar bitter principle, which he deuominated Picrotozin, — a while, cn>Ul^-
able, neutral sub.4innce, soluble in 130 parts of cold water, or in 2^ of boiling
and very soluble in alcohol and ether, but not soluble in oils. ^crMui
does not form salts. Like digitnlin, picrotoxin appears to be inadenpcf
several bodies, which vary in their chemical properties and effects. Buli
and Kretschy assert that it contains at least three: (1) picrotoxin, a bUia.
poisonous principle: {'-i) pierutin, a bitter, non-poisonous principle; ni
(3) anamirtin. To these has been added cocculin (which is said to bo i<l(o-
tical with anamirtin). These pharmaceutical bodies may have scientific in-
terest, hut, prnctically, the prescriber is confined to the picrotona *I
Boullay. which is oflicuil in the United States Pharmacopa>ia. In the f*i'
carp have been found menispermis, paramenispermia, hypopierotosic kA
rvEin, fat, uml fium, which do not possess mucli medical interest.
Physiological Action. — Cocculus, or picrotoxin, is verj' destructiw*
lower forms of life, and to many acts as an acrid, narcotic poison. In lovO
animals death is preceded by conviUsions. and in a fatal case of a child is.
years old, poisoneil by absorption of a strong alcoholic solution of the bit
applied to the scalp, tetanic spasms occurred. Where this agent has bed
swallowed, the usual treatment, by evacuating the stomach, should be pne
ticed. with inhalation of ether or ammonia and the internal adminisnatioD
of chloral or bromides. There is an untugouiim betw«en chloral and pint
sin, and this can be utilized when poisoning has occurred from abMrptio
rough the integument.
> CentralMitft fur Vtilrurj/tr, B. 20. IsiKI, p. IIK).
sw
lu on art id* bv William Miirrvll, of London, on "Pjcrotosin and its
Aoyartit^,"' this able auihoniy siateii ihat ihe peculiiir convulsions pro-
iaivi by thiM c^nt "dilTcr c^cntiull}' from the tetanic condition caused by
•iri.'f.iiiQr. Aod are due to stimulation of ihe motor centrei> in the cerebrum,
- jikmIuUa and cord. They stKumv various forms, the enimtning, run-
,..wg .-iLjEvard, and moying round in a circle beins the most common. Picro-
bisui nt»r* the ti^mpt'rutUTc, stimulutCE thv rvsjiirutory centre, end in large
iatm produces ealivatton." It acts as an nnhydrotic by MimuLation of the
n^txatoTy centre. "It it allied to Cicatoxia— the active principle of the
«UCT-hemlock — and to Coriamyrtin, dt>iived from Coiiaria myrtifolia.
drug* Ktitnulato the ongni« <if thi- inhibitory fibrcj vi the vngus, the
and re&piratory centres, and the motor aresB of the medulla ob-
Iwfata. In its action on the secretions picrutoxin ii^ allidl to Pilocarpine
x>i Xaacarine, and is aniagonited by atropine and other members of that
troup. The b(»t antidotOH to picrotoxin are chloral •hydrate ond bromide of
p^^Uwium." On account of its poisonous elTects, coccufus has been used, from
•Boent timei>. made up into paste and thrown into the water, where the fi«li
aiK nnpefied by it, and are easily captured. Death has occurred in a boy
Inn eating a ainall quantity (40 grains) of vuch |Niste. but it i» «iid that the
liA of the fiah so taJten is edible. This unsportamanlike method of Aching
maoBe parte of this countn' i$ illopl. On accuuut of its bitterness, cocciiliis,
■e ''fiafa-Wrry," is sometimes added to malt liquor to save hops and check
iBmentation. Poxyildy Ihic may enter into the solution of the problem of
«lMt M the matter villi a man when he is drunk, and still further emphasize
(at uit[Kirtance of regarding intoxication as a condition of poisoning, de-
— nHiny prompt, intelligent, and ekilKui tieatment.
Uwrapy. — Coceulu* \» an ancient remedy for phtheiriasi*, or louitine«a,
carv should be exercised in the case of children, or where there are
on the «calp, not to um strong solutions, nor to leave them for
'any minutes in contact with the skin. The hairy scalp, after being thor-
Ir washeil with Map and water, is wet with a solution (lii to I'^O c.cni.,
of the tincture to f^ir water), or decoction (1 to Ifi). and after a few
laies VBfibrd ofT with an abundance of warm water. Two or three daily
tion* are Eufficient, especially in cases where the hair can be cut short,
ebariuble institution) and nsylumf. It has been claimed tliat an oint-
of picrotoxin is equally efficient with the decoction, but it cannot be re-
" E being as *afe. Kor the same re-ason, cocculus is not advised in the
t at tinea and other skin afTections, although still used for this pur-
iB India- A (imall i|naniity, however, of picrotoxin — ^not exceeding 1
cT,( — may l>e usefully prescribed, in combination with ointment of raer-
Icate, for the relief of animal and vegetable parasitic diseases, as
cu»«, pediculi, trichophytosis, and tinea versicolor.
Picrotoxin in small dosca appears to act as a bitter tonic to the digestive
' ha« therefore been aavbed in atonic conditions of the stomach
-al indigestion attended by torpor of tlie intestinal walLs, and con-
cuatjdu- Flatub-nce and colic are relieved by the use of picrotoxin. The
^c^T bw likewise been succcfttfuliy used in painful dyspepsia, vomiting,
and other reflex manifestations dependent upon imperfect digestion.
i.1. etrilepe^yi chorea, alcoholic tremor, paralysis agilaus, and functional
' rv jr«Weal BuUttlm, Nov.. 18«^ p. ««.
300 PUABUAOEimCAt. TtlBRAPSDTIO AOEN'TS OB DRVOS,
nervous disorders (mittrninf, ilj^meiwirrlifea) piorotoxin ha* been uaefl
ec^sfully by Planat and Hammond, Gubler, Phillips, and othprs. It has be
fotiDd beneficial in epilepsv, espi-cinily when the attacks occur by night
lire line to ima'min. According to the experience of I>r, d'Amore, picrotoi
19 of special br-ntfit in ndvnnctil c-nm-» "f Ihe di»«iiee. In ft nunib« o( c*t
observed by d'Amore its effect was more permanent than that of atropii
Semmola and Gioffredi have recently njported a cose in which picrotoi
succeeded in checking profuse byperidroeis which developed consecutira
an attack of inflnenia. There is good evidence in support of the slatei '
miidc by llurrdl a« to its value in controlling night-sweating in phtlti6id|
doses of 1 mg. (or gr. '/,(,), is a pill with ^ugar and tragacanth (a single d^
at bed-time, or given three times a day). It does not have the disas
action upon the throat and itkin that atropine ho*, and frequently sue
where that fails: but it is slower in producing its anhydrotic effect, rcquirl
several days. B6kai regerdd pic!rotoxin es nn excellent antidote to opium,
reason of the stimulant action of the former substance upon the respirat
and vasomotor centres.
COCCUS (U. S. P., B. P.).— Cochineal.
Preparation.
Tincttura Cocci (B. P.).— Tincture of Cochinenl (1 to 10). Uom. 0.30 to t
(or mvwj. I
Fh«rni«colog7. — The dried females of Coccus cacti (class, Inieeta: Oli
Hemiptcra), when crushed, produce a very brillinnt-red coloring niaj
which coni?iEt£ principally of carminic acid, varioiie ealte, tyrodin, urea, ft
matters, etc. The British Pharmacopoeia defines coccus as "the dj
feeimdafcd female inwct Coct-us cacti, reared on Xopiilcii cocci nell if era I
on other species of Nopalea." ITie pigment called Carmine is the coloi
matter precipitated from the decoction by acids, and (he suits of tin. oi
gelatin; and other colors — such as lake, piirple, and lilac — may be obtai
by various reagent*. Il is highly prixed m trie arts as a coloring agent.
such it is Bha used in pharmacy, and is an ingredient in the compound til
ure of eardamom, '
Fhysiological Action. — The physiological actions of cochineal are'
very evident, but it is believed to have antispiismodic and anodyne quail
Therapy.^Cochinefll was used by a preceding generation of physic
for whooping-cough and in neuralgia. Its brilliant color possibly might I
led to its use under the old doctrine of signatures.
COCHLEARIA. — Scnrvy-^ass, (Vicblcaria officinalis (Cnicifcnp),
annual nr liicnninl plinil i.f n.iMlu-rn Eiirnpi; and t'nitcd States, eont
tannin, a bitter principle, ^ali^. .titil a volatile oil. It is stimulanl. diur
and laxative. Cochli'uria j> ]ni[>iilai!y ealtn as a salad, and is enicacioit
scorbutus, chronic rhouinati^m. anil i-hrituic iniiliiriii. The juice has 1
«»<'d r.vtenially for the purpose of stimulating indolent ulcers, and, dil'
with water, as n motith-wasli for spongy gunit and ulcers of the mouth.
COCILLANA.-Cocillana. The CneillBna of Bolivia, a Giiarea of
deteniiiiird ^peciib:. is a large tree belonging to Ihe Meliacese. The K
Sycocarpue Riisbyii, bestowed Upon liie trtv by Professor Hrittnn, iiaa i
CODBINA.
801
e
I«u>nll5 Nccvptcd. II wiu discovered nnd lirought to ibU ooiintry b,v tlie
' — ■ ' ! T>r. ii. II. Ku§l)v. who also introduced pichi. onotmr volii.
I iiu n-iwd_v. Tlu- ooiwiitiunt* of tlit bark !mvo no! Ijwd
i, bui li is (probable ttiat it owea its effects to an active principk-,
:i chariu'l<?r, unliibk- ill chloroform (Sohr«ak). or {K-rhujis un olkii-
■y). The odor of the resitious principle is peculiar nnd charac-
. . -tn t«iit<- i* hilti'r, niflwkiih, nnd «hxhtly agtiingeitt.
Phyitoloifical Actios and Thcmpy.— ITie' hark is used as an cxpec-
-'. having an intlui-iicc upon iht n^^piratory organs i^imilnr to ii)i'oa«,
-ni>«rior lo it lu certain di^caees of the air-pa^sa^i-e, in nhicn the
s '.ftvn us<'d," in (h« opiiiiun o1 I). D. Sttwart.' It bIku ha* « tonic
:-iii ihi- digestive organs, and gives promise of meftilnoss as a lusa-
.'Kiiivo Ri(i]i<:iiif cociiluna if used as an emctif: «ud catharlic. A
' iiife of mucus, nausea, and gag^ging, with some tendency to per-
<in. aino dlxxinvM and luf.'ritudp. were csuscd in ono cfl«e whore 1.3i)
ur fzr. xs) irviv RiTcn. Larger dos«3 (8 to 3.2S Om., or gr. xxx-i)
■ votmting at thu end of an hour, evacuations of the bowels, sneezing,
i^rofitrotiuu. the effects resembling those of emetine. The active prin-
» it fxcrtrtcd chiefly by the mucous ineiubrnue of the respiratory tract,
a vthivh it acts a^ a stimulant.
Stimtl f)o«e» improve the anoetitc and digestion. The alvine di«ehargea
adi-r It J ii^.' contain mncus ana l>ile. This drug stimulates the andoriparoii*
^.«nd> When given in con^derihle <|uuntitic£ it causes copious jierjpira-
uia. jicoinpanicd by prostration of mu.tcular strength. Excessive quautitiet
*tntr- M-v.T(- ^((--^''■''''■■'■-''tiii'l irritation, and have, in some reprntcd ca*e*,
oa^ ilontK.
Tbi* flrug finds its special usefulness in bronchitis, particularly the sub-
ate ati<l cbronic ronn». The fluid extract is preferable to the tincture in
■arte lironchial attacks. Cocillana is an effective remedy in coryza, spas-
■M& cixiitp, ]>eriii»1fcnt hoar^enes* and ouiigh after moui«k'$, the ciuj^h o[
afWfnzB, astmna, hay fever, and in the decUning stage of pneumonia, it
Hirrp* thv cough of pulmouart- tuberoulosis.* Small thwes of c-ocitlaiiu have
•en used with euoce« in atonic dynpepsia. The fluid extract diluted
_ . r and used aa a spny has been recommended ui a useful application
Bi acQtc and clironic coryxa.
CODEnrA (i:. S. p., B. p.).— Codeine <C„H„NO, + H,0).
DoM. 0.015 to 0.13 Gm. (or gr. V,-ij).
/*rf/tiira(ioii«.
Cedrlmr PhiMfilus (tL P,).— PliOf|>hate of Codeine. Dow, MIS to 0.13 titn. (or
- a* Oad«ia« (B. P.).— ^rritp of CoiMne (eod«inv phmpbattr. 4.ST Gm.; dU-
_^ rr. IftJ exw.: •JTiip. BBiJ* o.em.; * CJna., or tSJ, = 0.015 CJoi., or gr. y,|.
D^. 2 l« '.A o-iBtn. lor t3M-lJ|.
An alkaloid prepared from opium. An alkaloid obtained from opium
m fnmt morphine (B P.). Codeine does not disorder the stomach or boncli
nd does not give rii« to sweating or ernptioiia upon the skin. A few casetl
'Ut^irtl yritM, Mis- 24, ISSS.
»frK p»p*-r IjT ■utbor OH TU* Tbrrapulk*! ApidkaliuM o4 CocllUao" in
302
PlIAItUiCEUTICAL TBBIUPEDTIC AOBXTS OB DBL'CS.
hare been reported in which dixiinrsc, nausoa, vomiting, and proEtratii
were caused bj* codc^ine m medicinal doneft. llt-liier has re]>orted a cate
dtroDic codt'iiiii^m; but thetic untoward ciTecte aru ezceptional. It is mo
antispasmodic than morphine and has Ichs narcotic etfect (D. Loewenmye^
It i* U8td pnrferably in the treatment of cuugh, crampe in the stomacbi
bowels, and in nciiralfiia and painful affectionH uf the genito-urlnarv orgai
In diabelOH it checkH the formation of tugtr, and in some cases permaneii|
nrrcets it. In these cases it ia borne well in Inrger amonnis, as much as
to 1 Gm. (orgr. z-xv) daily having been taken with benefit, l-'rsi-er do
however, that equally good efTects may be obtaiued in smaller doses from :
phinc hydrochlorate, which is also very much cheaper.
Codeine is nlso employed in diabetes insipidus and has been founo.
service in enteralgia and other painful affections of the bowuh. It is claim
that codeine may be advantageously employed in the treatment of the opiv
or morphine habit. Dr. Perininger finds codeine of value in pulmoni
tuberculosis with insutTicient expectoration, troublesome coukH and cha
peine. In bronchitis it also proved of «Tr^•icc, cau*ed no disorder of t
stomach, and even seemed lo benefit some eases of dyspepsia. In perti:
ita use Wilts attended with good results.
COFFEA.— Coffee. The seeds or berries of Coflca Arnbica (Rubine
are only officially recognized as one at the sourees of otlfeiae: its m)
importnnt c-onsliiuent. Hefurc rousting, coiTec contain* Caffeine and calR
lanuic acid. Dr. Pntladine has isolated a new alkaloid which he te^
oaffearine, and which oecun' in the form of crystalline needle*, ftolubl^'
water and alcohol. CatTcine hydrocbloratc is very soluble in water, but cli
not dissolve in absolute aloolioj. During roasting a volatile oil is develot
and several substjuices formed, which give fi> coflcc its aromn and fla^
lhe-.e enipyreumatie substances being known eollectively aa Caffcone. It
siipgi.'stcd. thiTcforc. that the use of cofTee may prove of tioni'' iimiiliylac
value during epidemics of those infectious diseases which are commoi
ItHiKiniilli'd tliritugh the nu'diuni of drinking-water. Strong infusions
coffee, as Luderitz has §hown, are destructive to (he organisms of typlw
fever, ery?ii)clHf!, and cholern.
Fhysiolo^cal Action. — Coffee differs from caffeine in being more stin
Iflting to llie inli'siiiml tract, especially increasing the jjeristaltic moveme^
which are not affected by caffeine. Taken in the morning, before riail
coffee will often prnduce n laxative effect. It produces a general feeling
warmth and well-being, dilates the supcrfieiul blood- vessels, and lowers at
rial prcs*uf<'. It also .itimulales the nervous system, in some persons cauaj
exhilarating effects upon Ibc eerc-bnim and incniising capacity for in)
leelual labor, and frequently is the cause of headaches in persons who U
it habitually or in exi-ess. A case has been reported' in which about 7
(Jm. (or .Vi«a) of the ground berries were made into a strong infusion |
swallowed by a vigorous man. Two and a half Imnrs later he was attacl
by diKKiness. severe cardiac pains, palpitnlion, nausea, vomiting, and
eralized tremors. The tremors persisted for twelve hour.'* after all o
symptoms had disappeared.
' Dent. mtd. VToeh. anil ICceHv Jferf. Bcrlne, Nov. 28, 1890,
' rVrapcMf (nf-ftr iliinatirlirfir, ilnrch. 1801).
COLCRICDU.
303
Tlif habitual use of coffee it one of the CHUM'S ot pruritiiit ani. Orer-
• in ii* use is also apt to occasion iBactirity of the liver and the
'one knowu n» "'bili<ni*n«**."
.py. — It is valuable as a ^limulant in c«Be» of narcotic poifiouinf;>
■HeiklW Sv opium. In norae cnse* ii prnduee^ fulhio** o( the portal cir-
Ua- ' ' rfoniic with tlu- activitir of tht- lirpatic fiiiictions and caueing
■tr- •. Itm tiixAttTi> i-ITei'ls ar« useful in pcr^onii li?adine sedentary
:i«*, ID prevontin^ con»ti)>fl1inii. It ho« some astringent nnu uutiscptic
|nabli«. Bad is believed to hsTc Home eHect in preventing malaria. Accard-
' ic lo the <(liM.T\i>tion of Dr. Alici.- Mel^nii, Ihc «»* of eoffc* by nureing
warn iliniinii^hee the aecretion of tnilk. The Huid extract of the unroasteu
mCtr cnotnini^ cHffriiie, but no (-afTeonc. It i» used in anwmic hetdflchci<.
mA is cases ol low fever as a cardiac atimulant vrhere collapse is threatened.
COLCHICI RADIX (U. S. P.).— Colchicnm-root, Ueadow-taffron.
COLCHICI SEKEN {V, S. P., B. P.).— Colohicum-Beed.
COLCHICI COEMUS (B. P.). — Colchicum-corm. The fresh conn of
aiitiimriaie collected in early ^ummtr, uiid the Htmc Stripped of
: ,>-i-il tranjveriiely, and dried al a temperature not e:fceeding 190°
i ii-J.'' C).
OoK. <M3 to 0.32 Urn. (or gr. ii-r).
Preparations from the Hoot.
ExtnHuni Colchlri Bwlklt ll'.SL P.).— Extract «l Cabblc^im-rvot- Dot*, 1X019
kiLOUdtu. lor ^r. ';,-)>.
Extntvltiin Cokfavci Radk-It Flaidun (U. S. P.).— Pin 14 Extract of Colchicum-
a«. Dc«». 0.12 lo 02* exm. <«r mii-ivi.
Tunn ColrbldIUdicta(U.S.P.).— WiaeofCoIchicum-rool |40pw««it.). Do«,
UitoSc.fm. lor mt'ISm).
ExtfacMiiti Coldiid (B.P.).— Extract of Cololiicuni, U<^^, 0.015 to O.OUS Om.
«fi ". jt.
VntBU Colcbici |B.P.).— CoMiicum-wim (90 [icr cent.). Dom. 0.00 to S c.em.
Prtparationt from tht Sttd.
Evtrartuin Cokhtrl SnHlnh Flnlilun |U.S,P.).~Fluid Extract of Colchlcum-
wd. Duv. n 12 to 0.30 r-cni. (or i»iii.v|.
Tibrtor* Cotchkl Sammlf (U.S.P.). — Tincture ot Coldikum-iccd (15 per cent.).
to lo 4 c.cm, (01 invJSj),
::un Coli-htri Sctninw (U.S.P.).— Wiat Of Colcliicuin-M«d [IS prr cent.).
-jimm, <■ dO to 4 con, <i>r iiix-(3j).
Tlactnr* CokhW Scmiiiiiiiii (B, P,(^TInrtur« ot CokhlcuniMeila (20 per mat.).
Ti — ..«i .„ 1 c.cm. <nr ntv-xv).
iiut (noa-olUdal). — ColchMnff Ilk* Mlh-s principle). Dom, ■/, to 1 mg.
yfca i-m »<!<i lopr .— ^ol ch i c u ni-root ia the conn of (lolchicuni autumnale
<Iih»rw), or invflilott-faiTron, whole, or *liccd. and dried. This is an herb,
i' .. V ia nAtiri' to the temperate pitrlx of Itotli Kiirope and northern -■Xfrica,
i of which i» »l*o omcial. It contain? Colchicine frather more in the
.an in the rnoii; and trace' of Veratiine in combination with gallic
d ■ Hxed oil are found. The value of colchicum is teated by its
' . lo the preM^nce of colchicine, an alkaloid, appearing in ^null
r xnd Hr»<-): is soluble in water and alcohol, but changed
1 Ai:itl& into Colchieeine, a neutral tubetance, and a resin, Iwth
304
FBASUACEirtlCAL TIIEIUFECTIC AQEXTS OB DBCGS.
komoric with colchicine. Wine ond vinegar estract the medicinal pri
ciples from lh« dnic, and the ofTicinl cxlrnct U made with tliu aid of »ctA
acid. Probably eacli of them contains a amnll amount of colchicoiue. I
onU-riu^' thv wine it is ncei'Mtiry to dcMitniutc which preparation is requin
as the wine of the seeds differs in efTecis from that of the root, on aceou
of lilt: diirvn-m-v in cunleut of colchicine, which ii> not entirely ci^nuHi
by the pharmacopoeia! expedient of altering the proportion of crude dr
in each. Tlie fri-sh :l^■L*d coiilaine o email porliou of volatile, bitl very actb
oil, and the best piviwratiiin would be a tincture made from the fresh sQJ
in alcohol: but oolehiciue. when iidministcred in granulet^ pill, or by hjt
dermic injection, is said 1o secun- the full thi'rapi:utic pfTcct. ]
PbyBiolo^cal Action.— When applied to the (kin. colchicum acts ad
irritant, causing hypeia^niia and .nmartini;, and the diiat inhali^d cauaes 63M
ing and conjunctival injection. In smuli doses it uccnEion» an acrid tasM
the mouth, increased secretions from the salivary glands due to reflex actii
and gastrn-iulesliiial dielurbance, which incrcaeos with the quantity t«
The pulse-rate is decidedly reduced, and in some ea.'-es a diaphoretic el
is obi^ervcd. A «inj^le lurgt- doe*.- or email ones long continued caiiMc via
vomiting and purging (first serous, then mucous, then bloody), or
gsstro-intostina] irritation. Murkud ».vmptoni« of collap«c HUpervene: f
pulse becomes small, rapid, and thready; the skin cold and bedewed it
»weat; respiration «Iow and painful. Death ensues from collopse, the hi)
remaining clear to the last. Sometimes nervous symptoms, flyins; pains, |
nunibncfs may appear, and occasionally, though rarely, conrulsiong (Bri
ton). Pains in the joints and urinary passages also may be produced
colphioum.
In some instances the action of the kidneys is but slightly affected,
other casei4 it is increased, and a^ain it may be diminished or suppren
In fatal eases of colchicum poisoning the blood has been found of a d
color and impaired coagulability. The intestinal mncona membrane
highly indamcd, and this elTect is equally produced even wh^n the alkal
has been given by the hypodermie method. A very large dose (iac» not ca
a more marked effect than a moderately large one. The action upon
alimentary canal is tlie same, wheiher the drug be swallowed or hypodem
ally injected. When, during the administration of colchicum, there app
irritation of the fauces, loaded tongue, loss of appetite, flatulence, uocjisin
or pain in the stomach and diarrh'cu, the drug is beginning to exercise t<
eifects, and should be discontinued or suspended for a time. Colchicum
a selective action upon the sensory nerves and spinal cord, which are n
or less paralyzed: the brain, motor nerves, and muscles are not atTec
The inhibitorj" fibres of the vajfti* arc paralyied only by very large do
The discharge of bile and of unne is largely increased; Kutherford c]«
that it is a true cholagogue, and Christian and others assert that i
diuretic, increasing the quantity of salts as well as the water, both of vi
have been denied by Gubler, who dimply regards it as cathartic, only e;
Rising good effects when three or four discharges from the bowels are
tained daily through its action. When symptoms of poisoning make tl
appearance, the patient should be kept in a recumbent posture, encoura
to vomit, and allowed to drink freely of infusion of tea or coffee, on acec
of the tannin they contain as well as their action as arterial stimula
Morphine and atropine may be udmini^tercd hypodermically in small dc
coLcaicfu.
305
The »dniiniiitratioD of oil it of terrioe on aceount of its cmollicot effect upon
til* mncous membrane. If collapse occurs, heat and cardiac stimulanta are
Knind. If thoro is much distro^f, sinapisms should be applied to the
ossra and the patient kept warm. Poisonin;; may occur in refilling pre*
enptione, ss the prcpamtions vaiy greatly in thdr activity; tome samples
i( Suid extract contain rery little, if any, of colchicine, while others are of
rd strength. Fatal cases have hccn reported from taking 9.:i5 to 13
(or f3ii5»-iiisa) of the wine of colchicum-root. Dangerous symptoms
b««n caused by dose« of 0.01 to 0.02 Gin. (or gr. '/,•'/)) of colchicine,
0.O3 Cm. (or gr. as) of the alkaloid has caused death.
Therapy.— -Cotchicum may be used iu ^mall dosc8 as an ingredient in
. agogic pills, but its chief use is in the treatment of attacks of gout and
the relief of s^'mptoms more or less directly attributable to gout, as dys-
Mjwim, bronchilis. asthma, etc. In rheumatic arthritis or rheumatic goat
( may g>'e: —
B Tli>ctun( mkhld mu 160 e.«ni. or mx.
fobuail lodidi
Sjrr. Mnaparilbi comp > t
Aqiuc i]*7still«tw S
KOm.
or Ki. X.
c.em. or l3U«.
C.cm. or tSca.
%L Pro doaL Tnkr ci-tty thr*« or four hours, wdl dllut«d.
S TIal Mtlchki wminu 19
SodilMUcTlaUi IS
Sodii todidi 4
SplritUK chloroformi 11
Int bnrhu ad S40
U. SIf.: A tMspoonful em)* three or four hours.
Svudamore'e gout mixture is al»o very eflicicnt:
H M«p»^f fttlph <
Mafrn<«i> onMiiatis ■
VIrI mlchlci •eminla '. i
Aqa« mentiL pip nd SOD
3f. Pi^-: A tablecpoooful cverjr four hour*.
o.cin. or (3tv.
Qm. or Sij.
Oin. or 3i.
ccni. or (3iii.
e.CTn. or (JvllJ,
Ota. or %ij.
Qm. or Sij,
va:io. or Bvi.
c.cni. or fjxij.
Gm. or Sh.
am. or SIJ.
cum. or (Jij.
cem. at ISj.
tit.
c.cm. or
Colchicum is generally given in acute attacks of gout, in combination
.•Kh an alkali: —
11 M«nEaii mtphat. ISfS
MMftf^im 8|
Tlnct. eokUd tau T2
STTiifl iin|htwTt» 30|
Aqii*! invfitW pip Ifi0{
' X. ^ig. : Take a tablenioonfu] ci-ery two houra, until Ih^ bnwcU nr» (rttly
w*«4 tran (our lo six Uidm in twanty-foor hours.
Or the- extract of the root may be giren (0.065 to 0.13 (Dm., or gr. i-ij)
«*cfal titn«« daily, ur the wine of the hmb in 2-e.em. (or f3«e) doses: —
S OnldiciDsr 03 Om. or gr. u.
Cadeliue ■'•....•••■•... 05 Gm. or sf. x.
QnhtiBM bjdrohroiMttis i Gm. or 3j.
U-ttH-pU- BO xl-
iif ; T»kM one VTttj two hour* for gouty luuralifla.
The wine of the seeda is, perhaps, the preparation most frequently pre-
«^d. and in a" acute paroxysm of gout is best given in a moderately Urge
80C vsariuckctical therapeutic AQEXTS OB Dnuoe.
dose (8 to 4 ccm., or f3fi»-j). Within a few hours the pain It allaye
and the heat and ewelliog begin to subeide. In order to secure relief it i
not necesaary that the drug should maiiift^t its diuretic or purgative effecti
In chronic gout Bmall doses (1 to l.SO ccm., or wxv-xx) three or four tim(
a day are appropriate. Though colchicuin exerts nn action which may b
termed epecilic, it is nevertheless but palliatiTe, since attacks recur. C
little or no value in acute rheumatism, colchicum !« sometime* of seri-iee E
tlie chronic form of this disease. Xeuralgia dependent upon & gouty oi ihei
matic condition is oiften etfKtually treated by moang of colchicum, a dniclii
of the wine being given at bed-titne, together with a dose of morphine su
phatc. The»amc preparation is not infrequently eerviccablc in gonorrha
and 2 ccm. (or mxxx) at bed-time is an old treatment for chordee. f
Ch. Abadie hae found very minute dosee of colducine (0.001 grenra
= "/moo grain) two to four times a day to be of great ralue in sclcrili
whether due to gout or rhcumati^ini. i
F. Woodbur>' recommends its hypodermic injection in sciatica, iq
the theath of the nerves, also in muscular rheumatism.' A comhinntioal
colchicine with the natural salicylate of methyl is of value in gubacule al
chronic rheumatitm. Jn goiily neuritis Dr. C. D. F. Phillips has found tl
following combination beneficial: —
B CoIehlciD 1001 Gia. or gr. */•■
Quinin. nulphnt .....•.• JDCft Gin. or gr. i.
Kxl. coUH'.vnllildia ...^ jOOfi Gm. or ^. J.
M. ct IL pil. no. j. MItte tntM bol xx.
^. : One pill three limtri a dsjr.
Colchicum lins also given good results in the treatment of ascites, gotb
ilia:a, and chordue.
COLLAROOLUU. {See Argentom Crede'.)
COLLDISONIA CANADENSIS.-— This indigenous plant, belonging]
the natural order Labiata?, and popularly known as stone-root, or knob-rot
frowe from Aprd to OotoWr iu nchly-wooded soils throughout the Unit
tates. All parts of the plant may be used, but its virtues reside chiefly
the root, and depend piiiiiipaily upon the presence of a volatile oil.
possesses a rank, aromatic odor, and a warm, somewhat pungent taste.
PhyBiological Action. — Collin.'iciiiia is a local agtrlngent. It exerti
eodativi' elTt'ct upon mucous membranes, and produces a sensation of want
in the slomooh and bowds. Large doses give rise to diaphoresis, nausea, ai
perhaps, vomiting.
Therapy. — Collinsonia is a good local application to incised or contiif
wounds. Four Om. (or 5j) of the powdered root to 31 Gm. (or 5j) of 1'
constitutes a stimulant application to indolent ulcers. The fluid extra
diluted with 4 parte of water and used as a rectal injection, eJIectut
deslroi's asearides.
i'his remedy, given intirnally, acts as an netringent tonic, antisp
modic, and sedative. It increases the appetite, promotes digestion s
eUmination, and is therefore useful in aniemia, chlorosis, the early stage
' FtiilniMphin. .WrWIml Time». vot slii, p. 154.
'^pe ]>nper bv authr-r. ill "TniBWifUouv of ILe KSnIh Inlprnatiounl Med
Congrr^..' vol. ill, p. 711. W.ishinglon, D. C, U. S. A.
OOI.LOI>It'M.
307
hUiuu, »od in canvolnccuci! from Ihe eruptive fcven. Relaxed uvula,
phBryn^itifr, and lioarMtiess due to impuircd tonicity of the vocal
■nl, ari- iMiit-thvU by ihc local action of coliinsonia. A ciiu of hot inftision
I almrl an ordinary cold, or mild liimliago. The lluid extract
•I ii-iii ihI in gftatr<>-)til<'>tinal catarrh, irhelher de|)endeul upon alc<>*
■ ■r other causes. The remedy is especially iieetul in the former case,
iir.vv ii ^n-riiv" In U-*-*'!! llie lioi'ire for liijtior.
VBiiona fipuBmodic atTectioua are relioTed by collinsonia. The hot ia-
kteioa ia • inK'ful n-medy in »pH^m»dio eroiip. In whooping-cough the
^7«rnTr«ni5 nr*> nmelioriited. and it i& valtmblc in nenoiis cough and the
!i ii( pharyns'itis. It is sonielimes of service in chorea. Spa6-
tmn of tin- sphincter uni not uncommonly gite:* rite lo con-
n, ha-iiiiirrhoida, nearalgis of the rectum, with vaRUe pelvic and
iial i^yiiipiomif. Thi« ^]>iiiim iind the train of di»order« dependent
I niJiy often be relieved by the employment every night of a eup-
ivtnininf! from 0.f>5 to 4 dm. (or gr. x-.'j) of pciwdered collinsonia-
n< cases of dysmenorrhiea are markedly benefited by the admin-
( (111- fluid eximct for a week preceding ami during the period.
>Ule that vaginal eiippo«ttories conlainiu)^ this remedy would be
iti fiiK>"i"'i>">'- {"'xo-llent rcjulln are obtained from collinsonia in
liitiary colic. Spni-m of the dtu-tii is rela»-d, and Ihe irritation
miKiitiK membranes soothed. The increased floiv of urine induced ■
iUr* the expnlxion of small calculi. Infantile colic and Halitlont colic
',ls are nlKn amenable to the inlluenee of this drug. In combination
.-.unite and morphioc it is more lapidly efficacious than any uthcr
. nt »f acute cystitis, and should be tried in chronic cy^lilis.
Inconlini'iice of urine in children and the drippinju: of a few drops of
arioe in n'lMlts after the act of micturition is apparently completed, due to
ttpen "f the prostatic urethra or neck of the bladder, may hQ cffect-
y ihe lluid citnii'i. Th«- writer has «•«! it arrest the discharge
-toic gonorrhoea after the customary blennorrhelics had been ex-
_ i in vain, li has likewise been found veiy beneHcial in Icucorrhoca
taA prn^tatorrhwa.
COLLODIITH (C. 3. P., B. P.).— Collodion.
Prtparatiens,
CMleaUmn SlTptictim (U.S. P.).— Styptic Collodion. KxUmiil mm.
CoOaduun ranlliuriilBluni (U.S. P.i,-4'Antl>iiri<UI Colluilicin. E.vtmial tuc.
■-onodlum yifxiia lir.S-P., RIM.— FlMible L^llodion. Eilcmtil ui*.
' olIodiotD Ve^icaiu (RF.). — RlUtoriitff Collodion. K:(t«n)at um.
Fhajmacoli^y. — ColUidion is nyrosylin. or ttnn-cotton (3 parts), dis-
Mittd in ether (t.'i parts) and alcohol (25 parts). The British Phnrmncopnia
putt the proportionK as pyroxylin, 10 Qm. (or 5\m); ether. 3G0 c.cm. (or
^mt. an" ah-<>ln.!. 120 c.cm. (or f^'v). Blistering collodion (F. S .P.) has
iM0»«rid<- '•>■) pHrt«), exhausted by chloroform and evaporated (to 15 parts),
: !di-<l flexible collodion (S.l parts). Flexible collodion (T.
" t9'i parts), to whiih Ctintnlii tiirgicntinc (5 parts) and
,-- I have l>een added. Styptic collodion (V. S. P.) contains
, -Ms) dissolved in alcohol (5 parts), ether (35 parts), and
IS vudieienl quantity). Collodion is a clear, »yrtipy flnid, smelling
^'u -
308
PHARMACBUTICAL TIIEBAPBUTIC A0£NT8 OK DIIU08.
itroDf;!}' of cth(>r; and sliouH be kept in s glaas-stopfwred bottle, tightly
corked, remote from li^liU niid fire. W'Ikii ])aiiUi;d upon «. t^urfiiot-, thv
ifthur quickly evajwratee. k'avin;,' a film of [j_vroX)liii, wlikh i? adhesive and
tends to cniirnict or iiui'ker up.
Therapy. — Collodion is used to cover escoriated surfaces and to seal
small wounds. I^rjfi-r wounds may be drawn together and kept in position
by Btrips of gnuzo, the ends of which are made to adhere to the skin by seT-
eral coats of collodion painted on with a i.-aincr«-hair pencil. Somi'limiii it
givet) rise to pain, irritation, and even blieterinf; when a comparatively large
area is thii» covered. The contraction caused by the drying of collodion u
mode iiEO of in the treatment of the early stages of boils and styes, and the
papules in small-pux, to prevent pitting. Whi-rc several costs are to bo ap-
plied, the flexible collodion is preferable. It has also been nsed in herpei
zoster and erysipelas, and the comprcf^ion exerted by it has been utilized
in the treatment of epididymitis, painting freely over the testicle and cord
A coating of colbdion is likewise bendlcial in the Buperfietnl variety o!
bums. Tnie substance is an exceedingly useful application to scalp-wounds
in which, besides approximating the edg«s and excluding the air, it doo
away with the necessity for a bandage. The pressure produced by the con
traction of collodion ha« been successfully utilixcd in the treatment of uu
bitical hernia, varicocele, and spina biBda. In pruritus ani, if collodion '
applied, after antiseptic cleansing with solution of carbolic acid, marked
hef will be alTorded.
Several cases have been reported by French physicians in which tli
repeated application of collodion to the entire surface of the abdomen ^
tuoerculous perilonitis wasi followed by recovery. In the nocturnal incoB
tiucnce of urine in male children it is often advantageous to seul the orifice ^
the urethra or the end of the prepuce with collodion. This method will n<
infrequently break up the habit within o few weeks. The styptic collodio
may be u^cd on cracked nipples, or for small wounds where an aiitringoi
may be desired. Extract of cannabis Indica (3 part^), with salicylic ad
(11 parts) in flexible collodion (SI parta), is a popular remedy for soft corq
under the name of the green solution for corns (eollodium salicylatum co^
positum, X. F.), which, however, would probably be quite as clfieient M'it|
out the cannabis Indica. Iodine and iodoform have been used, disaolvl
in collodion, as an application to gouty or rheumatic joints, but the foriig
sometimes exerts an unexpectedly caustic action, and has been followed 1
sloughing.
Numerous collodion prcpji rat ions havfl been suggested and employ!
for various purposes. Among these may be mentioned a lO-per-cent. chr
sarobin collodion; a cocaine styptic collodion, containing 5 per cent, of c
caine hydioelilorale, 15 per cent, of tannic acid and 30 per cent, of alcoh<
diachylon. 10 per cent., each of lead plaster and alcohol with 30 per cent,
ether; a collodion for freckles, containing 2 per cent, of sutphophcnyl-xia
collodions in which oteate of mercury, nine, or other oleales are incorp
rated: a 10-per-cent. salol collodion for chapped hands, etc. .
Crystalline. — A solution of pyroxylin in mclhylic alcohol has bees i
troduced under the name of crystalline. The preparation is similar to o
lodiou. but the solvent evaporates more nlowly and the resultant pelUcle
perfectly translucent. An elastic crystalline, corresponding lo elastic o
lodion, has been made by Dr. Phillips, according to the fallowing formula:
cowcrxtHiSr
Sl ccm. or fSi'/t.
ivtrTiiniii. i.aiiail^aA ftjiO Ci^m. or (31ls». — H,
An vxccllrat white nmifih is nude by mixia^: —
n CrTvUtUs. Ml 0401. or fSj.
UL ricini 4 c-cin. or f3i.
Zinc, mild 8| Om. or 3ij.— H.
P}rr*)gallic aci<I, iialicvlic acid, chry.ifl robin, corroHtve aubliniate, flo^
leaKv III lift Bifdiciiml substances arc readily soluble io orvstallioG, which
It -^torv, be used u-ith advantage t.» a vehicle for various substances
ta i-.n uviitment of tiora toosuraiui, warts, eczt^mti, acne. lupus trjilii-'matoKut,
tte.
COLOCTNTHIS (U. S. P.).— Colocynth.
COLOCTITTHIDIS PTJLPA (B. I*.).— Colocynth-pulp.
Doic, 0.13 to 0.33 Gni. (or gr. ii-y).
Prtparalions.
CxLTMtuBi ColoeystliUiB (U.&P.).— Extract of Colacrnth. Dow, 0.13 to OM
Gh. toe irr. it-iii).
l^luW CnlWllric Coiiipmlba (U.S. P.).— Comiiounil CntlToitJc PHI* (ci>iii|>uuiiil
...... I ,.f rnU^nlti, W) (im,: rnlmii«i. 00 (int.: vxtract. of jsUp, 30 Urn.i ami gam-
in , t" niaki- UMI jiillii). UoH-. 1 hi 3 nilU.
f (.'athittxm VcvvtahllM (U.S. P.|.— ^ r([p|alilp CnlhnrUc I'llU (coro|"imjii!
^U«(-t of ntliK'.viilli. tiO lini,: (-xtrncta uf liytncviiiiiu* iiiiij jukip. i-ach, 30 flm-i e«-
a*rt» trf Irfilanilin and pojojihj'lluiu, mcli, l.i llni. ; i>il of pcp|>rTiiiiiil, A r.cin.) ta
^ikt tOOO pill^l. Ikw. I to 3 pillK.
Rxtntcttint CoIocjmtJiUlii Compoailuni (U.S.P., B.F.).— Compound Esinet oC
rrfwj mil E'ou', <f2i to O.ti run. (or dr. U-x).
Pilnlir (.".>k>.-jnili»"il-' ( 'onipoMtft (K P.i.— C.uiipoiiiid Pill nf Cotocrnlh («ilo-
^■tk-polp. 20 GDI.: Barbodoa «la«a, 40 Gm.: scunmony ruin. 40 Gm.; potAMlum
1^1 till. 5 Gm : oil ol ctom, 6 c.cm.; and dtBllllcd waUr, q. «.). Dear, 0.25 lo 0.00
Om. tnr C- iv-viijt.
rtlulv C»locTiit]ildi4 H tijo*eynml (H. P.).— Pill or Colncynth and Hj'otcyamua
iiiMj ml lilt pill of cotucynlli. fiO Cm.; exlnct of hfo«c,vainu». 85 Om.). l)(n«. 0.S5 to
'SOGm- iot gr. ivTiijl.
FharmacologT. — "The fruit (drird pulp of the fruit frvrd from tlic
,U B- 1'.) of t'itnillu* Colocynthis (Cuoiirbitac<'«e) deprived of it* rind":
■ wi**torn .\aia. but cultivated in various portions of the world. The
.- fruit iiftvrwimrution («* din-irl.ii by ttii- Brttitih Plinnuncopa-iii)
1.S, «h)<?b are ioert. coninin" a y.-ilo'r, either aniorphons orcrystal-
.:: r, alkalmdiil pri»rif>le, ColocyntMne, soluble in water and in nlcn-
aI*o s re^in. Colocynthein. and Colocynthithi, the latter insoluhle in
-.-r nnfl ""t fK»i« >»,•;< -d <>' jiur>;utit"' itTcil*, a la^tele** crj-stalliiie body.
Pfayijological Action. — In small doses. coloc\-nth acts a? a simple bitter,
oeT«asin;r <'*^ isv-rtitions and improvinf; appetite. In larf^r doses, it aug-
»nt« the fl'^v of ^ilc ■>"(' octa powerfully as a draiilic and hydnigogic ca-
. fwrtic. OTerclof<-« cause gDAlnvtntcstinal irritation, griping^ and purging.
ft is g*Der9liy comtuned witb other dni^ to avoid thit unpleaxnnl action.
[cWocnsth hfts somi- diurvlic nrnjM^rlic* and indirectly seta as an emmena--
' r-.m^ tn eiCTJSsivc doses colocynth ha? cau^d Jeatb. I^ew Iban 4 Gni.j
l>ee'n Idi'iwn to pnwhuH' a fatal rctull, though recovery has oe-
'»;mi ii> oth«T ™«s after * considerably larger quantity.
310
PllARUACSUTICAl. TH&RAPBCTIC AOEKTS OB DKOOS.
Therapy. ^C'olncynth is a valtiablc piirgatiro in chronic constipntit
loipidilv of the bow*!!)!. It prodiiocs soft, pulpy stools by atiniitktinj; ^_,
■talsie. Its griping tundL-nrv muv he overcome by canibiiiiiig it with ni
nutics or n ^^inall {irnpiMitr^ii of hm^ryaniuii or bellsdonna: —
B ExU««li colocjntii. cottip i Gni. or 5j.
Rit. bclkdonnoi toilor. ale. 13 (im. or sV. ij.
^poiiis Oo Om, or gr. x.
01. cBJuputi 30 cj«n. or nir.
M. H ft piL no. XX.
8ig.: Take oiie or two kt iiigbt («r haUtual conntipatioii.
In chronic drop^jr of Mrotu c«vitic», or cerebral congestion, the cot
potind fxtmct may be given with compound licorice-powder. The compoiinc
cathartic pilU are excellent for ca»es of embarras tjaxtrique, or .lo-called
biliousnees. In chlorosie, colocynth is uwful with iron. A principle known
oa Cttnillin, extracted from colocynth, exerciitei» n stimulant cftect unon the
abdominal organs and especially upon the intestinal glands. It also act«
upon the abdominal and pt^lvic vc^^sol* and nervi-s and quicken! perivinltio
tnovcmcnte. XJiven in the form of a suppository, dtrulun is successful in
relieving pernistent contitipatioQ and, according to G. Archie Stockwcll, ia
of valuo in hernia when etrangulstion ia threatened. In solution citrullin
has aUn been used a« an enema, and Kohtstock rcporls from the clinic oj
Professor Senator, of Berlin, that it yielded excellent results. Colocynthiq
has likewifii! proved of service, used in the same manner. Thwc !*iih*tnnce
produce no local irritant effect nor occasion any tendency to constipatioD
Small doses of colocynth arc *«id to be useful in sciatica, ovaralgia, and otha
forms of neuralgia.
CONDUBAHGO. — Condnrango. Of iW. sevcrnl plants known in N
Granadu under ilie name of conduninpo. the Coiidurangw hlsnco ( .^wlcpia*
dacesp) i* ilial uliicb hii.s the frr'-'ik-st medicnl iiiti'iT.^t. The Imrk id separated
from the sitm by bealiup with a woodcu mallet, and afterward dried in th<
aun. It is froiu one-tcnib to cini--siMh inch in thicknt-vs; its external sur-
face is smooth and of an a^^hy-gmy color. It contains a yellow resin,
extractive, tannin, etc. The root conlains 2 per cent, nf a glucoside. !iami>d
Co&dnrangin, which causes well-marked toxic symptoms when subctiTane'
ously injected, hut is harmless when taken into Ihe stomach, fiondinangiil
is decomposed by the digestive fluids into innocuous compounds.
Condurangiu may he separated into two parts, one of which is solubU
and the other inBolublo in water. According to Kohcrt. i.-oiidurungin is i
mixture of at least two gliico.'iideH. and ('arrara claims to have isolated aa
other glucosiidc dilTi-ring from condurangin in solubility. Fliiekiger b«i
found a small (juanTity of an alkaloid in conduranno-bark. '
Physiological Action. — To the res-in the cllcci of the bark i* ascribed
as it yields its virtues to alcohol. In the form of a decoction representing
8 or 12 Gni. (or 3ii-iij), however, it produces decided therapeutic effect. H
has caused diaphoresis, increased secretion of urine, and even vertigo an^
disturbance of vision, with increased activity <>I llie circulation. Rrunto;
failed to find any therapculic value in a specimen examined by him.
Therapy. — .\bout a generation ago cmdurango was brought lo
notice of the profession as a specific for cancer, and especially gastric
and i«p<irls wen- |)ublished of its wonderful curfs in its native hab.
oosinr.
811
no^ failed to fulfill the eztnivagaut eUimE that were made in its favor,
so utlicr use l>oiiig then proposed for it, coti(Iuran;e:o vas allowed to
pfiin into obscuritv alon^ with its introduces. Some years ago, hoverer,
ivnraJ firtimiiiont (ivniuiii clinicianit — Uuhle. BiiU!, Immermaon, and Hie^
[ — Main dir*>cted attcnlion to i(. claiminc that it wne a good stomachic
I lor 1 in « largi.- number of case* presfnliiig sjnuiioiiw of cancer of the
f »to: n which ihe drug was used, the result Ka§ favoralik-. The remudy
not without succe«« in a cingic one out of over a hundred cegea. This
frrmedy seems to allay the digeetire disturbance and pain which accontpauT
«n»nic iliseasc of the Ktomach. Iniim-nniinn sdrives the use of a wine of
nwdnrBiiKo as a good preparation. The tincture U a valuable remedy in
fsMric catarrh.
CONIUK (C. S. P.).— Hemlock.
conn FOLIA (B. P.).— Conium-leavea.
CONQ FRDCrnS (B. P.) — Cottium-fmiL
Prsparaiions.
Kxtnctam Conii Flttidiun |U.& P.I.— Fluid Extract of Coiiivun. Voae. O.M (o
UO ccm. lor mi-T}.
Extf«<:tum Conii (U.S-I'.t^Extract of Coniuni. Dom, 0.03 lo CIS c.nn. (or
|r.»lii.
Ttneturm Coali (B.P.).— Tinrtun of Conltmi (SO p«r Cfnt.). Dom, ) to 4 Cjfsn.
e^sccns Conii IR P.).— Ooi>lum-]alc« axprvmnl frnm fmh l«avoii and alcohol
mUmi (doc-tliinl at (h« vuluiue) U> pnMn'F it. Uoae. 2 to 7.5 r.«iu. (or fSn^ii).
UBenrtttum Conll itt. P.).— Ccmium Omttnvnt (coniuni' jui<c craporntcd to onc-
■ifclk of ita volume and UitM tlimt lla wgight »( wool-fAt triturated with it).
CVtithtft - — CoiiiiDP (th* apttTv priiidple). IXiM. O.OOfl to 0,06 c.cin. (or mV^-J).
OooHnv B}rdn>l>rotnu.— Couiine Ilvdrobromat*. l>oae, O.OOS to O.06S Gm. (or gr.
0^1n« njrdrooUorma.— Confine Bydrodilanitc. Dow, 0.005 to 0.065 Gm. (or gr.
'Uif.
Pharmaoolo^. — The fuU-^wn fruit of Conium maculstum (UmheU
Una), ^thercd while yet green, is oGGdal as hemlock. Although the leaves
HcatO] used, thi>y nrclejn active, the neediibein^ about Ihrfit i'nrn-* u* strong.
The Biitiah Pharmacopcsia also rccoguizes the fresh leaves and young
Insebes of C<>niuni inacubtum collected when the fruit begins to form.
By faniistnff these, pressing out the juice, and adding '/, as much alcohol
^ „v..,;r, ^ucctu Conii (B. P.). A tincture of the leave* {18 '/» per cent.)
Wj rly official (dose, 8 to 4 ccm., or tSss-j), hut, like conium-juice, it la I
■BTTiiAi'"^ in etrenglh, and should he abandoned in favor of preparations
frnm the **^a. 'ihe habitat of hemlock is Europe and North America. It
HOtains thrtv alkaloids and both volatile and fixed oils. The most impor<
(■fff allcmloid is Coniiae, a colorless, oily liquid, alkaline in reaction, with an
^nd, tobacco-like ia»l« and a ohnracterictic odor re«cral)lin|T the nrini; of
art Coniinc is soluble in alcohol: only very slightly so in water. It is
itrr volatile, and easily decomposed by li^ht or heat. It i^ nvft abundant
9 \}>e D«arl.v-rit>e fruit of the plant in its second year. Kcthyl-coniiaa,
nDtbcT alkaloid, in asMctatcil with the preceding, and also Conhydrine, a
(natallaable oikaloid, convertible into coniine by abstraction of the ele-
^BBto nf one molecule of water. Paraconiine has also been isolated.
Another alkaloid haa been isolated by Merck. It is believed to be of
31S
PUABMACKUTie
lUTIC AOl
aimilsr compoaition to conhydrine, and h&s, tberefor«, been termed pceuflo
oonhydrine. It fonns cn»ily-soIublc atiis. Their mcdiciDsl «ITcctii ur<.< h-»»
evident ilian those of coniine. i
Physiological AotioQ.^Thc local etTeele are sedative in puinfiil con'
ditions. Ko influence upon secretion hes been noticed. Gastric disturbance
iVEults from o full dooc of conium; nausea and vomiltng appear early. Fol-
lowing this, there are staggering gait, weakne^ of the limbs, niimhuess,
fatigue, ptOEitf, double virion, ptipiU slightly diluted, vertigo, loworcd rcspi-
ration, and labored speech. After poisonous doaes, there are loea of pow«r ol
muscles, commtnfing in the lower extremities; loss of sight and of spcce* '
and, finally, death from pnraly^i^ of respiration. The function of the se
sory nerves is likcwii^c impairL-d by eicesslTe doses. No characteristic lesio
are found after death from conium.
The heart's movements ;ecm to be unaffected and the mind remains
clear, until the brain ia overcome by accumulation of carbonic-acid gas in
the blood. In a case of poisoning, the stomach should be emptied and coffee
Sroniplly given, with hypodermic injections of atropine. Muscular exercise
cluys the action of the poison. Free counter-irritation by mustard would
doubllesi be serviceable. The physiological antagonists are strychnintU
physostigmine, and atropine; tannic acid is incompatible. Upon the non3
out s)'steR) methyl-con line acta slightly dilTerentty from coniine; the latter
fiaialyzes the motor nei^'es from the extremities, gradually extending up to
he motor centres; the former affects first the motor columns of the spinjil
cord. The sensory aer^-es and muscular irritability remain unaffected. Tbfl
excretion from the system of coniine is chiefly by the breath and the urind
The use of conium Is sometimes followed by an eiytlicmaloUB or papulai
eruption. i
Therapy, — Poultices of the lenveti of hemlock and flaxseed (2 parts ai
the former to C of the latter), with boiling water, have been used as a sooth-
ing droiising to poiufiil swellings; lliey slibuld be applied with cnuttnn whert
there are abrasions or ulcers. Oonium pojaessea hath anodyne and anti-
epasmodic virtues, and has long been reputed to exercise h deolistruent in-
fluence upon glandular and other enlargements. A hemlock ointment, madi
by bruising the leaves with sulVicient woler, extracting and ineorporatinj
the juice with lard or other escipient, is an efficacious local remedy in paiw
ful maladies. It assunges the pain of canciT and iiiiiy bo beneficially spread
upon irritable or painful ulcers and painful hsemorrhoids. It likewise affordi
relief when applied over ihe seat of pain in neuralgia, herpes KO-tter, chroni(
rheumatism, gout, or synovitis. The ointment is appropriately used in ordei
to reduce the volume of enlarged scrofulous glands, enlarged mammary
glands, liver, or spleen, and goitre. It may be spread upon the breast whcr
the secretion of milk is excessive or requires suppression. In whooping,
cough and asthma hemlock ointment may be applied to the chest to essia
the action of other remedies. Cimium may be prescribed in form of oin"
ment as follows: —
B Extracti conii , 4 Gm. or Sj.
CocniniB hydroctitorntk ,. !•■> 32 Um. or gr. v.
Alr«[>1uw JulpliaUs ., .,■...... OtSS Om. or ip-. j.
TMntriniF .,....,. 1 'SO Oiii, or ur. xx.
Vagi, nqiiip ro«H! 31 Gm. or Sj-
M. For ni.-uru1giH. chiuiiic ihtruiriHlUni, gout, and synovitis, a uii!>1l plore the
of a fvSL Wing iiEi-il (or cnrh npplirotion.
8
cojcimr. • 318
ExtnrtI coaU 41 Om. or Sj,
Skntholi 3S Gm. or gi. r.
£itr»eU liclliiilonae (oUor. tit. wS Om. or gt. x.
L'nft. dnd oxlili.
L.anolia iia 15|9 Gni. or S**.
Pirr iMinhil v»tKtT, Mvofulou* glnndt, h*Tjw» latter, anil enlarged msmoinTy
The vap«r o[ coniiii«, or the fluid eilred vritb hot vt&ler in an iiihal«r,
itid* fiood r««ults in catDtrh, taryngitis, irritative cough, and acute bron-
or the pereisient cougli of phthijiU. The local hypodennic injection
oiine has hixn employed in order to quiet Uie intercostal muecles in
■y nnd pnniiiiionia; but iho hydrobromnle, being more pennancnt, t«
CT preparation. Other painful and spasmodic diseases hare been bene-
by iht^ Minii- nii^thod. Amon^ ilie^ic inny be instanced angina necioTJs,
ilibyaerua, asthma, aeutc mania, and tetanus. Dr. Karlcy warmly advo-
M thv ute of conium in chorea; also in nervom tu'itcbiuKS, blepham-
iBMm. and poet-hemiplegic tiemor. In various spasmodic alTections of chiU
uro, conviiUioDS, lipa-'ni of the larynx, triamui, spa.imodic wrineck, and
-' ' ns-conph it hns also been much approved. In ovaritis and in clys-
:a'B ite ndmini-itration in the following prescription is frequently
l-Uuii-d with great relief from the pnin: —
B SiHx-l conii 22
ISBlaasii bromidi ..■>.■■ 12
Spirit u* rlilorofonn! ... ..i . 7
AquM camphoiw ad S40
c.cia. or (3vj.
Gm. or 3ii^.
cCTU. or fSi),
emu or tSvllj.
U. SIg.: From m Imlf to n l«bW|]c>oRful eveiy two or thT«« hoiin-
Ctmintn hat \»^J> highly rf«ommen<le<] in pnruly»i:« sgitans and hysteria.
kamte mnni.-i, mania a potu, and active delirium tremens it quiets motor
■Btamrnt, nulling, a» it dovv, it-* prtncipal UM-f ulne»» in di«en#fs atlondird
^excessive motor activity. In some cases it is well to combine it with a
r^-\. •o.irphiop for il» eflfecl upon the brain, und in other* with pola«sitiin
Conium has been employed in epilepsy, but here it is inferior to
^Tiides. It may, however, prove of benefit in tho»c cottrt marked by
und di^tnrbiance of the cerebral functions, Walshe has known it
• le nain of gamine oanefr. For the latter dwcoso, as well t» gastric
.y be used in this combination: —
I B Tlnirlurw ronll 81 e«m. or ISw.
I M«M^ii»» •«lpl>- "■■• pW Gm. OTgT.J.
I AcMl cKrboUoi , li* c.cm. or miv.
I fijrap* «cadH .', OOJ c.cin. or O'lij.
I IL Sig- ■ A l<m•pocln^lI nhtiMver in (oh).
^m ' n, of New York, recommended rapid increase of the doM until
Wm, tTccln art- noted. He gave -I c.em. (or fSj) i>f the fluid extract
^^^ow, aO'l never less than 1.30 c.cm. (or mxx). Otring to tlie very volatU*
_.«r of the coniine, it i» possible (o admininler large dosca of tome old
rxtract» without pelting any effects whatever. If the strong mousy
i* mis»inR. the preparation will have very little therapeutic value. It
• ■bo said tbnt preparations from cnltivated plants, such as the succus, or
^KtVTV nf th<! lenves, are apt to be inert. Thi« explain* the enormou* dotes
mA bT I>r- Uwrley (15 to 90 or 130 c.cm., or fSss to Isiii or f^iv) of the juice.
ft W^ been likeirise noticed that children bear conium-jnice well. Dr.
PItABMACBUTfCAL TBBRAPBL'IIC AOEJTW OB DRCtOS.
Sqiiibb calls attention to the possible danjrer foUowing dilution of the ftuii
extract, by which a precipitaK: is formed, so that toward the end a poitioaoui
dose may bo accidentally taken. Death has been caused by the adminia
tration of 9.25 c.cm. (or mcl) of the fluid cxtracl. TiiO poii>on adminititei
to Socrates was apparently a strong, recent infusion of conium.
CONVALLAKIA MAJALIS (U. S. P.).— lily of the Valley.
Preparation.
Sxtnctmn ConmlUriB Fluldum (U.S. P.).— Flmil Extract ot Conv*Ilnri«.
Q.1B to 0.30 Q-on. (or mtil-T).
Pharmacology. ^llie official di-finition is the rhiKome and rootlets o
Convallaria uiajiilie (Liliaccie). This plant is a native of Europe, noHhen
Asia, and our .\llegheny Mountains. It-* rhizome is the sixe of a quill, it
flowurs bell'Shapcd and six-lobed. The flowers poesees a fragrant odor an
a bitter, acrid taittc. All parta of the plant posMSS medicinal value, but il
virtues reside principally in the floirerF. Two <:hicosides have been isoUtix
known, respectively, an ConvalUrin and ConTaUamarin. The latter is th
active principle of the plant, but seems to be unequally distributeil in il
dilTercnt parts, and to be present in dilTerent proportions at different stagt
of its crowth.
Paysiological Action. — Convallarin, in dosea of 0.20 to 0.25 Om. (org
iii-iv), acts as a purgative, but has no marked toxic effect. Convallamani
in small (loaes, excites vomiting and manifests a special influence upon tl
action of the heart. At first the contractions are suddenly retarded and t>
blood -prt'ssu re increasec?; subsequently the cardiac pulsations are quickent
and arterial pressure further augmented. Finally, Ihe be«t ie arrestci
Death may take place within a fow niinute.* after introduction of the poisoi
The reflex function of the cord is abolished; otherwise the aclion of tl
nervous system seems but slightly affected. I
Therapy. — In i^mtill doses this drug strengthens the hcnrt'e action; I
larger quantities it reslr.iins excessive cardiac activity. It has been fou|
of especial value in mitral insufficiency. It quickly relieves the dviipnipa at
palpilation, and, after having been given for two or three days, may be di
continued for a week or more without recurrence of the symptoms. Cc(
vsllaria seldom disagrees with the stomach, and no cumulative action b
been observed. As a rule, the appetite and digestion seem to improve uod
its use and a regular action of the bowels is promoted. !
Convallaria, and especially convallamarin. have, however, in some i
stances, been known to cause lifcinoptysi*, dyspncea, and other disagreeal
symptoms. It increases the secretion of urine, and, when compcmiation h
failed, invigorates the heart and reduces todema. In disease of the aoil
valve, though of some service, the value of convallaria is less marked. J
angina pectoris and various forms of functional heart disease this reme
has proved beneficial. The favorable action of couvailaria majalis in drort
of renal or hepatic origin has been announced by Janovvaki, who prescrij
it in an infusion of 4 Qm, (or 3j) of the plant to ISO c.cm. (or f^vj) of wnt)
a tublcspoonful every two hours, changing later lo a l-to-12 alcoholic tini
ure, of which 45 to 80 drops are taken during ihe day. It aUo favorably i
Aucnces the diuresis in hepatic cirrhosis. In chronic Bright'* di.iease^
strengthens the circulation, relieves dyspncea, increases the flow of ura
coi-AiuA. 315
_ dnipEV, and lessens the albuiDioum. Good results have also fol-
iu ml mi nitration in cnnliiic ddiility, du« to pneuinoDia or typhoid
fritr. In Eomv cases of idiopathic Sfithma it relaxes the fipeem of the art«-
It !4»ni4'tiino« it wrviceahli- in tic douloureux ami other forms of
in^nntnia, and in the restlessness of fever. The palpitation nnd
of i>htht>ii> an* mitipli^I >>)' tilt uae of oonvaliaria. It i» ot utility,
in the irregulurity of the heart dependent upon acute pn^unionin,
teoacfaitiif or cuph^racmB, but it in«fr«ctiv« in fatty degeneration of the
Wrt.
B Ext. rowmlUrt* A 7|8 o.cm. or f3ij.
STTupi anrajitii q, •. ad 60 g.fid. or tSi}.
M. ^*g-: A UBtjMKinful to* tnUr^KHMilul tlirm timiu a ia.y. Useful in roitnil
—nil li Ml J mud (luictional Iwail disenBc
B pnlaMll blUrtraU4 ISti Gm. or Jm.
i~ . ■ ctravaUarui i. •, ^ e.cm. or t3lM>
4lii>l>U«b <|. «. ad 1S0( c^cia. or Wr.
^t &ig. I From oae-half lo one labl««i>ootitu1. in walor, tlim or (our timei a day.
^'i^t'<t« In ^t]«n] dropajT fiotn hrait or Kidnt}- diicatc.
COPAIBA (U.S. v., B. P.).— Copaiba.
Bom, 2 1(1 4 cem. (or fou-j).
Prtparaiions.
Uaaaa. Copalbn tU.6.P.).~-MiiM of Cojialba (copaiba, IM; mftga«*i«, 9 part)).
9am, O.M lo 2 tim lor gr. x-3m).
B*«i»« Copuibv (U. S.r.).— R^in of CopsiliB. Dow, 0.60 to 1 Gm. (or gr.
Ottum CopailMB <U. & P.. B. P.).— Oil of Copaiba. Done, 0.30 to 1.20 GJ:ni. (or
•■-as).
Pbamucolog?. — Copaiba is the oleoresin of Copaiba Longsdorffii and
mker apecips of Copailna (Ijegtiminow; U. S. P.) comini; principnlly from
'" 1 "The oleoresin obtained from the trunk of Copaitera Lansdorfii and
'apecies of Coinaifcru" (B. P.). It i» not, properly speaking, a linlfsm.
iplljrnoil character it is a clear, transparent, oily li<}uid, of a palc-slraw
" rtBti ■ ch«mfl«'ri*tic unpleaMint odor nnd taste. CojMiha it insoluljle in
'mur, poluble in alcohol, ether, volatile and fised oils. It contains a largs
iMiilil I fi r v,:.lat ilr oil (thi' Wt specimens, 70 io Sr> pcj cent.), in which two
Hv Ived. Copmibic acid, the principal one of the resins, is crretal-
faUr. -..;■ ;.iint udorand bitti-r laete; intoluble in vnter, ca»ly soluble in
dMltrte mJcohol and in ammonia. Both the oil and the resin are medicinally
Vitric acid, added to the urine of patients takinf; copaiba, causes a pre-
. whirli rffcmbles that caiuwd by albumin, but it aii<eolvn! in alcohol.
new stil'siance, termed copaib«-red, has been found by Profeswor
ycncke in the urine of persona taking cnpaiba. A ro^e-rcd, changing to
a ^per ftiadi*. ia produced by heating the urine with concentrated sul-
tharie acid. The substance upon which this reaction depends is a colorlcsa
Fbyiiological Action. — locally applied, copaiba is dightly stimulating
• Hi-: i'liin unil imid-nf membianc. Tne taste of copaiba \t peculiarly dis-
^nsalj.-. rn»I "l iuiiarts iis odor to tlie breath, being partly escretetl by the
^f^rifjal miic^u^ luenibrane. It is heating and irritating to the itoniach.
PHARUACBtmCAL TBEIUPECTIO XOBSTB OB DRrOS.
cansiiig offcnsiv« (riictiitione and frcii\icnt!y vxcitinj,' vomitinii; and pur^t
Taken in mBdicinnl doees, it eoon interferes with the dij;estion. caueing M
of nppetile, dUonlercd bou-cl*, and diflrrh<iyi, Copnib* )» very ditTiwiTo, aac
Etimiilfltps Mcretion at its points of elimination by the kidneys, bronchia
mucou8 membrane, and «kin. Its special action it upon the niucoiis mem
brane of the genito-nrinary tract, and in larce amounts if gives rise to irri
tation or inflammation of iho kidnvyv, in \U di«ohnrgo through thcKC or^m
Bloody urine, pain in the bladder, and atrangunr are occasional results o
the ednitni»tration of copniim. It act* locally upon llii- gcnito-urinnry trad
at first stimulating and subsequently cbeckinj; secretions. The resin has
decided diuretic action and i«al«o expectorant. Georgincivski, however, wh
made numerous experiments upon dops and rabbits, states that enormoc
doses of copaiba occasioned, in thc»c aninialf, only renal congestion, but n
inHammation or degeneration. The resin is preferable to the oleoresin, sine
it is IcfS apt to chum- digi.'i<tive disturbance. Its diuretic eflccts arc powerfa
constant, and long continued. %
During the admini«lnition of copaiba, a coar«c, mea»ly rafJi somctimi
breaks out over the body, especially in person.'^ witli a delicate skin; it ali
came-i annoying itching. In other ca«e<i. urticaria, erylhema, or a bulloi
eruption is cauwd. The author has obserA'ed a rash re?eniblinj; that of »ma^
pox appear upon all portions of the body in cfinvcciucncc of the ingcstJi
of copaiba. *
Dr. Frederic Trei»illiBn hn« observed o case in which n purpuric eru;
tion, accompanied by febrile action, was apparently caused by the idmioi
(ration of copaiba. j
The admini^tiation with sn alkali renderE tbi^ nccident le^s UkeM
occur. The mafi-i of copaiba Ipihilre copaibK, U. S. P. 1870) vra* introdtis
with this object in view; but it Is lets efficient therapeutically than the ota
preparations.
Therapy. — Copaiba has been used for its stimulating and antlsept
plTi'Cts in chronic ultin discaw*, psoriatic, lupnn, and Icppwy, being in j
action very much like purjun-oil, I
Copaiba has been used, with reported adrHntage, a? a local remedy'
frost-bites. It can be used with benc6t in old ulcers. A mixture of eqii
parts of copaiba and resin cerate is recommended by Dr. T. G. Stephci
of Sidney, Iowa, as an eiHcient application to the surface of indolent ulce:
In thickened and irritable conditions of the tnngne, moiitb, rerlui
vagina, uierus, and the urethra it is also useful. Copaiba, applied to t'
urethra in gleet, is sometime* followed by a complete removal of the i
charge: —
B CopftibBt,
Liq. boroglyMrini (BO pvr wnt.) iu> 3[ r,cm. or Rm.
M. Si)C.! For npplicotion to the urtthra with bougie or cnm^l'shair brush.
Internally, it is also given in the treatment of psoriasis, and for tl
furpose it is best administered in capsules, one or two hours after niea
or bronchitis, given as an expectorant, and in dropsy, for its diuretic efE«
it is better to use the re»in, which h nearly free from the objection, to
volatile oil, of causing offensive eructations. In bronchitis its effects
more decided afler ftu)<sidenc« of the acute stage, and it is particularly vi
able in chronic bronchitis associated with dilatations of the tubes and marl
' B profuse purulent discharge. In ascites and sonae Iddney ditorden th«
on u) a valuable menn* of increasing tho urine. Copaiba is of fcrvice also
, (vdiac dropsy. The remedy ia not, iiowever, invariablv .successful in
ffioiins these tmni^udationis even when Ihe couditiouti urL' apparently the
JBC. mnger concludes that this difference depends upon individual pecul-
axj, and add* that, whereti^ copaiba may causi- bloody urine, he has seen
b^e amount of blood in the urine quickly di»ippear when copaiba was
inttnistered. The oleoresin is principally Uied nt un antiblennurrhctic in
nnorrhtm. after the acute stage oas passed, and in cystitis and pyelitia. It
^be^iven in combination with cubehs, or iu the well-known Lafayette
(mist, copaibee comp., N. F.): —
OopailMi 60
Tr. laranilDlK m . 60
U^potaMw IS
Spnnai Ktheri* nitrotl 00
^TUDl IBO
Uueuaginia acacue <\. h. ad 473
[U. To be ncll ngitatcil urhcn UMd 1 4 c.cm. = O.GU crin., or (3 ^ niviiii; . Dom, ■
alul taken after lueaU.
ccm- Qr fSiJ.
c.cm. or Qij.
c.vni. or (Si v.
cem. «r fjij.
c.eni. or (Jv.
c.cm. or Oj.
To each dot* of the above. 0,18 to 0.30 c.cm. (or miii-T) of oil of sandal-
ntdnnr nfti-n tji- iiddtii, with good rexults.
Coptbin dragtes consist of copaiba, 0.32 Gm. (or gr. v); cuheb, 0.65 Gm.
(«p. I); i-nlcined magnesia and sodium carbonate, of each. 0.005 Gm. (or
F j); Blade into rather large pills, which are sugar-coaled. They have been
Ittgely used in the treatment of chronic gonorrhoea.
AmMg the many combination!! of copaiba found of Ecrviec in goBor-
!»•« tnd gleet, the author suggests the following: —
R Rnbiv coptibK ,,,, 14| Gm. or 3iiiM.
Oltocniiur ciibcbv -. , 4{ c,cm. at fSj.
MolU , U| Gui. or Slij.
ftfBinK pur. SJGO Gin. cr gr. xl.
I * rt h. eaiMiibp no. xl. '
, %-: From aix to leo a i)jty.
ISBolncoMibsn ISfC
Add nlphur)<;i Bram. T|S
AcaniB a. «,
Inhu. Toas ZWj
"■ Gig.: X tablpipoonfiil Mm* or four tiraei a day.
B RMtMB mpa
K(tncti kIt
Iba
BlTCyTTl
Sprltna Ntbans nltroal IG
rUuc fl.
AcHae q.
tupm dnnntnonil ad £40]
[ It 8tg.: A tabletpoonful Uir«e or loan time* a day.
' & OU toMib*,
OhonaiDK cutwbo na
Akiai.
Kctncti belladoDnfe (ollor. ale. au
01 mirntli. pip.
|L tt tL pilnlM noL xlj.
V|.: Front thiee (o tii pill« a day.
Gni- ur 3iv.
e.cm. or f3ij.
o.cm. or ISviij.
Gm. or Ju.
c.rm. or (Jj.
C.vm, or fjM.
c.eni. or fSWIJ,
<[60 ct'in. or mXw.
1005 Qm. or gr. ].
|0$ cent, or mj.
318
fHjlRUACKtmcAI. TElERjirKL'TIC AOEXTS OR DBI706.
It i« mie to begin the ndtninistrolioii of copaibn in gonorrhwe m sooi
as the initial severity of the attack has snbsidea and the bowels have be«r
freely opened. In the elironic cvrtitis of woim-ii Dr. Whitla hu dcriTtiC
great benefit from injection into the bladder of eijual parts of copaiba an^
warm ra»tor-oil, On« ounce of this mixlitro is iiijwloil and nllom-ed to rfr
main until expelled. Small doses internally administered often prove scrV'
icfuible in cystitis, and will also oft<.-n alluy irritability of the bladder de;
pendent upon prior attacks of gonorrhipa or excessive venery. y
In the gouorrhwa of females an emulsion of eo]>aiba ii^ sometimes um
na an injection. In certain alfcctions of the intestinal tract this remedy |
sometimes of service. Chronic diarrhoui and dysentery mav improve unde
the administration of copaiba after other agents have failed. It may provi
beneficial in chronic inti-siinnl catarrh nccompauicd by ulceration, and i
recommended by AllinRham in chronic proctitis. Clark and others haTi
found it useful in pseudomembrnnoue enteriti*, given in the intervals be
tween paroxysms. It has been used successfully in the treatment of hem
orrlioids, i.'iO c.cm. (or gtt. xx) being administered in cap^ul^s four time
a day, or 3 c.cm. (or f3ss) in combination with 1 c.cm. (or gtt. xv) of liquo
pota»a>, taken three times a day. Copaiba has been advantagcouiilv givt
by the nioutli in certain inflammatory diseases of the eye, especially irJt
and Eclorotitie. In purulent ophthalmia it has been applied upon the sli'
around the orbit and instilled between the lida with good effect.
COFTIS."The Coptis trifolia. or gold thread {KanunculacewVTT
noUvc of thi' ti'mpfnilc portions of Xorth .\merif« and the Old World. Tl
entire plant is used, and was formerly olVicial. The rhizome is tliread-lik"
and of a bright-yellow color. It is bitter to the taste, without odor. !(
constituents an: Berberine, a white alUiihiid; Coptine, a rcsiu; but no tannii;
Pbysiolo^cal Action and Therapy. — I'rincipally on account of the het
berine. coptis is a pure, bitter tonic, agreeing well with the stomach, an
without astringency. If is used lo increase appetite, and as a general lonit
Locally, the infusion has been emploved in aphthous ulceration of th
mouth, and is a good gargle in ulcerative tonsillitis. The effects of berberiq
are discussed below, '
The iifl.'-i Indian variety, Coptis teeta. of which the root only is em
ployed in medicine, contains a very large proportion of berberine, — moi
than any other plant known, J
A prescription conlnintng gold thread, of mucli value in the treatmoq
of dyspepsia, especially when attended with diarrhtea alternating with c<a
stipation, is: —
H Estmcti coptiau fl ««
Tinct. iiude voiiiine •■■■.•■■■■>...,,. t
AqiiiB cinnninomL ..i ...£ti)
U. Sig.i From oiie-lialf lo a t^tblNpcwnful l)cfori.- mealo.
r.rni. or fjij.
com. or fJj.
ccni. or tSvUj,
Berberine is an alkaloid found in nuuHTous plants (berberis, coptl
calumba, hydrusti.*, mini sperm vim. podophyllum, .^anthorrliiza, xanthos
l«m, etc.), belonging to the natural orders Herberidacea'. Meiiispermaco^
and Rnnuneulaeca'. It occur* in yellow, prismatic crj'rtuk, soluble in h(
water and alcohol, but insoluble in ether. It yields bright-yellow, oryuli
lizablo soils, of whi<'h the bydrochlorate and sulphate are employed
coiitA>i>i(r».
31»
i)o#c8 of 0.13 to 0.05 Gm. (or gr. ii-x). It is a bittor tonic, onti-
lii^, *ni] uitiiierindic; bIso ohulngogue. It i» useful in dppepsia, malaria,
Iduiirhuti. (.Set- aUo Bcrberit.)
COEIANDRUM (IT. S. P.).— CorUnder.
COSIANSBI FBUCTDS (B. P.).
Dote. O.SS to i UtD. (01 gr. t-xxx).
Prtparaliont.
OtMBtB Coriudri IU.S.P., II.P.)^011 of Coriander. Dmc, 0.06 to OM caa.
C^ttfrvliu Snum |U.S.P^ B.r.).— CvnfMlion of Srano.
Pltaxoutoology. — Coriunder is th« fniit of Corinndrum rativum (UmbcU
p): Dntive of southern Europe, The fruil, or s^td, has au aj;reeable,
odor, the chief constituent of irhich is Coriaiidrol, which is isomeric
tfomool. The frait also cootaios fixed oil.
ipy. — Tim ag«Dt is ueed ns an aromatic and stcmachic, aod is
iploved to prevent griping from other remedies, or aa a Qavoring
It. A lew drops of the oil may be given upon sugar for the relief
icQce or colic.
CO'BKTJS. — Dogwood. The Iwrk of the root of Cornua Florida (Cor-
' iree indigenous to the United States, has decided nhysiolog-
pp _ It crintain« a crjitallizniilc, hitler (irinciple, Cornui, or
^oitc acid: also tannic acid, re^in. etc. Ae the active principle is altered
^ sir and liejtl, a decoction or aqueous fluid extract is not an eligible prepa-
aoioa in order to obtain the effect of the drug. Comin is found also in
•tfaer «pt< ir-s ..f dogwixid: Comiis rircinata, Comu3 wrieea, etc.
njaiological Action and Thempj. — Corniis belong)^ to the cloM of
i«ert>blr hitt<.'r>, and in u.ied a.* a iitDmachic timic to increase appetite, etc.
Jiiwf b!?o rohsiderdblc reputation for control orcr malarial moiiifestiilioitti,
K-idered the be»t substitute for cinchona among the native aatriu-
COHOKUIiA. — Coronilta variu (I^guminoHi') is u shrubby plant, the
k«c» of which are arranged in little tufts resembling coronets. The aotiTfl
pamaple is a pliKXHiilr. wliich ha« been termed CoroDillin.
nysiolo^cal Action. — The drug possesses an unpleasant, bitter taste,
kn it iacrenses the npix-tile nnd never excites gaslro-int<.-«ttnal disorders oveit
•Imb given in large doees. Spilhnann and Uaushalter have studied the
rfeeo of coronillin upon the human subject. As a result of their inve^tiga-
'>-!!= they concluded that c-oroniUa is s eardiac tonic, the beneficial effects
h'are iiuinifc«led within twenty-four to thirty-six hours after inge«-
Tlicrapy- — In organic atTections of the heart coronilla increases th*
of the puUe, augments diuresis, diminishes o-dema, and relieves
Comiiilla is generally apphcable to the »ame case* in which digl-
' ■'<!«. and is powerless in those conditions of degeneration in
fails. It regulnlea and reduces the action of the heart in
lut uuil abol>«he« painful reflex manifestations. In lesions of the
3S0
PHARUACEUTICAL THEBAPEUTIC jlUESTS OB DBCaS.
milral iind norlic vulvcs it i.* e^poeiBlly lii-iu-ficiul. Tlie [Mroxy&ms of dy
iicea dependent upon organic diseast* of the heart are mitigate*! bjr
reiiu-dy. A tinclurc !iii!< Itt't-n uM'd in Ai>m» of 2 it> 4 e.eiii. (or
Coronilla has no cumuhttive etfect and doe« not disturb the Oigesin
ti<;nB. Coixmillin has bei'n given in doHt» of u.OtiS to 0.5S Cin. (or \
COEYDAMS. — Corydalia, Turkey Cora, the Dicentni CanaJ
(Ftimariaceie), a native of the northern part of this country, has somei
tation 06 an alterative, espt'cialh' ii»'d as a tonir in syphilid and ••then
lions of (lehility. The tuhi-ra are ihi? nnil of The plant uwd: they conttioi
alkaloid. Corydaline, combined with Fumuio Acid; also an acrid rttinr'
bitter eslractive. An alcoholic eitract, made by |irecipitaling thereaai
water, is known as Corydalia or Corydnltne by the eclectics, and hul
given in doaes of O.OO") to 0.32 Oin. (or gr. i-v).
COTARinNE HYDEOCHLORATE. {S-h. Stypticin.)
GOTO COETEX.— Coto-bark. Coto-I>ark is obtained from BoliriL
its botanical origin is still iindetenniued. It is received in the fonn M
or curved pioce« a foot or more in length and */« ■''ch broad. HiterOi
it is of a cinnamon-brown color, but when broken it appcan studd«d
numerous Bcatti-red golden-yellow spots. It has an aromatic odor, whi
is more perceptible when the bark is hniieed. The powder i« tnj
Wnt to tbe Schneiderinn nincoiii^ inenibrane. The taste is sfa:
slightly bitter, but not astringent. The active principle is a cry«i
substance tenned Cotoine, of a paU-yi'llow eolor, slightly soluble
water, but soluble in hot water, alcohol, ether, chloroform, and tibl
solution*. Cotoine i* prwipiiatttd by bydroclilorie acid with a clear,;
color. It is colored blood-red by nitric acid, brownish yellow by
phuric acid, and black by ferric chloride. Cotoine potwftisc!* a ratlHT
taste. A bark differing in external appearance from coio, and pn**'
dt^rived from an ullied Hpeciiw, has beci ili-signated paracolo. Fancota
tain« an active principle called Faracotoine, analogous to cotoine in c«a>-
pDsition and effects, but feebler, rowd.rcd parnento t» unirritant totb*
naeat mucous meml3rane. Purncotoine i^ of a bluish color, but rfijiift'
soluble in boiling water, and is soluble in alcohol, ether, and particnlailt 11
chloroform. ■
Phyaiolo^pcal Action.^ Applied to the unbroken skin, powdewi f"**
cause* liiut and reiirnsK. Taken internally, it give* rise to a **-natioe
warmth in the Etomach, and in large dosea to nausea and Toniiting-
stimulate* the Kccrelion of saliva. Small do«e* may increase the •ppt*'*
It is eliminated in the urine. Coto retards the development of baetena •*
the oeeurrenee of putrefaction. It inu«-* aelivc dilntntioii of the intestioil
blood-vesfcl?. Colo doe* not produce constipation in healthy indiTidittk
Therapy .^Cot'i nnd paraeoto are remarkably ellU-iint remedies indii'-
rhtea. They are applicable to all varieties of the disorder, escepi that i*"
pendt-nl upon iilcei-s i)f the bowel, in which they have generally faiU^
A! iti.biiii It^timonveiistsas to its worth in fnnelionul diarrhtra. acukiioi
■ i^tro-ioleslinal catarrh, cholera infantum, the diarrhcea nf tyiih"
Uwi, ■ i*auit5, and in that form rciilting from redncwi not
i
oaeoLiN-iTU.
321
tioa It Is «xceeclm^h' valuable iu the trentuieiil of tuberculous (iiarrhu'a.
,•1.) i. -tt i}je tauic tinMj of wrvioe iii reducing tlio fever and checking the
ts, I'lofessor Uaek, of Tokio, Japan, sunccstifully In-)itc<l five
.»-.-- 'Fi /v.-iatic <:holeni liy hypmlermk- injcclious of paracotuioe. Coto has
fc<«i fnuiiil effective in hyperidrowe.
lUthfir has employetl the following prcscriiilion in chronic and in
ml- a diarrhota, the effect being com|ik-tf cessation of nil dischnrne:—
B Exiracti coto c«rt. fl 7
£xlr«vU tiAiiMiiiflMls t Ifi
AqBM; cmnxinain) 300
H. 64ff-: A dcvurupootiful «vcry tbne or (our honn.
5 C.cm. or fSlj,
c.CDi. or ESm-
c.cm. or I3x.
Prattaaor Allieitoni, to whom we owe the most comprehensive «lud)- of
physiological action of coto, observ«?d no favorable results in drunkarda
herv the portal circulation wan emhamttuicd, os in cirrhoiiiB. He con-
it cutitra-indicaled when theie is hypcnemift of the bowel and a
>; to intestinal haemorrhage. Knr the $aine rea.4on it iihould \>v u#ed
^ ' ^tcumapwlioH in acute inU-«linuL cntarrh. According to thi)> writer
|t«^cficial effwts o( coto are due to its faviirabli- influence, through active
itaiiim i>f the blood -vesicl», upon the intcslinal cpilhcliuni, promuliug its
mntitio ntii] modifying its physiological functions.^
CBEOLINUH.—Creoliii is obtained from English co«l by dry difitUIa-
*^'^ I lie tarhulic acid h^ing M>parate<), and the residue emulKillcd by a
I pniceK with .the addition of eoap or caustic soda. It is a syrupy,
an.*lirown. or htackieh Suid of a ta^tike odor. It niiie$ vilh n-ater in oil
fwfoi tions. forming an opu<)ue, whitish emtiUion. It ii< soluble in alcohol.
Tke exact chemical con.ititution of creolin has not been deti^niiined, but it
■¥11* to consist largely of hydroourbons joiiifd wilh phenols free from any
irholic acid, together with a Hmall proportion of organic ba»cg of
. . _:ii order and alkaline ash.
TfaTaiologricat Action. — 1\ 3-per-eent. a(|neous dilution exeitesi no irri-
■ - i< hen applied to the skin. M'hen the skin i:- subjected to the action
;«r-^ent. dilution for a considerable time, a slightly burning sensation
' It »oon disappean. Croolin is irritant to mucous mrmbranos. It
■nt germicide, in some respects more powerful than carbolic acid,
(leatnictivc (ban carbolic iicid to ihc micro-oriMnisms of typhoid
ilic chtitera. and suppuration; while, upon dried spores of the
icilhts. carbolic acid cxitU a iiii)re powi'rtul inhibitorj' influence
_jn. Carbolic acid is likewi^ the more efficacious and permanent
:.'tant of pntrefnction. Cwnlin ini.viis..-(-ii th<- udvnnlage of being much
It was at Grst. in fact, suppn^cd to be entirely devoid of rnxieity.
, can be no longer upheld. »ince seTcral pntient-i, especially among
Urifen.' cases reporlcd by Pr, Bitter,' of Hrcslau. showed symp*
I. chill, fever, dy^pntea, collapse, and albuminous urine follow-
in one case rejwrtcd a scurlatiniform ra*h — with thirst, fever,
_' of the skin — na* producal. In another instance, however, as
(0 c-cm. (or foviij) were ns*d without fatal consequences.
T »1«> I-*!*' *'? niiilKir: "Th* riiyviolo^cal ami TlicraiK^utiMl Action ol
L " ilrdir>il ItfllrHn. tVb.. 1891.
UrUi^ Mrtlicnl •/''UriHtl, IVc. 13. IHW.
322
FHAIVACBCTICAL THERAPBtlTIC AOEKTB OS DRUOS.
Tiio applicatiun of creolin has aha btt-n known to produce cc2cl
errthetnfi. v(-atculer t:ru)iiJon!<, and <lcii4iiamnti<>n (i( the ^kin in lar|:c patclil^
togi'llii-r nith more or U-«« sutpre constitutional disturbBncc. Dr. Flin^bur^
has rcportci] n fntal cflve in a babe, three weeks of age, to whoni 3 c.cin. (oi
iMxxx) of iiiidiliitcd creolin had been given by mietako. Dcnth uccurrcfl
twenty-fieTen lioiirs after ingestion of the li<|oid.
Therapy. — li i» almost exclusively af a local application tliut creoUl
bae been usifO, thouRh it has been administered interually in a few inetaDcei
with tho view of preventinj; jiajilro-inti-sliniii fi-rim-iitative pmeesnew. A;
an efficient and safe antiseptic, it is very adrantaReously employed in a 1
or a-jHT-wnt. ei)hitiiin to irrifpilu uccidenial or Miirjiii-nl wound*. A 2-per
cent, dilution in olive- or linseed- oil, applied upon absorbent cotton, is ai
excellent dressing to ab*coe*-cavitiej, wiiui*e», to wouml* left after rc«eolioi
of bone, removal of a setjucstrum, to compound fracture, sloughing ulcer
of the leg, etc. In addition to itii paraMlieide virtues, it h additional'
sert-iceable as a dressing to fresh wounds from ite biemostatic propertl
promptly nrrcitting the ooxing from divided enpillnrie«. A weak diluttoilj
creolin in water or alcohol makes a good wash in ozena. Five or 6 drops :
ba added to a pint of water, or we may follow the method of Moure
prescribe: —
B Creolini I ■ cciii. or nixv.
Spt vini rect IDSj c.crti. or fjiiia*.
ti. A tftiui|>ti«nful of tilt* •olutlon 1» aiiihi to a qiiarl of tepid irnt^.
Schnitzk-r has used creolin in diseases of the larjnx. especially tube;
culiir, by iiihalaliiiii (I part in lOOo of water), by insufflation (from 1 t
5 part* to 100 of sugar of milk), or 1 to 5 parts to 100 of water direct'
to the diseased parts by mopping. Schnitzler and Kortiim likewise recon
mend it a« a gargle in diphtheria. Applied in the same manner, creolin
useful in tonsillitis. A 1-per-cent. solution has been found curative i
thrush and aphtlut-. The injection, two or three times u day, of i to 4 pta
of a V:-per-eent. Holution has yielded excellent results in dysentery. Tl
Kume injeetion i* t-ITicaeiouB in serou.* diarrha'a, colitis, and i-nterocnlif
In the summer diarrhtea of children and in cholera infantum the solutit
may be advHUlagcously I'lnplnycd in half riirenglh or k-»», according to 0
age of the patient. Given internally, it is reported to have ^iven got
results in flatulence and to have succeeded in cases o£ ta-nia and oxyill
vennicularis. The offensive odor of cancer is removed by creolin. A 5-!
10-per-ecal. creolin-oil is efficient in pediculosis and seabici', or preecril
thus:—
B CreoUnI ■ 21 o.cm. or (5s*.
BfllMtn. Peruvitmi TIS c.uii;. or fSij.
Adlpla ai| On. or JJ.
M. Sig.: Apply wrll over the turfare. L'«e in waliiea. I
A 1 to 1000 aqueous solution has been use<] in gonorrho'a. It fi
seemed much more oeneflcial in gcmorrhcea of women than of men. I
l-per-ccnt. solution is a very etficaeioua injection in the cyittilis of womf
As a wash in puerperal sept icieinia and as an antiseptic vaginal injeotj
befon; or after lalior, a creolin solution is of value. Five or fi drops l^
pint of water have been succcMifiilly u.scd in otorrha-a. In e.xtensiTe bu
and in lied-.^ores Kortiim recommends a Q to 1000 aqueous eolation.
CHEOSOTUM.
823
or :!-pc>r-e«nl. »iiliitinii it> an excelltrnt ilondorant (iii'l Mtimttlnnt dirtying
Rothv' hiu u&oil creolin in the form of an ointment with
-<■ iH tin- trt-alnieni of <'i^di|>plft6, linvii versicolor, ccxt'iiia. and
lit- ciiec* of pustular eczema have been cured by the
ii-water.
A 2-fK'r-(.*rnt. joltition k an admiralile di^infi-etaDt to the hands of the
mou. A cTeoltn-soa|i if also niade. The opacity of ilt watery ewliition
Bam crvttlin infrriur to cnrtinlie acid as an immereion fluid for instru-
nt*. liorc-over, resinous mrlicleA are mmid deposited upon the instni-
wta. tliotigih tbi» drawlmrk has btt-n overcome by th« manuf net lire of
RB having a perforated faW lioitotn upon which the infitruiiientii may
In ttif ai'uif giit^tro-vnU'ritig of children SchwitiK hati obtained mU^
n rwnllK from ilo^es of i'.Vi to 0,18 c.cm. (or mii-iij) of creolin adinin-
B in »ovn- ili'Uiidreiit vehicle. Tlie internal adminij>t ration of creolin
bowt^vrr, been followed in several instances by decided cholerifonn
■Ueataiion*.
Th« addition of 1 to a per cent, of crc«lin deodoriwa iodoform to a Tery
f» <lt^|C^('^. fcirniin^ a roiii|Mund with faint animHtic odor. The creolin
tj be mnoved by wa^hin^ with water.
CXEOSOTUK (U.S. P., B. P.).-Creotote.
o.W lo O.fiO ccni. (or mi-x).
Preparations.
Ai|lia CrecMti ((.".S. I'.f.— Cte««>t«-ift«ter ll per cml-l- Do»e, 2 to IS cum.
3tMwt» Cm*oU (B. P.J.— Crr«K>l« Mixture (cr«moto, »plnt of Juniper, u t
«^ m mxx: *ira|>. 30 com., «r Q): water, q. «. ad 473 c.cni., ur tS'vj). Doie, 13
^ ~>tT». {or tit»-)t.
CafiMnUim CtmhoU <&P.)'-OliitnaBt of Cr«o«ot« (I to 9).
Fkmnuoology. — Creosote is a mixture of phenols, cbiefl? guaiacol and
aL. obuined during the diMillation of wood-tar, preferably that derived
ifae b««ch, Fagtu syivatica. The Driii^h Pharmaropii-ia dcKribes it
aixtiire of guaiacol, creosol, and other phenols, obtained in the dis-
of wood-tar." Creosote, therefore, is one of the productM of the
of wood, Feparatcd from tar by fractional distillation. It waa
in 1830 by Keichenbach. It is largely contaminated or eubsti-
IB cnnuuerce by a substance obtained &«m the distillation of bttu*
coal, made up of carbolic and cresylic acidg principally. Wood-
r U chiefly composed of the following phenols: Gtuuacot. Crtosol,
ll, and Pfaloral. The creosote made from beech-wood is of a
ib*r color; it i^ the best for medicinal use. It is an oily liiinid,
osloriecs; of «moky odor, caustic lane, and neutral reaction: soluble
1^ fOK •
iBO parts ff water, and in all proportions of alcohol, ether, etc. Pure creo-
Annld iiav* a tftxifiv tn^vitv of lOtl? and distill at a temperature of
' t* SIO" C- (3!»S° to 410" F"). It differs from carbolic acid iu Wing
and in not coajrulalinjE collodion or altiuniin and in K^latinizing
f^jwxalUxing at a low temperature, but has probably equal, if not
aotiaeptic eflecti, as seen in il« power of preiervin); meat, from
^
f, niia JamnMl i>t tiertnaMoff, Nov.,
334
PIEABHACECTICAL THERAPEDTIC AGENTS OR DHCOS.
wliicli it derive* its uiime. Willi the liocture of llic chlori(l^^ of iron, t
ulcoholic solution of creosote develops a deep, grecniGh-biue color; but ca
bolic ncid jiroducc* u liglil brown.
Phyiiologiral Action. — Creosote is a local sedative. A etrong eolutit
applied to the iiii<.-;;unu'iil miiy give mv to erythcmo. <«dc»ia. itching, ar
paiD. Internally, it very closely resembles the effects of carliolie acid as i
aQa»tbctic, antiseptic, and astringent. It (wape^ from rhe body by tl
bronchial miicou? membrane in part, and has expectorant powers; it is pri
cipally excreted by tli<; kidiioys. Ttotli «bii(irpti<iii and fliiiiination of creoso
occur with marked rapidity. It has been found in the sputiiro of tuberculo
subjects, to whom it had been adiuini^lcri'd mediciiuiily.
Creosote has a special sedative action upon the non-e9 of the stoma
and cllnyt) irritability and nausea. It ha» a vimilar ufTccI upon the bronch
mucous membrane when its vapor is inhaled with the vaporizer or steal
atoniixer. Dr. Irsai, of Btidnpcst, luiE dcinonstratcd by cxiierinicnt that J
halation of creosote and guaiucol gave rise to decided !n-per»mia of the liuJ
In overdoscii creosote ciiiiaes gidaincs^^ deprcetcd action of the heart, fan
ness, convulsions, or coma. The antidotes are probably the same as thoed
carbolic ncid, a< Hare has announced that the soluble sulphates arc efficaoM
antidotes to creosote poisoning. 1
Therapy. — As a local anaHttlielic, creosote is largely used by denti
in aching teeth with sensitive dentine, and as an application to an expoj
nerve-pulp, the remedy being taken upon a little absorbent cotton, •
excess removed by allowing it to rest upon blotting-paper before being]
serted into the eavily of a tooth, from which dibrisoi food or other matti
should first be removed, by syringing with warm water. Creosote-water ]
some hiemoRtatic qualities, and is an antiseptic dreeing of value in sloui
ing ulcers, or for injection into sinuses. In gleet and other catarrhal c
eases creosote often acts well nhen used as follows: — j
S CrnoRotl 30 c.cm. or mv.
Ext. gpratiii Q .■■>. > 2 C.CRi. or 13m. J
Aquic rruR ............... ........,..,....^ 120 e.cm. or fStv. I
M. 8lg,: Inject uiglit and niondng into tht ur«Uini,— atone or «Ught)y dlh
with warm M'ottr. ;
Creosote is believed to have special value in the treatment of burns I
in chilblains. In skin diseases of a scaly character and pniriius creoi
is a uscftd application; and in erysipelas the ointment is of benefit in rd'
inj; the pain and reducing the inflammation. This ointment relieves]
itching and buniing of erythema multiformo and eciema. and is bencficii
applied to ulcerated surfaces and psoriasis. Creosote ointment is very
vantageotifily prescribed in connection with lead carbonnte, as: —
R Plumbi vBrbonatU ...•- 41 Gin. Or 5j.
UnKiiPiitl crcosoti ISO per cent.) 31 1 Gm. or Bj.
M. for eryslplss, erytlicmn, acute ecKina, nnd bum*.
4
A gargle containing creosote, in ulceration with sloughing of Ute mc
or throat, purifies the breath and stimulates the tdcer to repair.
In laryngeal diphtheria, coincidently with the administration of 8
toxin. Dr. William Ewarl, of Ixindon,' advocated the use of croosoted
' British MdlcJl Jiurnal, Mny 2S. 181)8, p. IMl.
CnEOSOTCH.
1
S99
('] lo ?l>, olivo-oil) fur tilt pxpuleion of tracheal hUe mcmliianci;. lie prac-
"— — -'" tnrhvututu}' for Un'ngenl i]ipbthcria, and then, in order to pro-
wling. MparitioD, iind cxpuUioD of the nietnbrsiief, he injects into
. iHd 1 c.cm. (or mxv) of the creoaoied uil evi-rv two hours, hut on the
'ay rvi-ry fruir hours. After rceoven,' from diphtheria, the systematic
U' in Ii<|uiil [ieir«lntiim-i>)l (1 to (Ull tn limit inf«<.iioi),
t. Thifi is also used wuh advantage in various chrome
famu of rhiniii>:i, oziciii, «tc.
Kor catarrhal laryiiKilis and tubercular disease of the aii^paseof^oe, creo-
■U c»n b« vprsved over the turfaec as in thi» preccription: —
It CniMoti 4| ccm. or Si.
Titwt. tirncotn. CO 7|3 ccm. or tSlj.
.S<|uh; tuniBiBtliilM dtvL,
lilvi^rriiri na 4A| r.ctn. or Ui«*.
U. Si^.i Um in an atoiDiier. Spray over the •iirfacc thnv or (onr titan a daj-.
It U inndvisable to make use of the spray if a temleDcy to pulmonary
bsBorrhsgc is prrM-nt. Dr. John Dunn, of Richmond, Va., M6ts in atrophic
IVlrolatj
ISO c.cm. or nsx.
all Gni, or 3].
Slff.: latTodnce a nuall pieca uitbin the noftril.
' ra into the i^tomach, it chetks fermcDtation and rodueoe irritability,
:,aUfea and correcting the cauii>.-i pro<iuctivi* of diarrhcca. In fer-
i\e dTfpepsia the following oonbination is recommended by Dr. B. W.
in: —
Cxrttmuti bur. , |7fi t-*it). OT mxij.
AtcohoL dilnL 7Aj ctw. or fjiita,
Atmntatt. b«n»>al- , ... S\ Om- or SiJ.
Otycvrin-'pHr. ; ...83! c.cm. or I3vj,
Innta. «U70]ibylli 180( tcni. or (Jvj.
]C Sig.i TablMpOoatttI tno or thrM Uin«» a day, between meah, in water.
\*l*diTrtir<^ *1« Hotstein' findit in oreosote an excellent meanii of combat-
frfiron rat'cn. without exercising any purgative action properly so
i r ■ite shouhl not be prescribetl in pilU, capsules, or alcoholic
nlitiMift, bui pure and in drops, The effective dote U about ? or 8 drops
-■!■— twice daily, immedialely after breakfast and Bft(T dinner, in a gUM
v. b<«r, wine and water, or pure water. To bejrin with. 1 drop of creo-
Dt sdtniniftered, and that amount increaied by 1 drop daily until the
cff(-ct ie obtained. In this way the necesary dose is determined for
in'lividiially. Thii irealment ha« lo be eonlinui-d for *ome time,
Boathfi in fact, and not only overcones the chronic conBtipation, bnt
in. ri^toics rhe appetite and braces up the >v*tem. I'nder it*
is beoomt! regular, bland, and copious, and fre« from pain
« KBT ai^ *>! ioiei<iinal irriifttiun.
L^ It i* a useful rrmeily in Ee«£ickness and the vomiting of pregnancy,
Bl a> (^« ■uninier diarrhtra of adult* a* well M of infants.
F In ob)>ti&«t« vomiting of pregnancy Eaatxer prescribes: —
Cnmicm JIMiM, Uajr U. 1899.
PHAItUACEmCAL THERAPETTIC AGENTS «S DBUOS.
9 CreoMtl pur. S{ r^m. or (Sm.
AI«ohaU> .1........ 3U| c^m. or t3j.
Tr. g«nUnu. eo.,
ExU colTrit- viiidit (L ah VISA con. or fSilM.
Aq. ilMlIllftL B0| cctn. or (Sllj.
U. Sig.: To be well khalcen. Dm^, teAipoonfu) two or three tim«9 ■ •jaj' in nilk.
Creoiote hu given eood resulu in the truntmont of inteetinnl hwmor-
rhs^e, goDoirhfpa, and giefi. In seasickDees the nausea and voiniting may
bo ovtrcomif by this oonibinotion of creosote: —
B Cr«o*oti 130 cxta. or mv.
MorphlDK sulphatit lOOfi Oni. or er. J,
Aqun mcnth. pip. 00| cem, or ijiij.
U. Sl^,: A tMi*j)oanlul ever}* two or three houra until relieved.
J
;)8 cflB. or mi'lli.
com. or Mxxx.
a.eiu. or 131 j.
In chronic bronchitia, bronchorrh<£S, and phthisis creosote has
given with marked benefit, especially where cavities have formed, as in th<
following combinations: —
B Crw»tl Oa to
Tr. BentinK comp 21
Splntua frumentl 4j, ■. Ait TJS
M. 8ig.i Take four timet daily.
B CrttOMtl,
Tinct. capaici na. 4' c.cm. or f3j.
Sjrrup. araciie 3D «.cni. or fj].
. Syrup. llnianU 120| r.rni. or fjlv,
M. Sig.: A («Mi|)ooii[u] witli water after meal*.
B Crcoaoti 3| r.cm. or fS^s.
Syrup, terri iod-,
Gljcerini na 90| c.em. or fjlij.
M. Sig.: A tea^poontul in wntor thrta or four times a day.
■
A combination employed by Professor Bouchard in the treatment o
piilniDnary tuberculosis is: —
B Creoioti 4
Crcosoti
llulanni Toliilanl ...,, ,,... 7
Tvrvbinthiiue ....•>.■•«. .i.....^. 1
Acid, bmioici ....-,i, ,,,,.,,.., q. >-
M. «t ft. pil. no. ixxx.
Big.: Ten pllli to be taken daily.
e.cro. or fSj.
e4ni. or (Si */..
Gra. or gr. xv.
Creosote mnv be given in a pill, or the prescribed number of drop
added to a teaspoonful of old Jamaica rum. diluted with wtiter. In a con
siderable proportion of cases, cough and expectoration are diminished an'
fever and night-sweats are lessened. It U also given in tuberculosis b
hypodermic injection. P. Cartes recommends for hypodermic injection
mixture consisting of 10 parts o{ heecb-wood i^rt-osote, 80 pnrls of ttnelut
of quiilnja, and 60 parts of distilled wster. The creosote is said to be dif
iolved by aid of the saponin, and not merely siwpendi'd. Tiic liquid I
thought to be better adapted to the purpose than the ordinary emulaions c
creosote. It can be diluted to any extent wilb either cold or warm watci
Dr. G. Bell is in the habit of prescribing creosote with compound fluid «)
tract of cinchona and administering it dUuted with milk. Crciwole has al)>
been administered with some success to consumptives in the form of a
CRKOSOTUM.
3sr
It U Eiated to have bwn well tolerated by the bowel, (hat it re-
ferer, and in some cns« arrested diarrhoRa. The tft«te of creosote was
rued in the mouth in • tew minutes after the injection had been made.
Mrthvr evidence of rajiid absorption was the occouonal occurrence of green
ar dark -<^>lo red urine.
In the treatment of tubcrcnlosia creoaote is, according to Jacobi, the
■act vahmble drug which we possess. Sommerbrodt, who introduced this
■Mhod of therapy, wati accustomed to increase the dose rapidly until tlt<>
>f tolcmnce had been attained. He gciifrally guve the remedy mixed
lliver-oil oroltve-oil, and inclosed in a capsule. I'nder the inHucncc
}te the baciUi may dirappear from the sputum and the physical signs
]pp)re. In conjunction vfith its internal emiUovraent, l>r. Beverley Hob-
of Kcw York, recommends frequent and prolonged inhalation of the
Inhalaiiom often improve the condition of the lar\'nx and rpltove an
nale- cough. The administration of creosote by inhalation in couiliinn-
<rith oil of peppermint, according to CarAiuo, causes disappeanim-e of
elt bacilli from the sputum. According to Sommerbrodt. the earlier
er«ofiotc irv-atmi-iit ia adopted in tubcrculosii, the more favornbli- are
rwuJt^ He has used it also with advantage in ecrofula. M. Burlureoux
prognostic value to creosote in tuberculojj*. The coje* in which it
1 wel! borne are, as a rule, beyond hope. Patients by whom it is tolerated
'geD«n»lly improved. Dr. F. Velteii reports excellent results from the
' of cr«o»nte in tubercular pleurisy with effusion. The effusion, fever, and
T symptfiniii of pletiri#y gradually duappearcd.
Mr. Charles Lamplough' thus sums up the results of his obserrationg
one hundred casw of pulmonary tuberculosis treated with large ,doW8 of
cfa-wood creosote: —
1. The best beech-wood creosote can be given wlih licnrfit, in amounii
ing from 7.S to 1$ c.cm. (or mcu-ccxl) daily, in cases of pulmonary
ibereuloei*.
fi. The dmg is best administered in codlireT-oil or in a spirituous solu-
ttnd in »oue caws the "crco«ot« chamber" or oro*n8«al inhaler may be
'•cdered in addition, with advantage.
3. The dosi' should t>« small at Rrtt, but it can be rapidly increaeed to
aJO ccui. (or mx\) three times daily for an adult. In three cases doses of
3D. (or mxxx) three times a day wcr« well borne by children.
4. Large dosea rarely cause any gastric disturbance: on the contrary,
Ippetite is frequently increased, symptoms of dyspepsia disappear, and*
r»r-otl >■ more easily afslmilated. The cough, expectoration, and night-
arv diminished, and the physical signs improved,
5. living to ita di«infeciant action in the alimentary canal, the drug
MoiMblT diminishes the risk of tuberculous enteritis by self-infection when
aaaeot* awallow iheir sputa; but, owing to the increased peristalsis which
9 ervated by creosote, it is usually contra-indicated in cases where the ulcera-
te already advance*!.
6. lite (Irng does not tend to cause htemoptysis, but rather to prevent
wcurrencr-
7. Creciroie does not irritate the normal mucous membrane of the
riuRjucBrnoAt THEnAferTic xomm os DBt70«.
8. Owing to its extremely Bntall cost, pure c^osote can be given to .
much Inrgcr Riinibor of puticiil>^ ttnm the earDonntn of creotote snd euiiacol^
which, respectively, coit four times and twelve times as much as the oldei
Dr. G. Bell derived decided benefit from the fldmimetrntiao of creosotl
in a jercre cmc of perinephritis. In CB«e» of «iippiirAting glande. also, hi
has witnessed good results froin its iise, and BU^^^ests that it may act ae .
preventive of poBsiblc tuberctilnr infection. This writer believes, 'moreOTM
that it is of advantage in pyteraiii.
Dr. Charles Eloy, of Paris, recommends creosote to be given in emulsion^
as follo*-s; —
R 01. Hmygdat. dulc. .^.p.. .•.■>•••■ ICOI com, or fSv.
Crvo*oti TJS ccm. or f3ij.
MUoc el sdilsr — .
Pulv. ncnciiE , BI!6 Gm. or 3ii3v.
Acf. mcnlh. pip 4(31 ccm. or IJxvj.
M. 8ig.: Troja two to fiv« talilcapoonlule a day.
Scitz prcfcn to combine creosote with codliver-oil, and makes an emul4
Bion with the aid of saccharin. Both creosote and guaiacol have been in-
jected beneath the skin or into the lung. Creosote uSords relief in flatulent
drspepsia, aarcina ventriculi, and gastialgia. It can be prescribed, in the
dueaiea just referred to, oa follows: —
H CrtcMtl ISO e.cm. or mv.
Tinct. «apalcl S ccm. or tSn.
AquR (oao! nientli. q. a. nd 00 rjem. or f3"j.
M. SIg.: A teaspoonful In water at meali.
B Cr«o»oti -. )3T o.em. or nivj.
Gly<*rini,
Syr. Bendio . - at 40| cem. or fSi"*.
M. Sig.i A l«a>(joonrul before meals.
Cm>iole has been succcesfully employed in diabetes mellitiis by
Valentin, who gave it in daily doses of 4 ^ropa, increased gradually to 10"
drops. The sngor soon disappeared, and did not retunl even when a diet
containing starch ami sugar was allowed. Similar results have been reported
by Audubert. Good effects have been obtained from en-osote in typhoid
fever, diphtheria, scarlet fever, and erysipelas. A. Atkinson has found it
"efficacious in the treatment of tape-worm. A mixture of orcosote, suirit of
chloroform, and tincture of lavender may be used in an inhaler in aiseases
attended with profuse, bad-smelling expectoration. This miiture, or those
of similar composition, nil prove (if great value in removing the offensive
odor of ganprcne of the lung in phthisis. laryng)tis> chronic bronchitis,
also in asthma: —
B Ctposoti.
Ethyl lodidi,
Tcrcbcnis sa 4\ r.em. or t^.
M. Sig.: For inhtiliitioii. Tm to twcntj: drop* in an inhaler vrhCft bmMMIJ;'
n CT*OBOti,
l^ipfllyptolis,
Tt^beniH ail 4| ccm. or f3J.
M. Sig.: For inlmlation. Ten to twenty d^cp^ >■ newsiary.
csEoeonm.
AlMtMlb
^^ M. Stg.: For IshahUon.
Ton to twMilj- drop*.
•n 4) c.cm. or tS\.
Koch'a method of treating (mjpclas coiui^U in npplving the following*
leot, spread evenly with a camel 'e-bair pencil, m a thin layer over the
«d pert: —
B CrwoMtl TVl rrtollal 4! ccm. or (SJ.
Indofomii 4. I6S Om. or 3iv.
LaiMiLiiil 3it|8 Gm. or Sx.
H AftM- apfilfiiig tti* oinUncnt u iliT«ctcd, cover Uie »urface with a thin sliMt
rf fatto-pFTclik or mbbcr doth.
Dr. Soupault recommonde the admint^tration of creosote in full doseai
' dtar trachcototi)}' in diphtheria and alto tho application exlcrnslly over th«
Esb» of a l-to-30 solution in alcohol and glycerin. Dttjardin-iteaumclz
B-4t' of a patient who was at once tubvrculout; and leprout^, anil in whom
I mctioratioQ was produced by hypodermic injectionB of creo§ote. The
iL^^iixtic ]>atchf« of lepra, which had been utilized in inserting the needle,
almost entirely disappeared. Creosote, in doses of 0.03 c.cm. (or mes.)
□{iward three or four linu-H a day. has becit recommended in the trcat-
1 uf wbooping-TOUgh, and has been employed in the laryngeal and bron-
■naoifcvialious of influenza. Veht-mcyer made use of crennote in a
uf typical leukiemia in a nine-month-old child. The spleen diminished
nioe And the mucous membrane gained some color and, after some
lb«. the blood had become almost normal. The child subsequently died
•f eanTti]ai»ns, but, in view of the general amelioration, it is suggeslei) that
farthrr esperitnent should be made with the drug in the case of adults.
As ereoeutc contain* from 60 to 90 per cent, of Ouaiacol, Sahti has
tiiat the latter body should be employed instead of creosote in the
t of phlhi^ii'. (juaiiicol is a colorless liquid, sparingly soluble in
mtmr, but very soluble in ether, alcohol, and fatty oils. It is more agree-
•Ut ui odur and ta»te than creosote, and a Mid to be better borne. It im-
(wiBt thr appetite and digestion and presents or relieves flatulence. It is
fMWbly- eliminated by the l»ng«, exerting a directly local beneficial action.
OsatBcoL] i« tunally giren in single doses of S drops or in daily quantities of
W M 40 drops. It indirectly re^luet-s hectic fever and checks night-sweati.
VWn ^ivcn at an early stage of the disease, the bacilli diminish remark-
' < r and may even entirely disappear. Lahadic-Lagrave has ad-
. ,>rescribed guaiaco! in the form of pearls or capsules. Itourget,
, prescribes it dissolved in' wine or eodliver-oil,
; niti^l experiment in the laboratory, however, has shows that
Wmcry liquid gitaiacol is not a chemically-puro product, but a mixture, in
.,„,„-, .,r..r>.iriions, of guaiaeol, creosote, and cresvlol. The actual proper-
1 present in different samples varied from 10 to 50 per cent.
.jji in composition may explain the untoward results which hare
reil. vberc prostration or collapse followed the application to the
-V in of 1.20 to 3 c.eui. (or gtt.xx-xxx) of guaiaeol. M. Kenaud
. j seen accidents produced with a cubic centimetre of guaiaeol.
ian) iDKvtiic-piti may be produced sufHr-i<:»t for small surgical operations
3»0
pniiiMACiUTicAL xniKAPEinnc agents ob Dacoa.
by injecting 0.045 c.cm. (or »iV.) dissolved in olive-oil (1-20) kypodermil
ally, altliough a much largi-r quoatity might be usei wiUiout danger. Pu
guaiacol has been synthetically prepared, and occurs in the form of colorle
rhomboidal cryetali, almost )iiK)lul)ii> in'walpr. soluble in alcohol, oil, ai
.anhydrous glycerin. Its tasle i.i aoniewhai sweet, but is followed by a pun-
gent and burning aftcr-tsste. MM. Gilbert and Maiiint observed that the
principal effects of poisoninp with pure gtiaiacol were enfeebleiueni and
retardation of (he linrl's action and the breathing. Most of th« SGCrbtions
were augmented, and especially that of the lacrymal ^land. At the momen|
of death, which takes place under coma, the temperature may fell oe k
as 68" F.
Jn tubercular ulceration of the larynx P. Watson Williams advocat
curettcment, followed by the application of a pure guaiacol, and the use '
a 20-pcr-oent. spray.
Liquid guaiacol has been given in enema, and its vapor has been in-
haled. It has alto been introduced into the system by Etibcuteneoiis injection
in the daily dose of 0.50 to 1 c.cm. (or mviii-xv). Professor Peter speaks
favorably of the use of the drug hvpodermicaUy, but adds the caution that
its elTects must be carefully watched, as it is capable of causing htemoptyAts,
pneumonia, acute phthisis, and fat-embolism. Signs of evil import are the
production of a persistent bad taste in the mouth, a dark-colored urine, and
a marked rise or fall of temperature. Injections of guaiacol have yielded
good results in fetid bronchitis, chronic broncliiti*, and bronchial dilatation.
In lupus. Dr. Monou. of Tours, advises the hypodermic injection tvic<
weekly of a solution at guaiacol and thymol in sterilized olivo-oil. The mixt-
ure wnieh he empl-m contains 2 Gm, (or gr. xxx) of thymol in 45 com. (ot
f^ise) each of guaiaeoi and sterilized oil. Of this preparation 1 ccm. (oi
mxv) are at first iiijecl^l and the quantity is gradually increased to 3 c.cm
(or mxlv). ITie injections are followed by considerable local and genera
reaction. After six or seven injections had been given, the nodules geucralli
underwent retrocession and ulcers cicotrized. The treatment may produa
serious svtnptoms, and is scarcely suitable for use when pulmonary or c«^
diac IcKions are present. The injections are painful. A combination ff
guaiacol and aristol was also used, but was abandoned as being more paiafu
than the mixture with thymol.
Ouaiaco! is readily absorbed by the skin, and it has been found tl
a local application hai^ the power of reducing febrile temperature,
remedy is painted upon an area varying in size from 4 to 20 aqiure inche
and prevented from evapornling bv being covered with an impcnncabi
dressing. This method has been made use of in tuberculosis, erji'sipcla/
pneumonia, articular rheumatism, scarlatina, and typhoid fever. The Ft
duction of temperature is accompanied by free perspiration. The quentil
employed was, as a rule, 'i ccm. (or mxxx). Tlie application gave rise i
no depression of the circulation or respiration, albuminuria, or other eT
dence of reual irritation, although it is advised to watch the kidneys. Prtf
J. M. Da Costa believes that the local application of guaiacol is of advai
tage where the cold-bath treatment is impmdieable or where there isi
tendency to inte»tinal htemorrhage. The applications have been made up4
various portions of the integument without any noticeable difference of : '
eult, Tliey occasioned increased diuresis.
CKROsomt.
331
l>n. Fric<]cQwald and Hayden ri?porl^' a scries of scventoen cases in
"i puiiacol wail thus applied. Among the diteSM-i trenleil l>y this mfthiid
pavumoiiin, t^'plioid fever, pulmonary tuberculosis, malanal fever, iu-
Bi. rheumatism, and «rr«ipe[es. A powerful aniipyrottc action voi oV
Mrvad in thc^c ca««s. Dr. Fcn«nd ssseris that the local applicstioii of equal
ptrts at ciuiacol and ;tly«crin i« f«rviceal>le in allaying the pain of aclatica
tuA the »ie6t-p«iiis of tuberculosis. Maldcreeco uses applications of gnoiacol
v thorax pontiTiorly, correiponding to the area of lunj: involved, with
— ^!ilte, in pulmonary tuberculosis. In bronchiectam the employment
iil-TBpor l»iith» liu* produced remarkable improvement, greatly
n<r the quaolity of the greenish expectoiation and causing the
lM.-fwiiie odotlc««, OS in a case reported by G. H. Parry.* Professor
Amlers has Used it hypodermically in sciatica and «upra-orbital ncu*
_ . 'J ■]rop« of gnaiacol being mixed with 10 drovi of chloroform. He has
. it internally with beneht in gastmlRia. The absorption of pleural
._^.'jns it, according to Sigilen, promoted by painting upon the surface
daily for several days a mixture thus composod: —
T>. iodi
,..,,, 3; com. or Mxlv.,
u 18|S ccm. or tSt^-il.
.■n of ^aiacol have be«n found by Balzer and Lacour to be bene-
iiili». n-lieving pnin nml reducing temperature. The drug wuji
undiluted upon the inguinal region, but upon the scrotum it was applied
the furm ot iiii ointment contniiiiug from i to a ccm. (or rnxxx-lxxv) lo
the ounce. Commercial guaiacol is often contaminated with creeylol and
««aol, and for this r<^a*on Vn. A. Gilbert and L. Mnurat prefer the chemic-
•Ify-pure. synthetic guaiacol, which is in white, rhombohedrsi cr>-stals, in-
fltiablt! to water, but M)lub!v in glycerin, alcohol, and oilti. .\lleii MoLnne
bnJton administers guaiacol in insanity, as an inicatinal antiseptic, lo
prtvcnt the formation of toxins, tn cy#lilis Ihcuscof a 20-pt'r-oi-nt. solution
*t |rnaiac4il. in sweet oil (0.06 to 0.12 ccm., or mi-ij, being injected daily),
iiadvticati-d by Cohn as being more of a lonil ana-«thetic than uure guaiacol.
Dr. S- Solis-Cohen believes that the application of guaiacol to the throat
kaa ■ prophylactic power against diphtheria. lit- employs a mixture of 10
puts of ^taiacol, 1 pari of menthol, and 10 parts of olive-oil.
Profeasor Schiieller administers guaiacol stirred into some salt water,
■lit, ■ '. or. for adultn, in a glass of wine, preferring thi« nivthod lo the
aiiibi .' pills or capsules. In many instances he gives it by inhalation,
«Blfc aquc^iuti solmioR.'i (a lo 3000 or 5 to 5OD0) being employed. He has
<Ata{n«^ fooil ri.-«ults from guaiacol, not only in pulmonary tuberculosis.
- 1 -. hip-joint, and Pott's di«eft»c.
M. I'l^Dt has met «rith very encouraging results from the hypodermic
■ tan of a mixture of guaiacol and iodoform. As an cxcipient he em-
-•.-rilixed olivc-oil and vaselin. each ccm. (or mxv) of the base con-
! cff. (or gr. •/,) of iodoform and 5 eg. (or m*/^) of guaiacol. This
.on ie modified by 31. Pignol, who adds 14 eg. (or gr. ii Vi) of
J to each ccm. and omits the vaselin from the base. Dr. R. Rob*
•jr#w rar»: Ueiinl Jounutl. April U, 1S94.
■ rS« l^-<^, Julj n. 16W.
I'lUBMACcmciL TUEBAPKCTIC jLGBKTS OR DBroS.
ertEon approves of this method of trentnient in empyema, provided that i
drainage is mnintoint-d. Dr. Willinm il. Gregg recommcndi; Ihefldniinist
tion of ^;tifliacol in the form of an enema.
Dr. CIcmcnK has obecrvcd improvement in diabetes mcllitus from th
wee of 1.20 to '^ p. cm. (or mx.\-xxx)<if jfiiniflonl ihrin' riailv, siwiii'inleil in mil;
or oodlivfr-oii. Tht- polyuria wa- miiri«-(!ly rt-t^i rained, tlic pc-ncral conditii'n
uaA improvi-d, and, aftf^r four wcfk.'t of trrntnu-nl, t)i<> ]i»li<-nt.'< cotiid parlake
ol eomt' saccharine foods without increasing' the glycosuria,
GuainGol Carbonate. — Tliis substance U n fine, crystalline powder, d
void of tnEtL' or »mcll, insoluble in water, slightly soluhlc in cold alcoho!
Eoluble in hot altohol, ether, and fhliirnfiirni; slightly noluhlc in giyceri
and fatty oils, tho avurape dose in which this compound is given being 0.
Gin. (or gr. x), which may be gradually in('rrn.''cd to 2 to 6 Gui. (or gr. x.tx-xc)
per day. It has been used by Seiferi and Koelescher in a number of casei
of tuberculosis. These authors utttXir that it cnuseti no irritation of the gas-
tro-iiitcstinsl mucous membrane, that it passes through the stomach un-
changed, and i» decompoaed in the intestine into guaincol and carbonic-acid
gas. According to de Gram and Ca^aretti, this decomposition may laki
place in the ttomach in the prceencc of fermfntntiim. Scifert and Koeleschei
vitnossed improvement as regards cough, appetite, and nutrition in const
Suenceof itsempinyiiH-nl. They DdmiiiisterM fi Gm. (or3i*9) o( the drug i
iridcd doses during the twemy-four hours, tiuaiacol carbonate has al
been given with advanlagf in typbuid fever by Dr. V. Tlolscher, who
marked that it produced a moistening of the tongue and an improvemo
in tlic chnracttT of the stool». Tht remedy had a fnvoiable influonco iipo:
the bronchitis which accompanied the fever, disinfected Ibe bowel, and gc
erally prevented extreme prostration and severe oerehra! avmptoras. Hi
gave the drug in the dose of 1 Gm. lor gr. xv) night and morning.
This compound is not a direct aniipyrelic, but, when given in combina-
tion with acetanilid, the induencc upon the temperature is marked. Dr. F.
C. Simpson, of Louisville, reporls exi^elient reAuHa from Ibe emplojTuenl
of guaiacol carbonate in intestinal troubles due to neurasthenia.
Guaiacol Fhosphite. — T\m U a definite chemical combination, first p!
pared by JI. ISallard. and which promises to prove of therapeutical cllicacy.
It i* a white, crystalline powder, of a warm laste, but not caustic, llie com-
pound is very soluble in alcohol, ethc^r. water, chloroform, and fatty oils;
iliglilly soluble in tur|>entinc and glvcerin. li contain^. 93.2.'i per oent. of
guaiacol and 7.75 per tent, of pbusplionis. Daily doses of 4 to 6 Gm. (o||
3i-is«) were given lo du;^ without evil con-ieijiiences; but 15.5 Gm. (orisa
caused coma and death a few hours after administration. From 10 to IS Gm
{or 5ii*^-iij) for a man seemed lo be a maximum saft- dose.
Benzoyl-i^aiacol, or Benzoaol, is a crystalline powder, destitute of odoi
or la^ite, insoluhle in water; sohilile in ether, chloroform, and hot alcohol
It is a compound of bcn:coio acid uud gimiacol. It is split up in the bowe
into il» couiitituenls. It ia well home even in large doses. It diminishei
"cough, expectoration, and rille*; but has no effect upon the bacilli. Bcnjoyl-
guaincol may be prc-eribed in the dose of 0.33 Gm. (or gr. iv) three tini«s i
day, or daily doses of 1 to 5 Gm. (or gr. sv-lxxv). Bcuzoyl-guaiacol, knom
also «K l)en:co»ol, may be given with chocolate and sugar. According to llv
clinical experiments of Professor Ruramo, corroborated by those of de Grazi
F.
ClirMOTl'Jf.
'ftMr«t(I, favazoyl-guaucol is the tnnst efficient suectttaneum ot creoiote
is col.
Other salts or compDunds of ^uniacol have been prepared, as guaincol
imflto (cinnnmyl-gMAiac'ol. ur styracol), gutiocol salicylate (giioiacol sulol,
c*l-Ruaiacol), etc.
Gnkucol-di-iodide. — Tlti< compound it ol>tAine<l from sodium-guaincol
by the ociton of iodine and poUs^iiiui iodide. It is a reddi»h-brown salt and
ID odor t<imilnr to tliiil of iodine. If is HoUibIc in alcohol and fatty
but rapidly decomposes, (inaiacol-di-iodide is given in the same doses
ud f<-ir t)i^- $sni(- piir{>i)»<-g at guniacol.
Oamiacol Salicylate. — This salt occurs in the form of white crystals,
ts*t frttm odor, Golublc in alcohol, insoluble in water, Ita dose and thcra*
iciil applicntions are the same as,those of salol.
Creosote Carbonate, or creiMotal, i^ nu umlier-oolored^ clear, neutral, oily
id. of a sweetish taste, without odor. This compound eontaine SO per
it. of trt'oiKftr. At oniinnry U-mperntures it is viscid, but i« easily li<iu*-
bjr moderflte heut. it is not irritating to mucous membranes and is
to Ih- much less toxic than creosote, Creowte carbonate is inMiuble
it»*r. jirlycerin, and weak alcnhol. Il is soluble in all proportions in !*5
ot. alcohol, in ether, chloroform, and soluble in 'I or 5 parts of cod-
cr-otl or oUre-oil. In the l>owel it is separated into creosote and csrhonic
id. It IB said to improve the appetite and efTcct a gain in weight and
^h. Crfoeote carbonate is given to children in daily doses of 1 c.cm, (or
,1V). lucrroiinp to *l c.cm. (or f3i«s): to adults in daily dofcs of 1 i'.oin. (or
ij). imrvJiMiig to 15 c.cm. (or f^s-i) in divided doses. It can be administered
ipstilt's. (!i»i!olv('d in i^MUiver-oil, or iiiiido into an i>nuil^ion with llie yolk
rirg, diluted with water, sweetened, and flavored. Prof, von Leyden'
Rports a specilie action of orc<i:")lul in phthisis, and casca ore reported shim-
iag complete tolerance of the remedy by the digestive organs and great im-
pruTrment in the local sjTDptoms and general health. After six to eight
Bu>oth9* treatment, in some cases, all the evidence of pulmonary disease dis-
appeared. Dujanlin-Bvaumetx also reported very favorably upon this drug,
Ii has tlir txeeptional advantage of Iwing a remedy of a price within the
rrach of the poor. The dose is 0.31) c.eni. (or niv) three times daily, increas-
Of tlic ^^•■'*K of 0.18 c.cm. (or niiijl. until !.*•'■ c.cm. (nr mx.tv) are liiken iit a
iame. Wlien marked improvement has taken place the remedy can be grad-
ually rediico<l lo O.GO ccnj. (or wix) three times n day. After a few weeks
^^^ aKOfn<ling scale can W apiin begun.
^^^ Creosote Calcium Hydrochlorophosphate.— Under this cumbrous desig-
^^■■fa^^ mixture of creosote cariioaate and dry calcium hydrochlorophos-
^^^^Hhi been ui«cd in phthisis and scrofula. The mi.xtnre is a white, syrupy
^^^^^nd i* administereil in emulsion in the doM of 0.03 to 0.12 c-Cm. (or
^mf'ijt twice a day.
Oleocreosote. — An oleic ether of creosote, obtained by the interaction
•f ^rit.- u' i'l and creosote, is prcfcrre*! by some authorities as being tolerated
b tarter do^es than a simple mixture of creosote and oil.
Il is of a yellowish color and oily voneietence, and contains 33 per eent,
1^ atoaotei is insoluble in water, slightly eoluble in olcohol; but di»so]vi-i
rH« AnnUa." BtrUo, 1897.
pnAnUACBtTICAL mEBAPBimC A0SNT8 OB DRCOS.
in «ther, chloroform, and fatty oils. Oleocreosote is comperatively devoM
of cniLstic pTopertin asd it n-Hl borne by Ihc etomnch.
Dnotml (von llcydi'ii) is yo.5 per cent, of pure guaincol chemioilly
combined niih carbonic ncid. It is u white, cryHltillini*, odorlcs*. and Ih^Iin
lets powder, iiiioUible in both hot and cold water. It may be given in doH^
amounting to -1 or S Gm, (or gr, Ix-lxxr) dnily. tnki-n once after diiiinT. It
is used for phthisis and other diseases for which Riiaiacol is employed.
Styraool in prepared by Keuiiiij; logetliiT K^iniacol and cinnnmyl chlo-
ride and occurs in the form of crystalline needles, without color and prac-
tically insoluble in water. Styracol luu been ti^ed iii> un inl>'f1inal autiGcptic
Bnd in gonorrhifa, chronic cystitis, and pulmonary tuberculosis. As a local
Buplication it hat be«n omployei) to promote the healing of wounds and
ulcers.
CRESOL AND PHENOL COMPOUNDS.
Tricresol. — Cnuli; airbniie arid eoiiwiKt? Ittrgel;? of erowik These com
ponntU art- ins<ilnlile in water on account of the admixture of other hydi
mrbon!*. When sepiiniU-d from the latter the creKol* jiresent lhi'ni>ielvet^
the form of a dear fluid of a plea«int odor. This li4nid has been ai
priatcly termed tricresol, m it i* « conibinalion of tbn-e isomeric mod
tionK: orlho-, meta-, and puni-cre><ol. It ii^ dillicult to fepiimte Ihix' bodt<
from caeli other on account of the close proximity of their boiling-poinUl
Tricresol is sliphtly soluble in water; its specific sravily at CS" F. varies
lietwecn i.dl'i and 1.0-ID, and \i* boil in;;- point i» betwcHi .Ifi.'i" and 401* F.
frofesBor Chartcris found that modfratcly toxic dosce produced in guinea-
[tipsconvuL»ioii!.or Ihe hiiid-leio*. foilowed by jftinerai KjiSdm from which Ihc
animal recovered in le^is than nti hour. I*art;e dose* immediately gave rise to
severe convulsions involving the whole body. A lethal dose for the guinea-
pig appeiiix-d to lie from i>A.i to (l.-W o.em. ("r mvii-viij). ItacicriologienI
e.xperinicnts demonstrated that tricresol has nearly three times more gemii-
eidal power than pnre rarbolie acid. .\ l-per-eenl, aiiueou^ ^olurion of
tricresol has been found an ctticient cleansing application to wounds and an
excellent fluid for the diKinfeetion of instruments.
Dr. Robert Lee calls attention to the fact that tricresol, when mix*
with water in definite proportion, will, like carbolic acid, yield, on boilin;
a vapor of definite and constanl slrenglh. By virtue of this property thf
fluid may be beneficially administered hy inhalation in manv di-^ea^ell eon-'
ditions of the upper air-pa>i*nges. Dr. Granville Macgowan' has found this
ag«nt to have e.*pecial value in treating alopecia areata, one or two applien-
lions being eiiJlicient for a cure. If is also a vtiluabb' remedy for ihe
tn-alim-tit fif ring-worm, pityriasis, and other parasitic affections. Tricresol
has been used as an internal remedy by Dr. H. KiiWh, who reported excel-
lent results from its use in twelve cases of typhoid fever. These were treated
by tricrewl exclusively. Alleviation of Ihe malady was marked. No com-
plii-ntiiins or relapse* occurred, and convalescence was rapid. In sii of ihe
cases in ^ihich tricresol was emplnyed frnm the earliest days the course
tlie disease is .*aid to have been shortened.'
Creosol. — This is a compound of creosote and taunic acid, ft bcowi
' Joiinwl of furoiicotin iinil Scrrouit l>liie<i»ef. Slav. 1899.
> JfrJIc-rl BuUrlin, Nov., 18tP4. p. 420.
C1IK80L AND PHincOI, COMPOrNM.
335
lie powder: poluUe in water, sk'ohol. aa<! glycerin; iiuoltiblc in
'an n&triii^iit Hitd nnii^plio. It liati been given in dailv duAes of
(or ^r. xlv > uik) is reported as of Kcrv'ice in lar^nptis And bronchitis.
CtmoI Saponate. — By iTieliini.' jmre nofl ^oap in u dish on a sleam-
hith md mi^kiti^r it with an etjital qiinntity of clesr, crtido carbolic ucid,
itKline till- tiotitliiin imlil it reiuainii clear upon cooling, n wine-colored
Mpdd IS proditc<-d. CieiK>l i^aponote has n specific gravity of 1.060, it of
antnl rt-ai-tidn. and soluble in nil propnrtioQA in water, alcohol, or gljcerin.
TTlf liqiiii] i- powr^t^cd of uwfiil antiM-ptie prupLrties.
Sodinm Faracretotate. — I'aracresotic acid is obtained by combining ca:
.lutii Kith panicretrul in the pr<-M*nce of Godiuin. It occuni aa while^
nl, ai-icular cr>'i«tala: soluble in hot naier. ether, alcohol, and cliloro-
t.^tai. Sodium ]MinuT4<solnte i* a fine cryttniliiu' powder; of a bitter, but
art tmpleaaant, taete: moderately soluble in water. In u-arm-blooded ani<'
nah the mU rt-tartl# (ho respiratory mnvcmentti and reduces blood-prcMun
(I [iiMi III II antipyretic and antiseptic rirtuee. It has been f^ven intemaU;
Jt rh^umalt^m. typhoid feTi-r, and the ^at>tri>-intei<tinat vJitarrb of iiursin^
At»atr. Thiii ^ub^lance checks diarrhtea and acts a^ an intestinal diaiii'
iwUBt. The niaxinitini dovcK of ^Klium pura('re«otate for o child two years
^ aicv ia O.AO Urn. iar. yimi daily; for a child 4 yeare of af;e, 1 Gm. (or
p. xr); and for one 10 year* of age 3 Gm. (or m. siv). Beneficial rwitlts
^TK alan t>een reported from the ueo of thi£ soda salt in the treatment of
CBtarrhnl pneumonia.
KrcaiB- — This compound contains 2S per cent, of cresol dissolvetl by
MMS* of all <.H|iuil quantity of sodium creso.wlnct^tale.. Kretiin in a brown
^lmL with an odor like that of creral, oiul ^mt^ » clear ncutrnl eolulinn
m waller. It i" »«id to lie less poisonous and kse irrilani than carbolic acid,
: ccm, (fr fo66) being given inteninlly to a ralibit withoul deleterious
(■vttlu. It doe* not render the hande or instruments slippery, nor doea it
aon^e metals. From '/»- to l-pcr-eent, »nlutionv are eliicicnt for diiiin*
lottant pnrpo»ea in surgen.-. Kreein is likewise very useful in the dia-
KtMlion of room*, diiKhargcs, watern^loeets, and waste-pipes. A 5- nnd
. :<t. kresin map has been prepared and is adapted to use in various
^kia di»a«e.
rphenol. — ^This name is given to a liquid obtained by the action
■-jijffln npon cflrbnlic acid. Ii i" a mixtun- nf chlorphenols and is
.^, voiat ile fluid of plea^nt odor. Chlorphenol is regarded by Paaserini
■ -!n<r in the trt-alnunt of iiulmonary lubercnlot^iji, chronic bronchiti*,
■ rbcpa and gansrcne of ihe lunp. oKcna. and laryngitis. It is admin-
: inhalation, the daily dow- luing from 1.20 to 2 c.cni. (or iiixx<xxx).
Nol ha* been used as a local upplicatioit to ulcers, especially those
;-j r ■ , :i iilar dcfKwit-
Sh Tirol - a misitire of crnde en-sols, containing pyridin bases, and used
■^ J,, " ■ I'll piir]ni»eti.
parat hlorphenol is a solid stibstflnee. scarcely soluble in water, hut
RsdilT iolut>lf' HI nlcohol. It posaeeses decided antiseptic properties. In the
tnaiincnt of !(tr\-ng«-al luberruloais the afTwtcd surface is first painted with
a «««k $otnti('ii< The strength of the solution may be gradually increased
- - . nt. After an application there is a i^li^ht burning sensation.
r. M>on di^Appears. and gives place to an anie^thetia which con-
Inr jri. veral hour*. Parachloq^henot is also an advantageous applica-
3SS
Pn.VBMACEtmCAL THKItAPKCTIC ACEXTS OR VRCOS.
tiou to (.'oliirgud toiisiU. It is u«efiil, moreover, in disiiifectmg tubcrcu
spuluni. I*ariii:hlor|)hi-iKil is Mk^nUi- of Mrrvioe in otitU mi-dia, support^
of till- niuxitlurii' eiiiuis and hypLTtrophy of the touEilfi. This s^sl
applied ill the form of a solution, si first weak and suhnequentlv more i
colli rali.'d, until it might he employed in the stri-iiplh of 50 pi^r c«nt.
Bromphenol.— This is a fluid of analogous composition to chlorp'
bruniitR' liikiug the pliicc at dilorini.-. Bromphenol is hkvwisv a rautu
of a purple color, and has less of tlie carbolic-acid odor than chla
Bolli tliesc »uhsluiiucs are fri'oly mi*cihle with water, alcohol, and']
fluids. Both have given excellent results in (he treatment of >
luporU'd Ijy Dr. I, Tchourilow, of St. PetorKburg. The rcmiidiet
in the fonu of s 2-per-cent. ointment.
Ateptol. — Suxdlie acid, or orthopheiiok id phonic acid, U obtained fcf J
eolviug carbolic acid in oonceutrated sulphuric acid. Sozolic add isj
amber-yellow or redd rub fluid, readily soluble in water, alcohol, and gin
of a caustic taste, and a faint odor of carbolic acid. A solution cent
from 30 to 3S per cent, of ».o*olic ncid i« commercially known as^
Tliis i* 3 straw-colored and slightly caustic fluid,
Diaptberin. — A (Combination of aseptol and oxyquinolin is
diaphtherin, and occurs in the form of a bright-ycUow powder, freely wW
in water and diluted alcohol. As a bactericide it is thought to be suptii<
to carbolic acid and lysol. Diaphthenu is said to be devoid of acttrt uX
property. From '/,- to S*per-cent. solutiou* have been advantageously i
as a dressing for wounds, biinis. ami ulcers for the purpose- of
hollow cavities and as a local application in diseases of the na
niembiiine. .\ solution of diapbilierin ibH-vnotitnin the hand*, but
steel insiruments. The discoloration, however, can be easily reraoved.
hody hu» likewi>e been ui^ed with niiod e(Tecl. in inllammalory condition!*
the exterual and middle ear and in eczema of the car and nose. In fOttt
a 1-pcr-cent. solution was employed.
Diaplitol. — An analogous chemical compound (oTthoquinolin'
sulphonic acid) is termed diaphtol, and thoueh not an eneifcetic an ,
under ita onTi form, is etticient when transformed into a diaphtollte
being dissolved in un ulbiline solution. Diajditohite of mdiiim if acl
yellow fluid, veri' destructive to micro-organisms. Diaphfol is but
toxic, docK not give rise to gastric or iute.stinni irrilatiun, and teetas
adapted to act as a disinfectant to the digestive and geni to-urinary in
Diaj)bti>l is elitniiitiled unihinigcd by thi' ki'lufvs. Trine in which i
present rarely undergoes umin<niiaeHl fermentation, and may be kept
several days without the slightest alteration.
Steretol. — This name has been given by Dr. Berlioz, of Grenoblti
an antiseptic varnish of which the formula is as follows: — -
B Pulv. arnria
ttnluiin. TolulHii '. aa 10!
.Acid, mrliolic. cryst. 1011
I'jui. ciiinninoni ,,,,,.. 0
Snivhiirin 6,]
Alcohol q, a. ad 040]
2IH{ Gm. or JviiU*.
Gm. or Sijn.
Gm. or |mV» :
can. or Oim.
Gm. or Sim.
c.cm. or Otjj— IL
Sieiesol adheres like a vuniiKli In the skin and mucous membrane. If
has been lucd with advantage in diphtheria and tulierculont uWr^ofl
eSBSOL AND PEtKKOL COHVOfNTlS.
337
juI tongue. The apfilieatioo )iro<liioe!i no pniti, ttie lnyi>r remains in
for Hvenil knure. und it is ctatcd that thi; carbolic acid Aovs not
evaparele from the compound until after an exposure of twenty-
, — The mane lolysal has been given to a suliatance, which in
iiupoiiition lit the iiiilicvliiti- of toiyinrln, the liiiter lieiug a lalely-
«yiilhctioul compound aualo;;{ou$ to antipyrin. Tolysal occurs
^Otm of small, ninmi't cf>lorlc>iii i.rvi'IalK, of somewhat liittpr taslc,
rEolable in water, soluble with difficulty in ether, easily soluble in
and acetic ether. In dose^ of 1 Gui. (or gr. xv) every two hours
IS no cumulutive effcc-t; it has a favorable influence upon sleep, and
to no unpleasant after-efTetits.
yt*l is of mnrkod efficacy in acute articular rheumatism, as well n»
"e forms of the disease, and in muscular rheumatism. Ii has rro-
fanprovoint'Ut in rebellious cm^os which had rcmaiucd uiiiutluMicetl by
ic acid as ordinarily administered. Tolysal has also an analgesic effect
loTed useful in the treatment of rheumatic ncunilgia. In articular
ptiem it has been adminiEtered in daily doses (jf 3 to 6 Gm. (or gr.
I As an anodyne the dow is 1 to 3 Gm, (or gr. xv-xlv) and in rheu-
htnralgia from 1 to 2 Gm, (or gr. xv-ssx) during the same period.
f exerts a decided antipyretic action in both coulinued and remittent
It i$ al»o useful in iimucnza.
btitpasmin. — A substance upon which thi« name has been hestowod
k of oDe molecule of narccinc sodium and three molecules of sodium
He. Antispasmin is a white powder, sliglitly hygroscopic, readily
I in vatvr, of an alkaline reaction, and contains about SO per cent, of
prceine. This compound was found iM-r\'iceable by the late Profei^sor
in ntlicving various spanmodic atfcction!-. and was recommended as
ipted for use among children. It was emidoyed with advantngt- in
and other forms of nervous oou^h. Tliv dose is from 0.01)0 to
_ . <or gr. V„-iBs).
llaktoL — Thi* name has been unwisely chosen, since it bears too close
' lanco to Ihot previously given to a different compound, salacetol.
it a combination of sodium salicylate, stidium Inclatc, and hydrogen
It is reported to be an excellent application in diphtheria, being
open the throat everj' two or three hours, and given internally
ponnful do<<.-s at th« same intervals. Salaklol is also utilized as a
and hr inhalation.
BUlyl. — A (-oni)iound nlitiiiiiid by the action of 25 parts of boric ocid
f«rt« of sodium salicylate in the presence of a small quantity of dii^
Water is calliil bot^alyl, and is proposed as a useful antiseptic for
U application.
di^Iamid. — ^This is a yellow crvstnllinc substance, without odor or
Bid soluble in hot water. It it said to bo dficient in smaller doses and
ma more analgesic power than ealieylie acid.
Btinrmai salicylic mid may be onntnmimited by the presence of pura-
iiQo- cresotic acids, which have remained in the itrocew of mann-
f. Both thes*- suhstanci's an' I')xie. ProfcKior Chnrlcri*. of Glasgow,
panlvsis and death to be caused in rabbits by doses of 0.30 Um. {or
lo( the former per pound of the hody-wcighf. Orthoorwolic acid
'itusamcsympluini'aud was fatal to the rabbit in the dose of 0,065
PHABMACEtrnCAL THE8AP8CTIC AOEKTa OH DBC08.
CiTB. (or gy. j) pur puimd wi^lit. Tho creH>ttlL> of sodium lisi- Im-ii or
Eloyed therapeuticsltv as an antipyretic in doses of iJ to S Urn. (or .>i6s-ijj
icmme woU it tn nctitc rheumuti»in, cntmrhul pncuniotiin. and typhoid trvf'
BuoDg children, oiid in the gafiiro-iiitcslinal catarrh of niirsinf; women,
rheumatism it n clniiotd to be belter bui-ne than iaiicyjic acid.
CROCUS (Ij. S. p., B. p.}.— Saffron.
Dose, 0.65 to 1.30 Gm. (or gr. x-xx).
Preparation.
THnctur* Oocl (U. S. P., B, P.).— Tinnurc o( Snflroa (10 pw cent.; R P., a
etnt). Dose, 0.30 to 1 ccm. (or mv-xr),
Pharmacology,— Tiu- sti^'uias of Crocus sativii* (Iridon-) are officinl un-
der the title of Crocus. "The dried 8ti^as and tops of the atyJea of Crocua
eativui^" (K. P.). Thi-y arc ohtflined from cultjvak'd plants in the eoutb of
Europe. Spanish snffron has a strong, peculiar odor; an aromatic, bitter
ta«tc; and imparts u yellow hue to the »uliva when chewed. So-called Amer-
ican eaffron is a different plant, the Carthamus tinctorius, or safflower, of
vhich the flow«r8 ar« used. SnITron of good ijuulity, however, is cultivated in
Pennsylvania,
Therapy. — Saffron is idiglitly aromatic and feehly anodyne and anti-
spasmodic, A hoi infusion called saffron-tea is made from the safflnwer,
and not from sallron; it i* usod in domestic practice to hring out the erup-
tion in mensles and scarlet fever and as a diaphoretic. In Europe the tincture
of nlfroD iit employed a» an cmmcnagogue and given in flatulent dyspepsia
and colic. Externally it has been UHed iii bruises, rheumatic and neuralgic
pains, and in the form of ointment to hicmorrhoidgi. In this country' it»
only use, as a rule, is that of a eoloriii<; agent.
CUBEBA (V. S. P.).— Cubeb.
CUBEBiE FBUCTUS (B. P.).— Cnbebs.
Lose, y to 4 Gm. (or oss-j) of the recently-powdered drug.
J
Prsparations.
Extnctum Cubrb*! Fluidiim (U.S. P.).— Huid Exlmct of Cubpb, Done, 0.80 Ic
* can. (or mx-mtjc).
OleoTMinit CulwbM tU. S.P.).— 01t!ore«in oi Cubeb. Dom, 0.30 to 2 ccm. (oi
fflr-xxx).
Trochi*cl CiibobiE (U.S. P.).— Trochts of Ciibeb (0.03 ccm., or nm», olporfjbt.
Oleum Cubvbie (U.S.P.. B.P.J.— Oil oi Cubeb. Dose, 0,30 to 1.20 com. (w
mv-xx).
Tiuctura Qibebe [U.S. P., B. P.).— Tincture of Cubeb (20 per wnt).
2 to 4 c.cni. (vr f3iwj|.
Phtrmacolog?. — ^Tht- unri])e fruit, nf Piper Cuheba (Piperacew). a pini
cultivnti-d ill Java, coniains a volatile oil and an acrid resin; the latter com;
posed of Cubebin, n tnst^iess. insoluhh-, neiitrtil substance, and Cnbebic Acid
with fat, gum, el(\ Cubebene. a camphoraceous substance, can be w-[nir«te(
from the volatile oil, luaving Cubeben, u liquid oil, behind. The mediciua
activity of tho drug oonsistii principally in the volatile oil and cubebic acid
which are both present in tho olcoresiii. j
Phyaioloffical Action. — The effects of cubeb arc those of nn oromatfi
CL'BBBA.
339
luUnl to the ftomnoli. improving the (iig«!-tion in Fmalliunniid in-
I lilp. ijerangiiia (li;;e«tioti in lar};<T doetn nnd Hi.ting at tn irri-
incn-asf* tin' (tTt-f aud frctjiii'iicv of tht- ht-iiri's nction, etiiitu-
iital organs, and promotes raenstriiatifm. It in elimiiiau-d \>y
^'jwciitly coufiug un urticariiil or vcsiciitor t-ruptioii). Cubeb
rif« jtrodticv, «9p«ciallv in young sulijeeta, a bright-ied rnsh, whic-Ii
in the ooun^c of » few duyi; after diHcoutiniuiiico of the drug ond
kich umy tie followed bj Uno dcflfjuamaiion. It is alao removed from tlie
by the bronchial mucoite mL-mbruno (Acting as nn expectorant and
jitifl. but chiefly by the kidney^ (increasing the ijuanlity of urine and
5*- the urinary pnwuge*). The addition of nitric acid to the nrinp
■ i diking cnbeb produces a precipilate which bear? a resembbnce
tluit of alliumin.
Therapy. — The powder of cubeb is considered a good application in
:. chronic na<al catarrh, and follicular pharyngitis. In hay fever,
_? aot invri-a«c the Irritation, it may be useful. In asthma, or sen-
hypvrtmphiea in the nose, cubeb cigarettes are smoked with relief.
U nl'o snntetiines given internally in caaes of chronic bronchitis to-
intrtl by free secretion.
ibL'b is principally u.'»e<l in blennorrhoea, cystitis, and purulent nfTei''
nf the genito-urinary tract. In gonorrha-a it may be given in all
of thv disease, acting best in the acute stage. Some patient*, how-
app<'ar to be rery susceptible to the effect of this drug, small doses
' f digwetite di»tiirb«nce, Irritability of the bladder, and bloody urine.
turv of cubeb and alum is an clKcacioiif, though nauseous, remedy in
ic gonorrlnua. It may be thus prescribed: —
B Pulv. alDiniob .,...•......<.■.......■. 41 Cm. or 3j.
TtncU rtib«b«e I2C| c.cm. or (jiv.
M, S^. : A tMipounftil t-my (our lioun.
By a combination of cubeb and copallm the effect of each agent in gonor-
is increased: —
, OlMirrrim* cubelue,
Conub*
Pulv. Modu atbi.,
|»alr. aariir m IBS
AqoK mrathw jiiperto <|. S. ail ISOJ
IC. Sig.i TcMpocmrul three lime* a dajr.
u 41 cciiL or (SJ.
Gm. or S«.
c^iii, or fjir.
Also xee formuts under Copaiba.)
ionnl irritability of tin- i>liidder, so common in women, ie often
&rT«d by cubeb. Cubeb is sometimes of service, also, in noeturna! incon-
of urine. In chronic catarrh of Ihc loner bowel and in the Inter-
fxrarual [trriods of pseiidomembranous enteritis cubeb is likewise adran-
By aom* wfiteis it M esteemed of value in the treatment of 1mm-
«
Tht
Irept'paia may receive benefit from the temporarv employment
; nf cubeb. which are of senrice also in bronchorrhcea.
- nf cubeb may be n««d in the trt^tment of tore throat and
I two lo five daily being allowed to slowly diBSolve in the
S40 PUARMACZt'TtCJU. tnCRAPBl'TIC AOKNTS OB pBCOS.
CUPHUM,— Copper.
Pnparatiom.
Cupri SulplutB lU. 8. P., B. P.|. — C'upiwr !>ul|>hat<^. Done, &• kii a*irlii](«ut,
to &.I3 Gm. (or gr. V.-ijM ■» nn rmcltc. U.H tn (l.iiA (tin. (or gr. v-x).
Ciijiri AmUk. — Co[)per Anlale. Uuse, O.DOO Cm. <ut gr. */»)■
Cupmin AmmonintUm.— Ammonlalrd (.'op[H-r. Da<c, 0,01 to O.MS Gm. for
VfJK
Capri Arjienis.^Cupppr Arernitc. Dow. i),{»01B to il.oflS Gm. lor gr. '/f.'jl-
Cttpnim Aluminntiim.—AI tun Inn toil 0>t<|irr. I.«)iiii Divliiim, EKlM-niil uk«.
C«ralain Capri AottAtiH.^Cpiutc ol Copptrr Acelalc, iMvll tu|^-th«r yellow wax,
50 paria; Uurffundy piUih. 25 pAtta: Eurujii'un turpenliiW', IS p«rti: ftrniii. incoj-
potnte lliornughly nnely-povrdcrcd Hoolutr of copper, S pnrt«; pour tTiI« ini>liU. to
(onn cakvB of about 1 centinietre thicknoM). Orcm ceraw, for corn*, warta, etc.
Pliansaoology. — CniipiT lim- lint one olTicial rait — the sulphate — which
ifl an irrit.-itiiig potnon, althuiiKli Ihe mclnl in inort, because iucoluklv. Coi)-
jKT was furmerly used vtry miicii in inakiDg cooking utensils for famiiv
use, hut it wax found that, UDliiHs kept very nrighl and dean, they would
give lise to poisoning by the formntiou of verdigris, a basic copper acetate.
Copper ia sometimes added to pickleii to make thetu of a brighter ffreca
color, a fraud which can be detected by placing a blade of a knife, or polished
piece of steel, in the liquor; if it contain copper, there will be a deport of
metallic copper upon the iron in the course of a few minutes. It is held that
the very iuinlt amount of cupper that would be introduced into the syftlem
by eating such a pickle would be only a mirc fraction of a grain, and not
enoush to cause symptoms. A far more dangeraud source of poieonine is
found in the wall-paper pigments containing copper arsenitc, wnich is very
poiBonous. It is not only the green colors that are dangerous, but all vivid
colors, such as scarlet, crimson, or lake. It is ei^pecinllv velvet or cmbuiiscd
papers that are likely to be loaded with pigment, and these should never b«
used for n dwelling-house nuless liret tested anil found to be free from
copper or arsenic by the ordinary testa for those poisons. ]
Phytiological Action. — When lorolly applied, copper sulphate is aU
astringent or a caustic, according to the manner of application. Injectec
hypudcrmioally, it causes coma and conviilsion^ in uuts, and death from re-
spiratory failure; in overdose by the stomach it causes fatal gastro-enteritia
Copper in very small proportion exists normally in the blood, and in
doses it exerts a tonic effect upon the organism. This is well shown inl
skin diseases of a dry type, diie to defective nutrition, and in incipil
threatened phthisis. The secretions along the gastro-intestinat tract ai
creased, as snown by the salivation, vDmitin^, and purging. It is a local, am
not a systemic, emetic. Copper is eliminated by the liver, kidneys, salivar;
and intestinal glands. It may remain, like other metals, stored up for t
considerable period within (he liver.
When any of Ihe sails of copper have been swallowed in overdone thet
are nausea, vomiting and retching, purging of blood and mucus, and rapii
depression of bodily powcrt; and iht; lattiT may be the more promiueal
In chronic poisoning, pharyngeal irritation, bronchial catarrh, colic, diaj
rha-a, or dysentery, ttalivalion, aniemia, and eniaciation occur. There ]
BOmetinieA a green line upon the gum*. Jaundice and fatty degeneration ^
atrophy of the liver entwe, and pulmonary congestion or coniwlidation m|
set in. The effects upon the nervous system are seen in headache, defecti
co-ordination, and weakness, with nervous vomiting. Toxic symptoms ;
crranr.
8«
fp«( tlifiii»t-tvi-s very won aftpr the raetallic salt has been tak^u. The chem-
-' tntidot<> la {lotUMiuiii fcrrotryurii<lo fuI!owt-(i by (l(;miiki:nl!!, egge, mlik,
'<.., tnd the stoniiioh ehauld be irrigated with an alkaline golution,
f-irritatioii nppliivl, and anodvnwj:ivi'n, Tlicincompatiblcsof coppepj
- tallic 6iilphiilf6, alkiilicB and alkaline earths, iodides, and vegetable
iOlusiota containing lanniii.
Tfaanpy. — Copper sulphate, in solid stick, is ueeil as a superficial caustic
IT It ulcfrs. fxiihcrnnt granuliitions, and in cyphilitic and other sor
'V uih and throat. It may aUo be lishtly applied in ca^s of graDulatt
' ■ w>ltition (V^ to Vi oi 1 p<:>' cent.) instilled into ihe eye in «ub«cnt«i
' •'vitia; but for this the acetate is preferred. A cr>-sUl of coppetrJ
- likfwim; M-rvicvabtv as an hacmoviatic in checking hteiDorrhagcfij
jr-ni •.tight wounds, leech-biles, or the surface of irritable ulcers. A solu-'
bon of thifi n^lt h employed locallv with lien«fit in order to Mipprcu «x-
onii chronic discharges. In the sirength of from 0.65 to 1.30 Om.
x-xx) to SU ccni. (or f^) of »<-»«truuiii it luuy be thrown into the
ttwmri for the relief of chronic diarrhoea or dysentery. The same method is
bcnrticial in aciitt; dinrrh(ra of severe form. From U.32 to 0.l>5 Gm. (or gr.
*-s) of the ^tilphsie dissolved in 30 c.cm. (or f^j) of glycerin is one of the
ftrjwratinnd which may be recommt'nded for lue in pseudomembranous cn-
tentif. Th«* fltiid ohould l>e injected into the bonel during the interparox-
•:ual pvrttxl fur the purpotte of modifying the condition of tne mucoue mcm-
•txt: A weak. Hitu<.r<iUH M<tution of rnjiper sutjihate i» an e.^cellent stimulant
■■■ chuncn-s and chancroids, and fomts a good injection in leucor-
nitis. and glcc-l.
: ■ r eulphatp. made into the form of a pencil, hae b««n employed i
_ .:,-. ;:-_ainieni of endometritis, introduced within the cervical cana! and
WId m place b; a tampon of iodoform gau»;. Although praised by »om«
«titrr», Koursier asserts that it may give rise lo violent uterine colic, metror-
aifia, a profuse dtedtargv, and vomiting. The application is likewise j
' '-' of eatixiiig a loss of substance of tne mucou.s membrane, and may
wed hy atn-»ia. Pencils or suppositories containing copper sulphate
! be It-ft toil long in position. Dr. Taroier esteems a 5-per-cent. ,
. (.-upper sulphfltc a valuable disinfectant for washing out the uteruf <
nd »»gina after delivery.
'I^u Ealt enten into the composition of injections for goaorrfauca, and .
Mr be advantageously combined as follows: —
B Capri aulph"!!* -■ ]75 Qm. or |^. nj.
Kinci •'ul|ili»(iR,
Itumlii aectatU aa 1155 Gm. or gr. xxiv.
L-raawrbB fl. . .>► 4| p.mb. or fij.
Virii opU . - ■
.\i[>i«f rO"«* - - -
B Cupri •ulpli«ti*
7 5 cvm. or tSi'y
.q. •. ad 180] cent, or Qvj. — H.
33 Om. nr gr. r.
I5l c.cm. or Qu.
ao cxm. or fflj.
79 G«in. or tSiiM.— IL
The oleattT n( copper i« an admimbte astringent, antiseptic, and anti-
fsiKilic pri- paration, especially valuable in the various forma of ttnm
IsdMph yioai a.
»4S
P[IAItUACBi;TICAL>
PBUTIU AQSS
3&.
The sulphate is sometimoe eiTcctive as a local stimulant in an indolei
itnpetij^n, and a weak eolution i* edlcaciou* in uktfrativc Jtonitttili
thnuh. Thirty-one Gm. (or 5j) of the sulphate in a half-litre (or f^^^'j) °f
wntor it a solution which has Ition found vfrj' dricucious in the trtatmcnt oE
scabtea. Other cutaneotia afTeotionA— as psoriasis, chronic eczema, sycoais,
ffivug, aene, hyperidroeis. and bromidrosis — ore araclioratt'd by the topical
application of copper sulphate or acetate in the form of an ointment or a
lotion, or the uleate made into a 10- or SO-pcr-ccnt. ointment. A frar^Ic con-
taining 5 grains of copper sulphate to the ounfi> of water do» good in le-
lancd sore throat. The sulphate, or othcrr salts of copper, raay be cmploj-*
externally in the following formula': —
B Cupri f ulphnti* [32 Gm. or irr. v.
AqiiiB linti mine) lilts itftt 1S0I e.rm. or t%r.
M. For a gargk-, or applf 0»«T tlie lurface tor li)rpcridro»i» or broniid rosin.
B Cupri 4Ul|>hali« ...,,,, |G5 to S| Gm. or et. x v*l tax,
Andi bond 4, Om. or Sj, _
OvoROti , ,, JOO •.■.cm. trr mx. ■
Uiigt. nquic roue .' Sl| Gm. or 3). ^^M
U. U>cful In ■j'catli ntid pfindtic diinLScs of th« skin. ^^H
' In siunmer diarrhopa and cholera infantum copper sulphate is of un-
doubted efficacy, ll is likewise a vaiuahle remedy in the diarrhtea and dys-
entery of adulis. Diarrhoo, whether acute or chronic, will often yield to
copper sulphate It ha« been found of service in restraining tuhorculous
diarrhtra, and has been highly praieed by some writers for its virtue in the
dinrriiffia of lyphoid fever. Couper sulphate has aleo been adminisiLTcd with
good result* in cholera. Dr. Pliillips hjis often known twnia to be dislodged
and passed under the use of small doses of copper sulphate. He begins with
about 0.01 Gm. (or gr. '/,) and gives it every niorniii;; upon an empiy stom-
ach, gradually increasing the dose until O.S0 to 0.33 Gm. (or gr. iiUv j can be
taken without vomiting.
'I"he same salt is u.iefui in hronchorrhoea. A small dose of the sulphate,
0.003 Gm. (or gr. '/„) three limes a day, will sometimes allay the vomiting
of pregnancy. Small diwts of rhe same salt, given with or after meals, im-
prove nutrition, and have been recommended us of service in ecthyms,
scrofula, iiniJ tuherculosis.
Luton makes use in tuberculosis of a "enprie serum." made l>y dissolv-
ing 0.20 Gm. (or gr. iij) of cop(jer aouiale in 90 c.cm. (or fSi'j) of his "arti-
ficial senini." Of this fluid 5 c.cm. (or f3i '/<) is an avernge dose for an adult.
Dr. .\. F. Price, U. S. N., recommends the sulphate as n remedy in syph-
ilis, lie states that it is of particular cllicacy in syphilitic adenopathies,
and, although slow in removing syphiiides of the secondary stage, it pre-
vents the development of mucous patches and throat symptoms. He gives
it in an avcragt doi^e of 0.002 Om. (or gr. '/»n) thrice dully tind rccommendt
that its use should be omitted one day in each week.
lt« action at a prompt emetic is bt-st utilized in phosphorus poiaoninc.
where it is also antidotal. In other cases the zinc salts, or mercuric subsul-
pliat«, are belter, becnuse safer. Copper has a very decided action upon iht
nervous system, and the ammoniated copper particularly is used and highlj
praised for its etTects in chronic m-uroses, epiiensy, chorea, hysteria, and it
the treatment of facial neuralgia. It is claimed that the administration
CCPRUH. 343
0.PO3 Gill. (orgr. */,,) of copper siilplintu every night at Ijed-timc will reUov«
the enmpiug pain in the legs from which pregnant womeu sometimes 8uff«r.
In chorea, ee]>eciall^ vthea connects with the pKseiicc of tenia or
other worms and in epileptiform convulsions dependent upon iateettniil
venns, Phillipa hat wilnoucd good reiiiltii from tlie a<1mini>>traUon of'thc
nlphat«. In asthma, also, he oat observed benelit from its uee.
I>r. Boardman Reed #pcak» favorably of Ihv H^e of copper arsenitc in
fflinuts doe«8 as an antispAEniodic in cases of Bftcr-pains.' lie gives 0.0000(15
Cm. (or jfr. '/i«o») every half-hour with coiiipleti; relief. It ha« also been
higU; extolled in the treatment of diaiTha?a of infancy, where it may exert
ut anti««i>iic action upon the contents of the intestinal irai^t, when given in
ssall and frequently-repeated doeee, as firet suggested by Dr. Reed. A sola-
tina prepared in thiit manner is often of marked beneril in aft«r-i>a!np, dinr-
tha*f and in cholera morbus: —
U Cupri BrMmltis |03 Urn, or gr. a*.
A^iuie eunplMne,
A<iUB dBMnoml aa ISOl ccm. or f3ir.
M- Sig.; From one-lwilf to an« tcaipoonful «\-eTy hsU-bour or Uour until r*Ilcv«il.
Copper arsenite, in doses of 0.0013 to 0.002 Gm. (or gr. '/».-'/«) «fter
each meal, is said to t>« of value in the treatment of functional anjemia. Id
ti9ttr cttscs of epidemic cerebro-spinal meningitis, Kolipiuski gav« arseuite
of copper for the fir»t and second days, every half-hour when the patient
was awake; as the itymptoms improved tlic intervals were prolonged to every
tkrv« or four hours; on the fourth day the remedy was aiseontinued, when
«gavale«ccac« appcBr«a. With children he used 0.0000X5 to O.00OU& Gm.
(w gr, Vj».-Vi»o.) ** a dose, with an adult 0.0003 Gm. (or gr. Vmo)- In
pvoottDced chlorosis Lifgeois has obtained good retulta from copper, ad-
■teistered in the following form: —
II Caiiri aceUt. neatnli* ■•..• 101 Dm. ur fp. V*
SoJil phcurptiat. ct^ttall |0U Gm. or gr. '/„
Pair, ^jrcj^rriiq
Gljcenni aa q. ■.
M. «t ft. pU. na J. Mitt talM bo. vex.
One or two pills were given twice daily before meals. The drug conid
it taken for three months imintcrruptcdly without occasioning any derange-
meat of the digestive functions. !f the chlorosis was accompanied by amen- ,
«T*i.>n mcnorrhagia, or Ifucorrhrea, 0.045 to 0.10 Gm. (or gr. */fis$) of
at jiared powdered ergot was added to each pill.
in. internal use of copper sulphate is recommended by aome authoritlca
■■ IarYiiR«il croup, or diphtheria, small doses being given evetr quarter- or
half, hour until vomitine is produced, when the dose is reduced and sdmln-
■tervd at longer imervaJs.
Alnininatcd copper is used estcmally as a stimulant and astringent to |
akcxa, and a» a coll^-rium for inOammation of the conjunctiva. It is a pow<
Aer compound of equal p«rts (30 parts) of copper sulphate, alum, and potas-
nitmtp, with a small proportion (2 parts) of camphor.
Dr. St- Germain recommends the hypodermic injection of extemporane- 1
It prepared phosphate of copper as of l>eucSt in case of glandular enlarge*
: TVisn a»d tte9t*lfr, Vet. 6. ISOO.
S44
I'llABUACBlTICAL TUEIUFECnc AOBNIS OB DRVOS.
mente aman^ chtMr«n. Some local and general reaction is produced, but
thi» effect Koon «ub«idct: und ii followed by mncndntcnt. Thu salt ie obtained
by mixing gottitions of sodium phosphate and copper acetate, and the injec-
tion i» generally made behind the great trochanter oni-c in two wcek«- Dr.
F. Schmidt asserts that copper oxide posseR^es t^niaoidai properties. Ue
oives it in gradually inereasiDg doeee for two weeks, when a dose of ciistor-oit
IB administered.
OVBABE. — Curare, Woorara, or Arrow-poison, is a lilackish-browtt"
brittle Mibstnnoo, of unknown compoi-ilion, ui-cd by native« of South
America as an arrow-poisori, and probably contains Paulinia curare and
other plants of the StrychnoB family, or Cucculu*. An extremely poisonous
olkoloid. Curorine, has been obtained from curare. '
Fhysiolo^oal Action. — Xo ctTect follows lh« introdnclion of this drug
into the stomach, as abeorptiDn ie glow, and it is very rapidly thrown out
of the drciilation by the kidneys, nnd hence it is unlikely ihot it in a poison
ullit'd to etrychiiiue or cocculus; it acts more like a virus of animal origin.
It muxt be inji'cted hypoderroically in ordtr to produce it* characU-riMie
symptoms, which nr«: purnlyeis of the volumarj' muscles by loss of power
of the I' nd- Drilling: of iht motor norvei>; fluliKeqiKrntly, the brain-centres
arc nlTt'cted. and, unless life be eui<taiiiL'd by artificial rt'«piration. duitth
occurs by respiratory failure. I'urarine is without ctTect upon the sensory
nerves. The blood -pressure is lowered and the heart is weakened. Sugar
appears in the iirin^. Thu antidote» are stri-chnine ami atropine, diffusible
stinuilantti, arlilicial rcspirutiou. warmth and friclion to the extremities, ibi;
use of the catheter, etc. l*rofessor Keichert has investijrated the influence
of cunin: upon hval-produclion and heut-dii^ipntion. A variable eilL-cl waa,
observed, heat-disei nation being always increased, while production waa
either inoroosed or diminished.
Therapy. — The use of curare in practical medicine at present is limited
to the In'atment of hydrophobia, two cases having been reported in which
the symptoms disappeared under its use and the patient recovered. The
drug in very variuble in composition and effects, but 0.003 Gm. (or gr. '/.J
may be given hypodermically and repeated according to the symptoms.
Trial has been made of ciirnre in ulher alTections cliarnctcrized by spasm, as
chorea, tic douloureux, epilepsy, and tetanus; and although a certain meas-
ure of success has attended il^ employment, yet different samples vary so
^atly in composition that it has been found of less practical value thoa
would be inferred from il> powerful physiological action. I
CTTRCAS. — Purging Nut. The seeds of Curcas purgans (EupKoiJ
biaceffi), a shrub which grows in the West Indies, South America, and other
tropical countries, contain a colorless or light-yellow fixed oil, devoid of
odor and of a pleas-anl. almond-like taste. The oil is a local irritant, and
has b<un used diluted as a topical application in rheumatism. Taken in-
ternally it is an active purgative in the dosie of 0.&) or 0.75 c.cm. («r
mx-xij), and has been used to relieve constipation, lessen dropsical effusions^
and (o expel worms.
Poisoning has sometimes occurred in persons who had eaten curcaa
seeds, the (jTUploms being vomiting, catharsis, and prostration.
CVBPABLS COBTEX.
348
CUSFARU: CORTEX <B. P.).— CnsparU-bark.
Preparations.
laluMin CiMiHiriff (B. ]'.).~isfu*i<in uf ('u>|>arla (Q per eenU). Dow, 30 to HO
Lli|MUf (.^i»]>ariie Conoenlntu* iO. P.). — Casceiitmled Solution o( Ciuparia* '
DiH^ Z ui 4 cm, lor (SM-i).
Pharmaoology. — The dritd bark of Cusparis febrifuga is officio) in the
Mtkfa Fhiiruiicopaiia under thia title. Il h^lonfts to the Botaoete, and is
JBBiJl tree growing along the Orinoco. It is also called Ango«tiua bark
;i>rw?*r wbicli name it w« oilicial in a former editios oi the U. S. I'.), from
lue of shipment is South America. The bark comes in bundles of
ijai.119, having a bitter, somewhat aromatic, taste, and a peculiar odor. It
MOtaine, besides various vegetable prmcipU-e, a volatile oil aud reEin, with
an alkaloid, atifottarine. OccaHionally, n mixture of false Angostura bark has
WtD d«tccled. which is poisonous, as it belongs to Strychuos nux-vomica, and
i-nttfP" brttcine. At thiii bark is found everj^wher*^ in the West Indian^
A0pi, whure it is known to Spanish Americans as Carony (the tree itself is '
•nticd Orai/uri), it iti Avnilablc on any emergency. Sn valuntile is it, in low
(pffPE of nil kinile, that it has become a favorite in many parts of Europe
•ad Great Britain, as well us in India; and, though it is not the lenst astrin-
: -■ :i ii» « popular remedy for dysentery in all climates. Its disrepute in
■itted 8tat(« is due to the fact that, as imported, it is adulterated with
!._« ttUiTriPi <irM. The physical cbarscteristica of the two barks may be com-
parvd (ulliritntly to permit of ready identification: —
Faltt Angoftura.
Much Uio Miiiir shape, hut niorv gr»y
in color eslMnnlly : tbo cr>rk patclici at
a ruK cvlOT; wartf. Inside, brown,
l^ctiuv unouth, but »how> no whjt«
gtrlir i>f rsli-iuni oxolati!. Odor mlbcr
•u'velUb tbuD utbcTU'JM. Ta(i(«. in-
tPnwly bittiT. Tbf inntr •nrfncc gives .
brij-iit-red (.'ulor oith iiiirk add, owing'
to jirewnpc of bmcinf, ubicli t»uc ango*-
turn (Iocs not.
IVreirs ftatvs that cusparia is not only valuable in intermittonls ond re*
[ijHtofj bat in the worst bilious forms of the latter, such as occur in the
met. WilUamK and Wilkin»}n and Hancock corroborate Qxis opinion;
■It Wintrrbntlom is even more emphatic, and extols the drug in adynamic
{ vBtinaed fever.
A convenient tincture may be made extemporaneously by macerating
- 'ned bark in coanc powder in five times its weight of alcohol. It should
■ in a w«n<stoppered bottle; allowed to stand eight days in a cool
fiM, shaking? twice daily; then poured olT, strained, ana filtered. The in-
^iQ if incoroputible wiih metallic sulphates, antimony, lead and mercurial
[•ih, lilTer nitrate, and in(u»ons containing tannin.
t^^ or currcd i>k««* or qailU, 1 to 3
|d^ Im^ 1 to ^j', inch u-M*. tni Vh
tmA thkki obllQUcly rui on IniMr
Jtatavnally a Tfllimiah gnj, mol-
owky Ia7«r, whl<li ran b« acnptd
tf aad afeow* > tUrk-bmirn, nnaotu
Iimrr nirfoif. lieht bixK^ti, rtnl^y.
W, ttbort, HDOotE. minous. aod
■iMwing numcitiaii nhlto
■tiiae of crritaU ol calcium
Odor miutj uid diMfrr^cablc
UtMT anil aromatic, and when
mir rbrwtd for •ocnr tinie a nttat
*4 keat and puagMwy In tlia tbroal aad
i>iiAnuACEimcj.L TitBiuFErric aqexts or osros.
Phytiological Action and Therapy.— In biqaII dosea cuaparia is a bitl
tonic, and in large dose* of the recent infiuion it causes vomiting or pur
ing. In South America it has been largely employed by the natives in tE
treatment of diarrhoea and d^-eeutun,'. As a stimulating Ionic, it may l.
giv«n for loss of appetite and weak diRestion. The dose of the powder is
from 0.32 to 2 Gm, (orgr. t-xxx). Nau«oa is prevented by combining it with
aromatics.
CTTSSO (U. S. 1*., B. P.).— KoBMO. Brayera.
Dose, 15.5Gm. (orgw).
Preparation.
Extmctum Ciuto Fluidura (V. S.P-l-^-Fluid Ettrnct ol Koumo. Dok, IS to I
e-em. (or (Sm-J).
Phannaoology and Therapy. — Brayern is "the female inflorescence
Haj^enia Aby^inica (Ilosnce:e)," or "the dried panicles of pistillate flows
of Brnycni niithelminlicii" (B. P.), a tree of Abytsinia. Bcdall, of MimiCu,
found Xoiin a cnetalline resinous substance of acid reaction, combined with
tonnic acid, a volatile oil, and a resiuous substance (Kouisein), which is an
impure kosin. In large doses brayera is a gastro-inte>«tiiial irritant, and is
liable to eaiiee vomiting, but no toxic effeetB have been observed. It is usu*
ally administered in infusion, 15.5 Gm. (or jjss) of the flowers in a pint of hot
water, the whole to be ewnllowed at once, for the expulsion of tapo-woriD.
It should be loUowcd by a purgative in about two hours, ca^lor-oil being
ordinanly nsed. Kosin ig ^ntd to be less liable to cause nausea than the fluid
preparations. Brayera should not be given during pregnancy, for fear of
cau&ing abortion. Eonssein is au amdrphouf, yeilowi^h-brown powder, haa
a bitter taste, is soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform, and but slightly
soluble in water. It has been given as nu anthelmintic in doses from 1 to
i Gm. {or gr. xv-lx).
According to a more recent authority, Leiehsenrlng, the active prin-
ciple of the drug is an amorphous substance which he called Kosgotoxine.
It is insoluble in water, bnt dissolves in alcohol, ether, benzol, or carbon
disulphide. (Kosin and Koussein are quoted on Merck's list, the former st
$1.00 for 1 Gm., or gr. xv, the ktter at $*M for 31 Gm., or 5j.)
CTDONIUH. — Cydonium, Quince-seeds are the seeds of Cydonium
vulgaris (Ef)siii'f:f|, Tlu'si.- seeds, I'ontainiug about 20 per rent, of vegelabl*
mucilage, were formerly otficial in order to provide the Uuoilage of Cydo-
UQU, M'hich is best tiimli' wilh ruse-wnter. It is used locally in inflamma-
tion of the skin, or conjuTiciivitis, or it may be nfvH inlernally, ad Ubituni.
in disorders of the alimentary canal requiring a demulcent.
J
CYNOOLOSSUM. — The root of the Cynogioreum otfleinale (Boragin'
Ml indigenous plnnt. is of interest, because it contains Cynogloisine, a brown
amorphous auiist-nnce, sohihk- in water and alcohol, having an alkaline re
action, which Buchheim, its discoverer, found to possess narcotic powcrt
Its physiological action it said to be analogous to that of curare.
DAUIiNA.
347
CTPBIPEDniH (i;. S. PO- — Cypripediam. Ladies' -slipper.
Bose. 1 to 2 Uni. (ur gt. xr-xxx).
Preparation.
Extnrtuui Cypripedll Flvidum {U.S. F.). — Fluid Exbact of Cyiin podium.
Dn^, (MM) to 1.20 r-xm. lor oix-xx).
Ph&rmacology. — "The rliizomi* and ronU of Cypripediuin pubeacens
md of C\prip<:dium parvifioriim (Ojchideas)." The roots hare a heavy, clis-
Mnvtaable odur, and conlniii a roliitik- ml, a volatile acid, retiiiu, and tannin.
(jTripedin :-nn 'iri|mrcalwiir.,iici'\lruct (do»e, 0.13 to 0.20Gm., orgr. ii-iij).
Physiological Action and Therapy. — In its ctTeoU it resembles valerian
w an amispj(sini"iic. tonic, stimulant, and diaphoretic. It is given in neu-
caftbrnia, iit-rMit:^ hvpenealtie^iii, neuralgia, nervoiie headache, hypochon-
itm, insomnia, and epilepsy.
DAJtlAKA.— Damiana ia a Binall, mint-like plant (Turnera dift«»a,
,1. or ii|>litcidii<iii<»i; natuhal onlor, Turneraocte), hearing vellowiah-
: ,1 lit lloniTfi. which prow near the wwtern coast of Mcxii-u. Other
iinvf Uftn Hold lUntiT Ihv iiumi' i>f daininna, and it i* prohiihle that
' tlto unct'rtainty of result liaa been due to the Huhstitiitton of some
•ruf^ for ihc IHifnera. The leavi-s are the part used: they contain a
-"' n reein. and other conetituentfe. Tho following prepurulion^ have
'V0<1: fjctraetum damiaiia' (I'xtnirl of ilamlana); dose. 0.33 to
1 uoi- 1 or gr. V'Xt). Extractum duniaiix tiuidum (tluid extract n[ daimaDa);
' r, ■.? m 15 c.cra. (or f.1ss-iT>. tilycicml damianffi, phosphori, et nucis
r)taiitii)g in each fliiidoimee, dumiana, -1 Cmi., or 3j; phospliorua,
KK. , . or yr. '/„: nux vomica?, 0.35 Urn., or gr. iv): dote, 4 c.cm. (or
ii Ktutir daniiann- (itixirof iliimiiina); dose 7, ,1(1 to 30 c.cm. (or fSii-f^j).
Ffajsiologrioal Action. — L'pnn the sexual appetitt- and function dumiana
jabtrdlv ^serif muK Htiniulunt cfTccIs; hut it is nUo a general tonic.
i« tiiought to have a reconatittient effect upon the epiual and
-inlbuT ceiitrct^. TTpon the digextivc orguuii it act« us n carminative, and
, tgrgtr doK>s fi)* a cathartic laxative. It ia slightly chola^ogic, and is alfo
IftinoistinK' 'liiirelic.
j^ ca*e of pifinoninK from damiana has iieen reported, the symptoms
• plf*cly analogc.iw tothow produced by >ilryi-hiiine, Recftvery by tn^l-
II nsiul u» intoxication from strj-chmne occurred.
XkermpT* — 1-" nerA-ous dyspepfia, netiralfEia. ccrcbnit cxhaiiiftion, neu-
or want nf tone in the nervous system, also in piek headache or
jc. duiiiiMna han Wen f<iUMd to be ujieful. It hni^ been of Venice in
^ p«raj>I*'K'^ ""'' hemiplepia and atony ]>er3iBting after prolonged
rt i» f^pecially eniplmvd, however, in tn-ntinir fiiiictionul impotenee
%nT ctiupo, fombmed with hygienic and oihi-r trcatnienl, especially mix
MS. 'iron, and phosjihoru*.
ncmiitna relieves irritability of the bladder and urethra, ao often asw-
witli pri'statonlitFa or t[>ernuitorrhcea. Suftncss and lendentevs of
, - M ri»ull of «cxual excess hare been bcnelitwl by (he adminis-
' I is <iriiK. In ca«e« of abnormal itcsnal apiwliti- it has manifested
rilARMACIit'TICAL IHBIUFEirriC AOE^fTS OR DRl'CS.
DIGITALIS (U.S.P.).— DigitaUB, Fox-glove.
DIGITALIS FOLIA (B. 1'.).— DJgital»-leave».
Doic, U.Oo 10 0.13 (\m. (or gr. sa-ij).
Preparatiotu.
Extraotum UiKiUlla lU. 8. P.).— Gxlract o( DieilaliB. Dom, O.OIS to UUS Gm. (or
gt. '/.■•/,).
Exinctum Dle^tahs Fluldum |U.8.P.)^PIiild t^strarl of DiglUUi. Uom. 0.03
■oO.lS G.crn. (or mm-ij).
InruMim ni;,-itiiliii (U. S. P., B. P.(.— Infiiwon of UiKiUlU |l Vi p" ccDt., U. S. P.j
or 0.1)6 ]<«r cvm., It. P.). Dom. 4 Va IS ccni. lor ISi-iv).
Tinijluni nigitalii) (L'-S- P., B.P.I.— Tincture of UigiUU* (13 jwr ornl., U.S. P.;
or UVipcrcsni., B, P.). ])oh, 0.30 to 2 corn, (or mv-xxx).
Pharmacology. — "The leave* of Digitoli« purpnrco (Scrop!uiliiri«ei»),
collected from plants of the second year's growth'' (U. S. P.). "The dried
leases of Dif;ili>li# iiiirpiirira, I-inii»;-. C«lU'ut(;d from pldnti; comnnncing to
flower' (B. 1'.). They coutain several active eonstituenls. It is now recog-
nised that Digitalin, wliicli wos foniwrly ollicinl, utid coiixiiitrcd ae thff
active principie. is a mixture of several bodies, the most active of which ia
crystalliKahlc Digitoxin (0,.H„0,,), nccording to Kilinni, which, with Dip-
talinum verum oixl Digitalein, representik the cardiac, stimulatinjj; action *>t
the dnig, wliik- DigitoQin appears to eicrt a conlranr' effect, acting like
saponin (SchiiiiedeUrg). M. Cloetta' find* that the leaves, ui well a» the
stfcd, contain digitonin, digitalin, digitoxin. and coloring matter common to
both. He hii.s not been able 1o establish the prv^nco of digitalein in the
leave?. The Kced contains much more digitalin than digitoxin, wliilc in il)e
leaves the reverse is the case.
A fifth siiWtnucf, Digitin, twms entirely devoid of physiological arnJ
therapeutical actions. Theee are al! non-nitrogenous, and are ghicosides.
No alkaloid is present in digitalis. It nUo contains tannin, volatile oil, fatty
matter, red coloring matter, chlorophvl, albumin, starch, sugar, gum, lignin,
and salts. Two acids have been discovered by M. Morine, — digitalic and
antirrbinic. The varying sohiliilily i>f Ihe active principles in the vehicles
used explains the difference of therapeutical effect. Digilulin is insoluble in
water, but soluble ir jdcohul; digit"xin is in.ioluble in water, sparingly sol-
uble in alcohol: liigiialein is soluble in ether: digiionin. soluble in water,
sparingly in alcohol. According to Orfilfl, Naiivelle's digitalin '\» principally
digitoxin with a little digitalin; it Li a very active preparation. Balfour
Sronounccs it, after twenty years' fxpericncc. a thorougtily reliable and active
rug. One granule {'/« mg,. or gr. Vsio), every night at bed-time is a snffi-
«ient dose to produce a decided tonic effect on the htyirt. The tincture of
digitalis, and alcoholic Huid extract, contain both digitalin nud digitoxin;
the infusion contains principally digttonin and very little digitoxin. In or-
der to get the full physiological effect it is necessary to use the carefully-
selected leaves, according to the pharmacopwial requirements. The seeds,
although said by Hitz to contain ten times as much of the active principles
as the leaves, are not used in medicine, except possibly pharmnceutically, aa
n source of digitalin and digitoxin.
'.lire*. Mp. Pathol, h. PhoTta.. 1908, 41, 4S1.
riOITALIS.
849
nynologioal Action. — Pigitulis is iratlily abeorbed by Ihe ekin, and is
UMiogbt 10 have aonxc local sedalivc etIeoU wlion uncd on spongiopUio or
is ■ uitipJasm. Although it has a bittvr taste, digitalis has no loi>ic ectiou
■poD (he stomach, but, on the contr«ry, often (liHordurH the digt-stion, and
■njr amtt naueea, vomitiog. or diorrhcea vhen too long continued. Its
•dive prmdplea r**adil)- diffiii« into the blood, reducing the rate of the
hnrt* ariioii by lengthening the period of rest, or asystole, thus alloving
it- lo rki'cive more blood. At lln,- winie time that it increases the
ii. ;t stimulatea the motor ganglia and increaseii the lorce of the
::j< !i<.ii. Murcuvcr. digitalis niuM-« the contraction of the arterioles
— juyavut the body, and thua combiues its effects vrith the preceding, in
■rdrr lu rmiBC urtvrial tension. Fran(,'oi« Frank, from a scries of expcrimuntt
•itb digitalis and digitalin, found that, in mammifera, it slows the beat of
iW artvlonitvd heart, Jt regulate» the arhythmical heart, aud it greatly aug-
setita the systolic poner and the diastolic resistance. Ue holds that these
ttftvts arv ilc^vlupi.^ eijiiully on the two side» of the heart, contrary* t6 lh«
rvn of Germain See, and contrary to the Oerman physiologists, who hold
Ilui the ilrup'e power is niauife^U-d on the left heart. In a toxic dusc digi-
taltn pt(Hluce», first, an excessive slowing of the heart movement, but a special
irhMiiTiiii'al beat, manifested by the dicrotic puUe. .\ftcrward the heart
m- - ititelf, becoming irregular; the contractions are precipitated by
a *^'. . ■ -1 c^mitotanic, ventricular nioremcnt. interrupted by prolonged inter-
■BiMioni, fioalty causing death, in systole, in both cold- and warm- blooded
alike.* Germain See has a»certained that exliaui^ting dii^catie« ocni-
;ttlilv of the cardiac muscle, with consequent dilatation of the organ.
oontfition digitalis flimini*lii-« the voliiire of the heart, hut «cU e*p6-
\y upon the fibres of the right cavities. The temperature is reduced by
a in pyretic conditions, though not in health. The *lowncs»i of il» action
(iBquinng from ihirtv-six to forty-eight hours) in reducing fever and its
tQpelihood of disturbing the stomach tend to preclude its use for thi» pur*
aow in acoii: fevers, lis action upon the cttculation may be summed up as
Mtnf that of a vascular stimulant, raising arterial pressure, lowering abnor-
«Ti«> iRnperulure, and »teadyinfc the heart, t'pon the brain and spinal cord
tl produce* little direct effect. The reflex action of the spinal cord is rednced
^ large doses, and then? i:t stimulation of the pneumoj^astric and rasomotcr'
aerrcs. It U liable to cause headache, delirium, and vertigo, possibly froia
dWarbance of the cerebral cir<^ulation due to the effects of the volatile oil,
-' fr>iin sick stomach. Syncope may be due to heart-fuiUire from ovenitm-
a after the drug has been used for some time, especially if the patient
fndorolr sitii up in bed or assumes an erect posture. It stimulates the va»o*
motor eacgiia in the medulla. I.Argc do«es excite Setscbenow's centre and
Hodiice muecular paralysis, the peripheral nerves, both motor and sensory,
bnuTNlw paralvzetl. Ho*pinitton Weometi feeble and more rapid, coma and
aamiMoat loltov, and death is attended by systolic arrest of the heart's
ttioR, tnm its tctaiiiiing eilt'ot upon the cardiac muscle or from exhaustion
-' motorinagli^- ^'^'^ peneral action upon muscular tissue is to lessen con-
"*etilitr and cause lnuilude and want of vigor. The venereal functions are
ni^^ Th*^ elTect upon the kidneys is peculiar. The increase of arterial
■Mtllritm rf* ''■^P"*'"'* * Uf^tfUir. .Tuly 8. IS03.
piuBUAcemcAL THEitArsimo aqbkts on Dsras.
tension in thi? glomeruli nceompanyinf; the general effect on tlie circulatia
is assisted by a special action, lij which the rcrnil aruric« are dilated, thul
icling OS Q Inif diuretic; while the eieretion of urea is at first iccreaeed,
it auDsequently diminishea. The greatest ciTect an ii diiirclic it obtained in
dUcased condilionii accompanied hy wdvma and low arterial pressaro. Digi-
talis also has someeRecl upon the mufcular tissue of the utcnu, Miinulatlng
it to conlraclion.
Aconite and digitalis are antagonifitic. The former slowt the licart hy
expanding the periplitrol vessels and lowerinf; blood-pressure; the latter re-
Aiicci tilt number of roniraplioiis by [■tiiiuilating the itihihitory fibrt* of the
pueuino^aetric nerve, nnd li<rhteng up the arterioles, thus causin'i increased
l>lood-prejsure. Aconite ilirtclly lower* the action of the cyirdiac motor
ganglia, and is a cardiac poison; digitalis indirectly exhausts the motor
^an^'lia hy permitting overitction and exhaustion; iu thu former, the h<uitt
is found, after death, in a condition of dilatation or asystole; in the latter,
it ii In a Mate of contraction or systole. The action of aconite upon the
heart is rapid: the action of diKitalis is gradual and slow; so that the latter
i» not a pruetical antidote for the other. An erythematous, pnpuUr, or ery-
sipelatous rash will occasionally follow either the internal or external use o(
digitiili<.
Poisoning.— \V hen digitalis or digitalin has been taken by mistake iu
an ovvrdoso, lannin or infusion of tea or coffeu should he given at once, the
etomach washed ont and stimulants given. Saponin is the physiological
antagonist, according to Rnriholow, The compound tincture of cinchona
might be useful, aa it contains tannin, aleohnt, and quinine. Ferrous sul-
pliaty np tincture of ferrio chloride sliould also prove useful. The patient
should be kept in a recumbent posture; hot drinks and hot-walcr bottle*
should be around him and ^|li^it of ammonia inhaled. Aa long as the func-
tions of the kidneys are maintjiincd, it has been observed that symptoms of
■o-callod "iiccnmuIaTion" «Tf. not apt to ariiie. As already explained, these
are attributed to overstimulation and exhaustion of the heart, but pot^ibly
there may ho a uncmie clement in some cases which would require appro-
priate treatment.
Poiiioning from digitalis seldom has a fatal termination, and the maxi-
mum dose of digitalis or digitalin is not at present known. It is imnortant to
note tbnt digitalis is more active when given hypoderraicallv than when taken
into the stomach. Thus. Piotrowtika found tlint Homollc and Quevcnne's
digitalin in the frog is three times less toxic by the gastro-intestinal canal
than subcutaneously; Xativellc's digitalin is one and a half times less toxic
given by ihe mouth than under the skin.
Therapy. — Locally, digitalis is employed eomhined with moisture and
heat in juint inHnnimation, acting a.< a sedative and possibly reducing the
calibre of the vessels. Part of it is absorbed and carried to the kidneys, where
it produces a diiiredi: elTect, especially when ihe hot application is made over
the loins. A tablespoonful or more of tincture of digitalis may be sprinkled
upon spongiopilin, or flanni-I wrung out of hot water, and appli*-d to the
lumbar region: or a cataplasm containing 4 Om. (or 3j) of the leaves, applied
in cases of dysuria or suppri^-iion of urine, Itronchial congestion due to
heart disease may aUo he relieved by the local application of digitalis.
Dr. Filatte has found the local application of digitalis serviceable h
ebilblainj. The formula of which he makes use is: —
DiaiTALIS.
351
ThjTBol, rtVBt.
AlMtMt (76*],
(iljavrln
V- Sic I A|>i>lr wlUt frletlM.
r.
... <H cm. or ISlw,
... aj Gm. or |r. slv.
>a I3S! com. or i^rM.
"■-rniiUy, it if chiefly prescribed, attnoet as a routine practice, *s a
::ic in all cast4 of foJlurw of circuJatioii due to th« feebleness of the
cion. It fihould not be med in valvular disease as long as ci>m-
.: Iivpertrophy is kecpinjr up tln> work of the ht-nrt; but when this
•lilaliitioi) is comimiicmK, digitalis will not only alow and stendy
!, but improve Ibe uiitrilioD of the hoart-walls by incTeaiiiug the
fcoaure in the coronary arteries and allowing them a longer time in which
ti> be Ailed. In heart atTeijtioiu where there is absence of dropsy, and
ihm the patient is passing; an abundance of urine, digitalis is tieldotn dc-
T.i-'^'-H in mitral iteno»i« digitalis i« uted in order to allow the left auricle
. < :iu-< <■ time to empty itself into the ventricle; also, in tricuspid regurgita-
inn. with dilated right ventricle. It it; not to bo used in aortic stenosis, as a
rtir. although Lxcvplional circumstances may require its use for a time, to
r':u'.j'.'j tht- rhythm of thf hwrl, or to ridieve dropsy. On account of the
-:,[,-i-iiij; itction of the different principles contained in digitalis, Louder
ilruatun i:nuii»c1* that whon, in disease of the heart, there is excessive eon-
triclion nf the blood-veseele, digitalis should be given in combination with
le «?ther.
' !) the coarse of the second of his Lumleian Lectures' Sir Kiehard
.1 ' Powell, Bart., U.D., remarked that the commoneet mistake that one
~::: ' in Llii; me of di.^italie is that too lar^e n dose is pre.<crihed nt lln«t,
I - ■ '■: I'.nds to premature arterial contraction end cumulative cfTcets. Then
■-he ■ppearancea of these physiological sv'mptoms the use of the drug
pp<^ sod thiit of some other medicine substituted until the pul#e again
^TJi* for its administration. In ibis hap-haxard way of uainf; digitalis the
tiail ia never held in good control. In exceptional ca»cs, where there is
B^mt need to pui>i) the drug, digitalin is best used subcutaneously. In ordi-
Mf7 e*£ea a dose of O.O com. (or mx) of the tincture ovcry four hours, or
le-cm. (or mxv> every eight hours, or 0.30 c.cm. (ormv) every waking hour
kcoffieteot. Thus given, the patient being at rest, it generally takes about
Suwe dav^ Ix^fore the pulse is under control and the urine begins to increase.
Whai idL>d cfTccts are thus gradually developed, the use of the drug
^M^ii - -idily continued in dose» calculated to maintain ita effect. With
mAoMTT watt-hfulness there is no risk whatever; timely warning of excess
'-•-II by the pulse, which, having become slow, begins to exhibit amall
. eduite beats and especially a tendency to go in couples. This is always
I s£n to re*1occ the dose or to limit them for a few hours. The sicknes that
' " knallT Bupervenea with digitalis is most troublesome. An occasional
riu-ial will Eomclimft* prevent it, a change to digitalin in equivalent dows
^^^' b^ iriK-d, or ft tumblerful of very hot water may be taken occasionally.
f^ i^B»« emset it is not to be overcome except by omitting the u^e of the drug;
tW p«li«nt ia uiimlly well under the influence of the druc before this symp-
taa appears, i" wbn-h case a small do«c of digitalin by th<< mouth or hypo-
^nucallT may b<^ sufficient to maintain its effects on the heart.
' tMmtjmt. Aprtl 2. IBOa.
352
rUAUUAOl
rs OR DRCOB.
Cirdiac ilyspna'a or ssthma due lo euj;oij;emeiit of the pulnrnnnrr cir-
calation i« usually relieved by digitaliti; and functional weakneee, with irri-
table heart or low arterial tension, with migraine, or delirium tremens, is
very promptly benefited by it Dr. Julos Comby writes that digitalis is bene-
ficial in congenital maladies of the heart, with or without cyanosis, by
strengthening the cardiac contractions, which are almost always insufficient,
and by promoting diuresis. ITe docs not, however, regard the dnig a* ecr\-
iccable in the case of infants or young children attacked by nervous palpita-
tions.
Large doses (15 c.cm.. or f^ss, or more of the tincture) hare been gir^n
in mania a potu and acute mania, witli HUoee.'>s. Isamberi rivords the rase
of a maniacal child, fourteen years of a<;e, in whom the delirium yielded
to the administration of 30 drops of the tint-ture of digitaliit. It is elaiiui-d
by Oowers that digitalis, associated with belladonna, promotes the efficacy
of the bromides in epilepsiy.
It is a useful remedy in hsmorrhages, as in meoorrhagia or haemoptysis,
and in the Urst stage of pnuumonia. Digitalis is of particular advantage La
the metrorrhagia or raenorrhagia of plethoric individuals, or when dependent
upon mitral disease. For hamorrhase, the tincture of digitalis may be given
in doses of 1.20 to 2 c.cm. {or mxx-ixx) every three or f"ur hours. Post-par-
tum bsmorrhage may likewise be restrained by the use of digitalis, which
may here be appropriately combined with ergot. This remedy is of service
in controlling epistoxis, and is a vahisble adjimct to the tincture of iron in
fiurpura htemorrhsgica. In the treatment of htemorrhages digitalis is use-
ully prescribed in combination, as; —
B Tr. iligilHlis 6
Tr. cntechu 30
Kit. vijifliV 11 q. 8. «d 60
M. Sig.: A desiertspoontul every hour or two.
C.cm. or fSin.
c.cm. or fJJ.
c.cui. or (Jij,
I
The infusion, however, is ttsuallj the most efficient preparation in
htemorrhage: —
B Plumhi itcetatis Z'OO Om. or gr. xl.
MOTpLinat ac«Ut 063 Gm. or vr. j.
ItifUB. digitalis ISOj c.cm. or Qiv.
M. et (I, Bol.
Big.: T«])leapoonful every three hours.
Digitalis may also be prescribed for hemorrhage in phthisis and in tb^
first stage of pueunionia, thus: —
8 Extrscti digitalis '. .,,. 120 Cm. or gr. Uj.
PiilverU iperacuanhee et opii p... ■••••■• 1|SS Om. or gr. xxtv.
M. et (t- jiil. no. lij.
8ig.! A pill every two or Uiree hour*.
n
I
i
In ]jer»istent diarrhtea complicating fever of a remittent type, Mr.
Harold Henley has obtained good results from n combination of digitalis and
etrychiiine given in spirit of chloroform and water.
In exophthalmic goitre and in congestive hmdachcs it sometimes suc-
c^>ds rcmarKsbly in controlling the symptoms of disease. In the treatment
of exophthalmic goitre Bockwell values ii comliination of digitalis, or stro
phantbus, with iron, i-rgot, and nine bromide.
mniT.ii.is.
BMidf* th« ipeci*] action nbove rcfvrn^d 1o, m a cardiac tonic or curronU
ngnUlor lo the circulation, digitalis is the chief reliance in drooii;- and serous
effoiioiui. (turing to lU diur«tic actiou. In acul« reuul dropsy, the best cfTocts
Vf oblautml bf oombination wttb calomel or other mercuriai, and with squill,
ai 1b the faotoiu Guy's pilhi: —
B PuW. dicluU« HK) Gtn. or gr. m.
Pair. »cilla> jlO Giil or gr. ba.
Hui. kjdnrgrri [20 Gni. or gr. iij.
ItttH. p4L
fflg.i Take on« or two at bnltime.
Id cases of cedema due to Bright'ji disease, with scanty atbumiooua
trine, the following arc uH:ful: —
B PulMiui BM-latls 38| Om. or Sri gr. xL
B|>iriuw juniperi Mtnp 4Si e-oiu. or fJlM.
laS. dlfiUll* q- ■■ id 100] e.cni. «r (jv.
IL Sig.: A dfMMUpooBful «vei7 Utrm hourt.
B Intsi. diflUU*,
Infvs. •rofiarii,
Inliu. Imdiu M 60| c.cm. or ijij.
U. Sif.: A AnanriafooiibA svary thrM hours.
B Infa*. digitali*.
lafat. tanuarl,
flfiiritiw aithcru nitrOH Ha 00| ccn. or WJ-
M. Sg.: A ilraMTt«{toonful cvMjr UifM hour*.
Di^talis if of Mrvicc, in promoting alMorplion, in pleiiri«jr and hydro*
Qt»nz. In the bronchitis and broncho-pneumonia nf childhood it is oft^
buwficiB). Dr. Broadbcnt obcer^'Of that as digitalis increases the elimination
•f Buidf and caffeine that of solids, the two agents should be combined in
arder lo obtain the ume effect oc that produced by a large i-iiigle dose of
digital)*.
Is the bsmonhogic diathesis the tincture of digitalis is usually given
B Aoma of 1 to 2 com. for mxr-xxx). The same do^es may be ffiren in cases
•f aoripcal shock or syncope. ^Vhcn the patient if i-x^angiiined, the remedy
•bmild be administered by hypodermic injection, preferably in the form u
di^ toxin.
Sprmatorrhoea with nocturnal emissions is benefited by digitalis in
M^ibiiwtion with erffot or with potassium bromide, according to circum-
■biBeai. In (his country it is not used for its antipyretic effect, although in
ttmf man Y it has been Kiven in the hyprrpyrvxia of rheumatism and scarlet
trrcT. The infusion of digitalis ii euipkiyed in the treatment of scarlatina,
specially when the urine becomes wanty. The following combinations are
vcTT MTTiceable in the latter condition: —
a tat digiuiia,
SpItitBa Kthmi Bitnat *» W c.cm. or tSM.
fStuaU Utartratk 8| Gm. or 3i},
M. Big.: A tenpoonhil in wattr rnrf tbrfc or four hour*.
Uqoot potaaali citnttia as 00^ e:mi. or ISIJ.
^ gig.: A taaapo«nfttl every two or Uirw koun.
3M
rnARUACKITTlCAi. TUBIUrEUTIC AOBKTS OB DKUGS.
Digitfllis shou3d be given with great care, if at all, to persons with !
degeneration of th« heart and dilntatioti. It thould not l>e given in _ _
carditis, although passire pericardial effusion may be reniOTed without much
danger. In simple hypertrophy, or compengating hypertrophy, or uondi-
tiODB of high arterial tension or vascular excitement, it should rarely, if eret,
be given. In any disease accompanied by changc« in the hcart-inUKcic or
atheroma of the Dlood-veaseU, digitalis should not be piescribed except for
« temponini' emergency. In ei&ipl« dilatation of the heart, however, Ihia
remedy serves an excellent purpose. In typhoid fever digitalis is liable to in-
crease Uie diarrhva and coum vomiting. In gn^itntis or acute nephritis it
vould also prove injurious. In fibroid lung digitalis leadens the cougb,
steadies the heart, and leducet oedema. It ha* been succcftsfully employed in
eiyeipelas. Digitalin should not be prescribed on account of the uncertainty
of it« action, the smallucfs of the dote of the leaves rendoring it unnecessary.
Digitalis is the physiological antidote to muscarine and to aconite, but
requires the »id of diffusible stimulnntH on account of its tlowniMt of action,
when treating cases of poisoning by these agents. It may be administered
hypodermic-ally in «uch ca«cs in combination with whitky, and in surgical
shock as recommended by Dr. Thomas G, Morton, of the Pennsylvania Sos-
pilal.
Mnsiua and Van Aubel have used digitoxin with success to fulfill the
indications of digittilin, Tliey ii(liiiini.sloretl it in the rinse of O.OUl t" 0.0U13
Gm. (or gr. Vm-'/m). ^'"^1 observed no ill cHects upon the digestive func-
tions. Its action is suid to be prompt and decided and its elTecl upon I he
circulsttau is uianifpsted within twelve or twenty-four hours. The influ-
ence of the remedy usually pcrKists for eight to ten days. In pucuinoiiia it
reduces temperature within twenty-four to forty-eight hours. Digitoxin
ri'lteves the cyanosis and dyspau-n of turdiac iiffections, n-stores force and
regulariiy to the pulse, and occasions marked diuresis. It was found useful,
likewise, in typhoid fever.
WenzeP recommend.i the use of enemata containing digitoxin for cases
of heart -defects, which are of a character usually amenable to digitalis, but
in which the other methods have proved ineHectual. Ue ordered: —
B
Digitoxin (Merck)
AtcolioliH ,,...,....„.,... 0
A<]uiu doBUIlDUc .q. B. ad SIO
01 Gnu or gr. ■/«
2& c.cm. or l^iai.
c.em. or (Jvij.
His method is the following: —
After a cleansing enema has heeu used, 15 c.cm. (or f5iv) are
added to seven times the quantity of warm water, and injected into the rec-
tum; at first three limes, later twice, or once, per day. The patient thus re-
ceives a dose of digitoxin, 0.00075 Gm. (or gr. '/„,,). For convenience of ad;
ministration tablet triturates of digitoxin, 0.00025 Gm. (or gr. Vim)* are P'
pared, the medium dose for an enema being two of these tablets.
SIOniK is a morphine derivative, and, chemically, is cthyl-morphim
hydrochloratc. It is a white, mierocrystalliuc powder of a somewhat bittei
taste. H isi solublij in about 1 parts of water and 1.4 of alcohol, and in about
SO parts of syrup. It is neutral, and is precipitated from solution by th*
' Oentratbtatt fiir innere Medlcln, 1896, N'o. 10.
mOiJCOREA Vtt.UISA. 355
a]k>liii<lal rriigmt^. Dioiiin i« )c»# narcotic Xhtta mofphino, and more
•!'•. It has ileculwi nnaistsic action, and is said i« have no
*■ ' •■<-l iip-'ti llic i]ig«-cti>f trad and to bo fret- from di««^rrc«Mc
-. iiBpd ill relieving BHihma and paroiysuial cough of
■ ''} UK n Mub»titul« (op inorjdiiiii- in ovirniiniiig th«
The u-uat dose is a little larger than that of morphine, and it may
-■- p.ii'D vithvT by the niniith or hypodeniiiially. OotiC, D.Olb to 0.03 6ia.
(or gr. '/(-Efi) Mvera) times daily.
DIOSCOR£A VILLOSA.'— WUd Tarn.
Pharmacologry. — Iiin»cor>ii villosa (Oio««.'or«Kr«D). wild yarn or colic
twtt glim, iiiiiiiidantty in uiir Suulhcrn fStates, but leSs pleiitifidly in ihv
Vortli'Tii and Wi-.icr» Slntc*. The jinrt made iwc of i* Mn' root. Thi* is
«itbout odur when intact, bul when bniised develops a slightly woody shk-II,
TlMf ttt«te IS ^oiijvn-hal pungent and swi'eti^h-liiUcr. The powdered root is
i*4)nvi.h-gniy in color, is soluble both in water and alcohol. The following
r':'jr,ii:''iii« «rr uM-d in modit^ino: Dwnctuin dioscoreie (decoction of dios-
L < , i)o6«, 30 to I'^O e^in. (or f^i-iv). Tinctiira dioeeorenc (1 inoture of
ri's): doM, O.CO to 2.50 c.vni. <or wix-xl). Extractum dioiscorvae
atu-jum (lluid fxtract of diosoores): dose. 0.30 to 2 com. (or m\-xxx).
ll\f n-'i tiiiiiBiuf; on active principle called Dioscorein, to u-hJeh it
lal virtues. The physiological action of the drug hu
.•■'.y fliidied.
Thei«py.^\Viid yam possi-^ei diaphoretic and ejpecfonint properties,
bot dtfriTes it? primipml value from its i-tTcct upon tlw hepatic function*. In
hnr* dofcs it is emetic. It is of especial service in the tn-atment of galt-
fSoM. It quickly r^liere* pain and spasm, and, provided the <uilo»lus or
tajeoli ar« not of extreme size, leads to their prompt vxpnUion. After the
•MLTTViidO^ tiftve passed into the bowel this remedy is of service in reducing
t^ run^r^iion or inflammation vrhich they have <:atii>ed.
Hfpal-ic indigestion, with its train of evil consequences, is efTectually
iriic-TtKl bv the fluid extt»ct in 1 c.cm. (or mxr) do«'* before mcaU. The
Oft prvpiration fffei:ts a marked improvement and gradual enr** in chronic
.^-.lion of the liver. In chronic malaria this agent i* of decided ad-
_ . aiid may be combined with arsunie, quinine, or nus vomica.
in rbronic gwtrilis, the r«#ull of alcoholic «xce«E, wild y*m ie very
iblr. and may be prescribed thus: —
R tlnrt- iM-lUilonHe folitxran I[H c.cm. or nixuv.
Tinrt. nuH» romiwr - H cmh. or (3J.
rinrt €lii>«-nr*» viJtow .,.,, Ifi| ccm. or tBs*.
i'liupi einpil'rtw • • '*l c-oo- or IJllw.
jl Tewcp™*"'"' '" '■•'»» eiTv lourtfc boor.
T' ■- proffre** of cirrhosis of the liver seems to he delayed by the admin-
, (tt wild yam. which is at Ieu<t as elTicient in this disease as tb«
' ridv. Furthermore, the addition of dioscorea increase* the
[ (if morphine in hegmlic carcinoma.
I_ OITA. r>it8-bart: (.ApocynaMte) is from the East-Indian Archipelago.
■ •(■« v^V" ^y *'" *■*">**'. In Jo»rn«l of Ihe .tni<iimn Uedlttil J«M»c(al(«n,
FV ei. I*.
FKAKMACKVTirAL tUERAPEimc AOKKTB OB QHOaB.
It contaiiiE tno biller alkalotd.i, Ditain mid Ditftmine; lia» l>e«n mcd in
anlipi-riudic in itvulment of a^iic; and is said to be of value in dy»i'uti-i
The dow is i to 1A.5 Gru. (or Si-iv), bc-.it givvii in the f»rm of a fluid extra<
DKACONTIUM.— Skunk-cabbage. The root ot Dracontium foetidum
(Araccit:;, a ^miili ptutit of Xorth Amt-rica. bxs acid proportire, and, whon
iTveh, a vcn' diMj-reeablu smell, which vrarrunts ils cmnmou name. Besides
this volaiili' priiuiplc tlic drug i-iiiitHiiii^ a rrcin, luiinin. ote.
Therapy. — U is regarded as an antispasmodic, and has heen uetd in
chorea and hxst.ria. n.vilutm, and chronic L-utnrrh, u«ng- the ri:e<'iitiy-drit'd
root or a good Huid extract (two-thirds alcoholic). The dose is U.tlj lo 4
Gm. (or gr. x-5j).
DEOSERA.— Sundew. Thu l>ro»iTa rotund if til in (Dro»eraoeii;), growing
in Europe uud Xi^rlh America, has a very limited nee in medicine. The
whole plant ii< iiwcd, and n rtcent infusimi i>r fluid t-xtracl i« the lic*l method
in which to administer it. It contains a resin, a red coloring matter, and,
according to 0. Stdn, citric ocid.
Physioloirieal Action. — DroKera is irritating to the skin, and the juic«
ig used lis an npjilicuiinn for (.onis nr warrs. Ii)t«rnall}', it is expectorant.
Therapy. — It is iiKcd in tlironic bronchial rntarrli, and haei^onu- repu-
tation in lliL- iieatuicnt of plitliisU. In spasmodic alTectionii of iIh- ciiO!<t,
whooping-cough, and paroxysmal asthma it is said to be Hcrviceabk'. Tht
fluid extract, in dmen of 0.,30 to 1 c.cm. (or mv-xv), in the beet preparation.
A tincture is also .need in the doec of 1 to 4 c.cni. (or wixv-foj). Drosera has
been omploved willi advaulagti ju liar asthma, gastric catarrh, gasLric ulcei
and atoni<r dvapi'jjsia.
1
DUBOISIA. — The portion of the Duhoiaia lu.voponiide* (Solannctw),
large Australian tree, which is used in medicine is the leaves, whii h have
a bitter, acrid taste, but very slight odor, and contain an alkaloid, Subolsine,
closely resembling atropine, and identical with hyoscyamine, Dnboisine
sulphate i» a yelluwi«h, soft, guni-liW- mnsa. sohilile in water. The foltowiug
preparations have been employed: Tinctura duboisis (tincture of duboisiaU
doKC, 0.!iO to O.CO c.cm. (or mv-x). 1-Jitractnm duboisia^ flnidum (fluid ei^
tract of duboiaia): dose. O.GO to l.SO c.cm. (or mx-xx). Extractum diiboisia
(extract of duhoisia); dose. 0.01 to 0.03 Gm. (or gr. '/,-'/i)- Duboisin^
sulphas vel hvdrobromus (duboisinc sulphate or hvdrobroniati-); doimj
0.0004 to U.002 «m. (or gr. '/„„■'/„). _ ' J
Hyoscyamine and hyoscine are phn found in this plant, and Mercl
aunounces the presence likewise of a base which he call.* pseudohvoseyaniinii
and whieh is said to be not identical with nny other solunnceuus utkaloij
Physiological Action. — The effects of du'boisia are the ."anie aa tho4|
of belladonna, aifhough, on account of its greater solubility, its cRcct* aii
manifested more quickly and pass away sooner than those of belladonna
Duhoisine may cause loss of ap])eiitc, hcndaohe. giddines*, and the *ymploui'
of belladonna poi-'onin);. According lo Evensen, duhoisine will sometinie
give rise to haUucinations of sight. T>oiacono and Masnro. in a number o
eases of epilepsy, observed improvement in two-thirds of the eases from th
us* of duhoisine sulphatv. Bimahec has found this remedy injected dailj
eerviccable in the morpiiine habit. The craving for morphine seemed
OULCAUABA.
857
ArrtTovrd. Ex)wn«noe has shova that th« (m|uent n«lminijl ration of
4vlnU)n« fxrrli^ u (IHr-ltrioii* iiiftin'HCf upon nulrition. irrespective of vbut-
*T#r dicirstive d^raD^ement il may occasion. The prciience of go«tTX)-inU>!t-
tiukl diwrdiT nnj-'ravaU-B it* <IcnrC'»'niit elluot Mpoii iIil' nutritive proccMM.
The droj; muFt. therefore. W auniioigtereil with ciiulioD Itj jieraon* of feeble
.vcktittltioll.
Tlieimpy. — It ta ueed in medicine for the aame purposes at belladonnii,
■ anUfconiittic 1o morphine. In oplitlinlmology a watery solution of
k-vni. Dtny tie instilled for making examinations, etc. It« efTects upon
pi) \MM off more quickly thnn a similar solution of atropine. Vnrioti«
- Mmirbancee oocasionally follow the uae of a collrrium conlaininK
fflintnfivi and strange flcnsationti in thv head, as in T)r. Scdy'R
.1 fi>«IinK of impending death, j;iddinees, pain over the heart, and
, ; Kine, aa in n oa&e reported by Aubone.' CriniKct mrt with a coac
1) the applicntion of duboioine to the eye pave rise to frequent pulse,
ID? weakness, rise of temperature, and disturbances of sp&ech similar
to thot« of aphakia.
^'"^-^■i^ine has been found useful a* a sedative in cases of alienation
•' i-d by revtli^ne«s and great mental excitement. Dr. II. Gallhom
ba published a communication upon the use of duboisine sulphate
ta fiiriii» of ccri-bral disease. He administers the drug both by the
and b%-p»dennieallv. the dose for injections beins; frnm 0.0008 to
fim. (or gr. '/,.-'/„) for women and 0,0013 to O.OOa Oni. (or gr.
,„y for men. In a few instances sli;>ht pain was caused by the injec-
'itit nU«'«iw>es or extensive infiltration were not observed. The cases in
vlueh a favorable action was witnessed were pro^essive paralysis, senile
(-m^.itia, wcondarr imbecility, hallucinations, idiocy, aouie mt'Iuncbulia,
:«: mania, hallueiiuitious from injury, and alconolo-nicotinism. Dr.
inum e^eems this preparation as a prompt sedative in case* of alienation
id»d with excitement. It possesses the advantage over hyoscine of being
roue. A rapid subsidence of the tremor of paralysis agitnns, ao-
_ Dr. Mi'iiiicl, of Berlin, follow* the hypodermic injection of
fcbouiii^. 'ITie rITcct continued for several hours. Professors Albertoni,
Mc:* Tirl", and Samuely liuve witncwwd a notable effect upon the convulsions
-epilepsy, produced by the injection of 0.O0046 Om. (or gt. Vm)
. ..^.m- sulphate.
The effect of the remedy may not be at once apparent, but may be
- -- Ttpd tu the second or third day. To correspond with this slowness
• •n, its inflonicf is generally continued for a considerable period.
inc is. in general, more efbcient in chronic than in acute insanity.
: adapted for use as a general hypnotic, as the sleep which it producea
, f B rrfre^hing character. It has, however, a beneficial cITcct as an
lo in cuMs I'f inKimnin ctauscd by intense motor excitement.
DCTLCAKAAA (U. S. P.).— Dulcamara (Bitter-sweet).
Ooae. 2 to 4 Gm. (or gr. xxs-3j).
PreparalioH.
y.H-M-t—i Dntoniam FIukIiud {V. S. P.).— Fluid Extract ol Dulcamant. Deae,
(or mxxxfSjt.
'*jr^^l BntlrHn. Jan., ISPO, p. It.
358
PHARMACSBTICAL TUKRAPBCTIC AOgXTS OH DUtTOS.
Fharmaoology. — "Tin.' yniuj: liiunclitv of ^^nlBiiitm Diilpam«ra" (SoM
DioeK) are otliciaL A decoction jnay bv made (1 to Iti). A inibstaiioe exit
in Uiis plant which yields a bitter alkaloid, SoUnine, crystallieing in white
needles, readily soluble in alcohol, leu lolnblc in water; it« salts arc coluble
in either alcohol or water.
Phyiiological Action.— Eniptiong upon the skin attended by dti«kini>«a
and ilchin;; are amoo}; the effects o£ pouoDing, which is likely to occur in
ebildreu, from eating the berries. It nho cauMh^ vomitin);. dixzincEs. con-
Ttileive attacks, abdominal pains, thirst, l^eat and drrness of the throat, rapid
resniration and pulse, and prostration of vital powvre. In the ordinary dosos
it aocs uoi produce the^e effects, but acts aa a sedative and mild narcotic.
A distinct anaphrodi^iac cfTcct ha« been noted in patients during the
■dminiet ration of dulcamaTa.
The treatment in caMcs of ovcrdoee would lie largo amounts of warm
water and mustard to wash out the stomach, and hypodermic injections ol
moqiliine and atropine, with dilTimble «timulant» by the mouth.
Therapy. — Dulcamara is seldom used at present, although it ia believed
to be serviceable in chronic skin alTections of a scaly ohaructcr. The recent
decoction may be used aa a diaphoretic in rheumatism, or acute bronchilia
and colds. The extract may be given in mania, and specially nymphomania
or satyriasis.
Dessos bae reported favorably concuming the use of Eolanine in painful
affections of the stomach. He usually administered it in pill form and in
doses of 0.045 Gm. (or gr. */») half on liour before meaU. If the pain is very
Mverc. the remedy may be beneticialty given in gummy f^olution. Solanine
was found of service in ^strnlgin. peinfiil dyspepsia, alcoholic gastritis with
or without dilatation of the stomach, ulcer of the stomach, and cancer of the
pylorus. Good results hav« also been reported from the Ut^c of solanine in
rarioufl forms of neuralgia, in locomotor ataxia, asthma, muscular rbeuma^
tism, chronic bronchitis, and the vomiting of pregnancy. ■
It is claimed that dulcamara is beneficial in the diarrhcca of cbildrci^
when caused by exposure to cold or damp.
ECHINACEA. — Echinucin augiii^tifolia. a plant growing in our We«em
Stati>£, is said to possi\'*« aetive thcrapftnic properties, I'specially as an anti-
septic. A tincture made by luaccrnling 1 pound of the fresh root in 1 pint
of aleoliril hiis bfen used, dihilfd willi water, us n \ik«\ Hp])lieation In chronic
ulcers, abscess-cavitit's, and wounds. Internally, in doses of 0.60 cem. (or
10 drops), it i« TccnnimendiMl in (fholem infantum and cholera morbus. It
is also reported to be useful in typhoid fever, malarial fevers, measles, small-
pox, eryaipela.i, diphtheria, boiU, and carbuncles 11ie tincture has been
used with asserted success in the cnso of strenil individuals who had been
bitten by rabid dogs. In some oases it .leems to be prophylactic, while in
othvrs it favorably modified the symptoms. It is said to be an antidote
bites or stings of venomous insects or reptiles.
EIQON. — Kigon is the generic name given by Dieterich' to a group
compounds of albumin with iodine in stable combiiintion. The prepurationi
are intended to replace the iodine preparations hitherto used, both iniernaly
' PtiarniocntlectK' Cciitmttianf. x.x.viii. ji. 183,
EMSnCA.
359
rn«ll,r. Tlic fullnwing arc lo serrv us u Wis for mnous inmliciiuil
'"mb: Alpha-ci^B, occurring as a light-brown, ndorleHS, taslel«ee,
«t' ilf pDwcIcr. cuntuiiiitig SO per cent, of combim-d iudinu, which is
bbcnica ay both ncids and b; nlkalirs, more readily, however, by acids;
tlphft-«i^o sodium (vodium iodoalbtiminitti:), an almoel colorI(«<, odorlcwi,
«»<' tast<>lea^ jiowder. containiiif^ about IS per cent, of iodine, soluble
It I nior>- rcddily «i in hot wiitcr, niid principally int>mlwl tn replace
)B>tA*Biiim and »o<iiuit] iiMJidos; betft>«i^n (iodiKcd peptone), with propirtitit
nmiUr to tbosc of the abovf-menlion-*! proparotions, but spceinlly intcndwi
bir v*f where large qiiantitifa of iodine are required to be iQ<!L-stod, and u
wrt* rrady and rapid nb»orptioii rctiuirod becausi; of weakem-d digi-*live
fBDctiona or of gaatric affections, live parts of alpha-ciifon «udium arc
•tpul. in iodino-oontrnt. to 1 part of potasRiuin iodide; and r> Vi parta are
•qua! tu 1 part of Hodium iodide.
TtAchor mid It<!ddir<; »tudi(^ the effect of tftpicol application of nlpha-
at^n in wounds of vuHutis dt-'HcriplionK, and report that it maiiift'^^ted a
pninptK-r and more aatisfactory action than iodoform. It waa found very
^iauctory in boils, felons, and luberculoue and vuiicr-uI procci>«M of thv
iftiiL Thu uutliom kIko uh^I aipha<ei]^n sodium and beta-eigon internally,
ia UMlifrnant eyphilit;, syphiljtic laiyngitie, corofula, aod tuberculous lung
troabi*. The down were 3 Gm. (or gr. xlv) a day. gradually increat«ed to 10
Gu. lor KT. cl) daily, taken in ninll oxtruet or wine.
EL&STICA (V. S. P.).— India Bnbber (Caoutchouc, Liq.).
CAOUTCHOUC (B. P.).— India Bubber.
Preparation.
Uqtwr C^ulvlioac |B. P.).— Solntlon ot India Rubber (India rubber, SO Gm.;
V ■■111 *Bd csrtioa b«ralphi4«, toch. 500 c.ein.).
"The prepared milk-juice of various spwiw of Hcvca (Euphorbiacee;
Iirv«tt tprwuIlii-nM*, B. P.) known in commerce aa Para nihber." In o>m-
ibrrrf, India rubiior occurs in cakca or balls, or Iiollow, bottle-shaped masses;
exs«mally brown or brovniidi-hlaek, internally of lighter lint. It i-i don«<-,
^my eJastic. and, when pure, or nearly pure, floats on water. It is quite
■Molnble in water, diluted acidti, ordiliiti^ solutions of nlkii1ioj<., bnl is luiluble
m chlonifonn, carbon disulphide. oil of turpentine, beozin, and benzol. If
kMOted to 125° C. (257° V.\, it will melt, n'mainin^ #oft and adhesive after
rmt^init. Odor faint, peculiar: nearly tastelees.
it lued in phnnnacy for making rubber adhesive plasters. The rubber
hmd^e 19 used in surgery.
XLATTRnrUK ({'. S. P., B. P ).— Elaterin.
£I_&r£RnrK (It. I'.).~Elateriim.
Prtpamtioiu.
Tnturstio Etateriiii (U.B.P.).— Trituratiou of EaalsciB (1 to ft niilk-ngir>.
D^ OjOOe t*> O-W Gin. lo» gr. '/»•'/.).
pnlvf* Elatrrlnl Oompoattiaa (iLP.).— Coin|>ouDd Powder of EUterin (1 to 39
Mil —gTl Ilnv. 0.060 to 0.23 Gm. <or gr. iir).
ritarnwcology. — Elaterin is "a neutral substance obtained from Elate-
mm: * ^ubfltniH-'ie depoMted from the juice of Etballium Elalerium (Cucur-
360 PILLRHACEUTICiC. TllERAl-Bl'TIC AOENTS OB DnCOS.
bitiKva;)" (U. S. P.). The active principle of Elaterium (It. P.)- The f
expressed juice of the fruit of the uquirting cucumber, upon gtondin^,
SMit* a pi-culiar, reeinoua substance, which, when collected unou muniin and
ried, forms flat pieces of variobU- thicknc8« and irregular snapt;, of a pale-
(iTceu orKrajish color, mostly amorphous, but containing some ciystals. This
eonalitutea commercial, and foruifrly otricial, claterium. Elat«rianm exjuts in
the proportion of from 15 to 40 per cent, in elaterium. On account i>( this
variability in strength the Inlter ha* been dropped from the U. S. P., and
the more reliable elaterin substituted. The elateriu is extracted from
elaterium by chlorofonn and precipitated from the chloroform solution by
the addition of ether, in vhich it is nearly insoluble. In prescribing, elaterin
must not be dispensed for elaterium, os it is from two to six times Etrong<T.
Elaterin in crystalline, odorless, intensely bitter and acrid, soluble in chloro-
fonn, fuRel-oil, or carbon distdphidc, and in 12o parti of alcohol. It ie c
neutral substance, and is not precipitated by tannic acid or by salts of mer-
cury.
Phyuological Action. — Elaterin is violently purgative, causing profuse,
watvry stools with griping, and in large doses producing great pro«lration.
Deatli has resulted from excessive doses. Dangerous symptoms require de-
mulcents, opiates, and stimulaute. It must be used with cauliou in clderlv
persons. It purges when injected hypodermically, but to obtain its ftifi
elTects it must be mixed with the bile. It also occasions an cxcegsive flow
saliva.
Therapy.^In atrcite^, uriemia, cerebral congestion, pulmonary cedei
and poisoning by narcotic aubstauces, elaterin affords a ready means
evacuating the boweia, and of reducing the volume of circulation by drain-
ing waler from the vessels, or "bleeding through the tissues." It should not
be given for ordinary constipation, as it is too depressing. On account of its
great activity a small fraction of a grain may produce collapse from hypor-
cathsrais. It is not safe to begin with a dose larger than 0.003 Om. (or gr.
Vio)- The tritnrntion, therefore, in which the drug h reduced by triturating
it with 9 parts of sugar of milk, is an eligible and useful preparation. Ac-
cording to Pr. Hyile Siillcr, n fmnW dose of elaterin, given on alternate morn-
ings, is of value in dropsy dependent on aortic disease.
ELECTBOZONE. — An antiseptic solution obtained from sea-water by
partial decoin posit ion by electricity, the chlorides and bromides being con-
verted into hypochlorites and hypobromides.
ELEMI. — The Canarium commune (Terehinthaceie), a tree of th«
Pliilippiiie Islands nnd fht- sonihem portion of the American continent
afforas an oleoresin, obtained from ineieions into the living hark. This sub
stauee, somewhat rescmbiing granular honey when fresh, becomes more soHd^
and friahle when kept for some time. Tbc tativ \« rather pungent and bitter.
It contains GO per cent, of amorphous resin, Brein; 25 per cent, of cry«-
talliEable resin. Amyrin; about 10 per ecnt. of a volatile oil, besides a
crystullir.able, bitter, acrid substance, Bryoidin; also, brcidin and clcmic
acid.
Phyuological Action. — It has stimulating and irritating properties, and
is only used »? an ingredient in pluMters and ointments, or for usr^ externally.
It is similar to other terebinthinate agents in its effects. The British Pbai
fuU
I ^1
BUBKLiA niBse.
naeoiKcU nN.-ogoizM an oiiitiuvnt of elemi, composed of 8 Gtn. (or 3ij) of
■kmi and 31 Gin. (nr ^) of »iinpIo ointineDt.
Tbenpy. — l<»i-<] lu im applicjilbii to tnlnri^d jointe, and as a resolvent
tu ««Dllvn Klandd. It may aUo be applied 1o indolenl ulcers, and is a soo<l
dirtttDg for burof, bluUr^ and cliilbUins.
F.ICBELIA BIBES. - Babarang. The Embolin ribcK (Myr«i»ea-) ie a
\n)! [lUni of §ouihcm Chinii, ra^tem India, and Mnlara. llie dried and
pof'tcmi fruit in u»i.-<!, or tbt fluid extnit-t of th« fruit (dosp, 4 to 15 c.cm.,
ur f3i-iv). It is an «f1icient nntli^lmiuttc and tiFoiacidc; id believed to be a
qrajSc in rbronuitisini and is au alt<^ratiru iu ohmniL- Bkin diEenccH. In
tatu of daluleot dyspepda it is elaimed to be serviceable. The active prin-
oplo ir«j found to be an acid, which has bom nnmcd Etnbelic Acid ( Waider),
aad U ineoliible in water. It forms salts with soda, potash, and aminooia,
Uw lattrr bt'ing mo»t mdilj obtained cry«l«lline.
Anuuonium embelale occurs in the form of red needles or powder devoid
ttf taate. Hiti ammonium salt was found <'fTi,>c1i w as an anlhelmintic against
tasu, in doses of 0.38 Gm. (or gr. vj) for adults, or 0.80 Gm, (or gr. iij) for
duldrva II is administered in eyruu, to he followed by eastor-oil. It tios
the ailniutages over male fern of smallnese of doee and tastelossness. It kilts
tb* wurm. The powdered »eed» may be given with milk early in the morn-
in. tu, followed by a purgalivc tome hours later. The dose of the
p- ' T ■ ehild id -I Gui. (or 3j), twice & day, as a tteniacide, or about
the 9wne quantity of a fluid extract.
EPHIDKA. - Mormon Tea. The sttms or the whole herb of Ephedra
sTpbiliiica (Gontianaceie) ia used in Arizona as a receut infusion, or in
fiirtn of fluid i-xtniti (do.*c, 4 to T.S c.eiii,, or foi-ij) n» an aUiTative, and
.__Ily in thelieatmentof gonorrhtea and syphilis. It contains a peculiar
of lanniii, to which it» ftTecIs are probably attributable, uccordiug to
■pwif. ()Bcar Lwtr's analysis; although in a Japanese variety. K. vulgaris,
PntfcMor \agii diseovcrvd an alkaloid, which bv numt^d Ephedrine.
The phyeiological action of ephedrine has been studied by Professor
Bogoaldwiiki. who concludes that it int1urnce» especially i\n\ motor apparatus
«( the heart and probably also the cardiac muscle. It at first reduces blood-
fnmmif It-mponirily and acwIernK-Ji the puli»e, but artenul pr<'iiMiir(; is finally
devBled and the pulse retarded. The respiration is quickened in the begin-
piag bj mwll dosw, but, under the influence of Inrgcir amounti), soonur or
later becomea slow and irregular. The pupils are dilated and soliTation
Dmm. Profi-v^Or Bogoelow^i niacnt the active dose of the alkaloid at 0.10
to O.fi0 Gm. (or gr. ise-rss) for adults. The best preparnliona for use are the
Coid extract and the ephedrine hvdrochlorate.' The alkaloid occut« in the
f»RD of colorless crystals. Ephedrlna hjdrochlorate is also colorless and is
Bilnble ID water.
'n'ne, in 10-por-<^ent. Bolutlon, is a mydriiific. dilating (he Dupil
f- .lation in forty to sixty minutes. I'lider the name of Uydrin a
ition of ephedrine and homalroiiine has been employed, and is
d particularly serviceable for diagnostic purposes on account of the
■JMIMl ffwtlrtlH, Avt-. ISM.
BIMIOTA.
363
From 1 lo 3 inches long and aboat '/, tncb thick. The graiue are nearl;
tnaBjZuIar, fomcwhat ctirTcd, and marked lengthvriae by thrt'e groove*, thick-
set ID thi- midilU' and taperiDg toward «acb «nd; of a dark-purplish color
cxtarualty, ihey are nearly while in the centre. They have a ncavy, iin-
pJoMUtt odor, and a fatty, mawkii^h, diMgreiMilile tasto. The additjoi] of a
ttrong alkab develops ati odor like that of herring-brine (due t» triiiiuthylu-
tuin). Ergot contains altout 35 [lor <.'cnt. of fixci oil, a peculiar £upir, and
two culonnf; matters. Oliemists hare Isolated or derived a nuiiili<.-r of more
or Ifw artire pnnciplec. the most prominent hv'mg Sclerotinio aoid (Dragen-
diitlTi, Scleromncin, and Thmethylamin : but, according to Kobert, sclero<
time acid ix il^vlf a compound body, of which orgolinic acid is the largest
cotutiment. Spbacelic acid and CornntiB, according lo tbia authoritv, repre-
mnt thi- [Hirtioii of the drtig causing ergotism, the former producing gaii-
igrrnou* iTgotidm through it» action upon the blood-vessels and vasomotor
I centres, the latter caiuiog convulsive ergotism having a special action upon
\tht ncrrc-centrta. Comutin i» also held by him to be the principle which
I acts DpOD the uterus, caueing contraction of its muscular fibres. Dr. Mculen-
' half »Uili'« that Kubacclic acid is the active principle of ergot upon which
Bast of its action depends. To er^otinin, and an unnamed alxaloia, a certain
^uoouDt of virtue is aacribod. Ecbolin. ergolin, comutin. and ergolinic acid
in nut appear to poesess especial importance. A substance similar in com'
position to cholovlerin. and therefore tcnned ergoHtcrin, has been oxtrncted
frum wrRot by ('. Tanret. .\s both spbacelic acid and comutin lose their
prupertit-« by ki-<.-ping, it ii- important to u»c fresh ergot. Commercial ergotia
a m mixture of constituents of varying strength and phrsiological action,
bast represented by the ofHuial t-xtract.
Pnysiol^oaJ Action. — No local effects are observed from application
•Cerfot to the«kin; upon mucous membranes it acts as an astringeni. Upon
flie nenroua ^tem little effect is produced directly, although in ergotism
ve have coDvutsions and other nervous itymptoui^ caused indirectly. It in-
diuxs uiEmia of nerve-centres by eserting a selective action upon their
Uoo<l-v««scls, which it causes to contract. Wlico introduced into the cir-
trolsEiiin, there is, first, a fall of blood -pressure, soon followed by a rise; the
pnmary fall is most marked where a large amount com(!« in contact with the
hcairt -muscle, which is depressed by it, and paralysis of the heart may cause
Jfl»th, after intravenous injection of ergot. The sccondury rise of blood-
Pleasure represents the effect of the pbysiologica! stimulating action of the
&ig upon the Tssomotor centres and upon the unstripcd muscular fibres in
the arterioles.
The action of ergot upon the uterus is due to a primary influence upon
the lumbar cord, according to the experiiiicutal ntudy of Heininf ter. It pro-
imc9» intestinal peristalsis and contraction of arterioles and capillaries by a
«eiitnc action. The effects of ergot upon the parturient uterus are those of a
MimiUaDt to the contrectiona, increasing their force and frequency until the
tail •ction is brought about of tetanic contraction of the organ. Upon the
ano-fHirturifnt uterus the effects are more evident in checking the blood-
mapjuy. The lower animals abort after eating ergotixed grain, and in some
States there are laws against the administering of ergot to pregnant women
m order to produce miscarriage; but such result doc* not follow the use of
■ rharm. Pott, IWO. Ko. ZS.
nmns.
9U
utr.
traa 1 u t
«tt IB the D
■is). Erg-"' -
MtXBilBaMc.
tiik abd it itK^
MBX Uw fntioL
gnnoM trioUtit.
•Btrtt, Uw utter cansiae
fti Berc-nstK*. Cvravtm k
■poB tiir Btcrac, ansu
'« V* toch Uiiclc. Th« grtiu are aMTl.r
] bngUlviM- 1>> thrir« gnwrM, thick-
,<aah«Dd; of u <]ark-p<irpli«h color
OBtkanBtrc Thfv hsic a heuxy, im-
.ifiMpeeablv IsMi;. The ailtlilimi nf a
.i:«2 hcrriDs-bniiv (ilui- to IriiiK^tliyln*
'9C of ftxfd oil, a jK'culior iiipir. and
sbced or ilenved n nuiiilxtr of tnoni
briog Solcretinie acid (Drugon-
bat, acc«)nliiig to Koliorl, iclvro-
rf'skiih cTfotiiiic acid i» th<! larftott
at. ampdlng to tliii uulhoril.v, ropro-
- "SHU, Uw fonner prodiiL-ing ^nii-
I tie Uood-v«a*cU and vasomotor
«^aD^ havinE a special action ujmh
iriiif ism to iw llie principle whii-lt
E^SBnacular fibres. Dr. Meukii-
r*****!*!* of etvot upon wtik-)t
iMUiaaed alfculDid, a ■<«ruiii
•acaMtip, and ii>-' ' '')
Nibctanc* aiiDi^< ">-
1 ■niKuiii. liae heea ciirK-ti'd
bA and comutjo low their
tjKgoL Coau&ercial er^otin
~ pk;aiai«gkal aOwu,
fraoi applwation
■ ' " i^iir I'pon
r, akfan^ i> ctgotiBni
■^ iBdii«etiv. It in-
actnn npoa tfaetf
" iBlv tb« «r-
braoac; iIm
«{ &e bout ■» tMM
3U
rilARUACKUTICAI. THBBAPEtlTIC AQEXTS OB DHU06.
«rgot in oidinar}' medicinal doses, although in chronic ergotism this accident
ni8)' occur.
Toxic Effects. — When an overdoBe is administered, effects result whici
are know-ik (lollerlivcly iis acute eri^titm. The Eymptoms arc peculiar rest-'
lc««ne$8, with aniiety, headache, verlifto, dilated pupilti, tinnitus aurium,
with hyperncii^is, the action of the heart is slovred, the pulse is weak, re£-
piratioDg reduced in frequencj', and, as the effects increase in intensity, stid- .
dcnly nau«ci\ and vomiting occur, even when the drug is introduced hjpo-^
dennically. This cerebral vomiting is diniinct from the local effects of tlieV
drug when taken by the moulh, when vomiting ma}- occur early if the elom-
ach is TeiT sensitive. Coldnewt of the surface is a prominent symptom and
uems to depend upon b general depression of temperature.
Chronic ergotism occurs in regions of the country, notably in Europi
where ryc-bnnd is the staple food, in seasons when ergot is most p
in the grain. It appears in two fornLi, tlic* convulsive and the gangreno
the former being characterized by n-rligo, dimneBS of vision, and numbm
of the extremities, followed by Ionic contractions, particularly of the flexor
groups of mu^clee. Attacks of d^-spmuu also occur, resembling asthma,
caused by tetanoid contractions of the re«piratory muscles. Cramps of
abdominal muscles, colic, and diarrhtsa take place; the pulse is slow and
weak; the surface of the body is cold; the ej'niptoin^ increase in intensity;
the special senses are affected; hearing and smell are lost; the pupils ara
permanently dilated, and vision is impaired. The ou^e may be (terminated br
clonic convulaions or death result from exhaustion. The gangrenous form ~
marked by the intondty of the local phenomena, the iiiimbn«« of the fingc
and toes terminating in vesications, and moist or dry gangrene, more orl
extensive, de*Irovs these parts, or may affect the noni' or other portiona o:
the. body. It is evident that in chronic ergotism thery is a profound dyscmsia,
perhaps attributable as much to the unhygienic mode of life and poor food
as it is to the toxic effects of ergot. Such grave effects are not observed from
the medicinal administration of ergot, even when continued for a long time.
The prolonged administration of ergot has, however, been known to cause a
vusiculfir. j.'iistulur. and fiiruncular eruption, with jietechia;.
Treatment of Poisoning.— The phenomena of acute ergotism arc casil;
controlled by placing the patient in a hot bath and administering eardii
and arterial *linuiiatits, such as coffee. Amyl nitrite, aconite, veratnim?
viridc. and tobacco antagonize the effects of ergot upon the circulation. The
treatment of chronic ergotism Is mainly hygienic and symptomatic.
Therapy. — Ergotin made into a paste with water has been employed
locally in eonjiinctivitis, gonorrhcea, endocervicitis, acne rosacea, and in-
cipient boils. Ergot is valuable in hamorrhoids, prolapsed rectum, and re-
laxation of the sphincter ani. when applied upon a lent or introduced as
suppositories. Incontinence of urine, duo to relaxed sphincter, is cured by
ergot given in this manner, or administered by the moulh.
By Dr. T. Clemens ergotin is said to be a valuable remedy in the am-
moniacal cystitis of paraplegic patients. The bladder is injected with a solu-
tion containing about 4 grains (o the ounce, and the drug is, at the same
time, administered by the mouth.
Chronic follicular pharyngitis is sometimes improved by the topical aj
plication of the fluid extract, or of ergotin in the proportion of 0.65 to 1.30 to
30 com. (oT gr. x-xx to fjj). The oil of ergot is a valuable local medicament
KROOTl.
ses
in Mborrbo!*, remonng the sebnceous malvml, and, ut the seme time, by its
■tnngnt and EttmulaDt action, beneBtiii^ the diseased follicles ait<I glands.
l«raUv, ID the (lit)ea«ee referred to, ergot uuy be prescribed according to the
sppeued fonnulge: —
Otiu or Sm.
K Gill, or CT. v._
.Gm. ur Sta.
B ExL trgota
CMkin* hjrdroGhlonti* .
PlBdilii mboaatb 2
UogL a^QK TOMB la.S On), or Jm.
M. Fur sxtonial uw in am* reMMa and in boila.
H Ext. tt^ux 4; Gin. or 3j.
Snlphnn* •ubtimatl £j Uiii. or Sm.
Hrath«li . , , 03 Gill, or gr. v.
tal. WlUduQtiK folUir. ale. fS6 Om. or gr. x.
Daft clnct oxldl 1G'& Om. or Jm.
IL Valubk in fiMurta «[ ih« noac, mouth, rectum, and in hstDorrlioid*-
H Ell ngatm ,
0(in|ihoni .,.,.
EiL opU
Plirabl acoutta 1
OL ibtobronuUt q. a.
K. >t ft. auppodtoriir no. x.
Of.: luttl one in the bouel uhen necMUtr for prolapaed rfctutn. dinnhwa, or
Jar flmn «[ rectum.
3i flni. or jjr. t,
05 fJiu, wr (jr. X.
IT CJtn. or j(T. iiaa.
30 Gm. or gr. XX.
B Eitndi criottr fl..
ExlractJ hatnuiiMlidia i an 451 ccm. or QiM.
Glywrini 3ri| e.cn. or f|j.
U. Silt.: Applf arvoral time* a dajr for chronic {ihaTj'iigiiia and Dual catarrb.
MKoti
l^aotini ...
OL T«rb«Me
OLfOMB ....
fxm. or fjiij.
<iiu. or Sj.
3D fxra. or niv.
IS c.ciR. or milj.
SC Sig.: Rub Into the aolp well oik* at tirioe a day for dandruff. UmCuI. a1»o.
la loaa of utr and aycoaia.
Ergot is a reliable remedy in the Mreral forms of capillary hainorrhage,
nd in oTercomin^ tbe congestion attendant upon and oaii^iiig tlie oozing-
1b benojiiyKi*. t'pi*laxi>>. liicmutiiria, bloody discliurgee from the bowels
(■elgnn), and in uterine hivmorrhage, ergot in i com. (or f3w) doet* of the
titid extracl, n'pi.-ali.-^ I'vcry hour or two, witl f^cnerally promptly cause
cnsation of the Weeding Ergot may be prescribed for vtriowsi hn'monhugM
vith adtaniagi-, •-ombincd with geranium and witch-hazel: —
a EBOracU vrgntv t.
4S<
O.CIR. or Qlaa.
o.cm, or (Sj.
Eilncti nrarrii n.
Eitraetl liaio«ni«Hdia IL 4&1 ccm. or fjtiaa.
U. Sif.: A iMapooatal or t«ro ever? Iiatf-hoiir or hour until 1il««duig eeaata.
Blaadiko, of Berlin, employs the following formula in bRutoptyti*: —
1| GiD. or (T. XV.
22| «.ein. or fSrj.
B Ergolia.
Jtiid. nllld
SjT. althaMB,
Ai|. dwtilL
IL Sig.! Teaapooatul evarj two tioura^
Bmz considers, however, that the action of ergot in stopping haenior
rluvra •>ilii-r ;liun iitcriiiv, it doubtful.
86U
Dal TUsaiPEUTic aoents
Id MTer* cflBW of post-partum hiBmorrhagc « belter pnclicp U to~S
niiniiitcr the fluid ■.■xtroct or eiigotin by eubcutaneoue injectiun. The kbid^
method iH preferalile when ercoi is u»ed in the tKatmcct of Rbromyomiita
of the womb. Where uterine hBroorrhagee are due to submucous polypi or
fibromyomata, ergot not only <:heclc« the hieniorrhagu, but may cuu»e the
separttlidn and expulsion of the growth; in such cases the progress of the
treatment should he accelerated by dilutntion of the cervix uteri, incision into
the c«p«ulc, if one exists, and removal of the growth by surreal operation.
In multipara, vhere there U a history of flooding nfler previous labors, full
dotes of ergdt should be fiivi-n just before the delivery of the child. The
Bsnal rule for the adniini>iialiijn of ergot is to wait until the child's head U
upon the perineum before giving it; otherwise there may be an hour-glass
contraction, or tetanie contrnction with unyielding m, and the child's lif«
be endangered. The administration of :2 to 4: com, (or fosa-j) of fluid extract
of ergot, after labor has tenninated, prevents relaxation of th« organ and tl
formation of largo ctots, which cause after-pains.
In Kiibin volution of the utenis. Professor Barton Cooke IJirst recoil
mends: —
B Str^clitiin. eulpliat [tS03 Om, or gr. '/^
Qumin- auliihut.,
Rxl. erpold]! .....an [006 Goi. or gl. J.
M. H ft. )iil. no. j. Mitl« uln no. xxx.
Sig.: Ono pill three tini«i o day.
In night-sweats trgol may be given alone in full doseti, or combined Wit
uicrotoxin or atropine. This remedy hag likewise been found of advant4gi
m the treatment of gntflctorrhfM. Ergot is often of avail in hyperidrftsi;
It is efficacious in all varieties of purpura, and in severe cases of the hiemor-
rhagic form may very properly be hypodennioally injected. This drug is
of value in the treatment of chronic diarrhcea and dysentery.
In dysentery of children, accompanied by sever* pain and excessive
tencsmu)!, the following preparation is beneficial: —
06S Qm. or gr. J.
G5 Gm. or gr. x.
in Gm. or gr. ij.
32 (im. or gr, t.
, s.
B Cwain. liydrodiioriit. ■..
Ext. civolie
Exl. opli
Ariatol ,...
OL tlieobroniRtia ••■■
U. «t ft. lUppuB. no. X.
Sig.: One every two or three houn.
Good results have also been obtained from the administrtttion of the
fluid extract of ergot in acute dysentery alone or combined: —
B Ektracti ergots fl..
Bxtrartl hnmntneUdis fl. aa 4S| e.cui. or QIm.
Elix. gu»r«nff 60( c.cm. or (jij.
M. Sijf.: Two tcmpDonfulB in tratcr ev«ry two or thrre hours.
In passive or hypo.itatic congestion of the lungs it may be combine
with digitalis with advantage: —
It Ext. trgotte 125 Gm, or jr. Ir.
Kxtinpti digitiilia 120 Gm. or gr. iij.
Pulv. ip«voi'uanhn et ojrfl Ii55 Om. or gr.
M. el (I. pil. no. xij.
Sig-i A pill cvrrv liircc or four hours.
3«r
B &(, crgobn I| Gai. or gt. «.
A4|nH dMtUUt* M» 41 c.cm. or tij.
AqMi a«1dl «*rbolM 2] cem. or inxxx.
U Slf.; InJM^t by|)od*ni]icaltf 1,20 to Z con. (or mxx-xxx) from Luo to (oar
Uwi» ■ d>]r in bnrmoptfiiii.
Id dLib«lvfi in^ijiidu^ the fluid extract of ergot produces marked eSect
oo Uir i]iseft»e, having a decided intluenoe in controUiiig tho uhnarjr cxcre-
DUQ. FaTomblo r»ults have bMii claimed in diabetes mollilus from the
hypodvTTmc injection ol ergottn or erfjotinin. It it Ben'icenblo in coiigefllive
dranvDorrhcsa, paralvEtG of the bladder, cosgeetive fonn of migtaine, and
10 bjpvncuiui 01 th« spinal rord. It iit claimed that ei;got in capoble of re*
iuving whooping-cough. Varicoee veins arc rcetored to their normal calibre
b^ birpod«rinic injections of ergotin, and fiartholon- Mronglj rccomiD«nds
this mock of treatment as efficacious in varicocele. The needle ehould be
thnut oinon^ tli<> fnlarged vein« in iiucii a manner a^ not to vound their
■alls. Injecled into the neiphborhoftd of an aneflrism. or administered by
the mouth, ergot prove* valuable by favoring the coagulation of blood within
tiw sac. Enlarged f^pleen may be reduced by the earns methods. In view
0f thm fact that ordinary pharmaceutical pr«parationii are not awptic, and
that rrpot fluid extract cannot be readily eterilized by heat without injury,
manufacttircrv nov supply « special form of ergot for hypodermic uae, the
ttfusl dote being put np, singly, in small hermetically-scaled glass flasks.
Each bulb contains 1.20 o.cm. (or msx) of aijueous ^hilion, repreienting the
«]uiTatrTit w^'ii.'ht of ergot.
ElrRot combined with iron has v»ry often a beneficial action in cnhirg«d
fplrrn: —
R E-xtraeti trgotv ll.,
Ttoi-tai* feni ehloridi.
l^ljtcrtBl . - - an 30| c.cm. or (Sj-
31. Sig.i From am« to two t«a«poonful* in wat«r tliree or lour tinie* a ilaf.
Id itome skin diseases, notably acne rosacea, the internal administration
-f rr^ot, conjoined with local measure*, is of advantage.
From its effecu upon the voscnlar supply of the spinal cord, Brown-
>>iiaar<I haf proposed its uw in some forms of parupWgiu attended by signs
of local irritation and hjpenemia of the cord. It is useful in congcetive
bp-„- ' and in chronic mania, and has been u»«^ with at^erted good re-
sbI : ■ rmatorrhrea and incontinence of urine. The hypodermic injection
a( cTSotiii is said to alTord relief in facial neuralgia.
Fnim Budapest comutin is recommended as having an efllcient action
epDD nnstripcd muscular tissHe, while it is, at the eame time, less dangcrouB
rlian tbc otti'^r constituents of ergoi. Pure comutin is b brownitdi-gray,
OMTrphons powder, almost insoluble in water. The hydrochloratc, or citrate,
* more rraaily soluble. Dr. Meisels has administered the drug in daily doses
«f 1 cff- (or gr. */«>. divided into four portions. In httmorrnages from the
£rriii-"rinary organs comutin rapidly caused a cessation of the bleeding.
He fib-TTt-d it to act promptly in gonorrhoea accompanied bv hemorrhage
{ms (he blnilder or urethra, in hiemorrhage from cystitis and during the
K.,.- in tx^riod frura atony of the womb with subinvolution. Professor Uokai
, en comutin citrate, with excellent results, in spermatorrhoea of
ii< ^^^ul_*lic type.
368
l-QARUACBUrlCAL tBBaArSUTIC lOEKTS OB DRCC8.
AVhcn impaired TisioD depends npou congeetioQ of the retina incidcn
to dilated or hypertrophied heart, and tn cases of epilepsy when hemtcrani|
occurs in the intervalE of r«8t, when the pupils art contracted and vigi<
ditonlered, ergot hsR been med nith advaiita;;e. in the trealmeDt of ps]
choeee, associated with intracranial congestion and perhaps iiiflnmmulion,
ergot il a valuable adjunct tn other modes of treatment.
EBIGERONTIS
£ri)ferontis.)
OLEUM (U.S. P.).— Oil of Erigeron. (See Oleni
EEIODICTYON (U. S.P.).— Eriodictyon (Yerba Santa).
Preparation.
Extructum Eriodidj-i Fluidum |U.8.P.]'~Fluid Kxiract of Eriodictyoa.
1 to 4 c.rni. <[>r miY-f3jf.
Pharmacology. — "The leaves of Eriodictyon glutinosum (Uydi
phyllaccB.')."' of California, hava a fragrant odor and an aromatic. swvcti«
taste, and contain ErlcoUn, an active resin, tannic acid, and a volatile oil
The cfTccte arc most evident in thv bronchial mucous mcmbrnne, to whic~
it tii B stimulant and expectorant. The extract of eriodictyon is not officii
(made by evaporating the fluid extract to a pilular coaaittency). Dohc, O.S
to 1 Gni. (or gr. iii-xv).
Therapy. — Ycrbn Santa has a reputation in the treatment of bronchitil
lamigitis, and cdnsumption. It haii likewise been found beneficial
asthma, and may be very well administered in conjunction with grindelil
robusta. It ia used as a vehicle for the administration of quinine, the bitter-
ness being overcome by the aromatic principles of the plant. The National
Formulary provides an aromatic syrup of eriodictyon, of which a teaspoon-
ful completely masks the bitterness of 0.13 Gm, (or gr. ij) of (jtiiniiic mi!-
phatc, aiS in tlie following formula: —
B Quininic nulphatii
Ext. belladoniiw nidiciS H.
Syrupi modictji ntmiiatici
«. Hd m
10 Gm. or gr.
12 ccm. or niii.
e.cm. or IJiiJ.
slviij.
It. Sig,: A t«ft*j>ooiiful (our times daily in lunngitii or fhionic broneliiti*.
ES7THR0PHL(£UM.— Erythrophloeuni. (fjee Casca Cortex.)
ESCHSCHOLTZIA. — The E^chBcholtzia Oalifornioa (Papftveraceic). or
the Cfllifcirnia poppy, enjoy* a rfjuilation upon tlie I'm'ific coni*t of this
counlrj' as a sopori&c and analgesic. It is represented by a number of
varifties, and it is necessary to obtain the gonnim- speiifs, us some appear
to be inert. It is claimed that it possesi^ef a email amount of Uorpniae,
although other principles contribute toward produring its eifei-l.*, among
which is Sangninarinc. Professor Schmidt, from his cxumiiiation of the
plant, is uiiabli- to ronfirm the statement that it contains nioqthine.
Physiological Action. — The effects upon animals are gradual slowing of
respiration ufler a brief jtrelirainary increai^e of rapidity; death is due to
failure of nspinition. The clToct upon Tin- nervous system is that of a
narcotic. The motor nerves are affected before the sensory. 'ITie cumulali^
effects in human subjects ro^cmbli' tbiwc produced by codeine. Thou
KCCAIXE,
309
Bvrotic effects are not vny tWidcil, yet they continuu for a cniuiderablo
ptrioil M.iti:r iu <)iKuntitiuauro.
Tkenpjr. — It U clni»i<>i] that th4' «Mcli(chultr.ia is an pftU-k-nt, though
turmlrw. «i>|ii)ril]c sK*^nl, ivpeciiilly fur diililreii. Jt relieves |iuin anil
tn-fmi-* »l('i'-[), n-licvf.-i Irenmr, ami agrws wW with tbo iligwiivu orgunii.
Iitiltzia, in tliu fonii of Ihu tUiid cxlnict or ihi- »yrup fi to 16.5 g.cm.,
'i---v, at a dooe), is a gomi mldjtioi) t" u t'ough-mivturt tt'lu-re the use of
Mpiuai ie aot considered advi^ablt^,
E0CAINE, A AHD B (AlpIia,-€iicaiBe^- Kmaine ilydrochlorat« "A,"
*t»l Beca-«ucaine = Km-aiiie llyilnichloratc "11"). — The iiiiiniifuctiirere no-
Btrunii' lli.1t when vucaiue if, ordcrrd they nill hereafter invariaMy nupply
i.-aiiif. imlisK ol hiTii'i.^- upeiilU'd. Itoth aifi-iiu iro in tiii' form of a
-- iTvt^tiitlini' powdiT, Bohilile in water. They have heen inlrodiici'd
'iit>i<iitiiii- fiir i'4)Ciiin(> in niinur Kiirgcry luid uk ii Im-ul atiH'i'thetic.
- i. i> w cluimcl to \>v live times lew toxic than eooaine iitid ftni'-lhinl
■» (oxic a^ Kiicaine-A. The Moltitions j.h'iiihl W iiimli- with distilled wuttT,
laod th^r can be sterilixed by hoiliiiff. It i» said tliai ihey will kt'eji an
[indxlliiite tiuif without »|ii>ilin)t. A ;>-per>et-nt. solution may be injci.-tod
'^e ^nims previous to extraetion of teeth, and is much safer for lhii»
• ■ tUan 2-per-cenl. ««]iltioIU of cociiint.-. Retil-eueaine i« iised in
Ji-;ih'6 method of local Hnn'slhi-Mia, also in opiithalmolcipcal and laryn-
fH'iil prai-liw fur thi' wmie purpose that cocaine wa^ u«'d.
lly eiicaine has been used t» produce sijinal an:f'slhisi« (siv Coca)
Irt : piinotnrc, iillouiii); thi- *nrf;eoii Id ]nTff>rni pninle**- major opera-
nt bctow the diaphragm. It has the advantage oTor cocaine in thai the
[iitaon may be sterilized withotil impainntnt of it» cflioiicy. Though
nal aiuf»lbe«ia is of advantage in selected caaet), yet the danger atlt-mlin)^
;i« u»* must DvcAMarily rwtrict it* grnural employment in major siugefy-
KTTCALTPTI GUIOn (B. P.).— Eucalyptui-fum.
Do«. tJ,t:t to 0.3:; Gm. (orgr. ii-t).
A ruby-colonii exudalion. or M-vulled red gum. from the bark of the
■ ij'nilyptue n?i-trata. and some other species of eucalyptus. Imported from
'.xstnlia.
ETTCALTFnrS (tJ. S. P.).— Eocalyptns.
/'rr/ifl rations.
Cstrarttmi Eutvlrptl HuldHni it'.R. P.|.— Fluid Extract of Eucalyptus. Dow,
yj ta 4 can. (or mv-Aj).
E9c*)riit4)) (U.S. P.>.— Ettcalrptot IC.JIh.Ol. Dom, 0.30 to 2 c.cm. (or mr-xxx).
0(«u» ED.-«lr|iU (l".S.P.. H,P.>. Oil of EucnljpUiii. Dow, 0.19 to 1.80 «jem.
- viiisjti. H P , )l.<in 111 it.lK c.cm. lor uiuitji.
U^;HBtuiii Kiiralypti (D. P.I. — Eanlyptui tlintmcnt ilo jicr oal.l,
TrachtHu* Kncalypli GumKii ill. P.I.~RucAl]'|>tu»-|niin Ixizriigc (OjOOS Gm., w
■rf nd gam <ritb tiniple baai«).
?*-."nBOology. — The blue gum of Auxlralia is a tall tree that has Iwcn
,blc interest to sanitarians, since it is easily cultiratcd in marshy
. ;:i)d i> said to render malarious districts, such as the Compagna,
Tfiis ia portly on a<-i?ounl of (Ik- volatile oil and resins of the tree,
JU ^trtiy bccftuse it ilraing the sail of vater, the eshslation of water bom
3J0
PUARMACEL'TICAL TUKRAPEIFTIC AOKNTfi OH DBDOS.
Iho leaves b«ing said to be equal in amount each day, on an average, to tl
weight of ihv trt-o. The ofQcial porlion of the plant (U. S. P.) are "the leavi
of Luculyplua globulus (Myriaceir) collected from the oMit parls of the trcc^
They have a camphor-like odor and a pungent, bitter taste; contain a volatile
oil, a cry&tallizabie resin, ami some lannin. The iilVicial volatile oil i* distilled
from the tnv\\ leavoit of F.ucalyptuE globulus and some other epeciee of
eucalyptus. The oil is soluble in other, alcohol, and the fatty oil*. II doc*
not become rc«inoii» on expoGure to the air. 'ITie volatile oil, by fraciional
distillation, ia separated into three oiU of dilTeriint denitity. the lightest and
most important being Enoalyptol, the others being Teipene and CymoL
Pure eucalyptol is ollieially ditinod hk "a neutral body obtained fmm the
roIatUo oil of Eucalyptus globulus and of aome other species of Eucalyptus "
It is a colorleia fluid and has an odor and ta*tc resembling that of camphor.
It is soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, and the fatty oils, but does not
dissolve in water. The fluid extract, being made by pcreolalion with alcohol,
is a strong tincture. A medicated water, made liki; the otlicial waters, is
useful at a vehicle for alkaloids for hypodermic use. as it provcnla fermen-
tation and deterioration; it is also a vehicle for medicated sprays. Alkalies,
mineral acids, and metallic salts (iron, mercury, lead, xinc) are chcmieslly
inoompatible with preparations of this drug; while tonir^ simple and aro-
matic bitters, essential oils, turpentine, eamphor. cubcb, etc., are syncrgietic,
and increase U* jihy^iologieal and therapeutical effects.
Physiological Action. ^ — Eucalyptus is obnoxious to lower forms of life
and is a good diainfeitant. .Applied to tJn- skin, the oil is an irritant, in-
crrosing the local blood-supply and partly dilfiising into the blood, where
it produces systemic disease. The vapor of eucalyptus, inhaled in quantity,
kIso produces systemic eflects beeides its local action upon the bronchial
mucous membrane. In the mouth it is pungent, aromatic, camphor-like, or
resembling cubeb in its impressions upon the nerve* of taste. Euealvptus
*xcitc< the flow of saliva and leaves a disagreeable, hot, astringent tlavor.
In the stomach a sensation of warmth is felt, and it acts as a carminative
and antiseptic; the appetite and digestion improve, and the secretion of the
gastric juice and of the intestinal Suids is increased. It favors the evacua-
tion of the bowel.s and the alvino evacuations are somewhat more copious.
This drug is a diaphoretic and diuretic, the eucalyptol being eliminated
largely by the kidneys, hut also through the skin and branchial mucous mem-
brane. Eucalyptus sometimes communicates to the urine an odor which has
been likened "to that of violets. The excretion of urea is augmented; the
action of the heart is increased; the arterial tension is at first inereawd,
then lowered. The respiratory movements are accelerated. Eucalyptus
inhibits the amosboid movements of the white blood-cells. Very large doses
cause gastric distress, iiidigi-stion, diarrhcen, with congestion of the kidneys,
the ebaracteristie odor of eucalyptus being recognized in the urine, breath,
and discharges from the bowels. The action of the heart and lungs is de-
creased and the temperature falls Wakefulness is one of the physiological
results, but it may indirectly favor sleep in debilitated conditions of the sys-
tem. Punrlysis of the respiration causes death in the lower animals to which
a lethal dose has been given. Its action may be summed up as antLseplic,
carminative, digestive, tonic, laxative, diaphoretic, expectorant, and diuretic.
Several cases of poisoning from the oil of ciienlyplus hfive been n'p^rtifl.
Dr. Alfred Neale, of New Norfolk, Tasmania, observed a fatal case, death
ECCJII,Y1T118.
371
hnac )>^«;<^d«(1 bjr ginl cmbarniBstnent of respiration. A Urgt- qtuiititj ol
Uuod iTMS fnnni] in the- pleural cnvitin, thp lunsK wure collapsed and blood-
Imi, and llu- rigiit livart contained frothy lilood.
Tlwimpy, — Kucnlyptiut it used a* ud nntiBcptic in the treatment of
»winH< nnd ulwrK. actmi; as s subetitiite for carbolic ocid. An nintmont of
»• ' w official in llio Briti*h Pliarinacopccia. Ii is made by incoi^
f - _ :i Gm. (or 5J) by wtight, of the oil of eucalyptu:) with 124 Gm. {or
21v) rach of liaid purafTm and 160 Oni. (or o^*) of iott nltite paraflin. and is a
^iKid (Iressine to chronic, indolent, or unhealthy ulcere. The tiiictiiru, or
tbc water, of fiienlyiitki^ may be nwd exiernally for the same purpose. A
conabination of eii(-a]y|)lii!i and iodoform u t serrtceablt; application to chan*
crea and cbancroidi-. The oil is a very useful addendum to preparations for
tbt? n-liif of chronic eczctna, in which the following combination is often
founil bvticticial: —
B II vdrarn- aromanut 1
Oli>l taralynii
BrUaapbtaL
Pulv. tBintib* 8
Cnifueiit. zinci Ktidi 91
Gm. or Ki. xr,
50 c.cra, or wiviij.
OS Oni. or gt. X.
Gni. or SiJ.
Qai. or 5j.— M,
Tho vaiKir may bo uwd by dropping the oil upon hot water, or npon
eotton-wonl ptacvd in an inhaler: or the Bteam-atomizer may be employed
■aith cutely plol-wHt<>r for inhnliition in phthisic, dilat<-d bronchial tubes,
hrcnirhial catarrh with fetid expectoration, etc. Applied directly to the
dwcaacd incoibranf. or inhaled in a vttporixi.'d state, the oil is a i^od anli-
^ptic in diphtheria. As a local application in diphtheria. Dr. Marion
Tnisalim', of San Francisco, uses a 10-per-c«nt. Rolulion of cucalyptol in pure
aleohol. One part of the oil to 50 of plain or medicated water, may be advan-
tafrnnrlj used as an injection in gonorrhcea. It may likewise be employed
m • mild counter-irritant in bronchial and arthritic inflammationK. Tn
aiopc>cia. when the scalp i« covered and the gland* occluded by a thickened
and vitiated wbum. the oil of eucalyptus is of rery material serrice. Its local
eimalanl effeet^ sometimes prove valuable in anidrotis. A soap (sapo
eoealyptoli) containing 5 per c«'nt. of the oil is of utility in the treatment of
U^ vDiind^ or nicer*, and bromidro^i*. In asthma, cif^arcttes may be
I «)ofccid. containing leaves of eucalyptus, with belladonna or eoca.'and
' matDoninin-leaTes, axMKiated with tobacco, if degin-d. and much advantage
deriTed rroni it. especially if the fumes are inhaled. The fluid extract is
4D ■ ■'' it Momacnic in indigestion due to deficient secretion or to gastric
or ■ al catarrh: by its use the intestinal tract becomes more hmlthy in
ehiuactiT. and no longer alTortU a place of development for intestinal para-
atf Etiojilyptus is an ethcient remedy in the vomiting cauited by sarcin«.
le cirdinary oxyviridw, or seat-wormn, injections of a decoction of eucaljrp-
|(4Te$ nr« it^efiil, and this preparation may aUo be employed as a garglo
4irv lliroat and i>t>imHtitiit, »curvy, etc. Tlic stimulating: effect upon the
,i,>i,.Ti of the volatile oil is well shown in cases of palpitation, irri>gu-
r ''iua flashro, and flatulence. As the drug is antiseptic, and esr-
I . 'v tiie bronchial mucous memhiane to a considerable degree, it is serv-
. ir.lr in chronic bronchitis, in the declining stage of pneumonia, in in-
<ip»ent pb'' inprene of the lungs, and diphtheria.
)(, .1. I I'niploys a mi^iture of eucalyptol and carbolic acid in
f bland vt-^viable oil in the treatment of tiinerciilosis. He make* nse
STS
PHABUACKUTICAL TUKRAPsmC AOENTS OH DBCOS.
of thre« tliflerent preparntionii, which respnctirely contnio 10, 19, and 20
Cfnt. «acli of vut-alyptol anil enrWic scid. To the tnixtuie be has fc'iTe
the name pheneucalyjitol and ujca it \>y injection. He claims good re»uttl
in phthteiti, nnthrax, upithelioma, and lupus. The injections 'are eaid to
prsctioally painless.
In aciitL' bronchitis or larjngo-trachcltie of children, Dr. S. Sali»-Coh«£
prescribes:—
B AmmoD. cBrbaniit. iSO to I] Gm. or gr. riii-Kv.
Aiunton. clitorld l^M to SllO Om. or p. xxU-slviti
Eat, euokl]r|>t. t •>.. 6| e.CDi, or tiin.
Sjrr. aeadn,
Sjrr. Tolutan, M 16j e^cm. or r3*«.
Aquie M) acni. or fjij.
M. Sig.i A tca*poonfiil In mlllt or nat*r every two or four houra for a child tv
TcoTs of Oft.
In tuliaciite ca«OK ho adds a little psregoHc to tlic above or a siniiL
mixture.
When tliere it an anicmic state of the nc^^-c•c«nt^44 manifested bj
chorea, neurasthenia, hvsteria, and astlinu, benefit is derived from eticalvpK
given in c«p«ulc«, emuUion, or simply dropped upon sugar (0.12 to 0.3
com., or mii-T, at a dose). In rheumatic or malarial headache il sometime
prove* ifticacioUK. The oil of ciicalvptiig affords decided relief to the head^
ache which accompanies epidemic influenza, and is likewise efficacious in thf
n«unil^iu which mny follow as a sequel. The oil oE eucalyptus has heel
given with benefit in mijrraine.
Kucalypttis is believDd to be eapetially Eervicoable in catarrhal afFectioi
of the genito-urinary organs, desquamatire nephritis, pyelonephritis, chroni^
catarrh of Ihc bladder, with putrid urine, and in gh-i't- It likewise cffe
improvement in vaginitis. In fevers, especially malarial fevers, it is useful
but it i« inferior to quinine in controlling the pamxysins, being; mostly em-
ployed in chronic malarial poisoning and in convale§cence from acute attacks,
when it may be iwed in uheniflUon with cinchona. This remedy cauR's re-
duction of the enlarsed spleen, or "ague-cake," due to malarial toxemia.
Dr. Benjamin licll recommends tincture of KUealyptua to be pven in
4-c,cm. (or f3j) doiies every third or fourth hour in typhoid fever, and believe*
that it exerts a favorabk influence upon the diarriuea. In scarlatina it is a
good practice to add 5 drops of the oil of eucalyptus to 31 Gra. (or 5j) of pre-
pared lard, for use ns an unguent to the fjcmrHl purface.
The red |2um, or eucalyptus rostrata. is a pleasant astringent and is u*ed
in the form of the fluid exlrad h» an apniicntion for tonsillitis and pharvn-
gilis. Mr. Joseph W. England originatea the following formula for a gargle,
which is in use at the Philadflphia Hoiipital: —
VotuMiUTii chlorate S| Om. or jr. cxx.
Rollint; iratrr >.>•> .180' (■.cm. or (Sir.
l't>\vdvr«i] nluni 4t Qm. «r Si.
StroRger roae-water 78|fiO e.ciii. or tJiiSv. M
Glyrrrin. ^M
Synip . "a IBI e.cm, nt fSlr. H
Fluid extract of eucalfplus roatTBla (red gum) ... ll| e.cui. or fSiij. H
Dissolve the poIa«»ium chlorate in the boiling water, cool, and reserve,
Dieolve the alum in the stronger row-water, add the glycerin, Ryrup, and
Rl'UEXOL,
313
.
fiujii .ttnict of red gum la the ord«r uninpd, and then add iim to ihc re-
»*Tird [lortion.
Tl)*! product i» s tnin»paront nibv-rcd liquid, of a ver>' ajn¥«abl« odor
' t.-tNtc. To UEc, take a tableBpoonfuI, add an ei{ii«] volumo of iral«r, ftnd
: -. I- crery lUrcf or four liuure, or more often, if required.
U 16 • einj^Ur fact that fluid extrni't of rnl yum hii« not 1)c<-n received
'h toor* favor by tin.* niedital profe^iou than it has. It pneeeseea nuny
■ iRW over other vegetable aetringenf^; unlike giuiiiiich and cnlechii. its
j>r«paniinu> remuin clear on dilution with vrater, and, nhat U more
;>crlJiDt. the aetriDfiency it t^xertu on muooua nurfacen is peculiarly per*
■ni Stronger rwM-vrater is double the strength of the usual rose-vrater,
^ ec. uf course, a correspondinglr stronger flavor of roi^e to the gargle.
I >' it might be of advantage, in tome cases, to flavor the gargle with
trujis of oil of (raultherin (addt-d direcllv to the boiling water uit'd to
d:j!M'ivp the p<:>tft8eium alt) in place of the rose-water, but, as a flavor,
CadlUirrii is te^s popular than nsc, though, of course, it » better from an
atii^tic viewpoint,'
EQCslypteol, or eucalyptenc bichlorhrdrate, is a crystallized product
1 from the essence of eucalyptus, by treating it nith hydrochloric acid.
:.i.-..| occurit in the form at white, mtcaeeouii scales, having a cam-
fi - odor and a peculiar, faintly-bitter, perfiislcnt taste, This 6ub>
«Uiii < i~ Miluble in ether, chloroform, fixed and vulalile oib, petroleum ether,
od acetic ether. It is almost insoluble in water and glycerin. In alkaline
- . ,ns and cold alcohol it is partially decomposed, a subtitance having the
■ f torpinol being formed. According to the report of Dr. I^fagc,
- ■■ ! ia well borne by the stomach, is innotuoiia, and in decompowd
I : ' ---stiRe into hydro<^^ldoric acid and eiicnlyplol, the latter of which it,
;art. abaorbed.
EncalTpteoI ie nn efficicDt antiMptic, minute quantities preventing
potrvfact ion, though it doea not check the action of the digestive ferments.
Vlrn taken bv the mouth it is eliminated by the lunjis, kidneys, and boweU-
Enealvpteol i» likewise eliminated in the saliva. When subcutaneousl; in-
«r-Tfi! it i^ removed almost exclusively bv ihe Iimge.
Therapy. — Eucalypteol exerts a decided antiseptic action upon the
.-««L It it) appropriate to the treatment not only of diseases of the re«pira-
•■vy p^msagc*. but alio to 1h'><e involving the intesiine, such as enteritis, diar-
ilwen. typhoid fever, fetid diarrho-a, the green diarrha^a of infante, etc.
In'pbUiiiti* it allayi tlie cough and other symptoms. It is preferably
ft\ta in powders or capsules. The usual dose is 0.03 to O.SO 6m. (or gr. »•
B)~; or a tntal, daily, of 1.55 Gm. (or gr. xxiv) to adults.
EtTMENOL in a li^guid extract nf a Chinese plant known as tanff-hui or
•«<iiM-i'>.- I'r. .Arthur Mueller, or Munich, fnund it to pnwcss mluablc
^mm^nmfmttic projtertiT*. relieving jiain and reguialing the flow. The do»e
''ti) thrice daily. It should be aided by hydrotherapy, massage,
I
n*' t*liif*"i'''P^'^ l^frUmlr. rohnM t1, Ho. 2S.
•Iterrtr'f -IrrMtir*.
' MtiMClf''"' mrrfli^MiwKr 1t'wJln>«^rlff, xlvl, p<. T66l
rHAnUACECTICAI. THESAPKnTIC AOEMTS OB DftCOS.
ion.
ETTONYMXrs (U. S. P.}.— Euonymua (Wahoo).
EUONYMI CORTEX (U. l-j.-Euonymui-bark.
Preparalicn*.
Estncluin Euonymi lU.S.P.).— Extinct of Euon)-inus. Dow, 0.13 to 0.2& Gm.^
(orgr. li-iv|.
Exlravliim Euonjmi Siccuin (R P.).— Dt}- Extnct of Euonjrmus. Ddm, 0.006 to
0,13 Gm. (or gr. iij).
PhariDKCoIo^. — "The bark of tlie root of Euonymua atropurpurei
(Cela.itrinn.')" coiitnin» a bitter, amorphoua EubMaDie; also, resins, euoiiid
acid, and aBparagin. The impure resin, with the bitter principle, is kno*
oommeroiftliy "i^ Euonymin (iiofi', 0.03 to 0.13 Gm., or gr. ss-jj).
It occurs in the fonn of a brown or gree»iah-brown reAioom nowdeKj
of a »lig)itly-bitter taBte, soluble in water, but scarcely soluble in alcoW an«
ether.
FbyHiological Action.^ — Eu»nymUH is in small doses a tonic, increasing
appetite and gntiitii: M?cretionn; in larger doeee it is an irritant and cathartic.
Euonymus is also un expectorant and diuretic, and exerts considerable in-
fluence upon the liver, as a cholagogue, reeemblin); rhubarb In ttfl action.
The excretion of uric acid is at first increased, but subsequently dimini^hc
by the use uf euiinymu.i.
Tlierapy. — It has been employed as a cholagogic purgative, especial
inconjuni'ltiin with antiperJodic tri'iilment, in malarial poisoninj;. In torpi3
liver and thronic constipation it aids the action of other remedies. Intes-
tinal indi^e^-tio^ and jaundice are benefited by the administration of tliia
agent. As a diuretic, it has also been employed in cases of dropsy. Euony^jH
min i.* a convenient form in which to prescribe it, although the solid extract "
is practically the same. It is claimed that it will cause ihe disappearance
of albumin from the urine in acute Brighfs disease. It s]m relieves a form
of lumbago, whieh is more of n soreness and tenderness than flchiol iwiin.
A prcf(-i*nce is expresaod for the preparations obtained from the green, Iresb
drug by the eclectic physicians, who esteem it highly.'
EUPATOEIUM (XJ. S. P.).— Enpatorium (Thorough wort, Boncset).
Dose, I to -1 Gm. (or gr. xv-Sj).
Preparatwn.
Extm^tum Eupatorii Fluidum (U.S. P.),— Fluid Estiact of Eiijwtorium. Dos
8 to 4 cciri. (or mxijt-fSj).
Pharmacology. — The leaves and flowering tops of Enpatorium per-
foliatum {Composilor), an indigenous plant, enjoy considerable reputation
in recent infusion (boneset-tea) for acute colds, rheumatism, and d^-ainenor-
rh<ea. They contain Eupatorin, a neutral, bitter principle, with volatile oil
and tannic ncid.
Therapy. — The hot iufu.sion (1 to 8) i» a diaphoretic and fin large dosea)
emetic, acting like chamomile-flowers. The powdered dried herb is a domes-
tic remedy for dyspepsia, but is heat given In fluid extract.
'Journal of Mrtlkine nnd ■SVfrnce, May, 1SII8,
KL'l-UOJtUlA flLriJFK&A.
3J5
The EupAtoriom purpuream. Kravel-root or tninipel-Vfeed, an allkd
fprcitc, foniaiii* :ii iI^ r<»rt iiii nori'l rtstn snd an oil, and ie a stitDiilnting
aiarciic. It ia best given as a lluid extract of the root lit dose of 2 to 7.5 cetn.
(nr mxxi-fSij).
EUPHORBIA PILUUFEBA. -Snake-weed. Euphorbia pihilifcra (Ku-
ph. riim-.-:*!. pill-hi^rin;; spurge, inn iialivc <i( most (rii]iiral ooiintms. The
»ricu » hii'h ha* Wi-n intruduci^d into tnrdieal practicf conn's fmin Queens-
land, ^ufilnlia. It is an annual herbacenus plant, grovring to llir bi-ight of
"111- nr iwn fii-t. Tlir ln-f\t root ie ri-d; the dr}' is rt-ddii-h brown. The slalk
t* more or ]e^ proi^unibeut and cov<toi1 with vt'lhiwii-h hair*. The )p«ves
*rv i>f a div[>-gjfi'n color. The fruit incloscg t\uic si-cd*. wliidi bfor some
rr*i-inb!anti' lo a rollec- (train. Th<f jilnnt vieMs it* virtues to waler. The
MiiattMU M<Uition H'fms to contain luniiiii, out no alkaloid. Tli>- following
■Ff it#efiil preparations of this agent: Decoctura euphorl)i« pilulifeTO
(decoction <i( iiiphorhia pilutiferu); dose, Gl) c.cni. (or fjij). Kxtraotiim
mphorhiw pilulifene (extract of euphorbia pilulifera): dose, 0.0G5 to 0.13
Otti. (or gr. i-ij). Tinctura i-uphorhia; piliilifira' (tincture of enpUorhia
jnlulifi'ru); dose, 0.60 to 2 c.cm. (or mx-\xx). Kxtrartuni euphorbia* pilu-
iifi-m- tliiidum (rtiiid ctlruLl of euphnrhta pilulifi-m); ilntf. 'i to -1 e.i;m, (or
Physiological Action. — A strong solution of IhiK drug has no irritant
effect upon Ihe skin. The Isate is slightly astringent. It causes no rednew
or nuarting of the louguc or buc-ral cAvil,v, but is irritant to the goiitric
auouiw membrane, and may occafion nsusea nr epigastrie pain. No effect
baa ticvn olMcrTed upon the #pinel cord or mutctilar system. Tt produces no
change in the calibre of the capillary rcseele. The i-ecretlonE are unolTeetcd.
Small doses are fatal to frogs and guinea-pigs, Rrst aieelerating and then
tdarHinK the rviipiralion and oirculotion. probably acting directly upon their
centres. It is thought to be climinaled by the liver, and ia devoid
■live irtfcct*. The ciiw had been recorded of a gardt-iKT who, aftur
idling several species of euphorbia, uas suddenly atiatked by buming of
conjuuitivn, — extending to the cheek, mouth, noiie, und fauces, — in-
crc«aed larri,mation, snemng. and constant desire to urinate. The rnani-
festatinns werr attributed to idioiivnera^y.
Therapy.^ Euphorbia piluliiera ie chieBy of value as a remedy in
nanncHlic arthma, though it i« not without merit in other thoracic dii>ea««».
Vr. Uarset, to whom vre owe our knowledge of its physiological action.
tt; ' it in a number of ea»4!ii in privaii- practice, and reporl* olhrrn from
it^M t' of Dtijsrlin-Beaumvtz. It uae found of signal benelit in parox-
(vdmI atlhma, whether nnconiplieated or eonnpcteil with ehrnnji; bronchilii>
and (rmpliysema. The effect wa« favorable and prompt, irrespective of the
atiirui of (he disorder. Thia remedy has abo been uiiod with good clTeot in
thf tmitnieat of hay asthma. Dr. Tison has found the remedy beneficial
ie the dy^pncea of cardiac disease. In Australia the plant is highly esteemed
fur it* |Kiwer of allaying thv aFthtnatic paroxy»m. It has likewise iieen found
af frnic*-* '" chronic bronchitis, especially when occurring in old people.
I>r Mar>!iall ha? prcwriVil il with ailvantage in phthii^i?. in which it checked
the cuiiRh, promoted expectoration, and exerted s-Tiie anodj-ne influence.
Tliie tJeciM'iion is jiligbrly Ionic, The k-aves hare bUo bwn smoked in a pipe
wiib .ml i^fael'iry results in eases of asthma. This remedy may W beneficiHtly
srG
PIIASMACEL'TICAL TUEHArKUI'lC AOKNTS OH DItCCS.
cipmliiiu-d uilh potii^Hiiim iodide in ai-tlimo at^ociotid wilh chronie hron-
C'liiliii. A foriimlii wliii-h hii> lii'eii ri-t'(iiiimend<^ for asthma is as followe: —
R Ext. ruphorb. pilulif. 21 Gni. or gi. xxx.
Niliotfljtvrin I'Wfi Utii. ur gr. V,^
Suilii lodiil.,
]*ola>ii, lirnmld an 1 [30 Om. ur gr. xx.
Tr lubi'liw l|20 r.nn. or mxx.
M. ut It. ]iil. T*] cMiiiiuL no. x.
Sig.: Ono, IWD, or thr** |>111« or rajixiilc* tlinr timeii a day.
E1TFH0RBIUU. — The Kiiphftrbin n^inifcm (Kiiphorbiapeip) if a native
of Jlorono. lliy nllicial portion hcinj; a Ri'm-resin, which flows from iiioiMoiw
in the etpm and harOeiiR in Um nir, 'n»' iiuUManpe i!> vell<iwi!*h. o]>a(}«e, or
slightly Irandliiccnt. and brittle; without odor, but the powtU-r ctiiisrs miii-h
irritntion and ^noezing; ia»tt^ ni-rid and burning. It i* iniinlubte in water,
only portly soluble in alcohol. It consists of an acrid resin (:i(* per cent.),
EUphorbon (22 per cent.), gum (18 per cent.), molatea (12 per cent.), etc'
Phy»ol»gical Action. — It is irritating to the ifkin, and Tcitioanl, owing
to the ncri'i n-niii. £uphorbon ia a drastic purgative and emetic.
Therapy. — It is employed only for ixtcmul purpcsw a* a riii)ef«cioiit
and counter-irritant. When combined wilh eamharides, it fonns a gooil
vcsieoting nhislcr (.Tallin's pliijitfr). ■
The Euphorbia ooroUata, or large flDwerioj; spurge, is emetic, dia-^
phorotic. and exprtrtonuit. The rout i» used (1 to 1.3U Gin., or gr. xv-xx)^B
of which a decoction may he made. jH
EtrPHORIN. — Phenyluretliane. This compound, introduced by Pro-
fessor (.•iucci^H. of Turin, is au aniline product, occurring in the form of a
white crystalline powder, sparingly snluiile in cold water. It possesses a
faint, aromatic odor, and a Instc which, at flret feeble, becomes warm aiidH
i-auxinj; dilatation of pcriplicrnl liluiid-vcKKt-ls. ^
Physiological Action, — Euphorin is antiseptic, antipyretic, and anul-
gesic. it ilimini^-lii'.* suppuration, and reduces abnormal temperature by
causing dilatation of peripheral blood-vc^cls. ^
.-Xicording to Dr. C. TurtiK. its I'lTect in depressing temperature mani-W
feets itself in from half an hour to two hour* after administration, and may
continue for as long a i>criod hk ten hoiin<. It is iiaid to occasion no serious
secondary symptoms. In some instances cyanosis has been observed, but it
docs not sci'm to cHUjie cnllapsc. It likewise [ironintci' diaphi)re*is. Euphorin
is thought to incrca§c the excretion nf iiri-a. When given by the mouth, it
is not followed by tlie appearance of phenol, aniline, albumin, or fugar iQ^
the urine, ^
Therapy. — Knpborin in powder has lieen used with advantage upon
ulcerated (iiirfaces, and has been f<iiind cHpable of stimulating repair in
chronic lesions. Peroni and Hovers report favorably of its eilieaey as ti local
agent in various cutaneous munifi-slalinns of syphilis, having employed it in
ninety-one cases in dosca of O.SO to 0,38 CJm. (or gr. iii-vj). IJcrgerio found
it serviceable in ulcerative ccr^'icitis. Ifc employed it in the form of powder
hy insutllation and as a 1 to 3 alcoholic solnlion. Fnpborin lias been udvan-
tageon>ly used in surgery as a substiintc for iodoform. It is an cflicient
application in wound.", hums, scalds, bed-sores, herpes, and oDier cutanooui
EUrilflAHl &.
371
■Imun; L-etieci«lly those of vp^cUble ptrasitic origin. In aplithotii- Htomii*
I" -;'ialh' of avail. PniK-wtir SlilK-r, of I'wlh, a<lmini»t«-red «uplinriu
III ' fornix pf DcurnlKin, includiDg hcmicronia and sciiiticn, imd. iu
B':-?! i-»tvt, ulxk-rved relief of )iaii). He aUo fntind it beiielicial In cas«s of
dbronic artiiular uiid musi-tilur ilieuituilii^m. and rhi-iiinatii- ft-vcr. Ity other
ufatCTfrrx It has tioeii sucwssfullj" eiiiployoil in sii|ira-orl>ital ami intercnslnl
B»«nl;ia. Mjihihtic {mIdk of the limbc, u:ii] orcliiti*. In aeutu rhciiiiiuti^ui
raplMMin has aouietiniei been found wore etlicaciuus than the sodium
Mbcylalo.
EUPH£ASIA.~E7ebright. T1i« Eu|ilim>iia officinalis (Scraphulari-
Kvr), a fiinall ht-rb of the White Muimtuini^ and Lake-Superior rt'pion and
■J*D of t^urujM-, irith o[i|>iM>ite h^avi-)' and s])ik«-« of blue llowera. In »\iiu- of
it» luiinv it U not ot!teial in the I'nited Statet^ I'harmueopieia. It is astriii-
Xc&t. oiuluiniiii: taiiuin, t-tiphnistii' tieid, vtc. A Itnoture (iO per cent.) is
■Hful iu incipient catarrhal affections, bay fever (do^e, 0.00 ccm., or mx
nrrjr two hour»), and mantles.
ETTTHTHALMIH hydroehloHilc i^ a eoiurle^H ery^tallu)* cnbatance de-
ritwl from lUtaiUL' U. In ai^ueou^ solutiom its action is that of b my^riaUc
aati bear* the ninu- rvlation to cucaine that honiatropine doeR to tropa-
cm:uii«.
Dr. A. Idrior, of Paris, reporlai thai after hin repeated use, covering
^uite a jjerioil of time, he has yet to observe any of tJie unpleasant 8ymi>-
ii«i» oft«'n iiH-t with aflvr the uw of the other wdl-known ag«nt*; to obtain
foil dilatation of the pupil he Uses 1 or 'i drop» of ft 5-pcr-c-eut. solution.
He a]>u Q(iti(.v<i thai a nipi<! dilatation followed, while the power of aceom-
■»od«tioD wa» unaffec-tcd. Dr. Grand clement uses a solution contnininp 0.^5
fim- Iu It' c.cni. (or |ir. iv-mclx) of di^tilk-d water, while Dr. Kdward Jack-
ftm prefer* Ihp combination of euphihalmin with cocaine to produ<«
■ivdria^U.
ETTBOPHEN. — Iiobut7borthi>H:reH}l Iodide. Euronhen U the product
«f thi- mti"U "f lodiiif ii|niri iMilmtylortlinereso! in a tiiiiiiliriU of potai^^iiim
'p-ltdt. It iiceurp in the fomi of a jini-. soft, amorphous iiow(!er, of a lijjht-
jtlliit loliir, without (uiilc, and hnvin^ a faint, not unpleasant odor. The
■dor almost entirely di&ap{ieftr!i when the )itibi>tane<- iii made into a mixture
ur ^ihiiion. Europhen is iiwoUible in water or glycerin, but diwolves in
. ether, chloroform, and lilted oils. The specific gravity of cwrophen
r- :., :. I hilt of lodnl iind one-fifth thai of iodoform. Europhen is rai^ily
inrt-iiifK-t-d by li^ht and heat, aud chonld he kept in a dark, dry, and cool
!ii"i its itolut)oii!F he made at a low tempciatiirc. The average pro-
■ .f iodine ronlained in europhen i.i 21.6 per cent. Its i>olutiiitL% upon
iimw di'U'H a pri-cipitate, coiit>i!-tin|i of an organic iodine eom-
>lilc in water. Europhen contains a very fmall percentage of twe
It i« ineompatible with vtarfh, metallic oxide*, and the salts of
rarT.
FhTBJolo^cal Action. — Europhen adhere-^ fimily to the *kin, mucous
- - - umi op>n surfaces. When taken intii the xyxtem it undvixovj
A very xniall pmitortion of iodine is found in the urine, and
»_■ ^i-iinr portl'in jwsc«b through tlie intestinal eanal uncliang<.H). Euro-
378
PHARMJlCErTICAt, TllERAPEirTIC AOESTS OK DRCOS.
plien is non-toxic, but hy a clifinicn! nction pri'venU the lievelopmeul
paiho"piiic micro-organisms in puliure-media.
Therapy. — ICtiroplion, in ihc form of u powilur or 10-per-ccnl. ointment,
is an vxcellcnt drcseitig to ulcers of various kinda. Leg-uk-iirs oflcu h«a.\
rapi<il_v uinltr il* infliK-in-v. It fornin a valuable npplication to wounde,
chancroids, open bitbocs, ulcoralcd chancres, condjlomnta. ami ulcerated
lesions of necondory and lortiarv *yphili». Dr. P. J. KichholT used it with
advanUgi* in scrofuloderma, lupus vulgaris, and deep burne, but fi^iind it of
no avail in faviw or gonorrhiea. He nol^i*, Imwever, thai excellent results
were cbtaiued from europhen in the treatment of the erai>ioii» and ulcerations
of the uterine neck of piucb frequein oficurrcnce in a^ociation with gonor-
rhoea. Tfac powder may be applied tvice daily, or a tampon charged with
euro^ien may be introduced.
The author hne u«ed' this substance with succces in the treatment of
iueised, contused, and laceraicd woundfl. In chronic ulcers of the leg and
scrofulodorntata, also, it exerted a bi-neliriul influence and led to rapid cica-
trization of the lesions. A lupous ulcer was decidedly improved by the
application of curophen, and eventually healed. In one ease of superfuial
epithelioma an ointment containing 4 to 8 Gni. {or 3i-i]) of europhen to
31 Gm. (or 5j) otTeetod a cure. In a ^^ccond case, after euro]>heii first, and
suhsciiuently aristol, had been used without much result, a misture of equal
part^ of europhen and ari«tol. made into an oiutuient, was applied with
entire success. A lO-per-cent. ointment of europhen was clKcicni in sycosis,
and the powder, dn*led upon the surface of a carbuncle after ihe necrotic
tissue had been removed, promoted the healing of the wound. Papular acne
was cured by the iipjilicaliou of an oiQlnient cuataiiuiig from -1-8 Gm. to
31 Gm. (or 5t-ii to .^J of base. In the second olagc of rosacea u marlft-d
improvement followed the me of ah alcobidic solution of europhen. The
papules and pustules, together with the roughness of the skiu. disappenred,
and the capillary injection was diminished. An ointment was advantageous
in erysipelas and in the dermatitis caused by poisoning by rhus toxicoden-
dron. Applied as a dusting-powder, europhen proved beneficial tn herpea
progenitalis, herpes zoster, seborrhcra oleosa, hyperidrosi*. and bromidrosi*.
An ointment was of as.*istance in the treatment of alopecia circumscripta.
Tile powder wa» of value in several cases of acute vesicular eczema, while
the ointment rendered good aer\-ice in some severe cases of chronic eczema.
Tlie writer obtained a good result in one case of psoria*iis from the use of
an ointment containing the equal mixture of europhen and aristol. In
syphilitic ulcers Ibc expeiii-nce of the writer is confimiatorv to that of Eieli-
h'olT. I'rom the clinic of Professor Jurasz, of Heidelberg, br. von SMldrski
report* a favorable inllnence in three cases of laryngeal tuberculocis with
abundant secretion. lie esteems europhen of value after operations upon
the nose or larynx. Dr. Liiwenslein has obtained good results with europhen
in perforating ulcer of the nasal septum, and in epislaxis dependent upon
erosion of the septum. Dr. Nolda employed europhen ¥ucri-s»rnlly in three
cn!**-* of suppurative inflammation of the middle ear. Dr. Fernandez rec-
ommends europhen in ease* of accidental or operative tmumattiims of the
eye, in conjunctivitis and keratitis. He generally employs a 1-per-ceat. oint
'"Europhen: with Clinicul Rpfrn-ncp to Europlicn nnd Eurojihew-ariitoL"
Jotin v. Slioemnker, AM., M.D. Sec Mrditvl IliilMIn, Sept., m*i.
i:\Ai.(its'.
379
aeni. Eorophcn ponder fonii>^ a ciinronient div»«itig, on account of its
■dlmtic i^uAlilics and the fact that it doe^ not harden into u comjmct cok«
MM th<- vurfutv tn w-Iiicli It i^ n]i|ilii.'(l. Dr. K. .T. Sohumann, of Athens,
Ibul, stAtee Utnt, in dentjl |iractic«, europhvn as a root-cuiuil drvsxini^ cnn<
m^ Ke nrpiMod. lie mnko a yini'tK \>y cnmbining europhen with a drop or
' cnrhohc acid. In pyirrluL-n hv cloiiiise* thi: parW, applii'« protai%ol
III (20 pi-r cent.), and fills puckeia with enropheii, Eichhoff M8
rtpeninvnted with it hvpodiTmieallj' in the trcniincnt of vvphilU.
SXALOin.— Orthomethyl-aeetanilid h a di^riTativo of the aromatic
*rri«. •riKi il«- frirmiiin l',H,,NO (or C',lIj,C:n,0,NCH,), and ia one
nf the thit« methvl dprivatives of acotanilid. It is in lini>. aciciitnr, or
long lablct'liki' mBtiil", ihi* first luing DblDined hy evaporation from eolii-
tiuQ, the laitor fnim fusion. II ii; spariuf^ly i-otubte in cold wnliT, ition^ so
10 btit wntttr, and t-xtrfinely solutili' in diluted alcohol. Dose, 0.0C5 to 0.38
tJiu. (or pr. i-vj), or from 0.38 to 0.T5 dm. (or pr. vi-xij) in lh« ouric of
the dnv Kxiil;;ni h di-void o( odor or taste, and i-t of neutral renclion.
Pkjiiological Action. — Exulgiu hae Wen brought forward liy Brigonnet,
of tb« C<K.'hin Eloepilal, and ha.s been extensively employed as an analgetic,
iU HTect being ]>rincipaUy munifi-^ted upon the lioni^ory nfrt't«. Rxalgin,
vh)cb i» also an nntii«ptic, U eliminated by the urine, tlie amount of which
H •liniinUhes. It rcdueve abnormal tompcratun* like oIIkt mt-mber^ of the
irmtip, ftfld » claimed to be e<|tially efficient in about half the dose of anli-
Broadbent ha^ reported a ease in which (> Vd (im. (or gr. iv) dows
(Hn had bi-^n ordvn-d nn account of neuralgia. The first dose relieved
ID, bnt caused some dix/ineii*. After (ho lap*c of *oiiie hours, feeling a
" t return of the pain, the palient took 0.75 Gm. (or gr. xij) at one doM>.
Be inuDciliatcly fell pro»^(nite, vaf unconscious, and frothed at the mouth.
The pulse was feeble and slow, the eyes closed, and pupils normal. Upon
reeiiTerina conscious Mew he cotnplained of n(;is<-j in the ht-ad, was iiauaeaied.
■ need pain in the hyi>oi;a$trium. Evacuation of Ihc stomach and
n were followeil by nrovcrj'. In (lie <wie of a S-year-old child,
lo whom 0.33 Gm. (or gr. v) of exalgin had been pivcn in mistake, Dr.
Uxrofry, of Havana, observed UibI the fiice and bandit were of a dark-blue
color, there was copious vomiting of mucus, with free perspiration, rapid
.n.^ f<-pb1« pul*e, prominence of vein* of the nei>k, and pulsation of the
:-. The nrine was dark gray and albuminous. There was diminutioa
■ : -I'liMliility in the lower ]iml>«. T)ic child wait revived by tlic use of stimn-
UQt<. aa<l Ine symptoms gradually disappeared. As it is soluble in diluted
', it may be given in naier flavored with elixir of orange or mm.
jiinllness of ihc dose gives it a decided advantage over some other
{iMrji^rati'ins of this group.
Thertpy. — In all forms of ncitralgia, especially the visceral forms,
cxaJ^o hni! U-en .ihown to have marked control over pain, ll i* said to
df^r.-iik.- (he quantity of sugar eiicretcd tn diabetes mcflilus. In diabetes,
fr< :o (i.7.'i dm. (orgr. vi-xij) daily may he given. In facial neumtgia
y -' .a, especially in anirmic. neurotic patients, good results are oh-
I III d<iite« of O.Ofi.'V Cim. (or gr. j) every four hount. Ixiwenthal
HMi. -'il exalgin in thirty-live case« of chonti. It exerted no specific
^|m '.ut Ihc seventy of the manifestations was reduced. Ho concluded
Vniil ifac vOect of the ifrug was ninch more favorable when its administration
3d0 rilAHltACeCTICAL TltEHAPEUTIC AOBXTS OB DRU09.
wni^ begun i.>arty in tht^' <lii>cui^c. Munvorvo ivc^iaimtrnJM exal^ii in the trt-nl-
ment of painful nllcciions of cluldren, lo whom it is acoeptable in taste and
\>y wIkiiii it is well tioniv. He f;iv» it in (]um>« gnKlually aaconding from
O.Wii In 0,25 Gm. (or gr. '/j-iv), am! consitiers it as t-qually eflicacioiis as
antipyrin In »mull (lost-s. Viiwriil nt'uiul^iu, ilviinKiiDrriiii-ji, tiophritic- l-oHc,
and an^oa pertoria are relieved by the use of exaljiiii. The eolnbilily of
cxalgin in wuter is prcinioUd by the ncldilinn ol un eqiml (]iuintity of iiodiuni
salicylate: a euubiiuition whieh nil! often be of therapeutic cffidoncy.
FABIANA OTBRICATA.— Knbiiina inihrieatn (Snlnnaeea-), or Pichi, a
South-AiiKiicflii ).laiit. is it shrub, or small tree, which prowa upon hijih,
dry hilt'lo]!)'. Its lirniu-hleW are arranged in the form of plitmv-liki' spmy*,
which have a peculiar, hght-bIuieh-Rn?en color, due to the larjio amount of
bliiinh or urccnish-ifniy resin, with wliidi all its lender iiart* are eovercrf.
Dr. K. llolliindcr hae extrneted a thick, brownish, crystalline mass, which
proved to be a rr»in-iK*id. Iii.->id('s tlii.- n.-in, the dmj: lonlain.* lannin,
stareh. a minute <juantity of some nlkalfud, ]irol)ubly peculiar to itself, and
an abuniliint pn>))nrtion of a jrlucoside analogiiuc ti> esciilin. The prcjiani-
tiona are made from the leaves.
Physiological Action.— .\ tindnre of pichi hait a disajn^eablc, poreistent
bitter taeie. and. unless combined with an alkali, its reein is precipitated
upon ihi- addilirm of wnler. Pichi ewrts n ctininlnnt elTeet upon the kid-
neys, but its physinloRieal action has not been closely studied. ,\<! ministra-
tion (if the Kwin-Hciil ti> fri*;;!' eauwd nnrcosis, fiill(iw(ii by jinralysis and
death. The fluid extrait, when piven to human snhjeets in medicinal doses,
hail no di.'turhiii); ctTeet upon tlitf ftomaeh, hut, on llie eniitrury, iinpnMCd
the aniictitc.
Therapy. — Us therapeutic induenee i* chiefly njanifesteil in alTectiona
of the fteniio-urinary apparatus. In enuresis noetuma pichi has often a
most beneficial dction, The following eomhinution will be found n»eful: —
n Exti-ortl rnbliiiDP fltiiill 4\ e.em. oT fSj.
Tiucl. belltiiloimip Miorum 175 ivciii. or mxij.
AqiiiP rinnnmomi 00] cem. or (Siij.
M. Sijf.r A li'H spoonful tnomiTig uiii] niglit for it child.
It hft* also been efiieaeiously employed in gonorrhtea, eupceiutly during
the inflammatory staRe. Pichi is bcaefieial in epididymitis and prostatitis,
and bn^ Iktu t;iven with succes* in jaundice and dyspepsia dependent upon
an insuHicicut secretion of bile. The essential oil of jnchi acU as a stimu-
lant lo seewlinK organs ffenerHtly. and modifies or cure* chronic purnlenl
discharges from mucous membranes. This remedy is of service in the
treatment of bronchial and inleslinal caHirrh. It is of value in the treat-
ment of lithiasis, or calculus of the kidney or bladder. In ehronic renal
conj;i-?li(in and ealcnlons pyelitis this druir is of service, but is bidiered to
be contra-indicated when degeneration of renal tissues exist. Acute or
chri)nie cystitis is hcnefitcd by the administration of pichi. Dr. Hal. C.
Wymau reports very favorably upon thi.* leini'dy in cystitis dependent on
atricture or ninnipnistivc procedures within the urethra, and likewiw in
cases of lumbago and sciatica at^nciati-d with the deposition of uric acid.
Ak a diuretic in i:ase» of fn^vel and calculi the following combination will
often prove of service: —
FKL HOVIS. 381
R KsC (alntrur <!,... A0| imub. or fUi.
liq. [lubuB. l>t)5 ccm. or I3v.
Tt. miHi vora Ti5 cpiu. i>t fjij,
Bltx. tmluaj-» 4). •. nd ISoi c^n. »t f)iv
U. SIf.i TaupOMful In bat HBlrr eiwy four or Ave lioure.
I'ichi i» liW-w)»c of wnit-c in prostatic inflammation nr hypertrnphy,
ud u latualitt- in unnorrlufii alleii'k'i:! Iiy ooiiiplttnitfiii^ in which it U m'ce^-
HIT tosutpond the uds of lwit\ incthcMU.
FEL BO VIS (r. S. P.) —Ox-gaU.
I'nparalifti^s.
Vat Bork Purlftnatam (U.& P.I.~Puria«(l Ux-gall tl-iliilar ranMHUnM). Uow,
aJi to t Unk. (m-gr. v-sv).
r«f It.iTliiu« PurilUaium IR. P.I,— PurlllM Ox-lillo. Tlo**, 0.»2 la 1 Om. forgr.
Phftinacolo^. — Fresh bile o( Bos tnunis {cUt», Mniumdlin; oHor,
BamLDantiu) is a Kreenisb-biowa, riacid liquid, with a peculiiir, nausestinij
odor tad hiltcr. ulH-niiivi.- taste. Its sohition froths whi-n ehukfii and Mpoiit-
6m bt. hi reaction i.i alkaline; specitic iBravity, 1018 to 102S. It is official
becb iu its n-ociit state and in the purilied form, the latter hcing preferred
br malcinff pills.
Thjttblo^cftl Action and Therapy. — Ox-goll is sntiscplic and Inxntive,
aaucttn); in the ab^rplioii and dijjc-^tion of fata in the inte.'ilinal tract and
•timubting peristalsis. The local application of bile causes absorption of
bjpeitropbiee, and (alarmed toaeil^. It may be tis«d inteiuotly to ojaiat the
digection and asvimilation of fatty foods or of cudiiver-oil. and may be given
IB babitual constipation with deficient assimilation. Ox-f;all bae likewise
beeDoged for tbe purpose of expcllinj? Itimbricoid worms.
In janndicc, Harley reoomraends the use of ox-jjall, (riven in capeulcx,
ia order ibat it may reach the duodenum without beiii^' actt^'d on by the stom-
aA. It ii> aUti of benefit in hepatic and intestinal affections. The follow-
mg prescriptions containing ox-gall are recommended: —
B rVI boTb pvrldeaU,
Masncaii cubonalia . . . «a ftSO Om. or gr. e.
OL MCBlk pip. jOfi ccni. or mj.
IC. •! ft rapsula M. XX.
Hir.: A capnilF ikrM or (Our ILnm a dav, aitfr mtaU. in dfipcpiin and con*
B F«l bovi* puriUMtl « 4| Gm. or Sj.
Rrtntrli llllrl* VAmlMi,
Altitni i-r. ••'. aa jOfin Cm. or gr. J.
OL diUMUOooii \0G cent, or mj.
Jl. el ft. p«. no. ss.
81^.: Two pOts UtwMB nttlt. S«rv(nabte In torpor of the liver and in dva-
S,
FEEMZHTint. -Yeast
■^ ■ 1= tin- feniuiit obtained in brewinj; beer, and produced by
liVcfca cerevisias. According to Schlossbcrger, ita compoxitiun u
' fl per cent.; liydrojten. G.ft per cent,; nilrofTcn. l?.l per cent.;
II, 31.4 per cent. It contains, as proximate count it uents, cellulose.
mofiifls. fat*, and rrvinous sulMtnnees.
l>llAIl)IAClil-TICAt. TUEBAPEDTIC AOBXTS OB DBUQS.
Dose. 0.13 t
Pharmacology. — Vcii!*t is ft jmk'-browi), vi*cid, (rotliy liquid, witli
bitter tiijU-. rstiil externally in a poiiltico for boiU out! euppiinitin;; wounds
or foul ulcers, aud inti.-rual]jt' ni^ on altomtiif tonic in /nniiicli'i^ iiud typhoid
fever. Dr. M. H. Thompson has rcporleil thirty-seTen rases in which yeast
was used in the treatment of typhoiil. in all v( which rfoovcry tiwk plucL'
withmil rt'laiiw. il is said lo caur« disappearance of sm-^t from ihi- urine
in diaboiea. Dose, lo to 30 c.cm. (or (3*(^*j) Ijcforc nu'als. Roos' has ui^ed
yMiet (dried nt 8i>* F.) in powder in doses of 0.50 (Im. (or Rr. viij) two or
three times a day in the treatment of con«lipatiun. He reports twenty cases;
sixteen were »o benefited that their evacuatiouK were en*y and copious, and
in most of them the appetite was increased. Certristtif, a proprietary article.
it a pure dosicmtctl ycuxt, and liaN been UKcd with vucceiis in the treatment
of pBoriasiii, herpes, and some rarietie^ of eczema in doses of 1 teaapoonftit
tlircc tinu'S a day,
FERRUM (ir. S. P., B. P.).— Iron. Metallic iroD in the form of fine,
bri(;ht, and non-elastic wire.
U. S. P. Prfpuraliojiii.
KinplAi^tniiii Kcrri. — Iron Plnsier ifwrk hyilrBti-, 0 prr ccat.l-
Kerri Carboiian SHC'clmratUN.^.'^iici-liurutfU Koriou* L^irbonttte.
IMS fJm. (or RT. ii-sl.
Pern ChluridUDL— FerriD Clitotiik. I'w'il tiii litomoMaUc and |>harninceuuc«11y.
Ferri CUraii. — Fprrio t'iirulc. \)unr, 0.31! lo IM Gm. lor gr. v-xic).
Ferri hyiKiplionphiB.— Fwrii- U^ophoaplittr. Do»e, OJS ti> O.UO Oai, (or gr. v-x).
Petri lodicliim t*occliaralUiu.— Sntoliuratnl Ferrouo lotlidc. Ouae, 032 t* I.a0
Om, (or gr. v-m.
Ferri Liioia*.— FfrrnUH t.aelali-. Dosp, lJ.i;i Ki O.lifl (iai. (or Rr. ii-xK
Petri Ilidfiphas Sol ubi I IB.— Soluble Fprrii.- I>lioii>hiile. Duw, OM to O.CA Gin.
(or J(T. y-x).
Fi-rri ]'vn>|ilLo$]>)in>i S>1ubi)li>. — Soluble Fen'ii; Pyruphuiipljalc. Dose. 0.13 to 0.32
Gm. (or gT. li-vi.
Fpiri Siili.hfti.^Kprroii* S!iilpha1*. IVmf, (>,0fl5 lo O.S'2 Gm. lor gr. I'Vl.
Fwri Sulphas F.xsiepBtus.— iJripd Furrou* Sulphate. Done. «.<«l(i lo 0,32 Gm. |or
gt. i-v}.
Ferri Sulphas GrnixilaluH.— OianuUt^d Pertou* Sulphate. Do**, 0,000 to 0.32
Cm. (or jrr. i-v|.
I'Vrri Valeriana*,— Ki>rric Valerianale, IK--*', 0.005 to 0.20 Gm. (or gr. iiij).
Ffftri ct Animonii Citras. — Iron and Ammonmm ritrnto. I)niH>, O.SO lo (1.32 Onl,'
(orgT. iii-v).
Ferri rt Ammcnii Siilplia», — Fettie Ammonium ^iilphatr (Ammonio-ferric .Alum).
DoM, OSD to 0.3-i fJm. lor jtr. iii-v).
Ferri et -Ammouii Tarti-a*. — Iron and Ammonium Tartnite lAmmonio-ferric
Tartrato: alioiit i*. ppt crnt. ferric oxide). Dow. 0,32 to 1.30 Gm. (or gr. v-xx).
Ferri ft P')1aj™li Tarlrti«, — Iron and l'otn^■<itIm Tartrate (Poliuaio-ferrie Tnt-
tn»lo|. Vntr. 0.32 lo 1 Gm. (or or. v-xvl.
Ferri rt (jiiiiiinw Cltra*, — Iron and Quinine Citrate [ferrie eilrate. 85i quinine,
12i eitrie neid. 3 parlsi. Von^. 0.30 to 0.32 Gm. lor iir, Ul-v).
Ki'rri et QniHiNin Htui* Soluhili*. — .SphiMc Ipm and [Juinine Cilratf. Done. 0.20
to 0.C5 Gm. [or f-r. iii-\l.
Fprri cl SttychniniP Citrna.— Iron and ^Irift-liiiim' Cilrati' (US Grn. iron and am-
moniain eitmte: I Gm. each of Hlrvclinine and eitrie ntid). I)dw. O.Olti^ to U.2U <>ni.
(orgr. iiij).
tVrri Oxldtim Hydraliim.— Ferrie Hydinte. Illydtnt^ Oxid* of Iron fte-shly
pipeipitaled liy tlie nddilioii of nn exec" of nmm<>nia to llie volutlou of tlit- frrrie
•■iitl-hate and it'R'1ii<il and tiTnlned, For uw d> nn antidote In arMnoua-eeid poison
ing. 20 prntu* lo be taken for eneh erain o( arȴnif -wnllniiwl. a tn.ble"poon(iil I"
oidinarv doar a» an nnlidoto.)
I
>y. y. Mrd. Jour.; Urd. fltiri.. May. IMI.
FEfiitru.
383
^
tttti Oiidaaf<8)4niuiii cum MK^edn.— Fonir Hj^nite wltli .Magni-ola. tS<iUi-
Om irf km*i »ul(ihtit», M e.em., or fSxiiisa* niajpietiUt, )0 (Jni., ur 3ii»«j. The suluUun
a( tRTk •ul|itiiili> U tu Ih' tliluio'l uilh IDO o^oi., «r fSxxviJ, at ualri niid kcpl in *
IttgK, «iU-»loplicrv(l buillv iiulil iir<;ile<l tor ubi^. Tlic ni&|nw^iii uhutild tw kvpl iii a
hrttk AOnl •iiuut lhrr<~fi>uitlu with water. Wlicn miuui'd (or um; the mngtiQMa ii
to W thAken intu ■ buiito^nirnu* ttiiii iiiH^iiia ami tliv inin >ialu(Uin ^dunllj mIcImI,
mJ (hakm toKvtiMY ttnitl ■ iiiiifortn snioutJi miaCutv tfiiiIi*. Antidote to Kraenic.
Vtnum Kfdurtiim.— Kitlu<i-<I lr<in. Uatr, U.lHin U> 0.'M lini. tor gr. i-vl.
Liqaor KfTTJ Acctatis. — ^lulioii uf Fnric An-tatc. Duiw, 0,1^ to 0.00 u.Pin. Iivr
«1.
Uinior Fmi t^Lloriili. — .Solutlixt »l Fvnrk Cli1oriil« (3T.:t o( ferric cklaride),
I^WK-ifally uhO in nukiiiK tlw unciunv Duw, O.t'2 tu u.UO v.i-m. lor mit'X).
Li<iii»r Kn-ri Cttratl*. — Soliillvn ot Krrrk: Citrato. Utnl In {naklli^ (errio oltrat*.
Pmh. aeu to 2.3(1 Um. (or mx-xl).
U(ju«» Vriri rt .\mniooli AcHntta. — Soliili<>n of Iron and Amroanliiiii Acetat*
iBuham'* UUturcl. Ui>M, 4 lo I& crm. lor f3i*it'|.
Lli]uor Fnri N it rntia^— Solution ol Ferric Nitnitc. Do**'. 0.60 (o 1.20 &eni. (or
Liuuor Fern SubiulpltatU. — Solution of Fcrrii.' Sub*ulphate iMonjwI'a Solution).
Oamr, u.U U> UriU c.Rin. (or Mil-xi.
lJt\itaw F«Tri T»»Bulpka I is.— Solution of K*rrio 8alplittte ((or making hydralwl
of ironK
Maua Fnri Caibooati*.— Mais Ferrous Carbonate, VallM'a Mum (fenou* aul-
', 100: todiuDi <«rboiMtr, 100; hone}-, 38; ■udar. 26; *}'rii|> and wnlrr. (|. w, kiI
p*na}. kaa43 p«r dmt. ferrous car bona tr, \)o*f, Ojio to 0.32 Gm. <«r^, iii-r).
Mtatnn Tern Compoaita. — Conipound Iron Mixture. (iriOitb'* Mixture <t<Trou«
Vatpluiltr. ft: mprh. IN: RUjiar, Ift; potanMiini rarbonat'. Si hpiric of lavend*!. UOj
ni»-«ral*T, q. •. ad 1000 parts). Doae, 7.5 to IS i.',cm, {or fSii'fjHl.
Ptiulip Alon nl Fmi. — PilU of .\loea and Iron (nlo«i, Iron wulphale, ammallr
fa«d«r). IK»r. 1 lo 3 pillB.
I*ila1ir Frrri CarUiMatio.— Pilli of Ferroui Carbonate (lUaud'a Pllli).— Iron Fill.
UoM. 2 lo S piUa.
PlUtw Ferri lodb)!.— Pills of Ferrous Iodide.' Doae, S lo 4 piUii.
HfTBpDt Fnri lodidi.— Syrup at Ferrous Iodide <]0 pM cant, ferroiix iodide).
Ihna. n,M lo i r-tTu. for iwt-xxxI,
SjnipHt Ferri. Qutoimp. ct Slrychninit Pho»pliatiJin. — Syrup of the Pho^phatea
IruD. (jitiiainc. and Stiyi'hiilni- PoiitniiKi ntnnil D.OOONS Oin. (or gr. Vu) ■>( atryeh-
~ 10-4 c«in. |or f3}|. Uuie, 2 to 1 c.iriii. |or fSt»-jl.
87T«piM Uypoplioaphituin cum Ft^ro. — Syrup ol Ilypopboaptiitea with Iron
Ma Mrtat*, 1 |ier tviiM. !>•'••■?, 4 i« 15 i-.cm. (or 13i-iv|.
TinetKn Fern Cbloridi. — Tincture of Ferric Chloride inolutjun ol f<-rri«' chloride,
■ImImiI, 7S fartal. Dou. O.:i0 to i p.cra. (or ntr-fSJ).
Trufhidd Jrrri.— Trorfiei of Iron. Dow, I to 2 troche*.
Vi«iun Ferrl .Vmaiura.-- Ititli-r Wine of Iron. Tkn». 4 lo 30 o.em. (or fSl-tJj}.
ViMaai Kent Citratis.— Wiup of Ferric Citr&te (contninn iron and nromonliiai
atntu. 4 parti: linctUR of >wert «ranj(e-iieel : KTTiip, and white win*). I)o*i-. t to
IW OJ-lv).
li. I'. I'reparalion*.
Vrtri Ar«Ma*.~lruii Artniate. 1)om, OXHM to 0.015 Gm. (or or- '/»■'.'»)■
Frrri Carboaaa Saechanitiii>.— Saivharalrd Iron Carbonate. Do»e. ojos to 2 Un.
Frrri lliaapliAa. — Iron Pko«phal<-. I>om-. 03i to 0.65 Om. lor gr. v-x).
F»*rt Snlpba*.- -Fi-TTOu* Sulpbale. Ilnu', O.Ofij ti> (),.Tii Gm. (or ft. i-vl,
Frrri .^Ipbai Eviin.'alu». — Esaiccaled Frrroun Sulphate. Dote. 0.03 to 0.20 Om.
■ «r. — llj).
Frrri «t QniniiM CItraa.— Iron and Quinine Citrate. Do«, 0.32 to n.«S Gm. |or
Frmim llMlavluni-^llPilurvd liotL Done. 0.0S3 to 0.32 Gm. (or gr. i-xt.
FWrum TartatntitBi.— Tartar* teil Iron. n<i«o, 0iS2 (o DOB Gm. (or gr. rx).
'Btancard'a UiKbaniieaMr-Iodtde nflron Pill* are Mcperlallr protected by a coat>
Img if ivduoed Iron; but th«y an leaa soluble in tlie gastric juW
386
rnARUACEUTiCAt rnERAP£tn-ic aqcn-ts ob dbuos.
Offlting surface, as in surgical operations, post-partum hiemorrhage, hicinor-
rhag« from the utcmx after miscarriage, or cancer of that organ.
The resulting clot is veiy tough and dark colored, and makes a <Iirtj,
disagreeable mma, ho that, in ordinary Eur^ical practice, iron is rarely used
as as hsmoetatic, when a substitute can l)e fouiKi. In some form« of uterine
hiemorThagc Monsel'e solution may be used, diluted (1 to 94) or applied in
full 8trenf;th. upon a small swab to the inner aurfacr of tlie utvnis, if the oa
huA bfon previously dilated; or Iho vagina may be temporarily packed with
tampons of absorbent cotton wet with a 5-per-eent. solution.
In cpiittaxis, or hicmoptysi^. a epray of 1- or 2-per-cent. stren^b of
Monsel's solution may be inhaled. Kxces.il\t.' hicmorrnage from lc«ch-bites
or ofter the oxtrnctioa of teeth may be controlled by the direct application
of the same agent. A solution of the subsulphate may be Kilcc(-8« fully used
to restrain bleeding from haemorrhoids. The game preparation is effective
in destroying syphllilii^ vegetations. 1- if'.'iured nipples may be cured by paint-
ing them with a mixture of 1 part of Monsere solution to 3 or 4 of glycerin.
A spray of ihi; »ubsulphate is ueneHcial in chronic oztena. In eryxipcUs the
tincture is an excellent local application. The aftringent preparations of
iron may be used wiUi good effect a» injections in gonorrncea and gleet. Two
c.cm. {or fSes) of the tincture to Vi pint of water, with 4 ccm. (or f5j) of lau-
danum or 0.T5 Gm. (or gr. xij) of the sulphate to the same quantity of «-ater
and laudanum, are forms in which iron may be used for this purpose. These
solutions of iron, howev«r, are open to th« objection that they stain the pa-
tient's clothing. A liquid containing an astringent salt of iron is also a serv-
iceable wash in leucorrhcra. In tonsillitis, phiiryiigitiit. and diplitheria the
same agent may be applied directly to the (hroat, either pure or diluted with
an equal quantity of glycerin; this applicalinn is sometimes painful, but is
very efficient. The tincture of ferric chloride, though lees astringent than
Monsel's solution, may be used locally in the same way. In diphtheria it
can be administered internally in this form, and if. as is usually done, the
prtpnratton is suitably diluted witli water, and then taken through a gla&f
tube (so aa to prevent the iron from staining and corroding the teeth), the
solution will come direclly in contact with the pharyni as it is swallowed,
and thu-i combine the local and systemic effects. In such cases it is some-
times prescribed in combination, as fallows: —
R Tinelune f*Trl chloridi 30 tcm. or Q,].
Fotoiiai chlorutii ,- 4 (•m, or Si,
Syr- niirantli 60 c.cm. or fjij.
M. Stg.: Hnlf a t««sponnfuI to a, tcaspoonful evcr^ two houra, In wntrr, In dtph-
thftria or cryupcU*. h
These styptic preparations hdve also been injected into na-vi and ras-
cnlar tumor*, to produce coagulation of their contents, but death has resulted
from the escape of some of the fluid into the general circulation.
The tiiiclure of iron is a benefieial local application in eerlajn affections
of the skin. It will in sonic instances relieie parfcsthe^ia and the itching
which accompaniesi eczema. The conjoined internal and external use of ibis
preparation is frequently of advantage in chronic disorders attended by *np-
puration, as pustular ecxema, impetigo, ecthyma, and rupia. A combinatioi^
of tincture of iron and glycerin has been serviceably applied in herpes. ■
The principal employment of the iron preparations is for their effect
nsRCu.
•.iS",
npoa himiBtMU. Thc.v are pre-eminently useful in cases pf anaemia, liydra*-
B)i«, or clilorosii, and in niuny ofi»e« of dcljility. TIr' woll-knoirn Basham's
mixturv, or sotulioti of iron an<) ammoniiiiu acetate (T. S. P.)> is very com-
nonJ jT ^ivt:n io ovrix-oinv the aiitemift of clmmic Bright'^ []ti-i<ase of the kid-
Mj. Dr. Jbhii-* Tj-son has called attention to the fael, however, that, •«"
th> 'itive and inflainiiiaiory eonilitions in the kidneye, it is
•tnT6 I ' il and, in fact, is often very injurioiu,' Dr. Tyson a»y»
OxMt it Rhouh) Dot Im- given in any tiue of aeute Bright't- dieease, nor where
then; is not antemiu. If it causes headache, constipation, and rcducea ex*
crrtioB by the kidneys, it it doing harm.
Dr. Audreir Smart, of Edinburffh, has found, by means of the apparatus
trnpltiyed for Mlimating the numbL-r of corpuHules contaimd in a specimen
of d1o<mI, that the sulphate is the moal valiiahle preparation of iron in the
UMtinent of ana.-niia and ohlorofie. 'I1ie carbonate comes neit in order of
(ffidmcy, and the s^Tup of the protochloride occupies the third place upon
ths Lot. A combination with arK-nie increases the efliouey of the eulphatft.
llie preparations of iron should not be used in plethora. As they all,
to a greater ur \m degree, interfere with the digestive fuiietion, checking
tiw H-cretiom along the alimentary tract, and frequently constipate, the
■tate of the stomach should always be coneidered when prescribing iron.
Wliere the tongue is red and dry, as Fothergill has shon-n, iron always dis-
•graca, and should not be ordered. On the other hand, a pale, brnad, and
■ibl^ tuogue, marked by the impression of the teeth, is esiieeially indicative
H the demand of the system for iron. There are great uifFerenccs in thiij
Mpcci, hiiwi'ver, beluH-n the sevenil preparations of iron, and new chalyb-
catM are being ixin^ianllv brought forward with thir recommendation lliat
fbej do not derange the iligestion nor produce constipation.
One of the movt enieaciutig of the ferruginous preparations is the tinct-
■R of the chloride, but, iu addition to its disturbing effect upon the diges-
tion, it is open Io the objection that it stains and corrudf^ the enamel of the
teeth. This action is due to the presence of free hydrochloric acid. It is
ewtmary to dirix-t patients to largely dilute Ihe liuiiid, to imbibe it through
a rabe, and lo clean the teeth, immediately after taking the medicine, with a
weak alkaline aolution. The virlui-s, without the di^dvantages, of the tinct-
ure of iron seem to be possessed by a preparation devised by Dr. George W.
Webl, (if Xew York. This syrup of the chloride consists of the official tinct-
ve with Ihe excess of acid neutralized and a certain amount of the syrup at
gBDltberia added fur the sake of palalabilily. Knch fliiidouncc contains 34
iBi&im» of the tincture. It is Haid not to injure the enamel and not to derange
fix digestion.
In amenorrbwa Blaud's pills of carbonate of iron are of great service,
n the compound mixture may be u«ed with excellent effeet. Iron is of most
talot in «iriiple aniFmia. eucq as that following hiemorrhage; it is of less
asTice where the anosmia is symptomatic and accompanies organic diseaKos
vr f.l'w-t noisoninR. In such cases it acts more quickly when given hy]>o-
i- the animnniocilratc dissolved in distilled water being preferred.
I <.^^ .-alt has been succci^fully employed in the same manner for the
relief of sobacote or chronic eczema, associated with or dependent upon
aBcmia.
of Ihe jlnHirirai* ilnllml .IWM-Iffllom, Jntjr S3, 1806, p. ITS.
PUAKUACBCTICAL TnBRAPBCTIC AGEKT8 OEI DRCOS.
„(*L. -i-
DDKing surface, n« in fliirgical operations, post-purtum hwinorrhage, htcmoT
rllugc from the ut«nu after miscarriage, or cancer of that orRHn.
The n-8tilting clot is very totigli and dark colored, and in«kc= n '''''^J)
disagreeable tnass, so that, ia or<linary siirpcal practice, iron is rarely "^^M
aa an haemo^tntic, when a Eiibstituto con be foiinu. In some forma oi uien'M
b«morrh«ge Monsel'a solution may be used, diluted (I to 24) or flpjpli*'' '
full strength, upon a emult Ewab to the inn
has been preriously dilated; or tli« vagina
tampontt of altiwrbcnt cotton wet with a Sr
In epistaxie, or hiemoptysis, a i*prii>
Monsd'H solution may be inhaled. Exct.>^§
or after the extraction of teeth may be ctn
of tb« same agent. A solution of th" thIi^
to restrain bleeding from hieinorrhi i i
in destroying syphilitic vcgetutiunE. I :
ingtbem with u mixture of 1 imrt III M n .
A spray of tbe subKulphate is bencliii.ii -i ■
tincture is an excellent local appli< r
iron may be used with good effect a§ : i i
c.em. (or fow) of the tincture to '/, pii-: ■ i ■
danum or 0,75 Gm. (or gr, xij) of the sulphi
and lutiduniim, ure fornix in which iron niny
solutions of iron, however, are open to the •
ttcnt's clothing. A liquid containing an a«l
iceable wash in leucorrhcea. In tonsillitis,
same agent mny be Applied directly U> the th
an equal (juautity of glycerin; this applicat
very *ilicicnl. flic tincture of ferric cblor
Monsers solution, may be used locally in t
can be admini«t«rnl intcrnnllv in this form
preparation is suitably diluted with water. .
tube (bo a» to prevent the iron from stainin
ftoIntioD will come directly in contact with
and thns combine the looil and systemic efl
times prescribed in combination, aa foUowe:-
R TinctuTO ferri chloridi
PutAMil clilnrnU*
SjT, aunmtii . , |
M. Sis-: Hnlf i> tenspiMntul to a tenHpoontuI I
thwia or fry»lpel»», '
These «typtic prepaiatioiis have also be \
cular tumoiB, to produce coagulation of their ■ >
from the escape of some of the fluid into th*
The lincture of iron is a bent-fii iiil hicnl i
of the skin. It will in some instances reliei
which aoeompanica eczema. The oonjoinwl ii
preparation is frequently of advantaRe in cbn
puraticin, as pustular eczema, impotiBO, edhvi
of tincture of iron and glycerin has been ser\i
The principal employment of the iron )■
■to
PIMrtrttaKB
^^rf«iro«.
Hi, W*»ll •*
(kJ»IV
t«MBl
l*'^'^^ *«tlwiWet'
^ 1 rf the "oUjiKth*!
OwP*'
,„ 00- l^'
.1 Oc""^
Hall-ni
1-W»A
In
t«
[a Fn
In
rtirtvaiw'' 41*-
44 fr.
SKff.
r.A
DAVIS
COMfAl
MtJ'*
.h«'--
,<,l*.H>
Chit^
,1 r-bi"
uiicVt
FCttHUU.
387
Bjnii basnuitwiB. They are pre-eminently iia«ful in c«»c« of onoBinia, liydrs-
init, «r chloro^if. nnd in niany case* of debility. The well-known Itashnm'*
nuituK. or solution '>f iron hikI ammonium fl<;i^tate (1*. S. P.). is very com-
c ' I to ovvrooinv the luiPinia of chrome Urif;ht'» disease of the iiUi-
t' ijine^ Tyson ha» called attention Ui the fuel, however, that, «r
nguiU liir iltgcni-nilivc und inllaminatory conditions in the kidneys, it is
nut dways lieneficial and, in fael, is often very injurious.* Dr. Tyeon rave
tiiat it EQould not W given in any case of acute I5right'e disease, nor where
•^■"~ h not ansemia. If it can»o« headache, constipftUon, and rvdncea ex-
, by the kidneyfi, it ie doing barm.
'.-. Andrew Smart, of Edinburgh, has foun^, by mean* of the apparatus
■-d tor e«tiniAting the number of corpuscles contained in a specimen
<i, that Ui« sulphate i« the nii»t raluablc preparation of iron In the
...ut of anemia and chlorosis. The carbonate comes next in order of
loy, and the syrup of the protochlonde occupies the thinl place upon
list. A combination with onenic increases the efficacy of the sulphate.
The preparatton» of iron should not be used in pK'lhom, At they all,
a greater or less degree, interfere with the digestive function, checking
McrvtionH nluu^ the alimentary tract, and frequently constipate, the
of the stomach should always be considered when prescribing iron.
the tongue is red and drj*, as FothergiU hii» shown, iron always <\ii-
and should not be ordered. On the other hand, a pale, broad, and
_' taiigiH>, marked by the Imprewiou of the teeth, U ovpecially indicative
ke demand of the system for iron. There are great dittereuces in thig
ct, however, bilwccn the several preparations of iron, and new chalyb-
|<W« are being conslantlr brought forward with the rccommoudation that
tkty do not derange the digestion nor produce constipation.
One of the most efficacious of the ferruginous preparations is the tinct-
I of the chloride, but, in addition to its disturbing eScct upon the diges-
, it is open lo the objection that it stains and corrodes the enamel of the
Thig a<'iion is due to the presence of free hyilrochloric acid. It is
' Wrtomari.' to direct pAticnts to largely dilute the liiiuid. to imbihc it through
» ;'j'-. and to clean the tt*th, immediately afttr tiiking the medicine, with a
*-it. rtlkalino solution. The virtues, without the disadvantages, of the tinot-
^of iron seem to be pocsfitaed by a preparation deTitcd by Dr. George W.
r Wr!i!, of XeiW York. This syrup of the chloride consists of the official tinct-
-"' 'ih llie I'xceMof acid neutralized and a certjiin amount of the syrup of
:i ':fri& added for the sake of palutability. Each fluidounce contains 24
' : '9 of the tincture. It is said not to injure the enamel und not to derange
, ibt 'iigesti<n).
In antenorrhtea Ulaud's pills of carbonate of iron are of great service,
'irthe compound mixture may be used with excellent effect. Iron is of most
'wef m fimple aniemia. such as that following luemorrhage; it is of less
where the anarmia is symptomatic and accompanies organic diseasei
■A pfliscning. In such cases it acts more quickly when given hypo-
ueaily, the ammoniocitrate diieolved in distilled water being preferred.
Thw mH 1ui» been sucoessfnlly employed in the same manner for the
Mief >.r soliacnte or chronic e«cma, associated with or dependent upon
'AmtmI of Ike .InoiMin ilolitct A»»oci4iHon. July », ISM, p. 172.
388 PHARUACKUTICAL'TOEBAIXCnO iOKStt <>8 Dsros.
Da Co#U exinlled (he citrate of iron anil niAn^aiiciK-. ndminielerc^
bypodcnnicallr, in unaMiiu, Profi-wor Itiimmo injects every day, into ih<
intcrK-iiptiliir region, liflif a i>^TinKi'ful of a 1 to III »oliition oi iron hihI.
tunmoniuin citrate in ili^Iilted' watvr. No inHammatorj' action ig exL-ittiiy)
Dori has applied this method with success to ohlorosis. As a result of
a fioiupBrativo Btiidr lie states that the most satigfaclorir ami rnpiil re^ulta
vere ootnined (mm the injection of iron and ammonitim citrate. The iitinall
daily dose administered was about 0.0(15 Gm. (or gr. j).
Inarlvocntini; iheAithciitaneoiiii inject tan of iroi) in anvmia. Dr. Rnrioo
Hagafini contends that when introduced by the mouth it is liornc by the
portal BVstcm to the liver, which alone it directly influences, while apon thft ,
hiematopoietie organs it can only exert on indirect and altogether fcoblerj
vfFect. When thrown under the skin it is nhle to act directly upon the whole
blood-forming apparatus. A lar^'er actual dose is, by this method, absorbed!
than M'h«n it h given by way of the mouth. In contequcnco of the moM
rapid absorption a more rapid effect Is obtained. As tbe moiit convenient]
'ice for injection Mngagnl recommendc the nates, where the pain is altnost]
n perceptible.
Tile anaemia which rc«ulte from chronic malaria is very amenable to th(
^ influence of iron. The enlarged spleen of malaria diminishes in size an^
nlarial neuralgia is relieved. Iron is of uon*luiit service in the treatment
^of ne»ml|?ia, which so often depends upon a condition of aruemin :^
B MouL ferri Farbonati* 1|5Q Um. or Kr. xxiv.
Kxtrncti livoafyaml M Gm. or gr. v.
rodopbvllotoxin. , , 065 (jiii. ox gr. J.
QuIntlUB nulphatii |75 Gm, or gr. tIJ.
it. «l It. (ill. no. xlj.
Kg.: Ktoiu (our to (in pilla a ilajr. (or neuralgU.
R Liquor fcrrl »t quininiR cltratla.
Liquor iKiltistii uneiiitis ua Ti5 c.Cin. or (3ii.
ICIIx. giiaranm q. t- ad 1M)| c.em. or (jilj.
M. SJj;,: A li-Hii|joou[ul tbree or (onr tiiuet a day. Vw in niaUTta and iieuintgja,]
I ImpTOvcmeut takes place in mcudolenktemia, or Hodfckin's discasA^
■when iron is administered, especially in conjunction with arsenic, thougli|
Hhe chalybeate preparations are of no utility in trm- leuka-mia: — J
B Fcrri pyrophospfaatia SIBA Qm. or gr. xL
Addi nr«pn(*l |00B Gm, or gr. j.
Bxtnicti niici* vomlcw 120 Gm. or gi. iij,
Estrnoti bclladonnie (olior. bIc |13 Gni. or gr. ij.
M. ft (t ]>ll, no. XX.
Sig.: A pill tbrt« Umea a day.
Tlie tincture of iron is, at times, beneficial in acute rheumatism, T(
in the ea*e of weak and pnlp individuals that iron i.^ likely to be of »ervice.J
In such subjects the same remedy is eapable of acting, to a certain extcutt]
a« a pro[,hy!nctic. It is fntiiiienUy judicious in »yphi!i», when accompaniedf
hv eridence of profound deterioration of genera! nutrition, to suspend spo
iOilic renicdieg temporarily, and place the patient upon a tonic course coa-l
lining iron, which may be favorably combined with qninine, strychnine, on
^hoeng-nao.
389
, An flSJwJ^iixtiire niBde ust- o( in the Skin Clinic of the Voti-gnioBta
■ MA(M o( Xi'W York is Ihug cimiposcJ: —
H P«Tri rt ammua. ritnk. ...
fl;4nrs. chlor, corr.
Iv-Um. >i>ait!i , »:
ViBl tmi dulvii (Mala^),... q, a. ad 00
iL Big.: Taiipoatiful is water afUr idphIl
4' Uiii. inr 3j.
DCS Qni. or ki. J.
Om. or 9ij,
ejm. or (Jtij.
In ll»e Mv-callod ^oiioirbtcsl rhouninti^m iron vrill ffentrallr lie found
•druiucecim. Hecsjuet for neariv tw«niy yours Ims iij^-d ferniiiK i)r<.iinide
Is Bcrtotis a)Tt>(-ticn^, and Da Costa found it useful in chorea. ThiB ^It has
■Im ima recommended as of servip« in kucorthica, diabetcfl, and lulicrcu-
Anjpmk epileptia are lieneRled by iron, which may be very appropri-
;.'iTen in the form of tht- bromide and combined with potflssiiim bro-
Ollilr, >t: —
B IManui bronidi 2313 Gm. <ir 3vj.
Syntpi lerri bromUU ,.,. SZ\ c.CBi. or OvJ.
liHetnni chintA;,
tCluir limplida ; •■301 r.«in. or (Sj.
Aqi*> cinMUnonu ... q. «. ad ISO| c.cm, or fjvj,
If. Ikoc: A UbtM^oonful Uicrc dniM > dky.
Dr. Boeentbal advises subcutaneous injcctioiiB of iron in dctvoiu di«-
oritn. He prefer? either the fvrruin peptonattim. a syhngeful of it 1 to 10
aqueous folution beins given every second day, or feiirum oleatum, diluted
(o 1 lo SO by olive-oil and UHi-d in the *ame mnnner. Fcrrum peptonatum
htE the advantage of );reater solubility an<l stability. It is obtsiueil by the
dcD>npo«ition of frrric-^'hliindc solution with eolation of pepsin and ocean
■a a laawnish-yellpw powder.
The tollonin^ixinihiniitionii containing iron may be employed vithgood
cCecl in (;oi)orrh(ta and syphilis: —
It POuIk ban iodidl
ExtnrU Isnatbr.
Extnu4l Iw liniloiuiw follor. klo. »*
3M. at ft- pU. na. xxx.
Sf.: Fnm> lour to *ix pIlU a day tit cononbccal rhentnatim and in {tlMl.
41 Om. or 3J.
|ia Cm. or gr. Ij.
!^l.>li»
Trrpl*lUB
IL t (t. npaal* Bo. CCX.
Sff.: TliT<« to rix wpMilM ■ dajr in goaorrbcHi. goovrrlioNil riieuDiatUni. and
?!»
Om. or jp. c\.
c.cM. or tSif.
B Tmi ct potaMii taitrattt
AeWi arHMMd
Exltarti ef»K -
K *t fL pn. no. xl.
Bf-i Two [rilla tliier timet a dar In RvpMh*.
Cm. or Sij.
OM tim. or or. <.
tin), or 3}.
R LIqttor frrrl malaii*.
\i\Kr Htuumomi,
OI.TOETlni aa 30] cctn. or tjj.
IL Sig.: One t« two iMtpoontuI* in water tlirw limva a dajr (or tytilitlis wllli
■TiuMt •iMueh.
390
I'llARMACKUTICAL TUKBAl'KtTIC AOBST* OR DHITOS.
dO Om. or ffc. xX.
\0 Udi. or fr. Im.
SO Gn. or gr. iij.
cruL or (Jm.
10 com. or wiL
c.cn. or fJUs*.
9 Fcrri iMlMtM i S
Bx(ra«tt oumabU IndJnc
ExtfOPti rhamni purthiaDic
W. ct ft. pil. no, xlj.
Sig.: A \'i]\ Ihree or four time* a daj' in typhUi*.
B Syrup, (rrri Itididi
Iuclm<!ti honng-niin fl. .••■>.>...>i. ...... .......
Aiiuo) rinnninomi
a. Sig,: A lF«ti|jcignful three IJmet ■ day for inhntile aypliitu.
]j}-Htoria, oiiiieeiQlly when luitot-ialcd with uoBinia «nd amenorrhoeat i*
improTed by the systematic sdminietration of iron.
In tiTfivi to overcome the tendency 4rhich eiiitU in ncuniRthvniu to pal-
pitation of the heart Zerner makes use of: —
n Kerri pyrophosphat.,
Zincl liromld. an 3 50 Gm. or gr. llv.
Tt. •ligitub* , IG! ccm. or tSM.
ErifDtin 12
Syr. niirnnt 23
Aq. dMtill 105
IL Sig.: ¥nm cDfl to Urn* tfutpoonfulR n day.
Um. or 3iij.
f-cni- 'ir ISvi.
ccni. or ESuiM.
Certain cerebral disorders depend more ur lues immediately upon snie-
mia, as some forms of puerpera! mania and the insanity of lactation; chronic
mania and melancholia, olso, arc not infrui|iiently due to impoveridiinent
of the blood. In all these cases the tincture of ferric chloride is a valuable
remedy. The continued nee of iron is vi:rr>- beneficial in raeliiti#. In this
disease a combination of the ferric plioepliate and calcium phosphate is
cially advantageous: —
H Ferri ptiotiphnUs HolubllU,
CaU'ii pliuipliHtis pnu^^ipjut. • . aa 81 Gm. or SiJ.
Extiartl niirln v<>inicie {33 Gm. or gr. r.
OL euciilypti ,30 dcin. or Mr.
M. ct tt. pi), no. xl.
Slj:.: Two pIlU three timce a day.
The styptic preparations of iron, given internally, are useful in hiem-
orrlinge. K drop or two of the nitrate or subsitlphate solution, given in ice-
water and frequently repeated, will usually check bleeding from the stom-
ach; ".30 to U.iiO C.CM1, (or mv-x) of tin' tiiuliire yiven i;p<iu i-hdved iec
everj' half-hour is recommended in the hwmorrhagic voniitin;j of yellow
fever. The tincture of the chloridi! is an execJIeut remedy in hicmorrhage
from ihf bowels or kidneys, and in purpura haauorrhagica. Iron i.* useful,
likewise, in the treatment of menorrhirfriu. Profuse disehurges from mucous
menibraneK, Am- to ehnmic intianimaiion. are restrained by the exhibition
of iron, whieh aets as an aslringcnt and at the same time favorably modifies
the nutrition of the eells. Chronie dinrrhopa and dy*cnterj-, chronic bron-
chitis, profitatorrbiwi. gleet, and leueorrhcea are nmcliorated by a chalybeate
course. Pitat«lion of the titonmc'h, di-jicndi-nt upon or connected with
aniemia, is sometimes improved by the administration of iron, and, owinf;
to it* beni'ticiiil elTect upon the mneons membrane. Ihe ^ynip of iron i*
nsefiil in the treatment of thread-worms. (Touv c.em.. or Hlj. of the tinct-
ure Ifl 210 com., or Oss, of woter i* a good rectal injection when these para-
sites are present.) By maintaining the tiiiality of the blood and promotii
FRBRIJB.
391
c iron is of servic* in plitliii^iis iiini ciiijibj-^'inii. AfT^^timiii nt the
h- quUMt iiiijirovixl by ihis n-mciiy. In fatty degfnerution, dilau-
tiun. and Talvular dUcase, iron is dtmnndi'ii . in orikr to niuinlniii tliu i)uultt>'
of thf blvod and ttie ntitrition of the heart and to promote coinpetL^atory
jroivtb. Th« amptnia und indigestion of Bright'ii disi-u^c o1k» rtccivi' bi'R«fit
Irom thU remedy, specially in (he fonn of the tincture of the chloride or
acviatv.
'" -r prefers )o Hi»c» piil conliiining 0.02 Gni. (or (jr. '/,) of ferric
cfalor to sis pills being given in the course of the day. or a pill of
fcrrotn Bulpliato n» recommended by Wiethe: —
B ^VtH aulpbatb,
Sodli l>irirb as 61 Qm. or gr. Ixxv.
Kai. t*nix>ci q. 8.
U. rt ft. pil. no. Ix.
8%.: ThrM ptlU to b* giv» Ui Uie morning and tbrte In tha sventnf.
In addition he regulates the diet and administers decoction of cinchona-
hmrk.
The nocturnal incontinence of urine in children often yielda to iron.
This i9 e«peciallir tniv of EtnimouE children, for whom the syrup of the
iodide is the heiit preparation. Iron is remedial in spermatorrhoea when that
cffection is the rrsull of anaemia and relaxation. Both amfnorrlid-a ond dvK*
auaiorrbdui are often due to impoverished blood, and, when thi."! is the caaei
m best tTe«tMl by iron. The menstrual irregularity, anainiia, and ncuraa-
Ikaoi* IK> often sct-n in owrworked and underfed women in our great cities
■R oanspicuously benelited by the adininifitration of the ''four chlortdeit,'' "»
Rconunended br Professor Qoodell. The combination mav be made as fol-
lows:—
B TlBCt. hni rhlaridl ftSfl c.cm. or IKi«a.
Hydnrg. chluridi ton. (I3 Om. or itt. ij.
Liqtior Bnwni chloridi. frjZS e.cm. or IStuw.
AcmI. hydrocliiorka <tU. >..■■• 18|& c.nu. or tSr.
Bjmp. (iniplicU i). ».ail W)\ f.chi. or tjir,
M. «t n. wL
ai^.t TM^KMMiful in water Uitm Umea a day.
Tb« vaaomotor disturbances incident to the mcnOMtlM are often re-
lieved by full doeee of the tincture of iron, given several tiroes a day. Phage-
dena usually occurs in dissipated and debilitated individual^ and iron in-
IcnullT materially assists the action of the appropriate topical applications.
Bwlticc*) iron, or Qnevvnne> iron, in in *uch a minute state of «dj-
diTiiiion that it is readily acted upon by the acid of the gastric juiee, and
]peiierally agrees with the Ktomacli. As it is tattelcf«. it may be given to chU-
dm in the form of chocolates, each containing O.OfiS Gm. (or gr. j), and lhui>
teaat an excellent tonic for ena'mic and poorly-developed children. When
am4 tor tt« nystemie effect, small doses are as ef!icieni as large ones; it JS
fant given when digtction is active, -^bout half an hour after meals.
B Verri reducU 2W) On. w gr. xL
Soda BTM^ialiB IMS Gm. or gr. j.
Estiuctl itpuitt' - 02 Gm. or gr. ».
Ritnf ti gentiiB* I^SO Gm. or gr. xx.
K rt ft. plI- no- »i.
~~ -.t T*l» M** ^f** tine* a day, after kmIs. aa a gneral tonic tor an^dult.
892
PUARHACKUTICAL THEBAPEL'IIC AOBKTS OB DBUGS.
It i» vtW to \iear in iiiinil that the prolonged adminislratioQ of iron is
liable to cans*- int«6ltDal concretions.
Thi- diuretic «ciion ■>{ i)u* tincture of the cliloridi; is aided l>y Mline
oombioation. Tlius, tii chronic Uriglil's diK«aE« of the kidneje with luif
we may give: —
H Tinrt, iMri chlorldl,
Acid, pboaphoric. dilut aa 7jS ccra. or I3ij.
GljrMridl 90{ c.cm. or I3j-
Uq. ammoali aoeUtis 4. <. *d ISOJ cnn. nv (3^).
H. Sig.: A tablnpwnlul Uir*« or four time* dailj- in <lr«p«y atumdiiig Bright*!
dUcDK or prtgnoncf.
Itutcod of thiK, we may order the otTicinl eohUioD of the acetate of ii
and suimoniuiii (Uaslinro's mixture), or the following: —
B Tr. «antluiridU 41 cc-m, ur tSj.
Tr. lerri ohloridl 8O] v.«td. or (Jij,
M. Sig.t GivB twenty to thirty dropt. vrtll iUlut«d, four Un\e* daily, tu be lake
througli a ylua tube, in gleet.
The syrup of ferroua iodide is ruluablc in Btrumoue skin dieeaees, in coi
Junction with codliver-oil. The snini; remedy, alone or in conjunction with'
codlirer-oil, ia of undoubted elficacy in the treatment of enlarged etrumous
glands prior to tlic occurrence ol caseous degeneration.
In erysipelas comparatively large doees of the tincture of the chloride
are welt borno (3.5U to 4 c.cm., or mjcl-fSj, every two hours) and exert almost
u specific effect, rapidly checWng the force and progrees of the diMase.
Speoial Preparations. — Amon<r ihe best -known preparafions are tl
solutions of fcrrotis malate and of dialyeed iron, both of whicli cau^^c ver
little distHriiHticc ami nirely constipate. That the latter does exert astrii
gent elTePt.s however, may be inferred from the fact that I>r. W. Judkit
has lound it a useful remedy in ttic dijirrhci'a of childhood. Larnlo
ferride in another very eligible pre [in rat ion of iron, differing, in many re
spects. from the ofhcrc. It is of jrlkuline reiictii'ti. agni-iibU- to the palaM
and lh« ptnniaeb, ai\d, it is said, can be mixed with the ordinary tliiid ex-J
tracts and tinctures without cauxing chemical iioion between the iron anf
thi> tannin and the formation of insoluble lannates. Iron albuminate is an
aromatic, reddish-brown, alkaline solution, which is said to be more readily ^
ai*sim>lnble than other iron salts, less frequently the canso of gastric di^fl
order, and is promptly assimilated, causing rapid increase in the globula^^
riehness of the blood. It miiy be given in milk (Duniont). Dr. .1." Aj^
Ouchterlony' finds it especially seniceable when anieraia and debility are
B(»ociHled witli weak and irrilalde digeslive organi".
The foUowiiii; are ^oitie mnileni organic preparations of iron; —
Liquor Uangano-Perri Peptonatus. — Pr, Gndc has prepared a solutioi
of iron and manganese whieh is well adapted to the treatment of chlorosis
unicmiu. and the various seeondar},' ailments which depend upon a dellciencj
of red corpuscles and haemoglobin. Tliis solution is a clear, dark wini
colored fluid, of an agreeabK astringent, but non-metallic ta^te. It is given
in the dose of a dessertspoonful to « tflble«poonfnI three limes a day, and
■ Conununication to T.«ui>vl11n Cllnlcnl Soviely, Out. 22. \S»S.
FERHl'M.
393
•eovptalilv admiDirtcrcd id milk. ThU prfp«nition incrc4i«cc Uie appetite
aod oas no prejndiciHl effect upon di^rion. It csn be eteadily taken tor a
kiitf period.
Bcmogallol. — This fiuliGUince is ofataiiu-d from hsema^lobin bj treat-
ttii^t vi'.h pwiigHllol. ll i>iii roil<lii^li-br»»u {wwilur, .iml ii^ jiivtu in tlted<wc
' to 0.j>u VtTa. (or Kr. ii-riij). Uemogallo! is without taste and has 00
inp I'fTix-t upon digestion.
HcmoL — Ua'inol is the line eoiniiound of liKinaglobiii ]irc|)ared by
trratitiftil vtth linv duiil. It is of a bladtith-brawu color and it» dm^c ii the
ttxnc- as tliat ol hemogallol. Iliemol has but a slight taste. Ilotli h.-emogallol
am! tu'Diul ran be leadJlj' adminijicred ne povaen in v-afor or inixi.'d with
^ *o^r and placed dry upon the tonpiie. They are readiJy absorbed and aloYrly
They have htxn bi-ncfioijilly <-iii|iIoycd in chloroii«, annjuia, and
nt conditions, and Dr. W. II. rorter. of New Yorlc, has given them
diabetm melliluit with r<?poried good rftiiilt*. Thtv4- preparalioiiK are
rr^nied as of particular eonice in the uniL-mia which accoinpuiiii-* Bright's
A tiumber of metallic compouDds of hsmol have been prepared and
pcopOMrd aa »ubetilntca for older »altti, Brombeemol, containing' '2.1 per cent.
of ifrtitnide, has been ex peri me u tally used in epiltpey. Cnproliteittol, in which
5 prr com. of copper tii einbodit^rj, and the dose of which in 0.10 to 0.13 Om.
(or f[T. i&s-ij), is thought to be scrrict-abli; in anxmia, scrofula, and tnber-
nili>fio. Femhnmol is a rompotind of iron and hwmol; ttx dose if O..'>0 tim.
>»r ;:r. viij). lodobKmol contains l.Cti per cent, of iodine. Xerouroiodo-
kcaol I* composed of 1*^,35 per cent, of niilallic mercury and Hi.CH per
'«nt. of iodine, in addilioii to toe hE^mo!. lU-latlic zinc in the proportion of
.01 [>er cent, enters into the composition of nncohamol, which is said to l>e
uF«ftil in diarrhiva and chlorosis.
FenUboid is riated bv the manufacturers to be a peptonized albu-
minate of iron. Tablets of 0.02 Qm. (or gr. '/•) 're mpplica, one or moro
■rf whicli may be given after meals as a 8uh»litut« for other chalybeate
frefi«rations.
Fcrratin. — This name has been given to a fine powder, reddish brown
SB c*l'ir. i-btnined by Professor Sehmiedeberg. of Straesburfr, from hogs'
Ynrr. Kenatin, as a rule, contains 7 pi-r cent. <if iron. Kerratin i« believi-d
TO be idenlR-nl in form with the iron as contained in food. It occurs in two
taririira, one of which i* insoluble in water, while the other, combined with
"■n. is readily dissolved in water by agitation. Water containing lime
with il an insolnble calcium ferratin. The daily do>ic of fcrratio ia
u.lu to 0.45 Gm. (or gr. iss-rij) for children and from 1 to 1.30 Gm.
WT. xv-xi) for adults. Ferratin has been found valuable in the treatment
rtnd •'"pmally of chlorosis.
oferrum. — 'ITiis is another new piepanition of iron described a« a
' I'uinpound of iron obtained from btdlock's blood. The ad-
■li for it are ]ialatability, solubility, and freedom from di*-
tBrtHDf iitfcct upon i>lomach or bowels. It is given in 0.30 Qm. (or gr. iij)
>^*»5 for llir relief of dr-hility and ansemia.
Iroa-qninine ehlorida, a yvllowixh-rvd powder, soluble in water, alcohol,
■od ^VL-rrin. hat^ Ifeo u^-d. l>oth externally and internally, a^ a hwnio«tAtie.
la kniorrhage from aereHsible mucous m'-mbninc«' a concentrated sotntion.
•r the iMMrder it«etf, may be applied to the bleeding surface. Gastro-inte^
8it4 nURUACEtrriCAL tbebapeutic aoexts os dri:g6.
tinal and puliDooan' hsmorrhiiftre may be treated 1>j the internal admioia
tratiori of thu suWt'ancu. Tlu- i\of« ii from U.IO to O.SO Gin. (or gr. iss-iiJJ
FICTTS (U. S. P., B. P,).— Fig.
Preparation.
Oonfectio ScnDW (U.S.P., B.P.). (See 8«nM.)
Phftrmftcology. — The fig-trac is a native of the eouth of Europe and
cultivated in the i>oiithern uart of the United Slates. Tlie oflif^ial {lart
the dried fniit, or rather '"Ihe Avehy n-cepiacli' o( Ficus Carica (Urliuice«J
bearing fruit upon its iunt^r surface." t'igH are tued at food, and contai
69 per cent, of sugar, with gum, fat, ssUb, etc. Uusel hae obtained from tl
Imtm and stems a n«w fcTmcnt-lilcc principle, which he termii cndinc.
.is said to be more energetic than pepsin, and acts either in an acid or all
line medium. It hu no influence upon carbohydrate*, but it« action upt
fats has not yet been studied.
Therapy. — Figs are ^li^htly laxatire, and may be u»cd as a dessert
correct a tendency to conetipation, especially in children. The seeds dd
mechanically in Etirauluting pcri^lukiM. Split opnn and heated they may '
used, particularly in the mouth, to fulfill the indications of a poultice,
mix MAS (B. P.).— Male Fern. (See Aspidium.)
FLUOEESCEIN. — This i* the name given to a body which rcsulu fro
heating together resorcin and phllialic anliydride. It is of acid reactic
and, when freshly precipitated, readily soluble iu ether and alcohol, slight
soluble iu hot water, more freely soluble in alcoholic solution. IHuorescehi
is of a dark-brown color, becoming green when added to water, and the
solution exhibiting a beautiful lluoivRrciice. Flnoresoin is made by heating
fluoresodn with a solution of caustic soda and zinc du^t.
Therapy.^Fhiore.'tceiu and fluorcscin are of service from their property
of staining abraded corneal aurfaces, hy which means such lesions may b«
readily located. They have no effect in ulcers of the cornea or interstitial
keratitis. These substances may be used also for the purpose of determining
the permeability of stricture of the nasal duct. Forced into the canaliculus,
if there is the least opening through the occlusion, some of the green solu-
tion will find its way into the nose. Sixty-Jivc centigrammes (or gr. s) of
either substance may be dissolved in 30 c.cm. (or fSj) of water oy ihe addi-
tion of 0.50 Gm. (or gr. vilss) of sodium bicarbonate.
FCENICUIUM CF. S. P.).— Fwrnel.
F(ENICtn.I FRDCTUS (B. P.).— Fennel-fruit.
Dose, 1.30 to S Gm. (or gr. xx-3ss).
Preparations.
Oleum FccniMiIi (U.S. P.). — OH ol FiMuiel. Do«e. 0,30 to I exm. lor »nv.xvT
Aqiift F<nnir»ll |U. S. P., B. P.).— Fcniwl-wnlcr. Dot, 7.5 to 30 ccin. (or RU-fJj),
Pharmacology and Therapy, — "The fruit of Fccuicwlum capillnceum
(Fmbcllitenv)" conluius an agreeable volatile oil (S per cent.), which i« i
FOmiALUBIlYU.
395
fla%'nrinji ftnd citniitiuil)v«. It is nn in^odient in tlio compDimd infu-
Idon at eeaxiA and compouni) spirit of juniper (T. S. I*.), aiiu compound
Ucancf-iKivd.T (U. S. P., B. P.). Fennol-icji (infusion: 8 lo, 12 Gm. to 473
«•.■.' "ii-iii to Oj) is nsed to reiiere colic in infante and iu dyjinn-norrlufia.
T' ,.;. be added to purgiilivi; uicdiL-intv fur tlu- piirfiose nf jtreveutlnij
tViiiiel hn:^ 1:>e«n thought to have an influi-ncv in promoting the
<n (if milk.
TOBMALDEHTD.
PhanMcoIogy. — l-'ormic nldehyd. or (onnaldchyd, i# a colorid* j^seoiis
bod; (L'H.-O). «!th u pungent, irritating odor, and very decided antiseptic
I tad biMrtrrii^idnt tiropt-rties. It was <Iiecovt>rvd by llofnianii in 1S6S. It
tj ht produced l>y exiKising it Iictttcd platinum iipiTal to ihc vapor of methjl
alcohol: it is therefore an oxidation product. FonniiMi-hyd it obtained con-
trairutlr by hedting nn iit^iiuoti^ suliition. Merck's preparation, eold under
ihr unnii* df •■furmnldi'hyd." contains 35 per cent, by weight. Other prepa-
IntiKtt- kni>un sH "formol," or "fvrmalin," claimed lo eontnin 40 per t-eul.
Iff f-miiilclehyd by a firm which supplies a simple and effitrivnt iipiuirntui
:ig the gas, by lu-ffting pOHtill<.« conBisting of pawforra; the term
is aUo u»ed ns n synonym for paraform. I'orranldehyd sohition
ti» a colorleee fluid of pungent odor and mixes with water in all proportions.
'ThiA. vrhi'Q boilod, give* off |he vapor of formaldehyd and, less rapidly, at
efdinary temperature*. Pttraform. which is a polymerized form of formal-
'-'I be nM-a to generate the gait by means of a euitsble laiup. a#
'led.
Physiological Action. — Formaldchyd is sn effioifnl baflericidc The
Ivapor readily ri.iiiden«« upon objccls in an apnitinenl where the fluid is
■■xpofrd. It IB. eonsei(Hent!y, exrellently adapted to ihe dii'infection of
.r.n. ar nnd dcutal im^ttumentv, sick-rooms, ho#pital-ward.s furniture, cioth-
-. disoharges, draiiui, etc. It destroys foul odors, and pciietrateft
it^om - oiihoiit iojuring them or dolroying their color. Itst inhibitory in-
jtc upon the growth of i>acteria enables the investigator to fix, at any
thoee organisms for Ihc ptirpose of study or deiDo&stration. This
y haa been likewise applied to the diagnosis between the typhoid
'and the bacterium eoli commune, which organisms exhibit a marked
,r* of stKceptibility to the action of fonnaldchyd,
yd-gas is only slightly loxir. Flic* and insccln «ro imt afTected
>:.■ r animals onlv suffer from the pungent character of ihe vapor
- and nose. T'ndiluted formalin {>I0 per cent.), when applied to
I ikin, occasions necro&is without suppuration. \n injection
ro about 0,37 c.cm. (or iwrj) to the pound of body-neight was
:•. :i] to giiinea>nig«, the animal becoming comatose and dying with-
"'i i-ionn. It reduces temperature from 8° to 4" F. It is eliminated
■".bin iwenlv-four hours. Attention hiw I>een directed to the
.11 i>f formnldehyd. in order to prevent souring of milk. The
Milth ij«[nrtinirnt o[ \ew York causoil the arrest of n man who was selling
• ttirture for the preservation of milk, known as "freewne." which wa*
leaad to i Mnt«in 7 per c«nt. of (omialdehyd. The Kditor of Ihe Cinetnnati
' - . ■ ■^':T7ir haa recently called attention to this form of adulteration, and
!iany cases of tM-«ream poisoning to this cause. He a*wrt4 that
"Xiu I taxi V mnrtnliiy among children in Kcw York is ascribahle more to
trt
331! •
rnAKUACEUTiCAL xniciiArsmc aoksts ok onvos.
fomiulili-hvd mill; than aiij- other agency," nmi coneidcre it a fruitful sour
of ^Hlric iiisordiTj when sdileil to milk, butter, or L-lieese.
Therapy.— ronuolin lias been imployed in Renernl eurgory W d* Buck
nnd Vaiidirliniltn, at (ihent. A '/i-p^T-ccnt. voliiiion wji» iitu'd for wasbiog
hnnd». oli'iiii^iii^' the srat of opernlioi), and for the di^mfeciioii of wounds,
eavitii-s, am! huuwh. Tht-se writi'rs have obtained excellent results from
it» UM.- nn u viis]i Qtid dre^iiie after major opciHtiou«.
It Iiaa been sUKt;*''leii tliat ilie pct^ulinr necrotic (-iTeet of foniialin may
render it vnhnible in the destruction of benign or miilipiant growths- of tlie
Bkin, A Vi' *o l-]ier-cent. soliilinn is reconmicnded ti* a st-rvieeable apjili-
c«tion to KVfuitinff hands and feel. It has been sugg^tcd tbut tliiH aH:i'nt
would prove a scrviceahle application in paorianifl and lu]>ua. On account
of llic ready dilTii^ion of its vnpors. M. PotU-rin si^sorti- thai formalin is an
exceltent antiFei>tic ap|ilication to the akin, »uitalile tn the treatment of
dincaiiod Mindiliim* of ibc hair-rtHits. niid feliicles. Abicorbent cotton nioi»t-
ened in a S-per-cent, fohiiinn of formalin and covered with an oil-ekin band-
ajte is iisnally wilj t'llernnd. I 'cm in Id eh yd in gaieoils form ii- now' generally
Mwd by health boards and ijuarantine otKeers as a disinfeetoiit.
In tli<' practice of ilentiftry formalin may be M«ed for the purpow; of
ItilltnK the nerves of carious teeth. The inhalation of a ver>- weak 6J>ray of
forninlin may prove bencfit-ial in ohrnnic larynifiti''. bronchi tie, etc., but the
nasal mucosa is too sensitive to permit its use in any slren^jth which would
he likely to be »er% ieeable, unless tlien- i» n preliminary spraying with
cocaine.
Formalin hnn bwn uw.tT in ophthalmology by Dr. M, Vahide. A soln-
tioii of 1 to SlHlfl eaiises 'iijiht smarting wlwn first applied lo the oy<y. Imt
the seusation soon vanisbf*. With a ^olution of this strennth Valiule has
sncccssfHlly treated chronic conjunctivitis and ophthalmia neonatoriim, and
recommends its addition to colIiTia in <irder to effect sieriliaation.
Formnldehyd has lately been u«'d by Hahn' in chronic joint affections
of tubercular origin. aJid also in tulierciilar abscesses and empyema. The
abscess- cavity is emptied by means of the aspirating needle and thoroughly
cleansed fr*im (he tiibcn-ulnr pns by repeated injection* with boric-acid solu-
tion. Then H 1-per-eent. solution of formaldehvd in glycerin is thrown into
the eavity, the amnunl used varying (i-om one-third to one-half of the ifuan-
lity of pus withdrawn. The resnlts have been markedly s»c«-**ful.
In laryngeal lubercnlosis and nlsn in pulmonary tuberculosis the inhala-
tion of H Spray, or nimply of the vapor of hot water containing a few drops
of the snlntion. ha» been found verj' useful by Solis-Cohen. T. .T. fiallaRher,
of Denver, after cleniisiuj; the laryudcal ulcer with hydrogen dioxide and
applying eoeaine, u.ses a local application of '/, to 10 per cent., which shrinks
vegetations and destroys micro-organisms. In whooping-cough and diph-
Iheria ^pmysof 1 percent., fur twenty minutes, thrice daily are very eflieicnt.
For disinfecting and sterilizing purposes, special forms of apiinralu«
can Itc oblaiiied, which are eiinvenient and efilcient, at a moderate c<i9t.
They arc used in the I'niled State* army and in the Marine-Hospital service^
as w.-ll as bv lof-nl health-boards.
FOKHUT is the trade name of he.\a-meihylene-tetramine. which is said
lo posses* decided diuretic and unc-acid-dissoiving powers. The daily do«o
• Cmlralbtatt fur <;ft(nti-jlr. Xo. 24, 1889.
i* tmui 1 to 1.4? Rid. (orpr. xv-xxiji, Oissolvtd iti vuttr Ami taken *arlv in
Oi' riioniitii;. It u uitia^^plK! umf {uikh-i' iiiii,'ltJinjk'<'<l into iIk- iirim.-.
F&ASGULA (IT.S. P.).— Franpik (Bncktltoni).
I'reparalivn.
EatrMirtuM I'ratigula fluMuin (U.S.P.)-— lluid Kxuact at FninguU, l)or«.
t b> 4 r.irm. (or 13*a-j).
FhArmAoolot;.— "Th« luirk of niiniuiiiu FraiigulH (Rbaiiini-n.-), cullecU'd
at lestt one ymr U-fore Wing med." It is a European species of a plant of
vhicfa this coitntrjr has a vnlitablc rnricty in llic California buckthorn, or
CaataiB ta^nda. (See Bhsmnus purthiana.) It contatni) a lemon- jel low,
•dorlnc, and tndck-Ks glucot-idL-, Frangalin (or rhamnoxantliin). insoluble in
vsier, t>nt »olu)ilc in alcohol or eth<;r. 11ie recent bark contains a gastro-
xtntiaal irritant, which is lost or modified by ago, and therefore it is diioitwl
tbat "Tily \mt)i thnl bait be«n dried for a year sliaU be used. Old bark con-
Eaodia, probably the most vnlusble constituent. The fluid vJClract ia
-L: 11 :lh diiuti-d Alc4)hol, and better represents the bark than the prepara-
tion* madi- simply with water, as the decoction (1 to 16) or the extract.
Frangiila rommtiiiicnteg a dccp-yeJlow hue lo the urine and fseces.
Tberapy. — frun^ulA is a l'oo<! tnsative or purgative, resembling senna
in its action. It ■'^n ho UH.'d durinic prtt^nnncy and is improved by the ad-
Atioa of a »iiiall amount of somt.' aromatic lo prevent griping.
FHANKENIA. — Frankenia, Tertn Reumft. A Califoruiii plant, the
FiankcDts zrandifloni (Franki-niac«]ie), U recommended as a mild a«tringout.
It t> best given as a Huid extmct, made with diluted alcohol, in diftease* of
the mocoua mrnibram-A, as catarrh, leueorrho^, gonorrhoea, etc. Dose, 0.60
tM 1 cj;m, (or mx-sv) of the fluid extract.
It has also been used vriib reported mccefs as a local application in
chronic rhinitis and oi^oa, preferably in the form of a spray.
7RASE&A.— Fnsera, American Calumba. The root of Frartcra Waken
iGeatiaDKte) contains a biiur iirin>;i|ik'. Gcntiopicrin, and a yellovr, crystal-
Gzablr :ul)stant-e. OentttJo Aoid. It iii used like gentian and other vegetable
tnttrn. Tile fluiii i-xlract (alcoholic) is the best preparation. Doee, S to 4
CCTn. (or mxxx-foj), several times dailv, as a bitter Ionic and gastric stiinu-
knt.
FTTCHSIK. — Fncbaut, Bosaniline Hydrochlonite, is a derivative of ani-
th»e. of eperial interest from the V-uiiliful magonta-red solution which ■(»
ffeenish i'n-->^ta)s make with water. Like other preparations of this group,
fl aur happru to be contaminated with arm-nic.
tyr. rllioi reports a ease of I'aget'a di<iease in which remarkably good
i^li» were oblaiiit-d by the application of an ointment containing 0,10 Gm,
inr CT. isp) of fnchsin to 31 dm. (or .ijl of lanolin and 2fi e.cm. (or f5vij) of
raw water A l-pT-i-rnt. alcoholic i^dutioii tin* bt-en suwf^^fiiily nn-H in
muar rji#«s of iraomntic erysipelas. The intra laryngeal iTijeclion of a 3-per-
-"' watery solution of boric iieid, salnrated with fiichsin, is said lo he
■al in tuberculous laryngitis. When administered internally, it colors
iDr iinoc and tbe Mlita; ami i»lso the fluids of the body, since (he rision U
3U8
PHABSlACEmCH. THERlPBTnO AOHSTB OH DRC«B.
otTcoU'd (<'hrn[iiiilog)siii)- It 'm i-lniiiK-d In linvi.- >omi' influence ov<?r chroni
kidney diBeaft.- and thai some cores of albiimUiiiriij have Uvn nrrcsted by i(
(given in dose-* of l»,(Kt Ut ii.Vo Gm., or ^r. ss-iv, duily, wJtSi some vejjetable
extract). This remedy has likewise been ndminitttertid with •ssorted advau-i
Isge in typhtu tevvr.
rUCUS VESICTJLOSUS.— Fucu*. Bladder-wrack. Gnlf-wMd. I'uciis
vc«icido8U« is an iilga. or unicellular plant, groning tti tmnK'DK- f^ixv. fonnitig
mn>»(s of sea-wwd in tli« Atlantic Ocean, found prinpijially in the jjulf-
»treain, It occnn: in dried pieces of dark-brown or f^ri.'cuinh color, trith a
di^agreealile, fishy odor, and a niucilaf(inous, bitter, sea-wati-r taste. Il con-
tains mucilage, a bitter extractive, small amount* of iodine and brominv,
with chliirideii, phosphates, etc. It is supposed to be alterative and to have
the powt-r of reducing obctity, prububly friini tha oWtrvation tliut pig* fwd-
iiiK upon it in Ireland do not fatten, it has been used with some Biiei?e6i in
enmi;gfd i-crofulous jjlands, bninthoecU*, and ]i«)ri(is4;f. Thv decoction (1 to
Hi) may be used before meals to take away the appetite for food, or if used
uiirm it acts as an cnielic. The fluid <.'Xiract and solid extnict ant irratiomil
pre)Hirations; the only form in which to obtain the etTects of the plant is
thi- recent decoction.
OAXABOA. — Oalan^, the Alpinin otHoinarum (Zingn)crae(«>), ti^
native of China, nhere ihe root it prized ae a mediciuf. It is aromatic^
resembling yiiijjt-r and anise, and contains a volatile oil and an acrid r(-.-<in.
Uose. 1 to 2 Gin. (or gr. xv-xxx).
Oaianga is stimulating and carminative, resembling ginRer or culnd).
It i« an ingredient in the powder for colds or catarrh^ "catarrh uuulV nod
is also used in lozenges for pharyngitis and coughs.
GALBANUU (B. P.).— Galbannm.
Do«e, 0.25 lo 0.50 Gm. (or gr. iv-viij).
Preparation.
nitilik Gftlbnnl Comnorita (ll.P.). — Cninpound PUI_of GalbBnum
all
aitiMiilii, inyrrb, and gallinniiin).
rqiial port* i
Doae, 0,i6 to O.SU Gm. (or gr. iv-viij).
Pharmacology.— A gnm-resin obtained from Ferula galbaniflua. an^
probably from otlior epecieji. Its iii)pi'iiranrc h like crude turjitntine. aa
it comes in ti^ars or irias^i's. often roiiph and dirty upon thi' surface. The
laate and odor are characlcri'lic Bud wiirui. bitter, and unpleasant, flal-
bamim contjiins a volatile oil, resin (GCi lo liT per cent.), and gum. The
purified resin contains 2li |icr cent, of Umbel liferoae, combined and free,
and about 50 per cent, of Oalbaresino-tannol (Conrady). Hy dry di«Ti)la-
lion a heautiful blue oil is obtuincd api-eing in its characters with oil of
Matricaria chnmoniillii. Hy infusing galbanuni with potatfh Hla^iwertli
and Benth obtained resorcin (»:ce Reiorcinutn).
Therapy. — A* a limil applinilion, il if^ ^li^ndflnt. and the plaster is twed
as n counter-irritant and resolvent over old swellings. Asafetida mnv be
combined with it. as in the formerly-official asafetida. pbiftcr. Internally it_
it tin <-spectorant and antispasmodic. The compound pills of gallMniun nia|
be used in chronic bronchitis; also in dironic rheumatism and rheumat
OALsaA.
399
Uim*. 5i)i)i«> riimK-nDgogic power hut nlfo trcou attributed to tllo coru-
ad ptIU of galbaautu.
0ALS6A. — OofttVnte. Galc^ oflicinuUe nnd fialir^ aiinlinea (Logu-
aUBosv), iDdi^ceitoiis plsi)li>, atitiu)!iiU' thi* i'^'C-rK'tiiin of milk. A wnturj' ex-
trsLt pofiE«s6c« the properties nnd pmtiliur odor of the plant. In the daily
dose d1
at), iDai^ceitoiis pism», aiitiutiiiu' ini* i'^'C-rK'iiiin oi mtiK. .'\ wnturj' ex-
pofiE«s6c« the properties nnd pmuliur odor of the plant. In the daily
of 4 to 6 (im. (or 3i-t»a). pile^n fxcite^ within a few days a notable
icntatioB of the milk, ^t-t'ontii)^ to il. de la Currii-n-, the incrc'aMe
" Dol ddIv to ihe u'8t<:r, l>til to tht- glolnikn also, a.i i^ ahown by direct
in«ly«ia.
GAinni.— Clcftvera, Bed-straw. The whole pint of GnliuiD apariDV
tt..i .^..fjp j^ a tominon indigvuoiiA hwb, ig lucd in domestic practice. Oalium
Its virtuM to water and iilcohol. ie bland to (he tKie, ond devoid of
Qt:it-rn««e or astrinpemj-. According to Dr. lickfeldt, it is aperient, diuretic,
anil Jilt>mttiti>. Il inav be used lit the treulnwni of dropjiy, incontinence of
«r ' iiilice. icterus n^-otintoruin, and stnunoue manifeslations a&wclated
•i: ivily nt Jiv^if and kidiu'vs. Gnlinin may hv giv<'n in Ihc fomi of an
ffifuMnn or a fluid extntcl, the doeo of w}iich ib 4 to 7.5 c.cm. (or f5i-ij).
6ALLA (C. S. P^ B. r.>.^Not.Bail, Galls.
Prtparations.
Tinctwm GMm (U.S. P.).— Tinctnrc of Xut-KnII (20 per r«nL). Dore, 2 to 11
«^ lor fSM-iij).
UagtMBtum Galln (U.S. P.. B.P.).— Nut-pll Ointmnit (20 per cent.).
t7*p>ratuiii Oolla; cntn Opin (B. P.).— Cnlfand Opium Ointment (ipill ointmsnt,
•SJl Cut., iir SxxiT; nplum, T.Q tiiii., or Si '/■)-
Pharmacology. — Oalls are "excrescences on Quercns lusitanica (Ciipn>
UerK), P. S. P.; Quercus infectoria (B. P.) inusi'd by ihc punc-turc-s and
fepoeitrrd ova of the gall-fly, Cynips GalL-p linctoria? (class. InHecUi: order,
HjtnenopterR)." Galls arc hard. irregtilarly-spbiTicul bodicE, heavy and
bnttlc. Eitemally, they are dark preen or gray; intenially, yellowish gray
a»d dark in the centre, with a central i-avity. The important constituents
oe tannic acid {40 to 75 per cent.) and gallic acid (3 to 3 per cent.). Tlio
Aleppo gsUs are considered to be the hot; llgbt-colorvd. «pon^' bulbs are
inferior. Tlicir pn-parationn are incompatible with metallic salt* and gen-
amlly form insoluble precipitates with nlkaloidi^.
'The powdered gall* arc tery astringent locjillv to the skin and to the
fastro^inteslinal mucous membrane. Stockman ifoubts if they exert any
wtringent efl'ect in the blood or by itygtemic action; any 8uch action he cob-
mden aa merely reflex, from the e^ect upon the stomach.
Tharspy. — In the fonn of ointment, galls are used as an application to
blManhoide; a drachm of powdered opium to each ounce of nut-gall oint-
■ot if a good addition for thiE purpose Xut-gull ointment is also a useftil
fliia iiij to indotenl ulcers, lo eciema of the scalp after the Bcalea have been
jtaattd, to lierpee, fi^siiicd nipple«, chilblains, and alopecia cireamEcripta.
Il ■ «]hi srr%'ic<-nble in prolap»c of the rectam. GroM clainu that an oint-
mtat coattkiniog 1 part of powdered gills to 8 of varalin is efficacious in ex-
logjre burtie. and that it restrains the tendency to subseqnent cicatricial
mataetion.
iifU
lACKCTICAL THBRAPBl
ijS OR DRt'OS.
Tite tJDcturc of ^h miiy I>c luwd, liilutcd with vator, as a wagh oj
irsle; but, for internal ii&e, gallic or tannic acid is preferable. An infiMiol
decoction is Eonit-tinit-s inado vae of as on enctna in <liarrli<i;a and dysen-
try. Tha nronutic ayra^i of f(a,\\a (coutaininf; galls, cinnamoD, ginger,
brandy, and suiiar) is a plonvunt astringent for children (doEC, 3 to 4 cctn.,
or mxsx-foj). [See also Acidom Galltcam.)
OABBTA FREMONTII.— California Fever-bush. Skunk-bmh. Oart.vol
Frcmonlii isim .■\'rL'i''i'ii -innij loiiini m iln' hijiluT lix'uliln's of the tiiutiiit'
aiiH of l.'alifornia. The kavis, the part ubl-0 medicinally, have link- ndur,
bnl are vtry bitter to the taste. Mr. T). J. How ctninie' lo have found in the
IflavM a nen- alkaloid, which he tcnuii OanTine. Qarrya poesesses tonic
■ntipcriodic virluos and ii^ luiid to liv & rcliulili- <'hi>lngogii«. Ex«-s«ive dc
cause InizEiii^ iu the eare. A »}lid and a Huid extract have been pre^ured.
The dose of Ihi- former is 0.03 to 0.06."> (Im. (or gr. »*-)) and of the latter
fo.CO to 8 c.era. (or mx-xxx). Dr. Q. C. Smith, of Austin. Texas, writw that,
from nn cxtiiTieni'e of fiflei-ii _v«ire, he reitards this remedy us of more Rtrvic
than i|uiiiine in treating chronic or rclapsintr i-uscs of malaria! disease. Hi
■talM that it is of value, also, in acute pulmonary inllnmmntioiii!.
OATJLTHEBIA.— Partridge- berry, Wintergrccn. Tea-berry.
Preparations.
Oleum Gaullli«riw (U.S.P.).— Oil ot Oiullherin. Daw, O.IS lo 1.S0 can. (or
mH-xx).
8i>iTitus GRiiltlivriB (U.S.P.).~-Si«tit ot GauUhcria (oil «t g«ulLhorla, & pw
vent, ill kIcuIioI). For tUvohtiK-
OlGum Bctuloa Volutile (U.S-P.).— Volatile OU ol BetuU. Oil of ■wcet-biTch
[a VolatUv oil obtninod from th« bark ol meet birch, idcntiotl with mctliyl-rahcylatA
■Rd DMrly idmlical witli oil of gaulMi^rin ) . Dane, D.Od to 0,30 ctm. t^r nii*v).
Methyl Snlio>li« (I'.S. P.I.— Mrthvl Sulicylatf. Ar1ifi<Tial (ur ^-ntMic) oil
wtnl^rgreeii. I>o«^, O.Oli to 0.30 ccro. (or miv).
Pharmacology. — The Gaultheria procumbcna (Ericaceie) is a amall
at growing in tho woodi^ in \orfh AiiiiTii-n; the Vnvi-c were formcrlyj
Einl; th^y Lontain a volatile oil, Arbutin. Urion, Ericolin, tannic acid^ i
ete. The taste is aromatic, slightly bitter, and ii!ilriiif:''nU tlit flavor is agrve-|
abh?. The volatile oil consist* principally of. Qaulthehlcne and methyl-^
lalicylate (90 per cent.), which yields a pure salicylic acid. The oil of swcet-
bircli is fretiucntly sold for oil of gaultheria, with whidi it is nearly identical.
Methyl sniicylas (1*. S. P.) is the artiUcial, or synthetic, oil of wintcrgreen^'
and may he substituted for it. It is made by dt«tilUng salicylic acid witll|
nicthyiie alcohol and sulphuric acid.
Therapy. — The oil of gaultheria is antiseptic and antipyretic. It may '
be used in doses of O.BO to 1.20 c.em. (or nis-xx) in articular rheumatifin
1 a siil'stiliite for salicylie acid. It is efficacious, but ifi not as wcU tolerated
19 sodium salicylate OU account of its local irritant properties. The oil, being
a salicyl compound, i« also ll^ed internally in both acute and subacute attic- 1
utar liieumatisni with excellent results. In Bozzolo's clinic, where it wui
first used for rheumatism, Jt is now looked upon as the most available of th(
ant i rheumatics in the treatment of chorea in children. The oil of gaulthcnii
' American Juamal nf Phariiiaiy. iST7.
ITixrji.
401
wmbiDi^ with its awn weight (if vnHoliD, is employed locally over pniaful
potnU, aui] not imlv ametioTDt«s the pain, but alto acts buiiulkiully upon the
chorea. Schcioll' wiya that it is mon- particularly in the articular manifwin-
tiont uf rbcuiiiatiEm that it is eueccsefiil, ospccially as a means of relieving
pain, which disappmn very rapidly under it* administration, much more so
thaD with salicylate of soda. The «ir«llin); of the joints is somewhat longer
in diMipi>rariug, as is also the temperature, and salicylate of soda seeitu, in
this inslancc, more elRcadous. It id thert-fore [irupOMid to administer the
ivu aalicylalcs logcthcr. under which circunistaiices the similar dose of the
aoda salt can b« einjiluyed. Si^houll has al«o employi-d a combination of
mlicTlst* of mi-lbyl and autipyrin, and has thus obtained some Hiirprining
rvcolta in the reduction both of the pain and t«tmpcrnture. The author
poinla out that the amount of urine should be watched during the adniints-
mtioo of thi.4 drug. Salicylate of methyl is abo of extreme adirantaj;e in
nbacote and chronic rheumatiem, in which eases it presents a marked
npcriority ov^-r the aoda salt. The »ainc mnj bo taid of gouty arthritis. In
'rtain otaer infective conditions ai: gonorrhoea, syphilis, and er>'thenia no-
: luni. the effcclm though good, ore not m »triking. Tlie writer quou-s
Ht>i:rT aa having obtained very good results in the arthritic complications of
rtTiptivi- fvwn, apecially Rcarlet fcrcr, in which the action of antipyrin,
oliryUte of soda, or salophen. is flight. The drug ia also eDicacious in neu-
ralpa, sciatica, some forms of neuritis, and herpes zo«ter, and lightning
(mar «if tabes. SchouU has also tried salicylate of methyl in cases of orchitis
from tuumps and with remarkable residt«, all the symptoms disappearing Jn
two (Jays. Even in cases of epididymitis the effects are verj- favorable. The
tmtznent uf miiinps iUelf by BSlicyUle of m«lhvl hat b^en tried by Ptcard,
•*t Tmyes, with considerahle succete. Dr. John A. Wycth. of New York,
refMrds the oil of gaultheria as a serviceable remedy in the treatment of
•mte goconhcea. lie administers it in 6-<i[rop doses three times a day.
The decoction of the leaves or a fluid extract may be used in bowel dis-
iinlen u an agtringent. Hie infusion is in some parts of the country used
m m tabstitnte for tea at the table. It is also used as a galsctagogue and
lonBctuigogue. It is a good addition to liniments for rheumatic pains and
■mllen joints. A combination of equal pnrt» of oil of wintorgrecn and olivc-
id ■• a good application in such conditions.
Excesstre doses of oil of gaiiUhtfria give riN to violent gattio-eatcritis,
SsQawed by convulfiions, coma, and death. Half an ounce has caused death;
in another case recovery occum-d after ingestion of the same quantity.
SftUeyUinid.^Tb i.s oub^iaiu-e is made oy treating oil of gaulthcria with
attuatcd ammonia -water. It has also been prepared from artificial oil of
viningrwn. Pure salicylamide occurs in the form of colorless and trans-
paivat crystals. It \s without taste and is moderately soluble in water. It
■ churned lo possets thi: virtues of salicylic acid with greater analgesic power.
£alicyUmide has been given in doses of 8 to 5 grains repeated several times
innng the day,
OELATINinC (B. P.).— Oelatia.
nansACology. — ^The air-dried nrnduot of (he urlion of boiling water
OB such animal tisJiues as skin, tenaons, ligaments, and bones. It occura
'J«mntal de Xtdteinr. Bl^ircb 10, 1800.
409}
niARllACEUTIO;)
on DKDOfl
ill trositliit'ciit iiniJ Hliiiiii<t coloHi-ot xlicvti' ur iihn'tis. It (liiwoivr* in \mVu
wnt«r mill t'> )i(<r K-nt.) itmki'n a jdiv on coiiliiij^. It is ■ Imnis of maaf
ngr<.-vuMf nnd iiutnlivv |irv;>nriitiniiK for tho nick, such iih win<sjeil,v> /ifu'is
man/fr, etc.
Therapy. — In fcz<-nui, when- n ilpi***iiig of more or k-ss fixoiJ i-liikrnctl
iii rri{viiru(], gelatin in tbe Following cotnbinatiou b often u^eil: —
H 'irlutin IS to 2S puila.
Xuic o.xid* , -. 10 tu 1.1 part*.
Oly^Hii ,..,.,i ,„,,...,. ,li tu £> puTtit.
Wulcr 50 i>uri».
To tKie inny be added ichtlirot. 2 purls; this Ib hciit(>d over a vutcr-lMtl
each lime it i.i eiiijiloyed, a ftood coating minted on willi ■ bnisb, and wlie
paitlv dry [be parti; wrapped with gutizc bnoduge.
in 1835 Dastre demonstrated that tbe injection of a solution of gelatti
into ihc veins of a dog rendered the blood more coaguUble. This di«covc
linK been tililizu-d in tbe treiiiiiienl of aneurism of tbe first ]>ortion of tl
Dortn. I*ix>f. K. linrtb' deserilx* a ea«' in wbicli he used gelatin injeelion*'
in tbe strenglh "f I dm. (or gr. xvsj.) in nolulioti ( 1 per eent.) every ,nei»nd
day until twelve injeetions were given: Inter a seeond eoiirec was carriid init.
and tbe examination afU-r tbe lalter ithi)Wi-d a <liminiiti»n of i)ie dnllnoi
from R diameter of I '/i ineiiei- to 2.34 by 1.95 inebes: the subjective i*3i«l>-
lomi (pain, discomfort, inability to make any exertion) had entirely disaf
pcared.
OELSEmim (U.S. P.).^0«liemiiim (Yellow Tannine).
GELSEini RADIX (B. P.).— Gelsemium-root.
Dose, <.'.1'S to 1.30 Gm. (or gr. ii-xi).
Preparations.
Extractiim OelsPinil Fliilcbim (U.9.P.].— Fluid Extract of Qelwinium. Doat,
0.1S tu 0.00 c.tiu. lor mii-x).
TinctuM OelMinii lU.S.P., B.P.I.— Tincture of Oelwmium (15 ptr wnt.; the
Brilhh lincture \» oiilf 10 [ler cent.), how, O.IS to I c.cm. (or fniil.xv).
Phormftcology. — "Tlie rhiitonie and roots of (lelsemium sempervirens"
fT.ogiiniiiiise}, T.S. P.; (iekeinium iiitidiini (B. P.): n elinibing plant of
the southern part of the United States.
Two buses liiive breii <?\tract(.'d from gi.'I»cmJum. Gelscmine is a cryc-
tallizable alkaloid; GeUeminine is amorphous, of a pale, grayish-brown
color, bitter to the taste; readily soluble in alcohol, ether, or chloroform,
and hut slightly soluble in water, llie; exist in combination with Gek
eeminic Aeid and a peculiar resin.
Pliyaiolo{|>ioBl Action. — It has no special local netion beyond slight Bed*
tive influence or astringener. Internally, it i« a powerful motor depressant
and sedative, motion being alTected before sensibility, in warm-blooded ani-
mals. It acta especially upon tbe ci'Dtri's in the spinal cord and medulla.
Small duecs occasion injection of the conjunctiva;, pain in the eyelids, con-
Iraclton of pupila (if locally applied or in very large doses it may cause dila-
tation), with drooping of the ujiper lid, nr, more cieeidedly, vertigo and con-
fuiion of vision. I.^rger doses exert a pamlyziog influence upon the spinal
M
•M'Uiichcurr nwJfdnMcftr WnrhrHxehrlfl, .\pril 2, IBOl.
OELSRUirU.
403
o'td; ihr ]K>»«T of roliiDtary movement is progressively lost, mimbnesji nnd
•tji •■.Titi- j-nit bfinf; obseryt-d a* prclimimiry Rjrmptumii. Rofiox irntiibility
the pupils dilate, and the wnsory columns of the cord become
joi ji;^*"!. No brain sjinploiiui are produced dirvclly, but Hk- cwobrol func-
tinat may bv disturbed by the accumulution of carbonic acid in the blood,
ibe mull <>f paralyxiit of miucles of K^pirutioti. I)«alh result* from iiEphyxiti.
In animals <;v>in unions may appear. Little effect is observed upon the heart
' ' t ; the iiulM-mle is leHCDod by lowi-nng the excitability of the cxcilo-
■ k-an^liJi of the heart (Ott) and the arterial proseure by diminution of
itiir tonu*. It iiroduccs a decitk-d loweriog of the bodily temperature
— . ,; Hijiphnrelic. Languor, muscular depression, and prostration oceur.
Poiaoninif. — In cmn xulltrrin^ v-ith toxi« tymptoms from an overdose,
diiru>il>l>.- siiuiuianis, hut drinks, friction to the surface of the body, and
artificial r««|i)rutiu» are iiMful, after ovacuntion of the content* of the flom*
acfa. IlyfMKlermic injections of morphine and atropine are antagonistic to
trrlMrmiuni. Tiiniiio ueiil and cauKlie alkHliM and their caHmnutc^ are chcm-
KaJly iiu-onipatible. In case of poisuning with gelsemium, the stomach
•buuld be pfntptly emptied by an ometic or thi- stomach-pump, External
bMl ahfitih) lh«n be employed, to;;elher with cartliac and respiratory etimu-
4a&ta. OS digitalis, ammonia, atropiiK-, and strychnine.
Xh« smallest quantity of xeUemium which is known to have cauittrd
is a tcaspoonful of the fluid txtract. In one fatal case Professor
ley v^liniaK^ that the tjuantity of fluid extract taken wad equivalent
0 01 fJm. (or gr. '/,) of pclsomine.
Therapy. — Oelsemium may be ^iven to allay execwive nervous irri-
talnbtj*, a* in neuralgia, ovaralgia. tio dfnilonrMix, niid in some cases of
myalgia. Gelsfmium is frequently beneticiai in lumbago. It will often allay
lltc pain of denial neuralgia. In facial neuralgia comparatively large doses
of tbe tincture (0.60 to 1.20 c.cm., ms-xx), every two hours, are well borne.
tl has also b«cn proposed a; a remedy for tetanus, and might be useful in
fcj^iwphobia to control the spasms. In painful spasmodic nfTeotion; the llnid
amsct or the tincture may be hypodemiically administered either to sup-
pitiiii III :<maU doses of morphine, or a^ a siib^tilute for this drug.
I>r. John It. Rtad treated a ease of tetanus successfully by the adminls-
J.M e.cni. {or m\i) of tlie fluiil extract »!very second hour until the
- Iiegan to ameliorate, when the doiic was reduced by one-hnlf and
for wveral ilavs.
...;.^L-r has found tfee tincture, in 0.60-c.cm, (or mx) doaea thriee daily,
■■r^EJicial m M>mr caw* of Mf ni^n*'ii disease. 'File wimc ])repamtion, in 0.30
' - ■ ! ilofPF evert (juarter of an hour, will sometimes arreitt an attack
In the *pH>modip stage of whooping-cough, in asthma, laryn-
paaoi (Imlului', and torticollis gelsemiuin ha* given relief. It is of service
~m Rimine and in headache from eyestrain, in maniacal paroiyems, mania
il inimmnia. Pertain fevers, notably cerebro-«pinat and r<'mittent,
led by the administration of gehemium. When acute eczema is
aef«n|iaDiei] by considerable constitutional reaction, gelvemium may be
r"- with marked advantage. This agent, likewise, especially when admin>
<t at tieil-time, relieves the itching of eciema. It al]a.i|-» the pain of spa«-
dYsmcnorrho-a. favors dilatation of a rigid os in labor, and quells atter-
it if of considerable serviee in the treatment of hKmopt.r#i«. It l«
io •mall dosee as an antispasmodic in coughs, and in pneumonia and
404
OH uitirU
pleuriKy. A full doi>c of {cvlDemiuia mnj prove «ucc«»iiful in alinrliii^
•cuU) corjrza. It is safer, on account o£ pussible idioeyncnts}-, to begin wit
v«ty amall dosN of the tincture or extract, and gmdually increafle until »lig'1]
drooping of the eyelid shows the beginniiig of lull physiological effect. Gi
semium may be employed IochIIv in the treatment of prurigo in the for
of fluid extract, diluted. Dr. II. P. Nottage finds gclsemiura excei'diug
useful in iutluenxn, ull form* of catarrhal fuvt-ri*, and, especially, in neuralf
where there is a tendency to recurrence or exacerbaliou un any |uirlici:
day or time of day. Hit prelers small doses of « fluid t-xtracl made fr
the green root. It acts best when the pulse is large, full, quick, but oas
obliterated by prcsture. He ha^ aUo found it useful in the headaches «-hic
occur at the menopaufie, together with fluEhings, the head and body hot,
%- or 3-drop dosea every three hours. It is useful in nieningitia and co
Tulsione, especially in childhood. In fractional doses (tincture diluted
Vi«> ind 2 drops given every two hour#) it has hem serviceable in vertij
or diiiiness. In chorea, when the usual remedies fail, geUemium is woi
trying.
In the dennatitie caused by Khus radicana Dr. Kdson has successful;
used a lotion containing 7.5 c.cin. (or foij) of the fluid extract of gclsemit
to 120 ccm, (or fSiv) of water, a small quantity of carbolic acid end glycer
being aUo contained in the mixture. It has been also used as a mydriatic
eye practice.
OENTIANA (U. S. I'.).— Gentian.
GENTIANiE RADIX (B. P.).— Gentian-root.
Dose, 0.50 to 8 Gm. (or gr. viil-xsx).
Preparations.
Eilrartiim G^nllnnv Fluiduin (U.S.P.).— Fluid Extrnct of OcatUn. Rw*. 2
la i I'. cm. (or nixxx-fSj).
Extraclum aentiiinic (U-S-P^ B. P.] .—Extract of Qentian. Com, 0.13 to OJO
Om. (or gr. Il-vlij).
TinctuTB GvntiaiUB Compoiita (U.S. P., B. P.]. — Compound Tincture of Gi'iitiun
(tl.S.P. ooiitniua gvntian, 10 Gm.: liitler orange-pctl, 4 Gm.: pardauiom. 1 Gm.;
alcohol nnil ivnter, »iiph. q. n. nd 100 com.). Dose, i to 7.6 c.em. lor 13ilj). B. P.. i
lo 4 e.citi. (or f3""'jl.
Intumm Gcntinnir Compogiluiu (it. P.).— Comjiouiid Iiifunion Df GenHan Loan-
U1d» ^nlimi, 18.G0 Gm.,- bilter orBngc-ped, 12.50 Gm.: frc«h letnonpet'l. 2i Gm.;
nnd distilled water, boiling. 1000 o.cin.). Dom, 15 to 30 ccm, (or tS««-j|.
Pharmacology. — fii'ntian is "the nml of Gontiana lutea (Orntianoip)";
a native of Europe. Many specicB are indigenous, as the Gentiana pubcrwla.
OentianM snpftiaria, Gentiana Andrewsii, and the beautiful Gentiana crinita,
which differ in therapeutical effects only in degree from the official gentian,
and may be employed for lilse purposes. Both water and alcohol dissolve
the active principle, which is very hitter, and appears to be a glucMide,
Qentiopiorin. combined with gentisio acid, a coloring ingredient. There is
no tannin present; although the preparations arc darkened bv most of the
iron salts (the eitr-whloride is excepted), due to a change in' this coloring
matter, probably. Of the American vnrii'lii-s a decoction or infusion may be
used, althoush a fluid extract would better repreaent the dnig.
Physiological Action.— Gentian is a simple bitter, with little. If anv,
ustringency, and has the same physiological action as other* of thi* claw.
GBSANIiril.
405
Vha coioliiiied with an alkali its local effects upon the stomteli arc mnclL
BcncMtd. From experimoiits »ipon dogs I>r. P. T«n8y coBclndes that gen-^
tian is the nioal powerful iitimulnnt to the automtttic moTemonts of th«
ftoauich.
Oentian haa been thought to exert a »licht Htimulant elTect upon the
lirvr. Th« chalvbcntee are sjiiur^utic, with reft-'rence to general tonic
eS«ct8. It enjoys a reputation as a tucetdaneum for cinchona, a» an anti-
pyrrtic and an ti period ic, though to a Uee-markid degree; its actions hava
not lM,-«n a« much ^ludiod ax those of tlic latter. Xo toxic effects have been
•oted.
Therapy. — As o rtoinachic tonic, the preparations of gentian are de-
■vrrvdlj eeteeroed in ca&es of weak stomach during convalescence, catarrhal
gWtric diEorder in intant«, or ordiaar; atonic dp{Hrp.4i)i : — -
R Sndii lijcub. Il>|6 Om. or 3iv,
Ittftwi gcstion* tomp MO\ ccm. or ISvj.
M. Big.: A tablMpoonful or two half an hour befove niesli.
It may be given with advantage in co-nea of atony of the stomach with
s stodtrate amount of dilatation. The compound infui-ion of gentian is a
m,..j\ xfhicle for administration of potassium iodide in cases where its toniCj
3 would be useful. Combinations of gentian and iron are numeroi
txitiv An uied w much %» the Klixir Uenlianie c^tim Tinctitra Ferri ChIO''
*S. F.):-
it Fnixir frrnluiDar 1£0] ccfn. or (Jlv.
Ttnciurw itjx\ citiochlorid. (S. F.) ....• lOJ c.«n. or mclx.
3iL S*g.: Tvo t««]K>onful« after MU'h tncaU
V':-: gentian mlTture official in the British Pharmacopeia is, according
W'l tlo, fxtelltd by fcvr remedies in the treatment of the vomiting of
Fr*pnancr, especially when combined with a mineral acid.
Tlic infusion, or decoction, is useful os a stomachic in gastric disordcn^
—wilted with gout or malarial fever, or the compound tincture may be
*b«T« the alcohol is not objectionable:—
R Tlartum dncliaiiff,
Tr. <«rdunoiB. cmnp. ..■■>>;■. ■* 30! c.cm. or fSj.
It. ^PBtlMiB e<mf. (D| ccm. or fjij.
M- Sic : A deiser1s{ioo«tii1 ta a UbiMpoonlul in niAlnrial dy«pep»iA and d«bilityl
■ttfc tOH o? Bppctitc
Gentiona Qtiinqtiefolia. — The five-flowered gentian is common in tfao
ririifd Slates. The whole plant ia bitter, and may be given in infusion, but
a 8md extract would be better (dose, 0.30 to 3 ccm., or mv-xxx). It may bfl
ttBd for the same purpose as the preceding.
GERAKIVX' (IT. S. P.).— Oeruiam (Cranes-biU).
Oaae, 1 to 4 Gm. (or gr. xv-Sj).
Pnparalion.
KatnrtuBi Oenoii Flntduin (U.S.P,|. — FIttM Extract o( Geranium. Dow, 2
ift^ecB. (or Msxx-t3}).
•Sm fwpert>]r aathor in tli* ^IIauM ilHttnl an4 SirrvJoat Journal, Oct.. 1860.
4W rHARMAClCCTrtfAr. THSRAPBLTIC AOCNTS ou druos.
Phftrm&colo^.^An mdigenoue plant, found in the woods from Cana«
to I'luriilu, of wliioli the rhizonit only is otiicial. The spotted gcranitiin,
it 16 called, or Geranium maculntum (Oeraniaeeie), cnnTniiiii tannii; <13 tfi
17 per cent.) and gallic acidw. which niv il« most important const itu en l«
bcKides some resin, gum, starch, pectin, coloring matter, etc. AccordinE '<_
the analyses of Triuilile and Peacock, gallic aciil does nut exi*t in the plant.'
but is easily foond in the rhizome after drving, and results from the easilr-
decomposablc tannin. A crviitulline vogctabtc principle has also been found
in f^ranium by Dr. Kdward Staples.
Afl gernniiim imparts its virtues to both water and alcohol, it may bl^
used in decoction and tinetnre, as veil as in the oflicial fluid extract, wliic'
i« made with dilute alcohol.
Physiological Action and Therapy. — Geranium improves the appetit
and digc^ilion and promotes luilrition. As it is decidedly astringODt, tl
druj; may be used, in fine powder, as a styptic in hiemorrhagee after extra*
tion of a tooth, epistaxis, etc. Its uelringcuey renders it an oxcellent hipni^
QStatic. The writer has obtained good reantts from the local applic-atiui
of the fluid extract, diluted with 3 or 4 parte of water, in buccal tdeer, Rssni
of the anus, and metrorrhagia. The same treatment promptly arrested a
hemorrhage from the urethra and at the same lime cured a rebellious gU
vbieh had been in cxiBtenee for two years.
Geranium makes a useful throat- and mouth- wasb:^
n Potaoil ehloruU* 8| Om. w Sij.
Ext geranii 11 2S\ c.eni. or fSr).
OlycMinl 30 e.em. or CSj.
AquK rci»iE q. s. ad !80I e.cm. or (Jvj.
U. Sig.i Add a t4itiln|>oonful to too tabk(i|iooii[iils or murf tit unter, and mm
u a ffnrgle.
in catarrhal inflammations, as an injertion in gonorrha<a. gleet, and
leucorrba-fl, the decoction i» more serviceable, according to Prof. L. Johnson,
than a simple solution of taunin. doubtless from the faet that there i« present
mncilagiuous materiii), which aetA as a demuleent. The fluid extract is
useful internally in diarrhcea. In infantile diarrha>a the decoction may be
very acceptably administered in milk, which covers its taste. It is a valu-
able remedy in the early stages of phthisis, diminishing cough and expectora-
tion. redueinK tbc frver and pnlw-rate. cheeking night-sweatu and ha'm-
optyai*. I'mler its use the afipelite impritres and the putii-nt guin^i in
weight. In a rapid case of phthisis, accompanied by nrofuse night-aweata,
complete lose of appetite, and a severe, harassing cougn, marked temporary
relief was obtained by the following prescription: —
B 01. iiiciith. pip 1
nil n
80 c.cm. Or "iiEX.
Ext. ^THnii 11 45
Vint Portenais i...i.....;^ SOJ c.cni. or Q;.
M. Sip.; Teasptionful ev#T7 third hour.
Geranium is mild and unirritating, and especially suited to the lai
stages of diarrhroa and dysentery in children. It has also been employed in
internal hiemorrhagc, with good results.
I
OEUH. — Avens. Two species of Genm (Rosacesp) are used in medicine:
the fleiim uihanum. or European uvcn«, nud the Gouni rivale, or water aveni?,
a native of North .America. In each the root is the part possessing medicinal
OILLENIA.
407
Reuiii contains ■ bitter {inm-iplc L-dlI«>l Oein by IlHclnicr, a little
.., uid a large pr(i|wrtioii of tannic acid (10 to 40 per L-ent,)- A
lit infusion or <l«oiH-liu» wnulil bi'st ri-nn-iiont tlic ph,V)^iolof;tcal action of
jpruni. though n fluid fxiract made with uilute akobol U alwi iisi-d.
Tbcnpy. — ^Avrnn in tunic and aotrinjfvnl. It ii^ ctiit-tly ii^i'fnl in relaxa-
tii N.'iiufi mcmbrancH. ^Vn iiiliuion niadc with boilin);; water is giren
f': .■l.-d.
OrLI.KHIA. — Oillenia. American Ipecacoaoha. The Gilk'nia Irifoliata,
Kt luiluin phyic. and tiillctiiii »ii|iii]ii(-i'a'. wbiih is il sjK'ciw cluwly ri'iti-m-
Uin^ it, w»>r« fornjiriy oIKcial, i)ut have been dropped from the phnmia-
copiris, o« thvy an' very int'tTicienl substitutes for ipecHuuiinha. TIr'v holoni;
bt thv natural order Itosawa-, and are indifjenouH to this country, growing
foitu i *iinN<bi lu (Jeorftitt. The (mrl nii(>d is the root, whieb ronlnins OUlenin,
• peculiar bilt<>r principle, to which its therapeutic propertiw ure due. It
■1*0 conljiinn tannic aeid, nvn\, rt^in, bIiiivU, vW, l)i>!kr of Ihe rout, 0.32 to
S rjiu (or -T. v-ix\)
Phyaiolo^cal Action and Therapj. — tlillonia is an aoliv« emetic, and
m ~ ilxiugbl to resenitite ipecuenunha &s fl Ionic and cholap)giie;
It , Mirelie iind t-xtuvtorant.
It hat> Ui.-n n<H-d as a subsliluti' for i[H'i-aoonti)ia. as au emetic, Momucbic
luntt, and diaphoretic, and in dmnestic practice in dyspepsia, etc.
OI.OnOIH1TK.-Qlonoin (Nitrogrlreerin, Trinitrin).
rreparatiom.
Sjiutto* Glonaiiii (U.5.P.).— Sj'irit of Glonoin (1 per cent, by iv«iglit). Di»e,
US M ai» rxm. inr nui lij).
Uquor Triiiitrini i.It. I'.).— Station «( Trinttrio, 8u1utS<m of NHroglyeerfn (I-
prr«*«t_ alrobolic itululjom. Uow. 0.03 li> 0.12 i-.cm. lur mm-i}).
TmbeDn Triiiitiiiii (K P.).~Trinitrin Tablets Idtocolat* Ublct* Mcli nMilftinlDg
" I Gbi-. oe gr. '/»,). Do«f, ) or i.
Ph7BiolO(ioal Aotion. — Xilro^lf/cerin, or nhnoin, has ibe *amc physio-
Wieal effects as aniyl nitrite, but is usually administered in solution. The
andal Spintns Gbmoini, which i« a cenletiinial solution, ii prefeisble to the
taUcta of the Hrilii-h I'bannacopcGta. The action is slower, but more per-
Bsomt, than that of amyl nitrite.
Amtegoaiata. — Thi^ pby^ioloj^cal antafronista to the action of amyl
ttitritr and niirof^lrecrin arc stryehnim*, belladonna, sclerotinlc acid, and,
ID j;rai-ral, iboKc rt'iuedin which rais« arterial tension and diminish blood-
<Bpfi(y to the ^rcat centres by producing contraction of blood-TeeeeK In
OMT of uopk-asanl nr M-Ttons syniptom-'t after iIk ti.4e, the exhibition of am-
■inia by inhalation and by the month, the hypodermic injection of atropine
«r€th«r. with cold waler or icik-bajj: lo Die heail, miiKtard poultice to the
^tgaatric rejnon or to the extremities, keeping the ))otit<nt wami and in the
neasibeDt |>n»(iir<-, will vfty soon be followed by relief, aa the symptoma
Wn tmially tfitite eraneM<enI.
Tfcenpeatic Applioationt. — Sturrell praises this remedy highly, not only
t«r typical angina, but for breath lesi>ness and attnckii of pacndo-anfrina. JH
C<«ta ha« giveo it in Brighl's discaae attended by high arterial teneion
(eirliolic Iddoey), in the following combination: —
^^8 nUn)IACKt?TICAIj TUBRAPEtriO AaSNTS OR DBUOK.
B NitrottlyMrinl |00005 Gm. or gr. '/.»J
Tr. Ulf-ilsliB.
Tr. Ktrophnnthj .....,..i....,i.... ....,, an. IIS cm. cf mlj.
Tr. linDflJonnee • jOS p.ciu. or mto.
M. et ft. taU'Uu.
Stg.: Tpkr one «tot7 (be lioura until ett*ct upon Uie pulte Is obtained.
Id the treatment of ungina pectoris snd eevere asthma HoQmARn' re
ommcnds iiiibcutaDei>u» injepttoiu of nitroglycuriD in nkoholic solution in^
dose of 0.0005 to 0,001 Om. (or pr. Vno-'Ao)- He claims remarkable reeuIlB
from th««e inject lonii, without any ol>ji'Cti»iiable Biter-effects. ^M
Dr. Elliot Bates has, in a namber of iostanc^ seen rer; marked relie^|
from the hypodennic injection of nitro^lyct-rin in those cuses of epilcps^f
where the patient falls vith ri^id limbe. He administered it in the dose ofB
0.00065 Gm. (or gr. V'loe)- Good results liuvu been obst-ned in hystero-c'iii-
lepsy from the hypodermic injection pf the same quantity, the spasm being
controlled within a few minutes.
A few drops of the solution of nitroglvcerin placed upon the tongue
havfi been used with sucn-iis in order to relieve the craving of the opit
habituate. Dr. Speer records s case in which nitroglycerin was auccetiafull]
emplo3'cd in morpliiiR' poisoning, 0.3K Om. (or gr. vj) having been taken
a lad aged 17 years. An injeelion of 0.0013 Gin. (or gr. '/„) was soon fol-
lowed by an improvement in the respiration and, in half on hour, by vom-,
iting, after which 0.O00G5 Gm. (or gr. Vioo) ^n^ administered in the sat
manner. Two hours Bnbsequcntiy the patient was out of danger. Case
ports great relief in Raynaud's disease from the injection, thrice daily, of t\
6atne quantity of nitroglycerin gradually increased to 0.0O13 Qm. (or gr^
Vio)- 1° threatened collapse caused by pneumonia, drop doses of the 1-per
cent, Bolution, a» udvotated by Dr. Andrew H. Smith, of Now York, act »s i
diJfusihle stimulant and often avert the danger.
Dr. Tnisscwitsch recommends the use of nitroglycerin in the algid st
of cholera. One or 2 drops of the l-per-cent. solution placed upon the tong.
causes dilatation of the peripheral blood-vesgels, decreases the blood-pre*sur
and relieves the heart. Dr. Humphriea employs nitroglycerin in variot
forms of vomiting with very good results. He has also found it valuable in]
acute or chronic gastric catarrh of the infaot or adult, and has used it suc-
cessfully in the vomiting of pregnancy. Given gubeutaneo>Lsly it acted as n
prompt restorative in a case of poisoning from illuminating gas. Dr. D. D.
Stewart points out that a tolerance to this remedy is sometimes readily ac-
quired by pulieuls. whos^• anxiety prompts them to increase tiie doses. This
tendency must be guarded against by temporarily discontinuing the drug
from time to time and resuming with a smaller dose than that last used.
A remarkable esaraple of acquired tolerance to nitroglycerin has been
placed upon record by Dr. G. E, Rending, of Woodbury, N. .1. The patient,
a woman, suffering from chronic interstitial nephritis, was placed at first
upon the doses of 0.00065 Om. (or gr. '/,„„), which was gradually increased
until, in less than a year, she was taking an amount equivalent to 0.38 Gm,
(or gr. vj). The symptoms of the disease were by this time apparently cured.
On account of the explosive properties of nitroglycerin, it is advisable
not to accumulate too large a number of the tablets, nor to shake them vio-
• PMriaocevtieal Journot ond TranmctUint, June 28, 1890.
aLUSIDl'U.
409
IcnUT. This objection, tny* Murrell, will not nppl>' to the forint in which
ttitioflycerin is ordinarilv dispensed, however. The 1-per-cent. solution, he
aUt, is iH'rfrctly miv. nud mii.v bi; mtH without fc«r; in fact, most cheoiistB
ktrp ■ S-per-cem. solution. The same auihoriiy also gives a Kriee ol experi-
BWBts made hy hiniH'lf in hnmm^ring and bringing n red-hot irirc in con-
tact with pills of Ditm^lycerin, thus demonstratinf; their safety. All pills
and tablets of nitroglycerin may not bo to safe as tho«c he referred to.
OLUSIDim (B. P.). — Glniide (Olnonrimide, Sacoharui).
Gltutde, or benzoyl-sulphonimide, is n sweet iraide derived from toluene.
Iti constitnttoQ is repr««ont«d by the formula
C,lI.<^g^>NH.
Glu«d*, orsicchnrin. i«a lipht, white-, minutely -crystalline powder 1i»t-
tag aa inlrnse)y-»ve«1 taste in dilute solutions. It is soluble in 400 part* of
ojld water, 24 of boiling watvr, in 'i5 parts of alcohol (90 per cent], and but
thfhtlj in <thpr or chloroform.
Oo account of its snept tnetc, gluxide is in use commercially as an addi-
tina to ((!uc»*, especially in the form of cheap confectionery. As its effects
ufl fh« animal organism arc scarcely toxic, 5 Gm. (or 3i V,) beinp adminis-
l«rvd without suy obviotu effects, in a man, it has been employed in the diet
«f diabetes, as a subetitule for sugar, in swceteuing cofTec or other articles of
food. It b nude into tablets with bicarbonate of aoda to incrv&sv iti eolu-
UHt.
OLYCEEnniM (U. S. P., B. P.).— Glycerin.
Ooae, -I to 15 c-cm. (or fSi-iv). B. P., 4 to 7.S ccm. (or f3i-ij).
U. 8. P. Preparations.
(itfvnUMm Acwti Carbolid— <il]rc«Tit« of Cartmllc Aclit <20 per rent.).
Gly«f1wn Acicil Tnnnici.— Gljccrite o( T«nnk Add (20 jut mhU). For ext«r-
lal Bie.
(Hrn-Ktnm Aib}>IL— Gly<«ril« of Stnrch (tH^-cnin. 80; vtoroh, 10 paria). For
UlyrtilaBi Boroglytwrbii.— Cljwrile «( Boroglytwrlii. Solution ol Borwglyc-
•rUe.
Qljrtmluni nydr»»tj».— Gly«erile of II.V'lrfi«li8.
djmritum Vil^ni. — Glywiilc o( Yolk of Kjoj (glj'cerui. 05; •gg-yolk, 45 parta).
hr rsl>nul aae.
B. J'. I'reparal torn.
Dtjeariaoni Acidi B<irici.->Olycerin of Boriv Avid. For vxlernal applicntioa.
OlTeeriBun AcUi Parbollcl.— tilvnrrin of Phenol (Ifi'A per cent.).
dyMnanm A«di TnnoMi.— i-<>v(»rln of Tannle Aeid llOV, per oant.).
Cljw-rtuuiB Aliiniii»l"--4Jljcrrin of Alum tH'/i pi^r cenL).
GlfoTUiiuii Amyli. — Ulyrarln of Starch (11 per cent.}.
Gljreriauni RnTacin. — Olyeerio of Borax 1 14 V, per cent.).
Olnrrinam IV-jwini — Olrfwin of Pep>jn t4 e.(nti., or fSJ, «oD(«ln« OlM Oan, or
V- v.oiTlvpainl. Di>*r. * to 7.5 c.cni. (or fJMj).
QtyvMiaam I'lunibi SuhxvtatU.— {Jljmrin of l^iad Subacelal*.
Olfcerinum TmK»canllia.-.^-<!t3r«rtii ol Trnfannth.
SnppMllan* Olvretlni (B-P.).— Glfmrln Suppotitorie* |MCh vuppoaitnry con-
t$im HI per «Mt, of Bijferio).
rngiMtntti tlljivrinl Plntnbi SiitHieetalii>.— Ijrad-Subacelatc Ointment (jtljroehn
tfbwl Mibuwlal*, 1 1 wkile paraRin <^lntii*eiit, <S pMrta).
410
PiURMACEtrriCAL THEIlArKtmC AOEXTS OH DRUOfi.
(}|jr«criii 18 dIko a oonjttiluoiit in Mvcni] T^. S. P. oxtrncti*, fluid extract^
pill massus, mucilage of tmgacanth, Bolntion of pi>p«ia. and oilier firuiwr
ticn^
Fhumaoology. — Official glycerin is "a litjuid obteined by the iJecoii
position of vcgctiiblo or imimal faU or £xed oils, nud containing not lest- thu|
95 per cent, of abKo!ut€ Rlycerin." In the pTucei» for makin); lead pla!<t«i
the olJTc-oil, bi'infr dt-compoR-d by th« lend oxidv. yields lead olostc and tie
glycerin. It is al^'o produced in the ordinary process of soap-inakin^, beir
a constituent of tliu waste, from which it is now recovered in large <)iiantt
tiea for commercial purposes. A pnrer f^lycerin m obtained by decompoain|
fats by steam, or i^itpcrheatcd water, and dii-tillation. A superior article
made from vegetable fata by Messrs. Proctor & (Jamble, of Cincinnati, irhict
is best adapted for medical use. The British Pharmacoptcia defines glycerin"
a0 "a trihydric alcohol associated wilh a small nercentage of water. It is
obtained by the interaction of alkalies or of superlicated steam, with fats and
fixi-d oils." It is colorless, resembling sjTup. oilv to the touch, without odor,
very sweet, slightly warm to the taste, nmitml in reaction, hygroeoopical,
soluble in all proportions in water or alcohol, and in.ioluble in ether, chioro-
fonii, benzol, or fixed oils. Under certain conditions it becomes a mass of
dense, brilliant crystals, but may be cooleil to — W C. without congealing,
only becoming more vi^id. Treated with strong nitric acid, it forms glonnin,
or nitrotrlycerin: a substance of powerful explosive propertJeiiL
Fhyaiologioal Action. — As it has an afTmity for water, glycerin abrorbg
tlie latter from mucous surfaces and excites secretion. It if irritating in its
concentrated state to both skin and mucous membrane, being entirely dif-
ferent in its effects from oils or fnta. although, when diluted, it keeps the
tkin moist and prevents cracking or chapping. Glycerin is absorbed by the
fikin and passes into the blood. It has very little effect upon the stomach.
A certain amount is absorbed, wilh the effect of increasing nutrition and
improving the appetite; it is slightly laxative, and is said to lessen the oxcie-
tiou of un.-a. though, according tu the experiments of Lfwin, it exeru no in-
fluence upon the tiuantity of urea eiiraiDated. Large doses have produced
ha-moglobiiiurin. owing tn some action, as yet unexplained, upon the blood.
In these cases I he urine, according to Fuchsinger, contains the coloring mat-
ter of the blood, but no free corpuscles.
In the case of a man who was accustomed to taking 90 ccm, (or f.iiij) ot
glycerin daily, hut who used no alcoholic liquor, extreme cerebral excitement
was produced, according to the statement of Constantin Paul.
Glycerin is considered antiseptic, yet Koch found that it did not d««ttoy
fipores nor the activity of formed ferments, although a solution in water (1
to 3) arrests the action of some enzymes (pepsin, plyalin, emulsin), and a
stronger solution (1 to 2) prevents the actiou of others (myroein, diastase,
invertin), but preserves their activity uninipnired, and is used to preserve
them (Wemitz). Glycerin is destructive to parasites, intestinal and external.
It increases the action of codlivor-oil, and is a solvent for some of the alka-
loids, though not for others. Owing to its sweetness, it has been used as a
substitute for sugar in the diet of diabetics, though succharin ha» now largely
taken its place. According to the clinical obsen-ations of Pavy, glycerin in-
creases polyuria, and he therefore opposes its use as a substitute for sugar.
It seems to augment considerably the quantity of glycogen contained in the
liver, though it probably pKventa the transfonnation of glycogen into sugar.
OLVriElllNUM.
411
Thenpy. — Diluted with 3 parts of lose-irattr, gl/cerin !» a good appli-
r: to ifi)' blinds *n<\ lij>s to pn-vviit chapping during cold vrvather^
nin i§ aUo used for thi^ purpose. The giSiiie miKlure is one of thosa'l
! tn it litliyodi^, after a wrnrm-wuter, hot-air, or vapor-bath, in order j
" -.-I the diseased area and aid in niainiaiiiin^ its ntitritiou. In more'^
.r<a<-^airat<*<l form it has bcvn uM-d with Euccciui in pityriasiK, pruritue, ociie,
-'■':a. 685un-d nipples, or acute corj'xa, applied whh a brush or spray. In
tiotion with colludion ('/t p^'^ cent.) it fornix collodium e1o!>ticuni,
•>ui^:ii IS leae painful than pure eollodioo, and is a i;ood protective for fissures^
ud ■brifioriti. The daily iippltcstion of glycerin ii> c»]>ahte of causing
cteadr reduction in the sixe nf iiypertrophied tonsils. The glycerite of tannic
or of gallic aeid it a iiR'ful u^lriii}.'L-nt U6 an upptieatioit for eore throat, rt-
Isxatirtn t>f mucous membrane, and upon tampons to the cerTis uteri fori
kucorrhfL-a. A pledget of ab«orbi<nt cotton, suturutcd in glycerin, ig an es-
««U«nt applicalion, also, in congestion of the womb, as, on account of its
■fl&nity with wnlvr, it provokes an abundant »eroUK tianiiudiitian. The glyc-
•nlnm vitulli is used as a vehicle tor chloroform or heavy powders. Glycerin
atone, ur with «>mo astringent or sedative, is iiserul in preventing bed-sores.
isjectvd iiiii) the IkiwcIs, it is a mild enema, and in small quantities is effi-
ocnt in ev*acuattRg the lowt^r bowel, and tnny be introduced in the form of
Hippcwitories.
In obslrucJjf-n by fa>cal impaction, the injection of several ouiiff-M into
the ctilun, through a long tube, we.** successful in the hands of Dr. Edward
lCa*rr, nf Wilkes-Ilarre, Pa,, in saving life after failure of ull ordinary menna i
-< 'r-Wvt. GiTcerin admin iMercd hy the mouth has a peculiarly goothiiig'
-. upon inflamed and painful htcmorrhoids. Equal parts of glycerin
an diftilied water may he used as an application to keep the tongue moist
m trphoid and othwr fevers; and a dilute solution may he sipped to
■(Bclen the throat during an attack of tonsillitis or pharyngitis, although.
ite direct application bv sprvy or brush should not l><! omitted. The red^l
izy, and 8lB»^i mouth of advanced phthisis is moistened by the use of a wash J
■■'. I'lTcwnn and water. Reflex cough is often allayed by the application of
- nn to the fauce-i, and, adminislered internally in 4-c.caj. (or t3j) doses,
•»me agent may prove of advantage in the cough of phthi.4is. li may be
- n to infauu ait a laxative in combination with oil. AaminiHtered alone, it
-:•« been used for the amc purposes as codlirer-oil. but is less efllcient, al-
t&avgb pnaerMing some nutritive properties. It is the best remedy in cases of
:ncbinjaais. administered in tablespoonful doi<«8, as snceeesfully used by Dr.
James M. Itnrliiii: and lit listed a.4 a laxative in cases of piles. Some forms of
-. i>Q are improved by its administration after meals; and it is the best
■ i:id pres^-naiive for pepsin, either from the pig or the calf, the latter
•'!> introduced by Dr. Frank Woodbury as the special digestive fer-
infants or adults upon a milk diet. In acidity of the stomach and
■ ■ glycerin in 4-c.cm- (or foj) doses two or three times a day is bene-
is often extremely UK-ful in improving the appetite. Dr. J. A. Pol-
-n" Klycerin oa of value in preventing stomach trouble during conva-
ilebilit^ting discasm. He claims u1m> that it lias condderabU
rol tli« vomiting of pregnancy. Ferrand regards glycerin m t^
ly in biliary lithiasis and as a powerful cholngoguc. capable of
., ., fin hepatic colic. In 1S.5- to 22-c.cm. (or fSv-vj) dose* it ler-
•ttack. In 4- to 7.6-c.om- (or fSi-lj) do«», token every day in a
in
I'llAItMACISL'TlU^L rilKU^I-BtTlO AGBS'TS Oil UltUGS.
little aJkaline water, it prevents freeb attacks. Accordioff to the eiiperimcDts
of A. Hermann, it« action is mechanical and dep«nd* upon its power to ab-
fitnict water from tissues.
Glycerin given in the form of suppository i« often #erviccable in reliev-
ing and overcoming constipation, eepeciaily when the lower bowel is inactive.
(Profetaor Remington recommends a» the bciit furmnia for glycerin stippoai-
lories: 40 grains of sodium carbonate, 80 grains of stearic acid, and 1O80
grains of glycerin. The sodium carbonate i* diwolved in the glycerin, tbe
stearic acid added, and the mixture is carefully heated upon a water-bath
unlil elTer\-(«ccDco ceases. The solution i* then poured into a suppository-
mold to make 13 suppositories.) Gelato-glycerin bougies are usenil in ear-
nohe. Richards slateii that further experience has convinced him more than
ever of the value of gelato-glycerin bougies in an early stage of acute otitis
mi'dia und in ueuto otitis externa. They can be inserted in the ear without
difFicully by eimply washing off the lycopodium powder with which they are
covered; they an; thi-n very slippery, and. with the affected ear uppermost,
easily slip down into the canal, llere tlie bougie soon dissolves, the anodyne
is brought directly into contact with the inflamed surfaces, and the pais is
relieved, liesides being a medium for the exhibition of other remedies, th«
glycerin is of itself distinclly curative, in that it tends to draw out more
serum from within and lessen the tension. After ineerlion the ear should be
stoppered with absorbent colt'm or gauw, and & lightly-filled hot-water bot-
tle placed at the side of. or over the ear. Many a case of acute earache in
children will, if promptly Ireatcd in this manner, at once subside without
going on to severe inflammation. The following formula is recommended:
B Acidi carboliol |43 c.cni. or fnvij.
Kxt opti fl |37 e.«n. or mvj.
AtropluK sulpluUJs an 120 Gm. or gr. Jij.
Aqun , ,,,,,,....„,..,.. 3|£(i c.rm. or nilij.
Gelatin. llso Um, or gr. xviij.
Glvrcrinl lt|00 c.cm. or fSiinixxxviij.
ni. n ft. bouses xllj.
After making, they should be covered with lycopodium, and dispensed
in a bottle, as they are bygroscopical. They should be no larger than will
rendiiy slip in the exlcrnnl cdnal. The siw made in urethraUbougic mold
has proved Bati§factory.'
GrifTilh has employed it with miirked effect in the treatment of constipa-
tion. .\r\ enema of glycerin and infusion of flaxseed (1 to 4) allays tenesmus
in cBnes of acute dysentery (Rnrtbolow).
The injection, under strict anti§eptic precautions, of about 150 c.cm.
(or f,",v) of glycerin into the womb has been successfully practiced in order to
excite premature delivery. The tube of the syringe is introdue<-d as far back
as possible, between the wall of the uterus and the membranes. According
to Pelzer, from 30 to 45 com. (or f^i-iss) are sufficient to accomplish the pur-
pose. In the experience of Dr. Embden. this practice is not without danger,
and is liable to cause thrombosis or decomposition of the blood. He thinks
also that it may lead to the introduction of air iuto the circulation.
Semmola asserted that glycerin has autipyretie action in acuii^
fectious diseases, in which he adniinisters it as follows: —
' Journal of the Amrrican Ucdlcnt A**(>ctatlim, I«)0.
B GlyorrtB. no cem. or QtJ'
Aeldi tkrUriei vd citiiei o Um. or 51 7i.
Aquv - 5T0 c.cm. or f3xlx.
M. SIg.: Time latitMMonfnli, or an ounce aud a half, to be Ulcen tvery liour,
■ toU thu quantitj- ei-ery liaKhour.
Herman' staler thsl, out of 115 cases of nephrolithiasis, in 15 gmc*
nut-rrtioDS were passed and iniproT«m«ut was noticed in the patients" epm-
plunl*; in 29 cutvs coucretioD^ pawed without hrin^ns abnut any such im-
proremcnt; in 85 cases there was improvement only of ihc nutitinU' condi-
tion without any concretions' Wing parsed; in 4C cases glycerin had no
■fact whatever. Thus, glycerin proved to be ettlfaeious in 60 per cent, of
the eaten HU treated, either by removing conoretions or else hy removing the
paia whK'h accompanies this disease, lie sdmiuiitters the drug according
tothi? wvi^btand age of the [mtii.-nt, anil states that 31 to 124 Um. (orai-iv),
bv weight, 13 his OAual dose, ile gives it in equal parts of water, at one dose,
Iwtwprn two meali^. and rtpi-au it two or three timt^s during several days.
Bf Uai nrver had any disagreeable symptoms from it.
Kitenially glycerin can he cunibinid with ailmirable effect as follows: —
1 ji|Uvr nlcis,
A^n« r««B - ua dOj cctn, «r QIJ,
U. Tor MDoriaUuns, er^bpiua, suptrDdal bumg, and scald*.
B Oljccnni,
Aqinr ImnamctUUt dnt.,
Jki|iw roMB an (10; C.cm. or fSij.
U. Uk cd chapped tac« and hand*, *orc nipples, and liarinorrhoid*.
B Qlrcvrini,
AquM lutnniQclidb d«at. a* M ccm. nr fSiij.
Biamalti. iiibDU. vol itoiH blcarbomti* S Gni. or 3ij.
Aeiiii nrbolici IW c.cni. or mx.
JL For crrtbciiiatotiD or rnicular ccxcma, buma. and wIiorrhoKk, ««pecUUf
ariMAd the axilla and genital orj^ni.
B GlrMTUii.
Acidi lacil«i.
Aqam rou! ... aa ISI
M. For (rvrktn and oilwr pigmcotationa of the akin.
c.cm. or Qaa.
B Glj-caini 100 c.rm. or fjv.
Cmwotl .■■• 4 c.cm. or 13j.
OL nealh. pip. ■ W c.cm. or ntn.
H. TaluaUc for catarrti. phutjuptis. and Inrvngilia. in tlie fwrn of a (ptaj". It
wa W moppad on tbc 4kln or apiavcd ot«t tha (urines for pruritu*. «cMnia, and
artlsria.
Tbr glycuite of starch is a bland material, which can fae impregnated
with tarious roeSlmatnta, utriDgont*, etc.. for application tu Ihc eye or to
dw ikin. Glycerin i§ a good vehicle for alkaloids, and it is thus used in vari-
awdiMsKS of tht- ear, in abnonnal dryne«« of the exterttal auditoiy canal,
ud impaction cf cerumen,
Sljoerite of Biimath Borate ii recommended hy Keyset- as a good rem-
edy jt> phlyctt!-nulnr end scrofnlotis conjunctivitis.
Ftui^'hai devi«ed a prejMiratiou termed cntcin ointment which may bf
>jr«4ka/ ChronMf. 1S99.
414
PHARMAOKCTtOAL THKRAPEin'tO A0BNT8 OR DKUC3.
noticed in t?iij! jiliice. It coii«iGte of 14 parts of essoin, about Vi part of poto
siiini und sodium hydroxide, 7 parts of ghwrin, 21 pun* of vnjielin, 1 imi,
of nlicylic or lioric ncid, iind about 5t! purts of wutcr. It is a thick, vriiiti
emiiUion, which eoon dries upon the ekin and has been m«A in affections
the »kiti nccoinpiiDifd bj itching. Vnnous drugs may be incorporated witt
the ointment.
The urinv of perKons u«ing glycerin reduces coppi-r in Fehling'e t«stj]
Bad is liable to lead to error, being mistaken for glycoouria. Thin is not di
directly to the presctav of glyecnii, Imt to a decomposition- prod nct.
OLYCYHRHIZA if, S, I',}.— Olycyrrhiza (liqnorice-root).
GLYCYRRHIZA: radix (B.r.).~ljqtiorice-root
Dote, ».S^ to i Gm. (or gr. \-at%) in powdiT.
Preparations.
Extractum GlycjTrhiwc Piiniro (U.S. P.) .—Pure Extract of Gijcyrrhua.
0,32 to 4 CJni, lor jfi. vSjI.
Enlmi-HiMi (Uyiyirlilw Miildum (U. S. P.).— tTiilJ ]!:xlriii-t «( Oiycyrthl
(mad* with nqiin RniiiionJii nnd ulcnhnl). Doiu-. 1.20 In 4 r,(-iii. lor nixxfSjI.
Mixlui'u (ilj'rvrtliiia- (."iniipipilii ll'.S. F.I.^LV>iii]k.iithI Mi^ttiie •!! li\yvynJiir»i^
Btowd Mixture Iputc c\Unct. 3, patcgoric, 12; onliDiouinl wine. 6: ipirit of nitrou
rthrr, 3; inTidtii)[p »f noucin. lUi n>'ru]>. Ai und watrr, q. ■. to mnkrr 100 r.cni.). Doo
4 to 1.) ('.('Til. (ui t3i-iv|.
Troplii.H (il.VfjTrliiap rt Opii (t'.S.P.l. — Trodw* of (ilrpyrrliiiui and Opium
(exIrArt uf lli-iirlcv and piilv. niifiiti), with ol. aiilte, ikUKiir, and avai-lu). Dunf. 1 ur S.,
QlycvTrhixiiium AiDinoniatum (U.S.P.). — Ammonialad Qlvcjrtrhiiin (for flaror
iag).
Kxlrartiiiii OlyryrrliiiiP (U.S.P., U. P.).— Kxlntrt ot tllycjTrhiMi (aitmct
ll^iioricD. II. 1\|.
Piilvix ()1ycyiTlii»«> t^ompoiiitu* (!,'. S. P., B. P.p. — ToRipoiind Howdrr of (Jlye,
rhuiL {V. S. P. i-uiitniu" m.'iiiiii. livKrii'V'ruot, punderodi i>it uf frtintl. waxlii^ nulpliu
*iiX>"- ^f'f. 4 to « dm. (or fSiij).
BxtmriuDi (.Jlycyrrhiac Litjiiiduiii {B. P.).— Liquid Extract «( Uqllorii*. Hoie.
tn 4 <'.em, |'>r fSt'-ji.
Pharmacology. — The root of Glyeyrrhiza glabra and of the variety
glmndulifcra (I^-giiniiiioiw), 1'. S. P.. "'the pcclod root and peeled aubter-
raiK-nn cK-in of (Jlycvrrhiza jtlabra and other specie*" (it. P.). This plant la^
s native! of southern Kiin>[K'. Thi- root oontain* an nmorphoas hitter
swfwl ghieoside, Olyeyrrhiiin. which is probably in combination with ant
monin; it also contnins Asparagin, sugar, resin, utareh, gum, )Hi?tin, oolor-
ing-mall^T, etc. Olycyrrhinin, when acted upon by dilute acid?. (Splits up
into sugar and n brownish-yclliiw. bitter !«iibKtan('(', Olycyrrhetin. Thu
reain isaUo bitlt-r.
The aromatic glycyrrhizin masks the taste of sulphate of quinine whdi
prescribed with it in about doiibli* tlur (quantity, but the after-taste is «ti ^
bitter, llie elixir of aromatic glycyrrhuin is a good vehicle in which to'
adminisl<T sulphate of quJnint.-, but no acid should be added, since the qui-
nine is largely euspended and not dissolved. Licorice enters into the other
adjuvant elixirs for the administration of bad-taKling medicines. A syrtip
of liiorici- itmv be used Bs a flavoring agent or as a vehicle.
Fhyiiological Action. — Linorice-root is d«muleonl and slightly stimu-
lating to the bronchial mucous membranes, and is laxative. It has an agrei
able taste, the bitterne«s being mai^kii) by the suMt principle, but leaves
I
i
OMSTi'iinr.
415
, ^ ta»le in the faucp*. The extrnct covers the taste of otiier remcdios.
TIk root 19 ii94h1 MS a duBtinii-povder and cooling for bilU.
Therapy. — Tin.* compound iofueion of flax6<.-e<] (I . S. P., 1870) is a good
A«iak«nt in acuto bronchitis nnil diarrhoMi. The extract is usofnl in re-
btring drynees of the throat and hoarseness, specially if oorahined wilh
iBiBuDiiim chluriitv, T!i<- trrKhi-!. idntiiiii ii,C")-i (im. (or gr, '/u) "f opium.
«irf mar lie used where an opiate is not objeciionable, but are dangerous,
r plMttant I««te k-iidit children to take an av«rdo«e; one tvcry hour
[it for an adult with irritable cough.
The (.-ompounil mixture is u good expeelonint for bronchitis, and ie often
t'tsbuii'il witn s)Tup of senega and amtnonium chloride.
In cooftipation, eepociaily during pregnancy, the compound licorice-
powder is rery valuable; giren at night on retiring, it causes one or two
natural slooU in the morning, generally without griping. Where a more
dcod- ~ ~ ' ii! desired, it mar be combined with an equal portion of com-
pvan' I'wdsr.
GOSSYPIDK (B. P.).— Cotton.
GOSSYFII RADICIS COBTEX (U. S. P.).— Cotton-root Bark.
Prfparalionf.
(luu^imn riinfinitiiiii (T. S. F.).— Puriflisl t'otlitn tolwurbeiil coitoni.
KxtrKtiim CtiWTpii lUdi^s Miiidura |U. 8. P.).— Huid ExtTKcl of Ootton-root
i, Da»t, 2 to 4 c.cm. (or iMt-j).
Olrum CoMrplI Scmlnln (U.S. P.).— Cotton-wed Oil.
Fhannaoology and Therapy.—Cottrin is ii nntivp of thp southern
UuD of liif I uiie(i Si^iieii, and i^ "ihe hairs of the seed of Ooasypium herba-^
traai (UalvaceK') and of other specie* of Gosnypium freed from adhering
Tir.nrirttt<'*and deprived of falty malter." The British Ph a rmflcop<»ia d inlets
hairs of the *«■<! of G<w»ypiiim harhadenne, and of other specie* of
■j.-vvpitini, freed fn>m fativ matter."' It is composed almost entirely of
oci)aIo9e, and is in a masc oi white, interlacing fibres, forming sheets of so-
iled carded coilon-vrool. Hy a preliminary treatment with alkalies to ex-
tnet the fatty matters, it becomes absorbent cotton, which is of great value
it nodent surgical practice, and has succeeded the sponge as a drci»in^ for
««tiiid». Abeorbent cotton may be treated with various agents, so as to be
•f special value (earb('liJ!P<i, borated, salioylated, or treated with mercuric
cUuride, «lc.). These are used to exclude air from wounds, burns, etc., and
■ffoid •nme support, and may aho be applied to a blister after puncture. In
afiammationfl. as in acute arlicuhir riiouniatisni. the part may be enveloped
is tnttoo, either dr>- or moistened with anodyne*, with great comfort to the
- • nt- It i* alio a good material tor tampons, or for making an artificial
f 'im after perforation, Coituw in mudi in use a* a padding for aulints.
■\a »f>«aka Ter>' favorably of its use in phlegmasia dolens, enveIoping,j
. limb iu a thick lavi^r surrounded by oiled *ilk and carefully b«nd>'
Hjeiniwtaiie eoiton may be made by dipping absorbent cotton in a
-,.in of feme chloride, and afterward drying and picking it, or dilute
-Ve #nliition may be used (1 in H) and the cotton kept immersed in it
uaiii i]»rd no a tampon, in uterine cancer, etc.
pyroiylinuin, or gun-cotton, is official only as a component of collodion.
The oil of the se«ds is bright, pnle, odorless, and free from acrid after-
-11A
PHAHUACEUTICAL THBHaPBOTIO AOB!fTB OR DRDOS.
taste. It is a good subetitute for alivf-oU, and U (rcquuntly sold for it. It
enters into the V. •$. P. <^>IH(-ial lintmi-nl!' of nmiiionia anil of (ntin|ilior. In
pharmacy it answers a similur purpose (o olive-oil.
The Vark of the root of );oii.<)}'|)ium eontnin* rKsin, tannic add, and a nd
coloring matter. A solid and a fluid extract can be ohtained (both alcoholic),
the dose of the former being (l.OliS to 0.32 Gm. (or gr. i-vh of the lattvr, 2 to
4 c.cm. (or fSte-j). A recent decoction is also used in the South. It has a
special action upon the uleruii. like ergot, and i^ employed in the s&mn class
of cases — in scanty menstruation, dysmenorrhtca. and during labor. Phillips
hail found it useful in h»mopl}'^«, and in the West Indies it it udminictc-rcd
in dysentery.
Dr. Potcyenkohnsosti-nded the n*e of cotton-root botk toother ha-mor-
rhages. lie speaks particularly of a case of persistent epislaxis vhich had
resisted various internal and topical remedit-^, but which was promptly and
fie^uanGntly checked by the admitiietration of l.M ccm. (or mxxv) of the
uid extract thrice daily for three day*. Dr. finrrigut-if hns fuuiid this drug
of special service in chronic uterine liiBmorrhages, even when these depend
upon fibroids or carcinoma.
GBANATUM [V. g. P.).— Pomegranate.
GRANATI COETEX (B. P.).— Pomegranate-bark.
Doie, 4 to ii Gm. (or ai-ij).
Preparaiion.
DecciGtum Gmimli CortieU (B.I'.). — Deuoction of 1'uiiiegn.naU-tiark (SO prr
cent.). DiHw. 16 to HO can. (or fSu-iJi.
Pharmacology. — Pomegranate is "the bark of the stem and root of
Punit'u j;runAtiim (Lythrariea')." cultivated iu subtropical countries. Tho
rind of the fruit, though it is not official, contains very similar constituents,
and is also useful. The liquid alkaloid, Pelletierine ('/, per cent.), is found
in this plant in conihination with punico-tannic neid, and to these the pecul-
iar virtues of the bark are due. The tannic acid is largely iu excess (20 to
28 per cent.). It has betn shown that Pelletierine i.i a mixture of four alka-
loids, three of which are liquid and one solid. Pelletierine Is a colorless aro-
matic, oily lluid, »ntui}lt> in water, alcohol, ether, and chloroform.
According to Professor iniiokiger. the commercial pelletierine tnnnate
is a mixture uf the tannates of the total alkaloid.* of pomegranate- bark.
Physiological Action and Therapy. — Poiiicgrunnte has powt-rful astrin-
gent proprrl.ii's, aiul a ilecnction tliivorcd with orange or aramatics is useful
in sore throat or pharyngitis, and as an a^trmgent injection for gonorrhieft.
Coronedi has dfti-ntiinivl that pelletieriiio acts as a mu-sele-poison and prob-
ably produces a condition of rigidity. In excessive amount pelletierine is
stated to have an Hctifni wimilar to that of curare, paralvjiing motor nerves
without influencing muscular eontnictility or sensation.
The specinl usi.' of tlii* agent is for tho destruction of lape-wornis. a
wincgtussful of the decoction being taken every hour for three hours, to be
followed by a purgative dose of oa>ilor-i>il. The drug itself, in large doses,
acts both ns an <-uietic and purgative. The pcllelicrine tnmiate. 1 Om. (or gr.
xt) at a dose, in capsules, is an rffi'clive. but expensive, remedy. The decoc-
tion is so astringent that it may not be possible for the patient to take tt,
4
OniSDEUA.
41?
u*lidi c«*c the fame result may be obtained by evaporating it, in a irater-
hith, to • pilular coR^Ul«Dcy, diid iid ministering the «.\tnK^i thiii! made in
Eclltin eapsulc«, preceded and foUowed by a cathartic. PomcRranat* has
weo used irith auccets in the diorrbtea anil <1y«ciitury of hot chmatef.
Dnjiidin-Bcatimctz has witneeaed good results from the employment o£
piDtgranate in M^ni^ri^'ii diiti^ase. lu fiaialy^is of (he third and Nixlh nerrea
Jt Calnowski «Es«Tts that pelletierine is of service.
OBINDELU (tJ. S. P.).— Grindelia.
Preparation,
; Extrutunt Grindclia Fluidum (U.S.F.)-— Fluid Extract «( GrindcUn. Duw,
Phsnofl oology. — "The leaver and flowering top!< of Grindelia robustn
udof Grindpliu squarrosa (Compositie)." a perennial California plant, con-
tBQB volatile oil, a resin, and, po^nibly, an alkaloid. The plant pottCMM a
Uhamic odor, a warm, aromatic, and bitter taste. The resin is precipitated
lij»tler. Theactire principles are not compleloiy extracted by alcohol, hut
ui^iitoufi. alkaline solution has been found by Dr. W. P. Gibbons to be the
tMftiatisfaotory im-n».|niuni
Phyiiological Action. — Grindelia creates a sensation of warmth in the
•taosch, and, in small Quontitiw. if not loo long continued, improves the
■ppititc and digestion. It slows the action of the heart and lungs, and aug-
■iol* the blood-prewnre. It poneMea antispaamodic and expectorant uuali-
^ Large quantities dilate the pupil, produce an hypnotic effect, and par-
lip* fint the aenjory and then tlio motor nervous system. Death occurs
foin paralysis of the muscles of respiration. The plant, however; is but
ttdUr poMonoua. It e.xerta fu>me diurt-lie etfect.'
Tncrapy. — Grindelia is au ethcii-'nt local application in dermatitis caused
bjrooatact with the rhuit toxicodendron, or poison-ivy. Cloths dippi^d in-a
SBiture of 2 to 4 c.cm. (or fSss-j) of the fluia extract to ISO to 180 c.cm. (or
Qt-Tj) of water, and laid upon the affected surface, will, in many instances,
•Jonl rapid relief. This mixture has also been advantageously employed
■Wn liums and blisters. A combination with creolin is likewise eflleient in
tW ronditions: —
B Extract, grindelin t IS[ ecu. or f3w.
Crvotiol 7i5 p.cm. or fjij.
AqvK i|- •> <u1 I'lOl cnn. or t%v. — M.
An injection of the above strength 'n useful in vaginitis, or, applied upon
•fcwrbeni cotton, in pruritus vaginse. It may likewise be resorted to in leu-
WiA(w and endometritis. A weaker solution thrown into the urethra i« of
■"ice in gonorrhcea and gleet. Diluted with water or glycerin, the fluid
**0«t of grindelia is u beneficial application to chronic or irritnble ulcers,
'■Mistb<*e eases it is a good practice to conjoin the internal administration
^thcTemedy. One part of fluid extract to 4 parts of water as a local drets-
■Xz.tcfctlirr with the internal exhibition of the same preparation, has been
"Ori tlBciest in iritis.
Iti fumes may bo inhaled for the relief of the paroxjfm of asthma,
■iflut by smoking in a pipe or saturated in a solution of potassium nitrnte,
'iM'nid bnroed upon a plole.
•118
rnAnMACEmcAL theiiapectic agents or dbuos.
Ab 911 intcrnnl ri'tnvdy, the chief rnlue of firinddiu is in the trcatmoE
of ngtlima. The {itaroxysm may usually be notably abridged by the adminU
tretion of 1.30 to 2 cxm. (or mxx-xxx) of the fluid extract, ixpi-alod eve "
twenty or thirty minutes. Two or three such doses will, in many inatanc
alliiy the »pa;^m. jVftcr the attack has substdcd, the medicine should he toB
tinned in order to avert recurrence. In the interval firindelia niav v«
profitably be combined with utlior agent« having similar power, as^ for
ample: —
B Potaaaii iodidi S3 3 Cm. or 3vj.
Ijq. potawii anenitit 0 c.cm. or fSiaa.
Ext. grini]«1Ii« II fiO c.cni. nr IJiJ.
Tinct. »uphoibiie piJuliL ....i.< IS 5 cvm. or fSv.
Ekt. riiodictyj It q. «. ail 130 c.rm. or IJiv,
U. et ft lol.
81^: Tenspoonful lliree timM a day. For aathiDa and chronie broDoliitia,
Another efficient combination in asthma is: —
B IRxt. grlndrlioi fl 40
FMawi iodidi > 8
Syrup. Tolutan q. t. ait ISfl
iL «t tt. <ioI.
&lg.; Tcntpoonlul every thr«« lionn.
A formula which has been recommended is^
R AmiDonJI lodid 8{
Ext. p-indcl. II,.
Ext. Kly<7rrhtK. 11 na l.V
Tioet. lobeliw,
Tind belladonn. foL , aa TjS
S^up. TolutMi ..<]. 8. ad tSAj
M, rt (I. Bol.
Rlg.t Trnspoonful thrm> tl'mm a dny and additinnallj during a poroxyanl.
e,em. or Wj.
Gm. or Sij.
ccm, or faiv.
On. or SIJ.
e.cm. or ISaa.
e.cm. or f3ij.
e.cm. or fjiv.
Grindelia is eliminated in part by the bronchial mucous membra
which it stimulates. It in an excellent expectorant in chronic bronchitis, an'
hence when this condition, as is so often the case, complicates emphysema
and asthma, grindelia is no less efficacious than in pure nercous asthma. It
relieves cough am! promotes expectoration in chronie pneumonia. It is
somctimeB of advantage in ameliorating the cough of phthisis. In shortness
of breath due to aii3.'min, and in some cases of dyspncea dependent upon
valvtiiiir disease of the heart, grindelia has proved beneficial. In certain
cases of hay fever this remedy has been used successfully. The paroxysms
of whnojiing-eough are diminished in frequency and mitigated in severity by
the administration of grindelia. As it escapes from (he sj-stem principally
by the kidneys, it exerts a favorable influence upon pyelitis and chronic cys-
titis. The dried leaves may be moistened with nitre solution, and, mixed
with a little lobneeo, rolled into cigarettes for use in asthma.
GUAIACOL. (See under Creosotum.)
GUAIACUM.— OoaUo.
Preparaliotig.
4
The heart-wood ot Gim-
Guaiaci Ugnum (U.S.P., B.P.). — GuAiavuiu-wood,
iacum Offioinale and of GuaiACum wct^tutii (Zygophyltca;).
Guaiaci Be^nti {U.8.P.. B. P.) — Giiniae, The T«elu ot tlie wood o( Guoiacum
offirinnle. Do»c. 0.32 to 1 Gm. (or gr. v-kv|.
dt'AUcuit.
419
TuM-ttira GiuJiMi AmmonlaU (U.S.P., B.P.)-— Antnonlatrd TJnctore of (Inatec
Dhc (LOU to 4 c,(U). («r mx-lSih
TbkcUint Guaiod 1U.S.P.K— Tincture of Gaaiac. Dom, 0.60 lo 4 ocm. (or
llulK Antimooii CompMitw lU. S. P.). — Compound) AiitiinuukI PilU [coaUia
f««i»r, «tilt>bur»t<d BStinioti}-, and paiomcl).
Miclun GuaUvi (B.P.I.—Gunineuin Mixture (Kui'^'^ renin, S '/i fMT orat., vritti
t, timncoiitb, asil dnnai»un*uHt«r). Tcim, IG to 30 c.pm. (or ISm-j).
TrocstKn* Guataci Riainie (1). P.). — Lonngc of Gnninc Iteun (mcli contalalM
UOGB..«rr-UJ)-
PKann&colo^. — T\\e wood of guaiao, or lignum vitc, enters itilo a
C. S. I*. oHiiJiiI preparation of doubtlul vuliiv, tliv cumpoiind decoction of
wtMjwnlU formerly in n-putc as nn allemtive, but ^Idom used at pronont
except as a vehicle for poto^ium iodidf. to cover its uoplcu^unt taetc. Thi-
nmn '» tbf nio#t imporlnnt constiluc-m of (he wocmJ (20 to 26 per cent.).
bom irtiiirh it i$ obtained by hrutiii^ or by boiling with water. The re&in
•oolain^ Goaiacetic add (lU per cent.). Guaiaconic acid (70 per cent.),
Ouiacic acid (u *fuiiitl •inantity). and Betagnaiao reain (10 per cent.), "'ith
Be Gnaiac yellow. The at^tive printipU-.- art; Jn^ulutdL' in water, bnt snlu-
in alcohol and alkaline fluids.
Phytiolo^cal Action. — It i^ esteemed to be alterative and expectorant,
the tartc is so unpka^nt as to greatly limit its use in medicine. It is a
-inteatinal irritant, stimulating the liver, and is stated by some to act
on the excretory organs of the sliin; and, when it fails to act upon the
la dJDretic. Br. Murrcll finda it an efHcient laxative
llMrapT.— <) uaiac was formerly used as an alterative and onlisypliilitic,
ot it la Dot much Talue<l for thi." at present, — only as an ingredient in llie
aaai preparation of sarsaparilla. which is ased as a vehicle for the
In toniiillitis frojuent small dores of the tincture will sometimes
: n attack short.
A» a gargle in acute tonsillitis Dr. S. Solia-Cohen makes use of tlic fol-
preparation: —
R TV. gwia<-i aniBicaiiat. 16) ccn. or fjia.
Tr. oBckoit. CO. ..> .• 7S ccm, or ISij.
V«]l. dNpnnMt- 22 coin, or fSv).
Infm. eoae . .^. 00 eem. or fSij.
Sodii aalWIat. ■ 0 Gm. or Sim.
Aqtm . q. a. ad 180 r.cm. or fSvJ.
H. ct ft. aoL
Bte,: A tahlcapMMirnl la be used in divided poiUonfl and, if adviMbln, a *m*tl
mi^ mtj b* awallowtd.
It) various neuralgic and rheumatic aiTections, in rheumatoid arthrtlie,
iBCDorrh<PB, aud in dy^mi-norrhcea it is also very UM-ful. In rheumatic
throat the ammoniated tincture may be administered inlernally, and
~ to hot walcr makes a good gargle.
Tht rollo«-ing is a formula used by Dr. B. B. Falkner, ot Pittsbnrgh,
' a eonpound gnaiac pastille:—
B BhIh* gsaiarum . . . .
MinpbUir Mnwcocwt.
Itenvr* ■•rnnlti
m. rlniun»oiiii ,
Pnlv. cinnanininl
Raik ramni putr .
ID Gtu. «r p-. ij.
Onooa Gm. OT gr. '/«..
li cj:ro. or mil.
005 e.coi. or m'/k.
OOa Gm. or gr. J.
420
PHAHUACKirriCAL TtlEBAPEtrftc .\OEN'TS OR DllUila.
'The rinnnmon dUguis^^ nii^iluU-l^' tlic tiule of th« guaiac, and, at tl
same time, adds to (he therapeutic elBciencr of the pastille. Guaiac, in th
oombinalion, i» very plc-nftnnt, very potent, and v<Ty prompt in reducing ll
inflamniator;- ciigorg«inent in tonsillitis, acute pbarim^itJE, and in the
niftvnl fjf arthritie lliroat affeclirtiw. Tin? piciiliar aoid of Wnck currant
Mcms to enhance the efficiency of all theae forms of pastilles, and the curran^
jelly (ir paste roiuK-rs thu itb'ovo formula pfrm«ni:iitly plnstie, soluble, n
pleasant. ''
Th« ainmoniatod tincture ha* been given for the purpose of roU«vii
chronic hoarseness dependent upon thickeninii of the vocal cords.
Th« compound known in Philadelphia s» ZoUickofur's mixture » oftfl
sdrantflKcous in chronic rheumatism. Its composition is: —
B Pulv. rain. ([UBiRal,
PotSM. iodld. B« [CS Gm. or rr. x.
Tinct. polchki lem i\ c.ctn. or Rm.
Aq. rinnomoml l(i| ccm. or f Jt".
Sjrrugii q. I. ail 30| cc-q. or fjj,
U. Sig.: From m dtMcrtApoooiful to a tAblcoiiMinful three tiniM n dajr.
Good results an^ sometinie» obtained from gtmiac in chronic gout, gontj
bronchitis, and lumbago.
l>r. Augustus A. Eshner has found the following formula of wrvicc in
myalgia:—
H Tinct. gun inc. ammoniat,
Ext. cimicittipu U.,
&t. cocie fl na 30] c.cm. or iSj.
U. Slg.: T4«s|HX>ntul before escli iiie*l.
In valvular les^imis of the heart deuendunl upon a rheumatic elen)ent_
Dr. A. E. Tussey has prescribed with advantage: —
B Reain. gunlnci.
DigitAlis fol. puiVii
Quinin. Eulph Ud 21 Gm. or gr. xxx.
Slrycliniti, *«lph jOOO Gm- or gr. J.
M. ct (L {lil. iio. x.tx.
Big.; One pill tliriec dtdlj.
The amnioniated tincture is regarded as the best preparation; it ma
he given in milk, in glycerituni vitelli. or in aromatic elixir of licorice,
chronic constipation JturrclP ha* iiliiHiiii-il ver>' siiti^factorv results from fh^
administration of the resin in 0.66 to 1.30 Gm. (or gr. x-xx) doses, in a tabk*-
spoonful of thick cxtruut of malt, two or three times dally, according to the
caae. It occasionally produces a rash. Slurrell advises the trial of a tritur<itc
with cnsm of tartar, su^ar of milk, or ?ome other inert substance.
LeTT asserts that tincture of guaiacum is a valuable remedy in hscm-
atoria. lie give* it in doses of 2 to 4 c.cm. (or foes-j) in milk everj- four bouts.
GUARANA iV. S. P.).— Guarana.
Preparation.
Extractum Gunranw Fluiduni (I,'. S. P-|.— Fluid Extinct of Ouanna. Do*«, 0.<0
to4 cent, (or mX'fSjI.
' The Loi-vngntcnpn. 1000.
'.Vrrilt'ii IK'lMia. .!»«.. ISOt. "Gualauum m u Laxative." hj ^Tillinm Uurrell.
H.D., of Lonilon, t^n^laiKt.
OUIt.(L'X,
421
Fbanatoolflg;. — "A dried paste prepared Irom tlie cnislied or pouncltd
b of Faullinia ciipatiii (SnpilidACCtt) 'i u climbing plnnt of Itrazil. It
'b round nueecs or cylindrical sticks, rescmbliuc chocolate in color aud
«kit. It remains Guaraiiiitfi (& per cent.), ftn alknloid practical); identical
villi Caffeine; tannic acid ('^5 per cent.), traces of volatile oil. M|ioiiiii, etc.
Phytiolo^cal Action. — The pliysiological elTvctK are the same as those
^ tt coffee or chocolate, but it is of Terr vncertsin etrenjii^h.
Thciapy. — Tli* principsl use «f giinraiia is in nor\'<iu* hcudachc, S-coni.
(or fots) doECS of the Hiiid extract heing administered every hour during the
' tbv BtMck. ll ha« aliio U-cn tmd in diiirrlnia. In the head>
:o*i» Dr. All>en Holiin, of t'aiii, ofleii prisirilfes; —
li itilt. paanuM 130 Uin. or icr. 1ft.
Est. chiuibU* Ind ...*..... JOI Qta. or gr. '/•>
M. rt ft. pU. BO. j.
6ig.: One lacb pdl lo b« Uktii thrke daily.
OVRJUM.— Qnrjun SaUam -tr Oil. or Wood-oil, ie an oleoreiin obtained
fiwm ihe Dip^eIO^■arl)U^ turliinatii!' iiiul mluT jftcci^s of Dipterocarpacwe of
Eb*i India. Tht buUam flows from the wounded trie. It funttiiiis from 40
' lo <l per cent, of volatile oil, »')tiK- rc.-.in, and Onrjunic Acid. It reaemlilee
' (vpaitui in physical and phyeiological properticA, but i» mori' ucuoptable to
' l^ ili^ieslive organs and tia^ iew tttwi upon Ihe Icidneya. Do»e, (t.GQ to 7.2
! '^^'n.jior mi-foij), in cmuUion or capsules, or with extract of malt.
nitnp7. — (Jurjun-oil id antiseptic and alterative. It likewise exerb!
■ laxalire and dinntic inHncne^'. In combinaliou with limi'-water (1 lo 4)
It tsa nseful application in psoriasis and chronic eczema. It has been em-
l^md in li-pro*y. Imih internally iind Iwally, with asserted curative effect.
Tkt oil has been admini^ered sticceftfiiliy in the treatment of gonorrheca
[ and flwt, al«o in chronic bronchitis.
QtJTTA-PERCHA.— Gutta-perclia is the concrete juice of Dichopsia
cntlB (Sap>jiot-ra-k: a In-e nf the Eii»t Indie«. It U insoluble in wutcr or in
alcohol, bui >oiubIe in chloroform, oil of turpentine, and carbon disulphlde.
il n'flcns cjisily. and can be out with ii h'tl ];nife.
Therap;. — I'sed externally in sheets (fir making molded splints, as. after
wflniing with hot water, it adapt* it«'lf to the »nr[a(c «iid soon hardenji
la^nin. It i.* also used in makinj; roochanicnl applianceir. such as pesaariea,
1 tprcnla, etc. The eohiiion U n»wl a* a protective, like collodion.
A (olution of 1 part of )n>tta-percha in 10 parts of chloroform is known
J kr the name of Iratinialinn, or liquor guitte perchfp, and in the treatment
af certain cutaneous disorders answers a good purpose as a solvent for various
M«ltcamrnts. The solution constitutes a ('leanly ojiplioation and one which
I not too ea&ilj removed.
HiKATOXYlON tf S I».),-HfBinatoxylon (Logwood).
E2MAT0ZYLI LIGHITlf (U. I'.).— Lo^ood.
Preparaliom.
EatearUum tljtr«R(ox}-U (U.8.P.).— EstTBci of Uicniatoixrlan. Dom, IX3S to
• Riti lur trr. v-x).
I Iln-tnaicixrli tlLl*,).— UF<«ctI«n of Lwwom) (S per rant.). Done. 15
4ii PH.tRU-\rKDTICAL TREBAPECTIC AGS.STS Olt SBDCS.
Pharmacology. — Logwood is "the heart-wood of Hamatoiylon
fechianuin (i,esu!uinos«)": a large tree of Ceniral Amcrics and iho W(..
ndics. It ijcture us chips or raspings of a. reddisli-brnivn color. Tannin U
the principal medical constituent. Ic aUo contains HEematoxyliit (12 pe
cent.), n red coloring constituent ro«cmbling licorice in its taet(, which
eoluble in water and in alcohol.
Fhysiologioal Action.— Hieniaiuxy Ion i« iiKtriitgent, tonic, and tiuii
tating. It colore the urine and stools red, and has the disadvantage of atait
ing the linvn. It docs not produce constipatioD.
Therapy. — t'omjerly iised as an astringent for children's diarrhceas, but
■8 the niodicin<! wbk occu«iouall)' spilt or vomited upon the clothing, it wa
prodactive of much dissati.'ifaction, and nas abandoned, esjpeciallv Mitce th(
new dietetic and anti^ptic method hii:^ come into vo^e. XevcrtlielcEg, it ia
of decided value in tuberculous diarrhea, and should not be eutireli; orei
looked. The decoction has been u»ed as on astringent in 1eucorrhix«
bh'Oding hsemorrhoids.
HAKAUEUS' (U.S.P.).— Hamamelis (Witch-hasel).
HAMAMEUDIS CORTEX < B. P.). — Haroamelis-bark (Witch-hue
DIS FOLIA (B. P.).~Haniamelis-leafes (Witch-haze
Prtparalions.
Extinctuin Hnmnmc-Ildiii Fluldum (U.S. P.). — Fluid Entnuit of Hoinamclil
hoK, O.UO to 4 c.vm. {(ft nix-I3j).
Kxtracluui HHniamrlidis Liquiduui [B. P.).— -Uquid tlxlracl of HamamelU. Do
4.S0 to I com. (or mV'XV).
I.lc|iic>r HnRiAiiit'tldiii (B. P.). — Solution o( HcniAni^llB IdlnllIM rrom
Tinctura Baninmelidl* (B. P.)-— Tincture of Hanianielii (bark, !0 per conC).
Dow, 2 to 4 c.cm. lor Kss-ji-
['niniriitum Ilnninmelidia tl). P.I. — nainftinella Ointment (10 pet rent., wit
Uuiolin) .
Fhaxmacology. — "The leaves of Hamamelis virginiana (Hamamelaces;)
collected in autumn" are official, and, although not stipulated by the phar^
macopreia, they should be freah, as they owe their efficacy largely to some
Tolatile principle not yet isolated; they also contain tannin and a bitter ex-
tractive, coloring mailer, etc. The llritish Phanuacoptcia directa "the
dried bark of Hamnmclis virginiunu." and "ihc leaves, freeh and dried, of
Ilnmumeli:^ virginiana."' The old Ii-nv.-rf and many preparatiomt arc de-
void of physiological aclivily. but a well-made fluid extract, and wpecially
the distilled extract, have been found to Imvp decided therapeutical power.
The bark of the younger branches is more astringent than the leaves; it
contains about 8 per cent, of tannin, and can be n^cd for the same purposes
as the leaves. F. Griittuer, after a careftd examination of the bark, found
'Sec papers by tlie author fin "Uiunanx^lis Virpiiicii." rtud bpfare the British
M'dlcal AsBoeiation, Section o( ThpTappiitici, nl. Brighton, Mijl-. '"Sfi — 77ii' Wfniicdl
RfgUtrr, June 4. iSft"; "HBiiianii'lis in the Twatmpnt of DinCTFiw of \\m< Skin," re»d '
l»>(ore the Section of llermttlologv nt the Meeting o( Gcrmnn Xnturnliats and Physi-
cian*, held in Berlin, Sent, 188i(-^77ir Mrdimi nuUriln. liee. ISSK, Siw aUo paper on
"Humunctia nod Alcohol," by Dr. E. H. Griffm— l/iJiMl Rtcoril. Dec.. 1890,
UAXAUBU8.
423
' lit, pillic acid, tutnins consisting of cryatalline and amorphous forms of a
Wt having a formula (',,H,,0.. willi .1 vnrving amount of water. Theae
bojin, which he wlU Hamamelitttnin, arc d^xtrogyrc, possess five hydroxyl
povpt and on« carboxj'l, form dt^fiiiito licnKoyI derivativcn, and hydrolvxe
toiulic acid. There is also a tannin hydroljzing to glucose and gallic acid.
It also contains glucose. It is pruhalilc that the popular distilled extract i^
Dtde from the leaves and smaller twigs, freshly gathered and treated with
dilute alcohol before diiil illation. Some of the undoulited good results of
liiis ijL'eul OS u local apphcation, as a wash, a gargle> etc, may be due to the
tlcohol present.
Physiological Action.^Xogntive physiological n'snlts from an inves-
^ligation of the root ha\e lieen reported hy Wood and Marflliall. Dujardin-
lumclz, on the other hand, believed that witch-huKcl owes its utility to an
tion on the miuiculnr fibres of the veins. Hector Ouy* reports, after ex-
perinH-nl* with witch-hazel, that it shows no special physiological action on
jthe TBscular system, but that headache sometimes follows full doses.
Therapy. — For sprains, bruijc^, iiud superficial inllAmmations, the dis-
tilled extract is a pleasant and valuable application. It is nli<o useful diluted
»itb 2 to 3 parts of water or alcohol m inflammation of the gums, ptinrvn-
litit, naaal catarrh after the removal of nasal polypi, in the form of a spray
.« imb. Either form may be injected into the bladder, properly diluted,
cates of catarrhal inflammation or haemorrhage. The topical application
faamamelij is much more decidedly ha;mosIaltc than is cxpliiiiiej by our
nt knowledge of its composition. It is a reliable agent in the treatment
fftf capillary htemorrhaae from wounds, epistaxis, bleeding socket* after the
(xtnctioD of teeth, ana in bleeding piles is one of the most efficient agents at
roorconimand. Itiis medicament, ^avH Klagg, is very efficacious, and is par-
tticDUrly valuable from its constant and persistent power of inducing re-
|spoue; in chronic and incurable hiemorrbagic, anaemic, and inflammatory
9iidtlioos, it has frei^uently maintained its beneficial effects for many con-
••cMive years. I^g-ulcers, especially those occasioned by varicose veins, are
''vturkably benefited by the apphcalion of a lotion or ointment containing
' ' <i-hazel. This drug possesses a marked sedative as well as a.ttringent
"^10(1 upon congested or inflamed tissue*. Kamamelis ointment often,
'htrrfore, proves of avail in bnmj-, erysipelas, ecxema. and herpes. Excessive
.**^<^tion is likewise restrained, and for this ivason it is sometimes of service
"** ^borrhoea, acne, and rosacea: —
H Ett. hamamelidia 11. . . '■I to 0
ZlnH oxidi 4
Amyli S
Giycrtial 2
L'nf. i(|iw ro«n ... 31
iL An oinUsrnt (or luntium, eracino., intertrigo, etc.
c.cm. or f3i-iBi.
Om. (ir Sj,
00 (im. or gr. si.
p.rm. nr tnxxx.
Oni- or 3j.
, A lotion made from the fluid extract relieves the pain and sfifTucss of
,'*'^nie rheumatism- A diluted fluid extract is an efficient lotion in car-
■?***icle, chancroid, freckles, hyperidrosi*. and lupus erythematosus. In
***lrTu and frost-bites the following combination is useful: —
>TWw 4t Partt, ISH.
434 PHABMACKDTtCAt, TBEKAPBl'TIC AGENTS OE UUL'GS.
H LU\. jilumbi Bubnnlatls,
Tinct. cpii iitt 30
Ai|. buluaiDVUdU dML 60
Aquft ,,.„ , 4TS
0-cm. or 13).
c.cm. or Qij.
e-Mii. or 0).— M.
or
i
lie
As an cxiernal applicalion to relieve itching in pemphigne Tulgaris:-
B Cr«Moti 1! can. or riiet.
liquori* caleU.
Aqu« hniQitnielldU ilMtlllstw tM 90\ c.cni. or fSiij.
it. Sig.: For »t«Tiial um.
Fissures of thif nnuM and nicer* of the nniis or rectum ore improred b;
the application of a wash or ointment cnntaioing witch-hazel.
A l-per-cont- gDliilioD of orro*oto in decoction of hnmamcli.'i with tb
addition of boric add ha^ been reeommetided as an excellent injection i:
gonorrlicra.
Given by the mouth, hamsmelis \a scarcely less astrin^nt and eedatin
(ban when aiipHcd exu-rnally, tt renders good eer^-ice in cases of acute or
cliTonic diurrtiu-a. enteritis, and dyeentery. It restrains suppuration in pye«
litia and reduces the inllnnitnatory congestion of cystilii. In liemorrhasi
from inUrnnl orginis it is an admirable remedy, and may be given with co;
siderable contidenee in bleeding; fiom the stomach, boweU, liidneya, worn
f>r lun^, and in purpura hjBmorrhagica. Ilamumclis is iisi.'fiil in obroiiic
bronchitis attended by copious discharge II may be of service in the ni^ht-
sweat^ of phthii^ie. lis internal, conjoined with its external, use is producli
of excellent results in epistaxis and varicose ulcers. Varicose veins, vari
cele, and internal ha-morrhoidg may, not infrequently, be entirely cured
the penietcnt adminifitration of hamamelie, It has been found eerriccahlV
in pnlegtnasia dolens and often mitigate.^ the iinin of dysmenorrboea. The
combined internal and external use of witch-nazE?l is useful in gonorrhoea
after subsidence of the acute stage, and in leucorrhoea. Witch-hazel, alflOj
has the reputation of preventing abortion.
HEDEOMA {tr. S. P.).— Hcdeoma (Pennyroyal).
Preparation.
Oleum Hedromn (U.8.F.).— OH of Hrdcoinft. Dene, 0.12 to 0.60 cjchi. (or mii-x).
Pharmacology. — "The leaves and tops of Hedeoma pulegioidcs (T^a-
biala-)" coutnin iin aromatic, volatile nil, which i* olRcial, and is its only inj-
porlanL ronitituent.
Physiologrioal Action and Therapy. — Pennyroyal-tea, or a recent in*
fusion of the leaves and tops, is used in flatulent colic and recent stipprcssion
of the mcn^c?. The oil may be similarly employed, but \» very seldom used
internally except as a constituent of emmenagogiie pille. Dr. Winpate hag
reported the case of a wciman whf> took a tf-aspoonful of the oil of pennyroyal
with half a tea?poonful of the fluid extract of erpot. In an hour snt- was un-
conscious, with small ]mlBe, cold exiremitie*. and jH^htly-dilated piipi!?.
Several convulsions occurred, and opisthotonos was well marked. Morphine
and atropine hypodermically with heat externally proved restorative.
lU'di'oma is ciirniinaiivc and can be used for flatulence. The oil has stimu-
lant, caruiinativc. and enuucnagogii- properties.
The frt-sh herb is said to be obnoxious to mosquitoes, and may be hui
nxLU^nrnBucit.
435
tlwut the sleeping rootn, or the hnnda and fnce bath«cl with « recent infusion
ti "tlutioD of the oil in alcohol (I to 10). in order to kc«p ofl these mid*
' iiiaranders. The spirit mny be URod with nn atomizer or as an vm-
:-'<''stio& fur the same purpose.
HELIANTHEHUM.— Froat-wort. Ttii- nholo horh of llio !lp1iaQthl^-
Biuiu l'iiiiiiili.'iist! <('i?laeeiX!) i^ a i]'>iue§tic r^-niedv ae an alterative and Ufetrln'
ICAt. It runtuiiiH Unoitt ami fiittw bitli-r !>tib^tnncc. A n'cent decoction
CUV be osrd. hnt a fluid extn«!t made with diluted alcohol (dose. 4 to 7.5
. or fSi-ij. M-vvral liiiu-* n d«y) i« a better preiiaratlon for diarrhoea and
__.:. uirry. It is oho epteem«I iisefuJ as 8 tonic in scrofuU and eyphiUt.
HEXIAVTHUS A3INTJ178.— The Saaflower, or Hclianthiit nniitin3(Com*
po«itA-). I* a Hell-known plant, a native of Pith, lint cultivated in manyparta
v( America and Europe and in Chins. It i* valued chiefly on account of
ibe Asrd III] obtained from its seed. The oil pos^t-i^es niitritiTC properties
•ltd u an exi-elknl illun)inatin<r material. Other coiislituents of the plant
icr hvUnnthi tannic acid, inutin, tcvutin, a doslrorotaloiy sufiar, and a pecul-
iir dvurvein. In diSereut parte of the norld thu sunflower i^ popularly
Hti.i-mi'<) as a remedy in malaria. M. Moncorvo, of Itio de .Hneiro, has
rii-d to the fhcrapeutical Society of Paris hie clintoiii cxperimentc with
<wer in lOOcafeti of malaria oceurring among children. He found fhat
Unt darted a decided intlucnce. In cixty-onc patient*, from one month
111 iwrlvr years of age, the action of the medicine could be watched for a
Mifiicirnlly biU); time, and all the patients n-covercd as rapidly a« if they
M ttk«ii quinine. M. iloncorvo ttj«d the linotiiri' and an alcoholic extract
■ad Kemi to prefer the former preparation. The drug wa^ nearlv always
TdJ lolvrated in the dose of 'i c.cni. to 9.25 c.cm. (or fSss-iies) of tiie tinct-
ne, tdtniniHeretl in a jwtion every tvro hour» and taken in four or five
dews. The alcoholic extract vas given in the dose of I to C Qm. (or gr.
HELLEBOHUS.— The black hellebore, Helleboms niger (Itanuncn-
tacop). an ancient remedy. tK a native of Central and Southern Europe, and
■ mllivBied in fjigland and the V'nited Stale* for ii> showy ilowers. The
ifamu^ with rootlete ie the pan tued. The most important eonetituents are
IVD rlnraiidee, — HeUeborin and Helleboreio, — both crystalline, which are
tardiac ami nervous poieonF. There is no tannin.
Fbysiological Action. — The taste is bitter and acrid; the freshlv bruitietl
''"'^. 1<ut not the driid preparation, has a somewhat rancid odor, 'j'he dust
stating and cauee* violent sneering. Internally the effect* arc emetie,
OrifDc, cathartic, and emmcnagoj;ic. In its action upon the heart it rc-
asMMe* dim'ulia. Venturini and Gasparini have ascertained ihnt iiolutiou
*t ht)'- dnipiH'd inio the conjunctival sac of rabbits and dogs, pro-
4are. iireen minutes, sueh complete an^sthejia that the corm^a can
iietnted without cnuiiing pain. .\i the i<amc time, the Fensibility of
- ■.liti^ of the ere and its appendages is left intact. The ann-sthesia
r dnratiiiti than that doe to cocaine. Xo alteration of the pupil
. 1 I- jjr.r4HjciiI"r pressnre is produced,
Thtnpjr — Kar<-ly OM^d at present, except as an ingredient in some
■ iurr t-iiunvn.-:-:^! ijll?. (For American hellebore, we Teratrnm
iM
A0BKT8 OR DRUO».
Viride, V. S. P.). Helleliorein, whiob U iioluble in water, Iuh Wtn cxpcrj
im-nuily employed in dowe XroiD U,006 lo 0.015 Gm. (or gr. ', lu-'/i) as
substitute for digitalis.
HELONIAS.— HeloniM, Falie Unicorn. The Chamaelirium Imeiim
(Gray) or Ek-loiiias dioic-a (P(ii>li}. Iidmiging to the imliiral order, Melni
thaces, is a n&tivc of North America, east of the lliesissippi. The root is th^
fortion used, sml, from its rc»<iiiMtuii'i.' lo a honi. is callwJ Mtiieorn-roofe
t cantaine a bitter principle. ChamKlthn. A lluid extract ig made with thti
aid of ulcohol, of whuh Ilic ilonir is 1.20 to 2 c.cni. (or mxi-xjtx). It
reported to be tonic and nnthelminlii".
HSUIDESHI RADIX (B. P.).^Hemide3iniii-root.
Preparation.
Syruput Ucnidcinii (B. P.). — Sjmip of Hemidcitniiii (10 p«r omt.|. Dittt, 2 to <
c«ln. lor l3»»-j).
Pharmscology and Therapy. — The dried root of Hemidesmus indicc
(A»clopifldnceic), commonly known as Indian Sur^aparilla. or Simnnri, con-
tains a volatilizable active principle: hemideBmic acid. It has tonic,
diuEi^tie, diaphoretic, and alterative prnpcrtiei;; and i» also iitted for tt
same pnrpofies as sarsaparilla, usually as a decoction (G2 Gm. to 43? c.cni.j
or 5ii-0j). The ol^cial eyrup ic u more pleasant pn-pariition.
HEPATICA.— Hcpatica, Liverwort.
Pharmacology and Therapy. — Tht' Ilepntlca triloha (IJanunculaceie)
a native of Xorth America. Ili^ leaves contain mucilage and tannin; a recent
infusion of them, taken hot, is useful in the early stage of bronchitis. The
fluid extract may bu employed ai- a demulcent astringent in diarrhcea. Doe«
3 to 6 c.cm. (or f%a>isa), in fluid exiract.
HEKOIN is a di-aet.tic-ester of morphine [C„H„SO (OCH.CO),]- It
18 almost iiisfihilile in water, but in its combination with hydrochlorie acid,
as heroin hydrochloride, it is very soluble, and is preferable for medical use.
Eicpcrimeiit* upon animals show heroin to be 1*88 toxic than codeine, which
it resembles in phyeiolojjical effect, especially aa ft sedative for couph. I>osi?«
of 1).l)lt.i lo 0.01 Gni. |or gr.
will usually quickly relievo the cough
of acute hronchitis. Dr. John Xorth found it especially valuable in pneu-
monia, relieving dyspnoea and cough, reducing temperature and pulse, and
favoring sleep, in doses of 0.005 Gm. (or gr. V,,) at night.
As regards the safety of this agent, it appears that the statements a» to
its entire freedom from depressing action upon the heart cannot be relied
upon. rir. .v. T.. Russell, of Midway, Pa., in a recent communication to the
i'etinnith-mma Mrrlkal Journal,' reported two eases of sudden and alarming
attacks of bearr-we-akiiess during the adtnini.itration of tiniull doses (0.005
Gm., or gr, '/,,"). One case, male, 'H years of age. after taking this dose
veral days, "fell over uu hi* face w"
marked cvanosis."
three times a dav for i
epasm of dy&pncea, '
Dreser re com ri\ ended a dose of from 0.005 to O.OI Gm. (OTgr. */ii"VJ
' Sqilcirilwr, IWK), |>. SIW.
nmino.
*fr
bul Lro' has Mvn iiunk-asant Ksults, such as giddiness, nausea, and once vv«n
fa'"'-' ' rtftvry.Ol Um. (orgr. '/»); »« tliut l>»' "»»' doo* not give mori; than
(• ' . (or gr. Vti) at a time. The narcotic nctiou of heroin is much
1< ih«t of either morphine or codeine. ThiiK, in Hcialira, trig<-mintil
U' - >. cardialKia. iucltidic^ ihv jiain dut^ to gastric ulcer and mui^cular
ri in. it vithiT did nol relieve ihe jmiu or did so only momentarily.
I- i its action exceiitionally saii.ilaiiory in the various forms of dii*sp-
uifK. It ineri.-«^i-<l the durstion of iiupinition mid thv unintint o( air taken
in. Id hay fever, the intern«l administration of heroin hydrochloride in
sRuill <i'i-«», it.Wi Gm. (or gr. '/„) every two or four hount, conjoined u-jth
tn-siiuent locally with appiications of HU{in3renal-;;Iaiid extract, has heen
(tmud uM-(ul hy Almtmit, of Ilnrtfortl, and others. Leo employed it in 2
■ - ' 'inpmic dygpntpa. 8 ca^es uf marked emphysema. 13 caeea of chronic
- without ohvion;» em]ihy«ema. and o ca»i.-« of bronchial ««thma.
n i ease of emphyeema and 2 of rhronic bronchitis was no pood effect
It* action <ng nlmoK magical in some mw*. After one or two doocs
Ills were able to sleep in the recumbent posture. When the drug
'ntinued, id emphysema and chronic hronchiti*. the nymptoma
■ir iTlumed. bnt in mauy ca«eB there was an interval of from eight to
. -:u-«;n days. S^mn-liines Iheoxpei'toration hecume more diffiiuit after the
tor of heroin, and for this the author combined it with potassium iodide.
Enli'nixirg' uBed a 8-per-oent. wihitinn of heroin hydrochloride for sub-
rcitam-ouf injection, the single dose being from 0.24 t<i 0.50 c.cm. (or miv-
" J-*-.Uiti<in,orO,Oli.'i t" O.lll Gni. (orgr. "/la-',,) of the suit. Thus
'<! heroin are less than those of morphine. Only on two occasions
■ u;e more than the above-named do*«. flnoi' ht> injected it.D'J Gm.
.- ' ,) in a paliint accustomed to morphine, and once 0.012 Gm. (or
I in a woman with sciatica. In both cnsc-^ unpli'a.'>aut ^ymploins arone;
:n only itxceptional caM-« should 0.01 Gra. (or gr. ',,,) he given in a
■ dtjse, and it should only be very gradually increu^ed. llie action o(
Ei'-ixt in allaving cough and in diminishing attacks of asthma and dyspnoea
.more rapid wneo given by subcutaneou.'i injection than by The mouth.
'L' thinks that it posMSH-s a more marked narcotic and aniineuralgic
» in if accredited it by Leo. He has found it of >pc['ial value in tJiose
I.- - cd to tlie use of morphine, !t may be of service in case^ of
t* • ■ habit. The hydrocblnridi- of heroin C(in also be given by the
h. and here ihe single dose should not exceed 0.005 to 0.01 <Jni. (or gr.
,). Although the poisonous dose of heroin has been shown experi-
■rtttatly to be 100 times the thenipentie doiie, yet it i^ undesirable to excc^
t.tl.1 Gni. |orgr. s») until nion* infonnation is at hand.
SLbuCHEAA. — Hetichera, Alum-root. The Heucbcra Americana be-
Pif* to the Saiifragacea\ and n a native of the I'niled States. Tl»c root
idi-rable Unntn (IS to 3" per con!.), and an infusion or fluid
il as a moiiih-wftflh, gargle, etc., or may Iw given for diarrba-a.
EIBUDO (B. P.).— LeeohM.
. kled leech, .Sanguisuga medicinalis. and the green Iwch, San-
rialift, are rocognixcil hy the Itrilish Phurnniiopa^ia. The
'.r4f- mnUHnMi-ibi- Woftu-unrhritl. \I«r<'li 23, 1899.
ur^l.n**' minlliitit»ekt Wadtfnsrhritl, Hutch 23, ISSA.
PRARnAt-XUTlCAL THERAPEUTIC AORm OB DBUGS.
nnimal of eithi-r variety is two or more intlies in It-ngtli. wonn-iikp. liiiving
II Mi(t, Euioolk ijod). The Aiiifricnn li'^^'ch, llirudo ilwoni, h an iniVrior
animal, and does not withdraw iw rmich bluod as tbe othur vuneti«e. (For
fitrtlicr coiK^idt-nitioiie see L«eollM, Part II, page 1U39.) -
EOARO-NAXT.' — Strycliiioe MolfloccnsI^ honng-nnn. or troi>ical 1iJnil>
irc^-il (iiiiiiiiiil ui'drr, Lnpiiiiiifi.ii-). ht an exogenous plant, native to Ihu
mountainous districts of Laos. Annain. Tonqiiin. and Ciinibodin. lu liorl:.
u'liii-h )K till- ])(it1it>n iiK-d, ei>iil))in)^ llu- ulknlnld^, Btrychnine and. bracine,
the latter in large proportion. The following preparationE are uwfiil ohm:
Kxtrartum hotiiig-nsn Ruidum (fluid I'lttnict of hoang-nan); dose, 0.30 to
'i c.cm. (or mv-xxx). Tinctura hoanj!;-naii (tincture of houng-naa); do*c,
1.20 to 2.r>0 com, (or mxx-xl).
Phyiioloffical Action. — In nnuU doses hoang-nan <]uick(rn» and iurig-
oralct' i)«- Ill-art, acreli rales and deepen) the respiration, and stininlates
eccretiou. In moderately large doees it produces clonic, euotvedwl W tonic,
convulsions, in excessive doses il causes a rapid and considerable decline
of arterial pre^ure, powerful tetanic spuiim!^, and driith from respiratory
failnre. .Medirinal dosw imiirove ilip appetite and diKestinn. nu^jnient In-
Ifiitinal iK-cri'tion And peri'lalsit^, and exert n i>tiDiiilant oralterntnc itillucnctf
tipon Ihe eiilaneous j;lamlnlar sj'stems, both perspiratory and sebaceous, but
more piirticwlarly Ihe luttt-r.
Therapy. — jloang-naii is an excellent {reneral tonic. It may be appr
priatcly iiK^d in the trentmcnt of chrnnic nleoholli'ni. In »mall do*c*
allays namea, relieves the tremor and prostration which follow a debauel
Hnd »u.>'l»inii tlie heart upon the witlKlniwal of alcoliolit drink. In aiwuiii
given in conjunction with imn, tiounf[*nan is very useful. In uniinnrrbiW
filiio it iji frequently of service. By improvinK Ihe innervation of the mus-
cular eoHl of the broncbiolcs it tends to diminish the freipieney and iteverity
of attacks of spasmodic asilinia. This remedy is worthy of trial in tobacco-
nmauro!-is. It in of value in dyspepsia, and may be used in small dose* in the
vomitjnp of prepnnney. In convalescence from typhoid fever it is a good
tonic, and is useful in neuralgia and post-pflratytic tremor. It may be serv-
iceably given in ISell's palsy; rheumatic, diphtheritic, or lead paralysis: and
for rclicx pHnipicgia, It is a useful drug in ncurnsthenin. In it* home it is
of great repute in the treatment of leprosy, hydrophohia, snake-bite, and
fevers. The claim for any decided virtue in these affections cannot, how-
ever, be maintained.
Hoang-nan is of marked eilkiicy in a nnmber of skin disen*!*. The
writer has witnessed marked improvement follow its use in sehorrhtca. It
has also proved valuable in alopecia. In hypcridmsls and anidrosis this
agent possesses an e.\cellent corrective influence upon the disordered secre-
tion, and in bromidrows It will efficiently Bs«i*t the action of the IocaI meas-
ures employed. In acne aJid sycosis it lias manifested an excellent rcmedi*"
Suality. In ecxemn jmstnlusiim hoang-nan will nfien he found very hen<
cial. In ptirpurii it has sometimes been suecessfni. Diseases attendetj b]
nervo-niuscular debility and defective glandular action — such us litdieil
'"XoIph on TIoniiB-onn." by Iht mitlidr. Themprutic Oiitrlte, Xot, IS. I988|
"Ijotes cm H'Niiiij mill ill DivntieB uf (lie Skiu." Jouriml of Ihr Americait j/eefic
tIOI.OCAIS*. ^^^^B 4Sd
nUouc, licbra «t«(uIo6i»s. licrpt-B zoeter. p4.-inpt>igii#. and eothymn — Btro
Wnrflh-f] liy tlit: a<ltniiiu>(nitiiin of ImaiiR-iian. In chronic ulper», fCTofula,
uui ihe ei-2cms nf ecrofiiloiie diiWrcn tliis ivincdy i* of (tTvia: In *cnif-
ttlixl*Tt»a it in <-!>jH-<-ijilly vnliinhle. In lnt« fvphiliii, or in flyjihilie as it orciin;
in )>i'>krn-tlown iiidivKliiiile. honn^-iiim ie u volunbk toiiu' tigi'ni. Hontif(-
tun uiny l>o combine*! na (oljnu's: —
B Ext. htMuignaa fl HI C.cin. ur tSi'M.
Andl liyilnxhlflrirl dU USS ceta. nt I3ii*>.
'I iuct. gcntiouie co. <|. a. od W}\ o.ctii. or fS'j-
M. &(.: TM«|Kionlii1 la wntrr (lin^o time* a iay. For d}-*|H!psj«, oputntth*!!!!,
HOLOCADT lit a synthetic jiroduet oloaolf nllUd to phenacctin, ami iu
iu actiuu rrs«m)>lcs c«cain«. It is formud by Ibe combination of molvcular
M{iii<falfut» nf |)htrn«(Ttiii And imru-phonctidin witb tiie reparation of watvr,
tn« prudiict bt.'inj; Hue, crystals of parK-di-i'th-oxy-vthenyl-auitdin. It i«
b«»ti- in n>tii>ii inid iiiHoltibk- in niit«r. The hjdrochloniM), which is ihe
■It j!i'ii(!Nillr ufii-d. dissolves in boiling vrater, but on cooling d«pogitfi all but
t ' ', [wr c«iit. It U perfectly nt^ulral and will keep for months without
duoge. It should be boiled in porcelain, as the hot solution utiackt; gUs«.
In l-{H-r-crnl. vtlutions it rapidly produci'* aniestliesia of the cornvn without
alirnuK the pupil, or tutra-ocular pressure, or ilie corneal epithelium. Dr.
HiTiuann Knapp claims that it iit superior lo cocaine, km it ha« a v«r)- bone-
' -- '! n on eeplic ulcere of the cornea. Dr. Basket Derby congjdora it
: value tn conical ulceration on account of its badericiilal action.*
HOMATEOPIHJE HYDKOBEOMIDUM (B. P.).— Homatxopinc Hydr&-
bramide.
Dose, -i.txios to (.'.ooa Giu. {or gr. Vi.-*/m).
Pnparalion.
LMmtn» HuBiBlropiaffi (Et. ]'.).— DIsm of Bomatroiiiac (eacli comUiiiu OMOK
Cm, t» gt. ';^^ ol hooiBltopiiiP hTdiobramidel.
PtumuMbgy and Therapy.— "The hydrobromidc (C„n„NO,IlBr),
td an alkaloid nrcpared from rropine," is a rcliabk' mydriatic for <>x-
amination and determination of refraction in opbthalmolopcal praotice,
batitiff the «d>anta^- ovor other inydriutJn in beiu;; prompt in its action,
transitorj' in its effects, which pass away in from thirty-six to
_ V hour*, while thow of byoscyiiminc last eight or nine days and
Itw w( atropine ontinue for ten or twelve days, 'Hie ordinary solution f'lr
{■lalniti); th<' aciotniiiiMlation is of the »lr<'ngth of 1 pfT cent., in distilled
vater, a few drops of which are instilled into the eye every five or ten
— ■•"••-^ until the full effect is obtained. Some hyptncmia of the conjunctiva
illy follows its use. but not true inflammation, unless under ver)'«xcep>
inrnai i-ircomslanrcs.
It ia K'Hf irritant than atropini' and much less apt to occasion tyatetnic
■ •\, The I'uly evidence of eonstittitional ftction usually obs«>n'ed U
. retanlation of the ptUse.
I»r yoiA^y has recorded the cat* of n girl 7 yean of age, in whom
irr*fr«* *^t OpmhaimatOgf. rol. xxvili. No. I, IHDO.
430 1'DAnUACBI.TICAL TUEUArBl'TlC AUE.VTS OS DRTGS.
inti'llectusl. sensorial, snd motor disturluiiioeii fnllowpd lh« instillation of a
2-]iiT-U'iH . yolutiou of liumatropino every liftvra ininutc« for Rii hour. Sei^
cral days elapaed before the patient recovered her usual health.
Ih the Ircntriii-nt of duiroidilia. niid ollmr disorder* for which n mydri"
otic is used, atrojiiuc is more suitable because its action is more prolonged,
and it caii>e)i le»« liyjit'innua.
In miikin)^ homatropine soliitiong the water should be boiled jiut before
U-iin^, and nmnll qiiantilie." only mnde at a time, as distilled vntcr, uiiliru
reeeiitly boik-d. usually coutuin^ bacteria and other genas derived from th«
air, which might induce irritation.
Honiatropine hySrochluraU and mlifylale are salts which have a stmils
action to the hydrobromate. the dose of each being from 0.0005 to O.lioS
flni, (orgr, '/uo-Vbo)' Bcsidei^ the mydriatic pro)HTlics already referred to,
these salts have likewise been used in cheeking night-^woat>, cyjicoially of
phlhisiK.
HUMULUS (U. S. P.), LTTPUIITS (B. P.).— Hops.
I'reparalions.
TincliirH Hiiinuli (L'.S.I",). — Tiueturt of Hops (SI) jwr will.). Dow. 2 to
cxni. mr fSn-jL
Exlrai'lMui Lupulini Huidum (U.B.P,).— yiuid Hlxtract o( Lupulin. Do*e, 0.30
to 1 c.cm. lor mvnv).
0!v(>tv"inii LupuUni {U.S. P.). — OlcwMin of Lupulin. Dose, 0.18 to 0.30 ccm.
(or flin-v).
Lupnllnum lU. S.P., B. P.) .~Lu|iulin. (The jtlandular powder »eparatM from
OieBtroMliTNi Dow. 0.13 W 0.32 Gm. (or KT.iivf,
Infuium I.upuli lit. P.i.^lnfusion of liops. Hop-tea (3 per cent.). Dom, 30 to
W e.rm. lor fjiijl.
TiiKtiirft Lupull (B. P.) .—Tincture of Uopa (20 per cent.). DOM. 2 to 4 o.cni.
(or f3u-ji.
Pharmacology. — Hops are "the strobiles (or fruit-cones) of Huniulu«
lupiihiG (rrtii-nccjc)." The glandular powder adhering to the axis and
bracts, lupnlinum, is the most important part. The constituents are a liuuid
alkaloid, Lupulin, an<l a hitler principle, Lnpolinic aoid; besides nearly 1
per cent, of volatile oil, 9 to 18 per cent, resin, and 3 to 4 per cent, lannin,
cie. Hops likewise coiitnin a fernienlable sugar, diu^ta^e, and a »maU quan-
tity of a^paragin. The lluid extract of lupulin is made with alcohol; the
oleore^in is extracted with ether; li'ith are eligible preparations.
Physiol of^ical Action,— The preparations of hops are stomachic, tonic,
hypnotic, sligiiilv -liaphcirctic, and anaphrodisiac. Although usually devoid
of any local irritant effect. Dr. John W. Eckfeldl ha.* met with Several eai<«a
of severe and pnilongi'd ilcrmntitis caused by the vnpor produced in making
a hop poultice. lie ascribes the effects io the volatilization of the oil of hops
with it? subsequent condcTisatinn upon the skin.'
Therapy. — Malt liqnon-. containing hops, are largely nseA as aids to
the appetite find digestion; unforlnnately, many of them contain a very
small proportion of hops, the deliciency being made up with »Ioe^ or other
bitter substimces, with ("Cfnlus Iiulicus, grains of paradise, glyceriu, soap,
salicylic acid, etc., which detract from their value both from it tncclicuia'
■"On the PoiaouDus Action ot Hodb." By John W. Eokh-ldt, UJ)- Itt^i
fiulMfn, Jan., IADS.
UUUl*LU8.
421
a cotnmercinl stani]-pniRl. A wfll-miiil« beer of good anality, however,
a um4u1 prcpaiution of hopif. mill hdi- con^irli-nibU' mcdtcinul voluo a& a
tome durinf; oonvales^^enop, or in feeble digestion, or ns a stimulant to the
Kp«til« niid nutrition. The wdHlivc I'fTi-il »f tin- hop* is aisisled liy this
lohol and cailwnic ncid, making beer usetul in fiaslric catarrh with gas-
tnlgia and as nn hjpnolic in nciirii»tht-nin wilh in^uinnii). In thi» condition
pillow is appropriately used. Though not of much efficacy in itself,
uaisU in producing ft narcotic «fr«ct, Bet-r mny be given when all
forms tit nounshment are reftiEed, as in diphtheria; and eggs or beef-
wder may be added to it to incrcv^e it» value. The tincture of hope, or
ic fluid extract of lupulin, are also alcoholic, but in them the proportion of j
nibol is so considerable m to make it the chief cnnsliliicnt. Malt liquor
i&creaM the flow of milk dtiriui; lactation.
Tb« M-dativf etTeot» of h<ipH are obtained front a hop-poultice in local
painful aflectjons, or the hops may be placed in fianne) and moistened with
Dot whisky lad applied to painful areu^, as in toothache or earache, where
Ibe warmth and steam are rerj- soothing.
The inhalstiom nf the vapor of hops are often attended with good re-
tslte, especially in discsi^es of the throat and ehe«t. Lcflcrtf used with
benefit tni* combination: —
R ScMlii nrbanalls «xilcaitl IISO Gm. or sr. xx.
Aqo» t<TT. (UO*) <73| e.cm. or Oj.
gollr Pt adife: —
JE&tr*cti huRiull , 4| Cm. or 3J.
U. Tbe r*;Mw to b« in>wl«d.
In delirium trcmcnfi hop-tea, with a quantity of Cayenne pepper, quiets
drink-craving and settles the stomach. In hysteria and nervousness prej "
■litMM i>f hop# arc useful medicamenlii. Hops — especially when employed'
in the form of the infusion or tincture — are often most efficneious for their
byjinntic aetinn in Jnoomnia and rc«tlc«>«nf»s. The following formulse are
mavi combinations: —
B Tiati. humull 90
Timi. oipdci 7
Otytwrini «l
«,«n. or (5Uj,
K crm. or (ItJ.
c.MD. or fSij.
3t Sig.: A ublMi>oon[u] trtty hoiar or two tor nenouwuM.
B Ttart. humoll,
Tiart. BiaBioa. valnianalis,
^piritm cUwrfa nitraai aa aO| e-oro. or fjlj.
31 Sif.: Two ttaspoonfiils in wstfT tmrj hour or two. L'h in inMHrniiu, hj^
M*, tad nerrouniMB,
In irritation of the genito-uriniiry palaces full doses of the cleoresii.
■f lapulin afford much relief, and it has also been u&ed as an anaphrodiEiad
IB prisptam, chorde^, K]WTmatorrhiTa. and nimilur afTcctions. A very aaitabU _
vnacnption in ^nito-urinary irritation, of service in the diseases just re- '
imtd to. is:—
R LnpnllBl,
CamtilMne monotiromal*
OL tWitMoiiuli*
" tm 4\ Gm. or SJ.
1- ••
li (t ft. Hippoadtorue no. xij.
^: ftum tine into Uic bowel trtry Uiree or (our ttoura.
432
piiABUAC&mcAL TnEBAreriTC ao£ST» or dul'os.
HYDRANGEA. — Hydrangcit. The root of UydranRea arlforMCfos
(SoxiXra^'iii'La) inn luo^ been ii^iii )>y t!iv nWrigim-n, iii the Stnilli, in ilic
lorni (if 0 clecui-tinn, in llie trealment ol catmloua affectione, A fluid extract,
made villi diluti-d uieoliol, it u convfiiicnl fnriii in which to admini»liT the
remeiJ.v in doses of 2 to -1 e.cm. (or foss-j). It is of especial utility in ;^avel
and reual colic.
HTDRAHGYEUM (U. S. P., B. P.).— Mereury, ftnicksaver.
C. S. P. Preparalmiit.
4
Bydrargyiuin cum Cretfl. — Mercury will) Cliiilk, Gray Powder (mercury. 38 Om.;
cUrilUd hoiiry, lU iitn., |>[«|inrDd dinlk, Qi tim.; waUr, to maku lOUK Dotr, OjQ3 to
Q.S&Otn. (or XT- m-x).
Hyilrai-j-vri Cliloridum CorroMiutn. — CorroiJtc M»rciiric ClilorU*, Corrooive
Chloride of Scrcurj-. Corruiuve 8ubliiiiitl«. l>o»«, 0.UO2 to oxm Oau (or gt. '/■■7»). '
Uydi'ftriOTi Chloridum Mite. — Uild Mcreuruua <..1ilori<l«, Catomrl, Mfld L'hlorid«
oi Mcreury. T)o»e, 0.003 to D.llS iini. |or j;r. '/^-xl.
Hydiargj-ri Cvaniduui. — SlereuriL' C'yauiilc. Du«, O.IWOO lo O.OO* Um. (or gr.
'/«.■'/..'■
Hydrargyri lodiduin Flavuui. — YHlow Mirrcurouii Iodide, ProtiodJde, Velloir (or
grmn) Iodide of Mi'ri;'iiry. Ilofp, ti.112 Dm, lor pr. '/.).
Ilj-dnirgyri ludiJuui Kubruiii."lted Mi-rcuiio ludidv, Bitiiodidc. Do«e, 0.0012ft
loO-OOUUiH, (or gr. '-„-'/i.!-
Hydrar);,vti Uxiduui Kluiurii. — Yvlluw Mi-rcuric OiddL'. For external uw.
Hydrargiri Oxidum Hubrum,— Red Mercuric Oxide, Bed Pr«cl|iltat«. Dow.
0.0012 to 0.OO0 Gm. |or gr. V«-7«l.
Kydrargyrl Sulnuljihas FIktim. — Y*U«tt- Mercuric Suluulplinto, T«rp«lli Mineral.
DoBe. 0.13 t'J 0,33 titii, (i)f tir. Ilv| .is uii rniclic dir vliildrvn.
Kvdrargyruni Amnion intUDi. — Aniniuniated Mercury, White Preclpitato. Kor
(txt«ran1 uif.
Uaasa Uydrurj^yri. — MaM of Meretiry, Blue Mhm, UIu» Pill (mercury. 33 per
iirnt., with althtu, licorice, glycerin, niid lioney of row: a 3>gi'ain blue pill contiUiM 1
giaiu of iiivrouryj. Doee. 0.03 to O'li <.!iii- lor ^r, DS'XijI.
E!ii|)lnitrum Hydrari^iyri. — Mercurial I'lniiter (mercury, 30 Om.; olcaic ol m«*-
ciiry, 1,2 (111).; lead planter, •]. k. to mnk« KM) (^.m.).
Empluitmm Anuuoniaci eum Hydinrgyro. — Ammoniac Plaster with Mvrvurr
I rnntAliiH mnr(!iiiy, Id Qoi.i and ammoniac. 7S Om^ wilb oImIc of mercuty, dilutM
acetic uuid. and leud plaatvr).
Liquor Ai8?nl el Uydrsrgjri lodidi.^Sciliiiinn of .Xf-^nic and Urrrurie Iodide.
Donovan's Sotution (1 per wnu each arwiiie iodide nnd ivd niereurie iodide). IXi-c,
U.Dn to ().(K) c.rm. (or nii-xl.
I.lijuor Hyilrnrjiyrl ,\'itiati». — I^lulion of Mvrcuiic Xitnite (t^ontatna r«d mcr-
CTiric oxide. 40 Gm.; nitric acid. 45 (Jm.; diitilled water, l.j Gm.!.
Olontuni HydraiByii.— t>le«Ie of Mercury (vellow tucrctiric oxid«. 20 Om.; al«l«
acid, m GDI.).
I 'iijnienliim Hydvnrgyri. — MFieurinl. iir Hliie, Ointment (niwoury, SO per cent.,
(riturateil with lanl. nMcI, niid oWte of metcury).
Un)tiieiiiiim ll^dmrpyri .\iiiTiiiinlatl. — Uinliiient of Ainmonlalvd Merairy (md-
inoamltM.1 Tiiviriiry. 1(1 Gm.; l><'iix'<ii>HU'd lard, UO Gm.).
T'nRueiiluni Hydrnrgyri Nilrntin.— Ointinpiit o( Men-iirlc Nitrate, Cilrin« Oiot-
irieiit (meri'iiiy, 7 (iiii.: iillni' noid, I7..i (iiii.; lard. 7B tini.i.
Unjiiiciitiini Hydmrgyri Oxidi Flati, — Ointiiietil of Yellow Mtrcuric Oxide 1 10
p*r eeiil.l.
L'Dt;u«iitum UydiOTKyn Oxidi iiuliri. — Ointment of Red Mercuiic Oxkic (10 i
toot. I.
B. P. Preparations.
Hydrftrgytum eiiin Crctil.—M^n'iiry with Cliatk. Gray Powder (mercury, 20 Oin.j
prejinrvd chulk, 40 Uin.l. Duw. 0.065 to 0.32 (im. lor jir. I-tI.
UvdrorRvri Pcrchlorldimi.— Merciirir Chloride, Iticliloride of Mcrenry, Comwiv
Subtimalc. Dose, O.OOJ to 0.001 Um. lor gr. '/■-V-|.
UytUaiyi'i^ !iutirliloriiluiii. — Urrcurou* Chlorido. C'nlnincil, Uydrargyii Clilo-
mtttoi. Uuw, 0.03 lu UJS Uni. |or p. avr).
Hv'lr«n;vri loiliduin Bubrum. — Mercuric ludide, BinJodidc oi Mricui'y. UouW,
1 111 1t,*K«'tiin. (ur gt. '/nVi.*-
Ujrdiafgyri Oxidum KUtuiu. — YeUow Ucrcuriu Oxiilc. For asternal nso.
II'Hnricrrl Uxiduiu Hubrum.— R«d Mmuik Oxide. Doee, U.OOIS to O.UOO Utu.
'(.-' I.
,>fun> Ammonlaluiii. — Aminonintoil Mrrciir;-, Aiiiinoiilu-oliloridA o( Mer-
f, 1% riiii.- i'm^ipitate. Kor ^sUrnul uiw.
lIjdiorKjri ulraa.^ Uricuric Olealr (moicurip clitorid^', SI Om.j liunl soap, pvu'-
i. <^ <im.: vlfio acid, 4 vj:iu.i iliBtilW ualvi', lioiliut;, i^. «,).
IMula Uj'dnirio-ri. — McrMirf I*ill, Blue HII imcrcur}-. 41) (In;.; with confvotioii
i tv-n and liconiy-'iixili. Dow, 0.2& tv U.£ Um, lot j^-t. ii'-vllj^
' ' ,. T. 82
|k; ■ubIiiDiil -iilchur, U.G tim.; lead plaiilcr, 1(14 Uin.).
EinpLuttum Hydrargfri.— Mercurial llaitcr Imcrcurj, 82 Oin.; oliv»i>il, 3J}
»
EuipUiinini Auinuniairi cum llydmgj'ru. — Aniiii<>niai.'um and Slerciin* Plutor
taBiniuDU I'll til. :ii>^ lliti.; nmriiry, ifi Cim.i olirn'Oil. 3Ji (Jni.; Mi1iliiii«d MiFpliur, O.S
a<B.t.
IJ(|tiat ArunU nt llydnujffti lodidL — Solution of Anwnloui. atid M«r«iirhi
IndUo* (1 prr rmU varb ul anivniu iodide ubd iiiMcurie iodide). Uor«, U.3tt to 1.21)
L>i|u<it llj'iltHr^ri NItiatIs AoiduB.—Avid Solution of M^rourio Nttnif.
Liquor llj-dtnrgyri I'crehloridL — Solution of Mercuric Chloride (1 Um., or gr.
or. t« wah« HTS r^tm., nr rjxiOc). Dnw, 2 to ■( c.cui. (or t3**-Jl.
Lotio llydrargyri Flava. — Yellow Wasb (convMrc lubliituktc. O.W Gin., or jfr,
t^: kn tuluiKin o( llnw. lOO c.cm.. or fS^xviJ). For *xT4'i)inl um>.
Lulio llvdrarcvri NiKiii.— Ulack Mcn^uriikt Lotion, lilaek Wusli (calomel. 0.D65
lit p. x], witti glyccnD and mucilaB^ o[ tiajpiuontli And wituttoii at llni«, <), ».
*4an., or fSxAvii).
Liaimcntnin Ufdrargyri.— IJntmcnt of Mcreniy lointiiu^l oi invivurf, 30 Um.;
■(te«M «>luti(Mt o( amtnoiiia. 10 cciu.; liniment ol cauijdiui, ii. -, Md DO e.em.l.
I'ilula HrdrarKjrii i^ubvhlotidi (.'ompuiitu.^Co in pound Pill o( Mpnuroui Chlo-
r«ir. Conpotind Calomrl l>jll. riiimiiit'i * Dll ir^nuin* otomfl. 3^; gulpbnratKl
aBtnnaoj, ES: guaiicuni rain, 50; castor'Vil, 10.3; alcohol, i c.ctn. or q. ■.). Doac,
ILJS In O.U> Urn. lor icr. ir-Tiij).
tnifiientiim lli->{tart!yTl.~Mnciirjr Olnliueul Inierrurjr and lard, eacli. 100 Gm.;
ptfMrBl lati. 10 Gni.i.
I'ainu'nluni llyilrnr;^Ti .VmrnonLall. — Aniiiioiitnte'l-Merv'iiiy (Jiiiliueut. Uliil^
nwipitatr Oinlmi'itt Inin'iiuninlod nicmiiv. 30 Gm,^ parufHii ointmrnl. i'l) Gni-).
Unrn'*>tnn> Hvdrarjivri NitrntU. — Mei'mrie-Niltnle Ointment I mercury, 100
Om-i altrie liod, 300 p-cm. : lard. 400 Gm.; olive oil. TOO Gm.).
L'tijCiKBlii"* llydrarg^Ti N'llralln Diliitnm.^Dlliitfd Mfieuric- Nitrate Ointment
iM per OMl. Bierctiric'Bilratv oinlineiil. with paruRiui.
iln2i***tl)>"> HjdrarirTii Com posit um. — Tomponnd Mervur^ Ointment Imercnry
keat, ISO; l>«e>-o*x, 00; ulive-oil, 90; vainplior, -151.
Untpienttun llydrarscyri lodidi Itnbn. — Mercuric 'Iodide Ointnimit (4 per ONit.l.
CacweittttRi llydrnrg:yri OI«»n>.— Merrurie-OleHle Oinuiient il td 31.
tJopmituin Iljdrnigyri Oiidi Flavi.— Yellow Mrrcuric-Oxide Ointment (vellow
■anarfe nibde, nji Cm.; unfl paraflln. USt V.lu.^.
I'nicurnlitin Ilydraivyri CHidi tliibrt.^Red Mr ivu He- Oxide OIntmnnl. R«d-I*r«-
d|Mair riintiitrnl 'red nieieuric oxide. 10 Giti.: piiiHtlln "iiitment, 90 Giu.i.
t'ii)inent«in IlvdrarKyri Subehloridi.^Mercuriniii -Chlorido Olnlmniil. Calooicl
OuloiPtit lis per rent, of tncmiioiu i-lilnrid^l.
Tritnralioiia na be made with any mercurial and tiu|tar of milk, uiualljr is
* piropofUoBa.
Pkanueelog^. — CoiDuicrcial mcrcurr is always impure, being com-
ith I'm, antinion}-, zinc, ind olh<T inetal«. Il can be ptiriRed by
ne it witli <lihile nitric acid, and aftprward washing it frw from ihc
Mer. In the pure iitate, it i* a shining. ailrtT-vhite metnt, liouid
leiniK-nttirt-s, and having the specific gravity ot 13,&, The cnlo-
«i« iiiG solta of the greatest medical importauc«. They are made b;
434
PHAKMArECTlCAI, TIIEHIPKUTIC A0EXT8 OR DRI!«S.
doiibt« jecompufiition; thtu, mercuric svlphAtc nnd iKidhini chloride ni
triturated together and heat applied, when tne mercuric (or corrosive) chic
ride KiiblimcH in (he form or whiti- crystalline masses or powilcr; in ordtT
fomi the inercurouB chloride (caloniel). an additional proportion of mercurit
iiilphalc J!< added \«-Um i-iililiniinj;. Owing to the lendencj' to comhitii- a-ith '
other metolK, the presence of mercury may be ascertained by half-inimcreing
a gold piere in a suspected solution, whfn the mercury will be deposited
s gray or silver coating, if present. Iteinsch'e test and the reduction test ma]
be employed tn in testing for arEenic, when the small globules of mercur^
may be detected upon the gioft, which arc as cosily recognised with tbi
microscope as the cr^'stals of arsenic.
Tn accordance wilh the chemical theory of Miulhc, it is usually taught
thjit calomel is converted within the body into corrosive sublimate by the
agency of sndium chloride As a result of careful experiments, Dr. Paul
Adams finds that, although this change may take place in the air. the access
of nir is prnctically cscluded from the alimcniury tnicl nnd that but u trace
of calomel passes into solution. Tliia is the case even in the presence of or-
saoic matter, and he arrives at the conclusion that sodium chloride is not
incompatible with calomel- For the same reason it had generally been hel^j/
that muriatic or nitromurintic acid should not be given in conjunction wit
the mild chloride.
Toxic Action and Antidotes. — The salts of mercury are very poisonot
to all lower forms of life, niid mcrcuriul solutions form our most convenient
and useful anliseptica. Apjilied to the skin in concentrated form, moat ojj
them lire irritaliTig, lunl t^"ii]'- arc destructive, to the tissues. •Thoy easilj
diffuse through the integument, and may in this way cause systemic effects,
even from the solutions employed for antiseptic purposes, but especially froni
contact with mercurial ointment or fumigations. \ariouE forms of paralysis
are produced by the influence of this metal, especially nmon;[ workmen whr
are liabitually exposed to its vapor*. Mercurj' has a marked inSucnce upoi
the nervous system, causing debility with tremors. The nervous disorder is
often [ifcompan led by a lirowiiish discid oration and a dri-ness of the skin. ,
Symptoms simulating ihofe of chronic lead poisoning, including wrist-dro[^^M
h«vo resulted from prolonged mrrcurial inunction. Xcn'cs of sp<.'Cial sen^H
sation may be affected. Neuralgia, epilepsy, and insanity may also occur.
rpon the snlivary glatule, mercurials have very stimulating cffccte.
The salivary secretions" may be increased to several pints daily, the fluid at
first being albuminous and thick, but subsequently bpcomiug thin and
watery. The irritation may cause inflammation, and ulceration or sloughing
of thu mouth or cheek may result, especially where the patient is in poor J
physical condition or suffers with some cachexia, or is exceptionally sus-H
ccptible to the action of mercury. The condition of the general system "
accompanying the action of the mercurial upon the salivary glands and
mouth is known as "ptyatism," or salivation. A febrile movement of low
type usually accompanies these mauifestations. It has been found by Dr.
Peti-rwn that disease of the kidney establishes a predisjiosition to the occur-
rence of ptyalisra. For this reoison, when the gums- of a syphilitic patientj
become afTeetcd the urine should at once be examined.
Mercury also affects the digestive organs, causing diarrhoea and a feti(
breath; if continued a suflicient length of time, emadalion also oecui
These symptoms, taken collectively, constitute Hydrar^sm, or Xercnrial'
MTnitARdYHCll.
435
Ut.
'
CMhcxia, "T Erethiun, which might be mislikcn for mulignant (1isene«,
npvcially if luvotiipunitd liv Mum* cnliirgenicnt of the liver.
A trii:!it- or rfirk- rwl rash eoinelimes occurs upon the *kin while nior-
tiikon. Thi' <ltK-uInnitioii may ho atlendtnl hy itdiin^ iiDc) iiiay
<; .iV d<:«t|uanuilion. An cniptian resembling that of small-pox
ibM'ntil ii» A wnH>4Ucrici.- of ihe uw «f n '/.-per-wnt. fltiblininte
'11 o« a vB}^nal wueh conjoint-d with the applicatiuii of a mercurinl
.I'tit to ihf al'ilomi'Ti, Oii*'-n Itavi- heen uliserTcd in which mercury
i ilomiulitia. with ewvlling, (tesquainalion, subcutaneous
. and pcuntntion. Thii form of intoxicaiion may even
nation.
mrrcury if not ]>olionou». and passes through the alimen-
• um-hangfd, a^tinp m a mechanical laxative. Acute poisoning by
~ii!,!;ti,i.t,- occun wiit-n n toxic doHe ha* be*-n swallowed. The *ymp-
eand violent: these are vomiting; purging, at lirst serous,
,.^. ■■■•,_. , hurntiig (Win in the stomach and cejophagu*, cuppresdoa
, face swollen and bloated, with much prostration of the bodily
' tc S'-vt'rc and even fatal intoxication nuiy take place from ah-
ihrou^jh an abraded gurlace. Dr. Saekur has reported a c<m in
ith (MX'urrol in coa*eipK'iK'i> of absorption of incTcurial ointnient
- •-■ trivial fissures of the skin.
AJtiuiiiin 14 the antidote to corrosive sublimate; rggs and milk should
U- fn-rly swallowed, the sloinuoh washed out with a stomach-pump, arterial
'.'Ijint^ adniitiijitore<I, hypodennii; injections of morphine and whisky
I. and external heat applied. After the 5nX ^iDptoma are over, Ihc
:tt i» liable to perish from ulceration or stricture of the o^ophagus, de>
< *if the peptic glands in the etoniaoh, salivation, and exhaustion.
i!ism is best treated by month-washes containing pofjissitim chlorate
.neliiM.' i't myrrh, and by tonic* and .sniiiil dc>seg of belladonna, or atro-
vriib morphine. The iinma may beoome inflamed, soft, and bleeding,
and thr t<->-th lo<»<e, bnt under thii^ Irealment the inflammation subsides and
fk^tii a^ain become firm. Salivation waa of such common occurrence
mcn-uty «a« given freely that it was looked upon as salutary, and it
n.ujrht necessary to 'touch the gum" in order to obtain therapeutic
J from the remedv; but this idea no longer prevails, and patients are
tj-er fully ^lirate^f intentionally, this part of the so-called antiphlogistic
tRartmeiil having fallen into di»ufe.
ThTsJoIogicftl Effects. — The action of mercury upon the liver has occa-
aoard tu<u h '■■■iniovirsy. Tlie corrosive chloride in small do&ea is an hepatic
(tiwiiUnl and cholagogue: but this action has been denied to calomel, which
tf%- r.rinei|Mlly upon the excretory glands in the lower part of the Kmall
and colon. It is not yet known, however, in what form calomel
- :..t blood, hut it is poMihie that a soluble combination is formed with
nin and hydrochloric acid; it is even possible that part of it mar be
■-! ;!!•> <-orToiiive chloride, in which ca»e »ome action upon the liver
i - !iii' iliy follow, Whatever ingenious explanation the laooratory may
n-ith regartl to the cholagonc action of the mercuriali). and
I tlly. clinical medicine hsB aTready settled the farl that where
ily coatHi and the conjunctiraj slightly jaundiced, the skin
. ., _ : ir inactive, with clay-eolored stools, it can all be set right
« few MiuU doie* of calomel, and bilious Moots be produced.
436
rUAUMACKL'TltJAL ■lUEUAVHVTK AOBXTS OR DUCGS.
Sttlivation is a rcflfx pbciionicuon nncl dcpeode upon a primary mer-l
'ctirinl Ktaiiiatiliii. Both thcfle cfTectt) aro much inon: docklt'I trhttn the t1rui;i
in udiuiuigti-rcd bv inunction. Iticord found perfectly hcraltby i^alivan- gluniUJ
in a ptyaliKed patient who died ol an intercurrent diMase. In adminl»ifrin(f
nicri-uty it is iinpurlunt that the mouth be kept in good condition. Thui
presence of carious teeth, for itistsnce, ia often the starling-point of aj
stomatitis. P. Diday has reported a caec in uhicb thi; accident was tranii-|
furred by kissing from man to wife, and believes that we may admit thatf
certain of the Dum«.-roii» mi<:nibe« which inhabit the mouth becumv Tirulcut
under the intlueuce of the mercurial iropreitoatton.
The diuretic action «f ni«rcury hat of late yoars attracted congidcrable^
attention. It has been found that mcrcuns and more especially calomel and
blue pill, have lliu power of dvcidodly promoiingr the action of ditirclicc.
Boem' claims that the absorption of mercury salicylate, which is incomplete,
is, however, greater than that of calomel. It i* staled, as the rc*u!t of fom«l
invcstiRations by F. Klemperer,' that, in rabbits, corrosive sublimate in-!
icctcd into the blood wim eliminated bv the inte^linnl gbindt: ant! kidm-y*.'
In scute cases there was conf^eetion of tKe kidneys, with extravasations, and,-
if prolonged, the parenchyma showed signs of inHammntion, with a dcpoeit!
of chalk in the straight tubules; while, in the dojt, there occurred fatty
degeneration instead of chalky deposit. According to the studies of Calaii-
toni, if death is not caused within ten hours, necrosis of the renal epithelium
occurs. Intestinal lesions arc chiefly present in the colon. «Dd consist of^
hypenemia, hsmorrbage, and necrosis. No apparent relation exists between
the severity of the renal and intestinal lesions. In a monograph on the
action of mercury on l5ie kidneys Dr, Karvoncn* gives an account of hiA
experiments on rabbits and dogs, variouit mercurial preparaTions having l>e«Q
admiuistcired subcutn neon sly, mid the kidneys afterward examined micro-]
scopically. In all ca.ies changes were detected in these organs, varying from
simple hypenemia to marked nepliritis with albuminuria and ttibc-caats.
The well-known deposits of lime-salts in the kidney were often obtained as a
result of the action of mercury. From his own experience the author de-
scribea similar symptoms occurring in man. lie also mentions the occasional]
occurrence of glycoiiuria.
It int evident that mercury in small doses is capable of acting as a stimu-
lant to the kidneys, and this agrees with the observations of Jcndrassik upon ,
the use of calomel as a diuretic. Small quantities of mercuriaU, therefore, |
are useful additions to squill, digitalis, and other diuretic remedies.
The fact has been established that small doses of corrosive onhlitiiate
(0.0006 Gm„ or gr. Viooj three times daily) favor physiological functions and
stimulate the blood-making glands. Thet'e conAtiinte the .io>called "tunic
doses" of mercury.
Tlio metal is eliminated in the urine. It has been detected in most of
the tissues and secretions of the body.
After death from mercury, chalky deposits in the kidney's and diph*
theroidal, ha'morrhagic Jnflammatiou of the large intestine are found.
The external, as well as internal, use of mercury may occasion local
• BritUh ,W('(Hmil Jfiurnol.
*Thempeut(c aazrttv. Oct- IS. 1800. p. 0»3.
•BrUith iltdieal Journal, June II. 1809.
nrimAKOTnoi.
ii^ ss in n case uanati-d bv Dr. A. W. Foot, in nliich tlicrc wse loss
_ imrt in ilie D)UM?U-it of ihv Iinnd and furrami after rubbing cnllJe with
ointinciu conlainiD^ the rod iodide.
Tlienp7. — 1. Local AppiitatioH, or Exttmal Use. — A moet important
field of u««fulness for mercurials, at present, is in antiseptic surgery. The
K'lutKin* tinve the udvnntngc of convenicnci', being easily ninde and cheap,
Wlew and p*rniam'nt. The field of operation, having been wpH soaped and
(laviil nnd wii^ihi'd with «lhor, i# li*uttlly inigBtici witli a solution of cor
ti^\r Bublimate (1 Xo 2000, or 1 to 4000 and much weaker if the ekin ifl
^ ru) For wanhmg out wdund-caritics, or iht perilgneuin, still weak*
ibonf should \ye made use of (! to GOOD or 10,000). In lying-in hoepit '
whorv xht ifumiundiiigy me dccidcdlv unhygienic, and also where symt
nme of septic infection are manifcstea after deiiverj-, the danger may be'
l»«n«l by the (rw u*c of thwc mcrciirinl anliseplic vaginal donuies several
A day. In modern surgery much attention ie given to the prd^er dis-
tinn uf the hand*. Abbott' states that of the numerous methods two
b<>riitif;hly trtistworthy, viz.: that of Ftirbringer and that of Welch, At
■<i at th<' John!* H<i])kiu» H»>pital. Fiirhringer.4 method: 1. Remoi
lirt under and around nails. 3. Urush nails and skin of hands thor-
_lly with «>«|j ami hot water. 3. Immerse in alcohol, fl."* per cent., for
Hit Irss than a minute, and before this eraporatos (4) plunge the hande in
to 51*0 cnrTO^ivf-^nlilimnte or 3-per-c«nt. carbolic-acid solution, and thor-
ifhly wash them for at least a minute, after which the hands may be rinsed
rarm watiT and dried. Welch'* method: 1. Hie hands and nails are to
liiaroughly cletmsed with hot water and soap. The water is to be as hot
MI) Ih- liorne. am) the brush UKcd le to have been eteriliied with sleam,
preliminary brushing to occupy from thrcf to five minutes. 2. The^
kaad* are then rinsed in clean, warm water. 3. They are then immersed fo
> or two minutes in a warm, saturalc-d solution of potAit^iuni pcrmaRg8nate.1
il* in tbi« solution ihey are rubbed thoroughly with a sterilized swab of
arbvnt cotton 4. They in then placed in a u-arni, saturated solution of
ie acid, and kept there until completely dccolomed, 3. They are then
iifunifhiy washed in clean. Ktorilixed water or «aU solution. 6. Finally,
are imiueri^d for two minutes in J to 500 corrogive-sublimate solution,
'iiaacd ill uralcr, ami dried.
The use of corrosive-sublimate injections during and after parturition
kM citu^i] a remarkahU- reduction of the d(«th-r(ile in lying-in hospitals.
.\ mi^rciirial solution has also been used to irrigate the uterus in puer-
ftn I luia. but the practice is not without the dnnger of giving nac to
[';....„ . - absorption.
In 18S0, Kocli demon 4 rated that bichloride of mercury (cublimatc)
nidst powerful of antiseptics. It was fonml that in a solution of 1
I would Boon dc*tn»y the spores of anthrax: the mi;i*t virulent of all
This was true with regard to non-albuminous media, but when the
jam to I* dieinfi-cted oonlaiiied albumin, the mertur^- coagulated the
lllnnln, fiirnied an albuminate of mercury, which deposited, leaving tbci
slant litjtiid prsdically free from mercury', and, lieiicc, without anti-
ic power. I>r. Emesi Laplace,* in Koch's laboratory, seeking a method
■ "Uj^ro* ol TraDHiiiHiUc DiKflm." 1R8G.
*Ar«raf4c utrdirMiehr Warbnis^rltl. Kn. 40, IMT.
438
FHAHUACKirriCAL Tn£RAI>BDTlC AQBNTS OB DRU09.
to pKvc-nt this coagulaliou, imil, therefore, lo rctuin for the mercury it»'
miinii i^JEHifi-irting j)»w«r in aUiurninnu^ ii!i in iion-ailiitminoui) flnii)^, found,
that an addition of a sinnll tuiniitity of any acid lo the ordinary w^lution
would fuliiU thia [lurposo. Acnordingly, the acid ftubliinate solminu oonaisis
Suldlntute 1 pnrU
llvdmchlork «cld (pura> b pann.
n'atcr q. >. >it lOOO jiurta.
Hydrochloric acid is u^d preferablv to all others. \MieR, however, \
Uie acid suMimute niUKl lie carried in a solid (orui, tartaric acid is eubstituted
lor the hydrochloric acid.
Sulilhi»tt» , 1 (jart.
Tartoiic nrid 8 luirti.
To be made Into a tablst, which inu»t be diuolved in luOO parts of «*ai«r.
Tliis form was adopted bv the Academy of Sledicine of Paris, to be
need hy midwives tliroUitrliout i-'muce. The acid sublimate is the only dis-
infectant used in Koch's laboraton,-. It is aUo used in the Pasteur Insiiuile
of Paris. Brides bi-ini; the surest and most powerful antiseptic, it is the only
solution of mereitry that will always retain its integrily, and never form a
deposit of carlhy sails. It ia used for oil manner of disinfection, except that
of instruments. In s solution as weak as 1 to 50,000 it retains sufficient
power to destroy Ihc* germs of suppuration.
Dr. A. C. Abbott enjoins caution in the use of corrosiTe sublimate upon
open wounds, for the reason thai the albumin of the parts tends to couutcrnct
itg influence and that it malerially injiirefi the iiitesriiy of the tissues, im-
pairing the normal rcMstance of the *olid* and fluids of the body lo ihe
attacks of micro-organisms. As a result of many experiments, he finds that.
under favorable conditions, only a cerlnin iiumber of the palliogeuetic mi-
crobes are destroyed by the mercurial, and that, though the remainder may
be temporarily attenuated, the effect diMppears by succesiivo cultivation in
normal media.
The biniodide (t to 4000 or 1 in 20.000) is recommended by Miquel. and
Panas prefers it in eye surgery, it being less irriiating than corrosive subli-
mate. It might ul*o be added ibal there is much less danger of a mercurial
impression being made upon the system by absorption where this salt is
used, as the soluiions usually only contain half as much mercurial.
The biniodide o( mercury* is not very soluble in water, but its solution
may be promoted by the addition of otcohol or of an equal quantity of pota*'
sium iodide.
In ear affections, nn ointment of yellow mercnrie oxide, 0.32 to 0.B5 Gm.
to 31 Gm, (or f[r. v-x lo ^j) of lard or cold cream, is much used to relieve in-
flammaiion and keep the canal clean.
In a ca*v where a mass of molion lead had run into the ear, filling the
tympanum, Mr. A. Marmadukc Sheild' succeeded in removing the impac-
tion by filling the external monlus with liquid nierciiry, which seemed to have
a solvent action upon the lead. After apparently remaining in the ear for
sixteen hours the mercury escaped, mingled with lead, and on the following
day the latter metal was so softened that it could be easily removed,
'//mnr, Aliril 30, 1802.
HTDRAROTRL'U.
439
^
niBim^nt of yctlow oxide has l)c«n used iii cjo practtci' in the triiat-
lb»ut Df (-hrcmic liK-[iliarilii>, tinea tan-i, and eczema, or )>}' rubbiii^ ia at night
-diluled citrine ointment. The irritant proporliGe of the lod oxido
:> oinlmcnt u uneful apjilicatton to indolent ulcers, whether of syph-
or common origin; to enlarged SL-rofuloue glsnds, or goitro, roBUCca,
Ivnna, and lepra. The oleate is a milder iod a safer appUcation,
though lece «l&cicnl. The .v<llow wa«h is a good application in scrofulous
majanctivitis. Kinelv-powdercd calomel may be dusted orcr the surface of
thv hds in phlyctenufar ophthalmia and comcol ulcerations. The aubcon-
juoclival injection of a 1 to 1000 solution of corrosive sublimate was orig-
ittally practiced by Daricr, 0.13 com. (or mjj) being introduced, and very
hTumble reiulta have been reported by Dr. Adolf Alt, of St. Louis,' from
thu nee of this method in iritis, iridouhorotditi». cxtidutivu ohoroiditiH, cen-
tral rborioretinili-i. and detachment of the retina. The esses of iritis were
•f all rariotie«, including those of syphilitic, rheumatic, and traumatic
otigint. Id the treatment of corneal troubles, however, especially paronchy-
Batou keratitis, this writer observed no bcncticinl action. A certain number
of oKt of »>-nipathetic ophthalmia have also been reported as cureij by this
Butliod of treatment. It is regarded, however, oif unndantcd to cttxes in
which the stasis of the local circulation ;)reTeDts, either wholly or in part,
ition of the injected lluid. Mercuric cysniile l)a« beea employed in-
of the corrosive sublimate.
In gnnular conjunctiritia the following ointment i« beneficial: — '
B RfdnuK. oxJd. flar. , j20 Gm. or gr. ilj.
Snci oxidt,
Thytnol.,
CcK*ii). tiTdrodilonit. an 1)0 Gm. or gr. im.
Oimplicr.' i03 Oni. or lt. «•.
TmcUb. 23;3 Qm, or Svj.
U. %.; Applr loeallr.
B BydrarfTri oxldl fltv „ 138 On. or gr. vj.
Ckmphonr [20 (itn. Of t^. iij,
UiiKt. itt{aa roMi,
Laaalbii an 6{ Gm. or 3iJ.
If. For irritable and inflamed ej^clid*.
IVfore applying calomel to the eye, the physician should always ask
■lietfaer or not the patient has been upon an iodine course, since a caustic
conpdund raav form between the mercurv' and iodine and give rise to inteng ~
pcin, with innammalor\- swelling of the conjunctiva and lids. Cases bavcj
••fcum^d in which this unfortunate accident has led to almost complete los
nf vision.
The ointment of the red oxide, properly diluted, is a valuable resolvent
m eslar^ed glands, goitre, and ague-cake, the appHealion being made in the
direct rajB of the sun, or before a fire. This ointment may also be serviceably
applied to indolent ulcers, seborrhea, and lupu.'> erj-theinatosu*. Ulcera,
specially venereal, are stimulated by the application of diluted acid nitrate
nf neteiiry (1 to 10 or 30), but this preparation often gives riw to pain and
bcnorrhage, and should be used very cautiously upon soft parts for fear of
e«tiing sloughing. It should never be used for venereal ulcers in full
'Amtritam Jovntat of OpMlialmolon, Feb., ISH.
440
rUAllMACBUTlCAL TUERArEVTlC AGENTS 08 DBUGS.
strougth. A beller method is to wasli the sores or condylomata with solution
ol chlorinatod «oclo, undj nftt-r drjing with ahsorheut cotton, dusit ralomel,
or equal parts of calomel and starch, over the surface, as practiced bv Iticord.
Tile blncK wash &l»o mnk<-ji a gnod <]rc»i«tn^ in »uch eiu-es and in rhiis poi»oii-
iag. In acne or eczema of the Eculp, lotions coolftining 1 or £ purls pur
thoiuaud, or, in infants, 1 in 10,000 of corrosive Hnblimalc, are much nsed.
Corrosive sublimate in the form of an ointment or lotion, Vi to 1 per
cent, (or gr. ii-v to 53)i i* employed successful); for the removal of freckles.
Calomel alone, or combined thus, is of eervice in herpi-s and iiritation
around the gtnital orxiins: —
S llydraTsyri chloridi miti*
BiBmutii. Bobnit.,
PuIt. Ijrcopodii
U. Sig.: Duit ovtt thft rnirfuM.
... 1S| On. or 3iij.
at 1S|5 Om. or Jm.
Calomel te also of much value, dusted over the surface, to diminUh
exuberant gmnulations, as follows: —
B HydraTgyrl chloridi tnitit,
Ictlorunril an tS|S Oni, or S«-
M. Sig.: Sprinklcoverths ulr«r or ulcerated surfwo.
Dr. J. B. James, of London, claims ffood results from the application
of calomel to hcemorrhoid*, ctpectally when the tumor is inflamed.
Calomel likewise forms an ingredient of many cancer powders for de-
stroying malignant growths upon and in the skin. K#march'# painlefs pow-
der contsing calomel, and is composed as follows: —
B Hydrursyri chloridi mitia 6[2i} OlD. or gr. txxx.
Acldl aracnoM.
Moorpliinte liydrochlorntiB na 103 Qm. or gr. x.
Pulveria acacue Sl| Om. or Sj.— M,
For acne we may use the following: —
B HyJmrg, cliloridi corrofiri 188 Gm. or p. vj.
Miet. nmygdnlie ...j. .......180] COD. or iSvj.
a. Sig.: Apply night and morning.
Stronger solutions are useful in scabies, tinea versicolor, ringftonu,
and alopecia: —
R Hydrnrgyri chloridi corroBivi
S]iitil<ts thyiiioli .1.
Ai]iiie liD-nmnielidii dest ISO
B HjilrnrgyH chloridi corroeivi
Spiiitus losmnrini 3(1
Ammouii vljti>ridi ■•••■..•■■••■.>.. S
^piritua viai r«ctifleat 12U
75 Om. or gr. sij.
6 c.ciu, or f3ij.
tcm. or fjv. — M.
05 Gia. or
c.rm. or
Uni. or 5si.
c.cm. or (Jiv.— M.
Si/
Mercurials are frequently used for their local effects upon mucous mem-
branes; for insfjince, in Byphilitic ulceration of tiio tongue, lozenges of lic-
orice containing 0.003 Qm. (or gr. '/„) of corrosive sublimate may be allowed
to dissolve slowly in the mouth, and the solution, being swallowed, also prxv-
duces its constitutional effects. In disease of the uterus and pelvic organs.
Dr. A. L. Smith, of Montreal, u»&« cotton and wool tampons containing m«l^
fiTDRABOYBtM.
8e, O.OWI Gin. <tir gr. '/„), in conjunction with 1)(itogIyMri<!e
10 per cent.), introJuced iuto the vagina twice a week, Theae may
left in pUc« froia four d4j« to a week without decomposing or catuing |
lUttvn. They take the place of pessaries, are cleanly, convenient, and
flvi«i)t in the trealnifnt of vaginitis, cndomeirili^, salpingilie, ovarititi, and
^vic prritoniiia, and they entirely remove any unpleasant odor from dia-
rla^g recommended the red oxide combined as follows: —
B Uvdncvjr] oxiii nijbri •> ISi tim. or 3iiJ.
Ctnti bouMiti i.t4. ...... 3l| Gm. or 3j-— M.
Tki° prvpantioc maintaiiu its iotegrit}', he adds, for many months and
vunvtiuh-it for yean.
Its nse in dental practice is principally for the ■nointin'; of chapped
ttm, the tiratment of tores and crack» at mouth-comem, and for thu cure
•I beared lipe. liy distending the BsEiiree and filling them repeatedly with
tbi ointmriit — ditUnding thi fitsttn with each insertion of ointment — a
ipitlity of cii-atncial iiBsue is produced which, by its toughening, almost sl-
¥ST« prevenid any !tuliw<iuent figuring.
The late [>r. MnivhaU employed a £-per-cent. solution of the oIe«te in
aloe acid, adding one-t<ighih part of ether, for sycosifi end parasitic and itdi-
iMg affections. The oleAtcs are useful where induration exists. The oint-
mrat «f mereuriouH olette is preferable to blue ointment in tlie inunction
tnatnii^DI of syphilid. b*ing more ele^nt and cleonly. and equally efficient.
TUa prtrparnlion i» of decided nlue in old patches of pMriattiii and chronic
nciM of the palms or Eotes. The mercuric oleate exerts a powerful re-
«|«eBt influEnce upon enlarged glands and upon a thickened, indurated
OB^tinn of the integument. It is, likewise, curative in animal and vegetable
pmsitic affections.
In the treatment of eoxema capitis, or impetiginoide«, in infunt#, much
It is derived from removal of crusts with sweet oil, followed by com-
wrt with bichloride (1 to 10,000); and with due attention to genenl
th and the diet.
In the trMtment of fnvus, Kin^h holds that there is nothing belter than
■trat and repeated epilation, with brisk rubbing of a watery solution of
«ivv ^ubliniaie (0.005 to 0-008 Gm.. or gr. Vi»-V*) '"^t" tf"« diKWisod
ice. This, bowe\-er, should not be intrusted to the patient, who will
nndcTdn or overdo it, but he may apply vomc siUipunii-ilic ointment,
' antipruritic. Of the former may be mentioned mercurial and sulphur
irntr. of the latlcr ihofv containing tar, carbolic add, etc.
In the varioiies of trichophytosis and in phtheiriaiiii' the ointment of
the nitrate i* valuable. It is beneficial, moreover, in chronic ecxema, psoria-
«», roacffl, sycoeis, and in numerous chronic disorders of the skin.
The following fonnulte, containing one of the mercurial ointments,
■V* be employed in the diseases referred to above: —
R Cast, hjrdiara^ri anmoniat. .,... 1515 Gm. or 3m.
OM 1aTBi»duti> iwt «.rm. or mxx.
rejft. unci olMtU 15J5 Gbd, or Sm.
SL t'M In meat, rouren, and ctiroaiic ecMiaa.
•Cnm*t Mr^lt«l Brwnl, Oct., ISM.
442
niAKUACBCTlOAL TIIERAI-ECTIC AOEN'Ta OK DBUOS.
B IJBgt. hyintgjri nitnti* , IS
OIoT innlpirH - S] to T
oiini —
Lanofi
IS
S G». or ](<4.
5 «.cin. or Rm ve! f3ij,
S Om. or Sta.
M. For chruni^ pMriBsU Bud KMiua, eHpcciftlly of thi' linntU and l<«t.
ft Ungt. h}'dnigrri okatia (SO p«r cent.) . . ^t' Gm. or Si.
AxitMl 4| Cm. or 3J.
H. 6*rv)ccftbl« in aniiDRl and vrgctablo pnniiilic dlnrawa.
311
Gm. or 8).
B UogU livdnrsyri uninanlat.
Montliofi,
Cmialim ** 105 Gm. or gr. x.
01. (Brjropbj'Ui (W cxm. or bhc.
U. BcneflHal hi hcrpni, fierjic* xo«1«r, MbonrhtDa, and etxeniB, M^MiAlIf of
gifttlUI orgMit.
Au ointment of calomel (5 percent., 1.30 to 31 Gm., orgr. xx-!y,of lard)
is also Bcrviccablc in similar cases, and Riii^'cr tousiders it of )^p^-oiAl )-i;rvioc La
itching alTectionfl, especiallv around the anus. A weak calomel ointment is
of eprvico in impetigo contagiosa and ecthyma after separution of the crusts.
The latter elage of dennalitii: is benefited by the use of this ungiient.
In oupna white precipitate may be lucd in the form of a snuff with
white sugar, or with gum acacia and bismuth subnitratc in the etrengtb ol
0.25 1o 0,50 Gm. (or gr. iv-viij) lo 31 Gm. (or 3j). or n very dilute ointment
of mercuric nitrate may be uaed with advantage.
fn gonorrha-^a or urethritie, cithL-r acute or chronic, irrigation of
the uretbm with weak solutions of corrosive sublimate (1 to 10,000), used
evury four hourti. is sometimes followed by rapid cure. .\ Httlc tartaric acid
shotild be added lo the flolution to keep the mercury from becoming changed
into an albuminate. In gonnrrho^a aud gleet injection of a solution of mer-
cury salicylate, also ('/, to 1 per ccut.). may rapidly remove the discharge.
Professor Ouyon, of Paris, introduced the practice of injecting a solo-
tton of corrosive sublimate into the bladder for the relief of tubcrculoiia
cystitis, and excellent rc-suHs have been reporled a.i obtained by the adaption
of this method.
Mercurial inunction or ihe subcutaneous injection of corrosive sub-
limate is rccommi'nded as of advantage in gonorrhoia] rheumatism.
In alfectiona of the joints, orchitis, enlarged glands, an ointment contain-
ing 0,065 to 0.13 Gm. (or gr. i-ij) of morphine and 4 Gm. (or 3j) of mlomcl
in 31 Gm. (or Sj) is verj' useful in reducing the swelling and avertinfT threat-
ened abscess. By the use of the Vigo plaster, compression may be made
around a joint or a swollen testicle with great benefit. An ointment of sub-
limate (0.13 to O.'^O to 31 Gm.. or gr. ii-iii to 5j) is also useful in the ulcerated
stage of lupus vulgnn's. The oflieial blue ointment is useful in erysipelas as
a local application, allays inflammation in paronychia, aud is & good drese-
ing in chilblains and dermatiti.t. The solution of mercuric nitrate is serv-
iceably applied to warts, chancroids, syphilitic condylomata, mucous patches,
end ulcers of the mouth. The ointment of ammoniatcd mercury is valuable
as fr stimulant and resolvent. Welander has had good results in the treat-
ment of buboes by the parenchymatous injection of the benxoate of mercury.
The occurrence of threylcoed suppuration was prevented in 30 out of 33
cases. He injected at one or two points, according to the size of the tumor,
0.50 c.cm, (or mviiss) of a fluid composed of a 1-pcr-cent. solution of mer-
cury bemtoate and a '/a'P^r-cent. solution of sodium chloride. Dr. Letnili
UVDBAROTBrU. ^jfi
after haring followed this procedure with aiiccesii, coineti to ihe
joa tbat the vmployuictit of any koIuIjIo merciirinl itnlt would nccom-
phe eame purpose. Dr. L^tnik burk^sI^ thst this method mar prove
lid! in a)>ortitig ntrittc phl<>giii»n«, i-uppunitiiig arthritic, and aWc^sea
ring infectious disea»?8.
lilUr' clainiK to hftve cured 15 out of IT rase* of hydrocele by drau-ing ,
the fluid iiseptically and jinmediately returning through the cannula 1
rm. (or mx\) .if water, containing 0,«w2 Gni. (or gr. '/».) o^ corrotiivc euh-
nale, aiid leaviii<; it in the hydpocele-aac. There is Tcry little pain, but, if
Mtsplaint he nuid<-, he iidtiiK'x applicntiou of tKlliidoinia ointment.
8, Inltmal Admiiuttration. — Since fermentation ia now known to play
important part in disorrU-rv of digestion, it i« to be expected that the anti-
►plk powers of mercury would make it conspicuously useful in treating
i|[r«tivr di^tnlcrs. ^^'heu there is a foul Htomach, coated tongue, tome
JBp or headache, constipation, and depression of spirits, — what ia com-
aiy called ii bilious altack.^O.fi.i to 0,75 Gin. (or gr. x-xij) of blue maa* or
ilnmel. followed in from six to eight hours hy a saline purgative, will en-
Itn-Ir rhaugc the Rtate of affaire. It ie probably true that those doses arc
than necessary, but, as the excess ia carried away by the valine, no
U done. In miiw cases much smaller quantiticit given in broken doica
ay. 0,006 Om. (or gr. '/i«) of calomel with a little soda, given each hour
til lire do«e« arc taken — is sufficient to produce the same effect if followed
'^esthartic. If there is much engorgement of the lirer. larger doses are
■hie, and we may use with advantage the old "ten and ten" (10 grninii,
0.65 Rm., each of calomel and jalap). During the lirat week of typhoid
' two or thrw* full doflea of cnlomcl nrc u<u>rul in cleaning the nlimentary
and making it lo some degree aseptic. This is a part of the so-called
ipecitir treatment of typhoid.
The corrosive chloride has likewise been used in the treatment of en-
teric fev*r, and Ixiranchet reports that in twenty-one cases, where thi.i salt
n» the principal remedy, it caused decided amelioration of sovcre syniptonu
oA apparent abatement of tlie toxic manifestations.
Digestive disorders in infancy are very common, and they are promptly
anlralled by mereuriiilK. Mercury with chalk is a common ingredient in
ttething- powders, but should not be used freely unless the infant sulTcre
wiUi cougenitnl syphilis; for, although children are not easily ."alivated, yet
tbty miy be affected by the mercurial, as is shown by the peculiarity in the
Atpe of the permanent teeth due to matfonnalion, the ri'Huk of the in*
flittdoiia ns« of teething-powders containing mercun*. Calomel is us«d for
the aama purpose, as well o» the corrosive chhiride, both of which are par-
tinUarly naem in mucous diarrhaea, or enterocolitis, in small or minute
doaea, Kiven every hour suspended or dissolved in recently-boiled water. In
Btntnona children, with poor digestion, small appetite, and irrcgidar bowels,
the fnllowing ia a valuable tonic: —
B llTitrarai. ehlor. <amwlTi |0»3 Cm. or kt. *».
Tr. g«nliaHe 150 e.citi- «r fjv.
Syr. aaruitU .lOl c-«n. <ir (Sj.
H. Sis.i A tMtapoonfut t«ur litnM daUy, at moltimn.
'Lnrtt, Sept. I. 1897.
444
PRARUXCEUTICAL TDERAPBUTIC AOKNTB OH DBL'US.
Dr. Thomn* H. Mtnley, of Now Yorlt. o*tecnit; inprciiry of value in 11
trestment of other scrofuioua nianifesiatioiis, particularly eulargement
tlic ovrvit-ul. ttsillary, or inoi>cDtmc glands.
In Toijiilinp of adults and infantfi. O.OUOfl Gm. (or gr. Vion) "I corrosiTJ
Bublimiilo. or minute do««s of cnlomcl n-ith »oda or sacchnnited pepsin, will
oftQU check the irritability of the stomach, if the diet is properly restricted.
In vomiting infmity it may be necewnry to stop the um of milk for » few
days, and rely altogether upon riee-ft-ater or albumin-water until the dijjca-
tion ie normal again. Tliu vomiting of cholera infantum i* often relie*-ed
by email doses of calomel, and the nausea of adults frequently yields to the
same treatment. A minute dow of calomel or corrosive iiubiimatc, admtii-
ietered at hourly intervals, is adrantngcous in acute or chronic dysentery^
soon canting the di^upponmncc of blood and mucu# from the dischsi^eei
The corrosive chloride, in doses of O.OOI to 0.00« Gm. (or gr. '/»-V»o) beto*
each meal, promotes cicatrization of & gastric ulcer. The occasional use
I mercurial purge aids in expelling intestinal worms, and. in fact, calomi
is an ofUeient remedy against tnpivworni. Given in full i-nibartic diiae, met
cury aUo is an excellent anthelmintic in case of lumbrieoid worms. It is
common and good practici- to nw u mereiiriol in nombitintidn with santonin.
Mercury is no longer regarded as e«senlial in the treatment of all forms
of inflammation of internal organs, but small doRf! tirr viiluiible in promoting
the absorption of inflammatory exndations, especially in glandular affections,
in orchitis, in croupous pnt-umonia or bronibn-pneumonia, tonsilliti», and
meningitis. The same mode of treatment is etlicacious in acute pleurisy,
pericarditis, or endocarditis in previously rubusl pHliciits,
Catomel is of special value in limiting or promotiiig the absorption of
inttammator)' cxiidaiinns of serous menihrsnes. It in aUo efflcacioua in iritis,
Wallace Beatty points out its value' cspeciallv in case of venous engorge-
ment, due to cbmnic pulmonary or mitral valve disease, or dependent on mi-
tral incompetence, or from failure of the rij;ht heart caused by eniphvscma
Kud bronchial and cardiac dilatation due to chronic interstitial nephritis.
Also in eases of dilatation with general dropsy, without obvious valvular dis-
ease. He finds the method most successful in his hands, of administering
mercury, to be with smalt doses frequently repeated, for its diuretic effects.
The plan he adopts is to give a pil! containing 0.03 Gm. (or gr. ss) of calomel,
usually with digitalis or squills every four hours, night and day, for ten to
fourteen days. In cafe they produce purgation, ho change* the pilU to one
with opium instead of the difiilalis. 0.008 to 0.03 Gm. (or gr. '/,-*s). He usu-
ally gives two jn'tsi of pills to bi- employed according to (he ci re u in stance*.
The mercury acts by stimulating the renal secretions and increasing the
activity of alisorption at the same time. Ho docs not pretend to any that it
is useful in all cases, but, when digitalis and other cardiac tonics fail, the use
of mercury i* often attended with the hajipiest result*.
In ascites caused by disease of the liver, Palma obtained excellent restdts
from the administration of calomel. The urine was greatly increased in
quantity and the transudotion correspondingly diminished.
In a case of hypertrophic cirrhosis of the liver Sior observed disappear-
ance of the jaundice and marked reduction in the .aize of the liver and spleen
in cftnsei]neiK'e of the use of caioniet. In cases of hydatid cy*t of the livcr_
'DiibUn Journal of Utiiettl Solence, Oct, ISOll.
UYUIIAHUYUl'U.
443
BMxelli iidvises that after almut 30 ccm. (or (%)) of the fluiH has be«n wilh-
dimwD n cMiToeivv-eubliinatc soIuIkhi »l)nul<l lie iiijceU-d into the tac. Twenty
ccm. (or Rvsa) of a 1 Co 1000 solution art useJ in this maimer, and at the
Mul of tivt ilays the paiutilo is ili.-niJ iind the i^_vmpt'>mit slinililv improve.
Id the tit-atment o( diphtheria. Dr. Da\y,' of Pitteburgh, stronjly ad-
TtiotcK Kfilcr'ii nielhod of iiiiiii<,'c«)omel, 0.1 ;! to O.S'i Gm. (orgr. fi-v) beiiig
gricD every hour, or every two or three hour^ to young children, until the
otKrbari^i'S from the bon'i>|g appear at coIoHeM veriim, with a littlo greenish
mucus or bile upon the surface resembling chopped spinach. Then the io-
tcrral is lenjitheiiiil. but the same Aon.- <.'OTitinuca. Sliortc- givet from 0.32
to 1 Cm. (or ^r. v-xv) every two or three hours to an adult until the greenish
ftooU uv obtaino]. avoiding ealivation by the f iinultaneout administration of
0.32 to O.juGin. (orgr. v-viij) of potaseiura chlorate. ITie corrosive chloride
hu also its advocates in this disease, and here the syiitcin tolemtes cumpara-
'v Urse doses, not only with iinpvmity, but with benefit. From 0.0015
"Oti (ito. (or gT. '/m"'/io) ™ay be given every two hour* lo on infant for
:.:y-fouT to forty-eight hou^^ until the worst part of the illness has passed"
>T[, when the interval can be lengthened and the do»e reduced. T1ii« has
the advinlage of being less likely to cause salivation than the calomel. In
true tsembmnoue or diphlherilic eruup this plan of treatment inay &vert the
srctMity of intubation or tracheotomy. Itenncrt, however, has used with
nry eatisfartorr results, in diphtheria, an application to the throat of Ln-
pbcr'n inriarii-aeid oorrosive-fuhliniate solution, in the strengih of 1 to 300.
Ml. statements have been corroborated by Pr. M. Graham Tull. of this city.
In vhooping-cough, Rauhitschek reports favorably of the local employment
of a 1 to 11)00 solution of corrosive sublimate applied upon a cotton tampon
ui pressed against the base of the tongue and swabbing the tonsils, uvula.
tai eoft palate. The procedure wa* repealed every day or every ictonrl day
■iih the result of materially modifyinf; and abridging the course of the dis-
eaM. In diphtheria. Dr. t!. L. B. Gudfrt-y uie^ iron in combination with
CDTTfisive mercuric chloride: —
R RTdrarmTi chlorMi oorroalvl 1065 Om. or ffr. J.
Tind. fciri ehloridi 7 5 ccm. or foij.
SvrupL Riniplui* £2i cna. ciT 13vJ.
AqiH (|. *. «d 90{ ccm. or f$iij.
K. Sig.i A tcMpooahil hi waUr anty tbm lioun.
Thv yellow mercuric «ub«tilphate U a valuable adjunct in the tr«at-
aoit, for 0.13 to O.S0 Om. (or gr. ii-iij) administered to a child are followed
'■r prompt eniwis and the ejection of false membrane from the throat,
• :<iyce Ltarker considered it uniformly successful in croup. U should not
' < d to remain in the stomach in case the first dose does not produce
,-. as it may cause gastritis or mercurial poisoning; it generally ta
njtclrd too rapidly for absorplion to take phiee.
lo other constitutional diseases attended by inflammation of the throat
•« my give 0,02 Gm. (^r gr. '/,) of jjray powder three or tour times a day,
■ recommended by Ringer. This high authority also advisee the nme prep*
uatioti in the luime do«e, given hourly, in acute tonsillitis when the swollen
■ TncurliucB at AmnioiB Larjmgologital Auorinlinn." ISAK.
'fhr'irtan anS Stntttnn. i^ppt., IHW; "Annual of (he Uiiinml iledUml Sci-
44C
PUABMACEUTiCAL TUEBAPEUTIC AGBST8 OB DBCOR.
glan<l8 interfere with detfliitition and respiration. la troublesome ulcera-
Uone of the throat, oorrosire-fubliinnti- solution is ofton beoeiicial as a loc
npplication, accompanied by other treatment suitable to the case. In diph
tlKria till' bfst rc*uHe art- obtsinod by the intemal adminiiitrstion of mer-;
ciirials, conjoined with local diainfi'ction by salt-water douches, potassium
pi-niiaiipinatt-, trypsin, Mini"!.'!'* solution, or borojiiyceride. instead of loi
ajipliinlions of raerciiriols. since wheru they arc frequently used it i« inj
po*»ibli' lo crftimott hew iiunh has been iiwallowed.
The appended formulie containing mercury will be of beneltt in diph-
therin, acute toiuilIiti», and often in acute larj-ngitis: —
B HjrdmrRyri chloridi laiti*
a-
13 Gm.
0S& Om.
tim.
>ir gr. ij.
or ET. J.
or 3m.
. urgyr
ADtimoiiil pt potaMll tart.
E>accliHTi otbi 2
M. ct (L rhotluliF no. x.
Sig.i A powilw ♦very tiMir or two.
R IlyiltnrgTri chlgridi cotnulvi 006 Om. or icr- ]■
Tiucl. ^hiaiMi 30 ccni. ';>r tjij.
(ilyrcrini > 60 c.cm. or fjij.
M. SIg.: A htil to B tnmpoonriil t%-«ry two or ttir*o hour*.
The sore throat of scarlatina is benefited by the administration of the
Eruy powder, or tlic corrosive chloride. Pctrcsco, after numerous bacterio-
lo^eal and clinical experiments, relies upon Van Swieten's solution' in the
Irt^tmcnt of measles, ncjirlet fever, and small-pox. In seailct fever the solu-
tion of the corrosive chloride was applied directly to the throat, either by
penciling or in the form of a gargle.'
Mnpotbcr" employs mcrtury externally and intemnlly in the treatment
of MonsRiK, the blue pill or the protiodJde o[ mercury being usually pro-
scnbed. The writer has employed the rnercuriala, eepecialiy the corroeive
chloride hypodemiically, in the treatment of several cases of psoriasis, with
a complete removal of all the eruption from the body, the dose and injection
used beinj; similnr to that already descrlbid in tripling *yphiliit. Poncel, of
the Marseilles Hospital, has also employed injections of the corrosive chlo-
ride of mr-nniry into tumors of a eancerou* appi-araiice, followed by their
complete dii?a[.ipcarflncf. Dr. R. Cowan Lees, of Glasgow, reports that he
has met wilii some success in the treatment of sarcomata and carcimimata
by injections of corrosive sublimate dissolved in olive-oil. He emplaj'a the
same method in pneumonic phthisis.
A cast' of traiimotic tetanus in a child has been described by Celli, in
which success followed the hypodermic injection of corn,i*ive Kublimate, as
first practiced by Raculo. During seven days nine injections of about O.OOfi
dm. (or fir. '/,;) were piven. Improvement was observed from the hejtinning,
a7id on the eighth day the patient whs completely cured. M. Jullien states
' Vhii Su ieti'ii'ei i^oltiliou is ruiiipoBvil us follows: U.QS <.itn, Icr gr.
iDsivp 8uliliniat« nnd nmmoniiini cliloridc. disM>lvE(1 in » ]iM ol dlslllled wnlvr.
2 to 4 c.cm. lor t5M-jl.
'"BPehcrclif* Cliniques i-t ExpPriinental»s stir l'.\nl iippiin M^ilicalc," (lar le Dr.
Z. P#1tcsco. Mpmoirp yrfatnU' nu Ciinirrti de Th&ra|itutlijlle H. Puria m 1^0. JoHy:
Iiii]iriin«ri« S'nlioiial. 1889.
'"Tlip PnrDBitir Xnlnw of Piorinri*. Itn Trpatmciit hy Mtrcury,'* I<T K.
llapotber. M.D,, F.R.C.S., lii Kritfli Mntinit Ui-nint. .Tun. 17. 1S91. ^
tIYD«A.BGVUV]i.
44T
that nbcutant'ous injfctioas of the same s«U >'ield satisfactoty KsoItB in
^norrhtrsl rheunutUm.
The oiutm<'nt of the nitrnie, rery much diluted, or mercnrial ointment,
faa£ long tweti used upon the face io smull-pox in order to prevent the dcTcl-
opaMTDt <tt I III- pock.t imd conBeqnent pitting. The effect probablv ta de-
pOkdvut both opon the mcreiirv und the esclii»ioii of light nnd air.
For the Im-itl treatment of vnrioloun pustules, Ur. Talamon advises spraj-
tbe surface with s solution contain iug 1 Gm. (orgr. xv)eBclt of eorrosivsj
ite ntid citric- or tartaric acid, 'i ccm. (or fflbnr) of 90° alcohol, and
tcieut uuaotitv of sulnhiiric cllicr to make W ccm. (or f^iij). He
ow of thi- ssine method in the treatment of erfsipetas. Ur. II. A.
ilU,' of Cinviuiiuti. leportii a »<ri<-« of M catti of «mall-pox, I of nfhieh
bsinorrhngic and 13 cuntliient, treated without mortality, aa a result of
tbr Ofic of baths of bichloride of mercurv (1 to 10,000) given twice duily. A
largv bath-tub wa» brought to the aide of the patient's bed and tilled with
a vtrm (103' to 106° F.) solution of bichloride, und the patient inuner«ed,
ixc«t>t the bead and shoulders, for about ten or tvelve minutes, the Dur$e
itlr rubbing the entire body with a soft cloth during the bath. After
He l>aih thu ixatient was anointed with a mixture of carbolic add, bismuth
e, and olive-oil. Dr. Ingalls reports the following oli^orvutinn of
aent: 1. There ia practically no mortality. 2. The suppurative
FTfr ran be shortened four to six dars, if patient i^ treated from the on^irt.
A minimnm of pitting is secured and an almost entire absence of the
L-tcristie diRigrwubte odnr. •!. The period of dcs(|uamation is mate* i
leMened owinj; to the ihiuneis of the scab-formation. 5. Pain is very
Biidi redueed, morp^'"^ being rarely required, 6. The great dLitorlion of
ftstnree, which gives us such repulsive-looking patients, is eliminated to a
n«st extent. On local treatment of ert-dpelaa Prof. Rosvell Park, of Buf-
Uo, SBTs; ''Of all the numerous applications which I have ever tried, I
^T« foond but one thing whieh hns given the universal satisfaction alTnrded
by the following prt-seription or something e<juivnli-nt to it: Kesorcin (or
nphtalin), S; ichthynl, 5; mercurial ointment, 40: lanolin, 50. Hie pro*
portjons of these ingredients may be varied, and I often increase the amount
•(iehth.V'i). eipeciallv when the skin to which it is to he applied is not too
tonder. The afTeclcd parts are anointed with this, and then covered with
ciM <ilk or some impermeable material, simply to prevent its abdor|>tioD
by tbe drresings; the pirts are then enveloped in s light dressing and
h«ii4a$:ed. Whenever 1 have to deal with local evidences of septic infection,
I OM an ointment esventiidly the Minio as thii>, and hav« learned to count on
it ■•ilh more reliance than anjibins that I have ever resorted to. This one
brtter thing hinted at above is Crcdt-'* silver oiniment, which is to be used aa
dttcribed. As the disease become- mitigated, the ointment may, if desirable,
W ndaerd with tiimple lard, and miiy be discontinued when local signs have
finppvwd. Absorption of any of these preparations may be hastened by a
— H'* of f<ratehn over the affected area with the «harp point of a knife, not
. - :< i-Dovnh to draw blood, but deep enough to better expose tlie absotlicnt
el# of the skin."
Thi! spfi'ial applications of mercury to the treatment of syphilit arc «>
Jmfrwl of /Ae .IncWroM UrAiml AumatiaUnn, April S9. IKM, ]>. lOII.
448
rHAHUACEUTICAL THERAPEt'TlO AOSNTS OS USL'OS.
important tts to dceervo more vxtcndod comiilenitioti tlian is given to other
diseasee, and will therefore be considered here at some length.
Jnunclion Method.- — Mercury mty be spplted to the skin wilh a vteir
to absorption, and for Ihis purpos« the ointment or the oleatc mav be used,
a pieae the tixv uf n ninrblc or larger being nibbed upon the tnn«r side of
the arms and ihigbs once or twice dally. The place of inunction must be
changed, ok tho'mcrcur)' c«u«e» »orii> Ineal irritation, and a erop of papules
is lilcci)- to follow its repested application to the same spot. A small piece
of ointment may be rubbed upon the *oie» of the feet before putting on the
stockin;^ each morning, the friction in the act of walking being sulTicient
to eaii#o absorption. In the ca^e of infanta sufTering uith congenital or ac-
qnired syphilis, the ointment may be rubbed upon the abdomen under the
beUy-bnnd. Thix method is reported to when it is desored to impress the
system rapidly, as. for instance, in the treatment of the intSammatory mani-
featatiouit of syphilis, eflpeoially in iritis. The conMitiitional effect can be
most rapidly ohlained in this way without disturbing the digo*t\c organs.
The lalo M. (Juinquaiid, of Paris, claimed that the appii<^alion of a mer-
curial plaster over the spleen is an effieient and convenient method of adiuin-
istering mercury in syphilis. The preparation of which he made use was
composed of GO parts of diachylon platter. '^0 parts of ralomel, and 6 parts
of castor-oil. After Ihorousih mixture the mass was made into planters four
inches square. The skin was washed with soap and water, and a plaster was
applied and left in position for eight days, when it was removed and the .ikiu
loft uncovered forcight days. A second piaster wa* then put on and kept in
place for eight days. Four or five days after the first plaster was applied
mercury appeared in the urine, giaduatlv iiir ivssed in amount, and reached
its maximum on the eighth to eleventh day. If a second plaster was not used
the metal continued present in the urine tor a month or i'lx week*. By this
alternate use and disuse of the plaster during periods of eight days ptyalism
it Raid to hove been entirely avoided.
In severe cases ol secondary syphilis Dr. Dymnecki has found it of ad-
vantjige to a^oolatf the internal adminititiation i>f nuinine with the inunc-
tion of mercury. The class of cases in which this combination proved valu-
able was marked by increased tissue>change. In syphilis, especially when the
infiltration is marked upon the skin, the efficacy of one of the mercurial oint-
ments moy be increased by combining with some stimulating oil or green
soap: —
It Utif^ bydnrgyri nitrati*,
Sapo viridia -.' ^
01. euca],vpU
H Vnp.. hvdrarsj'ri tmiaonlat.
Olei nnthemidi"
aa 46|G Vm. or Sna.
. . . 3J c.cm. or 133s. — M.
... 62| Gm. or 3Jj.
... £| c.rm. or 13h*.— If.
B Unct- liydnirg^yri ol«alU 110 vcl 20 fvr ccBtl (fii Gm. or Jij. ■
OW cndinl -. . - 7fi exta. or OiJ. — ^IL
B Unirt. hydrar^-ri oWtb (10 per cent.) 311 Gm. or SJ.
OlM cBnophylli , , l|2 c.cnL ot mxx.— It'
(Jn the basis of his clinical experience. Dr. Joseph Hymnecki also advt?
cates a combination of siilphui-buths and mercurial inunction. Ue believer
that the baths promote the action of the mercury, and fiiid« that Uie chem-
IITDRAROYSUM.
448
iotlisronifiatibility dctncU iioUiing from the t)ii>rapi.'Uti<:al effvctif. Wntms-
tmkr [irrfcrs the use of calomel eoap to mercurial ointment in Ihe treat-
BMBl of Aj-pliilU. The soap t« mtidc by tritumting pure olive-oil soap vith
aixitai'l in thv proportion of one to two or three. A piece of the soap equal
'j.-:'i:iii. (or gr- xxx) i» rulilH-d into a eolecu-d part of thv bod v until nothing]
iruMiLi but the foam. This is furthermore rubbed until it also diuppears.]
Thf owihod 18 flciiiily, does not irritut*.- the ttltin, and requires but ten or'
ttMn minutes for its exec-ution. Another method of keeping inereury in
(Mined contact vrith the nkin is that adoptvd by Poroni, wlio adds to the
Nlittiui of f;utta-per4:ba a quarter of its weight of calomel. After the ]»-
tkMhu biitli4.>4l, hia back i« painted with the solution, and when tlivehlonH
btfB kaa evaporated a mercurial Tamiah remaiua closely adherent to the
tkia. Tikis practice has been found of scr^'icc when the internal wev of nier-
mjieitiAly borne and is suitable to children aillicled with hereditary syph-
ibtflilc cutaiu^>uit manifestations. Welnnder hus convinced hinuelf, by
vaatralive t-xperimcnts. that a greater quantity of mercury is absorbed by
IbllBplc- application of blue ointment to tlie»kin than vhen friction is oin-
jkfti. If rubbed upon the skin before the patient goes to bed the bodily
but uporiscs thu metal, which is absorbed by the akin and lungs. He ud*
lun, tlwnfore. that an ^xcc«£ of the ointment should be ased in order that
dwrption should be continuous. 'Hie therapeutic effect of m<'rciiriftl in-
irtw and pillow-slip method of administering mercury, Kutner' buliercSj
ai^ly, if not entirely, due to the inhalation of the mercurial fumee,d
the absorption or taJiiug up of the drug by the skin. He rubs the
into an air-tijiht box frnm which the fumes are inhalci! through a
tube and wtmk for lial f nn liour a. dnv. itercnn' u foutu] in the urioe
la other methods of adminii^tration. No toxic elfecta have been observed
in an; of Uie many patients so treated, and in each case reciirery resulted.
The advantages of the irdulation method are that the "inhahition dose"
on be accurately detcnnined and regulated, and thv many annoyances at-
tending the inunctions are done away with. Although stomatitis doe^ not
nmh, ii is beet to gargle vith potaasium-ehlorale solution after each inhaU-
tioii. The author evinces considerable enthusiasm over this method of ad-
sintftering mercur}-, and, judging from his results, his enthusiasm is justi-
Often the most rapid way to mereurialiie a patient is by using the drug
m the form of suppositories. Fiunigalion is also a method of introducing
rj' into the blood by way of the skin. The usual method is to place
itiem in a vapor-bath until he is perspiring freely, and then to expoae
[Iv In the tumt^ ari»tng from O.fift tu 1..10 Gm. {or gr. x-xx) of calomel
btiiuaied by the llame of an alcohol-Iarop. The fumes should not he in*
■nd, ihfrefore, the patient sitting on a chair has a blanket or his
iing fa^itened around his neck and extending down to the flour all around,
■■king a cjinopy; under ibo chair is placed a small .rpirit-lnmp, and over it,
■poR a *lit^'t of tin. is placed the mercurial. The patient, after about fifteen
olBi ' -ure, ij wrapped up in dry, warm blanket*, and the skin allowed
tm dr , iTicoiisly. If perspiration continue, it may require a siunll doM
uf atropine. In this way the mercury iii deposited upon the skin, and is
oally absoriicd, producing the greatest impression with the least dis-
•BfT»mtr MI«l«ole ITorArMxArffti UnUcnl SUndari. a<ar«li, IBOO.
460
PtURUACRDTICAI. THERAPBCTIC AOBKTS OB DuCOS.
torbance. Tliis method is espcciall}' valuable in oontrolHngt the (^kin dig-
orders altGiiding Hyphilis (sii'philidee), and in the treatment o( other niani-
fi-Et«tionE of th« poison when mercury is not wi'll borne by the bowels.
Tht kj/podennic method of admiuistering mercurials haa been practiced
of late years in Germany and, to a limited extent, in this country. For thia
purpose solution! of corrosive chloride (hydrarg. chlor. corr., 0.0<>5 Hm., or
gr.Ji aqus destillattK, 7.5 com., or fSij. aig.: O.aOe.cm., or mx, a doseoucv
a day) have been jijadually increased, by drops, until 50 or more ari> admin-
istered, or until the (ihysiologiCBl action of th» mercury Js apparent. Thic
plan of treatment is as cleanly, quick in results, and more successful than
any other in preventing rctupsce.
It may, however, cause irritation, and has, in some rare instances, when
given improperly, led to abscecs and tloughJng. If the hypodermic needle
be properly inserted, the instrument and needle aseptic, the author has never
obftrvi-d any ease of abscise follow tlio hypodormic injuction of the corrosive
chloride of mercury. The moment the least mercurial impression is made
by the (-ubuiUaiieoug injection, the doso rihouUI be riducicl to the smallest
amount. A few minims of the solution already named should be again in-
jected into the nnisde or itkin. and ihu sysli'm ki'pt under the impritsion of
the drug by injections everj' day or two, until all evidence of syphilis dtsap-
pears. In place of using small do«e« of mercury every day hypodvrmicallj,
the writer sometimes, especially in lean subjeclfi, injects from 0.015 to 0.02
Gm. (or gr. Vi-'/,) of corrosive ^ublimnte two or three time* ■ week into the
muscular tis.iue of the gluteal repon or back. The hypodermic method thus
administered is for old cases of syphili*, especially in broken-down individ-
uals, and oHers a most positive way of limiting or curing tbe dif^aee.
The mercurial, when tujectod in these large doses, is, as the rule, slowly
absorbed and exerts only a therapeutic, and not a toxic, action.
The albuniiiinte and peptonate of mercury have besn proposed with a
Tiew to obviate any accidents, but with little, if any. improvement.
The glut in- peptone suhllniale, another compound used in the Mine
manner and for the same purpose, is obtained by the action of hydrochloric
acid on gelatin. It contains 25 per cent, of con-oBive eiiblimnie, and is i
white, bygroscopical powder, whicli usually assumes the form of a colorleat,
non-corro*ive fluid. TIii« preparation is used in doses of 1 Gm. (or gr. xr),
and is said not to occasion much pain nor ^ve rise to abscesses.
In the clinic of the late Professor AuBpitis the following solution was
employed : —
Hydnrg. chlor. corroalvi 1
Sodii ebWidi 5
Aqu» defltillBta 90
Gm. or gr. xv.
Gm. or gr. xxs.
cxm. or fSUj.
N. Dom: O.flO to £ wan. (or ms -kzx) every svcond day kyyodcrmiciilt}-.
Mathes states that no irritation results beyond a little tumefaction?
About twenty or thirty injections constituted the course of treatment, which
resulted in a cure. LJebrcieh recommends the formamidale of mercury,
which does not coagulate albumin, is neutral in reaction, readily combines
with Hiitcr, and '\s imf iirpcipitated by alkalies.
Forroamidate of Mercury' is prepared as follow*: 10 to IS Gm. (or 5m
'''Notes on Hydrargyruni Forma niidn turn," by J. C- Wil»on, itSJ., Phlladilphla
Ittdioal Timf*. vol. xiv. p. 140.
IIYDBAItilYlirU.
4S1
y/, nt In^hl}'-pT<«ipilnU'(l, coiiipIet<'ly-n'fl»li<^, and »itill ninUt mercuric
bjc arc goQtly wnrmei) with a little wat^r in a porcoliin capsule, with a
ifndtuil mldition of a.Sfl c.cm. (or foiis*) of formnmiov (resultinj; from the re-
/ ' iinmoniB upon etliy I -formate). Ab soon as Golution hue taken plac*
ni: wlorlo* lii}ut(i id riJtcred im« it lltiv fla»k, and the Intlor filled
■ -mark with dislilled water. Each cabic centimetre (or mrv) con-
I (im, (or %x. '/,) of mercurv, which U one hypocKTniic dose. It
<\ Ih- disp«ii£cil in brotrn-colored bottles. Zc)B6e]> of Vienna, after trial
- aKrnl. w«» wvll Niti»llcd with it, and found twenty injections tlic maxi-
iiumbcr re«juir«'d to disper^ the syphilitic manifeslatione, ercD in severe
Kopi>'>t' comlunionrf from over llirci* thoii*aiid injection* wen- \m*
r-*lile; he s«j8 that "Liebreich's preparation is decidedly useful ia cer-
' ' !i ilder forms of primary t^ypnilis, ns alM for lOight t>ccondarie«.
.1- i-hould not be employed in severe cases where there are Ufro
r tliiik infiltrationH; innnelion is ^lill the be#t method of treating
—m. The tertiary forms are likewise not to be treated by the
:■■- }Icla|>s«« arc by ho m«nn« prevented by LiehreicliV method; on
jirarj', they appear to be extraordinarily common after this treat-
;." In order to obtain more permanent effects than arc possible by the
f the soluble preparation^^ it has been thought that by depositinf; the
r. liable compound<i under the skin a more lasting effect can f>e obtained,
I -alomel is now used in this manner. The calomel may be suspended in
, i.d vsiKrIin or olive-oil (1 in 10), There should he at least a wc<-k'« in-
l>n«J between the injections, which arc usually thrown deeply into the lis-
«w of the buttockK or relnitruehnnn-ric lipwir (Bwnicr). The part should
W washed with antiu-ptic solution, and the needle sterilized before each op-
•^utinn; the puncture should be immediately covered wltlt emplastruiu de
' !■• or I'V a drop of cvllodion.* It should be pointed out that the suh-
' '.Micouii injection of calomel, or other insoluble preparation of mercury,
- r 11 without danger. There is a local dcposil of the mineral at the point
ii,iM'tton. with contimiflus i^low absorption. Embolic pulmonary Jnfarc-
■. tiss occurred in direct coriseuuencc of the procedure, while in other cases
a djaenteric 'condition was established.
Sfercnry b«n)!<Liuic, proposed l>y StukovcnkolT. has been adopted by $omc
f '\v Prrnch nhysieiana n* the material for injection; 0.20 Gm, (or gr. iij)
the salt with O.t'45 Gm. (or gr. "/,) of sodium chloride is added to 30
(orf^'jof water, and of this solution O.O05 Gm. (orgr. '/,,) ig injected
ily into the buttock. Urethral injections (1 to 6O0O or 1 to 10,000) of the
ite have likewise been successfully employed in gonorrhtea.
Other mercurial preparations hare been used in the same manner for
: soar purpiwe. Gray oil is much in rogue In Vienna, while the salicylate,
todide, and cyanide have been experimentally employed by RoiiMtel
ItOTKigulwlT. Gray oil consist* of mereurv, lanolin, and olivcHii!. A
IBF has lately been reported in which a 30-per-cent, solution (hydrarg,,
bBftlin., aa 3 parts: olei olivic, 4 partu) had been used during seven weeks
•• a fubcuianeons injection. At the date of the last injection no sign of
OHrrDrialisin wa« pnitent, but a week laler the gums beoanie tender, ptyalism
ami rkdeni gsalro-enteritis soon en£ued, and in n month the patient died.
• rM^rJf«)lr*r*H/l ftfr DrmatiAttgir UMt R^t^lU*. 1883.
' ffrrm- n*MimU if CHithtpn' rr rfr TktntpnUiqwi . Sept IS. IftHO.
45S pnAKKAOBOTToTCTrHBHiPBipric aokot^^druobT
Kcumtnu has, in a mimbcr of cams, iMnploycd upanigin hydrargyrntc
prepared b}- dissolving 10 Um. (orSiise) of asparagio in warm water and lidd-
ing mercuric oxide- iinlil no more di«co]veii. Tlii.^ »ohilion, whvu cold, is
J!ltiM«i] and (.he amount of mercury calculated. Xt is then diluted to llie
Htrength oi '/i> 1| or 2 per cent. Hiis solution h a limpid, colorless fluid,
devoid of odor, but poescssing a sharp, acrict, and metallic taste. It cantuiu*
110 vxCfKti of ii.iij(imgin. A daily injection, generally in tliv intetvcapular
region, was made of 1 c.cm. (or mxv) of the l-ptr-ci.'nt. BoUuion, lieing equal
to 0.01 Gni. (or gr. '/(). .Xsparngin hydrar^rate is di^tingiiii-liid l>y the
rapidity with which it is absorbed and ellminatfd. 'Yhe injeciions arc well
borne itiid uccidt-nti' are rare.
The Buccinimidc of mercury is a compound concerning which a report
hjus been receutly made by Julien. The sail occurs in the form of Ions
needles, and is very soluble in water and alcohol. He made use of a i^olutioii
in distilled water, each cubic centimetre (or mx\) of llie Quid containiug a
0.0037 Ora. (or gr. '/„) of suecinimide of mercurj-. From '/i to 1 c.cai. (offl
mviiss-zv] oi the solution was injected every day and gave rise neither to
pain nor irritation. The treatment was found efficient, most of the ca*<,-»
being in th« lecondnry ^tage. .\n average of luenty-iwo Injections was made
in each case. No eallvation was produced. The drug was, in other cum'i^,
admini»terL-d by the mouth in doses of 0.03 to 0.03 Om. (or gr. V,*7j> with
advaotagej though the treutmeiit was more prolonged.
The double hyposulphite of mercury and polaswum occur* a« colorl
•crystals, easily soluble in water, and contains 31.4 per cent, of mercury. Fl.
Jiypodennic injection 0.25 (Jm. (or gr. ir) is diiisolved in 9.25 c.cm. (or foiies;
of distilled water and from O.flo to 1 c.cm, (or mTii-xv) is employed, etiua!
nearly to 0.005 to 0.01 Gm. {or gr, Vis-'A) "f the corrosivu- sublimate.
The salieylntc of mercury may be readily jirepared, according to the
following formula of Vacher: —
B n^^dniTV. chlor. corrtMivi It Gm. or gr. xr.
Sodli »allcTUt. 2 Om. or gr. xxx.
&q. d«alillBt. -. BOJ e.ein. or %Uj.
M. ^'jiili oiibio f^ndmetTe (nwv) contains O.Ol Om. (or gr. '/,) M Mlicjiatc
mercury.
Another mercurial salt which has been employed for hypodermic us* I
"•(ill «rphni« is the thymolacetate. The injection U said to c8U*c but littl«]
"j^dn, and is made every eight or ten days. Dr. Tranjen makes use of th«J
same prcpiirniion in tuberculous. Dose, 0.10 Gm. (or gr. iss) in alboieue or]
glycerin,
Monoorvo and Ferreira have extended the use of hypodermic injectinna
to infantile syphilis, using by preference the corrosive sublimate and grai
oil. The foriiier was given iii'dns.'s of O.OOOi; to 0.003 Gm. (or gr. '/i^-Vui
to children varying from three months to fourteen year* of age. The amounti
of gray oil injected is said to have been ''from two-fifths to the whole of aj
PravaK syringe," the ages of the patients ranging from thlrly-cight days to]
twelve years. The result is stated to have been rapid improvement at re-\
garda the cutaneous lesions and decided gain in weight and general condi-
tion.
It is clnim<'il that if pure guaiacol be incorporated with the oil us«
as a medium for intramuscular injections of raercurlals the proocw is na-t
UTDRAROTRrir.
pnictically {niinlMe. Th« following fornniU is the hup recominended,
li« ^:uniac<il being employtid in the proportion of 3 per c«nl.: —
n Hydnn-
UwUMCMi
Ol
U. SIg. 1 Fur hypodtrmie apt.
tod. rubr.
p4ir. 3
oUw »tPr. , 90
Om. or gr. vilj.
e;ciu. or mslv.
crai. or (Jiij,
Tht' injections ar« pnidiccd daily or every Dth«r day, 2 ccm. (or nuotx)
tt^itvEvntrnfi upiirosimateiy 0,01 Gm. <or (jr. '/•) of the bUiiodide. The
«mUir thuuld W inscrti-d pcrpfndiciiliirlv to tho skin, pushed in its full
Irn^b, and Ihe liquid injected very slowly, the buttocks being cboeeu for
ih« operation.
r*« IntravtHoua Injtftimi of Mercury. — Dr. Walter L. Pyle,' in a rec«nt
-<>> tbnt the ndvantugcs of this muthod an: 1. Then! is absolute
s of absorption. 2. There is no pain to speak of. 3. There is no
nrbance of the digcGtirc tract during trti^tniont. Slight uilivution and
'Aiarrfaira, teniporsr>' only, are the only local disturbances reported. 4.
I'brrc ie niorv rapid absorption and thfrapcut ic vfTcct tlinn by any other
arthod. o. I.«M of the mercurial salt is required. 6. Absolute exactitude
af doeagie can be obtained. 1. Xot a cingle accident has been recorded. 8.
Til mrtho<l in pcrfoctly reliabte. All ca»es reported have shonn some im-
:r •ntent, and nover any rL-trof^reesion. !>. Ab»^'c^!;ce do not form. 10.
TImt* nn.' no ciilaneouf rmtationi» or ernpliong, sjich as foUov friction or
jMjKlinnf. 11. The nervotie symptoms sometimes associated with the
Irmtic m<'th>») are nortT oI>ht\<-(1 with ihc intravenous injections. 12.
'•Qcc«9eful often when all other methods fail. 13. There is no history
reeanvnc* after a cure. 14. Mercuric chloride has a preservative action
the red blood -corpuBclefi. and henc« must be valuable intravfuouMly in
a dineo.*e as syphilis, in which there is a strong tendency toward de-
^roction of the red blood-corpii^ck'!; nml i^ubKcqticnt ana'mia. The di«ad-
taalMcn are: 1. The needle may not reach the vein: but this can be
nwdiBd by applying the needle first and awaiting the appearance of a few
baifit nf blood. 2. Som« of the blood may exiravaiiato into thtr subcutaneous
tjanie. adjacent to the point of injection: but this hns rarely occurred, and
tlw blond a toon ab»orbod. 3. TIterc i« likely to he a slight stomatitis at
fiat. 4. There is the appearance of albumin in the urine after the injec-
tiosi, which, however, often follown hypodt-rmic administration. 5. There
it, aa in all intravenous injections, a subsequent polyuria and increase of
ana. but ndthir has any giicml dt*advnntage. 6. During the injection,
^ikmngh a re&cx action on tne circulatory centre, fainting may supervene,
■but i* of no viuil im|i«Tl. 7. Jemuia hait seen flight Mlivntion immediately .
^Bri«T the inji'etion of small doses. This is liable to happen in any adminJa-
^Kit»n of menury. In rhe opinion of I he author iheadvantagi-:' m far over-
HMlao(« th<- objections that, viewing the present staltii of treatment, we can
bot accept this c« the most snccosfful. He would not, however, advocate it
ta au«f easily amenable to ordinary trestment or in the early stages of
npliilia. but considers it of e#peciul vb1u<> in obstinate casef, resitting other
tRatmenf. or in advanced ea»e« of organic syphilis, or when immediate relief
ia tnvently called for by tnson of pain, encroachment on a vital part, or
npiadcf miction of tissue. Investigation may prove it to be most valuable
'IfnffMl \rtr#.
4S4
PHABMACRUTICAL THERAPEITIC
OR DttUCa.
imiDcrlintrly nfter the >1i«gno.4iii is made, eliminaiinj; or destroying the svph-
iiitir vinta before it has produced any dwnlcd t-lTwl <in tlie gcncnil svBteni..
At urwrnt \hvx« Is no evidence to warrant this statement: hut, a^ the
method is rirtually devoid of diingerouM or untowiird rv«ullH, it should
given »omc trial in the beginning of the disease.
In two oases of cerebral cyphilin which had proved unameniiblc
tTcatmi.-nl. llnceelli resorted to The intravenous injection, usually into the
superficial veins In front of the elbow, of corrosive Kublimate with »'x<'«lleiit
roiultn. The solution was of such strength that 1 c.cni. (or mxx) corre-
sponded (about) to O.OftOI fJni. (or gr. Vii=)' ""'^ 'his vttf the ninoiint iiii
jected la bi-jcin with, the operation being practiced every dav and the dos
being increftsod to 0.002" Gin. {or gr. VtJ! —
B Hydrarg. rliloridt oorrodri
Bodii rfiloriili
Aqiui
.1000
Gm. or IP'. XV.
Otii. or gr. xlv.
cent, or OiifSxiv. — II.
In syphilis the rflle of mercury has been considerably abbreriated ii
recent ywir*. Tlicre i» no denying that it does rnjiidly control the rnrlj
manifestations of syphilis and also those of congenital syphilis, so that i|
may be eonsidfred, within linul:", as antogonistic to the syphilitic poi6oaJ_
The investigations of Leon Levi show Ihnt, in syphilitic subjects, the salts'
of mercury favor nu'lMbnlisni, improve nutrition, ini;rfai«e the corpuscle*
and hifmoglubin of the 4ilood, and augment the weight and the muscular
ftrength,
From a study of ninety-seven cases Welander states that, during tlu
ndminiiilralioii of mercury iii i>yphilis tlic urine contained cnel*, the numbei
of which increased with the length of the treatment, .After diseonfinnane
of the remedy the cagts disappeared, flH a nile, within a month or fix wcekfl
without causing temporary or permanent injury to the kidneys.
.As mercury is moat efficient when it encounters ihc poison in the bU
it should be given as soon as induration is observed around the primary imre
and the treatnieni by small ihtsff, avoiding piyali^ui, miiinlfliin-d for several
months. In some cases there will be no further symnioms; in others. s><-c- j
ondancx will appear, but will he much modified. In ihc secondary stage th«A
mercurial may dp combined with iodides, and the tertiary manifestation)' are"
generally best treated by iodine without mercury. The mercury with chalk
3B preferred by Mr. Hutchinson, of London (0.063 Om., or gr. j, four timi>*
daily); Ricoril prefcri" the yellow iodide {0.03 Gm.. or gr. \\. three tiroes
daily). Calomel is used by some, corrosive chloride hy othci«. Tlic cld(
Gross was fond of a biniodidc made extemporaneously, as follows: —
B H.vitrar^i. ohior. citrrqslvl ..., jiWO Oni. or gr. J.
PotABi. iodidi 4< tini. or 3j,
A(\nm ilffJrtlllatw , - .1801 p.rm. or fjvj,
U. Sig.: .\ labl«spooB[ul three timea a day.
It may be given directly, as in the "Syrup Gibcrt": —
B IlrdrnrK, lodidj rubr. ^20 Cm. or gr. ilj,
Poltmsii indirii , , OISO Om. or fa. dj.
.\quie dntillnlR i.... 11| cent, or (Siij.
Cola I'l >dde
Synipi H- ». od 300| c.cm. dt (Js.
U. Sig.: A holt to a tftblfspoonful thrM llnt^a a day.
riuit.
458
lord' wrilos thai Ihe country physicians, as a rule, prefer the "mixed
trwitrnfiit," boliiviiig that the combinntion of mercury with piitnwium
iodide is admirably adapted to secondarr syphilis, and that much leas mer-
cut; it nMdcd when the mercurial is ^iveii along with the iodide.
In administering mercury for the treatment of syphilis, the author
iwommi-ndfi the prcparatiou or the combination with it which he deems
beat for each case, depending in all instances upon the patient's system.
Sane do best upon calomel, others upon gray powder or the corrosive chin-
ride, while in Tery many instances the biniodide or blue pill ads more de-
cidfdiy. One after the other of the various mercurials 6r»t named has oft«a
to be tested, or cnmbinations containinf; them made, before the form of th«
ing suitable to the case under consideration can be selected and its uw
sntiniird for a pnip«r time.
The t-arbolate of mercury is highly esteemed by some writers, as heini;
3 idly alworited and oapnble'of being given for a long time without causing
naon.
In the trvatment of secondary and tertiary ^rpliilis by meicury the
aMbor »U|rgeets the following formulie: —
R lljdnirKjri chloridi corroaivi jOOfi Out. or n. J.
TineL xanthos^li 1001 *-*"■■ <"■ «*■■
K. Slf.: Two leupooDtuU in wattr time or (our Utn«« a daj.
H llTdfanyri chloriill nltU 13S Gm. or or. v.
SMvlnu^alM i\ Cm. or W
II. *t ft- la rliarluliK no. x.
$ig.: A pou'diT Ihrve or (our tllDCa % iof.
n njdnrgTri iodidi Sari ,...,.. |3S Cm. or gj. v.
fiuinlnv *ulphatts S|BI> Oid. oc p. x\.
U. Ft ft pit. no. XX.
8lf,: A plU thnc or (our time* a day.
B MaMM hydrarfvrt.
Polnrto JtlnflbMia,
PuImi«Mp«ici aa IDS or l|3Q Om. or gt. x vtl xx.
M. H ft. p«l. aa x.
St^; A pill Hint or (our llmnt a day.
R BydnkTiQrri cum crcU,
PulT«Ti* glyrynkim .....aa |IK Oni. or gr. x.
CtmmoU .. [08 c.em. or mj.
H. Bt n. charluln no. %x.
Sg, : From four to six powders ■ day.
B IlydniritrTt rhloridl corrt»ivl [084 Gm. or er. j.
TiacL Htilliasiav ^, 90 c.ciii. or Qii,
TtkcL grnl. contp. WSf ccm. or fjUj,
It Sl(.: Two taaapoontiilt In wat«r thrM timet • day.
' Mention has already been made of various method.* of treating; ^yphili!,
hi is nnly needed to add that 4 or 8 Gm. (or 5i-i)) of corrosive mercuric
tUoritle wtiii twice » much common Milt can be added to a bath for syph-
ilitic !ubj«;tfi with akin-Ieaions. When the paKent is much broken down,
eacbMrlic, and anaeniic, mercury tihould only be given in the tonic docea
■ -TU Plam o( M^rrurv in Th»rapfuUc«," by E. P. Hurd. M.D.. nfraptHlIc
< Jan. I&. 1801.
4M
PHJJtlfACEUTICAL THERAPBCTIC A0ENT9 OR DnUOS.
8lrea<lv mentioned; but, ii* a njle, the genornl hrnlth Khould lie built up
before putting the patient on a mercurial coarse.
A novel trcnlmi'iit of iicntc nrliciilflr rheumntiem is advocated b;
Singer.' lie recommends a solution
B Hjrdnirg. chlor. corriMivi,
Sodii ehlctridi , KB 113 Gill, or gr. ij.
AquB) (Ifellllatie )0| r.mi. or DtHx.-
M.
I
of which one-eighth is to be injected into the vein at the bend of the elbow^l
flM thorougbly elerilixing the eurfsce aud applying a hiindoKO around the
arm to make the veins prominent; the bandage ts removed after the ncetllc
is introduced into the vein He practiced tbiK upon the two ume •Iternately,
He observed diminution of fever and of articular pains. Contra- indications ^
are general debility, rcnul diseu^L-, and idiosyncraay. _fl
Ae a rule, the mercurial preparations should, as much as poieible, btS
given alone, avoiding combinatii>n» thnt citht-r Iomcd their efficiency or pos-
sibly make ihem more active than is desirable.
HydrargTmin pyroborate is a new Milt which lta# boen u^csl to ful61L|
the indications of mercury. The pyroborate is a brown, unuirphou» pow-
der, insoluble in watitr. itlhtT, or nlv'ohol. It lia^ beon made into an oint-
ment (1 to 5(1) nitli vaseliii, or. when designed for absorption, with lanolin.
Keronious tannate, an odorless mid tnntclCM nit, insoluble iu the or-
dinary menstrua, contains about 50 per cent, of metallic mercury and is ii»«l
by Lusljffirlcn in dose* of O.aO to 0,32 Gni. (or gr. iii-v). It is said that this
combination docs not salivate or disturb the digestive function)^. Merourio
gallate, which contains about 37 per cent, of mercury, is said to be mora^_
titahh^ thftn the tannntc and to cauve no mercurial intoxication. ^|
Hydrargyrol, Mercury Paraphenylthionafe. is a compound of the
formula C,n,.OH.SO,Hg. It wa» introduced by GautrtOIct aea«wrr<JofW'tn»
for cnrrtjsive sublimate, over which it is said to have the advantage of not^l
precipitating the albumin of the tisitues and of being dcvcnty-fivi- tirurt Ici^a^l
toxic. It occurs in the form of brownish-red scales, having an odor resem-
bling that of ginger-bread. Its specific gravity is l..'*5, and in reaction it is ,
neutral. It is insoluble in absolute alcohol, but quite freely soluble in wate
and glycerin, yielding l>cautiful ruby-red dilutions.
According to Gaulrellct. hydrargyrol in 1 to 350 solution completely]
Rterili7.ca bouillons; and introduced into a growing culture it preoipitat*
the alkali toxins. Its solutioiis en: stated to be neither caustic nor erei
irritant.
Hyrgolum ie metallic quicksilver in allotTOpic form. Hydrargyrum^
eolloidale (von Leyden). It is soluble in water, and id used in 10-per-cent.
ointment for inum-linn in syphilis, causing less irritation than blue oint-
ment. It may also be given in pill form, 0.03 Gm. (or gr. ss) thrice daily.
Dr. Gotlheil. of \ew York, nit's a 1-per-eent. solution, in water, in the
treatment of infantile syphilis, giving 0.18 to 1.80 ccro. (or miii-xx) thric«
dully, H
Uercurol is stated to be a chemical compound of nuclein with mer^l
oury which is bactericidal, hut is neither caustic, corrojirc. nor irritating.
In gonorrhoea and ci'sfitis solutions of '/, to 3 per cent, are employed for
■ Cmtranictl fUr dte GtiammU Thtrapir., Jum, 1898.
HVOIUSTIS.
457
im]:>l)i)n, irith mtich frucceM. For Trvelment of conjunctival alTtction*,
np«iully of infectious character, 3- to 5-pcr-cent. solutions are employed.
An nintmi-ul w»'j alno be u»t<\ (■') pur cent.), which i» applied to ulcere and
bonu, and as an autieoptic dreesiug for abtwostee.
BTD&ASTIS (r.S.F.).— HydraitU (Qolden Seal).
HTDEASTIS BHIZOMA (B. P.).— Hydrastis Ehisome.
Preparations.
DoM,
Eklnictuiii llydniMl* Huiduin (U.&P.).— Fluid Extract of Ujdrutl*.
Ut to 2 cent, (or mv-ivx).
BjinMBiam UyinrMont (U.S. P.}'— Hydnallnlne Hydroohlorat*. Dow. 0,03
1*11.13 Geu. (or gt. H-ij).
Olywiium HydiDBUs t^.S.?.).— Olycvrlte ol HjdraHi* (I Om. to 1 con.).
Dmt. £ to 4 cnn. (or fSw-i).
TuKiun l()-drutU (U.S.P.. B.P.I.— Tinauni of UjrdtaitU (20 per cent.; B.P.,
larncBBtK DoM, £ to4 o.pRi. (or (3m-j).
Extrkctum Ujdimvtia L^uiduni (ft. P.). — Liquid Estrai^t of BfdTBatia. DoM,
«J» lu I iMTO, fm mt-xvt.
Pharmacology. — The ofBcial portions nf g.tiilcii Koal. Hydriwli* cana-
dcuis, are the rhizome and roots. It is a small plant belonfiing to the
BuoDculacru-, and ^ov,-« in rich. moi«t wuoOk, from Canada to Carolina,
is the Allegbenies and westvard. Its most important constituents ara
lyiXMtiae, s white crv^lallini' ulkaloid, not bitter, although leaving an acrid
aauatioB in the mouth and tbroal, and Berberiite, a yellow and intensely
liinef MTttalline alkaloid. Hydra;tine is scarcely soluble in water, hut dis-
adra in chloroform, ether, and alcohol. Traces of a third alkaloid, c«Ued
tj its di»«>i-errr, A. K. Halo, Xanthopnccine, al»o exist. Tliis was examined
1^ E. Schmidt.' who worked out the chemistry and renamed it CanadinCi
i» the pure alkaloid is white, and not yellow.
Hydrastis also contains a resin, starch, sugar, etc. The substance com-
aerciallr known under the name of hydraxlin is an impure muriate or hy-
dmchlaraie of berberine. lioth hydra»tine and berberine unite with acids
ta lorm aalta. The dose of the pure non-bitter hydrastinc is from 0.015 to
0.03 Om. (or gr. '/,-as); of the impure bitter extract hydrastin the dose is
troa O.SO to 0.65 Gm. (or gr. iii-x); it is unfortunate that the names arc
ilnoit identical, since the dose is much smaller of the alkaloid than of the
amunoD preparation. By decomposing hydrastine with the aid of gentle
Wii and dilulH) nitric acid, a new alkaloid, Hydtastinine, is formed, to*
Rther with opianic acid. On account of its hygroscopical properties, hy-
drailinine is generally met with m o mh. The hyilri)chl<irate of hydraMiuine
■ Mhible in water and alcohol, but dissolves sparingly in ether and chloro-
facM. Tlie exitirimentii of Kalk »how that it is a highly-valuable remedy.
Bmim the official fluid extract, which is made with diluted sicohnl. as a
■OHtninm, mi aqneouK preparution called "fluid hydrastiH" is sold, which
daes not fully represent the root, as it is made with water and glycerin, but
« BB attracliTtt and useful preparation. The otlieial glycerite of hydrastis
> in rfTicient and elegant preparation, of the strength of a fiuid extract
(1 Cm. to 1 ccm.).
•Anittcn Of Pharm., tSM. pp. 130IM.
488
PIIAKIUCKUTICAL THtlUPECTIC AGES'tS OB OnrGS.
Phyitolo^cal Action.^ lydraatU is an active poieon, ctusing conrul-
eioii£ fuUowid by patalysis. It huo some antipenodic qualities, thou^ol
ranking much beloir cinchona. In small amounts It promotes appetite, in-
crcnecE the g««tric Becretioos, acU at a cholsgoguv, and KtimulatCK peristalsis;
in larger doaes it derangCH digestion and causes constipation. In poisonous
doHcs death moy lie c&ueed by it« action upon the nervous eystemi from con-
Tulsions or paralysiH. Introduced into the circulation, it causes lise in prees-
urc after a preliminary fall; if in large dose, the prcwurc falk, the irrita-
bililv of the vagw iff deriroyed, and the heart's action is arrested in diastole.
F. Miodowski reports a case of a man, G9 yeans of age, sufTering with bron-
chitis and excessive expectoration, with weak heart, in which two doses of
1.90 e.cm. (or mix) of the fluid extract of h\'drasTi« (wrought on dyspnoea,
with lividity of tlie face, and slow, caHily-coiuprei»ihle nuliie. The lungs
wore congested aud ccdeinatous, the heart apex-ocat coidd not be felt. The
frompt ni<e of klimuUnts and counter-irritani.i oaui'i'd the attack to pass off.
t was thought tliat the drug bad induced the attack by increasing the car-
diac wfakm.iu'. It is po^ible, however, that the cedenia i>f the lung.i would
have resulted from the bronchitis even if no bydni^lis had been administered.
The physiological action of liydrajilinini:' hati been studied by Serdteeff
in many experiments upon cold- and warm- blooded animals. Small doses
retard the heart's movements by stimulating the inhibitory apparatus, both
peripheral and central. It increases and strengthens uterine action by an
influence derived from the cerebral nervous sy*leni, probably by way of the
TasomotoT nerves. Dr. David Cema has determined that hydrastinine de-
stroys the irritability of miiKcular tissue ami the excitability of motof nervca.
Very large amounts produce loss of functional activity of the sensory nerve-
libres and also ctmae aoicslhesia when locally anplied. Small iiuanticie^ in-
crease reilex activity by stimulating the spinal cord.
Bordet asserts, as the result of his experience, that hydrastinine hjdro*
chlorate has no influence in arresting hrmorrha^e from the womb dnriDK
labor or the puerperal period. The progress of involution i« also unalfectco
by the salt.
As hydraelinc is eliminated chiefly by the kidneys, it exerts some
diuretic action. Rutherford found that it also has a decided action
on the liver. The derived alkaloid, hydrastinine, being sparingly soluble
in water, the hydrochlorate of hydra.'itinine has been employed, and the re-
sult of the investigation shows it to possess power" like ergot. It is u*ed
in 5- to lO-per-cent. solution, hypoderraically. The injections do not oausw
pain and do not discolor the tissues, but they so readily control hicmorrhage,
and especially uterine hemorrhage, as to constitute thi.« agent a rival of the
preparations of ergot. Wild reports several cases in which the hypoderrnic
nae of bydraetinine gave rise to painful intlammatory patches in the throat.
Therapy. — Hydrastinine hydrochlorate, 0.20 Gni. to 30 c.cm. (or gr. iii to
f^j) of glycerin, the late Dr. Keyser reported a.* e\ce!lent in some cases of cnij.
junctivitis granulosa. It is also used in nasal catarrh, and in uterine catarrh,
or lencorrhora, hoTh inlemally and looolly. In gonorrhoea, after the acute
stage is passed, we may use hydrastin (commercial) in water (1 per cent.)
twice daily, or 2 com. (or f-"ss) of fluid extract may be added to 2-10 c.em.
(or Oss) of water, and used as an injection in subacute gonorrhoea, vaginitis,
and leucorrhcpa. As a mouth-wash in syphilitic affections Ihe tincture may
be added to water and freely used. The fluid extract, either in full strength
HYnii-ieTia
459
or dilultd witli water, i* likiMviM a Ix-nofidal loctl ramcdj' in nwTcurial or
tpfathoos slomatitU ind follicular nhaiyngilU. The same application tany
M made with advantage in riMurt'u nipples and otorrhu». HydraHlie una
hrdlHlinine hydrochlorate posee»8 a sphere of owfiiine-iii in dermntolojcj'.*
mat 0.13 tij 0.38 Gm. to 31) c.cm. (or gr. ii-ri to fjj) of wati-r, or distilled
vitdi-basfl, nulcM an excellent lotion in hyperidroiiiii. Its stimulant effect
apoo tbt »ebtc«oii£ glandular system renders it nl^o of avail in aene nnd dry
fcborrhtra. A UM>ful ointment may be prepared by incorporating 0.32 to 2
Cm. (iir (tf. T-xxx) of hydrasiinine liydrochlorate in 31 Gm. (or Jj) of oint-
n«Bt DUU. Hydn^tiao ointment i<timulatcs ulcers to repair and at the same
tiuK deetroys the ftetor of unhealthy dischargee. For this reason it may be
mnpriately ii*od at n dr«(»ing upoir tiloeralvd c^areinoma and in bromidro-
m. This ointment is an excellent application to chancroids and chronic
R EnrotjMD,
Naiihtol n> SI Gm. or Sm.
HydnatininB hydroeUoTRlH 132 or 130 Gin. ur ar. v rel xx.
BtMnutht •nbnilratls .....' 4| Gm. or 3j.
L'n^uniti aimplicia i). i. nd 31 1 Gm, or Sj.
U. Sig.: t.'*r(ul ia hjrptrlilrMl*. l>rORililTiMi*. acn<r, and *ptioiTh<E«.
gr.i
Oni. nr Sm.
c.cm. or tjM.
p.pm. ur fSlv.
■-
B Hjdrmstinini! hydrodilorati* 132 or 1
N'Bphtfll >.... 8
TlDct. ((uillaJB IS
Tlttri. iMinamnlUk q, a. ad ISO
M. tt (t. Ml.
A loUco tar byperidn»U. tene, and teborrhtei.
R ExL hydrulU IL,
Ext. ttgoUt tL aa 30| ccm. or (JJ.
iL Sig.! Um •• a lo«*I aiiplicAllon. In ll««ir« or ^roU[iw of ttt anus, ulccra-
of tke rwtiun, bKnorrhoidB. iiiitl ulci-rulioiu or uroMDiii «t ttte oa UtcrL
Cnhcallhy utcerv. sloughing ^oros, and chancroids are benefited by the
loeil anplicatibn of the fluid extract. In affections of mucous mcmbranee,
»aciaity of catarrhal character, hydrastis and its preparations ar« most
cAcimt. In the chronic gastric catarrh of drunkards, iu duodenal cftlarrb
vith iir without jaimdiec, or chronic catarrh of the lutei-tiiie n-ith ulceration,
It is an excellent r«'medy. As a vegetable, bitter tonic, it is employed in
tDomia and conrali'Six-ncc from fever*.
Aei-ording to Fedorow. the fluid extract of hydraitli.t, in Aom-s of 1.20
t*iiL (or IBM) four timra daily, is an eiccllent remedy in the treatment of
nlwiinaltf vomiting of pregnancy. Jordan* report* that in au oWlinate eaw!
ttf membranous dysinenorTh<Ea 1.54 c.em, (or mxs\) of the fluid extract of
htdrvlia twice daily, beginning eight days Itcfore each nienstniation, was
litUoved by a curv. In nialanal ailaeke it is les^ eflieient than <)nimne in
ekeefcing the pamtyxmi^. )iut is uM-ful at a stomachic and general tonic.
Bninftit lessens the di*chan;e of albumin in chronic ItrighlV diwaw and
■fmonv in catarrh of the bladder. Sebati pronounces it a useful agent in
tMitinlling hstuorrhagea from the uterus. The effect* of hydnutis in cancer
'8(C piprT hv the auUior. on 'nrdniKtit and IlTilnKtJniiM Hjdiivfalorat* fn Dl»-
mmm M thr hkln.'^ in ih* itedlail ItalltHH for M»s'. ISHS.
TimlnlUait fttr tJptOk^ So. %, 18M.
''4fil»
PIIAltMACKUTICAL TlIHJUrEt*TIC AGENTS OU DBUUS.
are vi^ryprobolilv limited to its sction as a motor n^rre-tonic and its stimu
latinK effect upon ihi' digestivo orgniii;. The report* as to thi- favorable
action of hvdrnBtiniiio in utiTine hneniorrha^e have been coiifinned by Gott-
Hrhalk, Cz«mpiii, Knllmorgcii. and other i)liiM.-rTi.'r«. ^M
llUeding ho^iiiorrlKiidn are itucces^fully irt'ated by Marini' with fluid^|
extract of liydragtis, in sweetened water, 0.18 ccm. (or wiij) being taken
every hour during the day. In an obtilinate case that had suffered with
hiDiDOirbBges for fifteen yeare, and in which hypudcrmic injcctionE of crgotin
had failed, this trcatinenl caused cefisation of Row in a few houra after its
administration began. It was continued for ten consecutive days and there
was no return of hamorrhage. The same author pronounces hvdraiitia ihe
best pultnunanF' hiemostatic. 31. Marini maintains that it is the preferable
remedy in the haemorrhages of flbromyoraafi, and that it is the beat means
of combating the hRmorrhagee of pregnancy at any stage, provided it is
taken al t>ulfieiently proloni;t-d intervals — tlml is, 1.20 c-cni. (or inxx) everyj
three hours or four timee a day.
In coucluaion, M. Marini lays down the following principal indicationj
of the dnig: 1. Uydrastis CanadeDsis administered at any etsge dnrtn^^
pregnancy, in amoimU of from 6.20 to 12.10 com. (or wic-cc) a day for 8cv-i
eral consecutive days, has no dangerous action on the mother or on the fcptua;,!
it is the some when it iitpveu during labor, i. Administered cither during
pieKuancy or during labor and delivery, as well as afterward, it eiercises an
invariable htemoetalic. ciimlive, and propbylael ii- action on the uteru*, with-
out exercising any ecbolic action on the uterine muscle or moderating the
contract inni>, !). It i» a much safer remedy in the luinds of midwives than
ergot.
An analysis of sixty-four ob&tetric ca^es ha> been published by BoMl
in wbioh he made use of hydrastis. lie administered it vitb success ia
puerperal hemorrhage, in placenta prwvia during dilatation of the os uteri,
and as a prophylactic against post-partum hemorrhage from any cause.
He employi-d th<' fluid extract in large dose* (6,2u to I".'. 10 c-,cm., or mooc.,
daily) for several days at any period during pregnancy without ill effect
npon eithiT molhiT ur child. U. Marini, m un oxytocic, found ibat it was
not so rapid in its action as quinine, but he always used it without the h
danger in the following formula: —
^
R Extrncll hydrnrtia fl ,,...,,.,. t\ c-cm. or tnlx.
8odii 8Hlicyliil.i8 i..,.,,^ 2130 Gin. or gr. xxxviij.
Stidii bomtii - ill Gm. DC gr. xlv.
A()tm' incnlhiv )>ipntM 105] e.cm. or fSiiiss.
Swchari q. b.— M.
A dessertspoonful of this mixture is to be taken every half-hour until'
labor occurs. At tlie same time, two of the following capsules are to be taken
every fifteen minutes; —
It Quiiiinfe sulphlitU
Cnilrinn;
M. To make «ix tapsnies.
• IndrpmdfiKV MMlfitlf, Apr!! 17, 18B8.
With the employment of these prescriptions, labor is hsstencd,
UYOKOOOIVLE.
461
parluui tteemorrhage becomes less abundant, and tliere is lesa danger of
taacular trouble.
According to ItoiiBse,' b.vdrastinine hj-drochlorat*, in pill form, is verjr
•fft-r-tivp ill uicriiie hwiunrrliugtw, phthisical ni^h(-»wi-ut«, liwmoptfGiCr epi-
kiMV, An<l tiopbrilis. Its liasmnetatic action is particularly shown in all cases
ot rungfctivc nivIrurTliiigiii. in m^norrlin^iu, in hirnionbagc after purtiirilion
and abt'Ftion, in b£croorrbj|;e conse^uetu upon displacements of the uterus
or diMSKs of the adnt-xa, and in htemorrhagc during prcjpiuncy and labor.
In mynma and carcinoma it is of no me. It has no unpleasant etfects; it
iloM iwt upset the- stomach even when given in large doMti. Cotarnine hy*
ilmcblorate slows the action of the heart and gives tone to it, so that it is
el {Treat value after loEf«s of blood. On the olber hand, it has no vawmator
action, although it slrengthenR and accelerates the contraction-t of the gravid
ntrniH. lIvdraKtininc is porticulurly dititinguishc-d from cotaniinc liv its
cmler rapidity of actiiin, ^o iliat it may be recommended aa a stimulant, in
place of ether and oumpbor. in i-cveic acute annrmiji. Cotarnine ncle more
ikiwly. but more permanently, and is preferable in chronic uterine aOcc-
tiPBs especially venous slasee. Both drugs increase tbi.' pains of labor, and
pnibsbly may awaken them. Hydra.itinine contracts tbe uterine and in-
tntinal blood-vesficl^; ootaminc dilates thorn. Tbe author thinks, theris
farr. that both remedies are u.-iefnt in haemorrhage due to uterine atony, but
htdr^stinine is to be preferred. Ilydnititiniue possesses unquestioned hsmo-
Malic victuei^, and Dr. Paul Stra.'iimann, from an experience oi iwenly-scren
n««6, considers it crticaeioiie in mcnorrhagiu and metrorrhagia. lie gave it
in pill form in the dotte of 0.03 (Jm. (or gr. ss) and liypodermically ag high
H[M.l£5to0.l3Gm. (orgr. i-ij). In »omo caecs, however, this dose proves in-
BoiKcient and, in order to produce tbe same effect, must be repeated twice
or thrice during the dtiy.
Uydrastiii is useful both in tbe biemop^rsis and night-sweats of phthisis
and is strongly reeommended by Kruse. He administered S c.cm. (or f3s«)
•■[ tbr tiiiid extract in ihi> evi-nin;;, and Ibe result wo* maintained for three
«erks after a thort coutvp of this trealment bad been discontinued. The
ability of hydraslis to control profuse perspiration, not only in tubt^rrulosis,
bm alwi m other diseases, is (-onfinned by Olszewski and other writers. Ac-
lutdinglo the invciiligHtionHof Punik, bydr»xlininri:t nf ^iiecinl utility in tbe
hnH>rThagF.s of puberty and tbe menopause and in those due to lesions of
tha appendages.
Hydrastinine has be«n proposed as a remedy in epilepsy, and in sereral
laMB its experimental use hoe been followed by a dl^iminiition in the fre*
fnaK; and severity of convulsions.
HYDEOCOTYLE. — Water-pennywort. Indinn Pennywort. Hydro-
rt-iiln V. iiii^i (riiifxillifera', Ortbo.ijicrmii'), u perciiniitl iT'i^jHrr indigenous
■■ I al Asia. Africa, and America, contains a peculiar oleaginous suV
urnif-d Vellaiin, which lias a bitter taiXe and a «lrong odor. In small
hydroeotyk- is a strong Rlimulniil to the skin. Large doses cause head-
tdui, itupur. and vertigo. I1iis remedy has been employed In variotia chronic
IrHUm ImttmalUtiuiln 6e Fhanaamilipntmit, \\, 3. 4, and r, I, St Crntral-
Mur />r Ci/miikototir, J*n 31. iS90.
40S rnAnitACBnicAL tiibiui-kutic aobnts ob i>s);o&.
Ekin diseases attemled by scaling; and itchinje;, in i^pliililic anri scrofulous
lc9toii», lupiiF, ))Kom«ii>, t'cxi-iitn, niii] li-pra.
Thirty-one Opi. (or .y) of the ()ried leaves, made into an infufiion, may
be taken t)i rough out llic clay. Hyilrncotyle appcare to ox«rt a slimuUiting
iiifliii'nci' upon the gonito-iiriDaiy apparatiifi.
HYDROOENII DIOXISOU (k'.> Aqua Rydro^nii Dioxidi, t*. S. P.,
and Liquor Hydrog«nii Feroxidi, li. I'., uucIit Barii Dioxidnm).
HYOSCYAUUS (U. S. P.)-— Hyuoyamua (Henbane).
HYOSCYAMI FOLIA (B. P.).— Hyotcyamn cleaves.
Dose, U.;i^ to U,li5 Gm. (or gr. v-x).
Freparatione.
Estrartuiti llj^>«cvaiDi (U.S.P.).— Extract of HyotFjraraus. DoK, 0X1 to Oi>6S
Cm. torp, V.-j)-
Kxlraetum Hyoicyuini Fluidum (U. S. P.).--F1uid Extnct of Il}-<mc]r«itiiia.
POBr-. 0.0(1 to 0.30 c.cm. (or nii-v|.
U]-u«i:t'ii[i)iiiu! Hvdrobroma* (U. B.P.]. — Hyowyaiiilne HydrobroiUAt*. Doa«,
Q.am to 0.1)008 Urn. (or gt. V»'7u.).
Hyow.inie Ilydrobromiu {U.S. P.). — Hf»*cinc Hydrohromnt*. Door, the m,ni»,
hyiHtdpriuk'H lly.
Tlncliirn Ilyoii^'ami (U. S^P,, B.P.I. — Tinflure of Uyowyniniui IIA ppr cant.:
B. P.. 10 |wi wnt.). DoM, I.3I) to 4 ccin. {or muxfSJl.
Uyosoyaininii- Sulphna |L'.S.P,, B. P.|.~H)'09i'}:aiiiino Sulphnln. Dow, tt.OOnS
to O.OCKW Oiii, i<ir p-. Vb.-7,»1-
lIVQscinw ItvilrobromiduiTi (B.P.). — Kyo^cinr Hvdrubronndc. Dot*, 0,0003 lo
U-fKHHt bm. lor gr. V«.-Vi»).
t^trnoUim Hvowyiinii Virida (B. P.). — On«n Bxtraot of Hya«cyaRia«. 11im»,
O.l.'l to 0,.i Oiii. |or gr. ii-viij),
Siici'iiH Hyoiryaiiii |B. F.|. — JiiJM of Ilyoicyaniuii. 1)(ih?, £ to 4 CjCin. for tSam-j).
Pilula Col ocyn thill is rt Hyospyatni (B.P.i. — PiU of CnlorynUi and Ilyoacyaiitua
(compvutid pill «'f I'uluc.vnili. TK) Uxn.; vxtmct of liyoBcynniiio, ii Utii.). DcMe. 0.25
to O.SO Gm. (or gr. iv-vlij).
Pharmacology.— "The leaves and flowering tops (B. P., th« fresli It-avea,
flowere, and iTunch) of Ilyoscvainus iiigor (Solanarni-), eollected rrom plants
of thf Mi'Oiid vrtii's grouth," an herb of t!u> lUTiln-rn I'nited Stnt<>!t and
Europe. The chief con(-titiienl \f an alkaloid. Hyoscyamiiie, which i& either
an oily liqiiiil or in tiiflcd iTvMal.a, yellowish or colorless; diiieolvi-K readily
in alcohol, ether, chloroform, and IwiiKin. IlyotiL-vamine is also veiy eoluble
in wator; uith noid» it furmi* permanent, crystallixalde wall*. lL ix iitumerip
with atropine, and probably identical with dat urine and duboisine. Hyotoine
w a derivative of hyo*eynmine, and in. very much more powerfnl. even 0.0001
Gm. (or pr. Wo) producing decided effects. Ilyofcine occurs in the form ot
nu oily, alkaline liquid, having a narcolic odor, and solidifying to a crystalline
mflts on cooling.
The root and the seeds contain more hyoseyfltriine than the leaves, but
their strength is more variable. The inspissated extract of the leflves wa«
omitted from the last V, 8, Phanniico]Mi'in on aocoiiDt of variability and
uncertainly of the dose.
The relations of these alkaloids to atropine are thug given by A. H. Tj."
Dohme: From byoacyamine, Ladenburg obtained, by tb« action of alkalies,
tropine and tropic acid, which ho found identical with the eubfitancee of
HTOaCTAMCS.
463
th» tmme name obtainvil from utropinc. On uttpmptiog to minit^ the prod-
oeto (rum hvi^^vamine, hoirever, by iiienas of dilute acid^ as he bad done
mcMe of atropine, he did not obtain hyoscystniiit.-, nis cxpccUHl. but atropiop.
This tbow* that hy<t»cvainine and atropine are isomeric, and that the latter
i> the etabltr form of the Ci,>i,
mnUfulf under ordinnry conditions.
If byfwciii*', wboiw formula was beliercd to be i.4iiineric with that of alropioe
afid hvo^ryamiDe, is treated with dilute alkalies and f|>Iit up into base and
add, <tifterent prodaclH are obtained than tropine and tropic acid. Laden-
\mf called th« bate he obtained thus from hyosciuc pMndotropine, which
ncan* "false tropine," and ^ave it the formula C,II,,>tO, which in the ^mo
ac the formula of tropine. Hes«e hao shown that this pecudotropinc it not
imneric with tropine, but hast the formula (',II,,NOj, and further that
bywcine itself is not an isomer of hyoseynmine and atropine, but powwecs
tbv fcrmtila C',,U.,XOf. It hence contaiuH two hydTngcD atoms less and
MM! oiygen atom more than they. Hesee finds that when pure hyoscine is
MpoBified by moans of dilute alkalieH it yields the compound Ci|tX„NOi,
wktL-b be calls uscine. and tropic acid according to the equation: —
C„H„XO,+ H.O = C»H.,NO, + C^,.0,.
The tropic acid frradnally changes under the influence of the dilute
illuli into atropic acid by losing a molecule of water, thus: — ■
C,H„0, = C,H,0, + H.O.
tTbile the alkaline hydroxides at higher temperatures or by continued
action will rauM- this decomposition of the hyo^ine, the nikaliue csrbonatct
asd ammonia will not, and at ordinary temperatures and during the ordinary
nuiipulalion of an a«My even the alkaline hydroxide* will not decompOMt
&B hyoscine or other mydriatic alkaloids. lAdenburg had obtained byoe-
~ io 1880 as an uncrvKtAlliailde ayrup from belladonna and henbane, but
' r in 1SS9 obtained it in crystals from the root of the plant Scopolia
■trnpAidrf, and gave it the name of Scopolamine. It aUo occurs in sensible
aauMinl in henbane-seed and in some kinds of duboisia-lesves, as well as in
mail amount in »tramonium-i«ed, belladonna -root, and perhaps aUo in
other plants. Scopolamine occurs in the form of large, transparent crjstala,
Wt sl^tly fohiblv in water, readily soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloro-
tarm. Scopolamine unilea with aciois and the haloj^en bodies to form snllt,
SoBW dlfferenres between the phynological action of hyoscine and scopola-
■liiH are accounted for by Hesfe. who found in conim<riifl! -n'lipo! limine hy-
dnibraniate an admixture of n #mnll proportion of atroioine (C,,IT„XOJ:
a b«#c ifomi^rtc w ith hyo<scine. .\iroecine is a strong ba^ which completely
BnitrattZM mineral acidi. and ammonia or alkalies Eiberale it from its solu-
tiao «a Mit in form of oil drops. Uesse made the hydrochlorate, hydrobro-
arte, asd hydroiodate of atm^cine, all of which are soluble in and crystallize
teadiif from water in Iwauliful crystals. As hyoscine and atro«cine yield
Ht uaw product on hydrolysis, it ocenrred to Ilesse that it might be possible
t« coorert hv(>»cine into atroscine. Ue had previously noticed that byoe-
mt in nlcdholic solution lose* its optical activity if alkalies are added
te it, which in the light of his recent ob^rvations lc<) him to believe
Itat a conversion of the one into the other was possible. Schmidt has
PlIARUACSDTICAL THERAPRCTIC AORNTS OB DBV09.
slsD obtained, from an opticulIy-sctivL- gropoliimiui.' by tiic acUon of mot
silver oxide, a wcll-crj'Btalllzed base melting ai SA' to ^6' C. which In
cnUi'd i-scopalaminu: i.r., indJITerciit Ktupolaininc. Xumorous cxpcri-
mentj, however, noon convinced Jlesse that this loss of optical activity
wag due to n conversion of the hyoR-iiic inln o:^dnc and tropic acid, and that
in no cane wa» any olhpr alkaloid formed. The i-eicopolamiiic is uuqtic*-
tionably identical with ntrosciiic. The power of dilatation of the pupil of
the eye of atroacinc in 0.1-per-cent. -wilution i» more rapid tlian tlint of atro-
pine and fully as strung, and itti paralj-eis of tiu- optical accommodation is
abo more pronounced, more rapid, and more laaling. We, heme. hat-« lient
an alkaloid which in all re*pcct« is superior to the general ly-UEcd mydriatic
HlliBloidfi. From the above we learn that the name Hcopolamine ivhich bus
for eomc time now been in um in chemical literature and has even becu
adopted by, and introduced into, the German Fharmacotiieia »boiihI be ther
from erased, since it is merely a mixture of hyoscinc hyclrobromatc and at
cine hyd rob romate, and not a chemical compound.'
^ysiologicat Action. — The effects of hyoscynmiie arc similar to iho
of belUdiuiim mid !-tianii>iiiiim, but it i* more calmative and leiis irritant
The delirium occasioned by it is not accompanied by hypeReniia. It is w?d«
live in painful aiTectiun^ of the genito-urinary organ.*, und exerU a mil
diuretic effect. liyoscyamue occasionally pivce rise to a bright searlatint-
form Ta«h riiniilar to that produced by belludonua. It is earminotivo and
laxative to the digestive tract, ilyoscyamine and, to a greater degree, hyos
cine are valuiible a» hypnoUcs in diiwrdercd conditions of the mind aecom
panied by cerebral hypcra.'mia. They lower the pulse-rate and frei)ueue
of the reGpJrations. The heart it; fittgtilly (Impressed; thi- respiration finnll
is paralyzed.
Aa a result of various e\perinient.>*. Professor Koborl, of Dorpjit. has
failed to detect any essential diircr.nec between the action of scopolamine
and that of hyoscine. He determined that scopolamine reduced appreciabl
the electrical excitability of the brain. The symptoms of liyoscyamus poiso
ing are analogom to those produced by belladonna, and are ireated in th
same manner. J. N. Roussol has noted ii\ two cases a peculiar effect upon'
the gustatory sense after the administration of ordinary dof>ei of hyoscy;
mine (V4 rug- ■>'' gr- '/««)■ The piitienis (hyslerfcul subjects) complained]
that the hyoseyamine granules produeed such a disagreeable rastc. like asa-
fetidn, in the motilh that they couid not continue them. This effect wa>,
on further investigation, not produced either by atropine, or by tincture of
belladonna or hyoscyamu* given separately.
Therapy. — In painful affections of the bloddnr liyoscyamus exerts
soothing influence when administered either by the moutli or in suppositories^
Decided relief is given by hyosevamus in incontinence of urine due to irri-.
tability of the bladder and in vesica! tenesmus. Dyspnoea and iumultuoufl
action of the heart, dependent u|>on valvular diw.-(i«\ are nmterially relieved
by the exhibition of liyoscyamus. In colic of various kinds and in oonilips-
tion it is beneficial, espeiially lo correct the drastic effects of purgatives.
UyoHcyamUB has been given with advantage in chronic gastric catarrh.
In the pains of locomotor ataxia, and in Iremor. liyoscyamus is very effi-
cient, OS it is aUo in delirium tremens and the delirium of fever. Irritaliv
s-
'Dr«in»l«(«' Circular. Oct.. ISM.
HTOSCTAMPB.
4G.1
i^iri^littitu. or wliooinn^^cough U floiueiimee markedly improved by it.
Th» tntiBpnsniodic uction of liyoscjumiu Koden it of ovnil In the nutiinge-
mrat of dioren nud hyMtcrtesl convulsions.
In nrrvous cough the following prvRcription will often be found of
icn'ice:- —
ft Ttnrt broacfRini I0| com. or l3««.
Sjrru|i. )>ruiif Virg li)*| c.cm. or fjiiiac
U. Big.: DrMCTtqtoonfu) ei'tr)- tliird or (ourth liour.
llyo«c>'aiiius is capable of umeliortiting pninlul matudivK, such as ocu*
nUgia {e«pcciall/ viweral neuralgia), herpee Meter, and dy^meoorrhoea. Id
tWt airootioiie liyot^cyamiiv mfty be combined with opium in ordrr to coun-
'' < lon^tipalin^ effects of the latter, or may substitute that remedy
liar eiiM-i-ptibility to its action exist*.
il^rusi^vtimiu exceU belladonna and stramonium in hypnotic effect, and
r* i.-<in«'mn.-ntly ut^rful when a remedy of this charuiter is rci|iiircd by chil-
dti-n. I>> u'hom it is remarkably well borne. On the contrary, it is not well
wpportMl by aged people. A poultice may be made (lc«veii, 2; flanced'
immI, 6; boiling water, 30) and employed for the reduction of swellings and
tbe relief of the pains of sores.
Profi!»Aor Vemeuil mentions a case of obetinate neuralgia which was
cored by hyoecyumiue. after rmection of nerves iind nmpulntinti had failed
Id alTord relief. Mr. Knibleton has found a combination of hyoecyamine and
rirychuine very useful in sejii<icknv4«. But it i» in asylum pniclice lliot the
W*t r>-»iiiift from its use have been obtained. Chronic mania and delusional
i&miitT derive benefit from it. Binder records a case where 0.06.^ (>m. (or
ft. j) of amorphous hyoecyamine was given in acute mania, and il quieted
Um fnticnt and produced sleep; bnt he consideni it iiseleaa in delirium
tnanens. Uyoscyamine wparatcs from ether in an amorphous form, which
m ooneidrrahly lew potent than the crystalline alkaloid obtained from so1u>
tiMM in chloroform. Amorphous hyoi-rynminc may be given from 0.01 to
O.HSGm. (orgr. 'A'))- Kinger expressly utatea. however, that the moximiim
daae causes sleep so deep and paralysis so marked as to be alarming, and that
(■■Iler doses should be preferred. Aa a rule, miieh smaller <\ntvi ate effi-
ci*-Bi in acute mania than in the exacfritotions of chronic mania.
A rn*e has been reported by Dr. Hugh Hagan, of Atlanta, in which
alaniung eymptoms followed the administration of a single dose of 0.0027
"I" f.ir gr. '/,,) of Merffc'n hyoset'amine. Hie patit^nl wan n man. 57 years
, - . Euffering from paralysis agitane. An hour after taking the drug he
■I 1- Aiixx. lost hia »ighi entin^ly, and suhse<)iienlly complnincd of severe
• tte. wiih soreness of the throat and tongue. The face was flushed and
I '-h proelrnted. The iinlne van regular, r.r*]iiniiioti slightly accole-
ra . there was coBsideraDJe mental confusion. Subcutaneous injec-
tK!^ ■' "15 Gm- (or gr. '/,) of morphine and a little whisky relieved the
■«iti,'-.>!ii[K<na within a few houn.
The atnorjdx'us hyoocyaniine of commerce contains an admiilure of
inff, and confudon has arisen, therefore, as regards the proper dose,
anthorities have asserted ttint the amorphous hyoscyamine has a much
ire powrrful action than the crystalline form. On account of this uncer-
tsfiit* of t-omposition, danger is avoidtxl by using only the salts such as
limine hydrobromate or sulphate, or hyoscine hydrobromatc.
486
PUABUACSUTICAL TTISBAPBVTIC AOBKIS OB DBDOt.
llyoflcyamine has also proved of Rreat value in recurrent mania, llur-
ri'll has found it ol good wrvlL-L- in chronic dementis, with agitation and
di-structiveness. It diminifikes the number and violence of the attacks in
rpileptic mania. HyoKcine hyclrobromate prodtic^ similar results in much
fiinaller doses (0.0013 Gm., or gr. 'Ao, bj- the mouth; 0.0006 Gm.. or gr. Vioo.
hyiMHicrmieuIly). Both of these agcRl« havi- mydriatio effects, and can he
used in opbthaimic practice to dilate the pupil: but duboisine is equally
ellU'ti.-ut and leu expensive for this purposi-, mid homairopiiie hydrohromate
safer and more reliable. Hyoscyamine in ciygtaU is an excellent mydriatic,
altliough amorphous hyoscyamine liof Ix^cii known to linve an irritant olT'.-ct.
In exceptional instances, hyoecyaminc sulphate provokes painful spasm of
the eilian* muscle The contraction may be overcome by repeated iiistillu-
tions of the remedy until paresis is obtained. In cases of great ncr^-ous ex-
citement and insomnia, Prof, S. B. HowHl reports to the author that liypo-
dennic injections of from 0.0004 to 0.0008 Qm. (or gr. Vno-'/m) of hyoaeine
hydrohromate were ujiimlly followed, u few moments after adminitt ration,
by calm slumber. Sleep generally continued for several hours, with no ill
eifecls, nsa rule, upon awakening. Slight im-nlal diihirbanciC was occai^ion-
ajly observed as the patient awakened, but even this condition rapidly dis-
appeared. Howell furihi'r stale* that injections of hyoscine hydrohromate
have never failed him in cases which had been upon the protracted use of
morphine. Hyoscinff hvdrobromatc may be used with advantage in dows of
0.0006 Gra. (orgr. '/,„„) to allay the convulsions of cerebro-spinal meningitis.
Hyoscine has been successfully used also for the purpose of checking sper-
matorrha-a.
A toxic dose of hyoscine hydrohromate eause."! a rapid developniciit of
vertigo, followed by sircpjne».!9, kiiss of oonstiousiioss and convulsions. Aftet
recovery a tonic nniscular stifTne.'s may remain for several hourt.
Malfilutre and Lemoiiie, aftur the ujc of hyoscine in sisty-lwo patien
most of whom suffered from some form of insanity, conclude that it is an
excellent remedy in mII cuiiditions of insomnia with af^itatlon. In some in-
dividuals it produces a temporary intoxication. In others the dose must be
constantly in. reused in urdi-r In mnintniii the hy|>notic effects.
Scopolamine hydrochlorate has been inlroduccd into ophthalmological
practice, and. according to liie estimate of Raehlmann. is about five times as
powerful as atropine. It is used in ' ',„■ to '/5-per-cent. solutions; of ihe
latter 0.37 or (>A:i cent. (<ir »(vi-vij) m;iy be administered daily to an adult
or us»'d every fifteen minutes durins an hour and a half. Weaker snlutinns
are employed in the uwe nf children. Scopolamine hydrochlorate is said to
produce no unpleasant after-effecta or double vision, and drjmess of thn throat
IS not caused except by very large doses, but some cases have been refiorlcd
in which dnnjjerous symptoms wore observed after itji use as a mydriatic.
Instilled into the eye. thij! salt ha* been of s«'rvice in the treatment of iritis,
cpisch-ritis with infiltrations of the sclerotic, pcricimiea! injection, pannns,
and suppurative inflammations of the anterior section of the eyeball. Kar-hl-
ntanri iifalcs that in five ca^p« it caused a diminulioii in the slie of a hypopyon.
It is said that it ha* no influence upon intra-ocular pressure, and is especiallir
valnable in inflammation of glancomatous eyes. The duraljon of the mvd-
riasis and the paralysis of accninniodatioti was from twenty-four to forly-i'ight
hours. l>r. Thomas R. Pooley, of Xew York, has obtained satisfactory rc-
aulte from the use of scopolamine, but has obeerved three cases in which
te^i
nYFNAU
467
■rmlntMl very marked toxic effects. Ur. Charles A. Oliver considers ecopo-
Imunv bvOnibrotantf-. id plastic irJtU. wlicrv quick and active meaaurcs are
m awveeny during the nrty £tai*e, as very important, but it is less valuable ''
in pr«tuii^ ca»(«. In iho latkT clii»£ of casv», where more permanent eiTecls
■IV desirK), be alt«matee iia use with atropine, lie had not encountered any
ijvplnmM nt poiumiDfT, altliough whrn he bad used it freely he had obwrred
^iimr«e. inro-ordination of movement, and drovsinees.
HTPHAJL — Xonoehloral-astipTrio. Cbloral forms two definite cr^idal-
lin« coniliiKuliont- vrilli aiitip.vnn: niiin<^- ami bi- chUiral-aiitipyrin. The
IM ie kaou-n BE bvpnal, which is an oilv litjuid with an cthor odor atid chloral
tMtr.
Fhyiioloipcal Action and Therapy. — Pr. Schmidt, of Xone.v, found
(iui 1 >.t:ii. tor mxw i.i i->|iia[ lo iilxnii o.ftU dm. (or jfr. \i\m) of chloral as
•a bypDolic: upj>D rcspirulioii it h iiboiit cciiial. while upon artvriut pru^^uru
■fid cardial- contractions it liMif Iv'^ vlTect tlian chlornl alont-. In the stomach
:! > niitre potHinous thau the amount of chloral contained in it. In the
tbiut-nturv tract it tii itplit up into it« two constituents.
l»r. ^''raenkel prefers it to cbloral because it is nearly taiftclcM. ie devoid
«( qoaliliei irritating to the mouth or stomach, and conBtdere it an unrivaled
■DooriSc, espei-iatly when insomnia is the result of puin. It i» i^t>'"''''j!^'>'
kJnble.and is jiiven Bu-tponded in mucilai^'c. in capauleiiorcacheti!. Matti^on
vntr*' that he ic^urdi^ hypnal as particularly adapted to cbiUln'n and to
pUients with phthisic, lessening fever, pain, insomnia, and unrest, lie
ITeconiini-ml* the fullnwing fonnulii «f hyjjiinl: —
B H»i>n«l .11 txm. or mxv.
Alii'holio - ST f-em. or mxj.
Evliiin* vfI Bj'ni|ii ad ISl c.tfiii. or (Jh.
M- Si)[.: Oar dew: to lie MIowpd hy onp-lhird of ■ tumI>U-i nt waXai.
ETPBONI. — Pheayl-methyl-ketone. Beii«)yl*in«tWd*. Hypnouc is a
m|cirlr*5 fluid, ini>(iliiliK- in unti-r or glviTrin, aiiil po^cM<'s an aromatic odor.
Hypnone is very soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, bcnm, and certain
4ii*.— Ill the oil of Aweet almonds. It hax been hypmh-rinically employ<tI.
- f<rably administered in capsules, 11 has some hypnotic poirer, and
: th-d iiy the hiii)C!- nud kidney.'*. In large doMw it eiiuse» coma and
ptraiystfi uf heart and respiration, llypnoue ib thought to be especially
«dB;>iMl In the inramnia of alcoholism, and is likewise rcfranled as an excel-
''^■'. iredalive in mental alTeclionH and nervous ineomnia in doses of 0.30 to
Tijai r.cm. (or inv-x).
HT8S0?1TS.— HyiMp, the herb Uyssopus ofGeinalift (Labiata>), cotitainx
■bant ' , i>cr cent of h \»la(ile oil, with tannin and a bitter principle. It
B Mimulani, t-anuinative. and sudorilie. and is given in solid or Huid extract
in dAtnach disordcpi. n-ccnl coMb, etc.
EYSTEROHICA- — Hy»ten)nica, -t Haplopappns. The ITj-»ieix>nica
tUyiahurn (Conipositir) i* ■ niilive of South America. It is a perennial plant
.■tih eval leavM; iK-ars a yellow flower: eon1aini> an ethereal oil having the
' VrrflMl JTemfVt.
466
rrtARUACEITTICAI. TnERAFECTIC AOEXTS OB DRUAS.
ejwuifie otlor of the pUnt, n grifiiwli-blacl; renin {aim of ihe 8ftin« ft(Ior),
{!Utii, and glucose. The rrain is excreted hv the kidueje, the oil by llie
atig». I>r. 0. Ruilli' re|i"rt* thgt th« infn«nn is im excellent reinwiy in
diarrhren, nnd it has jtrfldured Rood results in both aoute and chronic dywii-
torv. Tlio infusion it, wiid lo he of wtn-iw r« a xtuiiiachic tonic, and w like-
wise reputed lo jjossess eminvnugogic propt-rlie*.
It ha» »]»!} been proved iiM'fiil ii> llio diarrhn'fl of phthisi!) or caac
Jlvsteronicn alla.ve inflamniation of the broneiiial miicou? menibraiic, Iffisei
ox]ieelorAlion, and c]iii<?l:> coti^h without cniisiii^ xicknesn of ih<> Pioniacl:
It promoti-E the action of the ki(ltiei|-« ond diminishes the oSenfivct odor o
Ihf uriiiu in veiiii^a) <'atarrh. Thia renmlv increases the acidity of the urine,
socntf to be wilhout eir>.Tt upon Div piTKpiralor;,' ^ landt^. and sesiste the heal-
ing of wounds. It may he iiwd as a vehiele for remedies like the incrcuriaU
JD order to prevent ihe proditvtion of diarrhirn. Given in ntcoholie lint-ture,
it dues not produeo constipation.' The linctiire is made hy mneitraCin^ UK)
parte of the driifr in 5l)ii parts of £'0-per*eeiiI. uk-ohol for ten days, and ita_
dose i» from 1 to 8 ccni. (or mxv-xxx).
ICHTHYOCOLLA {U. S. P.).— I«ingl«H.
Preparalion.
Eail<lfl«lrititi lolittiyocollED <U.S.P.).— tsinglius-iiUatvr, Coiirt>|ilaiilPr.
Fbarmacology. — "The swiuiming bladder of Acipenser Huso and of
other species of Aeipenst-r (^cIass, Pisces; order, Stiirion«)'*; or, more def-
initely, the inner uiuulrane of the Bwimmin^ bladder, which is xeacnUr
spread out in ilryinc, fonning flat sheets, or leaf-isinglai*. The kind im-
porte<i from ttussia is the most valued. Chemically, it is an exceptionally
pure gelatin, known lo chemists a.« j^lutin: it i« free from odor and taste,
and is soluble almost without residue in boiling water and in boiling diluted
alcohol. Isin^loK* docs not diwtolve in mid water, as gelatin doe*, ami, there-
fore, is a valuable constituent of cements. Both are precipitated by tannin.
Therapy. — Isinglass is used for clarifying infusion-t, and may he boiled
with railk for internal use in bowel disorders. A codliver-oil jelly is made
by mciins of icinjflass, aecording to the formula given bv Br. Whitla in his
excellent work on Materia Medica: —
H Olci innrrluiee >■ 1601 r.ciri, or (Jv.
Iclitbyorolln > ......i ■■••..■. 8 Gm. or Sij.
l>ulv. Mii'ch. alb ,..,..'.,. 4«{G Ori. or Jm.
Olei plmcntn an S4 c.cm. nr miv.
Oki cinnamonii , 18 V-<rm. or miij.
Aqum sol c-.rm. or (JJ.
M. Thie pre punt ion U Ijiki-n r*orilly by children, aud can bt given in U-aspoiin.
tut dows. alune or in milk, <uiiii^-juiru, tie. i
The well-known court-plaster, itprend on *ilk. affords a convenien?
method of approximating small wounds and excluding the air; the addition
of on Hntiwplic. like salicylic acid, i« au improvoment, fonning salicylalf
isingla^- pi aster.
' Piiri* Icllcr. TtifTiiiicutir tm^tlr, !*p|il.. 3890, p. 640.
' ThrmpfitHi' fi'urllr. vol. xiii, p. 2«I.
ICHTHYOL. — Iclithyoiiilplute of Ammoniuiii nr Sodium. A peciiliRr
'(■jiiifiit fniitiil iu till Tyrol, vi tt Ijitumiuouo rliaiacler, yields, upon
' n.B tHiT.v-lookin^siib»liiiiCL> Milled it'liilnol.N" iinnii-d froTii tin; fnct
iiK- iit^po>4it sppeani In be the forsil remains ot fishes, it is jiurilipd by
lUli'ni ntnl willi Ktiliihiirio acitl. k-hthyni hni n di'ciiU'ii mt'ir, n'liicb
- very unp)cfl.-aiit. The oij^r may be diBjiiiified by thi' adilition of
al, of Ihf oil of citrom-ltii or by a mixtim- with oomiiHriii. (Cou-
uiu laati odoritiis prinrijilf c^ntaiiu'd in ihi^ lonku besn and other rr»;;iant
■Bti.) It i)* rntiitjy atkiibni-. mid (tuntaln^ Ui ]»t oi'nt. of :>ii])itiur in tlii>
nnn oi a sulphur acid. It is iioluble in h mixliin- of alcohol anil oiImt,
ftrtfUiy mtxt^ wiih oiiitiiiviit and fats. It is gciivrally ivtvd in u lO- to
fi>-pi-r-wnl. oiiilnieiii,
Pbydologieal Action and Therapy. — Ichlhyol applied extenially, as
»rll 8^ nlifn iidmiDistervd. hnt similar ai'tiun. in many respects, to itulphur
nil t»t. The r»-¥in coiiluiiufl in icluhvol niiiki-K it cxoirodinjrly objectionable
' eiirrnal application on accounl of tUu stieky or ^niminy deposit left upon
lilt). Artorditii; to thi- exm-tietioi- of 1h<- uuthor, ithlbycd is irritating
iiite)niiueni of many, niid is poorly abeorWd in the majority of cascii.
iyol ;ii\i'n inlonially him, in some inmances in the wrilt-r's experience,
ione^l uiore or leas jiastro-intestinal irritation, followed by diurrhu'a.
p. A, itu<v|uart. of Rriii'seli^ ha* reported wvernl 01*1.11 of Kostro'intevtitial
iRIctiUieB attended by rarions nervous mnnifeGtAtinns in which he found
inli-riinl ad minict ration of ichthyol very UKufnl. He (f«ve the drug in
lily dose of (l.(">i ccm. (or »«Vi»)- J' '" P«'d to check the climiliation
^ttuniin in BriKhl'* dii>e«i«e and to be tii>cfiil in pyeloncphriti*.
Thi- Inv aptilieaiinn of a Vii-por-cent. oinlment camfk iiarcolipin ond
rtnpcir in a child, followed, however, by recovery. In the case of a noRian
rh<«e ondomiitrinm had been curetted on the puceding day, Bergerio mw
.* rapid pulse and general depression, which continued for about twelve
ioan, follow the injection into the iilrrine cavity of a xulution containing
•ihinl of ammonium ichlhyol lo two-thirds of plycerin.
L'unn confident ichtliyot the bf«l agent for trvHting ocrtiiin chronic itkia
f, especially eciema and p!<oriasis. A 20-per-cent. ointment In some-
luvful in acute erysijictas. and ali^o for the pain and swelling of the
I accompnying acute iheuinali»ini. Ichthyol lias been applied t" bums,
llivi* eiylhema. intertrigo, herpes i'>»Ier, gout, and neuralgia. It 1*
reheve the pain and promote the healing of cracked nipples.
>r. Hami'm Guilera», of New York, tlutn' that a i>i'-per-cent, ointment
'im f^ren him better resulie than any other oounter^irrilant in Konnrrha>al
Itrnmnttiim. Ichths»l ointment hn* been employed in chronic eczema, acuc.
tirwia. lupus, and keloid. Dr. Aguer indorses its value in enUrgenicnt of
finpfaalii! gUodg, and it act^ well at timt.-* as an application in chilbUJus and
IHitliyol han liM-n extenMveiy useil in gynivcnlogical practice. It baa
ban fonn<) of serrice in cervical and corporeal endometiitis. ))erimetritia,
j and l»rimi:lritii>. Il prorii<Hi-* the rapid iilii<or])tion of recent exudates. Dr.
I bdMrd Bloch esteems it particnlarly valuable in the treatment of piiinfnl
aflanimalory diii-ases. lelilhyol exerts 11 giii)d etfect upon ncnte gonorrheal
^a^jl^apccilic vaginitis, in which it manifests also a decided aMringent
^^^^^l^^puii rbe Ti-^retH. .ladiiK>iihn appiict) with advantage a 10-per-cent.
^HBHff of ichlhyol in gonorrheal catarrh of the crrvix. Thi> injection of
PHAKMACECTIOAI, TFEBAPETITIC A<]RKTS OB DRUG
11 3- to o-pcr-ct-nt, aqueous Eoliitiou if bcncficifll in gonorrlinui of the male,
diminiHhing the (iischflriije, relieving the pain, and preventing tho chorikr.
A '/j- to l-per-eeiit. soliilion mny bo ctniiloyi-d to wash nut tho bliidiier in
cases of cystitis. Dr. Schaif! all(-viate<i the pain and reduced the sttvlling
und inflammation of the prostiilo hy the injection of a lO-pcr-cent. watery
solution into the reetum.
rntin ndviiies the eombincd external and iiiternnl finployment of ich-
thyol in leproLsy. and several caseB have been reported in whiL'h this method
wos of coii>'iderabk' apparent benefit. The n-niedy has been iwed in siiinll-
pox in order to prevent pitting. Ur. Lorenz haa found an ointment con-
taining 1 to 10 per ecni. of ii'btliyol .terrieeaMi- in scute coryza and ail iclnda
of inflatnniatton involviDK the mucous membrane and skin of the now.
In other couditioiui, accompanied by pain, as in acute spraioft, the
resuIlB of its use are sometimes satisfactory when applied with friction or
ma!i«ss:e. In uterine cancer a ^S-pcr-ceot. ointment m said to relieve
pain and modify the course of the disease.
ThioUnio Acid. — Thia substance is prepared from n iiulpharated Unwed-
oil by trt-alinj.' with sulphuric acid, and occurs as a thick, dark-green, viscid
insHii, which lit insolubh^ in water and acdubic in alcohol. It contains 14.3
per cent, of sulphur, principally in organic oonibinntion. Thiolinie acid
combines with alkaline liasfs, ami its salts are soluble in water. The acid has
u fainl odor, which resembles that of oil of mustard. The suits are without
odor. It is thought that Uiiolinic acid will prove to be sn efficient subetitute
for ielitlivfil.
Ichthalbin. a combination of ichthyol with albumiu, is tasteless and
odorlcsw iind frco from moMt of Ihe ohjectiouB ajcainat ichthyol, and is used
Sfl a substitute for the latter as a dusting- powder. Dr. Samuel Wolfe em-
ploys romprtsiied tHblil.i (iif each, 0.32 (Jni., or gr. v) in diphtheria and
various chronic and subacute niToctions of the mucous membmrir* of the
atimentary, r(?>piratory, and ^eni to- urinary tracts; from 10 to 12 of these
tablets were udminislered daily, with good ciTect. In florid and inflammatory
tlermatosen it i» one of the best internal n'medies, according to Wolfe. It
is u vahiablo intestinal antiseptic, and is preferable to ichthyol for internal
(lae.
I or
)cid I
lONATIA. — Ignatia. Bean of St. I^atins. The seed of Strychnos
Tgnatii (l/iKH'iificea-) ciiiitaiuK two alkiiloids, both highly poisonous. Strych-
nine and Brucine (from 0.5 to 1.5 per cent, of each). Strychnine and
its suits iin.' olTiciiil. (Si'i- TSSux Vomica.) ■
Therapy.^The medicinal uses are the same as those of nus vomica/
except that the dose should be sniulli-r. Ignatia is employed almost ex-
clusively for the preparation of the alkaloids. The following preparations
have been used: Tinctura ignalia? (tincture of ignntia, 10 per cent.); do*o,
0.12 to 0.60 com. (or mii-x). lixtractum ignali^ (estract of ignatia): diwe.
ti.Ol to 0.03 Gm, (or gr. '/•-!**)- Kxtraetum ignatias fluidum (fluid extract
of ignatia); dose, 0.06 to O.IS c.cm. (or mi-ij).
ILEX. — Holly. The leaves of several American species of Ilex contain
Caffeine, mid may be used us j^ubKtitutes for the Camellia then. Tn th
Southern United States the Ilex cassine (Aquifoliaccjp) is used in this w
to )!omc extent, but the Brazilian holly. Ilex Paragnayensie, is mueh
n
ILLICICU, ^ ITl
(nf, nnd is extensively lacii in South Amcm-B. in recent tiiriixion,
fit is known H» miit^, or I'liTuvtinv lea. Tin- inntC- In thv jjounl, in
tu\\ t)tr infusion ie made bj putiriiif; upon the leaves encmesivc qiinntitim
l-.tlifK.- water. Hie following anaij'iii^ will show tlic analogy ami the
:>-nee« hetwccD the ilex aod t«a and coftcc; it nii» made by Vi.
* iu.>Ti.,uQ Charles: —
PhhmI^* IVr>flHI«t*' ^rf*ni«c»
Tm 3.10 22.10 fl.KI
HoMtxl Mffc* 12(1 5.m 4.K
lfat« (1.70 21.00 <.10
Itcfiidee these consiitiienta there «re amall amounts of volatile ammnlic
wit, empiTeutnatic prfi'ltiet*, «tc., which mollify the effects of eneh upon the
tTttL-m. and upon ditfert'iit individuuk. lu the main, however; llie clFvcU
o/ initt- an* thoce i>( caffeine.
Fhjfiolt^cal Action and Therapy. — Dr, Charleg found holly stimttlnnt
to ihr lirain jimi ul.-'i to the --viiipnihelio syslinii the contractions of the
BiUKiilar tiF^ue of the hi.-art and of the hladder and intestine* were ini^reiisfd,
■ad the wrhole muei'^ular system &1imulati.-<I In increased lal>or and wakefal-
BCM. Itex aii^mcnte the Aov of nrine and unionnt of uren and phosphoric
acid. At present its therapeutic applications seem limited to the treatment
of bi-adnchM accompanied by constipation, CHpcciilly when tea and coffee do
atft tfrree.
nUCIUX (U. S. P.) -Illicium (Star-aniie).
Pharmacology and Physiological Action.~Thc lilicitim vorum (Ma^-
onluiccit) it a native of China and Siam: its fruit, which i« oiTiciat, cnnlains
a nlwKmt aromatic volatile oil reseinblinfi: that of aniiie, and aUo some fixed
iiiL Two spices. I. Floridanum and I. pan'iflorum, are natives of this eoun-
tiy, l»einjr found in Florida and adjacent States. The Japanese variety,
niianm reli|tiosuRi, containe a much smaller quantity of the oil. beddes ■
crystalline substance called sikimin or shik-inii, which is poisonous; so that
dtigenme results have foltoned the substitution of the latter for the official,
wch 83 violent epileptiform convulsions with cyanosij>. ending in death,
nildum-oil is oflcn substituted for the oil of anis«; uud, in fact, it is saltl
to he the chief source. Ur. K. Hnrral ha.s isolated a poisonous ghicoside from
iki krmel of Illicium paniflorum, which is not in the pericarp. The dc-
(oetion of the «ecd, if the Ao»e be sufllciently large, produces attacks of gM>
tnc irritation and vomiting, followed by paralysis, xnssthesia, convulsions,
nddfalh.
Therapy. — The medicinut virtues are v^imilar to those of anise and other
eanninatii cs. The crushed .seeds are sometimes popularly applied externally
la aliay the pain of earache, colic, rheumatism, etc. It also lias some repu-
tation in Germany in the treatment of bronchitis, prepared as u lea, although
Ihs form of administration is not r«conuncaded.
HDIOO. — Indigo ie ■ vegetable coloring agent, obtained from several
f^via of Indigofera (Le«umin<i'<f> of India. It is prepared from the
jtinu fif these plants by mnccralin); the jnecn twips and leaves and devel-
»]■■■ l nf fermentation process. Il is sold in nui.*s<-s of n Mn.- or pur-
pji' and should contain from 70 to 1H> per cent, of IndigO'bloe, or
472 PHARKACBUTICAJ. TBeitArBUTIC AOEXTS OH DBU06.
Indigotin. )n<)i^oi^iii»oltibk' in watiTaiid aU-ohoi. Thceiili>liiik'«f imlittit
i^ n liunXy nuiN^ tiiui mJxen nilh unU-r, (uriiiiti); lii|Ui[l \tl\ir. Ui4t-(I eliiellv aii
■ COKiriiic Bj.'ciit mid in solution Tnr chnnii-til u-et».
i>r. .(. ij. Joiictrt ha« Ui^i-d inilign uilli ii(lviinta|[(! in Uiirieoii K*»ee of
ttiti>:-ii«rrlin-ii. He prcsjcribeR (!4 Um. (nr ,^ij) of iodif^o tuix«il with 15,5 Gm.
(or ^is) of liifliumh ^uLmttrate, niul gAW '/, tcuspuonful in water three
1iin^»! n (luy. Under ite ndmini^tiation thi? urine becomes brownish pn-on in
color nnd nrqiiirefl an otTensivc odor. The stooU aro liquid and hare
obnoxious gnidl.
mOLTTVIN.
PhRrmacolofy. — luffluvin ii prepared from t)i<? Kizznrd of tbfi domesti
fowl, It i^ a ">it powdL-r, yi-llowUn ^ray in color, and po»^c^<« a faint od<
It U abnix'^t devoid of lasio. In^lnvin is insoluble in water and the usual
niuDHtma; it i-nii be adinini^lored elirred into water or milk. Inyluvin tran
bp conveniently ^iven to children sptead upon bn-ad and butter. The powder
haH the ndvanln^c of Win^; oonii>iilible with alkalicii. lU virlue^ depend
upon the prc-stnne of a peculiar biller principle. Dose, 0.3S to 1.3(1 tim. (or
KT. v-xx).
Therapy. — Ingluvin is of special benefit in the relief of sick stomach.
A* it is free from irritant propertie*. it may be pivrn with ndvanla^e when
vomitinf; depends upon organic alfectiona of the stomach, as acute and
chronic giistric catarrh and pai'lric ulcer. NauM-a due to disease of other
abdominal or pelvic viscera. — as the liver, kidneys, uterus, and ovaries, — ii
lilci-wiite n-lii-'ved by llic ndniini»lrntion of thin reined^'. Inghivin allays ih
gaetric irrllability Vliidi accninpimics tnbce meswikncji and marasmus.
It has been found of Ber\ice in relieving vomitinj; produced by th
abuse of alcoholic liquors. It is of advantage iti Kousiikness and in the n'lief
of Ihe tpistric irritabiiiiy of boille-fed babes. In the vomiting of prcpnsncy
it approaches the chanicrtt'r of a specific. In;:hivin is beneficial in <iy>ipepsi«
when produced by funclioiial inattiviiy. It checks diarrhoea caused bj
iudigei<tion. By reason of ils itiflnt-nce upon the *iloniach nnd bowels it
of sen-ice in cases of cholera infantum and chplcra morbus.'
nnjlA (IT.S.P.).— Innla. (Elecampane).
Dose, I to 4 Gm. (or gr. xv-3j) in infusion.
Pharmacology. — ""ntc mot of Inula iieleninm (Compoaitie)'' coi
Helenin, Alantic anhydride, and Alant-camphor, all cmtaliine be ^
and Alantol, a yellow liquid. Alant-camphor. in taste ana smell, BUggeeta
peppermint. It is dilTicult to isolate these siibslauces in quantity, and the
aUntic anhydride probably differs from helenin only in being leas oxidized.
Ilelciiin presents itself in the form of colorlcas crystals, free from odor, in-
«oluble in water, soluble in boiling alcohol, ether, and oils. Alantol ia n
yellowish, oily fluid, hnving an odor and taste resembling that of peppnr-
niint, soluble in alcohol and boiling at 392° F.
The substance which has lately been used to some extent in medtcioe
under the name of helenin appears to consist of a combination of the cam*
phor, the anhydride, and helenin proper, Klecampanc also contains aoi
'See fiaper hv aullior oti '"The Clinl(«l Applksti'in of lnglu»in" in Ihv
Bulletin, June, IsitS.
INULA.
473
littrr cxtnctivv. nn«] about 20 per cent, of Inalin, — a peculiar kind of alnrch
colored blue by iodine. Inulin occurs in tlie form of a nhite crystulUne
. drr. It i« bygiosGOpieftl, without odor or taste, ^ligliily soluble in water,
nluble in alcohol, ana, chemically, appears to be the anhydride of Iwvulosc.
C. Tanri't bii> M-jniniKd two iiiitwtiiiKv rt-Hitil'liui^' inulin, which he desig*
lut'.'s as ]>M-i]<ln-iiinliii and inulcniu.
Fbysiological Aotion. — The nctire pHnciplex of elpcAinpane have b«eu
the EDbject of an inTestigaiion bv Mr. T. J. Bokenhsm.' Korab, in 1885,^
tati found that the dnix inhibited tht development of tubercle bacilli, while i
Hueui Elated that, added to the urine, it prevented putrefaction; that it
tliminiiihed all tlic »ecre1ionK, but especinllr those of tJie trachea and larynx.
Id email doees it was said to prevent the sialagogic and diuretic action of
laudi. Bokenbam ha* demonstrated that any of the crystalline con-
itueote of elecampane will prevent the growth of the tubercle bacillus, if
preaiat ev*n in the proportion of 1 to ^0,000. The reault was the aame in^
(see of all the solid ntitrieni media usually employe<l in bocteriolof^cali
uenla. liquid m^'diu eoiitaining Inr^e i{uantiti(-s of bacilli in bus-
n become, upon addition of helenin, incapable of producing tubcrculo-
oreren an enlari;<'mcnt of the nearest lymphatic elands, when inoculated]
to healthy Ki^inea-pigs. In studying its effects upon other organiflins,'
keiiliom found that tupidly-growing microphytes were practically unaf-
by the presence of even 1 part of the driig in 1000 of the nutrient j
m. On the other hand, the streptococci pyogenes, streptococci ery-j
tis. and bacillus typhosus refused to grow on these prepared media,
experiment)) upon guinea-pigs n» ill effect was produced by the drug'
\ however great the daily dose administered. In no case was the course
ibe ili»ea>e foUowing inoculation with virulent material arrested, although
h was considerably retarded. The writer cited does not conHider himself
fBrtified in stating that any one of the constituents of elecampane-root pos-
MMMs greater value than the mixed product. Marpmann slates that the ex*
tntion of urine and uric acid h increased by inula, and he, therefore, sng-
ftHi that it may prove useful in chronic gout.
Therapy. — From its inHuence upon tuberele bacilli, it is possible that
Mrnin niiiy prove useful in the treatment of tuberculosis. A few clinical
erperiRiriiu have )>een made, but not #uiticient to warrant any decisive con-
tnitnns if- to the results.
tiood effects have been reporter) from its use in malaria, catarrhal diar-
Ata, whoopiiig-i'tiugh, and chronic bronchitis. On account of its antiseptic
jiroperiies, cnide helenin has been employed as a lurgical dressing with
".benefit. Helenin is EOJd to exercise a favorable influence also upon
diarrhtra.
Bunonic has reported very good results from the use of helenin in un- .
eanplicated leuconho^a. Applied locally, it irritates the vaginal mucous'
■onbrane. but, given by the mouth, it exerts a special infiuence upon the
flads of the cervix uteri. A few do«es cause the disappearance of the glairy
Aacharge of catarrhal endometritis. Hamonic has given the drug in the
of a pti! containing aliout 0.0] Qm. (or gr. V«) of crude helenin, two to
ills to be taken in the twenty-four hours.
itlin lias been used, in the dose of 0.065 to 0.13 Gm. (or gr. Uij), U) dyi*
BrUUh ilr^kttl Jomnul, OfI. 17. ISOl.
PnARMArUDTICAL THRBAPIOTIC A0BWT3 OB nBCOS.
pepeia and chronic putmonary afTedions. An inulin bread has boon
pared for the use of diabetic jinlients. This principle baa also been ndmin-
latcred in whoopin^-eoufih.
Alantol has been piven in IhedoMof 0.01 to 0.02 Om. (orgr, 'A-'/,), re-
pealed every hour or tvro, in chronic bronchitis and pulmonary tuborculosis.
The powdered root of elenniiipano is uaeii in decoction (I.j.S Om. to 4t3
«.cin., or Sss-Oj), swoctened and HaTorcd, which is taken freely aa a tlia-
phoretic and expectorant in chronic hronchial and pulmonary alTectionB,
(lygpcpsia. dy«mcnorrhcea, etc. It ha£ bci-n need, both internally and ex-
ternally, in eczema and psoriasis.
lODOFORMTJM (I'.S.P., B. P.).— Iodoform (CHI,).
Dose, U.13 to OM Gm. (or gr. ii-v).
Preparationt.
• Unftuftnlum IndnlonnI (U.S. P., R. P.).— OiDtment o( Iodoform <10 p«r otnL).
SupposituriA lodolormi lU. P.) .—Iodoform Su)>paMtoriF» (O.S Gin., or gr. llj).
Fharmaoology. — Iodoform was diecovercd by Serullaa in 1823, and in-'
trodiiced info medicine in 1837 by Bouchsrdat. and aleo by Dr. H. M. GloTer,
of Ijomtim, It IK prodnei'd by tin- nelion of iodine in the prenence of alkalitr^
upon alcohol, aldehyde, ether, acetic «ther, metbylic akoiio], and in minute
(lunntitioK when octinjt upon carbohydrates or proleid compounds. It occurs
in yellow, scaly crj'stals, which are insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol,
ether, and the fixed and volatile oil*. By a temperntiiro of above 239' F.
it ia fused and decomposeij. giving off Tiolent vapors. It ia prepared usually
by tnating an akuholic sulntion of potai^ium iodide with lime. Iodoform
baa a sweetish taste acd a peculiar, penetratini; odor, which adheres per-
sistently to the vei^els in which preparations of it have been made, and to
the clothing and hands of those who use it. Many attempts have been made,
with indilTen-nt success, to mask the peculiarly offensive odor of this sub-
stance. The essential oils, balsam of Tolu or of Peru, Tonka bean, menthol,
eucalyptol, thymol, nuphtalin. lar, and creolin have all been nscd for this
purpose. I.indermann's mixture conjiist:t of iodoform, 1; balsam of Peru,
3; and vnsclin. 8 parts. Instead of vaaelin, 12 parts of alcohol, glyc<Tin, or
collodion may bt^ employed. lodofonn mi.tod with 1 or 2 per cent, of creolin
and well triturated presents itself in the form of a light-brown powder, hav-
ing a faint, aromatic odor and soluble in alcohol and ether. This powder has
been applied with success by von Jakach to fulfill all the indications of iodo-
form.
Pulvis iodoformi dilutus (N. F.) contains iodoform, 2; boric acid. 8;
naphlalin, 5 purt». with oil of b<Tf;sniot q. s. It is in a line powder, and the
odor is entirely masked. The iodoformum aromaticatnm (N. F.) contains
4 per cent, of coumnrin. Other expedients which have been tutq^tcd arc
the addition of a small quantity of the oil of citronella or mixture with
recent ly-pround coffee. One of the best is that discovered by Sbiifell. of
dis.solving tlie iodoform in the volatile oil of camphor. This combination
was used both oe an ointment and a paste. If preferred, the odor of cam-
phor can also be removed by the admixture either of oil of bitter almonds
or of Canada balsam. Accordinjj to Pagcnkopf. the addition of a *niall quan-
tity of Russian lurpentine-oil imparl* a peculiar and not uuplea.tant odor.
lODOFORUCM.
473
Klin^liMim cnilnvors to accomplieh tho euihg purpoi^c ]>y pr«pariDg • solu-
tiDD uf iudofonii in olir4)>oil. He a<lda 1 part of iouofonn to 6 parts of olive-
oil tod »linkvE for lw«lve hotire. The clear ^atuiatL'd oil filti>r<^ oH contaim
tboM 3 per cent, of iodoform.
The odor of iodoform miy be removed from uton$iU or the hands by
vishtnK with a v-aiery solution of tannic acid. Dr. \V. Wsshbuni, of New
York, point! out that, as chloroform and vthcr arc solvent* of iodofoTtn,
they may be successfully iiaed in onler to reinove the odor of that snbetuiCQ
titna the hands, naiU. aad clothiii};. Bicnt-ct states ihut washing the hands
ooce or trice vith flaxsecdmeal in water causes rapid disAppearance of the
odot at tudoform.
Iodoform is very volatile, and should be kept in well-stoppered bottles
in a cool nlace.
Pliynological Action. — Applied to the sound skin, to mucous mcm-
bmnes. or to iilcoiv. iodoform (althouj^h containing 29 out of 30 parU of
iodine by weif^ht) is not in the least irritating, but. on the contrary, blunts
aenaibility and actaaaa local anie<thoiic. Iodoform producer the same effect
npoB mncotis membranes, particularly those of the rectum and vasina. Ex-
otption* to thi« rule, however, occasionally occur, Dr. Edwanl Mnrlin ha^,
lor instance, reported five cases of left-ulcers which were decidedly o^ra-
tated by the u*e of iodoform ns a dusting-powdor. In two cases observed by
Uahn a vesicular eruption followed the topical use of this dnig, and a case
of nnenliird urticiinii. due to the local use of iodoform, ha« been reported
by I)r. C. II. Powell, of St. Louis, Mo.
Intirnally. in ih»i<-» up to U..'(a to 0.38 Gm. (or gr, v-vj), it produces no
cymptoms. except slight increase of appelitC: iodine uppers in the urine and
alita within two huum and trncn continue for seveml day^ In larger do»es,
iodirfonn produces decided narcotic effects in dogs, with inco-ordination and
fiacgering, convulsions, and death. In man, poisonous effects have followed
tt« very free use in wounds, the principal symptoms being prostration, liead-
iche. faintncss, and persistent iodoform laste in the mouth. The tempcm-
tare ic affected, being increased to 104° F. or more; the pulse becomes mft,
fnJ'le, and mpid. Tlie face may lie fliiihi>d, the pupils contracted, and the
mpinition stertorous. Di-lirium and suicidal mania have also been noticed.
Sercml cases of death have been caused in thi» way, pn'Oi'd.^! by great anx-
iety and restleaenees and sudden collapse. In a few instances amblyopia hus
Imi (itut-rved in con^uenoe of the absorption of iodoform. Mr. Prteftley
South has described the case of a patient in whom toxic amblyopia devel-
«psd after having taken 64.5 Gm. (or gr. m) in forly-one days, .-\ fatal raint
» rrporled' in a woman in good health, who died of iodoform poisoning.
On (hi; Ipft leg there wa.* a small varicose ulcer which had been dressed
•iih iodoform powder. After this treatment tumefaction set in and the
Wg bemme red and painful, and at the end of eight days there was a gen-
naliicd eruption, which was manifestly due to the action of the iodoform.
Ob the legs, the thighs, and the body the cianlhem was lik-e that of measles;
•B the arms and the buttocks it was cbaracleriied by a very diffuse searlat*
iih>ii> n^ri«B. Od the red ground of the eruption there was a great nura-
^ 1, miliary veeiclea. which were detached and contained a I<!mo»-
o.«,,r., ii.jiud. She suffered greatly; her face was red and tumefied, and
' J>nw IMItmtt 4tr Is ^ulste Romta4t. 18B0. p. 431.
riuHuAt'crncAL TBEiurKCTic Aczvn oi dbuus.
there irns prQ[iis« laor^'malioii, lint no fcTcr. The genenil condition rapidlv
bcoumc u-orec, th« fac« nolo and drawn, and albumin was found in (ho
urine. Dyspnoea and wenlcneM became proj{TC»aive, and, in twenty days after
the oiisL't of the symptome, death occurreJ. Some yeara before the nalieiit
had had a similar eruption fijllowin^ upon the employntcnt of an ioaoform
dres^inj!.
A »iinnle tesit for iodoform intoxicntion has been «nggcst«d. A test is
made of the urine to nol« the quantity of iodine eliminated hy it. A
fniall pineh of pondered cnlomel i» placed uiioti a white Kaitcer, and then a
few drops of the urine to be examined are aropned npon it; a mixture of
urine and calomel is thin mode with a glass rod. If the urine contams n
notable amount of iodine there is produced a well-marked yellow digcoloru-
tion, whiidi .should indicate that the iodoform i$ being absorbed in sufficient
quantity to produce danger.
In ca»c« of d*ath from thi* «ubHtancc the Jjidneye, liv«, hear^, and vol-
untary muKcles tuiTL' buen found in a §tutL- of fatty degL-iK-rntioii. Tlicrf is
no doubt that in siomr patients an idiosyncrasy exists with regard to iodo-
form, just as there is with reRard to the other iodides. In a case witneeecd by
Demme, chorea appeared as one of the maniftntations of iodoform poisoning.
A severe general dermatitie, followed by desquamation and accompanied by
B profuse dinrrhfea, was observed by Kloman in consequence of the applica-
tion of iodoform to a chronic leg-ulcer. Urticaria has been witnessed as a
re«u!t of the oxternnl use of iodoform, and it« Admini«iration internally has
been known to produce a purpuric eruption.
The fir*l step in the treatment of toxic symptoms \» the prompt removal
of the iodoform from the body in order to prevent further absorption; in
many eases this is all thai is necessary. As remedial agents, stimiilanis are
required, and elimination favored, by Bponjiing the skin frequently with
warm water and aleoho), and the administration of mild diaphoretics. It
is especially advised that iodoform should not be used with carbolic acid;
that only small quantities should be dusted over rlie w<iund; that close
futures and tight bandages be avoided and free drainage maintained. As
Bome specimens of iodofonii have been found lo be adulterated and i^olored
with picric ncid. the reported bad results might have been due to thiv clause.
Potassium hioarhonate, given hourly in the dose of 0.65 Qm. (or gr. x), is said
io counteract the toxic effects of iodoform.
The pota^ium bromide is also regarded as antidotal, not only as a
neutral potash salt, but also hy virtue of its specific bromide action, and the
fact that it excels all other salt.t as a solvent for iodoform. Iodoform escapes
by the breath under its own form, and, by the urine, as iodide with a little
iodate.
Therapy. — The anaesthetic and antiseptic qualities of this agent make
it a tisi-fiil application, espceialty in gunshot and infected woimds, chan-
croids, phageda?na. and sloughing ulcers. It acts as an antiseptic, not by
deslroyinc bmieriii, but liy slerilixing the soil in which they might develop,
and, pofsibly, by neutral i;!ing or destroying bacterial products. Either in
the form of powdi-r or the ollicial iodoform ointment, it is valuable in bed-
sores, hipus vulgaris in the ulcerative stage, and enlarged or nicerated
acrofnlous glands.
An antiseptic and sedative combination, praised by Carazani, is aft fol-
lows:—
lObOFORMrU.
4i I
R I'nlv. UtiotoTta e8| Cm. M }tj.
Acid. nlkjrlU;..
BiaiDntli. ubaitnt tie, 23;3 Oin. or 3vj.
Pulv. mnpbor, ■ C\ Gta. or Six.— U.
Iodoform conetitutcs a eerriixable opplicatioD aUo to syphilitic lesions.
He ointment reduces iutlamniator}' action in buboea and mar prerent sup-
psnition. It is at tiiurs utit-iidc^'d with very good rccults in chronic wxi-mn,
isd has been recommended tn prurigo. In lialf or quarier stren^'th this
ataitiiient is useful in ophthalmia and granular lid». An ointment com-
MMd of 0.065 to 0.32 Gm. (or gr. i-v) of iodofonn rubbed up with 31 Gm. (or
si) of recipient is recommended ae an cfTective applitatiou in pannus, <!or>
Bnl ulcen, trachoma, and chronic conjunctivitis.
An ointment composed of 10 Gm. (or gr. cl) of iodoform and 14,5 Gm.
for sr. cciutv) of earholic acid to 31 (>m. (or .^j) of excipient laa serviceable
lual application in nasal catarrh.
ludofonn diminishet tb« pain of ulcerated carcinoma. In cancer of
Ibr Komb, a bolus or anod>'ne suppository ia recommended by Ringer, can-
laining from O.&O to 1 Gin. (org;r. viii-xv) of iodofonn, incorporated in cacao-
batter. This suppoeitor}' can be deposited in the cavity of the malignunt
olc^. The ««rellinjK: and pain of orchitis are dimtniiihed by the applicati»n
of iodofonn ointment. A aaturated Eolution of iodoform in chloroform rc-
hmn the pain of neuralgia and chronic gout.
It is a useful application, in the form of ointment or soluble bougies,
;tbe urethra in thv treatment of dcct or chronic gonorrhcea. T. ITiierry
it useful in the acute stage of gonorrha>a. He injects thrice dail>' a
mixture of 1 pari of iodoform and G parts of oil of sweet almonds. In pain-
fnl affections of the rectum and bluddcr, ilseiires, and Iwmorrhoide, eiip-
|«Mitorii-« of iodoform conlainin}; 0.33 Om. (or gr. v) afford great relief.
An iodoform suppository i« likcwice recommended for the relief of
dironie prostatitis.
Its solution in ether (1 to 4), "ktpl in rcd>glas8 bottles, it a valuable
ifeDt in treating ulcers of the mouth and throat. It has been shown by
P. Carles thai a saturated solution of iodoform in ether is very iinMabk't
bible u> sudden decomposition, the liquid assuming a reddish color as a
Hnlt of the liberation of iodine. The addition of alcohol and nb^^'nce of
fight retard this change. Combined with tannin and triturated together,
iaoofonn is a good ai^tringent for toft hypcrirophi<« in the nose, or in-
tsfllaied into tbe pharynx for poet-nasal catarrh, and into the nasal cham-
Un for ozvna. finely jwwddred iodoform, u»ed by inaulllatiou, is a good
•ppUcation in laryngeal tuberculasis. relieving hoarsenen and pain.
In order to overcome the practical ditlictdlica in the application of
pnrdered iodofonn to tuberculous ulcers of the larynx. Dr. Siemon pro-
naeta that it be administered by Inhalation. He employi> a solution of iodo*
fniB in essential oils. An inhalation flask being half-filled with ordinary
3entine-otl. O.'l'i lo 1 e.em. (or "is:-xv) of un iwlofonii i-<>lution are added
thi* i|uai)tity L* inhaU-d three or foiir lime^i a day.' The following eniul*
na a re<?oin mended by I^ Frey as an inJMiion for cystitis: —
leiatorm. U parts.
GlTirrin ,., 40 parti.
Oulillnl xnlT ,..,.... 10 liartx.
Tra(r>rB)il)i E5 |iait4.
'rnrinriat UnHml Jomnmi. S^L 1, IWt
4?8 rilAKUACEL'llCAL TUKUjlrGCIlO AOKNTS OR DRUGS.
A te««poonfuI of tliU mijcture is added to n pint of warm irnt«r, and,
After bein^ Kliakcn thuruuf^hly, ti»L-d tts un iiiji-ctton. The procedure is re-
'flNtud vwry liirci; days iitilil four injeclions have been given, after which
once a week will sulTiee, Tlii' lulc Proft-Mor Billroth oiitaiiicd most gralify-
inj; rc«ullr^ from tin- ii»> uf tin tod'-forni euniUion in lold al)»L-eiid and tuber-
culous curies, lliii mixture contama 10 Gm. (or 5ii»«) of pulvmxcd ioiluform
in 11>U com. (or f,Viif^iii^) of Klyeeriu. After mix'it .loniputous autiaeptic
precautions the abecees is cut down upuu luid opcnvd. the cttriotis hone is
ticraped thoroughly, and the t^vity in each fttw flcan^-d. The inner surface
of the abitcess-uall is iirmly rubbed by a {argv pledget of jodofurm f:nuz«. the
wound ii thin kI ili.-hi.'(I up, except a largk- opcniu}; through which the eniul*
6J0D is poured into the cavity of the abscess or the boue. Recovery sometimes
t«lc«s pW-c by tlt'-liri<t inlirntiuu. Ilsually a «ccond dresaiug is»oaii requirfd;
drainage-tubes are ini^erted, the deep parts close by first intention, and lh«
nujM^rllciftl ^■raniilatiiij; wound heal* under an ointment. In other cases more
suppuration occurs and recovery is less rapid, or, perhaps, the operation muet
be repented. The moi^t forbiddinj; cni'i.-M of large ahHCM^es, with numerous
fieiulffi, yielded the beet absolute results. He applied the same method to
the treatment of echinococcic cystis but added the c-uutiun that If the eovity
is very large there is danger of iodoform poisoning. This procedure is also
of value in the tuberculous joint diteasc of children and adullH. Dr. K.
Gnrrti, of Tiibingen, reports favorable results in goitre from the interstitial
injection of iodoform, dissolved in olive-oil and ether.
A 4-pcr-ceut. solution of iodoform in spirit of turpentine has been
found useful, administered in the form of inhalation, for laryngeal ot
monaiy tuberculosis and bronchorrhcRB.
B Indnform 4| Gtn. or 31.
■ anil '
01 tervbintli. r«ctilic>t. , m) e.cni. or (JJ.
Adniiiii-tcr (lorii n.ls to 0..10 e.tui. (or miil-r) bj- inlwlation in phtbtM* and
brDndiJi'('ta*i> willi liigli lciii|icrnliire.'
Shufelt's combination of iodoform and volatile oil of camphor has given
ffood n-Eulte when inhaled in bronchiectasis and phthisis. Chibret states
that iodofonn, freely sprinkled in the sick-room, diminishes the number of
paroxysms in whooping-cough and i§horlens the course of the disease.
Kapper has adrnntageously employed injections ot iodoform in the
treatment of goitre, Tic in<il\L'« use of a solution of 1 part of iodoform in
7 parts each of ether and olive-oil.
Tl may merely bo added, in conclusion, that in children intoxication
rarely ocurs as a result of the local use of iodoform, but thai old people are
very susceptible to its action.
For venereal sores: —
B IcMlotorm. , 41
Ol. cuEnptione It] r.i'ni. or f%\v.
Acid, tallcj-lic ISja Gm. or Sir.
Amyli q. s.
M. Sig,: Mako a stiff paste for applicstian to ulcvrated «urrac«.
It can also be obtained combined with dressings, as iodoform gauze.
' Dr. Powell, Quarterly Bulletin of Clinical Buraerv of N'*w York PMt-gnidtut«
Sohool.
lODOL.
eottot^ or wool, for use aa liim)>oDB. When applied to the surface of the
itody ilisfiolvfd in collodion, it reduces Umpcroture. In eanecr of the brcnrt,
iodoform in powder, or iit ointment, markedly relieves pain and renders the
progreee of the disease slower.
Intemallv, iodoform has been employed as an alteratiTe and as a means
of briogiDg too Exstein under the effects of iodine in phthisis, sc^fulous
alTectiuos, and liver disorders, but has not always fulfilled anticipations.
Dr. Wliitltt Epcflks in vcrj- favorable terms of the internal use of iodoform
ia phthisis, confirming the reports of Uresebfeld and other writers. It is
administered in pills, togelhcr with extruct of gentian or other stomachic
timie. The same combination has been employed in htemoptysis with the
tnort satisfactory r^-sults by Chauvin and Joriscnne, They have seen it auc-
cwd whrre er};oiin had failed. If considered judicious, tannin may be in-
corpiirated in each pill. Thus iriven, it creates no gastric irritation. Dr.
Oavoy reports decided amelioration of tuberculous broncbilis from the hyp-
odiTtaic injection twice daily of a quarter of u aynogeful of a solution of 1
part of iodoform in 100 parts of oil of sweet almonds. In some cases of
neuralgia the internal admin ii^tration of iodoform has given relief.
Some writers rcRard it of service in catarrhal jaundice and the early
itagt of cirrhosis of the liver. Id constitutional syphilis iodoform ha« failed
to approve itself ai a euperior remedy. In gastric catarrh iodoform renders
i*r\'icc in checking fermentations, but it* powerful odor ri-ndcn< it ob-
|ectioiiable to patients. Dre. Lardier and Pemet have obtained good results
a dysentery from the adminiislrntion of iodofonn in daily doses of 0,35 to
0.88 Cita. (or gr. iv-vj), given in capsules with opium. Favorable reports have
bten mode by Professors Moleschott and Bozzolo concerning the use of
iodoforiB in diabetes. The remedy was given in daily doses of 0.50 6m. (or
JT- Tiij). Other olwervers have failed to confirm these results. In 0.065 Gni.
(or gr. i) doses it has been used by Profet»or Sim and others in cases of Innia
Biu] Mcarides.
Odorleu Iodoform has recently been bTx>ught to the attention of the
pnifeKion lit ilic country' by &lessr». Johnson & Johnson. I( has the full
njotvalent of iodine an<i has the physical charactera of iodoform without
m objectionable odor. It is a cteatrizani and causes the rapid hv«ling of
wounds, acting in all respects like iodoform.
Di'iodoform. — This is another substance which has been brought for-
w«nl for the purpose of obtaining the benefits of iodoform without the dis-
■dnuitagi-s )M'rliiining to its offensive odor. Di-iodoform it a definite iodide
<if eaibon. and is derived from ethylene or olefiant gas. It is a yellow sub-
Oaim, almost free from odor at ordinary temperature*, malting at 377. G°
F, decomposing into its constituents under 392'. Di-iodoform contains
<-S2 per cent, of carbon and 95. 3S per cent, of iodine. It volnti^ic* when
hested.and can t>c sublimed. Di-iodoform is insoluble in water, and slightly
•oliihlc in alcohol, bnt it readily dissolves in i-arbon disulphide, chloroform,
and Itemtin. It undergoes alteration when exposed to the light. It is said
to W well borne by the stomach, and to be eomparativcly non-toxic. Di-
wdnform has been used with success by JI. ^laqiienne in the treatment of
>leet8lr<l chancroids and wounds.
lODOL.- -Tetra-iodo-pyro). By the action of iodine upon pyrol, a con-
itttneci of mineral oil, a chemical compound is formed containing about 90
'm>
I-UAKllACBUTICAL TlIKEArBCTIO AOESTS OH DRXTOB.
per cent. <if iodine-. — therefore a Utile less than iodoform, — but having ill'
imporlaiit udvaiUDj;i; of fn-edoni ffvm odor, lodol ooeuw lu a gniyish-whit
powder, whit'h darkens upon exposure to iJ^thl; insoluble, or nenrij- to, in
Miller; freely i^ohiblc in other, clilonifdmi. or nk'<.ihnl, and in fatty oils. It
is soluble in the gastric secretions, and, like iodoform, is dc^coinpoccd in tb«
orgutiitni. lodol is rupidlv ubfurbi'd, and iodine »'tim a|i]>ears in the saliva
and urine. It is ^id not lo produce tloiURlitiv or naKiil lutarrli. Profes.'^r
Pivk found that, wIkii given in quantities as large as S lo 3 (im. (or ^r. xxx-
x\\) a day, it pioduced no further ineonveniencc than j^oine headnehe and
diarrliii-u, whicn, however, soon disappean^. The eflecTd of'^odol arc similar
to those of iodoform, but it ie euid never to prodiiee tosic action when iiiwd
either m a topiejil application to wounds or when administered internally
in th« ordinary medieiiiul dosei^. Thi» statement, however, must he regarded
us loo positive. !)r, Mareus saw iodol eause death in animals from fatty
degenerntion of variout organi'. and it nice has iieen reporteii by, Laiienetein
in tthieh the external application of iodol caused vertigo, vomiting, fever,
and aHniriiMitiria.
Therapy. — lodol may be ducted over wounds in the form of an im-
palpable powder, or it may be used in oinlnieut or xolulion. An ointment
of iodol may he nuide of any desired strength, from U.05 Um. (or gr. i) to 31
Gm. (or ^) upward, and constitutes an excellent antiseptic drvEnnj; to
venen-iil ajid common ulcere, fumnclL-e, and carbuncles, A weak ointment
eontuininj; this euhMance ii> Ix'netkial in variola, in which it niitigati's the
active eutaneoufi inflammation. A stronger preparation may be employed
in tinea tonsurans, and is eapable of modifying the eonrw of pwriasis. Iodol
ointment is used with advantage upon the ynlargcd glands of scrofula, or
njion Ihe ulceni eonsequent lo their caseous degeuiTalion. Schmidt con-
siders iodol sn))eriar to iodoform in the treatment of tistulw. An etheri-al
solution (I to S) is used a* that of iodoform is: in ulcer* of raiieoirt mem-
-branee. Dr. Tar)>au, of Davos, obtained good results in oza-na from the
u-ie of equal pai-t* of iodol, inuTiie acid, and honu; a» a timft. Cervicitis.
CDdonietritif. and metrorrbn^ia have been decidedly benefited by the local
application of powden-d iodol. The topical iip|)Iication of iodol has boeri^H
found of (.en-ice by Professor Pick in vaginitis, whether of simple or gonor^^^
rhipal origin. ^
Admin ifteryil by insufflation or inhalation, this remedy has afTorded
relief in tuberculosis of the larynx or lung, and in bronchorrhipa. The
powder has been found of service in various diseases of the eye, and i* of
special value in catarrhal conjunctivitis. It is useful, likewise, in otorrhea
sMtoeiated with caries of bone. Iodol is also made into suppositories, soluble
bougies, iodol cotton, iodol gauze, etc. It may be udmiiiistered internally in
any form— since it has ver>- little taste and yields iodine to the organism
very readily— in the treatment of the teriiwry wKige of syphili*, in scrofula,
phthisis etc. In these affections from 0.32 to 1-Sll fJm. (or gr. v-xx) have
been given daily, and in the dose of 0.|:S to 0.38 Gm. (or gr. ii-vj) thrice
daily Cema ha* seen good results from the use of iodol in diabetes. Favor-
able results have hcen published by Pick, Cen-esato, Mtirtin. Lublinsl:i,
Seifert. Szndeck. and other obseners. Cirvesnto, in three cases, saw ahsor
tion of pleural exudations promoted by the internal ndiiiinistration of iodol.
Good report* have been made of the use in eerebro-spinal memn^tis «f
lODDlC.
481
Gombiiutiot) uf 0.3-^ Oia. (or gr. r) of todol and U.17 Gm. (or gr. usa) of
iMtaaili*! every thin) hour.
Ctffetne-iodol. — This is a crvstalline prodiirt obtiiiiiod by mixing alfo-
bolic solutiooE of cAlTeine and iodol in molcculnr proportion. It contAi&s
T4.C per cent, of iodol and 25.4 per cent, of calfeine. The compound ii of
i li^ht-gny color, destitute of odor or tasto, nnd is proposed as a subfititutv
far iodoL CatTeine-iodol ji* a nlablo hudy, and ii nearly or quite initoluble iu
wwt mcDstrua.
lODIM (U. S. P., B. P.).— Iodine.
SoM. OM to OMi Gm. (or gr. se-j).
Preparations.
Awnonll lodidiuu (V. S.P.).— Aniinonluin ln<lid<>. Dose, 0.32 to S Onk (or gt.
AtfraU lodlduin (U. S. P.).— Silver lodidf. Dow, O.IMS to (t-13 Cm. (or gt. ilj).
tmi lodidum SacclMratuia (U.S.P.).— Saccliaratcd Perrou* lodiilc. Dow, 0.13
to 0.H Qm. (or gr. ii-x).
Hjnbmfgjrl lodldum Ftavum (U.a P.).— Yellow Morcuraut lodld*. Dow, aOOe
uajaUn. (or p. '/»-'/,).
li«|tuMr lodi CVimpoMtiu 1U.S.P.).— Compound Solution of Iodine. Lugal'a Sold-
tkm (iodiiM, S; [wtanium iodidr, 10; dittilled water, B5 parta). Dom, 0.30 to 1.90
«(■■. (or BT'XX).
ZtB<i lodidum lU.S. f.).— Zinc Iodide. Dow. O.OUG to 0-SO Om. (or ^. l-tlj).
@]rrat>iia Acidi Bydriodki (U.S.P.l. — Srrup of Uydriodic Acid (I pw cent, of
kbaalsi* »rid). I>ow, 2 to IG cent, (or ISm-Isw)-
PQvln Ferri lodidi (i;.8.P.).— PilU of Perroiu Iodide. Dow. 1 or 2 |JiU».
Tlnvtuni lodi (L'.S.r.. Jt.P.f.— Tiiwlurc o( lodinv (iodinr. 7 per rem,; B, P..
i'f, ft nut.). Diwr, t\M to 0.'H> R.em. (or miv).
UnfucDtDni loili (U. ti. P.. B. P.).— Iodine Ulaluient |U. 8. P. «oiiUinit iodine, *:
fotualaM IcNtlde, Ij water, 2; bcn»>iiiut«i lord. 03 parto).
LiqiMT ArMRi et Bydnrcyri lodidi [U.S. P., B. P.).— Solution of Artme and
Umatiit lodldB (Dobovui'h •oTution, t per otnt. rnch of nrnMiic iodide and merruric
ladU*). Dom. 0.06 to ftW c.cm. lor mi-x).
8;Tnpiu Fctti lodidi 1 1". 8. P.. aP.l.— Sjrup of Kerroiin ludide. Dom. 0.80 to
t COD. lor mi-fSli.
pDtw^ lodidum IU.S.P.. &P.).~Potaanuin Iodtd«. Dom, 0.32 to S Gm. (or
gr »-Kx).
UnpKRtiim Polaasii lodidi (U.S.P.,B. P.).— OinUiient of PotaiaiiiiQ Iodide
(0. B. P. mntaini potUHiuin iodide. 12: Hodinin kj-ponulpliitc. 1; boiling water, 10;
NHDtaiM Urd. 77 part*).
Sodii lodidam (U.aP,, B. P.).— Sodium Iodide. Dow, 0.32 to 2 Gm. (or gr.
.^nrei lodidum (U. S. P.. B. P.).— Arwuic Iodide. Dtae. O.OOS Gm. (or gr. V»l.
Sul|.kurie lodidum iU.5.P., B. P.).— Sulphur Iodide. Dom, O.OOS to 0.25 Gra.
Iwt gr. i-i»|.
Ufdnr|[;ri lodidum Rubruin ttl.S.P.. B.P.).— Bed Ucrcuric Iodide. DoM.
■ MIIA I.. 0(«W «;»!. (or gr. '.'„.7-).
Ptinobi lodidmn (U.a P.. It. P.).— f^ad Iodide. Vot external u«c.
UnpirntutD Svlpbnru lodidi IB. P.k.— ■'^utphui-lodidp Ointment i^ Om.. or gr.
m. Iu laid. 4(1 Om.. or Jl"*)-
Liquur lodi Vuni> I B. P.i,— Stronif tkilulion of Iodine timlinr. SO dm.: piatii*.
•44UD IwUde. 30Gm.; difiilled watrr. M r-cm.; nlcohol, !M) per rcni., 300 im-id.I. Doie,
•M tn 1X12 exm. (or mi-ij).
PharmacoloCT- — Iodine is a bluish-jrray. non-melallic element, obtained
pin. ,-.,.Tlv from thi' nthM of stea-ueeds. It wan discovered in 1811 hjr
r. rid its properties invcstipatcd by Gay Lussao in 1813. Iodine
■rlia ami aublun«s at about 225° v.. but volatilixes at ordinary tempera-
463
PUAItUACECTICAL TUERirEUTIO AOBKTS OB Dl
titTOS, SO that the upper part of the botUc containing it i» usually iilled v\i\
tlift charnc-tcnittic violet vapor of iodiiio. It U very slightly soluble in wRtei
requiring 7000 parts of water; on the contrary, alcohol anti ether disgolre
it frG«lj, forming dark-brown solution)-. The addition of water to the aico-
holic solution precipitates pari of the iodine, unleaa potassiiun iodide be
added to thi; solution. The tincture of iodine may be decolorixcd by the
addition of a »inall ciuanlity nf ammonia-water, followed by a few drops of
carbolic acid, or by combination with Hodium hyposulphite, making colorlcM
tincture of iodine. The ammonia preparation should not be made in quan-
tity or kept on hand, os it may dcpooit the iodide of nitrogi'n, which is a
dangerous explo»Te compound. The combinations of iodine are numerous,
and many of them arc ofiicial. Ethyl-iodide is not included in the phomm-
CDpfBia, but has considerable medical interest. It is prepared by the action
of alcohol on iodine in pro«cncc of amorphous phosphorus. Phosphortu
iodide ia formed and reacts upon the alcohol, yielding ethyl-iodide and an
oeid of phosphorus. The former dit^tills into the receiver together with the
alcohol, whieh eacapes the reaction. WafiT is added and the lower layer of
liquid is separated, dried with calcium chloride, and reetilicd in a water-
bath. Ethyl-iodide is a colorless liquid, but becomes brown when long kept,
if exposed to light. The synip of hydriodic add contains 1 per cent, of
absolute hydriodic acid, which ia a gaseous body containing 99 '/» per cent.
of iodine by weight; it ii< readily dccompoaed, and is n valuable agent fur
the purpose of introducing iodine into the system in the least irritating form,
though therapeutically active. The iodide of starch, amylum iodntum (not
to be confounded witfi amy! iodidum, iodide of omyl), was formerly official
OH 11 menns of administering indino. but it has been jtivcii in ciunntilira ss
high as an ounce at a time with little noticeable efTcct, and is seldom used
at present. This may be explained by the fact that stareh is the antidote
to iodine, and is the chemical test for free iodine, by which it is turned from
a white color to bine. Iodine trichloride occur* in yellow pieces, and is de-
composed by water into hydrochloric and iodic acids. It is liquefied by the
addition of iodine. Iodine trichloride is a stable compound if preserved
from contact with organic mutter. Iodine tribromide has also been utilized
to a certain extent as a local application. The following are some newer
compounds: Atropine iodale (Ci,njfNOs,HTO,) occurs as colorless needles
solnhle in water and in alcohol. Its solutions remain free from germs for
quite a length of time, so tbut the addition of an antiseptic is unnecessary.
Codeine iodale (C,i,U,,NOj + iIHOj) occurs an white needles slightly solu-
ble in water or alcohol; witli nge the suit decomposes, assuming a brown
coloration from the liberation of iodine. Lithium iodale (I.ilO, -f 1-2H,0) is
a while powder freely soluble in water. Mercuric iodale (HgflO,],) occute
a» a while, amorphoiiii powder, almost insoluble in plain water, but eoluble
in water contninmg sodium chloride or potassium iodide. Quinine iodait
(C;oHj,N;0;.H10,) is a white, etystalline powder, soluble in water. Seopo-
lamine iodale (C,,1I,,N0,.HI0,) occurs as colorless crystals, soluble in water
and in alcohol. Stri/fhnine iodale (CjiUj.NjOj.HIO.i) come* in long, color-
less needles, usually con pi" me rated and soluble in wafer.
As the iodides are easily decomposed, this fact must be borne in mind
when prescribing Ihem. and, as a rule, it is best to administer them simply
dissolvcd in water or combined with other iodides. When potassium iodide
is present in solution with corrosive sublimate the biniodidc ii formed, wbk
IODl*M.
483
a mm diKolved in on excoes of potaseium iodide, fonning potafisiutn iodo-
Inrnrgynto. AlkalicK, alkaloids, and metallic aalli' geaerallj' are incoin-
)Htil)l« with itxline and il« mir^.
The Iodine Test for Semen. — The diflii;ully o( icientifving spcrinatozfla
ij tlie microfioope m ihc uisf of old siains is admitted. I-'ioreneo, of Lyons,
M introdaced a cticniical te»t which appears to be ralunblo,' judging by
nnnt reports. 'Hie reagent is one used in testiof; alkaloids, known as the
tri-iodid«of polaMliim (Kli). The formula ia: iodide of potasciiiuRi, I.60 Gm.
(orp, xxt); iodine. 'iAG Gin. (or pr. xxs\-iij): and distilled water. 30 ccm.
(wISj), \Vhtfn n drop of the litiiiid obtained by' moistening a seminal «tnin
ii pboed side by side with a drop of this solution on a slide large nombers
if peculiar bniwni.*h-red, pointed crystal* appear. 'Hiey are rhomboidal,
iMcjofiely resemble bffimin crystals. Dr. Wyatt Johnson states' that be
nadily ob'tairuil the reaction vilh stains a year old. He also conftrms
FlorvDce's statement that other secretions of the body — such as blood, urine,
ttfit, saliva, tears, bile, miik, pus, na»al or vaginal mucuH — will not give
Ike reaction. With the semen of animals in some caees he obtained a dotibt>
f&l rfaction. Dr. W. F. Whitney' also obtained the reaction readily. Hut as
lUiloids give a precipitate with the reagent, its value, like the guaiacum
tot for blood, is ohtefly negative. The last writer has found the following
■ethod of examining a seminal stain even as old as two and a half years euc-
coritL A drop of fluid obtained from the moistened stain is evaporated and
fatd by a flsmo. The film it stained with cosin and methyl-green and
■otBtML At the base of the head of the spermatozoa is an hi^mispherical
Mtioo, which stains a deep green, while the anterior part and tail stain red.
Tltii wrves at once to identify them, as there is no other oval spore or cell
vliich has an eccentric hemispherical micleus. He furlhermore claims that
tlia ictl proves them to be human, as in no other animal is there a deep
ilaiiUBg. ^Vhcn thi« te«l it combined with Florence's there ought to be no
AOeiillj in coming to a conclusion.
PhyiioloKieal Action and Toxicology.^Iodine discolon the #kin, tiirn-
iajr it bri'UD. and. if suffiiitiiiiy coiucnt rated, acts as an irritant, and may
tanse vesication or sloughing. \{u-t a rtiat of iodini- tbiTu- is romc hyper-
emia, and the eensoiy nerves are stimtdated so that the effects of a counter-
irritant arc oblaincs]; «u)i»>(|ucntly. ibt- superficial epithelial layer becomes
irj and peeU oil, leaving a reddened surface. Its vapor is rather irritating
Is tfaeair-patwige«. Iodine u a valuable antiseptic, and, when inhaled into
litfc bnitiebial lubes, or separated from the general circulation ami deposited
■piin till- I'lirfaiT of tin- bntnchial mucous membrane, it ixercis*-* a beuencia]
!!■*" jwn Ibe tissues and prevents decomposition of the secretions, [n
ti: li It i»ut tint irritant, but rapidly formit combinations with organic
■T I iimponnds and passes into the blood, where it acta as an alterant,
acLi , jliy <'"uriternct» llM-elTi;i'tBi>f thir.xyphilitic vjruii and pronioteathe
■haarptinn and removal of its products from the body. To a leas marked
*-?"- ''■■■! rvmedy act* upnn the tissues affected by tuherculocis, removing
rial and rendering them less favorable for the development of
Wi
IIL
1 he alkaline iodides are very soluble (potawium iodide diMolvtng in
'Jrrhilr* J '.4 ufjhrnfv.lotfte CrlmlneiU, Jaa., F^b., stid Marrli. IftOS.
'Siwron Unlicat and Surybnl Joumat. April 8. IHST.
■ JJMfM J/'dMJ and Sarjiitnl Journal, Apdl 6, 1S97.
•184
MIABMjkCECTICAt. TIIKKAPBCTIC AOSXTS OB DBUOS.
il» own vcifcht of water), and tUtfuse rcudilj iuto the Wood. They an- ex-
creted especially by )hc )ur-|)iii^(iKV>^, ninl frt-nueiitij- sei up a coryia and pro-
fiuif niucuM (liijcharge from the bronchial mucous mcmbrnnc, iux'oiiip»ai<.-4j by
swellinp, congestion, or tnlliininitiliun "f ilie lltroat and conjunctiva, with
mon- or lc*n irritation of the kidncVB and skin.
The most common form of iodide eruption iti that of pspules, or wheals,
which are darker than the adjoining skin and *urroundcd by a zone of
inilflinmution (acneiform); but occasionally, from some peculiar auacepti-
bility to the action of the drug, the degree of hyperemia \s so great bs to
lead to cITuiiion beneath the epidermis, and vesiclefl arc formed, filled with
dear lymph, which afterward becomes white or milky. Sometimes the erup-
tion is to universal that it resembleH chicken-pox, purpura, or raialNpox, but
ie unaccompanied by fever, or by more than a transient elevation of tcin-
peralure. An acute ecjiema, accompanied by constitutional disorder, has
been observed as a result of the ingestion of this drug. Dr. It. W. Taylor
has described a remarkable case of iodide eruption in which, after the ad-
ministration of incri-ii^ingly large dosce of potofsium iodide, a number of
large tumors appeared upon the face.
Other 6ympt«im:<^ — nuch &» hcfldache, unpleasant taste in the mouth,
ptyalism, disordered digestion, malaise, and emaciation — appear after the
svstem has become saturated with the drug, and these symptoms indicate
the condition of iodiilDt which varies in degree from merely a few acneiform
papules upon the forehead to a state of irritant poisoning. Oedema of the
glottis is an occasional effect of the ingestion of potassium iodide. Thia
nianifeslation, which t«kca place in the absence of any pathological condi-
tion of larynx or kidney, nas been made the subject of a paper by Dr.
Oroennuw. This writer refers the origin of I he accident to idiosyncrasy, and
remarks that it does not follow the repeated administration of large doses
of the salt, but manifests itself after a ft^w comparatively small doscc have
been taken.' Other unusmd manifestations of iodine poisoning are oeca-
»onally witnessed: (5autier has reported a ease in which the symptoms were
thought to be due to prolonged inlialotion of sea-air, and another in which
iodism was cau.sed by inunction with pota.isium iodide. Each of these cases
was marked by emaciation and prostration. In the second case 6xed delu-
sions and melancholic mania were present. Severn neuralgia, especially of
the trifacial, sometimes follows the administration even of small doses of
potassium iodide. Paine in the extremities are also occasioned in tome in-
stances. Jonathan Hul('hJn>on Iihk frequently noted a sense of numboesa,
simulating sensory paralysis, but disappearing when the use of the iodide ia
discontinued. AfTwtiong of tho n^■^^•cfi of special sense may be cansed by
thig drug; hypenesthesia of the retina, photophobia, fixed contraction and
dilatation of the pupil liiivc hoen seen as the result of the ingestion of iodine.
Dr. KiTiest Finger points out that, as iodine has been experimentally shown
to produce dilalatioii of the ei'^nbral blood-vessels, with retardation of the
circulation, it should be cautiously given whenever intracranial lesions exist.
He has known paralysis mid retinal hccmorrhage to be excited by ita use
In the absence of special idiosyncrasy, large doses are most productive
of iodiaro in children and old pi'oplc Maniacal symptoms have supervened
in consequence of massive doses.
■ Aerue de Laryvgotopie, etc Sept. 19. 1SD0: Vntleal BuUeilit, Fvb., 1891.
lOODU.
The phe&otncQa of iodism are particulsrly apt to occur in persons who
I mfler from naa] dUesite.
I>r. Vt. h. Iluefc) has reported a case of death from iodism. The ad-
I nimstrstion of a fev suuil] do»c» of potoMium iodido combined with i!,vrup
. of fcrrotis iodide was followed by inSammatioa of the eyes, nose, and throat,
[togvther vtth a bullous vruiition iiijon the- «kin. Death occurred on ihe
] tmtli day after the firBt dote had been taken from a low grade of pneumonia
ami iiiaiiitimi. A kum: of (iitul cinhi-xiii tliyri-opriTa' from xUv admiiiietra-
Uoa of iodide of potag&ium has been reported. The goitre was a large one,
and the attending ph.V8tcian ordered the application of a «alvc containing
iotiinr, and the internal administration of iodide of potassium, 4 (rin. (or
5i) pru die. The eStact of the medicine wu» very strikin)^, and in three
weeks the tnmor had grown much smaller; but from the beginning of
tbc tr«atmcnt, in addition to tymptoms of iodi«m. other eymptomr—
vBch BB ?omiting, trembling, and tachycardia — were present. The iodine
via givm up, but thc»v ^ymptomi^ of cachexia Ihyreopriva continued,
tad tbe patient died in about one month after the beginning of the
trcatmCBlt with marked circulatory and respiratory disturbancts, similar to
those seen in exophthalmic goitre. It appears that goitrous patients are
liable to a form of iodine intoxication, whieh is called by Geneva physicians
*^aslitnlional iodism,*' which mav result from comparatively small doses.
TrouMcau denied that this wag attributable to iodine directly, and claimed
that it was a condition of latent Graves'fi disease, aggravated by iodine. In-
' 'as pointed out by Jaunin,' the symptoms resemble closely tlie condi-
nown a« thyruidi:»m, sometimc-s aeaa after administering preparntiona
»i UijToid gland. Jaunin suggests the title iodothyroidiein as the pTX}per
ooe to designate these case^.
The treatment of iodifm it largely Hymptomulii'. using starch if there
B free iodine in the alimentary canal, deodorized tincture of opium, warm
baths, and large draughts of water and demulcents. Ehrlich has drawn at*
tantioQ lo the probable value, on theoretical grounds, of sulphanilic acid in
•HRcomiDg, or Dcntralizing, the effect of iodine. With regard to the dose,
t cem. (or f^isa) may be given during the day without int-onvenience. It
iimaM be gircn in conjunction with »)dium bicarbonate to facilitate the
talution of the acid.
□are has called attention to a pniclical point, which le that, with Ihc
administration of small doses of carminntives, the iodine reaction appivrs
•on quickly in the uliva than when the potofsium iodide is given alone.
Bp, therefore, recommends the combination of 0.60 c.cm. (or nix) of tincture
af capsicum, with each dose, which also causes it to agree better with the
ftonach.
Cbeminl considerations hare suggested the theory that the phenomena
»t iodiam an due to the liberation of iodine by nitrites prevent in tiie blood.
Thnehange can only take place in regions where the reaction is acid. Since
tidpbanilir acid d^^lnm nitrous acid, it ha^ been proposed that Ihc former
■ntititam^e, together with sodium bicarbonate, should be used as an antidote.
AMnrdiDg to Bohtnann and Malaehouski, from 8 to 1'^ Gm. (or 3ii-iij) of
•odium bicarbonate, giren in two do«es within twenty-four hours, will cause
• fltorrr*|MiMtm:-Uaf( f. ffi4irW:rr Amir. 1HIM. X«. X
■Jhfwr Ufitiattf ttf ta SuImt KoaiiHtlf, itnj 20. )8P0.
486
OR DKVC
the BjiDptoms of chronic iodine poisoning to disappear, 'niese wrilei
wise clfiiiii that, when potaseiiim io(]i<]c and soditini bicarbonuto an- iidmiti-
ieterei in combination, the symptoms of iodism are prevented. The csr-
bonote or llic oroinattc spirit of amnioniiim has been given with the iodide
for the same purpose, but with doubtful results. A few drops of Fowler's
solution, given in conjunction with the iodide, is, however, moro effective,
and will ueiially prevent the development of iodism. The a:isoclation of a
nnall do»c of belludonnu or an equal quantity of the pota^ium bromide with
iodide is also recommended as a preventive of toxic manifestations from
iodine. It should not he fci^otlcn that even a small dnse of iodine will,
in some persons, produce marked phyiiical and mental deprefiMou without
the occurrence of cor^'xa, gore throat, or di->iurb<'d stomiKh. An ariito form
of intoxication may also ari»e from the administration of iodine, the symp-
tomtt being those of acute gaetro-cnterilis, the treatment consisting of starch-
water, evacuation of the stomach, external heat, and hypodermic injections
of cardiac and respiratory stimulants. In a case of chronic poisoning, with
alarming prostration, Whitla availed himself of the fact that elimination
takes place largely by the salivary glands, and directed his patient to chew
peliitory-root : a |>owerful sialagogue. A reniarknhly profii.=e secretion o;
saliva containing the iodide was foUowed by rapid improvement.
Death has occasionally been caused by iodiue, whether taken into the
stomach or injeclod into tlic cavities of the body. The fatal event may be
delayed for a number of days and may then take place suddenly from heart-
failure. The vomiting excited by iodic intoxication ia of a yellowish-brown
color, or blue if starchy matter had been present in the stomach. Dr. W. 0.
Culpepcr has recorded a case in which the application of the tincture of
iodine cxicrually caused extensive sloughing, symptoms of acute iodiem and
dcjith on the sixth day. The pBtionl was a child of eleven years. Tn eoine
of the cases where iodine was absorbed from the cavities of the body the
egesta eonlaincd tb<' dru^. Indino, after absorption, enters into all the tis-
sues and fluids of the body. It is chiefly eliminated by the kidneys, partly
in the form of an alkaline iodide and purtlv in organic combination. Ac-
cording to Professor S6e, it accumulates witJiin the system when given con-
tinuously, and can be detected in the saliva after it has disappcard from the
urine. Iodine is probably excreted to some extent by all the mucous mem-
brants.
The iodides remove certain metallic poisons from the system by com-
bining with them to produce soluble salts; in such cases large doses of
iodides might liberate so much of the metal from the tissues as to produce
sym])tonii< of motallio jioisoning. This is exemplified by the fact that pota»>
siuni iodide may occasion salivation in an individual who has been upon a
nieicurial course. If a considernble i)uantily of the metal have been stored
up within the system, its solution and entrance into the circulation may be
followed by ptynlism. On the other band, when there has been less accumu-
lation of the mercury, potassium iodide will rapidly remove it from the sys-
tem. The iodide thus exerts an apparently paradoxical action, in that it
sometimes relieves and at others augments mercurial ptyalism. In receiit
eases of mereurialism, however, the iodidf will but add to the mischief.
Patients should be named, on the ajipearance of such symptoms or on
the occurrence of jodism, to discontinue the remedy at onec. Some are
unable to bear more than a few grains, and even so small a quantity um 0.^
n
lODUH.
Cm. (OT^. v) may produce oorjrza, nalivation, or a general v«»icii!iir eruption
-)T'^ the skin; others can take as many drachms without the vlightL-et in-
Mienu', aud nomo tlcmuitolugiiftKgivc from -16.5 to 62 (im. (or Sxii-xvj)
iTj jKiiassium iodide a day for tertiary syphilis without producing iodiun,
P»rt (if the good clTccts of tod liver-oil in these disorders is ascribed to s
gnail projMnioD of iodine which it contains.
In the iionital condition thf iodide* and iodine have no effect upon tem-
wnliire nr blood -press lire, when adtniDiftcr^d by the ordinary chonuels.
Inlroduccd into thi* v«-in», they cftii»e uliyht increase, soon followed by de-
cnue, of pressure. vVccording to Gunnain Si>e, potamiuin iodide reduce!
ibe tizc of the heart.
AaaphixKlisiac effects are observed after tlic long-continued u*e of
HtiMiutn iu<)ide, and the belief in gi^nerally entertained, though disputed
ay wm«, that such protracted use causes atrophy of the mammary glands
■od iMiicles. A full or somen'hat excessive dose of iodine has been known
10 cBuse sexosl excitement, and Professor Stills states tluit it may give riite
lo ptcfuM m«n9>iriiiili(>n or occasion abortion during nre^oncy.
(Hring to its solubility, potassium iodide is rapidly absorbed and rap-
idly rlimindl<-d. Within fifl<-rn minute-? afler its inj^eslion it is present in
the iaiiva and urine. It is likewise removed by the skin, and in the milk
■rf snniug women. Iodine bus been found in the urine of a suclclin}; babt,
whose mother was taking potiiSEium iodide. The urino is incrk-iii^iM! in ijuan-
titj by potnuNium iodide, tnough we lack esact knowledge of the effect of the
dmg npon the urinary constituents. It often causes oxalates to appear.
Id iamn instance* its sdminietration has been followed by slouminuria.
In a SLTiee of exp<:<rimeiit.« upon hint^elf, M. Oeorgi's Doux took 3 6m.
!or gr. ilv) of potassium iodide twice doily for twenty consecutive days.
Iflcr the second d«y the (jtisntity of the wit present in the urine varied but
tittle, and amounted to about 90 per cent, of the dose ingested. The normal
proportion of urea wa« dccreaMd by about one-fifth. Seventy-five hours
after di«eontinuance of the drug no trace of it could be discovered in the
vrin*. The expt-riments were twice repeated with the same results. The
araiiont of iodide eliminated fell to 00 per cent, if a little absiDtbe had been
takraon the preceding day.' Dr. Haig believes that tlie iodides diminish the
eieretion of uric acid and the urstes.
The effect of small do»es of p»ta«»ium iodide upon nutrition has been
Mndii-d by Volkoff and Stadnitski, of St. Petersburg, These writers report
that the astimilution of cirhob yd rates in the food is out aUghtlv dimini«hed,
the nitrogenous exchange is increased, oxidation is diminished and the de-
■trection of organic albumin is incrmsed, judging by the augmente<I qtian-
tity of sulphur in the urine. The weight of ihe body is but slightly de-
CTwed and the amimilation of fnl is diminished to s very jilight extent.
Therapy. — Iodine in substance may be used as a disinfectant for drains,
Init it has no advantage over much len expensive agents which are belter
antiseptics. In the form of tincture it is very generally used as a connter-
uritant and rwsolvi-nt for variou;; swellings, enlarged glandji, buboe#, swollen
joiBts, atiBcesscs, chilblains, and inflammation of the gums.
Tbe dental tinctnrc of iodine used by Flagg i^ as follows: —
•flrUtjA itntloil Janmat, Srpt. 27. 1890.
I
488 PIUSUACBUJIOAL TUSRAPBUTIC AOBN'TS OR DRUQS.
B Tlnot.l<Kii Ill ccin. or OHj.
AleolioL 30| r.ciii. or fjj.— M.
The object ittnineil, saye Flagg, by this «xlraortlmary tincture is the
ability to make accurate spotting upon the infiamed ^utaf, uliich thail
inaijitnin circumecribvcl unci percutcnt absorbent or counter-irritant efTect.
The parasilicide effecte aie shown when this tincture is painted over • spot
of tinea or rinifworni, which may yield to Hm trcaiment. In chronic ring-
vorm Dr. C. W. Cutler, of Ne«' \ark, uees with good rcsullfi the following
mijtture: —
H Addi enrboHd,
Cli1oTa11& an 311 Qm. or Sj.
Tr. iodi 30| c^m. w tjj.— M.
The local application of tincture of iodine is eflicacious in tinea ver-
sicolor when the patches are not too large or numerous.
For toothaclie from exposed pulp, Oarretson recommended the follow-
ing:—
B CrsMoU |37 ctm. or "irj.
Tinct. iodi,
Lio. ptumbi ■uhucctatis ba 4] cxm. or (3j.
ChinTofomii,
Tinet. opii ua 2[ c cni. «■ fSM.
M. Siff.: Apply on abMrbmt cotton to th* pulp. Bruih the wme on the lur-
Tounding gum.
The local application of the tincture of lodiDC has been recommended
in order to arrest retraction of the eiims in aged people.
The drnliil ointment of potassium iodide, recomnnjndcd by Flagg, con-
sistB of the following: —
S PotdwH lodidl 1|30 am. or f[r. xx.
Liquorui ^taaam .■...■■■>..• jlS vel |13 pciq, or mij vel SiJ.
Crrati kimpUcU 31 1 Qm. or Sj-
M. tt ft. ungl.
This in u vrtliiablo ointment, which will not discolor the skin, used in
discussing indurations on or about the face and jaws.
A colorlew iodine ointment may be prepared according to the foUoviag
formula: —
Jt lodi 1|30 Gni. or gr xx.
Potaat. lodid |2.i nm. or gr. tv.
Sodii (ulpbit. ^. 2ieo Gm. or gr. xt
AquiB - q. s.
Rub tlio iD;rn>divut8 with the u-ater till the solution U i>»lorti.-iHi. Tht-n add: —
Adipis IwnxoiiuiL 31| Gm, or Sj, — M,
I>r. Dunin has Riven potassium iodide in about 100 cases of biliary colic
with considernbli' succct<K. It act* most favorably in cases character i/t-d less
by pain than by frequency of attacks and especially in those exhnueted by
lose of slcfp, flnon-xis, or prolonged use of narcotics. He picscribi-s O.SS tg
lODUK.
489
1 0.65 Om. (or gr. v-x) twic4^ daily for four or five wih-]c« slid litis te foUowod by
|« cooise of CarlBbad irat«r.
In pseuaionia and pleuruy, cspccioMy of lli« chronic form, or flbroid
pbtiiieie, great benc&t reaults from paintiii); die affected side of the chest
vith iodine, giving Koveml eoate of thu tincture with a cainer«-hair brusli,
npeated each day until euflicient action i» fi«t up or the akin peeU off. Part
vt the iodine is ubttoiU'd and vxcrciMc a local ulteratirc effect.
In chronic bronchitis, also, the tincture of iodine ia serviceably applied
to the ch)"!!!, The ointment, tincture, or liniment of iodiTie afford* relief
to inlercotital neuralgia and rheumatism affecting the intercostal mu9cle«.
The conjoined internal and external use of iodine if of great value in bron-
chocele. In simple glandular hypertrophy the compound solution of iodine
or potAKium iodide, preferably the latter, iit administered by the mouth;
vhile the tinclnre, liniment, or ointment is locally applied, care being taken
to avoid nnicalion. The ointment of potassium iodide i« vometinieii cm-
jiliiyed fur the same purpose or the B. V. official ointment of the red mer-
rnni' mdido. The ri-miirknbiy snccewful method practiced by the Ka«t-
I&dun army-eurgeoRs consisted in the application of the ointment of the
r««l iodide, after which the patient was made to eit for some hours with his
wck expoeed to the rays of the aun or to a hot Rre. Assuming that the
■ftion of the remedy was increaced by the influenec of hcnt, Dr. Dawton
Tomer, of Edinburgh, suggests that the fact may he explained by the phys-
ical properties of iodine. A solution of iodine in carbon disulphide cuts oft
the risibie rays of the sun, but transmits the inrisible heat-niys. From this
circtiiDftance the deduction is drawn that diseased parte to which iodine ha»
' <n applied should not be covered, but eubjected to the action of the heat.
Auoihirr excellent method consist* in the injection of tincluTe of iodine
mto the substance of the goitre. It is best to begin with no more than 0.30
exnL (or mr), the operation being repeated weekly or scmiwcekly and the
fuantitT gradaally increaaed to O.GO, 1, or 1.20 c.cm. (or mx, xv, or xx). In
cyatic or calcareous degeneration of the thyroid this plan of treatment is ot
an sTajL Other hypertrophies are amenable to the same method, as, for
toatuiee, enlarged lymphatic glands prior to caseation and enlarged spleen.
Tb* carttiee of ahaceasea and monocyMic tumors are, after evacuation, advan-
tsgvously fluKhcfl with water impregnated with a small t^uantity of tincture
nf iodine. Empyema ha.* Iwen IreatrtI in the «am^ way n(ti-r aspiration.
Since proiKwed, in 1848, by Dr, Brainard, the injection of iodine has
Wen oncticed with varying and doubtful success in spina bifida. Cures
hiTt been reported, while, on the other hand, many failures, whether re-
ported or not, have occurred. If this opcratiim be undertalccn the quantity
tajected should be small and the solution weak. No more eerura should be
WTtlidravo than the uuantity of fluid about to be injected. Pepper and
etbcn have injected tne tincture of iodine into pulmonary cavities with a
•new to disinfection, and, possibly, obliteration by healthy reparative inflam-
nation. Though the plan seems rational, it is not alwar.a feasible, is at-
teodn) by some pain and reaction, and certainly has never been generally
^proved or adoptd. The injection of iodine, as in the Shurley-Ribbe^ plan
[ ^ treating t uberculodis, usually giviw rise to considerable pain. In order to
— -ntj this disadvantage Dr. A. 0. Squier incorporates with the original
a sranll c|nantily of er^ofote or giiaiaool and wme iodoform. His
JjrsiUia !•; —
490
PirAHUACETTICAL THSBAPEfTIC ArfEXTS OB nilt'OS.
n Euealyptol 3|I2 cent, or m.wxij.
Gnaiacal. pur. 1 p.cin. or iwxvj.
lodoforin SO Clm. wr gr. riij.
lodi £fi Gm. or KT. Iv.
01. ainygd*!. diitO' <]- a- "^ 30 e.eta. or fSj.
M. 8ig.: From 0.60 to 8 c.cm. (or nix-xxx) to be inJi'cU'd dally or altfrnating
with gold-and-twdiuiti solution us deiired.
A Eolution of iodine has been employed by ProfcEsor Durante, of Home,
iiijecied flubcutaneoiisly or into the flul)»tanrc of n muBcle in eases of pul-
moniiry and articular tuberculoii!- disease. Dr. Meniii'IIa iia^ made use (if
the same method in non-tuberculous atTeclionit ol joints. Periarticular in-
jvctione of iodine eauaed rapid dit^appcHraiice of the fluid in two cssee of
livdrarthro&ifl of tho knee nf traumatic orisiu. A similar procedure was
«McB«ious in glandular enlargement*, eyphilis, grava malarial cacliexiu. xnd
other maladies.
The parench\TnatouB injection of a few minims r>f tincture of iodine
causM resolution of enlarged tonsils. In nerforniin^ this operation the close
proximity of the carotid artery should be borne in mind. The ointment, ap-
plied directly to the tonsils by means of n cnniel's-hair brush, is said by
Cercbiari to accamplieb the same reeult. The application of the tincture
dihiteil with ^even or eight timea its bulk of water will also generally pro-
duce the eame effect.
The following prescription can sometimes be used with good effect ia
enlarged lonEils or in chronic pharyngitii;: —
B Tinot lodi i.... 4| ccm. or (Sj.
(llyperini,
Extiaeti crgoUe A ,.' tui 30j mtiii. or Qj.
If. Big.: Apply once or twice a day with a citmrlVhsIr brtuh.
flarretaon employed in sore throat, especially that which occurs in
clwgynicn and public epeakers, the following combination of iodine: —
H I.lq. Inrti rnmpnaiti ,.,.4 .....^..,.. A| ccm. o^ nininc.
At'idi L'arbuliti , ••■••i ..• . |T5 c.cni. or mxij.
Qljrocrini , 80[ r.nn. or fjij.
AqoK ..*iCt\ rem. or fjxiv.
U. Sig.: To be usrd as m gaigle from right to a, dotcn timoa a day.
Tlie tincture of iodine is often painted upon or arotind patches of ery-
sipebs, and, although the application sometimes does good, it not infre-
quently a^'ci'aTates the condition. It is judicious to dilute the preparation
wilh an H|ual quantity of glycerin or alcohol, or combine the iodine as fol-
lows:—
I
4
B Tinct. iodi S
Acidi earl)oUci .....^..... 3
Glyrtrini 120
r.i-ni. or fStK.
Gii). or Ss*.
e-Pi". or ISiv.
M. SIg.: A|>ply Willi • oamel'shair bruah »erer»I timet a day (or rr^-aipflaii.
In ringworm iodine may be used in the form of colorlwa tincture, or
in combination with the colorless oil of tar (1 in 4): —
» PoUxril iodid! 81 Cm. 01- Sij.
01. mcnlh. pipL Ij20 e.etn. or mxx-
Lanolinl ,. t\\ Cm. or Jj.
M. Sig,: Kinbrotation (or paSntt]! Joints, neuralgia, cluonic rhcuoiuiinn.
lODUU.
4S1
Bingwomi iiinj abo be cfR«acioii«lr treated by means of iodixed col-
ImJiod, 0.50 to 0.75 Gm. (or gr. viii-xij) of metallic iodine being diEsolred in
ilrabal and ether and added to 30 c.cip. (or fjj) of oollodion. The mixture is
painlcd npon the afiected part for several eucceasive days until a thick layer
ii (onned. This layer >» left nndi!.|iirlK'(l for a fortnight.
The tincturo of iodine is one of the nrtielea employed to prevent pitting
IB small-pox. The jiolntioii should bt- piiint^'d «v«r the aurfac*' of each pus-
tul'' An ointmeni roiiintning iodine is occaeionally followed by good re-
talti in keloid and vvKrodirinn. Alone or combined with *an equal quantit}-
o/ pljix-fin or carbolic acid, the tincture of iodine is sometimes beneficial
when painU>d upon lupous iit\tig. I^-nligo and chloatmn may be cured by
the local application of tincture of iodine, and the same preparation added
to «al( water fonnn n beneficial wa»h in chronic oztena. In orchitis, after
artitf infill mmation has subsided, the cautious local application of the linct-
ir ir<4 absorplinn of tlic cxtidntton ninterinl. The .'<anic tronttneni is
< .ifter subsidence of inflammation of the mammary gland or ovary.
lt"il» and rarlmmles may bi' chi-ckod by pninlin^ iodine freely upon
a nnjihboring Tascular nrea. Iodine may be ii^d as a sumulaut to old uIc(trH,
ttptctally in |;yn:jecolo>[y, an iodiK'd phenol, although iodoform, on account
"F <- atuL-fthclic effects, has largely taken the place of iodine. A saturated
iti of tannic acid in ttncliiri; of iodine Is also a useful tonical applica-
. < ir III chronic inflammation uf the uterine canal. Dr. Routo states that
ilw Tiiniitiug of prcgiuincy in arrftstcd by brushing the cervix and louer iiari
' M > <~orvic«l canal with a mixture of cijual parts of iodine, potassium iodide,
'[. nnd uati-r. PmfiTsor Taniier nindc ii»c of a mixluri' of tincture
w (311 com,, Or fjy) and potatsium iodide (6 Gm.. or oi«) in distillcil
r. I iiuart, a» an intra-uterine douche after labor. Dr. (Ihibrei has pro-
pott-d (he application of tincture of iodine in certain fonnf of corneal ulccra-
tii>B, touchinc the affected surface onoe or twice daily with a small roll of
eott')D>irw)l morslrncd with the liquid. M. Sedan, who has made a trial of
the local use of Uie tincture in the case of rehelliou* ulcer* of the cornea,
dedftrrs that the treatment is painful and unmaniigcablc, and has a tendency
ta produce ciliary blepharitis.
Bwvian phys.iciang have employed iodine with marked advantage in
ItHttorrhoids. Ivanoff describes a severe ease, rebelliuus l<i ordinary meth-
nda. is which the daily application of the tincture for three days caused
•Imast complete disappearance of the large tnmors Prei^nmn extok, in
ibe nme condition, the application of a compress moistened in a glycerin
mlotion of Iodine and potassium iodide. 'Hie iodide of starch it valued by
Mr. Uarfhall as a drrwing to syphilitic ulcere. Ilydrocele is cured by evacua-
tioB iif the contents of the sac and injecting 1 to 1.20 ccm. (or mxv-xx) of
tau:tqre of iodine into the cavity, ^cvrc inflammation results and the sac
h«eoroe4 obliterate*]. Iodized woo! is useful for making exlcmpimit-d p<tt>S-
n**, t Itofinberg has found ii 'it'-per-ccnt. solution ol potassium iodide,
f■lnt^d up'in ihe longue. efficacious in the ireaiiiiont of li'ui-oplakia.
iDlematty. tincture of iodine and camphor may be inhaled for acute
vorna and hay a-ithma.' Inhalation of the vapor of iodine t^ very hcnelicial
te fhronic bronchitis with bronchiecliisis, or profuse and fetid muco-puru-
Ital expcctomtion.
< ThtniitniUc Gatrltr. OeL tS, 1890. p. 6TB.
MUBKACBL-TICAL THEttAPBTnO A0B.VT8 OR DKOOS.
The inhalation of iodine and turpentine is recommeodt-d in IflryngCI
und ptilmonory tuberculoeie by Dr. Jolly aiid othcn, who claim (hat it
•n excellent adjuvant to the other methods by vhich it is souf;bt to TClicre
tlie diicuM. Thiii fonnula may be ijuoted:—
B Pulv. todi 10 paru.
Alcohol 1..... ...20 parts.
iWx in ft lln^k trnl add:—
01. Irr«l>lntliln, rfcllflcnt , SO pitrta.
Spt. lavandulu! .^ 10 ptrtc^-M.
^Vhoii the inixttirc is ehaken the free iodirn.- ii- lost nnd oxit^te in the for
of a terebtothinnte compound. Il has no irritant effect upon the macoi
niembruiicH.
Uartholow epenks favorably of the internal iise of ammonium iodide^b
n<riitu CHinrrli, 0.065 Gm. (or ^r. j) being frivon fvory socond hour,
asthma is ameliorated by larger doHcs of the same remedy, which is osefn!,'
moroovor, iu capillary bronchitis and bronchorrhota. An acute cor>'M may
not infrcijuenUy be alinrlrd by 0.6.5 Gin. (or gr. x) of potnBsiuni iodide taken
at bcd-timt'. Ammoiiium iodide is also recommended far the tnmv purpow.
Fota^iiini iodide in the >anie iwc repeated several times a day is said to
relifVf; paroxysmal sneezing.
In phthisis, ^ood results have been reported from inhalation, by means
of an atomixer. of fine spray containing 1 part each of potassium iodide and
corrosive chloride of invrcurv in 1000 pnrtu of wnti-r.'the solution being made
stronger or wcnki-r, Bccorriing to the effects upon the patient. From its
stimiilatini; effects upon the kidneys potasainm iodide is oceasionoUy used
to heijrhtcii the effect of nlhcr diuretics. The a'dema of Bright'* disea&e ii",
in some instances, markedly decreaied by this remedy, though it has little
power to chock the escupe of ulbumiih Potuwium iodide, from its spcciol
aeterraination to tlie inticous membrane of the air-passages, is frequently
combined with cupectonint!! iitid cough-mixtures in order to render the
secretions more fluid. Its stimulating action upon the absorbents renders
iodinu useful, both internally and by topical application, in casvt of inflam-
matory exudation or chronic enlargfrnents. Where these are of syphiliti^H
chnratter the iodides arc pre-cmin cully son'iceablc. For many brain di»^|
eases, more capecially those occurrinK during tertiary sypbilisi, where gura-
mata form or meningitis with exudation occurs, causing great pain, potas-
sium iodide in combination with bromide, is more efficient than any other
agent known; here the iodide must be given in !i to 4 Om' (or oss-j) doses,
and pushed in order to gel its full effect. If given well diluted with water,
when the stomach is empty, no serious danger exists of producing iodism.
In aortic aneuriiiu, potassium iodide, in dose^of 1.30 toS Gni. (orgr. xx-xxx)
four times a day. with low diet and rest in bed, ^vors deposit of fibrin and
tililttemtion of the tiiniori ihe ir<-atmi-nl niuiit ext«nd over many months
or for a year or more. Many of these cases may be occasioned by syphilitic
disease of the aorta, nnd under the*e cireimistauccs the iodide is doubly
serviceable. In the primar>- and seconilary forms of syphilis iodine com-
pounds are of little use. but in the later changes of the skin, mucous mem|
branw, and deeper structure* they act promptly, and we may prcwribe thei
u-ith confidence.
lODrw.
In wmv of tW Iat« varieties oi f>>philiB' the author cm recommi'iid the
Uluviiig tormulnt contaiiiiog thu ioaid«a: —
a PcrtaMil lodlill 1014 Gul ur 3v,
Tlnrt. cinMIOKK lift c*m. or flij.
SjT. «>nap*rlI&D oooip. IWK own, or Hv.
iL Sig.i Two t«u(KMMituIt In water thrw or four time* a dii;-.
n Sodll ioitiJl lOI tiai. or SiUfc
Vini roof 3O0[ c.cni. or (Js,
iL 6if.: A Ublopooahil three or four timcE a dsy.
8 AmmoBU iodidi 10 4 Om. or Sr.
TtaoL BUda ronilc* 4 cnu. or f3}.
Eat. rfaainniu pvrib. fl <.. 30 c-cm. or IS).
0))'««riiil 120 e.«n. or fjiv.
K SIg.i Two iMMpooDfula in water tbrw or (onr Uido* a day.
ActiTilinj; lo the invesltgaliona of Leone Leri, potassium iodide, ad-J
i»tered to eyphililic subji-cts, improvce the qtinlily of Ihe blood, incrcftW*
veiyht and ulri^ngth, hut decreases (he ([Uantit}- of urea excreted. Pellizzari
eoDcludi'E that thU salt haf a chvmicnt action upon the products of tertiar;*
^hilw and neutmlizcs the toxic material an it ia formed.
An eRicieot c-omliinolion for uec in tertiary syphilis is: —
H VjAtATt. lodW. nilirl
Polsaiii iodid 31
Tr. iodi 4
Syr. f«ni iodid 30
Aqm J 00
M. Sig.i A IfAipoonhil in watfr Bft«r M«h mtat.
20 nm. or n.
Cm. or 51.
e.cm. »r fli.
c Fni. or fl}.
e.em. or fSiij,
iij.
A ctimbiDntion of iodides is sompLimes more cHicient in late eyphitis.
Ill thr irt-aiment of goiiorrhieal Hituiiiali.'^m, Sohilller, of Rerliii, itiye*
potutium iodide (0.3S to <l.45 Gm.. or gr. T-vij) evcrj- two hours for two or,
time day;'. Hi; eoiiMder* it e.spi-cially boneAcial in the acute form, For local '
tnstmeiit be uses, in acute casee, compresses wet with carbolic-acid solution
I (I lo 100), and ill chronic eases mercurift] ointment. A*pirii1ion of the joint
H u done where there is abundant effusion, and this procedure aids the action
^ of tliT rcmrdy. In chronic youl and in gouty affections, potassium iodide
■ftords i^reat relief, as it will also in chronic rheumatism. Considerable im-
pnTi!inenI i">metim<w follows the hm of potatsium or ferrous iodide in rheu-,
■liloid arthritis. Acute rheumatism is often relieved by large do«<« ol
patanium iodide, or the Uiller in combination with sodium salicylate or
, latitin:—
^^■b PotMaii iodidi.
^^■^ Bodii •alkrlalii aa 141 Gni. or Sitla*.
^^H Spiritus rlfccria nilmsl ... . . <K)| c-.em. or IJlj.
^^^1 Sjruiri aamtii . . . Wi e.rm. ov fStij.
^m H Sig.: Two icBipooofula IB n-«t«T every two or three hour*.
R PMtawt iodidi.
8»llda -. an SXt Gm. or gr. c.
H. rt fl. taptdto no. nt.
6^.- Two or tlitn capauI«B eireT7 two or tbrce hour*.
'Por Ihr fteneral mrdieinal trratnirni of late ayphillii nff author'* "Practical
thatb* iia Htwuan of iIm- Skin." I). Apjiloton & Co.. Ve«' York. IM1.
iU
PHADUACECnCjlL TBBBAPBCTIC AOBKn OR DXU«3.
In acute rhctiinntiMn or gout, when atteniJcd with conetipation, the fol-
lowing prescription, conttuniiig potuaium iodide, is »crviccnl)lp:^
B Piiiatsli lodidl.
I'oUuii noeUlio , an Uj Ciin. or lUita,
Rxlmi-ti ihaninun punUi. II.,
Glycrrini aa 301 cent, or (Sj-
Aqun- cinimmomi BOJ e.ein. or fjiij.
M. Si(r.: Two t0n«poonfuU In n-ittt^r tvery tv'« or thrc« hoiin.
PotafiGiuni iodide is the most efficacious remedy in the treatment of
actinomycosis. In a i-mc reported l>y Biixisi and Vsleirio the fialulre began to
close, (he swelliof; and pain lo disappear in a few days, and recovery was com-
plole in thrco months. In Ihc trcHlin«nt ot p.iorifli>i»' large doseti of one ot
the iodides, and preferably potassium iodide, is at limes attended with com-
plete removal of thi' cntption. Fi«ariaHiR ia, however, more frequently con-
trolled or cured by pataseiuiu iodide when the disease depends upon rheu-
lualLim or gout. In periotttiti*, rciiulting frona etposure to cold or wot, the
iodides arc rapidly curative, and the tincture may also be applied loealiy.
In chronic niertury or lead ])oidLonin>; llie metal mny be removed from the
system by iodides, but the dose should he small and ttic treatment continued
for some time. Chronic bronchitis with thick, tenacious Eputa, and asthma
are very much helped by the administration of the iodides. Catarrhal pneu-
monia, acute or chronic, in henefited by doHeH large enough to liquefy Ihi
Bpiila: —
B P»Uiuii indldl 14 Gro. ot Siii»t
Tiuct. lubclite IG c.crn. or fSir.
Splntua wtheris comp ,.,. 00 ccm. or (Jij.
Syrup, niininlil 7B c.rm. or ISlW
M. Si)t.i From one to two t*«B|ioonfuI» in vinU-r vvtry Iwo or iIitw Iioun unit
Klievvd. Servic«ii>ile in elironic bronchiti* and in oithnia.
In tlic broncho-pneumonia of measles Dr. Biccute n^lies upon potas-
i^unL iodide, which seldom foils to produce amendment within a few days,
l^^cttd liibcrcnlosie be not present. I>r. Valten asserts that the adminis-
tration of a large dose of potassium iodide— not leiw than 6 Qra. (or gr. xk),
given singly or in dirided portions within twelve or. at most, twenty-four
hours after the initial chill^will bring about a rapid lysis or crisis of the
fevtr in croupous piieunmniH. This method does not abridge the course
of the disease, but, it is claimed, obviates the danger of cardiac collapse.
After the first twenty-four hours no benefit is derived from the use of the
remedy. The writer furthermore states that eicellent resulls are obtained
in epidemic corebro-spinal meningitis from the administration of potassium
iodid« in doses of 3 toC Gm. (orgr. xlv-xc), given once or several limes during
the day. Moody gives iiii account of several cjis^^s of the fulminant type and
al*o of a local epidemic in which the iodine treatment recommenotd by
Tanner was strikingly jinccissful. His conclusions were as follow: In the
fulminant or apoplectic form of cerebro-spinal meningitis no known Ircut-
mcrit offers any hope of rurc. In the ordinary form, commonly known as
"spotted fever." potassium iodide is the only drug which hag shown any
power to modify ihc disease. That drug should not he depended on alone,
'8«e fiawr \>y the niUlior on "The Cbii*i> and Treatment of I'soriaaik,*' "Trana
Hons c.( tbc PenniylYBnU Slut* Mvdical Society." 1883.
lODCU.
495
bnl my mratis known tv t)icni)ieutic!i !<hi)u)<I be employed whenever it ren-
ioi tbe patient more comforUble or ai<l« him to n^i^t th« exhuueting con<
didou o( the diwoiH!. Finally, the writer doea not consider the kaown in-
SoRice of the iodide on absorption a cutlicivnt explunation of its usefulness
in the diMBM. but lhink» it more likoly that it either has some quality that
•dE u an antidote to the toxins 8i>crcled by the pathogenic origanienu or is
utbnirable to thvir development.
Id cardiac dropsy sodium iodide alone or oombiiu-^ with digitalis and
k«elin u often m<»>t beneficial in its effect. It can be prescribed thua: —
B 8odil )'>4i'll 16(5 Gu. or 3iv.
Inftu. digitalis,
ttthu. bachu M 90) r.eni. or rjiij.
M. Sif^i Two taa*pooa(ttU ctcit three or four boura.
In Bright'a disease Semmola prescribes: —
B n»UM. ioAiA. ] Cm. or gr. xr.
Sodii pboaphAtJs ...1 S Gm. or cr. xxx.
Sodii cbloridi 9 On. or slw.
Aqiw , COO p.eiii, ur Jxxfjiij.
Sig.: The entire quantity in diviiK^ doMM to be tftkm during the day.
Potassium iodide is lik<'wiac of value in pulmonary emphyeomn and in
Mthma, especially in that form associated with chronic bronchitis and em-
phyMBU. Id asthma dependent upon gastric conditions it is of little or no
sruL
Id chronic bronchitis and pleurisy the following eomhinalioDB are use-
fnl:-
B Potaaii lodidl 1G[S Gtn. or Slv.
8p, km iodidi,
Olyccrini aa 4S] e.cm. or fSisi.
IL Sig.: A tnaspoonhil In wat«r four times a diiy.
S5 Gm.
Gin.
Gm.
fi.
«iT.
B folMMii lodldl I<
PoUmU bravnidi 4
AmnonU dilorMl S
SjT. aiodktri,
Aifna na 4S{ cem. or (Ji**-
U. SIg.: A dcMwrUipoonful ftTcry tno or four houn, lor cough with Kanty «x-
fwtoratkin.
Potaasiain iodide may be combined with potasAiiim bromide for tlte
tKatmeni of cpilepey, as employed by Brown-Soquard.
Dr. Laiidrr Rninton irtates that potasniuin iodide is the most efficient
tanedy in preventinn the rccnirenco of attacks of angina pectoris. For this
parpcMK he prrscribi-« it in doMS of 0.32 to 2 Gm. (or gr. v-xxx) three times
I day. Dr. Schweighofer has reported' a caee of cretinism, associated with
myvvdcma and goitre, in which decided amendment followed the use of
a like (jinntity of the same remedy, continued for nine months. The myz-
■Iniia and goitre weni favorably influenced and the patient gained in in-
MHgflDce.
*iMctt, Dr«. 10. ten.
PnAniLACIirTICAL TIIEIIAfBUTlC AOBNTS OB DRUOS.
Dr. Schkich, from his obBefvation of ninety-two caws of deep wonnds,
believes tiint the ndminislrution of pottutium iodide, in doses of 0.33 Gm.
(or gr. v) three times a day, promoies repair.
The tincture of iodine has been admininlered iotenully in 0.30- to 0.50-
ccm. (or mv-viij) doees in the treatment of malarial affections; slid the
compound solution (Lugol's solution) is widely known as a remedy in ecrofu-
loiiB alfectioiis of thv skin and of the lymphutic glands, especially in eyphilitic
children. The solution, with anrnic, is rery serviceable in some old syph-
ilitic skin diseases attended by thickecinf; and scaling.
Itothe advises ihe use in whooping-cough of a combination of iodine
and carbolic acid.
l>r. Itenzi liaa observed a favorable influence upon the progreaa of pol-
monary tuberculosis produced by the administration of a mixtun) containing
iodine, potasainm iodide, and sodium chloride.
Zinc iodide is in white, needle-shaped crystals, and is unstable. It is
best administered as a syrup (4 Om. in 30 c.cm., or oi-f^j); dose, 1.30 to 3.&0
c.cm. (or rnxx-xl)' It has Iken used in ointment, with lurd (10 per cent.), in
the treatiiit-'nt of tuinoin. and a solution (0.065 to 0.13 Qm. to 30 c.cm., dr gr.
i-ij to fjj) hns btx'u injVcled in gonorrnccA. Stronger solutions have been
applied to enlarged tonsils.
Small and ri.-peated doses of ammonium iodide are cfGcacious in ca-
tarrhal jaundice. This salt may be serviccably employed in bronchitis and
broncho- pneumonia. It is also considered of advantage in the early stage
of cirrhosis of the liver and in chronic malaria, associated in the ]att«r con-
dition with arsenic.
Drop doses of the tincttire of iodine will sometimes alia; the romiting
of pregnancy. In the form of tincture, compound solution, or potaaeiuQ
iodide, this agent has been employed in typhoid fever, and, though no
marked influence is exerted upon the course of the discn*^, the temperature,
or the diarrh<Ba, Liebernieister believes that it effects a notable reduction of
the mortality. Bartholow's combination of the tincture of iodine and car-
bolic acid seems to moderate the severity of typhoid fever; —
Acid) cnrbolici •■ i •■ *\ cam. or fSj.
U. Sig.s One to tttrec drops tbrico dally.
Dr. Phillips has given with succeEs the tincture of iodine in doses of a
fcu' minims in ca«'s of oliniic diiirrha'n. This writer states, moreover, that
the preparation, uwd iu the seme manner, will often cure the torminR and
tenesmus of dysenteric diurrliiuu
Iodine has been made use of in exophthalmic goitre, but with doubtful
rcsidls. Luntovsky ha.-< recently rtrporlcd the cure of a typical case by the
internal use of potassium iodide conjoined u-ith the application of an iodine
ointment. The goitre nml exuphlhulnios had disappeared, the heart's action
had become regular, and, after an interval of four yeai's, no relapse had oc-
curred.
Kingcr states that "in some epidemics of diphtheria" the inhalation of
the vapor of iodine proves of signal service, and I>r. S. X. Z^ncnko* has
spoken veri- highly of the internal administration of pota^ium iodide i
'VraUh, Ko. 42. 1800; Satellite, Jan.. ISOl.
i
4
lowru.
■iffr
l&at tflt'ctioD. From 0.03 to O.tJO (Jm. (nr gr. ss-iij) was given to children,
OJS to O.fiO Oni. (or gr. v-viij) to mliilti, nnd irpnatcd cvory Mcond, third, or
fourth hour. Antiseptic Kar^lee, alcoholic etimuiotion, and inunction of the
enlarced cerrical glands with mercurial oinlment were uBcd in conjunction.
Of A erm-6 of twentv-one puticnts so treated, none died, while of nineteen
csMi tn-jiled during th« ^iiiiiii.' time, in the »nnur !iaii]>ital (at N'ijni Novgorod),
afii.-r onlinary plant, 84 ]>er cent, ended in death. The intcnial sdminiGtrn-
tinii iif |H>taKiiiiim iodide will »(ittR'Iiine>< rt'duee enlaTu;ement of the inanimarj
gland or testicle, and by some physicians is said to cheek the secretion of
milk. Sciatica and lumbago arc sometimes relieved hy the Mine remedy.
It is useful in the tirst stage of hepatic cirrhosis, in hypertrophic metritis,
tnd ill mrioui) iiyphilitie manifi-xutionji, especially when other remedies are
ant well borne hy the stomach. Uterine fibromyomata have been materially
dMrcued In siie by the use of thi« remedy either given by the mouth or in-
j«i-ted into the giibstanee of the growth. Chronic urticaria has been success-
fully tn'^t'd nith potaA>ium iodide Stern reporlcd' five nm-a treated in this
wmy. None were syphilitic, and all were rapidly cured. The itching wu
prumplly relicTwl, and one patient bcc-anie well after only 10 Gm. (or oiis*)
ud been administered, although he had Buffered previously for four months.
Bacxkiewies «I«te« that potai<:^itim iodide i:i readily absorbed bv the rectal
Bucoos membrane, iodine being detected in the saliva in five to fifteen min-
BtM after adminiRtnition by enema or suppository. According to the numer-
oQs experiments of Calantoni on men and animals, potassium iodide is ab-
Kifbrd at rapidly by the )k>wc1 »» by the stonwchi if speedy absorption Is
Ertienlarly desirable it may be obtained by heating the solution to 98' F.
iminittirin after injection into the rectum is as rapid as when it is taken
by the mouth.
Kobner administers s potasBiiim-iodide combination by means of enema.
Given once a day at first, but Kubscuutntly twice daily, the therapeutic action
is mid to be very rapid. He combines mercurial inunctions, and believes
tkat thir method is equally cRic^ciou^ and better tolerated than subciitane-
nOB injections. Uis formula is as follows: —
It Tovuaa Midi a
Putajaii bromldl ■■■. 1
ExtnMl. tMlladoniue foUor, ale.
A<|UM SIO
Gm. or gr. xlv,
Gm. ot gt. XV.
32 Gtn. or er. v.
c.cia. or fJvlJ^-M.
Twenty-four ccm. (or fSvis) of this solution are added to 00 or 90 ccm.
for fSii-iij) of water and thrown into the rectum. Kobner frequently adds
iBMn n.30 to O.CO c.tm. (or mv-x) of pure tincture of iodine to «iirh enema,
and finds the niiTtnix- well loleraled bv the large intestine. He has never
otavrred any n-suliiDg local inflammation.
The potaisiiim iixlide and chlorate are incompatible, a deleterious salt,
potunnm iodatc. being formed.
Iodised itarcli has lately been employi'd with asserted benefit by a num-
ber of Ihusian physicians as an intestinal diiiinfectanl in typhoid fever and
VHiuoE septic alTections of the bowcU. Tt was given in the dose of 0.50 to
PM Gm. (or gr. viii-x). Iodine trichloride, obtained by pa»sing chlorine-gas
•nr iodine, ocvurs in the form of nddi^h crystals, is soluble in its own
weighl of water and fnmly soluble in alcohol. Kitlier it« aqueous or alcoholic
' UMdoa »'^l<nl Keronttr. Sm: 20, ISSO.
IS
498
rtlARUACBmCjII. THERAPKUTIO lOBXTB OB DRUQB.
I
solution I'ou be mixed with glyc-vrin without decern position. Iodine trichlo-
ride has beeo employed by Bel6etd, of Chicago, In geoito-unnary and eur-
ncal BiTeclions. lie finds it o^ advantage iu taburculosi« and suppuration.
For instiUation in the posterior urethra, for irrigation of the bladder, and
for hypodermic injt-cttontt, he made u»e of a Vio- to '/,-pcr-cent. solution,
either in dietilted water or in 4 parts of water with 1 part of glycerin. Serous
cavilie* wvre injected willi the pame (oliition$. For cleamting suppuntiog
vounda 1- to S-pcr-cent, solutions were employed. To ulcerated carcinoma
and venerc-iil Hori.'ii lie applied o 5- to 2U-pcr-ceut. solution in etiuul parts of
water, glycerin, and alcohol. Dr. Pflueger, of Bcme, recommends iodine
trichlonde in various affoetion* of the eye. For lubconjunctivnl injcctiona
a 1 to 1500 solution was employed. As a coUyrium, solutions from 0.1 to 1
per cent, were ui^ud. Gottnliitlic treated three caaes of puerperal scptlcecmia,
of which two recovered, by means of hypodermic iojectione of a l-per-cent.
solution, from 1 to ;^ C-cm. (or mxv-xxx) being injected once or twJcu esch
day.
Iodine tribromide hax been ubtoil by Kraus fur gargUrs and inhalations
in diphtheria, ilie solution contained X.30 Om. to S31 ccra. (or gr. sx- j
f]^viij) of wntcr. ^H
Ethyl'iodide is administered by inhalation (0,60 to S ccra., or mx-xxx) ^^
whenever nece«cary to relieve coughing, especially in bronchitis, aathma,
and phthiBis, and is the moet direct method of introducing iodine into the
blood.
lodantifebrin. — This substance results from the interaction of iodine
chloridi! and acetanilid. It crystallizes in rhombii^ tablets, which are
eliglitly soluble in cold water, alcohol, and ether; more freely soluble in hot
alcohol and glacial acetie acid; Is without odor or taste, and appears to pass
through the organism unehuugcd. Doso, 0.13 to 0.50 Gm. (or gr. ii-viij).
todsntipyna. — This combination is prepared by a similar process lo
that which producer iodiuillfebnit. Fodanllpyrln crysLnllixcs in colorless,
lustrous, and prisraatie needles, is without taste or special odor, is scarcely
soluble in cold water or alcohol, but dissolves when these menstrua are
warmed. Dose, 0.03 to 0.13 Gm. (or gr, es-ij).
Clinical experimenl* with both these bodies were carried on in the clinic
of Professor von Jaksch, and the results have been published by Dr. Munzcr.
The antipyretit: elTecls of lodanlipyrin are identical with those of nntipyrin,
and, in all probability, it is decomposed in the stomach into nntipyrin and
iodine. I'he reduction of temperature was aceompauied by sweating, but
was unattended by collapse or chills.
lodipbenin. — lodipnenin, an iodine derivative of phcnacctiu, is a
chocolate-brown powder, which, upon reeryslallization from glacial acetic
acid, yields crystals of a steel-blue colwr. It is soluble in alcohol, ether, and
chloroform; almost insoluble in water; but releases a larjre proportion of
iodine when brought into contact with water. It is snid to be very de-
struetivc to the staphylococcus aureus, but, according to Dr. W. Siebel, its
pbynioirtgical action depentU upon the iodine which it liberates. It discolors,
and. if left long in contact with the skin, produces irritation. Iodine poison-
ing is liable to result even from small dosca of the compound, when given
by the mouth.
lodipin is a trade designation for a solution of iodine in sesame-oil
(10 per cent.) analogou* to bromipin. The taste of the preparation is rather
IPBUACTAXIU.
i*i9
plvramt, Lut palii'nt* are m\i not to obj<>ct to it iift«r th«v have becom«
' to it. lodipin is taken iDt«rualh' for the satni.' purpoet! as otlier
at pivparationg: tot elnima, colO abMeine!}, etc. It may aUo be adminis-
*-d BubcutiiQcouBly, 50 c.nn. (or fSsiiss) daily being employed in children.
r by the motiih. in ohiMti-ii, ie -1 c.Pin. (or fSj) tliix* limea daily.
_^ lijller claims especial udvantafies in the treatment of tertiary syphilis
I th*" iiu bet) I a nevus use of iodipiii. In vaies of Kreat urgency it may also be
«ra by the mouth. The reeultfi iu typical cases of gummatous duHtmetion
tttv Bi'i-t (iivorable.
lodo-eigOB (ilplia-ei^on) i« a {Jnlu-brown powder, ta«telc«a aiid odor-
In*, containing, it if oaid, 20 per cent, of iodine. It is used as a vonnd
tirctang as a subetiluto for iodoform, but ie claimed to be a more efVicicnt
AHalfctanl. It L$ inuiluble in water, but mixes with the occrelions, forming
•a imnlnon-like dresciiig. It may be employed »uspctuled in water a« an
mifctioii into sinuses, or Mmpty dusted upon the wound surface. (See also
Bfwi.)
KoMpfaeo. — This compound, obtained by the action of iodine upon a
-^lutmii of pbrii'ilphthiilein. i« n li>!bt-yellovf powder free fmm odor or lasto,
nil] ((.mains 60 per cent, of iodine, it is insoluble in water, and combine*
r.trifi]s to form Mils. No<>uph(-n has be^-n ti»«d in rhiuiUii, »(t<-r opera-
upon the nasal cavity, and in venereal affoctioms.
IPECACTTAiraA jr. S, P.).— Ipecac.
I?ECACUANE£ £ADXZ {R. P.).— IpecaoQanha-root.
Dole, as an expeotoruit, 0.015 to 0.13 Gm. (or gr. 'A-ij); as an emetic,
1 !■ 2 Gm. (or gr. xv>xxx).
r. S. }'. I'reparatioHs.
Eitrarlnni l|ieMcuAnluc Fliiidiiin.— Ktiild Kxlritrl of lp«csr. Doac, a> an ax-
piMnnnl. uo3 to O.M c.em. (oi mmij) ; Bi uti i-mctie. I to I. SO ccni. fof mxv-xx).
Sy™pni« IjiweBfiiaohit.- Symp of Ipcvac. l><i**, 4 to '£ c.eui. (or fSi'ijI.
Vims IprtacoiuUiir'.— Winr of Ipwnc. Oow. 0.00 to 4 c.cin. I'lr iiix-fSjl.
TrvHtiKi Ip^canianfcw-— Tiofhci «( Iprcnc l().02 Om., or p. '/'„ in «icb totrniel,
f— ■ ! '■■ more.
i-rt Mnrpkiiut rl liicriK-iinnha'. — Trochn* of Morjihiiii' au'I Ijn'i'ac loontoiii
ot gr. '.,„ «( nKir|>liine; aOOG Qtn., ot gr. '/„, of jprcBi^iiiinliid. TIoac,
i ■* BHMV
I^ltii tpMsraaahe *>l Opll.— Powder o( Ipecac and Dpiuin. Dovpt'o Pi>«d«r |1
ymix oirh •>! n[u<iu and i{it««c and 8 part* of «i|[nr of milk). Dow, 0.13 lo IXOS Om.
'"' ft. il-«i
Tbirlura ItKvaruanliv rl Opii. — Tinoturr of Iporac and Opium (dMdniiBnl
Ian 111 vjiiiim, l***-. rtuki rKtravt of Ipiva,'. lOi diiuled alcohol. <{. i. la make 100
b|. Hoar, OJM to 1 c.rni. (or nli-xv|.
B. P. Prrparalions.
Eurairtum I|ipraruniilHr Licjntdiini.— I.kufd F.xtract ot liiecaFuniUui. Di»e. m
npKtormnl. 0.08 to 0.12 c.eni. (or mwijk ax an ^mptic. I lo 1.30 t-.cni. <or
-ui.
Aivtua ItieeaoiMlnF.— V(ii(«Br of Ipecaeuanha (liquid extract. 9: akwhol. W
r^L. tC: dilute acTik acid. SS). Daa«, 0,60 to 2 c.cin. lor mX'XXX).
V\mam IpeoaniHiiW— Ip»c«r«anh«-w1ae. tXwp. an an fxprrtorant, ftao lo t
■ lat nX'XXSl : a* an Mnctic. 15 to £2 cnn. (or fSlv-v)).
TmrftliNni' I IwcacuanhR.— Ipecacuanha Ij^wngc lO.OlO Gm.. or gr, V» to Mch
Dnw. 1 or Boi*.
rhlitni- Miirpkuiir M Iprawiuahv.— Morphine and lp»atc«anlia I.«teiig«
600
I'llAUltACKLTICAL TltKnAPKUTIC JL0BKT8 OR DBUGK.
(marphine hj'drnrliloride, 0.0018 Oai, or gr. '/«: ipccacuiin1ia-ti>o1. 0.005 Gm^ nr gr.
Vul. l>o«e, 1 iir uioie.
I'ulvi* IpcciLL-iianhm Componiius. — t'oiiiiiDutid Powder of 'liipcoLnioiiliu. Dintr'*
PowiUa ^l part rach ol njiiuiii and ipecm-iianhn and S part* of |iutnHi>liiiii iiulplial>-t.
liQW, p.3i to 1 Gin. (or gr. v-xv|.
Hllulo) l|vi-«i-uiinhH) cuiti 8ollU.~PUl ol Ipmwwiiilitc with SauUI Iromjiound
puwdM i>( ipvL'iicuaiiha, 3; squill, in pund«r. 1; uiuuiuiuho. iii powiu-r. \i ajTup ol
gluciMc, to make a luaiii. Ikiir, 0.2A !■> O.SO Hm. lor gi. iv-niji.
Fliarmacology. — 'J'lie "root of Cepbaelis Ipccacuuiiba of A. Kichard"
(Rubiacca.-), a ^mull ehrub of Draxil, is the ofliciul ip«eac of the I'. S. Phar-
macopoeia; "the dried root of Pnychotria Ipecar imnlin" (U. P.). Ipecnc-root
ountatUE about 11 per cetit. of an alkaloid, £m«ttne, au<l a ghtcmidi-. Ipecac-
nanhio add, with a traci' of wlntik' oil, lannin, Mliitvh, ^um, olc. Thr nt<'i>iii
fxperiuients of Dr. It. U. Paul and A. J. Cownlcy' 6eem to show that i-rac-
tinv i» not homujiiL-ucouit, hut k n mixture of two or more liitTereiit siih-
stances. The)* slate that the alkaloid existing! in thU drug is, for the most
pnrt, n perfectly nmorphoui^ sulu'limce, of marked alkalinitj, forniiiiE dellitilt;
neutral salts, which are also amorphous. The amorphoufi alkaloid is ass*'-
ciated with olhere which arx' diitinctly crvntalliiie and very different in
physJoal characters. Paid and Cownlcy confine the name of emetine to the
amorphous alkaloid, and stale that it nroi>erly is metbyl-oepoliae, [lie erys-
tallizable alkaloid being named cepftline. iimctine is slightly soluble in
water, liul it dij-solvt-s rwidily in cthi;r, ulcohol. and chlori>fonn.
Pli7riolog:icaI Action.— The prolonged application of ipecac to the skin
causes irritation, followed by voiicles, pustules, or even tile<ir«. iDhalatioa
of tlic powdered root irritates the air-pae^a^es and occasions corvza, or, iu
some person*, an asthmatic- attack. The powdercii rimt has a slight, but
characteristic and nauseous, taste. Taken into the mouth, it increases
the salivary a'crelion and excites nausea; and, in ihi- stomnch. in a simibir
way, small doses (0.015 Gro., or gr, '/«) promote secretion, while large ones
caiae iiaueea and vomiting. Ipecac is a systemic emetic, and caiiseA vomit-
ing when swallowed, and also when injected hypodermically in the form of
fluid extract, or the alkaloid. Emetine. This drug ha* a peculiar eifect upon
the pulmonary circulation, sometimes causing hypcnemia, and at others re-
ducing the amount of blood in the lungs and producing relative aniemia.
Small doses stimulate the liver, and larger ones, after tolerance has been
established, act b» cholngogic cathartics. The active principle is excreted
by the liver and gsstro-intestinal tract. The akin is relaxed and perspiration
increased; tlif secretion* of the bronclio-pulmonary mucous membrane are
also increased. No marked effect upon the circulation is noticed, but eme-
tine exerciser u solvent action upon the nd corpuscles whcu injected into a
vein. The pulse is reduced in tension as a result of the act of vomiting,
which also favors diaphoresis. Urticaria is occasionally caused by tho in-
terna! use of ipecacuanha.
Therapy. — Tpecac has been used externally with benefit for insect-bites.
Neap ntoirimends the following, especially in cases of mosquito-hites: —
B Pulv. Ipecacuaiilui! £, Gm. or 3«a.
Alooholis,
i'Ethcris na 15' c.Ctu. 0» f3»«.— M.
■ PiKii-macnittral Jnurmtl and TmnKcllont, Julj- 20, 1893.
•Stw York Ufdtcal Timet. Jaa. ISOI.
IN HA.
£01
In ihc 'ItTrtiulitis onu?c<l bv rhiie loxicodcndron the froc application of
a "a»h irunlsinin^ powdeirtJ ii>ecflc in the iiniportlon nf 12 Gm. !» 173 o.cin.
(■ir 5iii-0j) of wntcT, if warml)' rfcommenofd by Dr. W. S. Gilmoie. In th«
I^mi of H spraT with a hanil-atomizGr a dilute iiolution of the nine of ipecac,
^~ :i~c(>tnmeDd^ by Muirell and Ringer, is of great cerrice in emphysema,. j
i.l>rcid phthifiif, chronic bronchitis, and vinter coujh, in allaying tbc upas-
mivlic vomiting and litjut'fying the Kcretions. Kinger dilutes the vine with
1 -ir i parti ol wator, and, using an ordinary hand-atoniixor, twenty or moia
'";tit'<_-zi-« of the bulb are made, and the sputy deeply inhaled, once daily at<
■ :-i. nfti-Twaid more frwjin-ntly. Thi' innulh »lii>utd be well mmcd out aftvr-
«.ini and a piece of lemon-peel chewed to avoid a nauseating effect. When
fiai-tionnl doM« of wine of ipecac are adminiKleTcd (0.0(! c.cm., or mj, etcry
)>i>ur or half-hour) they may act as a stimulant, and overcome obatinate
' :tiitiDg and rctchinv, juet as small do«es of brandy do. In the vomiting
[ [ircguancy it is saia that a single drop, taken every hour, is curative; it
luinly makefi a decided mental imprewion, and also may overcome the
n-iftiid action of the stomach by substitution. Bartholov, however, declares
that it tuts always failed in his hands In hvmoptyeis. small doses of the
(oUowing eoml'innlton have sometimes proved of service: —
B PalvcTiK ipMacmalMe [T5 Om. or gr. xij.
85 Gm. "T f(r. xxiv.
37 (-.(in. or mvj.
Bbunath. Rubnlt.
Crmwrfl —
M tl It. rliarittls- »o. xlj.
i^ig.: A powder rray hour er two until relkvcil.
In hvmoplyais small do*cs of the powder, short of producing vomiting,
•*nr to reduce the bleeding by decreasing the pulmonary congestion. It
has alw given good leautls in the treatment of epistasia and uterine hiemor-
rkagee. The fact that small doses of ipecac hare a favorable influence in
armting and preventing hiemoptysis induced Unimus to apply the same
treatment to metrorrhagia, and lie reeently announced at the Paris Soci^t£
dt Biilogie that he had found it remarkably eiTectiTe.
ITie wine of ipecac has been successfully empl'ivcd in dogps of 0.60 to 1
e*m. (or wix-xvl for the piirpoae of overcoming uicrine inertia In the first
■od ieconil stages of labor. It is said that the drug does not excite tetanic
i*«Inu'ti<>n, but normal and regular expulsive efforts.
\a attack of asthma may be cut snort by full doses of ipecac, and an
Mcaaional emetic is useful in whooping-cough and capillan,- bronchitis to
^stodge the secretiona. Bond' reports excellent results in a case of epilepsy
from ipecacuanha, beginning with 0.60 ccm. (or mx); the dow was gnid-
nally iDcreased to ?.30 c.cm. (or mxxsvj) three times a day. The severity
and frcquraejr of the fits gradually diminished for a year, and then ceased
(Btirely.
\^'hcn. in bronchitis, the secretions are viscid and the cough hard.
Ipecac in combination with other expectorants ia generally resorted to. The
*r I'ndH formulne containing ipecac ar«^ to be recommended in bronchitis:—
R Vlml ipMomanlia > TD e.ea. or fSij.
Srru|>. •rill* 00 e.aa. ur IJtj.
Tiii«i. opii cainpii IS cem. nr fBuL
Olrnrrinl <l. ». ad ISOi c.eni. or IBv.
M. Sig-' On* OT two lu>|KM>BfaI« whenever necMMif for the relief of eongh.
•Immrrt, t^t. IT. 1806.
SOS
I'llAIIllACBUTICAL THBBAPEtTTIC AOKNl'S UR DRVOS.
B Syrup, ipccaeuuiha IS
Aromoiili chlorldl , .*. B
Spiritu* »Ui«riB nitroti 45
MoiphinD! ■ulpliatii
Hyrup, pruni Virg ^. a. ad IBO
com, or fSw.
Cm. or 3ij,
C.cni. or (Sn».
H6 Oni. or n. J.
•.cm. or fjv.
M. Sig.) Two toupoonfuU evtrjr hour or two lor tlie tttiet o( «ough.
For brODchitiK. especially of elderly pcnoDR, ipceociumhn ctin be com-
bined thu.1 with mlvnntage: —
R Syrup, ipccocunnhie ....^........i. .,,.... 30j e.«ui. or fjj,
F<>t«8>ii iiiiratiK ...,,.,, S Cm. or Sij.
CrcoHoti .■■■...>.< 30 o.i'iD. or mv.
OWrerinl,
Atjuw flutantii floruu ■■ tn\ ori. or IJiJ.
M. Sig.: T<ro tcupoonluU In water every two or IhrM hour*.
In croup, especially where the mucus \t not expelled, but i» unallowed '
or accumulates iji the air-pasaagee, an emetic dose of syrup of ipecac often
gives great relief and may prevent ^ufloeatioii. For caset of thi« kind it m
much superior to tartar emetic or the compound syrup of squill, also con-
taining tnia salt, which is too depreiwing. In delirium tremens, or acute
alcoholic poisoning, ipecac produces evacuation of the contents of the stotu-
acli and Klimulutc* the action of the liver. It u too slow in it« edion ax un
emetic to be of much service in other forms of poisoning. In dysenierr. 2.60
to 4 Gm. (or gr. xl-lx) arc given with wonderfully gueeewful r«ult»: if n«c-
essaiy to quiet the stomach an opiate is administered flbmu twenty minutes
pievionsly; no liquids swallowed for an hour after th* ipecac has lieeii taken,
and fthsolutc rest in the recumbmit ]ll>!^lu^c observed. The iiame treatment
is useful in cholera morbus, and has been recommended in Asiatic cholera.
Ipyt-nc deprived of its emetine has been found bv East-Indian phy-
sicians equally elHcient in dysentery. It is administered in about the same
doses as ipecac and is ]e.sf apt to excite nausea or vomiting. In dysenteric
diarrhc^a, when blood and mucus appear in the stools, small doses m&y be
given, combined with opiali* or Dover'B powder. Ipecac, with mcrcnry and
opium, oflon acts well in both diarrhcea and dysentery: —
B Piilvnii ipt^cDcuanlm ct opii 11 Gm. or Sj.
Mhmw liydrftrjtyri |(lri Oni. or (tr. x.
Comphont.
PulvpriB rnpflrt,
Eitnicii kino "a 1 Gill, or gr. xv.
M. rt tt. pit. no. XXX.
8ig.; Ono or two pllla every hour or two until r»IUvcil,
TpGOac has been used in tuberculous diarrhcea with alleged advantage.
It ifl said to have the power of restraining night-sweats.
Kmotinc has been BUcoe«sful!y used in diarrhcea due to indigestion. It
is given in the dogo of 0.0008 Om. (or gr. '/„„), preceded by a calomel purge.
Nausea disappears and diarrhoea is rapidly controlled
Ipecac ia also used in fractional doses for insufScient excretion of bile
and torpor of the liver, and may be combined with n digitalis pill, or other
agents, as follows: —
^^^ M3
B VnW. l|icT«cuaiilu» r>- ■ KS Om. or st. iv.
(.'uiniim hydrochlorak ,,.,,,,,... 41 Gui, ur S),
fVpaiiL ] 56 Gm. or gr. xxtv.
Oht tdoalypU |l8 ccni. or milj.
M. M ft. piL n<x xxlv.
8%.: Tkk« one RfUrniMla.
SmaU dow8 of ipecac, given after mttla* sto of service in fliihilent
dyepepEia. Wbea th« tongue ts heavily coated and the stomach contaios
mdl^Mtiblo fwxl, capoctally at the beginning of a fever, an emetic do»c of
ipecttc wilt prove very eeniceable in relieving ejmptoms; it ie a means of
irratRipnt that has hvna allowed to fall into unde»en'eij n«'g1ect. In the
*tmtiiiL'nt of malarial poiaoning, this method of etimolating the liver is very
uMful prt'viout) to thu adminiatration of quinine or other antipertodica. It
it of service llkeiriee in the treatment of catarrhal jaundice.
In laryngismus stridulus, au emetic of syrup of ipecac usually aborta
tlH parojyBm and affords time for the uee of potassium bromide to produce
it> effecta. TrouMti-au recominendis) its u»c in the puerper«t state, m caaca
of noet-p«rtura hemorrhage, and dyaentcry, etc. In other forms of hffim-
orraage, auch a« epistazis, menorrhagia, and mftrorrlmgin, ipecac ia ^errico-
able when given in doaea sufficient to provoke vomiting. Dr. C. Burland
tertiilta to its value in controlling ha-malemeais. He administers it in the
dose of i Gm. (or .>j) or more, made into a bolus with enough glycerin to
prodnre the necwwarj' oonMstcucv.
The Enphorbit' Ipeoaenanba (Euphorbiaces). Ipecacuanha apurge,
growing in the rastem part of the TInited 8taI<-«, from New York southward,
although belonging to a diSerent natural order, y«t coDtaina in its root an
emetico-cathartic principle, which renders it a good substitute for ipecac
where eme8i» if required and catharsis is not objectionable. It is commonly
administered in the form of pciwderH root, hut a tluid extract may alio be
nbtained. It is of more agreeable taste than ipecac.
mis (U. S. P.).— Irii (Blue Flag).
Doie, D.20 to 0.2J> Gm. (or gr. iti-iv).
Preparations.
Ennatum Iridb |V.& P.).— Extract ol IrU. Dow, OJ>IS to OJW Gn. <<w
gr- ■:'.j..
BxtneUini Iridin Mntduin (U. S. P,).— Fluid Extrart o( Iris. Dow, S to 4 cem.
TbarnuicologT. — The Iris ven>icolor firidcn) ia a common inhabitant
^iMotHt plaices and borders of pondii of the United States, and is one of the
moat attractive among our wild flowvrs. It k an herbaceous perennial, with
a ihiiOconed roDt>slock, which ia the ofHcial portion — rhisome and roots.
The flowers are large and showy, violct-bluc. raricgatwl with grocnish-yel-
lovind while, with purple veins: they appear in May and June. It contains
u acrid resin, upon which its medicinal activity depends, tiesides ordinary
vegetable prineiplps, Iridin U nn impure resin, precipitated from alcoholic
ttnctnrc i.y wnt-r.
L Phyiiologieal Action. — The powdered root, when fresh, is a powerful
■ tmHir and cathartic, leas so after dri'tng. It is a decidod cholagogue. and
I abn dinretie and alti'rntive, having a stiinuinnt action upon the intestinal
504
PHABUACBDTICAL THEBAPEUTIC AOr.Jrra OH DBCDB.
gJandg. It i« biNst given in combination with iiromatic« and milder pui;((a'
tiT«e.
Therapy. — In chronic hcputic dc-rangi!nient«, eKpecittU^ of malarial
origin, the preparations of blue fiag are very useful, and particularly thfl
recent uttirati-d tincture. In duudi-nol catarrh, obftlnietivc jaundice, bilious
remittents, iris preparations are frequently used with advantage. In dropey
lltey are aUo iiirofiil. both nii diurctiiK nnd cathartiLj^. Iri«, a J ministered in
eniall doses, ia very beneficial in sick headache dependent U]>on indigestion.
In larger doses it has vermifuge properties and may be uwd to expel lh<
round worm, ascaris lumbricoidcg.
B Ext iridU tl.,
V.xt. hjrdrastis (I ui ISI cm. or Itta.
Elixir aroiiintlr 30\ e.cm. or fjj.
U. Sift.: Take a drsatrUpoonfti] in liM watvr twfor* meal* for indigMtioo.
nUS FLOREHTDVA. — Orrii-root. Srveral tpccicB of the genus Iri
(Iridete) furnish the rhizome kimwn by the name of oniB-root, It contains
a volatile oil of violet color and pleasant odor, much used in perfumery;
besides an acrid resin, starcii, mucilage, etc. The powder, which is said to
be- allerative, cathartic, and diuretic. i« rarely employed inlcrnally, but is
UBfd in making sachets, tooth-powders, and in alcoholic tincture, in per-
fumery and flavoring extracta.
IBO-ETHYini is the name of a new antiseptic formed by the dcstructivi
diBtillalion of etiivl akoliol, u foniinldehyd is produced from methyl alcohol,
and possesses somi- of ihc churnctcrislicf of the latter. Its germicidal power,
however, is slightly below that of fonnaldehyd. Dr. 0. M. liandall, of Au
BUita, Me., hope* it will prove mpabk- of keeping milk from spoiling, whi
harmless. Kxperiments lately made on animals led him to believe that,
minimum tttren^lhs cjipai'U- of arresting biicterial growths, the iso-ethyliol
does not interfere with digestion, licing volatile at 100° F., he thinks that
the hody-tempcralure i? !»ufficiont tu drive it out of the milk and thus keep
it from interfering with the action of the gastric juice.
etivo^l
shol,^
XZAL. — IzdI ia a by-product obtained in the manufacture of coke. It
was found by Dr. Klein, of London, that a 1 to 200 solution was destructive,
within five niinules, to various species of microbes. It ii* not irritant, how-
ever, in this strength to the human integument. This solution has been
used for the purpose of disinfecting Bjiongea and instruments, and for im-
pregnating gauze intended a« a drcit^ing to wound«.
JABORANDI FOLIA (B. P.).— (See Pilocarpus, U. S. P.)
JALAPA (U. S. P., B. P.).— JaUp.
Dose, 0.32 to 1.30 Om. (or gr. v-xx).
Preparations.
Rnlna Jalapw it'. S. P.K— Heein of Jalap,
(or gt. Uv).
T)oM>. fl.O<ln to &:i.y dm. lor gr.
Extnctum ilnlapie (U.S. P., B.P.).— Kxtraet of .lutup. Dow, 0.13 to 0.3S Om,
jAUri. 508
-fm^le JaUtw t'oiiii'voitiK' (U. S. P., B. P.t.— Compound Pov.ln nf ■HUtf (U. S.
['fltmlain* jaUp, 35 Giii_; (-tt.-Biii of tsTlar. OS (im.). Dose, 04S to 4 Uiii. |i>r gr. x-3j),
Tmctitrk JaU|i«p tR P.i.^TiiKtur« of JaU|> (ronlaln* i-D Gin., or gt. xxtij, of
I in 100 e.ctn^ or fSiivij). Dok, 2 to 4 c.cm. (or llaa-j).
JalB|M! RniM lU.P.t.— Jatip Itmin. I>u«e, U.13 to 0J3 Uni. (or gr. li-v).
MuuTBaoology. — "The tiiberoiie root of Ipomora Jalapa (Corn-olvu-
!■««?}," otiUined from ilexito, c-onluiiis from IS to 18 pur cent, of a «*in
fC. S. P.); "the dried lubeix'iiles of Ipomrea Hurs^," and ehoiilil yield not
Itw than 9 Dor more thiin II per cent, of y>^in (B. P.). Tlic rvsin U
mRIcuI anil compoaed of Jaltpin, a soft resin soluble in ether, and Cos*
folwliB, a hard resin ineoluble in ether, the latter of which tuu been
toaml to b« the mor« active; also xlnrch and aiigar, of each about 18 per
cvst. According to Profoesor Polcck. galapin is a rc^inoiij ghicotide, and
trparatri by the nclion of hydrochloric acid into suf^r and jalapinolJc acid.
0. A. Kayeer found that the reein is compotipd of a hsM dtkI s »oft portion:
tb« former, coniitituling TO per cent., a calUd Rhodcoretin (identical with
Itlftpis). This substance porgee violently in small doees <0.30 to Q.'ih Gm.,
"rp. ui-iv), and i» the mort important active principle. It waa renamed by
Uavrr, who called it OonToInlin. Polcck suggests the name Orixabis, ns
t tub«titut« for Jalapin, an<l conlinns the statement that this resin is idea-
t)csl in composition and chemical properties with pcammonin.
niysiological Actios. — Jalap is an hydragogic cathartic, increasing
di* iole-tiital eetretiona and the flon- of bile; overdosee may produce hypor-
catharvtii and proxtnitioii. Convotrulin is an irritant, and may mufe gartro-
enteritis and collapee; it is a local purgative, and is not excreted in the urine
{kgvs, but i> probably deelroyed by oxidation or by the hepatic cella.
Tbenpy. — The compound powder of jalap is one of the bmit hydragogic
'lUbcnicA for dropsy, either of heart or kidney difea-ie; and in cawa of put-
moDflry congestion and distended right heart, with lividity, ahortness of
I btrath, and so-called cardiac asthma, a leaspoonfiil of compound jalap>]>ow-
I dcT affords great Tclicf,
In drupey dependent upon cardiac or renal diseaw. Prof. Joseph Jones,
I of "Sew Orleans, employed with advantage a diuretic and purgative wine thus
I couponed: —
B ExL jtlaiNe fl^
Ext tHOm tl ..i aa llj txm. or tSUJ.
tM. nilocarpi tL ..■•>....•., ...i 30 ccm. or (Sj-
bt. dlgitUli* n . 2' r-cm. or mxxi,
PotaM. aitrat- l&jS Gm. or Sir.
TlnJ AnpUcB lt>00| c.cm. or OHIBij.
M. Sic.; A tableapoonful cymj thn* heun. Tbe quanlitjr i»n be gradually
■Kivurd ff uvtiiMrjr.
A* an ordinary lalative, the compound powder of jalap may be combined
ntb compouud licorice-powder where the latter faiU alone, and is a good
athartic for children. Jalap may be used as a cathartic after administration
itf lantortin or calomel, or where ii tieniacide has failed to bring away the
paianle. Ae a purgative, it is sometimes combined with calomel, but, as it
lB(U more rapidly than the latter, the elTect of the mercurial is lost unless
[itpmedM the former from four to six hours. .Talap is not so rapid in its
tino «« croton-oU, but is more inanugeablo. In hicmiHThoids it does not
PHARUAOBITTIOAI. THBRAPBITTIO AOBKTS OR DBUOS.
eauBo incrooHid irritDfion, but rtlicvcB them by emptying the veetcls a1»Di
and clearing out the lirer.
Convolvuliii U nii cfTiciont pxirgntiv*? and may bo prescribed in doses
from 0.10 to OM Gm. (or gt. isa-iij).
TAXBOL — Tambal. The Syzypiam jambntanum (Eugeniodeie, Myrtea')
i« 0 lice indigciioii«i in tropical Americu und the West und Fast Indies, where
the Bcid fruit is eaten as food and &b a remedy for diarrhrea and diabetes by
the natives. It bus also been used to some extent in Kuropc in the form of
an extract in the treatment of diabetes. In some experimmlB' made in Pro-
foisor Binz'g Uboralor^, it vtu shown liv Ur. C. Graoscr that in dogs in which
diabetes had been urtificially induced by the administration of pbloridxin,
the aimuitaneouH exhibition of jambal reduced the proportion of sugar mate-
rially (80 to 85 per cent.). There were no eigne of toxic action after admin-
istration of lar^ doses, 6 to IS Qni. (nr l^iiis-ivse) daily, of extracts partly
made from the whole fruit and partly from Ibe rind or kernel. Mr. Tliomas
Stephenson also finds that jambal possesses the power of checking the action
of aiatlasic ferments iu converting stsrch into gnpe-cu^^ar. The result of
his experiments was to show oonclusiTely that the greatest influence over
the action of diostafc was exerted by a preparation of the fmh kernels by a
process avoiding the use of heat. The di^crence in the preparations made
use of by different obsenem prtjbnbly fXplains the varying results reported.
Scott added powdered jambal to malt and starch and found that the
formation of sugar was prevented. M. Villio, however, who repeated the
experiment, obtained more sugar wbcn jambal was present than when it was
absent. Hildebrandt slates, as the reeult of liia experiments, that jambal
prevents the action of nlant-diiiittase and the eiiKar-forminf; ferment* iu the
blood-serum, saliva, and pancreatic extract, but is without eiloct upon pepsin
and trypsin. Uiaxiy reports, for the most part favorable, have been made
in regard to the efficacy of jambaJ in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. In
tbu majority of cases the amount of urine was reduced, the proportion of
sugar lessened and the general health improved under its use. In a number
of instances this amendment has taken place in the absence of the u^nal
regulation of diet. In pancreatic diabetes, on the other hand, Dujardin-
Deaumetz asserted that the (juantity of sugar in thit urim- i* actually in-
creased. This writer n-garded the drug as nierdy an adjuvant to the
dietetic raanaRement of moderately -severe ca-ses of diabetes. Though the
evidence of different obscrtcrs is not always iu accord, yet from what has
been piihlidhed the drug certainly merits a trial and thi- cloaeat iiludy of its
therapeutic worth. In India jambul has long been esteemed of ^'aIue i
diarrhcea.
JOEUHBIN ia derived from the bark of the cameroon-tree: johimbehe.
Bcrjfcr' wrius' of bis success with Ibis drug as an aphrodisiac. He cite*
1 cases; !i patients were suffering from "paralytic irapotenci-''; the remain-
ing 3 were healthy individnuU (sexually) and received the treatment i"
drnidtiitnitfr il« btirinlc*=nfS!». The writer jirepared a rolulion containing
0.01 Gm. to SO com. {or gr. '/b-^Svus) of water, of which l.?0 c.cm. (or iwxs)
n
^Lancet. Nov, 2. 1889; Tlicrapeutic Onjclfc. .Jan., 1890.
•Devttekc mediclniiche WvcheMchrid, .\pril 2a, 1901.
given as a dojie. The eithibition of the dru^ produced erectious and
vKcr for coitus in a few days. Burger nUo stalvM that if tio reacttou ia
obtainMi within a week the doee should be increased to ti.50 to 4 c.cm. (or
il-lx). A. Eulcnbcrg hae ti«t'd johiiabin in msi-« of nuiirasthenic im-
dOix with escellent results in doses of O.GO c.cm. (or mx) of 8 l-pur-ocnt.
tuuoB. In eomc of th« castiis the vlTiic't of thu driif; pngiWKl oif after a time
^ retraired a repetition of the treatment. In aniniaJe the drag produix-s
'■ «»4rtling of thv tt-stct! and enactions and large dosvs, 0.01 Gin. (orgr. '/«),
JutI no rlelbterious effect upon the general health of the animal.
JUGLAHS (U. S. P.).— Jnslaos (Buttemat).
DoK, 4 to 8 0. (or 3i-ij).
Preparation.
KxinetniD JugUndu (U.S.P.).— Extract of Butltrnut. lK»e, 0.33 to 2 Cm. (or
p. r-xxxt.
Phannacolo{7. — Tbe berk, collected in the autumn, of ihc root of
Ji^laiiP I :in-r<-tt (.Tuglandaccw), n larKe Irci; of Xorth America, contains
Vbob or Jnglandic acid {resembling cnrysophsnic acid), also rottin. volatile
nl,Bnd fixed oil and tannin.
Thermpy. — h is a mild cathartic, useful in chronic constipation and
djafntiT)-,
Hat-oil is the fixed oil obtained by expre^ion from the cruehi>d seeds
a( •»(»! ipwics of Ju^lnndacea;. Walnuts and hickory-nuts yield about
H pvr cent, of a fine, -bland, plea^nt-iadinf; oil, which can be used in phar*
macj, or in medicine for maSMge, like other fixed oils. It is a dryinj; oil>
oantainiDg Unolein.'
A decoetion of walnut- leaves, u.'icd both externally and internally, is
■id by Dr. Itodionoff to bo of value in scrofula.
J U N iPERirs. -Juniper. Juniper'berries.
Prtparalion*.
8pliitn« Juoipcri Coaipoaitu« (U.S.P.).— Cimipoand Spirit of Juniper (oil of
ilfwr, 8; oil ol mrawaf, I; nil of trnntl, I; alcnhnl, I4(>0; water, q. «. ad 2000
■.t. Dot, 7.5 to 15 ejtm. (or f3ii-iv),
SplriliM Joniprxl (U.8,P.. RP.K— epirit o( Juiilpcr mil <>( juniper. A; alrahol.
»cjnM.t. I>o*c. 4 lo t5 (■xm. «ir (SifJ**!- H- P- 1 20 li 4 cx-m. (or mxxtSJl.
fAtum .luniprri (U.B.P.. B.P.I.—Oil of .Tunipt-r. IIom. 0.30 to 1.20 ts.cm. (or
*■ siu B. P.. OJU lo 0.)a ctm. (or rim iij).
Fbannacology. — The fruit of .)uniperu> communis (Conifers'), an ever-
—^--Ti of ihit counlrj- and northern Europe, contains from 3 to 3 '/, per
lit n volatile oil, about 15 to 30 per cent, su^ar, «tc.; also a non-
- -. " ':»l>lc principle. Jonipehn. The volatile oil also exists in the leaves
■'■ ■ 7 part* of the plant, and by maconiting thcni in alcohol or spirit*
produced, commonly known as gin, or spiritui< Oeneva. .\s the
.il article Ls frequently ndulti-ratcd with oil of tuqientiue and other
ilienta known to the trade, the L'. S. Phanuncopa-ia offer* a sulijii-
:-;^ la the compound spirit of juniper. Tbe oil of junijwr obtained from
• -A Cowpaaion to t)i» U. 8. Phnmini-opivla." Oldberg ft Wall, N>u- Yorli. 1»8T.
PnARMACEVTtCAt THKRAPEtTIC AOXNTS Olt DRCtlB.
the wood IB inferior to that Oistilted from the l>erTife. which is the offitiiil
form from wliich tli*- ^iiirit nuA vumynumi] spiril iirc iniii])-.
Physiologic*! Action.— Juniper stimiiJatee the tcidneye, but in health,
vrhilc thu ()iM;liaTge of urcu i» iiicrvnecd, ihc urinory wntrr is actually dimin-
ieh«d tetnporariij; an overdose may produce strangury and euppreasion of
urine. In diHUsed conditiom, liowovor, the flow of urine it mucn moro free,
and especially where dropsy exists. The oil is canuinstive as veil «e diur«tic,
«iid in alcoholic solution ie a frit(iii(.-ntlT>ii«cd ttimuhint. It i« vontra-ind>-
cuted in acute inflammation of the Jtidneye.
Tberapy.^ln various forms of dropsje* juniper it useful. In the (onn
of un infusion, to which 15.5 Om. (or 5*8) of cream of tartar is a good ad«ii-
lioti, n pint Iit-ing dnmk through the day, llu* I'lTcct* are boou munift^t in
Uri^rht's dteease and its attendant oedema and effusions. A combination with
p(itn>«itiin ncelate i» aho very elTective. a»:—
It PotdHil ftcotati* 2313 Cim. or Svj.
Spiritiis Juni])»ri comp. , . . . .... 15 i'.<nn. or fSiM,
Infuni (copnrii 13&| c.em. or fjiw.
M. ct It wl.
Sig.i A tablespoon ful Uiree or four tiuit* a day.
.fiiiiiixT gives n-lit-f in pnssivc congi'^uon of the kidnoya and the lum-
bar pain which accompanies that condition. This remedy ia inappropriate,
hou-crcr, in acute ni-phriti«, on account of its «limulant propertieit. In largo
doses it sometimes escites priapism, strangury, or hematuria. Benefit ia
ohiained from juniper in chronic pyelitis, prostatorrhcca, and gleet. Chronic
oalanh of the bladder is also relieved by its use.
The juice of the berries has been succes«fnl!y used in doB«« of 7.S to 11
c.cm. (or f5ii-iij) as a diuretic for young children and in renal dropsy. The
oil may be dropped in boiling water and inhaled to produce the Mimo cfTcct.
In infantile colic a few minims of the compound spirit in hot water relieves
flatulence and pain.
Jtiniper-woiid by destructive distilliition yields an oil known ae oil of
rade. olTu-ial >n both the I'niled States and British Phurnuicopaiiaji (sec
Oleum Cadinum).
KAUAIA (U. S. P.).— Kamala (Bottlers).
Pharmacology and Therapy.— "The glands and hiiir* from the oapgulea
of S!aiiotii.ii phifippinciisis (Kiiphorbiftcea?)." a .*mal! tree of India and (?hina,
eome to this conniry iu the form of a finely -granular powder Kamala ie
indammable, and is insoluble in cold and nearly so in hot water, but i»
largely soluble in alkaline sotntion, alcohol, and ether. Prom these solutions
8 resin is precipitated by the addition of water. Kamala is liable to be larsel;
adnlteruted with dirt or sand. The V. S. P. permits S per cent, of ash. The
resinous material has been found to consist of several distinct principled, the
most imporlunt of which is culled Kottlerin, which is obtained by exhausting
the drug with ether. In full doses, 4 to 12 Gm. (or3i-iij), it is a violent pur-
gative, and in India it is used largely as a vermicide. For tape-worm the
HUantitv named is given at a dose, mixed with molasses or other vehicle, with
a little liyoscyamus to prevent griping, and its operation may be made more
active by a dose of castor-oil, given after the last portion of kamala. A fluid
extract and a tincture (6 to 16 nuofficial) are also used to expel lumbrieoid
KAOMNirU.
509
■ft. In tbp form of ointment kamala is used in the EaAt in the treatment
if aabMs and ringworm.
KAOLIHTTII (B, T.).— Kwlin {A1,[S,0,]. + AI,0[OH].).
A nttiu' nluminum tiUcitte, powdered ami freed from Kritty particlee
b; flutrialioii. Porcelain clay is t^iuployod m mi'dicine us a (hifting-powder
tat inlenrign and eczema, to rclii-v<- irrilnlion, and protect the eurface from
lh« iir. It is employed pharmaceutically in pille as nn «xcipiont lor silver
nilnte. polansitiin {K*nmiii^atiati-. ctf.
KATA-KAVA. — Ara-kava, Hetliysticum. The Piper meUiyGticum
(Piperacete) is a ehrnb of the liawaiinit lelands, having; a large root, vrhicli
juM* aWut 2 Vt per cent, of «(ift resin (coiteislin^ of two kinds, distin-
gniriwd as a and b); about 1 per coiit. of a ni-iUrnl. cryctnlline principle,
■tthyttieiB (or kavahin): nnd »i>iii« yellow, volatile oil. This reacmblee
oiperioe and cuhebiii, and is prohably inert. Iho mcdivinul quuHtiiM depend-
tuff upon the resina end volatile uil. It in bi-:<t ;;ivi'n in the form of a tincture
m Huid extract made with aleohol a^ a menstruuiu.
Fhynological Action. — In thi? Hawaiian Islands the natives prepare an
latoiicatiti;; bovcraiie by chewing the root and inlvuin^ it with water or
coeiM-nut-niilk to ^ace their festivals. In crinseijucnce of prolonged u»e
Lata bsi ob«erved Uiat the skin of the Islundere^ e^pt^cially upon the ex-
tntnitic*. assumes a deoidedly-ichthyotic appcaranee, associated with a
i-Krtain deiiree of atrophy rw*inbling tliat of <dd perHou;'.
The fluid extract is diuretic and depre^ant. The peculiar effects of
t&is drug do not seem to he entirely due to cither of the resins tirluch it
cmtainB, but no other active principle; has yet been isolated.
The phvaiological action of kava-kava has been invcBti^sted by Lcwin,
Bandolph. and otlicrtL Dr. David Cenia has published an accounl of a series
iif eip«nmenta* upon the same subject. When the fluid extract or the resin
» placed upon the tongue, « burning scnwilion is at fir«l produced, aoon
foUowed by an increase of saliva and local anie^hesia. llie loss of Eensstion
atdnrea for bour», nnd nonual sensibility ulnwly roturut'. 11u' xame be*
annbiDg influence is exercised uprtn the cornea and conjuDctira by a local
application. A few minims of a solution injected hypodt-rmicnllv caused
emplvte annftheeiA in the neighboring parts. Tlie loss of sensibility per-
aaUA fi>t a week.
The mucous membrane ie rcndeTud angemic. Taken internally in coii-
■doalile <|Uanlity, it induces somnolence. As the result of hi« reMarchea,
Ciauconc)ude« that kava-kava produu« general anaisthesia. and is especially
i powerful local ana-stbetic. It diminishes and finally de«>iniy# (he action of
tfle afferent nervea by affecting their peripheral ends. IteHex action is
diBiniHhcd and ultimately abolished. Parsly^is of spinal origin iit an cITect
«( the drug. The action «f the In-ari is n-mb-rwl slower and more powerful:
aituial pressure is at first reduced aud £uhtie*|uently raised. Kespimtion it
it fin! stimulated, afterward deprce.ae<t. imd linally punity:fed. Small doses
•f kava-kaTu slightly increase, while large quantilies reduce, bodily tempera-
IlK
Ihanpy. — In cystitis and chronic goDorrhoea kava-kara is often remark-
■rfcerapeu/M) Oiufttr. Jan. \i. IWI.
filQ PUABUACBL'TICAL THEtlAPKCTTIR AQEXTR OS DBCOS.
ably succesaful. Acute gonorrhtra, n-U-ntion of urine, tnd in<?ontiiien(« ol
urine have oleo been notably auieliurated by the exhibition of this motij
unaided by any other form of ireatiuent. It is likewise beneficial in leuxt-
rhu'ti and vugiuitis. It hfl» aleo been recommended for gout. It il nugoud
that the nnieethetic properties of thiseiihatsnoe may prove useful towititfi^
and that, though irritant to the cwnjiiiictiva. it may be vmiiloyud snbufnan
to cocaine for the purpose of prolonging the anESthesia due to the tUilni
and may be titcd, also, to disguise the tuete of bitter or naiucous mtdinBa-
KEFIR.— Kefir is a product of the fermentation of milk. l(TDU|hili)
general pi-ofe§*ionai notice by the «Titinjis of Russian physieiaoB. It i« pn-
parul by Ibe imtivc* nf the Cuuoishs by the addition of ■ fi'rmrnt colktbd
from a moiinlain-biith. The ferment consists of bacilli and yea*t-ccib. Ikt
lattiT alone hi'injr CKH-nlioI to the ferment utiou. Kefir is a plcsMnth-ltiJ
Hiiid. containinp S parts of alcohol and 0 parts of lactic acid in lOOO ptiU
Therapy. — Ketlr ii« well tol(rrati;d by the stomach and has been emplimd
with good reeultfi in the treatment of dyspepsia, pastrie catarrh, gastric iilir:.
ann?mia, chlorosis, and scrofnloslii. It is useful in maintaininjc nuintioo it
pulmonary tuberculosis and cancer of the stomach.
KINO (U. S. P.. B. P. ).— Kino.
Dose, 0.32 to 1.30 Gm. (or gr. v-ss).
Prfparadons.
Tincturv Kino <U. B. P., B, P.}.— Tiiiotuie of Kino (10 prrceoLI. Dow, 4t*'i
c.cm. (or fli-ij).
Pulvis hino Coni]io»ilu» (R P.|. — Compound Powder of Kino (kiii», TS: <mtm
i: dmmiiioii, :iO). Duse. 0.32 lo 1,30 liui. (ur ^r. lxil). Ttd* powder conuisi^io
nmt. o( opium.
Phaimacology.— Kino is "the inspissated juice of Pterocarpos llta*-
piiim (lA'gumitiojiiu)": » tree of the Rast Indies. It occurs in fia^mentt 4 ,
a ruby-red eolor, without odor, of a sweetisli. astringent taste; (carcclji '
uble in cold, bitt entirely soluble in boiling water; soluble also in :
Kinotannic acid is the most important constituent; there are also [
Kinoin, h crystalline neutral substance, Pyrocattchin, Peetin, etc. TVi
eial kino is the so-called Malabar kino: there are other varieties, notablroO*
from Rolaiiv Pay, iil)liiiTH'd from sevcnil siM>rii's o( oiiwilvptus-
Physioiofioal Action and Therapy.— Kino is a mild astringent,
in diarrhfca, especially with chalk miiturc and partgoric Kino,
and internally, possesses some value as an hemostatic, and is a
remedy in pyrosis. The tincture is often an ingredient of injectioni
gonorrhcea, and may be applied as a stimulant dressing to chronic n!«*'
The compound powdfir (B. P.) is used especially for gastrn-intestini) 4i*"
orders attended by diarrhoea. It has 5 per cent, of opium. Kino mai alfj
lie employed in soUition as a gargle, but has no edrantagt- over tann>f sc*
for this purpose.
I
J
KOLA.. — The seeds of Stercnll* kemuinala (Stereuliacea?) are nsc<l
the natives in various parts of Africa for the nurpose of incrcaMOg bodil
force and restoring impiiiri'd unergy. The wens are chewed, and from th ^
powdered dried .seed- nii riL'TPcable stimulant and nutritious bereragetsi
KOLA. 511
«'ith milk niifJ honfiy. The tree gnwa to the height of thirty to sixty
i, l>r«rB Stone resemblance to the hoTMschc«tiiut, it a native of tho u-e»tern
fctttit of Afrin, and is fount! u» far inland aa t^ve hundred or six hiimlred
niile?. It has bei-a introdnced. and with siiwi'i^s, into other tropioni rej;ions
of A»in nud Soulh Americn. From five to tifteeii seeds, some red and others
while, are eontaintd in a Bingli.- capMile. Ilu-v contain a largi* proportion
tit (MLffeiiM (If tbeine t2.3-t8 per cent.) together with tannic acid and theo-
bfomioe (0,033 per cent.), other conatituenta being sugnr, albumin, cellulose,
lurch, fat, and nxcd salts. According to the ioveetjgations of I>r. E. Knebi;!,
raoSnned by A. Uilgcr, the fresh nut contuin« un caffeine, but a ^lucoeide
«hich. hy decompoaiiion, gives rise to caffeine, glucose, and kola-rod.
'rhoM smds nave lately been employed in a number ot clinical experi-
BTDts. An alcoholic extract has been made by exhauKting the fresh nuta
»iih 5 juirli- of CO" alcohol, and n wine by macerating in a swefit white \Fine
tor a ftirtniiiht. But neither of these preparations extract all the eullciue.
A lioriurL- and a syrup have also been made, tbou^'h water is an imperfect
iBi-niitruiini on account of the starch contained in the seeds. According to
Shnmoniln.' there is aUo a falsi- nr bitter kola, the male koln, named also the
Uarvinia kola, the seeds of which are oval or cuneiform; these are four in
Duinl>er, contained in a large berry. Hie false kola-nuts are destitute of
alkaloid.
Fhynoli^cal Action. — 'Mie taste of the fresh seed is at Grsf sweet,
becoming astringent and slightly bitter. From his investigations upon him-
<rlf Slid i>thi.-r>. It. H. Firth concludes that kola increaseiS the secretion of
anai; stimulates the nervous system and heart, and increases arteritil Uu'ion.
It prevents the feeling of exhaustion from exercise or hunger. It commu-
BKatGs an ftgTMablc tasic to water or food, and, according to Annitrou.i,
reiden tainted meat edible and clariSde polluted water by a mechanical
wtioo.
Dr. Kotliar studied the action of kohi-nut upon seven healthy young
mm during periods of rest and work, 4 Cm. for 5J) of the powdered nui
heitig given daily to ciich snl)j<:H.-t. Both during ro^t and work tlie nssimila-
Uao of phosphorus and sulphur was increased, llit- meiamorphosij of the
mat clcncnis was diminished during rt«t and at work, but more particularly
daring rest. The breaking up of phosphorus and sulphur compounds during
pmo£ of rvpuM; and ldlK>r,a» compared with that of nitrogenous compounds,
«a* diuiinished. The assimilation of chlorine was increased during rest, but
mallrred during work. The metamoruhosis of chlorine was diminished
during rest and work, especially in the latter ease.
nurtpy. — Kola exercises a preservative action upon the teeth and
gaaa, and promote* appvtitc and digi-stion. It favorably modifies the fune*
ii«aa of the liver. It is, therefore, adapted to act as a remedy in dyspepsia,
vfietlier of gastric or hepatic origin. It n-licves the vomiting, vertigo, and
darpmsion rif Hn^icknes:?.
For paintui djspepsia Dr. Monin recommends: —
B IWL opti tampb 1$) o.om. or f3««.
"nBrl. viiiiU. aa t&i c.cm. or fSiiM.
Unctlaf- ^t*r,a I20| e.cw. or IJiv.
M. Stg.: TsIilnp«onfu1 tbtw tlni#» a day.
> itanmienKiMl Strord. Jon. 5. ISPl.
PUARUAOKUTtOAL THRRAPBUTIC AOBWTe OB DROOB.
It* combinod Etomnchii? and astringent properlic* render it of scrvi
in tbo ireaiiiK-nt n{ acute nnd chronic iJiairlnEa. In its native conntry it
thought to protect Europcnne against sffection* of the liver, and the nnti
cfltiK'm it iiB n prophylactic against dysentery. It has been proposed as likcl,
to bo of Horrioc in cholera. Ah u ncftrt-ttimulant, it may b« employed in
weakened conditions of that organ, in fever, and in phthisis. Kola is useful
in cardiac- asystolb- and in the dchSlity attendant upon convalescence from
influenza. It is directly seniccablc in disease of the heart of- a diuretic.
Itfi fuvurable influence upon the oer%-ouf ^yiitem stigge^t^ ita rnnploynicnt in
oeuralgia. It is stated that kola has a remarkable power of promoting chocr-
fulnefi^ and may be very ^.t-nieeably u.-^ed in hypochondria and melanehi>lia.
It is probably of value in overcoming the taste for alcoholic li<iiiors. As h
)iu1)»lilii[e fur coca or tea, kola amy be given in cststa of weak digestion, em-
ploying the preparation kolufra. which is used like breakfmt-cocoa. Kola
httM a tendency to cause wakefulness, and for this reason it is advisable to
avoid its use in the evening. Dujardin-Beauni«tz found kola of udvantago
in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The following formulK are taken
from the columns of A' Journal dr. MiJedne de Part*: —
B Bit cinohnn.,
Ksl. kolas
Kxt. riiBl
KxL nucis Tom
F*rri uncnntj*
]>u1v. |[Ol» ...
U. et dlv. In nil. no. f.
dig.: T«'i> pilu with uuvli tii»sL
51 Gm.
no (iin.
GO Gm.
30 Am.
iw 1^ Ukv.
or (tf- ixsvU),
ot gr. viivt.
or |tr. IIJ.
'4
R Vini kolm.
Vini ciiiNion..
Vini irmtinntr.
Vini cnlnmliHT aa 840| e.tia. or /Jvilj,
Ljq. potnsn. anwiiiL jSO cnn. ur |;LI. x.
Tlnct, njirls vom ]30 f.rm. oi gtt. v.
U. i^ig-'' A ('iHit'tglauiful HftfT vuoh meiil.
Ilie preparations madf from Ihf fresh seeds — the fluid extract, nine, (
elixir — are elegant and very valuable restorative remedies.
EOVinSS. — Eamyst, Hilk^wlne. Originnlly made in .\»ia by the
Tartars as an intoxiiviiUni:; drink by fermenting mares' milk, koumiss has
been introduced into Eiiroiniin mriiii-iue ii» a food and a» a remedial ngenl.
It onn be made for medical use by adding a small piece of compressed yeast
to diluted cows' milk ooninining a tmnW amount of grape-.tugar; it should
he kept in a cool place, with frequent agiialiou, and used on the fourth or
fifth day. The late Prof. S. W. Gross (ColUgn and Clinical Reford) gave the
following directions for preparing koumiss: Dissolve 16.5 Om. {or Sss) of
grapc-»ugar in 120 e.cm. (or f^iv) of water. Dissolve 1.30 Om. (or gr. nx) of
yeast-cake in 120 c.cm. (or f,>iv) of milk. Pour both iuto a 4;uart bottle and
fill nearly to the tup with milk, ('ork tiRhtly, fastening the cork with win>.
I'ut into a cool place and shake two or three linu';- daily for three davs. Kt^p
for use -no longer than »ii dai/g. A chanipasrne-tap introduced ihniiigh the
cork is necessary. Koumiw! cuntuin*i about Itt per cent, of alcohol, and is a
plee»iint, Hcidulou.a drink.
KRAHEIIIA.
S13
Plijriiologrioal Action and Therapy. — The conil>incd action of the car-
bonic add and alcuhol in Ilouhuih produces an exbitarant tmpreeaion. It
ttiKt the nrterial IctisioD and ns^trts in uit^iinilation. It adds tone to the
, aumub. aida the app«titc, excit«H the action of the kidneve and skiu, and
, (atun (.Wp. Kounn^tf., by rcatoo of iU utility at a nutriment durinji: in-
flammatory- action, is of pri'at eervice in phthisis, ficrofula. phronic broncliitis,
asd ID Oio tr<-iilnu-nl of surgical coacs. In an irnlalile Ktomuch it i« u tnoKt
Wncftcial n^Di-'dy in its seaativi: and nutritive effect. In the naueea and
lomiting of pngiiancy, owing to the action ju«t it-fi-rw-d to, konniiiu rery
*ttMi ikU in a most happy manaur, the nutrition and bodily vigor of patienta
htiag inert-wed by the continued tii<e of k»umrs» during tliis period. At the
ume of conSni'ment. when nausea and vomiting supervene, followed by
nliaustioD. kuumiHtt will oflcu assist in reatoring the f1ag^inf{ powcra. l>ur-
lag the elalo of lactution koiiniiss will be very grateful, will assist Ihe nutn-
tioa of ' •III, and will In- produc-tivv of better and mort^ noiirUhin^
milic. ': -ki has otieerved s decidedly bcncRcial effect from the use of
iimi-a 111 iw<i caMs of irregular uienst^ruation and in one ca^o of abundant
:^>al lurmorrbape.
la runvaleM^ence from aoutt! diseaBCs, in diarrhoea and dysentery, kou-
ii.iu will be »'r%icL-able to feeble dige:#tion, and will aid in aMimilatioa. In '
I infantum, ^artro-inlestinal diitease:* of cbildhixid, and in fcTcn kou-
uux t~ 4 tmwt Agrc«^uble form of food. Koumiss senes as an excellent vehicle
far Ihir ndroini^tration of lactic acid to children suSeriog with diarrho'S.
D. II. Ditviee siiggesti^ the preparation of ouonymized koumis« as suitable to
caM> "f hrpatic derangement attended by nausea and vomiting. It can he
b*dt> l.y adding 1 1 c.cni. (or EJUj) of fluid txtraet of cuonymua to every pint
■f the diluted milk from whioh koumiss la obtained. In the t^ame manDer
cncmiue hydrochlorate may he incorporated with koumi!)! for the trejitmcnt
af cancer of the stomach. It is also an admirable remedy and food id acute
and chronic alcoboliiim, in nltmnunurta. diabnlea, gattralgia; ga^itric ulcer.
and ID the rarioits fomu of cancer and dvspepeia. Koumiss is especially
iw^ful in cachexia of kidney disease (130 cent., or f^iv, four or five times a
ilay).
The amount of koumim administered to each ease should vary according
la the disetwe. In Mme iii^nncce from 80 to 120 c.cm. (or f.v-iv) can Im-
fiven every one to three hours; in others as much n« a good-siited glassful
or two can be taken fr«iiiently during the day and night. The writer has
adaintvlervd as nmeh as three or four quarts of kouiui.-'x a day in diseaeva
attcadc^ with much exhaustion, and often with decidedly good' effect.
rtAKKItlA (U. S. P.).~Krameria (Ehatany).
iSAMERlS. RADIX (B. P.).— Krameria-root.
OMe, 0.33 to 1.30 Gm. {or gr. v-xx).
Pnparationf,
Bfnfot Kramftla ID. B. F.)^-9jnp Vt KramcriA (flulil axtnet, 4S; ■fnip, »).
0^. 4 lii li fLctn. lor ni'iv).
Eitmrliini Kr«in«iic Fluidnn <0. 8, P.).— Fluid Kxtnti of Knunrrla. Dom,
rtn. (or "Ixxl.
I HID KtanKTiii! (U.S.P.. B.P.}.— Extna i>r KrrimerU. OoM, 0.001! to 0.05
'JB. lOf Iff. i»).
Sli
VakRUACRVTlCAL TIIEKAPKVTIC AOKXTB OB DBCOS.
TlMUtn Kraoivrlt* (U.aP.. B. P.).— Tlnclure of Kntmoria iSO |)cr««nt).
4 to 16 Qjeot. lor (Si'iv). H. 1',, ^ to 4 cum. lor fltu-Ji,
Trochiwl KnuiTlm {V.S.P., U. P.).~Trocli«a of Kr*iiii>ria l^ajA,, 0.0«S Gri
gr. ), ot extrai-t). Do«*, 1 ot mom.-. _
TrochWun Kramrriin «t Coraln» |B.r.|. — Kiumrria nnij Cm'Hlnn I.OMi^ («X~
tract of kranierla. O.uon Cm,, oit p:. y, rocaine hydrocblciridc. 0,00324 iim., ur gr. */»>.
Liquor Krnmtriit Conooilraliu IB. P.I.— toncrntinted Solution of Kramcri*.
Dow, S to 4 c.i-m. (or ISw-j).
Infmuin Knmcriu! (B. I'.).— IiifuUon of Kramcria (SO Cini- to 1000 c.cin., boili:
dintUlfd water). Dow, IS to 30 cent, (or fSw-j).
-^
Fhannaoolosy.^vreitKfria is "ttio root of Krameria tri«ndra and of
K. ixinii (Poh-gieie)" (I'. S. P.); "the dried root of (1) Para Hhatany, a
BiMjcies of Krainprin, attributed to Krumt^ria ai:g«.'nt('a, or of (K) Penirian
uhatany, Kraraeria triniidrs |H. P.). prowinu in South America. It <:on-
toiiiM sbout in {)cr oi^'iit. of Erameriotannic acid, nhioh its the acttv
constiiucnt.
Phytiologrioal Action. — It U s powerful aetringont.
Therapy. — In Peru it ia largely- used as a remedy for bowel diaordc:
diarrha-a, dysentt-n,', etc. The infusion is a eatiefactory gargle for relax
tliroat, and the loxcnge is also u^ed for this purpose. Thi! tinclure
'krameria may be combined with chalk mixture in the treatment of summer
diarriilea. Kramoriit ih cmtiloycd as a avstemic remedy in epi^taxiH, hii-ni-
atemesia. hieiiiaturia. and other forma of Wmorrhage. It is of ficrrice, l>otli
locally uiid inUTnally, in luemorrhoids and leuoorrhtea, and the tincturo
or the fluid extract is used, diluted and in combination with other asirtn-
gents, a.i un injection, in gonorrhtea. A niixtnre of the dewction and Ihv
tincture wa* rocomiriended by Trouwcaw a« an injection for the treatment
of fissure of the anua. The powdered extract enters into the composition
many tooth-powder*.
L&CTUCARIim (r. S. P.].— lAGtUGarimn, Lettuoe<opium.
Dose, 0,65 to 1.30 Gm. (or gr. x-xs).
Preparations.
TiniTtuni Iji^uturii (U. 8. P.),— TlrclTit<! of I-nHuctritun. Dose, 0.60 to 4 ej
lor I7i3(-t!j).
SjTupuo l^.nrtucarii (IJ. S. P.).— Syrup o( ijet.UMiriuin (10 por cent, of tinctun||
Dnw, 4 to \b r.em. (or f3i-fS«B).
Pharmacology. — "The concrete milk-juice of Lactuca vtrosa (Com-
pci»ilie)," a wild variety of lettuce growing in Europe, but also found in
garden lettuce, Lneluea sativii. The only important constituent is the mixed
^uliKtance, Lactucarium, oblnined by evaporation of the milky juice. It is
in flflttened pieces or cakes, nf reddish-brown color, iiitemnlly white or waxy-
looking, of heavy, opium-like odor, and a bitter taste. French lactHcnriura.
beinft simply a bliiekisb-browii extract of lettuce, is inferior to that of the
pimnnacopftia of the United States, which is made fi-om the expri-SKcd juice.
The French syrup of Inctm-arium (Aubcr^'icr)^ hitwever, is considered an
active n» well a» an elegant j>repaTatioii. Lactucarium consi^l^ of Lftctuceria,
Lactucin, and Lactnoio acid, Mr. T. S. Pyinond has made the iuterv^jiting
diseoverj- that a small proportion of hyoscyaminc is contained in lettuce.
It is present both in the wild and cultivated species, exists in very minute
LIUINARIA.
515
•Riuaot in Ihc young [>!■»(£, but in the green exiract of (he British Phanna-
•••(MiHa uT lS8.'i. prepared from the Hovering horb of Lftctucs rirOM, it occurs
tu the cxu-nt of (i.oa per «nt.
The eyrup is pleasnnt to the taste; a glycerit* may be made of the same
•Irurth M the sip-nip, by usinj; filyccrin instead of simple eyrup.
Phytiological Action. — It h a feeble narcotic, and oweii its reputation
brgi'ly Id iIk' nbsenatioa that eating lettuce causes drowsincs6. Its propam-
tiims Tsrr greatly in artivity, but are not toxic, and are therefore much safer
lof children than those of opium. Sorae action upon the kiclncys in uUo
afawnred, and it allaytj flpaiiiRodio cough.
Tktnpy. — The symp is ustd in cough-mixtures for children. .VuWt-
er'i syrup having ihe r4<putali(m of being active and uuifonn in xtrengtb.
To allay ucrvouE irritability, and ns a substitute for the soothiug syrups con*
uimtig morphine, il h»» d<i-ide«i value. The fluid extract may be used in
tUHy persons, or where there is an idiosyncrasy against opium, to fulfill the
vaAa.
Laetudn has been employed as a eedative and hypnotic in the doee of
"1*0.13 Cm. (orgr. i-ij).'
UmHABIA. — Laminaria. Sea-tangle. The amall tUtmat of the Lanai-
^HjidiKit■ta(AIi^a^), n-li<>ii(lri<Ltl.flrc>j\u into appropriate lengths and «hapc,
Bd th<'ir Kirfnc« madi- «iiiootli, to be uacd as submit itutes for sponge teut^ in
Jtlating the ccrrix uteri, owing to their properly, when moistened, of swcll-
*; up to H'veral times their original sixe.
LAPPA (C. S. P.).— Burdock.
Dote, 15.5 Gm. (or 5iv) in recent infusion.
Prtparation.
Extmctnm Lapim Fluidnm (t7.S.P.).— Fluid Eitnct ot BnrdMk. Dow. 2 to 4
L lor ■ncnt-fSj}.
Phannacology. — Tlie I'nitcd States Pharmucopa'ia recognises only "the
[ of Arttnim luppa and of some other species of Arctium (Compo«l«).''
! tnnlaius a bitter princinle, volatile oil, rcein, mucilage, sugar, ana a little
nin There is no starcn in burdock-root, but in its place inulin i« found.
Phyriological Action and Therapy.— Burdock is diaphoretic, diuretic,
ad Uulire, withnul causing irritation. The fluid extract is used extemnlly
fi»r fwelUngs. h:eniorrboidi^. ukt'ne, etc, and internally for rhcumatii-m,
fyphilis. nni) chrnnio skin diseases.
According to Squibb, the tincture' is a useful tonic and is curatire in
The root is used for similar purposes to those of sarsanarilla in syph-
I gouty, and rheumatic alTcctions, and in certain chronic skin difcascs,
I psoriasis. A fluid extract of the seeds (doee, 1 to 4 e,cm., or mxx-fSj)
ttotctnre of the »eed» (1 to 8) are employed; also an infusion or dccoc-
lie *eeda.
The fresh lesvtt have been tiaed as an application to bruinw and eniptive
"T(*Mi»rfi," YoL I, p. 118.
PIIAIItfACEVTICAr. THEBAPBmO AOENTS OR DRlTOS.
LARGin is a name given to silver-prolalliiii, by lU origtiinior, Lilitin-
feld, of Viviinu. It isogroy powder of low epeciHc grarity containing 11 ', ,«
ECT cent, of silver. It is soluble in about 10 pnrli! of water, making a recldi^b-
rawD-tJngvd lolutioii; kiicIi KoIutioiiE sliould be made vith hot water.
Pczzoli and Xei^aer claim a spt-cial ]>enelralion power ao an antigoiiurrbtvic
remi-dy, with <li-*lrutlion of the eocci in their neslg, with avoidance of irri-
tation of the iQucofa. VviioW extoU Inrgin a» the bi>l of the silver coiti'
poundM. Prolonged lujiclioiie of Vt to 1 '/, per cent, of 10 c.cm. (or mclxt
are used three tiinci dnily, relaininji the iiuanlity in ihi- urethra from U-n
to fifteen mjnulce, in tu-aling spi-cilic uicturili^. I-'iir^t lias tued largjn in-
ternally, 0.50 (jm. (or at. viij) in pill, as a stibiitilut« for »ilv<-r uitrale,
gastric ulcer and hiemurrhage.
LADBOCEEASI FOLIA (B. P.).— Cherry-laurel Leaves.
Preparation.
Aqan Ijiuiorirnsi IRP.|. — Ch«rrj'taiir«1 Water (320 Cm., or SIxkJiilM. In IMU
G.em.. or Oiiljij).. Vote, Z to 7.6 cmi. (or fSts-lJ).
Pharmacolosy. — "The (re*h leaves of PcTinii* Uuroccraaue" (B. P.;
which belonga to the Bogaces, contain Laurooenuin, a compound of amy
dalin iind amygdalic acid, nnd also EmnJsin, nhieh, when in the pres^-in
of water, form a volatile oil (benzaldehyde) and hydrocyanic acid, to whi
it owcB its nu'dicinni mialilivs, Cherry-liiuivl water ie distilled from the
fresh leave?, bniiaed and macerated in water; it contains the volatile oil and
hydrocyanic actd, hut la of auch uncertain stren^h as to almost preclude
its use in medicine.
Therapy. — It is used in Europe (very rarely in this country except by
foreign physiciane) for the same purposes ae bitter-almond water, and chiefly
ttg a vehicle for finodyno and antispaamodle remedies. A cherry-laurel oint-
ment, consisting of 1 pnrt of essence of laurel-wafer to 8 parts of lard, ia
u.ted in Italy in painful aJT<;ctions, as neuralgia, herpes nostcr, chronic rheu-
matism, an^ carcinoma.
LAUHUS.— Laurel, Bay, or Bay-laurel, The leaves and berries (Lauri
folia mid Jjiuri baccic) of Laurus nobilis (Lanrin<w), a tree of Southi'rn
Kurope. contain volatile oil. Laurin, or luurcl-camphor; a liquid fined oil:
n solid fixed oil known a^Lauroitearln. and starch. The volatile oil of lauiel-
berrics, consistinfi of a eamphenc and eugenic acid, is occasionally employed
externally in rheumatism. By boiling the freah fruit in water and u^^ini:
pressure the espressed oil of InuR'l is obtained, which is used in the form of
ointment au nn anodyne. LeavL's, berries, and oil arc stimulant and nnrcotie.
A laurel ointment is ofBcial in the French Codes. It is composed of I part
each of fresh laurel-leaves and laurel-berries, with 2 parts oC lard. This
preparation is applicable to erytht-nm. deimatitie, erysipelas, acute ecxema.
and siiiiurrii-iiii burns. The leaves are used in cooking for Havorinf; (bay-
leaves, nay-!aurel loaves); they should not be confounded with the leavi^ of
Uyroia acris. from which the volatile oil of bay is distilled, thai i» uwd as
perfume (and enters into spirilus myrciffi, or bay-rum), or MyricK Cerifer
Cortex, — hax-berrv bark.
1
LAriKDPtA.
Sir
XAVANDULA.— Lavender. Lavender-flowers.
Prtparatiotis.
OflruiD t^tanilulte Flonim 4U.6.P.|.— Oil ol Lav«nd«r-I]i>wpra. Dose, O.IS to
UU «4vi. lur miiJ'V).
tjptnlo^ l.av4iiJul« if. 8. P., B.I'.).— Bpirit of Lat-tiiJer loil o( Impiiclirflowcni,
Ui dpuiloriuil ■tculiol. fiSft c.>*iii.i B. P.. oil of larnidtr. 50 cr.ciii: ulcohul. 00 per
n*L. (|. 4. ad 601) c>in.|. Dmo, 2 Id 4 e.rm. lor /Sm-J). tl. P,. 0.30 lo 1.20 r.na. |ar
"» -wt.
Tlacium L«*EiidulK Compo»il« (U.S. P., U. P,).— Cwiijiound Tlnctnn KoruMrh-
(Mrit) «( IjiVMider lU. S. P. eoDtaiiin uil of iaTt'udGr. S: oil of roWinary. 2: CBMU
tMuuwiB, £0: cloTM. A: nutmeg, 10; rod fnundcrs, 10: in kloohoj, wftter, and
Alawil •lfx>liol to make 10(H) o.trin.i. l)o«e. 2 lo 4 cciii. (or fSu-Ji.
Utcuui Latanduln (U.P.).~Oi1 of Utvcndi-r. Dow, 0.03 to O.IS COD. (or uiwi-
m-
Pharmftoology. — Tlie flowern of Lnvniiduln T(?rii {Labiati?), much
cttltivatMl in Eo;;loiid for their pi?rfiime, contain volatile oil. §omc nsxa,
uk) lanniii. Tlii> nil ol Invi'iidrr. clistillpcl from the wholi" herb or (lowering
irp*, is coarser than that distilled from the flowers alone; of the latter thoro
irr M-venl vnnct ■<-«, ilitTi-rin^ in vnhtn mid fiin^nci-'*. .\n inferior, greenish,
tsrpentine-Uke oil, distilled from l^arandula epica, is known as oil of apike-
liT«ni)rr. The oil of lavonder Iiuk the property of ch«king decompoaition.
Tbr compound tincturo is an elegant preparation of aromatics una stiinu-
kois.
Ijivi-ndrr ii curminaiire end stimulant. It is useful in flafnlenoe, oeir-
out Aytpv\yna, gnrtn]gui, cohilf;iii. hysteria, and syncope. Lavender is ttid
tn iie poc#e»ic<l of coneidcratile hypnotic power. It is used in perfumery, and
enters inio tho nnoMcial iipirilus odoratii^ and vinum aromaticum; aUo
liquor potni^fii utvenitis (V. S. P.), liquor arsenicalis (B. P.)^ and spiritus
annoniK aromniicus (V. S. P.).
LEDUH. — Ledum. Wild Boiemary. The small twig^, tops with unde-
>e]up«-i| [loni^rs and l<■a^^■■^ of Ledum palu»tre (Erlcnctte), but without the
fnijl even panly formed, contain volatile oil, Valerianic Acid, Ericoleia,
taditanuo Aoid, rr^iin. «to., and arc utri-d in infusion, u« martih-ti's. Ledum
kaaid lu be somewhat narcotic, astringent, and ionic; it i» used externally
ta dtrilriTV {larn^iteii, and init^niully in dinrrhd'a and dvK-ntery, gout, rheu-
lultfin. and chronic skin disc-aee*. Dr. R. Hilbert. of Sensburg, reporls that
an iiifuiion of the leaves of this plant ((• to 12 Gm. to ^^0 c.em.. or Siss-iii
i« Gviij of water) acts a* a good expectorant in bronchitia. It rapidly re-
Bptw ihc pain and fever, cspec-inlly in juvoniU- paliontit. In chronic bron-
tiiiti* it diroiniBhc* oonjih and facilitates expectoration. This writer regards
Mnm «» ri«]>e<;iaHy valuable in brancbilis wilh oaiphyscma occurring in aged
pOMRs, as it rt'ndert^ the accretion lute vi»ci<l, stimulaieii the circulation, and
lEOmrBUS.— Leonurus, Motherwort, lite flowering lops and leave*
tf LeotiuruB caitliaea (Ijibiaia;) c-ontain a bitter principle, some volatile oil,
He. It is ufiHl in recent infusion, and. as a lluid extiuct, with dilute alcohol.
•• a a>en*1rmim to promote the menstrual discharge, and in nupprcssion of
(kloehia. f> >s "1^ deemed ut«ful iu hytiterira] pains.
IRRAPBC
5KST9 OR DBVU9.
LEPTANSRA (ir. S. P.)-~I*Ptandra (CnlTet's Root).
Dose, l.M Gm. (orgr. xx).
• Preparationt.
Extnctum l^Undnc <U.B.P.).— Kxtract ol l.<!|i4*ndtB. Ddm, 0.20 t« 0^ Om.
\orfp. lil-x).
ExlTMi-tum LvpUindrtB Fluiduiu (U.S.l'.).— Fluid Extract at LepUndra. Diim,
£ to 4 c.cm. |ur 13i»-ji.
Fhitrmaoology. — "TLo rhizuoie und ruots of Voroutcn virj^inicn
(Sorophukniico!)" contnin u bitter principle, Leptandrin; nUo uiponiu,
tannin, T«eiD, sliirch, etc. What is ordinarily desi^n^'ted lepiaiidrin is merely
an impure resin or alcoliolio extract. Ijcptaudra ii common in woods from
Vermont to Wisconsin and Bouihvord.
Physiological Action.— l^i)tandra-root, or Culver's physic, i« ■ chola-
gosic cathartic. It should be dried, for in its recent condition it acts inn
TiiMcntlv. The i-xtrtct j» an i-Iif:il)lu fonii in which to mn the drug, which,
in smBll doses, is tonic and laxative. Leptandrin in its common form in
empli^ed as a cathartic in doses of O.Ofld to 0.13 Gm. (or gr. i-ij).
Therapy. — In indigestion, with deficiency of secretions and consii|)a-
tion, leptnndru has been found useful, nnd mny he combined with podoph-
yllum, which it resembles in its effects, or with arnmatics. When the fitooU
arc clav colorxrd and show a dericicnoy of bile. thi« agent mny be used to
bring about bilious discharges, even wSen there is diarrhtea.
UKON.—Lemon.
Prfjiaralions.
n
I.imonia Siiccus (U.S. P.).— I^monjiiico. The (r«hly cxpri^^ed jui™ of Ui* rip«
fruit of Olrus liiijouum tKutucfiul.
I.iinonis L'orlt'S i C.S.I'., JJ. I'.i. — Lciiion-p«cl. "Tlir rind of lUe n.-crtil (ruit of
Citrus lininniini (Kiilaci-w)" (U. S. P-Ji "thr rrpoli niiler pari. «( tlie ppricurp of the
fruit of Cilrud inedicK" iB. P.).
I'lTparallont fivm the Corfw, or Ritid.
Splritiin Llmonii (U.S.P.). — Spirit of Ij^mon. Uwd for llaroring.
DIviiin l.lmimli lU. .S. P., It. P.i.- 1)il tif I^iiion. OnM-, U.(i:i in U.lit ccm. (or
mas'iii) : alio uwd fur (Invorinij.
Tindiira r,inioni« 111. P.). — Tlnctura of I.trntm. Doan. 2 tn 4 crni. (nr fStt-j).]
Syrupu* LiinoniB IB. P,).— S.vrup of Lmioii. Uctk', 3 to 4 *,cm. tor I3m-j).
I'rrparatlotui (rum thf Jviot.
Syrupu* A«di Citrid lU. 8. P.).— Syrup o( Citric Aoid. A» a r«lik1*.
Acidum Citrlcum |U.S. P., B. P.).- Citric Acid. Dow. 0.32 to 1.30 Gm. (or gr.
Pharmacology. — Lemons, owing to their pleasant flavor and agnreabUr
acidity, are tery useful in the sick-room. The rind is glandulous, and by
expression yields an oil of great fragraney, much superior lo that obtained
by distillation. When fresh, the rind of lemon, bt'sidee the oil above men-
tioned, contains a bitter, orystnlline gluoosidc, Hesperidin. Each lemon
yield* from T.fl to 30 e.cm. (or f.»ii-viijj of acidulous juice, containing citric
acid {"! to 9 per cent.), beside* phosplioric nnd mulic acids, in combination
partly with pota*ia nnd other bases. A solution of citric acid in water (2. .10
Qm. to 30 c.cm.,. or gr. xxxiv to f^j) corr«pond« in acidity with fresh Icmc
LI.VDGR.K COBTKX.
il9
jtiiK, but not therapeutically on nocouot of ah»ciic« of other eonslitacnta.
Ft(t«4;n c.cm. (or f^^) of letDOii-juic« ghould nciitraliito S6 grains of potait*
I aiain bicarbonato, 20 at Mdiiim bicarbonate, or 14 of wnmoniiiiit carbonate,
lime-juice, obtained from a smaller fruit of the same genus (Citrus acrls),
dosfly n^iiemlilni fresh lemon- juice, but ocquircs a peculiar, slightly tnu^ty
toftv from the wood in which it is imported- When preserved, boiled ia
Synpand dried (candied), lemon-peel i» useful in Ravonns, for cooking;, etc.
Themyy. — Li-mon-juice is applied to the surface of toe skin to removt
fivcltlra or ephelide», moth-«pots, sunburn, pruritug, and ink-»tains. Used
latviully, lemon- or lime- juice is untiecorbutic, probabl}' owing to the
pawance of phoaphoric acid or potash salts, m citric acid doce not posMM
tUe propertj. It is now so constant a companion of voyafiers by sea that
■enrrr ii mrelj seen, except where (he r^ular ration of lemon- or lime-
iaice has been neglected. It is also curative in scurvy, and in various scor-
wiMc manifestntiims upon the skin, or in the form of muscular pain*. In
•ome cases of chronic rheumatism the administration of several ounces of
letDoti-juice daily aiTordx mnrl^ed relief. l.£mon-juice ha« liei-n likewise used
ia acute rheumatism with, at times, apparent good results. Lemonade, made
by dilutioff lemon-juice with water and adding sugar, ia a u»eful drink dur-
ing convafeecence; it increases the urinary water and reduces the acidity of
tb» urine. Hot lemonade is useful as a diaphoretic in recent colde; its
dtwtB are increased by the addition of a little whisky or gin. Neutral mist-
are, made by neutralising fresh lemon-juice by the addition of crystals of
potaieinm bicarbonate, is useful as a refrigerant and to satisfy thirst in
feTcn.
In typhoid fever the late Dujardin-Ueaumetz advised the free u» of &
vtmiBs lemonade, made according to the formula: —
R Synp. aciij. citrici 60
VlBinihri £411
Eiw. llnxinla .,...■...< 1
Aquc <{. 1. ad tOOO
o.cin. or Oij.
c.cm. or iSvtJj.
c.cni. or mxv,
■-.era. or Oiitjij.— M.
'
iktIicTomalous changes in the arteries are retarded by the persistent use
jSkmon-juice, which is also useful in obesity. In Italy, an infusion of the
[in, the rind being incised to allow the juice to escape, is administered
ague and other malarial allackti attended by fever. I-i-moii- juice is re-
fsHcd as of material assistnnce to other remedies in the ireaimeut of torpid-
ity of the liver and catarrhal jaundice.
UKDEBA: CORT£X,~^LiDdcra-bark. Spice-buih Bark. 'Hie Benxoin
iftnim U-aurinea-), I.indcra bcnj.oin, nr #i)ipi-iiii»h. in one of our corn-
forest shrubs, belonging to the same natural order as the sassafras, the
camamon, and tlif liimpbor-trce. Th<- hark and fruit contain a volatile nil.
ntin, and the conmion vi-^elubte principles. The bark has a pleasant, spicy
tMte, due to t)ie oil.
Fhyiiological Aotioa. — It is aromatic, stimulant, and tonic, and a
|nrent, hot, weak infusion is diaphoretic.
Tbatapy. — In some disorders of digestion the carminative and tonic
^affrrif arc available; the infusion ia used in chills and to abort a cold. &.
<n of the inner bark made into au ointment with rold cream is
It ndt-tl hy Hyde as a valuable remedy in rhuK poisoning.
520 PUA&1IA«BUTICAL TUKBArBUTIC AOKKTS
IINTTM (U.S.P., B. PO-^EjMMd (FlwwMd).
Preparaliori4.
OUum LInl (U.6.P., RP.).~I.in>«^l oil.
I.iuUui Coiiluaum (B, I'.I.—CruHlifd Lin«Md.
Pharmacoloe:y and Therapy. ^'"i'he seed (dried
ueitatisBimuiii (Ijini'a')/' comuiotilv celled fluseeed, contains tnui-ilagu und
linolcin.
A Ditrogciiotis glucDBidc, termed linamariii. has keen obtained froi
thU jilnnt by IfM. Jorisjcn iind Hairs, Linamariii ditTere in tevertl ph)
ical and chemical propertieB from amy;;daliii. and occors as colorless ai
odorleu nci><llc« which have a very coolin;; aiul hilUr Uita. It it; Mublc
in water and alcohol, but almost insoluble in ether. Jt Je not present in the
secd8, which contain about 'in pvr c-cnt. «i' albumin, and no starch. The
investing coat of the seeds yields a very viscous mucilaginous substance to
boiling water. Liuum is di-mulccnt and emoUiont. A hot infusion (15.5
Gm. to 500 c.cm., or Jss'OifSj), flavored with Ueorice-root or lemon-peel, is
uaod in bronchial inflammatious as a diaphoretic and expectorant; also in
cystitis, strangury, and hiemnturia. A plaiM inftihion iii an citeel!eiit i-nt-ma
for use in inflammation of the rectum, hfsure, hiemorrhoids, etc. Flaxeeed-
tea ia used as a demulcent drink in gastritis.
Ground flaxseed mixed with boiling water forms flaxseed poultice, which
is spread at least half an inch in thickno^ upon muslin or (lannol, and op-
plicd as hot as possible in order to relieve pain and congestion in peritonitis,
and in pneumonia, plourisy, etc., as jacket poultices, renewed every two or
three hours. They should be covered with oiled silk to retain heat and
moisture, and, if desired to increase the counter-irritant elTet't, a little dry
mustard or ii few drops of turpentine may bo sprinkled over the surface.
ITiey usually aJIord great relief to the patient. I>audanum, or lead-water
and laudmiiini, is often used with a flaxseed poultice in inflammatoiy and
painful aiTeetiona. Flaxseed poultices are also applied to boils and absce«aes
to abort the process or to hasten ripening. They are also applied occasion-
ally to ulcers and wounds to encourage granulations and bring about heolthv,
action.
The long-continued application of poultices is likely to bring out ail
eruption of «mall boils upon (he skin, the result of hyperemia and irriti
tion. Pouitiees are often useful for temporary purposes, but too long n
plied are mischievous. The integument and the vessels subjected to the
influence beeome relaxed, suppuration is pfolonged. granulations rendered
unhealthy, and the repair of ulcers or wounds retarded.
Oil of flaxseed is an old application to burns to exclude the air; com-
bined with lime-water, it forms Carron oil. which was formerly used largelj,
for thi» purpose, having been oHginnlly used at an iron works of that nanifl
in Scotland, where the workmen were frequently burned. It is dirty an£
soon amcll.« badly, and has been driven out of use by petrolatum and listcrisr
Whole flaxseed, in 15.5 Qm, (or 5**) doses, has been ordered in habitual con-^
atipation as n laxative.
LIPPIA UEXICANA. — Lippia Mexieana (VerbenaceK), a creeping,
pvergrccn shrub, with wry long root* and numerous branches, grows anun-
dantiy in southern Mexico. Its medicinal nrtnes reside in tii
MiriDAunAn.
SSI
imlltk, evpeciallv in the leavc«, which poitwsa an ogroMhlo, sveettsh, and
'uMuUc taste. The plant contsins a small proportioo of tannic et-id, an
4(li«na) oil, and a volatih^ camphor tcrmotl lappiol. A fluid f-iitract and a
tiiK-lnre hare boen prepared, the dose of the former being from 0.30 to 2
(.cOLifor MT-ixx), and of the latter from 2 to ^ c.cm. (or fl^ts-j).
Tajpuolopcnl AoUon.— Lippia causes a Eonuition of warmth in the
itOBfch, and in taig*? do=es may give rise to vomiting. Thi.i in succeeded
bj trrc per¥piratiiin and elc«pinee6.
Therapy.— The drag is endowed with valuable expectorant properties.
Italtajs irritittion of the bronchial mucous mcmbrniic and prumutee healthy
treretiun. Ila efTectB are rapidlj manifested. Lippia is useful in both acute
■nd chronic bronchitiH. In the former it allays the cough, and in the latter
it liqaefies the viscid secretion and facilitates expectoration. It is of service
m (he iNiiigh of phthiii«, has un excellent elTcct in irritative cough, and in
'congh oiitigalee the paroxysms, though it is not able to shorten
•' of the di»<-a»e. It has, in «omc instances, proved useful in #pae-
ii€ asthma.
Liairn)Al[BAB.~Sweet Gum.— The Liquidambar styracifliia (Uamo-
CMi>) a( North and Ci-nlrai America supplies a brownish-yellow Imlsam,
lining sI)to1 (3 '/» per cent.), ciRnamic acid (5 per cent.), styracin, and
rrrin. Il i.* identical with nt>irax. according to Profi-s*or Mainch. The synip
ii the Urk of the root, made liko the Byrup of wild cherry, is a remedy used
»T diarrhiim and dysentery in the Southern SlateR.
T-n
UTHIUlf.— The metal (Li).
Salts.
litUl Draioos (U.8.P.}.— Uthium Bcniimtc. Dom, 0.»fi to 1.30 Om. (or gt.
UfUdi Branidum (tJ.8.P.).— Lithium Bromide Dmc, 0.32 to 1.30 Ora. (or
p. »-XJ(l.
, litbii SaticvLM lU.S.P.).— Litbium Salkyktc. Dose, 0X2 to 1.30 Gm. (or gr.
r liliii CkrbonM (U.S. P., B. P.).— LiUiium Carbonate. Dow. 0.32 to 1.30 Gm.
KC p. ixx\.
UtM VHnm (U.S. P., B.P.).— Uthlum Citrate. Dow. 0.3S to 1.30 tlni. |or^.
«l.
UlUiatr«m EfforioBTwiii (U-S-P^ B.P.).— Hffervewpnl Uthlum Citrate. DoM,
1 10 9 tin. {or 31-iji.
Pbtnuoolo^. — Lithium is a metal of an alkali, generally prepared
fnm the tutive silicate, or lapidoUte. It deeomnoscit water nt ordinary tem-
pctttum. hut without melting like sodium, and is less easily oxidiied than
elIUTM>dium or poLv^iuni. The metal (which i« not officinl) roaemblea tin.
It WW first obtained by Butiscu by electrolysis of the chloride. Its salts are
lolnble in water, but the carhonstc and phosphate only slightly iso.
Tliyslolo^caJ Action. — Lithium urate is freely soluble, and therefore
•hcQ lithium, in combination with the vegetable acids, is admrniittcrcd.
Ibeae hHs are dceompois^d in the system and the lithium combines vith uric
aod, nmderv it iMluble, and thus facilitates its expulsion from the body.
Thmt tmllt are aUo diuretic, and the administration of lithium produces an
mrrnac in tlic urinary jwcrelion. Lithium carbonate promotca tne ossimita-
PRABUACSUTIOAL TBCKArEUTtC AOBtn« OB DHaOS.
UoD and tuctuboliem ni nitrof^noue mslerial snd increases the eliminatioQ i
urcd. Some mincml vatwt» Urf^cly owe their medicinal «tTeot« t» the nna
proportion of these Halts which they contoio, being rendered more effcctite
tiy natuml comhinstiori with other raits. Accordinti: >o the experiments of
M. Binet, toxic doses of lithium occasion arrest of the heart in diaEtolc.
Therapy. — In the uric-acid diathesis the .leveral salts of lithium are
used with great advantage, even where chalkv deposits i-xiat. It has been
bIho elated that liiey can dissolve uric-acid calculi in (he urinary psfssgea
or bladder. Where there is Tcsical catarrh and alkaline urine, the benzoate
ii the best salt to uitc, since it renders the urine more acid; where the urine
is already too acid the other official salts are preferable. In gouty subjects,
especially those sulTi'ring with indigertton, lithium renders good 8er^-ice, and
can be given in the form of an effervescent salt or in Vichy water. In gravel,
lithium afTorda prompt r«ltt!f. [)r. 1)uch<- atatei that thi> local action of
lithium is benefioial to gouty joints and that gouty conjunotivitis i» reUcvei)
by frequently wn.ihing the oyes with a 1 to GOO solution of lithium car-
bonate.
The salts of lithium have likewise been advantageoujJy employed in
chronic articular and muscular rheumatism. lu rheumatoid arthritis ihey
Ronietimea acem to delay the projcrcss of tho malady.
M. Vulpian has found litnium salicylate of senice in relieving the pain
which, after acute riu-umatidm, often linger* in the joints when llie swell-
ing has disappeared. He believes it is especially beneficial in fibrous
rheumatism. In progrcrssive subacute rheumatism he has seen it produce
great improvement. In the chronic articular form of the disease this s«lt
am a marke(] elTect upon the joints.
In gout, subacute and chronic rheumatism, as well as in irritable blad-
der from excess of acid and in uric-aoid rmlotdi. lithium may be given thus:
B Uthll cilratl* «t Gm. or Siat.
liquor nminonii noctutia,
Synipi limonia ua 00[ o.eiu, or tiij.
M. Big.: Two iMLBpooiitulii in natcr every two or three lioura for rhpunutUin
and gout.
B Lithij iodidi *l Gm. or 3i.
Syrup. «irHipBril]« comp JSO| r.cni- or (Jv,
M. Sig.: A liAlI to a UblMpoonrul thrM or four UniH a d^y tor i^-philio,.
B l.ithil giinincnt.,
Qiilntnip niilphnlji
U. ct ft. capsuin no. xij.
6ig.; A eap»iile or two every two or t^ree hour* tor rhfiimatl»in and gout.
as E[fM Om. or gr. xl.
B Lilhii bromldi 10
Tinct. cnidaiuom. comp 30
Gl^csrini , , 00
Oni. or StlM.
c.cm. or nj.
c.cm. or fjllj.
M. Hig,:
and gout
Tuo t(a«poon[ulB in water ev«iy liour or two boon (or thi^umatiata
B Litbii b«aiuiit 8
Tinrt ItnliAdonnn tolior. > 4
J^lrapti tritici rcpentit fl 00
Gui. or 3ii.
7* com. or oilxxtj.
v.vm. or fjiij.
M- S'lg.i A toinmaafuX <^-«rv two or thrcs hour* (or irritable bladder, depMidii^
Ml exf(«» ot add, and in uric^ncid cslouli.
LITMUS.
»
In |inirtginoui> eozvitui c»iiM>(l br gniit ii pill i-(M»|ifM(i>d le fnll»we mtty
iK ^tvrn with aclvnntagc: —
S SoJii ImMNit.,
liUll hrnloat-,
Gxt fTcntiaii u pxts Gib. or gr. j.
Glyorrln q- r~
U. ^.; On* pill Ihnc or lour Uiom a dkj.
A combinatiou of liUuiim onrlionate with sodium bicarbonate U praised
bf Dr. C. iMogo as an excellent applicution iu eevere gi-ueral parMtheeia.
In }cl)'coeiiria, the comhinatioii of nreenic with a lithia-natcr ha» been
wmtwl as citrutiru. The late Dtijardin-lteatimetx eungeeted that the aildi-
tion t>t olronliuni lactate in a lilhJii-untor bidii fair to prove of adraDtaxi; in
tbr tirutin^nt oT diabotcE nicltitus. Lithium bromide tia? been found bene-
StmI in eptlt'pfiy by W(<ir ililohell, who .states that it vill in some cases nic-
otMl afltr failurv of potw^uin or sodium bromidi'. The same writer regards
its bjtinulir power a.^ superior to that of the polatuiimi bromide. The lithium
iliiitiM always be administered in a large excess of vater, end distilled water
TO )-tter (or this purpose on account of its diuretic properliei. The artificial
i-unter containing a definite solution of lithium in distilled water is more
.1 >1e than manj of the comnier<inl, natural litbia-woler*. Lithium iodide
tain, a large proportion of iodine, and is a good method of admintstfirinff
■ (ly, the only objection Iwing its high cost, Woodbury' recom-
:■' udminii-tnition of a solution of lithium iodide by electrieitXr
' ' igh tbe cataphoric action of the giilvunic current in tubercular lyph-
LmniS. — A bluf pigment from Rocdla tiuctona (Licheuos), im]>Arl-
ing its blue colorinj^-matter. Orcein, to water aud alcohol. Pap^r stained
vitb a iiolution ch«ngi« its color to red in the presence of an add : the blue
cnlur is restored by plunging the paper in an alkaline solution. Hence we
have bluv and red lest>|iiaper« for acids and for alkalies.
LOBELU (L". S. P., B, P.).— lobelia.
Bow, 11.50 to 1.30 Om, {or gr, viii-xx). as an emetic,
Prtparaliont.
TiiKtiirm l.otM>lla <U.S. P-l.—TliKtura ot Lobelia tZO per omI.). Dom, 0.30 to
4 cxm. for lur-fji).
EKtrmFtam .Mbeiuc nuUuin (CS-P.).— Fluid Extmrt of ijobtU*. T)tm, OM
lanfflcmi. tor Mi.x|.
Tlnctan Lobetln .KUiorra (B.P.1.~EUi«tc«I Tincture of t.obclia iSH pn cmiL
la ^rit of elhrr). Dow, 0.30 to I com. (or mv-xr).
Phannacology.'-Lohelia consists of "the leaves and lops of Lobelia
inflaU (IioK'tiacew)" (I'.S. P.); "Ihe dried flowering ht-rb of I-obelia
tallatJi*' \ R- P-)t "collected after a portion of the ea]»uleii have i>ecome iii-
iattj." It is a small herb, common by the waysides, with alternate leaves,
a erect, hairy item, with blue flowers in the axiU of the Icaviv. The herb
ia§ A alight odor and a burning, tobacco-like taste. The chief constituent
• TrvMacthiM ot the Celhg* i>f Phriieiaak ot Philadelphia." imO. and tfrrftogl
Ml
phabhackutical therapectic aoevts or dhcjos.
IB 8 liquid or viscous nlknloid, Lobeline. combined with Lobelic acid and
Xiobeltcrin. It forms cmtallizable Balt^ Tht* svcde contain about 30 per
cent, of oil, A n«tilrn1 principle, Inflatin, which sreim to be inert, was
isolated b_v Procter and Lloyd. Lewis states that lobelacrin is not a distinct
prineiplr, but that it i* a inixtiirt* of Uibcline lobeliate with free lobelie
acid.
Physiological Action. — Lobelia hw no local action, but thejc is some
danger that it may be absorbed and produce svstemie effects if applied too
freely to the sltin. Intenially. it la a powerful dcpn-i'i'ant in large doses,
and eialagofpie, expectorant, emetic, and purgative, according to circum-
stances. This drug frcijUfntly produces headache and vertigo, and may
cause death from exhaustion, or by paralysis of the respiratory centre- It
depre(»c» the circulation and aclion of the heart, favor* diaphoro«ii« through
the violent emesis which it cauees, and also lowers temperature. Lobelia also
promotes the discbarge of urine and has some narcotic properti<4. Lobeline
first increases, then diminishes, and finally abolishes reflex action. It gen-
erally increases arterial pressure and stimulalcs the respiration. In ovcr>
doses it catises death by respiratory failure.
Should alarming symptoms follow an overdoee of lobelia. Oie proper
trcnlment consists in washing out the stomach with a solution of tannic
acid, Ibe external application of heat, and a hypodermic injection of alcohol,
i-lliLT. ammonia, or strychnine. Subseiiuently, moderate doses of opium or
morphine given lirpodcrniically. will olbiy vomiting.
Therapy.— An infusion of lobelia (I part to 16) has been used as a
lotion ill (IcrmiililiK (hii- to rhu* toxicodendron. It has valuable antispas-
modic powers, Ihough it is gcneraily employed in too small doses, in astama.
Ringer adniitiistcDi -1 c.mi. (or f.ij) of the tincture everj- hour, or 0.60 ccm.
(or mx) every ten minutes, immediately at the onset of a paroxysm of asthma,
with marked benelit in shortening the attack. Lobelia may be employed thus
for asthma: —
R TitiFt lob«liit , 30| crm. or fjj.
Tinct. hTQiiej-nm! , 141 c.cin. or ISfa.
A<\aiB oaniplicinr.
Spiritui a-th(!rii> Dilrasi ut 30| cem. or (S).
Syrup! pninl Viig. IS| com. or (3««.
U. Kg.: A teimptwiiful in water ever}' hnll'hour or hour until relieved.
B Awtl loMiic SJ ftom. or 13n.
Soclii liromidi 1014 Gm. ur 3v.
Smip. iprciicunnha! . , , , . . , ]5| c-cm. (.r (Su>.
C'ly<^*'"la' 120| ccm, or (5iv,
M. Sig,: Th'O tesspoonfuU every or» or two houn.
It Acptanllid. ,.,..,, , 41 Gin. or 5j.
Tinct. lolioliit , TO e-cin. or fsij.
Syr, eriodirtvl oTonint ij, ». ii'J (lOJ c.cui. or fjiij-
M. 8ig.: I'nke a teaspoonful every quarter of on hour during attncic of Mrthiua.
until relieved.
Lobelia should not be employed as an emetic, as it produces too much
nausea and depression, and when so used lias caused death. For the «ame
reason lobclio is dctrimcnla! when dyspncea is occasioned by disease of the
heart.
LOBBTty.
Lobelia is esteemed of vntue in spaamodic laniii^^tU. The Apaiimodic
of whooping-cough its often ami'lionilvd aud shurtciicd by the vxhibi-
aa of this remedy. It is, relatively, better tolerated by children than by
On account of its expectorant properties, lobelia ie of ecrTic« in
, especially when the muciia i» dry, tbe cough hard and barking, or
' expectoration is extremely tough and hard to nii««. In the treatment
lit vhooping-cough and bronchitis lobelia may be administered ai follows:—
S UmL tobtliK >... ..■■... 7}3 e.eta. or RiJ.
Sedll brofnldl 12 Uiu. «r SUj.
Spliiltu MtherU nitrMi 30 «cm. or llj.
Synipi Umoni* q. ■. ad H c.ctn. or ijiij.
M. S\g.:
[hf^Migh.
A bnlf to A t^Mpoonlul «rM7 ana or tw« houra to a child (or wiMWf-
B Tinrt. InbclifB .......<..... Ifl tJ^m. or tSta.
AnimODJi iodidi 8 Otii. or 5ij.
Siiititwi Rttwrk camp. . . . iH) c.cm. or fjij
B;tu|»1 Tolulani . TQ c.cm. or
H. Sig.1 Too t«a>poonfuU «vcry two or three hour* (or bronuhitla.
Oil.
mm.
In constipation and impaction the tincture of lobelia in O.OG-c.cm. (or
«j) doses every hour promoter [icfrintaUis and etimulatce intoetinal Bccr«-
tioui or a O.ti'u-c.cai. (or mx) doee may be given at bed-lime, acting in a
umilir way to tol)aei.-o.
LobciJQe Eulpbate, a ycilnwish-vrhite powder, is said to produce good
stilta in adthma and brouchitis in dosee of O.Otio to 0.38 Om. (or gr. i.v]).
Lobeline haa been employed with success, principally in the treatment
Bpoamutlic asthma, by iV. Silva Nune&, whu claims (hat it is (roe from
inHant or irritant properties and can be subcutanoously injected. He has
' nMd it in doses of 0.0] to 0.05 Rin. (or ^r. '/.-%) for children and 0.05 to
0.W Gm. (or gr. V«-^i) for adults. Dr. Nunes writes that the administration
of lobeline produced a cure in eight enact; of tetanut).
UtSSmi. — Lorclin is an iodine compound (mcta>iodo.ortho-oxy-
liAoUne-fiulphonic aeid) originally prepared by Profeft^or C'laus, of Krei-
luiv, as a cub«titute for iodoform. It i« a yellow, crystalline powder,
■Dtuely free from odor, slightly soluble in water and alcohol, and in-wluble,
^■r nearly »o, in other aiid oils. With mi-tallic oxides it combineie to form
fahs. lis alkaline salts are readily soluble in vater. The calcium nit doea
not ditaolrc in water.
fhysiologicAl Action and Therapy. — Loretin po9ses^es antiseptic prop-
mie«, cli)i-.» imi irritati- tin- ?kin, and i» said to be devoid of toxic quality.
Hiii substance baa been employed as a surgical dressing by Professor Scliin-
sa^er, of Freiburg. Mixed with a small quantity of calcined magnesia it
eso be serviceably dusted upon woundg or iotfiifHated into cavities. A 2- to
S.pcT'^rnt. volution of the loretin-sodium sail is useful in the irrigation of
vmmds. Gauxe impr^gnuted with the oulcium Halt answers a good piirpoK
aca dri' dressing. (Collodion containing loretin forma a good application to
■any woundf. and when piiinled iipiin a Urge ervEipelatous surface wae soon
followed by a marked reduction of fever. The itame prc)iaratioii was bene-
in ltipo» uftcr i-auK-rimtinti had been practiced. Loretin powder was
oeflciaJly applied to burns and eczema. FiofeMor Scbinzingcr has em-
fid it witb »ati»faclory multa as a dressing after major operalionc. A
su
PttMUV&CEfjrKit TBBBAPBLTIC AOBtrW OB UttUOS.
favorable report nf tlie usofulnes^ o( this rcmedj in veterinary eurgcrjr hii
been mtiiltr by (I. rcmtlind.
Biunutfa loretin ia a useful applimtiou tn chronic- uWi«, cutsRvoiis
lesions of sj'iiliilittt: nrigin, nnil tno)»1 eizcms, bving craployeil in tliefte cases
an a pow<}«r, lO-p^r-cvnt. oinltnent. and pasto. The bit-mutli conpouud has
also neon given with Huccess internally in tubercular diarrhiBa. ■
LOSOPHAH.— Tri-iodo-metacrflwl. Losophan Li the trade name pivcn
1o tho priiihiul rcsiihiiig froui llu- jn-iioii ol Joiliiif ini oxy-toluyl acid in the
pre*eni;e of an alkali. It contains 80 per cent, of iodine, and occurs in thf '
fomi of while nt-rdic*, which mrll at 250.7* F, t.o^ophan is i^lightlv iiululik
in alcohol, insoluble in water, readily iwluble in ether, chJoroform, benzol,
and, at a Icmpt'mturo above 140* V., in fixed oil^. l^OKophan i» soluble iu a
dilute solution of sodium hydrate, but is changed by a concentrated solution
into a ^cc'tiitih-blark, ainorphous body.
Physiological Action and Therapy.—'fhe effects of losophsn must
closely observed, iw it is ii dnidiil irritiiiit. The value of Ulis substance as'
a topieni remedy in di-'ea^ca of the skin was investigated by Dr. Edmund
Saalfeld, of Berlin, IK- imploycd it in the form of a 1-per-ccnt. solution
3 parifl of alcohol and I of water, and as a 1- to 3-pi?r-eent. oinlment.
WHS Umnti ot ^>rvice in dilTerent fr>rms of tinea, in chronic infiltrated
ecKt^ma, squamous and liasured eczema. In prurigo and par^sthesin los
phnn relieved itchinj^. The application of a l-pcr-ccnt. loeophan ointment
accomplished good results in certain cases of sycosis. It was useful, lihe-^
wi«c, in acne and rosacea. In pediculosis and scabies it sometimes acted as
a parasiticide. It is inapplicable tu scute inflammaton' diseases of the skin.
I^osophnn i.* recommended by Dr. Doecottes as a serviceable applicnlion to
lefT-uleers, chancres, and chancroids, lie employed solutions and ointments
containing 8, 10, or 20 per ocjit. wilhoul perceiving any irritation of the^
akin.
LUPBtlNlTM (U. S. v., B. P.).— lupulin.
Dose, rj.13 to 0.32 Gm. (orgr. ii-v).
LUPUUrS (B. P.).— Hops. (Sec Humulus.)
PrepaTistiona of Luimliniim.
Exttiictum Lupulini FiuiJiiin (U.H.P.). — Extract of Lupulin. Dow, fi to"
C.cm. lor nHS'ij).
OleoroMnn-- Lupuliui it/'.S. 1'.). — OltmrMin of Lupulin. Dow, 0.60 to 2 c.cin. (i
mx-Kxx).
"The glandular powder Bepnratid from the strobiles of Huruuhii' lupuli
(rrticuccic)," or hops- (Sif Hnmulus.)
LYCOPEEDON.— Puff-ball. Lycoperdon solidum or giganteum (FTingi)"
in powder is h.Tmoafaiic. It is credited with narcotic propcrtie*, but has
been occaKionally used for f"od.
lYCOPOBITJM f U. S. P.).— lycopodium.
Pharmacology. — "The spores of Lycopodium ciaratum and of oth(
species of Lycopodium (Lyoopodiaeete)"; they contain nearly 60 per cent
of oil.
tTCorrm,
Fbysiolo£:ical AotioB. — Lyon{>(><Iiiiin, given inti'mallj', whs supposed in
tb» fuut to have diuretic und antispasmodic action. Uerrell states' that th«
tclKtici claim that lycopriditim acts n» n tliinulsnt to tlio ayinpnthctic vi«<
nra] nvrres, an*] therefore is of value in funciional diseases of the organs
tudcr llictr control. Grcviic bclievce that lvoii[i(idiiiii) Ktimiilatcs the liver,
hus laseuinR the work of the kidneys, and that it also has in anesthetic
ITcct upon the mucoiu mcmbranv^
Therapy. — Lycopodium is a bland powder, and (if not contaminated by
•ildition of potuto-starch) is an excellent di»t tug- powder lor intertrigo, or
to prcTcnt excoriations, especially in infanta.
A tincture of lyoopodium hus been made hy etibjoeting the powder to
pRiktDgrd trituration with sugar of milk, nfler which it readily dissolves in
ilcobal. This preparation, in 2-c.cm. (or f3»s) doect, is conimcnuvd by Hurry
Kmwirk mill olhon* as of value in incontinence of urine anionfr adults.
Or«cDe slates that flatulent dyspepsia, attended by a copious deposit of uric
mi m the urine, in ulark<.^1]y hencfited hy thi* tincture.*
Lycopodium has also been employed for the treatment of rlieumatiein,
^dyipejmin, pulmnnnry and renal dijii-nsc*. Some phynicinns uae it triturated
" riUi sugar of milk, in minute doses, for affections of the mucous tract, par-
cularly dyi^pep^ia. pyroi^i^. iluocolills, and for diseaccs cf the urinary organs.
LYCOPnS.— Bugle-weed. The Lycopuit Virginicii^ (I^Ahiatte) \» n amflll
[•rb common in wet placi-e, rcsembliRf; the miuts. but wunliug their nromu.
Itv whole herb in used in decoction or infusioD, but a fluid ejttract is the
loet rlifnble form in which to give it. It contains a volatile oil, with a little
aud tannin.
Phynolagioal Action and Therapy. — Bugle-weed i* mttTineent and
(tdative. It has been used in pulmonary disorders and phthisis to altny fever,
floogb, and expectoration. Bug!e-weed i* likewise dialed lo check )ia-ni»r-
Hmgt from the lungs and other organs. It reduces th« force and frequency
' th« heart's action, and acts fl« a sedative, and in large docce is depreivaut
the nervous sy«lcm. By virtue of the volatile oil it is somewhat carmina-
ive, and io umall doses is considered tonic. It has been used in organic am)
iDrlinnal heart disease^ and in vxophtlialmos by Or. Hector.* It in of
in jpaamodic cough in combination with belladonna, but is rarely
Probably when its compoiiition and physiological properties are better
ioad, it may be better appreciated.
■ACI8 (U. S. P.).— Mace.
The arillode of the seed of Myristica fragraiu (Myristicaooe)" is used
Bjatncipalty for flavoring purposes. (See MymtiM.)
MAONESnm.— The metal Magneaiam (ilg).
V. S. P. Sallt and Prfpnrnilons.
Ila|ni**(>.— lJ|lht MkinmU. CBlrinpd MaKnnin. Diwr. 4 tn 1S.A Qm. (or 3i-iv).
"Ilk|nirsia PonilrroKi.^lIncry Mfl)!n(>>-iH. IVf<«, 2 to 15Jt Oni. (or StM-iv).
Jlaynealt CatboMik. — MagnraiuiB Catbonatc. Hfttvy Ms|pi*ainn> Carboiial*.
I1L& ta 03 tin. |of 5v)-lJ».
[•n« Vrddvl SMMtArrf. Clileago. Jan.. ISBI.
'irritUk Urdinl Jotrnml. Nor. 29. IBSa
•OMrar* ViWinal Ttmn, .lunr, 1880.
PHARUACEtJTICAL THKOAPKUft
»KUOS.
MHgnesii Sulplis*. — Uagnvuluni SulphnU, Ep*oin Salt. Doce, 4 to 31 Gm. (or
M&gnmil Citia* KITerrcicrn*.— ERerruccnt MagoMiuin Cilrftlc' Don, -I M
10^ Uro. (or 3i-iv).
F»Tri OxiAum Hjrdntum cutn Slagncsia.— Seo t'errum.
I'ulvia Hhiri Coiupoiicu*,— ^>«e Rheum.
l.|i)uoi MnKiioii Cltni lis.— Solution of M&tr"*"'"!" C)trat« (dUpenwd In bolUet h
coiiUiniiif- -173 c.citi., or UJ. efforvnaaitifc when opcncdi. Doi«. 130 to 473 ccin. (or^|
- -- — - 4 W
B, P. Salts and Preparalions. ^^^|
MagnvKln l.rvU. — Ught Magncua. Li^ht Cnlcinvd Muni-sin. Lif^lit MagnMium
Oxide. Doih:, 0.32 to 2 Uni. lor ge. v-xxs) lor ropvated admin it tratiOB; for aioKls
adminUt ratio n, 2 to 4 Gm. (or gt. xxx-lx).
MaKiiP^a PonderoML. — Hpsvj UngnOHia, Ilrarj' Caltdnrd Mnj[iiciiin. H^avj' Mag-
neaiittn utidc. Dow, 0.33 to 2 Uiii. lur |;r. v-xxx) tor nip^atod adinlniMrntivni fori
nlngia adiuialetration, 2 to 4 Gm. lor Xu-j). ^
MOKneoii Carbonue TA-viB.^Li|;hl Mftg;nri*iiini Carlioiial«. Doxr, <J..12 to H Um^
(or gt. r-xxsi for rvpcuti'd adminisU'ation : for niiiglc udniiniitration, £ to 4 Gm. (or
gr. xxx'lxi.
tint, (or gr, v-xxx) (or rf<ppftl<>il ■dminUtratloni lor kindle udminiittnitlon, 2 lo 4 Giu.J
{ur 5(i*-jl.
Ma|[n{<i>ii Hulnban. — Xlagneiium Euliihote, Epootn Salt. Doan, 3 to 9 Rm. it
3M-ij) tor reiwalM adminislration; Hlnuie admfiiiatration. 8 to lA.fi (jui. lor 3ii-lv),?
MftKnnii Sulphaa Effervcuccna. — Enetrtsccnt Magntviutn Sulphate- Vovr, 4 la |
IS.Q Gm. (or Sl-lv) ior r«peM«d admlnlatration ; for «iiigl« admlnUtralfon, ISJi t« 31
Otn. (or 5a»-jl.
Llauor MoaiimU CarbonatU^-Solution of MagnMiiim Carbonalv, Fluid Man-
n<-Hia. Dd«!, so to 00 can. (or (SMjI.
Pharmacology. — MagnesiiKu is a light, eilvev-likt* mdul, which, mlK-ii
in thin pluUs or ribbons, can be ignited, and will bum with a brilliaat,
whil« Hume, (oviiiin^ a wbitr GUiokc »f the oxide. MngncEium ciirbonalo ia
of two varieties, one heavier than the other; by calcination in a crucible
theji* yield the two forma ftf mngtiosiura oxide and heavjr magnesia. Mag-
nf«iiim carbonate and the o.i:idcB are white in color, alkaline, insoluble, and
lastitlfss, or nearly so. The siilphatc is in colorless crj-stale, of t\ bitter taste,
and quite soluble in water; it oceure native, and ie a constituent of Bca-
waler. It <'iiters into the eompouiid iufunion of ^cnnu {V. S. P.). The sul-
Ehite is a white, crystalline powder, obtained frora the preceding, of sti.nhtly
itler taste, soluble in 20 jmrls of water, It oxidixcs upon exposure to the
air.
Fhysioiogioal Aotton. — Mugnesia (or mlciuod magnesia, as it is «nin-
ntonly called) and the carbonate have a slightly aotringent etTeet upon the
skin, A\"ben taken into the stomach, they are antacid and laxative. Mag-
nesia may be used aa an antidote tn aeidK, niid alfo in poixonint: hy phnic-
phonis, copjMT, or arsenic; for the latter a U. S. P. official combination with
ferric hydrate is provided. The citrate and *iilphal(' are sjiline patbarlios;
I
' Wilbur L. Scoville. having (ncnminci! a niinibi>r »( cominrrcinl apccimma ot
ao-frallrd Kraniilnr cfTrrvesiM'Tit magDMiuni otntli-. statcii thut lie lias found tlixt th«^
do not, i'om'*pimd «ith tiieir titlo and thnl thorc i> praflJMilly non* of thr oftlelal
prepuration in the niiirkrL Mosl. of the uptTimcti* wcri- oomponfd principally o( iiiag'
ii"«iiim guli'lialn. Hn nrgM that tb# Phariiinfop(i>iii of tbe L". S. nhtnild follow tlm
PXHinplv of th« nritish PliunnikvogHi-in and inlroducv a ([ronulnr rffcrvnorni iiinj;
npaiiim nilphnte nt tho next rpvision. pflpwially n» It ia now larpity used,— jHirn'iviB
Journal (il i'bamuKy, April, 1000, p. 173.
KAOXBSICII.
529
U)c lattrr liu no clioUgo^ic fBvcX, m «-ii> forniorl}' thotijiht, bitt it JA n iww-
rrlul irnunt to Uie tnt«iitiD8l kIbo<Le-
Ai a tnoUlltc poison, tl. lliiivt hat (lvnit>n»trntrd that magneua arrests
the heart in diastole and catises a precocious paralysis of the peripheral
nerroiutjntriii, It wa« «howD by Claude- Ik-rnuri] thot iiugnvgiiirn eulphat«
podncM a purmtive elloct when injected int« a vein.
Tkenpy. — Miigni-^iunt carbonate, which comet in tmati eukos, is iwed
III iij the akin and prevt^nt chafing or excoriation. Internally it is an antacid
for iodi^ettioD, liciirtbtirn, and pyrOEiE. aiid ia tucd us a hisutjrc for infants.
Strk heaiiache, dependent upon Rastric acidity, ia often relieved by the ad-
BiniEtratioQ of maguc»iuin corbonolA. Maj;ne«ia pondcrosa is a convenient
iana in which to adntinUter the oxide; it may be given euependcd in orenge-
/nicG or milk. Magii4>eLs hat- been used with variable sucecu in sympathetic
roniiting and the vomiting of pregnancy. It is of service in neutralizing uric
tdi, and may, therefore, be employed in lithtaEiti, thuiigh inferior in thia
ninditiun lo lithium. In adults, if constantly administered, it may form
large concretions in the inteetinee. The citrate is more purgative, and, in
thr V . S. I', official i-ITeri'csceDt wilt and -toluiion, ia a pleiLtaiit calhanic for
mnpli- eTaciiation of the bowcU. Tlu- eulpliatc iK more active, causing frei-
ntcry di»diargei(. It may he given in repeated aoi^I do^ee, every hour, in
tvdtfr tooTCTOome fiecal impaction; also in the constipation of lead poison-
B UifiMaU tulplMtis 8 Gm. or 3ij.
MvpliiiM» nilphnlia t>01> Gm. or fj. y
AqnK in«itha> (uperitw DO c.cm. or tiiiy
3C. Stg.: A tablctpoonftil evcrj two hours in \t*i colic.
Pr Matlhew Hay advocates the use of magnesium sulphate in the treat-
nenl o[ pleural and other iierouH effusions, adminislering 31 to i>2 ((iti. (><t
Ji>iJ) at a dose and restricting the fluids drunk. The citrate and sulphate
tmuae Ulde, if any, irritation, and may safely be used in enieritU or tu peri-
tonitis to kevp the bowels open. In many acute febrile disorders, small aosee
<rf these Milines are heneHcial, and in atonic conditions they inav be com-
Unrd with iron. The purgative mineral waters — Friedrichshall, Pullna,
Sodlitz, and Ilunyadi Jano;: — owe their projierly priiuipally [n riiagnmuni
mlphate. The bitter taste of tht> Epsom suit is covered by adding some cof-
h» to it« solution. It is the cathartic to administiT in rascH of the peculiar
diarrhois caused by impacted masses of fipees in the colon, sud in dysentery
u protea v«ry serviceable associated with aromHlie sulphuric acid aud luuda-
aviB. In acute dysentery magoesiuni sulphate sometimes acts remarkably
wdl, afl«n removing fever, the blood and mucu» from the stools, together
with the teneemns.
Dr. A. W. I). I.«ahy, who has treated ninety-five coses of acute dysentery
with magnesium sulphate, with only two deaths, recommends the remedy,
(v>mhined as follows: ''Take a sufficient ijuantily of nulphatu of magnesia to
Mturair 210 c.cm. (or f.vij) of watvr. and to this solution add 30 c.cm. (or
Qj) of diluted sulphuric arid, llie do*ie nf thi:' is a lablospouuful every hour
or two in a wineglassful of water until it operates. Sulphate of morphine
■■jr be added, or a starch enema with laudanum.'
'Lmta, CM. *, ISM.
««
UAtDIt; 8TIGUATA.
531
itv doM ta B toDJc or ii« an a titi periodic. Diaphoretic properties are also
ibed to majniolis.
Thcnpy. — Magnolia i» used in debilitated conditions of the cyctcio
tnding malarial nttacka. rhtumntigm. etc. In inlcritiitti^nt fevera it has
n twcd #iH-c-i-sKfiitly at a Mibi<titute for quinine.
KATDIS STIGMATA.— Corn-eUk.
?li»nn»colog-y.— T!ie styles and stigmas (Stigimila iiiaidii*, com-ailk)
Sm iiui)>, Liiini^ ((iiaiiiitit^a), maize, or Indian com, gathered when the
*1 has shed its pollen. Thty are said to coutuiu uu acljvi; priiiciplu which
ermtd Haisenic Acid, vliirh Iian been recommended for use in doses of
08 Gin, (or gr. ', ,). Tht- plant is too well known to need any di-scription.
native of America, it has Ixeii i-xti.-nKivc-ly uultivated in all temperate
nates. Some of its preparations are the following: Extractum *tig-
toniRi U)uidi# lliiidum (fluid extriict of <:orri-»ilk); dose, 4 to 1.5 c.cm.
■ fSi-ij). Vinum stigniatorum maidis (wine of corn-silk); dose, 15 to 30
BL (or f.V*-))- Syru[)iis stigmatonim maidis (synip of o«m-si!k)j dose,
to ^" c.cm. (or f,^Bs-jf.
Fhfsiologiioal Action and Therapy. — The preparations of com-wlk are
Itlable and well tolerated by the atoniath. Its principal action is as a
aretic, and it likewise seems to exert a sedative action upon the urinary
tngee. When (edema is associated with an enfeebled condition of the
«t, com-silk, by exciting diurcsiE. acts indirectly as a heart-tonie; the
iIm becomes regular and increases in force, while arterial tension is raised.
inMilk ii of service in congestion of the kidney, chronic nephritis, and
tiitia. During; its administration albuminuria is lessened ana the excre-
m of uroa i» aujnnentod. It also answers a good purpose in iin[i[irei^ion
nrine. In Uthiaais, renal colic, and hematuria eorn-ailk has been found
bwefit.
It is useful in uric acid and phosphutic gravel. Irritability of the blad-
t, anite and chronic cystitis (especially the latter), retention of urine, and
tftttitie are amclioisted by this remedy. According to Dufau, it Is contra-
diat«d in scute traumatic cyatilis and gonorrhceal cystitis, iDcrcaiing the
nt of the malady. Other obser%'er8, however, report good reaulta from its
(in cystitis dependent upon gonorrhiea or stricture. Some, after having
•roughly washed out the bladder, employ the Buid extract of corn-silk
Inted with water as an injection, with asserted good results. Others apeak
nnbly of its Ufe as an internal remedy in acute gonorrlKea. It has been
»» with success in nocturnal incontinence of urine. In redeina of the
W Mtremities. ajwicialcd with disease of the heart and in general dropsy
m heart or kidney disease, coru-silk is serviceable alone or combined
tfc-
R Extnnti tti;;niali>nim tnaittU fl 4a{ c.rra. or (Biw.
Eilncli laniviwi 11.,
lahuu dtgiulis n* M| i-.cin. or (Jilj.
U. Hg.: Two tmniioDnluU in water rviry three or four houn.
R fitlrapil itigmatoruni nmidiit fl 601 F.i'm. or fSIJ.
P«taMii bit«rtnili« .12 Gm. or Siij.
Sfiritw nliFrii nittDni . , , . . 80| e-cio. or fSlj-
Vif,: A halt.t«bl««)M>onliil every two or three houn.
630
PUAIIMACELTICAI. TIIEBArBlTTTC AOKKTS OH DSDOS.
The addition of « »inall qunntily of Buid extract of licorice complete!;
disguises the taste of the salt.
Thai a intiatl do»e of Kponi sialt hvpodermically injected produceit a
purgulivc effect, fir»t asscrti'd by Luton, hne lately received demoustratioa
by Dr. J. Percy Wade. The dose injected varied from 0.13 to 0.29 Gm. (or
gr. ii-ivss). The small was found to be as etficacious as the larger dose. The
procedure occatiioned no local reaction. A timall dutie repeated within a
short time had a better etFcct than a ^tn^lc dose of larger siie. The method
wn* $itcc(-.«Kful in C7 per cent., and in only two pnlient« wtis it a constant
failure. This practice might, with advantage, be adopted when the stomach
is intolerant. In repeating these experiments, Kincke failed to obtain an
(iqual degree of success, the proportion of cases in which a purgative effect
wo* produced amounting only to 18 per cent. In miannia and chlorosid,
which Clarke attributed to fsecal intoxication, the following combination
forniE n usoftil tonic inxnlive; it it Icnown n« Mtatvra f erro-salina : —
It Magufsii sulphntii Jl Gni. or Sj-
Potaieii bitArtmti* , 4 Uiu, or 3J.
Ferri sulphut. cxiiccaL lU Oni. or or. x.
Aqiue , lOOOj ft«ii. or OIKSij.
M. &g.: A wineglaatlul ball an hour befMv brcaldaat each momins.
Where a more-decided purgative effect is desired, the remedies should
be given in more concentrated form, thus: equal naru of Kochclle and
Kpt-oni ^alts may ho t«ken,-r«ay, each a teespoonful, dissolved in 8 email
tjuantity of water.
Epsom eatt relieves cntigp^tion of tho kidnc;s, general anssarca, the
oedema of lung or brain which may occur in Itright's disease, ascites, urxmia,
rectal and pelvic hmmorrhagc, eJSpctiuHy when accompanied by constipa-
tion. It is likewise of service in stricture or cancer of the rectum and
fisetire of the anus by liqucfyine the fscttil pa»«uges. This and other
saline purgatives possess the valuable property of being able to act painlee&ly
upon trie bowels of u patient who is fidly under the influence of opium: a
fact which renders thera additionally uaeful in rectal carcinoma. When the
stomach is too irritable to pcnnit its administration by the mouth, mag-
nesium sulphate may be Riven in die dose of G3 Gm. (or Sij) hy enema with
complete success. Epsom «iilt is likewise of service in the treatment of lead
colic. The fiTprvpsetnt magnesium i-utphate nf the Britinh Pharmacopoeia
is useful as a substitute for saline mineral waters.
Magne&ium sulphite has been recommended aa a remedy for infectious
dyspepsia and inflammatory or febrile diseases of infectious origin. This
salt hn« been found useful, likewise, in diphtheria. It is given in the form
of a tablet, allowed to dissolve slowly in the mouth, or the affected parts
arc dusted with the powdered drug. It seems to promote a rapid di»appoar-
ance of the false membrane.
MAGNOLIA.— Magnolia. The hark of Magnolia glauca, M. ncuminia.
and M. iripi'iniii (Miigtioliaccie), nil indigenous trees of our Eastern and
Southern States. The drug contains, besides r<^sin and tannin, a bitter
crystal lizable, neutral principle. UagnoUn, noluble in alcohol, but not in
water. A fluid extract made with alcohol is the best preparation.
Fhytiological Action. — .^n aromatic bitter, which can he used in appro-
4
HAimS STIOMATA.
531
ffiate doM w a Ionic or as an antiperiodic. Diaphoretic pmpertiM arr also
Miibed to magnolia.
nnrapy. — Mu|n>o)ia is used in debilitated condition* ot the syatem
titfiidrt :it nliMcki', Tlii-iiDmlism, rtc. In intermittent i«vers it list)
-^fiilly a^ a siihetiuite for quinino.
i«m t-
KAIDIS STIOUATA.— Corn-tilk.
Phannaoology.' — 'Vhv stylvs and fiUgmns (Stigmata maidis, corn-silk)
■i 'let mays, Unn^ (tiramin«te), maizv, or Indinn com, gathered when Ihc
UmcI lia» thi'd ii« polI«n. Thvy are Miid to contain an active principle which
It teemed Kaisenic Acid, which has bees recommended for use in doH-« of
0.0116 Gm. tur gr. ', J. Th« plant iit too well known to need any description.
A a»ti%e of America, it has been extensively ciUtiratcd in all tcmpcrHte
danalM. Some of its prcporatiouK arc the following: Kxtractum stig-
aittornm tuaidia fluidum (Quid extract of coni-silk); dose, 4 to 1.5 c.cm.
(or fai>ij). Viniim bti^niutorum maidie (wine of corn-silk); dose, 16 to 30
exta. (or OW's-j). Svnipiis ^tigmntorum niaidis (syrup of com-eilk); dose,
IS to .'III c.i-ni. (nr f^^s-j).
Fbytiolo^cal Action and Therapy. — Tlie prc^purationa of corn-silk are
palatable and n-dl tolerated by the stomach, lis principal action ie as a
diaretJc, and it likewise Mtmn to exert a sedative action upon the urinary
HMngCB. When u-dema is associated with an enfeebled condition of the
Mtrt, cora-«ilk. by exciting diiiretiifl, acts indirectly as a heart'tonic: the
Mtle* becomes ref^ilar and increases in force, while arterial tension is rai*«d.
Coro-silk ii of service id cong«8tioQ of the kidney, chronic nephritis, and
|i7clitt«. During it:^ administration albuminuria h li^^ened and the excrc-
tifia of urea is. au^nented. It also answers a good purpose in Biippreseion
<if nrine. In lithiai^i^, renal colic, and hematuria coni-«ilk has been found
id benefit.
It i* uMful in uric acid and phosphatic gravel. Irritability of the blad-
do; acute and chronic cystitis (especially the latter), retention of urine, and
pn«t»l)li» arc ameliomtet) by thi« rcmedv. According to Diifou, it is contm-
ladJeated in acute tiaumutic cystitis and gonorrhceal cystitis, increasing the
(*in of Ihr malady. Olht'r otiservcrs, however, report good resnlta from its
Ke in cystitis dependent upon goiiorrhwa or stricttiTO. Some, after having
tbonuKhly washed out tht? bladder, employ the fluid extract of com-«ilk
•liltited with water as an injection, with asserted good results. Others speak
(•Totsbly of itJK n»e 8« an internsl remedy in acute gonorrhcea. It has been
Ka with success in nocturnal ini.-ontinence of urine. In oidema of the
r extp-mities, asutociated with disease of the heart and in general dropsy
bmn heart or kidney di»eji»v, oom-^tlk is serviceable alone or combined
R KxtrartI •tif^nuloTttm majdi* <!.. ... . M{ exm. nr (JU*.
Ettraftj Urnn^ A.,
Initui difnutU aa SOj p.tm. or Qilj.
If. Slg.: Ton tfs»poon(nlii la wator evty thrre or four hoiin.
R Kxlrarti itigmRlanuD nmidia II 00| r^xm. or Qlj.
PMavll bilnrtntU* IS' Dm. or 3iij.
fjilritUB wtlwht nilraii Ottf e-«ii, or fjij.
v. fih[.t -A balt-tablMpoontiil *vtTj two nr llir*<> hount.
PHjLBUACECTICAI. TRFRArEDTIO A0BKT3 OK DBUOS.
Corn-hUBk.— Dr. J. VV. Pruitl, of Kin^rlviHo. Ark., aiwcrts ihnl a <iie-
lilled exiracl prepared from the husk of Indian oorn is an escellect rcmwly
in chronic niuinria. It ii^ »at<l to coiitTitl tcmpt^ratUTe. ullajr imuibililv of
the Btomach, r«)^late the functions of the liver and kidaeye, and rectucu
enlargvtmiint of tlio «p]c(.-n. It oft«n cxtrrts s mild diuretic inllui-ucc, TKc
extract is clear and transparent, resembling lioiled green corn iu odor aud
imie. It can bu preiervM b>- the addition of alcohol i»d glycerin, und it>
administered in the dose of 4 to 7.5 ccm. (or f3i-ij) ever}' two or three hours.
HAISIS USTILAGO. — Ustilapo, or com-smut. is a fungus resembling
orgiil, gruwiii^ iipiiii :ili purt* ot the Zen mavi-. It eJiould be pr««orvo<l in «
dry state, and should not be kept longer tlian a year. Corn-smul contains
about 5 pt-r cent, of an amorphous, rcd<Iieh-brown «ubi«taiicu resembling
sclerotic acid.
The physiological action of iMtiU^o ha» been studied by Dr. Jam(«
Mitchell, who ascertained that it destroys conseionsness, paralyzes first the
sensory tract of thu cord and eiibsvquently the molar centres of thv cord and
motor nerves.
The lluti] cxtniet is us<'d in a ^imiltir iiiaiiuer to ergot, in order ta stimu-
late the contractions of the uterus during and after labor. Dr. 1>orland stales
that ustiln^'o excites clonic nilher than tonic contractions of the womb dur-
ing labor, and is, therefore, to be preferred to ergot. Kstachy lin» given this
remedy with success in htcmoptVEis and g perms to rrhuia.
The usual dose is about 3 Om. (or gr. xxx), or 1 to 5 ccm. (or mxv-Ixxv)
of u fluid eiitrucl.
MALAKiy.— Salioyl-paraphenetidin. Malukin is the name bcstownl
upon a combirinlion of salicylic aldehyde with paraphenelidin and is elo&ely
related in chpjnica! compoaition to phcnacelin. The eompcmuiJ apptan^ in
the form of small, silky needles, of a yellow color, insoluble in water, slighlly
soluble in cold alcohol, but rendtly dissolving in boiling alcohol. It is in-
soluble in alkaline carbonates, but dissolves in a soda-lye, forming a soda
combinntinn of nn inten.io-yellow color. Mulakin is decomposed by the
mineral acids, even when these are considerably diluted. It contains about
50 ner cent, of salicylic ncid. The hitter subtitance, consequently, operatea
in tnc nascent state, and apparently in smaller doses than when adnituisti-risl
by the mouth undrr tl> i>wn form.
Phyiiologioal Action and Therapy.— The effects of this dnttt havi.* been
inveitigated by Dr. Jaquet, of Bale,' wbo found thnt it exerted no influem-e
upon the respiration, hcurt, or blood-pressure of rabbits. That it was ab-
aorbed when taken into the slomiich was shown br the presence of salicylic
acid iu the urine. It is decomposed by the gastric juice, and in insoluble
in the intestinal fluids. It is slowly broken up in the stomach, and the
absorption of its components proceeds gradually, for which reascm iu action
is not manifested till after the Inpse of a certain time. The remedy is well
borne, ^loiitagnon asserts that malakin has a diuretic elTect and facililutes
the etiminaliiin of uric acid.
In daily doses of 4 to fi (Im. (or ^i-iss) malnkln has n beneficial action in
rheumatism. Tlic temperature is n'dueed on the second or third day of il:t
' Le ProffTfi Vesical. No. 61. 1882; Tlif Vnftail Bulletin. Frb.. 18(M.
IIALTDU.
5S3
i»ii. Die local inflnmmalion is diminished, and the pnin ie gnA-
..^.-.iii-d. It do«8 not cause, m lar aa lian vet l)een obiterved, any
(•luin^ in lh(* Mre. Iiwx of appetilt, or Tomiting. vlbimdnnt Eweoting hiu
«>mc(iiiits been seen at th« period of criRiH, and in one oaee Dr. vAn fiauer
-hn-rf'i uiipl'-uMnt n'mptonie of vollup^C! after eight dosce of 0.50 Gm.
■ . - ^iij) oaolj had been tnken nt hourly intervni*. The fall of temperature
• il hv thin subxlanc^ t,'eiii.Tally W);ins about two houn after ii doH
11 taken. The temperature bIowIv decreases. Teaches a minimum at
I i of il)r<-<.' to four hourg, when it comnionccs to avcciid. MalakiD la
Dnt cEpeciaJIv eHioncious in the Tiolent and porsiatciit hypGr|>yrexia of the
miptivr fcTi-r» and piieumonia. It rendcre the most efliei<-iit *i:rvicc in the
Jiler tUgea of typhoid fever and in the ferer of tubereuloflia. It Kenerally
ftoivtl iM-oetieial tii pleurisy and pi.Titouitii>. MatnkJn ih thought to be pai^
bmUrljr appropriate for use in cbronio maladies and when the patient is
enfeebU'd, im acroiint of il* fn*edom from dfpresmint plTect. According to
l>r. Ton Uaucr. of Vienna, its antipyretic influence is less than that of anti-
pyrin and phenaiviin. Favontble rcKultt have hUd bf(^n obtained from the
UM* of ualakin in neurslfric aSectioni:. Malakin affords relief in habitual
li«dacb««, as in IhoM nf chloroeis.
MAITTTH. — Malt i« tJie coed of Hordeiim diittichum (Onmin^) caused
ta <<tit«'r the incipient Et8);e of germination by artificial means and dried.
Kilimct of malt in made vith vater at a moderate heal and e\-aporated by
nrans wf a Taruum appnratui^ to thv con^igtcncy of thick honey. The eweet
prim-i|ili- i» nialt-iu>-ar. <ir Maltose. The method adopted in making the
"rfuiUwe" extract n! mull, the author is informod by Mr. Louis Gfiinis, ig
h* macerate well-malted barley in warm nalcr for several hours, until the
lUfchy mntit-r ha» bti-n chanpod to dtxtrin and mtilloKL-; the inTti^ion \»
tbm simmered with fresh hops at a temperature under IGO" F., in order to
Rtain the dinniaM- and other nlbuniinoids unimpaired, and the resulting
liquid subjected to fermentation until the percentage of extractive matter
mirant* in about 12 jut c«it. and that of alcohol to about -1 per cent. Thin
takes from seventy-five to one hundred days. When properly made, the
«itact and dia#1a»iv extniet of malt not only contain all the nutritive sub-
■tiDn:* of malted barley, but also a peculiar ferment (diastase), which has
the povcr of convening ^lanh to the .^olublo form, ihuH nii&istin^ in the
iipition of amylaceous food. The liquid malt extract, resembling honey
ndendty. is u good vehicle fur iron, the hypopho>:phite?i, tjuinine, etc.
Tberapy. — Extract of malt i^ a viiluablc food, in concentrated form, and
«M»ily asfimilated. U iw pleasant to the taste, can be eaten upon bread or
BDXed with milk, and agrees with the digwiivc organs. It forms, with an
«^al quantity of good codliver-oil. an emulsion whieh children readilv take,
•od vbti.-li is ttseftd in convalescence or waiting diseases. The water may
btaatirelv extracted in the vacuum apparatus, giving uwdry extract of malt,
wUdi u the tiasis of »onie largely-iued food preparations for young children
Mid inralids. The other form o{ liquid malt jUHt ri-terriHl to i* made by
fanDfiilalion. and sevcnil varifrtien of thi« nmlt arc sold, varying in alcoholic
•ton^h from the smallest tracpalo 8 or 10 percent., makiux. in fact, a beer.
Bntff tiijnid malt is a valuable remedy in ca»e» of general debility, deficient
"fiewtJTe jKiwer, or loss of appetite. It is probably one of the best agents for
iknisog tntiM^uInr titwne and augmenting fat; many persons gain conmd-
034 PlLUOIACBfTICAL TBVBXfWmXi ACBNIS OB ORIGS.
erable weight from a malt rourse. The use of mall liquore has Wen alrenfly
rerorrt'd to uikKt th« hctid of Alcohol.
MANACA. — HniiifeliiJfl hoponnn (Scrophtilarineie). Manaca, or Mercurio
vegetal is a Brazilian ^nib. the root of vrhich pos^es^ce tncdii-iiiul virtuM.
The bark of lhi> mtil, whi-ii reduced to powder, ha* a Ttllowiah-hrown color
iiid on odor which recalls that of cornineal. An eucrjiottc alkaloid, diflioiilt
to isolate in a state of jiurilv, ha^ hecii discovered by l>ra^endorfr. Manaea
in oilicial in the Brazilian dii-|K-iiNatoricg, the duec of the po\rdcred root lioin};
given aa 0..'iO to 1.30 Om. (or er. viii-ss). In this country n tiiiid extract has
hci-n made iind may h<^ (.'ivcn in doeeii of 0.30 to I'iO com. (or mv-xx|.
Phyiiolo^cal Action. — According to the itiTeeti){atioii« of l>r. K. 1'.
Bri'wiT.' of Norwich, Conn,, nianaca has no influence upon IIk- Ijrain or
special senses, hut stimulates the motor centres of the spinal cord, and in full
doae* aholithcs the reflex function of the cord. It di.-prc**e« the cardiac
and respiratory reflex centres and stimulnlcs the plands. especially the sali-
vary, gastric, intestinal, and cutaneous; aUo the liver and Icidneyo. Sign^
that its physiological action is produced arc, in man. a feuling of hand-iilce
constriction around the head, unuscn, and prufu.-H- ])<-n<|iitHtion. AVhcn ihiwe
Bymploms manifest IhemselTcs the remedy should be suspended or reduced
in quaulitv. In ils home, manaca is regarded a^ mtrxalive, diuretic, ami
cmmenagi^j^ici also aiiti<^yphilitic and anlirheuuiatic. lu small doses it is
resolTent, in large doses an acrid poison.
Therftpy. — Jilanui-A ha^becn prini;i|iHlly used as a remedy in rheuinatinn.
In the acute fonn of this disease the articular {lain and swellitij^ not infn-
quciitly iiuhiiide rapidly after thv dcvelopmvnl of the pliyeiolupical circcte of
tne drug. lu a considerable proportion of cases chronic rheumatism is
notably ameliorated by the administration of manaca. In muecniar rheu-
matism this drug is likcwij^c surviceabk'. aud may be prolitably combined
with potassium iodide and cimioifuga, as in lite following prc^tTiption: —
S I'uUsiii iodidt (t| (liti. or 3Lsi.
Kxtrnrl. ciiiili'ifujitc 11..
Ejitract. manacip t1 an 01 c.rm. or Oia*.
Sjrup. siinuijiiirlMiii I'nnip. -. ,q. •. nii 120| cnii. or (Jiv.
M. Sii;,; A tublcspuuiiful four limu a daj'.
In neuralgia of rheumatic origin manaca may sontctimes be used with
•draalagc. In scrofulous manifestations and in secondan* syphilis it has
been administered with a$»erted good etTeds, From its action upon thu
tocrcti«n8, Br. Brewer infers that it might be of benetii in gajitric and gastro-
duodenal catarrh and jaundice dependent u])on the latlcr conditiod, a* well
Its in simple jaundice due to inaction of the liver.
MANOANTTM.— The metal Manganese (Mn).
Prtparationx.
Mnneniii Dloxiiluni (U.S. ?.).~M<u>g"ncsc> Dioxide, Blitrk Osid? a( Mangan«D.
Dose, 0 13 to 0.05 Gm. lor gr. ii-x).
Mnngnni itiilphu (U.S.P.). — MnnsanMo SulptisU. Uo«v. 0.13 to 032 Gin. \i
gr. ii-v).
' Thnaiicutic tia:*itr, 1882. p. 320,
XAN-aANl-U.
,^AUMni Pf
Dow, 0J»
pFnumiiK«Riiii (U.S. P.. n. P.|. — PotAiMuni Ptnnangaaatc.
■•rftim. (orjir.M-jl. B. P„ OJMS to 0.20 Gm. (or gr, i-iijt.
Ufuor PotAMti Pcniuin|{UMti« (B. P.). — Solution ot PotAMium Pcmmniraiuitc II
Iff MM.). DoMi, 7.r> to 13 ccm. (or fSil-lT).
Fhuvacolog?. — Miingaiie£e is vrhilUh gny, vcrv hard, and slmo«l tu
lafukilitc an plutiiiuni, but in the mclallic »talc i» not used in medicine or
rrtsrrr. It exiats in email quantity io the blood and bilo. in company with
ma. The tli(>xi<lo, or black oxido, treated witli hydrochloric acid, yields
ou^nous chloride, water, and chlorine, and is sometimes used to supply
cUorine id the sick-room. When lientcd with jjotaRiium chlorate it under-
goa BO change, bat favors the steady evolution of oxygen-gas from the
poUMium aalt, and this method i» generally followed for tli« production of
QiyiFPn on s small scale for laboratory purposes.
Fhysiolo^oal Action. — Th<! siiljihate ii> an eractio and purgative in
do0G6 of 4 to 8 Cm. (or 5i-ij), and has also decided cholagogic properties; in
Bsaller do«e« it may be used as an heiinlic stimulant. Ovcrao«M of man-
^nece tails, especially if long continued, depress the system, lower the heart-
UKon, favor fatty degeneration of the miudes and of the liver, and reduce
Mood-pressure. Excessive doses occasion gastro-cnteritis. These salts are
intatinal irritants. The black oxide hat emmenagogic properties. Small
doM8 ftror hcmatosis, acting, like iron, as a tonic. Potassium permanganate
iawi oxidising agent and a generator of ozone; it is a valuable antiseptic and
dianfectant. In the stomach it arrests fermentation, bat probably is at once
dacomp«wed as a rc«ult of it« combination with organic material, so that it
11 not absorbed into the circulation in its own form; but, nevertheless, in
wbatfTcr form it fmnlly is absorbed, it does exercise n systemic elTccI, and
a considered a good emmoniigogiie.
Therapy.— In solution (0.0G5 to 0.38 Gm., or gr. i-v, to 30 c.cm., or fSj,
of water, or even more dilute) the pormunganatc is useful as a deodorant to
fbtd wounds, compound fractures, and ulcers; it is also injected into the nose
in ramai, or used as a mouth-wash in diphtheria, scarlatina, necrosis of jaw,
etucer of the tongue, end conditions causing foul breath. In bromidroeis
(fttid perspiration) of the feet, epouging with permanganate solution and
the n*e of a dr^'ing-powder of starch and salicylic acid will often correct the
CGDdition. Injections of permanganate arc sometimes slightly irritating, or
efen caustic, and they should nnt be used in guniihot wounds of the abdomen
orabeceasea connected with the peritoneal cavity, for fear of injurious con-
■eqtMnces. In treating purulent dii>charges from the external esr, the per-
■anginate is ihoupht to favor perforation of the tympanic membrane, and
3uKd at all here it should be in very dilute solution. Dr. .■\lbert Temon
has found solutions of potassium permanganate useful in purulent ophthal-
mia, flc employs a solution varying from J-2000 to 1-5000.
In the strength of 0.13 Gm. to 30 ccm. (or gr. ii-f5J). permanganate has
bMB ttscd with «ucce«s as an injection in gonorrhcna and leucorrhtes. An
ointaient containing manganese dioxide has been used in tinea, scabies, and
panigD. M. Galoxowski, of runs, has reported good results from the use
af hatha of potassium permanganate in the treatment of small-nox. In tlie
tieitnient of disorders of the uterine funetioni maity practitioners speak
iiii^lilv of the manganese salts, especially when the trouble is due in ^nc-
md not to any mechuniciil or obf"! met ive, cuiue. I>r. John N. T7p-
~uj, .rf Uichmond, \ a., has observed benefit in membranous dysmenorrh<ea
536 PHARUACeUTICAL TUKBAFBUTIC AGENTS OR URUOS.
from the iij* of the oxido (0.13 fim., or gr. ij, each) in (•elaiin-eoated pills,
civen four or tive times daily. The permaDgenatc ie oflon not well bomo
by Ihfi fitonmcti. Mrtngitncve (lioxiflu t« aI#o of aerrioe in araenorrhtrn, or
eiidden suppression of the mensee es a result of cold, and when the mcn$tnisl
dischnrge i» fcanty nod irregvlor. Mnngnnt'ge is tist^ful in aniemia and chlo-
rosis, particularly when givea io conjunctioo with iron: —
H PotAHii pennangaiuUs • [32 Oni. or gr, t.
Mom. ferri CMrbonatUi,
(jtilnineF aulphati* <a |U On. or j^. ic.
M. rt fl. pil. noi X.
SIg.; A pill three or four titnra a duy.
As an emmenagogiie in chlorosis. Dr. Homer C. Bloom highly n-coni-
mt.-ndE tho following prvtcription:-
B Ftrri poptonnt ITS Gin. ur gr. xij.
ran! I
Acid. oxRllei aft
Alcohol 11
AquK q. a. ad ISO
M. !<i|i.: Two tcAapoonfuU three (imea a day.
13 Giu. or «-. ij.
c.cm. or ftii],
c.em. or fSiv.
Dr. Charles O'Donovan, of Baltimore, finds the black oxide of m«n-
ganea* ta be the most uitisfactory treatment for dyemonorrhoeo, in do«es of
0.13 Om, (or gr. ij) about an hour after each meal, combined, if desired, with
iron, or other ailjiivdntH. No dclvtcrious efTccte w«rD obs^rred cren when
the remedy was long continued.
.An unolTioiiil synip of the iodide of iron and mnngancEC is s ^od nlton-
tivc tonic in serofola and the debility due to prolonged euppurfltion. The
oxide, in doses of 0.65 to 1 dm. (or gr. x-xv), iit recommended by Dr. f^eared
in gastrodynia and pyrosis. The same preparation relieves catarrhal or
mnlurial jaundice, especially whes combined as follows: —
It Mangnni uidi 21 Gm. or S«il
RtBiatP ppdophylli {13 Om. or gr. I}.
Extract. bcllndunnK (olior. aIc 1065 Gm. or gr. j.
M. et ft. capRulip no. x.
81);,: A mpsule three or tour liuiea a day. In catarrhal jaundice.
The perinanpnat« ig of avail in flatulent dyspepsia and lilhia»t«. It
has occasionally produced good results in acute rheumatism, and has be«n
employed, with varying fuccesg, in a number of infectious disorder*, a* scar-
let fever, diphtheria, erysipelas, septicoemia, and pysemia. In the first two
named, Ihiii remedy, in folution, i« applied to the throat with advantage.
It is also recommended, locally and internally; in snake-bites and in ery-
sipelas the local application of a wlulion containing 8 to 12 Gm. lo 50O c.cm.
(or 3ii-iii to OifSi) of water is beneficial.
Dr. William Moor, of New York, hne called the attention of the profes-
sion to the fact that potassium permanganate is a chemical antidote tor mor-
phine. The presence of albuminoids and peptones does not interfere with
this reaction. He has shown that an equal quantity, grain for grain, of per-
manganate is antidotal in cases nf poisoning by morphine. In cases of poi-
soning by opium, laudanum, or The uncombined alkaloid, he advitea aciduhi-
tion of the stomach-eonteiits with diluted sulphuric acid, or white vinegar,
in order thai the insoluble morphine be converted into a soluble jtalt. Tc
4
UANOOSTAN-A.
53T
core Ui« moft positive re«uUs from this plan of troatmeot it U Mid to be
iceaaary that the antidote should act upon the alkaloid before absorptioa
hat CM!eum^d. but Profc«eor nitzif hue dpmonstmtod ttint morphine, sub-
cstaneoualy injected into dog5, is escreted b,v the elandular liniog of the
_Moawch, to that it maj hnvt- some value even at A latt^ period, A number
of opium or morphine poisoning: which have been treated by meaDs
ssium penDait|;unste (ecm to show that it may bo efRcicnt when some
time has elapsed since the poison was swallowed, but as Cema has shovrn
it IE not a pnytiological antidote, and King«r etatce that it is not adapted
to hTpodonnic use, beinjz instantlv decomposed by the blood.
L>T. Moor has experimented with other alkaloids, but finds that potss-
•itiin pcrmanfcanate is vrithnui effect on atropine, cocaine, veratrine, pilo-
carpine, acouitinc. and strychnine.
Profe»Mr llokai recommends the administration of potassium perman-
^uwtv in phofiphonis poiEoniiig upon the ground that it converts the phos-
?bnnia tnto orthophi)itpli»ric acid, which is fr«« from toxic action. Dr.
tn^^oe, of Budapest, has succeeefullj treated in this manner two cases, tn
both of which a lar^c qtuintity of phosphorus had been taken. After the
■tacnach had been washed out with tepid water, about a pint of '/i«-of-l-per-
mtt solution of permanganate woa injected into tlie stomach and allowed
tu remain.
Antal lia« oxperimentally found that animals to which muscarine,
ttnchnine, colchicum, oil of ^vin, and oxalic acid had been administered,
feUoved by a '/j- to '/rpcr-cent. solution of permanganate, recovered, but
eootrol animals, to which the antidote was not frivcn, perished.
Experiments upon animaU have led Dr. J. V. Kossa to believe that
potaauum pennanj!;anate is likewise an efficient antidote to hydrocyanic acid
and potaMium cyanide.
Manganese sulphate has been used in dirooic rheumatism and neuralgia,
bst with doubtful results.
1UH008TANA.— Uangosteen. ITic rind of the fruit of the mango, or
Garcinia manKostann ((iuttifc-ne), growing in India, contains tannin and a
better, cryslallizablc principir, Hangoitin. The tniit is about the t\f.<^ of
s mall orange; the rind is hard, dark brown, smooth, inodorous, with a
bitler, ariring«nt ta*l«.
Thenpy. — t'scd in diarrhoea and dysentery; also in the form of decoc-
tin, as an a#tring<-nt, in sore throat, noml cutarrh. leucoTrhcra, etc. A fluid
extract of mango (dose, 2 to 4 c.cm., or f5ss-j), made from the bark of
HaDgtfeia Indica. of Ihesame natural order as the pn'o<iding. has very much
tbe ffline properties and is used for the same purposes. It is also recom-
nnded as a hirmostatio.
XANVA (r. S. P.).— Manna.
Ddw. 4 to 31 Om. (or 5i-5j).
Prtparalion.
Ithuam -Smiur ConijiONtuiii IC. t4. F-t.^-Compooiiil InfuMon of Seanft, Block
OiaMbt (e«tu>ial"Ol iviina. 0: iiunna, 12: tnainimthiin «»lplui(e, 12: (Mael, 3i boll-
■ar *«lw. 80; cold nter, ■). ». ad 100 «.em.|. Dow. 120 to 240 cxm. lor (Siv-vil/).
fise
PHAnUACEtTICAL TIIEBAPEUTIO AOXIITS OB DBCOS.
PhannKColo^j.— Mftnna U "tbo concrete Gacchoriiic t-xiidtition of the
i'Tftxiuiu oniu^ (Oleacese)," or laanna-asb of Italy, Sicily, and Asia Minor;
slso giowiog olsewhore, but yielding maoria only in southern cUmatee.
Other sources of msonft ujcitt, as the tamarisk, oak, and larcb, and a nnall,
leguminous plant of India (Alhagi manna); but neither of these is of any
importance eonmiK-il with that derived from tht- flowering ash-tree, whicili
is the universally- known manna, both commercially and medicinally. It
containx Uannite (70 to 80 per cent.), a augar-lik<; substance, and traces
of Fr»xiii, u ni'utral, bitter substance fotmd in the bark of several speoiefl of
ash; also glucose, retin, mucilage, etc. The llake-iiiapna is the selected,
homogeneous, clear masses; manna, tn sorts, contains more or less foreign
material, andi as ftraw, chips, etc. The best sort is scarce and expensive.
There are no official preparations, except that manna is a constituent of
compound infusion of »enna (U. S, P.), or black dnught, which a former
generation of physicians especially favored.
Therapy.— Manna is laxativv in doses uf 31 or -16.5 Om. (or .^-isa) for
adults, but is liable to cauae ttatulence and colic. It has been u»ed for chil-
dren, boiled in milk, alone or combined with scnnii. or it may be eaten as a
sort of sugar. 4 to 8 Om. (or ^i-ij) at a time. Molassce-candy is also a good
luitiTe, and is considerably cheaper.
KAIfZANITA. — The Arctostaphylos glauca (Ericacece) is a native of
California. Its k-nvo!- possess medicinal properties, due to Tannin, Arbatin,
and probably, also. EricoUn nnd Ursone, re^^mbiing uva unta in composition
and rH'diciniil riTrcis.
Fhysiolo^cal Action. — The drug is astringent, and in small doses Ionic
and farmiiiulive. It is dci^idedly diuretic.
Therapy.— Manzaniia is useful in various afTections of the urinary tract,
pyelitis, cyHtitU, stoni? in tht- kidneys or bladder; also in riran^urj-, incon-
tinence of urine, irritation of bladcfer, etc. It is best given in the form of
a fluid extract (dilute alcoholic) in doses of 2 to 7.5 c.cm. (or f.v»-ij) four to
six times a day.
MABANTA. — ^Anowroot-starch. The fecula from the rhizome of the
MaruiHa aniniliiiaiva- (CiinnuiL-a), <>l t!ie Wi'sl Indies and South America,
consists wholly of a beautifully-white starch in fine granules. It is used in
preparing nourishing arlides of food for the jifk, with milk, eggs, etc.
MABRUBimfl iT. S. P.),— Marrnbium (Horehonnd).
Pharmacology. ^ "The leaves nnd tops of Marrubium vulgare (La-
biatce)," a small herb of Europe nnd .Vmerica; contains a bitter principle.
Uaimbiin, with a peculiar volatile oil, resin, launin, etc. It is best given
a& fhiid extract (dose, 4 to T.5 c.cm.. or fSi-ij).
Therapy. — Ilorchoiind is <-m|ili)ved afr a bitter tonic and aioiiiHcbic, imd
as an expectorant, diaphoretic, laxative, and diuretic. It is popular in con-
fectionary lis coujih-dnips, used for sore throat, cough, and catarrhal condi-
tions of the air-paisages. When a diaphoretic effect is desired, the herb
maybe used in infii^inn (.^1 Om. lo 4i.'(c.cm.,or.\j to Oj), taken hot in recent
colds. The cold decoction is serviceable in chronic pulmonary affections.
lusncni:.
989
MASnCHE (C. S. P.)-M««tic.
Prtparalion.
POalc AIm« ct Mastichra (U.S.P.)."P11U ■>( Alw* tnd MoMtic (purified alocn,
UGn.; BiMtIo, 4 Qm.; r«d rau, 3 tim.i >iaU<r. q. «. to make 100 pIlU).
PkaiBMOlogy. — "A concrete, r<-^inim!i exudaliim from Pistachia I^en-
dwin (Anscardivn)," von«ietiiig of Uaiticliic aoid (<)t) ycr (.-ciil.), soluble
I in aleoho), and another retiin, Hastichin, ^oiubli; in ether. It enters into the
'1'. S. P. olTici*) pills of uIoeM niKl iiiiiM ic, and hat no other upplii-atiou ut
prewnt in me^lu-ine, «xn-pt that it may be uwd as a temporary filling for
otvtyiHJ ii'«-(b, the* ethereal solution being need to saturate a small pin;; of
alwoflient i-olton, which itt prt'Nted into Ihr cavity. Mastic in alAO nsed in
nuking «>in«ntfi and vaniiehee.
MATICO (f. S. P.).— M«tici).
SoMr 'i to 4 Gin. (or gr. xxx-5j).
l*reparation».
■cdiin ^Utko Fluidum lU.S.P.).— Fluid Ezlmrl of Mftlko. Dow, 1.90 to
Ttnetunt Mstlro <U. &. P.|.— Tincture of Matico. I)um-. 4 to 30 e^ni. (or (SI-t3J|.
FbaiiBtcoIogy. — "The leaves of Piper an^etifoliiun (Piperace®)," o(
oWh AnnTini, conlnin volatile oil (I '/, pt-r cent,); a soft, ^en, pungent
a bitter principle ternted Haticin. Artanthic acid, and tannin. The
'iNjor IK iromntic and the taste ui-trin^ctit.
Tlurapy. — -Powdered matico acts as a mechanical haemostatic, the
roaghne»Df the leavi-:^ favorinji; clotting of the blood. Intemall^v the fluid
otnct is used in inflammations and catarrhal affections of the urinary oi^
aa chronic cvAtitiR, leucorrho-a, incontinence of urine, and menor-
In htcmorrhages from the stomach, bowels, and kidneys, and even
I the lungn, it ha» aUo been employed, as well as in diarrho>a and dysen-
The use of matico Eometimea produces er}'thema.
XATBICARIA (C. S. P.).— Uatricvia (Qennan Chamomile).
Bote, 1 to I '3 Gm. (or fSi-iij), in infusion or fluid extract.
Ph*rmacology. — "The flower-heada of Molrie»ri« chamomile (Com-
B)" are oHicial under this name. It is a European annual, l>earin){
3, yellow flower*, with white ray-floreta; receptacle conic«I. nakud, and
hnllov. The oilor of the plant is due to a blue volatile oil existing in the
IVww-hwdii, together with hitter extractive, tannin, etc. The blue eolor-
iag matter in the oil is a volatile principle called Azvtene or (kenilein.
Phyiiologrical Action and Therapy. — A drcoclioii, drunk as hot as pos-
eUe. i.i a tiniedy for cold? at- a diaphoretic; in large do.si-n it acts a* an
fBfttC. The cold infiiiiion can be uw-d in vmallcr ipiantities as a tonic and
itoBUcIiic. It is highly pri/.cd among the common people in Gemtany in
ibneatie prsclio^ for the relief of cold#, rheumatism, dysmenorrhtea, etc.,
in the form of tea. It is also considered antiiijuiitmodic and anthel-
It is UMd for the same purposes generally as anthemis, or chamomile.
HATS. — Kaixe, Indian Com. Hie maize. Zea nurs (Graminca), is a
l^f North America, largely eullivated for food, the Iruil, or Indian
rnAOUACErTiCAL TnBiLAFBtmc agents ob dkuos.
corn, Maidiiifructiig.coiitiiii)^: starch, 65 per cent.: nitro^oiied subeUntc^
8 lo 10 per c«nt.: with a ydlow, tlxcil oil, vugnr. cellulooe, and wtttr. QrcSI
corn, tioik-ij, is a lughlv-priaied summer vegetable. There are maiiT Tshrtii ^
but the principal ones are vellow corn ami whit« cMJrn. liVhen ground the-j;
HlTonl oi^riimeul (Mnidi^ furina). Cornmeal is also used for food, u bmc3
cakes, etc.. and, with boilinR water, itiaken a mii»h, or "hasty-puddinji." IW-
hot. boiled innsh also tiiHkfs a good ponllicf, as it rctainii heat well. Coir^
starch (Maidift amyhini). made from the ri|ie lom in the same manner ^K
wlicatnl.arcb irt prejiuroil. i« also un acceptable article of food, used for makia |
puddiDgE, btanc-mangr. etc. It is in the form of a white, impalpable powd*- x
which can be utilixod nx a substitute- for lycupodiiini, as a dusting- powdtr l
pilts and troches, and for excoriated surfaces, or as a baby-powder,
MEL (U. S. P.).— Honey.
Prfparations.
Mc) Di'iipuinatuiii lU. y.l'.),— C'lnrifipU lloncy.
Mel RwMB |i;.8.P,|.— Honey of Roe*.
Confcct40 Rous |U. &. P.I.—CMifcotion of Row imi mte, 9 Gnt.; ragar. M dtn.;
clarillrd honry, la Gm.; rtroogfr rot*-"«l«r, lU c.ciii.).
Mvl J>p|>urHturii |IJ. I'.l.-^'lMrilini Hoiicy,
Mel ItonuHR (n.P.).— Bonix Boncy (borax, 50; Klyc«rta, 56; olatUM boocr.
4O0 Cm.)
Oxymcl lO.P.I. — Oxynicl (clnriltcd honry, 8; a<*Uc add. 1; dtKtflkd ■•l«r. I
o.cni.). Oow, 4 to 7-5 c-i-iii. (or fSS'i]}.
opttn>9
Pharmacology. — Honey is a »acdiariQ« oecretioD deposited in the 1
comb by the honey-bee. Apis mellifica (class, Insecta; order, Uymcnof
Virgin hnnvy is that oblniiH-r) from n'Ocnt conib» by incijilon and slraisii^i
when heat is used to separate the comb the product is of a darker color, UW*
ibiTe it< a loss "f flavor. M'hiit i* known flit clarified honey it prepared^
heating honey on a water-bath, removing the frothy scum whicb riie^uw
ttmining. The flavor of honey is dependent upon the tim« of Uie sitiffa
and the character of the flowcre that furnish the saccharine material. It >>
believed that, at times, poisonous principles have been taken by beatw"
narcotic plants, and, consequently, the character of the honey faa* l"»o
otipcted injuriously. The conatituenlH of Iioncy arc fruit<au^ar. whicb f*"
mains always liquid, and glucose, which tends to crystaUixe and thkkcatlx
honey. Much of the honey used for household purposes ha* glucow ftW""
ulently added, or it may be entirely an imitation houey.
Physiological Action. — Honey h slightly laxative, and a pleaaant, ff^
article of food. It is a good excipient for pill-masMx.
Therapy. — The old mixture of borax and honey, official in the ^^
Pharmacopoeia, for the treatment for babies' sore mouth is now rnrdy a*"'
as the honey favortt ff-rmcntulion, and, lH^i>ido«, addn nothinj; therapeolio^*
to the mixture, for the borax act* better without it. In glycosuria Ike "^
of honvv grpdtly incii^a.*>« the qiunitjty of yugar voided, and it has beai ■**
therefore, to aid in the diagnosis of diabetes. In sore throat mel TOdD*^
be uswi a.* an application, in loinbinaiion with aKiringriits. A *n(ionf«( "J
honey made into a paste with an equal quantity of riemea] and thickly ifC*''
upon the inflamed »urfaee \% elaimi^td by Ziein to be a goo<l domestic appi'"*'
Hon to par-auricular abscesses. Oxymel is a pleasant addition to pf'^
MSLIIiSA.
Ml
or vehicle for aetringcnU or expectoraote, in doaes of 4 to 1.6 can. {or
f3i-ij).
KEUSSA (r. 5. P.).— Helissa (Balm).
Thann«colo87- — "The leave§ and tops of Melissa officinalis (I^biatw),"
a sinnll h(Tl> growing in Europi; and m the Tluitcd Stnti-s. It contiiina gum,
lannin, bitter estraclive, and volatile oil. The odor of the plant h fragrant,
and it ha^ an aromatic, slightly-bitter taste; the bmiHed leaves have a lemon*
like odor.
Fhysiological Action and Therapy.— MHi^sa i« carminativi', and may
be used in infusion, medicated water (distilled), or as a tluid extract, the dme
of the ialtvf Wing 4 to 7.5 com. (or fSi-ij). The compound i-pirit of ineiiM^a,
or Cannelile spirit, is a cordial containing a number of apioett, which make it
• stomachic and correctirc of flatiilence.
MENISPEKUnU (tr.S.P.).— Henispermum (Yellow F&riUa, Canadiaa
Moonieed).
Doae, 0.32 to 1.30 6m. (or gr. v-xx), in infusion.
Preparation.
&xtr«ctuin MMinu^riDi Fluiduiii (U.S.P.).— fluid Extract of Menixpennum.
!>«•*. 2 to 4 ccni. (or iSmJ).
Pharmacology. — "The rhizome and roots of MeiiiBpennum Cana dense
(ll«zii«permaceji;)'': a plant growing in the oa^lern rnitnl StateH. The
Thizome may be several feet in length; it contains Berberine, also a white
■Uuloid, Holulile in alcohol and ether, sparingly soluble in water, which was
i»Ut«I by II. L. Barber.
Therapy. — Moon«eed, or vcllow parillfi, is believed to resemble aarsa-
P*rilU in posseesiog diuretic, tonic, and alterative powers, and is also a laxa-
tive. In aomertic praclic« it is used to purify the blood in scrofulouH alTec-
'"Hw. It has no very well marked therapeutic properties,
MENTHA PIPERITA (U.S. P.).— Peppermint.
Till' lijiiix mill [<>(w iif Mentha piperita (Ijnbinla-)-
Preparationa of Peppermint.
Trorhlid Menthn Piiwritw <tJ. S. P.}. — TVooIih i>f I'cppvnniiit, I)om, t or nvn.
, Aqua Henlhc PiperiuB (U. & P., B. P.). — Peppermint -water. Doae, 4 to 8U e.eni.
Olnun Mcnthtt Pipfritw (U. 8. P., B. P.).— 00 of PF[ipcnnint, Duw, O.OC to 0.30
**!». (or iwiv).
Spirilu* Mfnlhm Plpnrlt*- (0. S. P., B. P.)-— Spirit of Peppurmint Dom. O.Ofl (o
* e-on. (or oiK-flj).
Itaitbo) lU. S.P.. B.P.).— Ppppcraiint rnniphor (n crintallin* •olid). Dom, U.l)e&
toOJtGin. (orgT. i-v).
AIki eniort into fonipouiid pillB of rliuburli lU. S, P.. B. P.).
KENTHA VIKIDIS (IT. S. P.),— Spearmint.
The leaved and tops of Mentha viridts (Labiatie).
Preparations of Spearmint.
^rHnB Slmlhir Viriilis (U.S. P.). — Spirit of Spi'iirmiiil. Doae, 0.30 to I.SO o.cni.
{ormrxx).
Anna MeBtba Ylridia (U.S.Pq B.P.).~Sp«ann!nt-wat«r. Dom, 4 ti> 00 c.cm.
l*Ol-(Sij). —
¥
S43
pii-inuAcmrricAL thrbapectio aobkts ob DRUcg.
Oleum Menthffi VIridls |U. 8. P.. a P.).— Oil of Speurnilat. Don, 0.12 t« O.TO
cent, (or mii-v).
Ph&nnaoology. — The loavos and tope of bolh th« Stcntlta pipcriM und
the Mentha riridis, of the natural order Labiatx, are indigenous to (Ireat
Britain, but an nnturalizod in the United States and many other countries.
Each variety owes its piopeities to a volatile oil, from 1 to 1 Vt per cent.
bi-iu^ present, with t-omt- luniiin, in pcpjKTmint, The llritiEli Fbarmaoopwin
diri'Cta that the oil of p^injennint he distilled from iJic froh flowering jiejn
purmiut, Mentha piperilii, and the oil of spearmint from the frceh flowering
speanninl, Mentha viriilis. Menthol, which is the slcaropten or cnmuhur
of pcppermint-oilf i« dupositcd. on coolinir. from the oil of Ihc frwh herb
Mentiia arvensis and Mentha piperita. It smells and tasl^^H like pepper-
mint, is soluble iu nleohol, elber, and the lixvd and volatile oils, but filiglllly
aoluble in water. Menthol occurs in the form of colorless crj'stalA or fused
crrstiilline masses, and resembles Epsom enlt in appearance. It is quite rola-
tile, and molls at lOS" to 110' F.
Phyiiolo|fic«l Action. — IVppermint. cspeeinlly the oil, locally has an
anodyne, aum^thetie, and antiHoptic aetion. Its taste is rather pleasant and
pungent, and it acts us a carminative and stimulant in the stomach, especially
in the form of the spirit; the troches are also u»ed for this purpose as well
OS to disguise a bad breath. Spearmint corresponds, in its effects, with pep-
permint, but is less powerful and less agreeable.
The taste of menthol is sharp and penetrating. When placed upon the
skin it gives rise at first to a burning sensation, which is succeeded br one
of coolnew, and finally by numbness. It has decided autiseplic power, being
comparable in this respect to thymol.
Therapy, — In n<'uralgia oil of peppermint may be paintod over the pain-
ful spot or Jilong the eourseof the nerve. If Ihe oi! ia employed, evaporation
should be prevented by covering th« paintod surface with oiled ailk. It may
also be used for myalgia and many local pains, commonly called rheumatic,
ond i» often of service in chronic gout. In flatulent colic, the spirit of pep-
pamiint in hot water is a good household remedy, particularly applicable to
children. T!if oil of peppermint allays nansen, and is serviceable in di«-
guising the taste of unpalatable drugs. Peppermint is a good addition to
fiiirgutive remedies, as in the compound rhubarb pill, to prevent griping.
n pruritus pudendi peppermint- water is a good application, with 4 or 8 Gm.
(or 5i-ij) of borax to each pint.
In a number of cages of pulmonary tuberculosis improvement has fol-
lowed the inhalation of oil of peppermint, vaporized by means of hot watflr.
Cough, fever, and night-sweats entirely vanished.
Menthol ha« been employed iiImoBt exclusively m a topical remedy,
though it has been given internally in the dose of 0.33 Gm. (or gr, v) for the
relief of neuralgia. It is also recommended as an intestinal antiseptic in the
dose of 0.10 Om. (or gr, ifs), given in a capsule with oil of sweet almond, six
to eight being taken daily.
Its principal usefulness is in the alleviation of itching and pain. It
may be applieu in the form of a eolid pencil or cone, an alcoholic solution,
or an ointment. It has also been administered by inhalation in hay fever
and diphtheria. In the nasal form of hay fever a mixture of menthol and
ammonium carbonate makes a very eDicient smcllingsalt. In neuralgia
MENTHA PIPKRITA.
843
JlMpeCttlly when it iavohes a superficial nerve), in herpes loeter. and derma-
palgia. a tolion or ointment containing menthol i« capable of afTording oon-
lltle relief. The pain of a carious tooth may be lessened or reliCTed by
plariiig I menthol Mlution within the cavity, or menthol disfolvcd in 15
parts of oil of cloves. The itchinp of paripsthesia, eczema, snd nrticaria may
oft™ be allcTJaled bv the same remedy.
By aprnyinf; with a benzointil Golution of menthol Dr. Elizabeth N.
Bniilcy WIS able to reduce an acute ha;morrhoida] prolapfle which L-ame on
daring' a Mvere attack of epidemic inSuenza and which had resisted the
ictiftti of other remcdiea. The tiM of (he «pray was almoHt immediately fol>
WmI by cessation of pain and diminution in the size of the tumors.
Inhalations of menthol have al«o been siicocssftilly resorted to in asthma,
II is readily volatilized in a tea-pot by the addition of hot water. The tea-
pot iK^iig clo«ed, the vapor is inhaled as it mm-t from the spout. Ointments
Rod lobons of menthol may be compounded as follows: —
^B JW« Mfboiki 2
MtnthvL 1
VtigL aquM ro4w 31
U. ^.; For paTBitliMia, urUMtia, nnil h<n^i«s nwUr.
Cm.
30 Om.
On.
E. xs.
B Tlwc brllKdonnn tul.,
TiBiH. ftcuuiti J,, aa Ot o.em. or fSln.
Untbol ti Om. nr S««.
AlmhoUt .'■ 00| c.cm. or fjij.
Gijtrhwii,
Jti^am roMT ba IS| c.cm. u 13m.
V. 6%.; Vkt as a local appIicatiOD in dermxtalgiu. ben>a zotter, and neural^
1>T. Leonard A. Dessar publishes the following formula for an aiitieeplic
uuJT-povder: —
9 JlcBilK.L 10 part*.
Add. (««Kic. J i part*.
Acid, boric .........1......... ,...,., SO parla.
BImruUi. nibnlL .....*.. , 80 part*.
An^li — 1 SO part*.
Coc«tna hydrochlor..
AriKoL i ........>.>...... an 0.5 part.
M. Sig.: Make a Sdc pov-dtr.
I-
^M Dr. Wolf recommends menthol nibbed up with sugar (5 to 10 per cent.)
^■applied a'ith a large camors-hair bru^h, as a local dijiin fectaut in diphtheria,
^f- MM early in the disease. 11c advi$vs upplicutions to be made several timea
~ ii the day, removing as much ns pn!ti<iMe of Die m<-mbrane at a time. Kaa-^
lanky prefers a lO-per-cent. alcoholic solution applied thrice daily by meau '
af a piece of cotton-wool. Tlie same method i« beneficial in the son) throat
J^0f sariatina and in catarrhal pharj-ngitis. A 10- to 50-per-eent. ethereal
^■■nlntion of menthol, applied two or thre<> times a day by means of a camel's-
^Ekatf pencil, is of ECmra in aborting cutaneous abscesses, boils, carbuncles,
Hetr- In laryngeal and tracheal phthisis, and in the laryngeal ulcerations <
" otOTrring diiring the course of pulmonary tuberculosis. Rosenberg uks a
M.per-cent. solution of menthol in olive-oil, introduced with a fringe or
asfvay into the lar>-nx; two or three injections of I c.cm. (or mxv) each are
lfB««W|Ww(l«rAe HloMOUhffU, Sfpt., ISAO.
JI44
PUARUACBUTICAL TUEBAPRtmO AOBNTe OB DRUQB.
made at the affected spot, followeil bv inhalations of the eame from boiling
water, or a reEpiiator can be used. The ri'lit-t (rum dyn
yHpuu'A 10 vorT gn-at.
CorreflponcUns reoultd have been obtained in pulmonanr lubercnlosU by the
daily application through the trachL'a in doKce of -1 ccm. (or f3j) of a 12-
peivcent. solution of menthol in sterilized olive-oil.
In bronchiectasis the injection twice daily of 4 ccm. (or fSj) of the
following' mixture, as recommended by Dr. T. 0. Stewart, waa followed by
speedy improvement: —
ft MfluUiol 10 portfc
CuaiaMl 2 JihtU.
01iv*-iiil 88 parta,— M.
Dr. A. L. Benedict, of Buffalo, etstes that in a number of cases of atonic
ij^ftfniL he haa derived adranta^e from the application of ihe menthol*
Pprny to the vralU of the stomach tJirough the stomach-tube. The organ is
drat washed out and a 1- la A-per-ceni:. solution of menthol in liquid petro-
latum JB blown through the tube. An instrument has been especially de-
ugned for this method of introducing spray or vapor into the stomach by
iS. Fenton B. Turck, of Chicago.
In atFediona of the middle car, etpecially when the mucouR membrane
is much swollen, Dr. Joseph Bronner has derived benefit from inflating the
cavity with menthol-vapor, A Uv,- drops of a ZO-per-cent. solutiun of nn-n-
tho] in olivE-oil, contained in an antiseptic capsule attached to the Eu-
itachian catheler, are slowly vaporized and inflated by Lucaj'a modification
of the Politwr bag. It is important that the use of the vapor should be
ptoloogvd and the procedure it eaid to excite uo p&ia ot iuflammatioa. Pr.
Cholvwn, of Berlin, slates that mtntliol will usually arrt-st the course of
furuncle and Buppuratiim of the ear. It controls dilfuse inl1ammalion» of
the auditory canal and has occasioned marki'd improvement in cases where
the mastoid was involved and in which it seemed that operative procedure*
would be demanded. He made use of a 10- to lo-per-ceiit. oity solution
Menthol has been j;iven with some success in the nausea of pregnancy,
dissolved in oil of bitter almond in the proportion of about O.?o Cm. (ur gr.
xij) to 4 ccm. (or foj) and 1 or 2 drops of the mixture administered, at a
dose, dropped upon sugar.
4
METHYL CHLOBIDE.— Methyl chloride is a gas (chlotmetlijl» mono-
ehlonrii'tliiiiii) inodun-d by the reaction belwi'cn mi'thyl alcohol and hydro-
chloric acid in thu presence of zinc chloride. It is free from color and
fossesses an ethereal odor; ia soluble in water, alcohol, ether, and chloroform.
t becomes liquid under the pressure of five atmospheres at ordinary tem-
peratures. A apray of the liquid directed from the distance of about a half
a yard from the affected furfuocii prodnoes a freezing effect. The application
acta a.* an anodyne, and is benefieinl in various forma of neuralgia, chronic
rheumalisni, and olher piiinfiil conditions. The liquid methyl chloride is
supplied in small glass tubea. from which Ihe anray iasues in a fine jet. These
are used lo prodiice locul ana■.«'llu■^i^l for siiuill stiri^ical operations.
METBYLAL. — Methylene-dimcthyl-ether. Methylal ie obtainetJ by
Uie action of a misture of aulphuric acid and maniranesi' dioxide upon metli-
vlic alcohol. It is a eolorleiss lluid, boils at lUT.ti" F., and is soluble in water.
4
mtTIIYLKXe liK'IIUilItltE.
54S
kirobol, i-Uier, fattr and etlierce] oiUi. Mi^thylnl r«duc«H arlcriat pivesuK
■oil lui« «n hypnolic iiSvet. It U rapidly climiitatLil. It lio« \wei\ uumI in
towtanU. but a tolerance h »ood oatablinlied and thi^ remcdr lo^^ iu JQ-
flvenoe unlen given in coni^tantljiMiicr<-H«inj; i1ogi-«. Mollijlal lian Uwn given
iriUi •OBte sncc«Ba in aalhma and intestinal colic. Methylal haa also Ik-oh
>uplojc<i in onJpr to allay th« cxoitcmcnt of (ioliriuni tti>nii-ni(. Vor the
porpocv of producing local ameslheeia in dentisirv methjla! haa been niixi-d
vitli 4 part« uf tincture of coon. One pan \i\ tvciirht of nurtliylal and G part^
Lvfalnoiid-oil have been recommended as a linimeut. l>08e, i to 7.5 c.cm.
METHTLEN£ BICHLORIDE. -Methylene bichloride is a colorl4«8 fluid
niitg an odor ivMnibUn};; tbat of chloroform. It is prepared by reducing*
itkaholiCMilulionof chloroform by zinc and hydrochloric acid. The agent J
L*a» introduced by Sir Benjamin Ward KichardHon a» an antesthetic, but has]
[nut boon i-xtcutircly ut>ed for that purpu^ and is not frvc from danger. The
[Ruid uiwd under that name wems, in fact, to have \>een of rariable cnm-
tion, and probably its virtues depend upon the pre«oncc of chloroform,
birdfion hag also used it as an interDal remedy in dOisee of 0.3O to 3 com.
lY-xxi), and utalce that it possesf^cs antiM-ptic. stimulant, antispasmodic,
Fanwljne properties. He praisea its atjtion in typhoid fever combined
Ttth hydrof^vn dioxide, and in acute rhciiniatiitm u»tociatct) with sodium
■Ik-vluie.
][£THTL£N£-BLU£. — Tetr&methylthionine Hydrochlont«. M*^thy-
Ime-btue coniniiinii'utes a liUie <:olor to the urine and fa'ces. Large doses
rili vunietimcs cau»e a stuldin^ K-ii.-iatinii in tliv hhiddcr. It hai< an in-
ibitoi; induence upon various microbc§. I'. Kbriidi observed that the
■odinm gf maUria and lh<' n'd blood-ciirpuscles are «tningly influenced ,
dye. According to the obs«rvaiion of Rosin, it arrests the move-
BKBls of the malarial para&ite.i. As the methylene-hlue usually sold aa a
dye contains sine chlondci, it ia important thai, for therapeutic adraioii>tra-
~i>m, a <'hi-niically-]>ure article should be obtaintKl.
Therapy. — Solutions of mcthylewc-blue have been locally applied with
jdvauia;;!- in vu>:iniiis and to &^lu!ous traclit. Methylene-blue lia» hwn
Kind of service in malariiil fever* by Giiltnumn, Ehrhch. Thayer, and othere,
oujth mheihor it is able to prevent recurrence ha* nut yirt been denion-
ilpd. I( wasadmini«teFifI five tim^-sduily in dosei of 0.10 Qm. (or^. is),
ko iniiu^al between the doses bein^ dependent upon the form of tli«i
■clu It is recommended tliat the remedy be continued in theae doaes at
eijirhl or ten dajTs after cessation of the fewr. Methylene- blue has a
l)i)d intlueuce npon the chillis and fever; it causes disappearance of the iila»-
from Hie bImBi and decrease in the Mze of the spleen. It has been
riallv piven by bypoiiennic injection. Its tasleleesncss may commend
(for iiw in juvenile patients. Although it has a decided action in malarial
rer. it i-animt be n-gankil as noasesaing any special advantage over quinine.
I irrtain cases <if malaria M. Laveran was unable to observe any effect upon
■ idiration '>' 'be jwroxyvm or the number of luematozoa from the admin- ■
Jrtntinn nf loethylene-blue in daily doses of 0.2!» to OM Gm. (or gr. iTSa-rj).
BiWor O- MvB, in fact, concludes that the antimalarial action of this sun-
rHARUACKUnCAt TIIEHArEtlTIC AOEK'nt OB DRl'OS.
fltnncc ifi um-vrluin uiid incoiistiint> and tliat the plaemodiii dieeppoftr Itill
BloK'Iy under iU influence.
Mcthylcnc-bluc hss boon t^erviccablc, oleo, in trigeminal ucumlgiii, mi>
frnttnc, heqKa Koster, and muscular rheuinatiRin. In De\irali;la it may be
given in Uik dailv niiiuiint of 1 6m. (or gr. xv) without producing uny ill
effects,
NctschnJelT, of Moscow, has derived good reenlts from th« use of ihi
n-mfdv iQ acute iicphritiH. He ndministered 0.10 ftm. (or (jr. iss) thrice on'
fllK'rniitc tUyt: Thir (tunntity of urine wm iitcrviut-d. ulbumin «nd co^iti^ vrert-
diminished, and oedema rapidly ranished. Methylcne-blue is of ^nice in
diphtlieria, being adininiptrrcd internally and applied topically in watery
1 to 9 solution. Clinical cxperiuH-'tite have been insde with mutliylene-blue
in the treatment of tuberculoBis. It reduces the temperature and in tnoM
coses diminishes night-sweats. It may serve a good purpose in the early
stage of the disease, but in adraDced cnHe» hag no effect upon cough, expec-
loratiou, or diarrhrt'u. Professor d'Ambnjsio. of JJapk-s, obscn'cd a roniKrk-
able improvement in a ca^ of ulcerated mammary carcinoma from datlyj
inji'otion^ into th« tumor of 1 c.cm. (or mxv) of a 1-per-cent, solution. Piiin'
and hiemonhage ceased and the tumor underwent retmeeiBion. .\. ]>«rier,
o( Pariii, liHeciiri;d superfiiinl epilhcliomata by painting them with a solution
C'lnttiiuing 1 Gm. (or rt. sv) of metbyleiie-blue dissolved in fi c.cm, (or
f3i '/«) <>&i^b of alcohol and glycerin. All of the portion Htained ia thvn
touched with a steel probe w-hich has been dipped in a 1 to 2 solution
chromic acid. Crust* should be removed before the application is made,]
1^0 inCcnial exhibition of methylenc-blue in gonorrhora seemed to produc
B decided efTect upon the discharge. It has also btwii atetl with ajtaerttd
advantage in this atwdse as an injection, a I to SOO or 1 to 250 solution being
used from ten to fifteen times a day. D'Aulnay reports good results from
moking the vagina with a tamjion staturated in a solution composed of 10
um. (or Siiss) of mcthylene-blue, 15 c.cm. (or f^ss) of alcohol, and 0.20 Gm.
(or gr. iij) of potassium in 210 c.cm. (or fSvij) of water. It has been pro-
posed to take advantage of the green color which this subslanee communi-
cates to tlie urine by adding it to medicines given lo hypochondriacs and
malingerers, Excellent results in eleven cases of beriberi from the use of
methylene-blue are reported by Profcisor Thur. Tlie internal administra*
tion of the remedy is also apparently of some scrricc in carcinoma.
METHYL- VIOLET.— Pyoktaain (pusniestioycr) is a deacriplive name ^
applied to methyl-violtl : an aniline dye which occurs in the form of a paste
and in crj'sials. Chcinicnlly it is penia- and hexa- mvthyl-para-rosaniJiae
hydroehlorate. This ageni was brought forward by Prof. J. Stilling, of]
Strasburg, who statitl his belief that it wa» able to penctral* and act upon
de^-ply-imbedded pathogenic micro-organiHns. That the dye is absorbed by
microphytes is shown by the fact (hat they arc rapidly stained, and absorp-
tion is said to produce their death, or, at least, suspension of their energi««.
I'voktsnin is devoid of odor, is but slightly irritant, and gives rise to no
symptoms of systemic intoxication. It has been employed in the form of
powder, pencil, and solution. The jBa-^te can be readily molded into pencils.
The powder is made by mwing 'i parts of methyl- violet, or pyoktaniu, with
100 parts of talc or other inert material. The solution may be made of any
strength, from 1 part in 100 to 1 ia iOOO. It is also used in the form of an
MBTIITL-VtOLBT.
HI
oiottnfDt containing from S to 10 per cent. The same litk' is gtwa to an-
, ••thvr variety, v<-l)i>w luiiltiH^, chtmicallv pure dad free from areenic. Thu
blue it tliL* i-lruugcr a^t^'iit.
Phynologlcal Action. — Methyl-vinlet U an ellicienl germicide. Accord-
■ lOg til (ht liilrorHlory txjHTiiin>nts of Fifslur, tht- micru-'urKaru.-xns of mis nro
deistroTwl in fifteen minute* by exposure to a 1 toiOOO eohitiou of |iyiiklnniii,
ThU ranclUFluu. liowfvcr, U c-ontradictod by Trojf, who found tlial, iiltliougli
ib« deTplnpment of gern» wa« inhibited by pyokUnin, yet even ufter siil>-
;4xtion to its aetion for twelve hours the piis-(fenns wore not certainly
•l«trot«L 'Hie latter writer, therefore, asserts that pyoktanin is less pow-
rrful than t-arbolic add or nK-n-iiric ehloride. Pyoklnnin docs not coagulate
albtunin. A solution of this substance di^opped into the eye is said to cauiii!
ion of th«' pupil wilhiiiil pjirnlyi^ii' of aicommodation.
MelliTl-vioii-'t, when adinini&ierei! internally, is rapidly ubsorbcd. and
toon raakra its appi-urance in tin- urint-, giving n blue color to ihiU tluid. The
urine of patients who have taken 0.20 Gni. (or gr, iij) two or three tiin«* a
day will remain aiK'plic for thre« weeks. ThiK doue may cause intermission
■>f the pulse. Tvoktanin is irritant to the kidney and is tapablc of exciting
an ocuio m-phritiji. Combcnuile found ihnt a dose of methyl-violet equal to
0.13 Gin. (or gr. ij) to the pound of body-weight was fatal to guinea-pig».
Thr hinnd exhibited a chocolnlo discoloniUon, the h^-art was tlaciid, unci the
hver and mesenteric ve.^^ls were engorged.
Thenpy.- - Pyoktanin ha» bi-<'ii iinployed almott cxclu«irc)y a« a topical
aecbiiinienl. though Khilich and Leppmann state that, given iiypodermjc-
•Uy, It rt-lii-TiK neuralgia and rlieuuiatii.' pains. The diluted powder, the
Mlution, and the pencil of pyoktanin, from the writer's vxperienee, disinfect
■'"-I'trating or nlcerated wounds, stimulate reparative action in chronic
- md form cxc<-llcnt applications to chancroids, open buboes, giimnioua
vK^Tfi, boils, and carbuncles. I 'nna uses as a dressing to chancroids a mixt-
Bi» compomd of: —
R Uetlifl-violrt.
PMSMil bUarb. . x» |l
A<iiar dcitill !H)|
MnituA l»|5
RedtMv bj brat lo Ibrrc ounci;* niul adill —
JlpUivl-violM.
Sodii'boral. u I|
A<|iup lii-otill. M}
Good ri>«u]lt)> have been reported in gonorrhcea from the injection of
»»mk solutions. In some cases of chronic cystitis the injection of a I to
1000 or a 1 tn .'lOO M)lutioR has been found niarketUy beneficial. .\s a dusl-
, n^powder, it has b«-en us«d upon moist eczema.
Stilling, in his original paper, laid great stress upon the value of this
ifyati in affections of the ey«, e^KcialTy corneal ulcers, parenchymatous
fanitJtJB, and serous iritis. These assertions have not been gi^uemlly con-
IntJ. In the experience of most ophthelmi^logists, pyoktanin is by no
mmta rapt^rior, if even equal, to corrosive sublimate. It is conceded, how-
ner, that pyoktanin acts as a mild, local aiui'slhelic. In conjunctiriUs,
dMTTOcyetiti's. etc.. pyoktanin is best employed in the form of a solution.
liariNiic aphthalmia. traclmma. and 6stnlous openings into the laerTnal
: the peni-ile <■' ">«" ^"""P '^ preferable to tue.
Uni.
r.nn. nr fjiij
e.piu. or f3v.
or BT. XV.
(Siii
Gni. (ir ST. XT.
cjan. »r fjiij. — M.
848
PQARVACEUTtCAI. THeRAPEUTIC A0EXT3 OR I>IIC06.
Ill otolog}'' IcKtiniOlir u« lo its vultic is luiillieliiig. Whil<r ill »nmv ciu>e4
iU use was attended wllh <-xcelKriit rc»ulti> in purulent inflaininatinii of the
miildlr var, furuncle of the pxUtiiuI mcnlus, or after rcmoviil of u polvinis
from the ineatiiB, in otbor caoca of otitifl pyoktanin provet! n failure.
A [H;r*isti-nt cai-c of ptriilism was curi-fl by IKitrriiinn by Ihu local «]>pli*
cation twice daily to the whole of the oni! cavity of a 0.1-per-cent. solution
of pyoktuuin. It has also bccu employed with good rceiults in (liphlli«riu
by t)r, C. HoriiiR. He appliea a 3-per-eent. xolution two or three times n
day to the iitT^^Ltcd parte, and finds U destructive to the false muinbraTieii. It
diminishes pain and fever without giving rise to toxic Bj-mptoms. Dr.
Horing ntuteit that he has in this manner treated 112 uiidoubUi) cam-s of
diphtheria, 110 of which recovered. In nasal diphtheria he introduced
within Ihe cavity and kept in position a tampon saturated in the solution.
Melhyl-violet has l)een used as an internal remedy with asserted advao-
tjige in acute goRorrha-«i, ncutc and chronic Itrixht's disenfc, hcrjicst xo>lor,
and senile parspsthesia. The doses employed in ihe^e cases generally ranged
from H.WA to d.'iS Gm. (nr gr. s*-iiiss) lliree lime* a ilay. In acute nephriiis
it is said quickly lo quaiiruple Ihe quantity of urine passed and cau.ie ihe
din»ppearaiice of awls, o-diima. rardtac niul pulmonary »ymptomf^
Solutions of pyoktanin have been injected into pulmonary carities with
the n«nlt of n'ducing tempcrnturc and caui>in>; buiilli to disiippvar from the
sputum. A report in reference to the treatment of tuberculosis by this
m<!thful lui« lu'cn made iiy Petterutti mid Mirto. 1'hv»c wrilcre slate that
injections of a 1 to 500 solution of pyoktanin directly into n cavity are well
borne, produce no reaction, reduce tempemtnrc, and eauw diMppearnnci^ of
bacilli from the sputum. The remedy has n dclolcriouii effect upon the
bronchi if brought in contact with the mucous membranes, and may aim)
exert au injurious inlluence upon the kidney.
'ITie absence of odor is one feature which makes this substance prefet-
oble to iodoform. On the other hand, methyl-violet communicatee a <ln-ft-
purple color to the skin or linen with which it comes in contact. Thi* stain
may be removed, however, by dilute hydrochloric or nitric acid, alcohol, or
cologne-water.
MEZEHEUM (U. S. P.).— MeEereum.
MEZEREI CORTEX (B. P.).— Mexereon-bark.
Dose. IJ.G5 tJm. (or gr. x).
Preparndons.
Kxtrmctiiin McR^mi Fliiiduni <U. S. P.).— Fluid Extract of MoMroon. Um«I only
M ut irritant.
It U also a conttjtuont of : —
Dccuctum Sarsaparillai Cani[>o«il-uiii (U-B. T.). — CuiiijiouihI Uecoeliou uf Snno.'
purilla.
Exlractuiu Sarsaiuirllla; Fluliluin Comp(witiiin (U.S.P.),— Compouad Fluid Ex-
txnct of SaTSupnrilliL
Pharmacology. — Mexereon is "the bark of Daphne Mexercum (Tliyme-
ilSBcen) and of other species of Paphiie" (U. S. p.); "the dried bark of
ISaphne Mezereum, or of Daphne l-aureola. or of Dnplitie tJnidiuin" (B. P.),
■See paper on "Expnlwicc' wltli Pyoktanin In nplithitliiiolo^ical and Otologkol
Prucl!**," hj- Adolf Alt M-D.. St. Ia>uIs Coiirirr n{ VrilMnf. .Ian.. 1991,
JIITC1IKLL.I.
CtowiufT tit KiiroiH* Hud Aviii iti tiiountaJixiii.'i re^ion^. It. contains I>*|J««*«,
■ tiitlrr f;IiKHi«iJe in colurle^^ cryeliLlti. spuringly eoLublt? m i'ol<! eolTento;
n »«rh(l, ruln^fncii-ni, volatile oit and n soft, brown, acrid resin, which is
Ihf anh}dndc of Ucterdnio acid. M<!xen.'uin is an ingivdicnt io the com-
IMitiDd dtixK'tion mill liinijuiund iiyruj) of ««ntnparilla {('. S. P.), and the
i-itnict i-nters into the compound nmstard liniment (I". S. 1*.). (Stto
Sinapii.) rn^riieiitniii Mt'wn'i <noi ollltiiil), Ointment of M«ier<N»n, con-
lams flniil ^xirnet of luezereon, 'i&; lard, 80; yellow wax. n pails, the
■In.hol (if the <-xtract being t-nlin-ly evaporated by heat. It i* u«od as a
mimUT-inilJiiit and to prclonj; the discharRe from blistered surfaces.
Physioli^cal Aotion. — The powdtfrod bark i* irritating to the Bkin,
■ml, when frvsh, causes vesication; it eiieites violent sneezing when inhaled
iato thi< noftril». In Hinall Aofes int«niully it if fialuf(ngiie, laxative, and
ilitirrtic. and is considered tonic and alterative. Iii large doses it ia a vio-
nt, irritant puiKon, cauxing vomiting, purging, and inflammBliou of the
rauach and intestines. Nephritis ia said to follow h^ tonic administration.
"The tri-atnient would be climinativc and «ymptomntic, Demulcent drinkc,
etarch-water, etc., may be freely swallowed, and hypodermic injeotioos of
■wqthtne given. The ointment is need as irritant to keep up ditchargca
boni ulcers and hiistercd surfaces.
Therapy. — The uw of nieEcr«-um in medicine is r**tri<:ted lo its exiemnl
application in the form of an irritant ointment, as first mentioned, and its
cuiuhinatinn with «irMparilla and other remedies in the forms above re*
(rrrrd to, as an alterative in jiyphili^ and chronic rheumatism, swociated
viih {wta»itim iodide.
R PMuili iodldl 9| Om. or »],
Syr. MTMparillte mi>,
Ai|ii« an 90| com. or fSitj.
U. gig.: A Ubtnpooaful two hour* «fl«r himU for syphilit, r)i«ui»Attun, uid
riUadlMaan.
Mezfr^um hu* alwi bci-n *uoe<--<*funy uwd to relieve toolhathe,
a mKlicatory in paralysis of the tongue.
i»d as
IQTCHELLA. — Sqoaw-Tine, Checker-beny. Winter>cloT«r. Partridge-
IcnT- Tlie wlioU- plant of Mltclii'lln r<-jK'n:> (Rubiaciw) i? Uki-il in nial>in^
ibr infusion and fluid extract. Et is a ^mall, creeping, evergreen ht^rb, with
i*d berrii-s nppeiiring in the autumn, whidi may remain unlil spring. The
leans and berrie* have a flavor lilic that of gaulthcria; they apparently con-
ttin a small amount nf Saponin.
Fhynological Action. — The preparations of MitchcDa are ^nid to be
artnngem, diurelii-, and jwrlurifacient; they are also Bupposcd to favor the
fwcurnnni? of mcuKtruation.
Therapy. — In dropsy and supprefsion of urine the infusion i.* friTes,
and alto in dysinenorrlneu. menorrhagia, etc. Its name of "tquaw-vine" waa
gained (nim ili" use by the Indian*, who administered the infii»inn to women
JnfMvcfal weeks before the expected occurrence of parturition in order to
faettitale deliver^'.
HOVESIA. — The bark of Cliri*opIiylIuni glyeyphla>um ( :^|)otaoes), a
trcr of flra^il and other varieties of the naim- »i>eciv«, contains, according to
fifiO
Henry and Paycn, Saponin, »n ollicd body ti'imi'd Uoneain. tnnnic
glycyrrhizin, wax, a cri-atalline fativ subslance. elc.
Physiolo^cal Action and Theiapy. — Mone«ia (iniut-i'TK^ expocloriittt
properlk'i tree fr..m uii|ilea*ant I'lToct*. and, by virliie of Hie tannin whidi
it c-onluinii, in ;i^n;n);.'m. Stiiiill dos.* of monoslii improve the app«tit«.j
Large amoiirtta liisturb llip stoinai;h and cause constipation. i-'onniTly era-'
ployed ill rrn'iiir nil', uiomi-ia bud fnll<-ii into di«U8r, hut has lioi'u titii<1i<-d
•new by l>r. P. G. Uozanotf, of Moscow. It was found of benefit in acul«
and chronic bronrhiiis, pneumonia, eubnciile enleriliif. and diarrhdyi. givt-i
in a misture of B to 4 Om. {or ifes-j) of aqueous estraet of ibe bark to ISO]
c.CMi. (or fjvj) of water, a tablcapoonful dose t-viry w-cond bnur. Monesia'
wee partii-iilarly ralunbJe in co-cxietent catarrhal states of t}io r(.-6piratory
and intt^Kiintil tractji. It i>> said to potwoHS virtiu- ay m tieniaeide. A di-coctiou
containing 62 Gm. (or S<j) ^xch of moneeia and pomegranate-'mrk will
UAually prove an eflicient comhinntion. Monesia has alsi> been givttn with ,
an(trted advantage in dyspepsia, ecur%'y. ecmfula. ha-moptyel^. and menor-j
rhagia. In thi- form of powder or uintmeul: it hm hetu applied to indolent]
or unhealthy nlctrs. An extract ie given in dos« of 0.13 to 0.G5 Gni. (or
gr. ii-x]i it may al.so be sdminigitOTed in aqueous solution, syrup, or liiioture.!
Monesin has been applied to ulcers, and has been used internally in the dui^f
of 0.032 Gin. (or gr. s«). Monesin a said to poi*i«'s* oxytocic virtue,
MORPHINA (V. S. P.). (See Opium.)
UOBREHIA. — Morrt-nia bradnste)>hnna (Asclepiadanw). a plant grow-
In? in the Argentine Republic and oUicr South-American iwintrics, rontains,^
according to the anatvies of Senor Pedro N. Arata, a fatly acid, resine, salt
of lime, a glucosidc. starch, nibiimin, (pim, end a ttmiill ijiianiity of u tiub-
stance giving alkaloldat reactions. The alkaloid was obtained as a dark-
reddish niiis!!, of pleasant odor and u very bitter ta*le. solubk- in chloroloi
water, and amylic alcohol.
Therapy. — The phy,-"iological notion of the plant has not been sliKHi-dj
but it has long enjoyed a local reputation as a galactagogue, and Del .Xrcji'
and Sicardo report favorably as regards its efficacy. Kr'in thy leaves or root
an infusion is prepared in the strength of 93 Gm. (or .'iij) to 4^3 com.
Oj) of water, the dose being a lablespoonfiil.
M0SCHU8 (ir. S. P., B. P.).— Muak.
DoM, 0.32 to 0.50 Gm. (or gr. v-viij).
Preparation,
Tinctura Moaehi (U.S.P.).— Tincture of Miuk IS per cenL}. Dow. 2 to 4 ScnT
lee (Sw-J).
Pbormacolo^. — Musk is "the dried secretion from the preputial fol-
licles of JloschuB moschifcnis (cl«t#, Mnminulifi; order, Ituaiiuantia)" or
musk-dwr. Tbt; musk-sac is, in the living male animal, situated between the
navel and the genitals, but nearer (he latter, brtwcen the skin and the mus-
cles of the abdomen. Musk in pods, or rausk in the unopened sacs, is the
only kind to be U5ed in medicine, each sac coiilaiuiUE from -l to 8.10 (Im.
{or gr. bt-cxsx) of actnul niii*k. It is imported from uhina. Qcnv ~
UUCL'KA.
Mb jmk U COmpOMd of roundUb, pmn» of irregular size, <Iart: reddUh
tnm; of « pecnliar, pcuetratinf^, pLTsieU'Ct odor and a bitter t«sti-. It it
fuxly )olubl« io water, and Ic8« to io »troug ulcuhol; dilute alcohol disM>lv«B
iliout one-hulf. The odorous principle is probably a product of decompoei-
iioa, coii*tanil;(- boing formed; complete drylujf destroys il, but it returns
■gain after moisture has been added. It is also destroyed by hydrocyanic
acid and by aiiiiphor. Muak coDtain« ummotiia, fat, choIc«terin, nssiDous
■natter, fatty acids, etc. It is larRely used in perfumery, being very lasting
and holding more evanescent perftinie? willi il. Musk in grains ia much
adolterated, or apurious. An artificial musk' has been produced, but qui-
nine xiilphale hai< ttm property of destroying it$ odor, while genuine musk
ia in no way affected by it,
Fhyiialogie*! Action. — Musk is a diftunble KtimiilaDl and antispas-
modic. Il crealcit a sensation of heat in the stomach, and in some persona
ricilea nauxea and vomiting. Headache and giddiuess arc also produced,
with slimiilation of the acxual appetite. A primary exeiteinenl of the cen-
tnl ncrrotifi vysteni is succeeded by a mure or Ici^ marked soporific effect.
Acoording to ilrunton, muiik appears to stimulate the respiratory centre.
Artificial musk is reported to have little or no physiological or therapeutical
eBect, even when used subcutaneomly.
Some case* having been reported of death from symptoms of malignant
■fdenia after the subcutaneous injection of tincture of musk, Dr. J. Van
Cirtt, Jr., examined various tinctures as well as the musk-sac itself for the
EreacDce of the 1>aoilIi of the di«ca«c. No bacilli were found in the tinctures,
ut in two cases infusions of the sacs yielded the organism which presumably
bid been attached to file skin removed with Ih<> enc
Ibanpy. — M\i»k has been lu^cd in collapse of typhoid and other low
feren. Musk is valuable in the pneumonia of drunkards and in other cases
of this disease occurring in debilitated subjects; also in hiccough, delirium
trenenft, and in conrulsions* of ehildixtn. In many of the manifestations of
kyttena — emotional crises, palpitation of the heart, vomiting, or spasm —
iliis remedy is of value. The santc may be said regarding other spasmodic
affections, as chorea, whooping-cough, and laryngismus stridulus. It has
Iieeo contiidcred beneficial in melancholia and irregulnr gout. Its high price
and the diflnculiy of obtaining an unadulterated article take it out of the
ordinary range of remedii'w.
XnCUNA.— Huonna. Cowhage. The hairii scraped from the |iod» of
IfpnUUI pninens (I^guniiniisa'). of the East and West Indies, were formerly
«K(I ■> a Tennifuge. t to S <ini. (or 3i-ij) beine mixed with molasses end
■dmiflifteml to children suffering with round-worms. Il causes irritation,
airanlaling an erytiiimHlouH or urlii^rinl eruption when bronghl in contact
with the skin. II is said that dishonest horse-dcalcis use cowhage (o make
hurs«s appear more spirited, by applying it to anus, or g;eni(als, ju«t before
rxbiliitnig the animal for sale
miSCASINA. - Hnscarina, (8ee Aganons Huscarius.)
iryBJCA.— Myrica. Bayberry-bark. Tlie lilyrica ecrifcra (llyricacwp),
a native of \orth America, conlaina in its bark a volatile oil and acrid reatn.
--'ArtlAvbl Uiak." Paeifle ffraonf. Dec. IS. IBM.
558 PnARIfACBUTICAL tUEUAVELTIC A0SMT8 OB DKUOS.
Fhjiiologieal Action. — Myrica U stimulanl and astringciil.
Therapy. — Kxtcrtmllv, ihv iitfusiun ur dilutect Huid extract of inyrica
'^Ita^y be used ae a ffirale or injectioa iii vatious afFerlions of ihc mucouti
L^^llbiltinhraiK-ii. It has alw been employed in dysentery' and disrrhcea.
UYBISTICA (U. S. P., B. P.).— Nutmeg.
Sow, 0.32 to 1.30 Gm. (or gr. v-xx).
Preparations.
Olmim Mj^rirticB (U.S.F., B.F.I .—Oil or Xutmcg. Dote, 0.00 to 0.18 e.vm. JjoT
mi'iij).
Splritu* Mjrirt(c» (U.S. P., B. P.).— Spirit ot NiiUneg. l)ow. S to 4 pjmii. <or
Oia-j). B.P., 0.30 to 1.20 (.cm. im mv-xxf.
M»o vim-n Into Tinctura Lnvandultn CompoKlU (U.S.P.J, Pulvin AromatJcua
(U.S. P.), PuH'U CrvtR AroninUcua (B.P.1, and I'ulvU VnXar Aroniaticu* mm Oplo
(fl.P.).
Pharmacology. — The nutmeg is "the seed of MyrUtica frigrnn*
(MyriBliauca?) deprived of iU tcslB." The outer covering, or arillotl.-, of
the fruit ia otlidft] in the United States Pharmacopoeia under the name
of Maeii, or mace. The tree is a native of the luttt Indif-s, but grov*
also in the West Indies and in South AmericA. The kernels of th»
Kceds arc round or elliptical in sbupe, tthoul an inch in grenter diameter
and V. inch in smaller diameter. They are rather dense and heavy,
and contain 3 to 8 per cent, of a volatile oil (which is ollScial). und from 25
to 30 p<:r cent, of (ixiA oil, Uitiiully known us oil o( mai-c, with some resin.
Nutmeg is fragrant, spicy, and somewhat bitter. lb is useful in flavoring,
and enters into a number of pharmaceutical preparations: aromatic spirit
of ammonia, aromatic tincture of rhubarb, aromatic powder, compound
tincture of lavender, trochesi of chalk, of magnesia, and of sodium bicar-
bonate, and also is a constituent in vinegar of opium.
Fhy&iological Action.— With aromatic and carminative qualities, nut-
meg imites cansidcrable narcotic power, and in overdoses produces stupor
and delirium. Dr. John Gilli'soie has reported a case' where five powdered
nutnieire, taken to procure an abortion, had produced frontal headache, ver-
ligo, free perppiralion and uriiintiiin, narcosis, and collapse. The treatment
was an emetic of zinc sulphate {'i Gin., orgr. x-ix), followed by small, repeated
doRcs of aromatic spirit of ummoiiia. A^ similar case has been reported by
Waufth.
Therapy.^Tlie volatile oil of nutmeg lb rubefacient, and may be used
in rheumatism, nemalpa, and paralysis.
Nutmeg has been employed with advantage in itching and painful
hicmorrhoids, according to the following formula: —
n Piilr. iiiyri°lkii' . . ...,,.... ..,,... 81 Om. or 31j,
Acid, tdimic 4 Gm. or Si.
PeUolati 3l| Gm. or ti^^.
Internally, the powderwl or grated nutmeg is employed at a carmina-
tive, anodyne, and astringent, to relieve sick stomach and for diarrhoea; it
nUo allays oolalgin and inlestinal spa&m. narret»on employed nutmeg for
diarTha?a combined as follows: —
■ fhlladclphla Mnttcol Timrt:. vot. xvii, jiagc VtO.
3IVRIU1A. S53
R PHl**if> niyrt*tk«,
BiiiMitUi. miboit. aa 1K6 Om. m Sm-
CntB pr«|wnlc 5\i Gm. or ^. lixx.
STTnp, xlngibcris , Ml OJtm. or j^iij,
H. 81^. t Ftooi n tjr«u|>oo«ifnl to m dumtapoontul fftrj two hmira.
Smill doMC favor digestion by fctintuluUng the tccr«tion of gnriric Juice.
Kutm?g may be used to disKoiae the taste of unpalatable mixtures and to
jiriiieni the gripiug of a uithurtic medicJoe.
The narcotic properties of nutmeg render it of avail in the treatment
/ delirium tremtnt. Miitc ncti< »tmilurl,v, but is used a« ■ spice or condi-
':ient more than as a medicine. The expressed oil of nutmei; maj be com-
jud with wax and oliv4;-oil. with hrat, ss ordered in the Qormau Pharma-
.u]Ktia, to form the myristice ceratum Uded as a warmiDj; application to the
iMoDMii of babies tiiiiTiTing with colic or indigestion.
KYBBHA (U. S. P., B. P.)-— Myrrh.
DoM. 0.13 to t Gm. (or gr. ii-xxx).
Preparatioiu.
TtnrMr* Alow *i MyrrtiH> (U.S. P-l.-TincHim of Mot» and Uyrth {M raich,
t'l pn oaii.i. I>ow, 4 bo 15 o.rm. lor Gi-iv}.
Tbiclof* 3Jyrrh« (0.8. P., B.P.).— Tinctur« of Myrrh <20 pw coot.). Do«*. 2
-.> 7.5 sjtta, for iSo-ij).
Pilal* Alora ft Mirrlia (U.S.P., B.P.).— Kll* of Alocn and Mj-rrU. Dnw. 1
to J.
Il atio PDtrra lnto:~>
Muturm Fi-rri ConpoalUe (U.S.P., B. P.). — e»ni[K>uiid Iron Mixture. ISoo
firTwai,)
Fhannscology. — Myrrh is "a gum-resin obtained from Commiphora
lljTThs ( Hiirsoraceffi)" (U, S. P.); "a gum resin obtained from the Hteni of
BalsUDifdrDdron Mvrrha, and probably other tipecicit" (B. P.). It conlaina
CO percenx. of f;um, 3A per cent, of Myrrhin, a resin, and about 2 per cent.
Bf m'l-TThiil.Bn ethere-aluil; also «)nie bitter principle. It forms an cmularon
whfu rubbe<I up with water, which diasolves about 60 per cent. With nleo-
bol tl is partly K^luble, fomiinfr n brown idb-yelli-w tincture. Myrrh enters
miti serera! prenarationa besides those mentioned above, a^ the compound
gklbanum pill.* (B. P.) and i-oinpound rhnhnrb pill* (IT. S. P., B. P.).
Fhyuolopcal Action. — Aiyrrh is slightly astringent and stimulant
bieaUy, »nd internally is carminative in small doses, but large ones cause
TRmiLing and purging. It has some expectorant qualities, and is a atimntant
tB the nvarian and uterine functions.
n«npT. — Diffused in water, with the addition of a little carbolic acid
•r thymol, tincture of myrrh is a good mouth-wash for spongy gums, sore
throat, or wounds) after operation.* upon the mouth, or ptyalism oeetirnng
ijltr the use of mercur}'. It may be applied in the full strength to ulcerated
ftaoB, aphthom palchej>, relaxed uvula, and freckles, ft 'nf alito used in
«catifrice8 and to correct bad breath. A lotion or ointment containing
myTTb is ft alimulant and antiftcptic drecaing to intlolent or unbenlthy ulcers
An niniment made by healing together myrrh with wax and oils has been
fonnd useful in thoM caMB of c«xema which re4|UirR moderate stimulation.
FaTomble reports have been made of its action in atonic dyspepsia and
[.fafinlfha, though it hn^ uiiunllv been prewrtbed in eombinslion with other
IfiBediis- In amenorrhoia it is often given in conjunction with iron. In-
rnAnuACRcncAt. tkerapbittic aobnts or Dsros.
tcmuHy, mjirh ie coneiderecl valuable in cliucking cxcomitc dlschargea,
bronchorrhaea, leucorrhcna, cystitis, etc. L'nder the name of mjirboUu u
concentrated solution of 1 part oE myrrh in 1 part of oil hoe been given in
tuberciilonU conjoined witli creosote in capsules. Myrrh has been used with
reporied success in diphtheria. It is given internally and applied locally
to the pharynx. In laPinigcal diphtheria the patient is made to inhale uvecjF
hour or half-hour from T.5 to 15c.cm. (or f3ii-iv) of a ^-per-ccnt, mixture of
myrrh.
MTRTOl.^'llio MjTtns comnmni:* (Myrtna'(s) u a beautiful erergneia.
shnib or Email trei', ii iiutivc of the countries surrounding the Muditontneaii.
^X« leaves and berries contain a volatile oil. According to E. Jalins, tho
myrtle-oil of Spuniiili origin contains various terpcne*, eincol, and a camphor-
like body, and the myrtol of commerce should more appropriately be termed
rectified myrtlc>oil. Mvrlol is thnt portion of the oil of myrtle dUtilling
between 160' and 170'' C. (380' to 338" F.).
Physiological Aotion. — Myrtol is disinfectant and nnttseptic. It causes
no irritation when applied to the soun<I tikin. I'pon an abraded surface it
gives ri#e to a slight burning censation, which, however, hpoii disappeant, aitd
a 9-per-cent. emulsion of myrtol completely arrests the growth of the micro-
organiflms of pua. The decomposition of organic material is prevented by
myrtol. Taken internally it promotes digestion. Large doses occasion nnu-
Bea and headache. It is removed from the system by the lung* and Icidncya,
and communicates a violet-like odor to the breath and urine.
Therapy.— Externa lly, myrtol hue been used with eucccM a* a disin-
fectant to sHrfacei« covered with unhealthy, or decompoiing. pus. It h»»
proved eBicaciouB in cutaneous diseases of vegetable para^iitic origin, and
has been recommendod as n local remedy in psoriasis. Given iiilcmally, it
has been found destructive to lumbricoid and Ihn-Hd- worms. iCichhorst
advises its use in chronic bronchitis attended with profuse and fetid muco-
purulent expectoration. The sputum boeomvs lew abundant, less purulent,
and less oHeneive. It diminishes fcetor in gangrene of the lung. In pulmo-
nary tuberculosis it is said to decrease the number of bacilli. This remedy
has also given relief in chronic pyelitis and cystitis, and has proved u»-ful in
passive hemorrhage. Myrtol was introduceii to tbo notice of the profession
in 18T8 by Dr. Linarix.' The extract of myrtle has been used by Dr. R.
Weil, of Berlin, with reported benefit in diiibetis itiellitiis. It was admin-
istered in doses of 0.13 (im, (or gr. ij) thrice daily, iiicrcaifed every lhre«
days by three pills until fifteen were taken in the day. The rcmt'dv was well
borne and caused diminution in the quantity of the sugar. Myrtol has been
administered hypodermically, the eolution used l«ing 1 part of myrtol if\ 4
parts of liquid paruthn or oil of ewcet almonds.
NAPHTALmUM (U. S. P.).— KaphUlin. Naphtalene (C„H,).
Dose, 0.0G5 to 0.G5 Gm. (or gr. i-x).
Pharmacology. — \aphtalin is a "hydrocarbon obtained from coal-tar^
by distillaiion, ocrurring in the form of white crystals, whiuh may be com-
pressed into cak«s like camphor, and having a peculiar odor. It was dUcov-
' "De I'KtnpIoi da Myrtol an VFjanmer dc Myrte prinripiilmi(^t dun.* Im 3laladi«
An Voiea ituplratalrcs rt Geni1o-Urinait«,"
xapiitalixuu. 599
end b; Garden in 1S20. Kftphtiilin is insoluble in water, but Mlublc in
alcohol, ether, and chloroform, lleing destructive to insect-life, it is em-
ployed as a substituu- for camphor in preventing the invasion of molhii.
Thyaiolc^cal Action. — Naphtalin may be prescribed intornally us on
iotealtnal iiiiii>i.j)[ic nuJDMSof 0.13 toO ii.t Gm., or^tr, li-x (to children, 0.06&
toO.SO<ire., orgr. i-iij) every three or four hours. It may be given with white
•agar in n{>«ulcs or wafers. It has aleo decided expi.>cti>ninl povcra, although
its insolDbiltty only permits a small quantity to be absorbed, which is dis-
durged at naphtol or phenol by the bronchial mucous membrane or the
ttrinirr paasagei, thus aclinfr as a local di.4infi^c(ant at the point of excretion.
It it aeroid of local irritant propcrlics. The urine assume* a dark color
onder ita use. A morbilliform eruption, followed by desquamation, has
bwo obacrred after the administration of nnphlalin,
Hl^btalin Poitoning.— Kvers^ records the case of chronic illness with
loss «f appetite, headache, and ocxema over both legs, which was proved to
be due In naphlalin poi«oning. In this ca:iie the druj; was used as molh-
Siwder, and wa£ sprinkled over some bedding. The symptoms eubBide<l
redly the patient wan removed from thi» particular room, but reappeared
when Ihe same apartment vras reinhabited. Ko uther cause for the illness
oiHUd be discovered. l^Ivera had thi- naphtalin examined, and no impurity
■M detected. A case of typhoid is reported in which naphtalin was admin-
tatered b; Gotze.* The patient was given S Um. (or gr. sc) during the first
thrM days; after this the dose was increased to ? Qm. (or gr. cvij). On the
ending of the sixth day ihe patient began to be rest]c#«, ami on the follow-
ing evening he was delirious. The next day the patient was drowsy: the
respiration was labored and irregular. Ijps and face cyanotic. Slight
twitching in all the mueclcs of the body. Pulse regular, 9'i per minute. The
Umperature had fallen to normal. The urine was dark nrown, and after
standing for some time became black. Wlien naphtalin was discontinued,
tbfr aymploms vanished in four days. Fronmiiller' «aw 3 cases in which
pMSonous symptoms had followeil the application of naphtalin on wounds.
The ajmptoma began with a sudden onset of fever, headache, and low of
appetite. In 'i caM-s the mind remained clear, but in 1 there vras temporary
manta with incontinence of urine and fKces. .\lbumin appeared in the
arioc in S cas«s. All these sjinptoms rapidly disappeared when naphtalin
was discontinued.
Therapy. — Naphtalin is a useful antiseptic in treating ulcers, cancers,
and pus-cavities; it can be u.*ed in watery emuUiun. in alcoholic solution,
or in a dry form. An alcoholic solution is used as an application to sprains
sod bruises.
In addition to the affections named, a naphtalin ointment tit advan-
tacpously applied lo chancres, chancrotdi*, i^yphiiilic uk-er-. sloughing
wuands. chronic eczema, and psoriasis. This ointment may contain 30 grains
»r mnrn to the luinee of basis:—
S HyAt*iv. clilwMi niitls W5 (101. or gr. x.
NsphtaTini , 4 Gm. or Sj.
Vagt. cuiipbonD ST! Ont. w StIJ.
K. For ^annoM*, olccn, aad chronic MienM.
•frrrinrr- tflnlM'Jtf Wothetiwitrift. 1Sg4. p. 093.
• MtmoraMten. 1863. v, 267.
556
rHARVACEUTICAT. THBRA?ECmC AGENTS OR UKCOS.
A» a topical application id diphtheria, Kuznecav advises: —
B MmlhoU 4| Gn. «r SJ.
Alcnliol.. i|. K. ad hoIt. «t a<til«: —
NaphUIinl 4\ Om. or Si.
01, t'.TcMiitJi,,
Glycetini ui 7)6 c-aa. or 01].— M.
In intestinal disordors due to infection — t.g., tvphoid fever, dia
and poBsibly in cholera — naphtalin is of eminent usefuloeea in diminiihiag
the nclivity of the bacteria of the intcstinul cunal. a* »howii by C. Svbrvald,
who also advises the use of calomel in conjunction with napbtalin Id orier
to incrcjwc the bactericidal effect,
Naphtalin is said to diminish glycosuria when the patient is Bpoo i
mixed diet. For dysentery, Itossback advisoit the injection into the mtui
of 0.65 Urn. (or ct. x) of uaphtalin in decoction of marshmallow, at ■ lOD-
pernturc of 100° F. Kaphtaliu haE also been adminislpred inlemalh id th
treatment of thi.t dii'enHe with good results.
It has also been found efTicacious in the treatment o( ftscvide* ud
tfcnia. For children a mixture has been recommended of the following t(B-
position:^
B Nnphtalinl |S8 lo ISO Gin. or 0. fiWiK^
Ot. (icini ISl cxia. or O^
Em. tH-rgHinottK , )]£ can. or nij.-'X
For tania adults may take 15 grains of naphtalin before eating, tot*
followed immediately by a dose of rustor-oil. A single dwsc will often opd
the worm entire even when other remedies have failed.
Ciiavornac maintains that the vaporization of uaphtalin in the (*■•
exerts a beneficial influence upon whoopin^-couch. Scales of thU sohrUvt,
dnnti'd into the shoes anil stockings, are said to ue of service in hyperiiw-
Naphtalan is u dark-brown, unctuous substance with scarertj WT
odor; when used as an nintmi-nt, it leaves no stain on the patJent'i Ebo
after it has been washed. It appears to combine the therapeutic propert**
of tar with those of naphtha. It has been used in eezeraa, ftyco«i», ann <*<*■
mon psoriasis, as well as in parasitic affections, such as rinp-worm and ta^
It sometimes, when used freely, causes an eruption similar 10 taraot-
NAPHTOL (U. S. P.).— Bctanaphtol (C.^lIjOH).
NAPHTHOL (B. P.^,— Betanaphthol.
Dose, o.-ju 111 u.6.1 Gm. (or gr. iii-x).
Pharmacolo^. — Betanaphtol occurs as colorless ecalea, or as i tW^
crystalline powder; melli^at 25^.4° F.; is soluble in ?o parts of boilia^****-
and is freely soluble in boiling alcohol, ether, chloroform, niid 8x»d oili- ^
Charrin (Z.i! Bulletin Midkal) atateg that a sattiratod Bolution of botkiM
in water increases the solubility of betanaphtol. Iletanaphtnl bat a pnafOt
tast^, but is free from odor.
Uoth the naphtols and naphtalin can be readily tested by the d«(i»c*'"
color-ihungrs wbicli lake place when melted in a test-tube with tW™'
hydrate, addin;; to the chloral solution a (ew drops of hydrochloric aeiJ'*'
finally jilaeing a smal! piece of xiuc in the acidulated solution.
Phy»ioli>iricftl Action. — lATien taken infemallj naphtol glvw iw«**'
XAPnTOT- ^^^^r ' SS*
wnration of wannlh in the etomnch. TIk- fiLCcs iin." iKitiiMiod &ni clnj'CoU
ore«l. Uiftirbcn U occasionally produced. Large doses eometimed cause
T«rtigo, btixzing in the curt, niid tiymgttom!^ of cerebral hypuncmia. Bcta-
iwphltij is slightly stimulant to the skin and iniicotis membranes, allays pain
and pruritus. It it one of thi< most pow<.'rftd anltKcptic agviile, possi-tiMiii^
three timet! the atien»lb of carbolic aeid or iodoform and four limes that of
mNwoto or naphlaliii. It may be rcgard<.>d a« absolutely Mifi'. *iiK'«, accord*
in^ to I'lofessor Bouchard's invcsti^alioTiii. nearly half a pound would he r«-
quintd to cbu«« death in a healthy pereon weighing 150 pound:).
On th« contrary, cases of nephritis have been attrihuled to the influ-
ence of iMtanaphtol. Ih-. Max Baatx has recently reported two casus, ono of
vhicb provH fatal, in which this result was attributed to the uoc of an oint-
ment conlaininj: naphto). Both pationte were children.
Therapy.^ Betanaphtol is a valuable local remedy in parasitic diseaaea
of the skin. An ointment coutuiniug 'i Gm. (or 5^e) to 31 Om. (or ^) ie do-
fltropttTc to pi'dieiili ami their i>vn, Tin- iiune pK-pnration i* equally fatal
tn the iieh-mile, and at the same time rt'lieve? the inflammation oeeasioDed
by the parai>ili-. It wiothin Ihe irritation producH by the biti'n of fleas. Wd-
\mfi, and mowjuitoee. The Tariou^ forms of tinea tnchophytina yield to the
influence of niiphtol ointment. .\ lu-por-oent. Qintmi-nt of bctanaphtol has
b*«i employed with advantage in cases of fat-us.
The Itching of parafthosin. iirlicann. pemphigus, and prurigo is very
RKveesfuUy treated in the ^ame manner. Ketanaphtol ie especially valuable
when (he skin is rough and infillTated. Tn chronic ocjeniu and p«oriasia it
is a reliable medicament. The secretions of the skin are favorably influ-
enced, anti it Terj- often proves useful in the Ireaiiiient. of hyperidrosiii and
bromidrosis. Benefit also reEult^f from the employment of this substance in
acne, ecborrhtca, sycosis, alopecia circumscripta, lupus erythemaloHus and
Tnlgaris, chronic ulcers, chancres, and chancroids. The remedy may be used
in the form of a powder, lotion, or ointment. It is often well combined with
bismnth or other mild powder, as: —
B 'Xaphtnlin 11 Ota. or p. x».
Biamuthi mbBilrati* 31] Gm. or i}.
M. For une ■■ a duaUng- powder.
The odor of cancer and eczema is oveicome by naphtol. It is an ex-
fcUent antiseptic dressing to wound.i, and may often be advantagcouKly em-
plojFvd, according to the method of Professor Iteverdin, by impregnating
previously sterilized gauze bandages with an ethereal solution. .An aqueous
eolation may be used with good result in mercurial salivation and chronic
phamigilis. Vaginitis, vulvitis, gonorrhtea, and gWt are notably improved
DT the use of naphtol. For gonorrhaa and gloet an injection ma; be com-
piled a* follows: —
a Xapktolis mCm. or gr. v.
Olyfvriiil , 30J ecu. or f3i.
JUfvm , 00| ccm. or tS»j. — M.
A BolntioD of betanaphtol in glycerin and water la useful in chronic
olorrhtra. Betanaphtol has been employed in diseases of the ear, the restilta
being utififaclory in the majority of cases, though in a few the elTeeta were
Mparenlly injurious. The powder was generally blown directly upon the
ifaftrrl parts. At other times it was employed in (he fonn of ■ 1 '/^ to
558
I'lIAIIMACBUtlOAL THERAPEITTIC AOBSW OR MCGS.
3-per-ceDi. alroholic sohilioii, allowing it to Kinain from Iwo lo fiTc min
utee. The mure profuse liii: t-uppiiration, the more (ri'^uentiy «liouUl the'
procedure be repeated.
An oqueoii« solution of the strength of 1 to 2500 has vieMcd good re>
salts in purulent ophthnlmia. In simple or fj^ranutar conjunctivitis and
trsclionin, likewise, this ajient line proved a valunMe remedy. Thi* sub-
stance is Terr advantaseoualy combined with camphor. Camphorated naph-
tol is formed hy iidditi? 1 part of nuphtol lo i parts of camphor, uitd in a
eolortees, 9jrup,v liquid, n-ell adapted far use as a local antiseptic. It
mny Iw liem-liciolly employed in wtniniK ulcer*, iiinusc*, diphtheria, tiiber-
cular larynKitis, and, ruboed up with lard, it forms a vahiable applica-
tion ill iniiiiy disMSoe of the skin. M. Retioul has iisvd camphorated naph-
tol with advantage in irriKation of diseased bonea and joints, ahecess-cavilie
nnd tul>erciiii>£i» of the bladder, lie has also obtained good rvsiilt* in tuber
enlosis of glands from the interstitial injection of 4 or 5 minims of the fiui
every eight or ten dav». The intraperitoneal injection of camphorated nnph-
tol has been attendecl with very encourapinK results in tubercular peritonitis
in the prsetiee of T)r. Ri-ndu, of Paris. Kniiitinns hnvt somt'timrs followi-d
the topical use of camphorated naphtol. Innalations of hetanaplitol are of
service in pharyiit;itiK, chronic na»al catarrh, hay asthma, whooping-cough,
and chronic bronchitis.
Butanaplitul is administered internally chiefly as n means of securing
antisepsis. Bcinx almost insoluble, it ia one of the heft agents at our com-
mand for disinfection of the alimentary tract. In typhoid fever it miti-
galea the severity of the disease and reduces the rate of mortality. The
tiools are di'odorixed. tvinpanites lessened, and llie lOHj^iie moi«teti«d. Gnve
delirium rarely makes it« appearance. These results, announced by Pro-
fesHor Bouchard, have been amply confirmed by the writer and numerous
observers at home arid abroad. Dr. Mitchell linice' concludes that the dura-
ation of typhoid fever is shortened, and the tendenfy to secondary compli-
cations overcome, by tlie use of betanaphtol. The testimony of Dr. Petresco,
of Buehareat, is strongly to the same effect.' The remedy is equally valuabl
in the typhoid fever of young children. When the diarrhiKU is profuae it i:
advisable to combine naphtol with bismuth salicylate, thus: —
H Naphtolis,
ttimmth. ulii7lat > . aa
M. Pt tliv, in i-liarlulin no. xv.
SIg.i A pondrr evrry hour «r aa rvqiiiml.
Oood results are derived from the interna! administration of this _
in diphtheria, erysipelas, and scarlBtiua. In flatulent dyspepsia, chrohiB
gnslric or intestinal catarrh, and dilatation of the stouiadi, it is no less otti-l
cacious. The late Professor Dujardin-licaiimctz recommended, in dilatatioa]
of the (itomaoh, the following oomhination: —
m
Gin. or 3ij.
B Naphtoli^,
Bisinlith. aniinj'kt..
Miigni^B. culctiiHt. aa tO{ Cm. or gr. «1.
\f. ft div. )n charlti!H> no. xxx.
Sig.: One powder before eacli of the two prinoipal mcali.
■ Praetitlotirr. Dec.. 1B88.
*.I. IVtrpseo: "Rcchervhei eliniquw et experimenlnlrs siir I'Anl.liippMe SI#ilteal«,*
Jut., less. '
XAnrrot.
In Mi8titiat« cun«tipalioii, connected with diiiturhed digralicin, tlio au-
thor line vtitnrKH'd cxirllout resiittd from 0.03 to O.SO Qm. (or gr. e«-iij) doses
at iH'Ianapbtol ^ven thr«c or four times n dny. By some praclilioner^ beta-
oaplttol in htghl}' ctteenicd ta » vermifu^, particularlj useful for the de-
ttruciion of round worms, Dr. G. A. Gibson, of Edinhurgh, ha» found beta-
naphtol. in ihedoM'of 0.13 (im. (orRi. ij) thriei- daily, of decided effifiicy in
the trealnienl of &impte and pcniiciou^ unieniia. Retanaphtol is likewise
often of utility in elironic cystitis, and is well Riven in the form of tablet
triturates. Milk, filycerin, and mucilage are uleo excclk-nt vehicles for it*
•dtotnistiatiuii.'
Saliaaphtol, a combination of betanaphtol with ealicylic aeid, ttt »aid to
act Btmilarly to $aloI, without bcinji nt- inxic, in nrticular rbettmatism, in
d««ea of from 0.25 to O.RO Um. (or gr. iv-viij).
Kobert hcticvc* tliAt, by the action of the pancreatic juice and the in-
tMlinnl ferments, iiaphtn! with salicylic acid, or satinaphtol. ig «plit \ijt Into
ulicylic acid in the urine. lupine,* on the cuiilrnry, alatcd that llie intes-
tinal juic« is incapable of producing this decomposition, but added that it
may Ije brought about by the piiiKrwitic srcreliuii. The deeomposition of
laliuaphtol he reports may l>e due simply to an alkaline reaction.
Xierocidin.— Under the name of microcidin, n combination of beta-
ftaphtol with caustic aoda has been introduced. Microcidin occurs in the
form of a white powder, the prtncipat cnnslitucnl of which i» «odium naph-
lotalf- Microcidin is soluble in water, alcohol, and ether; is said to be
lor to carbolic and boric- aoidK in iiermicidal nower^ but somewhat in>
lo naphtol and mercuric chloride. A weak solution is used upon
and ulffrs and for the purpose of reroavmi; the odor of ^nj^rene.
idis has been used with eucccss in diseases of the car. nose, and throat,
ganemllv in Hu- proportion of 3 to .1 per 1000.
Hydroaapbtal, as the writer and othcnt have already shown,* exists only
aa an impure form of betanaphtol.
Scnsonaphtol. or betonnphtol bcntoote. is obtained by the action of
benzoyl chloride on betanaphtol. It is a whitish, crystalline, odorle«* and
tastelese powder, soluble in iiUoliol (warm), insoluble in water. It has been
stcd aitfa success as an intestinal antiseptic in doses of 0.20 to 0.<).'> Gm.
(or (fT- iii-it-
Xactonaphtol. or Lactol. — M. Coez has prepared a compound analogous
tn besconapbtol. La<: i>:>r)a;ihtol, or laetol, is the lactic ether of naphtol, and
» decomiiosed in the atimontary canal into it# componentx. It is without
taale and has been taken without inconvenienc« in daily doses of t Gm. (or
p. XV).
Asaprol. — This name was given by MM. Dujardin-Beaumetz and Stack-
ler to one of the derivotive* of betanaphtol, vix.: the sulphuric ether of
bManaphlo), in combination with calcium, containing trace* of nnpbtol and
nlatun sulphate. .Aiiaprol jin'sents itxelf in the form of a white powder,
citnmely soluble in water and alcohol. It is incompatible with alkaline
*Sr* pa|>rr* I>r th« author, "Naplilhol: it> Mt^i^inal Vae and Valai." Journal
tf lb Amfricam Unllml .Umeinllw. Pet. \»Sa: TlimpruHe tlatrltf, Oct. 16, 1889.
•Jtmrmal 4f MhUrlnr rfe Pirin. Nov. in, 1890.
'S»r p«i»r» by thf niithnr^ "Thp Inmulotionii on JViannfiht"*!," »iid ■Thp Bol»-
a\ ra. 11 viirnnnphtnl rnntrnlinn," Jourual of thr .lmeH<i>n Jfnffoil Attorta-
.JnJr 14. 1««8. and May 11, ISSO,
5S0
PHAR1I.ICBI:TICAL TUKBAPEUIIC AOKNTIS OB UUU08.
iodides, solpbates, and raoot of the alkaline saltti. Its antiseptic propertic
are nearly equivalent to those of sodium salicylate. It allays pain and ro-'
ducwR temperature in ditTerent diseases, itnd is of special service in acute
inHammatory rheumatism. It may be admioiKtL'rcd in dofce of Q.3S to 1
Oni. {or gr. vi-xv), or 4 Om. (or 3]), in the day.
Asaprol is rapidly eliminated by the kiducyi. Itf presence in the urine
may be detected by the addition of ferric chloride, which produces a black
color tending to blue. AKaprul is com]>arutivcly free from toxicity. It does
not occasion vcriigo or buzzing in the ears. It was tolerated without incon-
venience by dyspeptic patients and those sufTcTiiig from albuminuria. In
some cases of influenjia Stacklcr found asapiol edicicnt in reducing fever
and alleviating pain. He obtained good results from its use also in gout,
asthma, furunculoaie, anthrax, tonsillitis, and various infective conditions.
Orphol. — Bvtauaphtol-bismuth (von Hl^yde^): a naplitolate of bi^
muth containing 80 jilt cent, of bismuth oxide and 20 per cent, of beta-
iiaphtol, In the intestinal tract it is ducompoted into biEtnulh oxide and
napbtol. It iii useful in infectiouK conditions of thi; intealinal tract and in
diarrhoea. Dose, 0.05 Gm. (or gr. x) every two hours. It may be obtained
in taliUtsof 0..'!2 (Jm. (orgr. v) each.
lodonaphtol. — A combinatian of betenaphtol and iodine, known also
as di-iotliiU- of belanapbtol, — • green ish-yclhiw, laxltdiw, am! odorlfW* pow-
der. Bohilile in ciiloroform, slightly soluble in alcohol, ether, and acetic acid,
and in^oliililc in water, — 'has been applied us uu antiseptic dueling- powder
to wounds and ulcers.
Naphtol, Alpha*.— Alpha- and beta- naphtols are obtained by besting
together, Tor several hours, naphthalan and sulphuric actd. A large quan-
tity of hot water being then added to the mixture, the excess of naphlhiilin
is filtered off and the solution saturated with lead carbonate. From tbeso
Icad-naphthalin sulphonatea the respective acids are prepared, and friiiii
the acids fused with an alkali two nupblols are made: the alphn and ImiIii.
Betaoaphtol, which is of!icial and has just been considered, is thi- lirxt tn
crji-tallize, and is readily separated from the alpha variety by boiling alco-
hol, in which the latter i.t insoluble.
A simple test for distinguishing between alpha- and beta- naphtol ia
given by M. Aymonicr. A few drops of a mixture eon»i.*tiiig of 1 Gm. (or gr,
xv) of potassium bichromate, 1 c.cm. (or mxv) of pure nitric acid, and 10
c.cm. (or fSiimxIv) of distilled walfr will at once produce with alphnnaphtu)
a black precipitate, while belanaphtoS is imcbanged by the reagent.
Pure niplinnaphlol is perfectly white, melts ul 122° C. (211.6' F.), and
boils at 386° C. (540.8" F.). Genois shows that when alphanaphtol is treated
with ferric chloride the solution turns green, and wbiti; dinaphlol is pre-
cipitated. Alphanaphtol is insoluble in cold and slightly soluble in hot
water. It is very soluble in ether and alcohol, from either of which it crys-
tallizes in white, shining needles. Alphanaphtol has an aromaric odor and
Bomewhat pungent taste, and is converted, with heat and hydrochloric acid,
into naphtalin and sulphuric acid. Gcnois states that impure alphanaphtol
is dangerous and quite unfit for medicinal use.
Fhysiological Action. — Alphanaphtol. used internally, produces warmth
in the stomach, stiinulntps the; glands of the entire ga^trn-iiitestinal tract, and
tends to make the fiecal diseharjieg of rather a soft consistency. Large dosi-s
have caused incn-tise in the arterial tension and symplonii of cerebral hyper-
NAI'UTOL.
&6\
•mil. Tbc systemic action of alphanaphtol differs but little from that ob-
lenred fntm tlii> «(lmiiii«tnitiou of bclntinphtol, Alphaiiutihtol Hiis murUed
•nbwptic properties. Maximovitech reports {Menl-s Butklin) that nlpha-
naphtu], in thu proportion of 1 to 10,000 of culturc-gcIatin, prevents th«
jjroirtli of tnoet of the various pathogenic inicrobes; even in the proportion
of y.C ijf (1.8 to 10.000 it retards the divclopnirnt of niicrobee by tiini- to
f!^ht da^E. Sternberg has demonstrated that both naphtola restrain the
IJpRivlh <>f ihf comma bacillus according to the strcnfilh iii which they ar«
itwil. Maximovitech further adds that similar antiseptic effects ner« pro-
duKtl hj IwtaDaphlol, but twice as much, he repurlii, hud to be usod to pro-
duce the Bame results. Alphanaphtol has a stimulatinj^ and astringent action
upon tlir «kin.
Thenp7. — Alphanaphtol, from the writer's experience, is certainly «
Kood atitiiM-plic. It in al»o a useful itii<iiifci'tiitil. Alphonaphlol itnlution,
nt»n 0,065 to 8 Om, to 30 c.cm. (or gr. i-xxx to f.\j) of distilled or boiled
■mmttT, is aerriceublc in treating wotindo or ulcere, and for all iiurfcical proced-
nns requirin];; an antiseptic agent. Alphanaphtol sotutiona are benelicial in
•rborrboM, arne, roMcea. chronic ec»-ma. and alopecia. Nasal catarrh, buc-
c«l iofiammations, pharrnfntis, and larynf^tis are often relieved or removed
■fay Ihc application of alphanaphtol »oIution». The solution can, in the dis-
H^bee just named, be used with advantage in the form of a spray. Solutions
af alphanaphtol can be employed n-ith advanla^A in injectlonit for gonorrhtra
to both sexes, in f[leel. in leucorrlura, and in irritation and inflammation of
the lower portion of the rectum. Alphanaphtol ineor|>oraled In some fatty
fuliBtance (0,33 to 4 Gm. to 31 Gm.. or f^r. v to Ix to the ounce), as lard, suet,
bmter, lanolin, zinc or lead ointment, can be used for very many diseaseii of
tbe skin, «uch as chronic acne, rosacea, psoriasis, chronic eczema. alopcctD
circQinscripta, and for chronic ulcers. According to the author's experience,
alphanaphtol. while a good stimulalinfc and SKlrincent Kubsfanee. having also
antiMplic properties, lacks, to a great extent, tbe anaesthetic or sedative
cSects upon the inu-gumeni which belong to bclanophtol. Further, the in-
tonal use of alphanaphtol has not been followed, in the writer's experience,
with that fU-cidfd action olaerved from betanaphtol. .Mphunaphlol can,
bowever, be employed inlemfiily in from 0.03 to 0.33 Ora. (or gr. ss-v), thr«e
or four times a (lay, for chronic catarrh of the stiiinnch or biiwels. and in con-
vtipation. It can also be used as an antiseptic in smaller dosea (0.016 lo 0.6ji
Om-. or gr. Vr^< ihree or four times a day) in typhoid and other fevers.
UasimoTitach recommends, when tympanites and abdominal pains are
ismsive in typhoid fever, the following combinations:—
B AlptMnaphtol
BuiDulli lutiDitrat
PuU. ih.'i -..
VlxL lifllatloiinn follor. ale
H. Sg.i Four to lis such powil^n dally.
B .Uphanaphtol ii-i.
C«i!*in
I^a!v rhei
Ciimawato. «eylan. . . — .....
IL Sis.i Foot to sis niA fonitn during tJie day.
SO Qm. or gr. riij,
18 tint, or gt. IvM.
SO Om. or jtt, Ijj.
01 Old. or gt. '/•.
EO Om. or gr. vUj.
01 Gni. or jtr. '/»
10 (III), or gr. iiuL
20 Gm. or (jr. Ilj.
Gin. or BT. xr-Sy
e.cm. ur (JilJ.
(62 I>nAltlIACKl.'TICAl. TllBRArRirriC AGSNTS OH SRUOS.
In (Jysenterj- the tame writer reports good results from: —
B Alplmnap^tat 11 Ut 41
01. ridni ....»!
U. SIg.: SflTnrnl tpoonfula dnily according to the agii of the polienl.
ireCTANrR^ CORTEX.— Nectandra-bark. Bebeeru-harlt. Tin- barll
of NccUindru Hoiliati (LiUiniK-a-). of itrilish tiviijiuii, oonlftiiiii tnniiin and »n]
alkaloid discorercd by Moclauan. Btbctine (not tliO'BaoicaGberberiiie). Thfl i
nlkaloid issatd by Fllicki^ir tu hv idi-ntical wUli Ijuxiof, derivt'd frnni Ituxuaj
sera pcrvi rem and from iiareirn. Pur« btbeririB i» a wbitt-, aniorjibniiH i»iw«
der, bittiT to thi- lui^U! unit <lovoid ol odor, nulnlile in nlcobol and ether, but
BparingljT soluble in waler. Itibcriiie Eulphntc occurs in thv form of (bin,
dark-brown aoales, i>f liitlcr taste, solulilu in water and alcohol. Another
alkaloid, tctiued Slpirtne, tueolublc in ethi:r. )iU6 been H-jiarated. Heo-
tandrine. aUo an alkaloid, in prewni in the wood,
Physiologioal Action and Therapy.^Bebmni' xulphatc produces tetanic '
spaEitis in frogs. In tbe human ttubject the bark or alkaloid iocreases npp<r-
titc, improve* diji:i-iftioii, is Ku»i«wliat astringent, and poNtcwe* some anti-
reriodic power. It is said not to produce headache or ringing in the ears.]
I mny he employed in alouii,- dy»pcpeia and condition* of general debility.
Bebeeru-bark was introduced as a Eubetitote for quinine Though often
ancceMSful in hri'iiking np malarial fever, it it far Ii'sk rdiiibU' than cinchona.
It has beeu j^ivvn with benefit in periodical headache and neuralgia. This
remedy has alto been emploved with aHserted advantage in menorrha^ia,
Ieucorrli<jc<B. and strimioufi ophthalmia.
SIBVANIN i* a synthetical prodnct with properties resembling those'
of both orthoform and cocaine. It is ^aid to have the following chcmieal
formula: di-etliyl-);Iy<iii:y!-(nmi-aiiiid<>.ortlio-oxy-bi?nxoio-ai;id-m(-lhyl.«6ler
hydrochloride, and ib produced by subslilution. It crystailizea out from
ab»olutc aloiibnl in tolorlL-ss |irisuiatio i-ry.iial.s. but m rciidily coliibW in water,
giving a neutral solution. A few drops of a S-per-ccnt. solution cauws com-
plete ana?iithe»a of the canjunctiva. It aluo causes IocaI anssthesta when
administered hy|jodcrmicBlly. bo as to permit of minor enrgical operations.
It is decidedly antiseptic, even in solutions of 1 per cent. Owing to lliej
stability of the solutions, it ib preferable to cocaine for infiltration onwsthe-
sta by Sehleich's method. It is said to be only one one-hnndredlh as toxic as '
cocaine. As much a» (1.50 Gm. (orgr. viij) hus been injected hypodermicalty
without toxic effects. Ihis agent is not adapted for ap|ilicatton to the sur-
face of nincoiis membnnic? nor lo the eye. ns a rule, on account of its irri-i
tating and non-penetrating powerb as compared with cocaine or eucaine. ,
It is eepc'cially serviceable lo dentistti, iji ■i-pcr-ei-nt. solution, to relieve pain >
during extraction of teeth on account of its feeble toxic action and its mori»|
prolonged Hiia-sthesia than either cocaine or etieaine. It ix supplied In the]
form of a powder and in tablets of 0.032 Gni, (orgr. es) for hypodermie use.]
NITROGLTCEEUnnH. -Nitroglycerin, (See Glonoinnm.)
mix VOMICA {V. S. P., B. P.).— Hbx Vomioa, Poison Hut.
Dose, in powder, U.0G5 to 0.2Ji Om. (or gr. i-lv).
NirX rOMK'A.
Preparalianx.
AGS
I
Kxtnuiutai Sxici* Votiikw KluiUum (U.S.P.)-— *^>»W Extmct of Nus Vodihia.
[kxw, UjM to tf.au vxai. «ir lili'V).
Kxtnctum Nuob Vomic* |U.ar., B. P.).— EjUnet o( Sux Vorain. DoM,0.ftlS
III rtoa <iiii- (or gr. v. ■•). li. I".. a«in lo O.Oilfi Um. loi lit. V.-ji.
TUictUTB Kuvis VomUiE lU.t*.!'., U.1'.). — Tinolurp of Niix VoniUii (iimiLe fioiii
tli*«xtracti D.r., li>jiii<I Fxlract). Dou-, ().:UI Ui l.:!ii R.rm, lor mr-xxj,
KlttKCtuui Nuvi* Vonilne 14quidiiiii tit. I'.). — I.iqiiiil Kximct of Hvx, Vaulted.
DoM, OlM to 0.10 e.cai. («t Mj-iij).
AUraUnde and Prtparafions of All-aliii<U.
Str]r<liiiln«i>uli>hSb|LMJ. P.I-— SUycliDiDvSuIphAU. Doitv. gr. O.OOl lo 0.003 Gm,
(•ritr. "-'/,.).
mtrjvlinliu ll'. K P.. B,P.>.— Strychnim-. Uose.O.OOl to 0,003 Gm. (or ^. '/■■'/.).
S<i7chniMD Iljdiochlorlduii) |B. P.).— HTdrwhlnrlds ai Stryclminc. rhw. 0.001
III OuCMM <lni. (or jr. '/-■'/„).
I'rrti pt Slr;clinicuc Citran lU.S.P.I.—lron *nd StrTchninc Ciimi-?. Duw, 0.20
l« l>J2 (Jin. lor gr. ill v).
S)'nli-u* Krrri. Quiiiinir. rt SlrTolininip PhoHph&tum (U.S. P.. B.P.I, — Svrup of
ibp Pb<io|>liHtaii of Iron. Qiimlni-, anu Siiyi'liniiii^. Doip, 2 to 4 rjon. {or f3<w-}).
Liquor StrvchniiiiE Hydrochloiidi (H P.I. — Solution of StryehDtiw HydrochlOTid«
ll p«r twnl.i. DoM-. O.l'i to 0.00 c.cin. (or mti'Viij).
FbumMolo^. — Nux Tomica is "the seed nf tiirjcbnos >'u.T-voiuic«
(fjigtaiad'or)," of Ksst liidice. Th« seodc are diek-diapcd, about nn inch
i& dtBincler, covert with silky hsira, of a greenish-^aj color, and grayish
■hitn ini'Tiinlly. Oili>r Monf, but llic taste i# vory bitl-^r. Strychnine ('/i
to •/, per ccm.) and Brucine ('/j to 1 per cent.), with Ig«tuhc Acid, are the
iniporianl conatiluiinls, be«idc« fixed oil, tannin, etc. A third alkaloid, i»o<
latM by Denioie in 1853, and tenncd Igaiorine, has been shown by JorgcuBcn
lo respond to all the l««I« for brucine, and, in fact, to be idcniicfti with it.
Flnckinger has found sinaller amounts of strychnine and brucine in the
wood, and Hoo|H!r dete<'t«d brucine, but not strychnine, in the learcs of the
itijcbnos nux-Tomica.
The powdered drug vnrie* in alkalnidal utrength, and in u*ing the fluid
preparations it is advJBable to hare them standardized in order to insure
Boifomiily of phj-^iolugical and tJu-ra|M-ulical «ffcct. Strychnine repnwcntti
the medicinal activity of nux Toroica, Strychnine crystaliizes out of alcohol
m the form of colorlcw prisin« and di«»olvtf» in puro sulphuric acid without
change of color. If a few drops of this solution be placed upon a white plate
and an equal i]uantity nf potnMtum-bichromate Kolution be oautiously
hronebt into contact with its edge, a beautiful and characteristic play of
enlon is produced, ranging through blu«, purple, critnMin. and rod-broun.
Thie polor-change is distinctive, and is available as a delicate test for strych-
nine. Morphine olwourc* thid test, and bvnc*^. if pK*ent, should first be le-
moTnl by means of an alkaline mixture of chloroform. A physiological test
eaiso utili/fd in eases of suspected poisoning: O.OOOOii Gm. {orgr. '/iMi>)of
ffryrbotrit' sulphate in a drop of water, applied to the dried skin of a frog,
■ill produce Hpasm in about ten minute*. Bnicinc, which gives rise to a
diysiological reaction, is likewise a crystalline body, soluble in 320
colli or 150 parts of tailing water, has a strongly-bitter and per-
> . and. although generally resemblin); strychnine in its proporlicx,
!nrs destroy life without the occurrence of convulsions. Strong
Jr^aric acid strikes a blood-red or scarlet color with brucine and its salts.
fiU
rilABMACKimCAL tUi;BAPEIiTIC AtiENTe OH DUl'GS.
Ij^siirine occurs in colorleas, &ilky prisms; la more solable in vater thun
eitlicr of the other alkuloids; has a similar bitter tsKtc nnd toxic action; and
is colored rose-red by strong sulphuric acid, juet like brucine and its salts.
These arc all soluble In water and in alcohol, making intcnwly-bitter prep-
antions, thus rendering; the pill foim best for administration.
Phytiolofpcal Action. — hi miniilo doses, repealed three or four times
daily, which is ifie best way to get its tonic effect, strychnine increase* the
appetite, Htimtilate« t-ccretioti, improves d)gi'i<tion, and exalts the vital power*,
iniprovinj; also sight and hearing. Strychnine is a stimulant to the respira-
tory Centre, also to tho lieari and vasomotor centres. Arterial prcuiurc is
raised and the pulse becomes slower. The pupil dilates under its influence.
Periiitiilfiis is incrcsKod and the bowels somewhat loosened; even diarHuwi
may result from full doses.
From (.-xiK-r I inputs upon dogs Agricolsnaky has ascertained that larj^
doses of strychnine suppress the pancreatic secretion. Smaller quantities
either iirtiduee no effect or slightly stimuiate the giand. Tlie presence of a
sinal) amount of strychnine in tne pancreatic juice seems to promote its
omylolytie action. Strychnine stimulates the gcnito-unnary system, ha*
some inllucnce upon the muscular tissue of the uterus, favors the occurrence
of the mense*, increases the venereal appetite, and excites erection*. Dr. E.
Maurcl has published some interesting researches regarding the influence of
strychnine upon the leucocytes of the blood. From his observations he bc-
licTcB that these ceils exhibit, in dilTerent animals, a specific sensibility to
it* action, and that In accordance with the iaircjilibility of the b'ucocyte
is that of the animal. The functions of the spinal cord are exalted as well
ai stimulated, according to Biemacki,' and especially those of the anterior
gray columns; but n very large dose paralyiesnnd destroys them. The brain
is not affected directly until the accumulation of carbonic-acid gas in the
blood caiii<cs conio «ik1 Inseniiibility.
Biemacki states, however, that subcutaneous injection of small doses
of strychnine niinitc reduces tho electrical excitability of the cerebrum.
Thifl drug is absorbed rather slowly by the stomach, more rapidly by
the rfi.timi. It.* t<ixie elTect* ore, conaeiiueiitly, more promptly manifested
after injection into the rectum than when administered by the mouth.
Strychnine i.s nlowly excreted by the kidneys, but elimination is more rapid
in children than in old people. Strychnine also escapes in the saliva. Jt,
then-fore, lenda to accumulate in the system, and produce muscular stiffness,
cramps, and other symptoms of toxic action. Dr. Woodley Stocker has ob-
served, in his own person and in others, flushing of the face, throbbing of
the head, giddiness, and faintness caused by doses of strychnine sufficiently
large to approach the physiological limit.
On atcnunt of its slow rate of absorption and elimination, its exhibi-
tion !<liinild be oeeaaionally suspended for a lime, lest n dnugeroiis <iuantity
accumulate within the system. Strychnine is a local irritant. It posst-sfes
some antiseptic virtue, and. to a certain extent, inhibits the movements of
leucocytes, though far feebler in this respect than quinine. A brlght-rt^
eruption has been observed to follow the administration of a small dose of
strychnine in cxeeptioiml eiides.
Poisoning by Strychnine. — When a relatively larg« dose (O.OS to 0.03
■ Thtrapfulttehe MonaUliefle. Aur., 18B0.
sirx Tosnc*.
Om.. or gr. '/.-m) is given to an adult and abeorbed, the face is drawn into
« grin (ruttui xanlontni*). the Uivvr juw ln'<;oincg imniutnbic, th<t ni.i:k rt^id,
the pupils dilate, the reflexes ore heightened so that the miipcles contract
_^iBi<m(>dic<i)l,v and )Miinfull.v; thi-n puro:iy«inal attacki^ nf Ionic con traction,
tecitlly of the extensor inuacles of the body, in which the patient aesumt-a
ttif puaition of opi«lhotonof, occur; finully, the miuclcs of respiration be*
cunif tetanicallj' fuTeO, and death occurs from spntea and carbonic-acid ac-
coniulaliiiii in the Wood, prodiicinfr narcosis. Dr. Perry hai? reported a c«(Hf
at stryi-hnine poisoninR in which, four days after the immediate couTuUive
•ffrcta had ooMcd, paralytiis of the miii^clrit of the uppur and lower limbs anil
of the intercostal mtiecles occurred. Dyspnuja increased rapidly and the pu-
tient died fmm SHphyxia. The kidneys ntirc injected. The fatal reitiiU may
fiwne in u feir minutes if the dose be a lar^e one. About 0.U3 tim. (or gr. bs)
mav be regarded m a minimum fiitsl doev. It acts more rapidly and elTect-
n«lr when given by the rectum, or hypodennicaUy, than when swallowed.
A« i* th« caM with other active poisons the lelhnl do«c varies within consid-
Rable lUnite. IK-ath has resulted from 0.03 Gm. (oi gr. se) of etiychntne or
0.20 Gm. (orgr. iiJ)of eslraet of niix-vomica; on the other hand, as much as
D.3ft Gm. (vr gr. vj)of strychnine sulphate has been taken without fatal effect.
Wbvu a fuial lUnm has bc«n Iflkvn divth is not UKuall^r long delayed. Recovery
is the role if the patient survives for three houre. JJr. Taylor, in his work on
paiaona, filates that six hour« it the long<«t recorded period for a fatal iwue.
A case, honever, has been described by Dr. Thomas J. Uenry, of Warialda,
New South Wales, in which death was postponed for nine hours after about
0.65 Gm. (or gr. x) bad been taken, the patient in the interval having been
UDder Imtment. A fatal caw «f chronic pumuning in a nroinan ik repitrleil
by Dr. A. H. Falconer,' of Louisville, Ky. The principal symptoms were ex-
treme weakness, muscular pains, elilfness of muscles at the back of the neck,
clonic convulsions of forearm with contracture of Bexor tendons of fingers.
She also had vertigo, amblyopia, weak — but regular — ])ulfle. Temperature
•lightly elevated. Tongue coated and »wollen. bowels eunstiputed, frequent
chilly semialiona. l>elirium preceded death, which occurred during a con-
TuIsTc attack. The patient hod taken 0.003 Gm. (or gr. Via) of stT;>-chnine
four times a day for eight months, which had been prescribed by a physician
for "nrrvousness."
A very insttuctive case, showing the after-effects which may he caused
by ilrychnine poisoning, hu» been published by Dr. G. ITouigmann. from
the clinic of Professor Itiegel, of Giesaen.' A man who suffered from the
dMBica) symptoms of this accident had recovered under the liberal use of
ehlonl-hyarate. At the expiration of twenty hours after taking the poi»on
only a minute quantity of urine had been voided. Albumin was unmietak-
aUy present. There was abdominal pain with constipation. During (he
tceoad night a small quantity of clear urtno was passed, which contained an
•bnndant precipitate of albumin. It deposited a sediment in which were
dttecled both white and dm! blond -corpuscles and a few hyaline casts. The
pain and eomitipalion continued and the pulse remained slow and strong.
On the fourth day albuminuria persisted; the urine was still scanty; the
uw
•TV inwrKwo PmHiUmirr itnrf AVirji, July I, 1808, vol. xivi. p. B.
•Drvfrhr iMrilrinijirAr tl'or-Aniai-AH/f. Maj- a», IsaCi MMeol BuHftt*. Oct.,
sediment rich in blood-corpuscles, hyaline an^ (.'pithclJnt cii8t», with renal
c|))l)ii'liiiin. Tho kidneys bi^n to rcoiime their functions ttpon the fourth
and fifth days, aft«r the skin had b«en roused to free punipirnlion. The
iiHiuinin, diets, nnd cells begun t'> deerease at the name lime, but did not
linally disappear until the fourteenth daj-. During all this time the pulse
rcinainotl very *lovr. The renal inxunteieney and albuminuria were probably
due to limitation of the circulation through the kidney bj* contraction of
i(.4 vcii^eK But the GOinpotiition of the sediinfint indicated that a more per-
manent injury had occurred. The reporter plausibly conjectured that the
ronai epithelium had been affected, giving rise to an acute gtomenilo-
nephritis.
DiaE^osis of Strychnine Foisoning. — The coDTu]B)on» do not resemble
thoec <H<urriiij:; liunii^' the epileptic paroxysm, because they are always
tonic, and never clonic, in character. They may he diatingiii»hed from those
of tetanus by the history of the case and by tlie symptoms. In tetanus the
muncIcK of the lower jaw arc fir»l attacked; locked jaw cxist« for some time
before the other musclea are involved; moreover, in tetanus they do not en-
tirely relax; «omc remain rijiid; whereas, in strychnine poisoning, all the
muscles are alTected almost simultaneously, and then are relaxed until the
next paroxysm. In what tH known n* tetany, the mu*oles about the neck
arc UEually nol atrected, but there is persiatent rigidity ol other mufcles.
In hyutiTicnl convul^iong the muscular eimtructionit arc not painful, and the
patient does not retain full sensation, nor full consciousness, but is in a
dreamy or stupid coudilion. In convulsions of hydrophobia the patient is
ficmidelirious, there are no tonic spasms of muscles or cramps, and there is a
history of u wound frum ud auimul.
Antidotes and Treatment. — Tannin is the chemical antidote to luix
vomica and to ati^chnine. The antidote should he given immediately, and
a convenient form is tea or colTee that has been standing for an hour or more,
giving grounds or leaves and ail, washing out the stomai.h iiTterward with
wiirm wafer or coffee. After spasm has developed, the introdiiction of the
tube may excite eonvulsione. In ordi^r to obviate this occurrence Ibe patient
should be placed under the influence of umyl nitrite or chloroform. The
same caution applie-s to catheteri#m. The physiological antidote* arc potiS-
fiium bromide, chloral, paraldehyde, and physostigmine, or Calabar he^in.
Amyl nitrite, chloroform, or other inbabtiinis may be cautiously employed
at the onset of the paroxysms, and artificial respiration practiced. 'J^e
witheler should he used frequently, and tbfi bowels thoroughly evacuated
with croton-oil. The physiological antidotes may be given by the rectum.
If relaxation does not oce.nr, nitroglycerin may be injected hypodermically.
Animal charcoal and tats are useful adjuvants, Sanquirico prefers paralde-
hyde to chloral, and warmly Tecommend» intravenous injection* of u con-
siderable quantity of an S-pcr-cciit, soda solution, which produces active
diuresis and elimination. Opium and conium may aUo be brought into
requisition as physiological antidotes. I>r. Whitia' writes with decided ap-
Siroval of tobacco and alcohol in poisoning from stryebninc. He utatcs that
le would not hesitate to use alcohol alone in a desperate case, and believes
that it will afford the best chance of aiicces.* in dealing with the spasms, but
poisonous doses must be boldly administered by the mouth and rectum-d
' Op. at. p. 339.
rouicA.
567
3 of tobacco should be iliscournged as an antidote [or slryclinino.'
Cliiorofonn liiu Imth givt-ii by the iiuiuth (t to 7.5 t-cm., or tZl-ij) success-
fully. Paraldehyde is also a reliable antidoto.
Si«bold, in »omc expmmvnu c-imducU-d upon hlmHcIt as to the physio-
lo);it.-al action of elrychnino,' lepoHe that tannin in 0.G5 Gm. (or gr. x) dose*
VII* vnluclvwMiin nntidutc. Cnarcual in 3] Gin.(<'r^}dost3Had smnu* »li{fht
etTti't, Injtrctioiu of morphine were useful, but chloral- hydrate and ohloro-
form tiillioed to ontJrt'Iy prt-vont tht- muKi-utnr contrnctions, whi^n ndmin-
iclered 10 time. Ur. W. l\ Turner' was Ud by the accidt-ntiil ubm-rvntion
i»l ihi' rvciivery of a doj; from Ptryuhninc pginonini; aflvr t-aiinx almut !2I
fim. ("r oiv)i»f lard to make a series of eipertincuts on dogs and other Biiimals.
Up n-conU 13 exnerimcntB in all: 3 on dog», 3 on hi.-iw, 1 on ii rniw, 1 on
hop, and S on calves. In all cases, except the first X hogs (which died from
U.13 Gm.. or gr. ij, fnch of strychnine, with only 186.6 Gm., or .Vj, of tard ud*
ministered as an antidote, the last two, however, recovering from the same
diMc of itrytrhninc after taking 373 Gm., or Jitij, of lani), the nnimal« rueov-
errd, although the lard iras not administered until after convulsions had well
•el m.
Tkerapy. — Xux vomica is not applied externally, and, although an
ol«at« «( ^irvcbnine is made, yet it ha» little, if uny, utw on account of its
uncertainly with regard to absorption. AceordinR to Dr. Thomas J Mays,
"f Fhiiadclphia, nn olcuti; of bnicinc muy be iiR-d m pani-titlicsiii of the skin
ud to relieve itching piles. Mackenzie has known nnofmia tohe henefitrd bj
the I QHU Illation, twice daily, of a powder conluini
of ftrychnine and 0.13 Gm. (or gr. ij) of starch.
StrjThninc not being very soluble, its salts, Kulphnto or acetate, any
In need hypodennically in the treatment of paralysis (U.OUtiS to 0.001 Gm., or
jjr. Vt*''/**). ">r injected into the lissucH around the eji- for amaurosis in
lettnufi,* as an antidote to snnkc-poison' and tobacco-akohol amblyopia.
Mr. D. B. Dott recommend* strychnine hyilrochlnrate o* regards «olu-
bilily. neutrality, and stability, and considers it the most useful of the salts
of the alkaloid. Strychnine nitrate i* pi-eforred by many on account of its
ptoducing leea local irritant effect. It may he used in doses of 0.001 Gm. (or
Sf- Vm). cautiously increasing uniil evidence of physiological action i$ nioni-
f<*lcd. The dose is then temporarily decreased, to be again raised in such a
OMiuicr that the phyvtologic^l elTect is uhtainftd about onoc a week in the
treatment of such afftctions as tobacco-alcohol amblyopia.
The circumntanliiil rtijiort.* of many .XiistrBltnii nud East-Indian phv-
aidnB, of a number of severe and threatening coses of .snake-bite auecessfully
tnaled by atrychnine, leave no doubt as to it* value. It is ucce««iry to em-
ploy the remedy in large doses, carefully observing its effects. The symptoms
one to tht snake-poison are progrcii*ive1y relieved and no tetanic tpasma
' 'YHilorolarai Slioiilil bo (.'m>c1 in Sirvrlmlne l*ai«ontng. not Tobaeeo." — Fraeei*
U Oajtu*, MJ>.. FhiladelphUt JfrdJcot Timet, vol. xiv, p. SM.
•Tk- f-hfmifl itxt Drusjffitt. Scpl. 6, IfliKL
* JiH(f«ii> l^mrl. JuDp t : iVev York Medteot Journal. July S3, ISSa.
"^IryoJinlnc ■« a PmvroUvr of Tidanun," hj Dr. Prvrauil. HulMin llfJieat.
Sqtt «. I8M.
* "Btryrhninr a« nn Ant.idoto tft Snaltr poinrai," by Dr. Miillpr. Ilruggt*l»' Cirem-
• amd Chrtiilml OairlU. Jan . 1891 ; '■Snakn-nH'ii aiiil ila .^nUdoUfl," by T. TjiiHl«r
nton. M.n.. r.R.S., Brititk il*4{ral Jonrmtl, .lao. 3, ISOl.
dBfi
PHABUACBtn^OAl. TUBHAI'IeuTIC A0BK18 OR DItn03.
indicative of eiTychnine JntoxicotioD an produced. According to the Mvrrity
o( tlie condition, amounts varyinj; (rom 0.05 to 0,20 lo 0.25 Gm. (or gr. */,-m
or iv) w'cni given in dividfd doses in different ca%ee. Dr. E. A. Thomas ob>
lainvd the same r«i<ulta in Hve a^es from strychnine admini»ler<!d i)y the
mouth, (jut, ns the patient i» iivuvraWy tinabic to ewnllovr, and on acL-otint
of the firoaiLT rapidity of ils action when injected, tiie hypodermic method
if iifiially till? bvMt. On the contrary, from nn cluboratv echcs of cxperinKnils
upon animal^ Sur);eoii-Lieutenant it. 11. Elliot, of tiie British .Army, oon-
cltides that in unimaJK poisoned by cobra-poison the subcutaneous injectioD
of etrychnice often hastens, while it could never be said to retard, death.
I>r. Bancroft,' afttr experimdnta on guiucu>pi^ declares that hypodermic
injection of atrychninu for rinnkc- poison i# uselem. The subcutaneous in*
jectioa of strychnine is Itenelicial in paralysis due to alcoholism, and has been ]
practiced with ndmirahlc re»ull3 by Dr. Ktinigsdiirfer in the treatment olj
toadstool poisoning'.
Internally, the tincture of mix vomica does good a« a hitter tonic, ond in
sick headache from disordered stomach. Kinj^r givea it in 1-drop doses in a
tea«poonful of water, ever}' ten or llftecn ininut««, until 10 drop« hav« b<Mn
taken.
Cases ofioausca and vomitin^z of pregnancy, not infrequently, yield toj
minute doses of the tincture, a drop, or a fraction of a drop, being fpven in
water, and rep<ratcd every hour or two hourv. This preparation, likewtM-,
does excellent service in l!lie morninp vomitinj* to which drunkards are sub-
ject. Nux vomica, indeed, fulfill* mi>re than one indication in this cla»»
of patients. It is beneficial in the chronic gastritis of alcoholism, and afforda
support to the «y»tcm when the nccuntomcd alcoholic utimulus is suddenly
withdrawn. The poor appetite and digestion, the miserable sense of wcak-j
neiis, the insomnia and tremor are relieved by the tincture of nux vomica. At
the same lime, and especially being combined with capsicum, it diminishes
the craving for (Irink, and i^ of value in assisting to break up the habit- Dr.
Jaroshensky has demo ubl rated by experinu-nts upon dogs that the toxic and
narcotic effects of alcohol are neulralizpd by the administration of strych-
nine. Hypodermic injeetions of strychnine nitrate are recommended by
various Itii^wian phy.iicians as curative of ihe alcohol habit. Dr. Portugalow
has published a record of 455 cases treated with satisfactory results. He
employs the following formula: —
!J Strychnin, nilrnt 1005 Om. or
Aiitiv lirgUllat IA| ccm. or
Sw.-^M.
He begins with one or two daily injections of 0.50 ccm. (or mviij). aub-
sei|uenl!y reducing the quantity to 0.24 ccm. (or miv). The treatment is
said to destroy soon the taste for liquor, though, on the other band, Dr.
Babow states that bis experience with the method has failed to convince him
of its value. Dr. J. Bradford McConnell, of Montreal, made trial of strych-
nine injections in twentv-five cases of alcoholism. This writer testifies that
the craving for alcohol diminished ropidly and was complelely lost in a few
days. The physical and mental health was gradually restored, but the effect
4
"Blrychnin* in Snakp-bitP," Jtmrnat of the Amcrtean SffHoal AnnoftaUon.
11. 1691.
xm TowcA.
I^i.'-^-
U Om. or
r^ni. or Bj.
C.nn. or (5).
25 c^iii. or IZtlt*.
G o.ciii. or fSij.
tcm. or (5m.
c*ni. or (3iT.
Was nut prnnauenl, ss inoet of the nses relapsed in from one to eleren
■onths.
Kc«ncr reeommcDds the addition of pilocarpme to the i-tr^'chnine eolu-
in t)i<> Btretijeth o( 0.0R5 Gin. to 30 c-ciD. (or gr. i'fjj). At the Hame time
' adminisltTs intiTDuilv the following mixture: —
B H]rdr«r)C. clilor. corr. [OOS to
ExI. M^muliir fl ...■■■ 4
ExL oicii jpandiltot. fL 90
Ext. amlcn ll , Oi
Tr. »lo« ;i
!>. MBMbIa iBd 13
Aij. dMiU lao
U. 3ig.s TM«poonIul «vcry two hours during tbe drnj.
'Dii; gflEtric catarrh dependent upon chronic diseBie of other orgnni, as
^ bntncbial tubes, heart, or liver, i# nlso alleviated, as Kinf^er has pointed out,
)ty the Bdministntion of 1 or 2 drops of the tlTiHiirc in o teniipoonful or two
^fS water every two houm, or oftener, for twenty-four to forty-eight hours.
Prolonged and obstinate vomiting, due to mularia, hjis been overcome hy
\hg administration of full doses of strychnine. In atonic dyspepsia and in-
nffident M-crction. mix vomits it useful in pillf. with qtiinitic and some
vrmiBatiTe. Ovrinj; to its effects upon motor nerves, it is valuable in eon-
■linitian produced by defective musculiir activity, and ako in the form due
~'»lead poisoninif. in the former condition the contractions of the lower
si become no eiKrgetic thnt, according to Wliitla, the Stools are occasion-
Fkll; much altered in size, and may be eeen to present the attenuated appear-
ance observed in Miicturc- of the rectum. The elTects of nu.t vomica in
atmtjpation are often enhanced by a combination with a purgative and
duljroeale.
For constipation, mix vomica can be commended combined as fol-
ton:—
E Exiracti aacb vaml««
Gitnctj b«Uftdoiuia! folior. ak
RxtrHdi iliamiif pur*h 1|
U. et ft pit no. XXX.
Sfi-: A pill >lUir mrh nipal.
II. or gr.
or gr,
or gr.
uj.
sv vel XI s.
R Extncti nu<ii vomioc I3i Gm. or gr, t,
I>uIvi>riH lp*cn(iianh« 80 Gm. or p. x.
Eitncti )ijM«i7Bnu IJSO Gm. or gr. xx.
M. at fL pU. BO. XX.
Sif.i A pill three times * day.
Waugh recommends for constipation this prescription, containing nox
Tofsica: —
R Kxtnull Buein vomine.
.Mom purlAc«t u 132 Gm. or Rt. v.
Ext. IwllBikiBBK folior. ale {SO Gin. or )rr. ilj.
OlMrMin* rapalH ^ |lfi c-etn. or mij.
JL et ft pil. DO. XX.
Sla.: Oiw pill aflpr each meal until two juuMign occur in • iay, when hall pitta
I Is ho Ukt^ ; anil Ihn rvductMa la to br cnntinued until the hahit ol rnPi'"'' cracu-
baa hota formed.
.\tony of the largo intestine leads to prolapsus ani, and here, also, the
tare u( nui vomica is of advantage, both by internal administration and
570
PHABHACEUTICAL 7UEBArSUTIC AOf
DRL'Oa.
local injection. Phillips baa seen excellent results, in hwrnoirlioide, fwtn
till; tiiidiirc. fn oppotiitv coti(liti<jii!« ni iho inl<^jitiiie, nnd for dilTvreni
reaMns, strychnine is remedial. In nervous or atonic diurrliica it matorinlly
uvists lite action o( othvr ri:mi.'dies, and may be thua prt^cribed with ad^
Tantag«: —
H Strj-rlininic sulplinl.
A?idi ■ulpliUTici aramut. IB
At). liniTiatiiclIdiH dent. q. *. od ISO
U. *t tU aal
Sig.: A tcupoontul in ««t«r aiviy three hour*.
03 Gm. or jit. •*.
5 c.i'in. or flv,
ccm. or (Jiv.
In (Jvitentery nttendt-d l>y uiiiisiml prostration and tympanites. thiK rem-
edy hai) proved of advnntage. In eoinbinatinn will) a nitncra! acid it lias
somclimce seemed to do (;ood in Asiatic cholera Hypodermic injection* of
strychnine answer a valuable purpii!*e in cholera, especially when coUapae is
threatened or is present. This practice has Won beneficially followed by I>r.
French -Mullen in hundred!! of fases.'
Strychnine is one of the best of the cardiac i-timiilauts in failing heart
or wi^aknc^i« of the circulation. Prof. Thoma* G. Morion usea it in surgical
chock. Weakness of Ihc heart due to depressed ncrvc-forcc and dilatation
of the heart are materially benefited by strychnine. It is a good plan to
fire this remedy sometimes in cumhination, and again alternatin];, with
igitalia. Iron is often profitably added to the eombination, as: —
B Strj-chnino: *ulph 02 Uiii. or fir. Vv
TiticU Jerri clilorldl "A e.em. or fiij.
TnluH. gcnliann <]. s. ad 180 c.cni, or (SvJ.
M. Sig. : TablcBpoonful in irnUr three titnca a day.
In fatly heart it is capable of service, but should be given with circiim-
spectioD, since it will sometiraea induce a nervous and .'deepleei state, which
i« decidedly harmfid to the patient. In emphysematous asthma it i» espe-
cially serviceable. The various forms of muscular pa ralya is— hemiplegia,
paraplegia, diphtheritic paralysis, wrist-drop^ — jire well treated by strychnine
internally, or hypodermically (0.0005 dm., or gr. Vno) thrown deeply into
the alTectcd mu»clw. in conjiniclioii with electricity. It has also been em-
ployed with auccesB in infantile pal.iy and writers' erarap. lu propressive lead
paUy strychniiit^stop* the advance of I he disease if used in full doses, a care-
ful wateh beinp kept up for toxic symptoms and potapsiura iodide bein^ Riven
simultnnoouxly on accnnnt of its eltminative effects. The use of strychnine
three or four times daily is also stated to be of particular efficacy in lead
colie. Other forms of paralysis in which this agent n-ndeni coDspicuoud
service are torticollis; mercurial, malarial, and hyaterieal paralysis; neiiras-
thcniu from sexual excess, and aphonia due to piiralysis of the vocal cords.
In conjunction with out-door life and calistheniea, nux vomica is useful in
lateral curvature of the spine. In atony of the bladder, leading to incon-
tinence or retention, a combination of airyehnine and electricity fonns the
moet valuahk' rt-siiirntivc means at our command.
In general QervouaneGS with depression of spirits Dr. £jsniet pre-
scribes:—
' IniKnrt Mrdleol (laxf-Ut. July, 18»2,
sex TOJnCA.
sn
R Str^rrhnin. tnlplinl.
Quuiin, «u]nh 2
tVni ptToplioit I....... . . H
Silt. chlorofaRnl i >■.. II
Olrcvilii , t[. «. ad l£0
IMS GiiL or or. j,
(im. or 1m.
Om. or 31].
c.em. or tiii},
pjwi. or fSir,
Sag.: TfupooofHl in • u'inrgUmful of wftter four limw a iay.
In (IfJpucct and «liortnc¥e of brmth attendiag emphvHenia, winter
»ugh, or phthiBts, strychnine is useful.
Pr. Thoints J. i[tky$ tdTocalcs the employment of lorgc doora of stryob-
kinr in bronchial and piilmonsry disorders, and U Kcustomed in thcco cases
piuh itti; drug until eomc- evidence of ils physiological action is mani-
lod. Strychnine i^ of value also in maintaining respiration in narcotic
ling, ai from opium. Ntix nimica is of eonsidcralik' value in the treat-
of phthisis. By promoting; digestion it maintains nutrition; it
M r4>«pinition and excrte a licncticlal effect upon the cough. 1 1 re-
ft« the vomiting to which consumptiTe subjects are liable, and, as Mnr-
rrll ha» nhomn. hai* «omo power to check night -sweats. When eivim with
Ihe latter object in view it is beat combined with aromatic sulphuric acid.
Ttnii.-y ha» rffKirlcd jriMxl riT<iilt» from the hvpodennic injection of stryeh-
huHc arseuale in four cases of phthists; O.S-1 to 1 c.cm. (or t»iv-xv) of a
V;-pcr-cent. solution in Hijuid vaselin wa« given daily.' The same salt,
ilfflioietered by the mouth, has sometimes seemed of value in diabetes mel-
lilut.
In amanroeis and failing eyesight the tincture of nus vomin may be
adminiitered, gradually increasing ihe dose and watching its effects in order
lo pnrrnt toxic Bvmptoms. Strvchnim? is egpecially beneficial in amaurosiB
nosed by abuse of tobacco or alcohol. In delirium tremens large doses of
iincturc of nux vomica arc not only well borne, but are rapidly curative.
The subcutaneous method is particularly adapted to produce prompt and
cided relief.
Strychnine is not to be used while neuritis exists, or during the period
vascular reaction after apoplexy. In hypertrophy of the heart it should
giTen cautiously. In neuralgia due to impaired nutrition we may employ
b*" following pill:—
S S»d plKxphidi 1006 Gm. or gr. '/*■
AcL aiicLt vomina > |01& Om. or gr. '/^
M. et n. pit.
8ig-! To be taken titty llirt* or tour hourt.
In simple indig(«lion and atonic dyspepsia ute: —
B ExttacU nu«ii vonikw 138 Gm. or gr. vj.
(JttiniMe hydrochlonit. l|8a Gm. or gr. xxiv.
Pnlr. npuci |0(U Cm. or gr. ].
Ext p-nlUn* 4| Gto. or Sj.
M. rt (t. pit. no, xxiv.
Sig.: T«k« oiM> or two bcfor* tni^Uk
In tobacco-aniaurosis de Schveinitx recommends: —
B Tr. nuFis vonk* ifS ««m. or I3ij.
Sif. : Take 3 drop* ttir** timt» dally, tncraauny 8 drap* daily until phfuioloslcal
I arp obuinnl.
"-ABtiiut ol the l'iilvi>r>>al Mfdtcal Bctenpm," 1890, vol. r. p. A Ml,
PnADMACRUnOAT. THBRArBVTTO Aatt.VTS Olt DRUGS.
B Tr. nupi* votnicw,
AriJ. rilroliyUrodiloT. diliil.,
S[iiritii» chloTofonnl b« 41 ruem. or fZy
lnfu«. p^ntiajue <|. a, ad I80| ejtm. at IJvJ.
M. 8%.: Take > table^oonflil or two after mcIi m«aJ for flalutmt colic.
Strycimiiic iiul[i)iato, given hypoilermicnlly in doses of 0.O0O5 Or
gr. '/in)t U a very ffficncioua remetly in ^astralgin and vittcvrat nctiralgia in
general, a$ well sr in the mildi^r forniH of angina pectoris. The same treat-
ment has also been recommended for infra-orbital neuralgia. The tiuclure
bas been piveu with good r<-«tiliit in thoae caac* of eborea which arise about
the age of puberty, and seem to have no eonneetion with rheumatism, afl
well alio in Kome caiie# of chorea majnr. In idiopathic epilepsy of ill-nour-
ished patients, mix vomica will freuuenlty alTord a. deciued relief. Hietna-
tnsie is promoted by nux vomica, and hence it ia of value in the management
of antrniifl, chlorosis amenorrhusa. and dyemenorrhooa. It is eervicesble in
furpara and in poat-partum haemorrhage. Dr. Q. V. Hall and Ur. John
liltoii PulT have independently culled attention to the value of etrychnine
in the late raontha of preRnancy and during labor. Thene writers advise its
use in the case of women whose previous labors have been retarded, in those
subject to severe after-pninr, or in whom a history exists of post-partum
hwmorrllage and subsequent subinvolution. Dr. Hal), when he has reason
to fear flooding, flubjects his patients more or less constantly to the influence ^
of tlrychnine onriug the laet five months of gestation with excellent resultej
On the other hand, even small doses of strychnine given during this peric ~
will cauHe some women to abort. By promoting capillary circulation, it
beneficial in cases of habitual cotdnew of hands and feet. Strychnine aids
overcoming subinvolution of the uteru*. It it useful in eomc case* of «per-
matorrhcca and impotence.
nce^
Ite^
rm
iin^
"4
OLEANBEB. — Serium okander (Apocyanaccffi), an evsi^gieen shrub,
hearing liiiii(i;uirie ilowor*, is a native of the country snrroQndiag the SK-di-
terraucau.
Professor Schmiedebei^ has found in oleJinder-lcave« a glucoside,'
Oleandiin, and a second active substnnoe which he has named Neriin, which
lie believes to be clojirly alJicd to. if iiol identical wilh, digil-alin.
Physiological Action and Therapy.— The young twigs and the leaves ofj
oleander are jmifonoue, and have proved fatal to children and adult.s. laj
a lethal case reported by King, of Bombay, the symptoms were burniug pain'
beginning in the epigastrium and sulisequently involving the whole body,
niifori!eciou»ncw. Irisniu". and eoiivulKinnc. The pupils were widely dilated.
A decoction of the leaves and bark is popularly used in the south of France
as a lotion iu various diseases of the sKin. Dr. von Ocfeic has recently ad-
vocated the use of oleander as a auixedaneum lo digitJilis in cuse» where that
latter fail* or is ill borne, and reports seventy-four eases of cardiac disease!
in which it was found advantageous. Its principal effeet is said l« be th«]
dinunulion of thi? nipidity of tlie pulse. Oleander incpeases the blood-
pn.-jsure and proinoles the action of the kidneys. The influence upon the
circulation coiilinued, in soitic instances, as long as two weeks after cessationj
of administration. Oleander was given in the form of a Kt-pir-cent. tinct-J
urc, in doses tif 1.30 e.eni. (or m.\x) tliree times a day. The fluid e.xtract
a belter preparation, in doee of 0.0(! to 0,18 ccm. (or iwi-iij).
OLttTM nEIIOAUOTT.C. 873
According to the writer ((itot4.-(l, oIi'iin<ler U useful iu dienscc vt the
Ibdneir aarl nivwHTiliuni and m atheroma. It is contra-indicated hy the
prcscD<^« of votnilinK or diarrhwu.
H OLEim JETHEKEUU (U. S. P.).— Ethereal Oil. (See iEther.)
H OLEUH BEB'GAUOTTiE (t*. S.P.)-— OU of Beisunot.
^H Phartoacology and Therapy. — A volatik- uil from lh« Citrus Bpr:^fliniH
^B(Auraiitia<:i-n-). obtained hy ex|)i'cai-ion from the rind of the fre;«h Iriitt.
^Vwhii'h ali'o ooiiliiiiis Bei^ptene, or bcrgiirimt outii])hor. Thi- odor uinki's
^P Iwrgamiit valiiulih- in pi-i'luinirv; and It prolnabl^v haH anti^eptiir and sliiuu-
I latiagqunlitu-6, but ie not used mvdicinallj:.
OLEVK CADINTJM i r S. P., B. P.).— Oil of Cade.
Pbuiueolo^ and Therapy. — Osde-oil i> iibiaimd hj iht- tlfstruc-
'live distillation of juniper-wood; it is tarry and «mpyreuniutir. In ai-nrt-h-
isg oil of cade for the icrpono, cadtnene, 'rro(;g<:r and F^ihlmann' found
it pnsent only in email tiuantitice, the chief constituent of the oil uppearin>;
1 1« tic a wMjiii terpen e. which was optically inactive and boiled at 2.">ii*-3fii>°
C, Thp oil of cade is useful as a stimulant application in chronic eczema
I and in [tforiaeifi. In the IhIUt miiludy, after the scuIch have been n iiiovi'd,
, Hehra'ii mi Hli Heat ion of Wilkinson's ointment often proves of considerable
M'J. The formula ie us follows;—
B Rulpbiirl* •ubliiMtl Ulft Gta. or S**-
Otei odini IGJ coni. or (3*a.
SBponia viiidi*,
Adipi* BO 311 dm. or Si-
0***e pnf»t*UB . , . . ~ lOJ Obi. or Sil«.
K. (t It- tin^
The followjnc inixture, which win readily bo weakened if it proves too
irritant, has also l>een recommended: —
^ft B 01*1 cuilni 43()i few. or Civ.
^H Tr, ijuilbiju: 37 cvui. or tZx.
^m aiyttrit. Binylt 473| ccm. or f!x»j.— M.
^^ Oawher' recommends a mixtnre of oil of cade in acetone collodion as
having s]M>eial adrantagM in iworiasis, hchenoid uci:emn, simple chronic
ItdieD, nummular eczema, seborrhteic eczema, and in lichen planus. For
patiUies of pHoriasift, it ii! prefenble to chry»ophunie IrHumaticin, He rec-
unnwDds that only pure oil of cade from juniper and water-free acetone l>e
naed. mhiTwij^c the preparation will not adhere satisfactorily.
OUUM CAJUPtTTI (l*. S. P., U. P.).— OU of Cajuput.
|9oM, 0.06 to 0.^ e.cin. (or mi-v).
Preparation.
'SpiritHii Ojnputi (It. P.). — Spirit of Oaju)>ut Irontalm nil at enjiipiil, 5 «.cri.,
OtHlm; alrolioi, OOejiai.. or ISxiij). I>i>«o. 0.3U to 1.^ C.cni. (or mv-xk).
?liannacolo^. — 'Pie volatile oil of cajuput is dintilli'd from tho leaves
[nf Mt'lalcu'ii lo'iii'iuleudron (Myrlac<«'): a tree of the Molucca?.
'4rrA d. Pl>«rm^ leOS. tOS.
<Cmi(t^» lie la Si>cim> PmiKaiM^ 4e DfTwnloloffi* H dn S^philifrapiile, 18M.
574
nq^g^tginrTic aobnts oh uRros.
Phjsiolo^icftl Action. — Localtv it is mbefacicnt. antispusmodic. rtni:
antUqitii;. Inu-riiully it is carminative, diaptiorvlic, and diurolic, ami iom«-
whst stimnlstiiig to the circulation. It is of a green color, and has a cam-
phoTaceou« odor and nculrul reaction.
Therapy. — Extenjally it has been used aa a counter-irritant, ueually
dilutL'd with tiwoot oil, in myolgiii and ehilblsins, and in vnriotu paraailic
utfections, such as tinea, pityriasis, eczema, scabies, etc. Uclraux statee thiil
be has found oil of cajupul to Ixi an ctTic-ucioue application in psoriam and
roEScea. It may also sen-iceably enter into the coropofitioD of a Gtimiilatine
ointment for alopecia. This oil hos been tuccewrnuy iLic-d, luitably dihtli-^
with an emulsion, as an injection for aecarides, or seat-wamis. Diluted with
glycerin or olivu-oil ii i» a good local application in ear-ache. A drop of oil
of cojuput upon cotton placed within the cavity of a carious tooth reliere
toothache. Thit reincdv has aUo been given internally as a vermifuge.
The oil of cajuput nas been used with advantage to relieve the proetra^
tion of typhoid fever. This remedy t* of scn'icc in intestinal colic, cholera
morbus, and nervous vomiting, and also relieves nervous dysphagia, hic-
cough, and dy»pnc»a, and it id Raid t" allay the pain of dysraenorrhtea. Its
jirincipRl use internally is for its stomachic effects as an adjuvant to tonic
rcniedic-ii. It ha;* been admini^lorod in compHratively larger doSM (1 to -t
tr.i-ni., or mxv-Ix) in the collapse stage of chuk-ra, with good results. It is
claimed to be useful in rheumatism and in various skin diseasea. The oil
of ttiaouli or miaoiili, derived by distiUiition fr'>m the leaves of Mcluloiica
viriditloria, a large tree of New Calcdonin, pomii'siics properties very similar
to those of the oil of cajuput. Niaouli-oil is of a pale-yellow color, has a
laale which recalls that of pepperiniut, aud ia anaiogoua in chemical com-
position to t*?rpiiiol. It is Miiltiblo in alcohol, ether, and bcnzin. Xiaouli-
oil is well borne by the stomach and has been given in dosea of 0.34 com.
(or Hiiv) ill fimilgioii or capsule- It is said to hovean excellent effect in bron-
chitis, and in pulmonary tuberculosis it markedly diminishes the expectora-
tion. Niaoiili-oii has also bc-i-n used by Dr. Blanc in oilier conditions for
which the oil of cajuput is given.
OLETTH CROTONIS {B. P.).— Croton Oil. (,See Oleum Tiglii. TT. S. P.)
OLEUM EEIGERONTIS (T. S. P.).— Oil of Erigeron.
Dose, U.CU to 2 c.cm. (nr r/tx-xx.i;').
Pharmacology. — "A volatile oil distilled from the fresh flowering herb
nf EriKcron Ciuiiidt use," or Canada tlcn-bnne (Conipc'sita')- It is an amber-
colored liquid, with slightly-pungent taste and eharscterislie aromatic" odor,
resembling that of turpentine. It has diuretic and hmmostatic properties,
Hie fluid extract (alcoholic) is also used. Dose, 4 to ".!) e.cm. (or fSi-ij).
Thcrapy.^ — The oil of erigcron is very etlicient in cases of uterine hiem-
orrhjigp (nietvorrhagia). especially when of passive character. Menorrhagia
may likewise he checked by the inhibition of this remedy. It has also been
used in conlrollirig other hicmorrhnges, such as epiitaxi.i.
HffimorrhaKe from the bowel is similarly arrested by the oil of crigeron.
Erigcron is often an effectivi.^ remedy in hiemoplysis. Dr. de Puy Mates that
he hajt need this remedy with success in diarrhcca and dropsy, and it ha«_
proved succcssfid likrwi»c in dysentery.
This remedy may be given simply dropped upon sugar, in an emulsion
OI.SrU llOBRUtTJ'»
r>T«
or ID copeiil^. It ])aE nUo eome iiiiltitncc over the gcnilo-uriiiarv mucous
Ricmhruor MDiilar to oil of lurpentine, but it is less irritattii);. It has l>een
found useful in the di-clining etago of gonorrhcca.
OLEUM MORaHUa (U.S. P., B. P.). — Codliver-oil (Oleum Jeoorua
Aaelli).
Doae, 4 to 15 ccm. (or f5i-fon)>
FliBnitaool(^. — "A fixM oil, obtained from the fresh lirer of Gadug
Morrbua, luid of other spectes of <Jadua (claes. PiHres; order, Teleoeti*;
family, IJadidB)" (U. S. P.). "the oil (rxtracti-d from tlic fresh liv«f of tlie
cod, <iaduH Morrhiia, by the application of a temperature not exceeding 180°
V.', and from vrhich solid fat has bcpn scparntcd by riltrnlion ut atxiut 23°
F. (B. P.). It is uaually a colorless, or etraw-polored. thin, oily, liunid,
eoiuittin^ chicfljr of Olem, u-ith characteristic alkaloidnl ind acid, fatty
ptiDciuteit. The best oil is ^t from the Lofoten Islands, Norway, from our
New England coast. Xova Scotia, and Newfoundland. It contains a peculiar
principle named Oadain. wilh Trimethylamin. and tracea of iodine, bro-
nine. phosphoric and eulphiiric nciil!-. imd liiliiiry »ilte. (Sood oil xhould
not hsiv a tirongr. tiyhy sinfll or 1a>ti>: «ihouId not d<>jio»ii much granular
fat at i'i' v., and should, when trmted with i-ulphiinc ncid. give a violet
rolor- reaction, chanjcing to brownlftb red. If 1 drop of the oil bo diiisolvcd
IB SO drope of carbon disulphide, and the solution shaken with 1 drop of
fiilphuri<' acid, it irill ji»]tiirG a violet-blue tint, rapidly changing to roee-
red and hrownii^h yellow. - Contact with nitric aeid and oil produces a red
color; on stirring with a g\af» rod the color becomea a bright roiie-red,
npidly changing to Itmon yellnw. The intptJlipitions of Gnulier nnd
Uonrgues in I8S8, into the composition of codlivor-oil, showed itn com-
plex character; they claimed to have found M'veral new alkulotdf, butyU-
miDe, amjlamine, oxylamine. dihydrobutylamine, oxycolUdine, nicomor-
rfanin«, dihydrohitidiue, a*elliiie, and inorrhuiDc. besides an unstable, fatty
niWance, morrhuic acid, containing phosphorus and resembling lecithin of
iwrtc-tiwuc.
The alkaloids exist principally in the fawn-colored oil and result from
an autocligcation of the livers at the end of three or four days of maceration.
From the study of sections of Ihe fresh liver of the cod by J. Rouillot,
howevrr, it woidd appear that the alkaloids found in eodliver-ail exist in the
hepatic tissue normally, as he detected crystals of the alkaloids by the uac
of the microK'ope.
These alkaloids— or, at least, some of them— are now being prepared
for medicinal use, and the following free bases and salts can be obtained:
Amyline, with its hydrochlorate, bydrobromate, and bitartmte; dihydro-
Intimne, with its bilarlrale; oxycollidine and its hydrochlorate; nicomor-
riiuiiic and lis hydrochloraie; and morrhuine.
Tnder the name of Oaduol. or Morrhuol, M. Chapoteaut has isolated
tbn* principb'f, in l\n- form <'f an niiib(-r-)>rown, bitter, aromatic li<}Hid,
partially crTslallixing at a low femperatiirc, and consisting of the free oleic
add of the oil. alkaloidif, and ihe falty combinations with sulphur, iodine,
braaipe, and phosphortts. Thus, morrhuol represents the medicinal value
of codliver-oil in vr-ry miuh reduced bulk. The ncunl dose of morrhuol is
1 or 2 eapsules, each containing 20 ccm. (about miiiss) taken with or rtn-
Mdmtelj after meaN. Children tnke 2 to 4 daily and adults 6 to 8 daily.
pnAnaACBmcAi. thkbaphutio .mirktb na dbwob.
Cii|iKiiK-i^ iif iiiurrliiti)! on-oiiottf iimy nl(M> W oljlainicl (ttich <:onUining 8 '/«
minima of HH'rrhuol and 1 minim of pure heecli-wooJ creoeote).
Fhyftioli^cal Action. — Kxlcmnlly, oodlivL-r-oil tela aa a bland oil with-
out causing inilstion, and is even instilled into the eye by ocalJEls, It«
flahv aatll a an objection to iU ii«c by inunction, and yet in infantti this is
such a valuable method of introducing it into the blood that the objection
is overlooked. Applied to Ihc siirfare in fever*, it retlHWii bodily tempera*
tiire. Internally, in doses suited to the powers of assimilation, it incrt-asw)
the U[ipi-tiU' and impnivti. nutrition, enhances the niimbtr of n-d blood-cor-
puficles, elimuJatcs healthy eel I- formation, and exerts an alterative effect,
Morrhiml, not being fatly (to llu' i*amc extent, at least). doe» not directly
increxBe the bodily weight, but otherwise acts physiologically in the same
manner as the oil. Acconling to Gautier and Mourge«, inany of the *]ka-
loidB of codliver-oil, as butylamine, amylamine, and eapecialljr morrhuine,
togolhor with morrhuic ntid. stimulate Ihe nervoii* system, promote ti««ue-
change, cause a lapid increase of the urine and perspirution, and, propor-
tionately, nharpen tbc appetite. In nddilion, the phosphorus exi«(« in or-
ganic combination capable of beins readily appropriated by young cells.
The amociation at fatty bodies with biliary maMer promotes absorption and
assimilation. The properties of the iodine and bromine are also enhanced
by the 8talc of organic combinatinn in which they exist.'
Itouillot has extended to the human subject the experiments niad« by
Gaulier and Mourgues upon anininli^. ITis rt*earchos confirmed those of the
latter observers. The urea n-as greatly increased as well as the quantity of
the urine. Analyses furthermore dcmonntnited that the augmontntion of
urea was due to a more complete oxidation of nitrogenous matter.
Krythema or acne is sometimes due to the internal une of codliver-oil.
Therapy. — In children nulTt-ring with marasmus, scrofula, chronic skin
afleelions, niberculosif, and wasting diseases generally, the use of codliver-
oil by inunction daily, or st'vcral times a week, produces rapid improvement.
The patient is stripped and the oil applied over the surface of Ihe body, with
the mnnipulations of massage, before u warm lire; a blanket is wrapped
around him, which is to be kept on for an hour or two; the excess of oil
is then removed by a wnnn balfi containing a little whisky or bay-rum. In
this liny the child does not have such a dimgrceahle odor as when the oil
is simply applied under its hinder. In the cccliac affection of children, char-
acIeriKod by suspension of function of the panercns, this method is particu-
larly applicable, and is nbBoJufely necessary in order to keep up nutrition.
In cases of whooping-cough similar inunctions to the chest are very service-
able. These inunctions are likcwii-c valuable in the case of children ex-
hausted by chronic diarrhisa, and of adultit who suffer with chronic dyten-
tcry and scaly skin diseases. The daily inunction of codliver-oil is of some
service in reducing the susceptibility to taking cold. The local application
of this agent is useftt! in chronic rheumatism and rheumatoid arthritis. The
inli-rnij] adniini.ilrnlion or external u.ie of codliver-ni! is advisable in rachitis
and laryngismus stridulus. As un internal remedy it is sometimes effective
in habitual constipation in children. This oil has been used with adranfage
in diabetes mellilus ehnnietenzed by great debility, and is especially indi-
cated if it is n«sooiatcd with pulmonary tuberculosis.
' Annalet it Thfrapfttttque mdieoCMrurffUxilfa. Maidi, ISOO.
OLEi-u uoRniii;.*.
&77
' ^ndUv^r-oil is used int«mall]r as « nutrient as well as a mcdicipc. Its
vatai* li iDwt laarltod in cJironic disorders attended bv raAlnutrition, in
pbtbtsis, chronic pulmonsr; processes, rheiuiutic uffoctione, rhoumiitold
uUiritUr ind atlicronia. It a «t«o very tiMiftil in nervous aflections, chorea,
nenrmlgis and epilepsy, in ej'pbilitic and strumous cacliexia, and various erup-
tioB* upon tli« ekiD due to U\tm. la coin*alc«ccnce front many diseases
indliver-oil is an easily-as.'jmilated form of nourishment. Chronic gout is
unflinntvd by the administration of codliver-oil. In clirontn bronchitis it
is i>f ^rvice, faciliiatiufr expectoration and promoting the nutrition of tlic
diMMcd membrun*'. It is also a valuable remedy in emphysema. Oodllver-
aS ii indicated in caries or necrosis of bone due to tuberculosis. In ncuraE-
tbtnia it may be given with advuntagv. The exhibition of this reroedjir is
ot Mpecial utility in many cases of convalescence from measles or scarlatma.
Id pannus and chronic conjunctivul afTections, codliver-oil has been instilled
iato the eye with good results.
Bouiilot found that the administration of the alkaloids of oodliver-oil
was of decided benefit in the treatment of amenorrhceic and neurasthenic
girl*, fecbly-noiirishcd cliiMrenr and old persona sufFering from olironic bron-
chitis. They were well bonie by those who were unable to take the oil.
Special Forms. — There can be no question ihut the diieestibility of the
oil is increased by mechanical and chemical conditions, as when given in the
ffirm of a good cmuI»on (not a soap, but a minute subdivision of fat-glob-
ules in a mucilaginous medium, resembling milk), and by the addition of
Katatin. and also by ai^nciation with ocrlain restorative agents, like Ukc
,.A(ilM)q>hite8 or calcium lactophospbate. The immense demand for these
mufiont, ititnulated by judicious adveTtt.<(in}i, tiai; led to a very larj^e pro*
dnctioD and much competition among manufacturing pharmacists to sup-
nly the n.'quircment* of the physician and patient. In mnnufacturinj; on a
liig« scale, cost is carefully estimated, and the result iu many caws is thai
an intenor grade of oil is us«d. Pliy^idans fretjuently order an extein-
ponmeoBs emulsion nude with the best oil by responsible pharmacists, or
tnatnct patients how to make it (wbit« of egg, pancrealin, oil, and, if desired,
a Uttle whisky or Jamaica nun, stirred with on egg-beater or simply shaken
mother in a bottle, make a very acceptable preparation). The following
ambination has been recommended: To the juice of 7 lemons add 6 fresh-
laU eggs, shells and all, iind bi-at them together thoroughly. Allow Ihcm
In riand in a cold place for four days, and then add a pint of codliver-oil
and hkit a pint of Jamaica rum. Thi« mixture is well shaken and then
■bained through muelin; a tablespoonful may be given three or four times
a day. A •erriceablc emulsion for children is made by rubbing together
mdliver-oil and extract of malt (or msttine), equal parts. Oubh maintains
that «odliver*oii form* a solution with aqueone extract of malt, and that
tkk combination is the most efficient means of dixt^iiising the la«te of the
id. If then arc fi»by eructations. liijiiid {jamrobilin may bo given with
the aQ, or liquor pancreaticus, which will emulsify the oil and favor its
ri>"irplirn.
A .10-per-cent. emulsion may readily be made by rubbing togelher 8
ftTtt of the oil with 3 parl^ each of cond<-n««-d milk, and glyeonn, or syrup,
««'' 3 parts of water. A few drops of oil of bitter almond or winteigreen
' (he mixture more palatable. A codlivcr-oil jelly may be prepared by
*MAiuf! & parts of gelatin in 30 parts of water for a few hour*, healing until
S78
SDTIOAL THERAPEnTIO AOBKTB OB DRUC
diHsolved, adding 30 pnrU of ».vrii|), (iiid rmally 60 part* of co J liver-oil, to
which Bome flavorinjtr ail has been added. The mixture should be stirred well
•nd poured into wide-mouthcd bottles or jarv.
The following emulsions, eontaining codliveivoil irill be found to bo
Mrnccablc: —
B Old miinliuip,
Glycerini,
Olvi I'iiiiittinunii [n ii.titt. or mx.
M. et ft. emuL ciwt.
Kg;.! A Ubleapoonful Uirra tiraei, a day. Volunliln (or tuhn't^ultwii, debility,
olinwiio *kin diMows, tuoh m «CMm*> iwonuUi aniBv *u)d mUoitIicm.
it Olnl morrhuiD 840| ccm. or fSvllj.
Iilctuor paacnalinl
ccm, or (Jij,
Gm. or 3iij.
Pulvnu mTTulkie •• ..>... i
M. ct H. rmul miat.
8i^.: A tablwpoonful Just belora meals. Cm In d»bUSty And ytuk digtalia
R Olci morrhuiE,
1.l>|iiiTr iiili'is na IGOj e.vta. or t$r.
OTci gnutUirrin JBO cnn. or wx.
M. ct fL miuL ini«t.
Sig.i A doMi-rtitpuiniftil 11itv« times tt ity. Serviceable in scrofula, tuberculosis,
sad ill diroiik' tikin dinL-iiHT4,
R Ulvi inorrhuw.
Svrup. pruai Virg.,
Ext. mnltl ,-.
M. et ft. eiiiuL mist. I
Sig.: A lablmpooiLfuI tliree tJuieii a daj-. Einploy in ileliilily, in dtuairs ol lli«
tliront. Biid in chronic bronchitis and tuberculous.
B Olci niurrhuw.
Spiritus vini Gallid.
Sjnip. h>'po|ilin»phll[ cum (crrn ,,,,,«« 1201 ccm. ot IS'V.
Ol. RHinth. pip |flO can. or mx.
M. et tt. rmul, mist.
Sig.: A tAbleepvonful tlU'W times » dsy. For syphilis. scnxIiJa, ftnd ehroaic dis-
fta 120| tJfm. uT fjlv.
S OIU IBwrhlUB 1E0| cpin. or fjiv.
Old euoslypti,
CreosoU sa jOO ccm. or mx.
Spiritus icthcrb comp 30{ ccm. or fSJ.
M. ct ft. emul. mint.
Sig,: Two tcnapoonfuts thn* tim<« a day. Benc'flolal in tuberculosis and chronic
tuberculosis.
I
The proliminar.v adrntniittration of an ethorcal pfcparaUon, like Hoff-
man'ft anodyne or pure ether, in cold water will favor the dij^'stJon of the
oil by stimnlnliiig the flow of the panereatic fluid. An addition of 1 per
cent, of oil of eucalyptue is Mid to make it more acceptable to the palate.
It is 8 good plen to eat a slice of lemon after taking the plain oil, in order
to r«move the oily taste from the mouth. A piece of pickle before and after
taking Ibe oil i# stated to produce the samo effect. Numerous other meth-
ods have been suggested in order to coneciil the taate of codliver-oil and aid
its as^irailolion. .\tcohol in some form is frei|ucn1ly used for this purpose.
W«iihing the mouth out with brandy or wliisky will partially obtund
OLBCU UYBCLK.
559
of tuto, so ttiat • doM of oil may be i)uickly swnllowed without eicil-
ff iniK'h seiualion. The oil may be poiirfd into tin* fnitli of bcor in such
muimcr as not to touch the nlgc of the filnss, or it may be taken in a hot
"fiiinch. A f«nr drops of chloroform nil), it is enid, disiJiiiH; tho td»tc. A little
mM, taken juBt before «nd after the oil, has been recommended. Some
)irvfi-r to Uke it in black cofTcc. It is fluted that toniolo>CAl8up eoverit the
taMtv of codliver-oti, and that chewing; smoked herring, or a sardine, accom-
pUstics the Mine purpose. Others adtnini^lcr it in milk or in lime-water, to
which a drop or two of some essential oil may be added. A formula given
by Seif{ may cflccluully disguise tho ta«lc, while the odor of the mixture r«-
wmblM that of roasted meal: —
It OW mofrhutt SOTdl c.em. or fjlxx.
Cn'nanti 2p0 c.em. or mxl.
SacdMrin. |lT Cm. or gr. 11m.— H.
Tho following oombinntion it recommended by Eisenschilz for the pur-
ot di^isin); the taste of the oil: —
B Olal nMRhuit BO e.i-iu. or rSUj.
Suthatin. ZS Gm. or gr. jr.
£tker Bcptic. S c.-in. or »m.
U. IbaKwI of tlw aevOc mImt. S drops of mmdco oI |>opponn)nt or 1 or S drop*
■icnee ol eintnunoo mnjr bo uaod.
Some patients prefer to take the oil before meals, and find the enicta-
do not occur, as when taken after eatinj?. The mistake is generally
3c of givinj; it in doee« larjtvr than can be digested, with the r«iiult of dis-
ordering the stomach and even exciting diarrh<ea. A fcrmted codlivcr-oti is
made tiy dinolring 10 parts of iron benioate in 1000 parts of the oil, with
the aid of gentle heat and frequent agitation. It is ft clear, reddish-brown
liquid. The oleate of quinine may be combined with it in any desired
quantity.
An arsenical codliver-oil ia prepared by warming 0.5 Gm. (or gr. viiss)
of arsenous oxide with 'iO c.cm. (<>r f5v») of absolute alcohol in a i^mull flask;
the addiliiiu of n small particle of potassium carbonate causes solution of the
oxide without itself undergoing any change. The solution, being filtered,
i» added to 1.500 cem. (or ()iiif.^vj) of codlirer-oil and warmed on a water-
bath until the alcohol is dissipated. The oil is perfectly transparent, and the
preparation can be admini^lcn-d to children in doses of */, to 1 te«spoonfu1.
OLEUJt MYSCLffi {V. S. P.>.— Oil of Myroia, Oil of Bay.
Prc^Mirafum.
EJitrittu UyrciK lU.S. P.). —Spirit o4 Mttpu (b*y-nim). Kxlrmal luc.
Fbtnntoolo^ and Therapy. — Tlic oil of myrcia is '"a tolatile oil db- '
liBed from the loaves of Myrcia acris {Myrtacese)," or bay-tree, of the Weot
India Inlands. It contains Eneenie acid n:t<t a hydrocarbon. It is used only
■f a perfume. The spirit, or l>ay-rum, is sn agreeable cooling application in
fetprs, headache, etc.
OIETfU N£ROLI.— Oil of Heroli, Tolatile Oil of Oranire-flowert. The
nf ncroli is distilled from the flowers of (^trus aurantium and Citrus
'm
mARUACECTICjlt. TIIEHAl>i;imc AGKXTS OR DBl'CS.
vulgaris (Aurantisceie). Dissolved in alcohol (2 p*r cent.) it forms the spirit
of neroli, used for flnvorinp, Ttu- oil of tnT"li in oblaiiu'd in ilio dintillation
of orange-flower water, but is not the earae volatile oil as that contained in
the watL-r (hcu Aqua Auruitii Flomm), and ornngo-tlowiT water cannot )>e
made from the oil of ni'ioli.
I
OLEUM OUVa: (U. S. p., B. p.)-— Oliv'-oil- Sweet Oil.
PhRrmacology. — Olive-oil h "• fixed oil exprcMcd from the ripe froit
of Oka eiiropa-fl (Olearea;)." It connslfi largely of OUin (more than two-
thirdB}. with goidl' solid fut. Tripalmitin. The best or virgin oil ic oblaitii.><]
from the ormhed ripe fruil, by txpreMion without heat; a second quality
is obtained by the addition of hot water to the same eniehed fruit and fx-
presiiing again. Au inferior grade iti made from the residue, after hoiliuKr
with the aid of very strong pressura. Thu beat is nearly tastok-«s and with-
out color, the second has more taMe and color, and the third is dark and
more or less rancid, with stron;; odor. Tho better varieties are used upon
the table, as tialacNoil, and also in pharmacy. Olive-oil enters into lead plaster
and (Jiuchylon ointment. Colton-sccd oil and peanut-oil are used very
largely iifl ^iibftiuilefi, but bavc- not the agreeable flavor of oHvc-oil.
Physioloipcal Action and Therapy. — Olire-oil is a lubricant and is
added to poultices, as an emullieni, in pneumonia and in skin diseases. Car-
bolizcd oil (1 to !i4) is a vuhiabk dressing for wounds. Internally, olivc-oil
is nutritions and laxative, and is a purgative for infanta (in doses of a tea-
spoonful). Hnring: its use. the infant may pass lumps of white fat, resem-
bling beans, comporteil of undigested tripalmitin. In adults, it is a useful
rt'mcdy in all forms ol irritant poigoning. exwpt that hy phosphdriis; it iB
also a good enema. Given internally, in the doee of 15 to 30 c.cra. (or fssa-j).
olivv-oil will ofUrn relii;ve simple constipHtiun in adult*, especially when lh«
condition has been produced by opium. It may be employed with advan-
tage a* n dcmuU'cnt Inxalive in hfrmorrhoidH and fi:^urc of the anus. Much
has been written of late concerning the value of this oil in gall-stone and
hepatic colic. Ithn»been freely adminiflercd in large doses (90 to 180 ccm,,
or foiii-vj) and was thought to aid in the expulsion of the concretions. While
it i»ccnis to have soimr power to allovialo pain, it ha* no other iuflut-ncc, and
the stones supposed io be passed during its use have been shown to be, in
many cases, merely fatty inas-ies.
Olive-oil. in iWes iucreusing from 15 to 90 c.cm, (or f^ss-iij), has be*n
known to catise the disappearance of obstructive jaundice. Dr. Oliver re- j
ports one case in which jaundice had been present for ten months, but van-^|
ishcd within three weeks under the use of olive-oil. At the *arav time th«^^
general condition improved. The ingestion of a tumblerful or more of the
oil during Hio day h an old treatment, recently revived, for lead colic. It is
particularly advocated by Dr. Weill, of Lyons. It is stated that pain i.* re-
lieved from the beginning of |he treatment, thai conitliptilion begins to yield
on the second or third day and is soon succeeded hy diarrhtra. The free
evacDiition of the bowels is attended hy the subsidence of the nervous mani-
feslatJoQs.
The ln(e Dnjardin-Beaumetz expressed a favorahlo opinion of the action
of olive-oil in hepatic colic, and remarks that failure constitutes tlie cxce}H
tion, that the large doses are well borne and do not oaiiw! vomiting. He w;
in the habit of combining ox-gall with the oil in the proportion of 1 pa
OLBCSI OLITJS.
581
it Ihe former to 10 parts o( the latter. Rosenberg liae expcrimciitally deni'-
jutralvd that oli^-e>oil stimti]iiti« tlic MiCTX'tion of bilo atiil promotes it
luidily. This writer reprds the l)ile as the itnmediate af;iMit in the n-mov
''Of calculi.
In tjiihoitj fever Dr. Owen F. Paget has used olive-oil by rvctul injeo-1
tion. with g(HMl ri'!iult». Itcduct ion of ti-mjiurnlure wan noted and ia-
Ivstinal complii-'atioue were wantint; in hie ca^'h; diarrha-a was not ft
cnntm-indiration. but rather un itiHiontiuii for itit \i»v, according to thiaJ
writtT. Tlu! tgiioiiliiy used wan 17:) (..cm. (or Oj) once daily, the same t<l1
\»o rvtjiined from twelve to twenty-four hours.
In R-arliitina and other febrile nlTe«tion», the application of oil to the
ikin reduces the temperature. In the deequamattvc stage of ecurlaliua it
of prophylactic utility by rc»trBini»>r the disperaion of sealea through the
ilmosphete. Ulive-oil has likewise been used by inunction in wattiog di»*
aaaca, and i% of undoubted service, though of 1im.s value than eodlivcr-oil. In
t c«e of oitreme weakness and emaciation due to malipniint strielure of the
a*ophngii«. Cain] practiced intramujicviUr injectionii of sterilized olive-oiL«
It ia staled that considerable benefit resulted from this procedure, and it icI
suggested that other conditions might be advantageously treated in the same
Dunncr.
Inaccts. which occasionally Und their way into the external auditory
mpatuB. may be easily removed by dropping a small quantity of this oil into
the canal. The late Dr. C. It. I-Inrley administered sweet oil freely in cases
of BOB ke- bites, and said that it had never failed in his hands. According to
I>r. Ci^wnville, of Lausanne, the injection of 3 c.cm. (or mxxx) of slcrilixed
fi.livisoil in oUtinnle aVd painful c«ee« of dry plouri^y i« of value by imi-
Btinf: Nature in providing a lubricating fluid. The oil is thrown into the
pleural sac, the «te of injection being the spot where friction-sounds arc
most dislinetly heard.
,K white emulsion is made by rubbing up powdered gum acacia (^0 Qia.,
orgr. cceviij) with oliveniil (00 ccm., or f,^ij), aud when thoroughly mixed
lually addiug orange-Bower water and syrup (of each. 00 c.cm,, or f^ij).
L ii BBed, either atone or in combination with opium, in treating dysentery,
(tcBeimus, irrilatiou of the boweli'. etc.
Upaain is an artificial mixture, intended as a substitute for codliver-oiL i
' It ns devised by von Mcring, and consists of ti parts of oleic acid to each '
100 of olive-oil. It is free from di-ingreeable odor end taste, and i» readily
enuUilied and easily digested; it may be given with calcium and sodium
bjpopho«phitcs (0.65 Gm., or gr. x, of eaeh) several timt-ii a day. (lalatti^
Sms hpanin palatable and veil borne by children; under its use they in-
ttcmv in weight and appetite, but the tuberculous process does not seem to
b« inOaenced by it. It costs more than codliver-oil.
Von Uering has n]ta prep»re<I a mixture known as tonic chocolate,
fUch consists of chocolate to which oleic aeid has been added, and may be
wed lo some ejclent to lake the place of eodliver-oit.
Another proposed substitute for codliver-oil and which has> the merit of
palalability cOTi«ista of linKcvd-oil, t<^ethcr with ferric hypophosphite, oil of
eocalypitia, oil of ganliheria, Irish moss, marshmallow, glycerin, and diluted
hydrocyaoic acid.
'-Anniu] or lb* UnmrMl Uedicnl Science*." ISHO, vol. v, p. A-BS.
JtB8 ruASUAcecTicAL TmntAPsmc agents or vbugs.
The lUuloids, or active principles of codlirer-oil^ are administcrL'^ in
pill form, or in combinstion with wine, or tonic rvmcdivs, in tho trcatiueoC^
of plithisiii and other wasting diseases.
OLEUM PINI (B. 1'.).— Oil of Pine.
BoBC, K,;U' U> n.Hi' f I'm. (i^r riiv-x).
Phannaoology and Therapy. — An oil is distilled from the fresh leATcal
of Piniis Pumilio, growing on the iimiintiiia« of Switxoriunil. Austria, and
Hungary. The oil is nearly colnrlc^, liaving a pleasant aromatic odor and
pungent tusti'. AccanJing to the invostignlions of Sehimmi^l, oil of pine
contains Uero-pinine and la^vo-]ili(>lIandrene, also notable quantiti^ of esters
of bomcol, euch as bo nteol -acetate.
In the German »|ia:t [lini-nil is lh<^ ino#t potent agent in the celebrate
"pine-cure" treatment for catarrhel iiffections of the respiratory tract, oe
Wtfll as m the trralint-nt for pulmunnry l>ibcTi:nlo«i*; in the former condi-
tions the oil may be used by inhalation, and in the latter this trratnivntl
may bo <;nhnnoi'(i by admiui«lcring it iuternolly in the fonn of capsules of
t),30 to U.60 c.cni. (or mv-x) Ihree times daily.
OLEITM EICINI (T. S. 1'., It. I'.).— Csitor-oiL
Lose, 4 to 30 ccm. (or fSj-Jj).
Prtparaiion.
ICMun Old Rjcinl (RP.).— Cisloroil Jlixture (cnaior-oil, 73 ejoi.; luu
Of acftdse, dttJi ejna.; onmgc-Ilowrr watnr. 2.'^ cent.: cinnamon n^nicr. 02.& ccin.t.
Dow, 30 to W o.cin. (ortji-ijl.
Fharmacolog;. — Castor-oil is "a fixed oil, expressed from the Meda o;
RiciuuK cummiini^" (Enphorbiaceic), cullivated largely as an ornamental
plant in our gardens, cominR originally from India. The oil should be ob-
tained without heiU t^imply by crushing and pressing <hc sCGd.4. It consiets
mainly of ricinoleic acid, combined with the base glyceryl as Kiotnoleate of
glyceryl, together with other fixed oiU, a resiin, and possibly an alkaloid,
Bicinine (not purgative), and an acrid, drastic principk". It is a eolorlcK*,
rather viscid, oily liquid, of fiiinl, peculiar odor, and a bland, nauseating,
acrid taste. It is soluble in an equal pan of alcohol. It is a good addition
to liniments on aceount of its dcnaity, and enter* into the compound lini-
ment of mustard and flexible colloflion. Castor-oil is completely soluble in
absolute alcohol, which is employed as n test for the detection of impurities. ^_
Pure castor-oil dissolves in spirit of 0,83S specific gravity ul a temperaturO'^H
between 38' and 43' C. (100.4' to 109.4' F.), while foreign oils only dis-^
Bolvc at a considerably higher degree.' According to the invent igations of
H. Meyer, the purgative properties are due to pure rieinoleie acid and ita
glyceride, the ricinoleates of calcium and barium, and ricincloidic acid. Cai^
tor-oil ia soluble in ether. The seeds from which it is expressed contain a
highly irritant principle termed ricin. which renders them poisonous, and
tliree seeds have been known to occasion fata! gastro-enteritis in a man.
Physiological Action. — When applied lo the skin no irritation n-sults;
on the contrary, it is borne by the conjunctiva, acting as a protective anc^
scdatite. The nauseating larte is iurgely due to its odor, and it c«n be takea;
'J. Arlhiir Wil»on, in Jm<T<p(iii Journal nf Pkarmar]/. Ilee» IStW.
OLKrit BTCrST.
583
tnuclt bctt«T if the now he hdd <ltiring the net of swallowing. The odor mtiy
Also be ovcroome by peppermuit and other flavorinfi; ii^unt«. As o purgative,
it 19 claned as a laxntiv« in oinall doMS (0.60 lo 4 com., »r mx-f3j), beconi-
tsg more active in full doees (15 to 30 ccm., or f^se-j). The iuxativc effect
fMiilts about four lunmt after adminialrntion. Castor-oil will aomctimes
have a puruntive action when rubbed upon the abdomen of young children.
Therapy. — (Jaator-oii may be uaed im a lueiiHtrumn to retain drags in
contact with the i-urfaec. The following ie » suitable formula: —
S OMricini IS|
Aleoholia eOj
Tlnd. c*ntlia(i<1iM.
8pari(u* roamnriDJ uSOl
SpIritiH odorali f. il ad M0|
ccni- or (3m.
c.FTii. or fjij.
c.ciri. or (3J.
RjeuL or fSviij.-
-aj.
IF A drop of castor-oil in the eye will often relieve the irritation caused
by a particle of Nind, or by granuUr lidtt. Dr. S. Mitclidl hn# found a solu-
lioa of cocaine in castor-oil to be an excellent application to corneal ulcer,
nlitriDfi: pnin and healing the le«ion after othi-r solution* hud been iitied in
tain. Fomentations of the mammary glands with castor-oil plant It^vt-)),
wiltn] with hot water, urc Ufctul m promoting the secretion of tiiilk. A
fluid extract made from the leaves has been used in the same niuiiner and
llao given by (he mouth; a decoction has been employed in amenorrhina.
Castor-oil as a purgative is useful in thildren, and in pregn&nt women,
for piJff or figures of (he anus, or after psrlurition, acting without any irri-
tant effect, according to Urunton; but this is denied by Fordycc Barker,
who, twia clinical experience, declared thai Jl In not Huilable for Ruch casea,
and in pregnancy or after parturition aloes is a preferable purgative. Cas- '
r-oil is a good vermifuge, and should be given before and after the admin-
ration of other anlhclminttes. In acute diarrhoMi or dysentery*, treatment
luld commence with 4 to 7.3 com. (or r>i-ij) of oil. combined with 0.30 to
■SO ccm. (or nit-x) of laudanum. This removes irritating substances and
thea the intestines. Dr. Young, of Florence, has succeMfully treated
'sente diarrhcTO with small doses of castor-oil and suggests the following for-
nnla: —
B Olei rUini >■.■■....>.•>•>. 1
Sp. chlororormi 0
MorphUue hj^rochloratia >.■•••.
PuIt. anulB „.. 10
Byr. niinplida ■. IS
AijUB q. •. a<l 120
SO e.cni. or mxxiv.
ccm. or fSUa.
006 Ciu. or jtT. j.
Gm. or SiiM*.
C.WII, or IJm.
txm. or (Jir.
M. Sig.: A dcaMrtspoonfal nerjr hour and a lisif lor an adult.
Phillips, also, hss found the above mixture cfrieiicious. In chronic dy»- !
^tntei;, Brunton recommends 1 ccm. <or miv] of casior-oil with 0.30 to 0.60
fjem. (or tnr-x) of tincture of opium, ^iven three times daily, or used
b»: —
cjoii. or fSas.
rjem. or mx vel xxx.
m. ricini . 81
Tlitrt. trpk\ \mti>2\
SjT. ■aruparilJK vel
Aqav month, pip. *S\ ejem. or (JUa.
PnVf. aeanic <>■>•■. > ■]. ■.
Big.: Owe or two t««afiM«i(ta1a thrM or loiir tint* a day.
£84
PWXRVJiCmmCAh THRIIAPIinTIO AORHIS OR DRUGS.
In m-iirsI^iiiH. csix^ciiilly those affecting tlic trifndal nerve. Dr. Harold
Jf. Moyer. of Ciiicapo. has found caetor-oil reninrknlily I'lVicacioui!. Hu givefl
a Hinglr (loKc of 30 to 60 com. ^or f5i*ij)i usually in n little Hsss's ale. In
some cases this is given each mominf; before breakfast, with morkcd relief
from the pain. He advises, also, wanhin^ the oil by Hhakinj; it vith cold
water, when it hae become old and perhape a little rancid, or disagreeable
to the tantc.'
A tcaepoonful of oil will greatly relieve au infont eufferinf; with icutc
bronchial catarrh.
Special Ponni for AdMiiiistration.^lt may be given in soft eapaulea,
which I'lin bif .ibtiiiiii'd of any am- friini 0.60 to 15 com. (or mx-fSss). If the
oil be given Ibc dnt thing in the morning, an hour before breakfast, 0.60
to 1.20 c.cni. (or mx-sx) are generally sumcient to open the bowels. This
dote may be given in a teasjioonftil of peppermint -water aod brandy, the
proportion being &ueh that the oil neither Binkn nor swims in the mixture.'
Irfmon- or orange- juiee, coffee, froth of porter or beer, ore also used as
vehicles, but the liest is the extern poraneons dose prepared at the soda-water
fountain. It i^ i^tated in Merck's Reports that castor-oil may be made pala-
table by employing the following formula: —
R Suci^hurin
01H ^iilthfrln 1
Alcobolik IB
Old riotal , 473
'5 Gm, ftr ST. sij.
20 c.pro. or mxx.
c.Din. or rSir.
com. or O).
The following mixture is recommended by a contributor to the Atwri-
tan Dmigisl.'' In it the disngreeahle laste of the oil is rsplaced by a plcssaiit
flavor of almonda : —
B Cutor-4A SO parta.
nittrr olmondi ,, 2 part*.
t^vpit ...^ SO pvU.
Gum tnifpicMith 'Apart.
Omngv-floirer H«l«r ■.. ,.-, •••■ 10 puis.
W»ter IM porta.
The only drawback to this mixture is that a good deal of it ia required
for a dose, a teai^ponnful of the oil being conluined in about five tcaspoonful«
of the mixture. The taste of codliver-oil is tolerably well disguiccd by
highly-seasoned becf-Iwi. R. R. Mitvbell advices for the same puriioee a
mixture of equal parta of the oil, aromatic syrup of rhubarb, and cavimra
cordial. Pr. Wabab McMurray, of Sydney, Australia, says, to di^uise the
impleasant taste of castor-oil. a good idea ia to ask the patient lo take some
cream in tbt; moulb and apply it with the tongue ovlt tbc entire surface.
This prevents the oil from adhering to the raucous membrane. The taite in
said to be disguised bv hot milk. T part of the oil being shaken np with 4
of the milk. In children with griping diarrhcea and green stool* contain-
ing casein, to disguise the taste of the oil and not well, Dr. UeMurray rec-
ommends the followin" combination: —
'Journal of the Jnwrtoan Mrdieal .(fnocfuttnn. April 21, 1900. p. 0^1.
• HriiiiUm'n "PhsnnBfologr, Thentfiriitin. and Materia Mwtics." 1SS5. p.
'Boiton iltdical and Surgtoal Journal, ITvb. 12, iSitl, p. 1T3l
OLBUU ncT.i:. ^^^^ 583
B 01. ricliii 41 e.tm. or fSj.
UudL •caeiK ....•>. ^ t.
TlnoL opii ....,...., .4 [30 ccm. or mr.
A<|uie niealh. pip. vel
AfiM ^lilorofMnil B0[ cent, or 1^.
U. Sig.! A leaapoonful ercry four houn.
.K Tonnula for a psiotable cnstor-oU ii thus given by N. J. Pritzker: —
it OL riciai Mj <.tm. or tSlij-
VitrtliiiN avi.
OL amfgdal. MiMr. . . jli! «.cni. or Ml).
Lutia recMtia <(• ^^ ■■) ^^l '''^- "^ ^''•
The oil riioiilfl be addi-d slowly to tho «p:jc;-yoIk, triturating thoroHghly.
and the other insredienta are afterward added. The roixhin- can be tnk«n
in milk, *yrup. or wino. 'ITic tattc may uUo be ma.iked by mixing the oil
with an e^jual part of plvccrin and addin;; 2 or 3 drops of the oil of cinna-
mon or of Kuulthorin to L-ach duiio. According to a method devised by
Toellner and Bergmann, the finest castor-oil is repeatedly trt-ated with hot
«at«r, sffcetcaed witli culTicient eoccharin to giv« it the fiavor of syrup, and
tb« last trace of its orip;inal taate disguised by small quantities of oil of cio*
lumMi and «B«n«e of vanilla.
OLETTM BUTJE.— Oil of Bne.
Phan&tcolog:>'.— Uil of me is a volatile oil distilled from Huta grnTO-
okns (EtittaeeK;, Riitege). Its color is light yellow, which becomes brown
wlirn the oil is long kept: the taste is sharii and bitter: the odor is aromatic,
<lifaK^v««bU-, and dititinetive. I^iig oil !# »oluble in all proportions in abso-
inte alcohol. The oil is obtained from the leaves, which uUo contain u yellow
cntnrin^ matter called rutin. Ilutin i» a crTStalline substance, and possesses
•bd propertied,
rhysioli^cal Action. — Ajiplied to the akin, oil of rue occasions hyper-
•mia. Inflammation, and voicution. In ordinaTV dowii it is carminative, and
ia a general stiniuiant to the circulation and the secretions. Large doses
lanie (Oistro-enteritis. convulsions, stupor, dimness of vii^ion. contracted pu-
pik, (Oppression of urine, or stranjitury. .\borlion may follow loxic dooea. It
hm t Kpeeial action on the genito-urinary tract. Hue is eliminated and may
be retofniized by its odor in the brfalh. urine, and penpiralion.
nenpy. — The oil of rue is useful in amenorrhtpa due to defective dx-
titciDent of (he ovanea, and in iiaic^ivc menorrha;r<n of dt^bilily or followinf;
tbortion, Hysteria, especially nhcn associated with amcnorrha-a. is benefited
iij thia renie^ly. It ha^ been u!»ed with snccesa in flatulence and Infantile
nornl^ions i)<r|>eudenl upon that condition, I'sed as an abortifacicnt, in
wrordanct' wilh popular repulatinu. It hni .several times caused death from
im'taiit poisonine. »» above indirnlrtl. Hue is beneficial in defective a<:tivity
oflbe sexual organs, actin;; as an aphrodisiac and aa an ('mmena;;o]([ue. Tlie
iniiant propi-rtiea of the oil of rue liare caused it to be sometimes used as
» topical remedy, tt is said to have the power of deiilroyin); warta. PhilUpa
»tal« that ih*t bruised leaves of rue laid upon the forehead will often check
tfksUaU. Rue has been added to liniments for application to the che*t in
enmnie t>n)nehttiH. A decoction of lh(> fresh le^ives may be employed as an
injection t" destroy aM-arides. Hue has also been uivcn internully in order
to expel round- worm».
680
I>I!ARU.iCF.UTICAL THKDAPErTIC AGENTS OB DRL'dS.
OLEUM SANTAU (XT. S. P.. B. P.)-— Oil of Saatal. Oil of Sandal-wood.
DoM, 'i.;m 1.1 i c.cin. (or mv-xxx) in eruulsinn or cupisiili*.
Ffaannftoology. — "A volotile oil di»tilli.-<l from the wood of Sastahim:
albirni" (SantalacpiB), of India. It H a pale-yellowish or yellow liquid, o:
a peculiar, blron^ly-nroitiatic odor^ a pungent am) tpky Ustt, and slightl
acid reaction. It is readily soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform, an
is UMd In pcrfunR-ry. Sandnl-wood oil a not inrrcquently adulterated
with some fixed vegetable or mineral oil, the essential oil of cedar or
copaiba, The fixed oils may be detected by Ihcir lighlcr specific gravity and
by the fact that if flsed oil be present it will not volatilize, but irili leave &<
permanont slain when placed upon a piece of unsized paper. Tlie e*.^ential
oils are most surely recognized by the potarimeter, as they diminish the ro-
tatory power of ih<- Himlal-wood oil.
Another method for detecting adulteration is given by M. E. Meenard.
71ic addition of pure sulphuric acid lo unadulterated oil produces a viscid
liquid, which soon thickens into a solid luast-, of a light grayish-blue or gray-
ish color, and adheres to the glass. If the oil is impure the resinous maid
does not entirely solidify and remains of a deep tint with n distinct lustre.
Physiological Action. — Sandal-wood oil act« as an internal antiseptic
and as an astringent to mucous surfaces, checking secretions and causing
dryncM of the throat and thirst. It i* lurgoly excreted by th« kidnent and
tmparta an odor to the urine, to which it gives also medicinal qualities, so
that it act* upon tbo urinan' pn^iagi's. .-MiHorption and ■■liniinali<in are very
rapid, and it mar be detected in the urine half an hour after administration.
Thi« oil partly escspee by the linint-ho- pulmonary mucou." memhraiii'. and
hero also I'xcrts a local effect. Dr. S. flo*enberg observed, aftrr daily dosca
of 4 c.cm. (or fSj), irritation of the alimentary- canal and urethra, with an
firuption of small red papules upon the skin and conjunctiva.
Therapy.— Sandal-wood oil ia n^ed principally in the treatment of gon-
orrh(P3, even in the acute stage, given in capsules of 0.30 cem. (or mt) each,
one or two, three times daily. It seems to be best adapted to plethoric in-
dividuals, with abundant discharge, It generally relieves the pain and dis-
cbarKc within four or five days. If the discharge is not materially dimin-
ished within ten days the dose* should be cautiously incrruscd. The use of
the oil is not oontra-indicated by the presence of any of the complications of
the disease. It is also vaiuable in uycliti*. cystiti*, gleet, urethral hsemor-
rhage, and chronic bronchial eatarrli. Dr. Curtin. of Philadelphia, recom-
mends oil of sandal-wood in the treatment of obstinate cough, lie adminis-
ters it with advantage in phthisis, catarrhal pneumonia and inflaenu, but
iinds that in pharyngeal and dyspeptic coughs and those dependent tipon es-
larged tonsils ita action is more uncertain.
It is importiiiit t<i note that much of the oil of sandnl-wood, especially
in the form of proprietary capBuIes. is impure, and is adulterated with other
oils. The French prcpnnition, known a* Snntal Midy. prepared by Midy's
proc£M from freshly-felled Mysore sandal-wood, is a reliable preparation,
put up in capsules of 0.30 com. (or mv) each in the laboratorj' of Itigaud
and ('hapoteaul, Pariii. The leading manufaelurers of soft capsule* in
this country also employ an oil of cood quality and therapeutical activity.
The advantage of pnre oil of sandal-wood over copaiba and cubeb is that
it does not nauseate or disturb digestion, and can be given with good results
during the tntlaminatory stages of blennorrbwa or cystitis. The fluid
4
4
OLGrU SUDAUr.
587
tract, oblninw] from tlie S. citrinuiti, or y«llow satidHl-ffood, liaH been used
for the aame purpoeee ae the oil. Tht.- wood is Inr^jely tiscil as an ingredient
of incense, in Chins, in temple-worship, and is prized for its perfuidc.
OLEUII S£SAHI <r. S. P.).— Oil of Sesamam, Benne or Teel Oil.
Pharmacology and Therapy. — "A fixed oil expre^Ked from the seed of
SoMaium iiidieiim" (Pi^dulinfea;). It is similar to eottftti-secd oil, blnnd,
ioodoroufi, or nearly so, neutral in reaction, rich in olein. and is said to
keop lii'tltT tluin o!ive-oiI. Tn large dows it is liixalivo, and emniennsoRic
properties have been attributed to it without much foimdutiou. The swds
■re uwd im food hj the negrocK of the South.
OLETJM TIOLn (U. S. R). OLEUM CROTONIS (B. P. J.-Croton-oii.
DoM, II.U15 [o U,1S c.cui. (or m '/,-'!)■
Prep a no f tow.
UalnioBtuni Ciolonk (]). P.).— Unlmr.nt of Croton-oiL (Ctolon-oil, 94 c.cnt-i oU
of raiupui, TO crm.; aleidiol, M ]N>r cent., 71) r.cni.)
FhsTDUiooIogy. — Croton<oil is "a fixed oil expressed from the seed of
Cnnoi) Ti^;!ium" |Eupliorbiae«-n>): an East-Indian tree. It is u pale-velloK.-,
or brnurnLxh-yolIon*, rather viscid, and slightly fliion-seenl lii]uid, having a
•oiBcvrhat fatty odor, a mild oily, afterward acrid, hiiminf; taste. It is only
partially >riliil>!i- in alcohol, about (\0 per oeiit. will dii^olvi^ when frcxh, but
the solubility and therapeutic activity increase by age. It is freely soluble
ID ether, chloroform, carbon disulphide, olive-oil, and oil of turpentine. It
conuins Tigltic acid (methyl crotonic, or crotxinolic, acid), and also several
glyccridefi of fatty aeida.
Sir. Harold Senier has succeeded in scparotiog the Tesioating and the
pnrfative principles of crolon-oil by the aid of alcohol. Oroton-oil is solu-
ble in in equal volume of alcohol, but, when nio^c alcohol is added, a separa-
tion occurs: the non-.«luble portion was found to contain The purgative
pnnciple, while th<; part in solution contained the vceicsling principle. The
luo-soliible part has no irritating effect when applied to the skin, but doses
of 0.03 ecu. (or mss), when taken inlcrnally, acted as a pretty strong purga-
iit«, liDi without any griping or unpleasant symptom.
Fbrsiotogica] AotioB. — The topical opplieation of croton-oil to the skin
cancu irritation, inllammation, and a papular eniption, subsequently becom-
iax pustular Occasionally its application produces a general paputo-pus-
lubr eruption, scattered over the oody. The pustules afterward dry up, and
nuy gire ris<e to scars if the oil is applied undiluted. The pii<hi)r« are
■saetitnes umbilieated, and, upon careless examination, the eruption might
be roistaket) for that of small-pox. When 1 or S drops of croton-oil have
ben nrallowed vomiting may be pri>dnced, hut in the course of an hour or
t*o copious water.T stools sic passed, with symptoms of irritant poisoning)
jwticularly when larger doses have been taken. Congestion of the gastro-
niHtinal tract occurs, and death may ensue from resulting inflammation of
tkc bowels nr periloniti.i. Part of the oil difTu.'tcs into the blood, and pro-
iwxi glandnlnr hypencmia, and possibly an eruption upon the skin. Some-
tins, when applied to the skin, the contrary is observed, the remedy passing
Ikroqgb into the blowl and causing watery dischargee from the l>oweIs.
nTAHMACEUTtCAL TllEBAPErTIC A0KNT8 OK DRU06.
When ootnbiocd vtth ou alknli. or with eoid« othvr Ag4;iit«, while it promotes
the perietaltic action, the eHecis nre more mansgeable and there is less dnii-
evT of gouenil toxic ffTi-HH. It w u (cchU hepatic Ktimiilnnt according to
Itutherford. The toxic etTecti; of croton-oil are combated by means of it-
mulc<-»t drinks and tipiau-«.
Th«npj. — Croton-oil was formerly a favorite method of exciting coiin-
terorritntiou, because it was convcniuiit, timple, and rapid in its efTects.
On account of the danj^er of producing; auppiiration and the resulting Bcat%
it it nircly rt^«ortc-d to nt pnwnt. If it be diluted with 3 parte of oil of sreet
atmonds it is a tittle lees prompt, but the resulting inMmroation is much
milder, and eoveral applications arc (omelimM required in order to bring
out sufficient papides. It is valuable in disease of the cheat, in incipient
phthisis, plvtJrtGy, bronchitix. neuralgia, rhaimali»n, and glandular awell-
mss. Sciatica, in particular, has been benelited by this method.
Counter- irritation by croton-oil is likewise serviceable in chronic laryn-
gitis, ovaritis, and metritis, and in plilepmonous pharyngitis, especially of
the relapsing vnrietv, frictions of Uic upper part of the neck with crolon-oU
are strongly advised by Dr. Helbing. Dr. Charles Cobb states that half a
drop or croton-oil applied daily by metini^ of a probe is an excellent remedy
in suppurative tonsillitis. Pustulation of the shaven scalp was formerly
esteemed beneficiol in meningitii^. but is a method of treatment scarcely lo
be advocated. Its use in rinj^orm induces an artificial kcrion, vhich soon
Kubaides and the disease disappears. It should not l>e used for this purpose
in delicate children, especially those under six or seven years of age; it
fhould also be applied to o sriaII spot, n little larger than a dime, iiud it
shotild be Hso(i only in chrdnio eaees.
The liniment of croton-oil, official in the British Pharmacopoeia, may
cause too much irritation, and can be diluted with advitntage; for iiLslance,
0.30 ccm. (or mv) of this preparation to 30 cem. (or f^j) of oliTe-oil is a
stimulant application sometimes used in alopecia. In other cases of skin
affection, occasional smalt doses of croton-oil, given in pill, usually in corv^h
binatioD, arc useful in clearing the alimentary canal. ^H
Internally crolon-oil ia used as a draiitic purgative in cerebral affection*,
apoplexy, etc., acute mania, and in cases of injury io the head. It is service-
able on account of its depletory and derivative effect in uripmic coma. In
comatose conditions the dose may be simply dropped upon the tongue, and
two or lliree limes the usual dose are rec|uirttd. It is a better plan, however,
to dilute the oil with a little lard, butter, swect-oil. or castor-oil. This medica-
ment is valiiablf! as an hvdrasogiie cathartic in the treatment of anasarca, and
in many cases where a complete evacuation of the bowels is desired, to bring
about prompt diminution of arterial pressure and derivative action. In some
instances it would be proper to give croton-oil in obstruction of the bowels
from impaction of fieces, lead colic, or paraly.'is of the intestine. It may
also be used as a vermifuge to expel tape-worms, but is so violent that the
head is apt to lie torn off and remain, unless an anthelmintic hat been ad-
ministered previously. Croton-oil should not be given to a pregnant woman,
nor to a patient subject to hiemorrhoids.
In doses of O.OnH to 0.01 c.cm- (or nf ',',-'/«). in a pill with licorice, it
mftkex an effective purgative, rarely rejeclwl ctiii in irnlable conditions of
the stomach, and promoHng both peristalsis and secretion, thereby softenin[^
and loosening m(U«es whiidi in the pouches of the colon may be retained for
opiru.
&89
vmdcB ui>dis1urb«il liv the onlinun- livdrnjtingic pnrgiiTivci*. I'liiH muedy acts
•nick-iitly ill 'liloUtion and alonj »f thi^ tttomach vbere nihi^r remislicd arc
not ulnuirUni, and provea o( f^temt scn'ice iti ekTiiirrcniiii. whicli i* aI tho root
cif many obetinatu fuiictioiia] CDiiditifnis, .^^uc^h n^ iislhinji, miftraino, vpik'p^y,
dyaprpHS, and the effects of bijih arti.Tial tension.
OPIUM (U. S. P,, B. P.).— Opium.
I>ose, 0.015 to 0.13 Gni. (or gr. '/.-ij)-
U. S. P. Prtparaliam and Alkaloids.*
Opii PuItU> — Powderad Oliluni iiimrphlnc, not Usa tlian 13, nor niiHre Uian IS.
OM.). Do««, 0.<t3 to OuOOA iim. (or sr. 6*-j).
Opiun Deodomtum. — Ueodorlnd Opium. Ddm. 1X03 to O.OtIA Gm. (or gt. M-jl.
RxtntMun Opii.— ExtTMl of Upiutii itnori<liin». lii per cmiLi. l)o*r, IXOIS to
0.03 (Sill, lot gr. Vi'M).
Acctum Opii.— Vtarfpir of Opium |10 ^i rent.). Dow, 0.30 to 1.30 eJ!m. (or
M«-XX).
Tiaclura Opii.— Tincture of Opium. Laudanuui. Dom. 1X06 to 1.20 Com. (or
Mi'XJC).
Tini'tuni Opii Utodorala.— Tincture of Deudoriatd Ojiiutn, l)o<w, 0.00 to 1.20
ccn. (or mj-xx).
Ttnclura Opii CuiDphoTata- — Campliornti-iJ Tlnctun of Opilini, Pani^rto (pow-
4mA oplvM, benuoir aclil. and ramiihor, of oacb, 4 Gm. : oil of aniM, 4 e.cm. ; Klj-ocrin,
40c.«n.! uuldilntrd aliMifaol, 1^.11. ud 1000 com. I. Ucoe, 4 lu lu i'.rm. (or ISISm).
Vinom Opii.— Wino of Cipiuni (10 per cent.). Dow. 0.3O to 1.20 cno. lor niv-ss),
Puivi'i lfH>oi'uunlue et Opii. — I'owdcr of Ip(«ac and 0|iiiiin. I>oi'i>r> IViwder
llporar mill opium, of etueh, I part: ■iwar of milk. 8|. Dour, 0.05 (tto. lur gt. x).
'hnctuia IpMaoHanliw n t>pil. — Tlnrtur« of Ipwac and Optuni, Klnla Dover's
rnwdrr. l>ot», 0,30 Ut 0.80 e.cm. lor atvxi.
Klnln Opii.— 1^1 1« of f)|iiuni loaeli. o.Od.'i Cm.. i>r ftr. ). powdcrtd opiiira).
Trothisd (ilvcj-trliiur r\. Opii. — Truubeis of (jlyu^nhiui and Opium (psch. O.rMJ.i
Qai.. or p. ' ',„ ni piiwdprrd opiumi.
Mi<tuni fily'-.vrrhinr (.'oiiifn-ila,— t'ompound Mi.\tun! of Otyo.vrrlii**, Bron-n
MixtiUT iparrtcnii.-. 12; antinKminl winp. 6; nwoFt npiiit of nilnt. 3: oxItriH (if llr»ri(«.
■fnip, miicilitifr iif iicAvia. and wKltrt. llu«e. 4 to l^i (■.cm, lor (5i*(}>iHi.
BmpUntium OpiL — Opiam lta*t>T {extract, il per cent. I.
Cbdeiiu.— Cuitrini-. Dow. 0.015 %o 0.13 Um. lor gr. V.-ij>.
Uorphina.' Morphinr. Dow, 0.006 to 0.IM3 (ita. (or ([T. 7«-V.I.
Moiphiiiw ,\i-i'i.i>.,— Morphini- .\wi«tc. Hot*, D.OfKI to O.Ol.i Oiii, (nr gr. '/»■',',).
Morpfaimr Itvtlrochloraii.— ktorphine H}-drochlontc. Udm-. 0.00it la O.OIS Gm.
<« V ■/.v.i.
UoriiUiM Stitphu. — Uorphinp ttolphatc. Done. O.OOtf to OJIIA Gm. (or or.
Pidrui Murpbimo Coinpo«itu*. — Compound Morphia* PowdM. Tully'* Poird»»
lAorpliiiH- Dulphate, I Gnt., or gr. XTiu; cantpluir, 19 Gm., or 3iT gt. liv; glfCTrrhuw,
MOai.. oi gr. coeiii calcium carbonate. 20 Gm., or f|r. eccikt. Eaidi O.OilS Gm., or ft.
)=AOnl Cm., or gi. '/^ c( moriihbi*. Da•^ 0.13 to O.Ofi Gin. <or gr. ii-x).
TrorhiH-i Moqihin* rt Ipomcuanhir. — Troche* of Morphine and Iperae (contflinn
Mnlll GtD.. or fiT. Vv of tnorphliMl.
J?. 7*. Prfparatiotu afid Alkaloid*.
Eilrai-tiiin Opii. — Bxtraet of Opium 'morplilrie, 20 jwr evnt.>. Dutie. 0.01& to
MKGm. (orgr. V,-j).
Kxtrarlniii 0]>ii l.lqiildnRi.-- I.jiguld Kxtrnrl it Opium (mor^ihlne. 0,T& Gm. in
IWcfm-l- Uoiie. 1 c.rtii. |or iiiw— rnuivalmt to gi. « of rxtmet of opiiiml.
TtiMura Opil.^TlnPluri- of 0|iiiiiu. I.audaunm (1 e.era., or mxv.^O.OBS Gm.,
or gi. j. of opium). LViw. 0,30 to I e.cn. (or mv-xv) (or repeated admlntctralion:
•i^flf', 1.20 lo 2 e.cm. <or luxv-xxx).
*A|Mmariil>iiM- Iiydforhlont* (U.S. P.. B.P.), dioni*. and heroin, dnhativea of
— jiMlif. MTV dicaeribn) in Ui«ir appfopriale alphabetipal plaer*.
•aa
PHARUACRCTIOAL TBEBAPBtTIO AOEUTi On DRUQS.
Tiiu-tuni Opii Aiuraonitiln.— AuinKiniatpi] TiiiL-ttiii- (■( U|)iui[| ii'oiitaiuii 15
cent, of tiiiclure o( o}>lHni). Ihaa. 2 to 4 pj^ib. \ai fSnoj).
TlncMim Campliurip Cumpunila, ^ Compouud TinctiiTp of CHiii|>bor. l*ar«)^ri«
Klixir. DoBf, i to 4 ci-iii. u.r tSi.')].
Pituln I'luiiibi cum Uuiu.^l'iU vl Leitil Willi Ufiiiiiii lleuil ai'Hnle, It tim.; ut''""**
ill iiowder, 1 Hm.; it-nip of ([lueiiw, 0.7 (jni.)> contaim ubout 12 '/, jicr rani, of i»|iniRi.
I>o«, 0.13 to 0.25 Urn. lor gr. ii-iv|.
PiluU hwcacunnhtp cum Scilla. — Pill of IppcDi-iinnliN with Squill (coDiAJni about
& per cent, of^ opium I. Ilow. 0.25 lo 0,60 <Sn\, (<ir ut, Iv-vjij).
Piliila SnponiiL CompoutA. — Couipotuid I'ill ul t^onp (opium, 80 per cent.). Dove, 1
0.13 to 0.2.) liui. tur !.'[. li-Iv).
I'niiiiPiitum iiuftte: cum Opio. — Gull and Opium Ointment IgHll oiiitmctit, &2AI
Gm.; opium in llnr- powili^r. T.u Om.).
l^niiuriituin Opii.^LiuiniFnt ot Opium (equal purls of laudanum Mid «l aoap
liniment).
Emplniitrum Opii. — Opium I'laster (opium in powiler, 10 Uui.; rsMB plMtcr, M
Cim-I.
Pn]ria Ipeeacuanlioe Compoutu*. — Compound Powder of IptwacuanliB, Dorer'i
Powder (opium in poH-diT and ipri^RUanha, nuh, 1 part; potficlutn aulphkta, 8
pnrta). Ucuf, 0,32 to I iiin. (ur (ir. v-xv).
Pulvia CVtUe Aromatkuk ciuu Opio.— Aromatic P(iii'd« ot Chalk n-ifh Ophini
(contains tVi per cent, ot opium) . Vt/ut, DM lo 2,<M (iiii. (or ^r. x-xl).
Pulvii Kino Coinpoiritu*.— Compound Powder of Kino icontninn opium, 5; kino,
78( dnnamoii, iil> Oin.l, Dow. 0.32 to 1.30 <lm. (or trf, v-xij.
PalviK Opii Comporitujt.— Compound Powder of Opium (opium, 10 per ctot., with
black pepper, glngn, caraway- fniit, and tni^Mnlli). l>n»e, 0.13 to 0.U& Gui. (or gc.
ii-x).
Suppooitorin Phinibi Conipoii la.- -Compound 1><nd Suppoiitorii'i' (^nuh mntafii^
0.3 Gm., or ^. iij. of lead acetate und 0,005 Om.. or )ir. ), uj opium).
Morpliinu.' Aci>t««,-- Morphine Apetatc. Dom-. OM}h to 0.03 Um. (or itr. '/•■•"),
Morpliiiiie Itydrochloriilum,— Morjiliinc UydroL-liloride. Hu^e. 0,(H)8 to 0.03 Gm.
(or gr. '/■■»*).
Mnipliinii' Tai1in>.— M»r]ihiiip Tni Irnlf, Hone, O-OOS t« 0.03 Om. (OT gr- "/•-••>•
Codeinu, — Codeiiir. Dow.-. 0.015 to 0.13 Gm. tor gr. V.-ij).
tiidciuw Plionjihtm,- t'o<l<-in<> I'ho'ifihnli'. Ilnac, 0.01>'> lo 0.13 Gin. (or jrr. '/.■ii>-
Ui]uor Morphinu- Arctutii. — Solution of Morphine Acetate (100 cjCHI. contain
1 Om., or m<-x to jp. jl. IJouc. I),IMI ti> 4 e.em. (or tiu-3ji.
LiquuT Murpliinie HjdrLicliloridi. — Solution of Morphine Uydroehloride (lamc aa
precedinKl.
LiijUur Mur]ihintt Turtialis. — Solution ot Morphine Tartrate (same a> preced-
ing).
TroohinfU* Mciphiii*. — Morphine LoiM'nge (O.OOIS Um.. or gr. '/«, in each).
Trochiiciin MorphiniP ft Iiiecitcunnhie. ^iforphinc and Iperjieuanha T,ozcii)ro
(contftina TMi.t-|ihliic livilri«.'hh>ri'lt', O.IKHH Gm.. or j;r. ',,'^1-
Injoctio Morphitia- Hj-podennicu. - Ilypoderniie Injtrtion of Morphino (3 Gm.
in I'M) e.cm.). Done, hy Hiihciitjuifoii" lujwlion, O.l'i ti> 0,.W v.vm. (or mii-r>.
Tiuflura Chlorofornii vt Monihiiiir, Conipositn. - rompi)und Tincttiro of Chloro-
form and ^lorphinc (<'nrh 10 minlni« contain, of cliloroloriu, 0.040 c.cin., or m'/t:
diluted liyilrooyanit- a(.-id, 0.03 c.etn.. or ot**; morphine hydroehloride, 0.003 Om., or
Jp". Vir)- Dow. 0.30 to 1 c.rni. (or nn'-sv).
SyrupUB Codcinie.^S^.vrup of Codeine (phofiphntc of codeine. 4.57 Om. in 1000
c.cm., or BT. ',', in onch (3j). I»(i«i>, -2 to T.i) i-.i-m. (or fo»B-IJ>.
Snppositoriii .Murphinie. — Morplitne Suppunitorien (each contaimi 0.013 Gnu. or
gr. Vm of morphine hvclrrwhloiidc I .
Papavcris CapMi1ie.^Po]i[iv Cnjihtile*. Tlie nenrly ripe dried (niita of Pafaver
■omnifcrum (contain a miihII proporLion of niorphiiifi.
FharmRcology. — Opium Is "the concrete, milky exuflHtion ohinincd by
'tecleitig llic iinripc oopsulce of Pnpavcr somnifcnmi ( PapaverHCeie), nnd
yieldiiit; in its normal, moist oorflliion not Icse than 9 ]wt c.fn\. of on,'stal-
liicd morpliinc when oKtuycd" (U, S. P.). "The jmee obtained by indBion
from the iiDri[ie capsules of Papaver Komnifenim, iiupigsated by spootane-
ornnt.
891
otu evaporation" (B. P.). Opium, in ila inspissated form, occurs in chestnut-
colored nifijwea or luBip» with nn carthj-. narcotic odor and l>iltcr tA«te. In
it« commercial condition, as a moist, soft solid, it loses about 'iO per cent, of
its wvight in the process of drying, When dried and powdorvd, tlii! phar-
maoopoeia directs tliat it shall contain not less than 13 nor more than 1&
per c4-nt, of morphine. The principal propertii-s of crude opium «r« ex-
tracted hy waier, alcohol, and dilute acid, but not by ether. When a mass
of opium 19 broken it tihouid exhibit a notched fracture, and should lu&vo an
interrupted stain when drawn across white paper. Since all commercial
opitun contains more or Ins admixture of foreign material, or adulteration,
the best preparation is the deodorized opium, obtained bv dissolving and
removing narcotinc and other matters eoiublo in ether, and standardising
the product to the nniform strength of 14-per-cent. morphine. By employ-
ing de<:i(Iorixcd opium in making Dover's powder a Guptriur product is ob-
tained, less disagreeable to the taate and less likely to cause nausea than
that made from the oniinary powdered opium. A syrup of opium and ipecac
may also be made with deodorized opium, so that each teaspoonful will rep-
rvsent 10 grains of Dover's powder. The preparations that pharmacy offers
to the physician, of thiH ancient and valuable remedy, are innumerable, but
they are all dependent for their activity upon the presence of certain proxi-
nnte principles. It had been long suepected that a vis dormitiva, or nar-
cotic element, existed in opium and gave it medicinal value, but it was not
nnlil 1817 thot a cryittalline body was isolated by Serllinier, which he cor-
rwtly considered as the ealt of an organic acid, to which ho gave the name
of Meeonio acid. The sleep-producing principle he named morphiiim in
honor of the drowsy god. but ih\f has been since changed to Morphine, in
order to make it conform in terminology to the other organit- alkaloids of
the phannscopceia. Since then, other alkaloids and proximate principles
have been separated from opium, some of which possess narcotic power, some
bate not, and one, at least, is a tctaniier resembling strychnine. The prin-
cipal constituents and alkaloids are as follow: —
Morphine (at least 9 percent, in crude opium); the principal narcotic
^BMMtituent. Codeine ('/: per cent.); about half the narcotic strength of
^^^orphine, but more catmative, Narcotinc (2 to 10 per cent.): no narcotic
tifeclf. Anan^oline, which is fouixl especially in opium from India (and
which was formerly used as a febrifuge, but the use of which is now aban-
doned), sppcan to be identical with Xarcotine, and destitute of marked
pbytiologieal properties. Thebaine. or paramorphine (Ices than '/, per
cent); convuhivc agent and spinal excitant. Kareeine {0.02 per cent.);
menbles morphine, but has lets disagreeable after-effects. (A new and
mon soluble nnrceine hoe been prepared by Dr. I^bordeand M. Duiiuesnel.')
ripaverine (I per cent.); narcotic and convulsant. Also cryptopine, preudo-
morphine, protopine, cotomine, laudanine, codamine, rhccadine, meconidine.
boiunosine, lanthopine, and gnoscopine in small amounts, with neutral
EriiKiple«, — meoonin, meconoisin, and porphyroxin, — and meconic and
etie acids.
Korphine occur* in the form of colorless, flat, six-sided prisma, desti-
tute of iimell, having a very bitter taste. It melts at about 330° F., and i>
destroyed by moreeleratedtemperHturec, is insoluble in cold water and ether,
• Thmpentle OaatU. Sept. IS. 1890. p. 636.
PHABKACKtmCAt TUBKAPBimc A0BNT8 Oil DBOOe.
sparingly soluble in boilisg water, freelj soluhk in alcohol ami clilnroforn.
Tb« solutions of morphioe po«sciw an alkaline reaction. It (li»»Qlve3 with-
out decomposition in solution of potassium. On uccount of its inBoliibilitT
in water, it is employed for medicinal purposes in the form of its soluble
salts.
Codeine is present in opium, combined with meconic acid, and is sepa-
rated from morphine by means of un alkaline oolution. This is a colorless,
crystalline substance; anhydrous or hydrated, depending upon whether it
crystallizes from an vlhcrc-al or aijueous i^olution. Its suhitions arc bitter
to tht- tarie and of an alkaline reaction. Codeine dissolves in water, alcohol,
ether, and chloroform. It is the methyl derivative of morphine and, as found
in the lihops, is of uncertain composition and may be contaminated with
morphine.
Apocodeine is a derivative of codeine, obtained by heating codeine hy-
drochlorate with a concentrated solution of xinc chloride.
A new alkaloid has been discovered, named xanthaline on account of
the yellow color of its salts. Xanthsltne is so feeble a base that when one of
its salts i« placed in water the acid separates, leaving the alkaloid, which is
nearly white in color. By the action of nascent hydrogen on xanthalinc,
another bose, liydroxanthaline is formed, the sulphate of which occurs as
hard, white crystals.
It is probable that these principles exist in a highly complex orrange^
ment in opium, and that sepamtcly none of them completely represents the
drug; poi<s)bly some of them are deriTatives of the othen, and not separate
compounds.
Same of the chemtoat reactions and tests of opium are intueitiiig.
Solutions containing meconic acid turn red in contllct with the tincture of
ferric chloride, and the same reapent tuins morphine blue, afterward chang-
ing to green; nitric acid turns nmrphiiii! to blood-red, changing to yellow.
According to Wormley. the nitric-acid test ia capable of detecting Vn^w
grain of morphine, in the dry state.
A new test for morphine has been described by M. Laneal. A few drops
^fli a suspected fluid being phiced in a porcelain capsule, there is added an
"^|nal quantity of a solution of 30 parts of uranium acetate and 20 parte of
SAdium acetate in 1000 of distilled water. The mixture is evaporateo orer a
water-bath and, if morphine be present, a brownish-red or orange deposit is
left in the form of concentric ring*.
Opium preparations, in solution, atford precipitates with RolutioDi> of
many of the metals in the form of on insoluble mccouate. The alkaloids
are precipitated by the addition of an alkali, or tannic acid. It should also be
stated that there i« present a small proportion of glucose in gum opium,
which chemically makes it incompatible with silver nitrate, and ipWU con-
taining these in combination may explode. The formerly much used lead-
water-and-laudanum mixture is dependent for some of its efTect upon the
extemporaneously formed meconale of lead, which is yellow in color and
unsightly and dirty; dilute lead-water with alcohol is colorless, and will
probably answer the purpose as well.
linger has shown that opium and morphine in solution, when exposed
to ji temperature between '.i03° and 213° F,, lose a considerable portion of
their narcotic power. To these preparations he gives the name of mitigated
opium. After subjection to this process the residue may he reduced to pow.
I
OPIUU.
S9S
der, rrom vbich preparations correeponding to oriltnarv opium may be atnde.
The mitigated pri^paralions may be uaeful in cases of diildren, women, and
dfrbititalcd individuals.
Fb3ruoIi>{fical Action. — Opium ia a stimulant, narcotic, anodyne, nnli-
spaemodic, and intoxicant. Ita taste is bitter and eomcwhat acrid; it gives
nae to a wnjatiun of drynen in the mouth and throat, and subsequently to
• viscid secretion, with ouskiness of the voice. It rottraine the movcinenii
and checks the wcrctions of the stomach and intestinal canal. As a result
of his ezperiments, Nothnagel concluded that opium in moderate dom.-*
atimulaled the inhibitory nerve* of the intestine, but paralyzes them when
pven in excessive doe«. This accords with the observed fact that under
tbn influence of this drug constipation is not infrequently followed by ex-
aggerated peristalsis and free evacuation of the bowels The pancreatic and
hflpottc oecrotion* are lessened, and the mooU soRibtimej become clay-col-
ored under the indueoce of opium.
The action of opium and morphine upon the bovel has been studied
anew by Spitzer. whose experiments wer« conducted upon frogs, rabbits, and
mvn. I'ht; KeutiitivcneM of the bowel to painful impre^aions was diminished
by small doeos of the watery extract given subcutaucously, the effect being
due to a local influence upon the nerve-centres in the wall of the bowel.
Large doses are required to diminish pcriiitslsis. Morphine ha« the same in-
fluenci? as opium, but the olher alkaloids have litllc action upon the inle»-
tine. In healthy men, opium, given subcutaueously, has somewhat less
action upon the bowel than when given by the mouth. I^ubuacher has
Bitde a comparative study of the influence of the opium alkaloids upon the
BBBTemcnu of the howd. He concludes that morpliine is the most efficient
agent in allaying iiitctitinal movements. Papaverine come« next to morphine
in this respect. Narcotine is much feebler. Narceine and codeine are alto-
gether incHicienl. From 0.01 to 0.02 Gm. (or gr. '/,-'/») of thoboine excited
violent intestinal contractions.
The drug it not perfectly represented by morphine, and many persoos
who are able to take some of the opium preparations with j^ood results are
mtde sick by morphine. Owing to the prepondeninixr of morphine over the
other principle.4 in opium, it will lead to no confusion if we consider them
toother. In order to produce it* characteristic effeelK, opium, or its active
principlei, must l*e absorbed into the blood and carried to the motor, »e«-
Bory. and higher ncrvou* c»'ntix-«, and to the terminal end-organs of nerves.
Having been carried to the brain and cord, the functions of the ganglion-
cells are at first stimulated, and »ccondarily depre:^»cd or inhibited, prooably
owing to the sall^' dilTusing through the cell-wall and entering temporarily
into combination with the protoplasm, Subsetiucntly they are removed by
tnfh supplies of blood and carried to the excretory channels, particularly the
alimentary canal and kidneys. E. Tauber found that when morphine was ad-
mini^crcd hyiMMlermically to dogs, for several days, he was able to recover
41.3 ]>i>r cent, of the drug from the ftecfc.' Morphine has a different efTeet
upon dogs and cats. In the former it exerts a narcotic influence, but M.
Guiaard has observed that it acts as an excitant upon cats. This effect is in
' "Uttwr •!■■ SchickMl iIm MoffUM In UtteritcbM Organiamui," Arctiif ffir
BtttrimntltlU I^thotofi* uad FkarmaJtolttte, July H, 1880.
M
594
I'UAIIllACBimCAL TUBRAPKUTlti AUBNU-tS Oil UKtUn.
c
proportion to the (los« employed. Wliea lethal amounts were gi?«ii death
wuH preceded by convulsions.
Alt lins Hhovrn thnt nfter injection, snhcutaneously, morphine can be
detected in the stomach. Further iavi-stiKation by Kitzig lias shown that,
consecutive to this escretion of morphine by tlie stoniach, the qaentitj of
i\ie ^stric juice is di'crcaeud and its acidity is lt«««n«d, When the action
of the (IrUK is at «n end an excess of hydrochloric acid is secreted. In one
casu the same cfTtx-t upon the acidity of the gastric juice was dcmonstratvd
in the human liein;;. Rosenthal points out that the salivary glands also
Ki'peialv morphine from the blood. In the case of putionu who urcre taking
no mure than 0.06 Om. (or gr. •/,) daily the characleristic reaction of laor-
phinv could be obtained. A cumulative action was lik<.-wi»c otMicr^-cd. In
patients taking only 0.01 Gni. (or gr. V«} daily the reaction failed to tuake
Its appearance until after the' lapse of three or four dayA. As the Mtiva i»
to much more easily obtained than the contents of the gtomach, this observa-
tion may prove «f medico-legal interest. Roscnthnl has jihoun, roorpover,
that the elimination of morphine is independently performed by the salivary
glands and by the rilomflcli. After making its appearance in tin- miIivr the
reaction could be obtained for several days, and it is probnble that a consid-
erable proportion in excreted by this route. Morphine docs not appear to
be destroyed, or materially altered, in passiniz through ihe animal organism.
It seems probable, however, that small amouniii of the alkaloid are decom-
posed witnin the body, while larger quantities escape without change. Mor-
phine Ia likewi.te eliminated by the skin and kidneys. Kliminalion seems to
proceed slowly, as morphine has been found in the urine several days after
the drug had been diaconlinued.
The paper of Drs. R. Stockman and D. B. Dull on "The Pharmacologv-
of Morpliine and Us Deri vati res,'' > and that of I>r. Stockman "On the
Phanniicology of Some Rorho.* IWivod from Morphine."' c<vn1ai!i the results
of a laborious series of invest i;;ations in a ver>' interesting field, and form a
valuable conlribntinn to our kn»wledgc of the ititluence of chemical change
on phj'siological action, as well as to the pharmacology of morphine. Their
coneUisions only can be .«lated lierc; for details the reader ie n-fvrred to the
original sources. Morphine primarily affects the nervous system; in xmall
doses it depresses the action of the Hoinal conl; in larger doses it stimulates
it, even to the production of convulsions. The late appearan.oe usually of
increased reflexes i« accounted for on the gnujnd thai at firet only a small
quantity of morphine reaches the cord. It has been held by some ohscrverf
tiiat morphine isi capable of directly paralyzing the luolor endings of nerve*.
Stockman and Dott record experiments tending to show that morphine does
paralj-ie more or less completely the nen'e-ending*. but only when large
amounts come in contact with liicm. In the case of the sensory nerves the
action is much the same. In man, tetanic sj-mptom» are very exceptional,
for, after therapeutic doses, the amount of morphine reaching the peripheral
nerves is not usually lufficient to affect them. In infants and young chil-
dren, however, convulsions not uncommonly occur as a result of poisoning
by opium. Viewing morphine (C„U„NOj) as a compound containing two
'Brilith ittdieni Jnnnuil. .lul^ 2fl, leiHi,
"TniiUMicitonR of Uin Ninth International Mrdii'nl t'onfrivws" Ws*liing(an. ISST.J
volume iii, p. 47,
UPll'U.
£95
hidroiyl gioupc, tho hydrogen of ooe or both of these groups may b« tub-
rtitutea by more or less complex radicles, forming derived bodies, which,
hang Mftod, produco po«ilivc physiological r««ult8, more or ]v»s appronch-
bg llicMe of morphine. From these researches they conclude that chtmivnl
riuugni, rt^tricieicl to what may be called the outlying groups of the mole-
cukf, cause very little change in the physiological action, but whore a change
ii made in tho kernel or ground-work of the molr«ulo the nclion is much
mm profoundly altered. In codeine, or methyl-morphine, they found that
iheBirvolic action was much diminished by the substitution of the alky)
nt\xit for the hydrogen atom, vhile the tetanic action and the action on
tlwMolor nerves were incrcniii.'(). Tlie paralyzing effect on the motor nerve-
nihags was also more decided. Codeine is anodyne and hypnotic, and causes
lest jtoieral disturbance than accompanies the action of uiorphiRc. The
gtncntivc functions are depressed by opium, and in chronic poisoning the
■eoHs cMfc and men become impotent while under its influence. Pasaower
hai deiBoof ttuted that the abuse of morphine may occasion atrophy of the
(eule gejieraliTo orguns. In a patient observed during two years it waa
lorerrtd, from the early failure of menstruation, that the atrophic process
bagta in the ovary. During; the period named the uterun diminished in size
hy IV,, inches and atrophy of the vulva was evident. The secretion of
ttriBe is le»»eD^, but thi- hlndder is often rcndere<l irritable and urine la
pMnl frequcDtly in small quantities. On the other hand, partial paralysis,
with retention, may occur. AlthofT has proved experimentally that dcgen-
itiod of the posterior columns of tho cord in the dorsal region was pro-
iowi in dogs who had for a hing period received hypodermic injections of
marjihine. This ohrervution is in consonance with the clinical fact that
tniirphine habituates, in some instHnces, manifrnt ataxic ^vmploins. Tliis
drujc increast.-s the amount of urea and phosphoric acid eliminated.
The hypnotic action of opium is due partly to the le»«vned activity of
thetrrebral cells and partly to a reduction of the blood-supply to the brain-
ocitres. It is therefore a cerebral depressant. Small dowe-s, however (0.065
Cm., orgr. ;, or less), temporarily orrwt all the secretions except thai of the
ikin, ana stimulate the circulation: the heart's action is locreaM-d, arterial
tension raised, and the pupils ontrad and do not respond well to light.
Slightly (juickened at lirst, the action of the heart soon becomes more slow
lad forcible Immodcratv doves may cause rapid and feeble action. Theae
fleets are attributable to exaltation or depression of the function of the
porumogoftric nene.
With this, in some persona, there is exhilaration and increased cerebra-
tion, with a sense of calm and indisposition to sleep until the effect pai»es
away, when sleep occure, from which the subject wakens with a headache,
diBOTxlered stomach, and r<iiiMi|!)itrd Ixiwel^. In others, cerebral activity
does not occur, bnt the spinal functions are exalted and resUoeBness occurs,
with tome irritation of the skin, or even an erythematous eruption. At timet
m general rash, resembling that of scarlet fever, is witnessed, and this emp-
tion may be succeeded bv desijiiamution. In a case reported by T)r. A. J.
I>nz the eruption was of this character, and its development was preceded
by severe rigor, fever, and headache. In other cases an urticarial efflorva-
ecnee may appear. Itching of the nose and of the skin is a very common
remit of a dose of opium. In some pcnsons the soporific effect is followed
by severe physical depression, accompanying sicknesa of the stomach. In
590
I'UaI
9Bt;G8.
others, small dosei of opium or its alkiiloids occasion s^ncopo and alarmmj;
dTHpnoet. This BulictHnec »crte liltic or no local notion. Its active prin-
dplM, however, are quite readily absorbed through the unbroken akin. i
Morphine, h.vpodenniealty iojccted. is le^ apt to affect the appetito
and bowels tbas opiuin given by the mouth. If, hoirever, the solution ^hnnld
be thrown directly into a vein, temporary dyi-pnuia and clonic spsEin may be
prodnced. Larger doses arrest digestion and may cause vomitinz, with dia-
phoresis. The heart and circulation become deproiwcd, the bodily tempera-
ture reduced. A stuporous sleep is produced, with irregular and slow res-
piration, cool, olammy itkin, and pin-point oonlruclod pupil«. In other ca^es
coma-viRiI and delirium may occur. Infants are extremely susceptible to i
the influence of opium. The drug i>houlil bo adminislorcd to them in Tcry^H
small doses, if at all, and its efTecta carefuUv watched. Aged people, alio, ^V
bur it lees Tcell than Oioee in the prime of life. Women arc more amenable
to the drug than men, and usually require smaller doses.
If a fatal dose has been taken, the above eymptoms intensify, the pulu
becomes slower, respiration is reduced to five or six to the minut«, the re-
fleics become abolished, and death occurs from paralysis of the respiratory
centre or carbonic-acid accumulation in the blood. Po&l-morteni examina-
tion may show some of the drug yet remaining in the stomach or intestines,
and the internal organs reveal considerable venous congestion, especinlly llie
lungs. Laudanum is the agent most frequently taken with suicidal intent,
and its presence may often be detected simply by the odor of the contents
of the stomach. Dt.'ath has resulted from 15 com. (or f^) of laudanum
given ID an enema to a patient sulFering with enteric fever.' '
As instances of its ahcrrnnt olTccts, Prof. Edward T. Rdclicrt points out
(hat morphine will sometimes cause wakefulness iu doses which ordinarily
produce sleep and that instumiL-s are on rcuonl which «how that in some
Eeople the administration will give rise to pain. In experiments upon dogs
« ttfte also occasionally found this alkaloid to act at a respirator)- etimulunt.
This idiosyncrasy must not be lost sight of. In many persons morphine,
in usual doses, causes excitement and reetlessness. and aggravates the exist-
ing nervous condition instead of tjuieting it and producing sleep. These
idiosyncrasies rcprcKcut the persistence of the primary dTccts of the drug.
Tlte pain results from a stimulant or excitant effect upon the sensory cells
of the ncrve-centri.'*,
The action of codeine resembles that of morphine, but is le-ss decided.
It is not so apt lo derange the stomach or prndueo constipation. Codeine
is not so potent an anodyne or hypnotic as morphine. Excessive doses liive
caused aleniiing prostration and di«trcRi>ing pruri(us. In a cose described
by Dr. Spratiing the symptoms produced by taking 0.50 Gm. (or gr. viij) of
codeine were nausea, vomiting, restlessness, convulsions, slow respiration, in-
tense thirst, feeling of fullness in the head, and extreme irritation of the
skin. The patient did not sleep or lose consciousness, but the pupils were
fixed and contracted to a pin-point. It is stated that the codeine of the
shops often coutainjt an npiirfciahle quantity of morphine, and this fact
should be borne in mind when large doses of codeine are prescribed-
Intoxication from codeine is treated upon the same principles as that
produced by the ingestion of morphine or opium. A tolerance of opium
' Britm Matica^ JournaX, Nov. 29, 1698.
onuM.
Sfir
mav be ultiinnlelr cslablished, and, in those to wliom it is coustsntly gWon,
th« tltm matst, Uom tine to time, be incrciiMcd in order to produce the de-
sired results.
Protopine, according to the experlmenU of Kngt-l,' produces in mam-
m»l!i 41) action similar to camphor, death folIawjD;; ite use by a paralveis of
tlic n'spirator\' ctntro. Fubini aud Bcnudieetiti have invosligated the prop-
.erties of Isn^nioc, a crretallizable substance which forms t».\te with the
DkU. It appears to act principally upon the epioal eord, cau:<ing at firat
^tclanits and afternard poraly^is.
IHAp>i»'* of Opium Poisoning. — Opium poisoniog toty be mistaken for
rert-brol apoplexy or aicohoHc intoxication, but attention to a few points of
(hagnoniB will prevent error. The history may, or may not, ewiflt in de-
ciding the queiition. Jn apoplexy there is no contraction of the punils (ex-
« I'pt in one cn*c, which will be mcutioned preaenily). the eyes are ucvintcd
to one Bide, the sides of the face may not be symmi-lrical. and there ie aleoj
paralysis of one or both limbs. The Kymploms come on suddenly, often oD'
Titang in the morning; there is generally no history of taking any poison or
food immediately bcfora the attack; the face is congt^Mted or pale, not
swollen and cviinosed as in opium poisoning. In htemorrhage into the pons
Varolii, there is contraction of the pupils, but, ae ouch cases are rare and ,
^nfratly falal, the mistake wilt not be often made; moreover, the attack
tf Kitddi-n and the entire body is relaxed with inrohinlar}' evacuations of the '
i-i>iji'-iii.4 iif \hv h(iwoli< or bladder, which does not occur in opium poisoning.
In alcoholic intoxication the pntient can bv roused and will answer queft*j
lions; the pupiU may be contracted, but will dilate when the patient is dia-
turbcd, or his beard is pulled; tlte odor of alcohol may a^ciRt in the diag-
nosis. It is pOBEible, however, for the patient to swallow laudanum at the
clow of a dinking bout, and thus have both fonns of intoxication. Uriemic
MOUl might possibly be mistaken for opium poisoning, but in this the pupils
are not eonlraclot}, a'dema is gcutTally prt-scnt, and the urine contains albu-
min and easla.
Treatment of Poisoningr. — The stomach should be promptly evacuated
with quick-acting emetics, such aa «nc sulphate or ipecacuanha, or byi
rvprjitcdly Using the stomach-pump. Emetics mu»t be given in largo dose*
bcwause of ibe stomach's insensitiTe condition. A iablespoonful of mustard
■irnlnm in a pint or more of hot water acts as an elTK'ient emetic, or apomor-
phine may he given hypodermically. Tannic acid may be given as » cliem*
teal antidote. After the stomach has been washed out, a pint or two of warm
(not b-iiling-hot) coffee should be injected into the stomach and rectum.
Artificial respiration should be practiced both by Sylvester's method and by
llx- application of the faradic current, one pole to the cervical regimi and one
ovi^r the eneiform cartilage, Xu attempt snould be made to directly faradise
ihe phrenic nerve, on account of the danger of paralyKing the heart. The
circnlation should l>c mutntoincd by ma»agr, rubbing the blood up toward 1
th': Ixtdy from the extremities, and, if the blood is heavily carbonixed, vene-
section may be performed with advantage. The surface of the body may be
-timulaird by tne faradic brush, or by whipping with th« fringi-d ends of
Km els or with Iwig*. The patient should be made to walk about supported
by twoBf^islnnts, as soon as he is restored to consciousness, and kept walking
•Oi»r((r ilt4i(al* if Farl». Ott. II, IBM.
598
niARMACBUTICAL THKBAPECTIC A0KXT8 08 DRDGS.
at ioterTsIs for six or eight hours, or until the influence of the opinm bit
entirely ptmsaii off. Ncvertliflcss, this cxiTci<« should not be loo lot^ con-
tinued on account of its eshaustlnj; effect upon the muecolar tytttm tod
heart. The cnpital point in i\K treatment i* inointcnancc of respiratioa
If the measures instituted are found to groduaily increase the number rf
rc«)nniliom jier ininutf,', the couin. in itself coii^ilered, need not lie feared.
The catheter should be used from time lo time in order to encourage «tm-
tion by the kidneys. Tb<.' patient i^hould not be exposed too much to m\i.
on account of his lowered temperature and the danger of caosing i »uh«-
quent altJick of pulmonary congestion. The physiological anlagoniits — •on-
fiine, caffeine, or strychnine'— may be used cautiously, but only in pfcjp:-
ogical ihisi*. .\tropine may be irijceted hypodermically, in doaes of O-OWi
t« 0.0006 Gm, (orgr, Vi,o-Vioo)j if the respirations become very slov, but tk
•tate of the pupil is no guide to the effect of the antidote, Stnchni«aB
be administered subcutaneously io from O.OOOC to 0,003 Gm. (or gr, ';„■
Vio) every hour or two until au improvement in the respiration lake* piw-
Ammonia inhalations are useful, and when properly u<ed arc hu^K
Opium poisoning produces no eharaclcristic lesion. By reuon of iduqv-
crasy alarming results have followed the administration of etnall medtcial
do»ci*.
Pennanganate of potassium was first recommended, in 187T, by Buka
Smith, as un antidote to morphine, experiments having shown that, rtta
taken after a large dose of either morphine or opium, it may entirely wt-
tTeliKc the cffeel of those drug's. It is also nn efficient antidote lo o&e
vegetable poisons,* It is very doubtful, however, if any antidotal cff«t«»
he obtoined by hypodermic injections of potaseiiim permangamite, althoi^
several cases are on record in which recovery was attributed lo Ibit (■»
Wiwre the poison is still in the stomach, however, it may be dwtrorrffcF
washing out the organ with weak solutiona of permanganate.
Dr. William Moor, of New York, advocates potassium pcnuofliiutr.
administered in conjunction with dilute sulphuric acid, os a chemical >^
dote to opium. If given while the poison still remains in the stonvli<'>'
permanganate neutralines the morphine. A Quantity of the antidote it \t^
equal to the amount of morphine swallowed should be adminitlered, »«
diluted with water. Cases have been reported in which this modeo'tiW
ment proved effectual even nfter absorption had occurred. Other o?lW'
may be used in conjunction with this treatment, Usyes reports a of"'
pium poiKining believed to be saved by hypodermic injection of O-S""*
■gr. iij) of potassium permanganate, every hour, until O.JB Gm. (orp-iil)
" been given,*
In desperate cases recourse should always be had lo artifical rwio^
Dr, George E. Fell prneticc* what he terms '"forced respiration": trnfAoi
which consists in opening the trachea and forcing air into the lnn« hynw*
of a mochnnieiil HppliaTice. Ho bus uwd Ibis method sueec«.*fully i» (fc""
ceacs, of wliich five would, in all probability, have proved fatal uaAra*.*
I
' See [aper*. "Strychnine in PoixininK from Htnatin," by Dr. G, A. '•''■'"■,^
fraollcv, Dtc-, 1888: "Some of the U*^ <>( Ntui Voiaim anil StrTrfiniw.' *T ''
VnnV R Fry. in Wffttf Mtiical Rrrirw. Fi-b. 23. IS80; "Strvchnin* ■■ Ojim »«•■
ijig," bv TiT. Cl»r :. i:m, in t-alrrmity Mfdital Uaffinlnr, Jan., 19*1-
•iyiaJnn />j ■ 'I. 1898,
•V.-<r YDTl H--i>"-> h-fcord. Mav 23, 1895.
4
S99
"otln^r Ireatnent. As a result of this procedure he has Been recoTery after
1.3U (Itn. (or gr. xx) of iii<)r])hin4! tiiid been iakea.
As a luif, no after-results follow recovery from opium poieoning excopl
pulmonary congt-xlion, or thu elTcctK of tlxc rough mantpulalioiis that the
patient any have been euhj«cted to in the efforts made to keep him avraki<.
Howi'Tcr. a com; of amauruvi^ hii» been rvportvd. and glycoaiiria nl«o is said
to have occurred in consequence of the intoxication. The emallest dose re- 1
rordvd an haviae proved fatal to an adult is O.Ul Gm. (or gr. '/,) of morphine.
When motltere ar« suckling their babes, any of the preparations oC
opinni vhnuld hv given uptiringly, if at all, bccausi;, being partly e1iminnli>d
by the milk, it may narcotize the infant. As previously stated, infants are
«uily affectf^; and wht-u children have coma or convulsions, and Iht pujnts
ora e&niracl4d, the attendant may tuEpcct Ihat some one has administered an
nverdoee of opia(<- lo lhi.-ni.
Ttvatment of Opiam Addiction, or KorphiDomania. — The treatmi-nt of
chronic morphinu poivoniitg, or opium -on ling, i« often more moral than m^di-
cal. In such cases the will of the unfortunate victim is so weakened by self-
indulgi-ncr that thi- acquired taste for ihc drug cannot ordinarily bo rmatcd,
and he will acquire means for itii gratiEeation at any cost, or, if it is not
obtainable, he may destroy himself. The medical attendant, before under-
taking the treatment, must thoroughly gain thi? confidence of the patient;
he should try to establish an understanding, and, if possible, sympnihy, with
him. He sliould make sure that the patient really wishes to escape from the
terrible thrsldom of the drug, and will co-operate with his physician. The
patient should be put upon hia honor, and pledse himself to obey ordera
and wufine himidl to the quantity permittea by hie phi'sician and to mcd'
icinea pacing through his hands. The daily amount must first be accurately
determined, and an ctTort made at once to rcdticc thii^ one-half, afterward
diminishing day by day, supplementing the treatment by ammonium vale-
riaoDlc, Quid extract of coca, or camellia, with tonics, cnsily-digcsted food
frequently given, and some alcohol, in the form of an elixir preferably. It
is advantageous to change the form of the drug: if the pfl1i«nt has been
taking laudanum or other opiate, cive morphine instead; if he hax been tak-
ing morphine sulphate, change it to the valerianate or some other salt.
A change of scene is often beneficial. Massage is a useful adjunct to the
trmlm^nl. Cottcl {Amtriran PrarlUionfr ana AVii*) n-commends the fol-
loving prescription for morphinism: —
B llonih. ttllph. or tr. opii , q. a.
ffl
M
Ext. vibunii pranitoL 6 lA
Hixlr Ainaioiiiie valrrUnat. ,... 00
nUiT (Odii iMonildi IBT. V tflUic IS]) q. ■. ad ISO
Sig.: Tmi^kmniIuI nhcn required.
c.cm. or tSm.
c.cin. or tSiii.
c-cm. or QvJ.
This is a mixture from which one is readily weaned when the opiate
is withdrawn.
Some practttioncTa esteem codeine aa of value in the treatment of mor-
phinism. Aa the quantity of morphine is gradually reduced, codeine, in as
anuill doMs aa poasifale, ia subetitnted. It is thought to be of service in
•llaying the cravine; for the more powerful alkaloid.
Jnffroy' Mys liiat these patients often take a much larger amount of
•Otutite BrMirmaitaire, Dec. 10, ISM.
600
PUARUACBLTICAI, TIIBRArEUTIC JhOENTS OB DBUOS.
the drug tlion i» nocrecnry to salUfy their crnvingii; the first thing, there-
fore, to l>c done is to ascertain the minimal amount which will prcvt-nt the
phTsical iiyniptoma of ab»ttni;no<! from the drug, purtictiliir atlontion being
paid to the state of the heart ami circulation, as well as ihi: alimenierv tract
and the urinary apparatus. The organs h; which Uie drug is excreted
should be put in as perfect working order as poEsible, giving tea, coffee, and
moderatc> flows of sparteine to sttinnlnte the functions of the kidney, and
ueing hydrotherspeutic measures to increase the activity of the skin, llie
patient should, of coune, be placed under the best hygienic comlitionji pos-
sible. When this preparatory treatment is eomplctc he must then b«
absolutely isolated, so that il is impossible for him to ohtnin morjihine.
The gradual method of suppressing the drug should only be employed in
patients who show n innrkcd morphinv cachexia. The abrupt method may
be used when a medical man is at hand to administer a dose of the agent in
case of serious collapse, and is suitable for cases that are not of long standing,
or in which the patient is young and free from cardiac or other visceral le-
sion*. In most c«scs an intonnedinlc method, that of Ericnmeycr, is advis-
able—a rapid method, but not abrupt, combining the safety of the gradual
method with the ({uickneHx of the other. The patient must first bo put into
a condition to suslain the process of demorphinization, and then each day a
half of the daily dose may be cut olT; when the dose has become very small
thi! drug may be altogether discontinued. For severe cases, eight to ten
day* are usually sufficient; for slight cases, fix to eight days. The adva
tage of this plan is that, while allowing a suflieiently safe withdraval of tb
morphine, affording a protection ngaini^t collapse and sudd^-n death, yet
long time ie given for convalescence. In whatever way the deprivation
brought about, the patient may be greatly relieved by counlornctiiig ihi.- ex-
cessive acidity of the gastric contents This follows on the withdrawal of
the morphine, which, being in great part, excreted by tJie gastric mucous
membrane, has inhibited the secretion of the gastric juice. This hypcr^^|
acidity itt not improbably the cau»e of the vomiting, diarrhoea, insomnia,^^
lumbar pains, etc. The desired object may be obtained by causing the pa-
tient to drink Vichy or other alkaline vraler. If the pulse should become
irregidar and very weak, morphine must be injected. But good feeding, with
coftev and milk, should be sufticient in most cases to prevent collapae. Care
must be taken in employing other hypnotics, such as chloral, hromidee, enl-
phonal, and in using alcohol or cocaine, lest another habit should be substi-
tuted for the morphinomania. To lower blood-tension and favor elimina-
tion, scrum may be injeeled aubcutaneously. Prognosia should be rescrr
and prophylaxis is alwayi? more hopeful than cure.
Vr. Pidil Soilier' gives some very inslmetive views (in bin molhod
treating patients who have for matiy years been addicted to the use of mo
phioc. When regularly injected in a continued manner, morphine eaiisi
after a considerable time, a more or less important diminution of the activi .
of the nervous system, and a very marked slowing of the processes of gland-
ular secretion. When morphine is rapidly withdrawn, tnere is commonly
a resumption of the glandular funclionB; but this does not happen imme-
diately in all the organs at the same time, the different phenomena appear-
ing one after the other. Mort freijuently perspinilion and sneexing open th
tau
ten I
nrii^H
-1
' La prate Jf AJtooIc; Canadian Jomttal of iledMnr and Surgery, Ort,, 1S&8.
onvu.
«01
KtBt, occomponicd with pawning. Then diBrrhiM appeara^at first ordinary
ftccf, then pure bile, afterward \ooite motions, baH-bilious, balf-faecal in
chaneti-r: mucous romiling (giutric juice), then biU, where there is itoy,
tpptan after the diarrho^ has started and stops before iL SpermBtorrboea
ippttK iivxt, then sidiralivn and musctilnr cramps. Each glandular ap-
puitus begins operations in its turn, without any detennined order in this
itKCMHoD of phenomena, which varies with each person and depends on the
diflpKnl de£;rcea to which the different organs of the body are impreftnated
«itb morphine. The mecbaniEm by which the eytlem rids itself of morphine
■ppcan to he an epithehal and endothelial desquamation of the impregnated
nwous membranes. TheH procceecs may be renewed during six or eight
wwki liter abrupt withdrawal of the drug, and, when complete, correspond
10 t raiilulio ad inUgrum of the affected organs. Assuming that thcie
fnmiies arc cosrect, it follows that the stronger the reaction of the organ-
wnt, lh« more abundant will be the desquamation at first, and the more rap-
idly will organic regeneration be brought about. Hence the object in treat-
ing ■ patient with the morphine habit is to favor as much as possible the
rJinunatioD of the altered glandular elements, to provoke the appearance of
Mch Kcretion, if slow in appearing, or if it slackens its work when begun
orfto|Mi too aoon. To meet these indications it suffices to excite glandular
activitv by every known method, while at the same time leascuing the quan-
tity ef morphine. PurKittivi'ti, diiiri.'lici<, and diunhoretii's ought to be used
coDnimntly. Under the influence of these medicines, and the rapid dimi-
nntioo of the quantity of morphine, the resumptinn of glandular activity
b«giiii before complete reraoval of the drug is enforced. The I'ffort of the
otj^aaina at this time is therefore less intense, the emunctories being already
pRMicd. Ilenee it results that the heart is not forced to perform exccasivc
■Dw. and the pain provoked by the reaction of the organism, EtriTinR to
fm itself of its altered elements, is reduced as much as possible. Dr. SoUier,
■one ufting this method, has not observed, even in patients with diseased
Imrts, any signs of heart-failure or syncope, and still less has be been con-
(raoted with the collapse which /rij;htenA so mnny morphine- takers when
tiyiiig to get cured, and physiciaiis who have not had any experience in such
aett. when the morphine-taker is thus prepared for weaning, not only is
tbere do serious accident to dread, but it is useless to give him any beart-
tonie, such as sparteine or caffeine, for heart-failure need not be appre-
hended. When, on the other hand, weaning from morphine is begun with-
onl having taken previous precautions to prepare for glandular elimination,
000 Is exposed to what may be called a false elimination of morphine. Sollier
explain:! ihis n* follows: Weaning from moqihine nhoiild not lie confounded
with elimination of the drug from the system. Weaning may be put in force,
but rliminnlion may not follow. Should this occur, eonvalescenee dot* not
take place, or else comes on in a alow, torpid manner, and beaidea even fatal
mtnlts may happen. He is oppowd to the use of other hypnotics when treat-
ing a morphine-taker, and does not, therefore, use napelline or phosphate of
codrine. Adjuvants, auuh as sparteine and caffeine, are somelimes used if
the heart is weak. Atitipyrin and bromide of potassium are used when there
is a temli-ncy to cerebral congestion. Tie it totally opposed to the use of aul-
phonal, bromidia. chloral, etc., and thinks that sulphonal is the most dan-
gvruue drug in Ibis category. The rational treatment of morphinomania,
therefore, according to Sollier, consists in provoking and favoring as much
008
PHABStACRCTICAI. TIIRRAPBtTIC AQEim OB DRUGS.
as possible the aecretion* of all the glands, in depriving tbe patient of the
drug as eoon as possible, in aroidiog isubsequent iutcrferencG except to kwp
up elimination, and obserTing the patient through all the period necessary
for glandular regfuvnition.
There is a fundamental fact to be borne in mind in the treatnieat of
this dacE of patients, as pointed out by Kellogg; it is that the majority of
personii who ocauire the vice of drug addiction are peculiarly constituted,
and arv either taoto who livH entirely upon the sente-plauc, who«c highest
aim is to gratify their appetites, and who, when the natural resouroea l>egin to
fail, stimulate Ihcm with Tarious drugs; or they belong to a cUks nf neu-
rotic, hypenienflitit e individual)!, who are the products of the brain-destroy-
ing and race-dct«n orating conditions of modern life. In such eases the drug
treatment sliould be secondary to hygienic mesHures, particularly diet, masa-
age, electricity, and hot or cold applications to the occiput ^nd spine. H«-
lapseji in s\wh indiriduaU should not discourH>:e the physician or the patient.
Therapy. — Powdered opium may be mixed into a paste with water and
applied to an incipient boil with relief. Laudanum with water ig a useful
application to sprains and bntises; and it may be added to poulticee to form
an anodyne fomentation or applied to wounds aa an antiseptic and to relieve
pain. Laudniium and sweet-oil should not be used for earache, becauee in
case of perforation a child might be narcotized in this way, by the drug
passing down the Eustachian tube into the throat. Many anodyne liniments
contain opium, and when these arc applied with friction the remedy is partly
absorbed. Such applications assuage the pain of chronic or muacular rheu-
motinn, and even, at times, of sciatica. A warm loUon containing opium
affords relief in aynovilis and orchitis. Laudanum is usually a eerviccabla^
topical remedy in painful ulcers.
Opium may be combined and used thus locally: —
30| o«m. or OJ.
B Tlnct opli
Chlofufonni,
Tintt. sconiti ,.. aa 16
01. raentli. jrip. > 4
Ltn. a«]>oaU 40
&etit. or Qu.
fl.cm. or nj.
exn. or Qij.
U. Sig.: Appljr with friction over Ui« surf««e for neunlfpa or rheumfttbrn.
B Tinct. opii.
Aqua hAmomdidis dt»L,
AqiUF Mmiibnnu , . , . , Ra G0| e.cm. or (Sij.
H. For an oppUiutiati to acute goat or Thciunatism.
li Tinct. opii,
Spiritus villi rectiflcntl,
.\c(\iir: hamamclidjii dert
U. Serviceable in tynovltlt, Mons, or orchitis.
B Tinct. opii.
Kxt. amicn <L,
Lin. uponis i aa 30|
!£. For cnlnrflcd glands and thickened «tat«B of the akin.
B EstfnctI opii,
K>;troi.'ti ftrnicn,
Elktriicti tieilndonnn folior. nlc na 41
Un|E:t li!'<tTBT|[VTi olsatis (10 per cent.) SI
M. For arlhritis.
Ol'Tl'JI.
603
R ExtrscU a|>li .
Con inn hydrochlorali*
Menthol)
Ungt. (iiiei oxiili
flm. or Sm.
05 ijta. or gr. x,
Cm. or ffT. *T.
Gm. or Ij.
U. BcBcflria] In nnal flMur«^ net*} eaoma, and is h»morthoidi.
TTic inhnUtiDD of Ett^'um impreguited with paregoric, or tht- watory ex-
tract of opium, U beneficial in acute pharynxilU. Ringer recoiniiieDds the
topical application of morphine dissolved in lioney or glycerin, in order I»
nliere the throat -coiigli of phthiajs. This solution or an opiated lozenge
it BOt irithout efliciency, even when the cough b entirely dependent upon
t^ pulmonary condition. Oarglea eontaining opium are often of benefit in
ikt iliceases named:—
R TinrL opii camphoratw,
TateU tM?nz«iDi conp.,
Ttacl. kino •& 301 '-*"'- *" UJ-
M. fiig.T Employ, diluted with water, a* a gargle.
B TbicL opil ramflinrattp,
Aqwe menth. pip.,
Olftwrlnl aa tO| <-.ein. or QJ.
U. Sig.: Ute aa a gargle, diluted with water.
Ttie oleate of morphine, with lanolin and a little chloroform, is a seda-
ti*e application, or we may diMolve morphine in chloral-camphor and apply
it 0T«f the site of pain. In varioUH inBammatory conditions of the skin or
ooajniKtiw, fomentntion« with the rccont decoction of poppy-hcadH i» a
BOolhiiig treatment, but is loss anodyne and astriDgont than laudanum and
Itot water. Opium, murphine. and codeine may also he introduced into the
rcclam in the form of Etippoeitories. in painful conditions of the bowel and
neighboring organs, and aUo, for their general effect*, in producing eleep
and quictmg cough or rt-EttceEncEe. A warm bath and an opium suppository
are of material valne in relaxing the ttpaiim whieh often accompanirit organic
itridure of the urethra. These measures will frequently permit the escape
of enough urine to cause coniiderahle temporary relief in retention and, at
the lame time, facilitate the passage of a filiform bougie and catheter. An
ophia Buppoiiilorv averts the chill which may follow instrumentation of the
mala urethra, quiets the nervous system after operations upon the female
pelris, and reliefer iht^ (uiin nnd tonesmus nt cyi>titis and ctrangury.
Dr. Ton Klein, of Daj-ton, advocates the administration, in certain casen,
of morphine by the nostril*. In hay fever a combination of morphine with
eonbe in powdered gum acacia and sugar is of great value in relieving the
pain and irritation.
In painfid tlTectionB of the upper air-tract the foUowinfr has been rec-
omnenaeil: —
R Aeidi lanaid ■. 91 Um. or S gr. xv.
UorphiM* luljihaU* |S3 On*, or gr. iUsa.
fulvprii anuMc,
pDlvvri* MTOharl aa S| On. or gr. air.
M. To be llKiro<i|chly lriiiiral«d <0.4D Qin.;sOAl morpUM).
SIf.: For laHlUbUon, a pinrti at a time.
Hypodermic Adminittration. — Morphine ts fre*jucntly injected hypo-
dermically in order to produce it* plmiologieal ami thenipeuticat effects, and
604
I-UAIIJIACBI'TIOAL TUEKAI-CUTIO AUENT3 OH DACCiS.
the rule ie to begin nith a dose, at the most, only half tie large as would
given by tlie mouth. Atropine U frequently combiiipd with llie :
(0.0O03 Om. and 0.01 Om,. or gr. V»m t^^ p- Vt). "nd ml ministered in this
way to enhance JteefTcot in treating neuralgia; they nrcalKo ii^ed in thi» com-
bination previous to Ihu use of chloroform, eepptialty when a prolonged
flperalion in anticipated. In cas» of local pain, aK Aral pointed out by Ur.
Alexander Wood, of Edinburgh, who introduced the hypodermic method,
there i# an advantage in malting the injection cloac to tlie epot afTected,
although, for a genera! anodyne or hypnotic effect, the skin on the arm or
dorsum i>f forearm is generally selected. The nilej for hypodermic niediea-
tion may be briefly staled ae followa: —
1. The iiiiitrniiient niu.it be surgically clean and aacptic
"i. The solution used should be made with recently- boiled dUtiUcrt
water, or nl lejist wilh rerently- boiled water.
3. The patient should not be allowed to prescribe the injection, but
it should be utied only wlu-ii, in (he judgment of the physician, it is appro-
priate, neceeeary, and justifiable.
-1. The 8pol seleeUd nliould bi' cleansed, and the needle pushed throng!
a fold of the skin pinched up with the fingers of the other hand to that hold-
ing the instrument, being careful, in introducing it. to avoid proximity of
veins. The desired amount being gradually injected into the loose cellular
or nniM-ular tisi«uc, the needle i» withdrawn, uhile with the finger pressure
is made over tho slight puncture and the fluid is gently dispersed under the
akin.
It should be remembered that the morphine enters (he circulation more
quickly than when absorbed from the alimentary canal, and once injected
cannot be withdrawn. In a etrange patient, when' idiosyncrasies are un-
known, it would be wise to give not more than 0.006 to 6.008 Om. (or gr.
'/io-Vb) and watch the elTcd*. repealing and increasing the dose if required.
On account of the extreme susceptibilily of young children to opium, the
hypodermic method is considered infldvisnble for them; and in elderly per-
sons, or in patients suiTering with Bright's disease of the kidneys, it it used
only with cxtrciiir caulitni.
Special Applications. — Opium ie used symptomatically to relieve pain
and irritation, lo relax spasm, lo pmdiicc sleep, to check secretions, and to
influence nutrition. The preparations of opium and its salts are so efDcient
and convenient in the Irenlmeiit of all forms of pain that the habit of in-
dulgence is readily formed. It is therefore prudent for the physician not to
inform the patient of what he is using, or lo always give it in combination
with other drugs. In some forms of brain disease, attended hy congestion
of the hemispheix's, especially in llie form iiccompanving alcoholism, opium
is inudniissiblc. Meningitis, however, is benefited hy opium, and in the
eerebro-spiiial form, in conjiinclion wilh icc-applic-ntions and other treat-
ment, the deixioiized tincture should be given in diiHea large enough to keep
the patient from suffering. Professor Flcehsig has formulated a method of
treating epilepsy by an alternate use of opium and potassium bromid
Small doses of the extract of opium, are at first given, but the quantity i
gradually increased for about six weeks, when the patient is pUo*'d upon
large doses of the bromide. This plan of treatment is said to be generally
attended by good results and is thought to be (specially applicable lo juvenile
patients.
:«
M
I'
OFitm.
In biliary, renal, or tnlcstinal colic, morpbioe, gWen bj- Ihe inoulh
or hj'pudeniiiciilly, is the moBt common means of relief; also in angina pec-
lohft, palpilalion of Ihc )ic*rt, or cardiac (lyspiioea. It must not be forf;otten
thjit, as poiote>d out by M. llachard. the most important manifratation of
onftina pectoris is not the pain, but the Hyiii;ope with tendency to pulmonary
cect«ina.
Small do«cs of opium — 0.30 com. (or mv) of the tincture, for instance —
hsTo an excellent etimulnnt effect in the case of a weak or dilated hcait. In
paroxysmal cardiac r]yi<iin(ca, an coDlradistinjeuinhod fi-(;m aaihma and that
due to pleural effusion, the hypodermic injection of moq>hine ii followed by
wonderfully ^ood re^ulti^ an pointed out by Altbut and confirmed by Itinger.
Kcspiration becomes comparatively free, lividity dii^pponre, and sleep ie ren-
dered possible. At first 0.01 Gm. (or gr. */«) twice or thrice a veek in suffi-
eieot; subsequently it may be necessary to gradually incrcatw the dose. This
tnmtmeni more parlirularly applies to mitral than to aortic disease. In the
canliae acetdenls of rheumatism — such ui- myocardilis, grave forms of cndo-
cardilis, and especially in pericarditie) — the opium treatment, according to
t'owcll,' is of immense value, its object being to cAuse organic rest, so far at
organic ml can be giren to an autoniatieally moving organ, by diminishing
tbi> npidily of the pulse and quieting the restlessness and agitation of the
patieot. Wlten paroxycmal dy-^pncea acoompanteei valvular incompetency
ud greatly interferes with the patient's rest at night (the dyspncoa not being
dna to pleural or pericardial effusion), much comfort is afforded by a »mall
hypodermic injection of morphine. Dr. Alexander McPhcdniu, of Toronto,
praiKiuncca opium superior to digitaliii in llie^e eo-^es, and, in fact, indis-
pensable.
In bronchia] and pulmonary atTcctions, irritation of the sensory cnd-
oigans often excites cough, in exeeM of what )8 demanded for the expulsion
of the inHammatary products from the air-passagee. Moderate doses of mor-
phine or opium, added to an expectorant mixture, restrain the cough of irri-
tative origin, the irritation aecompaDying bronchitis being relieved by
X'um, and cough overcome so as to permit sleep; the secretions are also
■eked by it, so that it is a useful remedy especially in the declining stages
of bronchitis, but a dnnj^crous one in the early or congestive stage. whcr«
BTen a small dose may be fatal. Small doses of Dover's powder are useful
in contTxdhng tlie symptoms of bronchilijt, and make the patient more com-
fortable.
In bronchial aathma, opium alone or combined as follows, has a most
decided action in giving relief and in assisting to check the morbid proceat: —
B TinrL opil,
iWt. Inbcli* aa i
AnniOiiiii lodidi H
Exini-ti grindvlte 11 15
UlyL-erini - -H- «. mi 120
cent, or (Sj.
Gm. or lij.
c.citi. or ijfm.
Cjcm. or fJtT.
M. Of.:
pwxyNu-
A tMupooafuI three or four tiine* a 1U7 or al any tjtur during a
In nneiimODia, opium is of advantage in relieving pain and exccesivQ
cough; nere it is best given in the form of Dover's powder or in the foUow-
iag combination: —
■Cirillarrf't irnffnl Jouraat, May, lOOO.
$06
PHARUACEDTICAL THERAPBtTIC AOEKTfi OB DECG8.
B Autimunii Pt potauii tart. ...., F06S Gm. or gr. j.
Piilv. ipopoe ci opli ••,.,... ZJBO Om, or p. %i.
PotMBli nitTHtU 4| Gm. or Sj.
U. Piv. in chnrtulo) na. xx.
Big.: Take one ever}' two hour*, in pntumonin.
In pneumonia siid pleurisy, when the pain is eeroc, opiam may
be preBcrihed as followa: —
B I'ulvcrJB opii , B3 tin. or gr. it.
nydtaxg. chloridl mlUa (MA Gm. or gr. }.
Pulveris aroriiHlioi ., [iS Gin. or gr. ilj-
M. ut ft. I'huitulip no. xij.
Big.! A po«il*r every hulf-liour or hour until reliei'ed.
B Piilveiis ipsmc. et op!l,
Cuiiipliuni- iiiouobruiimt a» 2{ Gm. ow 3m.
Id. ct fL ralp«uIiD no. X.
Sig,! A cnpaule every ImU-hour or hour.
In typhus nod typhoid fevers, nnall-pox, and other tcatc feTcr*. »*"
tended by poisoned blood and ^eat delirium and restlessness, opium in ap"
propriate (loses at night will often be of great «!n-i<H> in maintainiiij tfe*
Btrength of the patient. The above combination of tartar emetic and oplB**"
is pstrenicly efTuacious in those cases of typhus and typhoid (eier chartrte^
ized by furious delirium, insomnia, and exhaustion. In various other condi*
tion* the tjiTifficial elTect* of opium are apparent- For inxlance, in rnptur*
of the uterus, bladder, or intestines, in peritonitis, the only chance of re-
covery <:i>n(*ij'l» in keeping the patient fully under the sMative influeoce of
t>pium. using the deodoriEed tincture in preference to any other form. I«
the trKaliiiont of intostimil hiemorrhage of typhoid fever the value ot sni»U
doBes of opiun3 in suppoitiug the circulation and promoting healinj; of tlie
intestinal ulccnt is well estiibli^lu'd. In after-pains, in threatened ^lOftinxar
in some cases of dysmenorrhoea, the judicious use of as opiate will aSori \kx%-
raunity from sufTering.
An hypodermic injection of morphine is of much service in onnljii, ^
in other furui^ of n<>uralgin. Another statement may he made here in KgtTO
to the eillcncy of this mode of treatment in neviralgia generally, viz.: not only
ia the Bltnck temporarily relieved, but not infn'ijuentiv the disorder i» cm*A
or, at least, remains in abeyance for s considerable period. Cancer of t^*
vomh, or, indeed, malignant disease wherever seated, detnandf, almost vicli*
out exception, the administration of some form of preparation of opda**'
Here, and, in fact, as in all ef<»entially painful diseaKK, tho remedy uioti-^^
he given with judicious boldness. Excessive pain requires full doses; <mall"
fail to relii^ve pain, increase nervous excilcmt-nt, and are prejudicial nll*'^
than hcneficiat. In the treatment of cancer, there need be little or dd fe^
of founding the morphine habit. Opium is useful in acute suppreoMD *rf
the menses when owed to moral or emotional excitement. Severe and dvP
burns are always marked by profound shock and excruciating pain, and in
these conditions the hypodermic uso of morphine is invaluable. Herpt*
zoster is another malady in which morphine, especially in union with iti^
pine, IB of notable service in relieving the violent, lancinatioj; pain
In cough -mixtures, opium or morphine is a standard ingredient, hit
codfiinc has advantages when the cough is spasmodic and violent: —
opira.
607
fJliij.
R Cudeinw ,,... SO Cm. or
Tibet, belkilonnic r<ili«r. i i'.pui. or
SjT. pruni Virjtiiiin'i* <1- '• "d W c.em, or
H. Sid.: Juki! n lEimpoocful, when cough is uuioyjng, Jour or five tiinw daily.
In plilhuii, the nbovc formulo will be uvi^ful in checking the cough at
H^ht and reducing tendency to night-sweats.
Codein« inav bi: kctv ict-ubly umplo^'ed in Hcute and chronic bronchitis,
'iiooping-cougb, inflammatory conditions of the bowL^l or pcritonitum, and
InflammatioD of the urinary pas:«aii;es. Its hypnotic and anodyne powers
c decidedly leee than those of morpnine. It has been lucd with advantage
dabetes.
Opium is very serviceable in treating diabetes mcllituH, and is prcfurahl«
<2odeine. Opium i*, perliaps, the ioo»t efficient drug which we possess in
& treatment of this disorder. It diminishes hunger and thirst, the ijuan-
y of urine excreted, and ihe amount of angar eiiminati^d. The progress of
e disease is checked and the condition of the patient amdinrated. Large
B«a are recjiiired and well-home in diabetes melliluii. The proper plan is
ViegiD with moderate doses, and rapidly, bat watchfully, increase aceord-
S lo Ihe effect of the remedy upon the glycosuria, or until symptoms of
LX^?otism make their appearance. Opium is also of service in diaoetes in-
piduj, though less active than in saccharine diabete».
In treating chronic ulcer, the administration of small amounts of opium
Vera) time^ daily will bring about a healtliy condition and encourage heal-
IJ¥. Given in larger quantities, 0.0fJ5 to O.IU Gm. {or gr. i-ij) every three or
>Ur huiir^, opium is of equal value in the treatment of phag«da>na, alleviat-
ig pain and cheeking the tendency to spreoicl. This drug is beneficial in
IccraliTo itoniatili.i. Where there are excessive secretion.* opium will re-
Uce them, as in bronchorrhtra. diarrhira. dysentery, etc. In the diarrhira
t typhoid fever, opium may he judiciously and usefully employed, and it
I oiteu successful in controlling tubercidous diarrhuui. In various formulie
>r cholera, opium holds a prominent place. In infants suffering with sum-
tCT complaint. enterocolitiK, or cholera infanlum, all forms of narcotics are
> daneeroua as to be almost prohibited. The object of treatment ik evacua-
omnd disinfection of the intcKlinal tube, with administration of sterilized
>od; where this has been done, opium will generally not be required. In
uob cases, starch-water cm-mata may be given, containing a drop or two of
tudsnum with 0,38 Gm. (or gr. v) of chlorai-hydrate, in order to afford rc-
'^1 trom rt^tlcMnegii and pain.
In the diseases previously referred to, opium is often so nccewiary in
»e treatment that we may append a few preiicriptions containing (his very
teportant drug: —
It Piilmit npti |03 Qdx. or gr. M.
IVpsini uicch.,
Biunutli, fcubnlt an SI Om. or Sm.
01. oimminoiiii ..- t**" <''"ti. or mj.
M. ft ft. clmrtulit no. x.
Sig.: A {lUH-drr vvery two or tlir«« hour* for diarrfacM la children.
B F.xlractl npii
Pulv. ip«-«tcuanlue I
HydrarxTri chloridi mitU I
it. >l fl. piL no. stJ.
Si([.: A (Mil ertij bour or two for diHrrbwa «r ijventfrj ia adullJ,
50 Gill, or gr. viij.
110 Om. or gr. xxir.
W Ou, or gr. xvj.
W6
PnARHACKtTTtCAL TIIRKAfBCTIC A0SMT8 OR DllCat.
S Aiitimonli ti potuaii tart.
Pulv. ipcnc ct opii
PotMsii nltnli*
U. IMr. In cliiir1ul« no. xx.
Sl|[.: Talw one fvory tny» faoun, in iiDrumoDta.
MS Gm. or gr. j.
(Ml Gm. or p. xi.
tin. or Sj.
In pneuinonia and pleurisy, when tho puin is eev«re, opium may iT
bo prescribed as followe; —
R PulT«rii opii , ...jk. \25 Uiii. or gr. ir.
Hjrdraiff. chloridi mftl* ..*....• [OOi Gm. or gr. ).
PuW«Ti» aroinatici ; |7G Om. or gr. xij.
M. ft It, cliaHulie no. xij.
81g.: A ponder rvery linlf'hour or hour until relieved.
8 Pulvcrin ipcoai?. Pt opii.
rBtiifihoru- nionobroiiiat ,
H. »t ft. oupauln no. x.
6Ig.: .V cnpttilo evrry hutf-huur or iiovi.
aa i\ Gm. ur 3m.
In tjrpbus and typhoid fcvwe, small-pox, and other ncutc fevers, at-
tcriilcd by poieoned blood and ;;Tpat delirium and T«8t]eeen«6E, opium in ap-
propriate aoici nt night n-ill often be of great icr^'icc in maintaining the
strength of the patient. The above combination of tartar emetic and opium
is eitremely cflintclous in those cases of typhus and typhoid fever ohnracter*
iKcd by furious delirium, in^imnia. and exhaustion. In various other condi-
tions the bcmficinl elTeels of opium are Apparent. For instance, in rupture
of the uteniB, bladder, or intestinee, in peritonitis, the only chance of re-
covery comistfl ID keeping the palienl fully uniler the sedative influenoe nf
ouiuni, iii^iiig Ihc deodorized tincture in preference to any other form. In
the treatment of intestinal haemorrhage of typhoid fever the value of smat!
dott* of opium in t-upportin^ the circidalioit and promoting healing of the
intestinal ulcera is well established. In after-pains, in threatened abortion,
in somi.- cases of dysmenorrhcea, the Judicious use of an opiate will aSord im-
munity from suffering.
An hypodermic injection of morphine is of much aen,'icc in ovaralgia. as
in other forms of neuralgia. Another statement may he made here in regard
to the ctTtnn y nf this raoili- of t rent moot iij nciinilgia generally, viz.: not only
is the attack temporarily relieved, but not infrct|uently the disorder is cured,
or, «l least, remains in aboynncc for a considerable period. Cancer of the
womb, or, indeed, malignant disease wherever seated, demands, almost with-
out cxefptioii, the administration of some form of prepBration of opium.
Here, and, in fact, as in all eRsentially painful diseases, the remedy should
be given with judicious boldness. Excessive pain requires full doses; smaller
fail to relieve pain, increase nervous excitement, and arc prejudicial rather
than beneficial. In the treatment of cancer, there need be little or no fear
of founding the morphine habit. Opium h u.sefui in acute suppression of
the menses when owed to moral or emotionnl excitement. Severe and deep
bums are always marked by profound shock and excnieiating pain, and in
these conditions the hypodermic use of morphine ia invaluable. Herpes
lotter is another malady in which morphine, especially in uuion with atro^J
pine, is of notable service in relieving the violent, lancinating pain.
In cough -mixtures, opium or morphine is a standard ingredient, but
codeine baa advantages when the cough is spasmodic and violent; —
OTIETM.
601
Q Cod«lMB 120 nm. DT gr. iij.
TincL bclkdooDOi lolior. 4 c.cm. ui Rj.
Sjt. prani VirglttUuB (|. >. »<! 00| cxni. or fjiij.
U. SiK-: Take n tMupoooful, when cough ia aiiiioyin([, four or ltv« Uin<« dolly.
lo phthisis, the nhovo formula will be useful in chcckini; the cough at
night snd rnluciiic tendency to night-ewentfi.
Codeine miy ue •enkcnbly employed in acute and obronic bronchitis,
whooping-cough, inHBuimaiory couditioDs of the bowtl or pcntoQCUin, and
in intUmmiitiou of tiii- urituiry pits^aLfeA. Its hypnotic and anodyne powun
are decidedly Ie«s than those of morpuine. It has bccu uiivd with advantage
in diabetes.
Opium is very eerviceabie in treating diabctee mcllitug, and u preferable
to codeine. Opium itt, perhaps, the moitt efGcient drug which we posoess in
the treatment of this disorder. It diminishes hunger and thirst, the quan-
tity of urine excreted, and the amount of sugar eliminated. The progress of
the disease is checked and the condition of the patient ameliorated. I/irge
doaw are ri.t)uirrd and ucll-bome in diabetes meUitUd. The proper plan is
to begin with moderate doses, and rapidly, but watchfully, increase accord-
ing to the effect of the remedy upon the glycrtsnria, or until symptoms of
oarrolUm make their appearance. Opium is also of service in diabetes in-
■ipidun, though let* active than in saccharine diabetes.
in treating chronic ulcer, the odmioislration of small amounts of optiun
•rroral times daily will bring aboat a healthy condition and encourage heal-
ing. Oiren in larger quantities, 0.065 to 0.13 Gm. (or gr. i-ij) every three or
four honr«. opium in of equal ralue in the treatment nf phaged»na, alleviat-
ing pflin and checking the tendency to itpresd. This dnig is beneficial in
mlcerative stomatitis. Where there are excesive secretions opium will re-
duce them, as in bronchonhiva, diarrlicea, dyecntery, etc. In the diarrhoea
»f irphoid fever, opium may be judiciously and usefully employed, and it
is often euccemful in controlling tuberculous diarrbcea. In rarious formula)
for cholerv, opium holds a prominent place. In infanta suffering with sum-
mer complaint, enterocoliti», or cholera infantum, all forms of narcotics are
to dangerous as to be almost prohibited. The object of treatment is eraeua-
tioo and disinfection of the inti-xtinal tube, with udministrution of sterilised
food; where this has been done, opium will generally not be required. In
nch cafies, starch-water eiiemata may be given, containing a drop or two of
tittdanum with 0.32 Gm. (or gr. v) of ebloral-bydrate, in order to afford t»-
lief from restlcstness and patn.
In the diseases previously referred to, opium ia often so nceeesary in
tbe treatment that we may append a few prescriptions containing this very
important drug: —
8 PulrmB o|»i |03 Uia. or gr. ».
Pr^lnl aiorh.,
Itiamuth. nibnlt. ■■ 2j Gin. or 3ml
01. ctntiftmonii ..... |00 con. «r mj.
It. rt It. phnrlulw no. %.
Sg.: A ponder eirfry two or thr«« boiua (ur diiUTh<i>B ia chUdnn.
M Om. or gr. *iil.
ao Gm. or gr. xxlv.
H Kirnu^l ofiil
PuIt. ipenununbie ..•>...■■... 1
Uydrarnri diloridl nltli 1|M Ou. or gr. ivj.
IL tt ft. piL no. xvj.
8ig.: A pill «rory hour or two lor dUnliiza or dyMnlcry In idntl*.
COS
PHAItHACRDTICAL
DBl'OS.
B TLnet. opii MmjAoratM,
Tfnct. ciLrdAnoiiL cwnp-,
TInoL lavandalm oo. aA 301 a.uiii, <ir (3j.
Aquu- m«9lb. fip. WJ c.iriu. or (Jtij.
M. Stg.: One ubloixmnful vnry two or thm ho«n fcf croinii4 aiid dlarrlia
B TineU opIi CMiiplioTattt 131 cctu. or ES**-
Syrup, Th« aromiitic 7 6 oxai. or (31J.
linct. cardunom. comp. ....... 30 cem. or f$}.
Aqiue aniii - .(|. ■- ad 1>V>| r.cm. or (Jr.
M. Sig.; From one to two tMKpoonfuU crerjr two or Uir«e houm for <liar
of children.
B Tinct. opil,
SpiritUB niratli. pip,.
^rittiR ounplione,
Tlnct. capaici .•■•■ ••> ba i\ c.mn. or f3}.
H. Sig.: Ten to forty drop* overj honr or two for dlnrrhon with cramp*.
B TIdcL opii,
SptritDS chloTofornil,
llnct. carauci,
SjTUp. cloglbCTU an 4{ CJMn. or fSJ.
M. Sig.: Twenty to forty drop* «v*ry balf-bour or hour tor crvuip* ati«nd«d
with dlnrrhtcn.
B Tinct opii cjiniphoralA,
Mial, rr#t»,
Tinct, kino aa 00| c.cm. or fjij.
M. Sl^.: From « half a lM«poanful to a tablMpoontuI every hour or two for
diarrlKca.
Xau«'U nnd iutvohs vomiting art- gi'Durnlly nlleviuted hy the adminis-
tration of opium. This remedy is uaefiiT in seasicknepa and the vomiting of
prcgnftiic.v, in wich of which it is apt to be more <;flicient if givftn ftiibou*
taneousiy. The same method is of value in obalinate hiccoii;;h. The paina|
of gflstralfrin. ulcer, and giistric carcinomH an.' ii men aide to the influence of
opium, which is, furthennore, iieefiil in nicer in reatraininR hfemorrhaRe.
There Is a form of rlyspcfwia in which opium is of eij^nnt service. This is of
an irritative character, occnrs in thin people of an irritable, anxious tempera-
ment, and i* indicated by o dry tongue, red at the tip and edges. Ijcad colic
in lessened by opium. In acute obstruction of the bowels, due to epaBm, 0.03
Qm. (or gr. s») of opinm every four hours, for two or three days, will often
relieve stercoraceous vomiting and permit normal evacuations. Even in
fjBcal impaclioii, good rosiill^ liave <tn«iif?d from the daily injection of n,03 to;
0.065 Gm. (orgr.86-j) of morphine in divided doses. This treatment isespe-!
cisUy adapted to instances in which thi' gut has been injured by congestion
or inflammation.' In chronic constipation, opinm alone or combined with
ipecacuanha often relieves the irrilabl*? bowci and nseiBtfl in restoring tone
and ft healthy action to the mucous membrane. In gastritis, especiatly the
acute variety produced by alcoholism, opium relieves pain ana vomiting.
The nervous manifestations of exophthalmic goitre someUmes receive hencSt 1
from opium.
Tile antispasmodic influence of this drug has been utilized in various
■I>faUlip>, op. df., p. 103.
OPirH.
OOB
eonvuUivc AlTi-ctioDS. It is of undoubted service in severe cAsea of choree
in whkh twitchiuKS abolish sleep, and it was given by Trousseau in large
doaM witli jt"""' vii<Ki. The petit mal and nocturnal ejiilepflj- arv beiietited
b]r opium. Scanzoui and Jjootnis hAve amply demonstrated the safety and
the vb1u<- of hypodermic injections of morphinv in uremic eoma. Dr. jamea
Tyson' reminds us that Dr. Alfred Loomis, who first advocatwl the hypo-
dermic injection of morphine for urtcmic cuiivulsion*. restricted its use b>
acute cases of Bnght's disease, and held that it is inadmiseible in chronic
Blight's. In fact, the greater the. destruction of the secrclin^ portion of the
kidney and the more chronic the process, the greater is the danger from
opium, ile has seen fatal coma produced in such a case by the administration
of 7.5 c.cni. (or fSij) of |iarej;i>ric. Althou);h inellU'ieney of the eliminatire
orf.ftns ordjniihly fiiniii^hi-s a coiitra-iudication to the it^ of this remedy, yet
in thiK iilnrmiDt; in-cidcnt th<- iiiiir]ihiii<- j)n>ninti>ft the action of the skin and
•MDkB to exert a protective influence upon the nerve-centres. In tetanus,
tbi deep injecltoti of morphine into the alTt^cted muscles aecma to be of some
Mrrice. A hypodermic mjcction of morjihine will frequently break up a
■|Hum of asthma. Opium is of advantage in emphysema, hay fever, and the
spaBBwdic stage of whooping-eough. Sixty-five eg. (or gr. x) of Dover's
iwwder alone, or, prefi-ranly, combined with an equal quantity of quinine
•olphate, will often abort a cold if given inr its incipient stage. Morphine
is a rolinble stimulant in surgical shock and heat exhaustion; in both (rase*
it should be administered bypodcrmically. In acute and chronic mania, and
in mehincholit. opium is capable, in selected cases, of affording decided l>ene-
St, especially in melancholia. Its administration in cases of alienution needs,
hovever, to 1>« directed with enlightened judgment. Dover's powder is often
ncmafiful in checking the uight-xweals of phlhists. The hypodermic injec-
tion of a «mall dose of morphine with atropine ia of avail in hiemoptyais or
uterine haemorrhage.
Apomorpbinee HydrocMoras (U. S. P.). — Apomorphine HydrochloraleL
ApomorpbinK Hydrochloridnm (li. P.). — Apomorphine Hydrochloride,
I See |«g.- Hi)
Apocodeiae. — Apoei^deine is an amorphous, brown powder, of an alka-
line reaction, and soluble in ether, alcohol, and chloroform.
The properties of apocodcine are similar to, but weaker than, those of
apomorphine.
Tbe physiological action of apocodcine has been lately studied by L.
Guinard. According to this writer, apocodeine has an hypnotic effect with-
out causing nausea and vomiting. It incrcu^ee reflex action, and, in large
doaea, occasions convulsions and tetanic spasmii. In the opinion of Guina^,
apocodeine Is not an emetic, and when it gives Hue to nausea it H probably
coclaminatt^d with ajMiniurphine. During the soporific action of this alka-
loid the bodily temperature is reduced Apocodcine always excitt-s hyper-
secretion of saliva, bile, pancreatic and intestinal juices, and increases intes-
tinal pcrislalfis. Hie pupil is but Eligbtly inUuenoed daring the deep in-
diced by apocodeine, but during the convulsive period it is widely dilated.
I>u)an1iii-Beaumetz stated that apocodeine wa« found useful in harm-
0|Ttysi^ croup, and whooping-cough, and recommends it in doses of 0.013
^^Tltm Uw o( Iron and Opituii in Hri);lit'9 lUsntw,*' Jmirual sf (A' Amrtlcatt
JMfaa' Jaf>»r(«ffM>, July 23, 1808.
61U I>lt.tnitACKimCAI. TltBaAPSUTIO AGEKTS OB DRl'OH.
Gm, (or p*. ', ,) hvprnU-nnicrtllv, sinl ».<H Gm. (or gr. Va) l>y tl"' "itiin
Dr. Murrell hns demonRtraU-'I that apoootleine hydroclilarate is beDeticial in
chronic bronchitis bv Tiniic of iu <.<xpectorant propiTtic^. Hv ndminixtorHl
it by hypodermic injection, which, provided Che solution be neutral, pr
ducce no local irriwtion.
Klagg slates tlint when opinm, or any of its ordinary preparationa, fail!
to produce a good etfcct. a eolutioii of morphine bimeconate often acts nvtl.
Thia pre ]>» rot ion, he ndd^j, is an anodyne of decided ellicacy whire oidinary
]>repantionfi of opium are not dcsirsble or are contja-indicatcd. The dose
)• from 0.30 to 1.50 ccni. (or mv-xwj), an required.
Dr. Kinney epcaks favorably of the action of morphine hydrobromnte.
It ffcncnlly, though not invariably, produces quiet steep and relieves pniti
without being followed by the unpleasant effects vhicfa are sometimes caused
by other morphine preparations.
The other alkaloids and coni^tiiucnte of opinm are of great interest, but
rarely u»ed in medicine.
OR£XIN£ AND OREXINE TANNATE.— Tannate of oT«sine has been
introdui'i'il us a sabsitiluti' for the bn.sic ontxine (phunyl-dihydro-quinazo-
line) and the hydrochlomlc of orcxinc, over which it has the advantagi< of
being an Ddor!esi« and tastdeRs white powder (n^si^mbling chalk), in u-ell
borne by the digestive orgtim-, and troe from unpleasant eflfects, Oroxine
was introduced by Fonzoldt in 1S90, and the tannali* by Steiner. It t* a
stomachic tonic, and in cases of duticient secretion of acid js an etHcient
api'dite-proniotiT. It shoiihl not be (pveu where there ii» an «'3cce»g of *e-
crelion, hypcracidily (nor in acute inlltimniHlion nf tin? gtomnoh). or in gas-
tric ulcer. Tablets ("oresoids." Merck), each coiitaininR O.Sfi Cm. (or gr.
iv), may be used or the powdi-r givon in capsiilo or siuiply dni|»jH'd u|)0n the
tongue. From 0.50 to 0.15 (jm. (or gr. viii-xij) may be given an hour before
the principal nieiiN (dinner and supper), the dose being wanht'd down with a
large drink of water. It has been found beneficial in improving nutrition
in aniumia. chlorosis, tuberculosis, ncunisthcniii, and debility after acute
disease. Dr. fiennaro Scognamiglio" found by physiological lest* that
orcjtine accck-rtitcd the digestive process in Ihc stomach by stimulating the
peplonenic function, both in healthy iubjeets and in dyspeptics, with a corre-
sponding iiuri-iiR' in the power of ga.itric uhsorjition and gn.-'iric movement.
Steiner recommendB it for children in place of ordinary hitter tonic* for
anorcxin. Orcxine tannate is a valuable anti-emetic and gastric sedative in
pregnancy, according to Kijbl. In hypcremesis gravidarum Scognamiglto
gave 0.3!i Gm. (or gr. v) thri'c or (our limes daily as a last resort, but with
complete success,
0BI6ANUU. — Origanum, Wild Uarjoram. Origanum vulgare (I^bi-
atie] is a KOiull lu-rli of iMirope and the United Slater!, vrith pale-purple
flowers. It contains volatile oil (1 to 2 pt-r cent,), with tannin, rcsin. and
dome hitter priuf/iple. Jt enters into aromatic wine. The oil is an aromatic
stimulant, carminative, and counter-irritant.
Therapy, — Rarely used internally or externally, though formcriy en
' Wtmrr mrdU-M*rhe Blatter, IHBl.
OKTIIUirOlllt.
011
ploym] u a tlia|)boretiCr «innienagos»i-, and Etimulnnt tonic, or as a fomcnta-
tion fiir I)ruiae« nml spraitu.
OETHOFORM, or mi'thyl-{»ara-onii(lo-ineta-ox>-l.pii2oate, is a m-nrly
eolorlrw, (xiuriL-s*, and taftdcss powder. elightliF' i>olubk- in wnter anil (mt-
matwol in air. Its chloride is more soluble, but is irrilaliiif;. Urthofonii
Bppms to have no ph.>'»oloj>icsl action even when ewa)low<^ in 4 Gni. (or
^}) dosta. It 19 Hied iu mir^t^r}' a« an application to uounds and h«a decidi'd
•Da]|;eetc: powers. Dr. Kallcnb^rgcr funnd it not hTfcroi<copic and (juite
liarmless tu ihv animal or^ni»n, an inji't-l ions of from 4 to fl <!id. (or oi-iee)
^Ten to animaU did not produce any toxic g}'mptomi>, and t-xUrmil applica-
tion* of 60 (>ni. (or l^v) in a w«-i-k tind no ill cfTect on the human ^ubjeel.
lit anxflhrtic valnc is proved by the fact that the ends of the nervt-n with
wliti-h It conir* into contact itre rendt-ixd in»(,-ni<ibk-. Ily it.i want of soId-
bility )t ifl unable to act tJirou^h the skin or through the miicouE Diemhranee,
but It ban a marked amifthetic action in woundti, bunis, ulcers, etc. Its
•Bwt u of much longer duration than is that of cocsinc, which, owin^ to
ita 6olubilil_v, in paKily flkwrbed. Orthoforin iit also a powerful antiseptic.
PiecM of rabbit's musL'le sprinkled with it did not show any piitri-faction.
It has been used in surgical cases with !<iiceesi>ful remits. Its ann-^thelic
aeliou devL'Ioped in fiom three to five minutCit and was perceptible nflcr
thirty-five hours, — in some instances eyen after four daj-s. To ascertain
vhclher the anH-sthettia wafi really due to the orlhoform it whs ecvcral timet)
used alternately with other sul>stances. such as iodoform, boric acid, etc.,
the cReot b«ing that the patients who hitlicrto had not complained of an^'
pain at once beffin to feel it. Orthoform has the power of diminishinj* the
diaehai^ from wounds. It may l>c applied in the form of ointment, espe-
cially to bunts. Dr. Knllcnber;ger' mentions that applied after the extraction
flf teeth it i# a ko4mI ana':<thetic, and h« suggesta that it may vupply the place
of norphine after accidents.
Mrthofomi lia« been u.^d successfully by l>r. W. I'. Xicolson,* of .\t-
knta, Ga.. for the purpow of making an arsenical paste painless when applied
tf an eschurotic in removing various kinds of growths. He reports the aiMs
•tanuu, 60 years of age, whoeamo to him for relief from a growth on the
TiKht ride of (he head, about the «ize of a hen'a egg, projecting onlwanl.
Tie growth was removed, and. after controlling the s«tcre bleeding by
poBUR! appli(-<) a fhort time, the raw surface was freely iiprinkied with
pnrdend orthoform. Then, with a {wwder made of equal parts of arsenoua
•bdan^ powdered gum acacia, orihofonn was mixed without noting the pro-
portioiu. This was then made into a paate and applied to the cut eofface
tad the patient given a few tablets of morphine lo take when the pain be*
mntaevere. The next day found the tablets unused, the patient having had
up pain tinee the jiasle was applied. The result was perfect, the growth
fcwig entirely destroyed.
OETHOSIPHON STAUHIinS,— Java Tea. Orlhngiphon statniaeua
tlalnittt), or Java lea. is a peicnnial piiiut from one lo three feet in height,
eming in India, tin- KaKi Indian li-land^, Java, and Australia. It oontaina
'Bfrtimrr UiKim-kr W/>ehmirhritl.
■JMoa/a Joumal'Rtr^rd, 1. 1>. 738.
i
CIS
POAHUACBtTICAL THKBAI'KLTIC ACKSTS OB DttrOS.
a glucQside which has heen namcil Orthoiiphonin. The leaves tre thcpMtiM
euipkiycil
Physiological Action and Therapy. — This plant potwcww diurrlieinp-
crtii-s, iinil hll^ Iktii IdiiikI iKiicliriul in ili^ni*-?^ iiT the unnarr inct- n^^
been given with Rood efTect in pravel, pyelonephritis, and chmiiic f«ui«-
and is Miid l<i lie iii-rvici.-iilili' al»() in jcout. Dr. Knichanl ha^t reported acv^
in which this drug reiUic-cd ascites due to ciirhoeis of the liver.
OSUU PEBOXIDirU.— Otminm Peroxide. Ofmic icid if the tetnoA^
of osiniuiii. Il fiiririB lolorlms. acicidar rnstab, which sublime evni^^
onliuary tcnipcraturc»<. an<l are Mi^iir t'lisible to a ooIorltM li<inid. oilh
tatiag vapor rcAcmliliiit; ohlorinc, and capable of Mtling np intlamicili
of the eye* or of the air-pawages.
PhyaiologicBl Action. — in animaU. oflmic acid is actirety pojsoDoni^^
doiK^t of onU' a few ;^tn^. A l-piT-ccnt. ''Olulton in water, or (nlern^H
glycerin, i^ injected Aubcutancously in man in the trealiaent of pvlMH|
tumors and i^upurfieifll noiirulgia. No roticlion, as the rule, follovt llx^e^
punctures, but flangniDeous c)-9ts and boiU have been reported. A punliS
eruption upon tho skin sometimes results from tliv application.
Tlierkpy. — In some cases of neuralgia, the injection of a few dropo"^
the Rcnti'riiiiial solutinn deeply into the iiiijjhliorhiHui of the ncr*!- »f«(i«^
affords prompt relief to pain. It has also been applied to the akin in tiat —
ment of chronic induratetl acuc and sonic tubercular s.'i'pliilidm. AdnuMV—
tered internally in epilepsy, in doses of 0.01 Om. (or pr. '/,) daily ""P^^
fomi, it failiil to have any dei-ided heneficial effect in the handidOr-.
Schrocder.'
Dr. a. H. Auerbach reports a good re^idt in a case of gmtn (nm
parenchymatous injection of 1.30 c.cm. (or mxx) of a solution ot oemktti^
in the sirfiigth of 0.005 Gni. (or ffv. j) to J.50 c.cm. (or f3ij) of iraicr Tlw
injection was practiced once a day or once in two days for three ««k*
Local ma^sa^e and the internal adirini^tmtion of potassium iodide vei*
conjoined.
OXYUEL (B. P.)— Oxymel.
DoM, 4 to 7.5 c.cm. (or f3i-ij).
A mixture of clarified lioTiey (80). acetic acid (10), and di«tfli«d"J*J
(q. s. sd 100). Used aa a vehicle in cough-mtxtun.-^, and abundantly diMi"
with water as an acidulous drink for fever.
PAMBOTAHO.— Pamhotano-bark. T^ml)otano, ot CalliatidTa IIoidW""*
(i^fiuniinosa'). a llexicau ihrub which groiis to the height of three «'j
fwt, wnii first lirou;ilit into notice by Dr. J. Valude. A chemical ■aalj*''*
the plant by Dr. Villejean revealed neither }:luei)«iile nor any aUalMiLI>^
only a peciiliiir Ijinnin, which forms a dark-^reen precipitate witk I***
chloride. The drug was administered by Dr. Valude in the dooeof'^-*
Gm. (or ,^ii*s) to an adult, and 31 Gin. (or 5i) '» « child lew than t"**^
years of age. A decoction or alcoholic elisir containing the do*e wai 'I'^'^'j
into four portions and taken within the twciity-foiir hours. It uahi^^
that the liquid should be taken hot.
' Inait^ral Tlind*, Unlvcrtity of Kiel.
rASCREATIXl'M. ^^^^^^^^^^ tfl3
•V^' fXH ,7** **^*tono htti Wii nlimiBt exclusively iisi-d nc o rcnipdv in
^*\^(»jj ^^**'j»tiluti- f<iri|iiinim>. in Luwii uiiinfiik-mcil hv tin- latter
^a^'^,^.|liil»^^*'^''**^>lt[i were obtained in umiiv caws liy Valii'li-. ItunikTii,
J|tf, > Vies of' *'^'»<i "thiT obwrviT'. ill Mt-xioo. CcntrHl Anu'rii-u, and
_^&- flji'' cif *-*BlUca^'i«at^treated by Ur. A.E.KouKBel.of I'hilftdcl-
kTv *'^^,lv "ot Panil)olflno. with ri-i'ult* wliit-h weru dceidfdly cncour-
■ iV**''^ J n«» i»i***^ VariiliBnt as some «f those reiJortL'd (rom fori>ignaiurc(!6.
m^ cP"*" jt-j*^(..^^**'**^'<'""-'"' w**ni':'tl I<> III* lirciducfd, the fuihin- iKlng [Wft-
*' i,ic *" .,iK-*i»/***^ «f the reinedv bv the jlomaeh. Uastro-intcetinal irri-
,1 in _** *"t;iiorted to be
iP^pjH^'" ^ ixj ^.** *'tiiiorted to be also beneficial in diarrho'a, dysenten-, leu-
^ .0, ^'^ "*^*t«iii dwca»w of ihp eye, «» opiicities of tht- €oniM.
-^11^* r^^'OnjM (U. S. P.)— Pancreatin.
jjo«e, •*■ ^ to 0.3? Gm. (or gr. i-v).
Preparation.
iM^"' *"**^*alii' m. P.I.— Pancr»«tic Solution. IIom-. 4 to IS fxta. lor fJlivt.
.0f^BXinMo\o^^ and Fhysiologrioal Action. — Pancreatin it a mixture o£
cO*!'!'^'*' **^*'""^".v eiiatinK iu Ihe pancreas of warm-blooded inimak,
*^*'iiA^'J «W'"Hi!i| from tin- fn-Mi jiauin-ii!* of th<: hofi {Su.* xcrofii),' It is pre-
*** jed "^ . ^"^^ of a fin^i white powder, and ia a digestive ferment reaem-
t^iotf P^P*™ '" origin, mode of pnrpuration, physical ctutncteri, and thcni-
y^Qc «•**■ Pftncreatin contains an amyloljtic fennent (similar to ptyalin or
5isst***); 8 proteolytic ferment (like pepsin, except that it ia «ctive in aD
^jtsline nifdiiim) called Trypiin; a fat-cmulsifier (like that found in bile);
^,j B mil k-funl ling fiTiiiciit (uIko present in calf-pep«in). The product may
^ obtained in the form of a powder for adminiEtration. like aaccnarated pen-
j^p; but a l]i-tlrr prepiirutii>ii in tin- H. P. nfl'n-ial p«n<-rc)itii' Hiliilion, inude
di(*<-'''y ''*"'' 'f'*' panereas in diluted akohol (20 per eoni.J. 1 pari pancreas
is niin*"""'! or divided thoroughly by trituration with watched i^aud or pow-
dered pumice utonf and digested in 4 parts diluted aleohol.
ranvrratin is an efficient digettive agent iu au alkaline medium, tlnu
differing fmin pepsin. It will peptonize milk, gruel, oysters, and many arti-
cle* of food, thus rendering them more easily digested and more nourishing
for the invalid. At it emuUities fat, it will aid in the assimilation of codliTer-
oU and prevent its coming up in the throat. Trjpsin will digest, and render
■olnblc. tnucKiiii and fibrou» depoait*.
Thenpy. — In diphtheria, a spray of trypsin, or of pancreatin solution,
rill diMuilvu Ihe fal«e membrane and favor its expul!<i(in. A iwtntion reeom-
mended for this purpose contains H Qm. (or 5ss) each of trypsin and sodinm
bkarbonale, with 4 ccm. (or fSj) of glycerin to 30 c.cm. (or f^j) of water.
Dr. Samuel Johnson recommends the addition to this solution of corroeive
aablimatc. 0.015 Gm. (or gr. '/,) lo 30 c.cm. (or f^j). In hn-morrhage
into the bladder, with Ihe fonnation of clots, the deposit may be dissolved
in Ihe same manner us by th<- \im of pep<in. If pancreulin be administered
two hours after meals, it will assiat intestinal digestion. II should be pre-
ceded by full do««8 of sodium bicnrbonntc, to insure an alkaline condition of
the gastric contents. The pancreatiu may be prescribed as follows: —
611
Pn.lllMACEUTlClI. TIIKBAPEt'TlC AOESTS OR DHII08.
B Pulv«ri» pancrMtlnl 4] Om. or S}.
ll^diBtKjri chloridi niitJi >... jl3 Om. or gr. ij.
il. «t tl. rhartulic no. xlj.
Sig.: A powder two lionw ■twr mrals.
K 1-i'iuor [iHiicrt-ktii-i ,
Tinct. nucin v«uic«
Oljrcvrini
a. Sig.: A tablMpoiHitul attor incalt-
MTO. or (JliJ.
20 c.cni. at ntt!.
o^ein. or fSi).
Pancr«atin, or food predigoded by its actios, is nvailable in cases of
ciifcfblcd digestion due to severe and prolonged iiloees and in wneting dU*
ease. Pnncreatin i« o! {inrticiilnr vuliie, as suggested by Boa.*, in cases
murked by great diminution of the gastric accretion. It is of serrice in tome
formii of vnteroculitif, in constipation, nnd in diarrlueji vjth lii;bt>colorcd
(tools. It is frequently useful, moreover, in the vomiting of hysteria or
pregnancy. Tliis substance dMor^-os trial in tbosi^ coses of diabeted isao-
ciated witli disease of the pancreas. Pancreatin is particularly adapted for
oae in those diseases or conditions in which starch and fat are iiiipcrfe<;tly
digested. It is of sen-ice also, added to nutrient enemata, in cases where
the stonincli cannot n-tnin or digest food. It may be iisud in the same man-
ner in stricture of the tpsophagiis. Its alkaline reaction favors its efficiency.
PAPAVEEIS CAPSULa; (B. P.). (See Opium.)
PAPAYA. — The Carica papaya (Passiflorscete), or papaw, is a native of
tropical AmiTieii, The tree grows without brauclics to the height of twenty
or twenty-five feet, and is crowned by long, largp. palmfltc leatps. It bears
a large nn-lon-sbaped fruit, of a yellow color when ripit and containing many
seeds. In the trunli. leaver, and fruit is found an abundance of milky juice,
from which Wurtz, of Paris, isolated a peculiar ferment, Pftpain, capable of
rendering albuminoiiH subBtances soluble. Th« attention of the profession
will' (-a)led to tliis new digestive agent by Dr. Finkler, <»( Bonn.' Papain
converts albuminoids into peptones, starch into maltose, and emulsifies fata.
U baji niiti!*epiic virtue^, and prevent* abnonnal ffrmeiitation within the
stomach and bowel. Papain con be administered in conjunction wnth salo!
iir n wcnk sohitirm of corrosive sublimate without loss of its peculiar virtues.
It has no action upon living tissue*, and is harmless in any dose that is likely
lo be given. It.* iligi'stive power is greiitcr limn thot of pqisin or jkancreatin.
According to Ilcrschetl, it exerts a direct influence upon the stomach, ond
stimuliiles the soeretion of gastric juice. Papain is soluble in water, though
not in alcohol, but is active in either an acid or alkaline sohition, and is more
energetic than pepsin in dissolving false membrane!!. An aqueous solution
of papain soon spoils, but dissolved in glycerin it will keep for on indefioite
period. II is be-it given, however, in powder or made into tableta.
M. GreshofT has extracted from piipaw-lcaves an alkaloid which he
tenns Caipaine. It forms large colorUs.* irir'slals, rcsdily soluble in chloro-
form and absolute alcohol, but much less soluble in ether, and insoluble in
water. The hydroehlorate of this base is readily .soluble in water, acts esp*'-
I
' Papiiin Finktrr J* void in thU countir under tJi* name of *TBpoid.' $«« article j
on "The I)i|;i.-(iliv<> tVimi-nl <■[ (lie C'iirii^ Pajiayii in Ga«Tn>*inlritinal Ilporden," byJ
Frof. Frunk Woodbury, Stic Xoik iltdieo! Joui-nal. .July 30, 1SK2.
I! 15
Tlv upon ihp hvart, llie movemeDls ol vliicli it rclunls, snd proved Catal
M(i 0 fowl iu the duse of 0.20 Giii. (op ft. lij). Cnrpaine is crystal I izuble iiml
uTv hitler. Von Ofolo stafi-s that it does not cuiisc irritntion i>r 6U|>piira-
ttum when hypoderaiically injected. It hna been used as a 6uh§titulc tor
rtifiiuihs in do*Ps from 0.006 to 0.01 Gm. (or gr. Vio-V*) ^''y *or injections,
or as high as 0.02 Gm. (or j^r. '/,) h_v th« mouth.
Klarr4ino, of TtohviH, hne found that a similar fiTmont, Bromelin, i-xiats
■ti |»inc-apple and other plantu of the nattiral order Hromcliaccw. iind ha*
nppltfd It to lh« poptiinixin^' of meat on s large ecalo, making u preparntion
«f powdered Wef, which is vm- easily digested, and t)ie protcid matter of
whirh r'irii'i''t«i of 50 per cent, of peptones. It is known ait lht> Mimfiif.m-
Julia hwf-iiK'al. The juice of the fig; and many other plants possess sliirht
Idiseni ire jwiwcr*, «s hi^iitifully shown in the well-known Dimia'a. or Vrniia's
fly-Ini|i, and other menihers of the Drosero family, which Darwin found to
secrete an add juice nhicli woiUd digest small pieces of meat.
Thenpy.— Papain h«a been used to diseolve the false membrani-s in
diphthi-m and cronp, by the spray and by a camelV-bAir bnitih dipped in
Bilticoiis solution a or 4 Oni, to 30 c.em., or pr. ux to .w-I^j). Though it
accomplish CM thin useful jiurpOHC. it has no power to prevent frenh (ininiili'm
a( the membrane, and must, consetjuently. from lime to time, be reiipplicd,
»An'alkitliite^olutionof papain has b(.-en found bencflcial in (i*-tiirp«Bnd iileers
of the li>ii<^ie. A paint containinf; 3.S4 Gm. (or gr. 1) of papain and 1.6^
Qm. (or p. xx\) of boraK to the ounce of water hu* been used with kuccckh
to the Irt^lmont of warts and eczema squamoeuro chronica. I'apain dis-
eolTes intestinal wonn». It has also been injected into the interior of tumors
(to jiromotc absorption.
The late Dr. E. A. Wood, of Pittsburgh, eniployed papain, dissolved in
Rheerin, a» a i^pray in oxtena. iuberculous ulcers of the larynx, and the cavi-
tits of pulmonary tuberculosis. Ue wrote that in eiRht months of trial \it .
had been "more and more convinced of ils efliciency in the lesions named."
In the YarioiiH forms of dyspepsia, papain has been employed with f(ood
effecL Grineritshi reoommeiidi* (uipain' in habitual indi^stion attended
with acid eructations, painfid symptoms of f;astric fermentation, and con-
fttpation. He u»e9 0.13 (!m. (or nT. ij) of thig dnijr in iugar of milk an boui
or two after taking food. The following combination is suggested: —
B hpvini 2) Gni. or 3m.
Liquor A RiBionil aoetalk 00 e.cm. or tjfj.
OKOoli J3 vjnn. or air.
Glfrmnf 0»| ccm. or fjij.
It 8(f[.: Two lM*{K>onlulB an hour or two after (akiiig food.
QaUrtajinj^e rirtucii have also been a«:ribed to popain. This T«med]l
a of nine, moreover, in diarrhtra dependent upon indi)(fttlion. The »ug-
SMieo has been made tliat it would also answer a good purpose as a solvent
oiMvinen.
I>r. Woodbury has had excellent resuils from tlie use of a compr_ _
Pffl "I papain, sodium bicarbonate, and extract of nnx vomica. This writ*
^Wttmends papain in i;ase« of deficient secretion of the peptic glands, a
■liiBimition of hydrochloric acid or pepsin, excesii of hydrochloric acid, in
'Bwttttia Gfn/ntU df TkHvpfulituf.
616 l-HARUAOKUTICAI. TUKUAI'KUTIU ACKNT8 OB V&VOS.
Sattrtlgix, nauM-a. piHlric nmi ^rostro-intostinal cutarrh, <Iinrr)i<i>ii i)iii> to'
i^eHtion, oU:. Siiiiiiann Iiuk kiioun |itipain to ^'ivi- raiiiil ivHe( in aciili-
eii«lrititi. Hi- witnviiswi iiiiprovcnuiit. likt-winc, in ii cliriniic can- of in-
di^f-^tion wliore an ulctr iiii'l unilitiiblcilly (-\ipli-H at iiomu perioil. In obf-
ciiioinu of the pylonii- thii> rcmcctv f;(ive iniirkod n-Iii-f. In ililalittion of thv
stomach tlie unc of pajiuin U productive of det-ided benefit. In some cases
thii ini]irov«-mt>iit hue b<vii eo gri-nt Ihiil washing out the orpiii brciiinc un-
neceeearv. ]n one nnso it wait observed that the stomach diminished in size.
FARAFFIinTM OTfRTTH (B. P.) —Hard Pftnffln.
A niixliire of wvurnl "f the hnnU-r nK-mlicrs of lh« paraiTm s«ric* of
hydrocarbons; usualtj obtained by distillatioii from shale, separation of the'
liquid oils bv refri^nitioii. and piirilicntiou of Uiu «o]id product, Ingohiblo
in waU'r, sli^'hlly soluble in absolute alcohol, almost entirely soluble in ether.
It lutdts at 130'' to 1^5° F. It is u^ud as a base for ointments, for which it
is well adapted, owing to the fact that it does not become rancid like ordi-
nary fats.
PARAFFUTOM LiamSUlE (B. P.).~IaqBid Paraffin. (See P«trol£.- j
torn liquidum, U. S. P.)
A clcfir »i1y liquid, obtained from petroleum, after th« mare rolattlt'
porliomt tiiivt' biri-n removed by difitillatioD.
PABAFFINUU UOLLE (B. P.)- — Soft Paraffin, ifiue PetroUtunij
HoUe,U.S.P.)
PARAlDEHYDTfM (U.S. P., B. P.).— Paraldehyde (C,H,A)-
Dose, 1.20 to 7.5 c.cnj. (or mxx-fSij).
Pharmacology. -- Puratdehydc, chemically, is "a polymeric form o£l
ethvlic aldehyde," ordinarily produced by the action of a trace of aulphurie
acid, or of zinc chloride, on aldehyde. It is e colorless, mobile liquid, die-
solving in 8 voltimcs of cold water, i» less soluble in hot tvat^'r, but dixHolv^s
freely in alcohol and ether; crystallizes below 32°, liquefies again at 21%
aocl DoiU at nhciiit 2io° F.; ha« n burning, iinpleamnt ta#te and « peni-
tratioe, ether-like odor. It may be given with syrup and a vegetable bitterf.J
or with aromatic water.
Pbyaiolopcal Action. — An hypnotic agent, exercising no depressing''
effect upon the heart in ordinary doses and causing no headache or dtstiir1>>
ance of digestion. Paraldehyde is a good substitute for chloral, especially
in low fevers or where the heart is wtuik. It is also diurrtic, but not dia-
phoretic. The solid constituents of the urine, it is said, are not increajred,
though, in the case of three boys to whom paraldehyde was experimrulally
adminiiileri'd, (Jordon found a marked increase of urea. Aocordin(t to the
writer just quoted, paraldehyde facilitates the digestion of fibrin. Tliis sub-
stance IK possessed of antiseptic properties. Death, preceded by unconscioua-
nessand coma, has been caused by a dose of 2'i to TiG ccm. (or fSvi-rj) in a
patient suirering with typhoid fever.' A case has been reported in vhich
100 ccm. (or f^iiifdiij) caused unconsciousness! and profound muscular relax-
ation. The patient remained unconscious for tliirty-four hours, but recov-
> iMnerl, Aug. 20, 1800.
lRAi.nRnr»rH.
B17
ervil by ihc aiil of ^trychniDe 1iypod«rniican,v, electricity, and utimalatian.
Dr. FrwJcric I'eterson, of New \ork, mentioiis a case of piiral<1c)iy<lL- h«bit
m whidi I uoiniiD had lokt-n doses of 30 c.cni, (or fjj) nightly, for months,
without nny harmful Ttsult. On the contrary, bad eSects have been seen in
oontojucnct! of an 7.5-c.cm. (or f5ij) dose tnken for the flr^t time. It is
judiciota to b^n irith small amounu. The fatal result from a toxic doso
i* attributed to its action upon the respiratory centre. Its principal influ-
ence is upon the cerebrum. In aome cases it haa been accused of producing
slbumimiria, but thi* mij;ht be explained by the prem^nce of cirrhotic kid-
neys, with Irandtor; attacks of albuminuria, raraldebrde is Tcry rapidly
alMorbed. ami is eliminated by the limps, its odor tuivjng been recosniiea
in the breath tirenty-four houn* after administration. I'^raldehyde le also
«liminatcd by tho kidneys and communicatee its characteristic odor to the
oriDe.
Paraldchyd« is a physiological antidote to ctrychninc.
Therapy. — Brit^ht's disease doea not prohibit the use of paraldehyde.
Id mch c*nx, where insomnia is persistent, the doi<4> shnuld be 2 to 2.50 c.cm.
(or mx«-Kl) to commence with, given at the bed-hour, and cautiously in-
cnased to 1 c.cm. {or f.7J) if necewary. In the irritability, rttxtK-tunexx, and
inaomnia attending heart disease, 1.20 com. (or m\x) may be given every
fnur h'liirs, with larger iloscs nt ni^ht. with marked benefit. In bronchitis,
iiueuniouia, and headache, paraldehyde is eeneially lesa useful than chloral
nydrate and bromide, but in phthisis with persistent insomnia, in 2.50-c.cm.
(or mxl) doisefl at bed-time, it produces a natural sleep tasting twelve hours.
Sane patients, however, complain of headache next day and persistent
dmrsincfK, eo that it eoon has t» be discontinued. Paraldehyde is, perhajw,
particularly applicable to wakefulness associated with p^vchicnt disturbance*.
Very favorahle accounts have been given by various observers of its bene-
ficial iufiuenc* iu the cerebral mnnitestnliinis of hyetvria, in mania, melan-
cholia, and the general paralysis of the insane. Paraldehyde ia the preferred
hypnotic' in the neurolojiiuil clinic at l>orpat. It seldom fails to produi-e a
good nighfa aleep, tbou|{h, in some instances, tolerance is soon established.
It may give rise to indigestion and diarrha>e, but its use is not followed by
headache and depression. Paraldehyde has the disadvantage of communicat-
ia; to the breath an unple«icant o«lor which may persisl for hount or even
days. Dr. J. G. Kieman has known the continued employment of paralde-
hyde to occanon oljctinate xih-vn of the nonir and eruptions upon the skin.
It has been used with advantaRe in delirium tremens, morphinism, and
epilepiiy. Several com* have hcen rejwrted in which tetanus was cured by
paraldehyde, which allayed the convulsions, diminished the pain, and re-
li«veil the insomnia. Ac«ording to Dr. William Mackie, paraldehyde is bene-
ficial in spasmodic asthma. Dr. Humphrey has witnessed decided improve-
nirnt in the char»cter of the respiration in broncho-pneumonia follow the
•dministration of this remedy.
Dr. R W. Aitkcn reports a case of epilepsy in which a prolonged aur»
([STe ample opportunity to pn-vcnt the attack, and in which from 1 to 2
cxm. (or mxv-xxx) uf paraldehyde always luccec-de^l in keeping off the con-
lato.
• -Tlie Hyi>ituti<- F.ffirlcacr »f ParaMtlisnb," Xtte Tttrk J/nfbnJ Jouruat. Nov. SU.
PHARUACKimCAL TBBRAPEUTIC &0BNT8 OK DSUOft.
vulwonR. "For more than a year she has had no fit except on one ■
vhen there was no ponildirhydi? in tlic lioiin-."'
In a»thnin paraldehvcle affords rapid and coropletc relief in the nBJor-
ity of cusc», tlio initial dose liciiig ;t Ui ^ c.cm. (or mxlv-lx). A fe» tame*
need an additional doae of two-thirds this quantity an hour or so later. Tts«
hypnotic action of ttii* drue i« olsn c^peotolly valuable vhea lh« attack cwga
on at night, as noted by Dr. J. V. llcarder.'
Paraldehyde, in order to diaguisc il8 uuplenuint taste, may be adraini^H
tered as follows: — ^|
B Pftrftldrbydi i...: It crm. or 13m.
Olei gaulthcriie |00 or I 20 crm. or au *ri :
PuIv«rU ncaoisp 8 G»i. at £].
Syrupi pruni Virginianae <). •. *d 18>| cma. or Qir.
M. et fL. rmulaio.
8t^.: A lialf to a InbleApoonful in water evetj hour or two. Um k« ui '
or to Icucn bronchial or pulmonary irritntion.
Dr. B. G. Eccles suggests the following as « good method of :
tration: —
B Puralijrtij'di .....■.•.. ■.••.J. •• ••■■••..... T4 cjmL Or t3ij.
Chloraforml BO e^eta. or fix.
DIM riojiAinoini IS e-ma. or otlj.
Old ftmj'iidnl. dulc 7|S can. or fSj.
U. Slg,: Mix and tak« undllated.
Wilh iJk' coniliini'd iiilmiiiisliation of caffeine (0.25 lo 0.50 Cm-<»r
gr. iv-viij, daily) and paraldehyde |- to 3 c.cm., or oixxx-xIt, bI night),
Cevello foniid, ill cu»o» of mdcnia, ascites, and pleuritic eflusion. ibiX 4*
amount of urine was fn'eatly increased. A csec lias been instanced of Kinlt
arterial dupregeion Dccompouicd by dejection, restlessness, and intoioDi^l
and in which extensive valvular disease of tho heart iras also P***^!
Pareldt-hydc had an excellent effect upon the restlessnes and uuDmnii. ■* j
when cardiac compensation bi?gan to fail it also rapidly redaced tfa* i'
PAHEIRA (V. S. P.).— Pareira (Pareira BraTa).
PAREIK^ RADIX (U. !>.).— Pareira-root.
Dose, 3 to i Gm, (or 5sf-j). in infusion (1-17).
Preparations.
Extraotum Pareirae Fluiduiu (U.S.P.).— Huid Extract of ParrinL Vttr. •'
4 c.cm. |ort3«HJ!.
Extractuiu Particw Liquidum (B. P.) .—Liquid Kxtract o( ratein. Do«, 5 \
7.S c«in. (or (In-ij).
Pharmacology. — "The root of Chondodenditni tomentosum" (If*
BDeniwitwj in uttUin! ns Pareira or Pare ira- root : producta of allied F*"'. .
also appear in oomnicrce under the name of "falso Parciras." It t» a cliB^
ing, woody vine of Itrazil, where it is extensively used as a nn-dicine. P*'^
eonluJii« Beberine, a bitter, yellow alkaloid; al«> a «oft n'«in. a P^^
substance, calcium nialate, potassium nitrate, and other $alta. The alkal^ .
is identical with the beberine of Xcetandra. and wilh Bnxine, the acti"!
'Brlilth ilfillral Joiirnii}. IHIMI. p, 627.
'BrilM H-rdifOl Joittiuil. IIMIS. p. 726.
oia
prinrtplt oF boxwooil; il lia» iiUo lioi-n known na "pelofiine," or "eiss*ni-
jiolini*."
Fhytiologjcal Action. — Parcim Is flli^htl/ Ionic, but is eet«eaicd priii-
■ ii>alty iit a diurtiic and laxative. thotif;)i, probably, without much reoson.
therapy. — Il in phiiciiially tixil in fluiti exlrecl, decoction, or infueion,
with fllkabve, in the treatment of irritable bladder, cystitis, pyelitin, chroni«
urethtitiii, and Icucorrho-a. In South America it h given internally for
#nake-bile, and applied externally to the wound.
PEVTAL. — Under the name of pcntal (bccuiw it condiin* (Jvo atoms
of carbon) von MerinK ha* introduced a compound [Trimethyl-ethylene
(4'sH,,)] made by henting tcrlinry nmyl alcohol with oxtilic acid. p4-ntal i«
■ cn|i>rl'-«fl liuuiil, of low apecifio gravity and stronR odor, is volalile and
inAaramible. boils at 100.4'' F., and is insoluble in water. It mixes in all
proportionii u'itlt ntrohol, chloroform, or ether. It doee not decompose OD
rxpoxure to light and air.
Fbyiiolosical Action. — When inhaled, a losa of sensibility occnra within
Iwo VT three minutes without entire abolition of couKciousnoss. Profound
narnjajs may, however, be produc^'d by means of pental. The retnm of
coniciowrnete i» gradual. This a^<-nt is unirritiml tn the respiratory tract,
and no ill effects upon the circulation or respiration have, as yet, been
rupfitte*!. At a ndr, no excilenu'ut it cinix-d. liut in «iuie iivxtaixx'S biughter,
Uallucinntion, or transient swasm ha* owiimd.
From a series uf physiological experiments nj>on dojjB Dr. David Cenia
t-nncludes that pcnial causes a fall of arterial prcMure and of the pulsc-ralu,
and produces dc-alh iiuijnly by cnrdiac paralvfiiH. Ret^nvory from its anws-
thetic effects was often accompanied by wild excitement. lie docs not regard
■I as a Rafe or even efficient general ann'iithelic. Penta! rarely gives ri#e to
h<Mid»ehe or vomiting. The coujunctirul reOex is late in disappearing, and,
vatinn of the eyes, no marked change takes plnee in the color or
<Ti of the face. The pupils arc sometimes nidely dilated. Pental
may be admini.ftered upon a handkerchief or by means nf an inhaler, and
7,5 to 11 '.- em. (or foii-iij) usually sulTicc to produce uuo.'sthesia.
Therapy.— Pental has been employed in the operations of dentistry and
minor surgery. Ilollaender and Ueber have xitvd it with satisfaelion and
succeBs in the extraction of teeth, opening of abacesBes, etc. Teeth may be
{«liil«Mly drawn while the patient is iiartially eonscious. Pental has been
used in a large number of cases in the Kaiser iind Kaiscrin l-'riedrich's Chil-
>1r»-n'g Hospital of Berlin, without dnngeroia accidents or after^Sects.
Iri'in other sonrcea, however, several deatlia have been reported hs ennsed
' tlii» agent. In a nuuilttr of ca."is, moreeiver, Kleindienst delected albu-
!i n. blood, and casts in the urine after the administration of pental. 8ume
ji -ir-nts have been observed in whom it proved impossible to produce amca-
il.r.-ia by means of this agent. Alarming cyanosis, dyapnora, and cardiac
debility arc sometimes cau«-d by pcnttd, and in a number of instances death
baa taken place from the inhalation of small qiuntities.
FEFO (U. S. P.).— IPampkin-ieed,
Dote, 4 to 15.5 Gm, (or .>i-?,w.).
Plunnacolog7. — "The sewi of Cncurbita Pepo" (CiiOHrbilareje), or
pntopkin, contains a tv&in, an alkaloid, CBOorfaitine, oil, starch, sugar, «lc.
I
680 PIIARUACEimCAL TltESAPEliTIC A6SKTS OR DBl'OS.
Thu «oe<]« muj ln' criii<)ic(I nnd b^ntrn intod paste with Diilk «nd vfaite np..^,
and the reeiiltiDf; emuUion strained: or the seeds may be decorticaled mmKt
Mid the contents nibbi'd up with Kiigor nnd milk, or »iig«r nnd vater.
Therapy. — The principal medicinal use of pepo is for dr^troj-ing taji ^
voinif. h i* jicncrullv i-tVu-icnt, chwip, siul not very diftiitill tn takt- — ^
prchminary purge of calomel should be KiTen in the moraisf; and the oni^ 1—
fion swallowed fnriin^ nt tiijiht. In the morning, a laxative (caftoT-«:^ S
Roehelle salt, etc.) is administered, and the tape-worm is diwharj^ed. viK^'k
the hciid. It i# wiid that the n-siii (in do«'¥ of I Gm,. or gr. xv) or iht fii'
oil (in doaes of 15 c.cm,. or f^Bs) are aUo eflicieni when adaiinirtered in iM^^
tame mauncr. The combinntion of oloorcain of atpidium (or male ten] i
very serviceable in dcetroying the tape-worm: —
R OI««Toalnat aii^dll 4 c.cm. or tSJ.
Chlorolonni M extn. or nL
RmuUion. pe|>onl» 30)1 c.cm. or fSnj-
M. Si^.: To be dividi^ into two dowa, to be taken one Uour aput. aad
hy M«tor-oil en hour Utcr.
PEPSINUM {U. S. P., B. P.).— Peptin.
Dose, U.aa to 0.65 Gm. (or gr. v-jt).
Preparations.
IVpainnm SBccharMuni (U. S. P.).— Sn>i'linratcd P(^(n (I ta 10). DoM.tJtX *^
8 Gm, |or gr. v-xxx|.
Illfi^riniini IVpaini ID.P.). — Qlj-corin nl PcpMi) (0.32 in 4 c.cm., or gr. v ia f3i '
Dose, 4 to 7.6 ct'iij, (or fJi-ij).
Fharmacology. — Pepsin is a proteolytic ferment or enzyme obtaio*^
from the fresh stomachs of healthy pips, and capable of digeetiag not If^
thon tlirec tho»«and times its own weight of freshly coagulated and di**"*"
tegrated eijg-albuniin when tested by the aflicia! pror(«e. The Bft ■
Phaniiiiciijxi-jii diri'ct^ that tin.' rnxynii.' [icjH'in he obtained from the ntui
lining of the fresh and healthy stomach of tin* pig, eheep. or calf; it slittm"
diwolve aoOtl tiinc-K its wi-igbt of liunl-bnilfd wbitf of egft"- Of thi- numtrO^"
methods employed for obtaining for medicinal use the digestive ferment (ro***
the gatttric mut^ous membrane of certain domestic aoimaU [hog, calf, ahe^P*
principallyl the most prominent are (1) Kraping the acid mucotta secrrta**"
from the siirfacf of Inc tttomach, ipreading on glaw and drring in ««•*•
[Beale]; (2) extracting by maceration in acidulated water and precipitati '^
with alcohol or Inul actiitt*. iind (3) by precipitation with sodium chlor*"*
[Scheffer]. Saccharated pepsin is pepsin obtained from the gastric muco"*
mcmbriine of the hog, mixiii with migar of milk. It is a white powder, ot •
peculiar, but not disagreeable, odor and taste, and a sligbtly-scid re«eti<***'
Ijqaor pepsini (nun-otluinl), or nohition of pepsin, is au acidnlutM Moca*^."
of the preceding, containing glycerin (40 per cent.i. It is an artificial gast'^''
juice, with iin ngrewililtf, nciduhms tnnte; it shouhl not beonme moMy. iX*'
acquire a fetid odor when kcjjt for eome time. Many kinds of pe|uia •■*^
upon the market, trying greatly in purity and digestive activity. Tt»*»*^
containing a considerable quantity of mucus, which have a !iln>Dg odor of
the pig-*ly, ami which powc*» nnly feeble digwiive activity, vlien (*«*«"
with boiled egg-albumin, should be rejected. Saceliarated pepnn i» rrml^y
irititrale of pepsin iciulaining 1 purl of pejisin with 9 of milk-augar. Pef^i"
requires an acid medium in order to exerl iia digestive power opon albanunr
I
while trypsin, or pancreatin, is adive in a neutra! or alkaline soUititin. On
account of its inslability, pepWn is bwi given uncombineii. The aubstaucea
vith which it may be safely prescribed are few in numbt-r. A* it is only
■ctivc in iin arid tSiiit), it fibould not be given uilli sodium bicarbonate.
Phjiiolo^cal Action. — I'epein is a com^tttiK'nt of normal gn»tric jtiicc,
w-hore it i» aivocistcd with hydrochloric acid. It is an ulbuminoHs anbstance,
capable of causing changes in other albuminoids by a process fimilar to fcr-
mentBlion, orcatalysis, converting them into peptone* or nlhumnses. It aleo
converts blood -coagula, fibrin, etc., from the solid to the soluble or liquid
rtate. It ia an unorpnlz^d ferment, peculiar to gastric juice of the higher
animals, although similar ferments liave been aiscoverod in carnivorous
plant*, and in the papaw, pinc-appl<', etc. Alcohol precipitates pepsin, and,
even in dilute form, checks its actirity. Alkalies and Bome mineral salts
•Iso iirecipitnte it-
Therapy.— Pepsin, in concentrated solution, may be locally applied to
digest blood -cliits in ibe urinary bladd«r; and, in atomized solution or spray,
to diseolre the false membrane in diphtheria and croup. In the latter affec-
tion the diphtheritic membrane may be trualed with this solvent, containing
pepein: —
It PtrpainI 81 dm. or 5ij.
Acidt hfdroehlorici dil > J60 (.■.oui. or mx.
.\quai mt^th. pip.,
Glj'CMlDi aa 1S{ cooi. or I)(ih.
31. S)g.: I'tiint over the >urfa«« frequonlty or aeverut tinien a day.
A 5-p*r-cent. solution of scale-pepsin, in lanolin, is a useful application
to clean off old ulcers. Morriit recommends a 10-per-cent. solution, acidu-
lated with 1 per cent, of hydrochloric acid and heated to lOO'-lKO* l-'., [or
Bustling out abscess-caip-itiea, etc. In connective-tissue tumors of non-malig-
nant [haraclcr. pepsin may bo used, by parcnciiymutous injection, to pro-
mote absorption. Mr. John Clay has seen good results follow the applica-
tion of pepsin to cancer of the cervi.x uteri. He states that much of the neo-
plastic lisane may thus be destroyed, and that in some instances an eppnr-
etttly sound surface is obtained.
The chief use of pepsin is to aid weak digestion, and it is invaluable
'O atonic dyspepsia, especially following acute diseases. While the stomach
™**nl<i not be expected to depend entirely upon outside sources for its gas-
""c juice, yet the temporary resort to pepsin is often followed by the best
''^Mlts, Given in this manner, pepsin acts, apparently, a* a stimidant to'the
^■tric glands and promotes their functional energy. Jn chronic maladies,
'^ch at ann-mia, ohtoroiiis, diabeteji, tubercutoi>is. and eurcinoma. the admin-
^'^ation of pepsin is of service in promoting nutrition. In malnutrition
Oo<]a j^y |)g partly peptoniiied previou.* to administration, thus saving time
. *tomach digestion. T\w use of peptonizing tubes, each containing sufB-
,**J*t for a pint of milk, is of great assi.*tanee in preparing such food, espe-
^**Jy in the etise of infants. In irritable slomacn pepsin may be given in
'^j unction with bismuth subnitrate or minute do»es of cBtomol: —
^ Fepaini.
Rbtntith. subnit. na 41 Gni. nr SJ,
Ofci ciiiaaiiiaiai jTfi cem. or tiixlj.
jj. «t ft tnpeuliB no. xij.
A cApaulB afti>r nmti>
MtABMACCnriCAL TUERAPKVTIC AOtXTt OS Duiras.
ft llydrarg. chlor. mitiM ..^. >......
PcTrMni Mofliarati
Pulr. njruUcB
M. ct (t. chnrtuln no. slj.
SIg.: Take one evcrjr halt-hour to relieve nnuaptk tind TOinitiog.
06,1 Cta. or trr. j.
Gtn. or 3J.
[£A Gtn. or gr. iv.
Pe[)«ia is dIjio iis(>ful in gdefralgia, pyroeie. gn^tric cutmrli. an<I flpe|;
of intanle. In Ksslrie cancer or .limpte ulcer, feeding may be carried on bv
the rectum, (irtividi-d some popsin be added t<j the nutritive enemata. But
liiie remedy, when given by the mouth, is frequently of value in relieving
the vomiting duo to uletr or euneer of the stomach. Sickness of the etom-
noh, produced by indigestion, is generally relieved by pejt^in, which is some-
limcij able, ulno, to alUy the vomiting of pregnancy. Infantile diarrhixa,
excited by the presenoe of undigested food in the intestinal tube, is mark-
nlly benefited by thcodministrution of pcp»in. "nie most Eatiefnctorj shape
in which to tdminieter pepsin to adults ia in its pure form, a» the saccharai«d,
pepein i« too voak to have much digestive power: —
i 4
It PcpNiii ,.1
Kxt. nuda vomlcn
Pulv. ipoMc
Pulv. aromat. 1
a. et (t. {lit. rti (npauln no. xxx.
S\f.: Take ono ImniMlialalr nftcr meals for atonic <lyap«p<k!a.
Gm. or Sj.
'12 Gm. or gr. v.
13 Gm. or gr. ij.
Gin. or gr. xv.
B Peimini glyMrit) ,.... 30
Acid. Iij'drochlor. dUut- 4
A<]Un- ttnvtlii iii
M. Sig.: Tnkc a teanpoonful attcr moala for Indlgntion.
G.cin. oT (Ji.
e.crn. nr ISj.
o.em. or tjita.
19
Qm. or gr. ee.
015 Gm. or gr. Vp
\a Gm. or gr. ij.
00 c.cm. or mj.
H Ptjwtni MrrhHrati ,
Strychnine lulplmtu ^. .,,...•.:
Aloint - ,.......'. .
Ul. uicnth. pip ■.
M. rt ft. ca)wulai no. xx.
Big.: A cuptulc after mvals. For atonio dy«p<^ria a<.'conipaRi«d bf coRntlpAtloa.
£«nnet-wine is obtained by macerating calves' stomachs in sherry or
<.>(hcr light wines. It is useful in apcp^ia in infants. The glyccritc of calf-
pepsin i» a more acttTc and efficient preparation.
FEBOXOLE&. — Combinations of hydrogen peroxide with menthol, cam-
phor, naphlot. carbolic acid, thymol, etc.. have received the names of meti-
thoxot, camphorozol, naphtoxof. carboxol, thyraoxol, et«. Thei'c eombina-
liwiis have b*en used in the dressing of wounds oil iiccoiiut of their antiseptic
and healing powers.
FEBStO.— Cadbear. A dark, purplish po»-der, prepared from certain
lichcuE (Lci-jinora tartarcn and otlurr Kpeeirv). It is analogous to litmus, and
>ield« a coloring matter to alcohol. It is principally as<^ in dyeing, llie
tincture of cudbear is used a» a coloring agent for liquids.
PETEOLEITM.— Rook-oU.
Preparations.
IVtrolAlnm Mollc tU.S.P.I, PnrpeRnuoi MoUe |B.P.|.-tioft IVtnialiiiD. Softi
Paraflin. A wiii1m)II<I •tilidani^. ronuattnir of hydrorarbons eJiieAy of the marali-gaji
pemoLEUu.
053
lurrW, obuiiieil hy dintilllBf,' ufT the lighter nnd more volatile pMrtiaiM froai jwlroletini
Kiirf |>urif}-ing the rviiidue.
IVUoIktavi Liqnidum tU.B.P.), Panflinum Liquidum (B. ?.}■— Liquid IVtra-
lKtUD>. Liquid ParmSn.
TVlroUtum SpiMnm (U.&P.}. Par*lBn>iiH Duniin (B.P.)^Hard rotrolntuai.
ManI I'araiTiit.
I'Diricnluiii PuaOnl (B.P.t.— PaMilin ChntniMit |a mixturo nl hnrd nod nutt
|Mnffln in tlie profMirUun i>l 3 to 7 J.
Pharmacology. — Petroleum is a veir complex fluid, ot nnturol origin,
known fnuii (imc immvmoriiil, and found in varioiii regions of the Old and
Xi-w World. In this country the principal source of supply is the wells ot
Pennsylvanin, though it cxinte abundnntly in Ohio, Western Virginia, and
Kentucky. Crude petroleum, though occasionally clear, usually presents a
sreentsh-ainber tinge. Its specific gravity varies irom 0.777 In 0.865.
I'elroleuni consists chiefly of two homologous series of isomeric hydrocar-
bons, at one extremity of which mat^h-gas is found and solid parafKn at the
other. It is not a fluid of definite composition or fixed boiling-point. Amor*
iean petroleum con»).4t« chiefly of paraffins. Barbadoes tar, Seneca oil, and
Hangoon oil ere thick varieties of petroleum. I'he Rangoon oil contains a
larger proportion of both the olefini' and Ihe benzol series than American
oil. Oxygen, nitrogen, and sulphur hnvt been found in certain varieties of
pelrnleum, but ari; present aa impuritit^, though, according to H. Vohl, all
icinde of putrolctun contain sulphur,
Petroleum doe-i not aaponify. It is soluble in ether, but nearly insolu-
ble in chloroform; it is a solvent for caoutchouc and many resins. By frac-
Uonal distillation and purifjcatiun, it yields a number of commercial prod-
uct*, the lighter oil* t)eing lued a* soUenls, the heavier for illumination, fuel,
and various mechanical nurposcs.
\aphlha, a name which was formerly applied to the lighter varietiea
of erode petroleum, is now used to designate all that portion which distills
UTCT at, or b«Iow, 122° F. By repeated fractional diitillationH the most vola-
tile hydrocarbons are obtained from naphtha. Benxin consists of the more
volatile portions, being jery inllamniable, and yields vapors, which, if com-
bined with air, are explosive- Coal-oil for illuminating purposes consists of
lew volatile hydrocarbons, which should not evolve explosive vapors under
a temperature of 110° V., and the better oils require 150* or over.
Petrolatum, petroleum- jelly, or petrolatum ointuiniit, i» a semisolid sub-
stance, consisting of hydrocarbons, chiefly of the mai^h-gas series (C,,U,„
etc), obtained by distilling off the lighter and mon' volatile portions from
American petroleum and purifying the residue. It is an amorphous, pale>
yellowUh, odorlcaa, tasteleea, or nearly so, translucent, fatty substance, in
thin layers more or less fluorescent. Petroleum is insoluble in water, scarcely
soluble in cold absolute alcohol, soluble in 64 parti« of boiling absolute alco-
hol, soluble in ether, chloroform, fixed and volatile oils. Special forms of
petrolatum are applied under the names of cosmolin, vaM-lin, albolene, etc.
11 does not become rancid, and is osod as a basis for ointmenti as a substi-
tute for lard. It is al-u) official sli a liquid oil (pctroliilum liquidum).
Fhytiological Action. — Petroleum possesses decided antiseptic power,
ii stimulant, ami, taken internally in small quantities, is antispasmodic, dia-
phoretic, and expectorant. It i£sinfeete the gaatro-intestinal and respira-
tory mucous tracts. In large doses it gives rise to headache, vertigo, pain in
PnAAtlAOBTrriCAL THBRArKtmO AOSin^ OS DRCIOS.
the throat and stomsch, polpitmioD of the heart, TOmiting, tetanic m
and may chunc death.
Therapy. — Rock-oil cnjojr^ coDsidcrablc popular rt-piitv both as nn iif
ternnl and «xlenml remedy. A» « counter-irritant it is used in chronic rheu-
matism, KvnoTitit), «praine, chiiblaine, and paralysis. It is likevisi} applied to
the neck or cheiit for iDflaminatory atTections of the throat and air-pan-
MCCH. Crude pL'trolcuiu is a bcniificial upplicalion in diphtheria. It may ~
paint>^ upon th<^ affected surface with a catnelVhair bru»lk or by meanii of
B pIcdgL't of absorbent cotton. PatienU who are old enough may also use it
as a gargle. The fal&e membranes are reproduced, but arc much iimaller and
thinner than before the applicniion. Mr. Sydney Turner, of Gloucester,
England, suggests, also, that petroleum he vaporized in the room occupied
by putieuts eulTviing from diphtheria. Lurcher has employed this agent in
a series of forty-two cases, with only two deathii and without an instance
of communication of Ihc diMote to any other person. Of the fatal cas«a one
was moribund when Gret seen and in the second hia directions were not
obeyed.
Crude petroleum is nsefu] in certain forms of coujunctivitis. It is a
painleui application and i» well borne bv the cornea. In grauular conjunc-
tiTitis it may be rubbed upon the affected surface with a tooth-briLih.
Petroleum is useful in ordinary catarrhal conjunctivitis and in follicular
ophthalmia. It is of service in some cases of trachoma, while in otben it
fails.
retroleum, alone or combined with other drugs, haa l)een employed in
pioriatia, eczema, seborrhoea, sesbies, and almott every raricty of skin die-
Mse. In et'ienia, Kapo« retommsmU the following: —
H IVtroli*! ini c.ciu. or 13m.
EnipliLiU plumbi 15J5 Gm. or S«l
Distolvo and thoroughl}' inrarporatc vith th« aid of heat, and add a little oil o|
barg&mot to flavor, it d#«ire<l.
Sig.: Appljr to the nHFectvd surface on soft cotton or linen.
DespK-s advocates the use of petroleum as an application to ulcerated]
'^cmiBWlia of the breast. In uterine cancer he ha^ found that vaginal in-|
jections of SO to lao c.cm. {or fjiii-iv) of petroleum answer a good purpoae.
He recommends the same procedure in acute vaginitis.
The stimulating propcrltes of petroleum render it of service in loss ot
hair and alopecia circumscripta. Petrolatum has been widely employed as
an nngiicnt, and as a basis with which to incorporate more active topical
mwiicaments. It is cleanly, devoid of odor, is not subject to alteration, and
is available when the object is solely to cover the integument with a bland
protective layer. It frequently happens, however, that petrolatum contains
irritant cohstitueuts which huvc not been removed in the process of manu-
facture, and which render this substance useful as a stimulant ointment.
When it is desired that a fatty material should penetrate the skin, one
of the animal fats — as lard, suet, butter, or lanolin — is entitled to the prefer-,
ence as an ointment base.'
Liquid petrolatum is available as an application for bougies, eatbelers,^
and other instruments. It hos also been employed, by means of the atomixer,
■ Srf "DiwasM of Lho Skin." 1901: also "01ntinfnt« and 01(>ate*."
pp. S44, »S.
10
ruTnosKLixujr.
in inJIimntatciry conditions of the daks, niid after opiTatJons upon Uia
«nil Dtber parts of ihe body. Liquid petrolatum has also been u»ed as a
BKUtruuQi fur etupvnding various substiincce in it, for i;xtorniil and internal
nar. t!om« cliniciana have been incorporating ceriain of the mercurial salts
in IIi)iik1 petrolatum and employing the combiDation for hypodiTinio injcc-
ttciu into the tissues.
Uitcnmlly. Ihc crudo oil ha« been given, in the oil rcgiotu, in travpooo-
(uldoH« to children snffering with croup and whooping-cough, with asserted
20w) nfuit<. It is oocasionallj' given in chronic bronchial and pulmonary
diMdtTS with advsntajice.
Pttroleum, admiuigtercd hj inhalation and intfirnallj' in the form of
utmulsion, has been etronglj recommended as of value in pulmonary tuber-
cslMii.
It is employed in Germany as a vermifug«; dose, 1.20 to 3 cam. (or
niu-xix). The liner qualities Af petroleum have been given rith i^ucce8i
in cholera in similar doses.
Tlie vapor of naphtha has some irntatinir {jualities to mucous mt-m-
bnui, and produces oodema of the eyelids. In a case reported by Dr. .).
Lttdy, Jr^ • man was rendered unconBcioua by breathing the vapors of
nsphlha from a tank, wbioh he was set to work to clean. The inhalation of
tMplitha-vaiwr ha« been recommended in a«thma.
XUgolene, one of the lightest products of the distillation of petroleum^
a an extremely volatile fluid, boiling ut about 64 Vi° l'- ^*> great it tlio
mpidity of its evaporation, that local temprature is depressed to 15* V. hy
a^pnv of rhigolene. The ttuid vhould be kept in a cool place and in tightly-
CorkM bottles. It can be used with a hand-atomizer to produce cold for
local anesthesia, as a substitute for ether. Khigolene »|)rnyed upon the skin
(oon deadens sensibility and facilitates the performance of any brief sur-
gical operation. Its >;arlickY odor and inflammability arc objections to its
uw, except in tlie histological laboratory, where it is employed to freeze
rimens for section-cutting. Paquelin'a thermocautery i» fciI by one of
lightvr hydrooorbons of petroleum.
PETROSELINini.— Parsley. The root of Petnvw'linum Ki(ivnm (Um-
bellifera?) contains a caiuphorat^^eous substance. Apioiin; a neutral principle,
Apiin, ftotuhh- in ali-olmi and WMter; also a voUlik' oil. Par»l<!y>root u
carminative, diuretic. cmmensKo^iic, and slightly laxative, and stimulates
tbc circulation, the jikin, and bronchial mucous memhrnne. The alcoholic
aolatioD of a petrol -ethereal extract leaves behind, upon evaporation, a
Enxluet which, if tnMled bvraujtticHoda, yields a thick, reddish liquid, which
r>i|s at 27H' C. {527' F.).and has a specific gravity of 1.113. To this oily
anbslaiiee, which is the true active iirinciple of the plant, M. Chapoteaul
has given the name Apioiin. It is dispensed in capsules of 0.18 c.cm. (or
miij) each. .\ third principle, tcrmc<J Cariol, Iiiw b<*« extracted from ihc
same source by Morgues and Laborde. The apiol of commerce appear* to
be a mixlure nf v^talile oil and rc»iu, with aptin, apioiin, and cariol iu
nncerlttin proportions.
Physiological Action.— Thrown under the skin or into the veins of
gtiincH-iiij.-*, c-ariid ihtermined genital hvperamia, increased urination, and,
aoheequenlty, general tremors and slight convniRJons, paresis or motor inco-
ordination, ana, finally, death from asphyxia. The spinal eord in the dorm-
6?8 rUABM^CBl'TICAL THEItAPEtlTIC AQENT8 OB DUUG«.
lumbar re^on was markedlr con^e^ted. lliG ntrrine v«ieels of a bit^
liei-nini' viigorgcd when cariol wa* injected inlo the ciroiiUtion. Aptvl iD»
cariol possess a aimiUr action upon the nervous and circulatory sjiteiP*-
The fonniT cuiiw* a rapid riw of artprial prcwmrc. dnc to innvued ictM**^
of the heart and etimulatiou of the vaaomotor cenlree in the incdolk o^-
longaln. Cariol cxtTts a k-» powerful infliicnco u;>on (he oirculatioD th»n
apiol. Both principles, and especially cariol, promote muscutar eacitahUit^-
Apiiil riiuscH congestion of the uterus and ovaries, and favnpi lh« oeemtvucm
of the menstrual discharfje. Uoth apiol and cariol po«seG6 excitomotor pn>i>-
erties and their phvRioloL'ical action jtiistiBn their emptoymiiit in genita.>-
i^piiial atouv.' Mr. U. C. Whitney conaders that the Tolatile oil is (he irva^
eninicnagO};ic principle. Kruni puisonous doBcs of apiolin I^lmnlc oUterrvd
somnuIcDce. !-tiipor. purc»i>^, motor inco-ordinatiun, accelenited respiration
and circulation, and death from afphyxia. Small doses act upon iitwinat«^«3
muscular fibres, e;-pccially tho^e of the utems, almost inramlilr etvscwx^
abortion in pregnant guinea-pigs.
Therapy. — The fresh root of parelcy ii preferred, of which a hot iofuston
is administered in amenorrhtea and dysmenorrbfea. Parsley it aljo tw-fiat
M B ditirettc in drop»y. stranfiury, gnnorrhoea, etc. Owing to a farorabl^
report from a comniifsion of the Irench Academy, apiol for « time w-Moa
employed in nialarial nfTeetions nr a viiliMitute for tjiitnims but, bein^ foimd
to be much inferior in antipenodic action, it is at pre^nt seldoui pre^cnlt^B'l,
except as an emmenago^ie. In caaes of scanty or deficioiil mrn»tni«ti«iti-
with pains, etc., 0,18 to ().3l)c.cni. (or iniii-v) in a capsule can be^ireaaf
meats, thrice daily, for a week before the expected period. Apioi is c^j —
cially appropriate when amenorrhtra depends upon ansmia. It mar \y
given in combination thus: —
B .\pioliiii 3|HI c^ev. or mL
Alnini -- |08C Gia. <ir gr. J.
Sulphurii «ubl ^tS Gri. or f(r. L
V. Ft 11 i^piiulip no. X.
Sig.: A CApHiilv tt'igUl and luominc & week before and during tli* mfty^***
purioj. Initimtcd In Bmcnorrlio!* and dyamraorrha^.
Id cn^cx of pronminceil an.Tniia thi- action of the apiolin will be nxo**
decided if a ferruginous prcpuration be given with it ood continned in *^^
intervnis between the menstrual periods.
Aptohn regulates the menstrual flow, and tliereby indirectly relierei *^ _
pain of eongestive or spasmodic dyemenorrhosa. It is useful likewise- ?
atonic amenorrhiea. This remedy may be adminittrrcd with adTantagcr "
all cases amenable to the influence of internal medication.
PHENACETINini (B. P.).— Pheoaoetui, Para-acet-phcnetidiii.
Dose, 0.33 to 0.(15 Ora. (or rt. v-x).
Pharmacology.— A coal-tar prtiduct [C,HjOC,lI,NIlforil,|
bling aceliiiiilid. occurring in white, crystalline powder, of sbghti? m— .
taste, without odor; soluble in alcohol, glycerin, lactic acid, and q»rii»-rf^
in waler. It is not toxic in ordinary doses, and is less frequently (oUo^^^'-
by dangerous depression, than is (he case with 6om« other menbtn of '^
aromatic group of coal-tar products. The dnig should be chemieallr pa
'/.« Tribtmr MMimle, No^ 2. 3. and 4. 18B1.
* I'tiamutiy^itiral ffrtwrf, Dec. 1, 18IHI.
PUBSAt^EflNrM.
887
It is stated that tontt* pliurmnciclH hnvc dispeiiRe<l phenacelin mixed with
acctunilid, on account o( the lower price of the latter. The comparative
soluljilitT of the two HtilistniKcs in wat«r atTonU a ready means of detecting
this adulteration. l)r. I.udwig Keuter, of Iloidclberg, hrn? pointed out that
■ datigvrous impiirilv is found in Bome sampler of phenacelin, reuuliing from
imperfect conversion of paraphenetidin into phcnucclin. The contiimina-
lion may be detected liy melting u ^^lHll onanlily of <:hloral-hydrate in a test-
tube to the heat of boiling water and adding one-fiflh of phciincetin. If the
latter be pure the mixture remains coIcirlesK, but if paraphenetidin be present
• purple color develops, peeking rapidly from red into blue. Parnphenetidin
bos produced serious toxic cITcoI* in fmall dosea, inflammation of the kid-
tii-y«i bcin^ observed in aereral cases.
Plieiuicctin can, according to Hin^bcrg, bet distinguished from acetanilid
and aniipyrin by finely pulverizing and heating it to ebullition with nitric
acid (1 ti) 10). An orange color 'n tbu« produced with phenaeetin, while
the niber fubetances give no reaction when treated in the sumt manner.
Physiological Action. — \ nervous sedative, vrith little effect upon
the ciicuLaiion. In very large amounts, lluru claims that it is more apt
to disintegrate the blood than antipyrin, but its influence upon other
vitfil functions is not so severe, and it is therefore less d&ngcrous. Phe-
nacutin is not. howerer. totally devoid of toxic influence. Case* have been
reported in whieh romiting, collapse, cyanosis, vertigo, profuse sweats, and
un urtiirarial rasli have foljawed its adniinixtration. .\ccor<ling to the ex<
poriments of Drs, David Cema and William S. Carter, moderato amounts of
plii-iiuo'tin aet upon the hvart, i-aii«ing a rise of arterial preature, and prob-
ably exert abo a stimulant eftcd upon the vasomotor svsiem. In large doscai
the drug reducei) blood-preidsure, the reduction being mainly of cardiao
origin. Dr. Ilirscltmanu, of Vienna, has observed that after the admiiiiK-
tralion of phenaeetin an abundance of crystals was sometimes found upon
the sliin. Under the microscope they exactly rciemblcd the crystals of
phenacelin, which had been given to the patient.
rhcnacetin slightly rudtic<.'» normal bodily heat, but more decidedly
vhen pyrexia is present. It acts upon sensory nerrea and relieves pain ana ,
spasm. In some c*wi an hypnotic effect 9wm6 to be produci>d. It favorai
the action of ihe akin and kicincys, but is not decidedly diuretic.
Therapy. — Phi.nacetin was originally introduced into medical practice
aa an antipyretic, and subsequently was found to possess analgesic powers,
rescmblmg antipyrin in this respc-it. In di#OAses attended by hyperpyrexia,
fUch as rbeunuitism, pneumonia, typhoid fever, and phthisis pnlmonslis,
phenaeetin exerts a very happy effect in about liulf the dosage of antipyrin.
the ordinary dose being from 0.20 to 0.50 Gm. (or gr. iii-viij). Ilic fall of
temperature docs not occur until half an hour after the drug has been taken,,,
and the reduction continues for four to eight hours. As an antipyretic it il^
considered by many good authorities as th« Mf««t and most efficient memberj
nf the aniline group. Good results are said to be produced in maturiu by bi
combination of phenaeetin witli small doses of quinine.
In epidemic intluenxa phenaeetin rapidly relievefl the muMular pains
and favors diaphoresis; the catarrhal symptoms aubscqucntly require otherj
rvmf«Ii'-ii. A combination of 0.25 Om. (or gr. iv) of phenaeetin with O.SO
■tm. (or gr. iij) each of satot and sulphate uf quinine has been highly cx-
loUed. The done is repeated every two or three hours until (he pains have
628
TtTAnUACEUTICAL THSBATBCTIO A0EXT3 OB DBCC9.
subNd?d. In the nervous wqueUc of this di&ca«e the Ute I>r. WiQun F.
Jlutchinaon, of I'ruvideovi.-, bclicvvd Uiat pheiiacetJD stands tlrsc ia the lui
of ri>iui'di<%.
Iq ordinary coldfi, one or two powders (0.32 Gm., or ^r. v) of pheiuic«tii
rupidly remove all the symptoms. Where fever is present, the combitutno
of salol with phttiincetin i* especially useful in iutluenzA and rhenntttifiik.
Tlic aiiiilgomc L'ftects of phenacetin are very marked in various forms of btad-
itche, including migraine and the headacht^x from eyestrein, having the ad-
vautaue over antipyriu in tc§s frequently caiieiu<; a ra«h.
The following conihination i» recommendi-d as I>ene6cial in migraine: —
B PheDBcotin 3
Oftffrin. dtnU*
Quinin. hydrochlorat. ......i.......
Sucvhiirio ,,......>
M. vt iliv. lu vliArlulit no. x.
8\g.: One powdf^r nt n done.
Gm. or gt. ilv.
£0 Urn. or KT. iij.
65 Uin. or gr. X.
01 (iin. OT gi. Vv
In the neuralgic pains of tabes dorsali.t, in herpes zoster, and intetro^*^^
nuiiralgiu, «mall Hoecf, given every hour for three or four hours. (Utiallj ^■^^'
ford complete relief and cause sleep. Phenacetin is extremely nscfnl **
chronic neuritis, and, according to Kator, is unsurpassed in the tr««One^«^*
of cerebral disorder due to excessive indulgence in alcoholic drinks.
In whoopiDK-coiigh 0,03 Gm. {or gr. at) do«'*, diwolvod in 10 dror»
glycerin, are readily taken by children, and afford prompt relief, pennitli
sleep and ameliorating the nitack*.
In delirium a dose of 0.G5 Gm. (or gr. x) will usually afford a qniet Bijf^
Franz Mahnert' con»i(ji.-r» phenacetin a specific in acul« articular rhrus
lism, as it reduces fever, relieves pain, and lessens the duration of the atu*
It has been found useful in some cases of gonorrfan^al rhcumatii<m, aoS
worthy of more extended trial in this rebellious affection. Given aew
hours before the time of the paroxysm of inicnnittent fever, it prerea
the chill, but not its recurrence. In insomnia from simple exbauni
phenacetin acts udniirably. The late Dr. Traill Green, of Easton, t
found phenacetin of service in checking the frequent micturition of
people. It did not appear to be necessary to admiDistcr the remedy
linuously in order to obtain the desired result.
Dr. M. H. Lees, of Knoxville, Tcnn., reports that the local appltcat:^
of finely powdered phenacetin is efficacious in promoting the healii^ of
matic, simple, and syiihilitie ulcers.
Phenacetin has also been employed locally !n an alcoholic solntioiB.
in ointmi;nt in cases of rheumatic pains of joints^
Among the many compounds belonging to the aromatic seriea and
latfld to jOiiimcwtin, the following are important: —
Laotophenin. — A substance bearing this name and cloeely relai«3
phenacetin has been studied by Ijandowsky. I^actophenin dilTer» chemi
from phenacetin in containing lactic instead of acetic acid. It is a w
rather bitter powder, sparingly soluble in water. Lactophenin rcdui
normal temperature, but exerts little or no influence upon the circnl^^-SOB
and respiration. This substance has been given in pneumonia, infln ^xxa.
fsipelas, scarlatina, acute tuberculosis accompanied by ferer. and tiL mtp-
■"AnnunI of lb« Ualvcrwl M^icnl Rrlpitrr*." 1S90. vol v. p. A-IOS,
ruxNACXTRnrit.
629
titcQui, It has b«eii employed by von Juk«ch in typhoid fever with sstiii-
Vlory results; the dosea were from 0.50 to 1 Om. (or gt. viti-xv). Roth has
Itniui] it of value in acute rheumotisui. Lactophcuin wiis iitcful in some
*^Ni of choren nnd in the pains of locomotor ataxia.
Lutdow^ky ii»ix'rtiiincd that it po^oescd vnltio ns a remedy in neuralgia,
pt dates, moreover, that it exerts a genuine hypnotic eifect. It was given
'adiily (Josw muging from 0.G6 to 3 Gm. (or gr. x-xlv). In some CBnei it
8»tf rise to diaphoresis and slight vertigo.
Apoljrsia. — This compound ditlore from phentcetin in the substitution
*•'■ ciiric-acid radical for the acetic-acid radical. It ia a white or yellowish-
yhito, civKtalliitc powder, with nn acrid totlc, soluble in warm vater, less m
"> cold (about 1 to aO). It has been claimed that, while it poeseaees the snti-
JPyr^tic and analgesic cffccti; of phi-niicetin, it i« innocuous even in large
"osee. Tbij is questioned by David Cema,* who has seen bad results and
^^Et death, iu the lower animals, following the administration of apolytin.
•*Hile not toxic in ordinary doses (1.30 to S Om., or gr. u-xix), yet care
•"Oil I,] U> nivr-rciscd in its u«c in larger qiiBntities.
Methacttin.— This compound differs from phenacetin only in cont«in-
***K a methyl in place of an ethyl group. Mcthaectin occurs in the form of
52 ***''^*''' ""^'y crystals, is comparatively non-toxic, and has the advantage
^y facing five times more soluble in water than pbcneci'tiH. Methocetin poi*
"•■•w««i antiseptic properties and has been given in typhoid fever and pnea-
'^'^Tjin. In pulmonary tuberculosis Hi action was not favorable, ns it g&ve
***^ lo pf.piouin nit;bt-Bweat.^. It has also been employed in neuralgia.
Daloin (Paraphenetolcarbamide) .—On account of ili* remarkably sweet
*^t«. the name dulcin hsa been given to fl substance? the chemical compoa-
* ** n ijf w iiic'h alliv* il l<> phcnacetin. It haa also bren lerriieil sncroL Dulcin
*^*">'»?talljxe8 in the form of small, white tables, which are soluble in alcohol
***cj elher, in 50 part* of hut water, and 800 parts of cold water.
Ihilcia has a pure, sweet taste, and is sold to be from 200 to 250 times
*^"*"eeter than saccharose. Its effects have been studii-d by Kobert, Kosaelt
•**<?i Pa^bkis. It is without influence upon rabbits. In the daily dose of
^ Om. (or .wa) it did not diMurb digestion in the rnbViit or dog. It had no
*"tT*rt upon the respiration, circulation, or central nervous system. Large
^*>ee» bad a toxic influence upon dogs, which died with such evidence of
" 1 owl -d est ruction as ictenis. In csperiDionte upon cats, Kobert concluded
uuit doses correaponding to those which may he employed in thv human
"^ing are without danger. In abnormally large doses, cats sicken and eome-
tvinea die with cerebral svmptoma. The same manner of death has been ob>
*^Tird in frogs subjected to subcutflnvoiis injections of dulcin.
AldeholT dititenU from the observers above quoted, having found daily
^ests of 1 Gm. (or gr. xt) harmful and even, in the course of a few week^
laid to dogs, which died with eyroptoms of acute jaundice.
Dulcin has been used in Ibc place of sugar to sweeten the food of obew
individuals, in whom it \s desirable to limit the amount of saccharine food.
It nn be employed in small dwti« with advantage in diabetes mellitus.
Esild has given it in daily doses of 1.53 Gm. (or gr. xxir). It is rvgar^ed as
':i<>tii«us when administered in modente amounts.
FhenoGOU is derived from glycoeoll, or amido-acetic a«id, and phenet>
•JOmrmI of Ihe AiMTlam lIt4fMl AttoeMlon. .Inno SO, 19M.
€30
PUABUACKL'TICAL TBBttAPSIJTrC AOBXTS OB DKC03.
idin, the water being obetracted. The new comlnnation U a pbcMirw-
which, by th« introduction of tbe ^It-forming smida group in the iar.y'^
radical, is rendered readily eoluble. The hvclrochloridc is tolable in ibmi *
16 p«rt« of wuter al 17" C. (62.6" F.>, and thi; *olution i* of neutral twtins -
The salt crygtallizes out of hot water in cubes eimiUr to thote of antiptrm ;
out of nlcohol, in which it readily i]i^olve», it cryetallizea in needles.
The pure base, phenocoUum purum. may be obtained by the actito * C
ammflnia, rau»lic alkali, or nikaiinc carbonate upon a solution of tbealC-^
and occurs in the form of white, matted nccdlce, which contain 1 part o^'
wat«r of eryiilul ligation. Ilydratcd phenocoll nielrs at about 9&* C. t-01*^^
F.), the auhydrou* form at 100.5' C. (213.9° F.). On account of its sololias^
in cold water, the »alt is pM-riTabJc to the pure baie for uie in mcdidiir- —
Phenocoll is fairly stable when boiled in a dilute solution o( ao alUTi '
caustic or carbonnle, thoiifjli prolonged boiling causes it to separate ial^^
phonetidm and f:lycocol. It is similar in its behavior toward wtaktac^B
acids. After lon^ boilin)^ in concentrated hydrochloric acid, it is partly Epli'^
up into phcnttidin hyd roc hk> rale and plycoooll.
Phenocoll hydrochjuride hat* a salty taste, with a sweetish after-lst^»
lad an aromatic odor, and is best administered iu the form of powder. T^^fc
aijneoua solution, neutral at first, develops an alkaline reaction at the em! a^
tMSi'CODd day. It is the ealt most frequently tis«d. Th« acetate, carlKinits?.
and tbe snlicylate of phenocoll have also been prepared. The first-nusc^^
shU is easily soluble in water, and has been rccommeaded u being VT&.2
adapted to hypodennic use.
Physiological Action. — Phenocoll exerts no deleterious infldence 0|
aniiiiais, nnd doe.'i not aircct the composition of the blood, A dose o( 1
Gm. (or gr. ixiij) was followed by no evil consi'iiucnce* in Oie rabbit.
The physiological action of this drug has been studied by Drs. Oerc»^
and Carter, who conclude that in ordinary amount* it i« practically »iiiio«»*
effect upon the circulation, that large doses diminish the blood-pnwiw t»y
influencing the lii'nrl, iliat phfnoeoll reduces the pHl«-rate by «tiniiilibr» ^
the cardio-inbibitory centres. It then increases the rapidity of the pal* **T
paruly7.ing those centre*. Tlie final diminution i» of canliac origin. l'i«>«*
the blood itself phenocoll has no action. Phenocoll reduces lempeiataR *»y
cuuiting an i-norinous diminution of heat-prwiiiiction without any tlteoii****
of heat-diasipation.
In the human subject it is well tolerated by the stomach, and seem* **
hare no injurious eifect upon the kidneys. After ingestion of about 5 (**■■-
{or gr. Itxv) the urine assumes a brownish or blackish-red color. The cJ™*"**
tion usually deepens when the urine ie left long vtposed to the air. Cp**"
the addition of tincture of ferric chloride, the color beeouie* still iUt^^^
The drug is eliminated rapidly, and twenty-four hours after dis^ontinu***—
the reaction with the tincture of iron can no longer be obtained. I>^- ^
Balzer, as a result of experiments conducted in Professor EicUioret'E el***
states llini phenocoll favors the elimination of nitrogen. ^^
Therapy. — Thirty-two eg. for gr. v) o( phenocoll hrdrochloride ha*"* *T^
ductid temperature in typhoid fever and ppeumouia 3" F. or more '"**'*"„,!
causing collapee or cyanosis. In the hectic fevi-r of phthisis. Dr. Herlel f*>"^|j
that 0.50 Ora. (or gr. viij) doses, thrice repeated at hourly interrals, rwJ«*^
temperature 1° C; I Oui. (orgr. xv) dosweffeoli'd n diminution of I '/'e .*^
within a few hours, and the reduction continued for about two hours. ^*
rBINACETIXCrM.
631
Ott. (or gr. Uxv), given in divided dosee throughout the day, ocoofioncd im
*lBM9t complete defervescence. In ncutc inRammatory rheumntisin Uerlel
/ogrid liBilvdKiiirfof 5 Gm. (orgr. Ixxv) valuable in the alleviation of piiin, but
■'jCh little direct iutltieuce upon the fever. As soon as pain vas abolished,
fcowever. the temperature feU to noimal. Svueating was occasioned, and io^
wenBti instances Cohnheim obaerved chilliness to attend the TeaHcent of tem-
po'* 5^ iitv. In two caiiee Dr. P. Balzer vritoeHed cyanosis as a result of the
•dm i nittratioD of daily dofiee of -I or i> Gm. (or 3i-i^) of phenocolt. In some
is^tasicw phvnocvll was Euccctsful when other antirheiunatic remedies had
Ivl*^^. Cohnheim obtained no ^ood results from its use in chronic rbenma-,
ti»m. and in the hand» of TIcrtel il produced no ef!ect upon a case of gonor-
tb»?!Bl rheumaliflm. Professor Eichhorst has made use of phenocolt in ty*
p^Qid fever, and stales that the remedy tectas to exercise a favorable influ-
ence on the symptoms, and the course of the disease becomes milder. l*ro-
(cMor Albcrtoni stato! that he has extensively employed phenocoU in malaris,
and that excellent results were efTected in a number of severe casee. Pheno-
coU i« sometimes successful in malarial cases when quinine hae proved in-
offfctive. In malaria the remedy was given six or seven hours before the
aipcet4)d paroxyi^m in the doM>of 1 Om. (orgr. xv], PhenocoU oceniiions no
SDpUaBant sfter-elTects, and its taste is easily disguised by mixing it with
BUgnr. A combination of phenocoll and quinine will sometimes prove effi-
cacious in subduing an obstinate attack of malaria which lia^ resisted either
inmedy when administered alone.
It is thought that phenocoll is particularly applicable to the treatment
of malarial intoxication in pregnant women.
Cohnheim found the remedy eOicacioiis in a number of CBses of neu-
ralgia, especially when due to iniiucnza. It was of no service in hysteria or
bronchial asthma.
Dose« of 0.^0 Om. (or gr. viij) have produrad a good result in migraine.
Dt. Uodigliani has employed thie remedy in juvenile cases. He found iti
advantageous in chorea and convulsions and in various febrile disorders.
Dr. Q. C. Smith, of Austin, Texas, writes that he has found nothing
more efficient in the treatment of hectic fever than the following combina-
tion;—
B PkeaeoU. hydroclilor.,
Salidn aa SjlO Otn. or gr. xlviij.
Ilydrsttin. salph ifsu Om. ar fv. xxlv.
II. Ft ft opauL DO. xxiv.
Stg-- On* cajwula evRry four U> eight hcun^
t>r. Carl Beck, of Xt-w York, has convinced himself by clinical cxperi-
■ents that phenocoll is posseesed of antiseptic virtues and has used it ex-
enially in various cases, embracing accidental and surgical wounds, inflamed
'and suppurating cases, etc. As a dry dressing, he at first need the pure pow-
der, but :>ubse(jiicnlly found that a 10-per-cent. gauxe answered the (am«'
purpow. A 5-per-cent. watery and a 10- or 15-per-eent. alcoholic solution
v«r« of advantn^e in ceriain cast*. A 10- or SO-pcr-ccnt. ointment was ap-
Ued to ulcers and burns, but, though the resulta were good, the healing .
eese seemed to lake longer than under the use of jcauze. An injection oil
lO-per-cent. alcoholic solution reduced the size and relieved the pain of «]
■Tf rendering desirable additional trials in the same direction. Phcno*]
ess
?ir2
nCAI. THRRAPEDTIC AOEXTS OR DHUUS.
coil hu the advAntagc of being iD«dorou« and not productive of im'tatioi
or inflammation of t£e skin.
SaloDoll. ~- PhenocoH uilicylnlo Iia* been given, for convenience, the
above name. Salocoll is obtained by the action of salicylic acid upon pheno- ,
coll hydrochloride, occurs in the form of a powder, has a au-cetish ta«tf, andi
is not easily soluble in water. It is given in the dose of 1 or 2 Gm. (or gr. xv-^
xxx), and can be repeated twice or thrice during the day. The compound
ia well borne by the stomach and, ae f ar aa has been observed, has no de-j
prcsttftnt elTcct upon the heart. Salocoll has been shown to poMcss anti-
Siyretic, antirheumatic, and antineuralgic properties, and has been thought^
0 be wpecialiy uR-fiil in influriua.'
PHENAZONUM (B. P.). — Phenazone (Antipyrin, 0. P.), Plienyl-J
dimethyl-iso-pyrazslone.
Dose, 0,32 to 1.30 Gm. (or gr. v-xx).
Pharmacology. — Antipyrin is a synthetical product belonging to Ihari
aniline HTie«, discovered by Dr. Ludwig Knon, who obtained a patent for^
the process of preparation, but the time for its exclusive control in the i
ITnited States haa expired. It occun in the form of a while, eiy»1alline pow-
der, of a slightly-bitter taste, freely soluble in water, alcohol, and chloroform,
and IvsB rmdily fiolublo in ether. Antipyrin mdtf nt 113° C. (235.4° F.).
A solution oF antipyrin added to a solution of ferric chloride gives rise to a
dark-brown color. With spirit of nitrous ether it shows a groen color-reac-
tion, and is chanfjed into iso-nitroso-anUpyrin.
Physiological Actlon.^I'pon the unnrokcn intc^'umcnt it le devoid o(J
eOect, but upon denuded or ulcerated surfaces its solution ia eaid to exert an
tnolge^ic inmicncc, Smul! do«* do not ordinarily produce marked n-sulta,
either in animals or healthy men. Excessive doses cause slight depression,
of the normal tt-mp^raturr, cvunoi^ii', chilliness, cardiac debility, and dia--
phoresis. Given to animals, it occasions epileptiform and tetanic comiil-
iion<. Reflex movements are increased by email uad decreased by lorgs
doses. Antipyrin depresses the functions, both of sensory and motor nerve-
tninke. Lethal quantities cause, in frogs, arrest of the heart in diastole.
Arterial tension is decreased by large doses, unless convulsions occur, in I
which cnso it is increased, Small doses augment blood-prciwure. The cffvct '
upon the blood -pressure is due to the direct stimulant or depressant influence
01 amnll or large doses upon the heart. .\ solution of antipyrin applied to
divided blood-vessels arrests hemorrhage. lieapiration ia unatFected by sm.ill
doses; is first increased, but suhseiiuently markedly decreased, by toxic
doses. In fevered animals it causes a decided reduction of temperature, pos-
aibly by a direct action upon the heat-centres. Toxic uu8nt)ti<« give rise to
methiemoglobin in the blood. Antipyrin is possessed of some antiseptic
power, and arresU fermentation. Absorption and elimination arc rapid.
Antipyrin is removed from the system by tnc kidneys, the urine being some-
times diminished and sometimes incrcnsed in quantity.
It is said that, under the influence of antip>'rin, the urine contains s
lowered proportion of substances reprewnling nitrogenous tissu^change.
Large doses cause a considerable decrease in the quantity of urine excreted.
Idiosynorasy and Toxicology. — Many unpleasant and alarming, with
'Thf .imrrlraa ThrropUt, June, 1803.
PHBNAZONVM.
633
somctinies fatal. «ffectii have followed the BdminiRtration of medieinil doaes
of Biiti]iynii. Ainonc these coneequcnn's ure vomiting, profuse Gweatinj^,
cjanosis, collapse, salivation, dyspnoea, and epileptiform conruUiona. Dr.
P«r(lricl RU^Mle that ontipyrin will be better toUnited by the stomach if
prescribed with sodium biearbonate and tnrtnrie acid in capaulef, owing to
the inRuctice of th« nascent carbonic acid evolred.
The late Dr. P. Guttniann reported a case of poisoning from antipyrin,
in which the ejrmptoms approximated those of the alg^d stage of cholera.
The fipcal evacuations vere, however, formed. The quantity taken had been
10 Qm. (or oiiss) in divided doses.
Herpetiform eruptions have been obserred after the use of antipyrin.
In lome eaaei, o^^ain, small erosions or ulcerations have been produced.
Morel-Lavall^e has reported a case in which th«^ prolonged ingestion of anti-
pyrin oceaaioacd the acvclopmcnt, upon the middle of the tongue, of a large
spot of erodve glossitis which closely resembled agniinated mucous pntches
of the tongue. Cutaneous eruptions due to antipyrin ossume in different
c&ses the form of enrthenia, urticaria, or pemphigus. At times a msh similar
to thnt of in4tai<lcs is produced. This is easily removed by admioietering
belladonna with the antipyrin or by giving an hypodermic injection of atro-
Eine. In tome cases, the eruption appears on the penis in the form of black
lotches accompanied by ledema, as reported by Foumier.' The eruption
appeared four and one-half hours after the first doee was taken. The patients
were alarmed, thinking thai gangrene of the penis would follow.
M. Venieuil has, in two instances, observed partial gongreoe .follow the
hypodermic injection of antipyrin. When nutrition is lowered this agent
snould not be injerted at the t^ni nt disease.
A number of fatal cases have been reported from medium dose« of anti-
prrin, especially in children, old petMoa, and those sufterinj? from cardiac
debility or disease. In such cases, therefore, the remedy must be uaed, if
at all, with extreme caution. Poisoning is shown by reeUeesneBS, anxietj,
I slow respiration, weak pulse, and vertigo. Treatment is by diffusible stima-
lanta, heart-tontce (ttrophantfaus or nux vomica), and artificial respiration
or inhalation of oxygen, .\tropine will also aid in the treelment. Heat
favor*, while cold rcturdti, Ihe action of antipjTin. A habit of addiction is
eometimee acquired and nroduces serious disturbance of the health, mooi-
fe^led by nervous inritabdity, loBS of appetite, and decided impairment of
nutrition.
Incompatiblei. — Phenol, chloral-hydrate, gallic acid, spirit of nitTona
ether, calomel, the preparations of cinchona; hydrocyanic, nitric, and tannic
acida; copper sulphate. ferrouB sulphate, corrosive sublimate, sodium salic-
ylate, tincture of ferric chloride, syrup of ferrous iodide, tincture of iodine,
catechu, kino, and rhubarb.
Therapy. — The therapeutic efleot.s of this substance may be summed
u[i no antipyretic, analgesic, and anlispafimodic. When antipyrin h jpven in
febrile states, the temperature begins to descend, at the end of half an honr
to an hour, and reaches its lowest point of descent in three 1o five hours.
The average time during which Ihe lemper«ture remains depressed is froii
six to nine hours. It is preferable to administer the drug in a few large doM
ntber than in small amounts repeated. It should always be borne in mind, '
■ Anmalfa 4t Dermalotofft et dt SifplilHumphU, April, 1890.
nt
mAmiACEUTICiL TRBBAPELTIC A0KKT8 OR VRVQi.
ftowovor. Iliut liirgf i)iinntitic« ore »j)i (o produce collupse. The descent ol
t«mperatuic is usually, but not always, accompanied by proliuc disphoi
In place of sweating, increii«ed di»r(«ia ia sometimes observed.
Actipyrin is of cepccial value in hyperpyrexia. It may be iiMd with ad-
TsntBfe in previously vtgoroujt sabject*, in ditteaBe of a sthenic type, when
fever is, in itwlf, a source of danger. In typhoid fever the beet authorities
oppose resorting to ihij cIsns of antipyretics to reduce temperature. It may
be used in typhus fever, small-pox, and yellow fever. In ecnrlntina, accom-
Cied by exceuively high fever, vie may have recourjie to antipyrin. It has
Q found beucfttiol in erysipelas, reducing fever and apparently limitiae
the spread of the disease. In croupous pneumonia it reduces the rate of
respiration as well as the temperature, but has no inBucncc upon Hie pul-
monary intlamniation. Antipyrin is eHlcaciouj in the pneumonia and bron-
chitis of children. According to the comparative sltidiee of the lute Pro-
feasor Demme, of Beme, relative to the use of antip\Tetic« in the treatment
of the febrile diseases of children, antipyrin is of particular value in cases
of broncho- pneumonia in which r(<]apse and exccsi^ively high ti^mperature are
quite marked. He employed, in the first period of recurrence, antipyTin iti
aqneoua solution, with a Htlle sugar and a few drops of cognac. When given
in this form it very seldom produces disturbance of the stomach, ond very
rarely fails to effect the desired reduction of temperature.' In the fever of
pulmonary tuberculosis antipyrin is seldom likely to prove of udvantnge, on
account of its depresmnt properties. In intermiUeut fever it is capable of
reducing tJie fever, but not of preventing recurrence. Some writers have
ascribed very exeelicut results to the use of this drug in puerperal fever.
Antipyrin in of effioaey in acute and subacute articular rheumatism, and
is not infrequently successful in those cases iu which sodium salicylate has
foiled. It not only reduces the fever, but also relieves the joint olTcctions.
Favorable reports have been made as regards it# action in gout. Potter men-
tions a case in which an acute paroxysm of gout was ameliontod and short-
ened by antipjTin. A dose of 1.60 Gm. (or gr. xxv) was given at first, and was
followed by 0.65 Gm. (or gr. x) doses every second hour until decided relief
was obtained. In chronic ^out, also, it is reported to exert a beneficial in-
fluence. The acute paroxysm is ameliorated and i-hortcned. and the course
of the dironic form modified.
Antipyrin is efficacious in relieving pain in the various forms of ncu-
rnlgin, liut n* a rule lias little effect upon that due to inflammatory diseases.
It is of particular avail when the neuralgia depends upon a gouty or rheu-
matic taint. It relieves the pain of malarial neuralgia, but will not prevent
a recurrence of attacks. Hemicrania is often markedly relieved by tlie ad-j
mini'lration of this remedy, I
According to Dr. Gneme M. Hammond, it is especially eflicocious tif
that form of migraine charncteriicd by local heat of skin, fliwhed face, and
dilatation of the temporal artery. The same author recognizes its usefulness
in sick hciulache dm- to dieletic errors. .\ mixture or comiiiiintion of anti-
pyrin, caffeine, and citric acid is recommended aa of marked efficacy in vari-
ous forms of iieuralplii, given in 1 Gm. (or ^-t. xv) dose«. Execllcnt rwiilts
have been obtained in sciatica from the use of antipyrin, especially when
oombinGd with quinine. It will often assuage the lancinating pains of 1oc<h,
'See VrtllMf HulUtin, M«reh, IfiSl, p. 86.
PilKNAZUNUlI.
G35
moiot ataxia. Pleuritic iwiii»and thpchcfll-pninii nf phthiaio may be rclicvr<l
bj OMtu of aiitipyrin. It has been ueed iu dj-smenorrha-a with asserted
gwdraectM, and it has also bi^cn employed with n view to mitigating the
p«iu of labor. Antipyrtn has also been Buccessfutly employed to uesuagc
tbt pain of hepatic colic.
Tbc internal uee of antipyrin ia advocated by Blaschko in cases of
pnritiu dependent upon Imttriu or other functional ditonlcn of the nerv-
ou tjttna. Hie statements have been confirmed by the experience of other
oWveis.
ifilipyrin mili^tes the severity of a number of affections characterized
bripisfflodic «ction. In hysterical txcmors and in chorc« it it often of
•tmoe. It has been seen to alleviate the paroxysms of whoopinj(-cough, and
inmne inatanc«* it has seemed to shorten the course of the disease, C. 0.
Ktrlej- has given antipyrin (combined with bromide of eoda) in over 400
OM of pertussis. Iliv antipyrin was given uitiinlly combined with syrup
•fntpberry. It is not depressing when given with any degree of intelli-
jKnoe; in fact, it i* well borne by children in good-sixcd doses, and it con-
tPtii whooping-cough better than any other drag used by him. The parox-
yws ere diminished in number from onc<th!rd to one>lialf without any
■melioration of the individual seizure, or the seisurea are leea severe without
uj change in the number of (h« attacks. In some both the severity and
nnnbor were favorably influenced. In all the cases the disease was made
iwier in aome war. It was found thiit the two drugs given together more
eirtetiially controlled the disease than when either were given separately.
At the out-patient de|>nrlmi'nt of the Babies' Tiospitsl he used the drags
mnbined in the form of a compressed tfiblet. For a child 8 months of age
0.03 Gm. {orgr. aa), of antipyrin, with 0.13 Gm. (orgr. ij) of bromide of s«du,
is given at Iwo-hour intervals. For a child of 15 months 0.06G Gm. (or gr. j)
of antipyrin and O.IG Om. (or gr. iise) of bromide of soda at two-hour inter-
vals. Two and a half to 4 yt-urs. 0.13 Gm. (or gr. ij) of antipyrin and 0.30
Gm. (or gr. iij) of bromide of soda at two-hour intervals.'
Galvagno praises the aelioii of antipyrin combined with resorcin, and
states that the duration of pertnssis is decidedly abridged by the administra-
tion of a nii:(tiirc composed as follows:-^
B BeMTdn.
AKUfTrin , M l| Oni. or kt. xr.
Sjmp. umfi k. 3w com. or itj,
Sywvf, Bt«clw lOBJ e.o'D. or QUiw.
JU. M (t. Ml.
Sig.: FVooi tkrrr to it* dMMrrbipiMnfuta Mcli day.
In many cases of epilejur antipyrin is ef!Ieacious tn reducing the nuni-
l»r of convulsions. It is said to be particularly useful in epilepsy occurring
at the menstrual epoi-h. Its value is enhanced by a combination with am-
monium bromide, and it may bo given, in the dose of 0,50 to I Cm. (or gr.
*iii-xv). ihrice daily, wilh 1.30 Om. (or gr. xx) of the latter drug. The roixt-
Um has biren continued for long periods without producing bromism. Du-
jardin-Beaumciz and others have observed benefit from the use of anti-
Syrin. in daily do*« of 'i to 2.60 Gm. (or gr. six-xl) in diabetes mcUitti^ In
tiiieim insipidus, also, good results have been n'portod. Antipyrin ha<
>Amkire* of /Wi.ifrif*, April. 1«».
been used^ with afserted good remits, by l>r. M. H, Fwnj- in subacute
BrightV di«!««c, nnd by T>r. Saint -PhiUippe in infantile diarrho>a, aeoom-
jiaiiied by pain ead indisefltion. Alexandre Paris treated a cnee ol tetuiiuit
Kiieccrafully by means of ntitiRvrin. It» favonible action in tetanus has been
tonfinned by Caviana and \enturoli. M. Clement eonsidcrs it of value in
promoting absorption of »crous elTii«ion» in pleurisy, and it it «at<l to allay
the pain of glaucoma.
M. GuibcTl asserts Ihnl antipvnn arrcvti the secretion of milk, and inaj
be eafeiy administered for this purpose in doses of 0.25 Gm. (or pr. iv) ercry
two hours. Others have sticcessfully employed it for the same purpose. M.
U. Martin has observed jfood effects from its use in exoplithnlmic goitre,
urticaria, erythema nodosum, and senile prurilus. Dr. uaudez has called
attention to its usefulness in cases of idiopalhio incontinence of urine in chil-
dren. He combines a small (juautity of sodium bicarbonate with each dcnte
and lays stress upon the importance of administering the remedy at six and
ei^ht o'clock in the evening. He is accustomed to jrive the remedy in full
doses according to n^c. It has been obscned that in persons takinj; anti-
pyrin the liabilitv to take cold is increased. Antipyrin has piven relief in
some cases of lead colic. On account of its hiemostatic, antiseptic, and anal-
;!eflie properties, antipyrin has proved an eflicacioiis local remedy in a num-
ber of affections. Epistaxis is arreeted by the application of the povder or
an oi|«eoiis solution of 10 or 20 per cent, streiijriii. The bleeding is checked
without the formation of a clot. It is nvmlable after extraction of tc«th,
operations in the mouth, and in minor surgery. Dr. Garner has reported n
case in which uterine hitmorrha^o yielded lo an aqueous solution of anti-
pyrin (4 Gm. to CO e.cm., or Si-fsij, of cold water) applied fo the canal of the
wiimb by menus of a cotton swab. It tin* bt'(;n u*cd «»: an inji-ttion in hy-
jierwsthesia or neuralgia of the urethra and bladder, and likewise in gonoV-
rhu'ii. For u*c in gonorrhrea a solution may be made of 2 Gm. to 210 c.cm.
(or Ses-Oss) of water. In cystitis the injection of a i-per-cent. solution of
antipyrin allays pain and check* spasmodic etmtraetions. The fluid la
allowed to remain within the bladder for ten minutes. In hypertrophy of
the prostate j;land the iwe of anlioyrin, eiUur ndmiTilstcrcd by the mouth
or brought into direct contact with the mucous membrane, diminishes the
frcijMcncy of desire and rendem the act of raiclnritiou moic itn.iv and less
painful. Antipyrin is also of benefit in nephralgia as well as in painful or-
ganic affections of the pelvis of the kidney and the ureter, as inflammationr
the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
A 5* to 15-per-cent. solution has been found an cHlcaciouE application
in conjunctivitis, purulent dacryocystitis, trachoma, and pannus. Dr. E. B.
Qlfiasun has reported farorsble results from the appHcntion of antipyrin in
inflammatory conditions of the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory
tract.' ITc found that the analgesic effect of solutions continues for several
hours, and may apparently be prolonged indefinitely if reapplied at intervals.
Antipyrin diminishes the reflex congh and asthma excited by certain nasal
affections. SoUitions of 1 to 3 per cent, generally give good results when
used with an ntoitiizer inside the nose. To the posterior wall of the pharynx
a concentrated solution may be applied. Strong solutions may also he ap-
plied with benefit in eases of laryngitis. In painful laryngeal tuberculoris
I
I
PHBNAZOXrU.
68:
Dr. Ncoiiunn hu «dvnnt»ge»udy in»ull!atvd a miitun; of etjuil parU ot
vttipyrin niid powdered starch.
A Koliiliou o( anlipyrin. <-ithi'r alone or combined with cocaine hydro-
chlorate, has been reoonimended aj sn eflicacious topical remedy in painful
aircdifliu of the no«c, pharjiis, and larjiix, as well ac in ca^K of opurucioiii
upuD thoee parts.
I>r. J. Bui-vfou has observed an admirable ulTect is nouturoal enurc«i9*
from the administration of three O.Gi Om. (or gr. x) doeea of antipyrin at
hourly lotcrvnU, beginnin;; four hotirt before bed-time.
)t. \'iatma has nfcertaincd that antipyrin is destructive to the bacillns
t-ot LoIBrr and it# toxic prtutucts. lie, therefore, suggests that tlie drug may
T|>ror« tiieful in the treatment of diphtheria.'
A mixture of antipyrin and »alol, or nntipyrin-salol, has been found
'elCcacious as a local application in uterine htEmorrhase. The fluid, applied
with riitlon, t» Miid to hv fn\- lumi danger, to caii»c no pain, and to navi
an hitmoEtatic and antiseptic ocliou.
A vateriaiiate of aniipyrin and (|uinine ha* also been prcjpared.
Salipyhn is a combination of Milicylic acid and antipynn. This sub^,
■taaeo can be made by gradually adding 73.4 parts of salicylic acid to a boiln
ing aqueous solution of ItiO parts of antipyrin. On cooling, salicylate of
antipyrin is thrown down in the fonn of colorle^, transparent crystals Oi
, M-alee, which arc very slightly soluble in cold water, but readily soluble in
f alcolinl, ether, or ohloroform. According lo Fiilitchniann, it iit only m luro
tnstttuctf that eren lar^v dosi?i- of sulipyrin occaeion a fall of blood-pressur
Tlie ex peri til en t.i of Alberto on frogs ami toads show thai itnuill doc<
of alipyrin increase the |)»wer of tlie Ikcart, intrdium doses produce arhyth-
tnia, while large ({uantities cauee arrest in diastole.
Salipyrin was usm] by Guttmann tn don* of 4 Om. (or 3j) or more in
twenty-four hours, given in doses of t Gm. {or gr. xv), the first dose to be
double: 2 Om. (orgr. xxx). It had decided antipyretic and analgesic action,
^and waa e-ipeeially useful in the pyrexia of rheumatism and intt^rmittent
feven. Salipynn lia» Hoineliiuev siicix-cdcd in cases of acute rheuniatioin
after the failure of sodium salicylate and antipyrin. In other cascK, again
it hai; not eeemc<l to exert a decided influence. It seems to be of little avail
in chronic rheumatism. In epidemic intluenxn tl relieves the severe head
ache, and often has a decided sidalive and hypnotic effect. Professor Jifosen-^
geil, of Bonn, edteema salipyrin of value in the treatment of catarrhal affec-
tions unrelated to influenza. He recommends that the remedy should be
adminidlen-d at tlie inceplion of the attack. In chronic naxal catarrh he has
had good results from intmlllation of powdered salipyrin. lUtsehmnnn stal^
that itn niiwt niarkt-il aitioii i.i thai of an amilgi'jiic. Tic has given it with
l>ene&( in chronic myelitis with lancinating pains in ihe lower limbs, ii
Kiaticji and other forms of neuralgia. He observes that it will sometime
cause deransement of the stomach or abundant perspiration. .\n eruption
njvin the >kin and tinnitus auritim otvumd m a few cases after its Ui»c.
Kayser has employed salip^Tin wiih advantage in a number of cases of uter-
ine hemorrhage. In nearly all the cases it produced a hwmoetatic effect,
which continued for several days after the drug had been discontinued. It
I U l-ragri* UMtail. April 2. WtH.
698
PIIABUACBUTIL'AL THEftAPUt'TIC AOIUITS OR DRUflS.
vfBK pat1knlarl>' meful in nieuorrlmKia [ireoeding the menopause. Salipyrin
bw liki'miKc bcrii tHcl with guod fl?cct in iimeDOirha'a.
Migninin, or Hfigraoin, U a mixture of untipym, 89.4 per cent}
caffeine, 8.2 pc-r cent,; citric acid, 0.56 per cent.; moisture, 1.81 per cent.
I'nif. C. A. KvaUl speaks highly of this combination in sick headache; it
is alMi usifiil in iitlliiriuu, for n-licving pniii in the hcuii.
Nnphtol-antipyrin. — 51. G. Patein hao succeeded in combining anti-
pynn vrith both alpbannphlol and hutannphto], the fonncr beinf; a liquid
and the latter a cryatfllliied eubatance,
Toljrpyrio. — Tliiw nam*- hius lii-vn )i;ivcn to a #ynlhctical prvjiaratioti
which differs from antipyrin by the substitution of a molecule of the
methyl group for one of ihv hydrogen atoms in tlic phenyl i^tip, Tol^-
pjTiu ia a colorlesH. cr^'stallinc ioilislance, of a hitter taste, soluble m
water and alcohol, but ulmust ini^oliible in ether. It is colored violet
by ferric chloride and (jreen by sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, and by
stilphitrtc acid. According to the investigations of Dr. von aiir lliiblen,
to.Tic doses of this compound paralyze the central nerrouii system, but do
not directly destroy the irritability of the cardiac muscular tissue. Clinioat
experiments were lirst made with this compound by Dr. Paul Outttnann,
who found that it reduced the tcmperalUTc in typhoid fever, pncumonin,
ecarlatina, facial erysipelas, and phitiisis. It was givea in four doses of 1
(im. ("r gr, xv) each at hourly interval*. Tolypyrin lc*»enH tlic pain and
ewelling of rheumatism. No untoward effects have been observed from its
ii««, and it ia eliminated in the urine. It ia also beneficial in neuralgia. Dr.
Dombliith has employed tolypyrin with advantage in neuralgia and other
varieties of nenoui) pain»i and aUo in inflammatory pains, as angina and
alveolar abscess, nervous insomuiu, headache after epikptic attacks, and noc-
turnal enuresis in children.
TniAoL — This name is given to a compound of amygdalic acid and anti-
pyrin. Tusaol is said by l>r. Rehn to be useful in whooping-cough, reducing
the frequency and severity of paroxysm*. The substance is soluulc in water
and is given in doees of 0.04S to 0.10 Om. (or gr. Vr'ss) two or three timtts
a day to children lew than one year of age. From the second to the fourth
year doses ranging from 0,23 to 0.38 iira. (or gr. iiiVt-vj) may be employeti,
and for older cbildreii i' .ill fiin. (or gr. viij). No ill effects have yet beeu
obnen'ed from its administration,
Ferripyrin. — This dcxignalion ha* been hwtowcd upon a double com-
bination of ferric chloride and antipyrin. Ferripyrin occurs in the form of
an orange-red powiUr and is readily soluble in cold water. Unlike the ferric
chloride, the compound is not corrosive. Ferripyrin possesses decided astrin-
gent properties. It is used in watery solutions of IK or 30 per cent, for the
purpose of checking hiemorrhage. It may be given internally in the dose of
0.50 Gm. (or gr. viij).
PHOSPHORUS {U. S. P., B. P.).— Phosphorus,
Dose, 0.00048 to 0.003 Om. (or gr. Vim-'/m)-
Preftarations.
Zinci PhoBpliWuin (U. 8. P.).— Zinc Phoiphitip. Done. O.OOaS to O.OOfl Gm. (orj
gt. 7«-Vw).
Smritus Phoejihori {U.8.P.)-— Spirit ol Pbusiiliorua. A soluljoa ol phosphorus ,
(d almnlutc alcohol.
I
PUOSI'UOHUfl.
«3»
Elixir PbMpfaeri |U. S. P.).— EHxir PtiMptionu II com., or mxr, reprewnU
OJOOOSS Ov., or gr. '/*. of pJiMphonH). Doar, OflO lo 4 ccBi. (or mx-l3i).
AdJum »ypaph<«plu(roHim Dilutmn |U. S. Pl.~UiluU-d UyjiuphaapWDUs Acid
(10 ]HV will, I. l>o*», OM to 2 ccm. (or mk-xxk).
Aridnm PbMpboncum (U. S. P.).— Pboaphorio Auiil (nut leM tlian 85 jwr mdU.
bj walgkt, of abMlnl* orlhopliotiiltoric oddi.
Aciduiu Plioipboricura INliiUitii (U.ii.P., B. P.i.— Dllutcil Phu>i|ili«ric AHil (tl.
ft. I*. c^MiUliiinK. 1>}- weight. 10 pvr ccnl. of otthupliu'tphoriv addl. Dow. 1.30 lo 4
e.Rn. (M mxx'fijl.
OIkUib ]>ho>|)korBliin) (U.S. P., B.P.).— niotphonUd oU (I ptr mbL). Dm*,
OiM lo OJD tuna. (Of ■nl'V).
Iltuhe Pho«|dioTi (U.S. P., B.P.).— Phoapbonu Pilk. lEuch pill lU.B. P.) con-
Uiln* 0.0000 tint., or gr. ■/_; of tho It. P. niaas 0.2a Gm., or Kr- W. contain* OjOOU Om.,
or gr. 7»or2jMr oenL] Dcse, I to 3 pills, a P.. 0,065 to 0.13 Gm. (or gr. i-ih.
Ariilum niovfiborlcum Conccntraliiiu (B. P.).— Concpntmtifrt Plionjiboric AcW
(cMiiaiBa 083 per ««nl. of \iyai«gni ortliopho«i>biit«>.
Tlio L', -S. P. official hypophoephitcs are of lime, iron, potsxntiiin, nnd
Kidium; their pteparations art: —
Syrupai llrpa|>lKM|iblliiBi (U.S.P.).~8]mip of nyi>ophokphi(«» (rontnlns o( ili«
line nit. 4fi( aoaiu'n and pot&Mlum mlt«, IS each; ^irit ol lemon, B; ililutiil hjpo-
rttoapboru* >cid, 3; lugat, AOO; and wat«r, q. «. ad 1000 part*}. Ooh, 4 ti> :iO fJttn.
Of aatH).
Sjrrapuft Hypopho^ihiluin cum Fcrro (U. S. P.).— Syrup of Ilypophaiphitra with
Ina II part «acli of fvnvu* Uc(at» and poia*aium citTiiI« oddej to the piM«ding
•WMifh to make lOO parti). Uuie, < to 30 c.cm. (or f3i-fSj).
The official V. S. P. plinsphnleii are of iron (nW pyrophoeplmte of iron),
•rxlttirn (and stxlium pyrophosphate), and the precipitated oalriuin phos*
jifaalf. '^he preparations arc:^
SynipiM Calcii Laetophoiphalia (U.S. P.. B. P.). — Syrup of Calcium Ijictophoa.
pbatv (oociI'tiM the prvrljiltatrd carbonate, lactic acid, aranj[pH(iir<-r wairr, Migar,
&]ihorio a«id, and wali-r). Dov. 4 to 15 c.Oii. (or 13i-iv|. B. P., 2 to 4 c.cni. lor
Syrupua bVrri, i^iiniuic, ri 8lry<^)iiiinw PliOHphatuui {U.S. P., fi. P.). — Symp of
tb* PhoAphafra ot Imn, ivuinlnc, and Stnchnin*'. Doae, 2 to 4 f.cm. (or 13a*-j|.
Fhurnacolo^.—Phcwjihoriu, a Doii-mt-tullic eJemeat, was obtained by
Brandt, in ItHJS, by deeompoailion of nrine. It ia a soft, flo»h-colored solid,
verr inHammable. oxidixiii); upon fxpoeiire to the air; the BHtiMi I'har-
nuiro|>ci-iB direrlH that it tn- oliiaiiini fmtn calcium phosphate. Phoephorti#
melts at 110' I',, and friction catises it to ignite at ordinary tempi-rature. It
poaMWH-s 00 olliuceons odor, a iiiKoliiblc in water, Kpariugly goluble in nlco-
Aol, ether, and chloroform: more Eoliibte in oiU, and dift<nlv(« readily in
carbon dntoluhide. Opciira in naluro tut tribaMtc phosphate of lime in pnmi-
tlte and volcanic rocks, and in the bones of Tcrtcliratei*. In brain- and
o«TV^ tiMiif it cxiiilK in combination with fnt as lecithin; and in all vas-
cular siruclnres, in the form of tribaMc pho^piiatc, it is an important i-on-
rtitiient. Tt is cxiTrctcd in »nuil] qnunlitr normally by the urine in (Ik- form
of phoaphatet); occn:ii<<nalIy, ui-hen oxidation ia inlcrfcro) with or an exces>
of phosphorus intrixtnctd into the blood, it ia excreted in it« own form by
the brvath, urine, and pt-rxpiralion, making the person luminona. Pho«>
phonis i? liVcwipc climrnatwl by the liver.
Phytioloipcal Action. — In medicinal doMX the action of pfaoaphoru&
upon the nervous system is that of a tonic and stimulant, and it also acceler-
ates cell-growth in organs and tliAue) and panioularly in the skin. Phoa-
pboruB is etatcd by Binz to produce its eftecte by cau-ting the development
L
MU
raAIMAUKOTlCA^t. TBBSAPSm-tC AGKNTS OB ORVM.
of active oxygeo in oell-protoplaem, the process being compared with whal
occurs when phosphorus is exposed to air with the production of oxonc. Onl
the circulation It acts primarilv as a etiniulaiit, makinj* the ptiUe fnller and
more frequc-nl; tht- capilUr^ expansion is flii»li«), and free pcrsuimtion fol-
lows; as a consequence, the temperature of the surface is at first slightly
raided, but $iilj«ei|Uontly falls several degrees. Small doBC< of phosphorus
have a favorable influence upon the compoiiition of the hiemoglobin; im-
Dtodcrate tjuuntilifs havo s deleterious effect.
The kidneys are also flushed, the quantity of urine becomes larger, the
proportion of urates and urtra is decidedly increuved; hiVmaturiu often results
from a poisonous dose. No influence \» observed upon the digestion from
small do«c£, though larger anes cause irritation. Muscular power is en-
hanced and the sexual appetite stimulated. Mental operations are easily
performed, and it is said ttiat tactile sensibility is heightened. The body-
weight is increased. Jaundice may occur from' interference with the func-
tions of the liver, uud biliary acids may appear in the urine. Purpura is
sometimes due to the administration of phosphorus. Wejjner has shown that
fhotphorus also exerts u marked influence in promoting the growth of bone.
hoephorus in substance is very inflammable and produces extremely pain^
fill burnK.
Toxic Effects.— In single poisonous doses phosphorus is a violent irri-
tant, cunning gastric inllummalion; and. if death does not quickly occurg
fatty degeneration of muscular tissues and acute yellow atrophy of thr livei
will follow. This result may also sucecvd the medicinal use of phosphorus,^
when continued too long, or if the dose be considerable. When the poison-
Oil* action is very ."tow, iis wherH workmen are expowd to the fumeft of phos-
phorus in making friction-matches, the toxic effects are shown by the aeath
of certain bones, particularly the jaw-bone. This occurs frequently, and is
known as "phogpnor-necrosis." A curious case was reported in a dental
journal (I/Odonteihijie) of a man who was an inveterate !*iiiokcr, and who
used phosphorus matches constantly (estimated at 100 a day), of which he
inhaled th<^ fumes in relighting his cigar. In consequence he developed
phosphor-necrosis of the superior maxilla, which was removed by surgical ^J
operation.' Ralph Stockman has demonstrated, howt^vcr, tluit phosplior-^|
necrosis, so called, is really due to a mixed infection of tubercle bacilli with '
pus-forming micro-organisnis. The condition of the jaw is precisely anal-
ogous to tuberculosis of the jaw in cattle. Moreover, these cases generally
die with pulmouHiy phthisis.'
Acute PhoBphoro* Poisoning. — When, as not rarely happens, an in-
fusion of mutch -hv« (Is is swallowed, or phosphorus- pa «te* used for poison-
ing rata is taken with suicidal intent, or an overdose of a medicinal prep-
aration of crude phosphorus is swallowed, the firi^t symptom is pain and
burning at the epigastrium, with vomiting. The vomited matter and even
the stools are somftimes phosphorescent, wilh intestinal irritation and purg-
ing; death may occur from exhaustion. The blood is robbed of its oxygen,
■ lAinM. July SO. IBSS.
•BrilUh Uedloal Jotirnol. .Ton. T, ISOO.
■ Phospiioms-jiMt*. (or drntruction of huuee r^ruitn. it made hy rubbinfr lojtcther '
B MTts of pliospharui nnd lulphur «ith 6 pnrta of cold wnlT iiiilil I'livy il(|u«t,v. Tlicn
%ai S pgirlA of mimtard IIoiit. H pnrtu ot •'iiRnr. and 13 of r)rp>l1our, making a pait*. Tt>
bo kept clcnely flopjicd in tin lioxi-a.
pirwPiinRus.
fi-lt
omce bUek. unusually Ii<)uid, and loaded with products of dAcompcmilion;
he capillary tieBiic!) yield aud the extravaHations of blood produce purpura,
JUFRUtuna. iind hiciiiorrhages. Tcmp<initun> is n-ducvd, jnuudict- is ij<t'
|u«t]t, and coDvulsions and coma sue not uncommon. The urine ia usually
iiDty and albuminous. In somi- inslancvs it bns conloinod Hii^ar. Aftvr
tbi- deTelopment of jaundice, bilc-acida and tiiliary coloring matter make
leir appearance tu thd urino. 1» women fatal dosce generally causu a bloody
lischarge from the uterus, and if pregnancy eiists the drug occasions ahor-
DU. One and » half grainti of phoephunu have proved fatal.
AatidoteB. — The best antidote is copper sulphate, used freely as an
iictie, followed by magnei^ium sulphate to clear the intestinal oiial. Albu-
' ttinoiii) and mucilaginous^ drinks, in which magnesium hydrate is suspended,
Lirr utfful. Oil, being a solvent of phosphorus, should ht avoided, except
[flld t'reiich oil of turpentine, which contain* oxygen and is a chemical unti*
Oxj'gen inhalations have been proposed to overcome the depression
)toallered blood. Professor Itokai recommends potassium iiermanganate
a» III antidote to poisoning by phosphorus. In ttie stomach, manganese
chloride i» formed with the liberation of oxygen and the convention of phos-
pboni* into orlhophoitphoric acid. H« aavises the use of a '/(-p^^-cont.
wlntion of permanganate.
If the poison has been retained for a time. dc«th will oe<eur from fatty
d«f!tMiration of ihc sioniach, liM-r, and other organs. Phosiihor-neer«-
i^inay be prevented by thorough ventilation of the work-room, or by the
vortiiien wt-ariug inask^ or resniralors, covt^hng the mouth and none, and
otiligin^ them to have their te*tii ia good condition, as carious teeth are the
inuntdiate canee of this form of necroBis, as already stated.
Tlertpy.— In neuni^lhcnin, or nervous debility, wlieni the system is
Wkkeaed by anxiety, overwork, or sexual excesses, and in neuralgia, phoa-
|ihon» is a valuable tonic and ri'stonitive, but has less control ovlt pain than
miay other agents. It is sometinu^s given with success in herpi-s poster. In
OmU doses, continued for considerable periods, it is of service in arresting
(altj degeneration of the heart and ameliorating the symptoms due to that
tondition. Phosphorus is of value in supporting the system when exposed
lOKvere and prolonged bodily or mental strain. Phosphorus is not infre-
ifatMly of service in the treatment of angina pectoris. In reduced nutrition
"f DerroiM centres this remedy is valuable, as in atheroma of the cerebral
*M«k white softening, insomnia of the aged, h^'eterical paralysis and mel-
udMlia, morphinomania, and chronic alcoholism. It checks aweating due
It brrvoua debility. Phosphorus may be employed as a reetorative after
t7|)ho»d fever or tvphoid pneumonia, and phosphorated oil ia said to be
)"U(Me in intermittent fever. In una'mia small doees in conjunction with
■xui are of considerable service. In so-called pernicious anH'niin, or an-
WoMtosifi, small doees of phosphorus seem to have some influence in cbeck-
i^tlie pnigress of the disease. In rickets and osteomalacia, also, clinical
*lp(Tience has pronounced in favnr of phosphorus, especially in the form of
*Mtti pho#phuratum given with codliver-od.
B OL pliaipl»onili . .• I| c.thi. or mxv.
01. marriMM ttO| cjciii. or tSiv.
U. Sig,: A tMspoonful four tiiiK'. u Jny.
The following prcMriptioni ate ii-<:uuimended by Kawovits in the treat-
ment of ricketa: —
<MS
PlIjlBliACfiUTlCAl. TRBRXPKOTIC A0EX18 OS DBUGft.
R Photplxiri ,. . (II tiiD. ur gr. Vu-
Skrclittrin x. A 13 Gm. vt gr. Ixxr
Km. llmoni* IS «^em. or mii.
OL morrbuio 103 c.cin. or fSinw-
M. Sig.i Dow, » t«aspoonni1.
S Plioaphori ,, 101 Gib. or sr. '/■»■
I.ipanin. 30| can. or TjJ.
Soicoli. alb.,
Pulv. noudn ......^ i.. ....... ui ISIS Qm. or ^tt.
Aq. dML. ....'. lOSf con. or fjii'u.
M. DoMt, a tMApoonhil.
Tliomson usm: —
4 Photphori _
Alw^olU {atMolnt.) 22
Sut. uiHDtha- ]>ip.
Glj''"''"* q. •. •d eO
1X15 Gm. or gt. ].
c.cm. or mccel.
(W C.CUI- or nti.
e.cm. or QiJ-
.\I. tiig.i J^x to twelve drop*. Uter. niMl«, thr** tImM dally.
Photphonis mttv l>c odvunt&2vou«ly incorpoiuted in butler, toj,
with iodine and bromine, and adraioielered to children in indicated casei u
a duljstitute for i-odlirer-oil iu »uniincr.
When, in eruptive fever« (in ecarlalina, measleB, etc.), the ex^nthem does
Dot come out, or it recede^ Ihv iidmiii titration of phosphoniH liis iMien re-
florte<l to with advantsjie. In Home instances phosphonis will render good
HiTvicc in the c.Ylinti«tioii of typliokl and t.vphti« fovers, Travignut, .S<iuire,
and other writeni have used thia remedy with advantage in diabetes inellitUK.
In ^(-anty nnd irregular menfllntation ait^rnded with headache the continued
administration of phosphorus (.■xcrdevs a beneficial influence on the char-
acl«r of the periodii. Phillips eommend.i the action of phosphorus in caset
of hvsteria, dependent upon iniddsn shock oe well se thoee connected with
dela,v«d or suppressed menses.
Jn »kiu uiscnxc^i pli():i))horu« and its compounds arc useful as snboti-
tutes for arsenic, and in some cases are superior to this drug. Iq crops of
boils, acne indurala or invcU'nita, und ccwnia of nervous orif!iit> calcium
phosphate or the alkaline hypophosphites are hijihlv serviceable.
In hipue erjthtmalosus Dr. L. D. Bulkley often prescribes: —
B Phomhori 138 Gin. or gr. v\.
Aleonol. itbioluL Illj c.cm. or nxxx.
Diuoh-e witli Iient and njiltiitlon nnd mix, rrhlln still wnnu, witJi tlie Ml
Diixliirp. nliio nnnu; —
GI.VMria >.... ^^i-SS.'il i-.i'in. or fSix*».
Alccihnl 4A| c.cm. or fStsa.
Eni nientli. pip l!i| com. or Sinn.
M. Eneh rftnclim contuiiw 0,003 Giu. (or gr. '/») o( pbonphoniJi.
Phosphates and Hypophosphites. — In some cases, medicinal doses of
phosphorus cau!«i' f.clikin" nf IW hiart's action with threatening collapse
or acute ffsi'iric pain, and, in other=. fatty degeneration of the niiiscles and
Tiscera, This doe* not occur after using the salts of phosphoric and hypo-
phosphoric acids and their preparations. The phosphates hare physiological
actions and therapoutical powi^rs dllTering from tho^c of phosphorus. So-
dium pho«phate, for instance, is a valuable cholagogue ana is slightly lasa*
ruoBi-uoni'8.
643
tivo, tnnlciiis >< of epecial EerTice in treatinf; children who paes clay-colored
fa-i-CB, and also in catarrlinl jaundice, owing to its nclion upon tho liver. It
w of Iii-m-fil in rhcnmuti^m, cither alone or combined, thua: —
R Sodii pbiwpliAt.,
AcUH Mlii^lici
U. et tl. rapautn Bo. xx.
Slg,: A cit|wal« or two tvttjr two henin for rheumaUftin.
I!130 Gm. or gr. e.
For Kout and rheunutism, Dr. F. L. Satterlee rtcommends Hie follow-
ing iih-xrhplion nl«o cnBlaining the iiodiiim pliiwpliuto: —
B IJIWI bMiMat 2| fini. or Sm.
Sndii broQiiiL,
PoIomII rarboiuit. |>ur mi HI Urn. or Sj.
I'oUasii acH«t. 4(1 fi Gm. or JIm,
Sodll pho^hat. Up Om. or Sm.
S;rr. linfciberifl.
At\. topntb. pip, nn 1S0| ivciii. or fS^j.
M. Sif,: A t«aiipoantul lo K tablMpoonful In hall n gInM ol water ctvr)- four nr
■ix hoar* >ftiu- food.
Cklcium pboephatc, made soluble by combiniilion with Isctic udd in
the form of Ibc syrup of calotimi lactophoxphate, is a raluable reconstmctiTe
and li'iiii- in ivvli\e cnildrt-n with deficient dcvclopniont of bone, and also in
wrserr, in treating ununited (rapture. Exhaustion and anamis. produced
byloQ^-conlinucd suppuration orlactntion, Icucorrha-n. or chronic di«rrhii»,
Krebvne6ted by this prepamtion, which is also u»;fiii in caries. The com-
pound Kvnip of ihft pbosphalM, or chemical food, has been found to be eipe-
ciillr terriceable in these chsce.
A dn** of preparatioDH known &s glycerophwphates of calcium, potae-
aiiiin, and sodium are praiwd by M. Albert Robin as of efficacy in the tieal-
latttof variouti depressed eonditioue of (he nervous system. Tbey uuty be
PWn cither by the mouth or pubcutancout-ly. in the latter case 0.35 Gm. (or
P- ») being an active dose. Dr. (lobin has obtained excellent results from
^wiisccf these phoephalc« in convalescence from influenza, in neurasthenia.
ttalt■^ia, pno^phatic albuminuria, etc. In sciatica and Addison's dis*
also witnessed notable itnprorrment follow the use of the tame prep-
•Wioni. Tlie subcutaneons injection of glycerophosphaies proved of de-
°M benefit in an obstinate case of fir douhitnia. which was accompanied
•" lii'tn-j^inft panesthesia. As the Rolutions become contaminated emrny and
"* excellent culturc-mciia, they should be preserved in sterihzed bottles,
■^Sr vuoiigh to hold only one injection, or the solution should be made ini-
■*^<cly before u^ing.
Tht hypophos[jliite» have been largely used and highly extolled by T>r.
fjbHrthiU in the treatment of pulmonary consumption, especially the alka>
'iw hrpopho«phiIes, which should be perfectly pure, like those of I>r. R,
*• Gardner, of Sew York. The object of Ireaiment bcinp to obtain calca-
5**u deii^encration of the tubercles, calcium hynophosphite may be admin-
■X«nd alone, bavin^r the advantage of being nearly tasteless; it may be given
ia doses of O^tS to 1.30 Om. (or gr. r-xx) in pill form, or with an etjual <(nan-
1^ of milk- or cane- sugar. Tlie following prescription, containing the
liJpapbotphite4, is suitable as a tonic, especially in chronic bmnchitis: —
a*
PltAHVACKUTICtl. THERArEtrriC JLCEXTB OR DBC08.
B Acidi |ilMq>tiorkl <llt.
H.
... Ill txin. or OilJ.
... Tin tjMii. or (jij.
i|. ■>. Ad 190] c.cm. Of fSr.
Sig.; A Ivaipounful ill unWT three or tour tiiiiM a iky.
Byrap. prvni Virv. - <
Syr. ny|>opli<i"ptifit coiiip
Cantion. — As s ni1>J«i of intercRt mid pnMibti; impartanM. il should
he mcnlidiii'd Ihnt the hypophosphitce should not be triturated in n niortnr,
ue thcv art linbli- lo explode. Dr. H, GilTord, of S>-raciiB«, wliik- tnUiruting
n mixlure containinK 3 parts of calcium hypophosphite, and 1 of sodium
hypophoEphitc, niudt^' ttiie discovcrv, the compound exploding like gunpow-
der, severely? hiirning his face ancf destroying the eight of one of hiB eye*.
In Older to ov<Ti'onic th« disadvantages of vitreous phosphorus, Br. E.
Q. Hiornlon hati lately recoinmcnded the substitution of the red, or antor-
phoui^ variety, which is made by heating vitreous phosphorus to 350** C.
(-182° V.) in the absence of air. Amorphoiii phosphorus ia almost com-
pletely dcstilulc of taste or odor, liae no irritant or caustic effect, and is
elnimed lo be noii-toxic.
PHTSOSTIQMA If. S. 1'.).— Phyiostigma.
PHYSOSTIQUATIS SEHINA (U. i'.) — Calabai Bean.
Preparations.
-TtnctuM o( PhytKHtifnm
KatTinc Saillc-
Tinclur* I>h.VM»lismulU (U.8.P.I.
Dow, 1 to :f.riO c.cm. (or inxv-sl).
I'll y Bust igiuiiin! .Silli-ylits ( U. K. P.) ,— FliyHOAtiginlnv !>4ilicyUtF.
yime. DonK, o.OUl lt> 0.003 Um. lor gr. 'W^l-
tbdrAFOiiii Phj-nonligiiiatis (I'. S. P., B. P.).— Entrnct of PhvM)«ti|;uia, Extract
of CnUtwr Ucon. Uow. "XOl to 0.03 (im, lor jjr. V,-m).
lliynoHtljiminiv Sulphnii (U.S. P.. U.P.I. — Phvsostlgminv Siilphal*. EMrrinc Sui^|
ph»tif. Doiti'. 0.001 Itt i).OOS Um, lor gr. 'W.I- ^H
l.«m(>ll» Phyiia»tigiiiiiiir (t). P.).^ — Oiws of Phyoostigniinr. Dino of gelatin with
•orae glywrin. mm-Ii weljeliiiig aliout 1.3 mg. (or gr. VbI and eont«ining O.OGA tng. (or
gr. Viw) of physostigminc «ulp)iittc. For ub« in ophlhnlniic practice. ^h
Ffaarmacolo^. — The ordeal benn of old Calabar is ''the seed of Phyeo^^
tigma venenosuni" (I-egiiminosie, Papilionaoeic). growing in western Africa
along the river Niger. It contains the alkaloids Pnysostigmine (also known
ns Eierine) and Calabarine, alan^hy niatler.!, oils, etc. The gaits of phy«o«-
tiginine vary in soluhiliiy: ihat with tialieylie arid to wiliible and permanent,
.fobet and IlesBe. in 1 SKI, tlrsl ir>olat<'d llie active principle a.-* an ainoqihoiis
aliiHloid, to wliiih they gave the name of physoiitigrnine. Subsequently a
crystalline, jilliuloidnl primiplf was found in the seeds liy Vie and Lcven,
who gave it tin- nanii- of cserinc; the former wm tasleleae, the latter hnd> »
bitter ta§te. Ei-erine diwolvi-s sparingly in water: 11 is ea.*ily soluble in
Pther. ateohol, Hiid ehlorofonii. In physiological effects they are analogou*.
and they are now regarded as diffcreni forms of ihe i»nw HidiKlance. Itih-
ringer ha.* reiinlly disi-ovi-n-d in Cabiliar bean a new alkaloid, which be
proposes to e«ll Eteridine. It is said to act a? a la.'calive or motor excitant,
and to he six liim-s wiiiker than phywjs^tigniine. A suhsTanop Ii-rmwi
Fhysotterin, related to eholwtmn. is also present in pliysostipnia. The
presence of pbvFiwiiKmiiie may be dimionstrnted by dissolving n small qua
iity in 1 or 'i drops of fuming nitric acid. A hrighl-yellow liquid, vhicfa
the K-sidt, darken* in j^badc when heated on a waier-linth, ami upon erapo
PHTM8TIUUA.
MS
UMi ihr color ch«n];ei> to ;;n>«>n. Tltt' aililiUon nt ii ilmjt of vtran^ iiitrii-
•Ctfwilti li.-iit |nvHiii('<-* II vinlcl ri'(i. rhiuijnn): lo a ilurk-ifKiMl Hululion.
Pbyuolo^cftl Action and Toxic Effsots. — In larj;<- doses, p)i,vso?lignia
isapovirlul potKuii, prudui-ing t-xtrcme musculuT debility, vomiting, slow
tad wnk pDls«; it caus«i< denth cithttr by cardiac syncope or, in smaller
<|iii&titT. br pamlycis of the rcepiretory centre ond suJTocation. Atropine
caBDleracts the respiratory depression and titrychninc »itiniiilatc« the curd,
and Uini act at pliyvioloiiii-iil uDtidotcs. Applit-d to the surface of the body,
tuvlTtcl is observed unlcf^ nbt-drption owui^ (exc-opl, when lotroduccd into
ihtMT. it oaitM'K contraction of the pupil, beginning in about fifteen min-
utnind lasting for about eij^ht houw, attended by (light twitching of the
t)4,]Ujira-ort>ilal pain, dimness of vision, fall of intra-ocular tension, spasm
ofiKomuiodation, and nivojiiji). The pupil contructioti is heM to hv duit to
pnl^ of the peripheral vasomotor nen e-librcs, and to etimuUtion of the
ftmotthe third nerve supplying the iris (Farquhar^on). Contraction of
tbtpoptl may also be produced by the interna! administration of the drogi
bill this resuil doeii n«l alvravA follow. This fact, a Phillips remarks, may
lid in distinguishini; poisoning by phycostigma from that of opium. The
krtin is not alTecied, hut the »pin«l cord aulTeTa grxmt di'pn.'Mion of both
nwlor ond reflex nctirity. 'i'lie conductivity of the motor nerves ia also
ndaofd. The pulH> and renpiration beconw slower and fuller after small
dMM, the arterial tension being at Gist increased; but in larger amounts, as
thtiygtem becomes more influenced by the toxic action of the drug, lhepul«c
bmoDQi feeble and incgnlarand the arterial tension falls. This is explained
byth* primary Btimulaiiun and Kulisciiueut exhaustion oi the peripheral oar-
uicSliiitmt^ of Ihe vagi, Thi' secretions are slightly increased by Calabar
Inoi, and vomiling and retching are apt to occur. PerinlnUii' action »s well
■Blhe int<xtinal jiuids are increased, and diarrhwa is a usual physiological
cooMi^iience. Kserine sulphate is said to hare excited the pregnant womb
tOMDtnction. The bladder and spleen also contract under the inflaence
o'piijwetigma. The active principle is largely excreted by ttie kidneys, and
l^evitt by the nliva and bile, and has even been found in the gastric secre-
u*M after intravenous injection. Physoatigma iii promptly nlj^ortied, and
c^ninalion takes placv with corresponding rapidity. Kven the prolonged
■w af eserine drops, tw a rule, has not given rise to any inconvenience.
Banbinovitsch has reported a caw' of a man, 80 years of age, eulTering with
Itliuooina, who for three yt^rii hod instilled into each eye, twice daily, i
drop* of a Vg-per-tent. solution of sulphate of phvsostigmine. K»r eight or
In Bontlis peculiar symptoms had followed each instillation. Sometimes
Inpatient became drowsy and nassed into a state of sleep with dreaming;
maetimw he remained awake, uut seemed to lose a correct perception of
kil inrronndings: occasionally attacks of vertigo occurred. The caw! was
that iDVeMtgated. Ik-fure ini>til]ution thv rectal temperature was Sl.T F.
■ad the pulse was 80 and regular. Ten minutes after the instillation of 4
droM of the snjutinn ftcpn-M^'nting about 1 mg. of eserine) the temperature
had risen *''i,* and the pulse-rale had increased by 12 beat* in the minute.
Tbjrty>fite minuter after instillation the temperature had fallen '/»'•
the pulse had retnmeil to SO, but the tetuion w«« incmHcd. On aus-
GUlUtion, inlermittent action of the hmrt was found. The patient
•XCMrt. Marrli 17, IMO.
6I(!
I'liAnMAcanrrcAL thrbapbctic aorsts or drugs.
uae t-cmiconi-cioi)E and had intcllectunl and e^^'iiGor)' troublcG. 1T« iniid^'
l!iat he vraa lied to ihe k'''^'>'"^' ^^^^ 'i^'< nrmit .luspeiided in the air; then h
dccljirad that hv saw a hand lit the air siispcudcd bcfon him ojH'ning atL
shutting the Oncers. At the Name time tonic jerks roanif^ted them^lva
in the limlifl. 'Tlii^c-qtiarters of an hour after inrtillation he slept wit
quasUtertorous hreathini;. He awoke after about an hour, still liaving da
luaioiif. Tie had artcnosclcrosie anil polyuria, and, it vu thought, ii cligh
de^ee of granular kidney. Foitsibly defective elimination by the kidne;
vrtts the eaust- of the prodiictiuu of toxic eyniptoniB b}' such a fmall qtiai
tity of cierine.
Therapy. — Esicnnc, or phy»o#l inline, it used by oculiatt to break i,
adhetiions of the iris, diminish intra-ocular tension, and prevent the pr
hipsc of the iris aft«r wound or ulcer of the corni^. It is tur^'iccablc in glo.
ooms; a solution of 0.13 Gm. to 4 c.cm. (or gr. ii-f3j) of distilled water,
drop Wing instilled into the eye every fifteen minute*, goon gires rtrlicf. j
the prodromal Htage of glaucoma eserinc has a tendency to abort the attaci
During thi> acute inllaminotory period it relieves paiu. The applieatioo c
eserine, moreover, ia useful as a preparation for the operation. In coal
minere' nyvlagmus. M. Komi6 finds that a collyrium containing about 0.11
Gm. (or gT. isa) of eserine sulphate to 30 c.cm. (or f^) of distilled wat«r ia «
HerTice in diminishing the oscillation of the cvebalU. One drop of the solu
tion is instilled into the eye thrice daily, antj strychnine sulphate Ls at thi
same time given by the mouth.
It 13 useful in photophobia, reducing the amonnt of light by contractfo;
the pupil, and diminishing the blood-fliipply by emptying tho blood-veeseti
Kveriue is also employed in neuralgia of the eyeball, and to counteract th
cxcei*eive antion of atropine. In ulceration or ikuppuration of the eorni;
and in slrumous ophlhulmia the local action of eserine is very beneticia!.
A« a myotic, M. Berger recommends a comhinntiou of:—
B GB«rin. sulpliat
I'ilucurpiii. hydrobrumat,
.\q. dc8ti!l. ,
.. 1
.. S
Gni. or ST. JCV.M
Om. or gr. xxx.
p.em. or ftiij. — M.
Internally, phyaostigma is useful in constipation due to defective aecr
tloB and to insufficient peristalsis, combined with other remedies, each t
belladonna.
It Kxt physoftiginiitis •■,.■.> |20 <iiii. or gr. iij.
ExU beilfldounw fidior. ale - |00& Om. or gr. 1.
Ro*. podophj'tU i.^. ...... ISO Out. or gr. lij.
OL c«JuputS |24 Mm. or nriv.
H. ct ft. pU. ntv xij.
Sig.: Ta)i« on«i or two at bed-time.
i
Bartholow gives the following formula: —
S Tiuct. |)tiyF>utiti)[i[ial [«,
Tinct- unci* vomtciP,
Tinct. bplladonrn.' folior. na "|5 crm. or I31j.
M. Sig.: Thirt}- drop* in water morning and erming for conalipiiUon of bond
This combination is useful in treating the digestive diforders of womc^
at the change of life, relieving headache, vertigo, and flatulenec. ThJ* ren:
edy is said to be useful in the treatment of dilatation of the stomach. L
PUVTOLACf* FBUCTUS.
W7
tvUnei, pli^'»<»li^in givw excellnnt ruvults, recovery following in more than
htU ttii- vAse^. Care should be taken that the extract or other preparation
med in of good quiililv, itnt) it vJiould he pushed until decided [ihyHiological
Affect* are produced, as Kcommended hy traser; 0.065 Gm. (orgr. j), l>y tho
stonmeh, or 0.02 Gin.(or gr, '/,), hjpodermieally, of a good extract, i» enough
to commence with, repeated every two hoiire, and increased or reduced, ac-
cording <o effect. In olhcr nerve ofToctioni*, chorea, anti epilcp»v, and in
£ regressive pBralreie, great improvement has been noted. Phyfiostigma has
r'fo siiccf^ifiilly iiMrd in infantile convuLiionK after the fniitire of chloro-
form. In convulsive disorders of individual muscles of the face (hialrionio
«|>a^in, (ic, twitching of orhiculari^, etc.) good renult* follow it* employment.
Oulabar bean has likewise proved beneficial in writers' camp. It has been
uee<l with »uccew in the tre«tincnt of obstinate esses of hiccough.
Temporary improvement, or arreated progreas, was observed by Binger
az-td Mumrll in paraplegia supposed to he due to myelitis. The same authori-
ties taw improvement follow administration of the drug in locomotor ataxia.
X^k^rsoatigma is also capable of contrtiUing the night-«w«ats of phthisis, nt
l^s«*t, to some cases. Mtirrell gave 0.01 Om. (or gr. '/,) of extract in pill two
^T- three time* durinit the night, or 0.1)01 (Jm. (or gr, '/,„) of a physostig-
ww^inewltjand found that not only wns sweulins suppressed for the time, but
t^lmat m some inituncea it did not recur tor Ihrw or four wielc*.
I'rafeesor de Giovanni, of Turin, has employed phyaostif^na with good
■siills in esses of renal liKmorrliagc. He combines it with ergotin, as: —
B Est- phjrsoatiginatU 138 Gm. or gr. vj.
bgotin 2\ Gm. or ftr. xxx.
E\t. grntisn • ■..•••. q, *.
11 M n. pll. no. XX.
. SljI.: One cr two jiilla n d«y, incTMiiwd cvtirv day liy onp until the dcmlrcd cH«ct
J* ^tiducpd or tho limit of tolcmncc i> rcocfaral. Thv lome (.'ambinalion hu bwn
■o'uid of wrvlee in tli« IrMtuitnt ol ^mptoma dependent upon Atheroma of the
In strychnine poisoning, while the aymploioa are modified, there has
"<^n no case of recovery from the use of physostigmine alone, but the bro-
"^'deit might be combined with it advantageously. In aome affections of the
^•■-passages, bronchitis, congestion of the lungs, and pneumonia, physos-
^jSma may be tiMd to lower the excitability of the vagu« and the ncUvtty of
***» heart and respiration. On account of its tonic effect upon the mus-
clar coat of the bronchi, IhLt drug is occasionally iterviocablc in bronchial
■"thina and emphysema. The tincture of physostigma, when well made, is
* Sciud prepamtion, but, for hypodermic and ophthalmologicat purposes, phy-
***tigiBine salicylate is prefersole.
PHYTOLACCiE FEOCTUS (V. S. P.),-Poke-berry.
PHYTOLACCJE RADIX (U. S. P.).— Poke-root.
Dow, U.0(i5 to 0.3;i Gm. (or gr, i-v); or, as an emetic, 8 Gm. (or gr. xxx).
PrtparalUm.
Extncttim I'hHolaerM lUilicU Fluiduin llf.B.P.I.— Flaid Extract of Pkyto-
'*««-ro<»t. Dow. oAl to i c.cm. (or ihT'ISJ).
Phsnaaooli^.— The fruit and root of Phytolacca decandra (Phyto-
Uecacetr) are eaiSi ofTicial. The active principle has not been isolatra; bat
648
FUjlItMACBUTICAL TJIKRAI-BUTIO AOBNTS OB DRUOS.
ttio plant contain;! a rc»in «nd « neutral principli;, FhytoUoein, and Phj
IftociG aoid ; uIeo tunoiD, oil, starch, etc. The beiriefi are dark purple, f;lobu-
lar, about '/i incb in diameter, comprising Ion carpels, wich holding one
hiai-k seed. The jtiice jg red, acrid, rather sweet to the taste, as is also the
root.
Phy»iol<^cftl Action. — The powdered toot is irritating to the air-paa-
sagea, and wlion inhiilii! ctuii'tv^ i>iiini< in chcft, back, and abdomen, with in-
jection and irritation of the e,vee, and occa»onaUy Tomitin^ and purring.
Applied to the tikin, it occasions an crythcmatouf eruption and excoriations.
Poke is emetic, cattiartic, narcotic, and is claimed to be alterative. Ag il
onlj- acts slonlv, and creotctt much nauKca and depr«8Eion, it is never used
as an emetic, tt reduces the force of the pulse and frequency of the heart's
action, and also the rate of respiration. It acts decidcilly upon the nerve-
centres, paralysing the cord and medulla, death being produced by carbonic-
acid poiKoninji; from failure of rei^piration. As it ih a remedy easily obtained
and used by a class of "herb-doctors." it is not surnrisini; that caww of fatal
poieoning huve occurred. The antidotct are the dilTui-ibk' stimulants — am-
monia, alcohol, and ether. — with hypodermic injections of digitali* and small
doscK of morphine and atropine, with artificial respiration and counter-irri-
tation.
Therapy. — In follicular pharyn^tiy. tua»illiti$, granular eyolids, mas-
titis, malijtnant disease, varicose veins and ulcers, and in a larjje variety of
skin disorders— *uch a* chronic eewma, nyeosin. favue, and abscesses — vari-
ous observers have reported good results from the e.^temal and intcntal
of pokc'root. The following fornuilw are recommended: —
R Pulvnin phytoUcae mdids 4
CumpboTW
Rxtrnctl brllodonnie (olior. alc.-i, 4
Un^ zinri uxidi • ,-■ ■ 31
Gnu or 3J.
US Gill. I>T KT. X.
Gm. or SJ.
Gut. or Sj>
M. For dinmic ultrrs, flssun^ and flituln, «.nd manunarjr obccccaea.
It Pulvorin phytolanv ndieis i\ Gin. or
Ungt r«eina> eonip 3I| Gra. or
U. Uwful in boili uid enrbunctn.
§;
B Pulvpri* pliytolaccB! radicin 4
Mffntlioli
Lanolini ••..■■>>■•■>. 31
M. Uoctul in chronic Hmma and chronla sjooaU. *
Gm- or Sj.
00 Om. or nr. z.
Gm. iH- If.
The fluid extract, applied upon absorbent cotton, is useful in checkinjt
the formation of a bubo. The pain produced by hums is alleviated by the
local application of phytolacca. The fluid extract is esteemed valuable in
the treatment of syphilis, scrofula, rheumatism, and in chronic skin dis-
cuses. The tincture and the fluid extract have yielded good results in chronic
rheumatism and rheiimntic swelling of the joiuts, Phytolacca is highly
cstef mod as a remedy for acute mastitis, applied locally and taken internally.
M. M. Griffith claims that this remedy has vtry decided power in dirainbh-
ing obesity. A rosinoid called phytolin, caid to be ohijiiiied from phjto*
lacca-bcrricB by a process of sun (lislilldlion. possesses the property of redue-
iug obesity without, it is claimed, aSecting the general health.
WCBOTOXINCII.
649
PICROTOXnnjir (U. S. p., n. p.}-— Kcrotoxin.
A iK-iitrni pniicipli; prepared from ttii' it«si» o( Anamirtn paniculnla
(Vcn igpennaceae), or Cowuliis Indicus. (See Coooalnt, L'. S. 1'.)
Doie. a.CWOti to O.OOar Om. (or gr. Viob-'/»).
I-ILOCARPirS {r. S. p.) —Pilocarpus (Jaborandi).
JABORANBI FOUA (11. P.) ~^>borandi-leaTei.
loM, it.ii:. to -1 Gm. <or gr. *-3j), in infunion.
Pnparaliong.
1!i((n«tMiii Hloo»r|)l Fluiihiiii tl'. S. Ci.— Huiil Kitntrt ot Piloi-nTpii*. Doac.
I to a ««■!. (or wsv-xxs).
PltoonitBW HydroFlilontA (U.S. P.),— Pilocarpine HydrocMorate. Dose, O.OOG U>
OK CiMorei. V«-V.).
Pilomrpinn N'ltra* (Il.r.l.— Pltomrpin* NlUato. Dow, 0.003 to 0.03 Gm. (or
Kxiracturo .labaraiiill Ltquldiim (B. P.l.-^Liiiaid Extrnet of Jal>ortindI. Dew.
03O to I c.cnu (i>r <nv-»v(,
7\iictunt Jabonindl (H. P.).— TinirtUN of jBltoriindl. Dow, 2 to * cxm. (or
Pharmacology.^I^Iocnrpus is "the leaflet* of Pilocarpua Selloantis and
P'lo«rpus Jaborandi" (Rntacee) of Rio Janeiro and Unizii. They contain
•■ Alkaloid, Filoearpine ('/* to '/, or 1 per cent.), Jaborine, volatile oil, and
ftobabl}* a peculiar aci<I. The active principlea are soluble in alcohol, but
«ly imperfectly so in water.
Phyaiolo(ict] Action. — In about fifteen minutes after jaborandi baa
l*en swalloweij, the face flushps and perspiration OMurs, with more or leM
Mlivition, the two being related to each other iit such manner that if there
t* little action upon thi; >kjii there will be mure difcbarKe of secretion front
*bt; tthvary glandg. and when the ekin acts freely the salivation will be lea*.
The profuse sweating remove* not only water, but other matters from the
''ItHKJ, as it has been found to carry off urea and certain excremoutitious nu-
teiials. Arterial t<!nNon is reduced and temi>erature falls 1" to 4". A aeriea
*■' vipehmcnte carried on by Prof. Edward F, Roichert led to the following
^OelosionK regarding thv influt^itoc of pilocarpine upon bodily temperature:
l^lotarpine first increasea and then decreases both the production and the
^***ipiiion of body-he«f. The all<Tntion« depend essentially »pon the action
"*> fiMt-production. The decrease is due to a diminished production, but
*'■}', in piirt, l>e caused by sweating.
The action upon the skin is attributed to vasomotor paralysis, and the
?*J|*gogic action to stimulation of llu? peripheral nerves of the glaudj».
."■•orandi also increases the action of the heart and respiration, hut in larger
tk***" dcpre*s« them by its paralysing action on the vagus. Contraction of
Jt^ pupil, with impaired power of accoromodatioo, has been oWrved to fol-
r** ita UM. The samv n-sult is prodncwl by H» (opieal application. Atropine
^a nuacarine are antagonistic in their effects to jaborandi or pilocarpine.
PiloearpiBe readily diffuses into the blood, and is eliminated ubicdy by
^"^ ddn and salivary glands. Most seereting glands are similarly affected,
* a greater or lc*» degree. Tlie gastric and pancreatic fluidg are decidedly
•■gniented. A certain, though less powerful, stimulant effect is ejterle^
'^n the liver. The lacrymul, mammary, and bronchial mucous glands are
'"a excited. It increases the diacharge of urea by the kidneys, but not tlie
«90
Stn'ICAL TIlERAI-BnTIC AOI
DlllJOS.
urJimrT water. Small and repeated doees of pilocarpine, howt'vcr, hsTe
diuretic cfr«:t. It ciiaws cnntrBctiom nl tin- uh-ni* and may induce abor
tion; it nlflo reduces the site of the spleen. Children ire less susceptible than
adults (o ihi; uclion of pilocurjiine. Demnie, "f Berne, has observed thai, un-
der four Tears of age, the action of this eubataiiee is more decided upon the
wlivnry jzlands than upon the ^kin. Jabaiine, the twcond alkaloid which '»
acpnraled from pilocarpiia, acts similarly to atropine. The presence o£ this
Bllcaloid explains tlic ditTi-rcnt pITeot* following the une of pilocarpine which
has been improperly made. It is therefore very neceeeary, in using pilocar-
pine or any of its prcpiiriiltons, to obtain them free from jnlxiriiio.
Serious and even fatal consequences have occurred iis a result of injec-
tion of mcdicimd do#eiof pilocarpine. After employment of OAi'l (Im. (orgr.
Vi) a patient suffered from profuse diaphoresis, salivation, lacrymation, a
discharge from the nose, sicknc^ of the stomach, dilHculty in breuthitig,
ond a s«n»e of cardiac oppression. Internal and external stimulation caiiseil
the symptoms to di»ippi>3ir. Itemy mentiong a case in which the remedy
induced a series of epileptic attacks. In another case the patient suddenly
expired directly after an injection had been made. Such nccidents should
tench cantion in the use of the remedy. Atropine is a physiological antidote
to jaborandi.
Therapy. — It has been noticed by Prentisa that under the use of pilo-
carpine the color of the hair darkens. It may thus be combined with a
stimulant application to the scalp: —
R Ext. pilocarpi ft.,
I.in. uponii a^ 101 cem. i>r ti>*.
Spiritu* ©dorati 60t ftWtt. » Ql}.
M. Sig.t To bo Applied to tlie acatp once daily, with friction, far bIoiwcIk ■■
falling of tLe hair.
In cases where diaphoresis is desired in order to remove matters from
the bkiod or reduce tcmpcniluro, pilocnrpiw is u convenient agent. I>a
Costa used it in acute erysipelas, where it is so effective that it might almost
be regarded us u Sfjccific, In diphtheria, also, it is Mirvictyible, but the de-
pressing effect upon the heart must be kept in mind. Pulmonary cedcma,
too, m)iy follow the [idminislrulinii of this drug; so that, although it is
capable of detaching false membrane, it is of doubtful value, demands vig-
ilant wiitchfiiliicsi*, and should only W administered to previously strong in-
dividun!s. Similarly, in mumps or parotitis it often abruptly stops the
course of the diwa^iC. In agalactia of nursing women, small doses of pilocar-
Sine restore the secretion of milk. Where there is oedema or effusion, the
uid exiruct of jaborandi is very commonly employed, in moderate doses,
to keep up the action of the skin and increase the elimination of urea. In
diabetes insipidus, alternated with the fluid extract of ergot, it reduces the
urinary flow very decidedly. In asthma, or hiccough, an hypodermic injec-
tion of pilocarpine is sometimes promptly cnrative. Pilocarpine given sub-
cutaneously may be of senice in controlling the convulsive attacks of hystero-
cpitcpsy iiiid maniacal excitement. It was employed with much advantage
by Dr. Kcrnig in ihe status epileptitus. Dr. Ch. Fi'n^, on the contrary, who**
experience in nervous disorders is large, asserts that he has never witnessed
benefit from the injection of pilocarpine in epilepsy, and that tometimes
CTon seems to bring on a paroxysm. Jaborandi has been- advantageously
I'lLOCARPCB.
6S1
pinjfil in whflopinx-coiigh. In ^inall doses it, nr it^ alkaloid, is useful in
chmnic bronchilis ond winter cough. In dosee vutlicicnt to vxcit« froe dia-
phnrHu, this reniedv Iin« proved very «fficnciouB in the congostire stage of
pnranionii, rapidly amctturating the luco) condition nn<l reducing Wm fever.
WbtB ilropinc is adinini*tfiied m check nighl-sweata in phthisis, it may he
nnbiiKd with lluid extract of jaborandi. which, as pointed out hy Da Cost
nlieTM (he diyncK* "f the throat causied by the atropine. Pilocarpine it
idiyno means an incllicicnt remedy for this manifestation, snd the hydr
t^lnnlr may be given nightly in 0,003 tJm. (or gr. '/so) dose bv the nioi;.._,
with, iiMinlly. a good cSrct both upon the sxieatt and the cotigfi. Pr<>f«MOl
Singer lias cured serenil cases of unilaternt sweating by the hypodermic in-'^
jettionvf full do«cs of pilocarpine. In ptyalism, aUo, pilocarpine has bcon
•itaataireoUHly employed in the same manner. La amblyopia of tobacco anc
iteniwtic origin, and in amiiuroei«, pilocarpine is frcijiiently u«cd with
■Bni, ind also in many other lesions and disorders of the eyeball. A
infi* ot a Folulion of pilocarpine (O.Kt Gm. to 80 c.cm., or gr. ii-f^j) niay
tonlly employed with advantage in rheumatic iritis. The subcutaneous u»
of tbiiL remedy is also of avail in the i^ame diEeaiic. Dr. Q. H. Burnham, of
Totonin, reports a case in which this method was followed by very excellent
KfUlU, There was no iritis, but the centre of each cornea iras etudded with
iiiBltraliont. The pupillary area was involved and vision was very imper-
fnl- The infiltrations disappeared, virion gained greatly, and the general
oil nife^ac ions of chronic rheumatism were also improved. Internally, the
alUloid is BometimcB beneficial in detachment of the relina. and decidedly so
IB optio neuritis. Its action upon the pupil enables it to be used in place of
phTHistiginine. Sladerini' {Annalt lU OUahnohffia) advises pilocarpini
niirate, enbcutaneoufly, in many inflammatory diseases of the eyes, especuillj
jnthiem that arc the con«ei|uoncc of rhunmatism, as episcleritis, iritis, and
idiopattiic optic neuritis. Pilocarpine nitrate thus given, he slates, snhdnee
indantmatorr conditions of the iris and of the ciliary body which sup^rreni
>Wb masses of the cortical substance of The lens remain in the anteric
ciuiiilMr after the operation of extraction of cataract. Pilocarpine, the sanM
vrittr believe*, promoter the absorption nf non-organized opacities in the
*itrfoiis htunor, especially when these opacities are Ihc consemience of recent
iailtration. Progres«iTe myopia, he further add*, nhonn improvement of
»i»on after pilocarpine injection. In glaucomatous conditions of children,
■hni phjr«o«tigmine dow not agree with the patient, Dr*. Sainl-Germnin and
Vilade advise a coUyrinm containing 0.29 (!ra. (or gr. ivss) of pilocarpine to
*-!5 c,cm. (or foiixs) of dJslillod vmter. M. Bcrgcr adds pilocarpine to solu-
tions of cocaine for use in the eye in order to avoid difficulties of mydriasis
•adadisturhanci^of aeconiniodatiim. His formula is;^
PQonkrpm. bvdnv-hlorat on 1130 Om. or ar. xx.
A^. JmUII. .' IH^ ceni. or QliJ.— M.
Dr. A. I). Maiil'inaid record* a ease, brlieved to be one of lahyrinthine
deafness, in which decided improvement followed the subcutaneous injection
ff jiilocarpine. Profestor Politzer and others teach that the hypodermic in-
_ JMtion every day of 0.00'.; Gm. {or gr. '/,o) of pilocarpine will cure certain
' "ramnuM m Ocular TlieraMulics,'* bv O. StailFrtni. Bt. lM»l» ClMft, Jan..
1*1.
rnAnUACBITTlOAL TUBUAFBUTIO AOBKTS OB DttCOS.
oases of intlflinmatons sTphilitic. and hsemorrhapc deposit within the lab)
rinlli. cJipv-ciHlly whoii of recent occunoncr. If, however, no improTcmeiit
b«fi lakpii place after the lapse of a fortnight, Politzer ht^lieves that no advan-
lugv will r<;«tilt from pcrsiHtviiee in the lue of the rvmcdv. Pilocarpine is
beneficial in acute suppuration of the middle ear, with perforation of the
nii^mbraiiJk tynipant. U it i^oldoui m^ifnl when the membrane rcmoins intact
and the cavity U occupied by hardened inflammatory productf, though it has,
in wjnic ini^tJinoifi, promtitcd their nbi-orplion. Pilocarpine is of service in drj
sclerotic catarrh* of the middle «ar. Polilz<-r aUo employs pilocarpine locally
in afTectiuns of thu middle car to which it i^ adnpted. injecting from 6 to 8
drops of warm 3-per-ccnt. solution through a catheter into the Kustachiao^
tubo and tympanic cavity. ^H
Dr. Suarez de ilendoxa has, in three cases, relieved urj;ent dyspao^f
from u>denia of the glottis by hypodfrmic injections of pilocarpine. ^H
The action of jaborandi upon the glands of th(- skin makes it useful tn
many cases of chrunic skin disorder, especially of the dry cburacter.
Klotz has recently reported very favorable results from the hypodermic
injection nf 1,30 to 1 o.cm. (or nix-xv) of n l-pcr-cent. solution of pilocarpine
hydriK'bl'iniii- in ohritnii' i-t'/.i-iiin. Tin' hard, dry. and fiwund condition nf
the skin wae remarkably improved. Ur. Poulet siigpcsts that the same pro-^^
rvtlurt- may he of sKrvicc in the In-iilmi-nt of HephantiHwn arabum. I« i*orU^|
instam:es, jaborandi i^ven internally has alleviated urticaria, fjnuill doses Q^|
jaburtndi hy the mouth, or of itK alkaloid snhcutanoously. have provc^J
remedial in tiyperidrosis and bromidrosis. Pruritus is not uncommonly re-
lieved by thi« agent. The ilcbing of jaundice is anieniible to the infliienc*'
nf pilot-arpine. Dr. Robert M, Simon, of Hirniinphnra. England, finds noth-
inj{ so useful as pilocarpine hypodermioalty in the treatment of pruritus^
senilis. It affords marked relief to the itching and permits the patient
sleep.
Pilocarpus can be administered for the discAscM just named as foltowe:-
I) Rxlracti pIlcKnrpi fl IS[ e.eta. or [Jiiii.
Spiritua u-th*ri« nitroM,
SplrituA junijierl mi 6IH cxm. or fSij.
Syrup, liinoiiis >......< I}, a. fed 1S0| (uem. or ISvj.
U. Big.: From a half to a tnlilpBpomful in water every two or thrve li«ur«.
li Inrus, iMlocarpi.
IndiB. itigiMlift a* SO) &cm. or IJij.
M. Sig.: Too t«u»pooiifuls tvtry two or Ihno hours.
By Wilkovrski, the hypodermic injection of pilocarpine is regarded as
almost a specific in eiitarrbal jaundice. Fie altributeni, moreover, a ^agnostic
value to the procedure. If a treatment of ten to fifteen days produces no
effect u))oti the JHtindioc, the prcsciici* of a malignant growth of the liver
is to be suspected. Kor the relief of dry toncue, or aptyalism, J. P. Hlack-
mans strongly rccnniniiiuls 0.0003 toO.OOOS Gm. (orgr. Vioo'Vioe) "f pilocar-
pine, inclosed in gelatin and allowed to melt on the tongue, which should he
previously moistened with a littli- water. A moderate flow of saliva i» «x-
oited within twenty-four hours, and general diaphoresis is never produced.
The dryness of the mouth often *o Irouhlewme in diabetes mellttiis
relieved by the following prescription: —
ni-OCABlTS.
633
aWiftjSii- Bilnl. ;IM« (im. u gr. V-
SMm. (*)"» - Ui cim. or wic
Ai}. dcaL 7|5 c.vni. or tiij.
a. ^g.: Five or hx dropa of thi* mUluiv. *itii«T pure or diliit«l wilh 2 c^ni. (ut
IIwi a( vatM", kre dnvjipi^ itpon the tongitc Mreral tlm«* b da)*.
IHIocurpinc ha« been fuuutl uH'fuI in iho cxitnthoniatn, in conditionii of
nppnwion or retroc«!«ion of the rasli.
hlocarpinc may be used hypodermicall.v for th« Mme purpottc* as jabo-
nndi b]r the slomsch, and t» Iom apt to be followed by nansea and vomiting.
Tvocg. (or gr. '/>) uiidiT t)ic fkin gcncnily cuu«c« free dtaplioroain, while
tl03 Om, (or gr. bs) producea such an amount of sweating hb to frcqucnlly k-«d
la • dui^roiM <!<'grrf of proislratiiin, .\*a nili\ the llr't iW- dhiinld ni>l ox-
tfti OMl (!m. (or gr. V,), and in this dose it ii- well borne, even by subjeclB
of httn di«-aK'. rilocnrpine te n good siilistitute for the Tnrkieh and oHkt
nttliog linlhs in the trentmenl of ftecites and serous effiisions Ktncrally, and
ofBdrmo. In inonmnin, with excitement bordering on mania, the adminiB-
tralinD of pilocarpine hypodermically causes relaxation and lowers arterial
tmioR. E. ¥. ^\illl>nghby' ha* fount] thin highly tiitcful in the first stage
of i&flaenza.
hlocarptne, subcutaneotuly, had been employed euoecufully In hclla-
dcana poiaoning. M<:Oow«n relates a case (London Lancet) in which two
iDimioiu of 0,03 CJm, (or gr. jw) each were iindoubt*'dly Uic tavtm* of saving
the patient's life. The same procedure is retommended as beneficial in acute
■ItolMliim.
It can likewise be used with ^ood effect in the albuminuria of jtteg-
BincT. Dr. E. L. B. Godfrey has prescribed pilocarpine very advantageously
lltlts disease as follows: —
B Pilonu-piiur hjrdrocM oralis
FoUaiti trirarbonati« 1!
Adill bmtcici 4
Tind. tudanKHni 10
Aquff ^ «. ad 90
U. 8if.: A tSMpoooful In wBt«r Avtry Uirct hour*.
13 Gm. oT |r. ij.
Qin. or 3iij,
Gnu or Si.
cem. nr tjM.
cum. or tjiij.
Pilocarpine i», however, an inappropriate remedy in isdema dependent
Upm disease of the heart, and should never be employed if the heart-muscle
K decidedly wealc and iln cavities dilated. In malarial or renal dropi^v, on
ibe contrary, this alkaloid is of signal efficncy. Dr. Louis Waldstcin claims
fironble remits in csaei of enlarged lymphatic gland.« and lupus from the
kypodennic injection of pilocarpine.
In chronio rheunuitic disoraers and some skin affections such diapho-
retic treatment is serviceable. Mitsciikr rheumatism and sciatica have also
been ameliorated by the aame method. In acute parenchymatous Inflamma-
lion of the kidneys pilocarpine is of the greatest service, increasing the uri-
nary walcr and decreasing the albumin and blood. In acule scarlatinal
nephritis pilocarpine is a valuable remedy, especially employed as follows: —
n Exlw-Hi piloonrpi A 1»
MinturE tHiUnii ritntis so
Syrup, aitnintii 4fi
U. Sig.1 A tMipoontuI or two rvery three or (our hours.
a-Fin. at I3n.
c.cm. or fSij.
end. or ISfM.
> Tlu TkerapiKt. I.o«iilon. 1808.
6M
PH.VHHACEUT10AL THEBAPErTIC AOEKXS Ott Uni'US.
In tirn-mic iiceidonU «tii) pu^pural eclnrnjisiu the hypodermic injC'
of pUocarpmc is of maiked benefit. U. MoIlitTe, of Lyons, has witn
tfood rr»uil« in nephritis from iIk- nnjiHcation of an ointment containing
from 0.065 to 0.10 tim. (or gr. i-iw) of pilocarpi n« nitrate to iW Gm. (or Jiij)
of »oft pctroUluin. A ilraugcr preparatioa will cauiie an eruption. IIo has
found it ueL'fiil in all casea except when unemia is preH-nt.
Till- ftilgiirniit paini of locomotor ataxifi may Bonietimeii be relieved by
Gubciilancous injection of the alkaloid, and iu ticpticiemiR it hae materially
modilk'd the Hyiiiptoms, even whi^n failin); to prevent death. In some in-
stances it has proved successful in hydropbobiii. I*rofw*or Ringer found the
hypodonnic use of*fuU dofica of pilocarpine of decided efficacy in caiies ot^^
unilateral ewesting. ^|
An hypodermic injection of pilocarpine may arrest an attacl: of hic-^^
cough, or of aelbms. and should be i;iven n that in soiilv pulmonary ccdema.
A cold inny he broken up by unall dosee of piloejir|iiue followed by quinine.
A doee of pilocarpine vfUl generally succeed in averting or cutting short a
malarial chill.
PDJENTA (T. S. P., n. P.).— Allspice, Pimento.
Dose U.G3 to 2.60 Gm. (or gr. x-x\).
Prtparaliotu.
Oleum rinivntw (U.S. P., a P.).— Oil of Plni^nta. L)ow. 0,C3 lo 0.18 «.eiu. {or]
.\i|iia Plinriitn' iR P.). — rimcn to- water (pimcnta, 2M Unu, or Jviij; walor, 10]
lilrcn, ot Oxxj; ilintll) one-hBlfi.
Pharmacology. — "The nearly ripe fruit of Pimenta officinalis" (Uyr-
tucea>), of tropical Amerii'a. in an aromutie iitimulani, mainly used as a
Kpice to pronuiie ap}Krtiti: and digestion. It contain.* a volatile oil, which is
ofllciai (3 to 4 per cent.), some fixed oil. resin tannin, gum, etc. A fluid
extra<!t in uho made, but is not oiticial (dose, O.&O to 2.50 c.cin., or mviti-xl),
and an nromatic water.
Physiological Action and Therapy. ^Allspice i.« a pungent, aromatic
stimulant, actini; as a (umiitintlvc. iind dimtilnling the secretions of the
mouth anil stomach. It may be Urt-d to dieguiiK- ihi^ la^lc of unpalatable
drugs, and is one of the ingredients of spice piasters. The oil can be added
lo pilUransses to prevent the griping of purgatives.
PIUFIITEIXA. — Pimpernel. 11ie rout <if Piinpinolla voxifrnga (Um-
bollifenc). growing in Europf. contains a golden-ycUow volatile oil with an -
odor resembling that of pareley-seed, some acrid resin, and benzoic acid.
Physiological Action. — It pxorts decided effects over mucous mem-
branes, iind is diiireiic nnd expectorant.
Therapy. — I'swl in niliiiTh of various part* of the body, including
gastrin laliirrh and bronchorrhoja. It is best given h* fluid extract.
PWI OLEUM (B. P.).— Oil of Pine. (See Oleum Pini.)
PIHTJ8 CAHADENSIS.— Hemlock Spruce. The bark of Abies Cana-
■•j^ii^ fConiferat) of North .\merica is very astringent, containing large
^ontHties of tannin and some rohitilc oil.
4
nt-KB.
6U
Thenpy. — Jn the form of a dilut«, alcokoUc fluid extract it is a con-
l»vnii-ni ngiut to be erii[iloyrcI wliore thi.' elTecl* o( taiintn nro dwircd. It is
hieed priiicinatly ss a local flslriiifient in pharyupiti*. tonsillitis, uterine
cjilnrrt), aud hvnmrriioifii-. iippiioil in full ^triii^-lh: or it nin}- be used
diluted as a wash in leiicorrha-a or elect. This drug may be euiDloyed iIl^
diarrlKi^n of adultii, nithouyh in »ucn cnecj the prescription bad uctter be
writtt-n at once (or tannic acid in the desired quantity,
Cantion. — A n-hite extract of Pinuji CnnaflciiKiif U believed to contain a
certain proportion of zinc chloride, and should therefore not be taken in-
temnllv, alrhough it is useful as nn exteninl niiplioation or wash. It rapidly'
relieves the pain of a burn, when applied in full strength, acGordinj; to I>r.
W. C Wile.
PIPEE (V. S. I'.).— Pepper.
PIPEB HIOKUM (B. P.).— BUck Pepper.
DoM, ti.iS to 1 Gffl. (or gr. ii-xv).
Prtparaiiom.
Obonwina Piperii (U. S. P.).— Oleurcaiii of IVpprr Dum, 0.019 lo 0.00 cava, lor
'V.-i).
Pipniaaai (U.6.P.).— E^perin |a a«u(ral principle ubtained (ram pi'pper. and
iMcwrinK alio in otli«T planii of the Mitic natutml onml. Dom. 0.03 to OJSi Om. (or
Contrctio 1'ipcD* IB. P.I.— Coii/ccUon of Pepper (bla^k pcppor. 40; mriinkv-
Inill, «0; BDil clarified honey, 300 Gin.). Done-, I li> 8 Gni. (or Siij).
Pharmacol(^. — Pepper is the "unripe fruit of Piper nigrum" (Piper-
acew) of India and nvi^hboring island*. The berries are small, pungent,
and Bpicy to the taste, and of aromatic odor; they contain Piperin, volatile
oil. punjrcnt resin, fatty maltcr. etc. The oleorcsin, extracted by ether, eon-
tains ihe volatile oil and acrid resin, wiih a little piperin. The piperin is in
[Jwlc-\'ltnn f'Tifni*. and may be contaminated with some of ihc vol^litc oil.
Physiological Action.— Fepi>er is an irritanl cxtcniallr and infemally.
Owing to its pleasant pungency it le larf-ely used as a condiment nl the teliU-.
II in decidedly stimulating lo Ihe digestive organ* and to the circulation, and
also, but to a lees degree, to the kidneys, as it passes out of the body by Iho
tmne. Pepper likewise promotih< the action of the skin. If taken in «•
ceesive ([uantities its local action is sniScientty powerful to excite inflamma-
tion of the gaslro-intCBlinal mucou* mrmbmnc. and cases are on record in
which pepper haf prodin'*-d delirium, rigors, and convulaions.
Therapy, — In flatulent dppcptitH and feeble digestion, pepper may Iw
advania^eouiily taken with the food. It is an ingredieni of the Asiatic pill,
which has been u*4;d in hirmorrhoid!i with decided benefit: —
H AcU. arMBMl . ,
rrpm* 1&|5
M-H fl. pil. no. Ix,
Sl^'- A pill aftrr nwal* (or indif:nitiati nnd IiiHiiorihoid*.
120 Gin. or gr. Hj.
Gm. or Sm.
IvozcngM containing pepper have also been successfully employed for
thereliefnf lupmorrhoidji, ulcers of the rectum, and finurcs of the anus. T>r.
MThitln suggests that cubeb be added, and the balsam of copHiba he substi-
tnted for the inert honey which enters into the formula of the British con-
es6
PUAKMACKUTICAL TQBRAPBOTIC A0BNT8 OR DBCOS.
fectioQ of pepper. Ue also recommends the follovring preparation in aton^
condition oi llic lower bowel; —
B Pulv. ]4|NTla nlgr.,
Pulv. rarui,
Pulv. mibpbK
Mfl drapuuiatiB
Ft, el«ctu>riiini.
Sig.s A WKupocaidil Uirvc time* a daf.
1«|S Ota. or ia».
P«pper U lari^elj uoed in domeetic medicine aa ft gUS^* for Bore thrnnt,
■nd 18 iiot without elTt'ct in rvluxvd tiviiln. It lua auo been nude into ar
ointment, and applied with success to tinea capitis. Pipcrin has somu ant
periodic powi'rc, and igagood addition tou pill for chronic malaria. In nei
ralgia it may be locally applied as a counter-irritant.
.18.
PIPERAZIN.— PipcrHKin, a synthetipal compoimd [CjU,(NH.),C,LIJ
iS:^ pipcridin in which the NH hag rpptaci'd t\n- CHj, group. Tti^ thomical
title ii> diuthyli-nL-diaiiiin. It i)i't:ury in the form nf colorleis, acicular rrystals,
of a pli'ttsant taete and freely eoluble in wutiT. It U an adnitniblo ttolvcnt fat
iiric «ci<). with which it fonnK u nctitnd and ven' iiolublc italt. Hxperinient
in the laboratory demonstrate the eolvcnt action of a l-pcr-ccnl. eolutiol
upon calcnli, not only thrmc cmnposeii of uric acid, hut also those containing'
calcium phosphate, ammonium urate, etc. Piperazin urate is eaid to \w ticrcn
timi.'^ niori- solubli- in water than lilliiuni urate, and piperazin will render
Koluhli' twelve linif* as much uric acid as lithium rurbonnte. Willi hydru-
chloric acid it formH an easily soluble and crystal I izable salt. Piperazin is
a doliqiie^i'i'ut buily, and should not, therefore, be pn^wribed in the form
of U pill or powder, but in aqueoiis solution.
rhjrsiological Action. — t'iperazin is non-toxic and unirntanl Ici miicoutM
membranes with which it comes in contact. It is without effect upon dige^H
tion, circulation, or respiration. This substance passes through Uie syntem
unchanged, and speedily appears in thi> urine in a state of combination with
urii' acid. Piperazin has been recognized in the urine two hount afti;r inges-
tion. PipcraziD hat no elTeet upon ihi- acid reaction of that fluid, and does
not increase its quantity. Wittback, however, in Mudying the urine of pa-
tients taking piperazin, has observed cases in nhieh its quantity was largely
increased. The specific graTity was always diminished. The acidity of the
nrin4! wa# decreased. In some experiments upon themselves, ]>rB. Heubaeh
and Kuh, alter lakinn 3.40 (Jni. (or gi-. xxxvij) during the day, experienci-d
severe headache on the following morning, and upon one occasion vomiting
occurred. Tremors, hallucinations, and clonic spasmic have l)een obwned
by Stewart as a re:>ult of full doM-s nf piperazin. ^M
Therapy. — In accordance nith its chemical properties, pipenitin hu^l
been fouml an etTicient remedy in jjout and various manifestations of the
uric-acid diathesis. Konal and vesical calculi, due to the deposit of nric acid,,
have been extruded under the influence of lbi» remedy. Piperazin is like
wise scr\-iec«ble by dissolving the organic matter contained in the »ton*
Calcnli in the bladder may also be attacked by the injection of a solution
piperazin into the viscus. T)r. V. Sebmey has obtained ^ond results in'
chronic cystitis by the administration of piperazin in suflicient doses to satu-
rate tJie urine. A solution in alcohol and water has lieen applied locally
cid
ik^H
VISCItllA XUXTUBINA.
gM)i] joiiiis utid ^wclliii^e, and aids the ellect of the iotoriixl adniiuit^tralion.
.\ ivmbiiiutidu of )ii]ic-rn/.iii mid pUcnooull u warmly rocomuieiided for Uie
nliff of gout. Pipenuin lias also hcea ndvuntagcouKly aveociatod with
pli«D3celii] in the ireatnivnt of goui.
Dr. Ect:)c« lios emploved piperuzia with udvmtagc lu chroaic rheuuutie
utbritii, and Vt. Iltulm^h n-lieved lumliaKo by the hypodermic injection of
I S-im-w-ut. «oliicion, in qiiiiiility equal to 0.80 Gm. (or gr. iij) a day. The
mjcrtione gave me to fame pain, but did not caui« abscesses or unpleasant
Jlter-cfftcl». Dr. Wsbrow, of Nt-wark, X. J,. »aw alleviution o( porii-stheaia
(no (be adraioiiitratiiin of this agent. I'ipiTaxin has proved of service in
nsalmlic ami ha-morrliu^r from ihi.' urinary )>aiifta)t<M. Pipununn wn» cin-
fdoynl by Gruber in a case of diabetoe, 0.3'i tim. (or gt. v) doMs buing givon
ihnce daily, the diet beinjj at the name time properly restricted. Tlie pro-
|>ortwii of suf^ar excreted was reduced and the genvrol condition of the
jinticQl iniprovi-d. Other writeni havo also obwri-ed Kubjectivc and objective
iiDpnocinent follow the use of pipcrnziu in diabotes.
I'tpcrazin may be- aoceptaldy given in the form of an aerated water,
1 (im. (or iit. xv) beiii^ di^olved in a ({uart, and the entire qunntily taken
Hcrin;; tlie day. It is aUo preiscnhed dissolved in distilled water and flavored
*i>b > little synip of orang« or other a^ifublc vehicle. Pipernzin is incitm-
|«lil)le with alkaloids and iails of iron, with tannic acid, alum, preparations
of cinchona, Donovan's solution, pot«f»ium permanganate, Kudium salicylalCi
actlaailid, and phenacetin.
Ijndin. — l^denbure has rwrenlly diccct«d attention to thi< snhntanee.
*klth is elhylenc-ethenyl-diamiD, a red dish- white, erystalHne substance of
PKubar taato, snjtgc-iting the od^r of mice, which is ao hygroBcopio that for
WDTpnience in di^pcnsiuf^ il is supplied only in 50-pcr-cent. solution. It is
MroBgly alkaline, and ia said to bav<; five limee the power of piperazin as a
viMtcid solvent. Professor Ijidcuburg uses it in gout, in daily doses of
1 lo a Qm. (or gr. xv-lxxv) in a>.'rated water. It ia claimed to be entirely free
fncn toxic rlfects or disagreeable consequences.
Lyeatol. — A substance known commercially as lycetol, which chemic-
iDy is di-metliyl-iiipcmxin-lartralc, is Ibnught to bp superior to uncombinod
Eperajtin. as tlie lartaric acid is claimed to split up into carbonic acid, alka-
lizing Ihr hl(in<i and diwolving uric acid. I.vcctol has a diuretic effect and
nay be used in goui in Uic daily dose of 1 to a (im. (or gr. xv-sxx). The
addition of su^r to a solution of lyc<-tol product* an acid drink similar lo
Iciwmade.
PISCIDIA EEYTffRINA.— Jamaica Dogwood. The bark of the root
of PtKidui trylhfiiiii ( Leh'tiuiino^iv), a lr>.r of Ibv \Ve»t Indies, growing to
tb» height of twenty feet, haa a heavy, narcotic odor, ri-calliiig th«t of opiura,
and has u bitterish, acriil taste. It cotttainit PiietdiQ, a yellowish, crys-
talluable, retinoid substance, insoluble in water, but soluble in aieohol, he-
»idfs other rwiiions i>ul>*lances, oil, tannin, etc.. but it has not yet been
tletcnnined to which of thc«e the physiological effecla are attributable.
Some useful pn'|M[Htion» of lhi« agent are: Kxlractum piscidife (extract of
Janwif-a dogwood): dose, 0.13 lo 0.65 Gm. (or gr. ii-z). I*ulvig extracti
piaciditt (powdcretl extract of .lamaica dogwood); dose. 0.13 to O.fiS Gm. (or
, iKt). Pilula piscidic (made front the extract), containing 0.13 Qm. (or
658
PHABMACKl'TICAt. THKIUPKCTIC AOENTa OR DRTJOB.
fr. ij). KxiniL'tuin iitwi'lin- lliiidiini (Hiiiil vxtTRirl of Jamaica dogwriiiil);
«e. 8 U) T.5II ctiii. (i>r f-wi-ij).
Physiolo^cal Action. — Aeenrtling to Iht cupcn'mcnti^ at Pmt. I»o«
Ott, .Isiiiak^ dogwood is iinrcolii' to fmgs, aniiiiBl.s and men. It <>nhanc«fl
llic tH>ori>tiMn of thv i^liiii, ri'due(» tho frc-qui'uoy of Ihu pitliw, muce aiiiTuil
Icnsiou by stimulating the visnmotor wtitre, the increase being soon fol-
lowed by A fall illH- to u cvakenin;; of the heart. Il i-mim-n n teliitinid otatc
l>yai-tiiniilant action upon the spinal cord. Jamaica do^uond likewise oansve
dilntati'in n! tli<' iiiijiil, follnurd hy oiitnirlioti ii^ a>)ihy\ia develops, It
OHUi-cii death by ciliier hen rl- fail lire or. what is more frciiiietil. iiy am-eti
n^Spiralioii, I'ilcliiT lini" nbservoil .^'verat caxeit in which nlnvmin^ syiiiptoini
BUpenLtied from 0..'i(ic.cm. (or wiviij) dosts cvi-ry three hount, Jamaica dog-
wood, u»ed medicinally in Htiitabk- dnHcn, will not diminiwh the appetite or
iiniiEe coustipntion. It is seldom fotloued by tuiuxcn, hmdache, or uthvr
iinplcai^anr clTeels.
Therapy. — Jamaiou dopwood, in hicmorrhoid«>, has Iwen Hticccssfidly
used locally in coiijunclion with lead aceiate. A cloth saliiratwl uilh th«
fluid oxtnict hu» been fniiiid etfiiicnt in superficial biiriis niid «<-ald>f. FIngg
plates ihat the tliiid extraia of Jamaica dojjwood has been found to {Hia8(-a.4
di-cidiil vnlue iw a loeul and syMtcmie analgesic. In u;eiii'nit pnictieo thie com-
bination of effect is freiiuently desirable, and in dental practice it will he
n-eognixed as i.t>pecially valuable in triiitmenl of iM'riodoiiiitii^, alveolar ab-
««■**, pnip irritation, and other painful conditions within the oral cavity,
aa topical uppIicationK, with dircciions to swallow the wdiva, promptly induoc
tvlicf. I''laj;g also recommends O.aO to O.GO c.eni. (or mv-x) of the fluid
Mtroct given at the satnv lime, in the diseases named, evvri hour or *o as
required.
Internally. .Jamaica dajrwood allays pain, relaxes spasm, qilieta reflex
excit«l>ilily, and promotes' iih'ei). It i.-i oonseqiiently udl adapted to act »»
a substitute for apinm. especially when, as is not infrei)uenlly the case, the
latter drug i.« not well borne. In the various fonui' of neuralgia, including
sciatica. Jamaica dogwood ha" proved of value. Gastro-cnteraigia, conse-
<4uenl lo typhoid fever, has been also notably relieved by il. In th« lanci-
nating pains of locomotor ataxia it has, liowevt-r, proved inefficieut. l>r.
Ijittgecii.i has found this drug ol service in allaying the continuous cardiac
pain due to arliriowlemsis. When angina pectoris has developed he co»-
itiders Jamaica dogwood to possess a certain prophylactic power by virtue
of ila sedative effcit upon the circulation. A» synergiinic dmgs he some^
Umea combinca aconite and vcratriim viride: —
incTI^
R TincL pi*cidi».
Tiiicl. TiTiitr. riTi<I aa 1S| o.cni. or iJm.
Tincl. nifinit. - 9J25 c.em. or IZiim.
M. Of thr nbnvp mixture he gives, during onc-lhind of thr montti, I cniL
I
M. tJf the nbnvp mixture he gives, dimng onc-lhind of thr month, I cniL (or
mir) thrt* liiiif" » il«y. |ilm-lnj.' IiTs imticnl.. (or the n'lnnlndHr of tli« month, upon
tMMlltiia loiliilp.
In pelvic neuralgia, the pain produced by fibroma of the uterus, and
in dy^menorrluca piscidia has been found of much service. This remedy is
likewise able lo ijneH the pains nf false labor and of threatened abortion, in
which, and in dysmenorrhwa, it is well combined with viburnum pninifo-
lium, as:^
rix (ii;iHitiXDicA. ^^^^V 659
ft Kxtract. I'iiritliir 0..
Kxtrncl. vllitirid jiriinKol. fl.,
F^nipi numntii as 3Q| e.cm. or (Jj.
if. Sig.: S iMiqiaoiiliil. lu Im repeated tvny bour or l»u.
•Hie pain due to a fractured bono may bf a«j^ua^(^ I»,v ■flministmlioM of
lib (^Rt, wlitcli i» »\fo l)c-ni!fioin[ in neute or chronic rbetintuti^in. Tbe
Iaini of inflammation may Hki'wiKt^' be nnu'liurnti-il l>y Jnuiaii'U ilo^wnot).
n pafiii)>)ithnlniili8, irittv, iridocyclitis, ami in acuK; alisrc«« i>f the uiulitory
iDHtlii^ il iH »Imi i.it|tnbli.- of ri'licviii(j Iht- fuffcrinj;. Thi^ pain «f cawin«ma
hiaWu n>tiiia;:ed liy iIhk rL-niwIy, which may here not infrtmn-iidy rcplnrt-
"pUDiKith advimlnp-. OnBCcoiint ot ila unlisjiaKinixlic \irtiKv. it is of cun-
»Mml)k ■tcnice in alleviatin^j the paroxysms of aHtlima and whooping-i-migb,
■ndtiH'R of cbor^-a bavo lut-n n-puriifl in which it |iriivod of benellt.
It \» also beneficial to cou^jhs of reflex origin, of broucbilis, and of
Subiuoarr tu)HT('iil"»i.i. Hyjilcrii-til cimvulHions have yi^ldod to the in-
umor of lliiii drnj{. Piscidia quiets rcstlcssncse and delirium, and induces
^*tf ill didiriiini Ircineii:' and mania a poln, and has been cnijiloyed with
^tifyia;; succci^ in (he insomnia of Insane patti-iiti<. In infiumnia. howevvr
ivustii, tbiH ajrt'nt fulfllN an fxi-clli-nl M-rvicc. I'terine colic and cholera
tnorW likewise prove amenable to its action,
PIX BUROUNDICA (V. S. P., B. P.).— Bar^ndy Pitch.
I'rtparations,
Ku|iliiiinim Ptda DunuodlCK (U. iS. ]'.).— lIuKundy-PitHi Planter.
Empl&itruiii Piria OuiturflUtuiu (I'.S. P.).— Cantliatidal'I^tcli I'liulrr 4cemt«
<'(mtlMrtd«s, H; BiiTgundy pftci, M port*).
KnipUstniiii Hl<ri? iK. F.l.—I'ilcli Plants.
Plurmacology and Therapy. — Iturgundy pitch i» '
a" iConiferffi), l'. S. P.;
'the preputd, mio>
•Uf eiudaiion of Ahies escelsa" (Coniferffi), V. S. P.; the reunong erada-
tiun obtained from tbe stem of Picva ('XO«Im (it. P.): a tree of southern En-
topf. Il i^ a resin wiih traces of volatile oil. It has some l>alsamic proper-
tin, and is sliffhtly irrilutin;! to the akin. In exct-ptional instances its local
Wjon i» ■cvt-ri', and it fiives rise to vei«ielei> and pusliik-«. or even proiiiiwd
nlwtalion. The oflicial plasters nn- mild counter-irritants. The warming
etler ii> itacful in cbnmic rheumatic .swollin^rs and in afTec-tioni' »( the chi'^t.
rvundy pitch has been thoupht to have some special action upon the
i^ium. ami for this rcamm ba>> bM>n ^ircn in ha-morrhuids, mad«- into n pill
>i(h tar. linrjiundy pitch aUu ontcra iuto empluttrum gilbannm, iron, and
the V. S. P. opium pla.iter.
Dr. L. U. llouser observed a case of intoxication in a child, S year* of
*^, who bad rjilcn a email quantity of the exudation from the tree. The
irmptoras were extremely dilated piipils, mental eicitement with halliieina-
(Jmin. and frt'ijnent mictiirilion. The patient recovered, but tbe pupils re-
mained somewhat dilated for several dara.
TVS. CAHASENSIS.—Caoada or Hemlock Pitch.
Fhannacoloi^. — The prcparv-d rcsinnuK t-xudalion of Abice Canadensis
(Conifera>) itmiains repin and a trace of volatilo oil. Thf uses are KttniJir
l» Pix Buixundiiai.
rUAlUAUliUTlCAL TUKKArKl'TIC AOEKTS OB DBinia.
.h«
of
ro*
tar
i
r 18 "
PIX LIftUIDA (LT. 8. P., B. P.)-— Tar.
Preparaliom.
SyTUfiui Picls Uiiuidfc (U. & P.)-— Synip of Tor. Do«-, 4 to IJi c.cm. (or fSl-lJ
Olouni Picl* I.kiiidn lU. S. P.]-— Oil of Tur. A vuUUl<r oil diililli-d from tar.
tliiftuentuiri PicU l.i<|iilil« (U.S.I*., It. IM.— Tnr (liiitmrni lU. S. P. eoiii>lii» W
per cpoL of tftr).
I.ii|unr I'iel* (^rlioiils iD. P.|. — Solution of Conl-tAr (prcpArcd i^uMl-lBr. i!00 On.
quiUNia' boric, 10(1 Gm.; pftcoUUd with bIhJioI. DO jmt wnl.. q. h, 1000 u.i-m.l
PIx CmImiiIs pTwpaniU (B- P.].— Pn-imrpil I'mil Inr 1 pri'imri'ii by pliic-liig cii
(ar in a shnlloir dioli and mainUining il ul u trm|jcraiure ol 120° K fi'>r one hoiir).'
Pharmacology. — Tar is an "empyreumatic olcoresin, obleincd b.v the
destnictiTi; diBtillation of the wood of Pimis palustris and oihgr specie;) of
pinufi" (Conifcia;) of Europe and America; that coming from North Caro-
lina and Sweden is the beet. The British Pharmacopa-ia deecnbes tar
as "a bilimiiiioiiK liijuid, olttaini-d from tlio wood uf Piiui^i i^ylvc«tri«. and
other species of Piiius bv destnictive distillation; known in commcrc
as Stockholm tar." It should be free from mechanical inipuritivs.
contains oil of liirpentinc, pyrocatechin, aoetio acid, acetone, inetliyl(d_
acid, xylol, crvosolo, phenol, etc., and is blackened by wood-»mok«. Tar is
aolublc in leits than its ou-n liulk of alcohol or cbloroform, is slightly solnlil^
in olive-oil oroil of turpentint-. By distillation it yields an acid liquor calk"
pyroligncou# acid, and an i^nipyreuniatic oil, called oil of tar, which i» ol1\cit
Ihe oil has but little color when fresh. It deepens with age to a dark-red»
ditih brown. It i* n volntik- fluid, of acid reaction, has Ibe odor and taKtv or'
tar, and is soluble in alcohol. What is left behind is Pitch, which is a black
solid, prtfjifiiting a 8hiniii>.', fracturi<i1 surface, \m\ti io boiling water, xntl
cooeista of resin with various cmpyreumatic resinous products, which have
coilectivi'ly received the name of Pyretin. The creosote of tar is of spc-iami
interest on account of ils uiiti*eplie and preservative propurties, from whencefl
il derived its umrie. The creosote of beech-wood i* Inrjiclv \m'i\ in mt-dicine.
Physiological Action. — Tur is an irritant^ and is liable to produce a
]ia|)ular eruption upon the skin if applied too freely; it« ii«c internally is
also sometimes provocative of erythema, vesiclefl, or papules, accom|iani«d
by seven; ilching. It is absorbed readily, so thai, when a large surface is
exposed to ita action, feverish symptoms, blackish urine, and symptom* of
carbolic-acid poi^onins: may ensue. The slooU iKeomc hlaekish, ami, as well
affthc urine, possess the odor of tar. Epi-rastrie pain, vomiting, severe bcud-
aelic, or a sense of oppression in the head may alw? nceiir. Tar has an astrin-
gent effect upon mucous membranes. It has decided antiseptic power.
When tar i« laken internally, small doses exert a stimulating effect upon the
circulation and secretory apparatus. I^rge, or too-long-eon I inued, doeee
destroy nppetilv and'impoir digeiition. depress the action of the heart, and
cause nervous exhaustion. Taylor instances a fatal case cauiM>d by the
accidental ingestion of the oil of tnr. I^rge quantities of tar itself liave
been taken without faia! con^eijuences.
Therapy. — Tar is a good appliculion to seuly skin diseases, such aa
morva^if, but the oliicial ointment is liable to eausv irritation and should
diluted when used: —
It I'ngt, pjH» liijuid 81
Ungl. zinoi oxidi fisj
U. For tli« ivlivf of itching in chronie n-Hma.
Gm. or 31 j.
Om. OT 3vJ.
PI3C iiQrtnA.
Tir uititmcnl has IxMiit wtt] with ituc«es« in scabii-ii and tinrt. Tt is
oi'TvetaTy, always, to bn cawful in applying tar, as it may pxcite dennatttis
or an tcnO'like vniplioii which Hcbra callud '"tar-acne." Tar uintniunt i»
oi v'alii« in prurigo, and 1h sometimes capable of leeseDiiiK this notoriously
rrii<?IItoii8 allectioD. FniritUH uni is often allayed by a weulc«»ed tnr oint-
ni'iit. in Boroe patients there is an intolerance of tar and even the smallest
i|itantity will vxcite iTiiliition and caui-c a papular, cc-xemalous oruption.
In the lr«alment of hamorrhoids Dr. LacrUK reconinienda a preparation
oon:ipi»cd of:-^
B PicU liQuidff , 31
Ext. brltadonn. folior. ale 3|
Oty«rit omvli , . ao)
31 8ig.: Apply Diotnlng and niB^it.
Tar
cjcm. or mxh-.
(jiii, or vr, ilv.
fccin. or Jjj.
ible
iir ointment, cither in full strength or modified, ia scrriCMl:
licHni, i-c>inedo, iycoM*, pemphigus, lupus erythematosus and vulgaris. lo
ard»rto prepare an unirritating tar ointment, Stem advises that l\ic (ar be
ptCYiDtmly allowed (o #lftnd for several w<«ks in a warm place. It vrill be
IooikI that it separates into two Uyer»<, the upper of which is thin and syrupy,
whilf tlie luwer i« thick and often mixvd with *dibII solid particles. The
opjHT layer is destitute of irritant properties. An aUcsline tar-water, made
^y i>)(Iin^ lar. 7..) c.cm. (or fSij); caustic potash, A Om. (or 3j); to water,
IM c.cm. (or fjv); is a useful agent in the tToatment of eczema.
Fix Hilda, or pilch, iit uM-d externally in planters. It ts entirely dif-
'tT*n! from the residue of coal-tar. or ''gas-pitch."
K tar-water (mndo by mixin? 1 part with 4 pflrts of water) wob for-
ffl«ly oflicia). It is a shcrry-folorcd, slight ly-iic id liquid, having a Rtrong
Mor of tar. It may he us«tl with an atomizer or vaporized by heat in chronic
taUrrlial disorders of the air-passages. Ringer und Murrcll have demon-
Rnt^l the usefulness of tar in winter cough, and hare ascertained that it
wtmally lessens the tendency to taking cold. I>r. Phillips finds it of serv-
in in chronic pulmonary tuberculosis: it improves appetite and dig««tion,
t^'ks dinnhn-a, ami t|utet» cough. The tar-wat«r »pray is beneficial in
phtryngiiis and laryngitis. It is also an efficient antiseptic application to
nhtalthy wounds or ulcers. Tar is likewise taken internally for the same
tfaca of duieascs f«ir which terebinthinate preparation^ are u.^iiiilly prescribed.
IMIs coniflining U.U<i5 or 0.13 Gni. (or gr. i-ij) are useful in winter cough
■nd oiher brimchial disorders. In many chronic skin disorders the internal
tdminutrslion of tar if) a valtinble adjunct to local treatment, McCall Ander-
Mm Kpenks farorablv of the action of small doses of tar, taken internally, in
b(iih pMriasis and chronic i-cxcnia.
In ozicna. iloire recommends a combination of: —
B PtilT. rampbor.
Tr. iodi . .
PntAM. kA\A.
Fid* liquid.
Ju^vm
(Im. or Siiu.
tjem. OT fliij.
Rm. or Su.
txm. ot l3iiiM.
cjniL. or fSiii.
r-jpax. OT fjv].— M.
Tlie mixture t* placed upon a water-bath and the fumes arc inhaled for
tvo or ihrpe minuteii. The nasal chambers are then cleansed with a spray
•f l-peTK-cnl. carliolixed water.
6«e
I'KAKJIACELTlCAt, TUBBAPBUTIC AGEST8 OB D1I109.
Lyiol, a new tar combination, is derived, according to GeriadL fto«*V
tar-oils bj- boiliiig with alkalies tmd t»U. It po«»cwc8 the connsteocr *^*-
Bofi, or potash, soap, is of a brownish color, contains W> per cent. o( cmaV*-
snd ifi rmdily soluble in wntor.
Lysol is said by Oeiloch to be a Rood disinlectant and antteeptk. fX^
<iinplov8 u '/.J- 1" l-iKT-ci'iit. wiliitiim, in !^itrj;iciii ofn-ral ions. Il i« tnoreeis*^
of application than *oap and disinfectant fluids, and removes dirt, fatty ma t -
ter, etc.. from the )>kiD and instruments. I.ysol has the advantage of baii^ ^
odorli** and comparatively innocuous. Michelson has found it OBefol u ^
wash in major and minor {fyna'colngiesl openitions. In l«juirun»miei (« «
DtBdf nse of a 1-per-cent. solution for all purposes except irrigation of tk:»^
peritoneal cavity, for which a 0.3-per-cent. solution is snfTieicnIly siroo-^^
The weaker solution is nliio of service in obstetrical practice. A ^nze sat'*.^
rated in a 5-per-cent. solution removed the odor of cancer of the rrt\i aic
'i'hif njivnt promotes the gntnulutioii of wound*. Catgut imnier»d for iw*' «
hours in a A-per-cent. solution became as hard and resistani as if it liad T
trcolH by alcoliol or oil of juniper, l-ysiil is likewiw well adapted for'
as e disinfectant in the sick-room or hospital ward, achooU. etc.. and vhe
ever such an agent is required.
Lysol is capable of causing toxic manifestations, ts in a case repotc<
by Dr. Reich. The uppliciition of |mrc lysol lo u Urge liarl of the body oM
U young man was followed by losii of consciousnees and convaUions. vin|i?*:«t
pflaniinntiiin of the nkin, und the a|ip>-anini->- for two days of albumin in th«
urine. On the other hand, Dr. J'otjan records a case in which a teaspoon tf»»l
of lysol was swallowed by rniNliike without evil comtequcnee*.
Lysol has been used with satisfaclory results in some cases of Id[»x*&
Lysol has likewise been nueccssfuUy (tnjiloyerf in gonorrhcea of the m^l*
by Dr. V, Carvollo in the form of a l-per-ccnt. solution injected into «*»•
urethra three times a day to begin with, and ]«*» frequently a* the diaeha^Ta:*
was arrested. Professor I'arvin Mated that, in cystitis of the female, inj*"^
lion* of n '/j-iier-ecnl. Iv.'ul solution fjiive ^ood recull*. Dr. Hauj; mr^**^
mends irrigation with a l-pcr-cenl. sotiiiion in the treatment of otwrhirn. ^
l-pcr-ccnt. solution in nxietis, a "J-pcr-cint solnlion in cewnia, and a ' .-i^*'**
cent, solution in toneillitici have been used with benefit. The use of aUi» *^
pint of n I-piT-ccnt. solution ns an en>.'mu three time* daily ha* been {•'\m ^'**
of service in dysentery. Lysol has been administeted with adraota^ *^^
teniaily in dyapcpsia in diws from O.O'fH to 0,50 Gm. (or rt. •/.-riij) af"*^
each meat. The taste may be disguised by eftsence of peppermint.
Fizol. — .\nother diiiinfcctant prepared from tar is termed pixoL
was devised by Dr. Itaptchevski. and has the special merit of being
ingly cheap. I'ixol h made bv dissolving a pound of green *»ap in 3 |wn^
of tar anil slowly adding a solmion of a little more than 108 Urn. (or ^i —
of either potash or soda dissolved in .t pounds of water. The malt
syrupy Huid which, in 5-per-cent. dilution, is used for disinfeeting li
and washing the hands. A 10-per-eent. solution la an efficient dirinfect^*^
of dejecta. A solution of the latter strength is said to be fatal to the
organisms of suppuration, anthrax, typhoid fever, and cholera.
PLANTAGO.— Plantain. The leaves of plantain (Plantago majnra
lanei-olnia; niitunil urilcr, Pliitilaginitri-U'), an indigrnniis herb, art'
popularly as a vulnerary, the fresh leaves being made into a paste and appli
Tt
to -woun*!*. In rhiie puisoiiin^, bunis, ecaldti, bniise^, ami i>vvti crj'^iiH-lii*.
»l is i<«iil Id be fllicifiit. An iiidirion nwiy bo uJ ministered imeruaily, or a
Suid Mtmcl may In* Riven in doMB of 0.30 lo 4 com. (or rwv-15i), but it h(te
"o VC1J- ni«rkod |)h.V9iolo^iea) eSeoU.
TLASHOH.—Tbe name given by the nuiniiriirtiiri'rs to a luitritivc sab-
etntii-.' Ill lilt- /onii nin ligbt. friable |>inider, d [■.«(• ri bed as [Hire itiill<-ii)l>iiiiiin,
Bxx*l uwd ae a foud for inTalidi) nnd children.
PLUHBUK—Leid.
Soli* and Pnparalions.
fpfncntam Diachylon (U.&P.)— Dlavliylmi Oinlnient.
L«nitiiiii Phimbi SubacetaU* (U.S. I'.).— Goukrd'* Cemtc (Sfl of OoulaH'a ex-
t* 80 iMTta of camphor mtAt).
Bill .Viinu lU.8.1'.).— I^sil Nitrati!.
Uted 0* B, diunfrcUni- Ii^slojren'a
■olutbm Ua aolution in uaUr ll2Vi per cent.).
Flumbi Afctaii <U. S. V., R P.).— Ar«tato at Uad (Sukat of heoA). Dnaa. 0.06S
t*» OXQm. \w at. Iv).
I'ltimbt Carbon** (U.S. P., RP.).— I.raul CarboiinU-.
rtuiulii lodlduui ll'.aP.. lt.P.).~>l«Hd ludiJr. Dow. O.OOS lo OMh (ion. (OV
»»■■ '■■^v.t-
riumbl Oxldum (U. S. P.. B. P.I.—LMd OxiAt. Utlmrgv.
Knpliutnuii Plumbi [U.S. P.. B.P.|.— I-eod PlaaWr. IHocliylon Plaatw.
LiqiMr PlumU SubaRxiniiu <U. S. P.>, Liquor Plumbi Suba«*latis FortU (B. P.).-~
Bolnllon uf L«>ad SubsMlalc. (iuiiturdu tUlract (oonlaini Inul acetate, I* nni.; lend
oxldr. 10 nm.: diatillril waiPr. i|. >. 1«) ffni.i,
lifuor I*lnmbi 8uUoe(niii DilutuR [U.S. P.. D.P.).— DiluUid Solution (strong
■olniim lA Wd luhaMtale, 3 per cent.). (Th« B. P. (ominla ia about oiw-hatf thnd
•ittMtb of th» U. S. P.) 1
I'tilcaentuin Plumbi CHrbunnlia |U. 8.?^ B, P.I.— Ointmmt of Iv»«il Carbonat*
llOlCT f*lltl.
CacneBtum Plumbi lodidi (U.S.P., B.P.).~OiBtmpnt of I-md Iodide (10 nrr
•em.).
rn^HPnluui Phirubi Acetali» (R P.).~LMd-Awl«le OintJiient i4 pprci-nt.!.
l'i>ViK-iituin Olfccrini Plumbi Subacctatii <B. P.). — Ixad-Siibacrtats Oint(n«nt
Olyrninum Plniiibt Subacctatb (RP.). — Glycerin of Ijrad Siiban>(a(a (nvarli^J
'*I»t ci-nt. of Iradi. f
GBplaMruin Pliimbi lodidi (B. P.).—LtMd-lodidc Planter Icontaina lead iodide,
^i mi*, SOi Itad plaktrr, 400|.
^ppoaitoria Pluiiibi Coiii[>oMta (It. P.).— Coiiijjtound Lend SupfHsiloriea (eaelii
•"■UinB^Cm.. or KT- iij.odcad ncrtalc and O.OflS Gni^ or gr. j. of opium in powder) J
Pllula Plumbi cum 0|»o (RP.).— l*ill of l-vsd nlth Opium JconUin* 13V> per'
*'"'' at opium and 75 |>cr nnt. o( leud acetate). Do*o, 0.13 to 0.2S Gni. (or ft. ii ir).
Pharmacol osfy. — Metallic lead is readily affected by the oxygen of the
W'Tby carUiiiie acid of water, and, altboiijiii not poisonoii* itR'lf, its salts ■
•"(II deleterioufi. even in small amounts. I-end is therefore not a auitablfrj
'"•"■K for a reiwrvoir (or dniikin)(-wat<T, and lead pipes should not be nwdj
[« TOnTej'inft water for household purposes unless lined with tin. Whitaj
'fad Slid re*! lend iire largely "wx! both by paintera and plumbers, who ar«1
wMu to be affected, owinp to absorption ibrouRh the skin. Ijcad chromata'
I* » (cllow pijrnient uwtl «»! a protwtivi; applied to the covere of hams, and
w also Hometimce fraudulently used by bakers to color cake, in onler to
>akit up for dericii-ncy of *•%)». IxtA ac«tate is astringent and sweetish, and
h» beon svallowed by mistake for other drugts, such as majencsium sulpt
mi
PWARMACBCTIOAI. THRHAPBCTIC A0BKT8
DHUUS.
Fortiiniitf'ly, it is irritnnt to the stomach and ucU as nn cmctie, but, it re-
laiiieci lonx enough to be abi>orbe<), coma or paralyeis may eaeae. Sugar of
IvQtl hiii< «1ko Ix-cti iii>i:d in clarifying dder; and oarthcti v«4eU are glazed
with a flux containing lead, so that the sourceB of lead poieoniof; are niitncr-
ouj<. A case of lead poisoning in u young infant has been reported, caiiiied
by the mothcrfi cleaning out the nursint^-bottli: with lead shot. Poisonin,
hat nlsu ocTitn-i'd from the ii«t! of cosmetics and hair-dycH containing len
Lead is sometime^ present in flour by reason of the mill-stones, by which th'
grain was ground, hnving bit-ii ri-jmircil by filling th«ir cracks with lea'
NuKierovio cases of lead poisoning iiavt' thii.^ orij^inated. Chrimii' b'ad jiot
tuning hait btcn prodiicfd in children by tht- tin-foil in whirl) ctrtniii kind
of candy are wrapped. It ha* been pntved that amne of this tin-foil coft
tains lead in large amount. A nimiber of tradee and oecupaliont; m-cvs»iln
the handling of articles containing lead and, therefore, give rise to casefl a.
poisoning. Some persons urr so suKcvptiblu that tiimply sleeping in a newjy-
pninted room will iuipif-jt'nate ihe system. Inhalation of the smoke given
oft by burning jminli'd wood may also cause intoxication.
Physiological Action. — t!iven in medicinal doses, lead salts are eedatiV'
a*lnngent. and liiiTtu>si;iiif. They enter the blood, slow the heart and n
piration, interfere \<h)i llu- nutritive functions of the re<l blood -co ri>nsrl
and lead to their destruction, thus causing amemia. I^ad e«capcE from i.
blood by the skin, ihe liver, the kidneys, and intestinal tract. It is oIm'
found in the lacteal secretion. The excretion of uric acid is reduced, and
thuii lend favors the occurrence of gouty attacks in tl^ose predisposed. Tlie
excretion of urea is likewise diminished. The intemperate use of alcohol
determines attacks of pUitnbism upon eiposiirc. Persons working amidst
while lead may ixitpe lead poisoning by using sulphuric-Hcid lemonade a
fatty articles of food, and by frequent bathing. Sulphuric acid forms an i
sohibic compound with lead.
In some persons the topical application of solutions containing lead will
eausf brownish or blackish discolorations of the skin. Used internally, t
preparations of this metal may occasion erythema or petechis.
Symptoms and Treatment af Lead Polioning. — Acute lead poisoaini^
following a single large do.ite of one of the salts of lead is very rare; bui
acute attacks as the result of slow absorption of the drug are very common.
The most striking symptoms are obstinate constipation with cramps ("^ry
gripes"), loss of appetite, nausea, and vomiting of while, curd-like material,
tlu- ciilor lM>ing due to the formation of lead chloride with tlie hydrochloric
acid of the gastric juice. If the bowels open, the passages are of a blackish
hue from the presence of sulphide of lead. The abdominal muscles arc rigid
and knotted and the wall of the abdomen is. in consequence, retracted. Tb
intestineii arc shrunken, tenesmus is freijuent, and alternate contraction a
relaxation of the rectum can somelimes be felt. The liver is retracted a
may even be diminished in size. The pulse is generally hard and tense on
account, as llarnnck supposes, of spasmodic contraction of the intestinal
Mood- vessels. Verligo or headache may occur, and neuralgic Hllaelis: even
stupor and convulsions, T'poii cvaniinalirm of the mouth, a blue line will
be found in the gums neur their margin, over the incisor teeth, caused by a
deposit of the metal, or its sulphide, in the tissues. This line is part ieuJaVlj;
noticeable in tho^e who neglect the care of their teeth. In some instanc
the conjunctiva becomes yellowish- "Sot infrequently there is redness
I
nd
lie
^ol
3stJV
^
■ill
pul^
>n.
Iry
*1,
ric
ish
!idj
istanc^H
ess an^l
PLUimt'M.
605
nrillng of variom joinU. In rarer cskcr asthma or visceral di!<Gai!e has been
fiTMlsml by the abMrption of lead. Various fonns of puraljviit may occur,
the tnoft common beio^ "wrist-drop," or cxieusur paralviiia of the muscles
al Ihe forearm. Eledromuscular contractility is early aff«ct«d, and may he
Intbtforr ihi* |)«w<t of vohintary movement. As a rule, the paralysis aQects
belli wrists, the iatfgiiinpnt of which b freijucntly anoisthctic. Lose of senaj>
bilitj mar iilto occur at a dixtniicc from the paralysed parts. Strabismus and
ifMnia have occurred and some cases have had a fatal termination from
p«ral,niii of (Iio rwpimtory miiBclcH. In *onio instances deafness is one of
li« rtenlts of saturnine intoxication. HypcriestheEia or anicsthcsia of thfl
iatfpimeiit may be produced, A fatal case of lead poisoning has been re-
CT by Dr. G. h. Walton, in which ataxia was the prominent gj-mptom.
limiliir onuc* liiivc ini.n piiblishod by Dr, J. J. Putnam, Among the
iT>t|itotns attending plutabiim, or Eaturnism, ar« an ofTensive odor of the
Iratb, pallor, emnciation. musiiilur ]mm*. and Ion of pover. Plumliism
« tbe fre<iuent cause of abortion. The »-iii-«8 of workmen in lead factories
'"■qucnlly aWrt, even when they are not directly exposed to the influence
"I tbf metal. According to the inresiigations of M. Paul, of fifty children
Uiradiw, the majority died witliin a few vcnm aftvr birth nml only four-
'«ii n«che<1 the age of ten years. Amenorrhn?a likewise occurs among
watn exposctt to the influence of Icud.
llflr« or less complete amblyopia may develop slon-ly or suddenly aod
■My be asaociatod with inflammation or atrophy of the optic nerve. Amau-
(fWiaud a train of nervous phenomena dependent upon alterations oecur-
lingii) the brain (lead enccpDalopathy) appear from the influence of lead.
i Tilnable memoir on the suoject of cerebral symptoms due to lead intoxica-
twn ha* U'cn published by Dr. WestphaJ.* Four fomii; have long been ree-
^gnited under whielflhe effecls of tli>' metal upon the brain are mainfested:
'm delirioii*. comalow, convulsive, and compnMte. The lai^t named is by
f*t ibe commonest, and in it the characters of the other three varietiea ap-
^wr to be united. Apoplectic and chorcn-like forms have iikewiitc been
™8*ned. FroKressive paralysis, paresis of the laryngeal muscles, and a
Peculiar variety which nms a tvphoid course hove been described by ditfercnt
■riicrj. From a careful study of thirteen cases, Westphal divided them into
"•"M* which prc«'nt general cerebral svinptoms and those showing «v'mptoma
aite to pressure. The first group were characterized by depreswd spirits,'
''^■eotia associated with melancholia, hypochondriasis, irritobility, brad*
**!», and vertijio. Convulsion* were very common, at times general, and
■S*iii limited to certain groups of muscles. In five ca^es the spa>-ms assumed
* ^Duine epileptic characler, .\roong pressuRr symplom.i, the most fre-
*I*»Hi[ was paresis in diBtricts supplied by certain cranial nencs. Disturb-
j***!** of smell and vision, circulation and respiration, bcmiana^fhesia, and
"**iij)«resis wero observe*!. The author finally cnumeratea four modes in
^hich l«d acts upon the central nervous system: (1) by direct influence
jT^ii the brain, producing ncuroies of various kinds, disturbances of intel-
^tinn, and svinptoms due to almctura! change; (2) by influence upon the
^lood.tenele, leading to ha'monbage and softening; (8) by influence upon
'RhIoh UnJliwI <»«d Siiit/lt^t J^urutil. fVl. 30. 1S(K).
_ 'Bm (atnmarv of lit* paprr In th* J/Htnil Hitlletiit, Ailff., IWi, p. SSI, (mRi
O'Wtek mt4l!liuiiXrilu«<r. M«y 9, IBM.
'm
VUXnXXCKVTlCAh r:iKJtAl*BUTlC ACEXM OR 1>BC0S.
II a J
1
the kidne}-!!, restilliiif; in the cerebral aymploma of anstnia; (4) by a
liination of the preceding; methods.
According to (rxpcrimenta suggested by Prof. Thoiiui» Oliver, hydro
chloric acid is the active iigcnl in promoting ahsor[>lton of k-ud hy thv titnm-
ach. I'epsiii rather diminiahen than increases the amount of lead dissolved.
IIk' pn-si-nw of proteids in gnelric digeslioii also consiili'nibly rMluoM thu
quantity, iiile dissolves thrf-e times as muHi lead ai the xastric jaice. The
pn.'Honcc of fat, howcvt^r, rcductti thv quantity of thu metal which pss»c« into
solution. The pancreatic fluid has no Influence upon lead, irhether aloD^^
or mixed with peptones, fat, or etarch. j^M
In obscure cases, suspected to be due to the influence of lead, the dia^^
Dosis may he positively made by means of a chemical examination of the
urine for the presence of the metal. ^m
Chores, m-uralgiu, and suinul di«ciii=« hav? at limes h«vn observed i^H
chronic intoxication fniin lead, (.'irrhosis of thi* liver, intlaiiiinslion of the
parotid gland, atrophy of the intvittines. ortliralgia, and contracted kidneys
hav<? also been dur to thi- iiiime influenec. .-\cute and ilinmic aKihnia may
W- among the results of thiti species of poisoning, l-'acinl palsy has )>ee
met with, and Dr. Putnam imi-rt* that in childn-ii sulTrring from the effe*!'
of U-ad the legs and feet are generally paralysed. In all doubtful cases
urine should be onrefully t-xamincd for the inclal,
The posl-mortcm examination reveals chronic catarrh of the gastm-
intestinal tract, tliickc-ning of the walls of the »malli?r arteries, intemtilial
inflamniation of the kidneys, with the deposit of lead in the nerve-centres,
and, in fact, in every iiiirl of the body. The b'ait. according to the experi-
mcnl;il rt-R-iinhc* of Prevost and Uinot, accumiilatcti especialiy in the kid-
neys, though they have found it in moat of the organs and tissues of the
body. The longer the course of poisoning, the more lea^ is contained in the
kidneys, llie metal may be found in these organs long after the adminis-
tration of the poison hm^ censed. The bones are rich in lead, which had been
stored up in the form of a phosphate. The principal cerebral lesionit of lead
encephalopathy are atrophy of certain regions, hatmorrhagic deposits, apo-
plectic cysts, and, above all, alterations in the cerebral reaaels, such as endo-
and peri- arteritis, atheroma, and hyaline degeueralion. Chronic plumbie
intijxiciition t* very apt to hiy (he foundation of kidney di:^eni<e. It xhoiild
not be overlooked that symptoms of lead poisoning mar only \ie manifested
after wvcral nKinlhii' t>xpo*ure has m-cnrrcd. Tbuj< a m^e ban been reported
in which the symptoms of lead poisoning did not come on for six months
after a painter ceased workingat his trade. Severitl casts of this character
have been reported, also, by Kauffmann (in the Hirmini/ham ^te^iiml lie-
VMU)), in whie!h the jiatient^ presented iiymptiiins of lead puisoning ii number
of months after being exposed to the poison, in one instance after almost
two years. An analysis of the urine in these cases showed the presence of
lead, thereby proving that the diagnosis of the cause of the syroptomji was
corn-ct.
The manner in which this curious delay occurs is obvious when we »tudy
the <iucstion of the elimination of lend. It is a substance which is eliminated
from the body very slowly, indeed, and, like other metals, has a tendency
to accumulate in the tissues, where it forms a fairly stable combination uitn
the protoplasm, and probably also with uric acid, as is illustrated in the d^*-
Tclopmcnt of what has been called "plumbic gout." Further than this, al-
l>Ll'UUtril.
6S7
most every tiseiie of the body aecms to be capable of containing it> thougli
Iht nntcles and blood contain lees thai) any other part. Tn many instances
It i< vvident that tlieoc delayed symptoms arise from the gradiml dfpo*it of
lead ID the tiuuee during the pmod in which the patient itt in a conditioD
irfgood health and nutrition, and that later on, when by reason of illneit,
W food, or untanitary surround iugg. a portion of the protoplasm of the
Mj is utilixed for vital proceeoes, the lead which has been deposited is
picked up once more by the blood- and lymph- streams and di#trihutcd to
ihe tissues, where it produces its effects. The editor of the Journal of Ikt
.InfHcan Medical Association remarks that this matter i» not only of im-
Grtsnce from a medical point of view, but also because interesting medico-
^ll ^ue¥lions ariM- in conni-ction with it. Thus, for example, a suit iniskt
bebnnight upon the part of a person who had been unwittingly exposed to
Itad with the development of symptoms a number of months afterward, and
I^ defense mi^ht claim that it would be impossible for so long a period to
^tptt betncen the exposure and the dcvclopmt'iit of plunihic synipt«ni».
The ceaes just cited show, however, that this actually would not be a com-
pdcnt defense.
Tkerapy. — Lead ia used locally in the form of metallic plates in the*
tnatncsi of leg-ulccn«, wilh good elTect, to leprtM exuberant grnnulationa.
Ltid nitrate is employed in onychia with good result. As Goulard's soln-
tJM, or cerate, it is applied to erysipelas, acute eczema, contusions, and in*
Buunations of rarioua kinds, but should be diluted. The early application
cf Goulard's Holution is occasionally able to abort a felon. This liquid will
olUn relieve itching, and is therefore of avail in parsesthesia and urticaria.
Ifl^waipr with laudanum was formerly much used to relieve pain nod In-
Bnunation: —
B IJq. pliimbi lubaoctatb 30
Tr. «pli ...». 00
Atfm dMUUat4i! i......t40
M. For cxIcTtinl tuc.
cciti. or <BJ-
c.on. or CSij-
ccm. or rjviij.
fS Om. or j^. xii.
0 Qni. or ar. rllj.
c.cm. or ftiij.
Lead acetate is used for the same purpose, and also as an injection for
'"Norrhcea or leucorrhina: —
ft Plumbi acvtati*
7Jad «a>phulii ,
Aquie roaw . 00]
, &T. Sig; : Um 4 to 19 <:.cm. (or fSi.tv] m» an injMtkm dvery six liourH for gonor-
or gWrt.
** VlumW accUlU IBS Om. or p-. x.
Glfwrini ■ 15 c.cm. or ?]■>.
Aq. hanuundidw iktt. ........... ... Sw ceni. or tSI-
Aqiue deit. UJ VAaa. or QiM.
3U. S'tg.: Pot injection, •■ dirccUd.
% Plflflibi MprtatiA , ,
AcMl raibolu-i pur.
GIj-M-rini ,
AqUV rilWB ■,
3L tiig.: Kor tn}Mlkin, as itlTf<t«d.
In iiianv acute and chronic diseases of the fkin, the various lesd salta
W« most iiseful on account of thoir nothing and oi^lringent action. The
'•Uo«ing formuitt are suggested: —
50 Um. or gr. viij.
l:i riin. or 81. Ij.
pxm. or fSw.
c.cm. or (SiiiM.
PIIABMACKL'TICAL TllKKAPEL'TIC ACKSTB OR DBfOS.
n Plumbi KFoUtu jdSta 1130 Gm. or gr. x vel xx.
Mcirjihlnti- uilphatli 32 Gni. or |^, v,
Hentlioti |0& ticn. or gr. x.
U
B
Crrafoti
I'lilvt-rii mnranUe i
Vitgt. lincl oxldl S)
For Hubaculc and chronic Mmn*.
M cj:ri. or mx.
Gm. or Si.
Gm. or gj.
M.
PliimU (Nirbunalte Ifilfi Gm. or Jm.
Crcooirti |bO «^mi. or mx.
Ol. ulivn-, I]. «. [|. tiDfct. moUlu
L'uful in er;aip«liiii, bums, utd In brui*c«, c«p«dallf when the ddn
• blue or a dark tlng«.
R Pluiii1>i (itrlHiiiHlia 81 Otn. or 2ij.
Zinci t^oTbonutis '. IS 6 Gm. or Jos.
01. «uoalypU ■ [30 p.rm. or imv.
M. A aerviMable dustirg'-powder in acute ccwma, htrpM, tnil MbonltiM.
In the treatment of the miiscular wcakncse or paialyitiB followinj
aluorplion of lead, begi<lus notnssiiim iodiilit and occa.iional purges of _ ^_
neshiin sulphate, with hot baths, etc., it is necessary to employ galvanism,
to keep up tlie nutrition of the muscles and prevent (atty degeneration, and
to employ systematic exercise, with ma&sage. Scmmola and others have pub-
litlicd tJic details of a method by which the continuous current was succca*-
follv employed according to a systemic — e« opposed to local — method, the
poles bciQK applied to the tongue &Dd pit ot the stomach. The wlc reliinoe
was placed upon galvanism, and nti polaRsium iodidt was «mploytd. The
blue line upon the gums disappeared at the end of abont three wet-Iin, and
ot the same time the must-les bi'gan to be capable of feeble movements. The
method proved of no avail when cerebral symptoms were present. ^M
I^'ad ucelat« fnlfille a double purpose in the treatment of gastric ulcer.^l
It checks hferaorrhage and at the same time promotes cicatrisation. In the
diorrhora ol typhoid fever and phthisis, this salt is an excellent remedy, anilg
can be prescribed with eervice thue in ordinary diarrhma, ns well as in tha
from phthisis:-
B Pluiribi ncetiitU,
Pulv. iptcBcuiinliK et opH
Tti. nt [I. i^lmitiiliB no. xij.
Sig.; A powder evtfy hour or two.
on IjiiO Gm. or gr. xxiv.
B Plumbi ecctati* ....••^>>.>.>> 4 Om. m* 3l-
Tliiet. opli 7 5 c'.t^ni. or fSij.
Tinct catM^hu ••. .... 3(1; c.rni. or (jj.
Syr. (Inglbcrls i|. b. ltd 90 c.cui. or fjiij.
M. Sig.: On« to two tcauioonful* in wiit«r «T«ry hour or two for dianhoa.
40M lor a child from two to six ;reara old, from ten to thirty drop*.
The acetate poMCwes some power, likewise, over the night-sweats of
pulmonary disease. It is of service in chronic gastric catarrh and diminishes
the copious secretion of chroniu bronchitis. Asthma associated with chronie
bronchitis and the catarrhal stage of pertustiig arc relieved by the same pr«p-
FLVUtVit.
663
intlos. Ixad ucctate has been found beneficUl in dysenlerjr, given «ittier
bj the mouth or in the form of RUppo«itoricH, as foUovTE:—
B numbi M«utU,
ramjibDnn ... . ka '2{ Um. or St».
Extrnfli opti |1<1 Oni. or gr. iiw.
OL Ibc^romntla i|. ft.
It. «t ft. auppuaitorin no. x.
&g.: Inant one Into th« bovrl vvfry hour or tv'O for hv«tc dlanrhiM and dfw^-
brjr, NpMialljr wtien atWnded with tcoMouft.
U-ad acetate is odefiil in hypertrophy of the heart on acoouot of its
po>» of rt-tording Ihc action of that organ. From ita ioflncnee upon the
iwart and its aatrinRency, it is sometimes employed in the treatment of in-
ttnial anvumni. Trocy ndrocatt'tf ita niw in pni'wmonia, especially when
Ihil (li&oase attacks drunkards or persons of depressed vitahly. flo olaims
Ihil lliv trmpcratiiro and rato of rcepiratiou am lowured, and the disease la
pmealed from pasainf; into a chronic form.
Lead iodide liu« Ik-ch administcTod internally in order to reduce enlarge-
iHBt of the spleen due to malaria.
In conjuuctivili^, dilute leiid-wnlcr wag formerly iiuicli used, Init if
alecration of the cornea exist it may cause a penuaaent white patch. In
|!iarriia.>e and sporadic cholera, lead acetate and opium pill# are of ^roat aerv-
icr: and the acetate, iu doses of 0.03 to 0.20 Om. (or fit. ss-iij), U vuUiablv in
inienul lucmorrhiigc or hgemopty&is.
A CMC of saturnine amblyopia is roporled by Pr. C. R. Taylor in the
UiMi (S«pt«inl>er 1 >, 1898). It wn« n youn^' woman, who had been taking
ft*5 Gm. (or gr. x) of lead plaster nightly for three week*. The drug was
taken wilh thi- object of producing an abortiim, but it only produet-d blind-
neca of one eye. Recovery followed the u^e of larmier do!-c« of poluf^^ium
iodide, baths, pilocarpine, and tlie con^tanl gaivaiuc current lo the temples
(ibont 3 milliamp^ree) daily.
Bpeeial Forma, — The glycerin of 1ea<1 subacetate of the British I'har-
raacopccia is a good application to cczt'ma. It conesponda in slrongth to
Goulard'« Mtlution, bul hnx glyci^rin aa tlic menHtrunm. The liniment of the
Eubacelate is abo a good ii^tringcnt application to inllamod *kin, chapped
hnmN, iind )iruit>c«. White-lead paint in a good application lo a burn or loild
where the skin is unbroken. The ointment of lead iodide is used as a re-
•olrent on glandular swellings, scrofulous tumors, goitre, etc., and nUo at
an application in acne and other skin dieeasee. Dr. C, D. F. Phillips states
that lht» ointment i» especially Rcrviceable in acute maHitis with threatened
suppuration. It shoula be applied with eteady friction. Chronic synovitis
baa likewise been benefited by the same preparation.
I<ead nitrate, in Ter>' dilute solution, is useful as a wash in leucorrhfva,
and lo corrisrt the fetid odor of discbar}:*-:) from ulwrr*. etc. Fiwurcs of the
nippli^s arc cured by applications of a 3-pcr-ccnt. solution in glycerin, but
im.-al (tare must be exercised if a child i.* nursing from the affected breast.
or lead poisoning may ensue. The oleate of lead melted with an equal
■iDount of latd-oij ig a tuieful application in eczema, acne. etc. Load plaster
H employed by surgeons to protect parts of the body exposed to chafing by
splints or Bpp«n>tu«; il is also good to prevent bed-aores and as a base for
PIUBMACBL'TtCAL THeBAPEtmc AOBSTS Oil I>SU<HI.
other plastcra, Hebia's diachylon ointment' ie made by melting equal
purte, l>y weight, of lend plniter iind lin^ucd-oil, to whieh n nrouoriion of
balsam of Peru and a little oil of lavender are sometimca addea. Diachylon
ointment i« nervieeable in hyperidroit*. It nhmild bo spread upon piece* of
hnen large enough to cover the fool, and separate pieces placed between the
low. The foot is then covered with hnen and handagi'd, and thi* procedure
ia repeated every day for one or two weeks. This ointment often proves an
excellent opplicalion al#o in yiihaciin- find aetitc eczema. In )ie)H>rrtiu.-a, d
matitis, herpes zoster, and sycosis, the use of lead oUilmcnt ia attended wi
good reKuit*.
Trtatment of Acute and Chronic Poitoninir. — Tn lead eolic we
BiKc 1.3(t to 2.(10 <!m. (or fcr. xx-xl) of mafpn-siiim tiiilphalc with 0.01
il.Olft Cim. {or gr. '/,-'/.) of n]or|)hine, with syrup of ginger, and wat
enough to make n tablespoon fnl everj- hour or two in relieve pain and
rouDtipation. llelladonna. or atropine, ha» also been found efficient in
ri'lievinp tlie pain, whik- llardiiihewiT retoniMKnilK pilocarpine ai> rapidly
aceo»iplt»iiinjr the same iiurpose. Alum in of value in the treahnent «(
elirriiiii- kdil poisoning. \Vlurc the lead is in the lii^siiei;, it may hv ("lowly
removeil by ihc nditiini^trntion of small doses of j>otas>iiun iodide, and
by vopor-iiatlis or Turkish bntlis, keeping up also (he atlion "f the kid-
neys. Eiatha containing potassium sulphide are also recommended. In llie
treatment of progreesivc saturnine pamlvsis, strychnine is of decided wort'
ProfeMOr Oliver uses ferrous iodide if th« patient is anemic. Lithin, thou;
of little avail as regards euhduing pain, increases the amount of urint*. V
attacks of acute lead encephalopathy, i1ii» writer HmU no treatment an e
cacioug as inhalation of nmyl nitrite, which (itiickeus the piil»>. reduoog arto
rial tension, and arrests convulsions. For suppression of the urine, he recoin-
rpend» pilncarpinc. M, Lavrand ulso recoramendi< ferrous iodide, either alone
or associated with zinc phosphide as of value in arresting the progrcw of
pliinibism. The itracticc of massage favors the elimination of leod.. and the
galvanic current is also of efficacy.
Hie
I
PODOPHYLLUM fT'. S. P.).— Podophyllum. May-applc. Kandrafce.
PODOPHYLU EHIZOKA (II. I'.),— Podophyllum Ehizome.
Preparations.
I
RxtrnrliiTn PodophvlU (U.S.P.).— Extmct ot Podophvllum. Dow, 0.13 to Q£5
Qui. (or (rr. iilv|.
Extrartum Podophylti duidum (U.S. P.).— Fluid Extmet of Podo|>hylluni.
Dow, 0,60 to 2 cciii. (or mx-xnK).
RMLnn Podopliylli (U. S. P, B. P.),— B*«ta ot Podophyllum. Do«e, 0.003 to O/Wa
Om. torgr. V.-jl.
TInciura Podofihylll lit. P.).— Tlnrtiire of Podophyllum (mln. 30.5 Gib. In 1000
e.cni.l- Vfatc 0.30 to I c.rrn. (or wiv-xvl.
'An LlDpTOwd ])ron«£ tvr iiiakliij^ H«bra's diHi'liyli^ii ohiliDKnt U g;i('en br Drr
Incvr: DlMofvr Irad Rcetatr iOO graimnt-ii in I litre ot dUlillcil natfr and mix vilh
MO grammrft a( white l^u.lilc a«np prFviiii]i.)_v diaaolvi-d In I V, llt.n>H of w*rm. dittillrd
w*t«r. FtltM both Milutions before mixing. The prveipitate i« thru wnsbvd with
wmler. (reed as murh a« powlble Ironi wator by kncaitlne, and I part ii mcltrd irltk
I '/■ (HUts ot oliTe«il on thi! wnioi Imtli. Tli« mixtuiF ia th«n triturated in a mo4tar
until It (orm« a fine, white nalv^.^'Trocwdinic* of the .\nnTiean PtiarmticCTitiml Amo-
cifttloo." 1881. p. 63.
PODOPHYLttrW.
en
tharmMsoiogj. — The rhizome and roots of Fodophynutn pcltatuio
(Bcibcriilcic). growing in United 8tat«s ftiid CunnHa. Thin plant conuina
iWl 4 per cent, af resin, which \» n mixture of Picropodophyllin, Podoph-
jrllioie and Pyrooftteokaio acids. Fodophylloqueroitin (Dn' ('iiloring prin-
ciple), with Saponin, gum, ttarch, gallic acid, fixed oil, ^ahu. i.lc. It cou-
ttinsitoalkaloidal principle.
According to I'oduigsotzky, the aetivc nriuciple is & neutral crystallini.'
boJT, picropodophyllin. which exii;tB in comuination with un innctivc lofin-
acideall(>d pieropodopliylltc acid, and the resultint; comhinotion he named
Mepbyllotoxin ; it is a bitter, white, rcsinoua powder, voluble in weak nlco-
\m\ ind in hot onter, but i* precipitati^d from alcoholic solution by cold water
itnn«£. The oHioial rcein of podophyllum con«i»tH of two reiiiiiR, one solu-
ble Wh in ether and in alcohol, the other only in alcohol. The former,
nniprifin^ from 75 to 80 per c«iit., is the sctivii part, the other, according
Icridhury, bein^' nithout any eflect. The resin is v*iy irritant to the ejea,
■ad when handled the dii^t is apt to cause coujunctivitii:. The reain of
podopbTlIum i» insoluble in bcniol, like that of jalap and scammony, bat
Oltm mm these in bein^r soluble in alkaline eoiutions, from which it may
bt jirNlpitatcd by acidii.
A Ilimolayan plant, Podophytlum emodi, has been propoeod as a source
of the olBcial resin. Tlic anHlys<v <if ,Iohn C. Umiicy show that, aIthou|B;h
it Yields Dearly double the amount of reein which can be extracted from
f^uiophylluin peltntum, the renin, ni-v('rthele>«, ennUiuf only iihoiit nne-haif
till' 'jnaiitity of cr>'8talline picrppiHiojihyllin. l>vniock anil Hooper found
il tri yii'ld 12 per cent, of rein, which loitlain^ 5" ]icr cent, of podophvllo-
IflrilL
PhysiologicRl Action. — Podophyllum is a slow cathartic, acting upon
^liTer aod the intettinal glands. It also exerts its purgative effects when
iHrodueed into the bloMi; »l*o by absorption, when applied to a raw sur-
h». In small doses it is laxative, in large doses drastic, and may cause gas-
tfWBteriti*. Podophylloloxin haa lately been isolated in a pure. cryetalliDC
farm, and Xcuberger has made an experimental study of its physiological
Klion. I'pim froysand riibbitit It has but little i-lTict. CiHh, howcrcr, proved
ntremi'ly sensitive to its mthience. Severe vomiting and diarrhtea occurred
in a few hours after it» administration. As death approached the animal
Ixntnc ap«thettc and paretic, and the temperature fell. Similar efTecU were
pwdnced in do^. After death there wa* found great irritation, or even ab-
*ns», at the point of injection. The mucous membrane and adenoid tisiiu«
af the inteiitineit were congesK-d or intlamod; the liver and kidneys were
•■flUi-n. XculKTKer. therefore, concluded that ilie nubntanci- ad.-, dimply aa
•ntnitant, exciting caihamis in its elimination by the iute«tinal glands.
Thenpy. — On a<-(-i>iint of the i^mallness of the do^ and iilight taste of
the min or podophyllotnxin, it is very applicable to the treatment of con-
ttipition of young children, or the opposite condition of diarrhtea from want
of proper secretion. A grain may be dissolved in spirit of ginger, and a drop
frt»o given on sugar. Proper caution, however, must l>e exerct«ed in giving
pMlophyllum or its constituents to children, as fatal accidcnu have occasion-
ally hippeucd in eonswiuence of overdoees. It will alito be found useful in
•^ilti, administered in the same manner, to check vomiting. In rhrooic
("oitipation the following formuic may be used: —
672 PIlARUACEUTlCAt. THCRArEUTIC AOEN'TS OB ORUOS.
B P«ido|}hr11'}toxinl,
AI<riiu,
Kxlraott bflladoniue foliar, ala,
ExUwiti ijrnoiuB ftft tlS QiiL or gr. ii.
Extracti uraxarl f|0O On. or gr. II.,
M- el It. jiil. nu. XX.
Kg.: A pill thrco timm a day.
Boiichiit recammeRdH in infantile coiutipntion this syrup: —
n RMunir podoplirlll . 1049 Otn. or cr. */«
Alroliolii ', S eJtm. 0» ftl '/,.
Syr. dIUikhi «>| com. Or (Jill-
BI, 8ig.: A dMwrUpooatul daily.
It i» nliio UHcful in malaml liver ditor<!«r« and jaundice, and in Ay
fepBta dependent upon deficient secretion ot the liver and intestinal glands.
R thnt form of Kick hcadnche sK«ociuled willi luwe and dark-eotored stou'
podophjilum generally affords relief.
Th« tincture of podophyllum, in »na1I doiie», i* a useful remedy in ca
o( recunini; tonnllitis, in "bilious" patiente, those with sallow compicxion
coali;d tiingiii-, and conittiputed Imwds. The mothod iised I»y eclectic pn^
titioners is to add a few drops to half a gla^ful of water, and give a tciuipooi]
ful every hour or two diirint; the doy.
POLTGOKATI RADIX.— Boot of Solomon's Seal. The I'oIyKonaiiim
gigiitilciiui and r. lid!i)]'iim (l.ili«c^-ie), common plunls in thv (.-u^tcni L'nili^l
Ki»t<3i, have )H-i-uliiir, licol'Mlinpcd rhieomc», hctarin^t the* scam of preciKlinjr
li-uf Hiid fiowiT-Ktalke, which InoK liku the impitrtQ of u fcni. Th«!y i:on(aiii
a bitter, acrid principle. Convallarin, with other vegetable coiK-titucnte. eucb
as laiuiiii, tiuu-ilii^'i'. etc. ^M
Phy»iological Action. — Slightly tonic, astringent, and altcratiTe. jH
Therapy. — I'sed extemnlly, in decoction or fluid estracl, as an ^ppl^H
cation to frt-ckles, and for relieving bruises, sprains and local inflammatioi^H
also as an injection for Iiucorrhoea, inenorrhagia, and m a wash for hitinur-
rhoidfi. Internally, it has been u«cd in rhcumaliem. gout, and dropsy. It ^^
claimed to hare special etfccis upon rt.-la.\ed mucous membrum-s. ^H
POLYGONUM. — Water-pepper. Smart-weed. The smart-weed, Pol]fl
ftonum bi'drLiplperoidi-it {Polyg'inno-^), is a »mall. indigunoim herb, wit^^
narrow, green leaves and apikes of small, greenish or white flowers. It «on-
tain!< Polygonic Acid, an iicrid primriplc insoluble in water, with tannin, etc.
The active principle is dissipuled by heat, and therefore nn alcoholic tincture
"f the fresh plant i* the bt-t^t form, or a well-miide lliiid extmct. The dose of
the fluid estract is from O.GO to 4 e.cm. (or i«x-fSj). .-V solid extract has •!
been prepared, the d«*e of which i* fn>in 0,06.5 to 0.32 Gm. (or gr. i-r).
Physiological Action. — Polygonum has a burning, acrid taste; inHamfi
the t^kin nlii'M rubbed upon it; iind internally luis slimiilnling elTecls. espfl
cially to the ovarian functions and to the kidneys. Polygonum Jncrea»« th^
number and strength of the cnrdiac con t rod i on.'*, promotes and inci
the capillary circulation, and causes warmth of the surface, accompanied br'
an incri'use of perspiration.
Therapy. — Rmpkiyed in dnnievtic practice, externally as conntcr-irrii
tant and ititirually an an ennm-nagogue, 2 c.cm. (or foK*) diwes of the fluid
POLYTRIcniCM.
678
MtTatt being admin istnred {«r w-vt-rnl daya before the oxpectvd jH-riod, in
uKiwrrliaia. Wuter-pcpper is likfnisu of service in functional impotence.
0&loc4UDt of its diuretic virtue, it has been emploved for the purpose of
Hiking out sand or gntvel from the kidney« or blnddt^r. It has also been
and is diarrhcea, bronchitisi, and eatarrhal diBordei«.
A jwultiw made with water or vinegar from the leave.* of Polygonum
E' uia has been found an excellent anodyne applicAtioii by Proffissor
. In dental pniclice he reeomuiends the warm puultioe as beneficial in
neuralgia, while, applied cool, it relieves pathological condition* at-
tnding tho rruplion of tite Inwcr wiiidoni-tooth.
FOLTTKICHIUlf.— Haircap Moss. Polytriuhinin junipennum (Muaci)
M I lacaty plant, ^rmving iiliiiiu!a:il!v IhrouKhout North America, in manhy
Iil»ci», A fluid extract may be ii'-id in the dose of 4 to 7.50 com. (or rSi-i]").
Physiolof^oal Action and Therapy. — The taste of polylriciiiuni is some-
■hit pungent, but not acrid, Dr. I'Akfcldt state* that it liii* u certain nau-
»«tDl effect, is alierative, and a diuretic of considerable power. He declarer
IW the use of the drug for a few diiv:' causes an appreciable lusA of weight,
ni ikat it« physiological action mcrita a closer investigation than it has yet
ttwited. Dr. Kckfeldt bus enipbjyed ijolytrichium with advantage in drop-
lical conditions due to dieeaee of the liver or kidneys. Its effects are
UKNtted by combination with a diuretic or hydragogic cathartic.
tOfVJJ CORTEX.— White Poplar-hark, American Aspen. Tlii> P.tpu-
1wlmnu]nid« (Snlicaceiv), a fon^Hi-tn* iif the Tnited Stands, contains in ita
lark Popalin, a bitter principle, rf-sembling quinine or dnehonine in its
{Etiological and therapeuticaJ offcctE. Poplor-bark has been used as a tonic
tod uitip«riodic in dote* of 2 to 5 Gm. (or gr. xxx-lzxv) several times a day
isdecoction or fluid extract. A solid extnicl mur be oblaincd by evapornt-
ingtlie fluid cxlmot lo piluiar conustence. Dose, 0.13 to O.IH tim. (or gr.
Mii).
Th« terminal bud« of the poplar have a balsamic odor, and contain vol-
*^t wl, resins, etc., and pfMWcss the mcdicinnl pnipi-rlics of tcrdtinthinate
nbitanca- The ointment of poplar-buds (made by digesting freshly-bruised
fopltr-buds with twicv their weight of hot lard, and KC"tly boiling until all
Boiitare is dissipated) is a fragrant ointment resembling benzoinsted lard iD
ntiaeptic qualities.
POTASSnm.— The metal Fotassium. or Ealinm (K).
Salts and Prtparaliona.
PoUjun (L'.S.P.t. — TnuKtio PoUih. Pntani-liim HvilrMti*, PnlaHtum Ujrdroside.
pDtann rum Cnlce (U.S.P.I. — PotiuB uitli l-imc^, Vienna Pnits (equal part*
f^Miiun hydrate and lime). Kachaiotir.
Antimonii <-t PotaMJi Tutru lU. tsT.). — Antimonv and PMaiwlMni Tarirale.
I>nar EBHtic. Dow, OjOOIS to OuOSa Gm. (orgt. Wj).
PoUMil pt Suilii TarUM lU.8. P.I.— PoUsoiuin and Sodium Tnrlrat*, Rnchello
Vl Dow, I JD to l^A Cm. lor gr. xx-3ir).
RnUMii CitroB Eff*rf*a(«nt (U.S. P.).— EfferveKont PotaHjum dtrata. Dom,
*teSOm. (or 3«i>'i»K
Uovor PaUMii Ci(rsti« (U.S.P.).— Solutjon of I'ulaMitun Citnit«.
(KjTfnpaHnit dtBii){ht it the extMnponneoiu tolutlnn o/ pnUwJum citrale. nmdr
V Viiiiur MUaJ quantiUn o( two •oIuUmui. om> cantalntn)|> <t (liiL of citric Mid lo
cr-i
■■IljlH)UCBL*TlCJLL TUEaiFBimu AOBKTB OB DRUOS.
80 c.mi.; Ili« other B Gm. of potAnitiiii bii^arboQuli! to 50 c.cm. It conUin* about
tf ftt OMit. uf anliydrou* polA>iiluiii ciliato. viilli a littl«' (roc ritilr and cnrboaii: si,-)!)*.)
DoM. 15 to 30 pjilL lor IJaBJ).
Ar)(!viiU Nltnia IJltiitii* (U.&P.)-— DUatnl Millgatod CaUfttic IconlnJiu po1«*-
riiiui nitiutc. 2 uarU. tii >tilvi'r iiilratr, I iinrt).
I'lilvi* KlIfn'i-iici-nB ('i>m|>ntituii I ('. S. P.)'— SnldlitK Powdrr (lodium bieai'
tiODOlv. 2.00 Gni.. or gr, xl, niid ItoihflU- utt. 8 Gm.. or 3ij. in a pap«r tugvUiM; tartaric
■dd, 2J0 Gib., mt gt. xxxvhi, in « scparNtc paper. DiMoh-c wpnrAtcly in wstcr and
mix). Dose, 1 or 2 lakni while «lTcrv*4i.-lng.
Liquor Pottwuii Arnraitin IL'.8,P,(. — ttolulion of PotmiMuin Araeult«. Fowler'*
fioluiion (i>tr»nglb nmrij I per <ynl,). I>ii«p. (I.IHI to 0,00 com, (or ml-xt-
ChartA Pot«i«ii Nitmlii |U. S. P.). — PotUBiuni-Xitrntp PngHT lunniud paper*
moftlenvd «ilh a itD-prr-t^ciit. tolulioii in vrat#r, anil dried niid oil into pivoes about
8 inebts »(|iLarpK
Poni rt Poianni Tarlra* (U. S. P.).— Iron and Potauium Tartrate. Dom, «M
to 1 Gm. lor fct- v-xv).
STrupuo U)'p<iph(H.phltum III. S. P.}.— Rjnip o( tho Rypophn*phlte*. Doug, 3 1o
TJi c.ciii. (or (3"-iji.
Potaraii Bitnrtm* (U. S. P.).— PoUesium BilnrtTatc, Cream of Tartar. Doae, IJO
lo lrr.5 Gm. (or gr. xX'Slv).
PolasiUCyAiiidiim <U. 8. P.|.— Pot««>-lttni Cjranbl^^ Iloi«, O.OOG Gni. (orgr.'/nl-
Potaasii FenocTunidum (U. fi. P.). — Patnsaluro Frrrotyanide, or Vrllow PrUMtele
of PfrtAith. l)o>i', o.iVi Gin. (or ffr. x|.
Potnssii Hrpopboaplii* (U.S. P.). — PMaaaum Uypophocphite. Dom, 0.13 lo t
Cm, lor gT. li-iLix|.
Polonii Acetaa (U.6.P., B.P.)^-PotaB»iuiii Acetate. Dow, OM to 4 Gm. (or
gr. X-3J).
PotaMii Itifbrotnaa |U. 8.P., B.P.). — PotaMiuni Uvhromate. Dow. 0.018 Gm.
lor p-. V,).
PulAv«li llruniiditin (lf.8.P„ B.P.).— Pot«B*iom Bromide. Hose, O.fiO to 2 Gib.
<or gr. xJss).
PoUMii Bicikibonas (U.S.?., B. P.}.— PotaMium l)l<.-arbviuit«. I>om, 0.3S to 2
Um. (or p. v-KiKi,
Potaull ('nrbonnn (t'. S. P., B. P.).— PotnB-*iiim Corbonntt, Suit of Tartnr. IXiw,
0.13 (o 1,30 Gil), 'or (:'■ i>om.
Potnvii Clilomt. (U.S. P.. B.P.)^Pot»Bsiuiii Chlorate., Dom. 0.18 to 0.0ft fiiii.
(or gr. i<-xl.
PolawU CttTM [U. S. P., B. P.).^Pi>Unliim Citratf . Dom, O.Ofi to S.BO Gm. |ar
gt. x-xl).
Potavi'ii lodidnni (U.aP., B.P.I.— PoUwJum loiUdi'. I>o«e, 0.32 (o 2.00 Gm.
(or gr. Y-xl).
Potaatii Nitraa (U.&P., B.P.l^-PotasaJuni Nltntte, Saltprlrv. Duee, 0.13 to
IJOOm. (orgr.ii-xx).
Pcitamii Ppmiangnnas (U. 8- P., B. P.).— Potaaatum PrmiHiifanalv. Dow. 0.03 to
0.13 Gm. (or gr. ssiji.
Potauii Sulpha* (U. S. P., B. P.I.— Potamuin Sulphate:. Dom, 1.30 to 4 Gna. lor
gr. i-vJjI.
PntnsM SnlphurnU 117. R. P.. B.P.).~Siilphurated Potassa, Liver al Sulphur.
DUH>, 0.l:t to (l.'iO Cm. <nr gr. ilviij).
l..iquor PotnssE lU.S.P., B. P.),— Solution o( Potassu. Dot*. (1.08 lo 1.20 cem.
(or mi-xxt. Well dilutpd,
PulvU Jnlapa- Compo"il«» lU. 8. P., B, P.),— Compound Jal&p Powder (tJ, 8. P.
contains <Ui pnrlit of tiram of tartar and 3a of jalap). Do«i', 0.K& to ).3U Gm, (or gr.
X-XSl-
Trochi»pl PotftMii ChloTBtU (U.e.P,, n. P.l,— Trofhfg of Potawium CWoraU
(eocli contniiiiug 0.3'2 Gm,, or gr. v. ot potaasiiim i-liloi'at«; Die B. P. (ormiibt contain*
0.20 Gm., or gr. iij, with rose Ihibi*).
Ungiwntum Polaaeli lodidi (U.S. P., B. P. L— Ointment of Potauium toHM*
[potAHMUTn iodide, 12: Bodium livpuMutphite. 1 ; water. 10; benioinated l*nl. 77 parta.
The R {' (oriiiulft t-onlnin^ .> flni. in 40 Glii.t.
I'otUKta CaiiaticK lU.P.I. — PotaxsiUTii Kydroxidr. Catintic Potasli.
PotrtMJi TartToa IB. P.).— Potassium Tortrate. Dow, 2 to IBS Onv. (or gr. xxx-
Sir).
POTAPSiru,
OTS
INiluni Tartnu AciduH IB. P.),— Acid I'otaMium Taiiratr. FurlBnd Croam i>f
TtrtAi. Uow. 1.30 lu 4 UiD. (or gr. xx-3jl.
JtMlnionliliii TnrUrnluiii ill. I'.|.— Tart>ratrd Anliniony. Tnrlnr Rmntic. Di»c,
MK diaptiureUc, fS,(ltr27 lu t).iW» tiin. (01 gr. WV.1 1 us un cuivtk-. O.OiiS to 0.13 tim.
iia gt. i'ij ).
Soda Tananiia (B.!'.).— ikKlitim I*»Uiashnii Tartrate. Rui?liellc 8itlt. Oom, 8 to
lU fini. (or Sii'iv).
Pulriii 8mlip THriurata- LIThvmwiia |B. P.).— Eff#TV«H«nl TarUrtted Sod» IVnr-
fcr, tMtliU Powdi-r.
U^uof ArKOBicHlln IB. P.I.— ArxMikal Solution, towler's Solution. Dow, 0.12
toO.Uc.tni. lor mii-viijl.
U|iior PotaMtll l'<nn>an^nntl« (B.P,).— Solution of PolaMluni PrnoanfanAte
UpwoMU). Do»r, 7.5 to 15 e.ciii. (orfSii-iv).
CMtertio Sulphiiria (It. P.).~CDn(onlion nt RiilphiiT (nubllinod mlphiir. 100 Gm.;
•«ai o( tartar, SJl Gro. : tra^rantU. 1 Gm.: >yrup. 60 c^mi.! tinotuie uf oniBge. 12.6
t«i.; glfiMMin. 37.ft c.pm.l. Dcwi". 4 to H tini. 'or Si-Jj).
Linjmenluni I'utasui luditli i'uid 5upiin? (H. t>.^, — Linini«nt of PolBMium lodiila
■lUiSoap (about 10 per cent, of potitictiuin Iodide).
Pbarmftcology. — PolaBsium salts exUi in certain mitiprale, but Ihcj are
ittiiti prin<'i]iull.v from the »fhe» of ptAiils; tln-y arc a1«o prcwnl in iini-
uJ liisuea, especially in Ihe mmcles. Potaseium is a white metal discoven'rl
••ySii Huiiipbry Dsvy in ISOT. It dpconipoi>w water wilh tmch vioK-ncu (hat
itigmteii the hjdrogen, buroinf^ with a rod flame and fonnioff the hydrate
urcsBttic putnsh, whieh ie n most uowcrrul alkabnc bn«e, soluble in half its
*nght of water. When dissolved in SO parts of water it fonna liquor
potuue. rala««iiiiii chlorate, whi-n tritunilod in a mortur with Hiigar, sul-
phur, tannin, charcoal, ulycerin. and numenms other subatancefl, and occ«-
tionalk even trituniled aUme, is liable In tixplode; and thei'ef«r«>, in mskiii?
'Ih- iroches, the V. S. Pharmacopa-ia dircrts that the chlorate shall be added
to Uk other iiign^it'iiitt Insl and mixed carefully hy meanit nf 11 horn :M)utuln.
Thf trochee somelimes explode i-pontaneoiiFly. At all events, the l. . S. P.
proportiou is t»o large; there nhould not be more than 0.0i>5 to 0.13 Oni. (or
Jtr. i-ij) in each lozenfce. The bicromate also fonos an explosive mixture witJi
Siyxria. T\w salts of polanium are u«imlly colorless or while, and are gen-
BTsllTsoluble in water: some of them are deliqueccoDt.
ntysiolo^cal Action. — ('aiintic potaiih abstracts water and fat from the
Dea and produces a soft eschar when applied to the skin, which is snb-
itly Mpianfed hy icif1ainiiinti»n from the uninjured partii. This »uh-
■nee, moreover, dissolves the albuminouH constitui^nts of parts with which
i* brought into contact. Taken internally in concenlrated fonu. it is B
^^^Toiive mineral poison, destroying the soft parts and causini; much irrifo-
ij^^^p and s<-condary inflammation of the larynx, or ceaophaguB, leading to
letnre and (fastritis. Even by Ii<)uor potasste Ihwe symptoms may be ftr^
*Ced. unless the remedy be very largely diluted. The carbonate is a pow-
*|*^til antacid, both in the intesliiiul tract and in th« blood, favoring tlie ex-
^^Ision of uric acid, with which it formR salts more soluble than those of
?***liam; the bicarbonate, however, is preferable for internal administration,
^^np mure acceptable to the stomach. I'nder its use the urine becomes
"''^aline. Potassium is a cardiac poison, a musele- and ncr\-c- paralyxtr
y^rwogh an influence upon ptotoplaero, and destructive lo the ozonizin:;
'*tnction of red blood-corpugcles. These eflects are shown to a different de-
fi^by dilTcrent salts, and rary with the dose. In physiological Sokx they
iitCKaM the secretions, stunulat* retrograde mctunorphosia, and promolo
076
PHARHAOBCnCAI. THCRAPEtrTtC AORlTrS OH OROC
oxidstion; if too lan^ continuvfl, thov proilucc snieiuia aad wasting of the
body. Stnail doecs ot (he bicarbonate, tukcn bofora mcale, gtimulatc the m>-
cretion of gastric juice and make the urine more acid; larger Aaaes disorder
digestion, arc partly decomposed by the gsstric jnicc, nhich is made le«e ucid,
and partly enter tlie blood, increasinn itn alkalinity and the alkalinitv of the
urine also. In rar^ int-tnnrc« pota^iiim bicarbonate h«s occa»oiicd a vt-H-
icular eruption »iniilar to thai of eczf^iaa. The potassium salta with Tcgetahle
aeida are generally dcioniposo'l in the blood, thv vegetable acid K-ing de-
stroycd, the base corabiniHR with carbonio acid and escapinf: in tho urine,
which it renders alkaliiic. Tin- salts with mineral aurds are not decompoeod,
but in passing throufih the body exercise raoro or less etiecl upon the blood
and certain organs. The nitrate, in largv dvi^(-«, exerts a paralyxing influence
upon the spinal cord, and produces great muscular weakness and reduction
of reflex eentibilitv. In moderate doK'ii the nitrate rai#es arterial tension and
slows the heart's action, but larger doses weaken its movements and finally
arrest them. The fibrin of the blood i* U-i^ coagulable and the red blood-
corpuscles have their oxygen-carrying powers reduced. The urine is in-
creased in [juantity. Deaih has sometimes been cau«cd by the nitrate in con-
sequence of its irritant efri.ct upon the gnstro-intestinal mucous membrane.
According to the expeiinients of Auhert and Dehn, most of the ))ntassium
salts, with the exception of the iwrmanganate, have the same effect as the
nitrate upon the circulation.
Potassium chlorate acts like the nitrate upon the spinal cord, but has
R more profound action upon the blood, disintegrating the corpuscles and
making it of a chocolate color. Taken in lai^e doece, vomiting, with hxnna-
teniesis, delirium, haematoffenous jaundice, and ooma result The bodiljr
temperature is markedly depressed by large doses of the salte of potassium,
and especially by the nitrate and chlorate,
Laiiderer' reports a ease of a hoy, 18 year* of age, who, for tonsillitis,
had been given 'M Gm, (or gr. 4(!0) of potassium chlorate, to be disaolved in
water and used a* a gargle. He dissolved the whole in hot water and drank
it in two portions within half an hour, in the evening. He subtequcntly
was faint and extremely thirsty, and drank some beer, which produced vio-
lent vomiting through tbo night and paiu in both hypochondria. Next
morning he came to tlie hospital, with headache, faintness, and constipation.
Hia skin was aniemic, eyes and lips evanotic; he had rigors and alight jaun-
dice. Tl\e liver was slightly enlarged; there was pain over the stomach and
kidneys. The urine was very smiiil in quantity, only about 4 c.cm. (or fSj);
very albuminous, and deposited a hrown sediment of altered Wood-corpus-
cles. On filtration, the color was dark-cherry red. It gave the guaiac re-
action and, on spectroscopical exarainatiim, the lines of methsmoglobin.
Blood from the finger also showed altered blood-disks in masses, as well as
unaltered blood -corpuselea, which formed imperfect tvulcauT. Death oc-
curred six days later, without convulsions or special anemic aymptoms.
During this time suppression of urine continued. The legions, post-mortem,
were distributed through the body, but chiefly seen in the intestinal tract
(which was hy])erfemic, inflamed, and eroded in places) and in the kidne\-f
(which were much enlarged, (edematous, capsule adherent, blood-vessels
• BHtlsh Afrrflifil Jovnuil, Dee. 13, ISQO.
l-OTAMnrM.
hrtiiffillwl, the tiiWs plugged with browuigh na&fsee, lo which some dfUchi-d
ttfulhvlial cdls n<lli<ri(i). Tho liv*T and ipW» were aUo t'liinrged. The
l^ptoms appear to be primarily dependent upon excessive blood-dcistnic-
■ bon, blocking up Die unnary liibulc^ willi the delrilus, and the consequent
DVphnlis aim aniFmia. Jaundice and tyanoeis were clue to the Hiine cuuac.
is a rationiil tn-nliiKiil. Landcrer adviies blood-lolling, followed by trnne-
(uiinn. The preceding oaee is presented here as a typical illuslration of Ihe
Htwtiof potawiuni chlornlc when taken in a poisonmi^ dmo. In many cases
dnlb occurs earlier (toid colIapEe; in others the patient becomes cyanoscd
ib4 HOMruted, but slouly recovere after stopping ilie medicine and using
utiifottf. It was formerly thought that the cniorate, which contains a large
pnfortifln of oxygen, wn# capable of yielding some of it to the tiasues, but
lUi it not now believed possible, as the salt is excreted unchanged very
lujtty by means of the salivary glands. In giving potassium chlorate its
(ftcU should always be closely observed, and. if drowsiness and scantincH
Ktupproaeion of urine iiu|>ervene, the remedy aliould be at once discon-
tiniiM. One of the rare elTcets of ingestion of polHs»iium chlorate is the oc-
cacrenoo of an crylhematous, vesicular, or papular eruption.
The Ditrate. likewise, passes through Ihc body unchanged. The treat-
RHnt of poisoning will be con»idere<I in the next paragraph. The sulphate
u I {Awerful purgative, but is too irritant to be used for Ibis purpose, and
loKpleaMiit than Uochelle salt. The bitarlrate, or cream of tartar, is diu-
itlie as well as laxative. It is an ingredient in the compound jalap powder,
■kich ia a verv xafe and efRcient cathartic in dropsy attending heart or ttid-
Uf disease. 'I'he salts of pota^^ium arc eliminated principally by the kid-
■q:^ tlioujk'h tht< <!aliv«rv, inainiiiiiry, and sudiiriparouti gUnds also aiistst in
tuJT mnoval. A portion is also believed to escape by the bowels, at (he
litnte has been detected by Dr. Kramer in the feces of animals to which
^nt administered.
Treatment of Poisoning by Potasainm Salts. — Poisoning by potassium
Djuide is not very frequent, but it occasionalty occurs, the symptoms and
tnriiwnt l>eing those of hydrocyanic-acid poisoning. Alkalies should be
ftnaptly administered to prevent decomposition of the salt by the acid gas-
ficjnice. and the Klomaoh and inlestinal canal emptied as soon as possihle,
Mkrvtd by the administration of arterial stimulants, such as colTee and am-
■MBit, with oftid affusions to the spine and friction of extremities. Doses
a(9J0 to 0.32 Gm. (or gr. iii-v) have proved fatal.
PoiaMiiim ferrocyanide is decomposed even by weak acids, with the
tiliention of hydrocyanic acid. Acids should, therefore, not be taken after
tHt taction of theaalt. Cases are on record in which death has been caused
I"! till' mistake.
When caustic potash has been swallowed, it is necesaarj to use dcmitl-
^ti freely, with vinegar as a chemical antidote, and encourage vomiting,
Etrii); digitalis and stimulants hypodermicalty to sustain the heart, .\fter
■nth there is found inllummnlion. with soft«ning, erosion, and sometimes
pwfMition of the stomach. Death may en§iie from shock, cardiac paralysis,
oinllamniHlion of the stomach and inte»lini.>s. Potasdum chlorate causes
dwih by deprewion of vital powers, due to its destructive action upon the
^Mid and the congestive obstruction of the kidneys. The treatment is by
■Sne purgatives anA diuretics, especially calomel and oafTeinc, with hot
WIh, and, in case Ihore is much cyanoeis, transfusion of blood. Potassium
678
pnAHMaCEUnCAL THKRArKtmC AOEXT* OR DBCOS.
bromide catisea gaBtialsift occasionslly when taken into an empty storaici;
this i« rtlii'Vfd by hot drinks and CHrminativc*.
Tberapy. — Altbougii an eflicient eacharotic, caustic potash is not oftai
mi'i, b('Cuii»e it produt-cs a burn that if atlcndod by a iiooi dttt\ of ia&at-
mation and pain. It was formerly the cnstom. in the treatment of daatr*
of internal or(£iin», to t-sUliliih an iwuf by appjicjition of canUic potash. it>^
the rcrjuliin^ ulcer was kept irritated by a dried pea or a email pieec of iir>
rool; but this practice is rarely resorted to Bt present. On accouat of tk
powerful, estenEive, ami penetrating action of ihis substance, it shonld oeiw
iio uad ivithoiit pryeaiilionary meueiiros being taken for the purpose of fi»
iting iis elfccts. A hole cut in a piece of adhesive plaster, or in several pMl
overlying each other, then placed uptm the »kin, i« a iimple device by «k«i
the application of the caustic may be circumscribed. Nor should it btkA
long in oonlael with the integument, »tncc its influence continnei for MM
honre after it has been removed. When the integument a«]uire« t UiiA
tinge, and the epiderm it softened, it it time that the rc-me<ly should be A^
continued. The spot should then be washed with some weakmed vigipr,
in order to neutralize any alkali which might remain. Finally, a noirftieti*
applied to the area of action. Surgeons use caustic potash in treatin| foil*
in and after operation, in order to prevent imniedlale union; abo toi
ingrowing toe-nails. Dr. Piirekhauer, of Bamberg.' describee a method t
he has used with entire suecess in the treatment of ibis painful aSt
Thu portion of nail which needs to be removed is painted with a 40-p«i-<tn1
solution of caustic potasli. At the end of a few seconds the upper laycroJt"
nail hoH become so aoft that it cnn be easily scraped olT witli a sharp
piece of glass. The procedure is repeated until all that remains of th«t po**-"
lion of the nail is a thin scale, which can bcexeiscti by means of a pair of i»**
scissors. A valuable advantage of this practice is thai the patient is able t"
follow hia usual vocation without the loss of any time.
It is iifcwise used as an application to enlarged tonsils. Canstic pota*!"
it sometimes cnifiloyed for the destruction of carcinomatous jirrowtlti, tli«
limitation of sloughing ulcers, or the removal of the hard, callous cd^i* <*■
chronic ulcer*. Caustic potash has also been employed for the purpoie«fd«-
stroying warts, navi, and malignant pustules. It was formerly applied loth*
surface of chnnercs. chancroids, and syphilitic ulcei», but is far too sefwe for
such a purpose. In jiiiBgi'dicna. however, it may be adrantageoasl; em-
ployed; but in moat cases the Vienna paste will be found a desirable saMi*
tute. A weak solutiou of potasxium permanganate (0.005 to 0.33 Gb. ib ^
e.cm., or jsT- i-v to f^j) *aa formerly known as Condy** fluid; it isaBOodi*-
ing disinfectant, and a useful agent in dilute solution for irrigating vimvA
or ulcers. A solution of this substance is a serviceable applicaiioc to the i
throat in diphtheria and WJirlet fever. Polawium permanganate u ncnn-
mended by Weir Mitchell as the best antidote to the Tenom of sBak»?4i».
provided that it can be briMigbt into direct conluct with the rims brf""*
absorption, and has been commended by Dr. William Moor a* an ani^'**'
to morphine.
The permanganate, and ean-^tie potash as welt, have been einploytd «* I
a view to ncutraluing or destroying the poison of rabid animnK Ihoo^'*']
results have not been encouraging. A solution of the perman^oale'''
■«« ifnfMJ AiiJlrttK. llartli. 1S0I.
PfytAMlVU,
619
tfficifDt deodorizer in ossene and indammation of the middle ear. Potis-
ium l)irar)>onati> i* » good lotion (4 Om. lo ■l"3 coin., or 5)-0j) for eotema
tad rheumntic joints, und in stronger solution as an application in tiruritii*
'ul-VK, and to l-itw of nnimiiU or inscct-stingt.
In coses of pruritus, Dr. £. B. llroneon, of New York, often employs
lotion composed of: —
B Acid. csrliolieL 4) to 8 cjMu. or (3i-ij.
Uq. pot&M. , 4 <^jcni. or ti'f.
OL lini 30 pxHi. <w f3j,
H. Si(.: 6hkk* twtor* uing. A drop or tuo ol Ursnraot oil tocy he wdAtA m"
*v^mi to ovoKOme the odor of tu linsenl-oil.
In eczema of the vulva, Lujcli recommendii the following formula: —
B Pixmu. bicaib. 4
Sodll U(«rlh 8
Olyaeria i.. e
Tr. opU T
Aqan HO
K. Big.: For ium, night and mornlnitw, ■■ b lotion. ■
Gm. or 3j.
Gni. or it}.
c.riii. or rSl*«.
cum. or r3ij-
e.cm. or E|riij.
Lcucorrhtea, dependent upon the exeeasire functional activity of the
Klandg of the cervix uteri, is markedly beneflled hy vaginal injetlions ol
winU solutions of poUfsium bicarbonate. The same solution has been u»cd,
Willi ngwrtwl fuoccM, injecK'd into the bloddcr as a solvent of uric-aoid
viktciili. Four tirammes (or 3j) of potassium cyanide di^solri'd in 173 cent.
(orOj) of vater and used as a lotion will often altar [mmvth»ia.
Potassium bichromate, in solution, is a good appltcatioD to wart* and
coiM and lo venereal excreaoenoes of mucous )>atchc«. It is largely used wilh
*ulpliuric acid as a battery-fluid, and accidents occur by ewulloning *omc of
*^t fluid; the sjTnptoms of irritant corrodive poisoning at once appear, with
' ^'"omitinp, pain, and rc'llcssness. rc*]uiring the use of dcmnlccnls and ano-
"jnes, and free evacuation of the stomach and bowels. Dr. J. K. Weaver
"^Midera bichromutc of potaesliim especially useful in both lurynRitis and
*?'T>nchiliB, if secretion is stringy and hard to raise. After the second or third
**«s«> the expccloration becomes loose and easy. In tonsillitis, where the
?**et a rapid, the tonsils rough, raw, and angrv looking, with muco-pnni-
■^nt secretions i^xuding from the follicles, also, in cases of n on -diphtheritic,
?**<Midonicmliranous tonsillitifl, this remedy he regards asi a specifie. In treat-
***S laryngitis ond bronchitis with this remedy one must oe careful not to
*■•* it t(» dtrong— not more than O.OG.'i Om. (or gr. j) well diluted in ItO or 120
^-*?rQ. (or f.'iii-iv) of water, a teaspoonful every one-half to two hours. But in
~^r»silliti[', the finely -powdered bichromate should he added lo the water iiniil
*^6 latter is of a durk-lemon or lii;ht-oragge shade, and of this a tea§pnanfu]
T5*ould be given evert hour. In these caws the only limit to the administra-
^>on of the drug is nausea. If this symptom appears, lessen the dose. After
'■•i^ Ihird or fourth dose improvement should In; noticed.
Internally, where alkaltei; arc required, the salts of potassium have been
""^rj largely used. In acid dyspepsia, the bicarbonate, in considernblo doses
^ter mculs. neulralixe^ the exei;«s of acid and relieves hearthum and pyrosis;
*hiU «mall doses, before meals, in atonic dyspepsia, stimulate (he free secre-
Uon ol an acid gastric juice. In some cases of gastralgia the pain may be
6S0
PHABWACEimCAL THERAPKL'TIC AOKKTS OB DRt'oS.
relieved bv the bicarbonate in some effervescent water. Tbe Mni«nlti((f
value in the indigesiion of obc»e individuals, also of rhenmatic end gnn
subivctH. It is of material assietance, moreover, in the digrslion <tt batf
food.
Tn dyspepsia accompanied by hyperacidity, with piain or vertigo, Iltia
prescribes: —
n PoUml Utart 18
Sulphur, nubl ^, *
CrcliL- preparuUe > S
Pulv. ipcmc. ft OpU 1
U. at dlv. ill clmrtuln no. x.
8if.: One powdor after end) mttd.
Gm. or St.
Om. Of U'/r
Cm. ar Sm.
Gm. or gr. it.
In diarrhfpa, excited by an excoaive anantiiy of acid in the bwd,
potassium liicarbonatc ie an cfQciiciauB r^'mcuy. The carbonate in dNStf
0.065 to 0.13 Om. (or rt. i-ij) several limes a day is a remedy of eooiettilil}
in whooping-cough. In some forms of bronchitis, especially is goatjff-
sons, the liquor potaesas is a good addition to a cough-mixtnre, to litpt'!
the mucus and fucilitatc expectoration: —
B Liqiiorl* poiamto 4! e.em. or llj.
8yr. Kcnvgi*: ,... ,..-. 30 i-.vin. ur tJJ.
Mint. Kljcyrrhixn co. q. a. ad IBO can. or fSv).
M. 8ig.: TaJcH a d«>iM<rtH|ic>ontut iu u wlDc^glRwrul of water evrry thm koO""
bronchttia. wiUi acanty and tmigli cxpwturatiom.
As the nrine is rendered alkaline under ita use, liquor potaan ii^^
quently combined with other remedies in treating gonorrhcea: —
I.iqiiorU potAMUB,
Cvjiaibee . aa 22
MiiHlaK- acaciiE 00
8iiiritu>' u-tlii^rU nitfoal E2
linclurw t^ii 4
A<iuiB q. a. ad 180
«~twix. or I3r|.
e.cm. or f^}.
PjCT[i. or Brp
r.<iii. or fSj.
M. Sig.;
gonorrhiMi.
Tak« R tabWpoonhil Trcll diluted, three or four limes daily,
In cystitis and pyelonephritis the same combination can b« u»*";'
order to render the urine leas irritating. If, however, in cystitis, aH*''*
decomposition has occurred, the administration of alkaline mnedifl^V}"'
as Itinger points out, B(;gravate tlie disorder by assisting the traiijfon*^**'*
of urea into iiniinonium carbonate. The alkaline treatment in acult ™^
roati^m is suited to plethoric subjects, with stronjily-acid perspiration- ^J*
biciirbonntc is ii soil in doses of 1 .3() or 'i Gm, {orgr. xj-xrx) tTcnr four *'■"
hours in cinnamon- water, or the citrite or acetate may be given in fnli ^i**
If the system i» nlknlinized early in the dlM-asc, there is less dangrr ^kw***"
diac complication. Very ofteu the treatment is btst begun with pot "!*l?
iodide for a day or two, and thi'n the bicarbonate is siibstilnted. TW^sr w»**
is of Bpecia! value in chronic rheumatism in 0.65 Gm. (or gr. x) dos^s^tf. '•™'
compound synip of sarMiparilla and water, three time* a day. The cfc-^-rb*"*?
may be added to a warm bath for rfaeamatic cases with benefit, espe-^ctf^/,*
disens^ti of the skin nf rhcumatie origin. Potitxfium aiH-tnte i* tbe t^r^titi i""
retic of these salts, 8D'' ' ful iu irdema. ascites, and other tdotk^-^aif: —
POTAWlfM.
i
JSjS On. or SIt.
9 PoUMii oMlkt.
InhMi pilocarpi,
&p4. Jtinijv M >A OD] C.CHI, or IJIJ.
3f. Big.: A dcBcrt^Dcnful in witcr, erery two koort. in rappreMian at ttrlni
The eslt mav also be used with advantage in casee of functional 1
•<=t,ixitjr of the lin-r. In lithirnitii oiid disonlrr* of the urinarv accretion i
o^t^in Rood results from the administration of the dtrate or bitartiaU:
B PoUmII litUrtrat (crytUU) lOjA Om. or Sm.
In/iu. junijicri ...,473| ojCid. or OJ.
&I. cc n. vol.
filg.i To be Ulcca al ioterrali during tli* day, to Umtmim Die How of urine.
The diuretic propcrtic* of the bitartnite render it vuhinble in ehroi
^^rigfat'fi disea&e. For the same reason thiii salt is of advantage iii the troi
xnent of puerperal cclump#ia. Both the bilurtralv and acetate are of ev)
in u^ema dependent upon dieease of the heart. The deposition of uric a^
and formation of etone in the bladder miiv bu prevented by the peniste
aadminifitration of an alkali, and it is probable that small calculi may til
"be dtwolved within the bladder. Continued alkahnity of tlie urine is bi
maintained by means of the citrate, as that salt ts less apt to derange tl
functions of the stomach or exert a deleterious influence upon the btoa
corpiHclee.
II PoUMtl dtnt.,
Utliii citrat. am ^ Gm. or 3i}.
U. Oir. in dmnul* no. xxiv.
Si^: Tmk^ on« in ■ gliua o( Vicbf u-*(«r, everf (our boun, in liUuemia.
In hemorrhoids the following is a iieeful lasativei-i-
n PotaHil bltarlraL 3li Gm. or 3j.
Sulphunn loli.
Pulv. armiiat. . . . aa i5|ft tiin. or Jm-
U. Stjc-; A UupooBful once or twice dailj, made into n ImIiu with otao)
Sir William Gull esteemed potassium bitartratc as "of singular vnli
'*> alcoholic cirrhosiii." Good restilta have also been obtained from its il
'•• the fame affection
***^'itonitU.
; Fotasnum citrate i* of wn-ioc in the fir^t slajje of acute bronchitit!, al
~** the form of neutral mixture or eftcrveBciuR draupht it affords marJo
j^'it^f In ibc nausea and voitiiliiiK which accoinpHiiy fihrile nITections.
' likewise, well adapted to the irritable stomach of phthisis. Incontineu
/•"■""Q a too concentrated oondili»n of the urine, is benefited by adminii<ti
^'.' 'Q of the citrate. The pota^ium and sodium tartrate is a very useful la^
*T^ and is senioeahle in fevers. "Mw Seidlitx powders are nwwt cflicio
^^en early in the morning, when the stomach is empty. Except as a ci^
V^toenl iif some mineral wHters, notan^ium sulphate is not used as a purj
*'*"; its action is too sevetc. and it is very bitter. HeinR a hard and
V"*iler, the fulphste is utilijfi-d in pharmacy for the trituration of powdq
•f d trill-masscs. Potassium nitrate in small doses reduces teiiipp rat lire al
*** iD(» and fretjiK-ney of the heart's actiim, and is useful in the trea
"^i pncomonia. ae in tlie following combination: —
rhen dependent upon other causes and in chroB
ess
PBARUACBmCAL TIIEB.IFEETIC AOEXTS OR OHCCS.
B Pnlnssli nltMt.
Piilv. ipccnc. ct opii *. (085 to |I3 to
M. ot ft. pliRrtiiln no. j. MiMi- Inliw no. xij.
Sig.t Tski^ uuv cvt-rj' Lno ur tliiv« lioim.
120 Gm. or gr. iM.
fS8 tim. or p. tu*.
PotofiHum aitrate its also used in acut« rheumituiin. Undicd
saturated in a aolntion of nitre, it) hurncd. and its fumee inhaled vith
rt-Hiills ID H^^thnm. According to M. Cor*on, t).13 Gm. (or gr. ij) of poUt-
eium nitrate in a glass ot iiUjiar water will relieve the hoarseii(*s to ■liith
spcokcre and tingtrs arc linble, Dr. Pctur Biiro. of Arvi-Polhora, aitrrx
as a result of clinical esperienoe, that potassium nitrate ia a speciiic rrrowi^
in t.vpical maluriul intermittent, of wliutcvcr form. He adrntnUten it »
adults in single doses of 1 to 1.5.'. Gm. (or gr. rv-xriv) in either the liVi
or non.f«btilc ttagi*, and tiates that it fiives ri«c to no ditturhance ai tbt
digestive organs or nervous system. Tliis salt is sometimes of nluc ii tW
treatment i>f hamorrlingc. in lia-moply»is acwmpanitxl by febrile oolfr
mcnt it has been prescribed with advantage. In purpura simplex 0.6i Gft
(or gr. x) do*i!s, niid in purpura htcmorrliagii'K from 0.65 to 4 Qm. (or p.
x-oj) doses have been reported as successful. Potassium nitrite is ttiH b«
depressing to the circulation, rescinWing nitroglycerin, — indeed, pnttial;
identical in action, — according to Atkinson.' It may be eubstittited htm
latter in the treatUK-nt of neuralgic heart affection* (angina jHictoris) lai m
epilepsy, in doses of 0.20 to 0.32 Gm. (orgr. iii-v). Larger do«-s ape daajtwa
In flHthina il alxo may \k- given in conjunction uilh inhalation of tmr^
paper fumes. Dr. F. IIowrhI iidvoialt's the use of iiotasvium nitnl* «
an nntidote to the venom of rattlesnakes, centipedes, etc., ginnr tht
same in heroic doses: 1 tabtespoouful rlissolvcd lu a glsM of nlCT IP
an adult; to a child under tun years, 1 teaspoonful. He also K>n&)
Ihij wound and 'applies n »lrong solution of thp same to ih* {*'*•
Potassium cyanide is used a.t a means of introducing hydrocyanit »™
into the system for the relief i>f the cough of bronclntis and plj'*"*
In nervous dyspepsia Dr. J. P. (^rozer <irilTlth prescribes eyanul' "
potassium in small doses, with extract of ralerian. to hv taken iBtd*
capsule after each meal. The jii'rmanganatc ban been given intensUj-''
is said, with good results in flatulent dyspepsia and litWmia. ThiH**
howevir, s.oon disagri'f* with the itumaeh. Neu^ser ha* recently "1*^
favorably upon the action of potassium tellurate in the nighttmi^ **
phthiitis. Ho ban fmind thnt this substance, in many cases, cither wiff"**, I
or considerably diminishes the sweats. Pills containing 0.08 Gm. («rp. '^ !
were given at first, but, in some instances, it vas necenary to doole^ '
dose after they had been in use for about a week. No toxic syniptoois***
ever manifested; the appetite sometimes seemed tobeimproTed by th«4r»*i"
It communicates a strong odor, resembling garlic, to the br«atb of the P**
tient. The therapeutic action of pota.i.'<tiim bromide is ditcniKd nn^
Bromine. .
Fotassinm Chlorate is extravagantly praised by some and neglerttil ^
most entirely by others. Il has been shown that, administered in 1 Gob- *,
gr. xv) doses three limes a day, it is serviceable in preveniiiig dUeue ot '-
PHAnUAOEin-ICAL TUKHjtrEUTTO AGSMTS OH DBUOB.
(ind tn^lignant ulceration, and acts aa an antiseptic and SHtrmgent.
J*, n. Kcyscr hud much Kucn%s in treating email cpitholiomita of tho i
to
I
Prof,
eyt'lidn
by the daily amplication of flnely-powdeml potaiwiiiim chlorate, and claimed
that he had thus ^vi>d a resort to the use of the knife in some ease& The
trochca of potasniuni chlorate are dissolTed slowly in the mouth, aa as to
cniistantiy moisten the throat, and in this way they are very valuable
scarlatinal and diphlhcntic iwrc throat.
In comJiinntion with arsenic (Fowler's solution) internally, the ehlora
loxengcs. locally, arc of singular i^fllcncy in clorgyint-nV sore throat, or f'
licukr pharyngitis.
Dr. A. Harkiii regards this mH as nii cfTtdcnl gnlActJigogue, havin):
successfully used it for this purpoae during many years.
In diphtheria, it ihoidd not be used in full doses on account of 1
depressing action of the potash upon the heart.
B PoUMii chloratis Ipulv.) 41 (>iii. or 5i.
.\cjdi lijrdrocliloricf 0] c.cm. or fSioii.
Jdian et adds; —
Tr. hni I'hioridi T1S exm. or fSij.
Arjum 1]. «. ail ISO] r«'ni. or fSiv.
M. Sig.: A U'HApocmru] to 1)v given undiluUxl every two hniir>L
Free chlorine is generated in this mixture, which is based on Watson's
celebrated formula. It has been successful even where sublimate applica-
tions (1 to 500) failed t» check the spread of the disease. When diluted with
vrater, the above formula makes an excellent gargle. In the tore throat of
phthisical patients we may ^ve: —
R Potnsni chloratis 2180 Orn. or gr. x1.
Glycerini 16 c.uiti. or
MorphiniB liyiltochlorat. 10 Gm. or
Syrup, uursutii q. t. ad 120 c.cm, or
SI. Big.: A ttnapoonful occasionally.
7S<U.
cr. i
Vjiv.
roat ol
4
Potassium chlorate will often be found beneficial, also, in chronic bron-
chitis, and may be servicenbly combined with ipecacuanha end wncga. In
hicinatiiria, purpura, scrofula, and many chronic affections the chlorate has
been used in Mome cases with marked results. In many affectiona of llie skin,
especially those attended with suppuration, the author can speak with un-
qualified approval of the action of the chlorate. In »ycoeis, pustular acne,
eniema pustulosum, furuncles, and carbuncles the suppurative stage i« de-
ciditdly abridged. It exerts a tonic influence in «erofula, and is peculiarly
appropriate in the case of debilitated subjects of syphilis. Potassium chlo-
rate, as u rule, should be priTscribed alone, and not in combinntion with other
agents, which may decompose it.
.\¥ an alli^r«live timic, Pnifessor J. McFaddca Gaston recommends the
following; —
B FutaM. flilont R
Tr. niicln vum T
Tr. oiuHion, oo , .,...l£(l
AquK q. «, ad 240
M. Sig.: Tablv^oontiU every t1ir«e hour*.
oi 5iL
cem. or fSij.
e.em. or (JW.
cenu or fjvilj.
Oxalate of potassiuni has been u»ed by Cavatxani, in l-pcr-cent. eotutl
rarsoe.
691i
for bjpwiennic injection in llie trentment o! phlegmon and milk-leg, with
Yrrjmcoura^in" rcsiills.
Polusiam Dithiocarbonate. — ^This compound is obtained by th» anlion
oftBtbon disalphide on potash lye at the uotling tcmpernturo. It oecun
in ikt form of a cmtaiiine powtler, delitiueticent, of an orange-red color,
Tnyeoluble in water and but slightly soluble in alcohol. Jtadc into an oint-
mmlof J-p 10-, or 20-i>er-c^tit. Mr^ngth, it hna been used, with reported good
rtcnltd, in varions diseases of the skin. The stronger preparations may prove
tnitant.
PotaBsium iodide is discussed in connection with other iodide* under
Mnm (V. S. I'., B. P.).
FBINOS. — The blaek alder, Prinos verticillatua (Aauifoliace*), or wJn-
tir-bfrry, is an indigenous shrub, or smalt tree, bearing ciuGtcrs of bright-red
brmn>. The iMtrk, which \ru* formerly official, containa resin, tannin, and
Mm bitter principle not yet isolated.
Physiological Action.~!t is nplringent, tonic, and alterative.
Therapy, ^I'rinos i^ udmiiiistcrcd in the firm of fluid extract, or a de*
mtton, in gadric diwrder and diarrhren. Antiperiodic virtues hare been
iltribnted lo this drug. It is also used intemiilly, as an application in
Aa diMaece. and 'a» a topical applicfltion to indolent and unhealtbr ulcers.
Dow of the fluid extract, 1.20 to i c.cm. (or mxx-xxx).
PROTABOOL is a silver compound consisting of R,3 per cent, of ailvor
naliini'i! u iih |irnt<>in. It ii; xaid to be lest) irritating than stlrer nitraie and
dwaot discolor llic ekin. It has been \m^^ cspooinlly in the trpatment fit
furelenl affwtions of the conjunctira?, in the lacrymal duct and sac. In-
■iillttkinf of solutions varying from 1 to •'1 per cent, are recommended in
Anok conjunctival catarrh. In gonorrha?al ophthalmia I'r. Edward S.
Peck, of Xcw York City, and othew have reported thnt the duration of the
ditMse is shortened and gouococci have disappeared earlier than by other
tnatownL It haf nlw> been emploved in place of silver nitrate tn Cred6'B
l««ln»ent.
Dr. William L. Richardson, of the I^ying-in Hospital, Hoston, used
ptNxrgol {i per cent.) in every baby's eyes at birth, for three months. None
o( the rcdnew and « welling of the lida and none of the temporary .^ocrelion
that immediately foIlowB the use of nitrate of silver (1 per cent.) was ob-
•mri. Clieney' used protargol in a 2- or 4-per-ccnt. solution in the treat-
wnt of ophthalmia neonatorum, in compnri.50n n-iDi solution of nitrate of
•ilm (I to 2 per cent.). The leas degree of irritation from the former wa»
*nT Doticvahlv; tlierc was also \f» tendency to lacrymation and to the
fonution of fibrinous coagulate and false membranes in the prolargol eyes.
It hat been used with fuccesa in 5-per-cent. solution in empyema of the
■Blmin maxillare. Also in the treatment of gonorrhora in all stages.
Buhlman* employed protarpol for internal nse a* a snlwtitntc for silver
■itnte. He claims that it i* iinirrilatins and docs not produce arRyria, a* a
wfc, wen when long administered. Frntargo! can be prescribed with the
■tiliniry pill basis. The maximum daily dose is 0.6& Gm, (or gr. x). It
*Bm(d« Uivliral oiHl Stirsicvt JonnMl. IflM.
'TkrrapntlfelU' Bfiltiir rfcr DrtitKlie m<idlHii(M4e Woeheitttritt, Oct, 18M
886 PHARMAnnnCdiL TBERAPBirrir aashts on rntus.
frrvatlj rclii;vnl tin- ^ymploint in a chim' of iidvaniMl rari-inoma of tin- slom-
»cb. It was found useful in chronic diarrhtra ami in ulcer of Uie iuU-stim-i
In htrintilimi'i'iK frnm gn^tric ulot-r tt« effect was »n\<\ tn li« vxc-irlk'nt, fcivci
in powder {O.iO flm., or gr. viiss). One caw of locomotor ataxia was gr«atl]
iM-iioritoii, 0.^0 Om. (orgr. iij) bcinj; given three timcNtdnily for nine monthit.
{Sve sIko IiKrgin for comiiarieon.)
PRUNTJM (r.S.P., B. P.).— PniB«.
J'rfparalioti.
Confectio SHinn (U.S.P., B.!'.).— Contcction oX iStana. Dove, 4 to 8 Om- «
Fhannacology. — "The UneA fruit of pruntis cloniesiica" (lloeacMe)
The prune-tree is cultivated as an article of food in all tomperate climale
Th« dried fruit )» olUcial. The French pruntu an; the bc*t; they thould "
large, sound, and not too dry. As stt'wea fruit they arc used as a relish opoB
the taWfl, and arc gcni'itiUy liked. Thu cooked fruit it laxative, ami is given]
to women after confinement, and to children. They may be made cathartic
l>y the addition of scunii or podophyllum , forming "niwJicntod prunes,"
PEUHUS VIROimANA (U. S. P.).— WUd Cherry.
PBUNI VIBGINIANfl: CORTEX (B. P.).— Virginian Frone-bark.
Preparationt.
: * artrsflum Pruni VlrglnlanB Fluidura (U. 8. P.).— Fluid Estracl of Wild Clwrry.l
■•SMK'.W to 4 criii. (or nix-l3j).
InftMuin Pruni Virginiamc (L'.S. P.).— InfusSiwi ol Wild Cherry (4 per ccm,)»
Vuov. 3(1 lo 120 LM-rii. lor ftl-iv).
Sj-nimis I'ritni VirKiiiiuiue (U. S, P., B. P.I.— SjTUp o( Wild Chmj, Syrap
Vlrnlnmn Pnino imndo bv pprcolntion, without hi^nll. Vote, i to 15 ccm. {or (3i-lv>
B. P., 2 to 4 (■.(■111 lor (3"«-j1.
Tinctura Pruni Virginianie (B. P.). — Tmoture of Virginian Prune (20 por cant-).
Do«e, ! U) 4 v.tin. (or f3wi-)).
Pharmacology. — "The bark of the Prunus serotina (Koitaceffi), ool
leeted in uutumn," has an aromatic, aitringont, bitterish taste, and on'
mnirrnliim in water ha= Ihe characteristic odor of hydrocyanic acid. This
is developed by the jjrcsi-ncf of water, n« the bark contains amysdalin and
emiiUin, which form hydrocyanic acid and an oil like the oil of liitter al-
mond. Amygdalin is a cryslallizahlc glucoside, hitlir to the taste, soluble
in waler and alcohol, hut insoluble in ether. Kmulsin is an anuiminous 8ul>-
stance. which dissolves in water, and is coagulated by heut, acids, and alcohol.
Glycerin aids in keeping the dissolved matters in permanent solution, and ta
therefore added to both the fluid extract and the nyrup. The former more
fully represents the drug than the latler, since the tannin is soluble in thej
dilute alcohol, but not in wattir. The infusion and Rvniji. therefore, are Io»
astringent than the fluid extract. A wine of wild cherry may be made by
extracting the medicinal prinoioUs from the bark, or l>y the addition of 8
parts of the fluid extract of wild cherry to 8 parts of sherry-wine. Doae,
to 30 ccm. (or f3i-f,\j).
Physiological Action.^WUd cherry is astringent, tonic, and aedalive-
Its pleasant flavor has made the syrup a popnhir vehicle for cough remcdivs
TTBLRA COBTRX.
087
It increMcs aitpolilc and pTomot«H difiatioii, re<tuce3 expectoration and
cough, and diminiBhes nvrvous irritabilitj.
Tlienpy. — As a tonic, the iiifusioD is rerv serviceable in phthisis, where
It also leewDS the cough and espectornliun. etrcn^thenE the digostivi- orftanst,
and reduce* fever. In the coagh of phthisis we get good results from the
foUovinR combination; —
B Coilrian
Tr. bolladomue (olior.
S^r. prUBi ViTg. q. •. ad DO
13 Ora. or ei. ij.
S com. or (SiJ.
c.cm. or (Jiij.
U. SIg.i A UMpooahil. m- two, when cough U trouMMome at DfghL
Wild cherrj- allays nervoii* or rt-flcx cough, and may very appropriately
Nrrve as a vehicle for more potent remedies in whooping-cousn. Pnlpitntion
of the heart, whether purely nervous or of dyspeptic origin, ia nenefited i)y tlie
administration of this dru;?. Casea have been reported by Dr. Cliffonl AII-
Iratt in which wild cherry was of servic* in mitral insufficiency, and in dila-
latioQ of the hcan with chronic bronchitis and dyepnu:a. In nervous de*
tiility, inMimniii. and poor dig<«lion, small dose» of the fluid extract are use-
ttl as a stomachic, taiten before meele. In such case«, also, a ferrated wine
bf wild rhi-rrv, containing ferric phoitphnte {0.13 (im. in 30 c.cm., or gr. ij in
tuk fjj) andi fluid extract of wild cherry, 10 per cent., will be found a good
gounil tonic in doMc« of n drachm or two scvenil times a day.
PTELEA CORTEX.— Ftelea-bark, Hop-tree Bark. The Ptelea trifoliato
IIIdIuxw). a tree of North Ainenca, iiffordi;. in the bark of the root, an appe*
imn$r Ionic, wrasionHllr ti3«ful ilurin;; cunvnlt^Hceni-e in dy^i^pei^, Ptc. It
L'l«t given in fluid cxtracl; do«c, 0.50 to 2 c.cm. (or fiiviii-xxx).
PTEROCARFI UONUH (B. P.).— Bed Sanders Wood (Red Sandal-
«M<.) (See SanUlnm Bnbrum, U. S. P.)
FtTLSATXLLA (C. S.P.).— PulaatUla, Ueadow-anemone.
DoM, O.Oft.'i or 0.32 Gin. (or gr. i-v), in fiiiid vxtract of tincture.
Fhazmacolof^, — This comprises "the herb of Anemone PubntiiU and
Anemone praton&is (Ranuueuiacea-). coIU-ck-d »iioii after flowering." It
■honldbo carefully presened and not kept longer than one year. Puliialilla
raisins an acrid. Mni phomceoiie principle, which readily breaks up into
Ambuiub and Anemonic acid. The active principle being volatile, the herb
Bniil be fresh or, at leaNt, not kept longer than a year. The beat preparation
<* > ftt«h alcoholic extract.
Anemonin occurs as while needles, slightly colublc in water and ether,
Mdily (oluble in hot alcohol and hydrochloric acid. Anemonin has been
pwii'in dose* from 0.006 to 0.13 fim". (or gr. '/lo to ij).
Vhyaialo^oal Action. — 'I'hc recent plant has some irritant propertic*,
|l»' juice causing ntimbncrS, tingling, and iutliimnialion of the part to which
'I itipplied. Intirnnlly, it lowers the nul»e-rate and temperature in the in-
J^oi animals, and stupor and convulsions have been produced by large
**& In considerable quantity in the human subject it camea naueea and
*naitnif>.
Tkerapy. — Pulsatilla is re]>orted to be adapted to the treatment of
*fi* calaTTli of the respiratory passages unattended by gastro-intextinal dia-
iQBS PHAnUAOBVTICAI. TUSRAPBtrTlC AQEJITS OB DRirOS.
order. Borchain ])riii«(« its action in aculc epididymitis, given in doseaof O.C
to 0.13 c.cm. (or mi-ij) of the tincture every two hours. Shapter haB {oil
it useful in hyaterical convulsion* and rvflcx Hpsiiinit due to ut«rine disease.
Fliillips Etntee that he has seen paUatilla do good in mental disordere, and
in sudden suppression of the menses, or lochiu. Aiiomonin it Raid to be of
avftil in pertuEsie and irritative coughs. According to Dr. Bovet, it has a
d(!cided g«datiTe action in dyAmcnorrhaui and other painful afToclions of the
female pelvic organe. lie prefers a recent extract, as the active principle tc
volatile, .\nemonin has been lik<!U-iiic uMed with alleged succtM in atthiiiiB_
and epididymitis. "
PYBETHRTTK (V. S. P.),— PeiUtory.
PYEETHKI RADIX {B. P.).— Pyrethtum-root
Preparation.
Tinolut* PyTelliri (U.ap., R P.).— Tlnclur* of PeUitory (20 per «nt.>.
Pharmacology and Phyaiological Action. — "Tlie root of Anacych
t'yrethrura" (L'ampoi-ila?), a small jilanl o( Africa, cultivated in Europe, con-
tains an alkntoid, Pyrethrine, iin iicrid nwin. n volatile oil, tannic acid, starch,
mucilage, etc. Pyrethrum baa an acrid taste, and cauaes a free flow of saliva
(einlagoguc), with a pricklinK. pniigenl elTi-tt upon the tongue when chewed.
If ewallowed in considerable doeee, it causes diarrhixa and teneainuB and
dysenteric or bloody stoolf, wilb depression and stupor. A child 3 Vj years
old nearly died with gastro-enterilis after swallowing 3,10 ccro. (or wil) of
the tincture. It is irritating to the skin and causes cnvczing when inhaled
into the nostrils.
Therapy. — In neuralgic, rheumatic, and other painful alTections of the
tongue or teeth, pellitory may be chewed or held in the mouth. Pellitory-
not is sometimes used as a masticatory in paralysis of the tongue, and may
be employed in order to stimulate the salivary glands when their secretion is
deficient. Dr. Whilla finds that the sialagogic ai-lion of jiclHtory constitute*
an excellent means for the removal of iodine from the system. A few drops
of thi" tincture may he introduced into hollow, aching teeth; or, diluted with
water, it may be used as a stimulating mouth-wnsh or gargle in scorbutus
and sore throat, with relaxed mneous mcmhrane. Dr. Ruchmnn' has re-
ported a curious ease in which he sueeessfully employed pyrethnim (or re-
moving fly-larva?, which had developed in the stomach of a man addicted
to alcohol, who had the habit of cjiting raw meat. He sulTered with gastric
disftirhance and diarrhiT-a. In the vomited matter, a large number of whitish
worms were observed, each about Vo-inch long. The author wn* able to
verify them as living By-larva. The dejections also contained the larrsc.
Male-fern extract having proved useless, the author prescribed: —
B Powdered pyretlirum SI Gm. or f^'. Ixxv.
Boiling wat«T ISO] c.rni. or fjTj.
lDfuH«. ttrain, nnd add: —
Syrup of bitUr orange ISj c.cm. or (8tv.
M. Sig.: A tublpipooRfut crrry two or t.Uir« lioura.
The immediate effect was to provoke nausea, without vomiting, anc
*Semaiite U(dioale, voL sviii, p. 70.
FTBIDINUU.
itrnil itUeks of copious perepiratioii. The next dnv the patient passed
auM of whitish clou, eoiuisling of the faalf-ilif!ested larva-. The gostro--
iiiUitittal dUturbancefl eabsidetl. The Ian.a;, it is believed, were ingested"
•lUi ih« raw mi'at, uiul itiiiiply developed in the etoinsch.
Fynthnim roscum, or IVrsJan iniccl -powder, i« ii variety of pellitory
gwniif ill Asia, of which the fiowcr-heads are verj' destructite to insect lifo,i
Thcpowdeied tlowers are largely used to kill ini^olti. If a smnll (jtiantitr is
pUnd upon a plate and vai wilh alcohol and ij^ited, the fumes will kill oi
driie from the room small insects, like flice or mosquitoes. It is also used inl
hoiuchold ceonoinj-, und in furDitiire to destroy ehiiik-buRe, and to remov^
Itea* from doas. Schlagdenhauffcn and Rct'b !i«m' didcovored in these
Ifcwm an active princip)<', whi<:h ihvy name Pyrcthrotoxic acid. When
^''poderaiicaily injf*tcd into animals, it causes at first cxoitt-mcnl, soon fol-
/uH(.<d by complete prostration and paralysis of lower extremities, and death
'■y failure of respiration and circulation.
PTEIDnnTM.— Pyridin (C,.n^X) is a clear, colorl««8, volatile liquWj
•'ith characteristic odor and pungent taste. Pyridin is soluble in waten
■'»>! alcohol, and forms crystalline wits, which are likewise soluble in those
'I^Um^ In aqueous solution it has a marked alkaline reaction. It boils at
* X6' C. (2-10.8° F.), and ia miscible with wat«r, oil, alcohol, elher, and beniin,
'^Tining clear solutions. It gives precipitates with w.i!uti"ns o[ most metals,
^>:il not with le«d acetate and ma^nestiiim sulphate. I'yridin is the founda-
'•<:in of a proup of compounds known as pyridin bases, formed in the drj-
*5 istillation of bonei" and oilur nitroKcnoiis rompounds, and aa a dccompoii-
*^«m product of nieoiinc am] some otneralkftloidl;. It wa.* discovered in 1846j|
^*jy Anderson. Chapman and Smith have made it by synthesis, by dehy-T
^^■alinc nmvl nitrite with phosphoric anhydride.
Physiolt^cal AoHon. — Upon th<; healthy adult inhalations of the vapors
«>4 pii'Hdin mixetl with Hir product! flushing of the face, with quickening of
ViSm puLie and of the respiration, the latter lasting only n few momenta, the
CiC39ncr from fifteen minutest to ten hours, depending upon the amount in-
l"»«lpd. Pyridin produces slight ^iddim.'^ and Himt'timM hi'adachc. Ac-
<^^^ing to Cimtani, pyridin exerts a markedly deleterious influence upon
^1-H medulla and particularly upon the respiratory and cardiac centres. It
«3 iffiinishes reilex irritability and causes a fall of blood-pressure. In large
^S*s« pyridin causes u fall of tcmpcralim-, cyano!»is, piiralvi'ii', and death
"f x-QDi rrfpiratory failure. It occasions the formation of methiemoglobin in
»»)e hlood.
In asthmatic patients the qnickening of the respiration ie not observed;
*** the contrary, the heart's action slowly falls to the nonnol, if it had been
Pfeviously accelerated, without change in rhjihm or force, while the ro«-
P'r^lion become* slower, easier, and fuller, tho dyspnoi* disappearing. In
*ost c«fteii there is a desire to sleep, without narcotism or interference with
braio tunctiomi, the patient being easily wakem-d. a.s out nf natural sleep.
Mie mlor of the drug is soon recogniicd in the urine, and it is expelled byi
'^e kidnevB and in part by the lungs. ll.t elimination by the urine i» r*» ■
laarkably rapid. Pyridin is also pfn^ics^ed of some antiseptic properties.
Therapy. — Krom the fact that tobacco-smoke, when innaled, tpves relief
■A asthma, Germain S^ was led to attribute On- effect to pyridin; and from
tUitir&l experience, in a woman suffering with asthma and dyapncc* from
690
PUARMACKUTIOAL TUEBAPEUTIC AilKKTS Olt UUL'US.
hiHirt <liiicaiie, he vma in<Iuce(l t» udvoctitc ilH further emplovmeiil. Kciiir to
7.50 c.cm. (or f3i-ij) were puiircti upon a pluu-, ami the funu'g inhslucl hy (hi>
fi&tient with her head clir*ftly nvor U. These iuhalalioiis vrete continueil
roui twenty to tliirly iiiiiutle!-, and were found to nITurd much relief, and
frequently to abort or arrpsl tlie dyspn<pic attack. In a numher of other
«!«*■*, inclmlitig Kotne both of pure ti^iiliina and of cardinc ii^lbiiin. thii; tn-nt-
inent was resorted to with remarkably pood results. See believed that pj'ri-
dih i» the moKt certain a^ent for bringing relief when iodine fails, ant) UihI
it is superior to the hypndormic uw of morphine, its action beinp more lasl-
inff and better borne by the t>y>ite)n. Dr. NetT aUo reported gooci retiiills.
Oi li cases, 3 were of nervous asthma, with complete relief and uo r«ttini of
the attack; 3 cases of earcliac asDinia were relieved; 3 of bmiichtal asthma
hud no return of attack; of S catt^f of dy«pn<ra in advanced phthisis, 1 wsi
slightly relieTcd. the other was not benefited; i case of asthma. a> i-omplin-
lion of gout, WH» cured. All unplmKant symptoms were confined to com*
with long-staudiiii; cmphvitema. or valvular or degenerative heart diseaw,
with xmall,irn-gti]ar piilxe. In advanced phthisi)<it should be used with vurc,
and probably will fail. I'yridin liaa given relief in angina pectoris. Cema
writes that it hm lieen given internally in doses of 0.12 to 0,18 C-cm. (or
mii-iij) and as an injection with 300 parts of water in gonorrhcea. A deci'
drawback to the use of this reniudv is its extremely-disugreeable odor.
1
i
PYHOGALLOL (U. 8. P.).— Pyrogflllol. Pyrogallic Acid [C.H,(0H),1.
Pharmacology. — Pyropallol iaa triatoniie phenol obtained chiefly by
the dry distillation of gallic acid. It occurs in the form of brilliant white
emtals, of a bitlor taste and free from odor. The crvstaU darken on ex-
posure to light. Pyrogallol is soluble in water^ alcoliol. and ether. Its
watery solution, in contact with the air, absorbs oxygen and &cquirc::t a brown
color. The fluid change* al»o from a nentml to an acid reaction. The
alteration takes place more rapidly if a caustic alkali is present. It may be
used dissolved in flexible collodion, i).5o (o ^.60 Gm. to iO c.cm. (or p, %
*o fiU). oT as an ointment with petrolatum.
I)r. Kromtijer. in a paper read before the Sixth Congress of the Qeniw
Uennatological Society, called attention to some new reactive remedies, in
a paper which sluted that pyrogallol is a benxin with three hydroxyl groups,
each of which may be replaced by acid radicles. Thus, wc may have a mono-
acetyl-pyrogallol, a diacetyl-pyrogallol, and a triucctyl-pyrogallol. Pyro-
^llol mononcetate. or "EozaUol," is a syrupy, dark-yellow mass; pyrogallol
diacetate, is a white powder not readily soluble in cold water; pyrogallol
triacetate or "Lenigallol," is a white powder entirely insoluble in water, and
is only gradually dissotved on warming, with aqueous solutions of alkaliee,
with deeomposition. Lenigallol is a mild preparation, oven ointments con-
taining 60 per cent, with lanolin causing no irritation, when applied tinder
a bandage. H is decomposed by the strongly alkaline perspiration, produc-
ing the characteristic darkening of pyrogullol, together with its action on
the skin, in eases of psoriasis, chronic ee/.ema, and iti chronic impeti^oug
eruptions. It is asserted that lenigallol is non-poiaonoua.
Fhysiologioal Action and Therapy.^When a|)plicd to the skin, pyro-
gallol causes a brown discoloration. The incautious application of pyro-
gallol may cause inflammation of the skin, and this may result in extennT«
ulceration and sloughing. It will also stain the hair and nails as well as linen
QtrjtetiiA.
UOl
opparel with wbich tt eomc!) in contact, li nlj^rirljcd iD suincicnt quantity
ttiM sub«ttRc« excites vomiting, ilinrrha-ii, disturbanccg of temperature, nerv-
ous tnanifeelations and great proatratioii of musciilnr strcngtb. Fatal cams
have oceurred from the free use of an ointment on targe cutaneous lesiona.
The urine is black and contain« hnemoj^IoVijn, and the liloml becomes of a
liliickiiili or chocolate color. In doj^ poisoned by pyro^Uol, hepatic legions
vtTc produced identical with those caused by pho^^phoni^. Tlic mineral acidft
act a» antidotes. Pyrogallol poKmnee antiseptic properties.
This compound has been little used n* an internal remedy, although it
*«3 (triiTigly ri'co mm ended by Pr, A. Vesey in 0.U6S tim. (or gr. j) doees in
tlie treatment of hn?mopty^is and haimat^'meiiiR. The drug vrui admiuixtcr^d
hourly unlil the haemorrhage had ceawd. Pyrogallol is employed as an ex-
Umal application in cerlain diseases of the #kiR. It has a good elTcct upon
li* patches of psoriat-is, and may be applied as an ointment or disaolved
fUherin flexible collodion or in alcohol nith the addition of a little glycerin.
I'ml in a sitnilar miinncr. pyrogallol is serviceable in lupus, lepra, and syph-
ilitic leeions of the integument.
Oallacetophenone. — This substance, o derivative of pyrogallol, uaa dis-
Wfwed by von Ni'niki. Cfaltaeetonhenone is obtained by hfaling together
a mixture of 1 port of pyrogallol. 1 '/i parts of acetic acid, and 1 '/. parts of
zi&t chloride. It is a pale-yellow crystalline powder, tolubla in hot water,
•imhol. ether, and glycenu. The addition of sodium acetate promotes its
"'^liibility in cold water. Oallacetophenoife is poHet»«d of antieeptio prop-
^rii««. It has been u»d in 10<pcr-ccnt. solution as a substitute for pyro*
ffailol in the treatment of psorifisis.
PYSOXYLINUM (U. S. P., B. P.).— Pyrwylin, Soluble Oun-cotton.
Jolloxylin.
^^^ Qun-eotton is white, dry, and entirely soluble iu u mixture of alcohol
^^''I ether. It U inflnmnuiblc and violently eiplosive. Used in making col-
*o»Iion. (See Collodion.)
QTJASSU (V. S. P.).— auawia.
aUASSI£ UQNUK (U. P.l.—Quauia-wood.
Boae, 0.65 to 2 Gni. (or gr. x-xxx), in infusion.
Preparaitons.
' Eittactun QuMMUe f U. 8. P.|.— Extract of QuaMia. Dok. O.OftS to 0.3S Cm. (or
■•- i-T).
Exlraeltim QnMtli) I-luidutn (U.S. P.).— Kltiid Extnct ot QimoidB. Do*c, 1X30
l.SO i;.cm. (or mv-xxI.
» Tinrtura QtHMtte (U.8,P,. a 1',).— Tincture of Quauia (10 prr cent.). Dow.
-*0 to 4 e.eai. (or iwix-f3jl.
>^^^ IJi)iiOT l^iaaUB Cnncontratu* (R P.}. — Concentratt-d t>ululion «( QiuuJa (100
I ^■•«». in alcohol [20 prr «nt.] liOO c.cm.). Doie. S to 4 e*m. (or rSi»-t).
InfiiRum QuBhiite (II.P. )
|4)T tl»j).
"Infution of QuaMia (I per cMit.l. Dote. IS Ia W
-^ Pharmacology. — Quassia is "the wood of Pier»na excelsa" (Simnni-
*^»y, a lHrj:i- \tf<- of the Wc»t Indies, usually occurring in the form of §m8ll
^*ip3 or raspings, nearly white, without odor, but very bitter. It is some-
mi
rilAnUACEtTTlCAL TireKJ.rEUTlC AORXTS 08 DBUOS.
timi's made iiito cups or vases, in irhicli hot wstcr is poured at niglit, to be
drunk cnrl}' in thi? morning, or throuKh (he day, as a bitter tonic. Quaseia-
WDod cotilams n bitter, iinitral principlf, Quaiain, i-ryslnllizing in nccdlo*,
and readily H<iiul)U> in aloohol and in hot water. It bIdo has a niiniitf! quan-
tity of volatile oil, htit no tannin. The toViH t'xtrnct is aqui-oiu, hut the
fluid cxtrnct in inado with dilute alcohol. Tlie tincture is 50 per cent.
stronger than the same preparation in the prcciiding reTieion of th« U. Sj
Pliarmticopccia.
Fhysfolosricftl Action. — Quaesia is verv dGElructive to flies and inficcttf^
A conecntnikil sululicm i» poisonouR to thft lower animals, and caused seri-
ous Bj-niptome of narcotism, in a child of 4 years, as mentioned bj Potter.
In thi'dot*i'o(Hl"nil 0,015 Oin. (orgr. '/,), Compnrdon found quanin to
produce severe headache, burning pain in the throat and asophagos, eick-
n«W of stomach, vertigo, rcstlessnei^x, dinrrhcea, and Iri<([ucnt l>aasagv, bv
diminished secretion, of urine.
Therapy.— Quiisaia is a simple bitter, without astringency; it it a eod
stomachic, and increases the appetite; it is used as a tonic in dyapepaia, whei
it probably exerts both a tonic and an antiseptic action. Quassia is Ukewii
useful in diarrhea dependent upon indigestion.
It can be given with iron on account of the abiicaca of tannic acid, and
often has aroinatics combined with it to improve the taste. It is useful dur-
ing convalescence to stimulate th^ appetite, and may be combined with an
alkali and given before meals. In children, an infusion of quassia is a usefi
agent as an enema to destroy thread-worms.
Qua^in Ims been e.^hibited as a stomachic and tonic in the dose
0.002 to 0.02 Gill, {or gr.
1 ,' -' ' 1
ftUERCUS ALBA (U. S. P.).— White-oak Bark.
Pharmacolo^. — "The bark of Quercus alba" (Cupuliferie) contaii _
chiefly tannic mid gnllic acids, upon which it* usefulness depends. Thi
form of tannic acid contained in oak-bark is known as QaercltanDic acid.
In addition, then; has been found a bitter prineipUi, Quercin; also peotin,
coloring matter, etc. There are no official preparations; but a decoction
(1-16) is employed, and a fluid extniet made witli dilulod alcohol is obtain-
able, but they are rarely used internally. Oak-galls from Qucrcua lusitanica
also contain tannin, and, as they answer a similiir purpose, they are more
convenient for medical use than the bark, but tannin or gallic acids Bx
generally used.
Physiological Action and Therapy. — A decoction of white-oak hark
occasionally iiwd jis- nn injection or "Usb in leucorrhosa; also in sore throat
and nasal i^atniTh, but it stains clothing, and may well be substituted by
solutioii.'i of tuniiic Held. The ap[>]iotitiong of tannic acid have been already
coHdidiTcd . The powdered bark is an ingredient, in tooth-powder*; it was
also formerly used as an absorbent apptieation to ulcers and as a poultice
in gangrene. A confection or candy of white-oak bark is in popular use for
relaxed throat. j-
A concent rated fluid extract of Quercus alba is, according to themcthodH
devised by Ueaton. injected into the margin of the inguinal ring for tho
radical cure of hernia, hut the forms of operative procedure for radical cure
are generally preferred by surgeons.
093
QimXAJA (C. S. p.).— QnilUja. 8oap-b»rk.
aUILLAl^ CORTEX liJ. 1'. ).— ttniUaia-bark (Panama Bark).
rrep'imli'j'i--^.
Tinrtun QiiilUjtv <IJ.S.P.). Tinrtiim (Juilhiiti' |B.P.).— Tioctuiv ot Qiiillujn
IXO per iM-iil.J. |TI)« t'- H. P. (orniLila is luui li»ii-« Ihe Mr«n)[th of ibat of tliR
B.P., ol wblrh tlir >io*r i» 2 to 4 r.cni.. or (Z**}.) Uom, OjM t4> 1 e.vm. (or "ix-xv|.
Liquur Picin Curboni* <IL P.).— {<oIuUon uf Coal-ur (ijulllnlu-luirk, SOO Ooi.;
pTr|MR>l coal-ljiT. 200 (ini.; nlrohal, 1000 crm.).
Pharauicology. — The "inner bark of Quillaja saponuriffl" (Roiwcea?), a
trw of modemlc »«<*. of Chili, is l-nnight to tliii< country in flat piece* »ev-
wai inches wide and from two to three feet in lenRlh. The outer Burface is
brnwrtirh whiti-, tiu- irmi-r wlutish nii>l siiukHIi, II hii!" a cplinlcry fracture
tad is destitute of odor. The infusion of ((uiUaja, when shaken, fmlhs lik«
mp. This propcrt)' depends upon the presence of an irritant, poivonous
Eluconde called Saponin, which baa been found in a number of vegetable
ipeci4«and genera, and is probably- identical with polygalin. Dr. ITcssc has
irtermined that saponin dfrired from quillaja-bark i." identical wttb that
(mm other lources and with senegin. Stiitx gives the following ns thv for-
mla of saponin from Hoapwort, or Saponaria ofhcinaUs: C„UtoC,,. It also
■mire as a c^D^tittient in caiUophyllum. ^cnc^a, and other plants. Saponin
«isiaalale<l tn 18S0 h,v le Umuf. tt i> a wliite, crj-ntnllinc powder, the taate
o( which is ut fir^t swcot and afteruard acrid. 8nponin i« slightly i<oluhli!
to vster, but more readily soluble in otron^; and boiling alcohol. Itfl eatu-
nlfd alcoholic solulion i« a eolvent for gums, rcifins, and oils, with which,
after being mixed with water, it forms permanent emulsions. Another con-
•titii«nt, qoiUajao acid, possessps the property of precipitating irlbuniin.
fbytiolo^cal Action-^The powder of ooap-bark and solulionB of
■apooin arc strongly irritant to the Schneiderian membrane and excite tint'CK-
^ In weak itolulionK, saponin is a local anipsthetic; in coneenlrated form,
it if a protoplasmic poiwu. and its local action destroys the energy of nerv-
*<Uuid muHcular tift«ue. Saponin exerti^ a specific influence upon the all*
daiT Irscl. since even intravenous injections give rise to gastro<cnteritis.
^SAtoS' found that 0.16 to 0.20 Gm. (or gr. iisB-iij) of saponin produced irri-
■ congb and secretion of raucus in the bronchial tubes, tasting for sev-
lAal boon; but no ^'fTtot wax manifested upon either the kidney* or skin.
■ tkntea pain when injected hypodennically. Locally applied, it paralyzes
"iteiuory and niotornerves, producing local paralysis with auoHt]it«ia and
of the muscles. It counteracts the effects of digitalis upon the
Saponin aho paralyzes tJu^ respirator}* and vuKomoUir centres, and
'large doses respiration fails before the heart ceases to beat. If injected
■to a vein, death follows from cardiac paralysis, which accords with Iho
vstion that saponin reduces the force and frequency of the heart's
*tion, and finally paralyzes it. Kobert claimed Uiat the efTccta of com-
~ _ cmJ saponin are due to the presence of quillajac acid and sapotozis. The
■lUajae acid has verv active toxic properties when injected into a vein, in
Iinrer animals, w^ich can take, relatively, very large amounts by the
(h without producing such effects.
Thtrapy.— It is principally as a topical remedy that ouiUaja has been
inp^je'l. but. although its range of application is limitea, it exhibita de-
694 riiAnMACKtrricjii. TiiRR.ipr.nTic jIOents or dbcos.
cid«d poirer. Quillajn' is an iMr«llent gtinuiliiDt to chronic ulMre on^H
t'hronic eczema, the affected parle beitiR covtred by a roller-bandage whid^|
hati Una Mituniti-d in nn infusion of ttonp-hnrk. The same preparation i^^
uf value in hyperidrosis and broiuidioais. The hands and feet may l>v ad-
Tuitftgcously bnlhfd in thix solution every day or every AecoDfl day, while
the axilla; or face can be mopped by a sponge whieh has been dipped in th«
infusion. In dandnilT nnd simple pityrinsijt, the watery solution of soap-
bnrk is an ettidenl application. The tincture may be employed where more
powerful action is retjuircd, at In t-lironic eezemu or alopecia circumscripta,
111 which conditions it will often prove eiipcriur to the tincture of grcvn eoap.
PilTiird rc'ciiminendH n mixture of fluid extract of «oap>bark with fclycerin in
certain forms of acne. A. decoction of Fonp-bark is not unpleasant to the
inatt^ and has been giv^n as an expectorant instead of senega. In aortie dis-
ease with hypertrophy. Bnintun su^e^^ts the employment of qiiillaja for
the saponin which it contains. Saponin may alsu be used, in small doeies,
as an expectorant in chroute bronchitis. Seno};in. which is probably iden-
tical, liaK been administered in 0,13 Gm. (or ^r. ij) doses to dieck uterine
hiemorrhage. Saponin mi^ht be useful in affections for which senega has
been recommended, as snake-root is thought to owe its activity to thi« activ^^
principle. ^M
The root of Saponaria officinalis (not official), a perennial herb, com-*^
mon around dwellings, known as soapwort or "Bouncin)^ Bet." contains about
30 per cent, of saponin, another highly poisonous colloid, sapntoxin, in the
inner bark. The soapwort has been used in the form of a decoction, as an
alterative in chronic skin diseases, scrofula, and Ronorrho-a. A numhor of
other plants have similar properties and probably contain saponin.
BESIHA (U.S. P., B. P.).— Kesin, or KoBiu (Colophony).
Preparatiom.
LVrntuiiL KfHiiuF IU.8.P.). — Ite«l>i Cerate, IlKsltioun Olulnimt (resin. 35; jrelld
wax, 1.1: Inrd. iO |)art«i.
Liiiimcntuiu Tcrebiutliiittii I U, 8. P.}. — TitrjivnlSTie l.mini*Mit (r«iin cerate. M;
of turpentine. S6 pacts). Tlic Liniinenl of Tnqjcutioc o( thn B. P. doon not cont
Etuplutrura K<-ine lU.S-P.. H. P.).— KcHiii PlaHter. Adiimive Pkatn- (U.S.
contalnn min. U: lend plnitcr. SO: pOlow n-nx. R part*: •'prrad on muslin).
Uiitcuriitum Itfnhiip |Il. P,). — It«>iii Uitiliuviit (rpsiii. 20 (!ui.; j-<'llow boca-n-n
20 Gm.i olive-oil. 20 Gm.; lard, IS Gm.|.
FharmaGOlogy. — Resin is "the residue left after distilling off the rola-
tile "li from iurpcnlinc" (U. S. P,)- "the residue left after the distillation
of the oil of iur]>i'nline from the irtuli' nh'ort-sin (turi>eiitinr) of vwrioi
species of Piiius (B. P.)." (Sec Terebinthina.) It enters into several of
cial cerates and plasters, to which it gives adhesiveness. Kesin ta in.solitbl
in water, hut soliddv in alenho), i-ther. fixed and volatile oils.
Physiological Action. — It is slightly irritating to the skin, and intc
nally is antiseptic and astringent in its effects upon the intestines.
Therapy. — Resin has been employed as a domestic remedy for diurrhcea,
a few grains, finely powdered, being given every hour or two, but it is seldoi^g
' .1m> pnppr liT niilhoT "On n Xntuinl So«p and Itn Une in the Trratinvnl ol Di»-
eaam of the Skin."' Ttie JfrrffcnJ BulUlln. July. 1373.
ii«d iDleroiiUv. Hie fumes cominp from boiling resin may l>e inhaled in
rimaic lironcliitis &n<I in winter couph. Rci-in ocnitf, or bu«ilicoii uintmcnt
M It if soni^limesi oiilIc<1, » a popular dreiwin^ for ulcers, promoting cic-
iltiiAtioD an(] graniilntion. Compound r^in corutv, or l><^fhlcr'« salve
(Pilar. 18T0), no longer ofTIcisl, contning cnide turpentine, and is more stim-
uliliiu than the plum cerate; it is eometimcs applied to blietcn to prvvent
(Mr nealing too quickly and to promote suppuration.
Bctinol, or Itoi^inol (Codol), it) a liquid nydrocarbon, obtained t>y the
iff distillation of colophony, or of Rur^\mdy pilch. It is of a brown or
ffllowtih color, has the consigtoncy of a fat, and hac a slightly bitter taste;
At reaction is slightly acid on account of the presence of traces of picric
ttid. It forms a Tarni^h-likc coating over a surface when applied. It sharea
IheimiHeptic properticii of the other bnlMims. and poMCfses the additional
•Jnntage of dissolving a great niinibcr of active substances, such as oil of
cade, camphor, naphtol, balsam of Feru, phosphorus, salol, iodol, ariiilol,
t'hryssrobin, cocaine, etc. Rctinol mixes with fats, oils, lanolin, glycerin,
ind (irlrotatun). By mixing; a prtiper ]iroponi<in of colophony, with »nk-
l«Ti-t or sofUum borate, a mas« can be ootuincd siiHiciently adheslTC to
illor it to be made into suppositories for vapinitis, etc' Hetinol is nnn-
imtilmg whrn applied to tiic skin, and is an excellent vehicle for medica-
rncntt in culiineoua diaeoites. It does not become rancid and i« unchangeable
I7 lioe or Uffht. It has an advantage of most el the new remedies in the
Ilct thiit thi' price is moderate.
Therapy. — M. Uarbicr gives a number of formuUe for its use, from
'hkh thf following arc taken: —
R R«tiooL 101 Gia. or Siiss.
■•anvllnl Sl Gm, or 3i gr. xv.
Bodii liicarluinatu ..,.. |l3 Gin. or gr. ij,
it. H (L nnjiui'iituin.
This is used in the ophthalmological clinic of Dr. Hubert for con-
jondivitis, sinipk- or gonorrno'ai nffectiona of the lids or the tcar-diictti, and
'"'• liie preparation of dressingH and protection of instruments. The fol-
lowing, of greater eonsiHtcnee, may be ordered:—
R R<1lnol.,
Rniii«P,
I,anolini wi 8| Om. or Sij.
V. ct (t. tiii)[uenluiii.
In diphtheria, the following has been used aa a topical application:-
H RfllnoL I3JS Gm. or Jaiu
Campborw S Om. or gr. xxx.
S'aphtol >......... )| Gn. or gr. xv.
^t. ml it- uniunntum.
^ig.i J^ppiy to Uie affected areas.
Eft Retinol OS] Giii. or Sij,
Naphtol. 6( Gm. or 3JIW.
Sapoiiis riridU ttj Onn, or Blj.
Crela' prcparatoi 12| Gai. or Siij.
\t. Sig.: Api'ly to ultcclcd part*, lor tcAt»lri>.
> Dn. Balnr and Cti«valet, I.0 MMeetne IfMtmw, April M, ISOO.
«9fi PUJIIIJLICEDTICAL TnBtAPEOTIC AUBXn 01 ORUO*.
In wme glctn nffeclionB, th« foUowing may be need with adrantige:^
M. Sig.: For MUnml spjdieation m directed.
Or talis:—
"5^""",'; : 13|a Gn.. or 5iv.
«. big.: Tor psoriiui*, chronic ecnma, «tc
M. Vigicr' st«(<'« that n'linol givt-s excclK-nt mults, in the proportion
01 I, ptr cent., m vaginitis and in blennorrh<pa, m a topical application.
I tie effit'tf of thu mixture are beneficial also in chronic t-wtitii*. I>iit in acute
caw It often actg as an irritant. Desnoa reporta very favorably of Ihe ««
of a fi- to J()-per-ccnl. solution of salol in retinol in thi- tn-atment of subacute
cystitis. Tho eolution is injected into thi- bladder where it is allowed to re-
main, exerting a local influence, for « number of hourt. For a rafrinal tam-
pon, Jtar pwommendii that Rauzc be boiled in a strong aqueous solution ni
carboiic acid and, after liaving been dried, dipped in the following mixl-
S R»tlBoL 02
C«r« nib. , '.'.!^m" d
lodoforat I!"!!"!.! 31
Gm. or SiJ.
Oiu. or Xiw-
Om. or ^•—
It IS anliwphc, unirritBtine. and, in a large number of skin diseasa,
givcH excellent result*, either alone or as an antiseptic excipient for other
aubatuiicre.
RESORCnnTK (U. S. P.).— »««oroin. or Seiorcinol tC<n.(OH),]
Dose, im; j-i [,» j Om. (or gr. x-xv to Sj).
, , Pharmaoology. — Resorcin ia a diatomic phenol, made by fusing i _
iinns wiih i-austic potaiih. The process for obtaining it from gum-aiumonil
baa already been described. (Sec Ammoniacum.) It is imw prcpamd. on a
largo scale. Hyntlietically. It crystallizes in small, colorless prisms or plate*,
has II ntiulral reaction, a sueetisn taste, with slight pungency or acidity, ana
nil odor which resembles that of carbolic acid. Itesorcin melts at ^^^: rt^rf
iiimI (tmlitlo at 512.fi° F. It wos tlisciivered by Illasiwcli and Barln. l^H
should bo kept in darlc. nmber-colored vials. i^"
Itc«orcin is an oxyjdienol. homologous with orcin, derived ''"""* "^^
l»v the Bubdiilulion of two liydroxvl groups for two atoms of V'V?*^."
tlhi-mically. it is meta-di-oxy -benzol. Ilcsorcin, when exposed to light «" |
nlr, itwiiilfM a yellow-brown or reddiah-pink color. It is soliihte m "'"''V"- , "
oilier aolvonta," except chloroform and carbon disulphide. The bwt """Y.^
fnr medirhiiil purposes are alcohol, glycerin, and syrup of orange. "
I III. dosK is iKitHllv from 0.32 to 1 Om. (or gr. t-xv) 1 flm. (or Sj) may be ^^^
at H ainiile dose, as nn antipyretic. It is a most cflicient antiscplic ana amr|
fi<r(iniiil .\n<Icer recommends fresh butter as a vehicle for makmg on oiair-
llli'ltlll her cent.) extemiMiraneoiisly. , „-„-, h*
HMuniiil may be tested by dissolving it in a solution of pot«fWi"n> aj
.-ll,, UH |„..l rl a» "Oil Emploi «i Mfelw^inc.- pi»r F. Vliri«. JnunMU <U *«|y
A fari: Nov,. IMi". p. 0*1.
BBBOBCI.M'M.
697
[drop of phloroform: and the raixttire, beinp heated, uill
llf crimson color. If u ^li^ht i-xccm of hjrdrocblorii: ucid be
felor will change to a pale stiaw yellow.
Action. — It«.-GOTcin is non-irrituat to the skin, And, when
ineotuly, causes very little inflamination and no suppuration,
ions it irritutcE mucoiiB mi-mbrancs and eomctimcc vceicotes
oeee (2 to 4 Gm., or gr. xxx-.'^j) resorcin acts as an antipyretic,
mpiTQturc for two or three houte. but at the »inii; time hm
e of cBiiFJng nauKea. oppression, languor, and free perspira-
ete amounts it is not i^nfc to go. since, by larger dose«, ccrv-
are induced, such as deafnesi, vertigo, confuaion of vision,
tuc and tonic), and rigidity of the muscles of the back of the
as, in several Instanced, been caused in children by washing
1 with a 3-pcr-e(;Tit. solution of resorcio; in one cusc liicmo-
iroduced. In lower animals, death occurs from failure of res-
irslysis of motor tracts in the spinal cord. It is excreted
luine, which it darkens or even changes to a bluish color;
tincture of ferric chloride to such urine cau&es it to become n
r. Symptoms of poisoning in man are best treated by dif-
its, hot drinks, and diuretics; atropine and strychnine might
ermically.
•^hc decided antiseptic qualities of TC»orcin, with its aolu-
iiipleasant odor or taste, make it a valuable application for
nose in diphtheria': and in this disease it may also be ad-
mally to di>inf('ct the gnrtro-intestinal tract, and thus pre-
1. It is conaidercd also to be of ecnicc 1o imprejniate the
;he sick-eharaber by the spray from a steam atomiwr, of a
tion of ihe wimi* agent, in erysipelas, pucrpcrn! fever, and
ircin has been used, both locally and internally, with marked
er-cenl. solution is a goad spray for various catarrhal and
. In saturated ethereal solution, resorcin acts as a slight
ly to raw siirfoces or mucous membranes. The powder may
'anulatioDs, pure or combined with boric aeid (1 to 20 or I
ry i-fTutcnt in dischorgcs from the ear. The ear should be
osed withasolutionof boric or carbolic acid, and dried: after
powder c«n be blown into the canal. To foiil ulcers and
as an ointment containing 4 to 8 Gm, (or .>i-ij) of ntsorein in
' 3j) i* <"> excellent application. Chancroid)- and ulcerated
i receive decided benefit from the same preparation. A con-
)Iic solution of resorcin is an eHicacioua local application to
. 1- or 2-per-cent. watery solution of resorcin is of fiervice
inic conjunctivitis and wounds of the cornea. It is likewise
lication to tuberculosis of the larynx, to mercurial and other
itis, and to thrush. Tn whooping-cough and hay fever this
itageoualy used in the form of a snray, a 2-per-cent. solution
* in the former disease, while in nay fever the solution baa
rong as 30 per cent. Moncorvo, who tntroilnoif! this method
jiing-cough, is accustomed to use a solution of chemically-
iaterilixed water and apply it to the laryngeal mucous mom-
ISiphlberta.'* Cntmlblalt /lif rib' trmimmir TBmijrie, n. 9. 1880.
aSC yUMUtACBVTlOAh TUBRAPKUTIC AOKN'TO OB UUCGS.
In some sicin alTectioni, th« following moj be mtA with advantage:-
. B Hetinol t{ Gni. or 3u,
Olfcsrit. «myli Ilj c.cin. or ISiij.
H. Sig.; For cxUmal application u directed.
Op this:—
B Relinol . . latS Qia. or In:
01. c&dini ISj com. or (5lv,
M. S\g.: For p«oriiuU, chronic orxraia, «tc
M. Yigier' etatoe that retinol gives excellent resulte, in the proportion
of i> per cent., in vnginitie snd in blennorrhtr-a, ng a topical spplicntion.
The effects of this mixture are benelicial also in chronic cystitis, but in acut*
eaws it often nct» at an irritant. Desnoe reports vcrj' favorably of the u»r
of a 5- to lO-per-cent. solution of salol in retinol in the treatment of subacnto
cy*titi«. The solution ig iujeclod into thi.- blafblcr where it i» allowed to f»-
niain, exerting a local influence, for a number of hours. For a vaginal tam-
pon. Oar recommend* ibnl gdiui- V' boiled in a strong aqueous solution of
eorbolic add and, after harin^ been dried, dipped in the following mixt
are:—
n BetJnol C2{ Gn. or Sij>
Ccm alb , ■, n Qm. or 21m.
lodafatrni 3l| Om. or Si- — U.
It is antificptic. uniiritating, and, in a large number of skin diseases, .
gives excellent results, either alone or as an antiseptic excipient for otb<
subglatices. —
RESOKCINTJM (U. S. P.).— Bcsorcin, or HeBorcinoi [C,H.(OH),f
Sotc, O.G,j-l to 4 Om. (or gr. x-xv to 3j).
Fharmacology. — Reaortin is n diatomic phenol, mnde by fusing giiin-
resins with caustic potash. The process for obtaining it from gum-ammoniac
has alroudy boon di'scriiicd. (Sev Anunoniaonm.) It is now pn-psri-d, on a
large scale, aynthetically. It cryslallizes in small, colorless prisma or plates,
has a ncutrnl ri-acti'ni, n sweetish taste, with slight pungency or acidity, and
an odor which resenibleB that of carbolic acid. Kesorcin melta at 219.2'
and distills at .512.6° F. It was discovered by Titasiwctx and Barth.
should be kept in dark, amber-colored viala.
Rcsorcin is an oxjphennl, liomologous with orcio, derived from benzol
by the substitution of two hydroxyl groups for two atoms of hydrogen.
Chemically, it is meta-di-oxy-benzol. Resorcin, when exptwed to light and
air, acquires a yellow-brown or reddish-pink color. It is soluble in wnt«r and
other solveut^t, except chloroform mid carbon disulphidc. Tlie best vehiciea
for medicinal purposes are alcohol, glycerin, and syrup of orange. While
the dose is usually from 0.3a lo 1 Gm. (or gr. v-xv) 4 Gm. (or 3j) may be given
at a single dose, as an antipyretic. It is a most efiicient antiseptic am] anti-
ferment. Andcer recommetid» fresh butter as a vehicle for msKing an oin
ment (I per cent.) extemporaneously.
RcBorcin may be tested by dissolving it in a solution of potassium b;
' *Du Retinol i-t tie son Eiriploi i-n M&leciTit?," pur F. Vlgi*^T. Juui'imt if IfMecfx
(te Parit. Nov.. imo, p. (Ml.
HHSOUCIWII.
Afte, a*li1inj; a drop of rhiorofonu: and the mixUiri:, being hvulcd, will
iivtme an iut(.'iu« crimi-oD color. If a slight excuse (■[ hj'drucfaloric acid be
iJien addtnl, lh<t color will change to & palt straw yellow.
FbytioloB^ic*! Action. — Itcsorcin its iioii-irritsut to the iikin, and, when
injwicd aiihciilaneously, pauses very little iDflammatioD and no siippii ration.
Jn tirong solutions it iiritatcB mucous membranes and gomutime^ vesieatea
'lu'iu. In ftillduiic9(2 to -IGm., orgr. xxi-.">j) reaorcin acts as an antipyretic,
'vdwing the tompenture for two or three hours, but nt the same time haa
IhttdiMdvaatage of cniwing naiiscn, oppression, languor, and free pOTspiro*
'ion. Above tbcee amounts it ie not ^afe to go, xtncc, by larger dos(«, cere-
bral ivmptoms are induced, «iich aii deafnens. vertigo, confusion of vi&iou.
CcixiiujEions (clonic and tonic), and rigidity of the muscles of the back of the
B^ck. Death lute, in several instances, been caused in children bj washing
^m the stomach with a 3-per-ccnt. volution of resorcin; in one c»te hiomo-
K'lotiimiria wu produced. In lower animals, death occurs from failure of res-
pi niion and paralysis of motor tracts in the spinal cord. It is exei'eted
cl^jeUv b}- the urine, which it darkens or even changes to a bluish color;
tixt acidilion of tincture of ferric chloride to iuoh urine causcb it to become a
d^k-violet color. Sympiomii of poisoning in man arc best treated by dif<
''vuiUe stimulants, hot drinks, and diuretics; atropine and i^tnchnine mijjht
*>«pTcn hypodermically.
Ihcnpj. — The decided antiseptic qualities of resorcin, with its solu-
biJIiy and not unpleasant odor or taste, make it a valuable application for
t-tit throat and nose in diphtheria': and in this diseage it may also be ad-
^"raiitcrcd inteniolly to disinfect the gastro-inteitinal tract, and thus prc-
■^Mit reiofectiou. It is considered oko to he of servio*; to impreKiiate the
■toiogphere of the sick-ohaniber by the spray from a steam atomizer, of a
■^-pet-cent, wdution of (he mmc sgenl. In erysipelas, puerperal fever, and
•^ptiaemia, resorcin has been used, both locally and iaternally, with marked
■*«n«fit. A 2-pcr-ccol. solution is n good *pray for various catarrhal and
***lier afTeclions. In saturated ethereal solution, resorcin acts as a slight
^•iirtic, especially to raw surfaces or mucous membranes. The powder may |
—^ dn«ted on granulations, pure or combined with boric acid (I to SO or 1
»? 10); it is Ten,' vfTicient m discharges from the ear. The ear should be
**aorinighly cleansed with a solution of boric or carbolic acid, and dried; after
*>'* the above powder c»n be blown into the canul. To foul ulcerii and
***Ughing wounds an ointment containing 4 to 8Gro. (orSi-ij) of resorcin in
^■^ch 31 Gm. (or 5j) i* »" eiccllent application. Chancroids and ulcerated
-ypliililic lesions reoeive decided benefit from the same preparation. A con-
^'^''trated alcoholic solution of resorcin is an eflicacious local application to
f*^*)l£opl8ki*. A I- or 2-per-cent. watery solution of resorcin is of service
' ** «cnte or chronic conjunctivitis and wounds of the cornea. It is likewise
l>«iieGctal application to tuberculosis of the larynx, to mercurial and other
'**>*nis of stomatitis, and to thrush. In whoopin^iH-ougli and hay fever this
■ ?^iti«dy is advantageously used in the form of a spray, a 8-per-cent. solution
\ ^^^'^ efficacious in the former diswisc, while in hay fever the solution has
^**li made m strong as 20 per cent. Moncorvo, who introduced this method
*^' treating whoopingKiougn, is accustomed to use a solution of chemically*
^^re rMorciu in ilerilized water and apply it to the laryngeal mucous mem*
"Itcwwciii in DipkUicria," CmtnlMall tiir dlr grmmmtt TIMraptr. U. 9, ISM.
«98
PUAUUACECrrtCAt. TREHArKmc JIOHKTS OR DRI7a5.
bnne by mean* of a thick hniiih of fm<.- htirt attached to a liandle of flex
bio iron wire. ApplicatioiiB are made every two or three hours diiring the
day. Jtesorcin oiiiimcnt has been employed with good cITfct in c«rtaiQ di>-
fji$c« of the »kin, as chronic ecxena, psoriasis, alopecia circaniBcrtute, and
lupuj* erylhtimatopus. In th(r abortive Ircalmcnt of herpes, M. Lcloir em-
ploys the (olkiwing solutions (.VerftVai \ews): —
S Rciorcin S
Comtn. liTdrochlarnlU ^ to 2
Addi taanloi il
Aleoliol. ((to per emL) 00
Or:—
Gm. or 3M. ^
Om. or irr. rill v#l nx.
Oin. or SIm.
CjOto. or ttiij. — M.
B ConiD, hj'drofhlonUa
ExL. onnahiB Indioe ■ >.... 10
BpL mrntli. pip ...i . i ...... j. ., . D
AlcolioL (90 p<T G«nt.) . . W
H. H ft. M>1.
Gni. or irr. xv.
Gin. at SiiBS.
2i crm. or (SiUs.
c.ciii. or rSij.^ — it.
Petrini obtained good reeulte in acne rosacea, after the pustules hi
been opened, hy the application of th« following preparation:—
B RfBorcJn 11 Om. or kt. xv.
Ichthyolis •..■■......•■ t S cmi. or tZni,,
CoUodii lIcxU 30| u.cin. or (Sj-— M.
Reeorein-Goep (5 or 10 per cent.) as first used by Julius Ande«r, has
Jtwen found uHcfut in ringworm of the iicalp and other parasitic skin di»-
nses. According to tlic (lbee^^'stion of Dr. Jami^son. a rcsorcin-sslicylii
superfatted soap shortens the desquamative stage of scarlatina. In a ser
of coses, washing the skin with this suap and warm water reduced the peri
of deaquamalioii by two weeks. For seborrhceic ecuema Dr. Eddawe« rec-
ommends:—
m
It Itcaorcm. SI to
G1}'verini .,.. . |lWto
Acot. (.-11111 Iiarid. ,.i,,.. II
01. iLin7gdftln dulda IS
Bp. odoratia 'M
AJcoholU eO| to 150
Aqiue 1. H. ail 340
41 Gm. or Sm-SJ.
ijao r.em. or inx-zx.
iM-iii. or fSiij.
p.cni. or tSiv.
I.-, cm. or fjj.
cam. or fJiiJ-T.
c.ctii. or (Sviij.
U. This forma a plcoaant looal appliottlan and relieves Itching,
In the treatment of extensive patches of tinea versicolor Dr. E.
employif an oinlmfint thus composed: —
B RcMorcini.
Ai-idi sallcylict ■ sa 11 Gm. or gr. xv.
Sulphur, predp 0{ Om. or gr. Ixxv.
lanolin,
Vnat. pctrolatj,
SovT. HS 23|3 Gm. or Svj.
U. «t ft. ungt.
Besorcin is preferable to carbolic acid for internal ad ministration,
can be given as an antiferment in dyspepsia and dt^e^tive disordera. In
gastric catarrh. f:nsiralgia, and ulcer of the stomach, rcsorcin has rendered
good 8cr^'ice. It may be likewise u.iL'd with sucucsi to allay nausea and Tom-
KB&OBfTINEU.
ewi
mUtnxit} hnn hfvn givon with nilvnntag« in CMxickncH. In gastric iilc«r it
rclicK-i pain and checks hsiiiorrhsge.
Prof. W. |[. ThtiniFon. of Now York, liss prc!Ecri1>cd it in this claiw of
M(« as folloire: —
B Rcwninl 9| Qn. or 3iJ.
Tr. aurnnt. cwt.,
Olrnriai,
Sjrr. liivib a* ISI con. or litn.
Aq. mniUt. pip. , <|. a. ad ISO] t.cm, or ISvJ.
U. «t (t. »ol.
St(.: Tvro ttwpoonfuls la « laeglaMful ol w»t«T afUr mwla.
Bteorcin is also s«rviccabl«> in the diarrliipn of ctiildrcn. A Bolution
W b«eo aucceaafulljr employed as an injection in fjunorrha-a and for wash'
iagout the bladder, Uiere being hut litllt' dangor from aliftorplion of the
tnuij. In i*pithclionia of the akin resorcin has given excellent results in
ttf hands of Dr. Mario Lticiani, who report* two caset of cutaneous epithe-
^1 in which he claims to have effected a complete cure by the application
<^(n ointment contaiuin}; resorcin. He u^cd the following formnln: —
n BMOrcini KM On. or liiaa.
PrtKJaU 3l| Om. or Sj.
U. S\g.: Appljf onoe > day to tht uitrnlti surface, after prcrioualr cUuuing
•Hk • S-prr-^Mil. watrry Kilutlon of Iwrax.
One cBM, a woman of -18 yeara, with an ulcer upon her forehead, was
nni in three months; and in another, 60 years of age, with the same dia-
tut upon her lip of about a year's duration, this simple treatment was
(oUovcd hy an cijtially happy result. No microscopicul examination appeaiv
tofcsTe been made in either case in order to establish the diaf^nosis (Journal
^(it Amtrican MftUml Asst/rialtim). In doses of Ofili to 1.62 Gni. (or gr.
I'Hv), resorcin is claimed lo have reduced the pyrexia of tulierruloain.
Saaopyrin. — Thii- eonipoimd it prepared by precipitating unlipynn
niha molecular proportion of resorcin. The iiubstiince ii> initoluble in water
aad CH'slalliic^ from alcohol in colorle^. rhombic cry§ialE.
EncBlfpto-rciorcin. — A combination has been made by ^I. Barbey by
(ibttDg euc^yptol in contact with resorcin, in excess. This body ii insoluble
n tUoroforni, from which it i» deposited in the form of interlacing crystals,
^crretats are insoluble in water, very soluble in alcohol and ether, vol-
•tiliw at 100 dpgr<-e», giving off a strong odor of camphor.
SeaoFcinol. — Dr. Bielaiew obtains a combination, which he terms
Wnrdnol, by heating together cuiiul parts of resorcin and iodoform. Re-
*«»iiiol is an amorphous, ycllowifh-brown powder, having an odor resem-
BlinKlhal of iodine. It Iihk ix-en u^ed upon leg-ulcers, anhcalthy wounds,
•xl typhililic lesions. Ilesorcinol has been employed in the form of a p«w-
^1 nakvneil with -t parts of starch or aa an oinlmeut in the stren^h of
2to4Gm. (orSfls-j) to 31 Gm. (or,^)of lard. Ilesorcinol is, however, a bad
Mine for this compound, since the same designation has sometimes been
|i»en to resorcin in reference to its phenol character.
nteno-resorcin if; u mixture of (>7 parts of resorcin with 33 parts of
fianA and ctimbines the effects of tltese two antiseptic agents. Plieno-
RMTcin is ^Itiblv, forming a liquid with 10 per cent, of water, and may be
nwd like earlrotic acid.
URMACEUTICAL 'niBRAPKUTIC AOENTB Oil nm
RHAMMPS CATHASTICUS.— Common Bnokthoni.
Phstrnuicology. — 1 lie I'liiit nf ihe (omiuoii tiucktliorn. Hhamnus rathur>
tiuUH ([thaiiinar.fu.'). is docidtrdly ciithurlio nnti oholiijiojiic ; the li»rk aleo lias
th«flp properties, and, tliie species bciUR naturalized iu this country, probably
it LK Dilen «ul)»Ulutcd fnr thv ollicia] fraugulu-liurk, which h the nidcr huck-
thorn, an allied species of Ithaianus. (See Frat^rnlft.) Ca«cara su^ntda, or
Hhamnus purshiann, tit another variety of th« nnic 8pcciL-». Tli« truit is
purplish black, and. when dried, is about the size of a pen; the puip contniiu
four seedii; nd»r vlitfhl; taatcr naunc-ating, hitler, ami ncriil. Tlin nctive
]>rinciplc is Bhamnocathartin, an amorphous, yellow, brittle sub^lumc. The
principal prepainttonii nrif: Kxtraultim rhaiiini latharlica; fru(-tii« fluidum
(fluid extract of buekthom-berrii^): dose, 4 to (! c.cm. (or fSi-iss). Succug
rliamni callinrlicjc (hucklhom-juioc); dose. 1 to 4 c.cin. (or w.\v-f.ii). Syru-
pus rhanini cathartics (syrup of buckthorn: huck thorn- juice, with ginger,
sugar, «llg|ii<'(', and iilohol); do«c. 4 to 7.50 ccni, (or fSi-ij).
Fhysiological Action. — All the species of rhamntis pom^oss purgative
properlies of greatt'i' or ii'sji activity, hut »on»- arc much more violent in action
than other'?. Nausea, vomitiiig. and severe pripiiif; pains often attend their
inirgativp action, to avoid which nnimnlics an- usually added, an in the ^ynip,
riie common buckthorn likeuiso prodne«E extreme drvne^ of the inoiilh aod
throat.
Therapy.^Rhamnus catliarticue may he omploycd in drtipey. and
formerly need in the treatment of gout and rheumatism.
RHAMNHS PURSHIANA (U. S.P.).— Cascara Sagrada.
CASCARA SA6RADA (B. P.).— Cascara Sagrada (Sacred Bark).
Preptiralions.
Kxttndum Khnmnl Piinhinnn' Fluidum (U.8.P.). — Fluid Extract ol Oimn
Sxgrada. Dob*. 1 lo 4 c.cui. [or T>ix\-S}j.
Extmclum C.'awnnR SnKmdir Liijuidum (B.P.). — Uquid £xtntct of Caacan
Sngradn. Done. 2 lo 4 i-.'in. {o> f3M-j|.
E.vtrM4!luiii Cn^turii! Sagrudni (B. I'.i. — Extract of Canpiini Sii);nidK. Dum), ftl3
to 0..W (ini. lor gr. livlljl.
Syrupus Coacnrte .^tomntic-u* |B. P.|. — Aromatic Syrup ot Cnicaia. Ddh. 2
4 c.CRi. lor fSsa-jl.
Pharmacology. —Hhamnus purehiana (Rliamnaeen>) It a ahruh or small
tree, ten to twenty feet high, growing on the Pacific coast, and is sometimes
known a» tlu- California hiKUthorn, The bark is the odlcial portion. An
analysis by Prof, A. li. Prescott' showed its chief constituents to be a hitter,
brown resin; a red re^in; a light-yellow resin; tannic, malic, and oxalic
acids; a neutral, crystallizahle substance; a volatile oil, wax-starch, and a
fat oil of yellowish eolor. Profcsifor Wcn/ell also distinguished a i;luco«idc,
and Meier and Webber a peeuliar ferment. Leprince has extracted from the
baik n siibi^lauce which appcarii lo be the active principle and which he mils
caicarin. It occurs as prismatic needles of a variable orange color, the hue
depending upon the degree of hydration. Cusearin is devoid of odor or taste,
Boluhle in caustic potash, soda or ammonia, alcohol and chloroform: slightly
^
•"Kow Prcparnllons," Feb., IfiTU, pngc 27.
BUAUNt'B PrUSUIAKA.
Wt
■Mull la ether, but insoluble in water. According to M. Phip»on, cascarin
ilidentical with rhnmnoianlhin derived from Bbamnus frangula.
Physiological Action. — Casoata sagrada i» not ro much a purgative ss
it ea luBttve with tonic properties, the latter being attributed to the bitter
piiDciple. In a number n1 oliuiml ch^ks Mr. Milni^^ ilty has noticed tJiat it
ilu produced a sensible diuretic effect. Cascarin appean to have a slight
rtioUgogic action. ,Iii ordinary ilowigo it cauKOSt an eafy evacuation of the
Wmwts without griping, does not excite nausea or diarrhtEa. and its use is not
(lUowtd by constipation. Catcarin may be given in the done of 0.10 to 1 Om.
(or (!r. isa-xr).
Therapy. — Cafcera nigrada. in the form of fluid extract (in doses of
1 t,cin,, or msv, three times daily), is useful in chronic constipation. The
IdH jhould be gradually increased until the bowoU arc inovod naturally
flOtt daily; the remedy can then be given less frequently and the dose re-
duttd. It is a peculiarity of this drug that it is not a cathartic, and its use
■hanld be preceded by a Arne of castor-oil to clear the alimentary canal. It
iutlhc advantage of producing natural motionc of the bowels by ite tonic
HtioD upon the intestinal glands, increasing secretion and peristalsia. The
inn ii reduced after the natural condition of the bowels is established; it
dw not require to be given in increasing quantities, as do the ordinary reidn-
bttriajT cAtnurtio!. It alio is a valuable hepatic tonic in congested liver and
indtK^enal catarrh. Cases of indigestion, with forred tnnsue, sallow akin,
nuriations of gas. and couiitiputioii. ure benefited by the following prescrip-
tioii: —
B Ext. rliamni jninliiMue II 30| e.cui. ur fjj.
Gly**Tini,
Blxlr ATomat oa )6| cam. or f3M.
IL Sis.: Take froiu oni-lialf to OM teaapoonful, diTecUir after cBtinK, three
lb* daily, until ttip «j-mptoni« ore t«llM«d.
A combination made use of by Dujardin-Beaumetit in cases of chronic
notlipation is: —
B Ext. rbunni |iunli. \L,
GIfwHn. p«r , aa Ita
Afcohol. (W) , ...180
Syrtip. vtaipl 3U0
OL auniatii •.■■.•■■■■. •.•••••
OL einaanonil
i^. dwtilt 4. ■. adH4U
ll. 6I(C.: DoM, Mie or two t«aapooii(uli.
In cases of chlorosis Lulaud gives: —
B Amnutiii et lerri citwt 40 part*.
BkC rhanuii punihiDnn! fl 40 port*,
SMeliariii. I part,
Aqun <i<!aUIUtK 1000 parts.
H. Big.: A tcMpoonful 10 bt takrn Man vach moBJ, (or coMtipatlon.
In atony of the hovels a combination with berberis aquifolium is use-
(■,cni. OT IJliJ.
cjrm. or fjvj.
c.cm. or (Jxij.
S" com. or mvj.
13 c.cm. or mij.
c.cni. or OiVv
B Est rham. panh. fl..
Ext. brtbfndia aqulfol. d., •
Sjnipi .
U. i4ig.; Dmc, a ttscpoonhil four (biM* a day.
M 3D| bCDL or tSJ.
:o8
FUAIIVdl'KCTICAL TIIKUAi'KtrTlC AUX}:T8 OB DBL'<J8.
In ooti^tipatton with gastric irritabiliiy. Dr. J. H. Bundy, who first ii
trodticed ihc remcdT to the- pTofccsios, prupoBcd the fallowing: —
It £kt. ihanini punli. fl. IS ccm. or fSas.
KxU bfTbvridia sijulfol, 11 .. 30 cxni. or K}.
Add. hjdrntyniiici dilut. ..,•....,... 4 cem. or f3i.
Syrup. i**l cxL molti) — ij. *. Ad laoj cna. or fjir.
U. ffig.: Truijiounliit after mcaU and at b«d-Uinr,
According 1o the experience of J. C. Stepltcna, nacara sagnda it alq
an efficient tseniafugc.
Where the bitteroeu i$ an objection wc mn; uae a« n vehicle a cordii
in which the taste is well covered by aromatice. ITie eolid extract of cas
ngruda iiiolci-M a pill-inu8« which does not soften or decompoie when ma
up with powdered marshmallow. A concentrated preparation, caecarin (not
otliciul) 1* presented in scale form, which is not hygroacopic, i» readily
duced to powder, almoet tasteless, soluble in water, and contains only i
active principles of the drug. (Dose, 0.015 to 0.03 Gio., or gr, V,-'/r)
BHEUU (T. S. P.).— Bhnbarb.
BB£I RADIX (B. P.).— Bhabwb-root.
DoK, 0.CJB5 to 1. 30 Gm, (or gr. i-xi).
I'nparaiiom,
tbitrndum KIkI Kliiulum (U.S. P.).- Fluid RxtToct of Rhuburb. Dom, 0.00
4 e.cm. ("r nix-fajt.
MiKtum Ithci H Sodir (U. S. P.).— Mixluiv of Rhubarb nnd Sodk {Ami ««t
rhubarb. IS; llnid extract ipecac, 3; Kxtiuni birarbonalc. Sfi; |[lvccrin, AM; spirit
p«pp«rn>iiit. 36: uRtcr. q. t. ad tOOO jiarttl. I)(>8«. 4 tu 60 ccm- (or fSi'lSM).
Pllula: Rh«i (U.S.1'.).— Rliiibarb PJIU leach 0.20 Gm., or gr. iij). Dnc. 1
rillB.
Svrupun Rhei Arotnikticiu (U.S. P.).^Spiocd Syrup of Rbtibnrb Urornatie tlnrC
uii' (<t rblibHib, in iHT will., nnit simple svniji). I>ii*i-, lii iM.'iti, i"r (Js'l
Tiiicturn Rbti (l". S. P,|.— TinolurB of Kbuburb. l>o»c, 1,211 to 13
mxx-fju),
Tinctura Itliei AroiuuticB 1U.8.P.). — AromatJc Tincture o( Bbnbkrb (tftu
rjiinnninii, clnven, nutmeg, glycerin, diluted alcohol, and ivator, q. a. od IO(M> purla).
l)ii«e, 4 111 15 c.nni. (or f3i*ivl.
Tinrturn Rhci DulcU (t;.S,P.),— Sweet Tincture of Rtiubnrb Irhtihnrb. Umrirf,
anlar. rnnlitiiiom. f;lyevrin, diliilcd nicohol. and water, i\. *. ail IIKM) ptirl" i , Doitc. 1 to
IS c.cni. (or f3i-iv),
KxtToetum Rhfll tU.S.P., B.P.).— Extract of Rhubarb. Dom, 0.13 to O.flS
(or gr. ii-s).
I'Tilvi* Rhei Compoiiitu" (U.R,P., B, P.I,— Compound Rhubnrh Powilcr (I'.S. P.
contniriH rliubark 25; mugiieHia, 6fi; and i^iUKVV, 10 parts). Urvgor7''s Powder. Doeti,
5 to 4 Gni. (or Jnc-j).
Sjmpii* Rliel (U.aP.. B-P.).— Synip of Rhubarb (U. S. V. rontaino fluid ««■
tract, 10 per cent,). Done. 4 to 15 e.via. lor f3t-iv(. B. P.. 2 to 4 e.em. lor f3«jl.
PIluliK Rhpi t^ompo.itw n:.S.P.. B. P.).— r^imnoHiid FilU of Rhubarb (tr.S.
rhubarb, ulofs. and niyrrlil. Dose, 1 to 3, B, P.. 0.35 to O,.^ Gm, (or gr. IvtHJ*.
Tiiictura Khcl Compo»ila (B.P.I.-— Compound Tlntture of Rhubarb. Dom, 2 to
4 c-cm. (or f3H(>*j) : for a ^nfcle admini>>tmtion, T.5 to lA e.cm. (or fSli'iv).
Liquor Rhei Concenljntus (B. P.l.— Concnntrattd Solution of Rhubarb. Do**,
£ to 4 o.ria. (or fSM'j).
Intuntni Rhol |B.P.|.— Infu^on o( Rhubarb IG nrr c«nl.). Do«e, 15 to 30 c.i
(or fj[wi-]l.
1
linrt^n
ubof^
rU).
1 U
<»•,
M
Phanoaeolftgy. — Rhubarb is "the root of Rheum officinale" (Polygo-
naeea.')" (U. S. P.); "the erect rhiiome, or so-called root, 'if Rheum palnia-
RBEtm.
703
tUK. Ghvum officinale, nnii prolmljly other tipecic«, deprived of moro or Iras
•1 iit cortex, and drit-d" (B. I'.). 'ITip nrccise botanipai source of RbiMim
u flill uni'«r(ain. lU lial^ttnt in Asia. Tne Kuropenn rhubnrb, K. rhajmnti-
«iin, ii not onc'bitit se iictivp and is not rcrogiiixcl by thi- pliamutcopuiiaA.
The peeled and driwi root of the Chinese or lCa.-it India rhubarb, of « liglit
color and chinotcriRlic odor, should only bo usod in nu-dtcini.-; powdered
rfaii^b is inferior, and, when not adulterated, is at leant lari;ely mad« up
if tnferior, damaged, and worthless, or worm-cateii, rhuburb, Tbt- active
priiicipk's are a filucostdo called ChrTiophan. writh Emodin and ct-rtain
nmt.; Chrytophaaic acid, Phaeorhetin, Erythrorhelin, Aporhetin, Bheo-
tuiie and Aheumio acids. The grittiocss of rhubarb is due to crystals of
imlduin oxslviti' lontuincd in the root.
Physiological Action. — ^Vhen taken into the month, rhubarb baa a
Ptniliar, bitter, slightly aatriogent taste, and increases the flov of Mtiva;
is Uie stomach ami iiit<-KtiiuiI tract the Hccretiond are likewise increased and
tk* peristaltic movenients stimulated proportionately to the sijtc of the doee,
!« itiet the first ellocts hav^; been displayed the secretions are reduced by
thf (erondary astringent action of the drug. The resinous constituents act
iipoa the liver, increasing the quantitv of bile; according to Rutherford, it
iiittitatn. though not a powerful. Hepatic stimulant. The bile secreted
BDder itt, influence ho^ tlu- normal composition, and it is, therefore, a true
tfaolcgogne. The coloring matter is largely exervti.-d Sy the kidneys, and the
Bliun flow )K increased. The colnr niny resemble that of urine which con-
taias bile, but may be distinguished from the latter by becoming pur|)liflh
nlon addition of an alkali.
Tn small doses, tip to 0.32 Gm. (or gr. \), rhubnrb iii n sUimachic tonic,
*Uch makes it a Taluable constituent in dinner pilU to aid digestion and
pKTtnt constijwtion. As a purgative, in doses of I! to 4 Gm. (or 5i9-j), it acts
ifcilj and in the course of seven or eight hours produces copious yellow
iloelt containing bile. Griping may be due to the urug itself, or to the bile
rtich is poured out under the action of its resinous constituents, notably
pfasorfaetin. The cathartic principles may be nb«orbed through the iiitcgu-
iwat, when applied on a poultice or spongiopilin; it is, therefore, a systemic
pngstiTe. These purgative constituents arc excreted by the liver mainly,
•Dl also by the intestinal glands, the kidneys, and skin. After a voman has
taken a dose of rhubarb, her milk may contain enough of these principlce to
pntpthe nursing child, and may acquire a yellowish tinge from the presence
*t Ike coloring matter of the drug.
Powdered rhubarb has been auccessfuUy employed as a dressing to
ihronic ulcers, but more pnwcrful remedies have generally taken its place.
A cage has been reported in which the internal administration of rho-
•■rbgave rise to an hnmorrhasic eruption of mfloulcs, pustule*, and blebs.
T^ mucous membranes were also affected, and free hemorrhage took place
(wm the urethra.
Ibenpy. — Rhubarb is a good etonachic pnrgative, eapectatly in the
bMtnent of children's disorders cauKe<l by errors in diet, rich food, «lc. The
^pind tyrup of rhubarb in teaspoonful doges may be given to an infant with
<»ligeetible food or curd in Its «t»mRoh, or when its gastro-intestinal tract
'"nttiiiK mucus from bronchial catarrh, etc. The mixture of rhubarb and
"■^ it a good antacid and carminative for babies suffering with colic and
cnnpt. In adults it may be given with special advantage in hot water.
i
PR.inUACEmcAI. TnERArCCTIC AOENTS OH i>Ruas.
fifteen or twenty miuutee before cntiii); mcaU, etpecially in cs^es of gastric
catarrh. In summer diarrhceas of adults or infants the irritation arisins
from the prettencc of untiuitable or undj^cstible food 18 at once relieved ana
the eauM rcmored by a dose of the aromatic ayrnp or tincture of riiubarb.
Where there is intestinal dyspepsia and colnlgia or cramps, the sweet tincture
iriU be found very efficient and acceptable. Hhubarh may be combined
thuH: —
R Piilv. ihvi 0
Sodil bicarb 8
SpiriliiK uiiimonii aroinat > 11
SpiritUB inj-ri«li«E 22
lii(ii'». eiiTyi>|i1i,vlli <|. «. ad 240
M.
Um. or Siu.
Oiu. or %l\.
v^m, or ISiii.
c.cnu or fSvJ.
v.i!Ta. or fjviij.
Sin-: A half to a, Uible»poonful tlircc or (our tine* n dajr.
In children with acid discharges from the bowels, the combination with
magnesia ia especially useful. In weak digestion with deficient secretion,
small doeefi of the tincture ore valuuble: —
7|a
B Tlnct, rhci
Tinct. ciLrddmoiil- CO.,
Elixir arDiiuttie. na \S\
il. Sig.t Tak« twenty to forty drop* b«fore vacU nirol.
e.em. nt fSIJ.
cjein. or tStM.
Sidney Martin finda small Aoaca of rhubarb elTicacioua in aBoaridcit, hia
preccription being: — '
R Tr. rhvl 1 20 «.ein. or uixx.
20 Gm. or gr. iij.
00 com. or iBi,
c.cm. or (Sllj.
Mugnes- CTarbonatia
1>. iingi1>er a. .-...,.. i. .i
Anna - . U
H. 6ig.: To be taken «t * dow. Repeat two or tliree Uuim dally, nccordUig lo
Ui» rfloct
Urticaria, due to indigestion, may Bometimes be relieTcd by rhubarb
with magnesia, but without the ginger, it is a uxeful injiredient in piirga*
tive pilU, where a cholagogic effect is desired, especially wliere haimorrhoidi
arc present: —
B Mn^iL' hj^drorg 38 Gm. or (cr- *).
Ext, rhtii .- 20 Gm. orgr. iij.
Ext. colocynth. co. ......r. 'iH Oia. or gt. vj.
fia)ioni» 03 Giiu or gr. w.
M. ct ft pil. DO. iij.
Sle.: To V talcen at Wdtitnc. and foltoned in the morning by a Uaspoondil oi
Rochflle salt in water before brrakfa«t.
Constipation and hiemorrhoicis, during pregnancy, are benefited by the
adminiatration of rhubarb. This remedy ie considered by some practitioners
as of special value in gouty subjectE, Rhubarb haa been known to cause ft
macular, or vesicular, rash.
BH(£ADOS PETAIA (B. P.).— Red-Poppy PetalB.
Preparation.
Sf nipiis Kbteodot (D. P.).— Sfrup of Bed Poppy. UoM, ! to 4 ccn. (or Q«-J).
Tlie fresh petals of Papaver rhccas (Papavcracefc), or cornflower, have
a narcotic tunell, when frcsri, and it has been asserted that they contain a
I
n
I
RHUEAS.
70fi
null proportion of the opium alkaloid, although Attfidd vim not ible to
i^elixtnny morphine. Hcsso isolnu-d from tluK plant nn alkaloid, for which
hr proposed the name of rhoeadine, which apppflied to be devoid of toxic
pnpertits. AccordiDg to the samo observer, tho juice from th« capsules con-
Uins meeonic acid.
Bed-poppy petals are cmplojcd in phannicj to etipply a Iwautifut red
cttor to preparation!). It is doubtful if they h^ve any medicinal rirtut*.
BH(EAS.~E«d Poppy.
Pharmacology and Therapy. — The potalu of the red poppy, Papuvcr
'boeus (I'h{:i;iv> raiL'ie), cultivated iu gardens, coutaio a colonug matter and
Skceadine, luit only a truce of morpluiie. Thi> pteparationg are used sls col-
oring agents in phannacy; although doeca are ijuoted below, tho remedy is
"■Idom, if ovor. employed. The taste is miioitaginoun and bitter; it may act
u a simple bitter, as a stomachic tonic during convulescdnec. The following
pwparationti are in use: K.xlractum rhii-adnti fluidum (lluid extract of poppy-
■>w««); doee, 8 to 6 c.cm. (or mxxx-f3i»»). Syrupiis rhtradoH {synip of red
popp}-); do»e, 4 to 7.50 cciii. (or [3i-ij).
BHITS ABOHATICA.— Fragrant, uv Sweet, Sumach. The bark of the
i^ot o{ lihuE aromatica (Anacardica:). growing in the eiutcni portion of thin
«>unliT, contains a resin, volatile oil, and tanuin.
Physiological Action. — Rhu» aromaticn it u^tringent, tonic, stimulant,
•od diuretic.
Therapy. Sin.-t b-uninch has been »i>cd a» an aftringciit in diiM-nst's of
the kidneys and genito-urinaiy tract, as in cystitis and hiemaiuria. It is like-
'■£< said to check menorrhagia and night-sweats. It i." employed in atonic
w*nh(Ea or summer dysentery, after a preliminary purge to remove offeud>
tD^ »iib«lanee# from the alimentary canal. It has been lauded a^ a remedy
'"*■ BOL-turnal enuresis of chiliJrfn. -1 c.cm. (or f3j) of s good fluid extract
bt'iuji adminii'tercd in diminiiihed doses during the day. In larger dose*
this drug hns exerted n good cITect in liyslcricol enuresie. In diabetes, both
inolliiiiii Hnd iiiiiijiidus, it has also proved of senicc.
KHUS GLABKA (U. S.P.).— Rhus Glabra, Smooth Sumach.
Preparation.
^^ ExtrmPttuu Ithota GIii1>rge Fluiduin
■*«**. 4 li> T.B crm. loT fli-ijl.
(U.S.P.).— nuid Extract oT Rhui (ilabtt.
m Pharmacolo^. — "The fruit of Rhus glabra" (Anacardiea;), a common
■ >hrub along the ri>ii(Iiiidey in the United States, contains tannic add, besides
B Potus^ium and calcium mulutes and a red coloring matter.
I Thenpy. — EUiua glabra ia a good astringent in the form of decoction,
''r ''ui^ extract, for a month-wash or gargle in stomatiti-i, spongy giuns, or
P'^aryngitis, and as a topical application in skin discuses and ulcers in do-
'"^"tic practice. The foUowing is a useful gargle for sgre throat: —
I) PoUMii chloratls S[ Qm. or Stj.
F.jtL rliol* glabna fl. .•■■> ISj c.i^i. nr ti»n.
nl^rnriiii ..^ . tA] ccni, or fjiu.
Aqum ToMe ... . 120] c.cm. or (JIt.
Jtl. Sig.i Add a UblMpoonful to a winptlaMful o( waur, tind uw as u giirirle, In-
im
rUAnU-iCF.rTICAI. THKKAPHUTIC ACK^ilS OU UBUGS.
BhuE gkbra U rsrclr used internally, hut liaa keen given for catai
disorders of the stomach and bonel:^. witn dioirhics.
BHVS TOXICODENSBON (f. S. P.). — Ehui Toxicodendroa, Poisoa-
iTy.
PbarmacologT. — "'I'he fresK loaves of Rliiii! rBilicans" {Anacardk'a),
indigODOus to the t'a.<l(Tti porlion of Korth America, contain a rolntile and,
Toxioodendric told, tannin, etc. As the volatile acid ie the cliief constit-
uent, the frc#h k-nv<-« only arc uaed; dried leaves ire fforthlesa. Seven]
other species of rhus, as the Ewamp-siunach (R. venonnta), contain thia con-
stituent. Tlic liic or varnish apon Chinese or Japanese boxes is niiido of
some species of Bumaeh, and very Kmceptible individualB may be poisoned
by hnndling them, or by beinji present when such varnish is used. The rhui
radicans U not a distinct apecicB from rhus toxicodendron, which is aome-
timcs erect and sometime? clinibinft. The poiiion-siiinach may l>e recognized
by trifoliate, compound leaves, rt-pcmbling the ordinary ivy in having ad-
ventitious roots alon^: the under side of the climbing $tcm, with the oxc«^p-
tion that in the poison-sumach the roots arc given olT in bunches at the nodes
opposite the insertion of the petiole or leaf-stem, while in ihe ivy they >croir
from the entire under side of the stem. It is distinguished from the l^elea
trifoliata by having petiolatc instead of sessile leallets. The poisonous prin-
ciple resides especially in the juice, which is acrid and milky. turninR black
upon eipfisiiro In the li;;ht.
Physioloj^ical Action. — The froeh Icave-s are very irritating to (he skin,
although the etTect is much more marked in some individuals than in others.
In characteristic cases of poisoning there is set up an acute dermatitis, with
a great deal of oedema and hypenemia of the skin; &eauently vesicles or
blebs are formed, accompunieu by much irritation and itching. Thia in-
flammation resembles erysipelas, spreading from the parts first alTectcd to
surrounding skin «nd mucous membrane. With this there is considerable
general disturbance, pains in the abdomen, nausea, and vomiting; dtarrlioia
or diuresis may occur, with pnsfagc of blood. Fever and profuse perspira-
tion may also be observed, with pains in the joints and lumbar region. Thfl
etfects of the poison last from a week to a fortnight, and are followed b|H
free desquamation of the affected surface. ^^
Poisonin;. — Many rLnudies have been advocated; the free application
of n earbolized alkaline wash to neutralize the poLson, auch as Dobell's solu-
tion, followed by llnid exlrml of grindclia diluted with water (1 to 10) or
distilled extract of hamamelis. is very good.
Professor Wormlpy reconituends a mixture of 1 part of carbolic add,
6 parts of .<<odium bisulphite, and 100 parts of water. The fluid extract of
Virginia snake-root is suid to be advauiageous. Dr. 8. B. Stratey, of Hunts-
ville, N. ,)., has found that a §trong decoction of chest nut-l cave* opplied to
the affected part every few hours has a very beneficial effect in reducing heat,
itching, and smarting. - Other remedies which have been used with good
effect are decoctions of white- or black- oak bark, or dusting the surface
freely with powdered ariatol. Belief may also be afforded by the use of lime-
water or Labarraque's solution. An infusion of lobelia, in the proportion
of 31 Gm. to 47.3 c.cm. (or .'i-Oj) of water, also is of service in this condi-
tion of local poisoning. Dr. R. L. Ilinton estols an infusion of aawafrae-
bark. Com presses saturated in the cold infusion are applied to th
ROSA CKNTtPOLTl.
•m
surface, and the warm infusion is civen internally, sweetened or with milk.
Wlien the inflammntion \i Jn the lace, and accompanied by much jMi'elling
of the eyelids, alum curd is T«ry efficient. Uintment of the oxide o( -tine
irttli carholic acid (3 per cent.) la lueful to heal the Ie«ioD8 of the iikin.
Tfaenpy. — Rhus toxicodendron is rarely employed in im-dicine, al-
t}ioii):h Fliillips declares thnt it is useful in rheumatic pain» and affectioi:
of librous tissues; also in certain skin affections, erythema, erysipelas, herpea
Mxid pempfaiguc. In rheumatic parnly«i« it \» claimed to be efficient, Dr, &.]!
C«michae) Rothrock considers rhus toxicodendron as an excellent cerebrsll
mnd spinal rtinntlani.
Externally, •£ ccra. (or fSes) of the tincture (1 to 8 of alcohol) in a pint
of water may be used as a stimulnting application, with advantage, for
Sprains, chilblains, bums, stings of insects, etc.
A tincture (1 part of the dry leaves to 5 part*, by weight, of alcohol)
of rhuB rsdicans, or poison-ivy, is roeommended by Dr. Saint-Phillipe, of
Hordeaui, as a good remedy in the nocturnal enure«i# of children. He ad-
ministers \o children, under <t years of age. 0.30 c.cm. (or mr) of this prepa-
ration iiiglit mid mi'tiiiiig.
BICIHI OLEUM (U. S. P., B. I'.).— CartowiU. (Sic Oleum Eldui.)
EOSA CENTIFOLIAfr.S. P.).— PaleRoie. The petals of llosa eenti-
'"lia lltn.iaceie).
SOSA OALLICA (U. S. P.).— Bed Rose. HIk- petals of Rnsa galliea
'oilMed before expandinj,' iUoMe<'a?).
HOSS OALLICJE PETALA (B. P.).~Bed-Ilose Petali. The frvsh and
*it-icl imi-xpnndeci petals of Itosa Oallica.
/*rj;»!ira(icin«.
Eitnctum Romp Kiiidum (U.S.P.).— Fluid Estraet ot Row (fram red rMM).
',0,30 lo 4 c.cm. (or niv-f3j|.
Ci-Bd^lii Ro"* (U.S.P.I.— Confection of Rom |r»d tow, ■ugiiT, lion*y, and
T K»p, water).
id BOHW iL'.RP.),— HoiM^ of Ro».
PUiUnt AloM rl \Ut\\i:\wi iv. S. C',),— PIIU «( .\)om and Mantio. Done. 1 lo 3.
.tnan ttoMi Pm-Unr (U.S.P.). — Stiong«r Ro«c-wat«r. (For mnlilnff nNH<-vBt«T.|
Kuna RoMD rU,S.K. B. P.).— Kow-wsl*^.
»,vni|m> Roan- (U.S.P.. B.P.).— Sjrup of Romji (U. S. P. eont>ii» lliiiil extrxl,
liter i.t-Di.). An a ifhlrl^
Oban Ro«« (U.S. P.. B.P.).— <KI of Row ("ftUar of xo»"\. Tlie voiatilo oil
"■tflM tron the frr«b (lowrrn of Rom danrnnnrna (RoiuirMe).
tr^ptentum Aqum Ro««! (f.S.P,, B. P.I.— Ro*i-wnlpr Ointmrnt, Cold Crmim.
Confpctlo RfiMO 4>a11irin IB. P.). — Confrrtion of itova {nArot* p«Utla and
iofninira Rowr .\cidu)n (B. P.). — Add InfUKion of Riuu** (red'toMi pflal*, SG Qm.;
™^ nilphuric arid. \tJi Ccxd-x distilled wnler, trailing', 1000 «.«m.). Dmr, Ifl lo
■««. lor (S«-j(.
tkanuMlOf;. — Red ro»c contains tannic and galUc acidi and a Tol*
Wl* oil, which the phnrmacopceias direct shall W obtained from another
'7'^M-*. Red rnec is an ingrciicnt in the V . S, P, pills of aloes and mastic.
^' Uritixh Pliarmaropn^ia eontatns an acid infusion of rose, which is an
■jnmlile motith-wash. It may b« given internally, and is, in effect, bni nn
ts
708 PUABMACEmCjlL THEBAPSmC AGGSTS Ok DEC08.
afn^cable mctlmd of ftiiintnii>terlng sulphuric acid. Rose-nter it ■<
pODi-nt of the rompoinid iron mixture.
Physiological Action and Therapy. — Preparations of rose are anes—
whut ustringent. They are uaed as agreeable navoriiif! ae<-nta and *ihiiiei^^
The confection i» ajtood base forpilltt. The compound infuFionbof ttmf^-^
for ovarcomiDg the bad ts£te of magnesium sulphate. A<|ua rowitatos^^-
able vehicle for eye-wathat, urethral injections, and cosmetic pT«panb)a..MBs.
Rosf-water ointment is an elegant, bland unguent, principally wed t
excipient, but available in supernctal bunts, chapped lipu or hands, ataa^j
and crj'thema.
BOSUASINITS. — Bosemary.
Preparations.
Oleum MoMiiKrini (V. 8. P., B. P.).— Oil of Roumarr. DoM. OuM U VMtm
mi-v).
■nnclurn l.iivandulae CoRiposlla (U.S.P., B.P.J.— Compownd Tii»rtort»IU
der. Dow, S to 4 cem. (or mxxx-fSj).
fijiiritiin Konniarlni (B. P.).— Spirit of Biaem*ry |!0 pn f«it. of oil).
Pharmacology. — The leaves of Itosmarinus officinalis (Labiital
^^aCBIltic, pungent, and bitter. They contain volatile oil (about I perwoKi i.
BOine resin, tannin, and a bitter BulJatance. Uo^mary enters into anm '*'^
wine, perfumed Bpirit. or eau-th-Cohgne. soap liniment, and c«d5«*3»^
tincture of lavender.
Phyitological Action. — Rosemary l£ stimulant, diuretic, cannini'i'^
cmmenagogue, am! smiirwlint diaphoretic, hut i^ now rarely emplayed ina-* J"
stance, the oil taking it)- place. The latter is stimulant and oarmitiatin ''
reduces temperaliire, imparts a peeiiliar odor ut the urine, and in laryipi**
tities has eaused death. It is chiefly used a« a rubefacient in linin»cill» a^*_
oiniiiifnti-.
Therapy. — In alopecia from dcfectire nutrition of hair-btObe. a 1^*
containing oil of rosemary and tincture of eantharide:}. with Coli^ne<
is frequently given. It may also be used as a rubefacient for fpnin^
painful joint*, and i* cHicacioui* in thf different forms of pediculosis. "*"
compound rosemary ointment of the German Pharmacopfria oontaiw 1 1*'^
each of oil of rosemary and oil of juniper- berries in 30 parta of oiotiKOt
and is used in neuralgia, chronic rheumatism, and lumbago. Thea3oft*"'J
mary is of some «ervice as an internal remedy in hysteria aecompanit^ "'l
depressed spirits, ^
From 6 lu 12 Om. (or 5ise-iij) of the Bounarlnos aylveatie, dri*^***"
powdered, taken as a hot, recent infusion, an- said by Sinabl to pnJM* *
decided diaphoretic effect.
BUBIDIUIC. — Rubidium is one of the rarer metals, and beloogi w^ ^,
series of the alkalieR. It is of n soft, wax-like eii»<i*t('ncc: is Molr '•^Jl
readilv unites with acids and haloidf to form salts, and ignites jpontanW^^
in the air. Itji SHlt» communieaie a violet color to flame and poawat a j^^tff
electrolytic conductivity. Heretofore the cost of separating toe nttial fr*"
the substnnres with which it wan found united in nature has been twf^
[to allow its medicinal n*e. Recently, however, a new procesi has pupi***"
ite more economical production.
BOBl'S.
RukiOium iodide is the eall ivbicb has bi'cn alnKitit excliiiiitcly \i*^. It
if a «hilc, (.mtntline siihstanot, uhich does not liiHoresie, is without odor,
nriil liai- a mildvr taste tlion potassium iodide. It i«, morvover, inorv solulile
iu walor than ihi- oorre« ponding #aU of potamium.
Physiological Action. — Tho suite oirubidium exert ■ far le(8 dcnresMnt^
let i nil upon tbe heart than those of poTasdium. The iodide does not clituinish
BijfM-titv or impair digi'^tion. iiwf, not dielurb thi; circulation, and it Ivta apt
tfiiin the ciXTcspoiidinj; sail of patasaiiim to produce the phi>uom(riui oii
iutiiiini. Rtitiidinm ihlorido, acoiirdiit^ to Pickt^t. cau9ie« death in animals^
■ ^y exlidii^iirij; ihi: utTVoiis system and dcpri'ssiiip the action of the heart.
Therapy. — Itiiliidiuiii iodide Iwis ht^n used with advantage to till maiiy
'n<licatione of the potassiiini salt, for which it will provo, in manv iii>loiic<tti
^t ienjfX, an eRicienl inib^iitute. In the eye diiiic of Profesaor Scholer, of]
^^^tUd, rubidium iodide in S-per-ccnt. aqueous solution or Taecliii ointment.
~*f ihi" wime streuKtb ha^ heen swcfeasfullv employed in atTeetion^ where tbe '
^tion of an absorbifaclfiit was dcmuiidcd. lis internal use was conjoini.'d,
i<J Profeisor Bunj;e, of Halle, reporla it of value in chronic iiiflammation
' ^' thccyt'sof a iion-svphilitic nature, and cspwiully in chronic optic neuritis.
*»^teriiaily, it has been chiefly giren in Tiaoeral syphilis, gummata, and Uta|
'■■''I «.Tr«ti?d Iwioni!, It* cllicacy i>^ thought to be at b-aMt equal to that of pota
■s>«.im iodide. It bus also been found of avail in chronic rheumatism and ii
*W« removal of old nitlenimniory exudntioni<. A favornbJo report has alM '
■■^'^n made of its action in gonorrba-ul rheumatism. Rubidium and am-
xai oniiini bromide vo» proposed by I^nufenaner u« a sticcetlantttm for the older
^»-omides, upon the pround that it contained a larger proportion of bromine.
lie pmrrilwd ii iu dailr Aoiu-oi G to 6.50 Gm. (or gr. xc-c).
RITBUS (U. S. P.).— Blacklwrry.
Pnpanliont.
Exlraetum Kubl Fluldum tU.S-P.).— FluU Extract ot Rabu*. IXwr, 2 tjon.
<«rlS««|.
%niput Rubl Itr.S. P.|.— Sjnup of Rtibus (containing lluld nctract, IS ptr
«;«iLi. DcM, 4 to 30 ccm. (or nilSj).
rnoffldal PreparatioM.
^ttoaaioa. nutn>PK< I'lovcx, aaA BlUpicol. Dour. 4 to 16 c.rm. tor W'W).
Elixir Rubl.— Btatkbvrrv-l«Huitv (liuid eitmct. blucklwrn'-root, S: aromatie
fluid rvltHCt. '/,; liraodr, IsViI nyrup of Mnckbrnici, IT: Hliir, I* part*). Dom,
'-S to 15 cxiii. (or mt-fSM).
Elixir Rnbl Compoailnm |X. P.). — Blackbcrn- Compound [blackberry- root, galls,
^'^ duiamon, mcb, 10 paitt; with dore», mace, gingrr, in bUckbtrrj- juice and
*.ynap). Dow. i to l&fxni. lui (3{f)?<«i.
Cordlalb RuM Fnictiw.— Iilnpkb«rryrordial (frtmli bl«ck berry -juic*. 3-. dniu-
f^M*, cloTM, and nutmra. in tinvtuiu with dilute ulcobul. 2; ■iniplc iTTUp, 3 part«|.
**•*•. 4 l« «0 ccBi, tor nt-ISj).
Pharmacology. — "The bark of the root of Rubus villosn^, BubttaJ
'^naiLci-is, iiiirl HiibuK trivinli»" (Rusacou-) is ofTieiul as Rubus. The wood]
*«oiilO \>* rejected, only the l>ark being of medicinal value. It conlaing tan- ,
'^'c add ( 10 per cent.). The fluid extract i» made by percolation with dilated
"■■Icolicl. ami loutains glycerin (10 per cent.).
Pkj-uoloipGal Action. — Blackberry a a«tringenl.
710
nlAItUACEL'TlCAI. THKnAPEDTIC AOCSTS OR DUtTaS.
■ Therapy. — In diurrhcrB of rolaxtlioii, cKpccioll}- after clcunsing »
^Mwels nith i^a«t<ir-(ii1, tlic pri.-pnruti»n> nf blncklx'rn' arc useful. The cak-
miialioos of the fniit (or the labie (jama, prwervee, etc.) an not aetringcK-
iui<! iiri: not only UiccU-w in trmtiii^ iliiirrhiM, hut nUn injurious, ^iiii-i- i 1
hard seeds inerease the irritnlion. The l«rat fnrm is the tinid extract. 1*
there ii a popular di-inaiid for ljhii-kl»rrry-cor(iia]» aiit] hl«okl»orr.v-hraiicl
(or which formula; are xiveii above. They are pleasant to the ta«tv, carmit^i
live, and jflighlty aBtringi.'nt.
BUBUS IDaiOS (U. S. P.).— Raspberry.
Preparation.
S^rupUB Bubi Idtci (U.8,P,).— Synip of Batpbwry. Ai a v«lticle.
Pharmacology.--"'l'he fruit of Rutius idteiw" (Rotac«») hae a plMmtil^
flavor. It contiiins sugar, malic and citric acida, pectin, proteids, coloriiig'^
matter, and a trace of volatile oil, consii^tiug of compound ethers produciag
the ppculiar tlavor. ^m
Therapy. — Its sole use in medicine is to prepare the syrup, which ^M^l
a pleaaaot, acid taste and a fruity odor. The leaves of the inld nspWrr; i
SEE. atngOBUs) contain tannin, and are used in decoction as an astringent in
iarrhcea. Uaapberry-syriip with vinegar is a popular and grateful drink
in hot nvathur, added to cold ^voler.
BVHEX (U, S. P.}'— R<iii>»- YeUow Dock.
I'rfparation.
KMrBPhim Rnmiris Fluidlin. (U.S. P.|.— Fluid Kxtrftfl ol RiiiiiM. D»i*, S
rem. (or fSw-j).
Fharmacoloj^. — Rtiiuci: is "thi' root of Rnmex erigpii*, and of i
other species of Rumcs" (Polygonaceie), grnwing along iiiadsides in Europe
and America. The oflicial root is eight by twelve inches long, oo^hatf inch
thick, somewhat fusiform. It contains lannin, chrysophanic acid, mucilage,
calcium oxalate, *t«rch, etc.
PhygiologicaJ Action. — Rumex is aherative, tonic, and slightly asiri
gent-
Iherapy. — In etnimous atTections, espeeially enlargement of the gland)
and cutaneouB disorders. ruinc\ hns bcrn found particularly Talitahle. It is
also considered antiseorhutic. In chronic laryngeal affections, with congi
and sort-ncss under the sternum, it will give relief. The decoction is som
times employed externally in various skin diseases and glandular swelli
.Mso used intcrnnlly in dyspepsia and liver di*ordcrs.
EUTiE OLETTM.— Oil of Rue. {Svc Oleum Bute.)
SABADILLA. ^ Cevadilla. The seeds of Sehfpnncaulon officinale, or
.^sagiai'a nUiiinaUs (Slelanthacere). of ]\rexico. contain Vcratrine. Ceradine,
and Cevadilline, conibirK'd with Cevadic and Caradillic Acids. Two new
jiikaloid.a have been isol.ilpd by E. ilerck, who has called them Sabidine and
Sabsdinine. Sabadiliine wns dl><eiiv(-ri'd by Mei^sncr.
Physiological Action and Therapy. — An ointment has l»een i»e<
BXBiL »eRUVtXT\.
r-*ny.
*(roy lice and oUht vermin, and as n cure for ifoh. The physiological effi
«ro ttiiNii- of vcriitriiir. (See Veratma.) CcvudiUn i:* » powerful ein*
(•thurtip, and antlielmintic, and hasi l)een ;;iven in (Iobps of 0.UC5 to (
'^ nt. (or gr- »-v)- It is solGoni now nwd. un<l ili^ principal value is lu n so^
"f th*; mii«d alkaloidji known h3 Yeratiine.
nwrul
SABAL 8EKRULATA.— Saw-palmetto. The Sabal or Sercnoo owrul
*>■" eair-pdlniftto i^l'ulnmww), {.Ton? along tin- icii-coSHl from Smtli (.'arOi
tc» I'lorida, and is found as far as «i|;lit <ii- icn miles inland. This plant 1
•^«»<>* u crw-'pnig and branched flt-iu. K-av^* of a bright-green color, i
sbuped and spiculaied. The roots, largu and fibrous, t^xtend several feet f|
tl**; «(em, and ar« half-expo«cd above the unnd. TIk' berries, or drupea
™-_ dark-purple color and about the size of an olive, ripen in October
^* <»\ ember. The seedi! ur« very hard, srd cniib-jH'd in ii ton^'li, tlbnitin m
t>«^nne. The fruit containii a volatile oil (soluble in alcohol), a fixed oil, i
^ laruf proportion of liucehiirin matter. [
ihyaivlogioAl Action. — The taste, at first sweet, soon becamee aerid
"S^xtngent; to the pungent eucc«edB ■ tiinootli ncnsation, whioh extends t
^irxc tongue and moulli to the laiynx and nasal cavities, alt of which pi
f «-*el •» if luhrtratcd with oil. Suw-)udmetto n mid to incr«n»c uppej
*i i^««tioii. and streii(;th, and to promote nutrition. It aUa exerts a seda'
^n«l dinp'tio influence, and hn» been thought to liavo a special tonic et
'U{>ou the reproductiw aystein. 'I"he berries seem to have nutrient valu<
tile ftniinnli> who feed upon thuin rapidly (aticn. The physiological ad
<Jf aau -palmetto has not been system a ticalty invcetigateu.
Therapy. — Saw-palmettn ii< said to be an excellent expectorant, ancj
th« leme time, a sedative to the mucous membranes of the reepiratory ti
Trogblaiome nervous coti);b i« nllnycd and secretion promoted by its '
villi ri^medy has been employed with benefit in eorvin. acute and chn
larin^Iis, and bronchitis. Broiiehorrhien with broncliieotasis is n-lieved
■hvailitiinintmlion of faihal HTnilala. Dr. Iteud' states that an ueuto ni
t^tan-h may be aborted by two or three doses, and that the vapor ia inhl
vrith dlraiitiige in chronic otwna. Sjibal ii^ claimed to pofi««M Mme efficia
''^ nrdiac sstttma. On account of its combination of tonic and expeetoi
P*"wj>i.rti«-ji it ha* been foun<) of siTvioe in pblbii^i« nulmnmilijj. and espccii
*** I'llierciilosis of the larinx. Saw-palmetto is tnougbt to be valuabU
•tsTiphy of thr- tnaninue, lt*tiolea, i>i- uterus, and u> exert a beneficial influx
•*F*«n enlarged proetatc. Tliis remedy is likewise recommended for functi<
'**»p"itt-ui^-. A fluid extract is the Iwst iiTepnniljoi). Dose, 2 to 7.50 c'
(•^"■foM-ii).
g^ SABBATIA. -American Centanry. The entire flowering plantj
^'^'lUitui auguiaris and of Kabbatia panieulata (Qentianacew) are lu«d
^**^iciu« for the iiumepurpvsk%u« gentian, euliimba, and other simple biH
*olid extra<'t, obtained by evapomting the fluid extract and addins 5
^*1t. of glycerin^ may be given as a tonic in atonic dyspepsia in
"-'3 i» O.U Otn. (or gr. il-xij).
"SalMl SertuUtJi. !i>ir'|Hilm«4ta," by Dr. J. a Raadl. a| SavaniMh.
•••frtoBK Jovraat of Phaiiuatrn. April, 1870. p. 189.
Mb. GMj
712, rUAItUACECTICAL THEHAPEDTIO AOKKTS OB ORCGS.
SABIRA (U.S.P.).— Saviae.
Preparationt.
Estnctutn SablniB FluMuin (U. 8. P.|.— Fluid Bxtra«l of Skvine. DoM, OJt i
Oleum Ssbinit (U.a P.).— Oil of Savine. Dow. 0.12 to 0.30 e.cm. (or w&t}-
Fharmacoli^. — The tup^ of Jmiipcnis Sobina fConifrrfr)^ ■
evergreen in-v ci'iinnioii in the northern hemisphere, often culiivaicdts
nmatnental shniti. It contains a volatile oU. wnich, when eepant«d bri
titlation, ig oiTicial tis <iil n[ »iiviiR': nUo tannin, recln, etc. Oil of ■trati
colorU'Ps or yellowish, has n ^tron^. characteristic emell, and a burning i
It i* frt-elv .^oliihk- in nlisolutt- nlfolml.
Fhyifologieal Action. — Locally, eavine caiiH-s rubefaction, or emi
iofltion. Intertinlly, it i* a ^timnlant to the digestive organs, increawl
action of the heart, and etimulates the bronchial, cutsneoiu, and renal tem
lion». It caufiev hyjicni'mia (iT the kidnfy^, of the ovaries and titenis,iBLv
in large doee^. exciter atranpurt-, hematuria, nolcnt vomiting and pojfio^*
^•»«tro-entcriti>, uni-onKi'iousnf.-.'i, st<Ttor, and oonviilsions. Savins bit, k^
part of its toxic effects, cause abortion in a pref^nant woman, and dnth h»^
owasiionally rcsiiUed from it* irritant action when silminiatercd for this pt^—
poBc. The odor of savine appears in the breath, sweat, and nnoe » «n»—
ination takes place.
Therapy. — Savine used to be added to bUeters, or blitterod •mfe^*
were drt^swd with *aviiii.- oinlincnl. to incrcos*- the eff^-ct, biil ihi" prafljw «*
now obsolete. The cerate may be applied as a caustic for the de«tnj«i"ii ■-•*
wnrtn. A mixture of powdfred *flvine and verdi^rrig has been succe^f I ;■
employed for the removal of condylomata. Powdered eavine may b» Bx*i
as a stimulant to indolent ulcere. .\ cerate or ointment of ttavina {SI fC
cent, of fluid estract with resin cerate) is a ger%iceable connter-irriuo*
in chronic gout or rheumatiini. Thi.t drug i« elTu-ient in tinea capitif Iiu3
«cabie«, and has even been used internally with success as a tsniacidf. A*
an emmenagogiie, Phillips eonaiderg it highly valuable and gafe, in pn
doses. It is nsed in functional dysmenorrhtea, in pA!siTo hffmoTThun)
abortion, and, an Whitla Huggetts, may prove beneficiul in subiiivalotiii&
the uterus.
SACCHARINUU.— Saccharin |,.\nhydro-oriho-«ulphaDiine<beDMiicinJf
(CjHsNOjS) is a coal-tar derivative, discovered in Professor Remscn's !•!*»■
iory of John Hopkjng rniverKity, and first described by C. Fahlberfi"*
conimimiciitian to the American CkrmiraJ Journal, 1879 {vol. i, p. *9*X "
is a while, ci^-stallini- powder, with an acid reaction, hut an inteBsdj***'
task'. Its odor, which becomes stronger on warming, ia faintly euggf***'* •'
nitrobenzol. This subeiance is s»luble in BOO parts of C"!d water, naffi*
«oUiblc in (rieohul and clhrr. Sncihurin di«m1vce also in glyceriD. !!»«'''•
bility in water is promoted by the addition of sodium bicarbonate in (fep*-
norti'in of 'i partK to 3 of saccharin. Commercial sAci-hanii may »"*»''"
larKc nnntber of imparities. Pure saccharin can be separated from Ikfmin-
tire by means of ether. Dose, 0.13 to 0.32 Gm, (or gr. ii-v(.
Saccharin forms soluble salts with the hydrates of cai^oaata •' tat
alkaline metals. It mell^tat S^O" C. (428° F.), and whi-n fnW «ilb r*'*"'
SACCUAiitru.
^>>'clntF il fonii^ ealicvlic- acid. One )mrt i]Ufiolv«d in 70,000 parU of witer
'mpiihiitn thcMiltitiiit) n i)wtinHl.v-»wcpt l«tc; it i» nlnnil 300 tirae« tweeter
ttian L-Aui-sti^ur, which it tesdiibles in taste, except for a peculiar slight
tlax'or of bitter ilmoucU.
Phytiologietl AetioiL — S>accl)ann is excreted br the kidnere unchanged;
> t is not dfc«mi«>M'd in the Imdv, and hue little if any etli-i-t upon dise^tion.
llioii^h the experiments of C. T. Fox have deraonfitrated that, when add«d
t*> fotid, Mocharin ehivkK the nction of nliva upon starch.
The only noticeable etTectfi upon the urine are that it doea oot ao readily
■•*»>dergo fcnncntation, and the chloride* arc slightly increMed. Pure
»«ac-<.-h«rin is not pof«ess«d of toxic or deleterious effectB upon the human
***"(;nni«m, evi-ii in dofpe oe Inrjfc a» 5 Gm. (or gr. Ixxv). Saocharin hnB con-
■icJeraljle antiseptic virtue, which, according to Coofltantine Paul, is impaired
htn it act* in an aeiii niccliuni.
nienpy. — Sat-charin is ehie6y employed lo take the place of sugar in
"felie diet of obf«« and diaU-tic paticntx. I-Vir thi# purpose it is beet prescribed
»n the form of a syrup containing 10 parts of saccharin and 18 parta of
eodium bicarbonato' in 1000 partii of dii^tdU-d watt-r, madv with f;entlo beat
«t 40" C. (lOJ- F.). It has also been claimed by Dresehfeld that saccharin
r^lirres tome of the i<yniptoniif of acid dygncptio. Dr. James Little aseerta
that eaccbarin freely administered is an efficient remedy in chronic cystitis
with ammoniacal urine. Two juiMm of Mccharin dixKdved by means of 3
p«ile of sodium bicarbonate are said to form an excellent tooth-n-ash. l-'our-
nivT has found a mouth-u-nnh containing Mechario cfRcftciouB in aphthn>.
By L)r. Fclici. of Kome, it lias been utilized as an application in oxffina. The
F-rittts having been removed by vsscliQ-oil and llie cavity cleansed with a
utlitiD ffnid, a solution conlaininj^ from O.fiO to 1 Gm. (or gr. vii-xv) of
taccbarin is applied twice daily to the affected pans. The remedy was espe-
ciatly itfeful in canes where tiivrv wai; atrophy of the turbinated bones and
mucous membrane and in those characterized by the odor and discharge of
ozana without upjuin-ut anatomical changes.
Saccharin ia largely used in con feet iouar>' to add lo gluvo#c and make
it ODrreapond more clo*elv in xwn't ne^ii with cane-«ugar. It may be com-
'*'>inl with quinine, in order to overcome the bitiemesa: —
H <}iiiiiin. RttlpIiBt. 41 Gm. or Sj.
SApHmrin. - 2] Cm. or gr. xxx.
3kl. ct <liv. in rhariubp Bix Kxx.
Sig.: Takr atir foot tiron a dsf.
SACCHARTTM (T- S. P.V— Sng»r, Cane-iugar.
SACCHABAH PinilFICATmt IB. P.).— Beftned Sugar.
Frtfiaralxmit.
SjTupiM (U. a. P.. B. P.),— Syrup,
^yrufni-t Olacoal (B. P.|. — Syrap ot G1u«om iglucosc, Si vyrup, 1|,
_ Pharmacolocy. — The refined sugar of Saccharum officinarum and vari-
.j^** Bpoeies or varieties of Sorghum (Graminca!); also obtained from one or
^g^*'**"^ varieties of Beta vulgoris (Chenopodiacee), V. S. P.; a cryvtalUxed
■j^K^r (f^H-iO,,) obtained from ihe juk« of the sugar-cane (B. P.). The
- S. P. official aymp consii-ta ot 85 parts of sugar, and water ((. a. ad 100
714
PHARUACerTICAL TIIERAPE(j-TlC AOKNTS OR DRC08.
pub. Sagar is the biuU of synipis conei>n'«s, and iiuin.v otiicr pliarmaci
tical preparations. With lime it fonufl a cliemieal tumhination, — the sai
«liaratc of culcium.— which is iin antidote t« carbolic acid; it in official
Sjrupua Caicis. Sugar takes a prominent place in modem life as an article
of food. Aceordiii;; to Dr. Warn, stigur i-xfitcs uit-riiii' eontraotioiw during
labor. Su;:ar has a decided effect upon the mucous luembrnne of the air-
pftsMfres, and TarimiD confections and troches are uted in mouth and thitni
alfections, and sviups are useful in bronchial disordera.
Saooharam laotis (U. S. P., B. P.), Eugar of uilk. ie ■ peculiar ci78talliil<
BUgar obtained from the whey of cowa' milk by evaporation and purified
by rcoryEtallizHtion, It is also known as lactose; c&ne.«ugar ii M<wharo»e
and grape-sugar or starch-sugar ig glucose. Sugar of milk is largely nude
iu Switxcrland from the whey Tcmsiuing alter making chctte. It i« a white,
rather gritty sugar, less sweet than saccharose, and has a neutral reaction.
It is used in pliarmacy ae a diluent, on account of its hardneis^, in maki
triturates. lactose enters into the V. S. I', fornutlas for making Dove
powder, MU'c'hnrated pepsin, dcodorixcd opium, and other prvparationE.
IS said to be ven- commonly adulterated.
Sugar of milk, in the daily dose of 8 to 15.5 Gm. (or Sii-ir), eiven in an
abundance of water, exerts a decided diuretic influence and may be aerrii
nbly employed in coses of renal inactivity or dropsy.
Siabetin. — I'lider thi* name, levnlose, a fruit-sugar, has been int^>duoel
as a food peculiarly adapted to the use of diabetic patients. Lcvulose is a
fure, white, crystalline powder, soluble in water in almost every proportion,
t has H sweet taste ana leaves no disagreeable nfter-flnvor. Diabetin pos-
seesce the same nutrient value as cane-auger, and is assimilated in diabetes,
a small proportion only being cxcroled by the urine. This substance haa
been need aa a saccharine aliment in the disease named and haa fulfilled an
excellent purpose. Under its use the oxidation of carbohydrate? is increased,
and the proportion of sugar excreted in the urine alleged not to be aug-
mented.
r-
M
d
le
Ie
I
an
^eo
SAOO. — Sago is a prepared starch from the interior of the stvm n
Metroxyli'ii sagu or Sagus Rumpbii (Palmaceie) of the Indian Archipelago.
It occurs in bard, whitish, spherical graius. whifli form a gi-l(ilitii>u>" mas«
with boiling water. Pearl sago is the best variety. .An imitation sajp)
made from potatoes.
Therapy.^It is useful as an e88ily-dige.<)ted and acceptable article
food for tb«- sick when added to broth, or in the form of light puddings.
P
i&6
I
SALEF. — Tlie tubers of several specie's of Orchis (Orchidacce, Ophry-
deae) growing in fiennany and France, collected in the autunm, depriw-d <^M
epidermis and dried. They contain Basaorin (js per cent.), or vcgctab1^|
mucilage, and starch (S? per cent.). With forty times its weight of boiling
water, Nilcp forms n tliick jelly, whit^h can be flavored and used as a nutri-
tion food during convalescence from acute diseases and in bowel diM>rders.
SAUCINUM (M.S. P., B. P.).— Salicin (C,,H..O,).
Do«e. (),;iV to S Gm. (or gr. v-xxx).
Pharmacology. — Salicin is "a neutral principle, obtained from several
species of Satis and Populus." It is a ghicoside in white. siSkr crystals,
SALUt,.
v«ry bittrr tn»t«, whicli, when Iwilcd with diluted leldf, U nwolvcd into
gTApf-eagar and nligenia, or ortho-oxyboiiityl-alcohol, Salicin di^olves in
water, alcohol. ftc>lutioii« of cauKtic pola«h ftiiij^odd, and in giucial ao^'ticodd.
It is rery swirinjilj- soliiMe in ether and iuaoluble in chloroform,
SBlicylic arid !ind the wilicvlulL!' oE sodium (I'.S. P.. It. P.). lilhium,
and of physostiginine (U. S. P.) are aUo olReial. The oil of Kaullheria. or
uf liirrh. aim contatiw salicin ss rnvthyl-tmlicylate, and may be used to ubiain
^ailicylic acid, which may nliio be made .tyiitheticaliv. Mt'lhvUiin Key late in
i»ovr otiiciul in the United States Phnrmaetipu-ia. (§eo Oaaitnem.)
Physiological Action,— Willow bark h an a»tniii;ent biittT Miiic and
a nti periodic. One rnriety, the Sallx n{g7«, is considered a diuretic and acxnal
sedative, the fluid extract beinj; utvJ in iK'scs o( l.'i» to 2 c.cm. (or m\x-x\x)
■tTcral times a day. Salicin acta as a hitter tonie, with antiperiodic and anti-
B*piic [iiiworii. Tl is not toxic in th« human subject, and i« acceptable to the
Btomach. This agent ia excreted mainly as Mlicyluric, salicylous, and sali-
^iic ncida by the kidneys. Salicylic ncid has already been considered.
wicin is not entirely or always decomposed after absorption, as it has been
found in the urine under it* o«n form. lt« wcape from the body is slow.
Thenpy. — Saliein is a uselul. bitter tonie, in feeble digestion, in doses
■f 0.13 to 0.3S Oni. ("rgr, ii-v). lit the diarrbn-n of T>hlhiw>i it i* <'ffiTtive in
Wrtoring a more healthy condition and promoting digestion, and it also re-
duce* the fever, given in dose* of 1.30 Gm. (or gr. xx), two or three times
•iai ly;—
Iticmutii. oubnit. nn 016O Gm. or gr. e.
01. dnnnmonil , {OA c.i.n. or mj.
M. «t ft. Mfwilw no. XX.
Sg.: One or tno capnulcii a\cty hour or two lor durrboHt.
Salicin is a Wneficial remedy in the chronic diarrh"'ji of children. In
•<^uie rheumaliiini, MiU'iagan considers it safer than salicylic acid, as it does
not depress the heart, the dose being from ».65 to 3.S5 Gm. (or gr. x-l) every
t">"ee or four houm; or, in order to gi-t the full antipyretic effect, these
doe« may be administered every hour until two or three are taken, and then
1bs« frequently. He alw comniend» itB use in neuralgia and coryza. In
loll iloses its antipyretic effect may be accompanied by free perspiration, hut
i' iaaot toxic, and can be given in amounts of several dntchin« daily.
Dr. E. a. Turner praises (he action of sslicin in iniltienxa. having treated
raorethan two hundred oons*<'utive pases hy means of thin atceni, which was
P'^ to adults in doses of 1,30 Gm. {or gr. xx) every hour for ten or twelve
■*c««sive hours, and to children in proportionate quantities, according to
^Mirage. In pelvic pain, dependent upon or aggravated by a rheumatic
^(lieii*, Jules Chi^ron hn* «fu-n fnund I Gm. (or gr. xv) of salicin, ndmin-
'^nri in three doses, of decided efficacy. In certain cases of metritis, sal-
'' I'^-wnrilis, pelvic cellulitis, or perltoniti*, and in IninWubdominal oen-
f'i.;i[i it may be given with advantage.
SALOL (U. S. P.. K. P.).— Salol, Phenyl-ialioyUte (C«Il,CTHaO^.
Doie, 0.32 to 1 Gin. (or gr. v-xv).
Fharmacotogy. — The combination of salicylic acid and phenol — "th«
Mlicirlir iili. r <•( jihenol" — is sold under the trade nanic of hiIoI. It consists
af Vt parts, by weight, of the former and 40 of the latter. Salol is a white.
71«
IL TIIKRArKCTIO AO£KTS OH DIIVO^
cryitaUtnc povder, insoluble in water, odork-Ke, and almost Ifleteleee. It waa
firet prepared hy von Nciicki in 1S83, and introduced intu prncticv in 1886
by Stthli. In the organism it bceoin«» di-com potted, yielding salicylic acid
and carbolic UL-id in luisceni form, it is antiseptic, germicide, and antipyretic
to u more marked degree, and is proportioimtcty \vf* toxic than cither of ita
constitueiits. Siilol passes through the stomach nnchanged. It4 decompo-
iilion is effected, in th« intestine, chiefly by means of the pancreatic fluid
and partly, also, by the intestinal fluids. According to the experiments of
Resle and Grande, ealol may, at Icotit in #omo cases, be broken up in the
etomach into itti components parts. Salol is also decomposed by tltc action
of pus and t^e action of various bacteria.
It has bc«n proposed to make use of salol as a coating for pills which
are desired to act upon the bowel, the covering serving as a protection dur-
ing the ]>aseo^o of the preparation through the stomach. When «alol and^
camphor are gently hcatud together a colorless, syrupy liquid is produced^|
posMMing a strong camphoraceous odor. ^V
As impure salol has sometimes found its way into the market, the fol-
lowing 18 given OS a ready test by which the purity of the product may be
demonstrated; A few drope of sitrosulphuric acid are placea upon a watch-
sites and a little snlol added. A yellow color soon reoulta and changes to
orovn, and Bubsoqut-ntly to gr«en, when stirred with a glass rod. AVhen tliis
lia« occurred the watch-glass is placed in a porcelain meenure with about 'ii
c.cm, (or fSvj) of water. The mixture is then shaken. The li<iuid assumee^
a rosy color, and tin- ^-rt-t-ii hue roiurus if ammunia be added. ^M
Phraiological Action and Therapy.— It must not be forgotten that ioH
adminiatering salol internally the iherapeutie elToct is due to the salicylic
acid and carbolic acid, and therefore that large doses cannot be given with
impunity, for fear of phenol poisoning. Salol is absorbed slowly and elim-
inated glowly, BO that there is danger of acctimulatioB in th^ system if ^iven
too frequently, exeept where diarrhoea is present. It. Josias has reported the
case of a young girl who had taken 3 Gm. (or gr. slv) of salol in forty-eight
hours, and in whom a large patch of scarlatiniiorm erythema, together with
roee-colored papules and spots resembling those of measles, appeared in con-
sequence upon various portions of the body. The insuftlntiou of salol for the
relief of otorrhunt has been known to cause extreme swelling of the ezlemal
auditory meatus, the isthmus of the fanoe*, and uvula. Jostttowitsch reports
the case of a man. -lO year* of age, to whom 2S.G Gm. (or gr. cccl) had l>c*n
given in the course of four day,i, who sitfTiTed with intense albuminuria and
violent pains in the loins. Black urine (carholurin) may continue for some
lime aftfr ita ingestion. Koberl insists that, from the large proportion of
phenol which salol contains, it is. comparatively speaking, a toxic substance;
so that any exceeding of the maximum doee must be rejfanied t» hawdoua.
Dr. Heaselbach reports the case of a woman who died after taking 8 Gm, (or
Sij) of salol within eight hours. It was found that >hc had W-en sulTering
with chronic nephritis, which was made acute by the drug. Dr. Uesselbach,
from his study of the action of the agent, concludes that the large propor-
tion of phenol contained in salol renders it such a toxic substance that its
unrestricted therapeulioHl use is fmt^ht with danger; and, secondly, that
in renal diseases, acute or chronic, salol is contra-indicnled.' Dr. Chla'powski
' "Ilie Actian o( Snlol on th« Kiancvt," Thrrapevtic Oastfte, Oct., 1«M, f. 7M.
BALOI..
Tir
< kli.MeDnli>(l a caft in wliicb death resulted from the inRestion of 1 Oui. (or
p. n). Id rare instances sii fr}'tli«tinaioii« t-riiptioii huj" lii-cn prodnctd by
lit locil application of snlol, probably in consequence of its decomposition.
Salol i) an excellent dres^in^ for wounds, bums, ulcen, eryaipctos, and
Ather cutaneous dieorders. In impetigo contagiosa and pustular eczema,
Ggaae applies irith advantage a collodion eontpo^cd of: —
B SiJotin 3|
CoMtit. hydRH-hloraL |W
CoUodii llexilii 1S5
Om. or fpt. xlvj.
Oin. or frr. iij.
e^om. or
Sv.— ii.
A fidtnphorated salol is higbly esteemed by CuirlUer in the treatment of
■ppurative otitis. Tli« meatus is first cleanged by means of n solution of
korwacid, an<I the camphorated sulol applied upon a tampon of vooi, vrhieh
illefl in position not nwn- Ibnn twenty-four houni,' For i)itft.>nK. Coniotini
Roonuncndt; —
tt tialalla , 8
Atidj borici , ,,., 4
AMI nticf-lid
Tfaymol. i .. ....
Pulv. ulci
U. Big.: U«e by ttuudlBtjon.
Gm- or Uj.
Gni. or 3j.
76 <Jm. or gr. xij.
32 Gm. or gr. v.
2ft Om. or gT. H|.
The formula for an excellent antiseptic powder, need in some of the
IvitpitaU, is given as follows: —
» Tulv. MloUa ...>. 31
Zind Mlpliltl* 4ti
PnlT. bMixntnl I.'t
Tklri puriflcaL 02
OU tcmiMM I
U. UMful for chronir ulnra, *t«.
Gm. or Ji.
Gm. or il*a.
Om. or S*«,
Om. or jij.
2 c.cm. or mxx.
II. Valudc recommends, iu nicer of the cornea, the opptinitioii of a pad
ti nlol gauze vhich. with a moistened ^aiize bandage. scaU the eye and
■BUDtaina a certain amount of oompression. The eye ie tint carefully dlein-
ftcted, the dressing placed in position and not removed for three or four
diys, when the ulcer is found to be in process of repair. M. Ruynicr employs
1 liquid! mixture of salol and iodoform in the treatment of abscess-cavities.
bHM-cavitiM, and ll«ttila>. Salol mixed with iodoform it liijuclled under lite
itfltWDee of heat, but the raLxture solidifies when it coolt. When injected
into a cavity, the mixture remains liquid and causes the gradual evacuation
of the puF.'
Reynier makes use of lh« Bame preparation in the treatment of lapa-
nteny wounds.
In fermentative disorders of the stomach (dilated stomach especially),
in intestinal drepepsia, salol, in 0.13 to 0.33 Gm. (or |fr. ii-v) doscH, in remark-
ably effective in rclicviuK the annoying symptoms of flatulence, pyrosis, pain,
nek headache, etc. In duodenal catarrh, or catarrh of the l)iU--ducls. with
or without jaundice, good results are obtained fn^m salol. Salol is regarded
by SlrixoMcr as an excellent remedy in the Irealmeni of choleUthiasis. It
ia said to favor the escape of calculi and retard their development. It ia
'inMT-loan JMnwil of I'lmrniaey. Jnn-. tS9l.
*£« VMcpfne J/oifrrnf^; Mnlkal BmltHtu, S^t.. \tm.
ri8
PDARItACEimClI. TUeiUFErnC agents or DRCdS.
not givi^ii for the purpofte of relieving colic, but in the intervals of nltnck*,
in doses of 0.C5 Gm. (or gr. x) thr«e or four times u day. It hae be«ii em-
plojed as a succedaneum for salicylic acid in diabetes.
This substance is of volue in diarrha-a. and is strongly recommended
by Moncorvo, of Kio Janeiro, in tin- malarial diarrh<i>-a of children.
The following prescriptions containing selol are useful: —
B Salolli fli Om. or 31).
Pulv. iptf^ucuanhie »l opU ,. IJSG Gin. or gt. xxiv.
M. « ft. fUmtiilic DO. si.
Kg.1 A puvdvr trtry hour or two until rfliercd i>f diAnhoea.
R SaloUs.
Kumuth. lubnit.,
Crate pmpnrolM an 4| Om. or 3).
M. et It. ehartuln! no. xij,
S\g.t A povdn •^-err liour or tito, (or iliarrhcm.
B Bftloll* 8
Biamutli Hubnitrat > ^
UiatuiO! crct« <|. m. ad OO
Slff.t Dtwerls|ioonful every two hours uiitll lellvmd.
Giu. or Sij.
Gm. or 3}.
ccra. or fSiij.'
Cholera infantum, the dinrrhwa of tuberculoijis and of typhoid fever are
also benefited by its administration. Dr. W. L. Carr haa found it of de-
cided aervice in the Rrst »tnge of acute gastro-entcritis. In doses of 0.35 Gm.
(orgr. iv), suspended in mucilage, Drs. Lardtur and Pemet have given salol
with advantage in dysentery. Good resulta have been reported by several
flhst'n'ors fnim the uei' of this remedy in .Asiatic cholera. If seenu very apt,
however, to increase the gastric disturbance which accompanies cholera and,
as shown hy (he case cited by Girodc, this remedy should be tiaed with great
caution in ulcerous conditions of the alimentary tract.
Salol, being excreted as salicylic acid, tiois an a di>^infcctant to the uri-
nory passoges, and is useful in pyelitis, catarrh of the bladder, and ammosi-
acal urine. Dr. S. L. Abbott treated three cases of cystitis in women with
salol (0.65 Gm.. or gr. x. thrice daily, or 0.38 Gm., or gr. v, every three hours).
Under its use the symptoms disappeared and the urine became acid, and the
patients were cured after the failure of other remcdit's. Testimony to the
lame efTccf is given by .\mold, who remarks that it has afforded relief even
in cases of tubercntaus cystitis.
In pulmonary tuberculosis Grossi makes use of a solution of 1 part of
salol in 3 parts of almond-oil, sulicnt«neously injected. M. Heix r^-ported
twenty coses of blennorrhagia treated by salol, in which the disease lasted
only ten or twelve days. In the same commHiiication' he praises it highly
in typhoid fever, giving it in dose,'* of 4 Gm. (or 3j) daily, combined with bia-
mutb salicylate. In a series of fwrty-ninc cases of typhoid fever treated by
Posiijnyi by salol, all of which were severe, the remedy produced marked
amelioration in 75 per cent., while in the remaining eases it produced no
good effect. In about one-fourth of the number the diarrhea ceased after
one or two daj-s' exhibition of the drug, and in some cases was succeeded by
constipation. Salol is esperially valuable in the treatment of acute rheuma-
tism, given in 1 to 'i Gm, (or gr. xv-xxx) dow-s, three or four times daily.
' Jtipertoirt dc PharmaiHf. Jw\y 10, L800.
Ul^L.
no
OlSn (!m. or gr. p,
jl3 Om. or Rr. ij.
reduces the Uinperaturc and c«uftc« free perfpinitioii, aud is toiiifiwhnt anal-
31. Gouguenheim j«,vs that flfllol hafi a very mantfuet action in Kiippiirn-
tivc i»orc Ihront (tonisilliti^, etc.). Sulol is ^-aluable as an intestinal and nri-
z^arj antiseptic. It is especially serviceablo in cyetitiK, enlarged and irri-
table prostate, jionorrhara, and g\vvt. In the treatment of diseases of the
^onjto.nrinan- iraoi, salol can be prescribed ni follow*; — •
R ItnloliB , ,,. 1)150 GU). or gr. c
Trrcbcoi <i|20 r.rm. i^r mi*.
M. pt fl. eapmilw no. xx.
Sig.; A capinle or tw« every two or three hour*. For irritation of the j^nilal
LIU. ValiiaMe «porf«lly (n glo*t.
The following have also proved of service in gonorrhtea and (ricet: —
B 8ftk)li«
Ext- Iwlladonn*^ (olior. tie
M, Rt ft. <ap«ul« na xx.
Sig. t From four to tix capaiUvii a day.
R ft»WI« , fliso Om. or gr. e.
ExL «rgot« ,, , l|30 Om. or gr. ix.
^L et (L e«p«uliE no, xx.
Hig.: One or tuo capnulea ev«ry two or Uiree houn. For cystitU and in enlnrgnl
Dr J. Willism While' recommends ealol, given in capsules, as follows
In Ihf ttvatment of recent anterior tircthntia: —
B S«IoIb |!3
OUomin. cub«ba! •..>■■..
Copoilbw (Piim)
Pcpaini
Jt. ct ft. cnpaulB no. j. Mltti; no. sxx.
Si|;.; One cap«ule four to tix tiniM (Uily.
Wliitc reported that the discharge thus treated, in two-thirdii of the
'^^i^wt, ceased vrithin a week. In the majority of patients he also rceom-
''**=aiicd an injection of 0.13 Om. (or gr. ii) of zinc sulphocarbolate in ii 10*
'^* l5-per-cent. solution of hydrogen dioxide.
Oraulxoff, in addition to it« internal admin itttration in gonorrhoea, em-
P*^:m it aa an injection according to the following fonnnla: —
B Sitol lOJ Om. or Siin.
Pulv. M«dn fit tim. or sr. Ixxv.
Aq. dntlllat IM2| e.cm. or Oir.— S
Nicolaier has obtained »itisfnctorv remlla in t'lx c&ees of dtabetee mi
Gm. or gr. itiw.
SO e.«m. or mv.
00 cent. OT titx.
006 Gni. or gr. j.
I&
-Ti« from the vnf. of fialol, giving 2 (Jin. (or gr. xxx) three times 8 day. An
«pii)v«ment generally n-aiilted within eight days. In some of the cues
tediet vat not restriclod, and this writer particiilnrly recommends niol
h\tn an antidiabetic regimen is. for any reason, impracticable. Lutz ad-
aiM the emplo}'ment of miIoI in tuberculosis, and claim.'* that it poMAMCS
dal Tfilae in acute phthisis. He is of the opinion that the drug diminishes
t-i ditinlegration of tuberculous material.
Silophen is n new combination, which erTStallixcs in fine, white scales,
ilmoKt inKiilitble in water, readily soluble in alcohol and ether, and d<'«ti>
|tnr PkitudetpliUt ilfJiMl Sem, June 14. IKMI.
720
PHARUACSUTICAL THKBAPEL'TIC AtiCHTS OU SBUOS.
tuw of taste or odor. It contsiiu SI |jcr ccnl, of aalicylic acid. Upon bein'^
heated with sods-lje, it is eplit up ioto sodium uticvlate and acetyl-para-
amidophcnol. Thin dccompo^itioo lakes place aUo within Uie organism. The
subetaDce is not acted upoD bv the acid gutrio juice, but decompoBition takes
place within the intestine, iio deleterious by-effects have yet wen o)>Mrved
from its nse. It is ref^arded as of special value in the treatment of debilitated
patients. Selophen it claimed to dc much lets toxic in its effects than saloL
It can be administered to animals in the averan:e quantity of O.SO Qm. (or gr.
iij) to the pound of body-weight. Salophoti cun be safely given to men,
according to the investigations of P. Guttmann, in daily dotioe of fl to 8 Um.
(or 3isB-ij). Salophen is excreted by thu fieccs and al^o by the skin. After
evaporation of the perspiration, crystals of eslophen or of a product of its
decompoHitioD have been observed upon the skin by Professor Draschc. of
Vienna. ITie surface glittered as if sprinkled with diamond dost. Dr.
Hinehmann found that the admimstration of several other bodice belonging
to the aromatic series (as sodium salicylate, acetanilid, and phenacetin) was
followed by on elimination in crystalline form. This result was noticed par-
ticularly after the use of phenacetin. An abundance of beautifully-formed
crystals was found upon the skin after the administration of 1 Gm. (or gr. xv)
daily for three days.
Guttmann found salophen to have a favorable nctinn in eeule rheuma-
tism, in some instances diminishing pain and swelling within a few days.
Other caM4, however, demanded weeks and months for their cure. It is
unable to prevent relapse or extension to previously imaffccted articulations.
Later observer* have sulistantinlly conflrmeil this judgment. In chronic
rheumatism it will generally alleviate pain, but does not promote absorption
of periarticular exudations, nor does it prevent the cardiac complications of
the dist^nsc.
Salophen is regarded as well adapted for use in diseases of children. It
luiii bfcn administered with advantage in scarlntina, typhoid fever, pneu-
monia, and tuberculosis. The antipyretic power of salophen is but dight.
In typhoid Sqvvt from 4 to (1 Gm. (or oi-i*») is needed in order to rtrduce tha
temperature 1° to 1 'A' C.
In phthisis the exhibition of 3 to 4 Gm. (or gr.
In two cases of cystitis the lute Dr. Guttmaim
xlv-lx) causes a reduction,
saw no improvement after administering this drug. Salophen has generally
proved beneficial in neuralgia and, according to the studies of I>r. Edmund
Koeh, has an excellent analgesic effect in the most diverse nervous disorders.
Salophen is particularly available in nciirolgin dependent upon a theuniatic
diathesis. On account of its value as an intestinal antiseptic it haa been pro-
posed to make use of salopht-n in cholera.
Salaoetol. — This substance has been introduced as a substitute for alol,
being devoid of the toxie prop<Ttips of the lattisr compound. Salacetol is
obtained by heating monochloracetone with sodium salicylate. It crj-stal-
lixes from alcohol in the fonn of scales or lustrous needles. It is but slightly
soluble in hot or cold water, but dissolves in hot alcohol, ether, chloroionn,
carbiin diwiilphide. lieni:'il, nnd lienzin. Its Isste in (ilightly bitter and it
melts at 160'" 1-'. Salacetol is broken up in the intestine into salicylic acid
and acefol, the Intter IhkIv being ctiininated in the urine in the form of ace-
tone. Salacetol is unchanged in passing through the stomach. The absorp-
tion of salticolol is priuiiftled by the conjijinei) exhibition of caator-oil. The
dosR for an adult is from V to ii tim. (or gr. xxx~xlv) and children txa talc»
RAHIA.
721
1.10 flio- (or gr, iss) for each year of their ag«. ^Vhen incoriwralcd with lard
tc U ■Iwottx'ti by the skin.
The Tirtu«e of salscetol have been studied by MSI. liourget and Burbey.
Tbcjcstcfm it iin exoi-Dtnt intiiHtinal anti«cptic and have given it with ail-
wttue in choleraic diarrhoea. The administration nf salacetui in acute
trtii:ulnr rhi-innaliKin causca a rapid declino of temperature and ninclionition
of pain. At the same time the writers quoted recommend un application to
liie jointx compotcd of:-~
B Aeid. MUcjrUc,
lAMolln. , an 10
CM. tcrebiath..... »)
A4tpb M
Salacetol has likewise produced eood results in chronic and muscniar
ihftumatism ami, given in caetor>oil, has been beneficial in case« of biliary
lithjasia.*
Oni. itr 31 iM.
25 cou). or fSiiM.
Qm. or Siij' — U.
SALVIA (U.S.P.)--Sage.
Dew. oil.) to 2 Gm. (or gr. x-xxx), in infuaion or fluid extract (with
diluted alcohol).
P]ianDa«o]off7. — 'The Icarcs of Salvia officinalis" (Ijbiat*), a garden
herb, used (or its flavor in cooking: but the wild ease (Italian sage) is better
(or medicinal purpottes. It contains from '/* ^ V« P^' ^^^^- o^ volatile oil,
S&lviot, with tannin, resin, etc.
Physiological Action. — The infu!>ion {25 per cent,), of which the dose
is from an ounce to a wineglassful. is tonic, astringent, and stimulant. The
latter quality t» iacreased in the fluid extract br the diluted alcohol, used
I menstruum. MM. Cad^ac and Albin hare demonstrated that the oil of
!]tiTC* rifle to epileptiform convulsions in the dog.
Therapy. — Intusion of saze by it»clf is a very good gargte and aatrin-
Sent WKdh tor the nose or mouth. Internally it has been adminiKtcri'd for its
tonic effects in fevere, and to check sweating;, especially in phthisis pulmo-
laiis. Sage may be combined with other remedies as an injection for ure-
tbritj9 or veeical catarrh. The compound sage-gargle consists of: —
o( Sir.
H AlunLnia 13
SalviK ,..^ 31
Mrl dMpucDatI 00
Aquit IniUitutis ..,. ..,...,....., .473
X^ InfiMiURi St col*.
Sig.; Dilute with «at«r and at* u • ipugk.
Cm.
Oni. or 31.
cem. or f jij.
CdCm. or OJ.
SAMBUCUS iT". S. P.).— Elder.
SAJOnCI STORES (B. P.).— Elder-flowers.
Doae, 15.5 t-:- 31 Gm, (or Jr*-)). "u infusion, drunk while hot.
PnparaltAn.
tJfm SUBbael (B.P.I.— Bldar.flou'cr Wkter (k dUUlled anMiutie w»t«r),
Fhirmaoology. — "Hie flowers of Sambucui^ canadi>naiB" ((l^prifoti-
i), v. S. v.: iho tlowen of Sambucus uitrra, "Ciiarulrd from the stalks
^- P.). of North America, are stimtilanl and diaphoretic, and, to aonit ci-
' nmptmlittkri Utmaltheftf. Dec. ISM.
ii
niARMACIIL'TICAT. TaERAPEtTIC AOKNTS Oil OBUOtS.
tojn, <luir>'lii", Th)' lioworc iiro UMtl for llavoriiit' purposes. Thev i-oiiUinl
enmll [iroporiion of a volatile nil, which ha£ tBe odor of the nowi-r« iu
high dogrw; aluo viiUTiunii- iicul, airid n-nin, «nd inucilnge.
Phytiologioal Action aad Therapy. — Eldcr-flowcr wutiT is a got
vi'hicli: for lotiou» <iii<) ttye-u'ii«lu-i<, In hot infuition llie remedy aclfl as j
Btimidaiit. diuretic, nnd diaphoretic, and mny be emetic if gircii in too luri
<)iifli)tity. Tlu- lierrii'ii nre ediltli-, and the juice is considered antiscorbuti^
and alterative; it ie i:i-i.'d in rhciitnuti^m and syphilis. Klder-bcrry jam or
conserve is lasnti^e. Tliv iniior l>nrk uf vUltt in catlinrtic, and, iu large doses,
ein«tic.
The physiological properties of elder-hark have been studied br Conilie-
male. Large doses of the decoction of the outer bark or of the vrnolc bark
produced decided polyuria in doga. Moderate dotes gave rise to no connid-
cmhle incrca«c of urine, but the tt^mperaliire was lowered and the pulse and
respiration retarded. The decoction of the fresh inner hark was strongly diu-
retic. Larg« doses acted very m|ii<lly, and llu- effiirl eonlinui-d for nmri'
than five hours. In the nieantiiiie. the temperature, after fitat rising
slightly, sMuk to a lenlli bi-lou tin- iioritial. The putsc also gnduully Ih--
came more slow. A mncoratioii of the inner bark exerted much less influ-
ence upon the kidneys, hut oci-asioncd nausea and vomiting, with eulw-
^uently a severe diarrhoea. a»iociated with reduction of the letuperature
and retardation of the pulse. .\ rabbit died nfler the injection of a lari^i-
quantity of the whole bnrk. The autopsy showed intense injection ol all
the organH, with pulmonary hii'morrhages.
Dr. OeorRe Lemoine employed a decoction of the freali inner lark
thcr8]>euli(>ally. Inorensed diure^iv rontintied n$ long as. the drug was im-d.
The best effect wag obtained in acute iiephntis, and the drug is capable of
good service in ascite-s and redema. In two casea an acute eruption upon the
skin occurred while elder-bark was being taken: in one ease of small furunj
dea, in the other an urticaria.
SAKGOINARIA (U. S. P.).— Blood -root.
DoH, 0.13 lo 1.30 Gm. (orgr. ii-xx).
Prtparatwns.
Tinctum Sanguinariw (U. S. P.). — Tincture of Sanguinnria (15 p«r cent-).
O.fiO to 4 r.pm. lor mx fSj).
Kxirnctuiii S»i](|ru inn rile Fliiidum (U.S. P.).— Fluid Extract of S*nKiiiiMt(a.
Doitc, 0-30 to 1 t.tm. lor invxv|.
Aoelum San^iiinnriw. — Vinrgnr ol Snngiilnnrin, Dof«. t lo 2.50 ceta. {
mxV'Xl}; as nn iMnetk, 4 to 18,S c.em. (or Ri-v).
Dose.
Fharmacolog;. — "The rhizoiue of 8anguinaris canaden.-<is^ (Pnpaver-
acca;), coUtited in autumn." is about two inche-s long, cylindrical, reddish
brown, containing small, red rcsin-celU; taste, very bitter and acrid. It con-
tains four alkaloid s.-~CheIerythine. Sanguinarine, jr-homochelldonine. am]
Protopine, with rilric iiiid nislio nrid.'. Kiinii; and Tietx ivlaim that cora-
mercial san^uinarine is a mixture of several baaee with resinous aubataneec.
Ae scparuti-il by them. »^)tiii;iniiarino ih a colorless, crystalline substance, eol
ble in alcohol and chlnroform. Ife salts are of n Wood-red color.
Phyiiological Action.— The powder is cstremaly irritating to the
n
siN'orrxAsiA.
T23
rK*t{«*, caiifing viok-Dt ^ncvzing and free secntioo. It ie a feeble eecba-
rulK. The taste ib har«h and bitter. Taken inlenuillv, it )» « systemic
rtDrtw, it« action being followed by salivation and mucli depression, caueing
lito u iocreaae of hepatic secretion. Sanjeuinnria may cause hypercal herns
lad let as an irritant, iicro- narcotic poison. It is cmmi-nngogUL' and ex-
Cnmt, and, after s preliminary increase of artcrinl tension, d«preitM« the
'•action; dvaih i# prodiici'd by parulysig of the medullary, respiratory,
■od cardiac centres. The spinal Tel1e.\e^ are reduced and apinat centres
finilly panilyiH; the pupiU become dilated, the muEcles Tclaxcd, the ekin
n(d end clammy, irith collap.^e of the vital povers; tlie fatal reauit often is
p(*(ydrd b^' convtilKiont^ eJtlier of spinal origin or arising from corbosie-
'fid poisoning, due to failure of respiration.
Antidote. — The nntidoti."* arc difTimiblo ttimuIantK. — digilalic. amyl
I'trite, strychnine hypodermtcally, with morphine and atropine. If necessary,
to reheve pain or severe nausea. Tlie patient ehonld be kept warm, urlificial
fw»pit»tii>n be maintained, and warm watt-r may he used to W8*ih out the
»''JHi»<:h nnd hnwdfi.
Therapy. — lllood-root bas been used in powder as an application to
"Iccrated 8urfac«», end i; regarded by some as a cure for cancer; but it ie
JAitifal, and, if freely applied, may be absorbed and cause vomiting and other
VmptODiB of poisoning. Keyser employed sanguinurine nitrate (Merck's)
".0]5 Gm. (or gr. '/,), with 30 c.cm. (or f^j) of glycerin, as a renie<iy f«r con-
junctivitis gmnuloM. Powdered sangninaria. snuffed or blown into the
iio», prD]>eny diluted, may prove snccetsful in chronic rhinitis. A decoction
iQay he of odvantage as a gargle in scarlatinal angina. An ointment eon-
Ining blood-root ha^ been succcesfully used in tinea. The powdered root
Tecommended by some as a siernulatory in nasal catarrh, and the treat-
ment is certainly very effective, because the patient will not be likely to re-
turn for further treatment. 11ie conjoined internal use of the tincture —
^osu, 0.60 c.cm. (or mx), thrice daily — is also adviwd. In small doses of the
tlxictore (S or 10 drops several times a day), it is considered valuable in atonic
d^epepeia, gastric catarrh, or duodenal catarrh with janndiee. Large doses,
• t<t)poonful to a tablespoonful of the vinegar, or the tincture, causes vom-
iting, with increase of hepatic secretion, ft has been used in croup as an
••■*«4ie, but is too violent and too depressinji.
In variotis Gposmodic afFections and disorders, accompanied by cough,
■• in pneumonia, asthma, bronchitis, etc., small doses of the tincture may be
S>vimst short intervale. 8«nguiDariu may be prescribed thus with exp«tto-
'*^'*t» for the disease referred to: —
«
Tinet MiigaliwHn 4
F>Tnii>i Ipecac ..>!.>.. ...4.. IS
Tinct- lobelto ■. 4
OlTf»rlnl 15
SiS" -^ teanpooahtl ercry two or Ihica boon, for aulMuiitc lifonnhiti*.
5
ceni. or (3j.
CLcm. or fjM.
c.cni. oT (3).
('.«ai. or fjiui.
It TtncL ntiiEuiaarim 7
Aiumonll brcmiidi ... 12
Spirilno a-thcrii nilTO*i 30
fijrnip. pnini Virg. q. >, ad 160
fjnn. Of f3ii.
Gm. or UlL
e.cn. or m.
con. or Rv.
* Uonrhitk
Too trupoontuh In wal«r awr? tiro or lliM« houni, for Mtlima awl
Sans^nariae nay be given as an expectorant in doses of 0.005 to 0.008
734 rnABUACETTiaiL TIIEILlPErTIC A0EN1S Ott tlRTOS.
Om. (or KT. Vti'V*) >i> piieumoiiU, bronchial cftUrrli, winter coushi etc., ifae
alkaloid uaring the advantage of not didurbiiiif the stomach, although its
aecrclioiis are increased b}' fractional doscj. A &yrup of wn^uinaria, made
by adding sugar to the vinegar, may be used as an ingredient in cough-
mixturea.
In hjrsteria, due to pain or moral causes, aanguinaria is said to be eome-
limee of odvantnge, either given alone or in combination witli podophyU
hmi,' For various funclionsl affections of the genital system, amenorrhea,
dyanienorrhira, and in impotence, with »em>nal inconlinenec and rclaxntion
of the organs, eanguinaria is pronounced a serviceable remedy. Blood-root
cat) be combined as follow^ fnr ibe diAeasen named: —
II Tinct. BauKuinuriie,
Ext. lioMiK'Hon tl-)
ExL OTgoUe B. aa 7|S com. or tSty
U. Slg.: Tu'pnty to forty dropi in vitar three tiniM u dav. la aiiMnoi
uorliil kI«u ill iinpoti'iici- iiiiil •viiiinul wtakMM.
B Santruinnrin',
Aloini,
Kxl. ignalim »m 113 Cm. nr fcr. IJ.
pMTi Uolalis ...■ l|30 Uni. or gr. xx.
M. et ft. pi), no. xx.
Gif!.: A Tilll thtvc or four times b iiLy-, ltPMAtia\ m an rnnnmaicogue aail ia
g«niul a«bilit!y.
J
I
I
Snngiiinaria is also regarded as an alterative, on account of its influen'
upon secretions, and may be used in iiyphilis, especially of the skin.
SAMTALI OLEUM (P. S. P., B. P.I.— Oil of Sandal-wood. (See Oleum
SantaU.)
f
SAMTALUM RUBRUM (U. H. P.), PTEROCARPI UGNVM (B. P.).—
Bed Saunders, Red Sandal -wood.
Pharmacology. — "'The wood of Pteroenrpus saiitalinua" (Ijeguminom)
UEually is met with in the shops as raspiups. It contains e red coloring
matter of a resinous character, known a.i Santalic acid, which is soluble is
alcohol, but insoluble in water. It is used in pharmacy for coloring alco-
holic liquors or tinctures red. It enters into the compound tincture of lav-
ender.
SAKTOHICA (U. S. P.). — Santonica, Levant Wonnseed.
Dose, 0.20 to 1 Om. (or gr. iii-xv).
SANTONINUM (U. S. P., B. P.).— Santonin.
Dose, O.VS to 0.32 Cm. (or gr. ii-v).
I'reparalwn.
Troclii»CT Santonini (U. 8. P., B. P.). — TrochsB of Suitaaia. Worm LonMigta («*cli
0,03 Gin., or gr, w, Tli» B. P. trochp* cnntnin O.OfiTi Om,, orgr. j).
Pharmacology. — "The unexpanded flower-head.i of Artemisia paud-
flora" (Composita^), growing in Ttirkciiton and surrounding couDtriee, are
known as I-evant wormseed. They contain about 1 per cent, of volatile oil
> Phillip*, op. cir.
nAvramci.
id from 'A to 2 per cent, of Suntoain, a n«iitt»I, crysUllinc pnticipl
'hich, when wannvd with alknlici', n changed into Sanloninic Acid,
which tlie sudiuiD ealt was formerly official. The British l*harmncop<i;ia
cLirect« Uial »autonin he prcparvcl from MintonJca: thu ilm-d iiDvxpnnded
flowcr-beadfi of ArtemUia maritima. Ae lh« ohject of administration of
tl^a remedy is to act locally upon the parnslte.") of the digestive tract, it is
l>vtter tn vifv the slightly soluble saatouiii than the more tiuluble eoiiibitia'
t:aon. The Irochvs, thvn-fore. made with santonin, instcnd of sodium soo-
tonioate, are better, because less likely to occasion toxic eSects. Sanlonia
^istsolvcK with diftioilty in cold water. It is itoluble in 250 parts of boilioi
jw-nttr, readily soluble iu alcohol, chlorofomj, and alkahne solutions, tno^
iteW i^oliibie III clbiT, niid itisoliible or lu-arly so in glycerin.
Fhysiolt^cal Aotion. — Santonin is a very popular vermifuge against
the iDund-worm, A.trariti lumhricoidts, and, to a li-)« extent, against the
th rwwl-worm, Uxyurii rermirulari». It ha.i no effect upon the tape-vrorm.
The crystals of Minlonin arc eolorle**, but turn yellow upon exjiosure to
lisrlit. This effect is due to a partial change in ilK composition. Colorc<"
fantonin is an unr<-liable remedy. When Inkcn inl" the body, the iiame^
ctiaage occurs in the blood, which disturbs the nutrition of the cerebral
t^ntres, so that chromatop^ia i>> produced, the patient eomjilaining that
'^'■»_*rTthing has a lurid, yellow or greenish tinge, and he may even entirely
Jt>**« his viition for n feu- day*. In exceptional iiiMtancos the color perceived
w^Lji red or blue.
The urine is stained a greenish-yellow, or. if it should be alkaline, it
''^•^ 8 reddish-purple color. This is due to zuithopsiB, a derivative of san-
*^«lin. As a mmilMr color 1.1 pniduwd by chrmrobin it may somelimw
■■^■•inble to distinguish these iwo substaneea ny proper tests. This can be
''^^^ilil)' done, aceonliiig to the hiti- HojijH'-Seyler, by adding cniislic soda to
1 1»^« arine and shaking it up with amylic alcohol. The urine loses its color
i*^ isntunin be present, but if the tint is caused by chrysarobin the alcoholj
■*-■»* UUle effect upon the color.
Elimination, which takes place by the kidneys. i» slow, about two da.v»|
**^a(r iMuired for the leraoval of an ordinary dose. The flow of urine is ■
^^^niiderabiy increosed, and the calls for niiclurttion arc frequent. Acute
l*«i»niDg fiometimes occasioned by children eating worra-candy, or lozenges, ,
^ Dunife«tcd by cerebral and digi.'-^tive disorder and muscular proKtration,j
■^Tlk tremors, or even convulsions. Death occurs from respirator)- failure, ,
^rtiwria has been oau.tHi by iln prolonged administration. A case of urti-'
c»ri» has been reported as due to a single 0.80 Om. (or gr. iij) dose given to a
*Ud. In theca*oofa man 0.32 Gm, (orgr. v) caused, within three hours, "a
gneral morbilloid eruption and an intense puuctiforni rash on the macoua
tiODbranc of the mouth and throat."'
Tbe treatment of poisoning is by diffusible stimulants, a hot bath,
'oD&lMnt drinks, belladonna, and ttryebninc, with ether to control con-
niionB.
Therapy. — Dr. G. Frank Lyd*ton' mivs that he has found a substitute
Ut hii-mhUi in tbe treatment of epilepsy in santonin, which he has
OMd for Dearly twenty years in the Irratmcnt of this affection. Sait-
■n« Xaliontil niipnm'H'ny. Rflh rdilion, n. 1415.
'n*rvf>cutie aasTltc. Kvb. 15, 1900.
726 nuBUACECncAL TRKadPEunc ao£kt« or DRL'GS.
tonin ill n valuutilo untittpaniioilio in children. He does not
it is a specific, but only that under it the average epileptic piti«i|1.
lietter n'sulu thnii under the broniides. Santonin acM well in caett
which the bromides for one reason or another are not tolentt4. 'M
has proved of especial value in those cates in which the bromidn IbIhB
It does not cause mental hebetude, nervous or circuUtorj distorlMllOf^ i
diaiiigurin^ eruptionn. In adulla he he^inii with a doee of from 0.13 U^^
Gm. (or gr. ii-vj of the powdered drug, which in gradually incn*«ed ta dw
point of lolt-rnno^. Many palicnlii lake 1.30 Om. intgi. xx) three timetaiBi
for some weeks. ITie point of saturation of the system is shown by ■ jdl^^
color of the urine and a varying degree of renal and vedcal irritation. (^^
tion should be exercised in giving the drug, to begin with snull doM« p*"^
nally increased. Dr. C. Negro, of Turin, has recently met with stimH
combating iIk.- pninful criscii of locomotor ataxia with Mintonin in dew*
1.50 dm. (or gr, xiij) daily, taken at inlenals of three or four horn.
In c-ase children show symptoms of intestinal irrilalion,
worms, the dischnr^es from the bowels, each day, should be watc
order to detect the pretteucc of parasites, and this may be assstcd byiuli*
ptirgativc, such as ma^esta, or rhubarb and ma^niesift, which mwrm tfc
mncua in which worms breed. Then a dose of santonin should btgnatf
night and followed by a purgative in the morning.
B Santouiiii |!!0 On. or p. K
Ilyilniri;. chloridi mlti* I$8 Gm. or gr. Jy
SuiliJ bii-tirb If ft Qm. or gr. ^
M. rt div. in chotttUic no. vj.
81g.: Oive an« each niglit to n child 8 }v«r»o1d.
Kex' gives the following preticription, containing santonin, forta*^
coid worm*: —
B Snntnntni jAO Om. of b. HI)
Ext. ■pigeUo: «t ■uuin fluid SOJ v.i'm. or Qj.
M. Sig.i One Inaupciontul tbrr« timvt a Aty.
In color-blindness santonin has been tried with asserted sums***
i« probably of no service in the congenital form, though it might besfpi*
able where vision has been impaired or the appreciation of color loet fcy**
dent or di*eaxe. Tt tin.s been advocated M a remidy fur some di.Mrden*'*
optic nerve, but without clinical evidence to support the suggettioD. **
turnal enureiiis owasionaliy yields to santonin after the fajlnre "t ^
remedies, Ky Mr, Whitehcaa. of Manchester, santonin is rec<mUK«^ _"
amenorrhcea, especially when that condition ii dependent upon chlonaf
lie gives a 0.C5 Gm. (or gr. x) dose on two successive nights. Dr. Crf*^
Mastennan reported a rase in which thi* method of treatment was W^
able in severe uterine colic arising from suppression of the mensc»- T1>e J^
minijilralion of the remedy was soon followed by the occurrence of Ib« t*""
menia and relief of pain.
It should be given cnutionsly to feeble children, and be follo^rf*'
few houni by a dojc of magnesia or rhubarb. Some practitioiHn P^
to administer santonin with castor-oil, and. in the experience of Dr. ff^
thia combination is of decided value in diminishing the danger af 'B!"'
■ The Coltegt on4 CUnical Strord, F«b., ISSI.
93?
FfMTta. Profrwor IVmmo wag nccustumf^ to ii<)inini»tor untonlii in cutor-
bnt, ae a rule, he pri?(erred l« Rive it in h slightly sweetened oluagioous
' •olution, 0.03 Gni. to 30 ccm. (or |?r, nK-fSj) "I oHvc-i-ilj believing it to be
lorp ellWcioua in this form thin in that of powder.
Santoninoxinie (obtained by hesting santonin with hydroxyltttniDCJ
hydrnchlorate and lime in the presence of alcohol) occurs as white crystals,
i»i*olul>le in cold wiUit. idiglitly soluble in boiling water, soluble in iilcohol
«i]il ucL-tic acid, it is considered lees toxic than santonin, and may be ad-
minixti-ri'il in do«v« two or thrt-t- tiniw ii* tiir>.T.' Tho doec for ii thild from
•3 to 3 vfare old is 0.048 Gra. (or ^r. */.); from 4 to 6 years, 0.10 Gm. (or gr.
iu); from t> to IKvnn', 0.13 Gm. (orgr. iJ);sdultF, 0.32 Gm. (orgr. v), dividnl
iatu twn doses, taken at intervals of an hour or tiro and followed by a
catluirtic.
8AP0 {V. S. P.). 8AP0 LUEUS (B. P.).
from soda and olive-oil.
'Hard Soap. Soap prepared
SAPO MOLLIS (U.S. P., B. P.).— Soft Soap. Soaji prepared from
potiiM and lin^ei^d-oil (T. S. P.); jinttii^iiuiii h>ilr».viiit' and olivi-oil (ft. P.).
»«po riridi*— preen eoap (l'. S. P. !»»(>).
8AF0 ANIUALIS (H. P.).— Cnrd-soap. Soap made with sodium hy-
<Jroxido and a piiniicd animal fat. consisting principally of stearin, con-
taiaitig about 30 per cent, of water.
Preparatioiu.
TJniimiitum SaixmH Mullii (U. 8. I*.).— Uniment of Soft Boap* (green map, 06;
**■ of Urmder, 2; okohol aud waUr, q. s. ad 100 parta). For «xtenul me.
EmptaKruni Sopontt IU.S.P., 1I.P.I.— Soap Plnnlcr luMip, llli lnwl plaitcr, 00
•*»1a, U. S, P, The B, P. conUiu* soaif. 15; iMid {iliutcr. 90: rp*in. 8 V, parW.
» [.inlmmtutn SoponU (U. S. P.. B.P.).— Soap l.inimpnt (t'. S. P. pontjiin* toap.
* I OKnipIirir, 4^: <itl <>t rciwuiar)'. 1: alcobul, 'Ri aaU-r, u. s. uil tOO ijurt'il.
IJninw^lum Pntauil lodidl <iiin Snponc tR P.|.— I.tnlmnnt nf PntauJiim Iodide
^■Ui Soap (euntatna curd aoap. 40 Um.. or 3xV>: pulauiuiii iii'iirti>. HO (iiii., or
^^■iw; Klyrcrln, SO c.mi.. or f3v«i oil o( lemon, 2.A ccm., or rnxxxviiji diiitillGd
** »t#r. SOO'&on., or tS<ri(3v).
Fhamaeolo^. — Soap may be either hard or soft. The combination of
^o^a and fatty acids makes a hard soap; potnssa makes a soft or jollydike
"-"^y. The latter is official as soft, formerly green soap, although it is gen-
' r^liv liMvrniKh-yelloir rather than green. The sapo n]olIii<, or soft soap, o(
^lie British Phanuacopteia, is made with olive-oil with an excess of potawa.
Ereti hard soap uMinlly relains considerable water when cut into bars, and,
M Ihis afterward evaporates, the soap shrinks, become wrinkled, and in-
maiea in bcnlnes« so that it may be powdered. Old Castile soap is a good
naptent for pills, especially cathartic mases, and enters into compound
'■tinct of colwvnth (iiiH Miiip, B. P.), pill* of asufctida. of alora and asa-
fftida. of opium, and of rhuharb. Nearly all soaps are piilmitnies or oieatea
uf fndiam or potassium, or a combination of them. Thc-r fatty acids may
■Ifo combine with other basea, as in the tend «oap, emplastmm plnmbi, and
' Bfprrtoire iff /'MiKiirfc. 1B90: J»urtuH 4c UfJtvinr if l\trU. Nov. 10. lli»0,
* .\Im knova a* Spirittu Saponin KatintM ol Uebra.
lU
PU^KUidKUTICAL TllERAPSin'IC AOBMTft OB DHUUS.
lime »oap, linimeatum oaleit. Soip also enUtt into the V. S. P. chlorofor
hiiimem.
Physiol<^cBl Action. — Soup is o useful detergent, n-moving; fat from
the iikiii, to^i^llu'r uith iHrt, foreign mntkr, Ijacteria, and epitliolial scales,
[n onliiicptie eur^ciy the field of opemtion Ib uaually first washed with aoap
and water nnd ufteruard with disinfectants. Taken internally, soap is a
lasutive and is an antidote to acid and corrosive poisoning. In the form of
soap plaster, it is a good protcctiv« tcv the prevention of bed-sores. Applied
to raw tjtirfaces, soap augments secretions and keeps up discharge; soap and
brown »u(nr form a slimulntinf; dretiiing. Soap acta an an alkali internally
and affords relief in cystitis, and was formerly vaunted as a ipiwific for stone
in the bladder, but it has been proved thnt tliiti claim waa not well founded.
Suppositories made with soap and glycerin are very convenient for the pur-
pose of unloading the recttim, and Hiiall Hunpositories of Hoap will relieve
infantile constipation. In the treatment of aiseases of the «kin, the author
liaa witnessed signal benefit from the judicious employment of medicated
hard soap. It is prudent to begin its use upon a small ar«B, and, if it prove
beneficial, it can afterward be applied to the whole of the affected area, in
some instances medicated soap can b« profitably nsed every day; in others,
two or three times a week, or even less frequently. Numerous active drugi
have been incorporated in soda soap.' Among these may be entimeraletl
boroglyccride, carbolic acid, eucalyptol, naphtol, salicylic acid, corrosive sub-
limate, tar, etc. Most mi'dieated soaps arc made of 10-per-ccnt. strength.
Some of the more active substances, as carbolic acid, eucalyptol, salicylic
acid, are usually but half this strength, while 1 per cent, of corrosive sub-
limate is a suilicicnt proportion. Dr. P. J'. Eicnhoff has recently recom-
mended the Qge of pulverulent soaps on acconnt of the ease with which
medicinal substances can be incorporated. A neutral soap is made by boil-
ing together soda solution ami beef-suet and has been placed upon tha
market as a fine, anhydrous, though hygroscopic, powder, which fonna the
basis of all the soaps and is knuwu as neutral ^oap-powder hace. A super-
fatted base is obtained by the addition of 3 per cent, of oleic acid and 3 per
cent, of lanolin. By the addition of 2.5 per cent, each of potassium and so-
dium carbonates an alkaline soap-powder is prepared. Any one of these
buHcsniay then be nudicati-d by the incorporation of various medicinal sub-
stances. Green soap is more decidedly alkaline, and exerts a softening effect
on the tissues, on account of the excess of potassa which it contains. Its
preparations are not used intirnnlly.
Therapy. — l*owder<'d .soap i- an iiigi-edienl in some dentifrices and un-
doubtedly helps to prescne the leeth. As an ingredient in cathartic pilU.
it prevents gnpiug and is useful in ordinary' con^ftipnlion:—
B R** pndtiphylli . .
Ext. bclladnnnic folior. alv
6ft{<)ui» ■ 2
01. cajuputj
M. ft <liv In pll. no. xlj.
Sig.; Take one or two at bedtime, sa a lueativ*.
13 Om. or |^. IJ.
005 Gm. or gr. j.
Um. or gr. xxx.
S4 c.cm. or mlv.
' For a list ot iiiedirat^d Rnnp», with a dtscription of tlirlr comfXMJtJon and
dicsttonB. wo aiiUior'i tivutiw on "DUfbsm of the Skin." fOurUi cdiUon, IMI. D.
Soap-suds, made by rubbing soap in hot water, form a convenient
netna for anloiiding the boweh: a couple of pinte or more tnny be used, to
E-b-ich eome castor-oil or oil of turpentine may be addecl. Oreen soap is
ful iu chronic induration uf the skiu, especially in the form of the
S. P. oflicial liniment, which is Ilebra's spiritus siaponiit kalinus, and
Hy he diluted with Colopip water (1 to 3). It is useful as a cteaoeing
ent for the scalp in fieborrh<ra. In sprains, rheumatic stifTnew eod pains,
n|) liniment Ik very u«oful. and muv liavi' uiioJynee — lik« aconite, chloro- 1
f -orni, or laudanum — added to it: —
B ChlonUU 81 On. or Si).
Lia. MpoaU IM| &eni. or fSv.
H. Sig.x Um V'itb friction in ihcumntic pain*.
Soft toap ■£ used in chronic eczema, the beet form being the ofHcial lini-
uient, which is well rubbed into the affected area aod followed bj a soothing
application. In psoriasis, if there be much itcbiog, we may use the follow-
ing:— •
B Sapooia tiridia,
01«i adini,
Altohotia oM X0{ cem. or f|).
M. Sig.i Bub, cverjr day or two, flnnly int« ti>o patchco, proviouiilj donudcd
of
Liieing recommends the following: — ■
n Saponw viridia 30
Alfoholla 46
AqiUF ,.,. 901 to 180
Solrc cola et adde:^
OL teTandulat florum i. ...>.. ...i
e.cm. or (JJ.
ccm. or (Siiw.
Rem. or (^ii-rj.
.,i,,,h,.,,, .11... I|SO ccm. or mxx.
M. Sift-: To br nihlH'd in at illHaW* llllji oh awJl allowad to diy on, prctDn>>ly
Bi|ht, ia chr«ok iiconHnis. uciiv, tfiwa, ioS aomatinua luput.'
Kappc««er, Senator, and others have found soft soap a useful application
tnlarged glandi^ whether of vimplc inflammatory, scrofulous, or oyphilitic
i^n. Other scrofulous or tuberculous manifestations, as disease of the
^wnterie glands, neriostitis, or c«nes, have been benefited by the same
pical treatment. The same remark may be made concerning exudatiooa
to serous cavities.
A caution should be given with regard fo the use of ordinary toilet soap
^^im dftlicate skins, espectallv tn infant:^. Mo«t soap» arc too alkaline, ana
^^* II contain irritatiuf; essential oils. Moreover, many cheap soaps are made
■^"i'h noimal tat which ha* not been properly purifii'd, and therefore they
in the bacteria of putrefaction and perhaps of disease. That vegetable-
'jup is pri-ferable is ackmiw ledt^d by the phurmucopceias, which require
■*- t« b« made with olive- or linseed- oil. This is also called Castile soap,
^^^iieh may bi- either while or colored, tlic former being preferred. A good
^^*ilton-8eed oil soap for the toilet or hoiu«hold i* made ikho. A pure glyc-
^*in Boap is probably the best for the skin, it having been made transparent
'^'StellT by dissolving it in alcohol, whirh i* iiftcrwaril driven off by heat.
}"llal«iN StedJca tuid Thrmp«aticii," p. 44S. I>htlltpt. IBSe.
rso
PBABJIACKITTICAL THKRArEirXir AOESTS OB DHtCS.
SAHSAPAKILLA (U. S. P.).— Sarsaparill*.
SABS£ BADIX (It.P.).— Sartapantla.
Prfparatiotis.
Extnctum Sarui<at[lli<> Fluidum (L'.S. P.].— Fluid Extract ol
Dc«e. 2 to 7-5 c-cm. lor f3ai-ij). __
E:(tnctum Saranpniilln Fliiidiim Cnmixwltum (U.S.P.).— CotDpoiwd FImI 1%-^
trart of Sanapuriltii (lurnapiinllti-. 75; Kljcvrrbixs, 12) Mawfrat'barK. 10: rmb
3; KtyMTin. II); alcohol niul water, of each, q, «. ad 100 pftrt*). D«h. 3 t«ll
<or fS'wi'j).
Dtpoctum Snmnjmrilln! ComiiciBituni (U.S.P.). — Conpoand D»wwrt»cm ol i
jieillla lvirHH|iHrillii. U*; km-Hiifrnij. giinino-wooil, and ll«ono*-r«ot, of Mch, S;
rcurn, I: uuur. q. n. uJ 100 piirtiii. Dutu-. 30 to ISO u-cin. (ur lSi*i*|.
Syiiipiia Sjtr«i|inrl1lir ('ompniitiiii |U.S,P.). — Couipouiid Sjrtlp of
Dotm. i to 15 (■.[-ID. lor r3«K IJosj.
Liquor Samn Compoutiu Cnnerntratua (B. P.). — Concmtiated Con^onol !
liou ol i<nriMi|iHriltii )«ar)ui|iHri11n, 1000; Mwwfnw-root, 10(l; ^luinninvOTd. I(
dril^d Ikoricc-root, 100; wearrponbark, SO; ulcohol, £25 cfw.; duliUed wi»«.)i. i. al
1000 ovni.). Doup, 'O li> 30 com. |or 1311-^).
K\tru('liim 8hl'"U.- Lii|iiiduifL lit. I'.l.-'mdquid
to !"• iM^iii. lor fSii ivi.
Extract ot t>anw|>«rills. Dim,
1
Ph&nn&cology. — The roots ot Siniiaz of!icinnli», S. medio, S. p■p^
races, and of other undetermined species of Sinjlax (Liliacec) an (Acid
uiiiltir the general title of Earsapurilia. They arc broiij;ht livrc fromUoiA
Central America, and Hraxil, chiefly, the roots varying in value and l|^-
ance. Smihix urntitii, ur ^n-mtled Jauiuii-a Mir>4|i«rilla, if tlw eodj w
recognized by the Britii<h Pharmacopoeia. The roots are email, aknd Vt
inch in diameter. G or 7 feet in length; they are usually folded npiili^'"
dies about 26 inches long. They are inodorous; the taste ia moctliE '
bitter, atid acrid. The flavoring Itnuwn as sareaparilla at the wJa-^
founlain is made from the oils of saesafraa and gaiihheriji. ProfesMr K
found three glucoside* present in samparilla: Parillin, Saponin, aarl *«■■»
aaponin, combined with resin (3 '/, per cent.) and iracei: of volatile oil I'
ift principtilly to the tiami-Mponin that ProfcMor Kobert attributes ■haw*
activity snrsaparilla pop-sefses.
Physiological Action. — The oxperiments undertaken to detenoi*'"
Shysioiogical elFecls of sarKaparilla have jnelded negative results, teA •■
uctions from the therapeutical effects are not available bc«aii« it isti'V
given with other dniiis. classed by Brunton among ctimutani diur»<i« w
aHerutivi^'s. It is prohuhly inert, or nearly ao. La the dc^e* u»ual]T p*
thouph moderate doses sometimes seem capable of improving the •pp'*!''
and digei^tion. In irnich larger dotiiis it would, probably, give the rtl*^
logical effects of smilacin (saponin?). The chief value of the fTrpino"*
of earBBparilia ia that they are pleasant vehicles for disguisine the (»''?
potassium iodide and of mercury, with which they are osaally prtst'*'
for syphilis: —
R Poljmii iodidi , I5|& Gn. or Sk
Syr. wirwipBrilln! co.,
A<|uir clfBtillutv aaM| c.cn. «r l^<
M, Sijr.t ,\ dcuprtuponmrul in * |tl*M of water two hoiira att^r BM«kil*n^
Utfc Hktu nflTCtions.
Or, in the tertiary form of sj'philis, we may give the recent i**"*"!
Trhieh, if drunk hot, causes diaphoresis and diursaiSr thus gmtir p— ■■"
SA8»APIA8.
Wl
the alterative effects. There is no evidence of a curatiTe action of tuna-
jsarilla br itaelf in Hjpbills; nDvertheleiu. in dcbilitate'l subjects in vhom
znercurfnae, for a timi-. lost it$ beneficial action, or become positively harm*
f ul. * temporary recourse to Mrsai)iiritlti has been considered useful bv ex-
cellent obiorvcrt. Phillips belicvce that this remedy ie serviceable in chronic
pulmonary affections, where there is much wastirs: in chronic rheumatism
And cutaneous dieordere, in which there may be suspected a venereal taint,
aanaparilla is useful. Sir Aslley Cooper considered it serviceable in ca-
ahvcUc conditions of the tyiicm, oauifcd by long-coulintivd xuppiiration;
also, in chronic abeoessea, old ulcere, and bone disease. In Ui^rmany, a coni-
(muitd decoction containing alum, kino, calomel, »^nna, and aromatics (Zitt-
ma no'e decoction) is used in syphilis, chronic rheumatism, and in scrofulous
diB«)ii]ers. Sir Era^mue Wilson declared that in certain obstinate syphilitic
ulc4-rs, especially upon the mucous membrane of the toujEUe or mouth, he
had frtitiimrd decided beiu-fit from the adniinist nition of Zittniann's decoction
»ft«r failure with mercury and iodine. Zittmaiin's deeootion is prepared in
t«ro formst tt milder and n stronger, *
Dr. Clark, of Yoimgstown, Oluo, hait found the following combination
ii^^fnl in debilitated condition* of the system: —
B 8rr. HiMporiU. ea B0| e.em. or fjij.
t.xL bipp* fl.,
Ext. taraiu. B, m* 301 e.cm. or (5l.
Syr. ttclill liydrledict 12l>| ccm. or fjlv.
U. 8ig.: Tuaupoontul in water thrN timM a day.
SASSAFRAS (X\ S. P.).— Samfm.
SASSAFRAS RADIX ( li. P.}.— Satsafras-root.
r SASSAFRAS MEDULLA (U. S. P.).— Sassaf rwpiUi.
I Preparations.
Olaitn Sauufran (U.S. P.),— Oil of SaaiafrM. Dow, O.Od to 0£t c.i^m. (or mi-iv}.
Uueilago SoMatras Mrdullie (U.S. P.).— Moellam «t SoawttM-pitli (2 parts in
•atw 100).
Pharmacology. — S«ssnfra><, "the bark of the root of SaRsafms varii-
frtinm" (I^uriu-'ii.'), T. S. P., "the dried root of SassafrsA ullicinale"
(B. P.>, is common in the I'uited States from Cjinada to Florida. The
phncipol constituent of the bark if the volatile oil; it aUn ooul.iins tannic
Hid, resin, etc. The oil of sassafras is of a liftht-yeliow color, and is a
■nunre of two oils, one lighter, the othiT beuvrer, than water. Suesafnis
>|ra nintains a peculiar principle, termed Sasiafrid. Sassafras medulla, the
plii of Ba»Mifra» variifolium, contain^' niueilagc. which is useil in pharmacy
*•» lehiele or dihu-nt.
Phyiioloffical Action. — The oil is stimulant and rubefacient, and, taken
-i'^tnally, is a (^aiiiii native. It i» largely used m a flavoring ajjent in con-
'^ttaaaery ae well as pharmacy. In the experience of Dr. John iiartlett, the
*<1 »( Bsnafras is capable of exciting uterine contnictiom and causing abor-
'"^" It has been known to occasion narcotic poisoning.
Therapy.— Sassafras is an aromatic stimulant, and small hnndlea of the
'mh tnrk are Bold by herb-gatherers to be chewed for its ftavor and as a
tanuiiiative. A recent infusion is used in some parts of the coimtry as s
niAIIMACKmCAl TUEnAPBUTIC iOB!fT9 OK DnCOT.
blood-purifier; or, taken hot, sa an cmmenagoguc and diaphoretic. Sasn-
fras is generally given in coniljinutioii with guaiac and sarsapanlla. and in
those cases where the latter agents are considered indicated. The mucilage
of sassafras-pith may be uk^ ox a dcroulcvnt drink iii iiifUmmatton of tJia
stomach or bowels, especially when this has been excited by irritant or cor-
rosive subetancee. It 1.1 a cooling application to inflamed cm or erysipelas,
and may be used as a vehicle for other remedies. The foliowinf: is known
as Jackaon'ii Pectoral Syrup: —
B Medulla Miattna i{ Gm. or U:
AcMJB 104 Clm, or 3v.
Aqun .IKI (r^ui. ur fJviM.
Allow this to stand tor tw«Iva hourl, Btlrring occnuloiutlly, thi-n add: —
SacchdTi 31l| Uni. or $x.
DiMolvn witUoui ili« aid of beat, drain, and add:—
MoTphinR bydroclilonitw |S0 Giii. or gr. uj.
111. SIk.; Hom, one to two leaspoonful* tevtral timet dailf (4 ccni.. or tlj. coa
lain almui b.OOil Um., or gr. '/ur o' niarphUi«|.
Another formula for this syrup is given by Itemingtoo; —
R Ot. Hniwafraa , 4
Tinci. TuIuUuii WO
Magnuii corb. • 02
Aqute '. 3754
Sncchari 0344
MorphioR hydroclil oralis 4
M. Rub up the Unrt'iire and oil wSth the ciirboimt«. gniluully add '/> )Kiund of
tke lugar ntid then the venter, fllt^r and recover 9 pintu, in which diuulvv tixv rr-
c.rni. or nilxtv.
c.cni. or fSviii.
Gm. or Sij. *
c.ciii, or OvllJ.
Om. or lb. xir (avoir.).
in Cm. or gr. IxJv.
4
niainder of l)ie lUCHr, UiBsoIvv ihv niorphiue in uilp llutdounce of n'at«<r, add to tba
ip. and itinke the nieuAUre up to l(i pints-
^ig.: Tiike n lenspoouful or more several llniM daily for cough (Mch dracbm coa-
•}Tup. and itinke the nieuAUre up to l(i pints-
Sig.: Trtlte ft ledspoouful or more several
luiUB 0,002 Um., or gr. V». •>( morphinr hj-drothlorate
The Atherospenna moschata, or Australian (^iiiM^fra^, a tree of south-
em Australia dixI TiiKiiiuiiiii. omtiiiii^ mi alkiiiniil called atluroipcnnine and
a volatile oil, of a light-yellow color and a pleasant smell and lasle, recalling
that of flas»afras. A decoction of the bark acts freely upon the kidneys and
skin and has been used in rheumatism, secondary syphilis, and acute bron-
chitis. It liquefies sputum and facilitotes expect oration. The phvsiologictl
effects of the oil have been studied by Dr. Ralph Stockman, who found that
in frogs and mammals it acted upon the central nervous svstem, producing
at first excitement and subsequently marked depression. RcHpirattos is re-
tarded, and after fatal doses the heart stops in diastole. The oil posaccSM
antiseptic properties.
SCAMMONLE HADIX (B.P.).— Scammony-root.
SCAMMONITJM {U. S. P., B. P.).— Scammony.
Preparatiom.
It«iin» Scaninonii [U.S. P., B.1'.).— Keun o[ Benmmony. DoM, 020 to 0.50
(or p. ili-viiji.
Eitrartum Colocynthidis Ccmpoiituin (U.S. P., B.P,). — Ciiiii)ioun<l Kxinret of
Poloeyiiih d". S. P. coiitfl.lu'^ rpMti of wiuunionjf. 14: otopj, .W; c.vtnift of eolocynlh.
iO: cftidaDtuiii, 4; Mj«p, 14 part«). IJoec, 0,)3 to 0.U5 (iiu. luf gr. ii*«).
8CIUJ.
It U as ingrfdknt in Pilulir Pnlliartim! CompotiUi and Pilulit Cutlmitkii-
Vwimbitn ii;.S.P.t, HiiO I'iluk Culoi} iiUii<ii« CoiupoalU and IMiiln u'oloi-viitliidU
•1 ilvMicranit |B. P.).
KlnU SoiRiDORil CnnipMlta (R.I*0- — Onnpouiid Scnnimoii]- Pill Itcammoay
iMda, )*tai> rcaln. ««rd-Boap. an 25 Goij tincture a( ging«r, 76 ci-m.). Dmc, O^S to
nw Gm. tor gt. iv-viij).
Pvlvit SoanuDoali CMiipnsilus (B.I'.). — Compound Powder of SctmnioDf (iMm-
tumj reain. 100 Gm.; jalaji. 7& Gni.i ([ingcr, 2& Om.). Dow, OOQ to I^ Gm. lor
PhsnuMology. — Scammonj i» "a reaitious exudation from the living
ntot of Convolvulus Scammonia" (ConvolviilacesE). it contains almut SO
per cent, of a r«fiin (which in official), nnd B;tim, starch, etc. Soammonio
(Jalajiin) is llic nctire principle. Scammony has a sliKhtlr acrid (oete and a
peculiar odor, which recallK that of chee«e. Scammonin in a eliicoaide,
oeauljr ineolublo in water; soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether,- and alkatliio
loliilicins.
Ph7iioto8:ical Action. — This drug is an hydngo^c cathartic, at^d
fi-«.-% cholacoKue; in ltiri;i:- <li>»c^ i( causcit t^yinptoins o( irritant poiRunin^.
A.biK>rption dopeude upon its intimate mixture with the alkaline bile and
mt«tiDal fluids, and for this reason the action of scammony is liaMc to vaty
in rapidity nnd power. Its effects are usually mauifceted in about four
hours.
Thenpy.—In children, where active purgation is required, calomel and
*5^Jninony may be given, triiurated with sugar of milk. In c«rel»nil affec-
tiousand dropsies M-ammony is useful, especially in the form of compound
^xtTart of colocynth. It clears niucus froiu the inteittines, and is an anthel-
^mttc agaiiivl both round worm* and tape-worms, ScAmmony is scnnceahlc
'*\ obstinate constipation and impaction of fffices. It is a purgative well
•«J«ptcd to case* of mania and hypoehondriase.
8CILLA (U. S. P., B. P.).— SquiU.
SoM, 0.065 to O.SO Gm. (or gr. i-iij).
Q^^^ Cxtntctsn Scillic Flaiditm
"™0 cem. (or mi-»).
Pnparaliont.
|tI.S.P.|.— Fluid Extract <>( SqullL
Dow, OM to
_^ Svrupaa Stillie Compoaitua iV. S. P.). — Compound Symp ot Squill («quil1, MHcga,
^^*^ tarur «i»rtk). Dow. 0.00 to 4 c.cm- (or nixHJ).
^^^ Applntii SrilitPir.S. P., R P.).— Vinegar of Squill (10 pcrcenL; B. P, 12'/, per
^**»t-|. Ilo**, 0:m to 4 crni. (or mv-fSjI.
cw, Tinctui* tkiUn ILT.S. P.. It. P.). —Tincture ot Squill !19 per omt.i B. P.. 20 per
■»t.l. Do». ftJO to 2 c«n. (or mvocxx). O. P., 040 to I c.cm. (or mv-xv).
Sjtvptia ScUte (U.S. P.. B. P.).— Sjmp ot Squill (Tincgar of aqulll vith >U|tar).
K. OjOO la i c.cm. lor MifSjI.
<a- Onrwel Sclll* (B. P.).--.Ox.ynirf of Squill (aquil!. 75 Gm.; awtic add, T8 fi.rm.i
watar, iMcxm.-, with darilird hon«y, tj. a. to niaka apaclllc grkTilT^ of 1.980).
a, Z to 4 e.cw. (or fSw-J ) .
^ Pilnla liiecacuanliip emu SoiTIa iB. P.). — Pil! of Ippcucuonha with SqnIII |rom-
^^!r***i>d powdi>r of IprvMcunnlia. SU C,in,: luiiiUI, 10 lim, ; ainnioniariiin, 10 (im.; njnip ot
^■Utsoae. q. a. to form a maaa). Doae, 0.25 to O.fiO Gm. (or ar. irviij).
^^ Pllula fVlIlK Conipoalta (RP.).~C(.n<i<»iiTid Squill Pill (»quill. £5 Om.; ^npv,
^?^OnL; avmooiacum. 20 Om.: hard soap, 20 Gm.; avrup of clucoao, 20 Oni.). Doac.
**** t<i OJW Om. (or itr. ir-viij).
Jhannaeology. — "The bulb of Trfrinpa maritima (IJUaoce), U. S. P.;
^'gin*« Seilla (B. P.>, deprived of it* dry, mrmbranaceous, outer floaWontl
734
PltARMArCtrriCAL THEitAI>Etm<- AOEXTS OR bftl'4!8;
cii( into ihiii fik-vif, iho (.-cnlnl portion* Win^ n-j.'<l('<l." Il ^hnuW )« tri*^
in n dr}' place. The HfTive principles are Smlipiorin, SeiUitAXit. v'
Scillin; ixiilt-in aui] xcillitin tin; pri>ljal<l.v impurx- .-Killitoxin, which •
most active. They also conlnin n liitter principle and a snuU qtiunni ■>-
volnlik- nil.
Physiological Action. — In large doses squill is emetic »nd p«rpii<"*'
in smiitU-r iiiumliiiw, diuretic iind expectorant. In MCeaure qnantitj *
gites rise to severe or even fatal gastro-enteritis. Cases of poiKiniiij bt *
have been rcportod by OrGla. Pcrcira. Fagge. Christison, Steveiuoa, ii»«
others. A carefully prepared British Phannscopoeial eyrup of eqnilU|>t**
in olTicinnl Hotvs ha«, according to Dr. Tnini«n (FharKottviital JbpW
and 7'ransaetiong). caused the death of two children with ayiaptoau c»i
heart-poisoning. SijtiiU, according to Dr. Hu^emann, contains two hct^
poisons, scillipicrin and scillitoxin; of these the laat affects the heart m^
strongly- In overdows squill m highly irritant to the kidneys, cancel «
diminished flow of urine, which may contain blood, or it may eir«n nniMB
the secretion. Huseinunn states that death has been produced bv tai in>
gestion of 1.55 Gin. (or gr. xsiv). In cases of poisoning, the trettmui ■*
that appropriate to gaflro-cnlcrilis. Brunton clasee* sciUitoxin uumgA*
cardiac tonics, as medicinal doses alow the heart and raise the artcrialla-
sion, like digitalis. When applied to the skin it is absorbed, and pndaM
systemic effects. Elimination takes place by the bowels, kidneys, ani lirea-
chiol niucou» mt-mbranr. Sijiiill has a bitter taste and fi'(d)]e smell.
Therapy. — Squill is not used by itself, as an emetic, although tlisoa-
pound *>'nip, coTitniniiig antimony and potassium tartrate, is sAmettBOM^
for this purpose in younj; children suffcriug with bronchitis or eroap; hi
it is too depressing for ordinary oa**;*. In weak hvarl, associated wiUidrop?
or bronchial disorder, squill is especially useful, the vinegar of eqsdl IM
a good prenanition. Its diuretic action is enhanced by combinati<»i rl*
calomel ana digitalis. In ordinary catarrhal bronchitis tqnitl b useftdift*
tlie first stage ha* pa*si>d, and the secretions are becoming more leaad*
As the syrup contains acetic acid, it shotdd not l>e prescribed with mo^
nium carbonni*'. In whooping-cough it is very serviceable. It fhonMaTll*
given in acute renal disease on accoimt of causing irritation of the kidaiit
This remedy hart been uned with advantage in cases of chronic pleori?*'
pericarditis with ctTusiun. and in cardiac dropsy,
SCOPARIUS ( U. S. P.).— Broom.
8C0PABU CACITHIHA (B. P.).— Broom-tops.
Doie, U.65 to 1 Gm. (or gr. x-xv), in powder or in infusion.
Preparatuins.
Extriu<tuni Sroimrii Fluiilum (L'.S. P.).~nuid Extract o( Scofiaritu. D««".l*
to 2..'i(l r.rin. lor inxx-il).
Sj<nit«inin Sulphni (U.S.P.j^-^partvlna Sulphate. Dow. 0J)1 toUSte''
gr. '/.ijK
Irifusuin Sct^ril (B,P.).—lnhi«on of Broom (lOpermiL). !)«•*. 30W***
(orfliij).
Ruccu* Sooparil (B. P.). — Juice ef Brooin (fTom (re«li tops nitb S5 fv t*^ "
ttlcoliol, 90*). 1)o«», 4 to T.S ccni. (■>r (3i-iJ).
Pharmacology. — "The top* of Cytisus Scoparius" {I.ie^mijiDal. jj
Europe. a>ntain Sooparin. which is a ciystallitable neutral iictiu)|il(i <*J
scorARics.
735
Sparteine, a volitile liqui<I allcnloid. An infueion or decoction ie frequently
UE<-'d (1 to 16), a pint or mon.' in divi'lri] d(is<-.* being taken during- Die da,v.
A fluid ejitrttct ib olDcial, as well aa tpartetne sulphate, which ie given in dofeg
of 0.tm7 to U.II3 (im. (or gr. "„-'/i) hypodermicaily, and 0.01 to 0.13 Oni.
Xor gr. '/.-ij). oi" more, by the mouth.
1 Sparteine sulphate is "the nentral ttulphate of an alkaloid obtained from
'Scopaniu." It is a cr>'EtaUine powder readily soluble in water and alcohol,
nits eoIutionR having a bitter taiitc.
Phyiiolopcal Action. — No local action. Internally, brooni, in large
do6«e, excites vomiling and purging, and in smaller doses causes marked
incRsM of urinary tlow. It ii; afi-erted that ecoparin i^ the a^nt which
acts upon the kidneys, and thai sparteine acLt upon the heart «* a silmu-
laitt or tonic, like sci'llitoxin or digitalio. Sparteine hsfl also a decided effect
upon the ner^ei: and spinal cord, lowering reflex action, paralyzing motor
*er*e*, reducing the electrical excitability of the vagus, and finally causing
death by respiratory paralysis, both a» the result of its action upon the cen*
Ire taH upon the muscles of rciipi ration. The action upon the heart, due
bot.li to a ner\'flU3 and muscular stimulation, \i manifested «oon after its ad-
||Di]ii*tnition: the ymWm beconit-s «lowcr at Brst, and, in about an hour, arte-
rial tension i-> raiwd, lasting five or sis hour*. When taken regularly for
L*«r we<'k», the elTects eontintic for several days after the remedy has
I According to the experimente of Oluzinski, the effects of sparteine are
OUch more marked upon eold-blooded animals than mammals, and are more
Kviking in the former when the drug ie applied directly to the heart than
^lifD injected subcutaneously or into a vein.' Clarke found no evil results
lliiuiug the administration of (i.iKM Gm. (or gr. Vi») every four hours, or
ameh ai* 0.J5 dm. (or gr. xij) in twenty-four hourn, nor wait there any
vjdaioe uf cumulative aclion when it had been giten for several rnoDths.
iperius is a true diuretic, increasing both the urea and the water of the
'siiae, being more rapid in its action?, but weaker than digitalis.
A series of experiments by Dr. David Cema, relative to the physio-
>"(rie»l action of sparteim-, demonstrated that it cau»e» a brief period of in-
setted muscular irritability, that it augments reflex action by a direct in-
fract upon the spinal cord, this increm^v being 8ubc«tiueutly followed by
' depression, that it causes convulsions of a spinal origin and generally of a
teluiic nature, that it givc» ri#e to a primary increase in the rate and forca
"ftfce heart's action, by a direct influence upon the heart, the increase Wing
*Wn followed by a decrease, due to a direct cnrdiac aclion and stimulation
uftkecardio-inhibitory centres; it augments blood-pressure V)y an action on
1>t heart ami also by stimulating the central vaxomnlor system; subse-
^Matly the arterial pressure declines, owing to paralysis^ of the vasomotor
^irantm and a depressant influence upon the heart; it exerts a direct action
■>|»nthe respiratory centres; it generally proves fatal by re^piratorr failure.
Germain Ste «s«crl8 that sparteine strongly and promptly reduces the
ituof the heart.
Tkerapy. — In renal inadequacy or deficiency of nrinc, owing to insnt-
Sdent arterial tension, scoparius is an excellent remedy; also in the oedema,
'trinier mftUcMm^t BMtier, Dte. 20, lS8»i Ttm Ut4int BflltUit.
tIM, p. DI.
73«
DIABUACEUnCAI. TnERAPKUTIC AOKKTS OR DBI'OH.
or dropsy, nccompanyinu heart-lesioiis. This remedy shouM not be given
during the progtxM of iiiflammntion o( the lungs, licsrt, or kidneys, but in
chronic parenchymaloue nephritis broom may be used with adrantage. In
hydrothorax and ascites, the ns« of broom, in conjunction with occasiontl
dose* of compound jalap powder, is very successful: —
B PoUmII AcvUtiii 61 Gm. or SIm.
A«cti tiWm 16 cem. or I9f v.
Iiifu*. icppnTii . - 11- 0. od &40{ cjtan. or (Sviij.
M. Sig.i Tak« B tab)H]iooiifu) tvtry (our hours, sa a diurelle-
Scopurin has nl«o been used as a diuretic in doaea of O.SO to I Gm. (a
gr. viii-xv) by the mouth, or 0.03 to 0.06fi Gm. (or gr. se-j) by hjpodenaic in-'
jcction.
Sparteine sulphate is used by Germain S^e, in weak and tiregnlar action
of the heart, in doses of 0.01 to O.Olo Gui. (or gr. '/•**/«) every four hount.
It gives tlie best results tn heart-failure, the result of mitral disease. la
irregular action of the heart thia has been found specially •crriceable. Id
cases of valvular disease, with defective compeneation, Gluxinski states that
anioll doiieii of sparti-inc nuljihate (0.02 to 0.04 Gm,, or gr. '/»-*/») nte more
efficacious than larger quantities. In cases of weak heart-action, where it is
neccMAry to adminii>ti-r an aniD«thetic, sparteine Kulphatc (0.006 Gm., or gr.
Vio) may be hypodermically injected before the operation, as a matter of
precaution.
The author has found sparteine of service in cases of enfeebled cardiac
action from ^tniclunil le»ioii« and ako whurc the innervation of tlie organ
waa markedly disturbed. It is particuJaxI; valuable in disease of the mitral
valve. In advanced stages of this affection, when dilatation has begun,
marked relief follows the exhibition of !ipaitcine. In cases of d}'spnoea, pal-
pitation, and cardiac debility ariainf: from an excessive deposit of fat around
the hdart, sparteine is a valuubU- rvmi'dy. In dilatation resulting from
valvular difca^e the writer has often administered the remedy by hypodermic
injection. It is likewiao beneficial in functional dispaso of the heari caused
by excessive bodily or mental labor, anxiety, etc. It has aW pntv<:d useful
in the treatment of tobacco-heart. As sperteiue increases the elimination of
tirea, it is beneficial in chronic parenchymatous nephritis and in preventing
the development of unemia. Il* administration may be maintained for a
considerable period without causing disorder of the digestive functions.
In cases needing a cardiac tonic, but where digitalis and strophanthut
arc not well tolerated, Dr. W, U. I'homson' givw:^
H Spairieiiw lulpbatia
PbIv. fnittm •—,>, -
CalTriiiiE (-imt<e. .........■<
Strrchniiut .
U. *t (t. rapsabe.
Sig.: titrt cm* every Iwo boura at llrtt a»d Kntlinltjr iBCTtwae the iMt«rTaL
Tn exophthalmic goitre (Graves's disease), it i* claimed to relieve all
the symptoms: and, given at the onset of a paroxysm of asthma (of cardiac
origin?), it promptly checks it. Dr. William Kvans, of this city, has pub-
lished the history of a case in which the exhibition of sparteine was of de>
cidcd benefit in angina pectoris. I>r. Cema has given the drug with advan-
> tfedbnl Kceord, March 1, 1000.
(W5 Gm. or fr. J.
08 Om. or gr. at,
10 Gm. or gr. in.
one Om. or gr. ■/■>•
SOCTBLLARIA.
73?
in valmlar lesions of the heart due to acute articular rhcumBtUm, car-
disc dilstation with failure of compenriation, chorea sniiodated with endo-
carditis, exophthalmic goitre, etc. Dr. Pawiiiaki, of Wareaw, obtained good
results from the use of sparteine in cardiac disease complicated with nervous
disorders and in fuiictiunal alTectious. Dre. M. Ball and Oscar Jennings
have found the hypodermic injection of O.til to 0.02 Urn. (or gr. Va-'/i) '>^
fpurteine sulphate of value in supporting the heart and svEtcm in the sudden
ur tfradual withdrnwal of morphine from those addicled lu n»c of the nar-
entic. Langloifi and Muurange recommend the hypodermic tnjectiou of O.Ul
tiiii. (or gr. '/«) of morphine and from 0.03 to 0.04 Om. (or gr. 8«-Vt) *>'
ipartcine sulphate preliminary to the administration of chloroform. In a
Dumber of case* of tremor* from variim* causes, I>r. Cliarles S. Putt«, of
Philadelphia, has found Bjparteine beneficial. In the pulmonary tnberouloais
of ^oung »u)>jeetf. Dr. ti. Maunnge has witncsced a decrees of cardiiM
tcUon and improrement of the general condition result from the hypo-
ilrnnic injecliou of the following solution;. —
ft gjpftrtjiin. lulphat. {£0 to W Cm. or gr. iii-rj.
Euoalrplol. putiacat. > 121 c.cm. or vtW.
OL oUvs sUrlliMt q. i. ad I00| cctn. or (Sxxvij.— M.
The sparteine is first dis.4olved in n minimum of water and mixed with
tb* oil. Tne water is then evaporated off and the oil retains from 0.008 to
a,l)lfi Gm. (or gr. V*-'A) of the alkaloid to i c.cm. (or (3^). Of this fluid be
'iajecta from 10 to 20 c.cm. (or melx-fovss) erciy day for a month. Sparteine
luipltale may be of service in allaying hysterical excitement.
A yellov nrecipitflte is formed by a comblnatioa of iijiarteine stilpbate
ud eodium iodide.
SCVTELLABU (U. S. P.).— Scatellaria <8cullcap).
Pre/jam (ion.
Cxtrmclatn ScuteUuriae Fluiduin (U.S.P.)-— Fluid Kxtmct ol Scutallaria. Do«e,
S to 4 c.cm. (or fSugJ.
Pharmacology and Fhyiiological Action. — "The herb of Scutellaria
latertflore" (T^biala-) has a hitter taste, nnit coDtain« a little volatile oil and
a hitter principle. The eclectic "Scutellaria" is an impure extract, probably
devoid of mt'<iic«l <]iuilitie«. It is giv«n in do»c« of 0.13 lo 0.2.1 Gm, (or gr.
ii-iv). The fluid extract is esteemed to possess tonic, antispasmodic, and
alterative powers, but Dr. Ijawrence Johnson states that if it possesses any
valuable medicinal properties the fact remains to be demonstrated.
Therapy. — In various diseases, accompanied by twitching of the mus-
cles, testlessness, tremors, — sucb as chorea, delirium tremens, epilepsy, etc.,
— Mutctlariu ha« been employed, chiefly, however, in domestic practice. Its
claims for nsefolness in hysteria and hydrophobia are not well founded.
S£CALE CORKHTTm.— Spurred By*. (See £tsrot)
S£DUK ACEE. — Sedum acre (Crassulscese), stoaecrop or waU-|>epper,
is a small. mo««-like, spreading plant imtivc of Kiimpe. It grows iu dry
»ds and on old walls, iritb no smell, but has a mucilaginous and acrid taste.
738
VHAnKACElTirAI. TIIEIUPIiCTle AaSXTS OB iiiiros.
Physiological Action and Thenpy. — The juice of the Bloni-cro(ne
dpcidcd \-».-a\ irntiiui. :)tul i-i oapubli.- of l>li:^tiTiTig llii- skiu. Takoii internally,
in larjit.' <li>Ne)i, it aew as uii acriil Pmetic and purpatiTC. The bruiiied plant,
or its juice, has been neett with Kii<'n,-w; upon iiKhik-nt or iinlitwUhy ftores and
enlarged Ijnipliaiic glands. The juice hno been iised to remove warts or
come. Dr. Loul» Duval, of Madrid, listeria that iUHlurn in of signal service
in diphtheria, niade into a decoction with beer. Xnjpftion of the dfcoction
into the narcs is itnid t« bf cffiiitlve in nai^al diphlhoria. U is claimed that
this drug possesseB the power of loosening the diphtheritic memhrane, and
that it doL-« not fonn nni-w. Thene Hiatements have been contirmed t>y aev-
eral physicians in other Eiiropran countriM, and by Dr. P. 0. Warner.'
The hitler writer eaunot commend the decoction in heer, but obtain* the
e&roe effects from the remedy u»cd locally, and combined ae fullowe: —
B O). Iptvliinthinw,
.\i:i<l. Iiirliri.
K\t. Hi'iniiti II,
I'lxt. tcdi uiiii fl. .
... 3rtl
ctm. or (3ij.
c.em. or (jj.
I
U. Thl» nilxtiirp !■ applUd with a hixuii, every t)im> iiiIouIm, (or twi'tii}'
niinut(!iL, B'li(ni voiuiting ucturn mid tlie tiiniilirano ia OKpelled. ^m
SEKECIO, Ific common nigworl (Scnecio Jacukva), growi* wild in Eu-
rope and Nonh America. The entire plant has been used, tirandval and
I.aioux have obluincd from the underground parts two alkaloids Seneoine
and Senecionine. These are very hitler to the i&ste and yield Milte iioluMi'
in water.
Phyiiologicftl Action. — Dr. J. L. Bunch* found that an injection of a
sniiii! doiic of 1111 ah'oliolic extract of the entire plant of Jjcnecid Jacoboeft
given to a dog caused a rise of general blood-pressure, frith a constriction
of periphonil ve^J^CiU and of vc^seU of the inle^tinal area; large dotwe caused
a fall of general blood-pressure, with dilatation of the intestinal vcssela and
inhibition of the contractions of ihf intestinal coat. Watery cxlracta pro-
duced a fall of blood -pressure and cardiac inhibition, due to the action of
the drug on the iierve-tenninarifjiis in the heart, and not to direct action
on the muscular fibres of that organ.
Therapy. ^The principal use of this agent haa bii-n in dioturbnnces of
the nieiifltrual function. In umcnorrhwa Delach6 and ileini used senecio
in fifteen cases and found it to aot prompt and well. They employed a solid
extract in doses of 2.5 Gm. (or gr, xxsvij) daily, Kaniet and BoloKnesis
n»od it in twenty casi* of anienorrha-n and dysinouorrhira and found that
it had the constant property of provoking menstruation and lo relivvo the
pain. Dr. William ilurrell suggests thai, in chlorosis comphcate<i with
amcnorrhtt-a, it is best to treat the chlorosis, and. after the quality of the
blood ha* been ininroved, lu give the dcuec-io. His usual dosage was T.R
c.cm. (or fSij) of inc lO-per-cont. alcoholic tincture three time* a day.
Seneeio ha* al»» been rt-fiiminendcd in the impotence of the aged, but
there is no conclusive evidence as to its efficacy.
' Thenjinitir Omrtlr. 1885. p. ua.
'BrilUh ilcdical Juurnal. Julv 2S, IDoa
8SXB(iA.
T39
SENIGA (r. S. P.).— Seneg*.
SBNEOiG BASIX (H. I'.).— Senegra-roat
Soac. O.tiS to 1.30 Oin. (or gr. .vx.x),
Preparatiojis.
Xxtnctntn Snugn FhiUnTa (U.S. t>.)-~Fluid Extract o( Senega. £<we, O.W to
^"«jttn. (or mx-xx).
Syru(>iu SrnoMo (U.S.P.).~-SyTup of Stnofpi (fluid cxlmct, SDO; ■mmonu-
v^atKr.S: aucur, iOOi «at(T. q. *. ad 1000). Dow, 4 to T^ c.cra. lor fSI-ij).
I.k)nor 8«ncgw Coiucntratua (ILP.). — Concentrated Solution of Secega (n ■Iroiig
tiaoturr. 30 |H'r teat). Dimc 3 to 4 e.«n. (or (Sm-J^ [
Infaium ScDMie (B. r.).— Infusion of Benen (S per ctmt). Uoae, 15 U> SO c.cm.
(or ttM-ih
TInetant Smcm (E P.).— Tincture ot Benegu (80 pcir (wnt.). Dose, 2 to 4 «.cni.
The L^. S. P. oRiFlal coRitiniind sTTtip of fl'itilll cuntnlnH 8 \m <viii. of fluid Mtnu-t
Pharmaoolojy. — "The rool of PoIygaU Seiu-gn" (Poly^nlcii') i» i
■c»»oljl>y n)ot->t«i'k, with xjireading, (orluotui rootlets, twisted «ml ki-elvil. It
*5"^<*We in tlio I'luti-tl Stalff. i'*|n>ciiilly in tlif Sciitli. Thu octivt- priiiL-JpIc,
*"^i it'll i» i-onlained «-f.[K^'ia!lj' in the corleK, is Scaegin, «r Polygaltc acid,
■«ltl i^ npparcrtly the same as ^ponin from t^sponaria. or <|iiillnjii-Lark. It
'•* tt wliiu* [K'ttilfr, i-a*ily solutilc in hot. wntvr and alcohol, forming- a siuijiy
*^'*lUlsion when mixed niih water, even in snuill (jnantitics.
FhjrsJotogioal Action. — Senega is irritatini- to the air-na.isages and
f"*»^>»« sneezinj; when inhaled. The root, when cnewed, gives nse to a burn-
''^ff sensation. When swallowed in large closes, senega excites salivation and
^^^atro-intCEtinal and renal irritation. It is likcwiw irritant when applied
**> the integument. It ia a atimulating expectorant, diuretic, and diapho-
retic. It docs not liquefy the secretion* of the hronehiol tube*, bnt eiinply
**cilitates their expulaion. When the expectoration is tough and scanty,
®e^ega ie of lilllc use. It i» ii*unily given in combination with other ex-
P*^tomnt8 and diuretics, Senep is excreted by the bronchial nuicous nieiu-
">^ni:, skin, and kidneys, excrciiring upon these orgnne a etimiiluting action.
Therapy. — Senega is useful in the second stage of bronchitis, or pneu-
***onia in the stage of resolution. In chronic bronchitis, sB«ociatcd with cm-
Physema ond occurring in aged people, it will often answer a good purpose. I
•*y Mnic prat-titionew it is esteemed beneficial in croup, In bronchial
*;*thn)a with emphysema this remedy ie likewise of considerable efRcacy.
!*Vhooping-co«gh is sometimes ameliorated by the administration of senega.
*«i dropsy, neeompaD>'ing renal dii>ease. it is useful In palpitation and also
"• snteDoirha^n it has been found sennceaWe: —
8 Kn. KiKipe IL.
Spt cfaluroforaii ha 41 f.eni. or fSj.
Syr. prwiii Vitg. q. ■. ad eo| ccm. or fjlj.
U. 8ig.: Take a ttmacrtapoonfui vttTy two or three hours, tor cough.
Senega i£ not to be used in heart discoRC on account of the depreaaing
*l'««fi of its active principle. (See Sapoais.) Senega has heen adminis-
'''•i, in doses of 0. IS Gm, (orKr. ij) in iitfrim- Jiamorrhage. A decoction of
woega-roftt, a pint being taken daily for a fortnight fc«fore the expected
If ii>d, lias been successfully employed in anieoorrhwa. In chronic rfaeiima-
'■nn its diaphoretic and diuretic effects are useful.
PUABVACKDTIOAL THBIAPRI?TIC A0BNT8 on Ducros.
SENUA {U. S. p.).— Senna.
S£in7A ALEXAKDSINA (B. P.)— Alexandrian Senna.
SENNA IKDICA (It. P.).— East Indian Senna (Tisuivelly Senna).
Dose, 4 to 10 (ill), (or 5t-iUs).
Preparations.
Kulrai-tiiiii S«in»- Fhildum (U. 6. P.) .—Fluid EattM of Swinn. Do«, 2 to 15
btm. lor rrixxx*r3iv|.
Intusum Scnn» Coiiii|>o«ituin (U. 8. P.)-— lUiKk Draught (terina, maniiA, Epaom
Mil, ft!iui«l, water; . UoK, 30 ti> 75 e.cm. (or di-iiu) evnj- (our houra until it oprr-
Mm
SyrupiM Stfiiiw (U.8.P., B.P.). — tiynip of K^tnnn (U. S. P. conlninn i^iina, Alt
of ooilandcr. aU-oliol, *ugitr. and wnlurl. Uoixr. 4 tu IS o.ciu. {or f3i-iv|. B. P„ S lo
7.&c^eni. (or I3*H'1J|.
Confectio Sciuia (U.S. P., B. P.I. — C'onfei-lion of Setmn (U. 8. P. coDUiiw i.'BV>iit
llotula, Hfniia, oil ol corlaiKlw, Unuiriiid, piune. flg, KUgar, wutwr). Dom^ 4 lo 8 Un.
(uc Si-ijI.
Pulvis OlrcyrrlilM- CoiujiMiluB (U.^ P., K P. ).—( (impound Pmrikr of 6ly' .
thiia (U. S. P. conluinit -loiinii. liouriot-root, oil of (fiidvI. HH'Jied itul|iliHr. itii|!Br|
DiMT. 4 to »1 (ill), lor ji'ij).
MUtura Srnnn Compouln (B.P.). — Compound UixturD of Si-nnu. BUck Ortdi
IQiBKni-uum lulphnl*, 2S0 Gni.; liquid extract of Ui'»ricr. SO c.cul; compoutid UiuH
uf curdumuniFi. 100 c.ctn.; aroinatio Bpirit of uiiiuiooiu, oO t.cm.; infuaion of avnna. a
•uflidcnt qunntit}- to jirndurr 1IHK) c.cm.l. Dciu , 30 to 00 c.oin. (or fji'ijl.
Tinctura S^iiur- CotDpoaita (B. P.).— Conijiound Tiiictura of Satina Itrnnn, HlO;
wltli rairin*, caraway', and coriander- (niit; alcohol, 43 jmr cent., q. a.). Do**. 2 lo 4
S.CIII. (or fSm-J).
liquor ScnniE ConcFntnitui (B.F.). — Concentrated Solution ot Senna lutn
1000 Om., linctun; ol giiit^cr, alroliol, and di^tlUrd water, q, s. arl 1000 c.cm.) . Dow,
lo 4 c.eiu. (or (Sm'J).
Infunim Senn« (B.P.I, ^Infusion of umia lienna, 10 prr cent., nith ging*T and
disUlled water). Doae. 15 to 30 r.cni, (or f5»it.
Alao entm into the compound eyruy of sanaparilla (U.S. P., 19 parta to lOOOJ^^
Fharauicology.— Senna is the V. S. Phariiincoj)a>m1 title for "the Iea_
Ictt of Cn»sin notitifolia (Alexan<lriu itennn) and of Canftia ang;ustifoIia (Indi
senna)," pinnts of the natural order Lej;tiini»oae, which must be freed from"'
stalks, discolored leaves, and other udiiiixtures. Ent^h of these js separately
named as ofHcial in the British Phannacopixifl. The principal constituent
u Cathartic acid, a sulphurated gIueo.4ide, which exiiitH in the druj; in cmii-
bination with earthy ba^cs, such as cak-iuni and magnesium, in salts vhich
are tiolublc in vnter. Sennacrol and Sennapichn, found In tlie drug, do not
contribute to its physiological ucliou. since they arc insoluble in water.
Senna aha containa ehrj'sophanic acid (Phillips). The activity of i><>nna is
destroyed by heat. In addition to the principles just named senna contains
•ome odorousi and other constituents, which impart to it a nauseating taste,
but do not add to its therapeutic value, eince they may be extracted with
alcohol without impairing the effects. m
Fliysiolog:ical Action. — Senna has n faint, di«agT«cable smell and JH
bitter, nauseou.'i taste. Senna is an active, but not an acrid, cathartic. It"
generally nets m about four hours, producing copious, yellow stools; any
tendency to griping raay he avoided by uaing the deodorized fluid extract^
or by combining aromntict- with the other proparations. It is an hepatio
stimulant of feeble power, renderins the bile more watery. Its use as sa
cathartic does not produce constipation. The menstrual flow may he
1
O 4
nm-^i
fiSBPENTARIA. 741
cited hj it, atxl it fnven to n numing woman her milk may acquire purgatiTC
propniies. liij«cted into the veins, it produce bolh vomiting «nd ['urging,
*ticl in overdoies it acts ns a dra-slic cathartic, but is never poisonous in ita
effect*. It is too irritant to the bowel to iise in full dose* whcru hwmorrhoida
are present. When taking ^cnna the urine sometimci has a red color. This
'lue ■ppcars when the fluid is of flcid reaction, but when alkullBC its normal
yellow nue is deepened.
Ilierapy. — Thi* dnig is a rafe, cfTicicnt, and, when combined with other
■iru^ a pleasant cathartic for constipation, or where simple unloading of
Iho Itotrels IE retimred. It should not be given where there is danger of BDor-
tioii. or where inflammatory condition;) of the intestine exist. It in a favorite
'fixative for pregnant women in the form of confection of eenna and com>
pound licorice-powder, and the sjrup ia s good laxative for children. The
in f Dsinn i* useful to carry off woring from the intestine*. 8«nna and inanna
(or black draught, U.S. i*.) is an eHicient, but uninviting, cathartic, and has
leui-ly gone out of use, becjinnc its p!ac<} has been taken by more pleasant
"■^inedies. liartholou- stales that the addition of colTee masks the unpleasant
^^«tc of senna. The following formula for a cheap and cfBcJent laxative is
Siven by Mr. G. H. Dunn: 1.5.o Gm. {or ^ss) of senna-lcave,i are placed in a
J^Uart of water and boiled fifteen minutes in a covered dish. The liijuid la
*«m strained and 8 Gm. (or .wj) of dry sugar added; 248 Gm. (or 5'''])
^^ch nf figs and prune* an- cut up, added to the liquid, and the whole i»
"oilffd until the fniita get thoroughly soft. Dose, 1 teaspoonful after each
^*Vi»l. A better method of making thi* would be to tivvr thv fniit iie]>a-
^»*toly, and, after it has cooled, to add 13 c.cm. (or f^ss) of the deodorized
^Uiel extni<l. *inev tlie aetive prineiiile, cathartic acid, is destroyed by heat.
^--••XLative prunes may be made by adding syrup of senna or the fluid extract
**^ the stewed fruit. The confection of wnna made into a flattened Win
.^** to 8 Gm., or 5i-i}), and coated with sugar or chocolate, is sometimes
I *^**own as fruit laxative, or "Tainar Indien," nf it eon[ain« tamarind. They
^*'e^ readily eaten by children. Dr. jVngel Bilbao has found that the admin-
**tratiiin of purgative doscK of senna for a number of consecutive days
J^i^ninished or arrested incontinence of urine present in the early stages of
**^<.-omotor ataxia.
Cathartic acid has lately been employed as a pur|?atire, and Dr. Kohl-
***o<:k reports from the clinic of Professor Senator, of Berlin, favorable rc-
*^^Jt» from its action. It may be given by the mouth in the form of a pow-
^^«- rubbed op with sugar in the dose of 0.05 Gm. (or gr. */,). to children from
^ to 4 years, and 0.15 Gm. (or gr. ii '/.) to adults. Kohlstock administered
** t)y the rectum, injecting 1 ccm. (or aixvl of (ho following solution: —
B Artd. <«lhBnlr. 81 Gm. or gr. xlv.
Aq. d(«ttllAt 7] ftcTD. or f3i*/«.
SodK blarbonat. 4.. q. •- ad rtnct. Rlkalii
SEBPENTABIA (V. S. P.).T~Serpentajia (Virpnia Snake-root).
S£EP£NTARI£ BHIZOMA (U. P.).~Serp«iitary Bhitome.
Dote, 0.65 to 4 Gm, (or gr. x-5j). B. P., S to 4 c.cm. (or fosa-j).
Prtparalions.
ExlTBrinin SerpMifariw Fluldunn (U.S.I'.), — Fluid Extract of Scrpcntaria. Do««,
tMO to 2 tcm. lor ms-xxzl.
T4S
PHARMACBIITICAI. TriKn.lPKmC AOE>rTS OB DllCOS.
Tinrruira Sonn-nturije (U-Jr-P.. K. I'.i.— ^Tinclurv ol !>rTi>MitaTta llU per
B. P.. 20 [nT cent.)- l>ow. * lo 7.5 c.ctii. (or (Si iji.
t.!(]UQr S«rp«iUrJw ConcmlratiiB <B. I'.).— Cuncenlraled Sulutiun of 8erp«titery
(MtvenlflT}'. 6O0 Gm.; alcohol [20 per cent.]. 1000 con.). Dos». 3 tu T.5 c.cm. (or
lofusum SerpenloriB IB. P.). — InhiMon of Swpcntary (A per cent.). Do«c, 13
to 30 c.em. (or fjM-jl.
Thfl couipuuiid linclure of cinchona (U.8.P.) containi 2 per utnt. (B-P. 2V,
percent) n( iidyiriitBna.
Phamuicolo^. — ^"Tliu rhizome niid rooU of Anetolochin Svrp^-iitaria
and of AnsIoIoohiA reticulsU" (Ariatolochiaces): plant-i Krowine in tlie
HOiitticru anJ wi>-lcTn portions ol the I'liilcd Siait-s. Tiu- British Vliaruia-
c«pa>id rfio;^'ni?.e.» only Ariptfll<K:hiu SiriH-iuaria hh iln- siniri-K. Tlic iwiiir
Himkc-root, of iUclf. is not di^tiiK-tiTc, and i-hotdd not he used, becnusv liv
llii.t title 9>(.-vcnil dilTi-rctil iiUnt^i nre camnioiily cnllod: for iimttiiKT, ('uiiiulit
Buakc-root is Amium Caiiadense, or wild ginser; lilai-lv siiaice-nKit is Acttwi
rau«m(Hi8, or ciiiii^'irtitcti; i-vcrjfrtcii >nuki'-r»()t i» I'nly^ulii [iittu-ifoliii. nr
fri»^d polygnia; while ratlle^Dakc-root, or senej^a snako-rool. is foly^fsla
Senega, and Virginia iiitakt;-root in Arisloloi-liia :Ser|ientana. The laiii eon-
luiufi a liilUT {>riiiei|)le, AriitoIochlB, i-o!uhIe in water and ulrahul; uUo a
volatile oil und xouio resio. Tin- at-tiM- pnni'ipK- in not ti»fd in inetlit^ine.
All tliL- prcimratiom should l>e made from the fresh root, aa it deteriora(t«
by kwiiinj;.
PnytiologicRl Action. — Serpentaria is a tonic, a cardiac stimulant, and
haa soHif untip<riiHln: powers. It hns a pungi-nt, clinracLcriMtic flavor, and
Ktnull doecfi promote appetite and digestion, and ere slightly exhilarating.
Large dotes cause considuiublc inltJttiiml dislurbauLc, tlutukucc. t<:u<;iiuiuts
und freqiK-nt vvucuatione of scmiKolid etools: they are uIeu productive of
nausea and vomiting, with much headache and dil!ztueK^. Hfemorrhoid^ are
irritutvd and mcni-t runt ion is stimulated. The drug is cxpccloraut. Al-
though asserted to po.i«e.v> aphrodisiac powers, it ii doubtful if serpentaria
has any dirc-cl intluiiiw of thi!; kind, probably acting simply a» a stimulant
to the cirouiation and as a general tonic.
Therapy. — Though pliyjiiologiculh" actire, eorpcntAria is rarely used
alone. In atonic dyspepsia it is a useful adjunct to cinchona in the com-
pound tincture. It is also a good general tonic. Tablcspoonful do£«s of a
decoction of serpentaria are often able to allay bilious vomiting. The in-
fusion is a useful wash for spongy gimis, diphtheritic influmnia:ion. or the
sore throat of scarlatina. In pneumonia of a low type, serpentaria is useful
in ooinbinatton with llic jinmiaiir jsjiirit of ninnionin: «nd in bri>nchiul ca-
tarrh it is a good expectorant. Itii cond>ination of expectorant and slimnlunt
properties renders scrpcutoria useful, also, in capillary bronchitis. It has
gome repulation as a restorative in typhoid and typhus fevers, and in de-
pressed conditions of the system genvrully. In chronic rheumatism it mar
be given in combination, with excellent results. In amenorrhtea dependi-nt
upon aniEmia or chlorosis, serpentaria ie said to liave given good results.
Serpenluriu has also been given with success in functional inipoteuc«.
SZinjMd'.S. P.V— Suet.
SEVITM PEa:PARATrM (H.I*.).— Prepared Suet.
Fhartnacology and Therapy. — "The internal fat of the abdomen of
Ovis aries (class. Mammalia; order, Ituminanlia), purified by melting and
BrUCON'.
T43
stnininj;." If in wcll-cloec^ vessel)!, it will Vwv for nn indeRnite time in a
cool pUce, without tuniiiiK rancid, uhich woula spoil it for phurmnceuticfll
purpow». It is « solid fnt, with slight taste and verjr litUe odor, consisting
ohicflr of stearin. It is used to give greater consiEtency to ointments, and
enter* into the olllcial ointment of mercnry. i'or warm weather, a good
oizttnicnt can be made as follows:—
It Uydrarf!, rlitoridi mitia
Sodii beoKMtii
S*vi
M. Si^.r Kurccxniia or intertrigo. J^pply upon fofl Unfn.
2fl0 dm. or gr, x1.
05 CJm. OT p. X.
.11 Gra. or Ij.
18 c.ctn. or mlj.
SILICON.- Silica.
Preparation.
I
I
UtqiKiT Sodii SiUcatis (U.aP.).— Solution of Sodium Silicate, or Soluble OI«b
•>*■ «i(«iRia] uae,
Phiumacology and Therapy. — Silicon is a non-metallic, elementary
**<^«3y, disooviTi'd by Berzcliufi in 1825.^ Its atomic weight is 2S. It i« «!>•
*^ii»ed in two foriiii: ainornlums and crystallint-. In nature, ils compoumU,
^^^ * t h fluorine (silicon fluoriac) and oxygmi (silicic oxide), are widely diffumiJ,
^»**1 are known as fluor-spar and rock-crystal, or quartz, and, in a granular
^^^fta. as sandstone or sand. Chalcedony, opal, and onyx, prtica by tho
'^pidary, are forms of the oxide. Ory.'<tallized quartx, or rock-cryatal, ia used
^^>r the manufacture of ifpectaclc glasses and lenses. Window-glass is a mixt<
** '■e of potasaium or sodium silicate with caicium silicate, and often contains
^•i^minum silicate also. It is made by the prolonged fn.Hiiiii of polaAflium
^^^ sodium carbonate with pure quartz, sand, and lime. Flint glass contaltia
T*^^<i, intriiduccd in Ihe form of red lead. Varioii* colored glasses arc made
-^y uddinj; metallic osides to the above ingredients previous to fusion.
'*^ydrofiaosilic aoid is a jutiiralud atjuvous solution of this acid, prepared by
^A«sing silicon Suoride (which ia a colorless, suiTocsting gas, producing white
^-^^Mea when allowed to escape into the air) through water. 11 is employed as
^ *eagent in the laboratory,
~ The solution of sodium silicate is a clear, »]mo»t colorless, risctd, odor-
^"^Bb fluid, with alkaline taste and reaction, and should not produce any irti-
"^^nt effecta upon the skin. It dries io a sliort time, yielding a smooth, glassy
^'Urface. In making dreeaings for fractures, successive layers of bandage
^^fe applied smoothly to the limb, rubbing the solution into each layer of
"andage, until a sufficient thickness is obtained. The dreeing is then
Blbmed to dry, and a finishing coat is given with Ui« brush, making a good
PvnnancDt dressing. If desired, when applied to a limb, the apparatus may
W slit up the back and front, and trimmed with scissors, so as to make two
lateral molded splints. Sodium silicate has also been used to take the place
of the gypsum of the plaster jacket in the treatment of Pott's disease. The
silicate apparatus i^ neat, light, and can be perforated for ventilation.
A solation of FottisiaiB Silicate la used in the same manner as the
preceding, and, by some, u mixture of these two ia considered preferable lo
fitlicr alone. It also has antiseptic qualities, and has been used as an in-
jection, properly diluted, ia gonorrboea, vaginitis, and cystitis; or applied
as a dre*«ing to erysipelas, with asMrted good results.
PUAUHACUl'TlCAt TRBBArBOTIO A0Bif18 OS DRUiia.
I'he componnd known aft the eodium eilico-fiuoride hss had a limited
iiee 86 an nDtiscptic. Laplnvc reports Umt in the laboratory, aa u-vU iiii in
the cllniG-room, ne^tive rcaulta have followed its einploymeDt as sn anti-
septic. Flagg, on the other hsiid, in dental practice, »ay* that (odium eilicc^
fluoride is both n disinfectaot and antieeptic. It is tued in the form of a
salt or aolution (5 to 8 per oent.) in wat«r. It is, he adds, notcvrorlhy as
poanaring the unusual and most desirable eharacterietics of being non-irri-
lunt, nou-poieunin|!, ni-iUuTdiiwolorinKDorKtuiiiiiijf, of docidi'il rank a«udiE-
infectant and deodorizer, odorless, and of positively indefinite maintenance
of integrity. — the soliitionfl of three years' duration giving clinical i-Tidcnco
of being unchanged. The bjdrated magnesium silicate has been utilized in
France aa a protective and alMorbcnt in diarrhoia, in the eame vay that bis-
muth is ordinarily used, in doses of i to 7.5 c.cm. (or f5i-ij). Friction vit
sand has been employed by Kllingcr for detaching the ecalce in psoriaaiE.
SIKULO. — An herb of the Caper family, Copparis corriacete (Cappari^
daccH"), known as the iimulc-plant, has liad attention directed toward it l^
the investigations of Eulenberg' and others. Xo aualysi§ has yet been made,
and ii ie not known definitely whether or not it liat any principle with posi-
tive therapeutic action. The kernel of the fruit, which is atmond-ahaped,
i* the portion ii»ed. An alcoholic tincture of the drug has been employ«d,
but it is less valuable than a fluid extract, since the al<;ohol may counteract
the sedative influence of the remedy.
Physiolo^cal Action. — The physiological effects have not been icv<
tigaled. [-■nder its therapeutic use. Dr. Starr obsened no uliange in pu)M
rCEpinition, or lemprrauire; no effect upon the pupil^ no muscular weal
nes», no mental depression or fitimulafion. and no digestive disturhancit.
appears to be quite innooiiou*, even in very large doses, according to Dr.
Paul.-t.
Therapy. — Simulo is one of the many agents which have been brought
forward to cure cases of epilepsy, and in other nervous affections favorably
results from its u*c have also been reported. Dr. V. Paulet found it to hav*
decidedly good effects in hysteria and chorea.' Dr. \V. H. Wliite u«;d the
tincture of simulo in seven ciiscs of epilepsy, giving 4 to i.50 c.cm. (or (oi-ij)
ibrtH' times a day. In all fhe patients considerable improvement took place,
though complete cure was attained in none. Dr. M. Allen Star I5nd.* that it
has some efTeet in modifyincr the frecjuency and severity of attacks of grand
mat, but is in this respect inferior to the bromides. It is usele^ in f»tU wat
and in hystero-epilepsy. About the only field of usefulness for simulo would
appear to he when, for any reason, it is deemed necessary to temporarily eus-
Send the use of the bromides. Dr. L. C. Gray, in Mveral cases, found thf
rug uecless,*
The tincture in doses of 0.30 to 0,60 ccm. (or mr-x) thrice dailv.
ginning five days before the exjwcted period, is said to relieve dy(;nicnorrho
Dr. l^ulet recommends the drug as of service in oraro-salpingitis. ~
' ThfnprvUf: aairttf, Oct. IS. ItWS.
';lni«rlnin Journal of Intanilv. Jtilf. 1BQ0.
» Thtnpmtlr. linztttt, Juno IS, I88»-
SISAPI*.
748
SINAPIS (B. P.).— Knatud.
SINAPIS ALBA (i:. S. V.), SINAPIS ALBiE 8EMIHA (B. P.)-— WUte"
Huiiard, White Mustard-seed.
SI5API8 NIGEA (U. S. P.), SINAPIS HIGRa: SEMIlf A (B. P.).—
Slack Uuitard, Black Knstard-ued.
Frtparations.
IJainratuin SIi)b]>1( ComnMitum <U. S. P.).— Catupound Linimrat ol Mu«Urd
fval«ti|«oilo|miutBnl, 3; lluid cxtrntt of tiiVHKiim, SO; camphor, 8; cutor-ojl, IS)
*iot>t(/L a. %. ad JOU portal. For vxtcnial use.
UI«Hsi SlMpU Volatll* (U-S-R, B. l'.>.— Volntile Oil of MusUrd.
tliartje Sinapi« [U.S. P.. B.P.I.— Muntaril Paptr.
UBliiKntum Sliwpla IB. P.|.— Liniment ol Uu»turd (eontaim volatile all of mu*-
'^■-cj. '• D.cin.i MmphiM-, 3 Gm.i t«9tur-oil. 7 (-.ctii.; alvobol, 00 per •»nt., 43 «.cni.].
Fharmacolog;. — White and black mustard are the tceda of BrasBic ^
•'l>»and Brauicft nigra (Crucifene), respectively. They fonn the flour of
•^^aitard when fn^und to a fine powder; commercial flour of mustard is a
*=>i3iure of both kinds of seeds wound together. It is this mixture which
t*o*wlitme9 the mustard of the British PEarmacopoila. Tlic pungency of
f**« tnoiat powder is due to the volBtile oil of mustard, which does not exi«t
j?* the whole seeds. The black and white rarietiiM each contain a crystal-
line nibstance, — in the former Sinigrin, in the latter Sinalbin, — together
^*^ifa as albmainouB ferment, UyrosLn. When water i» added, both sinigrin
^^%d linaJbin are split up by the myrosin and produce a volatile oil which
^ 111 quit* idcniieol In the" two miislflrds, that from the black muBtwd be*-
**»..(; the more pungent. The action of myrosin is suspended at 60° C. (HO"'
^'- y, to that mustard poidlici' should not be made with boiling water. White
'^^-TBlard, even when ground and mixed with water, is inodorous, but when ,
*^ided to the black variety it increases the yield o( volatile oil. Both kinda|
^~*~«o contain fixed, oil: as well as Sioapiae (an alkaloid), brasno add, and
^^lier vegetable principle*.
Physlologio&l Action. — When applied to the skin, if moisture is present,
?*» ustard-flour cuubcs hypi-rwmia, uiid, if the action is continued, it will ves-
*^:^te, making a painful and slow-healing blister. The volatile oil of mus-
*"^td causes rubcfaclion and generally it used in combination, as in the
^^ampound liniment, as a coonter-irritant. When used alone, it should be
diluted with alc^^hol (1 to 60) or some other vehicle. It is a good aubatitute
*^ir the mustard plaster, when applied upon flannel.
Tlierapy. — SI n»tard -papers (4 incheji S4uare) arc very conrenient for
*^Iying counter-irritation (being always rtady for use and only needing
^anpraing with cold water) in pleurodynia, lumbago, colic, croup, ana
xiuineTons other conditions requiring this treatment; can also be applied to
tie calves of the legs, as well as other part* f>f the body where counttT-irri-
tation is necessary. I'liey should remau ordinarily about four or flt-e min-
Wn, but may remain longer; thry should not be left on all night, for fear
"'making a nlough which would leave a scar. Mustard poultices to the fe«t
nrf legs are employed as derivatives in apoplexy and intoxication from alco-
Wl or opium. In weak digestion, a little mustard, as a condiment with
■tits, auista digestion and stimulates tlie secretion of gastric and intestinal
Aniila.
746 PnAltMACBCTICAl, TIIKItAI>Eimc AOKN'TS OH DRCG3.
Miistard foot-baths, made bv ndding a basdful of ground mustard to
!iot water, it a good rovuUant in receut colds, (leepleasnes^, amenorrhti
hcndnche, etc. Miistard-watcr ie s iiseful emetic in aaivotic poieoning.
hot iuustard>balh is an elTicient aid to other ireatnicnt in allayinji maniac
excitement. It i^ of vahif, moreover, id cases of rece^ion of the eruptio
in nearlet fercr and measles.
In medicinal {)rcparations, mustard is occasionallv adminietered wit
advantafte as an internal remedy. Obstinate hiccough h&a been relieved
KU infusion made bv sti^-ping a tt^'aspoonful, about 1 Gm. (or 5j), of mustar
in ISO c.cni. (or f,^iv) of boilinj; vater for tnenty minulea and then Mtniinin^
(Ilinger). An alcoholic Hotution of thv oil of muet^rd has been found of
efficiency in chronic ^stric and bronchial catarrh. Thid preparation it Mid
to hav4^^ been of service as a diurvtic in dropsy. A mustard-whey, made by
boiliii}; IA.5 Om. (or ,^i<s) of niustard-flour in n pint of milk, has iImi lie«u
utilized in dropsy.
SODIUM (B. P.).— The metallic element, Sodium {Natriam). Nol
ID medicine, except in combination.
Sails and Prepamlion*.
Suda [V.S. 1'.).— Sodium Hvilnte. CkuMic Hoda.
Liquor Stiilip IL'. S. r.i.— Suliilion of Sodn. BoluUon of Sodium Hydrate
rrni. ot ilin hj-iirav). noM; 0,:in tn O.IM) com. (oriiii'-x).
Liquor Sodm Chlorato: ( U. 6. P. ].— Solution o< Chtorinatcd Sod* [lAbarr*qi
polutinn). ShuuKt ■■nniaiii lit ImU ^.11 pfT cvnt., by weliflit, of aTaltsMo dilorii
llenc, 2 lo 4 fxia. tiir (Itt-j).
Liquor SodI) Slticntla lU.S. P.).— Solution o( Sodium Silictttc <iipedflc g»ri
L3I)0I.4(MI|.
I'otiuBii et Sodii Tnrtmo |U, 8,P.).— Potus^um And Sodium Tartnit« (Roi>)ii>llf
mUi. Dom'. 4 to 1.')..'i Cm. (or 3i-li-|-
Miatum Rh«i vt Sodtn (IJ.S. P.}.— Mixture of BliubiLrb and Soda. Doae, TJ
l& c.cm. (or t31i.(JMl).
Plilvin Effpn'c*«-n» Toniixwitu* (U.S. P.). — Compound Eflmweiug Powdi
Scidlitj! Powder. Doao, ono |>owit(<T.
TrotrkiM*! Sodii BicHrbonutii (U. S, P.).~-TVoi!hr« of Sodium lUcatbuniitF (n«1i,
0.20 tltn,. or gr. iiji. Dow, 1 or morp t.rochM.
i^oilii Avtrtas (U.S. P.I, ^Sodium Aoi?tat«. Dow, 1 to 4 Gin. (or gr. xv-3j).
Sodii Bisulphi* (XI. S. P.).- Sodium ItUulpbile. Done, O.fl.1 to 2 Gm. (or jpr. x-iat.
Soitii Itorns (U.& P.),— Sodium ttorHli-. Borax. Dow. 0.<Ui lo 2.00 Od>. (or gf?
x-xl|.
Sodii rhlorw rU.S.P.).-Sodiuiu Chlointn. Dom.. 0,13 lo O.OS Gm. lor gr. ii-iL
Sodii Hypoauliihia (U. S. P.f.— Sodium Uv|ja«u1pliit«. Dow. 0.e& to 1,30 Om. (or
gr. x-xx).
Sodii NitTU (U. B. P.).— Sodium Nitrate (saltpetre). Dow. 0.32 to 2.80 Gm. (or
gr. T-xl).
Sodii P}'ro|>hoep1iaB (IT. S, P.).— Sodium Pyrop)iogpliat«. Dose, 0.3S to £.60 Gm.
(OTgr. vxl).
Sodii ArwDM (U.S. P., B. P.I .—Sodium AT»eiinl«. Do««, 0.005 lo OJOi Gm. (
gr. ■/„■'/.)- B. P.. 0.0010 to 0.OO8 Gm. lor p. '/„■'/„).
Sodii lienioaa (U.S. P.. B. P.)-— Scdluni JVnionle. Dow, 0.05 to 1.30 Gm. (
gr, x-xx). *
Sodii Blt^rbonas lU.S.P.. R.P.I.— Sodium Blmrbonate (Imklng-mMtfi). Dos*.
0.32 to 8.60 Gm, (orgr. vx\).
Rodii Bromldum (U.S.P., B.P.|.— Sodium Bromide Do»p, IM Ui * Om, (or
gr. xx-Sj).
Sodii Cnrboma* (U.8,P., n.P.).— Sodium Oirbonatc (umliiiig-aoia). Dcat, O.SS
lo a Cm. (or gr. v-xjtxi.
ii'llf
I
■rfr~
:■
SODll'M.
Sodii Carbotns Exaicatua (U.S. P., B. P.).— Dried Sodium CorboBilc. Dow.
Ia0.6& nm. <nr p. v-x).
Sndii CliU-Hdum (U.S. P.. & P.).— Sadiita Cbloriil* (tablc-wIt). Dow. OM to
S.60 ftn>, lor Kr. v-x)).
SoiU HyiKiplwt|.hi» (U.S. P.. 11. P.».— Sodium Hj-poplio»phlt»,' D*«. 1X32 (a 1
Cm. (or cr. r-xvp.
8o(Ut lodidum (U.S. P., B.P.I.— Sodiiiin lodklr. Dow, 0..1S to 2 Cm. lor gt.
Sodii NiuU rU.S.P., B. P.l.—Sodium Xlliitc. Dow. 0.009 to l>^ Hm. (or gr.
[•UJ).
godll Pfaoapliu (U.S.P., B, P.] .—Sodium PhoaphaU. Done, 0.32 to 31 Om. (or
Sodii Hklkylu (U.B.P.. B.P.).— ScKlium &«lk-rl»U'. Domi. 0.6.1 to S Gn. (or
Sodii Sulplui 4U.S.P., B.P.].— Sodium SulpbnU (Oliiubcr'i ult). Dow, lU
l» aiCnt. (or Sm-J).
Sodil Sutpbit (U.S. P., B.P.I.— eodiuitt KulpliiU'. ])om% I JO to 8 (ita. {wr gr-
KX-3*I.
Sodii Sul^boMibolu (U.&P., B. P.).— Sodium SulphocsTboUt*. Do«c. 0.13 to
1 Ob. (or i;r ii-xvi.
Uluor Soilll .\r«»naLli> <U. B, P.. R P.).— I>alialon uf Sodlnm Antenatv <i p«r
<vnl.). Jinn-. n.lH ii> O^D v.uin. lor wiii-v).
Sodii Cltrotartrtts Efl«n-MC«ns IR IM, — Rffni-Mcont Sodium Citrolartr«U
(mliturr of MKlium bicmboniit^, tartaric and cilric aHda. Hnd rrflticd ■ugnr). A
Sraanlttrd, ftftrvnKvnt (alt l>ow. 4 to H Oiti. (or gr. IjHTtx),
SoAii PhoHihns EfTiTvewviu I B. 1'. 1 .— K ffCTWOftn t Sodium rii<iiit>li<ite (mixture
"t MdiDn phocpbatr anil tiicnrhnnntr. lartaric and dtric acldal. liotc, 4 to S Onu (or
li'ih lor rvpoatml •iliniiilHtintlon; for a iklngl« MdmltiiHtralion. 8 to 16.0 Gm. (or
Si-ivl,
Sodll Sulphas F.ffi>rvi-<r<'nA (B. P.). — EITervcacfnt Sodium Sulphate (niiiturp «(
Mriiiini lulpdate and bipnibonntp, tarUric and citric acidil. Ijom. 4 to H Gin.
'"Hi}) (or repoitrd ndinini-initioa; (or siliKlt adminhualioii, tt to IW (iin. (or
Kni.
l.lquoT Soda- t'lilvriimta IB. IM.- — Sulutioo of Chlorinntcd ^oila. Should ron-
""ii U ppr wiit_ of BTailalilr Hilorinr. Dtno. 0,11(1 lii 1.2" r.cm. ;or mx-vxl.
UquoT Sodil Etliylsti* IB. P.).— Solulion o[ Sodium Ktliylntc lenntnln* 18 prr
itnL uf Uif noliil «iil»lnii<i.\ CH.OXnl.
iNilvU Sodiv 'I'AMiinilu' Kfl^nviCTOB (B. P.I. — Effervefmnt Tnrlanilnl Soda Povr-
"iw. S^IiU Powder.
t<oda Taitanila |B. P.I.^Soitiuiii Pot«4Hium Tnrtrate lUoi^lielle nit). Doae,
ItolSj (Jni i..r 3i iK.
EodU Sant on inn a, —Sodium 8aiil«niMte. Dot*. 0.13 to 0,05 Gm. (or ffr. ii'X).
TtwrhiMi Sodii SanlooinatiL— Trochca at Sodium Sauloninnlr. Kach, 0,13 Cu.
'•*r Ih. r»o«-. Ho 8 troehpB.
i<ndll KDi.vlaa.— Sodium Ktlivlato. For external uac.
V*tU l^ndoniciulL— Tjondoii PaoU !■ prciMred by nibbing; to^-llier equal part*
Manllc tiodn and uttdaked lime. For cxtenial use.
niumacology. — The metal eadiatn, a moiiatoraic;, tneiallic element,
^'•triBin (Na. =^23), was discoTcred liy Sir Humphry Oiivy in 1807, the
(UBiv year that he eucceeiled in isolating the metnl pota^iutn, which, in
But; respects, it rrftomblcs. Tt n found only in the laboratory and in the
arts, not beinj; used in its ovn form in medicine. Many of H» nits arv
•ffidal; they are generally white or colorlc^v. soluble in water, and lees
ilribint than the correspoDding. potaeeiuni salts. They tinge the flame ye!-
Inw, in the spectroscope, or whi-n a small portion, on a piece of i>lantinnm
wire, is held over burning alcohol. Sodium chloride occur* native in m'B-
' bilcn ialo tbe aj'ruii of the liypopkoapliilm.
748
rniJlMACBfTICAl TIIBIUI-ETTIC A01XT9 OR DRU08.
water and in salt-mlnee, and U found in all th<> fluids and solide of fb«
human body. Hodium urate is not soluble in water, and, therefore, when
uric acid is formed in eicees, depoeits of Godium urate are apt to occur in
various portions of the body. The notasiium and lithium salts, with the
uric acid, on the contrary, are soluble in water, and omtt in conying off
from the ivntem the less *oluble uric acid. In gouty patients, therefor^J
Boda-salte should be only cautiouely given. ^(
Physiological Action. — Soda, when locally applied, in concentrated
form, to muscie or nerve, is a paralyzing ngout, but to a ducidcdly ^miillcr
extent than potas.<ui. Oaustio <<oda in it.i action resembles caustic potash,
but has less tendency to i-prfud. Soluliunt; of the chloride ore antinptic, and
table-salt, w an article of food, plays a very important part in digestion and
in ti^ue-chanffe. Weak t-olutioni^ of tnlt (5 to i>.o parte pvr lOOO), if in-
jected into the veins, do not alfect the integrity of the red blood-corpuscles.
The carbonate may be used in the same manner, to replace a quantity uf
blood losl by hfeuiorrhage, or in the collapse of cholera. Applied to the skin,
solutions of the bicarbonate arc cleansing and non-irritant; and, in caeea
of bums or scalds, insect-bites, or ivy poisoning, a saturated solution rapidly
relieves pnin. Rorax is also antiseptic and unirritnting to the «kin. The
hvposulphite is antiseptic by virtue of the sulphuric acid which it contains.
TIk' ethylatc ie also uu antiseptic, and decidedly caustic. Liquor sodte is
a valuable antacid, without affecting nutrition as much as potasea doe«, and
it it Ices poiHODOus to the heart and norrcs. The acetate, oeing the salt of
an organic acid, becomes converted into the carbonate in the nlood; it is
diuretic, although to a less extent than the potassium acetate. Sodium car-
bonate U used in phormac-y in preparing other salts: o^ it is a ^ood alkali for
combining with Krease or fat, it is found in every household as "washing-
soda. '^ The bicarbonate is used as an antacid when there is an exceas of
acid in the stomach; given when the stomach is empty, it stimulates the
secretion of gastric juice.
Linoggier and Lemoine conclude that sodium bicarbonate, in all
amounts, excites gREtric ^cretion, the most useful dose, according to their
observation, being 5 (Im. (or gr. Ixxv), given before a nieiil. An increased
secretion is maintuiued lieyund the iliiy of administration.
It also increases the alkalinity of the blood, reduces the acidity of the
urine, and relieves irritability of the bladder. Sodium chloride is a very con-
Teniont emetie, especially when combined wiih muiitard -water. Hscmor-
rhages are sometimes checked by it through reflM influence. The nitrate is
refrigernnt in fever, and increases the secretions of the intestinal tract. Tlie
nitrite acts like the other nitrite*, in depressing the heart's action and reduc-
ing blood- pressure. The sulphate is a bod-tasting and ha»h cathartic; it
is a common eonstituent in purgative mineral waters, wliere its effects are
enhanced and modified by nnhiral c-oinbi nation. i
As borax is largelv used as a preser\-ative for meat, the following ob-
Mrvations are of special interest: — ■
Chittenden and Giefs found that moderate doses of borax up to ."5 Gni.
(or gr, Isiv) per day. even when continued for some time, are without in-
fluence upon proteid metabolism. Borax does not tend to increase bodily
weight or to protect the proteid matter of the tissues.
Large doses of borax, 5 to 10 Gm. (or gr. Ixxv-ol) daily, have e. direct
etimuiating efTect upon proteid metabolism, aa claimed by Qnibcr; sach ,'
tTDTCK.
749
dem, I'tpL-cially if cuiiiiiiiivd, Ivad to an incrnscd excntion of nitrogeD
tkmeh the urine, also of sulphuric acid and phosphoric acid.
Boric acid, on the otlicr huDd, in icetf up to 3 Gin. {or er. xlv) per day,
ii fnutically without influence upon proteid tnetaboUatn and upon Uie gen-
m\ ootrition of Iho body.
Borax,, when taken in large doses, tends to retard somAwhat the aMinii*
luion of proteid and fntty inoiU, incroaain)^ noticeably the veisht of the
itm and their content of nitrogen and fat. With very large doses therti
iiilradoDc; toward diarrhoia and an incroaecd secretion of iinucua. Boric
Kid, on the contrary, in doses up to 3 Gm. (or gr. xlv) per day, is wholly with-
«al inllui.*Qcc in these dtrectioiu.
Burax causes a decrease in the voUune of urine, changes the reaction of
tbe ndd to alkaline, and rai«e# (he )itiecit!c gravity, owing to the rapid elim-
taation of the borax through this channel. Under no circumstances huT«
the luthors oliitcrved any diuretic action with either borax or boric acid.
'IV Ulier agent has little effect on the volume of the urine.
Both borax and boric arid an: ijuickly eliminated from the body through
the urine, twenty-four to thirty-six hours being generally Milliticiit for their
Coo^tlete n-moval. Karely are they found in the feces.
Neither bora.\ nor bone m-iil has any lufluonce upon the putrefactiTC
ftWeiM'M of thi^ intestine as measured by the amount of combined sulphuric
Mid in the urine, or by Jaffe's indoxyl t*-st. Exceedingly large doMa of
^oiu are inactive in this direction, not because the salt is without action
ifuD Diicro-orgauisms, but bi-LUuse of its rapid absorption here.
Borax and Imric acid, when given in quaaiities equal to 1.& to 9 percent.
4l tile (tail}' food, iire liabli' to imHliitc xmmca and vomitiniE:.
Owing to the rapid elitninaiion of both borax and boric ucid. no markod
cvBDlilivc action can result from their daily ingestion in moderate quan-
liha.
At no lime in tJieK' experiments was there any indication of abnor*
Bttlity in the urine; albumin and sugar were never present.
In experiments undertaken to determine the intlueneo of alkalies on
tht excretion of uric acid, made by Dr. Spilkcr. under the direction of Pro-
fetrar Salkow^ki, it was found that the addition of alkalie.i to the diet
dimiBisheE the excretion of uric acid, or rather, its formation in the human
tobjtci, while in ihi- dog the Teverse was the case.' This should tttnch us
laiccept, with some rcserte. the deductions from physiological experiments
>B the tabu ratory, with regard to the action of nnedieine upon the lower
■nimata, especially where they conflict with clinical teaching and the results
of experience.
Therapy. — Sodium hydrate, a corrosive poison in co»e«ntratcd form,
the symptoms and treatment being the same as for poisoning by (he corre<
^ponding potassium salts, may be used locally as a substitute for cauetio pot-
tih, being more manageable and less severe. A combination of equal parts
of Boda and lime, known as London paste, is a favorite caustic application,
etneoiallT for the removal of morbid growths, by some nractitioner*. Sodium
etnyUte'is one of the mo«t powerful caustic preparations that can be used.
It combine^ with water of the tissues, and continues to act deeply in ab-
atracHnf; this element. It is RT>'iceablc in destroying warts and various mor-
■ncntpCMtlc QaartU, Oct IS, IBDO, p. 706.
A
CitAltMAt-XUTtCAL TIlKHArttUTIC AtiKNTH UK rillCTOg.
bid growtlie, but is liable io leave tbe skin scarred on account of its
iitructirv uelioii upon tlio lii^siiVM. The wnt« hac employed flodium ethylate
with great benefit in lupus erythematosus and vulgaris; likcwiw in cnlloiif
ulcers, epithelioma, aim in thickened and ulcerated spota of syphilis. If
eodium cthylfltc is used for the removal of excessive growth of hair, cspv-
ciailyupon the face (polytriehia), ok hiu been recommended by Jameson, the
physician may expect, from the obscn'ations made by the author, more or
less scarring of tbe skin on account of the deiitructive action of thi» eaustie
upon the true skin and deeper structures. Gamherini has derived good re-
sults in psoriasis from inunction with a S-peNcent. mixture of sodium ethy-
Jato with olive-oil.
Sodium bicarbonate, in solution made with hot water, if applied to
burned or raided i>urrace«, quickly relieves pain. It can alio be used to
subdue inRamm&tion in sunburn, rhus poisoning, pruritus., ecwma, insect-
bilev, etc. A l-per-cTnc. solution of sodium bicarbonate is a good injeetion
in gonorrhcea. In a number of cases intussusception of the bovel has been
reduced by the action of carbunic-acid ga«, whicn, in an emergem^-y. may be
generated witbin the intestine by the action of citric acid upon sodium bi-
carbonate. The solutions arc separately injected through « tube piuwed into
the rectum. According to Dr. Lhickworth. the local use of a solution of
sodium bicarbonate in the strength of 2 Gm. (or os«) to 30 ccm. (or fjj) of
warm water will often relieve toothache dependent upon dental caries. In
tbe cough of pulmonary tuberculoMs, when the bronchial secretion is scanty
and viscid, good results may be obtained by the use of the following solu^
tion as a spray: —
B Sodii biivbonaL
Glx'corini
Aq. dcrt,
1| to
2
4
lOS
Qfn.
c.fin. or Bj.
e.cm. 00" fjiiiaa, — U.
or |r. xv-xxxrl
Dundas Grant recommends the following for the softening of cerumen
and diflodgmt-nt of impacted masses in the auditor)' canni:—
K Sixlli blcnrboaktlfl ..*... It Om. or (-r xt.
Ulfcvrini llf ccm. ot fSiij.
Aqtim ilvil 111 (|. ». nil 30] ccm. nw Hi.
U. To bo <trci{ipi-tl Into tbe (lar warm, and folloncil In a. tow hours by pel
^ringing.
Borax acts very similarly, but is more antiseptic on account of eonliiiv
ing boric acid. Both the btinrbonate and the borate are also employed in
solutions for washing out the bladder in cystitis, for injecting into the audi-
tory canal to remove cerumen (nuii the ear; and for intravenous injection
in collapse from cholera, etc. The following combinations containing one
of (he sodium preparations will be found Krviceoble: — '
B Sodii bicwbonsUs I6|S Om. «r Jw.
AifutK cfunphone,
A<|u« raenth. pip. ml 130j vxm. or EJiv.
M. Sig.: For itching and burning of thn muc«iiA mrmbrann snd skin in tlw
variniiB cruptionn upon Ibe iuti^gumi'iit.
4
R Uq. vodat chlonitA 4| to 11
TInvt- kino 80
AqUK JW
M. A di(ifif«ct4tnl gargle tor uictratJon of tJ)« Ihraak
e.i-iu. or 13i-iij.
F.i-m. or fJIJ.
c.nu. Or l£ij.
SODIUM.
751
B Sodi) bnuMit. ., IIM Gm. or gr. xx.
CnowU )30 c.FRi. or mv.
AqUM roiB na ISI ccDi. «r ESm.
U. En)p)c>f with in RlomUer Id aiMl ctUirh, iiliuyn^ti*, and In larynirllii.
B BoAii IrinrboiLftUB 1S[ Om. cr Slij,
ClfcoHni,
Aqtue haiiiam*?UdU dnt. • • m )K)[ com. or f}llj.
U. To alk.v ilcliinK and burning o( the akin, eapeoinlly in ci-zeiiia. Ik-hen. urtl-
nrii, denuatilii, burn*, and (roit-bilo,
Tbe solution at chionnBted ^oda, or Laharraque's solution, nlso may
be idTanlagi-otii^ly npplitd in dormntitis due to tliu poismi-iv)-. In acute
tewillitis sodium salicylate mny be rubbed upon tbe tonaila with the (uikct,
vilh excellent rLtiilte. In this afTcclion a solution of the bicarbonate baa
Ihxq beneficial, applied with a bruiih or mop, or ut^ed as a j^rgk-, For cft-
tmhal comlilionc. chronic bronchitie. etc. a Holution of this salt may be
wd vitb the Hteani-sloniizer, with haniamelis., belladonna, or other com-
kmtioDa if dcHiied. Sodium chlorate was recommcDcIed by Pmt. Traill
Cmn, of Easton, to he used in place of potassium chlorate in acute aftec-
timiof tbe throat or faui-of;. A loiwnge made with tragacanth iti ju«t as
tfflclent, locally, as the official potash lozerjje, and will not cause depression
*(tbt htnrt like pota»h. Dr. C, Slagk-, of Minneapolis, r«cominend« sodium
nilphite as an excellent local application in diphtheria, employed as a gsr^le,
ipny, or |Hiinlcd upon Ihc affceled surface with n eamcl's-hair brush. In-
ttnully he prescribes the same salt in combination with sulphur and calomel.
In cliildn-n i^ulTcrinK with iixruri> wnnicutaris, or .soat-worm, lujirtioiii' of a
•Bdimn-cliloride Bohilion will bring away the paragitps and reliCTe the itch*
ii|. Sodium hyposulphite is employed by l^r. Ohmann-Uumesnii in the
bniment of scabies. After a morning bath the patient is directed to ap-
S Sodii tivMUlphlt ISRi Gm. or 3vj,
Aq. dpMiDal. 180| ccm. or Ovj.— M.
The solution is allowc-d to dry upon the «kin. Before going to bed the
■U* is bathed viih the following lotion, which mav be diluted if found too
■(nag:—
B Acid, lij-drnchlorie. diL 120' c.cui. or fjiv.
Aq. dfoililat 180| c.cm. or iSv].— U.
The Bulpliocarbolate is useful as a disinfectant, being lees irritant and
ootcauuic; tui( for inti-mu! i«ie the Mlicykte iif safer. Sodium bicarbonate
>* *ttd as an antacid in gastritis and sour stomach, and atTord& temporary
illiet, cfpix'ially in combination with mint or rhubarb. M. Iluchard rec-
moBCDds the esbibition of large dosee (from 8 to 'AS.S Om., or ^ii<x, daily) of
^ ult in the hypurecidity of the stomach which sometimes accompanies
«*betes, in the gastric crises of locomotor ataxia, cardiac disease with acidity
*( the stomach, and in hepatic maladies. He mentions a case of diabetes in
■kici this treatment averted threatened coma.
The bicarln>nate, with rhubarb, i.i especially useful in casca of catarrhal
jtandioe. Sodium bicarbonate is of benefit wten the urine \* acid, and in
iD forois of cystic irritation, and is especially useful in niul calculi, cya-
^ib, ^norrho-3, plwU stricture, and in enlarged prostate. The following
fminptions, containing sodium bicarbonate, arc recommended: —
752
rnAHUACBtTTICAl. TIlERAi-ElTTIC AOKKR 08 UltL'(i».
B Sodii bicarboaatift 14 Gm. or
Tinet. EJngjbcrfi^
TlnoL c«i>«cl »a 41 c.nn. or fSj.
Tinet nud* vomieaB 19 4 c.nu. or «««.
TInot. gvnt. oomp q. • ad ISOf i^^ni. or <$%-.
M. Sig.: Tko tcMpoontuh in water, Uitm Uwm d dajr, in add dj-apepni*.
B Sodii bicarbonati* 10] Cm. or Sib*.
Ol^wrinl.
Aqiue m«nUi. pip. aa <tOl c^ni. or (JIJ.
3i. Sig.: Two ti!a«poonhtl« ttttcr nisnli. in add driqwpaia.
B Sodii MnLrbonatia i Gni. of 3j.
Pulv. ipeca^cunnhB et oplt i.... ij&O Gm. or gr. xl.
M. rt ft. chortulic no. xx.
SIff.: A pou'd^r evtrr tno or ibree bours, for cvtUlia, irritabln hlmtd^r or prao>
UW. —
B Sodii blcaibonatls SldO Oni. or gr. xl.
Ilydrargyri chloridi miti« |l3 Gm. or gr. ^.
M. ot it. Gliarlula> no. xij.
S^.i A powd«r every two or thrrw hours, tor Bcute Kattritis.
VThen used as an nnlidote to acids in corrosive poisooiiig, tlic carbc
is better than the bicarbonate, on account of }eee carbon dioxide beii
formed. The hypoitulpbite is a usedil antiseptic in farcinom vomiting anc
infectious dyspepsia. This salt was hiRbly esteemed by Dr. Cadogan-Mas-
li-rman. wlio thiiU(;hl, however, that 0.32 (ini. (or gr. v) duster arc mure effi-
cient than largvr qunnliliuH. and prescribed it us follows: —
B Tr. KNtiui. ea ..,).... 715
Tr. (up^d ••.. p<.>. • S
Sodii bicarbonat. >,.>.... S
SodU hTpMalpUt 2(
Cblorofonni
Aqun 4. & ttd £40
H. et H. >ol.
Sig.: Two tobloKpoonfuIti thm- timet a day.
cem. or (31j.
c.em. or f3>w.
Gm. or SIJ.
00 Gill- or ^r. xl.
30 e.om. or uiviij.
ccn>. or I3viij.
Sodium hyposulphite is said to be of value in malarial hematuria,
dinm pbosphftte, on account of its cholagogic effects, is useful in cases of
inaction of the liver in children who pass clay-colored stools. ConstaniiD
Paid prefers sodium pho^phntc tn sulphate as a laxative, and administers it
in the form of a lemonade, according to the subjoined formuls: —
B Sodii (>liospli(it. 34 SJ> Otn, or 3vi ■/,.
K«s. limonis ...>.. 1120 coin, ut uixx.
Syr, »Liup1 ,.,..... ,..,.'.r.... no ccm. or IJij.
.\q. dcsUll 180{ ccm. or fSrj.— M.
B Sodii pbospliai !H^6 Om, or StI'/^
Ess. limcinis ■>.' Ifii ccm. or mxxr.
Acid, citrici,
Sodii bicarb. ...aa 61 Gm. or Six.
8yr. (.imp! OOl ccm. or IJIJ.
.\q. distill 340{ v/na. or Qviij.
M. An effervesdng mixture.
mia.
Sodium phosphate is useful in habitual hepatic congestion and Utliec.
Dr. Crocq, Jr., of Brussels, has employed with advantage sabcutantom
flODiru.
injection!) of sodium pho«phale in vnrioue •lIecttou8 of the ncrvaiis B^stoni.
Tho fonnuli which he makes ase of is: —
B &NUI pha«plMt t
^ raeUfleat. ^.....j...<. 4
An. dMtUUL ISO
Oni. or
e.cm. or ISj.
F.L'iii. or fjir. — II.
S: XXX.
i.
Of this soiutioD 1 cciD, (or mxv) are iiijccted dnlly «nd the amount
is gndaftllv incrcaBcd to 3 e.cm. (or mxXv). Id trifacial neuralpa, neonB-
Ihenia, ana hysteria the effects were very satisfactory. He regards the itm-
tiy thus adminiHtcn-d as a powerful nerrc-tonic, capable of curinj; func-
tiODsl disease, though it has only a palliative effect in organic diisorclcre of
Mm centre*. Remarkable improvement has, however, been produced
b; this method in locomotor ataxia. Dr. Forbes Winelow has reported a case
(4 tliv laBt-iiamci! malady, in which typical !-ymptom£ were prestrnt, but which
iliMppcared after twentv-live iiijt-cliruiii had been made. Thu patient iicenied
1o M nmplfltely cune^. Professor Lemoine combines sodium phosphate
rith ]iDta)Miuin bromide in the treatment of epilepsy, giving 1.62 Gin. (or
S. uv) of the former salt ut each dose. In order to overcome pain due
ansmia or neurasthenia, M. Huclmrd u»ok an artificial itorum, 5 to 10
cm. (or mlxxx-cli) of which is eubcutaueously injected. Uis fimnula
lli-
II Sodil phoqihat. 10
Sodii chlorid. 0
SeM\ milptutt. .....t.... 2
A«td. oarboUo. pur. 1
4q. tfertiltat , M
Orn. or Sliu.
tim. or Siu.
ai> Cm. or gr. x^txrj,
S5 Gm. ur gr. xxiv.
e.<:a. or ^iji— U.
Increasing doees of sodinm phosphate, giren subcutsneouEly, are said
^y U. J. Luys to have a beneRcial effect in morphinomania.
8o<]ium acetate is not as deliqucHcvnt as pota^ium acetate, and has
tUl advantage over the latl(^r salt. It has been given with benefit as an
•otieid in acute rhcumatiiim. and as a diuretic in dropsies. Sodium acetate
i* likewise serviceable in gout, and in the treatment of irritation of tho
EOito-nrinary apparatus. The appended prescription is suggested: —
Oni,
or 3iij.
cem. or fjilj.
B Bodll oerUti* 121
Syr, auraotii SOI
Splritn* H;Ui«riii nltrod aO| cahi. or (SijT
II- 8ig.: T«o t«H>pooufu1ft la "^Iw, ev«rj- two or thr** hours, for rhrunuUim,
f™>> or Bcnital irrilalton.
Sodium benzoate is a safe and cfTcctivc antipyretic. It has been em-
plojed for its antiseptic rirtiies in phthisis, diphtheria, the eruptive fevers,
*^i in irritation of the genital organs. The following combination of so-
^nm benzoate is recommended: —
B SodU bentoatii 12; Qm. ot Slij.
Kit. tritici ft,,
Ext. tmctin fl na T5] e.vta. or IJitM.
it, ^.: A unspoooful or two, evttiy two or threa boor*, (or cysUli*, or for An
InftebU bUdder mul prostate.
Li^geois recommends «i>(Iium benxoate in large doaee Id the treatment
at pbaiTngitis. In laryngitis and acute bronchitis, he prescribes: —
paASHACBuncAL THERArEUTic AOKKTB OS snBde.
R Sodii bcnKoat. • 41 Qui. or Sj.
Tr. fli^nlt. 1, IZO e.em. or mxs.
Aq. luurooerui ....i. 4| c.cm. or (3j.
Sj^I>. TohiUin.,
Syrup, cudein..
Aqun an G0| c-nn. or IglJ.
M. SIg.: To be t&ken in ihe twmty-tour faoura-
AtlminiiiterecJ persistenlh in Bright's disease, lie has obtained good re-
KiilU from tliis fait associated nith ttmiiic iicid. It U iiecful in Itthia^iii by
convertin}; insoluble urates into .loliible hippurates, and thu» facililatins:
Ihcir removal from the system. M. litbcrt' reports a case of poisoning fol-
lowing administration of sodium benzoate. Larj^e erjihematoiis patches,
with mten«e pruritus, in Torioiie ports of Ihy body were obw-rvcd, which
disappear^ on discontinuance of the drug.
The following mixture is pronouncLtd useful in chronic bronchitis by
a writer in La Tribunt Medicate: — '
S Sodii ar»en»t.
Sodii iotlid. . .
10 tim. or frr. ii
Gai. or SiiM.
cmi. or (Six.
^
M. Hig,: A lablvBpooiiliil OiT*e tinin n dHy diitlii); twenty iaytt ol tliv nHinth.
Under the name of urioedin, a mixture has been reeommoiuicd us a
eoltent for stone in the bladder, AccordinR to the analysis of l>r. CJoId-
msnn, Uriccdin consists of 30 piirts of sodium sulphate, 10 parts of sodium
carbonate, and 60 parts of sodium citrate.
The pulvig effervescens eomposinis (V. S. P.) and pulvis »ail» (nrlnriits
effen^^'pna (B. P.). tommonly known as St?ifllit2 powder, ie a mixture taken
w'hiii- t-iTiTvesi-inu;, coiitaininj; il.Cu dm. (or gr. xl) of ^ium bieurbonatc
aud 8 Gm. (or .>ij) of Uochctk- suit (blue papt-r) and 3,25 Qm, (or gr. xsxv)
of tartaric acid (in a white pajier).' The eontentji of each paper are dis-
solved in a wineglaesful or more of water, and drunk while elfervcscinj;, to
relieve simple i-oiistipution. In obKiiiiiilc vomiting smiill doses of Scidliii
powder are often efficient in overcomin}i ihe nausea and retching. A tea-
spoonful of sodium ehlonde, dij^olved in a tumblerful of water and taken
wfoie breakfast, will often answer the same purpose as some mineral waters.
In full do«e« sodium siilplmie i» an active cathartic; in smaller ^)mntitie«
it acts as an aperient and diuretic. This salt has a bitter and nauseous ta*le,
which may be disguised by ihe addition of a few drops of aromatic sul-
phuric acid, or by giving it in Icmotiudc. In daily doses of 10 Gra, (or Siiss)
sodium tulphate haa been administered with decided tuccctt in dysentery.
It is recommended that the sodium salt be associated with naphtol or oiher
eflieient inti<«tinal antiseptics, a solution of the latter being given by the
mouth or injected into the bowel.
Sodium sulphate has bctn recently employed as a local applicAlioD to
the inflamed area in erysipelas by Dr. G. I.. Curtis.' The rationale of this
treatuK-ut is found in the affinity which sulphate of »odiuin has for oxygen,
abstracting it so rapidly from the diseased area as soon to destroy tho germ
'Xormaiidif S/ttitoalt. Jan. 1. ISOO.
'TltM*' mny alao be put up without RochpJin ult. nnd nrrn toratetly oSUial
titia «hape as soil h- powder", or 1'ii1vi<r«s KITervvKeiites.
' Utdievt Jf«vonf, April 20, UiOl.
M
MDItTM.
785
of rtwpolas. Ilis methoil of application is firet to thoroughly cl«nnse the
)iijtsali«ctt!c1, tifiii^ pnniotilar t» remove all gre«»y suWtances; a »utticiviit
tjuaalit}' of Bodiuiu eulphate is Diixed with cold dietilled rater to make a
tbick boultic'c; the di^-a^cil part U i-ovvrcd with a «iiigli> layer of giuxe, and
orer this is eproud a thick layer of sodium sulphate, care oeing t«ken thai
" extends considerably boyond ihe margin of the disi.ii««d area; thi» ia
Ifaes wiven-d with a few layers of gauze, and ice-water applied, lie has
found that with an ajijilimlion of thiw kind Iho diiieaHC is brought to »
«tai)().ftill in from sis to eight hours. If ihe disease involve the face, the
fKniItioe is applied to the uosc and mouth, openings in the loiter being
"I'ldf for breathing.
Sodium chloride has been injected into the veins in collapse from m)-
''^re hemorrhage and cholera. In order to avoid the disadvantages and
delays of this method, Dr. Warmun made trial of fult by the rectum. In a
'■Umber of cases of uterine bsemorrhage he found this procedure to be fol^
loM'ed by the ino^t gratifying results. He employed about » tablespoon fulV
ot tnble-^t dissolved in a' quart of water. Dr.llberg, having observed good
'CBnll* from thi,- >ubcutaneoua injeclton of a solution of salt in a case of
Saatric ulci-r, made use of the same method in a nunibL-r of iiisuue patients
^ho refused food. The treatment was satisfactory tu ail but one com. Ex*
P«riinentine upon himself he found that the instillation excited thirst and
woDj^r. About a pint of a '/t-per-cent. solution was slowly introduced
through a trocar into the ci>l]ulnr tissue of the back or thighs and its absorp-
tion aided by gt^ntte massage. The normal salt solution contains about a
t««spoonfu] of sodium chloride to the pint. The method just mentioned ia
•cuown as hypodprmodyei?, and has been employed sneccsefally in cholera.
Aim Gordon n-purls three cases of poisoning from carbonic oxide or coal-g^ts
tjcceifitully treated by the intravenous injeetton of a salt solution, after a
**T-'limtnary blwding. Subcutaneous or intravenous tnjcelions of a solution
*\f tsble-salt have been found usefid in relieving ursmic dyspntea or eclam|>-
*a4i. {Sev also Hypodermoclyais.)
,^^ Sodium sulphide is recommended in the treatmeni of lead poisoning by
*^ Peyrou. given iu the dune of 0..t2 to O..')0 Om. (or gr. v-viij) a day. The
^**aertation was based upon esperiments upon animals and was confirmed by
■**- Quinquaud, who h«d obi^orvcd that tlic salt iiunied produced en incr
^•ianination of lead in the urine. Sodium sulphide oceasion.* the samereaut
*•*■ mmcurtal inloiiwition, and must be regarded as an excellent eliminative
^^ent in all cases of metallic poisoning.'
Sodium chlorate is praised ns a remedy in the treatment of epitheUa
^QAta of the mucous membrane of the upper digestive pas^ges. In a com-
'ttUtticadon to the French .\siociation for the Advancement of Science M.
Kriaatud stated that in cancer of the stomach he had obtained almovt in-
'Wdible amoltoratiou by daily doje* of 12 to 15.5 Gm. (or 3iii-iv), Htemor-
thigccs ceased, cachexia disappeared, and the tumor vanished in the course
"f leveral weeks. He b^jian witii dwis of S to 10 Gm. (or Sii-iiss) per dny
MiL if no improvement occurred, he inrreas^J the amount to 15.5 Gm. (or
Si). He does not employ the drug if the slightest degree of albuminuria ia
frnent M. Ij^pine, at ttie same meeting, declared that in the dos« of 15.5
' Mtdkal SHir^flfl, Feb, ItiM.
7S6
PHAKJIACBUTICAl. THFBArECTtlr itIINTS OB DBUllS.
Gm. (or oiv) sodium chlorate might cause the (oniiiitiijii of inrthKniop
in the blood.
In s OHM' of angioA [K'Ct<^ri», Pr. Gingt-ot obtained good n^ults (mm
Bodiiim iodide giren in allcmaiion with spirit of ^lonoin, the former biding
token for cix, and the Inttrr for two. wcfKs. (iorduti Sharp hits ttuiployed
the 8odi\im nitrite in angina puctoriii and irrugulor cordioo uulion, and, un
account of ite ^ulterior liability, r<><-oiiini<-n4l^ it ait a i>itWLitute for atnjrl
nitrite. 'Ihe maximum doM is given as 0.32 Gm. (or ^. v), but it is staled
that U.oes lo 0.13 6m. (or gr. i-ij) ie ii^tmllv i^utricicrit. ~
Sodtiuii aaticylate is uted verv larcelv in the treatment of acute rheu-
matism, snd rheumatic throat inflammution, pyix.tia of inSucnza, etc. In
acute rheumatJKm, abnttt n Hm. (or oij) a day, in divided doseB, relieve pain
and fcvLT and muki.- tbu patient more comfortable. Salicylate of sodium hat
been used in pneumonia fur a number of years. Two veiy striking reports of
its action in this dieeaBC appear is recent medical literature, viz.: that of
K. Liegel,' quoted bv Ur. Smith, and that of Or. Sebrini;. of Kingston, X.
Y.' According to Liegel, 7'i cases were treated among mining opcralii'KS
vfitli large dow* of sodium nalicylate: 8 Gm. (or gr. cxx) daily, or 0.65 Gm.
(or gr. xj everj- two hours. Some of these ca§es were exceedingly unfavorable,
occurring in persons of intemperate habit», and 2 of the patients were over
70 yeare of age. Not a single death occurred among these asee. A number
of typical recrudewcnces were noted, but were easily controlled by the same
agent. Dr. Sebring treated 75 cases of pneumonia with salicylate of sodium
in the same dosage, and lost hut 1. Four of the patients were over 80, 1
being 84 and an habitual drunkard. There were also several easee of mitnl
and other valvular cardiac lesions. The patient who died was a plethoric
woman who had been troubled with cardiac syncope for a long time before
developing pneumonia. Almost all the cases were severe. Sebring states
tliat other cn^s of pneumonia occurring ot the some time and in the sama
territory, but treated by other methods, frequently resulted fatally. Of 12G
cases treated, by other physicians, with salicylate of sodium, only 1 died.
Dr. H. Radcliffe Crocker reports that he has frequently derived benefit from
the use internally of sodium ^licylate in psoriasis, especially in hyperiemtc
cases of recent development. He has also witnessed marked improventent
follow its adniini:>tiiUiun in a iase i>f lu)ius erythematosus..* Gi-rmuin S-h
commends this salt as an efficient cholagogue, which increaaes the watery
portion of the bile, and is therefore of value iu promoting the expulsion of
gall -stones.
Sodium snlioyliito, mixM with theobromine, ha« such diuretic effects
that it has been called diuretin, of which the dose is 4 to 6 Gm. (or 3i-is8)
daily, in divided doses. (See Theobroma.) Good result* may be obtained
in fevers by using the fluid extract of en,ihroxy!on coca to sustain the heart's
action and support strength, at the same time that sodium salicylate is tised
to keep down temperature. After the administration of large doses of so-
dium salicylate, a crystalline deposit will sometimes form upon the skin. It
is uncertain whether the cry.itaU are of the unaltered drug or of decomposi-
tion-products. A neutral, or acid, siilphosalicylatc of sodium has been_
' Wifnfr nirilMni'chr ^V'll■brlHlrhri[t, Muj 7.
•MnUMl Ilnw<l. .\|wil ■>■>. law.
' Intemntiotml MriJifiH MiigmU": Aug,. ISIWl
fiOLANCU CAROLINKN^E.
75r
ptTfi. The acid nit is a white. cn-stolUiic povdcr, soluble in water, but
itmost infioluble in alcohol and ether. Its taste is les unpleasant than that
of sodium i«alicvliitc, siid it i« iuitc) to be lc94 apt to cause verligti and bumng
ia the ears. This preparation has been used with success in acute rheunui-
Swliuni nitnitvindoM-sof 0.20 tu0.25Gm,(orgr. iii-iv).iB r«'C<inim>iiib-d
bjr pMTce m wn-iceable in fli>thi»a. Dr. Angrisani, from nn experience in
lO Mses. coosidera sodium nitrate as of service in relieving maniacal excitis
n^ «;nt. lie gave it in daily doHcn o( 3 to r> Om. (or gr. xlv-lxxv). It waa usu-
al X T well borne and relieved high arterial tension, restlessness, and hallueina-
ti<:»iu. In tiro patieulK, u-ho aufTerrd from epilepsy of psychical origin, the
a'ft: 'ft^cks could be prevented by the administration of G Gm. (or 3is«) of the
r^»Dedy in a single do*<' imint-diately after the appeanince of the aura.
Sodium nitrite is a white, opaque crjftalline Eubelance, of a mild salinC
t^ft^te and destitute of odor. It i» a delii|uesci!n[ salt, readily soluble in wat£
k-^^md slightly soluble in alcohol. It is be«t administered in an alkaline solnJ
ti^n on account of it* liability to be decomposed by Uie gastric juice. Tlie
F>^BCuliar properties which this compound possesses depend upon the nitroua
M.«='id which it contains. ]l« phynioiogical and therapeutical efTecta very
crl <wly resemble those of amyl nitrite. Of the pure salt the beginning dose
R"t»oiild never exceed 0.13 to 0.20 Gm. (or gr. ii-iij). Sodium nitrite has af-
Coidtd relief in a number of oases of epilepsy. In angina pectoris its actionj
fc^ akin to that of nitroglycerin and amyl nitrite, hut i« less ijuickly produced'
^ ci4 is of longer duration. It may be uencGcial in paroxysms of asthma and
d^n^tea.
Sodium teiUirate was brought forwartl by Ncii»»cr in 1?30 as a rcmedj
■few the night-sweats of phthisis. It has been used in a number of cases bj
l^refnaor Combcniale. who found it ulTicient in single daily dotes of about]
O.OfiSGm, (orp"- j). It is open to the reproach, however, of di.iturbing diges-
^ and communicating n strong gurlicky odor to tho br<-ath. Sodium tellu-
me it also able to suppress the sweating of rheumatism, typhoid fever, syph-
Uitie phthisis, and dyi^pipiiiu.
X I- or S-per-cent, aqueous solution of sodium fluoride has recently
^ten tised with advantage as un anliceptic wm^li lo ibe bodies of persons suf-
'mnj; from infectious dii<easi-, in the errtfaema of newborn infanta, aod ai
■0 iiiirction in vaginitis and cystitis.
8»diain Eosinate. — Kosin i^ a dye obtained by the action of phthalic
*»bjilride upon plieuols. Soluble eosin is usually the potassium salt of thisj
WBpound. The corresponding sodium salt (C,oU,!lr,0,Saj) !ia» been ui
■* thi; treatment of fpilep^'y by Dourncville and Chiipotin' in doses of I Gm^
("f p', xv) gradually inereaied to 3 Gm. (or gr. .viv). !"ndi-r the larger do«
^ nomber of convuUioni' materially decreased, but toxic symptoms at
pWwl, which rciiuiti'd Ihi,- Uvalim-nr, to be dtsi^onlinucil. They consisted
ffiatm and swelling of the face and hands, followed by ulceration and by
nfli^vut of tbi' nntl«.
I SOUinni CA&OLINCNSE.— Hone-nettle.
This plant belongs to the Solanncen?. or Xigbtsliade family, growing
Avidaotly in llic Kiuttiern rnit<:-d Slates, and known under a number of
' /•ifH* JtrntuU, Jan. e. 1000.
7S8
rHAnstACEtmciL niEn-\PELTic aoexts ob bbcw.
popular noises, as ground-potato, poison-potato, sand-bripr, horw-B
etc.
Ktqus lin« Molntvd two alkaloiiial principles, nluch he nguit tl
Solanine and Solsnidine, uttli un urguuic m-id, Soludc Acid- Aomrdiif
to Dr. E. Q. TlHiniloii. Kolatiiiin in large doses dt'iirtK-es the mpintMt
and pei-ebrum, stimulati>s the spinal cord, but has no pflcct upon ii>* «■
culalion.
Dr. Napier, of Klonhcim, S. C, who iutroduced thie drug, npr
as diuretic, anodyne, and anti«pusmudic in it« nvlion; he dao lepor.- . '
use iu coDvuIsiouts of varied ori^u and traumatic tetanus.
Solanum has reccutlv bct^u rei-tudied chemically, cxpcnmfntallT, ni
therapeutically by Dr. irforris C. Thrunh (inaugural Ee^ar on "Soil»«
Carolinenee," Medico-Ctiirurgical College, Philadelphia, iloy 18, 1'^''^
Prof. !■'. Savar}' IVarce, quoted by Dr. Thrush, regards it of wpw^bl 'i^-
in eascntial epilepey, the atiaeks in the niajoritj" of eases bei"
in severity and number. The dose of ihe fluid extract of ih.
4 c.cm. (or foj) four limes a day, and increasing to 7.5 com. (or i5ij) r»«j
four hours, no ill effects from this large dose being obscrvwi; Uk W
extract is more deiiiriiblc than the liucturo, OD account of the l«««<
quantity of alcotvl.
SOLANTTM PANICULATUM. — Jfcrnbebt. Solanum paniculatam (&*
lanaciw), <ir ji-i'iiin'lui, ih a i-onii)ii>ii, t^linil.liv plant, which grow* iu iliev^
country of the nonh of Brazil, it ba^ a woody stem, and readies a ho|it<"
eight or ten feet. The Mti'iu, bruiirhc*. and under »idc of thi* Wt«i
almost covered by a white, downy hair. An alkaloid, termed JenbcUHt I
been found in the fniit and the root. Dr. Oomingo» Frvirp, of Rio Jaira*''
describes two rcsinoid principles obtained from this plant, one of ihid^
inactive, whih' thr second }iii.» n powt'rful purgative effect.
Physiolo^cal Action and Therapy.— The effects of jerubeba upon btp
and guirien-pii;.t have been invetitigaled by Dupral. Tor^iidily »ooii omic*
after Jivpodirmic iiijoelion of a hydro-alcoholic extract, and nfrs w*-
Bients disappeared. Itespiration wa.* retarded, and rlie ai'tion of the baBl
»iow «nd irregular. A minute quantity of jerubebine hydrochlorate, iajtttti
by Dr. Dominso.i Freire into a small bird, caused lethargy, vrilh contracnn*
of Ihe extremities, followed by telaniform convulsions and death. JemWi
isan excellent laxative, and is said to he valuable in llu- treatment of hibina'
con-^liiialion. The drug is held in great esteem in Itraiil. whenr it i»o*
Eidercd tonic and alterative. In some cases of liver disease Dr. \. ICrfoela
found ji-nibeba to increase the appetite and relieve indignation.
SOUDAOO.— Solidago, Ooiden-rod. The SoIJdago odora (C<''mp
or fragrant golden-rod. is a conspicuous feature of autumn landscape*^
Borthem United Stal<-s. It ha» ninny vnrietiei>, but the usual fonn '
termiiinl spike, or one-sided raceme, of yellow flowers. The plant isji
green, fragrant, and yie)d>., by disiillation. a ToUtile oil, rt^enibling ui* ^
odor. The fluid extract, made with diluted alcohol as a menstranCD, if < "
wed as a flavoring excipient. A jolid extract mav be obtained by cnp
the fluid extDict to the proper consislcncc amf incorporating i
rcntieth of its weight of glycerin.
?hy*iolo|rical Action. — Golden-rod is carminative sud gL'ntly stimnlant.
Thi> lidt infuHtdu proiJucvs dinpliori-did and relieve* the pains of dvsmoiior-
fhwa.
Therapy. — Thin dru^ ut scarcely nMd liv (lie profession, but poese»c«
soint.'. thi>ug:h not very decided, medicinal valui-, The decoction and irarm
'iil'iii.iiiniire u*«d in d<iiiii-t(tie [iraclici- tn [imiiuce diaphoresis, to rplievt- t-olii;,
ami tn promote mciislriiution. The oil may bo used for similar purposes,
atii] sIm) as a carminative to relieve flatulence, etc.
SOKATOSE, an allmininnti^ fnnd-prodtK-t prrpari'd rmm fro^h meat.
"Xtl rotaininf; the proteid elements in soluble form, ha^ hceii iBrfrL-ly in^iJ
«*' r*ctnt year* in wa»tin>;and cxlinmtin]^ di«»s«. at a nurnia of nnurishriiK
**»e sii'k. It is in the form of a light-brown powder, almost odorii-**. and not
a i »^uxnH-»bk> 1o th« polnte. By mldinp a twwpoonfijl to n cupful of hul water
^ form of meat-extract or boef-t«a h made which is acceptable to verj' delicate
*t<*»i\a<li» and even cheeks voniiting and nausea. It may be added to hroth,
^^^iflTw. gruel, or other food, in case? of lyphoi'i fevor, cholera infantum, etc.
^V oonibinalion with milk i;* also offtToil, lactotomatote, and one containing
**"oxi. femiomatote, which have a hiph Itierapiulie vnhic in anwmia, debility,
*^daiion. ati.i .iiher conditions rcijuirini; increased uuirimenl.
SOMJIAI.— Ethylated Chloral-urethaa.— In 18S9, I>r. S. Itadlauer, of
'^C'tliM, brought to the notiic of tho pvi'(ii»iiion a compound of chloral, ure-
•*>nn. and alcohol which is considered a definite compound, and not a simple
•*»i3:tiirv of these substuncw. It is a colorlc*! liquid, rcfttmibling clilorofonii
*** appearance: vcrr slightly, if at all, foUible iD cold water, but soluble in
"■ot waltT and in alcoholic soluiion-i. The oilor i.t faint, ri'semblin;: spirit
^^f nitrous ether; the taste is very pnngent. For administration it require*
'^5'^e dilution, and can be ^ivcn viiih simple elixir, whisky, or syrup of
*ioorice.'
Physiological Action. — [ir. \V, Oilman ITiompson,' from a series of
^^■periments. both physiolofrical and clinical, concluded that "the effects of
kmnal are much more striking and certain than those of urethan, and far
i depressing than those of chloral. There it no vertigo or depreedon after
^nkinj: Koninal, .■tuch a» may follow the lu* of sulphnnal. The hlood-preasure
i« increased under somnal iu§tcad of being depressed, as it is after taking
chloral. It does not disturb digestion, and doe? not affect the uuLie or tem-
p^mture. Ordinary dotes cause the ivspiratiou to become slow and full,
^vliih> after iujsestion of a toxic amount the breathing is rendered shalloir,
<^{>iil, and irregular.
An adver«« opinion regarding this subi^ance hat) been publiiihed* by
^r. Langgiaid, who mainlaing that its narcotic cITect is less than that of
cWoml, npjwars later, and i* of shorter duration. J^nj^gaanl aflirms that
r»- ind cirtiilation an- alTei u-d in the *umc manner, and. at least, ae
"■'"■ I a* hy chloral. The blood-pressure sinks, in rabhitt'. lo W railU-
_ '"SooBB*]; B New Hypnotic,' trv Ftunl! Wondhurj-, M.D.. /Wrtrtic 0«<efte,
•'**iy, 189Q,
*.V(W Tort V<^lMl Journal. Nnv. 20, ISSO.
,_ ' JliliWn(((H*c ApotlifUrZrtluog. Xov. 21, I8e»; ir«t(ml Bullrlln. Ttb,,
ISlkn. p. (hi
i
pHAnitAoittrnoAi. THKRAPBtrrtc aobnts ob dritc
metn-s {15 V, inclii-s) of mercury, or even lower, nfter dosee that only pw-
ducf luu hour>' light lOwp.
Therapy. — Somnut, ae gi'm'rallv observed, is a valuiibk- hypimtic fa
(laaea of simple iiuoniiiiu aad *!ooj>!ci«ai^** sfttrr iioutc <Jiseasi-ii, ileliriui
tromi-nii, parturition, etc. Dr. Evcnsea stalpi, 88 a iceult of liis cxpcmiic
thnl iiomnni may he cmpIo,v«d in chronic mania and quiet ntelancholia, bi
is without cITi'ct in acute mania. It t^hoiilil not he u^il in chronic tntt
etitial ntphriiia anil MnlarUritiK with abnormnll}' hifih tension, an it would
iiu-R'usf llif lulttT condition. Pain or cough is not much affeclcd, thoujrh
Eoothed by the ali't^p produced. Oul of 't-i various Qai«» eomin]{ iindor l>r.
TliompM>ti'K UIR-. It prodttci'd ek't-p in about 50 p^r cent, within tifl«cn
minute.a. and in 43 caiicf) out of 'A within an hour. In 6 canes only did it
fail to produoL- i>lcep, and in eoniv of these it liad a quieting and toothing
elTeet. The a(7tion of soi^mal i.i usually very prompt, and do6«j) of 2 cent,
{or rnxjcx). dii^puivcd in a little ^ynip of Tolu or whisky, are alwuvf vvI^h
borne, eaaily taken, and entirely without deleterious effect. Thi* druj;, U^|
doses of 4 c.cm. (or fSj), is not powerful enough, to decidedly control delii^
ium tremenii, maniacal delirium, or M;vc-re pain. In Ao»«S' of 2 to 2.5U c.cm.
(or mxxx-xl}, eoiiinal is a safe and rolinblc hyjtnotic for ordinary inei)ntnta.|
Oirint; to its com])araiiTc iniiocunuHiefls. it may be uacd in cnmhinatioaj
wiih syrup of Tolu for fretful infanta during; dentition. Somnal is nt
adapted foruRc in caM-s«coom]ianiod by gnstro-into«tinal difficulties.
80Z0I0D0I. — Di-iodo-phenol-ialpboric Acid. From phenol is dprivt
by combination with iodine and ■ulphuric arid, the remarkable smhetanc
sozoiodol, which whb first di^covvred by one of our own countrymen in Sob'
Francigco; but it waa not until its manufacture was conducted upon a larger
scale in Furopc that it could be nbtniiied aiitficlently pure for medtcinul wt.
The components of this remedy would indicate its value; it contains 55 ,
per cent, nl iiniiiic, 20 per rent, of plumol, nnd 7 per cent, of sulphur. It^M
forms salts with alkalies and with melats; those most used are potassiunvH
sodium, mercury, and sine. At nianuraitured in thia country by ih<- Mnl-
linckrodt Chemical Company, of St. Lnui* and New York, in a pure forni|^_
the saltti are generally perfectly white, ndorletia, and vary in aolubililr, tltJH
mercurial salt being ihc least soluble, The potassium salt, with S parts o^^
talc or other inert vehicle, may be used as a substitute for iodoform, being
free from all Ibf object imitible fcatiiri.'s of the latter drug.
Fhysiological Action. — The sodium and potassium sozaiodolatea are
m>n-irri(aliiig. and niav be used in full strength as antiseptic* and slight
a6trin;|;ents; but dilutions with talc, sugar of milk, starch, etc., in the form
of 10- to 25-pcr-cciit, trituration.*, form very eirnaent dusting- powders n»
substitutes for iodoform. The' mercurial and zinc salts are more active, and
arc used in solution (10 to 20 per cvn\.) for the name purposeit. In snlutiong
rauf^ng in strength from •/« *" ? per cent, sozoiodol and its combinations are
destructive to the micro-orguiii--ni.-« of suppuration. Sodium sojoiodol has
been given to rabbits in doses of 1 Gni. (or gr. xv) without producing an
toxic effect, Siwiiodol is not dcconipoai'd within the body, but passi
through the organism unchanged. According to Itullalini. the quantity
urea eliininatid after the ingi^tion nf sozoii:)did i» materially diniinishe
though the amount of urine is increased.
Therapy. — As a topical appHcotion in uterine catarrh, or ectropion
las
1
BOROiOUOI-
761
A'iUcitmaiui ])rai»«H the swla »alt, which is to be blown directlj on th« cervix
«nd a dry timtjioii pi«i;c<l over it. He alco met a 5- to "-per-cent. solution
in rliiiiitiii hypertrophica, am-na. nciiie cor>za, ami in inlljiinniiilions of imi-
t'oiis mi'nibriin(-«^ jreiuTJilly. applied in a (louclif or br moan* "f n eiimelVhair
''fuvfa. Dr. Siliarf, of ('on^tantiiiGiiIe, ami the lsti> Dr. Uiittniutin, of [U-rlin,
Jinve n-ported good n-sulls frum llii- in»ufTliilinn of t!u> nannl «vitie* with
siMjiiini »izoio<Iol in whcopinjr-cotigh. Abojii ii.Si tini. (or gr. iv) vms iixjil
(■"ch day. The DUiiil>i.'r and the severity of tin- pnroxysms were reduced
"^ithio a few davs, and in toiaa cases the attacks cessud after about a w«ok*i
lre«tmi-nt.
A 5-pcr-cent, sodium-BOOoiodo] solution hae proved to be ui^'ful a» a
£^llyriuin in acute purulent conjunctivili* antJ in ophthalmia ne<.natonim,
^he combination nith zinc iB comaiended in chronic inHutniiifitiun of the
^nr and upper ti)r-pii«M^c«. Dr. Seiforl, of Wnrzburg, lui> ulilaiiied satis-
»a€.-trirr results in tuberciiloue ulcere of the larynx flora infiuHlii(ioii of sodium
►•oxoiodoi diltucd with an equal bulk of some iiinocnoiw powder, such as
•'^gar of millc. The soKoiodol conihinatioue have been applied with succese,
^^ i« Mid, to unhealthy wouml» and uIoer», pnra«itic skin diseases, ecxema,
•**»p(.'tigo, burns, dermatitis, and cracked nipples.
A 2-per-cc»t. solution of unc «ozoiodol i>> a useful g%rgte in stomatitis
**id pharyngitis.. A 1-per-ccnt. ointment of mercury sozoiudol, made with
*• lolin, iaa proved h beneficial ajiplieation to .■icriifiiloii§ and syphilitic ulcers.
^^•tudin employs a 4-per-cent. pla^ler of the mereiirial suit ns a dressing to
^"ancres. SoKoiodol preparation* have been advantageously employed in
"^^■'JtiBtry as diunfeetant remedies. An ink'rei>ting obwnation was made by
~^- Sehwat7. who pave 'i Om. (or gr. xjs) daily of sodium soKoiodoI to a
P-iabeiic rativnt withoui any n-ftnelions o» to diet. The syniplonw at once
"•■^proved, the urine and supsr diminished, and in two months not a trace of
®**>5ar could be fi)und.' BufTalini tried the dnijj in phthiMK (1 fim., or gr,
^'*'. daily) withoui results.
TIk; sodium mil bii* b(:H.-n ii-i'OTumi'niled ac a »ul))>tiliite for carbolic aeid
"•" creosote iu cases of inftctioue dyspepsia, and may be administered in daily
***>*e* of 1 to 3 fJm. (<ir gr. xv-xl^ ). In iifTection* of Ibe external ear *c-
•^■^ttjpanied by free discharge Hr. Mas Tcichmann. of Kerlin. reports good
■■<^iil|« from the use of potnwiuni soxoiodol as n dusting-powder. Lithium
*"*oiw|ol liae seemed to be bcuelicial in several cases of articular rheumatism,
*^f: diMes being the Mime u* tho^ of the Kodiuni salt. For in>uffiation i»
'^na, rhinitis, and rhino-pharyngitis, the iino and mercHry compounds may
"* «t«l. diluted with considemblv exc<'s« of milk-*ugar; (he sodium and
VWMHum halls may be employed pure or dilute<l to 3- or 10-per-cent. w>iu-
^■Wb. If a pmloiiged action i* dt-*irf<l, the potaniium salt is used, either
•Iw* flO per cent.) or mi.xed with talc or sugar. In nrethritis or vaginiti.i
'wiinc sozoiodol, in 2-per-oenI. oohitiou, aniwers well as an iiijeelion, used
>n(ra] times a dav.
SPECIES are mixtures of various comminuted vef^table dru^ prepared
f>r uiflking i-xlemporaneoii* infusions or de<-oition». either by the dispensing
pharmaeiiit or the purchust^r. Some are cathartic in their action, othera
"■AbuusI (if th* rniTer>«l M«>ah«l SrieMva." litOO, roL v. p. A-IEI.
let
Pn-lBaAOEUTICAL TnEBAPEl'TIC AQtStS OB DlirOB.
diajihorctic «iid <-][i)<>ctontit. Thoy are oft«a eoM u "teas," on accouot of
the manner of domcBtic piefiaration.
8PI0ELU (U. S. P.).— Spigvlia (Fink-riMt).
Dose, 1 TO 8 Gin. (oroi-ij> fi>r un adiill; 0Mb to 1 Gtn. (orgr. x-xv) fori
child of three years.
Prtparaiifin.
ExUadum Spiftt'liic FluHum (U.8.P.I. — Fluid £xtrftct o( Spigelia. !)«•«, 4 t«
7J e.cm. (nr fSI-lJ) for an adult.
Pharmacology. — Spigclia is named in honor of Adrien Spiegel, or
Spig«liu«, on Uolian boteniEt of the eCTL-nleenth century. OlTicially it it the
'Tbizome and rooLi of Spiffelia marilandica (Loganiaceie)/' growing in rich
#oil# near the wood». It is a native of the Southern Stales, and hcare a
ecsrpoid spike with funnel-shaped, .teaaile flowera, crimson externally and
orHDgc within, which appear in Jum-. The roots contain a bitter principle,
volatile oil, resin, etc., and W. L. Dudley found a volatile alkaloid, irhich
he named Spigeline.
Phyiiologtcal Action. ^Spigelia h a popular antbelmiotic aftainst round
wonn^. It huii i-omc cJithurtic action, but this ii uncertain, and it is tlierc-
fore UBuaUy administered with senna or followed by a brisk cathartic. When
it doi-H not produce purgation promptly, some »ymplom# of cerebral diaorder,
as vertigo, dimness of vision, slraoistnus, dilated pupils, even convulsions
msy sp[K-iir. Therefore it is be»t to ndininisl(.-r a dose of a ulinc, like mag-
nesium sulphate, about two hours after takinR spigelia. Moderate dosea re-
tard l)i<^ pul^(> und diminish nrterbl preisurG. Excessive nmounts are capable
of causing dciilli.
Therapy. — 'Ihiii remedy ranks among the best' of our agenta for thfc
destruction of luinbricoid worms.
The combined extracts of spigclia and senna {fi to 3), with arometicH,
was formerly official, and is »lill uitd; dose. 4 to 7.5 com. (or f^-ij). In
this combination the narcotic effects are obviated. An objection to this
remedy is its color, wliicli atains the child'a clothing if it should vomit or
have loose passages.
Full doHcs cause vomiting, diarrlu-ea, giddi»e«s. slupor, dilated pupils,
tremors, muscular contractions, convulsions, dyspncea, and death. It is an
acrid, narcotic putson. It has been employed as a vennifugc; and also in
rheumatic affections of the heart and pericardium, and of the eye. In palpi-
tation of the heart accompanying valvular disease, it ha* been used with as-
serted success in 0.60-c,cm. (or ms.) doses of a lincture { 13 per cent,).
STAPHISAORIA (r. S. P.).— Stavesacre.
STAVESAGRI£ SEUIHA (B. P.).— SUvesacre-aeeds.
Soie, 0.065 to iViO Gm. (orgr. i-iij),
/*rnp<ira/toii,
tlnxvirnliiTn StnvoimgriiB (B. P.i.— Stavemi-rc Olnlmcnt (utavcwcrp-swds, 40 flm.;
jvUow ufix, 30 Gui.] bciizoalod Ifird, 170 tini.}.
Phannacology-^"The .aeed of Delphinium Staphi«igri«" (Ranuncula-
cees), growing along the Mediterranean, contains several alkaloids, the mo«t
6TAPUISAQS1A.
:«3
unportant beiof! Delpbinine. Delphinoidine. Delphitinc. uml SUphiutgrine.
TJiev ■Uo eoQlaiii a bland fixed oil. which, when (.'xtriicU'd by ether. i» npt
to b« (wntHminatecl hy the alkahiids. There are no (U. S. V.) official pxep-
^rationN, I'lii iin Diiiiniftit (B. P.) and u fluid t-xtract arc >ibiM.
Pbysiolo^icul Action. — titaTesacre is need principally for lulling ver-
'«>iii. It iii iirit:iiiiig lo the skin, proditviu^ cry thi-ma tons tiitlnmniulion wUcii
*o<^a|ly applied, aud is a narcotic poison when taken internally, lowering the
■*<^tion of tlie heart, cuiuiug profound dcprei;«ion of the vital power and
^t»i-nal pftralvBifl, with death from sspliyxia. A fatal result has even attended
**^ local application lo (he «calp. wlicn used too fr»cly, in a child.
Charalanipi (Inaug. Dissert., Dorpat) found that, although ddphinine
^*»^ dHi)hi*ine hiive the same chemical composition, they differ xlightly in
***«ir Iwliavior to water, alcohol, ether, and benzol, but still more in their
I*>»^-siologieal elTi'cis. Delphininc hie an acrid, bonuinbing tnnte, while del-
F* *» i sine is bitter, learinj; a burning seneation on the tongue. Delphinoidine,
>*•* 1 1 ich is amorphoiw, ha* a bitter, scarcely acrid ta*lc, it soluble in tthcv. and
y i«ld5 amorphous salts, which are eolable in water. The mixture of prin-
ts* j^ija insoluble in alcohoi, which ha« been known hitherto a* Staphiaag^ne,
•i^neirfs of at least four alkaloids, all of which are amorphous and have a
^itttr tftst*". The ph>isiologicaI action of the different alkaloids was dcter-
'XXiinvd by Professor (vobtrt. lie found that they di> not dilate the pupil;
«»tl-ierwise ihey rwombit- aconite, though decidedly ivi'iiker, differing among
1 1» ■.-mselvcs in their effects. Delphinine shows a very close relation to acooi-
tiz^«. The lethal dose for cats is 0.0015 Gm. (nr gr. V*..) of dcl[)hinine or
O.OOO."! Gm. (or gr. '/,,o) of di-lphisinp; of delphinoidine the lethal dose was
alAo i).<iO05 Gm. (or gr, Vuo)fl'Ot it «■"* >»*"* decidedly narrotie in it* action.'
Therapy. — The a»e of atave«aci-e in medicine is restricted almost eu-
tirely to its effects as a parasiticide. The dry powder may be <lii*l<^ ov«r
't»e affected i»urfae<;. for hi'ud- or body- lice, or the following formula om-
jiloted, which has been highly recommended: —
tn
It K\u sUphlUfriw d.
Add. «c(TUn dihil. {ve! ai^etidt.-.
M. Si;.: For pcdiculMU.
tvo daya.
..q. M. ul ISa| c.om. or rSvj.
If applied e«<,-vnLl tiiuvs ■ Aay. luualljr rlTwtii « cute
The ointment may be used in scabies as a pamsiticide. but its common
••nployment is for the de»lructiou of pcdiculi. Care should be taken not to
*Pp!y it too freely, and to remove it at once upon the appearance of tosic
Jrniptom.t. The oil has alra been used for thi* purpose. Sijiiire R-enmmenda
«»oil of staresacre diluted with olive-oil. As suggested by Profetwor Leidy,
"■y bland oil would an.iwer the purpose, as lioe are air-breathing inMtcIs, and
■n lufTocatcd by being immersed in oil; poison is therefore unnecessary.
An ointment consi.iting of I part of the oil of utavMacro to 7 parts of lara
i>ulicen found etiinicious in prurigo senilis. Delphlailie has been employed
in painful atTections, as in neuralgia, where an ointment (S to 4 per cent.)
Huy he applied over tho course of painful nerves. Given internally (0.006
to 0.008 Oni.. or gr. '/„-*/,), it was found to act as a cardiac »e<lative and to
rrficre excitement in acute rheumatism, by von Uering. It ban alfio been
Dsed in asthma and n» an antipyretic in the same do««E, A decoction of
' .titifricaa Jomriml of I'^itmncj/, Aug.. 1S(M.
I
I
I
stareBacn-seedB hits eorDetimes proved ueefttl as Bn anthelmintic, aud
L Phillips* has knonn t)ii> tiiicliiro ii[i]>iir<'n1lj' useful in long-titandinK amenur-
[rha-A Bild also in tli« nausua of pnguancy. Dr. W. It. Squire, of Worthing-
[tun, Ind., 1UW9 stavtsicrG in iiritablv liloddcr nilh [lainfti! micturition.
ST£ABATE8. — Stearic aeid, prpi)ared from suet, him lipcn conibiiiiNl
witli copiJir. iDiingiincw. merciirv. and zinc, fomiinj; powders which, in dii*-
cn»eti condition* of the (kin, Piin be uxcd i-ithvr in their own form or in oint-
ments. Traces of other fatty acids are atiiiociated with (he stearic n«id.
Therapy. — The compound xinc Ktcornte i* a *cmconblc diistiBR-powder
in intcnri^o. hypcrlilroxii;, and acute ve^icukr eczema. It is ti»-ful in alliiy-
ing itching. A distinct ivt' prupcrty of Ihislmily i^lhat it adiu'ros very closely
1(1 mucous eiirfsci-s and rctHini< its position for hours, efTecluidly preventing
irritalt'iii by morbid disi'liorifes. This compound i* cmpbiycd an n vehicle
fiir nmny other ilnigB. Jlixed wilh boric acid, it is beneficial in brom id rosin,
jmrivilhfMa, ulcers, and ccKi'mii. Ilic f^oingtound xinc iiti'tinile. minpled in
viirious proportions with salicylic acid, is applicable to hyporidro*is, cexvinn
rubruni, chancroids, and ^nii^rennus wcnndn. The addition of tannic acid
K-ndcrs it advantageous in bed-sores and prolapsed bowel. - With urii^lol it is
seniceable in atrophic rhinitis and oxwna. llr, X. F. Brown has wsed this
oonipinuid with advuntsffc in acne, rosacea, and psoriasis; in vulvitis, vagi-
nitis, and inflamniation of the neck of the vonili.
The compound zinc stearatc with halsam of Peru may be employed by
insufflation in tuberculous nlceis of the larynx. X union with chrysaroliin
if B good application in psoriasis; with cocaine it mav be applied to the na«iil
paftagcfi in acute coryaa and hay fever; with lar it is advantageous in chronic
cezema and psoriasis; with rcKorfin it is of utility in pnrai^itic t>kin di.teasee
and syphilitic ulcers. A combination of compound zinc stearatc with ace-
tanilid in th^ proportion of 1 Gm. {or pr, w) of the latter to -1 f>ra. (or Sj)
of the former substance is a useful application to suppurating wounds, to
which ii servc-i al the uniuc time as n deodorizing jigctit. Other active coni-
ponnda of stcarates have been prepared and placed upon the market by Mc-
Kewon & Itobbins, of \cw York. Tlie compound jiii'rcury stoarate i.* rec-
ommended for the relief of pariesthesia and as a sidtatiiute for other nier^
curial (-■inibination>. Tbc com]iound manganese stearate if considered as
preferable to the purified oxide.
STEBCULIA. (See Kola.)
STILLINOIA (U. S. P.).— Stillingift (Qneen'a Boot).
Preparativn.
Exinvltiva Slimnclw Fluldum {U. 8. P.).— Fluid Extrocl of StilUnjpn. Dom,
0.00 lo 4 c.ctn. lor mxVf']j.
Pharmacology. — The root of Stillingia sylvatica (Euphorbiaceie), an
indiginmis perennial, growing in the aoutbem portion of the United Stales.
Th>: moi^l uofcworthy constituent is a *oft rwin; it also contains an alkaloid
Stillingine, n bitter, acrid principle, and some volatile oil.
Physiological Action. — When tnJten in rather large dosea, this drug acts
' Op. rif., p. *8.
BTRAUOKmU.
765
Lktviv cnthartic and emetic. Tn i^muU do^n. freciticnlly repeated, it iS
to Htiinulaie various eecrelions so as to warrant its being coiuidvrml
■itenlivc. It is al«o regarded rs h glimiiliint to tin; heitrt nn<! circulatioii.
Therapy. — StilUnj^ia haa been employed a» an alterative in e.vpitilie,
scrofula, and liver disorder)-. In i<y|>hitii< it w often combined with nlber
iltontiTes, such as sarsaparilia. In jniindice. luEmorrhoids, coastipntion,
jticl iliKordered digcction from insiilTicient action of the liver, Milltiijtia i«
Til vuble.
It hu lik««rl«c been recommended in the lir»t stage of hepatic cirrhotic
aft«i in ascites due to that dieorder. Intermittent fever beioR fretjiiently
ateociatcd with torpid or deranged liver, the comblnntion of thi« dnig with
an t aperiodic treatment is very euccesgfiii. The National l-'onaulary giTea a
forxniila for a compound fluid extrnet which is a good vehicle and adjuvant
fo«- potassium iodide in syphilis, chronic rbeomatistn, etc. In various
caolieetic skin diitorderv aldu thin combinntion i* useful.
STBAKOim FOLIA {[j. S. P., K F.)-— Stramonima-Ieavea.
DoM, 0.01)5 to 0.32 Gni. (or gr. i-v).
STRAHONII SEHEN (L'. S. P.).— Stramoniom-aeed.
Doi«, O.oa lo O.IH (!m. (or gr. B»-ij).
STRAKONU SEUINA (]{. P.).— Stramoniom-seeds.
Preparations.
EitrnelMiii Slianmiiil 8eni!iilH <U.8.P.).— Kxtraet of (Hnmonium-wed. Dixv.
«.OlS lo OtKt <Jm. (or gr. V.-V,).
ExlravLuni Slntinonii Kominiii Kliiiiltini (U-S. P.). — Fluid Extniet of Stramonium'
■*'«*S. Do«o, 0lj06 to 0.30 c.cui. lor iiii-v).
Ttnrtura StniiiiomI Scminlii lU.S-P.). — Tincture of StmuioniuiU'M'cd. Dovt,
0.OO t« 120 rem. (or mx-xx).
UngiHOtHin Stninonh <U. B. P.). — Stramonium <Hntni«nt inxlTRct. 10 p«r cenl->.
Bsiraotani Stnnionit (B. P.).— Extrart ol Slrnduiniiini. Dotw. «.f»l» (o O.OflS
Cm. (Of ST. V.-jl-
Tini'tura Stnimuiiii iB. P,).— Tinetiirc of ^Immonium ihitanioniuiU'lvuvvo. 20
GtB..or jp'. crwx: alM>hal [45 per cent.), q. «. nd 100 pjm., or fSxxvij). Dchc, 0.30 to
1 tmi. (or biv-xt).
Pharmscolo^. — "Tlie lceve« and seed of Datura utramoniiim" (Solaiia*
w»)are eat-h ollitial, but no preparations of the leaves are reoognized by tli^
^'. S. P. 1890 i.'ditiun of tin- plinrmaeoi>o>!a on account of their variabih'ty in
*lr»»|gth; the British Pbarmacopopia, however, reco;mi^e> a rincum- of ihe
h«Tes as well as an extruct of the seeds. The plant is an annual with green
tt*m, coanw. Tank-smelling leaves, and white flowers; thi? KL-4i)-eap»uio ie
ptvn and fleshy. It grows wild in Europv and the I'nited States, being
Mianionly known here as Jamestown weed (Jimsun weed), or lhom>flpple.
The Usi name is unfortniiate. for when the seeds are eaten lir children poi-
^dIuh iH-euM, sAm«tinies with fatal resultit.' It containK an alkaloid,
Datvriae (0.03 to 0.03 per cent.), which appears to l>o ehemicallr and pbym-
ttilogieally the (same a* atmpinf of hcIladDnna, existing in eombination with
■ rmall proportion of hjoHyunine, according to Ladenburg. Dose, O.OOO.'i
finuforgr. V,^).-
'Prllktol til Pn>f)rr»mi Ufdin) report* flv* «i»e* of polMninir In ont famili'
owiut to ibm BK of n d«co«1ion for a coush. TIic putjtnti recovered undrr t1i»ju« <^
ntlTFiiip, ainT|ihfnB. bla^-k eoff**, and rampnar.
7811
PUAKUACBLTICAI. TUBKAl'EtTlO AOKKn OR DHrOS.
]d
1
or
Phyiioto^ical Action. — Th« physiological properties ot gtramontum on
tlif Mine tii those of )ii,01adonnn, except that the gympathetic iiervouu 6y8-
tem U more infliienceii by Gtramoniiim, the heart becoming irregular sod
more delirium being tnanifeatcd wndt-r i(* u»e. It i* held to be ophrodisiae
in full doses. Stramonium is elimtaated from the system by the kidni*y».j
The toxic eftects are not very difTtront and the trestmftil is ihe wrae as fo(
bellsdonnn poi«oning. (Sti; Belladonna.) StrHmoniuni will (rcsjuently giv4
rise 111 a icarlatiniform eruption.
Therapy.^Thc leaver of litramunium arc sometimes used locslly, it
ft poultice or fomentation, as an anodyne for engorged breasts, tumors,
HKHimalic joints, lipraing, etc. The ointment is used for irritable ulcers,
cancer, ha>morrhoi<ui, ftssures, and painful alTections, especially around the
aims. It is much better if made from the extract of the fresh leaves. .>\'hen
dried, they may be mixed with tobacco ami Hmokcd for asthma, the fumea
being inhaled to as to enter the hronchial tubes, an attack being checked or
materially alleviated in this manner. Some reliiif may l>e afforded, is the
Kame way, in a ease of biliary colic and the passage of a stone alon^ the ureter,
or gravel. About 1 (im. (or gr. xv) may be mixed with au eiiusl 4uantity. or^
more, of tobacco and smoked in a pipe, or made into a pastille, with a littl
nitre, and moistened with alcohol, or burned ou a hot flhovel in a cloiwd rooia.^
Strnmonium has likewise been administered internally in asthma with Eomc
success, hut its action is much more uncertain when taken by the month
than nhcn inhaled.
In mania of acute character, puerperal or other, the tincture should Iw
given in decided doses, every two to four hours, until physiological symp-
toms are manifested. In spasmodic neuralgia (tic douloureuxl and various
forms of vi«'«r»l nciiroiis, dysnienorrhffia, itc. Ktramoniuni may he combined
with other agents of the same group, or with opium. ^f
In spasmodic cough, the tincture might be used as a »tbslitute fop^
belladonna, in small doses. Stramonium is sometimes given with advantage
in chorea. epilcp>:y, and nymphomania. The remedy teems especially bene-j
fieial when the last-named affection is associated with depressed spiritl
Chronic rheumatism is uot infrequently benefited by its internal use.
STRONTII BEOMIDUM (U. S. P.).— Strontium Bromide.
Dose. M.-.'H to n.i;^ (";in, (orgr. iii-x),
STRONTII lODIDUM (U.S. P.).— Strontium Iodide.
Dose, 0.33 lo U.G5 Om. (orgr. v-x).
STKONTII LACTAS (U. S. P.).— StronUum lActatc.
Dose, 0.32 1o 1 Gm. (or gr. v-xv).
Pharmacology. — Strontium combines freely with other elements, form-
ing a loii^ 1i^t of salts. The bromide, iodide, and lactate are freely soluble
in wan'r; ihe phcspbale is ingnluble.
Physiological Action. — The phyKiologicuil effect* of Hronlinm were but
Utile known imtil the iuvrsligations of Ur. J. V. Laborde, who reported his
results to tin; FroTich Academy of Medicine, at llic mceliiigs of July If 1 and
28, 1801. His cxperinipTit--' wen- made upon dogs and. in one ini^lancf, upon
the human subject. He found that targe proportionate doses of bromide,
ehloride, carbonate, and lactate of .-itrcintium could he adminiiitcrvd without
producing any deleterious etTecls. The lactate gave rise, in the dog, to
STBONTlfU.
7(17
narked dinrceia. M. Ch. Fdr«, in an inde|iendent iorei^ti^tion relative tn
tlw com|>ara(ive toxicity of the bromidce ichen given by intravenoiio injec-
tion, tM^rlained thai, in the ratibil, the poia^um bromide i^ about Ilv«
linKiu toxic as tbi' strontium bromidv. Strontiuui increases tin? appetite,
digcedon, ami aaiiiiiiilation nt aniniiil». IIn >n]U ri'lard fornuntation and
potttCution, and set as intestinal antiseptics. Laborde attributes to them an
•othdinintic elTccl. The coiiihiimtiniiKof ^Irontiuni are parlinlly eliminated
intbc urine and tisws. but a portion is retained irithin the eeouomy and
<^>onied in the boneti, liver, and, to a Icstt extent, in the »oit imws.
Therapy. — ^Strontiutn bromide has been used with satiiifHctoTy result*
ia epilepsy. It ie welt borne by the ftumnch, and ha» not aa yet been pro-
iactm ot any of the phenomena of bromistn. The parozytms of hysWtro-
tpUtpey hare also been controlled by this $all. In true epilensj it is per-
upeiaore cfficacioue than potassium bromide in diminishing tno frotiuency
ol ptrraxsms. AccordioK to the experience of Or. Berkley, the improved
■MDtal condition, lessened somnolence and excitabilit}' under the use of the
(tTDBliuiD aalt ebould lead m to prefer it to the other hromidcii. Anthony
Kodie, spcnktn^ from nn extended experience with the bromide of stron-
liuiD, stated that he had oerer met with a case in which this salt, given in
l^doMi and method he mentions, had failed to diminish the number of
•ItKb. In many instaneee, there had heen no return for periods extending
l*thtM or (our years. He usually commences the trc«tment by ordering
! On. (or Sea), night and moraine in some vegetable infusion. Should this
'ottnot decrease the attacks, he rapidly increases it. until he linds the qiuin-
tity »hich will suit the individual ease. Where there is a warning of an
UUlk, be directs the patient to take 'i (Im. (or ^) at once and repeat Ihis
f eiy hour, if required. In order to get the full effect of the remedy it should
^giien in large doses and continued for a long period. Some patients have
••WB i Gm. (or 5j) daily for »i'vcr«l years without any ill effects. In the diet,
K at first, prohibits the nee of meat entirely, allowing only 6sh and vege*
(■idea, becoming less flrict as the patients improve.
The digestive disturbances accompanying disease of tlie heart and kid-
*(yi an notably ameiiunited by slr<intiiim bromide. The writer has wit-
B*lwd marked relief follow its administration in nen-ous dy.spepsia and gat-
t^lgia. In dyspepaift associated with excess of hydrochloric acid, strontium
«oitide produces rapid and decided relief. It has proved efHeacioiis in cases
*)iere the acid was deficient. In nervous vomiting and dilatation of the
"ainacb it is also beneficial. In acute catarrh of the stomach it has been
*MBid to control xmiiling and allay pain. Tlie writer observed improre-
Unt follow the use of the bromide in chorea. This salt also afToMed signal
Mi«( in senile pruritus. Germain S6e, in alhuniiniiris, administers with
^ood effect strontium bromide and calcium bromide alternately, in doees of
4taSGm. (orgr. Ix>lxxv) in the course of the day.
Strontium bromide should not be administered in combination with
Mdhim bicarbonate, as a double reaction take» place between the s^Its.
Strontium lactate is of decided service in albuminuria. Tt generally
caiues a rapid reduction of the albumin, but its administration ehouM not
he too soon suspended. Strontium is not a positive diuretic in man. though
in several cases the writer has seen a pronounced diuretic effect from the nae
of the lactate. The lactate is eflicacions in scrofulous, gouty, and r)
oepbritts, in the albuminuria of pregnant and puerperal women^ an
7C6 rHAJIUACBCTICAI. TKBII.lPF.rTlr AoeXTS OR DBl'lMl.
Thysiolopca) Action. — Th« pLyeiological pTopertics of stniminiiBiR
th« same as tiioiie of belladonna, except that tb« sympathetic servov m-
t«m is more infliic-ucod by str&moniuni, the heart bvcomiug irregulir ud
more delirium being maQifested under its tiee. It is held to be apfcroiiEae
ill full <U>$(.'8. Slrunionium is '-liniiuAted from the fy«tom bv the tndom^
The toxie efTecta are not ii-erj (Hfrcront and the treatment is tie aacsvr'
liellndoiiiiti pnisoning. (Set; Belladonna.) Stnimoiiiiim will frequeBtl}
rise to a scarlatiniform eruption.
Therapy.— The leaves of stramonium are Bomeiimw iu«d IomBt.
a poultice or fomentation!, as an anodyne for engorged breasts lu:
rheumatic joints, j.pniini, etc. The ointment a used for irritable u
cancer, hemorrhoids, fissures, and painful ailectione. especially aiomd .
nnuii. It i* much better if inudc from thf eittrnet of the fresh learn. Wis
dried, they may be mixed with tobacco and smoked for asthma, the fsas
bein^ inhaled fo n* to enter the hrnnchial tube*, an attack being cbedMdc
materially alleviated in this manner. Some relief may be sffinded, in tfct
Mime way, in a ca«e of bilinry colic and the panage of a Monc along the nnui.
or gravel. About 1 Gm. (or gr, xv) may be mixed with an eqoal quantin.
more, of tobacco and smoked in a pipe, or made into a pastille, «ith ■ ~
nitre, and moistened with alcohol, or burned on a hot shovel in a c!i>i*'i
Stramonium ha« likewise been ndmtni.4tered internally in asthma with w
success, but its action is much more uncertain when taken by ih*
than when inhaled.
In mania of acute character, puerperal or other, the tincture sbonU i*
given in di-cidod doses, every two to four hoiim. until physiolngica] IJ*J^
toms are manifested. In spasmodic neuralgia (tic douloureux) aitd
forms of visceral neurosi.s, dysmenorrhtpa, etc., stramonium may be
with other agents of the «imc group, or with opium.
In s)iasmodic cough, the tincture might be used as a snbftintc
belladonna, in small doses. Stramonium is somelimee given with ai
in chorea, epilepsy, and nymphomania. The remedy se«ms specially
ficinl when the lust-utrmed afToction is associated wntb depreaied
Chronic Theumatism is not infrequently benefited hy iU intimial me.
STRONTII BBOMTDUM (V. S. P.).— Strontinm Bromide.
Dose, (.1.30 tu o.)).'/ (Iin. (or gr. iii-x).
STKOSTII lODmUM (U.S. P.).— Strontium Iodide.
Doae. i',32 to 0.t;.i Gra. (or gr. v-s).
STEONTn LACTAS (U. S. P.).— Strontinm Laetate.
Dose. 0.33 to 1 Gm. (orgr. v-xv).
Pharmacology. — Strontium comtiines freely with other elemenU, fc* ]
ing a long list of salts. The bromide, iodide, and lactate are frwlvwlt*"
in water; tin- [ilmspiuue is insoluble. I
Physiological Action. — The physiological effects of strontium w«« **
little known until the invosligntions of Dr. J. V. Ijtborde, who repertrf^
resulls to the French Academy of Medicine, at the meeting* of July Jl **
2S, 1891. His expcriiiiviits were made upon dog#and, in one initBnc<,aj*
the human subject. lie found that large proporlionato do«w uf brwmj
chloride, curhoDate, and lactate of strontium could be admini<ier«d vitl^ '
producing any deleterious effects. The laetate gave rise, in the itf. * j
BTKOSTICM.
78T
iiHrkftl diuresis, it. Ch. I-'eri^, in an independent invcKtigution rvlatirc to
the comparative toxicity of tlio brnmidt-s when given by intrnvenoiis injcc-
tioa, Bscertainod {tint, in th(? mbbit, the potassium bromide is about five
times as toxic as the t^trontium brniaidi.'. i^lrontiuni iiicn-ji^c? the appetite,
<4i^estion, and ai>Hiiiiilnti«ii at aniiiml^. ]|-^ iialts rtttard fermentation and
putrefaction, and act as intestinol antii^epticfi. Laliunk- nttribtitt'n In them »n
nnthi'Imiiilic effect. Th** eombinatioii'' of strontium are partially eliminated
"t the urine imd fseues, but a portion is rotaineil wilhin the economy nnd
««*lKiiiii('d in the hones liver, ami, to a less extent, in the soft tiseues.
Therapy. — Strontium bromide has been used with satisfactory rosultsi
'n epilcpdV. It is well btirne by the stonineh, and has not as yet been pro-'
•^luctive oi any of the phenomena of bromi^m. The paroxy«n« of hyatero-
^pilcpsy h«Te also been oonlrolleii by this salt. In true epilepsy it is per-
'^^*p6 more efficacious than potassium bromide in diminishing the frei[uency
**f pari>.^ysms. According; to the esperienee of Dr. Berkley, the improved
**><>iilal condition, leMcned somnolence and excitability under the use of the
strontium salt should lead us to prefer it to the other bromides. Anthony
**o<.-hf. ^pesking from an extended experience with the bromide of stron-
tium, stated that he bad never met with a case in which this salt, given in
t->ie do^es and method he mentions, had failed to diminisli tlie number of
"■ttacks. In many instances, there bad been no return for periods extending
*■<> three or four years. He usually commences the treatment by orderinR
S Qm. (or Ses), night and morning in some vegetable infusion. Shotdd thi*
*J_o»c mit decreii^e the ntta<k!«, he rapidly increases il, until he flnd-s the quan'^
'fcit^ which will suit the individual case. Where there is a wniuiug of »l
attack, he directs the patient to take 2 Gm. {or 3es) at once and repeat thi*
«veryhour, if rcquiR-d. In order to cct the full effect of the remi'dy it should
y>c pven in large doses and continued for a lonp period. Some patients ha»
■token i Gm. {or 3j) daily for ieveriil years without any ill effecl*. In the diet,"'
^e. at first, prohibits the use of meat entirely, allowing only fish and vege-
t»l»l(», becoming less strict as the patients improve.
The digestive disturbances accompanyinR disease of the heart and kld-
ti«3r» arc notably ameliorated by strontium bromide. The writer ha* wit-
''eised marked relief follow its administration in nervous dyspepsia and gas-
t^mlgia. In dyipep«ia awoeialed with exw** of hydrochloric acid, strontium
^rDDiide produces rapid and decided relief. It has proved efiicaciona in cases
*hwe the acid was deRciont. In nervous vomiting and dilatation of the
s^Qinach it b also beneficial. In acute catarrh of tfee stomach it has been
'onni) to couxrol vomiting and allay pain. The writer o1>«er\'ed improve-
ta«it follow the use of Ihe bromide in chorcii. This salt also afforded signut
f^lief in senile ))niritus. Gennain S^e, in albuminuria, administent wilh
gwd effect strontium bromide and calcium bromide alternately, in doees of
* lo 5 Qm, (or gr. I.v-!xxv) in the course of the day.
Strontium bromide should not be administered in combinatioD with
lodium bicarbonate, as a double reaction takes place between the salts.
Strontium lactate is of decided service in albuminuria. It generally
taiiMs a rapid r<E^uctioR of the albumin, but its administration should not
be too soon suspended. Strontium is not a positive diuretic in man, though
in levcral eatwit the writer has seen a pronounced diuretic effect from the use
of the lactate. The lactate is efficacious in scrofulous, gouty, and rheumatic
nephritis, in the albuminuria of pregnant and puerperal women, and in that
768
raAUMACBmcAL TmcBjintrnc aoestb or nniTOB.
of cardiac origin, but is of no eervico aftt-r llic munift-sttilion of uncnti*. Ac*
cording to Coiulaiitin Paul, strontium is oniv useful in the parenchymatous
forms of renal di8ea£«. It is of especial value where it is deatired to modorote
the lots of albumin. The formiUa, recomiuendecl b>' Gaucher and Galloia'
is: lactate of strontium 50 Gm. (or 3xiij); water. 375 ccm. (or fSxc); the
dose to he 45 c.cm. (or f.vss) ffr diem, e^uivali-nt to i Gm. (or 3es) of ihe
BtTontium Halt three times n day. >!lrontiuni loclHto is of utility in subacute
orcliroiiifj:"iit iiini rh<-iiriiiitii'ui. In iiZ'mii fii-pornient ujnin Brijelit's disease
and psorioi)!* due to a rheumatic diathesis, strontium lactate effects improTe-
meut. It i» ailvontagcoiiK in chnmic );u»tric and inte^tiuiil catarrh. Dr. A.
Kied bclieree that the diuretic power of this salt is suHicicnt to constitute a
valuable temporary substitute for the atiHcylnled in the treatment of pleuritic
exudations.
Strontium iodide it much better tolerated than potawiuin iodide, and
not apt to pire rise to psstric irritability or eruption upon the skin. Thii
jult is an ciiecllcnt T<'mcdy in certain constitutional disorders. It is valusb!
in the treatment of enlarged Ij-mphatic gUnde, scrofuloderma, chronic ab-
flceue*, di«ea«c of bones and joints, in scrofulous otorrhosa, ozKua, or oph-
thalmia. Lichen scrofulosmn, strumous acne and ecxcma, and other alfee-
tions of the ^in occurring in scrofulous subjects, are improved by the ad*
ministration of strontium iodide. It is likewise beneficial in chronic ecxema
with exc(4»ive infiltralitni and thickening of the skin. It is a good ajctv:
remedy in lupus vulgaris and in the earlj- stage of tuberculosis.
Ithcumntic manifestations oft^n yield promptly to strontium iodidi
It is of particular scnicc in subacule. chronic, and muscular rhcuniattsm.
Sciatica nnd irifneial neiiralfria dependent upon a rheumatic haws will often
yield to this remedy. !| is likiwisi- of nvuil in subaciilc and chronic pout.
Eczema, erythema niultifornie, ervthema nodosum, purpura rheumatica,
psoriasis, and parn?sthesia, c'uii»i-d by gout or rheumatism, are benefited by
the use of this salt. The writer has seen good results from its employment
in large pustides of (he scalp, luberculsr syphilidc. and in all the later maai-
fettation^ of sii'philie. Strontium iodide is useful in chronic bronchitu,
asthma, chronic I'atnrrhal pneumonia, and chronic pleurisy. It will prob-
ably be found of avail in the first stage of cirrhosis of the liver or kidney. It
is useful in chronic lead or itn-rcurial poisoning. It may be employed in
aortic aneurism, and Germain See recommends it in various affections of the
hc«rl. Exprrii-ncc lia* silmwn it tii be useful in arteriosclerosie and angina
pectoris. MM. I^bordc and Malhec conclude that strontium iodide ttas a
miinirest influence upon Ihe hi'art and is of ser,'icc in affections of the myo-
cardium, lesions of the aortic orifice, and the arteries. Thig «ult can be safely
given in comparatively large doses, and is well ndapted to fake the place of
potaiviiura iodide whenever the latter salt, is nol well borne.
Strontium nitrate, in 8 Om. (or oss) dosts, has been advantapeously med
in articular rheumatism. Laborde regards strontium phosjihntv as an eicel-
Icut nutrilivc and Ionic agent. Stroniium acetate \a said to he an etHcient
ta>niacide, given in a 15-per-cent. solution in water and glycerin, the dosa
being :50 c ini. (or f.\jl daily for five cnnsetutivc days.
Strontium salicylate has been employed in flatulent dyspe))Eia and in
various conditions of intestinal fermentation, in muscular and tiulxaculQ rheu-
ic
i
■ tMnert, April 2fi, IHDO.
BTROPHAXTHUS.
nutiun aiitl chroDi« gouty nianifi-sttitione accompanicil by digcstivo ili«t tirl>-
atice. It is Hid to be well borne and to improve digestion. This salt i» given
In doeee ot 9^i to 0.6S Gm. (or gr. t-x) after meaU and is best sdmintstered
in cspmilm.
STROPHARTHirS (V. S. P.).— Strophanthos,
STROPUANTHI SEMINA ({{. P.),-^tn>phiiiitliu»-t«ed8.
Preparaiwns.
Ttnctum 8tit>phanUii tL'.S. P., B, P.).— TiiKtuiv o( UUo^iliuiUiu* IS per «««t.i
B. P., 2 V, per nut.). Dow. 0.12 to 1 cxm. (or iiiii-xri.
Extnctum Stri^knnUii iB. P.).— KittTnct of Stropbuithua (SO per otnt., with
inIU(-*ii|cu'). DoM, I>J)1S to 0.065 On. (or p. '/,-}).
Pharmacology. — "The seed of Stropbanthus liispidiii deprived of its
loQg awii (Apotynucoa-)'' (L'. S. P.): '"The dried ripe seeds of Strophanthtis
Konib6" (K. P.). From thin Afripon pinnl the natives make n loxic extnicl
kaoiro as the Kombti arrow-poison. Uoiighton states that about thirty
Tarielie* of strophnntlniii liavo been discovered. It is claimed that only six
of these raricties contain itrophanthin, while a fevr contain the still inore
active gIuco«ide, onabain. IXoimes, of London, claims that some of the
strophanthtts found in the Rritish market contains the seeds of other plants.
la America, however, the crude drug generolly coniiUt:! of a mixture in vary-
ing proportioDS of Strophanihus Kombe and StrophantbuB hiepidus. Opin-
tnns very greatly revnnliiij; these, some authorities claiming thnt they are
diKtinct species, while others believe they are merely rarietiea of the same
ihing. Preference is generally given to Strophanthiui Komb^, since it con-
tains about 0.95 per cent. »lroplinnthiii, white StropbanthuB bispidus con-
tUBi only almut two-thirds as much. The amount of contained strophanihin
u pariiy dependent upon climatic condition*.
Strophanlhin. havinp the formula C,,Hj,(>,j (Amaud) if believed to
h th« only active constitUL'ut of Strophauthus hi$pidu6 and Strophantliiis
Eonb^. Some investigators, however, claim that airophanthidin al»o is
tfmi. Fnser and others oppose this view, believing that strophanthidin is
■xnly a decompnuiiion- product of »trophanthin. Strophunthin, like other
(tlnooddes, is easilv decomposed by acids. It is readily soluble in water and
ilttibol, but almost insoluble in ether and chloroform. Pure or impure itro-
plicnthin, or pharmaceutical prcporations containing the glucoside, when
KMght in contact with sulphuric acid, a trace of ferric chloride being pros-
wl, yield a bright-green color. This reaction is not conclnsive, however,
Wci ouabain oannot be recognised in ihe presence of jtrophanthin. Holmet,
*^ has given this point much atteution. claims that only by purchasing the
•wfcin the fulHcle and testing a seed from each [olliclc, can a reliable prep*
"•Kon of Htrophanthus be made. An away based on the amount of ex-
lilctiTe contained in a given tincture of strophanthns, or oilier preparations
*' (He heart-tonic, is of little value to the physician, since the extrsctivea
'**tiM largely of chlorophyl and other inert substances.
H. Thorns' reports that tho dnig contains, besides strophanthin, until
IMBtitics of choline and trigonelline — a ba»o found in fenugreek.
'Itfr. a. pniUrk. CArm. Or*.. IS98. Z:i,
*•
no
FHADVACEirnOAL THEnAflitTTrC lOBNIS OB DBrOfi.
out reducing nction on Ki'liltng'ti solution.
.ihoritbin and finds it nitrngi-ii-frcc and wilh*
It hydro!yz«s to two fonns ol
Bugsr and to ttrophantbidin (C,aH„0,1ViH,0),, which oxidises to benzoic
acid (^m Schueiz. WocJieruehrift fur Ckem. und Pharm., 1898, 323).
The active principle. Strophanthin, is a crystallixable jjlucoside present
in diCerent parts of tlie plant, but edpecially in large proportion in the seeds,
vhich sro official. It ie uitler, acidulous, insoluble in ether and chloroform,
but soluble in alcohol and in water. A good fluid extract would probably be
the beet preparation, but the cQccls ot the tiucturu have bc-n nio«t olnservcd
by,Profc«sor Kraser,' of Kdinliur;;h, who first introduced it to the profession
in 1870. Strophanthin niny be adminietvrt^ aimply dissolved in water, the
dose being 0.0006 to O.OOl Om. (or gr. Vioo-V«o)- Banholow advises chloro-
form-water as a solvent, in order to prevent the formation of pcnieillium.
Pbysiolo^cal Action. — Stiophsntbus has no local action, apart from
tho obiiurvation of Stcinbaeh that the seeds caused auiestheKia when applied
to the oomcfl. Tht» local action has been studied by Oley' and la common
to both ouobain and strophsnthin, but is more decided in Ihe former sub-
stance. Three or 4 drops of a solution of I to 1000 dropped into the
cornea auit'Kthetixc» it for a couHderable time, which may extend to eereral
hours, llie effects arc unaccompanied by any irritation of the conjunctiva.
Slropbanthin and ouabain are much more powerful locsl anesthetics than
cocaine, and the ame^thesin which they produce i* total, including all varie-
ties of sensibility. The feeling of heat and cold is the last to be extinguished
and the first to revive. Tho drug, however, causea patnivc hypersmia and
may give rise to cloudiness of the cornea.
E. M. liouphton* has a!w) dim-ted atteDlion to Uie vambiliiy in phys-
iological activity of dilTei^nt specimens of Htrophanthiis, ami advocates
pharmacological assay, using frogs to determine the maximum and minimum
do«ftge. Not only is tlip crude drug often found mixed with other vegetable
eubstances, but'the strophanlhiQ supplied by different mauufacturers ie also
unreliable, because he found one sample ninety times as strong as auother.
As strophanthin is three times as poisonous as atropine, ten times as poison-
ous as strydinine, and twelve times us poisonous ax absolute hydrocyanic
acid, extreme caution is advised in prescribing it, and to secure a standard
preparation.
StrophantbuB is bitter, and promotes appetite and digestion, if gi
in small dosps. Its principal u.h' is a cardiac tonic, resembling digitalis.
It slows the lieart-bcat, lengthens the intervals between the contractions*
and increase* the energy of the muhcular tissue. Some effect is also seen
upon the arteries, but tne rise of blood-pressure is due principally to the in-
crcHBcd force of the cardiac contractions. In fatal cascu the heart's action
is arrested in diastole. SIrophanthus is described by Binz, as differing from
digitalis in acting more quickly, in not disturbing the inti^stinal canal, and
in not possessing a cumulative action, but the good effects are said to be not
lard
' Bfr. d. nrutmeh. Vhrm. On.. 18li8, 536.
* *KritUh ilrilical Jovmal. .Inn. 22. ]R8;, nnil "Tnuiwictinns of tli» Koyal Sucictf
of Edinburgli." vol. x.nxv. piiit i* |No. 21 1. 1890. J
' /.« /•rt.prt* Vfiliiiil. Nov. 16, ISSft. mid M»rcli I, ISOO; Mntieal BulUUn. Mar
IS90, p, tIS. mid .hiiiF. mm. |). 218.
•"Tlip I'liniTnnroloBie A«av of tht Ilport'toni**," Jounwt nf Ihf Amrritvu Jfrtf-
Uvl MmctaiUm. Oct. 22, 180B. '
8TR0PHANTUUS.
ttl
■o Uiting. A «)iiictiDg i-ITcct on the Ijrnin and medulla is attributed to atro-
phanltnii. It has soine (iiurelic power. In regard to thu claim that it h»»
no ciiiiuilativr t*lTti.'i, thi», at {H)int<.'(l <iiit by iiartholow, miiat largely depend
upon the interval between the dose?, for if they arc given too frcijutintlv
ihi' ofTcct* miigt ovcrhip cnch ollur. Thi- prolonged use of strophanthns
cometiinrs givcii rii-o to diarrha'n. In anininU poiiioncd by ftrophaRthiia
ihtrc if found mnrkod i-vidcnce of irritation of the gtstro-intcfltinal tract,
with irritfltion or tnfliijnmation of the kidneys.
Therapy. — Strophaiithio has been employed as a local ansethetic, ad-
ministered percntaneously by meana of cataphoresis, the anode being moist-
ened with ttiOMhilion. orn tiwiic-pnper dink ii«'d eontftinintO-OOOaS Oin,(or
t^- '/;i.) or more, and a rnrrpnl of 3 to 8 milliamp6re<i emplojid.' Roynold
W. Wilwx. from an extended expcricnci; with tlii* agent, aayif, that stro-
plianlhii^' was first brought to the notice of the l-'rench Academy of Med-
icine in 1SG5, but it^ fir^t pmcticul dfrnonvtralion os n valuable beart-rcni-
rdy rame Iwcnty years later, when I-'raser published the resulta of his long-
mniintied and patient researches. With wider and more rapid dis»eniina-
tion of Imowledge, we may hope that, within a comparatively few years, we
may have ^trophnnthiM wtfi as carefully aa digitals to-day. That it poa-
aenu distinct advantages over the latter drug is undoubted, and it is equally
wttflin that it is free from the greatest danger vhich the use of digitalis
entails — namely, vasoconstriction. Success in the adminietration of stro-
phURlJiiia rctjuires: 1-. An nctivc. well-made preparation from a reliable
wmrce. 2. Avoidance of its use in fully or overcompenaatcd hearts, in those
which present advanced mui^culur degeneration or mechanical defects of
high dejjree, 3, The use of not too large or too frequently repeated doses;
tiw dow of 0.30 c.eni. (or mv) of a reliable tincture three or possibly four
li»es a day is fiuffieient.
In conclusion, Wilcox holds that, contidering th« limilottons just
tmnnerated, strophanthns is the drug of choice in: 1. All cases in which
•e «i»h to e^lnblish compensation. 2. All ca«o« of arterial degeneration in
which a remedy which causes more energetic cardiac contractions is required.
3. Ail ea»« o( rnrdiao di*ea*f where diuresis is neccsaaij. 4. All eases of
wnk or irritable hearts. 5. Alt cases of cardiac disease in childhood or old
Strophanthns is especially useful in the progressive heart-failurt of
elderly patients, with atiacks of dyspncea aimulaling angina. It is a seirice-
able cardiac stimulant in typhoid fever, and some authorities advocate ita
employment in angina pectoris. It can be prescribed thus:—
R TimtL Mrophanlki.
Tlwt. Baoi« vofuiri),
llttct. fsrdainiMni ....; & an 41
AqiM tnentti. pip. .^. K »d ISDJ
M. Kf.: A t«a>)Kion(iil or two evrvj' tiro or thre« hour*.
cnii. or nj.
e.cm. or fjv.
■ ' Forltrlirilte rf/r llr<II;)n. Frli. I. 1880. AIw m* arlw-li- bv Pntdnriik PM«rKin,
B «■ "A Parlbtrr Sludv ul Anodul UilTuaiOD t« a TberiiMuUe Amxt." Jftrftot/ Rnord,
~ y«ir York. Jan. Sl.lRftl.
At a meeting of the Edinburgh Medical Society (May 6, 1896) Dr. 0.
W. Balfour, on tlic contran-, expreased akeplicism as to the medicinal value
rn
PMARMACBUTIUAL TJIBBAPErnt,' ACEXT9 OB DBCOS.
of strophantlnis in carditic ntTectiona. Uistor)- ehowe that nmnv. if not nv
csTdIsc CBwe in hospitoU nature no trctttmi^nl but reel. Dru'gii only are
pernianeiit value uhieh increase the elasticity of the myocardium, and
this action could only bo pcrniBiicnt when acc^oinpoDicd by a correspoDdinjf
improvement in the eeneral metabolietu. This action is typically preserved
by digitalis, the clnsticily in the myocardium is increased, and thiit is accom-
panied by a rise in the general blood-pressure. The only other member of
the digitalis group whii.'h had «ucecetU<d in obtaining general recognition ia
strophanthus, but its action is esecnlially different from digitalis. Thera-
peutically it is used to prolong the cardiac diastole and lo increase the eon-
tnctile energy of the myocardium. Its disadvantages are its tvofold action
on the heart (»msll doKi'» prolonging the diastole und largo dows arresting
the heart' in systole) and its excessive energy as a poison. Again, stro-
phanthus acts 3000 times more powerfully on the heart than digitalis and
100 times teas powerfully than digitalis on the muscles of the arterioles.
Thus any rise in the blood-pretsure produced by strophanthus is due to tlia
systole of the heart and no action is produced similar to that seen in a esse
of bradycardia, and the rise of blood-preti^ure if iUw evanescent, and from
the absence of any improvement in the metabolism of the myocardium
the stimulating action of strophaniliua inu^t tend to exhaust instead of
strengthen. Dr. Balfour next glanced at the action of strophanthus on the
nervous mechanism of the henrt, and maintained that it produced an effect
typically that of a heart dying from exhaustion. Finally, he maintained that
the action of strophanthus, like all its congeners of the Apocyoacco?, was that
of a cardiac poison, and not a cardiac tonic: in therap^tio doses it stimu-
lated the heart to increased aetion, and by calling upon it« rMerve of onetiy.
without improving its motiiboli«m, it caused death in diastole from exhaus-
tion. The more feeble the heart, the greater ihe ri.'dc attending its ootiou.
Strophanthus he cunsidered at all times an uncertain and dangerous drug
employ and one entirely unworthy to be called a remedy.
Strophanthus has also been found useful in bronebiel tatbma a:
whooping-cough.
In the treatnifnt of psoriasis, tlie author has had some good resultsZ
especially when the iniegument is much congested, from strophanthus, with
hoang-nan: — ~
B Tinct. ttrophanthi,
Bxt hoongiian fl M TJS v.tm. or (Sj.
M. Sig.t Ten to twenty Arojit In wat«r tltne thn«4 a A*y.
Dr. William Oemmel. of Glasgow, has made use of ouabain in 49
of whoopiug-tftiigh.' Kf found it, wht^n cwutiously employed, to hf of notshle
benefit in all stages of the disease. It is destitute of cumulative action. In
an uncomplicated case it reduces the pnhe. tempiTutiire, and lespiratton a
little below the normal. Ouabain increased the activity of the skill. The
bowels were unaffected. The excretion of urine was slightly increased.
The appetite and the general condition were oonAideralily improved. Sleep
was sound while oualiuin wu« being administered. This substance appears
to be clinically identical with strophanthin.
Dr. GemmcU states that the dose of ouabain, to begin with, should
■ BrtMsft ilrdlctit Journal, April 2H. I8P0, p. OM.
9H.
1
STBOPllAXTBrS. 773
exoe«d 0.00006 Gm. (or gr. Viooo) every three hours (0.OOO5 Gm., or gr. '/„»,
dulv). l''or children under one yenr of age, not more than 0.00003 fim. (or
Jff- */j»o) should be giveu every three hours. From the sixth to the twelfth
year, if thesj-niptomi* areeevi-re, 0.000135 Gm. (orgr. '/son) niay be given in
Cflch doM!, but the action must be carefully watched. Ouabain may be ad-
miniEiered alone, dissolved in water, or in combination with potai^Aium bro-
mide or chloial-hydrBtc. The sirnplest way is to dissolve 0.065 Gm. [or gr. j)
of ouabain in distilled water, ko tbat each 0.06 c.cm. (or mj) of the solution
•liall U equal to O.OOOOU Gm. (or gr. '/,„„,) of ouabain. 'Ihus:—
R Lli). onnbnin 81 c.cni. or mxlvlij.
Syr. aurantii ....> IS c.em. or fSiv.
AtfUM! q. *. ad ISOJ cvra. or Uvj.
U. Sij.t A tra»jMH)iifiil every three huur«.
Roihiicgel' rcconuinTid* !itro]>hBnthiii in the [rcatment of respiratory
dUesse;, according to the following formula: —
R Slrophiinlhini ;003 or 005 Gm. or gr. '/^ «l '/„.
AqUB ilcnlillatn U|^ v.em. or BiisL
M. 8ig.: Ten to twtnty drops, in capnules, ever;- two houra.
Strop)) a nth ill may uUo he (iditiini>iti.TciI livpoilormically, in doses of
O.oimij tim. (or pr. '/,oa), not more than once daily. The hj-podennic in-
jections art- useful in chills, especially tho»e of Dcrvous character, euch us
diilla due lo urethral Fhock. following pasaage of a sound or an operation;
in malarial or nervous chills.
In liright's disease the syniptom.1 of ur»?mia and ilys|iiia'al attacka are
lidly relieved by sirophuntlnis. which also reduces the dropsy of chronic
lie}- disorder. For i.'Xophfhalniiis, with irregular ovi-rariinn of the heart
Cravos's disea^), it has been successfidly tried. Dr. E, D. Ferguson' says
t in eight cases out of nine, to which he gave e^trophanlhu* in exophthiiimic
trc, there was marked relief: the other one had pre-existing pntmonary
Bj*. He thinks it a prohnlik- explanation that slropliauthus rHivves the
rta.\ed heart by overcoming resistance in the systemic circulation. He
fd^'^i*** beginning with doses of 0.50 c.cm. (or mTiij). and gmdually inor«as-
'^S them lo 1.55 c.cm. (or mxxv). of a good tincture, several times daily.
Dr. William A. Hnnniniiid, in hti tirtielc in the Therapeutic ClazelU,' on
'J* «'ak Heart and its Treatment," considered strophanthus a valuable rem-
™y, though inferior tn dlgiliilb, and stated that it appeared to him "lo bear
'™ Mme relation to digitalis that brucine does to strychnine, and when ad-
f^*»i6lered with a view t" its tonic effect upon the heart it should be giTen
" *liuch larger doses than those ordinarily prescribed." Hare suggests its
"** in children, where digitalis does not answer well; hut Demuie holds
th^ tiew that in children more care is needed in using strophanthus than in
"^'Hg digilaliii,* stating lliat the toxii- efTei'l of slrciphanthiii' nn the hcart-
"^*scle often occurs unexpectedly and more suddenly than with digitalis. In
lb<; cafe uf very young children, Demme observed strophanthus to cause iudi-
' LI'Hlon MftUcnir. Xo. UO. ISflO.
"Trocw-dinc* N. Y. .Medkai .V-^xiHtion," Oct, 22, 1890; J/rdlcnl Krrard. Xov. 1,
•Opt. IS, ie»o. p. «o».
*",\nuBn1 o( th« rnirrrwl Mtdiral Sdcn<»*'" for ISW), tviI. r. p. ,\12il.
tti PUABMJICEUTICAL TaBRAPKt/TIU AGKNT3 OR DBCfiCt.
getition. ir it cause nauAen and cold sweatinj;, it should l>e withdrawn, sqi
coSm and brandy be adminislcrod. Ou the othor hand, MoncorTo, of Rio^
Janeiro, a\»o an excellent obeerver, values etrophaiitliUB u6 a cardiac stimuli
lant and diiirt-IiL-, etipecially in the discttMS of children. He considers H^
iironipi and energetic, but devoid of danger, and claims that its good offect«
ft£t long after llie cessation of its adiaiDiatration. The «edativ« effect of
BtrophaQthus, although not very marlced, has been noticed. It has been
proposed to iitilixe tt previous to the produclioii of ttna>athe«ia by chloroforiq^H
80 an to lessen the stage of escitement. l>r. i'eilchenfeld.' of Ut-rliD, ;;ive^|
0,30e.cni, (or mv) of tincture- of )^1ro|iliiinlhiin on two evening and iho moni-^^
ing before operalinR. He re;;ardi>it, in ^udi caHets a^ more suitable than tliL-
bromide of potuMiiim.
STEYCHNIHA (V. S. P., B. P.).— Strychnine. <S,-,- Hux Vomica.)
STYPTICIN. — Cotftniiiie hydroehlornte has rereivod the spwinl titllfl
etypticin, owing to its power of eontroiling hamorrhafje. It is derived froin^
narcotini- by the action of oxidising a){eut«. norcotino beiiitr an ojtianate of
cotaniiiie. The hydrocbloralo of ootamine is a microcnslalliMe. yellow
powder, with an intniweij-bitler taste. Kdmiirid Folk, of llerliH. d.uiid that
1>hjeiological]y it acts upon the motor portion of the spinal cord as a pan-
ysing agent, it it slightly iinreotio, it hai> no direct action on the heart or
b!ood-TeB6cU. On the respiratory centre, after a transiinn- irritant actio
it is a paralvxin^ agent, a fulaf tenninalion being induced in lbi» wa
Souese and Walton claim a (onie action on Iho eirculatoiy eystcm. and as«
thftt it ucts fia a cardiac stimulant. It is useful in uiilutooarr and <fsp«cJsUf
uterine hwninrrhagc, H may be given by the moutli in doses of t>.03 to 0.32
Gm. (or Rr. ss-v), but is generally given hypodermic-ally. In hxmorrhage
{rom cancer the results were iicgativu.
I
STYRAX (U. S. P.).— Storax, liquid Storax.
STYRAX PRffiPARATtrS (B. P.).^Pr«pared Storax.
Preparation.
Thicliirft Rrnzoini Compoalto (U.S. P., B.P.).— Tompotinil Tincture of Benmln.
Dote, S to 4 f.oru. (or t3ss-j).
Pharmacology. — "A bal-tini prepared from tlie inner bark of the Liqiti
ambar orienlalis" (Hamamelacew), or Oriental sweet gum, growing in Asia
Minor, The Mritish Pharmiicopn-ia directs that the baUani be oblaiiit-d from
the inink of l-iqui(biiiib»rorii'ntiili#, nnd purified by solution in cthylic alco-
hol, filtration, and evaporation of-the solvent. Stviax. which is a true bRlMim.
containa a volatile oil, St}rrol, Cinnamio acid, and Styracin (Cinnainyl c-in-
namate). The ciost important constitueni of storax i< jtrobahly Storetin,
existing both uncombiticd uuil as a cinnamic ether. Styrone is a derivative
of styrauin. and i* ohemicnHy cinnamic, or cinnamylie, aUobol.
ifherapy. — Mixed witli olive-oil, equal parte, storax is used in treating
Bcabies, and in some cii(aneou» diaeases requiring slight stimulation. Storax
is a good application to foul ulcere, and, made into an ointment, is a
'Lancfl, Maicli 3, lOOO.
a4
WCCIKPIC.
teU«at dresing to the ulcers of froet-bite. It is a etimnlalinK Gxpectorant
ia chronic bronehtti*, geni-rnUy mod, however, in combinniioii, both in-
ternally administered and by inhalation, the tinctore being volatilized by
Hot vator. Stonix huH ul»o been brought forward as a remedy for jfooor-
riio* and cleet, for chronic catarrhal allections of the Kenito-iirinur)' oixanHi
•ad hwn found iwfui iii ami-norrhcwi, Styrone, u ilerivativi- of (tyrncin, is
Inefiirii^nt aiiti»<ei)tic, and its ii»e baa been enthusiastically advocated by ila
mtroiuwr. T>r. li. H. A. lUach.'
It is a prompt deodorizer of foul wounds or ulcers, — ^malignant or not,
-~tnd in bronchial catarrh it can b« u«ed in a spray: — ■
It StymtiU 4| cem. or (Sj.
tilycerini,
A<|U« ilrottllntn an 9D| cMa. or fSj.
&I. i'M exiMnol appliiHtioo.
Being noD-poi«onoii«, etyronc eao bit used in emulsion with olive-oil
«r vat«T for injecting; into cavities, as after the operation for empyema;
*Dd, having an agreeable, cinnamon-like odor, it haa been utilized in den-
tittry. Various combinations of styrone are suggested, as with liquid pctro-
Itttini, 1 to 12, which was URcd with tuccen upon the dreMing« as an aiiti-
Wplic, after removal of the female breast.
Pr. Bench fuggc^li' the iDUrnal a»c of etyronc in the treatment ol
'holera for the <liBinfection of the alimentary canal. It may also be subati-
tutwl for carbolic acid in gargle*, re()uiring antiseptic ui-tion and proliably
^oiild be a useful enema for osyurides or ulceration of the rectum. A solu-
■ion of I to 60, contuiniut; a ^mall umouiit of glycerin, would be well suited
ft*r internal use. Styrone is likewise an excellent deodorant and disinfectant
in. catw of imnili-nt inflammation of the ear.
Cinnamic acid is also »n efBcient, agreeable, and non-poieonous aoti*
^ptie. In variiiiiit tubercular leiiions it has been uied both topically and
i*^ t nvenously by l-anderer.'
SUCCIHUH. — Ai&b«r. Amber \» a te»in found among fowil alluvial
aejioiiig in different parts of the world, repre«cnting the resinous exudation
^J I number of varit-tit-K of extinct coniferous Ireea. The amber consumed
\n thi* country is brought from the parts of the Uultic. but it has been found
*** (Riall quantities in New .Jers^'V and Maryland, it is n tight-yellow, brittle
***l'd,tn im'giilar niHS<«. rewmblingeoiojibony. Water and alcohol scarcely
**^t on it. It bfc■■■m^-^ lU'sativcly electrifiinl by friotion. By riintillation oil
*>^ taker tmd succinic acid are obtained, and by repeated dtstllLations from
*itiic acid it yields a It(|Uor from which ether eeparaies bomeol, tir pure cam-
P*>|>r. Aml>er alirU contains a yellow reriu. another resin, and a bituminous
t>riAri|ile, the Utter eonatituUng about SO per cent. It al«o contain* a
^(Itov coloring matter. The oil of aml>er has been so largely adulterated
""•I it i* litlle used and i.i no longer ofllcial.
Pkjtiologioal Action.^ — The rectified oil of arabor (oleum auccini recti-
Ititum, formerly otVuial) is stimulant and auti^asmodic, and excite* the
'-iitrron': A CoMlderatlon of lU Value m an AntltMtic," by U. H. A. UeHcb,
M.D. HurtiHt ITrdiont and Survival Jnvritnl. Aug. 1 and 8, UU.
' Mt nrhatnHins irr Tuberkvloae. rlc. I«lpKlg, ISM.
PBABUACm-nCAL TBEfuntmC AGBNTB OB DBUOB.
lecTCtioiie of th« bronchial mucous membraoe and kidncye. Locally it
C0Uii1i*r-irTitaDl.
Therapy. — The volatile oil of amber has been osed as a countcr-irrilant
to thi- chcet in c&bce of uhoopiiig-ooiigh, and has b1»o bu-ii applied to ihe
back, along the spine, for certain spasmodic affectione, svch as chorea and
tiifantile oonviil^ione. It iii a \i«efiil ingredient, in liuimcnt. for chronic rhcu-
inalism, though probably inferior to oil of turpentine. It has also been used
n» iin otnbrocation in chronic bronohitif. Internally it haa been Kivon for
anienorrhffia, difiestive diaordera, with pain, but is rarely prwcribed at prcs-
cnl. I-'Iottili-iit dyepipsia may be relieved by thu uw of this n'mcdy. Doae,
0.30 to l.SO c.cm. (or mv-xs). The oil of amber has likewise been found of
•vail in Kpe«modic atTcction«, as hyatcris, hiccough, whooping-cough, and
asthma.
SULPHAIKIIVOL.— Thio-oxy-di-phenyUamine. When the ealte of oxy<
diphviiylatiiiiic, diKiolvi-d in wnler, arc t-ipoftcd to the action of sulphur, a
yellow powder is precipitated, which is without taste, odorlees, readily dis-
solves in nllcnlinr i^ilutioni': imil in alcohol, with acetic acid, it fonuii yellov
^alls. In contact with enimul li<|uic!B. sulphaminol, like salol. Is split up into
iti* coniponint*, forming nawenl sulphur and phenol.
Physiological Action. — From its nature it is inferred that it is an actiT*
intestinal ami ny>u-mic. di»inf(^cinnt. It i# excretcil by the urine, Ixttng con-
Tcrted again into oxydiphcnylamine. Profesaor Robert found that in ani-
mals it is comparatively innoeuons, even in doses of more than 0.50 Gni.
(or gr. ^'iisa) for each pound of hody-wcight. lie also declares it to be with-
out poisonous properties when administered in the humfln subject.
Therapy. — Sulpheininol ha* hwin t««tcd as a disinfectant by
Schmidt, of Frankfort, in lar>ngological practice, and found to be a _
deodonwr, as well a» antiseptic. It favors the repair of wounds, and is
to be of special value in the after-treatment of operations upon the nose.
Clinical observation* in olhei- flekU of prat-tioe are vrajiting. It nhould be a
good intestinal disinfectant in cholera Aeiaticn and summer cholera; also in
typhoid fever, dysenter}', diarrhcea, infectious dyspepsia, cystitis, etc.
SULFHONAL (B. P.). — Snlpfaonal (IK-ethyl-nilplion-di-methyl-mc
thane).
Dose, O.fio to 2 Gm. (or gr. x-xxx).
Pharmacology. — This is a synthetical compound, first manufactured il
Gernmny, by Baumann, and is n t|uasiproprielarv pr<-paration. the sale of
which, in this countn,-. is controlled by owners oi patents in Germany, tt
is a whitish, crystalline eiolid, without odor or tart*, soluble in 100 parts at
cold water and in 18 or 20 parts of hot water. It is generally administered
in hot broth, coffee, or milk. The insolubility end slow »t« of absorption
of this substance, particularly when given in capsules or suspended iu a
mucilage, is accountable, in the opinion of Dr. D. D. Stewart, for much dis-
appointment in the use of the drug, which he esteems as the most satisfactory
of the n<'»'cr hypnotics.' He Miggi!*ts tliiit iit bed-lime the sulphonal W com-
pletely dissolved in boiling water, and drunk as soon as it has been cooled to
a temperature which can be borne. At this point not the slightest predpitt*
'Jounat of the imerinrn Jledkfil .J«n>rkiffon, Feb, 21, IMl.
8ULP1I0XAL.
ITT
tion occnrs. The solution, if deiired. may be flavored with some such Uq««ur
»» rrrme <le mrnllie ("green-mint cordial"). Siilphonnl is soluble In alcohol,
ether, aod chloroform.
PlLyaiological Action and Toxicoloery.— fiulphoTial is an hypnotic. Tho
committee, of which Vv. T. Lauder Brunton was chainnaii, appointed by ihe
British Medical Aawciation to determine the relative ralue of the different
hypnotics, especially witJi regard to the certainty of their action and question
of toicrsnce, reported' that siilphonal was an efficient hypnotic in diwo* of
0.6fi to 1.30 Gm. {or gr. x-xx), given at night, and that it was generally well
borne, and its effects were not loet during periode of several montlis. In a
case of chronic gout 2 (Jm. (or gr. xxx) produced no effect. In six out of ten
cms, in which 1.30 Gm. (or gr. xx) had been given, disagreeable after-itffecta
were noted; drowsiuess (he following day was observed six times, giddiness
(our times, and headache and inco-ordination of gait, each twice. In seven
cases, willi 2 to 4 Gm. (or gr. xxx-lx), drowsiness was noted four times, giddi-
neee twice, headache twice, inco-ordination of gait and vomiting, each once.
Several caitw showed thirt'a second dose on the succeeding night (1.30 Gm., or
gr. ii) has a greater effect than on the first night. In some cases prolonged
nae of the drug seems to diminish its effects. Thus, in a case (asthma and
bronchitis) 1.30 Gm. (orgr. xx) were given every other night for eight weeks.
During the first fortnight sleep came on in an hour and lasted twelve honrs
Mch night. The drug was then omitted for a week, when the insomnia re-
turned. In the BMcceeding five weeks the drug, after three hours, produced
lix hount' sleep. In a case of phthisis 1.30 Gm. (or gr. sx) were given every
other night for twenty-six days, except for five days, when tht- dose was
reduced to 0.38 Gm. (or gr.v), but afterward was increased. During the time
the patient was taking 1.30 Gm. (or gr. xi). after an Imur he slepl for six
hour». The drug was omitted for a fortnight, and, on recommencing it only
dmwsiness and no sleep followed. In a ease of neurai^thcnin with in.iomnia,
quoted by Mr. Priestly, sulphonal, 0.C5 to 1.30 Gm. (or gr. x-sx), did not lose
its effect during six ujontha.
Smilh. of London, finds that, while under the influence of the drug the
amount of urea and the qnnntity of urine are eacli slightly increased, no evi-
dence of marked destructive action upon nitrogenous tissues exists. Accord-
injo; to Mackenzie, the phot.jihates iu Ihe urine are increased by email and
diminished by large doses of sulphonal.
In moderate doses the drug is completely changed during its passage
through the body into a sulphuretcd organic substance. Dr. William P.
Shirk, of Kaston, Pa., finds that ^ulphonn] acts especially upon the higher
nerve- centres. It produces relaxation of tho muscles and a staggering gait.
Motor nerves are unaffected. Little, if any, cfTccI was exerted upon the cir-
cuUtion or the composition of the blood; upon the respiration the drug is
depressant. Dr. J. P. Crozer UrilKth report,ed a number of case* where the
after-effects were more or lews severe.* As a result of a review of the literature
of the subject and eighteen cases of his own. he concludci! that the cliicf di*-
adrantagn of sulphonal are: 1. Its hypnotic action usually develops very
elowly. S. This action is very liable to be prolonged thronghout n greater
or lewer p«rt of (he following day. 3. It is difficult to determine the dose
'Brimii lUftlicitl Jounuit. July 2fl. 1890; Theropcutic Oaiette, Oct, 1800, p. 023.
■TA^ropni/ic Gaxeltf, May. IBM.
118
rRARU^CEDTICAL TITESAPEFTIC AOBiTIS OB Dnt'08.
uliich may be given with effect and with comfort in e«ch individual cat^,
and this dose may vatr at different tim«9 in the tame case. 4. The drug is
liabk' to produce unplcaunt Mcondnry cfTccts, vhtch may even rephic« the
primary hypnotic action; chief among these are mental cxeitemeDt. nati^eu,
vomiting, dinxinei^it, headache, languor, cxliauHtion, de))resaion, and a ste^-
eerini; gait; these aymptoms may appear after laige or after quite small
da«e». 5. It very often laile to exert any hypnotic action, either in any dose
whatever or in any amount which can be given with comfort to the patient.
It Koitn'timr* produces « «carlet eruption upon the *kin, sh n«t<^ by Engel-
maoD. The rash ie, in some inalances, characterized by eevere itcluog. In
Other casci a general pruriliis hat been caused without any eruption. Dr.
Hugh B. Beevor adriBes caution in the use of salphonal, and believes that
it mny exert a deleterious influence upon the composition of the blood. I
several oaaes which hove been reported, the prcseneo of hR'matoporjjhy
in the urine has seemed to depend upon the prior administration of s
phonal. When given daily for a conxiderable period, sulphonal slowly
euTDUlates in the body and appears in perceptible amounU in the unne.
After the drug is diKontinucd it completely disappears from the system in
the course of two or three days.
Dr. Knngge' reports a fatal ruult on the third day. in spite of treat-
ment. The patient, after taking 31 Gm. (or ,^) of sulphonal, fell into a
itiipor; pulse and respiration were slow, temperature a little elevated (lOO'
to 103° v.), and there vas general and complete anaesthesia. Death resulted
from failure of respiration.
Dr. R. It. Fettit also reports a case of death from failure of rMpiration
of fl woman, after taking V Gm. (orgr. xxx). She was awfTerinp from melan-
cholia, with hysterica! manifestntione. Dr. T. II. Dilliugham,' however, re-
ports a OH*e of recovery, after taking A Gm. (or Sies). in an elderly lady;
the aymptoms noted were stupor, with stertornus respiration, pulse slow,
muscular ineo-ordination, ptosis, slight facial palsy, dysuria, but no nlbu-
niinuna. Patient recovered gradunlly in about two weeks.
Dr. Henry Waldo' reports n fa'tul case of liicn]alopor]>hyrinuria in i
male, aged 33, after ten days of acute gastric irritation and two we«lcit o
cerebro-spinal symptoms and progressive toxic paresis following a number
of daily doses of sulnhonnl; the writer thinks that the symptoms depen
not so miich on the direct action of the drug itself, as on chemical chang<
almost eonntantly alimenlarj- in the first place, and probably hepatic,
which sulphonal has been the exciting eau.*!'.
Symptoms produced by acute sulphonal intoxication are nausea, vom-
iting, musciilur tremors, rigors, paresis of the lower extremities, cutaneous
eruptions, disorders of virion, and weakened respiratory movements. Th*
urine assumes a port-wine color. After death. Stern found extenrive necro-
sis of renal epithelium, togellitir with minute hicrnorrhafies due 1o toxic
nephritis caused by the drug. On this account extreme caution must be
naed in administering sulphonal when the kidneys arc diMAse<l. The red-
dish-brown color of the urine is due to the presence of luematoporphyrin,
but it is uncertain whether or not this substance circulates in the bloo"
ler
' BH(t«k JtfrtJlMi Jntirttat. Oct. 2S, 1890.
'iimicnl Krrora. Hop. 13. 1890.
'HtiHih J/frfiooI Jotma!. Jtinc 15. IftOl.
BL'LntOS'AL.
779
In « cSKc of dcalh from !<ul)jiKinnl jlelwe<; fount) the evils of the ■utprior
tti (Kwtvrior boms of the epinal column degenerated aad their number
dimiBished.
After poinniBg. a trDce of albumin iind tt fc-w casU appear in thi> urine.
Uosi of the sulphonal is eliminated in the form of free Bolubk- ununited
wlphuric acid, but a email amount of ucichangcd sulphonal may be found
iDliie urine. A condition of "atilphonalism" has Bometimcii been noticed
ifUr pTolongc<l adraiuiitl ration of tbie drug. It manifesta itself, according
toDr, Vorster, in two stages, motor depressant and sensory depressant. The
Inter stage is attended by danger on account of the cardiac weakness which
iipmrat. This writer, vho has used sulphonal largely in the inttane-asyluni
It KiinijffI utter, hns never witne«ced any ill effects on discontinuing the
Ttmedjr after its daily employment for weeks and montbe. In order to avoid
1^ oKurrenro of ehninic powiuing, Kven»en ftui^gestjt the advisability of
alUrailing sulphonal from time to time with some other hypnotic remedy.
Dr. Lovell Gulliind' ban r<'i)orti,'d Ihi- caw of a man, ajfed 39 years, of
tinhixlir lemperament. ()winK to insomnia, this patient had Ik'cu in the
liabit ol taking tJ Gm. (or gr. xx.x) of sulphonal nightly. In all he had taken
<l»w8l) (im. (or SiiSiv**). A week before his death his eait was observed to
beiuggcring and bis speech was thick, but thi« wait put down to alcoholism,
nita seen by Dr. Gulland for the first time he was stupid and sleepy,
'bough easy to rouse and intelligent when ^pokon to, His motor power was
^featly enfeebled and he could not articulate properly. The urine was deep-
■^'arwctdonKl. He died suddenly and the iKi«t-mortom examination sliovcd
*«ai Ihe liTer was chocolate colored, the kianeys were not cirrhotic, but con-
?^ted, the 9p!i.-<-!i wa* diffluent, the walls of the heart were very fatty, the
^ood was chocolate-colored, and the brain was congested. Microscopically
t(i« liver «howe<) no great chiiiige, Viut fatly infiltration at the periphery of the
J'^Uules and hjiline degeneration of tlie walls of the portal vein were marked,
■■k "'* '''*''"'>■* *'"* secreting epithelium only was olleeted, the celU Wing
"*»Tinken into ma^es of granular protoplasm: the spleen was full of "shadow-
^"^^rpuncle*" and the siiprar('nul cup'fiiies slmwed some columns in which the
^lli were small and sJiriveled. The blood -ihowed poikilocrtosis. As regards
'^^ clinieal symptoms, co-ordinulion may be atfceted for weeks by the udmtn-
ition of a single dose. In chronic poisoning ga?>tro-iiilestinal symptoms
rally first appear, nervous symptoms then appear, ataxia, paralysis of
V facial muscles, general convulsions, coma, etc. The urine contains
matoporphyrin as well as unchanged i-ulphnnal. The esse usually ends
bear! -fa jure. In acute cases the symptoms may come on suddenly; the
I'p may be for days; hicmaloporph^Tinuria seldom occurs in such eases.
It prognosis, a* a rule, is good in acute, but not so in chronic, oases. Sulpho-
1 is not readily soluble, and so may remain in the intestinal canal or in the
^x»I for a long tim<>.as it i* not easily excreted by the kidneys. The consti*
tien which is usually present would assist in this accumulation. Sulphonal
ly C4iuse death without producing h«matoporpbyrinuria. This pigment
be present in the urine also in eases of lead poisoning or in bsmorrhage
the inli^line, and, aecordiiiK (o Henry Waldo, in rheumatism, pneu<
-onia. enteric fever, and pt-ritonitis. the most reliable means of detecting
l**wnmloporphyrin in urine is by the *p<'Ctro*eo(K'. The cause of death is
•jtAflort, Dec. IT. laSB.
780
PnABJIACBDTlCAL THERAPEmC JLOBNTS OB DHCOfl,
probably due to unL-miA (tifling lli« term in its widwt kdm). In acut
caws, as the poison is slowljr ab&orWl, the stomach should be emptitid
at onco and a purgntivc given. The kidneys should be emiouroged t» act
freely. Large enemata of varm water have been found useful. In chronic
caws the uime n-incdivs iiiny be eitiploycil ns well as Surge doi»e<» of
alkalies to rvnrU-r the urine alkaline nni] »o atop the formation of htemato-
porphyrin. Dr. GuUand hag found that the maximum dailv dooc for
a man ihould be from 1 to 2 Gm. (or gt. xv-jtxx). ll ought never to
be given in tabloid form. Hot alcohol (as vhisky toddy) is the best vehicle
for it. Patients ought to be kept under obeervation during tho whole time
the drug in being taken. Sulphonal should he used with much greater ca
tion than is usual, at present.
Therapy. — From the preceding summary, the therapeutic applicatio:
of sulphdiial may be readily iafcrri'tl. It has been given suKJeMfulIy in nerv-
ous insoinnifl and in insanity. l>r. Vorsti^r considere sulphonal peculiarly
beneficial in acute mania or mclancliolia. promoting sleep by night and quiet
by day. Sulphonal is of value in the treatment of delirium tremens and the
wakefulness so common in cases of addiction to opium. Dr. William tl. Flint
considers it a safe and reliable hvpnotic, but it is not an analgesic. It has
been introduced into the British ^harmacopa?ia, so that it may be regarded
as posMuing established value as a somnifacient. Boellrich asserts that
0.00 Om. (orgr. viiBs)of sulphonal is generally successful in the prevention of
night-cweats. lie thinks that the efiects of sulphonal equal those of atro-
pine, and finds tho former to retain its power, the sweating being dccidcdlv
less the night after a dose htia bern taken.' JcfTrief* reports chorea much
improved by the oonjoinvil use of sulphonal and ftrsenie. He rfrgards sul-
phonal as a valuable adjuvant to arsenic in the treatment of this disease.
The paroxysm of usthina has been promptly relieved by the admini«lntioa
of 1 Gm. (or gr. xv) of eulphonal. Dr. J. H. Mackay, nf Madison, Neb., has
Uiwd sulphonal with advantage in insomnia due to influenza and alcoholism,
and Dr. Jiiliua Althaus found it beneficial in relieving the psychoses, accom-
panied by infiomuiu. which occurred as sequehe of influcnita, Dr, Edmund
Andrews, of Chicago, states that the antispasmodic power of this remedy
is of more value than its hypnotic influence. He has found it of great benefit
in arre*ting the muscular spasms of fractured limbs. It is useful also in
relieving the cramps of pregnant women. Sulphonal has been used with
success in ease» of nocturnal emissions due to spasm of the ejaculatoiy mus-
cles.
I>r, Julius Berenyi has reported a case of trismus neonatorum in which
sulphonal was eucccssfutly employed. The remedy was administered in the
doac of 0.20 Gm. (or gr. iij) in an enema and also given by the mouth. On the
sixth day of treatment the parox^'sms had completely disappeared. Alto-
gether 10 Om. (or .liisa) were employed without the occurrence of somnolence
or disagreeable after-effects.
It serves a ue<-ful purpose in c^^uieting the irritability- due to teethini
preventing convulsions and producing peaceful sleep. Sulphonal is be
ficial in epilepsy. Thi* remetJy alleviated obstinate hiccough and has b
se
1
1B9I.
'Thrrap, i/onn/nft^/te, March, 1890; -Imn^onw I'metiHoner and ynet, Jan. it,
•WtvkJif Utdieal Rrrtetc.
SDLrauB.
?81
nKOinmendMl os* provcntivc of seaAckDVse. Tli« luti: Dr. A. 3. C. Skene euc*
cwefully emnloved sulpboosl ait &» hypnotic after laparotomiei^ and it niaj
be given u-ith llii; umv objvct after other eurgicul opcratiou^, provided that
Bevere p«iti is not present.
Coairi-lli ha» mndeuscuf sulphonnl in IhctrciLtiDcnt of diabctci$inollitii«,
upon which he ottrerved ihi^ dniK to hsvt- a favorable influence, gradually
lestcoiag the (jiinntity of eugsr. The anu'horution is evident after the reinedjr
baa been utted for several days in dose^ of 1 to 2 Qni. [or gr. xv-xxx) per dim.
In ihu do»i- of :i Om. (or gr. .vIt), long couliiiued, it produced ft condition of
lethargy and sometimes delirium. But if intennitted for a day, or if the doM
be diminished, theH manifcelattons ccaw. If the drug be abandoned the
eagu ioon reappeam.*
STTLPHUR.— Stilphur, Brimstone.
Forms and Preparations.
Sulphur Lotum (U. 8. !>.). —Washed Sulphur (Bubltmnl tulphur tboiouglily
wuked with water). Dom, 3 to 13.9 Gm. (or Iih.S'")-
Sulpliur SuUlimaiuni |L'.8. P., B.P.). — Subliuied Sulphur, Flowtn o( Sulphur.
Dot. I.3U to 4 Gm. (or gi. xx-3jl.
t>ul|itiur Pnei'iidUiluin (U.S. I'.. K, P. ) .— Pr«dpiUUd Sulphur laublimid ftulphur
trtktH] Hitb ttni<r. hydrochloric acid, nnd boilliiK wnlcr). Tiic prrlviml iotm (or ko-
ttnal MliDiniatratioii. Dow, 2 to S (im. (or gr. xxx'3ijj.
Sulnhuru lodiduiu <U.S.l'.. B.r,).— Sulpliur Iodide. (lodiiw, SO per cent.)
Dsw, (UO to OSS C.ia. lor gr. *«-lv).
Ungu^iiluni SuIpburiK |U, S. P.. B. P.). — Sulphur Ointment (unshed lulphur, W;
leMMlutMl lard, 7l> juirti; V.S. P.; subllmwt Rulphur, HO; bcn7iMt«^ Urd, ±70 On.,
B.P.).
Pulvis (Jlycyrrhiat Conipositiu (U.S. P. B.P.K — Compuuiid Povder of Olvoyr-
rkUa (conl«lB* wnnhvd sulphur, H (Wr cchtl; B. P., Mlhlimrd inilphiiT). Dou, 4 to
«Gn. (or 3iijl.
Ungnenluin Sulphur!* loitidi (It. P.t.— Suli-hiir-Todidw Oinlmcnt iaulphur indM«,
t Gin.: BLywrin. 2 Gin.i brnxixilvd Urd. 40 (iin.).
TrorhUru« Siilphnm IR P.). ^Sulphur JMiragp (rnrh 1om-ii];r cnntain> 0.32 Gm..
or gr. V. »( ptpvipitnli-d suiuhurl.
Ccmlcctio Sulphurie (li. P.i. — ConWtion of Sulphur (mWimcd nutphur, 100 Cm.:
•«M poUniuin tkrlrHtr. 35 du.i Irainninfh. 1 Urn.; gtnip. Oi) c.cm.; tinotare of
MBflge, IZA f-rm.: glj-cciiji, 37 J> c.oiii.i. Dow. 4 to 8 Gm. (or Si-ij).
Tia ■ulphitr, hvpniiilphlt^, ami sulphocaTbolnti> of sodium niv oSlcixl, i.h* bi*ul-
fhile fai Ibc U. S. P. <>ul,v.
Phannacolagr.— 5>iilphuT is a non-metallic, solid clement, found native
in Sillily and Iceland in the neighborhoo<l of extinct volcanow, tt is widely
dwtribulcd in combination with mctnllie ba«cs a? sulphides, especially of
iron, copper, lead, mercury, etc. It i* of a lemon-yellrtw color, tflsteleu, odor-
len. and brittle. At a temperature of 111.5* C. it melts into a brownish-
yellow, transparent liijiiid, whieh crystallixo* on cooling. It is dimorphoue,
having two uistinct forms of er>-etals. Sulphur is insoluble in water, but
Tery Hlighlly soluble in alcohol, ether, and benzene; ita bvit solvent is car-
bon dinilphide. It is likewise soluble in the oil of tnrpentine and in alka-
line fluid*. It has powerful chemical ail^nitie^, and in combination with
oxygen forms sulphurous and sulphuric acids, which, with bases, form Rul-
phitetmtid Hulphates. Sulphur i^an important constituent in certain native
mineral springs, which furnish sulphureted waters. In this place the action
of sulphur need alono he coniidered. The Bublimei] sulphur contains a traoe
of fn-9 ncid. which niako« it »light]^ irrilaling, and, when takini into thv
inteslinee, it occaeiunally causes griping. Owing to its insolubility in water,
«iiip)iiir, <-ith<-r wn»h«d or precipitated, ha^ no clTcct ufton the skin, although
when kept in contact with it for tome time it may be partially osidized, form-
ing sulphurous ucid, which in an enerjiretic diHinfectsnt. In tho nlmiontsry
canal, the pure sulphur nets ao a laxative, partly as a result of cheniioal
change (#inoc hydroRen-sulphide ^ ia forinwi in concidernhlc •(uanttly,
and sulphur compounds art; found in the blood) and partly mechanically as
8 dry ]>owder. By the interaction of hydrochloric and liyposulpliuroua acida
Kngel has lately succeeded in producing two new allotropic forma of aul-
phur. One of these appears as orange-yellow cryalalit of the rhombohedral
type which differ abKolutcly from any other form of sulphur hitherto knovrn.
llie sctonti dccura as yellow flakes entirely soluble in water. The solution
decomposes rapidly, giving rise to the ordinary amorphous sulphur. ,
'I'lie rfi-ojrnlwd •utphid** an Cnlx .'^ulphimU (I,'. R P.. R. I'.i. comtnosljr n»i»-
iiiiniPil Riilphidft of cntciuis icoiiMiiliiig rtiidlr of roMum nioniwiilplilde niiil enletutn
Milplial-^, ill var.TiDit proportion*): .\iilinioiili Suliiliiduni iL'.tr. P.) : Antinami &nl-
pliidiiin i>urill('aiuiii (I'.S.P,): Aiiliiuuuium ^ulptiuinlum (U.1*.); and Polmaw iju).
phuraU ll,',S.P.. 11. P.).
Oil of Sulphur in tlio poputur nuiui? of ■ tirrparntinii mailt hy balling olive-oil.
S parts. Mid 1 part at •iiMimtril aulptutr |of>cIlit>r In nn iron put until ■ uni(om> niixttira
h obtained i aceordins tu tlie old Ediiiburf[b Piiuniiacopiriii. it woa >1mi known aa
Iwlaain o( sulphur. Tlin oil in pBrtly dccon!|>o*i'il. and tJi« leMiltiiig pn'pnralioii lia«
an eximn*!}' fMid odor Knil acrid Kfite. Tli« Oermao Pliannuvopariu, has a nmilar
prvpantlon, mad* with linwed- inalrnd of olive- oil.'
Spirit of 8ulpliiir, cr liijuur fiiiiiaiu (Koylel, in lli^ iiiiinc npjilii-il to a preparation
malting from adaing' washed iiilphur. I part, tu (^>n('i.'ntral>.'d uitiiii'Xiia, U to 8 p«rl*,
end jMuiing hydrogpn lulphidc tlirnugli the mixture until tli<! sulphur is diiaol<t«d.'
tchthj-ol cunlniiiH a large prnpnrlion of sulphur.
Physiological Action. — The fact that utilphur enters the blood from
the siiinll intestine in shown by its chemical effects upon silver coins or
jewelry worn by person? while liikioK it; secondly, by iho phvsiolojncal
effocts. it!t appearance in many secretions; and, thirdly, its therapeutic re-
sults as an altenitivc. The iiiteslinal secrctiens ar^ inodcmtely increased by
it, as well as the peri.*taltic movements, and the stools are rendered softer.
It is beliercd to exert n slimutiiut efTeet upon the mucous nu-mhnine and
skin, and strong applications in the form of an ointment bring out an erup-
tion of an eczenuttoiis chunictcr, Rr>'lheraa. nepules, or pustuU-'^ are also,
in some caws, produced either by the external or internal use of this anb-
stance. Sulphur is excreted princinally by the bowel*, but also by the skin,
the perspiratory and the milk glanas. and by the urine; in the latter it usu-
ally appears as a sulphate, in the other* it la in the form of hydrogen sul-
phide Sulphur plays an important part in the normal physiological proc-
esses of the body, being a conntanl oonntituent of albumin, and present in
nearly all the solids and fluids of the body. From this fact and others, we
are led to believe that «tilpliur is essential to the health of albuminoua or-
gans and tissues, and Is an important element in nutrition. The anttacptic
I
I
I
■
1
■ I>rHjnri*r*' Ctreulitr, Jan., 1891.
■ liniffffMa' Clnutar, JaD., 1BB1.
8ULPHC1.
?83
and fEertnicidal effect of sulphar may exercise an important prophjinctie
inAtivnce in pri-vi^ntin);, under circHnary circuiiistancei<, the invasion of the
tiasnea by micro-or^anigms. A number of obeervutloiiii have bi'cn pubtUhed
nUtiTS to the ab«orption of hydrofcen-gulphiitc gaa by the intestinal mu-
cnoB membrane and its pseeage into the blood, to be carried to the lungH,
where it etcape* from the bronchinl mticous iiicinbrone and actti as a local
disinfectant. This Rives a hint of the uneuepetled r51c, played by sulphur,
of a pulmouar}- diMinfectunt and expectorant, in addition to the property,
for which it is already valued, of en intestinal disinfectant. It prooably,
after obRorption, favora the bile-poducing function of the liver, since tanro-
cbolic acid nonnally contains a large proportion of sulphur. Upon th« eir-
eiilation, no direct effect iH noticed, but it iii believed that it increases the
heart's vif:or, as it docs that of muscular tissue in the arteries and in the
vnrioun hollnw visci-ra, as well as thi- voluntary nmael'-*.'
Tlienipy. — Sulphur is used in a very large number of diseases externally,
and often wilh niarkvd curnlivt: netion. In acute infectious disordera (diph-
theria or acarlatina, for instance), the flowers of sulphur may be insufflated
into iJic throat or nof* with marked benetlt, IlmJnng the spread of the diu-
eaae, destroying the micro-organisms, and preventing blood-poisoning. In
•cariatina, erysipelas, measles, and smoll-pox, an ointment containinf; sul-
pbar moderates the heat of the skin, allays congestion or inHammation. and
disinfeets the pustules of variola. Dr. juar advocates tlie use of Miilphur
internally in variola and givee to children 0.13 Gm. (or gr. ij) every hour in
a mixture of glycerin, orange-water, and syrup. Mr. J. B. Jowet ha* em-
ployed sulphur-oaths in the treatment of whooping-cough for fifteen yean
with favorable results. The proper quantities for children are: From 3 to
12 months, '/i ounce of pota^iuni »ulpiiidv to 1(1 quarts of water (15.5 Gm. to
9 Vi Htrea); from 1 to 2 years, '/, ounce to 15 quarts (93.3 Gm. to 14 lilrea);
from 8 to 4 yean, 1 ounce to 24 quarts (31 Gm. to "38 '/, litres); from 4 to fl
years, 11 drachms to 30 quarts (43.3 Gm. to 28 litres); from 6 to 8 year*, 1-V
dnichms to 38 quarts (54 Gm. to 35 '/i litres); from 8 to 10 years, 3 ounces
and 3} to 45 quans (6G Gm. to 42 litres). The temperature of the bath should
range from 96.4° to 97.$° (F,). and its duration should be from 25 to 45 min-
nteu. The patients take one bath daily, and after ihi; Imth they are wrapped
up in hot towels and woolen blankets. Recovery usually takes place in two
we«ks. In addition, an antimonial and sedative cough-syrup is used to quiet
the paroxit'sm. The u>!e of baths containing potassium sulphide, or a resort to
a sulphur spring, are al.so of great value in syphilis. In very many iutegu-
mentary inl]ummations, especially chronic eczema and psoriasis, sulphur
alone, or combined with other drugs, will lessen the congestion and over^
come the infiltration of the parts. It is often employed with advantage tn
ebmnic acne and rosacea, but great care should be exercised in applying it
upon the face, rspeeially if the sebaceous glands are in a patulous eondjtinn.
If brought in rontaet wilh the skin under the latter circumtlances, the glands
often become filled with sulphur and occasion many black points (acne
ptmctata) upon the skin. The following formula; arc useful in acne, espe-
cially of the face: —
*9r* papn b}^ autliar on "Tltc Phruolofcical uiil Thpntpmtltitl Arllon of Sui-
phttr." "TtaiiMttiana of tJi« Pennt^rhMuU Slnte MedicB] Swicly." ISDOl
rHAnuAOBcncAL TnERArEtmo AaexTs ob oRrag.
B Sulphur. vubUmati 4 Gin. or 3i.
Glrcvrinl i-i 7 8 c.cm. or faij.
Aqan ro*w i). «. ad 3li c^n. or lij.
M. Sig.% Applf «'[th a mIi sponge at night, after oTkcunlion of puilulc* n
the lo»I UH ot Ii«l walcT.
B SulphuristubliiiisU,
Pulv. laaxanUt,
Siloh*
Ungt. linci oxidi
U. Sig.: For Bene; apply once or twice dailf.
aa 41 Gm. or
... ai| Gm. or
In alopecia, especially the circumscribed variety, sulphur often acta wei
in 8B«i«ling to roslore the growth of the hair. Id very inany (lueoMS of th«
skin, especially those of a parasitic nature, this agent can be used more
effectively in llie fonn of a sulphur-Tnpor balh. Sulphur is rery iBrgely tra-
ployed R8 an external remedy in scabies, but it is also excellent for pediculo-
sis, lirii'H CHpitiit, barbie and corporis, and tinea venicolor. As a germicide,
its effects are most evident when combim-d with oxygen, as sulphuroua-actd
gas. In treating «cabic«, no permanent result »honId be expected, unlcw
measuiee are taken to prevent reinfection by the parasite. The undercloth-
ing must be destroyed, or, at least, exposed to an elevated lempcraturG for
several hours, and thoroughly washed nith seep and boiling water. The
patient should lake a worm bath, rubbing the interdigitsl ^pnocs and flexures
of affected points thoroughly with potash or soft »oap, After the bath the
following oiiiliiR'nt may be ratJter freelv applied to the alTectod spots, or
where itcliins is experienced, and allowed to remain uniil morning, when it
may be wiped off: —
R Ol. cadini 4| e.cm. or (Si.
Vngt. tuIphurU $< (Ini. or 31].
LKUuliiii '...... , I9{S Gm. or Sr.
it. Big,; Applj- at night, a* directed.
A repetition of this treatment, once or twice, may effectually relievi
the patient of hia pnrasitea. When the siilplmr oinlmtnt is used it some-'
times causes an eczematous eruption, which may be avoided by diluting the
preparation. In pediculosis of the bodv a similar treatment to the above is
generally effeclive, providing the clothing be changed at the same Um*.
In cither of the preceding cases the cure is not to be attributed to the direc'
parasiticide effect of sulphur, but is owed to the fact that it makes a den
and tenacious substance witli lard, which suiTocates the itoh-insect. Indeed,
the late Professor Leidy was of the opinion that the sulphur is unneccasaryi
as the oil would block up the air-pore* of the acarua just as well without i
Mr. W. Arbnthnot Lane writes that he employs sulphur with decid
advantage as a surgical dressinK iu tuberculosis of joints and bones and a1^'
in other infectious processes. The action is rendered more uniform and Icsi
violent by mixing it willi glycerin. This emulsion is allowed to remain in
the cavity for twenty-four hours, after which the .'wat of di!»ea!fe it irrigated'
every day by a weak corrosive-wuljlimnte solution or the sterile normal saline
solution. He has, moreover, found sulphur benefioial in the foul ulcerative
stomatitis so common in the ehildren of the poor. Finely-powdered sulphur
is dusted upon a piece of gauze which is applied to the ulcerated surface
an hour or two, after which the legion begins to heal rapidly; in some ca:
BULPHim.
•OTeral ftpplion lions tnuy be ni!co««arv. The «aiii« method i» efficacioui in the
fool impetiginoua ulcers of children.
In KCtttia H. G. d<r Urnuy fuvdops th« limb in a cloth contsining a
thick paste of the ilowere of anlphur. One night ie sufficient to relieve th«
Ettiem. The urine ncquires k very strong odor of hydrogen sulphide. L.
iiicbeme also reports success with this in a case of eeveral years' standing,'
l-'nction with lulphur «iIord« relief in obelinutc cuce of chronic rheuinutiint,
Internally, sulphur is used as a simple laxative, especially combined
with potas«itiai bilartratc, in alTccliong of the lower bowel, irritnble piles,
stricture, fissure, or fistula. Uy relieving engorgement of tbe hsmortboidal
Tosacls, Hulpliur pruvett useful in caM^s oi bleeding from piles. After opera-
tions upon the pelvic organs it is the best laxative to administer, llie dose
onlinanly nvcd nut be more than 0.3'i to O.tlS Gm. (or gr. \-x) dully in order
to insure a free evacuation of the bowels, and if it is continued for some lime
«e obtain valuable mtemic cfTccts. In chronic tore throiil, ncwciated with
or springing from indi;;estiDn, these small doses of sulphur, with some atten-
tion to hygiene, will eilccl a cure. In digetttive difficultieE due to disordered
action of the liver, which ultimately lead to lithsmia and structural lesions,
the hnbite of life must lir^t hn corrected, and the hepatic torpor will then be
orcrcome by small doses of sulphur. Br. Garrod has reported remarkable
tfbcf from obstinate hepatic colic by the daily use of a 0.3S Gm. (or gr. v)
wlpbor lozenge, persisted in for months. In hepatic disorder attended by
(onttipalion, it may be well to &dmini»ter a mercurial purg« to initiate the
tMtment, before giving the tonic doses of sulphur. Dr. Schulz recommends
Ibt UM of sulphur in certuin cases of chlorosis. When iron is inetTictent or
tunot be tolerated the gea^rst condition h i!eoi(li>(}ly i)n;mivcd by sulphur.
oA ttltr this remedy hfl» \>wu iiKcd for some lime tbe iron ean be resumml
»!th fuecess. lie regards it as of no avail when chlorosis is complicated with
Warrlial and inflammatory coudilions of the digt^tive tract. Tlie remedy
dwold be given in small doeies.
Minute amounts of sulphur sometimes do good in diarrlicea, especially
■>! caMS of oQenaive watery stools of scrofulous children and in dysenteric
<urHM-a. As sulphur stimulutes mucous membranes, it is useful iu chronic
"OBchiits, as Graves long ago pointed out in hiti diuival lecture*. For this
pUbow stUphnreted mineral waters and the springs from which thev flow
« juttly celebrated.
This remedy i* especially suitable to the chronic bronchitis, accom-
t*iued with copious secretion, of aged and debiliinted pervous. In whoop-
|''8'*Migh, small doses of sulphur lessen the jwroxysnis; and the following
"i^nU, as modified from S^e, may be adnuoiitcrcd: —
ft SulpburU prtNip 3!
Ext. Mlfldonon follor. *1c.
fulr. ipnuuanhte et opii <
SMvliari allM 1
M. n fl. eap«ul» v«l tliartulw no. x.
Sic;.: FVotn tna to ten r<p*ul«i or powder* a day, uoordlng to the age of patlMt
•"* *ll»rl produced.
Garrod «ngge«ls that sulphur may be of t«n-tcc in cyvtitis. and, perhaps,
in »iiie disorders of the kidney. It might very properly be tried in tuber-
*"AnaiuI uf Uie tlnii-rrral Mvdiial Seltncwi.' 1990. vol. v. pagu A-IM.
it
25 Qtn. or gr. t.
MS Qm. UT irr. j.
S2 Om. or gr. v.
30 Gni. or gr. xx.
7Sfi
rUJUtlUCKmCAt TlinUArKmo agents or I>RCOti.
eular or couly pyelitis, and likewise in disordered menstruation, wlien largely
or c-ntir<Ay (unc'tionsl iii character. In muAcuIar pains, attending tithxmia,
goul, and rheumatism, Garrod employud small doi^cs of stdpliur in conjiinc-
lion with iwlinc or ar«enic, and he iia» seen K^cat improTemcut from this
trt^tment, even in rlieumgtoid arthritis. This remedy is aleo of avail is
those ea«M of netiralf^in depen<loiil tipon the rheumatic diathesis. Sulphur
has not, hitherto, givt-ii very positive results in ttihcrctilosis, hut might bo
of grcfit pcrviec in the incipient stases of pulmonary disease. The continued
udministrtilion of fractional duses of sulphur is often heuelidnl in scborrhcca,
sveoiiiii, chronic eczema, psoriasis, and other cutaneous disease^ especially
M'hen the upper layer of the skin and the glands nrv involved. In alop«-cia,
small doses of sulphur will often increase the activity of the hair>formtn^
apparatus, and may also atuist in n-^totiiig the hair to the parts. In diseato
of the nails, especially when they become brittle, covered with rid]^ and
white spots, Ihu ontinnctl u«^- of fniall dofcsof Mulphtir will frequently brinf;
about a hesllhy and pohslied appearance of these useful appendages.
Cnlciiini milphide. in the treatment of acne, has already been referred
to. Spirit of sulphur was formerly believed to be a panacea, or a remedy
po*»o»!^ing the ijumti-s*enee of healing' qualities; it was given in syphilid,
rheumatism, diabetes, and toiisumplion, in doses of 0.18 to 0.24 e.cm. (or
miii-iv). well diluted. It in merely n solution of ammonium sulphide, and
might be given in larger doses without doing either much hann or good to
the ])atienl.
Sulphur has been highly esteemed as a fumigating agent for roome
which have been occupied by palientit suffering from contagious disorders.
Dotibts have been thrown upon its value as a disinfectant by thf experiments
of Koch and Sternberg. These, however, related to the power of the gas
in disinfecting apartments and large masses of material. The gas wait rap>
idly lost by diffusion and was found to have sUghi inlluenci- upon dn,' spores.
The investigations of Thoinot demonstrate that, while the anthrax bacilloe
is resistant to the action of sulphur, the organismfi of lubcreiilosis. glanders,
typhoid fever, cholera, and diphtheria arc destroyed by the fumigations.
Associated with live steam, the fumes of burning sulphur are used with
marked advantage in disinfecting ships at (pianintine and infected rtwms.
The fact that plajjue is conveyed by rats has led to the introduction of ilie
following method of destroying them in ships: Sulphur-dioxide gns is gi-n-
erated in a chambtr in which suljihur is spread cm a wire netting in the i>rt>.
portion of 1 )>ound to evciT S.'ii) iiibie feet required. The sulphur h ignited
with till* help of alcohol and the gas is punipH) into the bottom of the sfwieu
to be treated. A pipe from the top of the space brings air hack to the gen-
erator. The oxygen in the treated space — for instance, the hold of a ve**fl
— is thus gradually replaced by SOj. This gas, being much heavier than air.
diffuses slowly, and the rats retire before it. When the hold is opened tbey
are found dead at the highest parts: tho.ie nearest th<- exit pipe. This is im-
portant, l«-c«iise olln-rwise ruts may die behind partitions. Tlie only draw-
oack of thi^ method is the tarnishing of gilding.'
Thinret. — TbiR name is given to an oxidation product of phenyl-
dithiobiuTCt, and occurs as a crystalline, odorless powder, insoluble in water,
but freely aoluble in alcohol and ether. When mixed with alkolica, sulphur
'Journal of the Jninionn Mrdlcal Aftoriation. Moy 18, IMl.
SUUBt^L.
787
i« ilieeDfnged iu tho luiswnt slutc
energetic antiseptic properties.
On tUi« account thhirot is po^^eMed of
SUMBIFL (U. S. ?.).~Siimbiil. Vmk-root,
SUUBVX RADIX (H, r.).— Sombal-root.
t'rtfMralum.
Tinrlun SumWI [V.SlP., B. P.)-— Tni«lur» of Sumbiil (10 ptr cent.). Voat, S
to4«.CB. (or [Sh-]).
Pharmacology. — Snmbnl ia tlic ro<il n( TeniSn .Stimliul (rnibclIifi'HD),
l^vin^r in .Win. In coinnifrt-L- the rtiut is in drifd, tnini^vcrec elirf^, hns a
dni'lni nilor, n'M-itililin;* nuHk. tiinl » ooiiieu'hnt hitUT, hnlMtniic tiisto. It
mnliiti^ liTit acid?, angelic and valerianic, tvro balsamic resins b Tolntilv oil,
liiltiT '■\lriirlivi-, I'll'.
Phytiological Action. — In its effect upon the nervous system siintbul
nwn)b)ir« Tnlorian, mid i» nn evident nerve-tonic. In #malt 6o»e« it stimti-
lUtethe appetite and facilitalea digestion.
Therapy. — Sunitiid is of ralue in hrstcria and neurasthenia, in ampmic
mnen. For such cases Goodcll prescribes: —
Q Eitrarii mimbul •lo.,
Ftnl unlphBtii entjeeal. , aa ItSO Cim. or gr. xx.
Pulv. »Mif<r'tiil«' lis (iin. or icr. X.
Add. aracaon 03 Gm. or gr. m.
M. H ft. jiilula- no. ».
Eif.: Take on*, thri^ daily, allpr mmk
Sumbul is nscful, moreover, in the treatment of neural^nSr fimctional
fewfularity of thi- heart, rcttle**iiei's, the insomnia of chronic aU'oholi^m,
«fid Dervous djiipepsia. As most of these disordere are associated with ira-
ptind DHtrition and s1ugjEi«h uiovcm<-nt of the bowels tlie author hu^. in
matiT iitHtancefi, associated it with nenine and laxative remedies, as in the
following combination: —
S hL •iiinlHil,
Pulv. uafurlidn .'...^li..^.. aa |005 Gm. or gr. j.
Ext. rbamni punik .^.-> M (im. or gr. m.
Akin. DOe Gm. or gr. '/«.
Ext. nwrts t<k»i — M8 Gm. or gt. Vi.
01»or«aanBr iiii)ri1)eriH , ftli c.cin, or in '/,.
U. tt ft. piL no. j. Mittp no. xxiv.
Sg,: One or Imo pllte lo he givm nt ■ doM.
litis prejuration promotes tlie action of the liver and bowels, improve*
nutrition, allays irregular nervous manif^'vlHtions. and is beneficial in de-
pwetl or excitable conditions of the nervous system.'
The tiodurc may be giten iu hysteria, chronic bronchitis with spas-
nmlk cough, also in delirium tremens, as a substitute for musk. Ky Russian
pnnitionera, sumbul ii^ evtcmicd a valuable etimulnnt in typhoid fever,
atonic dr^pepsia, a»thenic diarrhosa, and dysentery. l>r. Oranville, who in-
tTuiored this remedy inti> England, rceom mended it in epilepsy and dys-
ui-narrbwa. Phillips testifies to its decided efficacy in facial, aciatic, or
' HnllonI AalWla. Mif. 1893. p. ITS.
7S8
PIlABMACEimCAL THEGArEtTTtC AOKfTS OH Dltt'OS.
onriuu nctirnlgia occurhnfz: in voiiiRit of a <)iiick ami lively nervmis tempera-
ment, lie has seen it ueeftil, bIso, in certain slug^B of phthieiE, in the rest-
IvsuncM of [iro^iiaiicy, titiil tht- in»«mnia of cluunic algoliolisju. Il lit ts^Ti-
tial that a fresh cipedmen. in good condition, should be emplojed in making
tbo tirieliirc. in order to gi't uny rvsult*.
SYMPHYTUM.— Comfrey. The S\Tiiphyium officinale (lloraRinaceip),
a Fmall horh of Europe- and the United ^!luU-ii, ha;' a root po^ei^tng some
miHlir.il jirciptrtiiii. It eontainti Home Aiparagln. a large amount of mucilage,
and tniivf of tuiiiiiii. It is used in decoction.
Fhysiolo^cat Action.— The aspaiai^in has little, if any, iihyeiological
effects beyond flight diuretic action; but the mudluge makes it demulcent
and flliglilly astringent. The pulp of the root has l)i>en milized as a means
of stifTcniDg bandagt-^ um]lti.'(l tu fractures.
Thentpy. — ^The fresh root, hruised ond cut, is applied ti> wounds, brui«e»,
ciaclicd nipples, etc. InliTmilly Iho decoction i* given iii iliarrhu-a, dysen^
tcrj', pulmonary afTeclioiiH. and other relaxed conditionii nf mueou#
brenee. it is utilimd fur tli<.- purpoM-s to vhieh mitii>hnialluu- is ordinarily
applied, in domestic coiigh-mixturee, etc.
SYZTGIUU JAMBOLANVM. (Sec Xunbol.)
TABACUM (U.S.P.).— lobtooo,
Fharmaoology. — "The commercial, dried leaver of Nicotiana Tabacu
(Solanacefc), indigenoue to the southern portions of this country and culti-
vnteil in dilTi'rent parts of the world, are known as tobacco. It wgs tairried
to Europe by the SpatiiarfJ*. jiiid from the court at Lisbon it was taicen to
France, in 15G0, by the i'Tench ambassador, whose name, N'ieot, is prescn'cd
in thecencric title applied to the plant. Iih active principle is a liquid alka^y
loid, Biootine. The fumes, when burning, contain pyriaine, hydrocarboE^^I
of the aromatic series, small amounts of creosote, hydrocyanic and aceti^^
ftadi, (tulphur and carbon compounds, and certain gases, but little, if any.
nicotine, which is decompo*ed by heat (Zeise). Tlic existence of Nicotianin,
a camphoraceoua substance, has been aflirmed by ilermbstadt, hvu ifi denied
by FliJckiger, who considors it a fatty acid colitdminatcd with a little volatile
oil. Slijjht differences in composition exist in specimens grown in dilTcrenl
S laces, as it is well kmiwn that the variation in flavor and quality is very
ccidod. The best tobacco is grown in Cuba and Virginia. The Turkifili
variety is almost free from nicotine, and is very mild. In the East, the
tobacco i* sometimes tinctured with opium, in order to increase the narco
effect. There are n<i ofilcial preparations-
Physiological Action. — Tobacco is an acro-narcotic poiMO, acii
enersetically. in small doses, upon persons unaccustomed to ita use. It is a
na(»(-aling emeiic. its action liciiig accompanied by great muscular relaxa-
tion: the lOKpiration and circulation an- dcpre-wwd, the temperatnrc lowered,
and the surface becomes cold and moistened with perspiration. If is a stim-
ulant to the salivary and intestinal see r<'l ions, increases the peristaltic move-
ro«Dts of the bowel and the flow of urine and perspiration. From experi-
ments upon seven hcalthv person.^ unaccustomed to smoking, Dr. J. Ydan-
Pouchkine found that tobacco diminishes the quantity of free hydrochloric
tcid in the gastric juice as well as the digwtive power of ihe fluid, lelards
TABACCV.
th« acfioD of pcpeiD. increases the muvcinvnU and ubsorbcnt power of the
etoniacJi. II is without inHueiici^ upon the acidity of the urine. The in»»-
dps, which ot first arc relaxed, may he teixcd Inter hy tremor or clunic apaains,
or even Ionic contraction?, followed by paresis of a traneitory character.
ITie ncnoiie system is early affected by the drug. The motor nerves are
panlysed prt^ressively from the periphery to the central orjj&ns; there artt
so marlccd effects npoii the sensory nervc^s. Tobacco inerraws the ciccila-
bility of the hi^art by a direct action upon Us intrinsic ^nglia. The spinal
and cerebral cenlrcs bceoine sfTcclcd, and inco-ordinatkm, a stagwr'n^ S^it,
and vrligo arc prominent symnlomit of the toxte action. I-'inally, collapse
and dcnih may occur from paralysis of the heart or of the rc«piration. Sim>
ilar roiiults aUo follow the inhahition of tobacco-smoke, though generally
they appear in n much milder form than when the dntg is ewallowed. Poi-
soning lias also followed the application of tobacco-leaves to a wound, in
the caM of a child twelve years of age. Hiootlne is a most actJTC poison,
resembling hydrocyanic acid in the rapidity of its fatal effects,' It is a pow-
erful antiseptic. The «w of tobacco in the form of snuff, or hy ehewing or
naokint:; is almost universal, and extends to uncivilized and civilized alike,
lad is e«]H-cially prevalent amoni; the robust and those who lead an active
life. In fact, tobacco must perform some important part in physiological
Mv, or in the struggle for existence, or it would not ha to widely uvetl by moo
who are distinguiBhe<! by the soundness of their judgment and their success
in solving the problems of Hoeial exiitencc in every other detail. The
■lightly depressing effects of tobacco, the power of increasing the secretions
^g the alinienfar}- canal, while favoring peristalsis and the function of
theiidncvB, are valid arjriimcnts for modenite indatgence in the po^t-pran-
dial cigar; but there are ako psyehical effects which follow iU ui>e: it allays
KStlMsness and muscular irritauility, and creates a lassitude which is favor-
tUeto the pleasant flow of fancy, so happily illustrated in the "]teverte« of
ifiacbelor" of Donald G. Mitchell. The fact that it is a sexual sedative may
itmvf not contribute to its popularity among those who lead sedentary lives,
tnd who find it helpful to them from experience of ite ciTccts, rather than
inta sny judgment based upon an accurate knowledge of its physiological
vtiflB. Occasionally, from smoking an unnsuully strong cigar, or too many
<4th«m, there is nau.^ea and vertigo, even in practiced smoker*. In such
Wfc, a stimulant, '^nch as aromatic spirit of ammonia or compound spirit of
ttber, promptly alleviates the distress.
According to the records of the senior classes of Yale College for a
jwiod of eight years, however, those who used no tobacco were 20 per cent,
taller than the smokers, 25 per cent, heavier, and had 66 per cent, mora lung
"PWty.
rasoning and Antidotci. — In caua of acute poisoning and collapse,
•Ojdinine and ether or other stimulants may be given hypodennicnlly, and
the ntient kepi tjniet and warm. Mnstsrd-leavcs may he applied to the
dK>l and other parts of the body, and artificial renpimtion pracliced, if
>W(ded. Slimulafinj; enemnta, containing alcohol or turpentine, may \ie
"•riol; and, if there is much vomiting, brandy and ice may be given in small
■(■utitice. Tannic acid and iodides are chemically incompatible, and cam-
^tH is a physiological antidote. In what might he celled chronic tobacco-
paiianing, we have various inflammations of the month; epithelial cancer
(wnionally of tlie lip or tongue; follicular pharyngitis; bronchial catarrh;
lapid, weak, ani) irrefiular bcIior of the heart, which roaj become h,TG
trophied; (l.v^jK-p^ia and wcokiiti<s of ^Ight. tlac to rvetriction of ihe field
rifflon (M-otoma), which may progress to total bliudnesa. Color-bliridnees hii
been attribiiltil lo the excessive use of strong tobacoo. Musotilsr weakness
and tremors and reduced capacity for physical and mental exereieo arc com-
DiOD symptoms of an abuse of tobacco. Probably the nceil of iiomethin^ to
reetore the nen-ous system after using tobacco is one eiplanation of the fre-
quent n-^rt to alcoholic «tiiuulant« by uicnt of the wend. The habit ut ex-
ce^ive induljience is especially injurious when the fumes are inhaled, as in
ciKaretti'-^moking, aa by thi» means the poisonous products an- brought
directly into the air-cells, and are absorbed by the blood. In alt such cases
the treatment must begin by reduction, or complete ccntation, of the habit
of smoking, and the aumiDistration of stryclinine sulphate in enioll doses,
with open-air exercise. If there i* much overaction of the heart, it can be
eteadico by small doses of opium, in addition to digitalis or strophanthus.
Therapy,: — Tobacco is rarely used medicinally, its good effects as a ca-
thartic not being of sufficient value to counteract its depressing action upon
the heart and respiration, to which some {wreoiu are egipeeialty liable to
suiTer. The only practical application is to aflord an excuse for the pre-
scription ol an Havana after a good dinner, as an aid lo digestion. Tobacco
may be ini-tcd with stramonium or boUudouna, aud the smoke inhaled, with
relief in asthma.
Pulverized tobacco, or snulT, is said to be ellicscious in breaking up
stubborn paroxysms of hiccough, a pinch being drawn into the nostrils by
a strong inspirtflion. Tobacco should not be administered internally f«
strychnine poisoning, nor in tetanus, nor used per enema.
Eudenaol, or nicotine salicylate, has been applied in the form of oint-
ment (1 per cent.) in the treatment of scabies, by Wolters.' He used it in
63 casci and in no case were more than six applications required. It has
been said to hate the advantage over other remedies^ usually employed, o
being free from odor and not staining the linen.
Previous to the introduction of chloroform and ether, tobacco was oe-
Cosioually employed in order to produce muscular relaxation in strangulated
hernia, after fracture of the femur, etc. Every purpose for which tobacco
was foniicrly ii*cd is now uccomplisliod more etRcicnlly and safely by antes-
thetics and other agents.
i
4
'4
TAMAHINDUS (U.S. P., B. P.).— Temarinda.
Prrparation.
Oontpcttii A>nnfii» ll'.S.P.. RP.l. — Conffi-tton of Smna Icniitnlnii tAmarindiC
per iwit., V. S. r. : 12 prr oent,, II. P.). l)L>ie, 4 to 8 Uiii. (or Jiijl.
Pharmacology and Therapy.— Tlio preserved pulp of the .fruit of
Taniariiidtis jmiifji (Li-xiuiiiiioBa'), freed from ihe brittle outer part unt
preserved with sugar. It is only used in medicine for the purpose of makinj
a refrigerant and somewhat laxative infusion, and al.to as an ingredient in
the confeclioii of senna. A tamarind whey, which may be used as a re-
frigeranl in fevers, is made by infu*ing an ounce of the pulp in a little boiling
water, and adding this to a qtiurt of milk.
' I'Arntptni/Jjn'Ac MonoUhcUf., Aug.. 1898.
rACETUH.
rei
TAMACBnm (IT. S. p.).— Taaiy.
PhAmmcology. — The Icsvi-s and tope of Tanncotutn Tulgart' (Com*
posi(x), or common tansy, contain a l>itt«r pHm-i^iIc, Tanacetin, o volatile
oil, lanoic acid, etc. llie dose of the voUtUe oU is O.OG to 0.18 cwn. or mi-
iij); a fluid extract and an iii{ti»ion, 4 Gm. to 473 cctu. (or 5i-0j) are also
Physiological Action.— Tansy i* an aromatic, bitter tonic, and, by virtue
of its volatile oil. i[ i^ diuretic and emmenagnpue. I^rge doses, J5 (.-.fin. (or
15**) or motv of the oil, tafccii to |in"liue iilHirtioji, t-uiiM- di«tnr1>an<-c of the
mpiration, depression of heart"? action, clonic spasms, stupor, and death;
soinelimtv it cniiM-« ahortion, but unly bccautd of its violent irritant ai;Iion
upon ilie ;;iibI ro-inteetinal tract, which may lead to inflatnniation.
Poisoning. — The truilmont of an ovvTdo»« ii the free u«e of demulcents
and purj.'aliveg to clean out the stomach and bowe^ followed by opium, bis-
muth, and diffuMble iitimulant^.
Therapy. — Tansy is a useful ingredient in functional dysroenorrhuea,
■menorrhtui, and overalgia, in doses of 0.03 to 0.06 ccm. (or msa-j), iti pill,
vtdropped on Bti|;ar. In suppreeaed menstruation from cold it may he gives
ia eonjimctton ntth hot drinks and hot applications. It ha« some anthcU
vkaltc effect*, bnt should not be n.M'd for tliia purpose.
TARMALBIH is a preparation of tannin and albumin combin<^ by ox-
foirciOB teniperuturt of 110* to 130° C. for five or six hour*. It rvpre-
MU fiO per cent., by weight, of unnin. It is a lijiht-brown powder, in-
Mtulilt in Hater and iho gastric Eccrcliontt, Mluble slowly in >»te«linnl flui<U.
ll li^iitlf oMringent. iton*loxic. und not irritating. It is ii^fd in various
turns (if diarrlKi'n. Do«e fur adults, 1 to 2 Gm. (nr ur. kv-xxx). In infant-'^
the (ingle dose is 0.10 Gin. (or pr. iss) for every year of the ehild'E age. given
two to four times daily, in follicular entenlii' and liitientdar di^easi' of in-
mtinm the preliminary admin ii-tiat ion of cai^tor-oil is recommended by
fmdjung. Porter found it useful in gaiitnc catarrh with fernH'ntalion. In
fnta] disorders tannalbin may be added to a starch enema.
TAHNIQEN. — This is a derivative of tannic acid in which two acetyl
>n4ihti-e hydrtixyi groups are pn-sent. Tanrngen was prepared by Meyer
iaiKdiTthat it might pass tbrcuigh the stomach unL'hangyd and exert the
■Bflnoece of tannic acid upon the intestine. It is a yellowish-jjrav [wwdcr,
Kluble in water and alkaline solutioiii'. The ifubi^lunce is dcvoiil of taste,
^<x* not disturb the appetite or dif;e=tion. and may be given for a consid-
'^i'le period without producing toleram-c or habit. It ha* generally been
einn inti-nially in doses of 0.20 to 0.50 Gm. (or gr. iii-viij) thrice daily, but
Irom ?,fi(i 10 4 Gm. (or gr, .xl-h) can 1« taken without bad result*. Tannigen
prwrd Qjetnl in diarrhoea, more particularly in chronic eases. It.t effect i>"as
l«» decided in acute diarrha-ii or that of tubercular origin. Tannigen has
••*«■ employe<i. al*o, in chronic inHammation of (be nose and throat.
TANNOFORX is D conden»ation product of tannin and formaldeltyd.
It ■'■ei-uri ax a ii>")M-, reddish-white powder, which is odorli-s.-< and insoluble in
wtw. It j^ niiii§eptic and di->iciant, in iO to TiU pi-r crnt. tritunilions with
MiaR'h. It is especially useful in brnmidroiis and hyperidrosis of
In eczema it has Iwen applied as oil ointment (H> per cent.)
PUARMACBt
also U useful to relieve tlie ttchiug of hnmorrhoid^. Tnnnoform tB nlfo '
■s no iutriDfc«-iu duiI iittniiiiial antiseptic, chronic diarrba'a, eepwially
infantile diarrhoea. The dose for an adult is O.ia to 0.50 Gni. (or gr iv-viijl
It passes thruu>!h the etomacli unchanged, and even in large doses causes an
irritation of the stomach.
TAKHOPIN.— Tannopin is a condciiMtion product of tannin (87 ^
oent.) and Hiotropin (13 per cent.), and was originally introduced by Nfc
laier in the treatment of affcclioni* of the urinjiry organs. It is a hrown po**]
der, iiisoluhie in most ordinary solvenis, but eplite up into its conBiituent* h'
the alkaline intestinal juice, hs RntiKcjitit: and a«trin^'nt rohic in ciitarrG
of thi- bladder having been proved, Schreiber, of Ebatein's clinic, tried it in
Ihirly-two intestinal cases, including acute and chronic catarrh, tubi-rrul'Mu
enteritis, and typhoid fever, pving doees of '/i to 1 Gm. {or gr. Ti)s»-xi'
three or four times a day with very good results, ospcciallr in tho tuhercnlov
patients. Carl Fuctu reports Hve cases of the tisc of tliiit agent for diarrlm-i
The firet was one of tnbercidoufl enteritis in a case of acute general tnbei
cvlnsii; -t Gm. (or gr. Ix) a day of tnnnopin were given for two days, wit!
the result that the daily number of motions fell from twelve to one. Tt
sec-ond eH*e was one of acute dinrrh(ea, which wiw rapidly cured, as were als
tht ihini, fourth, and fifth patients, suffering, respwlively, from heart
trtmbk- (wliitli liiid been too vigorously trcBtcd with digilulin). phthisis, and
chronic diarrha?a of uncertain origin. The sixth patient, whose diarrhoeu||
eantc on in the course of Bright's disease, did not react quite so salisfae-"
torily: tannopin was given for some weeks, but the diarrhwa did not cease
pntintW, though Ihr clnnlM were reduced in number from fiv(? tn two a day.
In a case of cystitis the smarting during micturition diminished, the flow
of urine inorvfldfti, Hud the urine itself bcenrae dearer and le.«s [luniU-nt.
The fretjuency of micturition was not dimiaiahed. hut (he amount paf^^ed
each time wai* iiifyca.'icd. Tn this rwpeet tnnnopin is undoubtedly inferior to
nrotropin, its action on the urinary passapea being only symptomatic; this
was the conclusion arrived at by Schreiber as well. As regards the intes-
tines, it rapidly diminishes the waterj- stooU in acute enteritis, but
chronic diarrhcea il$ fiction is less constant, causing in some casc^ comple
stoppage, in others only limitation in the number of the dejections.
TAJIAXACTIM (U. S. P.).— Dandelion.
TARAXACI RADIX (B. P.). ^Taraxacum-root.
Prepdralions.
Extrnctuia Tarnxaci Kluidum (U.S.P.). — Fluid Extract of Tkntucuia. Dom.
4 to T-S c.cm. (or fSi-iJI.
Bitractum Taradid (U. S I',. B.P.l.— Extinct of Tproxacum. Done. O.OA to SJW
Otn. (or itr. x-x\). B. P., ».32 to 1 «in. (or gr. v-icvl.
Kxlrfiirtuiri Tam.iici Liijuiiiuin (D.!*.]. — Litjuid Extract of Taraxacum. l)o>e. 2
la T.fl cetB. (or (Su'ijI.
Sucnu Tanucad (B.I*.). — Juiee of Tamxacum. Done, 4 to 7 J cent, (or Qi'ij). J
Fhannacolo^.' — The root of Tftnixiicnm officinale (Composila), or
dandelion, should he gathered in the autumn. It is a well-known common
peir«nnial of America and Kuropc, bearing a yellow head of flowers on a
slender peduncle, from a cluster of radial leaves. All parts of the plant c
nRBBIXTIIIXA.
T93
litn a Biilky, ncrkl juico, which exudes vhen the [ilant is cut or braiwd. It
conUias atparaglo (found sIeo in arpanguB, mareh mallow, licorice-root,
•shoo or euonyrou*, the poteto-plnnt, nnd ihe root of the locuet-tiee —
Bobdnia pecudacaciB). which has little, if any, therspeutical value. The
Ktln principka uk Taraxacin and Tataxacerin; the fonofr UdisfiDlTcd out
' fhot iratpr, the latter by alcohol. The rool aleo oontains inwlin, mannite,
1 nsin. Leontodin \» an eclectic preiiaralion made l>y precipilation fmm
the tincture. It is an impure extract of taraxacum and ie given in d<»ee of
0,06510 0.13 r>iii.(crpr.i-ij).
Fhyiiotoglcal Action. — DandeUon preparations are bitter, and probably
riinutaie Die digievtivc iecretions and act as a tonic. It is a f«cl>l«, hepatic
itimnlant (Rutherford). It is a laxative, and also diuretic.
Ilenpy. — In deficient aecretion of jjailric juice or of the bile in atonic
dj^irpsia and torpid liver, taraxacum acts as a mild stomachic and Li of
■nlte in duodenal dyspepsia. Dandelion is also prescribed in catarrhal
JMDdice. It has no specific action in liver disorders, but is often combined
»ith other remedies which have mch eftect: —
B PoIbmU iodldl 4| Gm. or Sj,
Kxt. t»T*xtti U.,
Sjrr. gt}r<7TThiui oa 00| c.cm. or fjlj.
M. Sig.: A («blMpoonful (out lime* dalljr, (or clrrhMia ot tlie liT«T.
The fluid extract of taraxflcum is an acceptable vehicle for nitrohydro-
ditoric acid or ammoniiun chloride.
TEHEBINTHINA (i:. S.P.).-Tnrpeiitine.
TEREBINTHINA CABADEHSI8 (U.S. P., B. P.). — Canada Tiiriwn-
tiae, Balsam of Fir.
lEREBENUM (U. S. P., H. P.).— Tcrcbenc.
Dooe, 0:iV to 1 ccm. (or inv<xv).
Prtparolions.
T*r^i Itydnu IU.S.P.I.— Tcrpin Urdrate. DcMc.O.Bflto 1.30 Gra. lorgr. xxx).
Olniai Terftilalhinee Kerliflratutii (U.S.P.).— K«ctia«il Oil of Turp(!ntin<! (redid-
UIU Irmn IJmC'WBtPT. Rtctifii^d uil at tuipeiiUne iiliould slwnyi be diapemicd vhcii
*■■ •( tntwitln« b rrquired for Intnnal uw). Dcao, 0.30 to 1 ccm. (or mr-xv), or,
u la tttUiclninlic, 1& con. (or ISm).
Okum TvTclnlBUilim (U.S. P.. II. P.).— Oil o( Tur|«nUnr. Kor external uw.
LhtiBKntuin Tcr«binl)iiniF (U.S. P.. RP.). — Turpentine Liniment (rvain cerate.
■Jlitrti; oil of liiipcntinp. 3r> [WrU, U. 8. P. Soft »o«p, 37.0 Gm.; di«UIl*d w«l*r,
lUt.an.; cMtnphor. 26 Urn.; and oil of turpentine. 3SS o.fiu,, 6.P.).
iJaimentutn TrrcbinthiniP At^clicum lit. P.).— I.lnimcnt of Tnrprntlneand A<*11c
^tM Id) of turpenline, 100 ccin-i Klacial amUo acid, 26 Um.; liniment of CMnpfaor,
Linlmeittum OuiUiaridk— Cnutharidp* Linlmant (eantharidM, IS parts; oU of
""Wline. S5 porta). A »trong counter- irnUnt.
fharmacolog^. — Turpentine is a concrete olooresin, obtained from
Pintu ruliijiiris, and from other species of Pinus (Coniferai). If consists
»f I volatile oil, which is known as oil of turpentine, or, incorrectly, spirit
"' "rpentine, and resin. The oil h distillctl from any variety of Ptnus
■ of furnishing it, though the B. P. oil is distilled usually by the aid
»i firam, from the oleoresin obtained from Pinus fylTcatris, and other Epc«ic«
:iu
rUABUACXUTIOAI, TflKKArRUTIC AOESTS OH l>N(TUft.
of Piniis: rcctifieil, if ni-ci>eKarv: mii), at first. U n thin, Ittnpid liqiiiil. but
aftiTwsrd cradually iilwortiN nxvi^'ii from the air and foriiiii n-xiii, whii-li
iiuike« it thicker. Old oil of Itiqiontino is ao OKonixinfi; •{{t^nt, and is recom-
mended in raHc« uf phi>»)ihi>rii« iioiniining. Chian turpontuie { I'lottit-ia tcre*
l)inthu«). coming from t'hio ftiid Cvpnis, does noi materially diflpr from the
nrdinarv fiirm, oxifjrt that it iia*. n inor« iigmmlih' «ilor. n-wmhUntf tlwt o(
leuion or fpnnel: it is pmduced by a larch-tree (AnacardtBceo.-). and may hv
givi-n in (ioin* of 0.20 t<> 0,32 fim. (or gr. iii-v), in Hti emtiUion. Whitv lur-
peDline (Thus Ameticanuni. 13. P.), identical with the solid nialter dcpoeili-d
hy tiirjM'Mtiiie upon «taiidinK, if the tipoiituneou* i.'xuclnti»ii upon tUc> tree,
which is fiirapcd oR and sent (o market in yellowish-white mas$Ǥ. The vari-
ous ronii» of turpfntinv arc ^oliihlf in alcohol, forming what i» commonly
ralltd varaieh. Turpentine is verj" inllammable, and hums with a liea^T
clon<l of blaok unoke of unonvumcd carbon. Thv oil is inSammahli' aua
explosive. The oil of turpentine pni««.'ues n peculiar, ohsraelertBtic odor and
tnntv, Ita* n Hpccific j^vity of (*.»5& to <).K70, if solubh* in alcohol, ctlier,
chloroform, glaeial acetic arid, benzol, and insoluble in water. It is a solvent
for wft\, iodine, »iidphur, phoephome, and Bxed oils. ItoctiRod oil of tur{H>ii-
tine is oil which has been rcdtiitillcd; it 18 the only form saitahle for internal
adniinislruiioii.
Canada Turpentine, not a balsam, is oflicial as Terebintbina C«nadenaiE.
It h a li<piid oloorcein. obtained from Abies bDUamoB, uaod principally in
the arts and in mounting iiiicroseopicnl objerts.
Catramine is closely related to ttirpeutinc, but contains a larger propor-
tion of resin than the latter. Its nhysiolosiical action reaembles that of the
oil of turpentine, It is eliminatea in the urine in the form of a ri:«in, and
is recommended by Vincenzo Cauthier in chronic branchial affections with
proftrfe SMTelion.
Physiological Action. — The oil of turpentine has valuable antiseptic
qualilii's. Wlu-n jippliid In Ihc sltin it produces rednes», tinglin;:, and irri-
tation, and may cause inflammntioii and blistering. In some cases it even
given n*e to iilicraiion. Sc.hk' perjions are very «u«ceptible to iu effects, and
tiie local application will cause marked systemic disorder, with an erythem-
atnti.4 rash. l)<-«qnuniation may follow. Taken by the mouth, turpentine
will likewise occasionally give rise to an erythematous, vesicidsr or papular
cru))tion. In »mal! (i<>ivt (0.i>0 to 1.20 c.cm.,orin3[-xx), oil of tuqientine i.* a
slimolant: in liir^^o amounts, an irritant. IJoses of 4 to 7.5 c.cm. (or t5i-ij)
cause burning in the mouth and glomach, with thir«t; larger onantitie* give
rise to vomitins and purging, with tenesmus; these effects, however, may
be avoided by c-omliination with other agents, and enpecially dcmulwinls.
KoutonitolT declares, as a result of experiments upon six healthy men, that
liirpentiiic di«!o]v« the ulbitminoids of ihc fond in Ibe stomach wln>n hydro-
chloric acid is still abseni; that it first diminishes and subsequently in-
crease* the wcrt'tiou "f the jrantric juice; that it moderately excites the
motility of the stomach and the absorbent power of the mucous membrane.
Upon th« circulalion, t)ie effects arc those of a cardiac stimulant, the pul*«
is increased in force and in frequency, but toxic doses occasion collapse, with
feeble puW. According to Robert, medicinal dosei increase the blood-
pressure by "powerfully stimulating the inhibitory reflex centre, and also
the vntomotor centre." but very large dii*e« pamlyxe both centres, the blood
becoming dark and the heart paralyzed. Injection of oil of turpentine into
TERKBTNTKIXA.
W5
tW Temla nuws low«niig of blood •pro^suro, u-ith incrcaM of puIsc-rote. tn
ami)] diwce it produces ra£cul«r contraction, l-'rom the very diSusibli: nsturv
of thii subfltance, it r«ai]ily linds its u-uy into thv circulation, nnd is cnrrted
to tht ii«rTc-centr«e. After poisouiiig by it, the brain ha* the chnracteristic
odor of tiirpcntine; It ha*, thi-rcfore, bcfti inforrud by Hartholow that it
eimt a dirvct influence upou the nerre-eeUe. It is through the uervoui
ij^ttem that it» ctTcctn are mainly manifested. After moderate or continued
daw, slight exhilaration, lilie th&t foUonini; alcohol, is obeerred, fo)lowt>d
fcjf ID hypnotic effect; toxic amounts cause delirium, with depreised intel-
feflion or elupor, impaired physical power, defective co-ordination {followed
t^Mraly.-iiii). eonia, wllb diliiteil piipiU, nnd death. Such amounts have, in
■uilioD, catucd complete mnscumr relaxation, profound insensibility, and
iWilion of nil reilex niiiwrncniii. Six ouinr^ havu iu'cn!«i"nc(l ihuilh in an
»hit. pri-ctiii-d by opisthotonos; "the brain, heart, lung, and visceni were
hunt) KnrjiiM with blood,"
Turpentine ifl eliminated by the skin and bowels, but principally by the
broaoliial mucous membrane and kidneys. It« odor in perceptible in the
bmih. It communicates to the urine a smell similar to that of Tioletti,
tlwii^h, when the do»c ba« bc«n large, the uriue poesoww ■ terebinthiiuite
«l«r. Heat and dryness of the akin and prm-itus sometimes result from
tk internal m« of turpentine.
fteatmeat of Poiioaing.— Where persons hare been made rick by the
npor of turj«pntine, e« by sleepini; in a newly-painted room, it is neceasary
to^va tbcm a supply of pure, fresh air, with cardiac stimulants and diu-
TttKS, enconinfcin^ the action of the kidneys and tikin by hot drinks and
piketrpine. If large fimounts have been ewaltowed, dcmuIccnU with opiat<>3
arffwnired.
Therapy. — Oil of turpi^nlincis a valuable count^'r-irrilant in l^pritonitis,
paeDmonia, bronchitis, asthma, and painful disorders, such a» lumbago.
plenrDdrnia, myalgia, etc. A turfK-ntino stuue consists of n piece of flnnncl
netted by steam or by being wrung out of not water, with a few drops of
larpmtine sprinkled upon its surface just before application. Spongiopilin
mtj be EJmilarty used. A mixture of equal parts of turpentine and yelk of
^ ii also wrviceably applivd to tlic skin for the same purpose. A turpcu-
lineitupe should be removed as soon as it causes pain. In rheumatic joints
■ heinient containing turpentine ii useful, but the olTieial liniment rei]uirc»
dilatioD: —
S Uaimnit. iMvfaiathliHa,
Tr. opii 1 11. .............. ■■ 301 cnn. or (Jj.
Lia. MponU M| *icni. or fSllj.
U. SIg,: For cstenutl u»e in ilmuiMtiBui, (o be ivwd wilb (ricUon.
lo ^ritonitis turpentine can be applied over the abdomen, cither alone
w«awned thus, with much benefit; —
S Olrt t«T«blntliliiii>,
tJlri oliYBi . . ■» 00] e.rm. or ISij.
Ungrl. liyilrarxTri 0S\ Om. or SM-
IL Sig.: Apfiljr inanu with Binnel orer the aUomen, Ld peritoRtli*.
,-i;
1-
Preparations containing turpentine are advantageous cxtemn*
IMM in inflammalory affections of the larynx, pbarynx, and 1" in
d^lheria it has been beneficially employed as a topical remedy, (>ciDg
Klicd by meant of ii brush, or nilmiiiiKtorctl in tho form of x spray c.
station of the Tspor. Dr. Charles Smith has derived advantage in diph-
theria from thi' coDtinnous inhalation of a mixture compoeed of 1 part each
of carbolic ucid and eucalyptus-oil and 8 parts of turpentine. Clotha eatn-
rnted in tho fluid arc hung or laid near the face of trie patient, care b«ing
Itcn that thoj- do not come in contact with the ekin.
In order to render [Ik- nir-pnsaagea aseptic, Detthil recommenda tnhola*
tion of the following mixture: —
0]«i trrcbintliiein r««lUlefli, ,.<«, 830
Sjiiritiii Idvutidiilir ...,.•...,.,.........,. 00
lodAform 10
^tlier. sul^ IBJ5
com. M fSxj.
ccm. or fjiij.
Cm. or Sll«a.
c.cm. w Or. — M.
'I"he oil of turpentine has been used with euccces in the treatment of
rare bums, accompanied by conatitutionnl (Ivpr4>!»ion. Dr. H. Mclnnes
thai this treatment will at once relieve the pain; and ilie burn will heal
more rapidly than by any other treatment. He advittcs laying a thin layer of
flbiorbcnt cotton over the bum and then saturating it with the commercial
oil of turpentine, and upply a light bandage. A.s (he turpentine evaporates,
more should bo added, lu order to keep the compress wet. Wlien there are
large blebs, he opens them on the second or third day. The turpentine
should not be applied to the heahhy skin, as it may act as a counter-irritant
nnd canse pain.' A tablespoonful of turpentine is o useful addition to a large
enema, especially when given for flntulent colic. Turpentine eiiemata also
aB-iist in combating the stupor of narcotic poisoning and are useful deriva-
tives in sun-!itrokc and cerJliro-wpinal meningitii*. Turpentine h efficacious
in the treatment of chilblains. An ointment of turpentine, official in the
British PharmncopcKia of 1890, is u^cd with advantage in chronic ecxenia,
{isoriasis, and alopecia circumscripta. It may also be applied with good effect
0 unhealthy or indolent ulceri!,
Internally, the oil of turpentine is antiseptic and astringent in some
forms of diorrha'o, especially of a catarrhal cnaracter.
It is valuable in acute dysentery after the violence of the attack has
somewhat sulwidcd, Turpemino is likewise useful in epidemic dysi^ntcry.
A few drops of this oil form an excellent remedy in flatulence and niay be
of benefit in ulcer of the itomocli or bowels. In typhoid fever, amall dotes,
given in conjunction with the mineral-acid treatment, are a valuable adjunct,
especially when the tongue is red, dry, and ctcfln, and there is abdominal dis-
tension. It is best given in emulsion: —
R 01. trrcbintliinn rcctificnt ISI c.cni. or Qaa.
]*utr. ncflvlw )g|G Gm. or Siv.
AqiuB Hnnamomi ■•■•.. .■.S40| tucm. or fSvlij.
M, «E>cunclffm aiicni.
i^if,'.: Onv tabletpoontul every two or three liourH iu ly|>hoSd t«vi>r, or Iho wbo)o
nmoiini may be taken nt once to remove a tape-worm.
The rather unpleasant taste of turpentine may be disguised by the ad-
I
•ilalical Rffar^. Sept. 6. IKlMi.
TKttEIIlNnilS-A.
ditiot) of glycerin in the proportion of about i c.cm. {or foj) to 30 ccm.
(or foj) of inistiirc.
Ihis remedy is, furthermore, vnlunble in typhoid fever by relieving
tympnnilcf und rcKtmininf; hscmorrhBge. If diarrhoea persist or recur during
convalescence from this diaeaee, recouree should be hnd to turpentine. In
rarioiis forms of ha-niorrhogi; turpentini- is vnliiable, bs in hrematuris, pur
para hxmorrhacica, and in gaetric ulcer. It has boon found ctlicient in post-1
partum hroiuDrninge, aiid is peculiarly valuable in this condition on account]
of the rapidity of its action. Turpentine also checks the blveding of ecurvyJ
It is especially in peuive hwtnorrhR^e that tliia remedy is of serx-ice. Inl
hiematuria it has likewise been given with euccees. but it must be employed]
only in small doacs, and its effects vcir carefully watched. The unpalalablel
taste of this Liquid is not infrequently a bar to its administration. When
the do«« confiata of hut a few drops it may conveniently bn givt^i) in a cap-
aule. tilycerin, with the addition of a, drop or two of oil of gnultlicriu, i»J
nid to disfcuiiw the taste of turpentine. The following has been ri'com-;
mended as a mixture of not unpleasant taeto?—
R 01. tcrcbintliiiue re«t 7
.r.th«rb 0
Bjmp. auruitJi ..40
Aquw q. s. lid leo
SI. Sig.i Doa*, a leaspooatUL
ccm. or (»ij.
can. or fSUa.
c.cm. or (SiM.
com. or IJvj,
In chronic cystitis, pyelitis, and gleet, and in broncho rrh(i>a, small doBe«_
of oil of turpentine check the dischargi' nnd set as an antiseptic. IncouH
tinence of urine, spermatorrhnea, and prostatnrrhcea dependent upon relaxa-
tion'are not infrequently relieved by turpentine. In addition to its strict!]
therapeutical ciTecta turpentine is servioeable in incontinence of urine bj
ovcrcnming the odor due to the dribbling of the fluid and converting it into
■ Kent n^winbling that of violets. In low fevers the addition of 4 c.cm. (oi
G]) of Ihis oil to a hot punch often rouses the pnlicut from a condition of^
■lu|xrr, and acts as a stimulant to the circulation. .As a cnnliiic sliiiiiileiil,
tcqwDline is of service iu puerperal fever, phlegmonous erysipclBS, and yeU
lo« f««T, in capillary bronchitis, pneumonia, and emphysema. In gangrene
id the lung it diminishes fa-tor.
A mixture of turpentine and ether (equal parts) is supposed to have
•WM inQuence in removing gall-stones, but it is not probable that it has
the tSect of dissflivinK them, tia was claimed by Durande; the efr<'ct8 are
thnte of a carminative and antispaiimodtc. It is useful in this combination
0 part to 3 of ether) in eolic as an anodyne. Dr. Hughlings Jackson used
"3 of turpentine in chorw. The vapor of steam, impregnated with fnrpen-
tiie, is employed for inhalation in laryngeal and bronchial dis'irdcrs. In
■iTtipelas it may be painted 'in the surface and taken internally. It is a
fftd local application in ringworm, and has been also employed successfully
»> Moie cas«s of peoriasia by Pr. Crocker in the form of an embrocation with
<^-oil (1 to 4), gradually increasing the strength until the pure turpcn-
hMK>il is used. The i*me writer has derived good results in psoriasis and
chrQitic eczema from the internal administration of oil of turpentine in doses
tf 0.61) to S..VI e.cm. (or mx-xl> in emulsion after each meal. King Cham'
Wn hn found that an enema containing 15 c-cm. (or f)^s) of the oil, or more,
:»8
PIIARUACKUTICAL THKIUPKl'TIC AOKXTB OK URt'AS.
is of Kreat value in sciatica; in which afTcotinn this remedy is somettmce
beneficially given internally in 15-c.cm. (or f5si») doges, repeated for several
succensive nights. In othtr foims of ncuwlgia it has proved of eerviee. It
tvcmf, to be of particular value in debilitated or aged subject*, in whom
fJo^encration of nerve-lissiif has oeciiried. Jn such cases 7.5-c.cm. (or f.>ij)
doi^cf. have been found more elTicieiit than finnlltr tfuantitie^. Phillips thinks
turpentine particularly indicated when neuraljiia is of rheumatic origiD.
The oil is of imdoubtcil clllcacy in chronic rlH-iiiiuitisni. nli>-ving the pain
and checking the progress of the disease. Amendment takes place under the
influence of turpentine in rheumatic sclcrotitits iritis, and choroiditis. Nerv-
ous headache is sometimes relieved by this agent: ].20c.cm. (or mxx) of tur-
pentine Ihrico daily is strongly i^comnicnded in lumbago by IJr. Georjre Bird.
According to Ik-gbie, turpentine is of service in hydatid cysts, especially of
the lung, Phillips ha* found this remedy, in dows of O.Oi; to 0.12 c.cm. (or
mi-ij), ni;rht and morning (not fasting), to be of service in certain chronic
ftati of nlbiimimiriii unaiti'ndi'd by pronounced symptoms of Bnght's dis-
Cdse, reducing the amount of albumin and improving the general condition.
Asagencnil rule, the additioimf 1 ti> "..jcini. |orfoi-ij)of nil of lurpi^n
line to an enema makes it more stinnilaling. and iherefore this treatment a
be adopted in narcotic poisoning. An enf^ma containing turpentine relievi
llatulence and constipation, and, as a derivative, is of value in 8iin-strok« and
cerchm-spinnl meningitis. M an anthelmintic, it may be combined with
castor-oil and is very effective against round worms as well as tania.
Caution. — Being a stimulating diuretic, the oil of turpentine should
be used with caution, as it is apt to produce frequent and painful micturi-
tion, with bloody urine, strangury, and inflammation of the kidneys. These
symptoms miiy result from constant inhalation of its vapor. Ha-maturia is
not imcommon among sailors engaged on vessels carrying turpentine. I'ria-
pisni, menorrhngin, and dysmcnorrha-n arc sometimes occasioned by (nr-
pentine. The free aso of barley-water and other demulcents, the hot bath,
and free purgation will generally qnicklv relieve the <»ymploras unless
nephritis should occnr. Turpentine should not be employed when cardiac
hypertrophy i>r atheroma of vessels exists.
Chiau turpentine has been rocommcndcd for the ctire of tcirrhus and
othor nmlignnnt diseane of the litems by Mr. Clay, of Manchester. This
writer insists that the drug ehoohl be pure, that its use sliould be be;^D
at an early stage of the disease and continued for a year after the mani-
festations have disappeoR-d or the tumor has been removed by operation.
It* admini^tTatifln in doses of 0.3" to 1 fim. (or gr. v-xv) has likewise been
followed by improvement in pityriasis rubra. The solid form is not an
eligible method of administration when it is to be continued for any length
of time, as it has been known to eeciimulalc and fonn a mass in t'
stomach.
Terebene is obtained by subjecting nil of turpentine to the action
sulphuric acid and distilling at a temperature of ICO" F. It is a clear, mobile
liquid, having a peculiar, fresh-pine odor and pungent taste: freely solnble
in alcohol, chloroform, and ether, hut sparingly soluble in water. In doses
of 0.30 to 1.20 e.cm. (or mv-sjc), it is given with benefit in winter cough*
with muco-purulent expectoration, by Dr. Uurrell. Tie finds it Useful as an
antiseptic in flatulent dvi-pepsiu; also in cvstitis and gleet. In diseases of
the gcnito-urinsry tract, it can be prescribed as follows: —
wn
an I
TKRBBISTHISA.
tn
B Ttrrbcnl 9(» e.cm. or me.
TIbcL belUdonns lolbr. 4 clcdi. or mix.
SaloUn 0 50 Om. or gr. C. ■
31 rt ft. rat«uIiD DO. XX.
^ig.: From four lo lix cRMUlra a dajr, In gl«*t, rtticture, \M iniUtton of Ike
Uiddfr.
In bronchitis and bronchorrhoN, in emphyeemn, in catarrhal affectloos
o[ the upper Kir-paang«8, even in phthifiie, it hii» been found liighly valuable
Cu inhalation. It has no tpecific action when arlminislered in phthisis, but
probably cx«rt« KOmo local a^lrinf^cnt and antiseptic effect upon the bron-
chiil niucoua membrane, by wliich it \i chiefly excreted. Tereoene has been
»*<1 aitb benefit in pui-rpiTal ffvcr. In gt-nito'iiriiiary diwattc il ha* be*n
fivtn as a substitute for oil of sandal-wood. It shoHla be administered in
(ap«ulei) in the dose of 0.31 to [).60 c.cm. (or mv-x), repeated every three
wr*. In some cases it irritates the stomach, and mi^iht then be made into
*o emulsion. In olhor iiiHtanccs t«rebenc has had a Kimiliir olTcct upon the
toweU or kidneys. A 5-per-cent. aqueous solution of terebene has been
locallr uxed a« a disinfectant vtuh in sureical cases.
Terebinthine, a hydrocarbon of similar composition, is obtained by dis-
lilllnf; oil of titriicntine with an alkitti. By hydration it i* converte<i into
'eH)frithin« hydrate, commonly called terpin hydrate, a crygtatlino, solid
"*Mly, soluble in glycerin, water, and nicohol. It dissolTea sparingly in ether
^iifi chloroform. Terpin hydrate occurs in the form of large colorless rhom-
cmtals, destitute of o<lor and having a taint aromatic taste.
Adds conrcrt il into terpinol, miother liquid body similar to tewlw-ne.
t giten in ?!nallc-r dose* {0.12 to 0.30 o.cm.. or mii-v). It is used to tulflll
^^r^ much the same indications a* the preceding. Terpinol ha» an odor
^Aich rcM-mliles (bat of hyacinths, is almost insoluble in water, but dia-
•**lves readily in ether and alcohol.
Terpin hydrate was used bv Mana««e in forty-one caeea of whooping-
S^'^gh, No in effects upon kidneys or bowels were obnervcd in children
Om doM« of 1.30 Gm. (or gr. xx). In doses of 1 to 3 Gm. (or gr. xv-xlr), ac-
*^fdiof; to age, the severity of the convulsiTe attacks was notablv mod-
Dr. Talamon makes use of the following combination; —
B T^nnD' ttj'Jnit.
.\ntip>-rin .• >. an l[ Qm. or gr. xr,
Syr. aiirnnl. cort,,
ilucilag. ncscin aa dO( crm. or fJIJ.
a. Sic.i One or two oum«> WTnal tiiw* a day (or a child uiider (our rtut
As a local application for diphtheria. Dr. Hiitinel atte, in the Udpital
aw >if8nt8:—
n Terpin. byilrat. i 81 Gm. oc 3tj.
llfdnirK. o>i)«rfd. roma JCS Out. or gr. ivM.
Sfrirttuit iDPatliv pjp.,
Bp. vini rei-UfloBl.
"V
C.CIR. or rjltj,
exm. or mvj.-
M.
Dr. Hugo J. b-tinKT. of Si-w York, uses terpin hydrate with ad-
LlWlage in bay a»lhmn, i^n ing it m 1 lo 1.80 Gm. (or gr. xr-xi) dose*. Terpin
800
PHABMAOEUTICAL THKBAPEmC \OBST& OR I}RrO&
hydratG, being a solid, is f^iven is capsules, in broochial iffcetionf, '
catarrhs, colds, etc., in doses of 0.13 to 0.C5 (Jm. (or jrr. ii-s).
T)t. Willium Murrcll, of London, prescribes tcrpin hydnttt in s mAdIm
containinf; 0.32 Gm. (or gr. v) to 1 5 c.cra. (or fAss), made up with ninpb ebnr
and flavored cither with eyrup of wild cherry, synip of tar, or cbmv-Ueri
water. For patients who cannot take sujiar the elixir may benaoeiA
saccharin. According to Dr. Murrell, tcrpin hydrutc ali^o posseasn divfir
properties and has been used with advantage in neuralgia. It sfaoakdiutW
confoiindf-i! with h )><i<ly of oimilar Duiuc, tvrpcac, found in cucalypui.
TETKONAL AND TEIONAL.— Tctrnnal and trinnal arc allied to ei-
phonal, hav^ing the ^ame general formula, except thai, irhems nlphMd
contains only two ethyl groii;tE, tnonal and tclronal contain throe tiM im,
pcepectivcly.
Trional ocouni as brilliant tablets, tetronal as brilliant ia!ileii> anil K^
Both Kuhfittmces have a bitter ta«te. that of ti-tronnl Ix-iog. at the aaiactaK.
caniphoraceouB. Trional is devoid of odor, is readily soluble in alcotialfl'
other, sparingly soluble in cold water, and is bc«t adniini»t«ml in wm
water, milk, soup, or tea. 'I'rional melts at 76° C. (168.8' F.). Tetrooilfr
eolvev in alcohol and ether, but ie less »olubW in water than trional.
Baumann aud Kaet have published the results of a number nf nfew
logical ezporiiTK'nts with compminds allied to sulphoual, from whi» tin
drew the coneliiBlon that the hypnotic action of thia cIms U a funding
the ethyl gronm in the compound, and jiroportionato in intennir la Aai
number, and tliat the ^^0, group exercises no influence in this dirediK
Tliese results were so suggci<tive that Barth and Kum)>el repoated tkit
pcriments clinically and on the humau subject. The results obtained i
sponded to the observations made upon dogs only so far as m demoB
that tetronal and trional actually possessed hypnotic properties, but HmtJ
not confirm the theory, since practically the same doees were rcqutrHlox
(o prodnc<! the same elTects iis those of eulphonal. instead of oi>c4alfJ
two-thirds, as might have been expected. Tnese agents might he '
caate where sulphonal oannol be taken. Xo injuriout i-fTects wvn '
in any of the two hundred and turenty eases in which trional and
were administered.'
The use of trional. even when continued for a considerable pwint^
aeldom been productive of evil comeunences, or e:itah!i*h('d a liabit B*
disuse, moreover, has not been followed by any manif estutioDK except, j
sibly, the return of the insomnia for which it was originally given, tl I
.little or no influence upon the action of the he-art. Schultze has. "
reported' a case in which triona! had been given every night for four ori
wvelu. The tiatient was a woman aRUcted with melancholia and sl«
neee. Toward the end of the period named her condition, witlioat ap
cause, became aggravated, the urine a.'Mumed a dark-red, almost hlaA <
which was demonstrated to be due to the presence of hsmatoporphyna- I* .
Sluart Hart' refers to certain rare and important M'i|iivlft' folloriaj[ti>»]
of (rioual iu doses of 1 Gm. (or gr. xr) everv' alternate day for two i
* Phannat*uHettl Jtnim/il and Trtinnactinnt, An^. 30. ISM. tai
Oartttt. Oct. 16. ISM. p. TOO,
•OruimAe mtdMaiaciir WochmnrhHU. F*l>. 13. IHM.
* JawTfcon Journal of the VcJimI .^ci'moe*. A|irll, IBOl.
TEUCntfU.
8U1
■tic-Dl, a w'omuti. agvd 50 yt&n, ot this tinio vat i^oincd with nuddeu
i^iilir^ltiiiil irrilticioti, fallowed hy liffiiiato|jarphyriuurk and cardiac
lurtiam-i'H; a few caste and some alliumia wcru fotmd in the uriiic. Hie
nmi^ili^tiirbiiuce took the form of a peripheral neuritis leading to foot-
nni! wrifit- drop on left arid right sides; cerebral toxromia — viz., period* of
•Ii'liiiiiii. nu'ntal confusion, ntin htillticiimtiunit of time and space — iraa also
iioird. The patient lost flesh and had slight a-dcma of the ankles and con-
Ndrnlilo pliywcnl weakiu-w. Recovery followeil in abont twelve months. It
ii, therefore, udvisable that, in ererj' case where trional is eontinuouslv fpvcn,
Ihr onnc should be carcfidly wolchtd. From experimnntj^ upon nuiinjils. Dr.
Olio Bakofen determined that trional is toxic only in maKive dost* given
coDtinnoualy, or with tihurl interruptions. In his investieationa he never
Irasd any chanf^es in the kidneys or observed ha;matoporphyrinuria. Both
ktrainl and trional have a iili^ht irumulativ« sction. When exce«.iiTe doses
hrt \)tta tiiken as a result of accident or from smcidal intent, the Htomaeh
>tiouEd lie t-niptif^, or, if free nhKorjition ha« tttkcn placo, elimination should
k liB'it'iied by the use of diuretics, and stimidants should be adininiHtcrcd.
Tlicrapy. — In delirium Ireinena tetronal i» Icsg ciVicient than i-ulphonal;
but, u an hj'pnotic, tetronal was found, in 14 cases out of 30, superior to tlie
lulttt druff, in 6 caaeii ctinal, and in onlv A inferior. Trional in 1? cases was
nprrior. in 6 cages equal, and in 1 inierior. liarth and Rumpel conclude
ml tbe indications for the mo. of the»c compounds correiipond with those of
nlphonal, atul in certain nervous conditions which are refractory to this
drag the others may prove more etTeetive, or, at least, are useful substitutes,
ft J. B. Matlii^on, oi Brooklyn, has found Irioiwl of odvanttige in the treat*
mtm of tht opium, chloral, or cocaine habit, and regarde it as the moat [low-
trial hj-pnotic at present at our pommand. In accord with other observers,
he hat failed to lind it useful as an anodyne, but states that in painful con-
ditms a combination with codeine or phenacetin will often produce an
ewellcDt re»=iJlt.
Iff. William Mabon, of the State Hospital at IJtica, N. Y., concludes
Ihttboth Ictnmal and triunal poitWBs decided hypnotic and sedative power.
TimmI appeared to be of superior value as an hjpnotic for the insane, but
Ittrtrntl »c<-invd to give the b(«t results a« a »cdfllivc. I'he cfVieacy of trional
upriacipally displaye^l in simple insomnia occnrrinR in functional or organic
■xnwH diM-a»4-«. Trional cauMd »lccp in most cn»« of alienation accom-
panied by moderate or severe excitement, but was without effect upon (he
■nnUl rondilioR. In m)me inNane Cjiilepticii, tlii>u);h trional was without
<fl«1 apon the frequency or seventy of the paioivsms. it shortened the post-
epileptic delirium. .A < cord inn U> tumv writerx. tri'^nal if r<Hilra-indicat«d in
■wlincbolia. hypochondria, or whenever menial depression is present. Tri-
"■•lliTtn liy the re^^tum in a somewhat increased done ha* likewise proved
^linl. Koppers stales that a dose of O.'iS to 0.50 tim. (or ^r. iv'Viij) of
trwBsl is of value in restraining night-sweats. M an liypnolic the doM ts
0.0 to S Om. (or gr. x-xxx),
lEnCRIUM. — Water-germander, Woodsaf;^. The loaves and flowering
"^- of Ti'ucrium ^cordeum (Labia(a'), growing abundantly in Central Eu-
' inil naturaliitvl in some of the States along our Atlantic coast, posseea
•^^Jtciml proj>crtic:=. The taste is bitter and decidedly astringent. The virt-
■*•* •! the plant depend upon an «lei)rr-»in, Tcucnuni also contains an
I'llAIIUACKmCAI. THRHArHUTIC AOKKTS OS
esMntinI oil. vhiih i^ varni and BOinruhat puiigi'nt to the tfl^le. It tnny
given in (Ik- furin of nii JnfuKioii, the ilone of which i." 30 to GO c.cm. (c
^i-ij), or of a fluid eslract. The dose of the latter pri'punition is 4 to 7J
ccin, (or fSi-ij).
Phytiolotnccl Action and Therapy. — Tenrnum powMws astrin^nt nnd
stimulant jjR)fiertii-s. Dr. Juhii U'. Kckfeldt reports that it is a useful imti-
Bpemiodic in vcrluin nL-rvone diKordi-rt, as whouping^eough and hyiilcrin of
uterine oripn. A avrop of teucrium is a ftooij espcctorant, restraining ux-
ceesive e«crt'tion, unil of d^pci-iiil sinice in thf tr^-atnu-nt of uerTiiu* coughs.
The same obsenfr hae found this remedy of service in unnnorrhu-u and siil
a<ruterh(.-uiitatii>m. HvstuU-* tliat it lia» het^n usctl usuii alifiralive in iterofv
loeiB.
Teucrium i« partioulnrly viiliinhl« in cnlai^emont of the prostate aiicl
bsntorrhoide. In the latter sfTeelion it mav ho used with good elTivt in the
form of a suppodtorv, and allt^viateti the itching which *i> otlvn accompauie
the condition.
THALUN.— Tetra-hydro-parachlnanUol fC.n.n.KfOCH,)]. Thallinr
a conipuund of the tiromtilii.' wni--, ■■\hil)its thi- fimn of coiorliws, rhombic
crv?taU, eolulile in water, alcohol, and ether. It fonus salti- wiih turtaric.
tannic, hydrochlnric, and sulphuric ai'idr'. Thi' Miljiliatc, u'l)i<'h har^ l>een
moet generally employed, ie a whitifih, crystalline powder, of an aromatic
smell und tasle. ThaJliu sulphate u readily MoLulih- in water, hut ^paheglj
80 in alcohol.
Pbysiolo^cRl Action. — Xhallin possesses powerful anti»eplic virtn«6,
and a -I- lo ■>-pcr-i.vnt. mdution it: capalilc of di-^ti'oying micro-organ i»m><.
Large doses depress cardiac energy and reduce blood-pressure. It rapidly
lowers febrile lejupiTaliire hy iiiiniaslng the diN>ipiilion of lirat, and Ihi-
ellect may continue for several hours, — though, as a rule, it is of rather brief
duration. The rvdnclion is ofn-n uecompnnied by profutw gwmting and
extreme proatralion. Vomiting and diarrhoea, chills, cutaneous rashes, cy-
iLiio«l'^, or ulhtiminima may follow its administration, Thallin if speedily
eliminated by the kidneys. Solutions of thallin sujjjhate assume a brownish
Color when exposed lo tiir and light. In its diminution this KnbiiiaiiCQ cue
municates a dark diHcoloration to the urine.
Therapy.— Thallin iialt* were used with adviintage «»■ an injwtJon tn'
gonorrluea. the strength of the solution being from 2 to :; '/; pei" eent. In
gtevt a weaker solnlioii >ih» givi-n a favontble result. When adniiliistered for
reducing fever, thallin sulphate has been employed in hourly doises of 0.OS3
to 0.065 Gm. (or gr. »*-j). In luhereulosi;! it ri'iliuew ti-injicruture very rap-
idly, but, even in small amounts, is apt to occasion alarming prostration.
I'roft-Kiior Deninie recommends thallin in the treatment of typhoid feit'r of
children. Other observers have spoken favorably of the influence of thallin
in the febrile affections of children. Dr. J. V. Crozer Griftitb hai^ derived
good results from it» use in measles, scarlet fever, and other diseases char-
acterized by high fever and severe nervous manifeelationi*.
THEINA.— Theine.
.\n alkaloid obtained from Camellia thea.
(See Caffeine and Camellia.]
THROBHOM.f
803
THEOBROUA. Cacao, Chocolate.
Preparaiion.
Oitmm Tlicoliroinslja (U, 8.P., B,P.).— Oil of TlieoWoma, Caraobulter.
Ihum&cology. — Tlii.- ^fids oT ria- 'nii'olironiit (.'aeao [Stcrculi«ceie) ore
jnt], sDd consist of iihelU and kernels, both of wliicli contain an alltaloidll
nDci]>k' cnlk-d Theobromine (about 2 pi-r ceiiL), flitnilur lo uafleiiie (l)ie
ner Iwinjr dimelhvl-sini thine, Ilie latttr trimcthyl-xaiiihinf). alsw a yv\-
loTidi-u'liitc, solid uij, or fat. known ae Caoao-butt«r. T)ii» has a (nint, diar-
tcttrutic, pleasant odor, is alnioiit laetelee^, and has a neutral reaction, mcll-
iu(;it tb«- (t-mperaturv of thv surface of the bod]-. It in nutntious, hut id
a« IB chieSy valuable as a basis for suppositories, aod for external ap-
in nuiMagc. Chocolate is au artidf of food prepared from the
nuted keroelB, which are ground into a fine paste with sugar and flavored
vith nnillu. When this is added to boiling milk i» proper proportion, a
flauuit restorative article of diet is made, but rather .oily, on account of the
pCKDce of the cacao-butter. \Vlu-n the eacao-buttcr is partly removed by
pntBure and the kernels roasted and ground, as before, it is known as cocoa,
—an nnforlunatc name, since it causes confusion by rv*emhii«g cocoa, or
tlwcncoa-nul tree, and coca, or (he erythroxylon coca, the latter also being
the source of an exhilarating bcTerngc used in South America. Cacao'but-
tcr ii rhieBy stearin; it does not bocome rancid. It has recently been tn-
Sioiinly 'uhxtittilvd in ii niiIk-fo«d for iiiriint.* (hit t(i-|jri.'|ianila of Itii-d A
arick) in order to overcome the objection of the deficiency of fat, since
in ill these preparations most of the cream has to be removed, l>ec8UBe it
mdiiy beoomc:< randd and cunnut be kept without developing fatty Bcid«.
Cacao-butter is inrgeiy used in making suppositories, of wnioh llie follow-
ing mv bo taken as au illuslnitioii: —
B &iL kr*Riprlie >..
Ext opit ' j03 lo
01. th*obromatlft
U. rt (t. HijipdMU'riuni n^^. j. Mitlv tiiW no, vj.
Sg.: InwH onn at night for iTritobk liKmorrliaid*.
32 Ciui. or gt. v.
m& Gm. or gr- ■«-].
Gni. or 1^. XV.
In preparing suppositories, the addition of spermaceti enuse* the mMa
tOK«^tnl more rapiflly and renders jl less apt to adht-n- to the moldK, There
iabui one official suppository in the United States Pharmacopn-ia, (hat of
gljwin, which, however, is minlf with stearic acid and sodium carbonate.
It has been suggested that Copra-oil may he advantageously u«d io pre*
pwing suppositories. Copra-oil h siiid tociiniist of oocoa-nut oil (from Cocos
nicifoat freed from its more liquid portion. It conceals at 28° C. (82.J*
F.fand povM-Htes tlie advantages of solidifying rapidly, of contracting con-
»i«l)lr after cooling in the molds, and of being atle to take up a large
pnfnrtion of water.
nyiiologioal Action. — The i)hy«iolugical effects of theobromine ar«
>n^tciu)< lu those (if calleine, but it does not stimulate the central nervona
i^en lo anything likv the same extent, and is poisonous only in do«c« live
« BX time* as great as the latter drug. The cfTccW upon the vasomotor
cmltc in the nietlulU art aln> much less. W. Cohnstein cancludee that
a physiological doaea theobromine has no perceptible action upon tb<
MtABMAOECTICAl, THEIt.irKFTlt* AOIS
UR DRl'OBr
hcurt, but that cxci-s«ivc tjunntitiee caucG s in^diinl full of hloud-pr
Schroedi-r' (Ieiiiiin^lran?<i iIihI caJTi-ine acted oi » iliurelic l>j- dirvci etii
tion of thv renal epithelium, and i>iibH:«|uently lins xhown IJiiit Utcobromit
acts in the same wav.' He aliw Hhowed I lint theobromine was less poisonot
and that it vras a marc powerful and lastinj: diuri'lic. Gram* eonfinnrd the
observations, but found theobromine tn.tolublo and likely to cau^ luius^a"
fk-, therefore, recommends a double Kotieylute of theobromine and wdimn,
containing about 50 per cent, of theobromine, as a substitute, which, from
it8 edccts, bai< been called Diurctin. This stilt ha« u billcr taste; i» a white
powder, soluble in half its weij;ht of hot water, and not depositing in cool-
ing. It if best given in solution with on aromntic water; in »yrnjis it is
liable to deposit, and in powders it is apt to decompose in a short time. lie
gave it in 1 Gm. (or gr. xv) doses, five or viz times daily. The action of diu-
retin upon the heart very closely resembles that of di|;ntalis. Accardinj; to
the invcetigations of Panowski. diurctin exerts a tonic infiucnce upon the
cardiac muscle and diminishes the area of cardiac dullness even before it
produces a diuretic effect. It also raises tho blood-prcs«urc. In some in-
stances diuretin occasions disturbance of the digestive system and, in tare
eases, skin eruptions follow its use. It aim somcltnies causes buxxing in ears,
insomnia, or drowsiness. In a case which came under the observation of
Dr. Iliibn, of lladcin. the itdministnition of diurctin to a man sntTcring from
emphysema of the lun;,'a, dilatation of the heart, and dropsy gave rise to
violent heudtichc, giddiness, vomiting, a feeling of anxiety, and excitement
Oram has aUo written of a correspond iuK compound with lithinin, a
Rulicylole of theobriiniinu and lithium, or theobromine-lithinm. This prep-
aration may effectively take the place of diuretin, being more readily ab-
sorbed than the latter and active in doses of 0.20 to 0.25 Gra. (or gr. iii-iv),
Therapy. — Diuretin has been tried in various diaeaaes by UolTmann.'
who gavi- iiboitt 5 Gm. (or gr. Isxv) daily; he found it iist-ful in pleuritic erfii-
sion. In acute nepliritifi, the amount of urine was tripled. In disorders of
the circulation attending lesions of flic lu'iirt, llolTnumn reports in all grc«t
diuresis, decrease in (rdema, and strengthening of the pulse. The diuretic
action is usiially miinifosteil within the first twenty-four hourf, and grad-
ually reaches its ma.tininm between the second and the sixth day. It falls
rapidly upon discontinuing the drug, or after the di.tuppearanee of the
dropsy. The amount of albumin in the urine was not much atTecfed, except
that in the hcart-cHsi-s there was dietinct lessening, No cumulative effects
were observed, and the theobromine was rapidly excreted in the urine. Dysp-
nivii, broncbilii*, anon-xia, and tin; gcnenil condition were all improved.
Sometimes slight diarrha?a was noticed, but the drtig was well borne by ihi-
stomach. Excitement and sleeplessness did not occur, but as the circulation
improved the jtatient slept better. In some cases, where digitiilis and »ln>-
phanthus had fnilcd to give relief, theobromine acted well, but, an a rule,
it is not so generally useful. It may be combined with them in certain eases
so as to assist in promoting diuresis. In IIoiTmann's opinioD it is much
superior to cafTeine. It has the advantage, over calomel and other mercurials.
'ilrrMr fur ETperlmenl. Falhotoiiif, xxli, laSfl.
'rhlilrm. xxiv. 1887,
■ Thetiiii''uli-iiflie Uoital«heftr. .Ian.. I8B0.
'Arvhir t'ir Ej^ptrimatl. PalhoJasle, sxvlil. H. I. 1B90.
TltEOBKOMA.
805
otaclioj; upou (he heart ne well as iht- kidneys.' Pitiri'tin is particularly
viIimMc in the lr««lment of drtipsy tU-pendent upon cardiac failure. Ac-
ordinc to the ob««r%-tttionf of Pawinski it ii; more cfllcaciotig in affections
■ oi the acart-iiiu«cle Dmu in rnlvular disease. In sdema due to renal lesions
itieof raluc. t>u( is seldom of use in a^citLE of hepatic origin. In some cases,
ttlcr btvinv been given for tieveral days, diuretin vill produce marked do-
vnnioD. In a cuee of progrc»itve spina) pamlvHiM, Aucona ol))icrved that
ditretic had a marked elTccI in regulating the function of micturition, ap-
ptrentliF by a direct action on the vesical centre. Dr. Demme regarded diu-
ntin »i uM^fuI in the treatment of children. It causes a rapid disappearance
of dropsy due to ecarlatinous nephritis and of auoeart* dependent upon car-
^iooleiion. He found it generally well tolerated, and that it can he given
in the daily doses of O.oO to 1.J2 Gm. (orgr. vii««-xxij) to childrv-n from two
to fiTt year* old and in proportionately larger amounts to older children.
II n inippropriate. however, to infant* lees tlian a year old, on acconot of
the gBf; I-'- intestinal irritalioii which it excites. In one caee he witnessed B
■orliilliforui eruption, with ubtinilniit diarrha>a, after ingcvtion of C Gm. (or
^. xc) within four days. Its aelion is more enduriog than that of digitalm;
It is Qot dangerous like calomel and does not produce nervous excitement
like caffeine.
U. iluchard' ha« made exten»ve use of theobromine and coneludct
that il it Miperior to digitnlin and catTeine as a diuretic. Its prolonged ad-
Binbtration involves no ini'onveniL'Uce, provided thai the daily dose does
■>»t einrd A Otn. (or gr. Ixxv), and more especially if thi.4 tjuantity be given
in frKtional doses of 0.50 Gm. (or gr. viiss). Exceptionally it may, however,
WW in smaller doaes, cause severe headache. Nausea and vomiting are rare,
»• is alto cerebral extitemeut. Once only did the cxliibition of the drug
«n« albuminuria, and in three instances only was previously existing albu-
ninttria increased by il. In these latter cases the increased albuminuria coin-
fiied with rapid disappearance of the trdema. M, Hnchard prescribes the
lliwtirwnine after the following plan: 1st day, 3 Gm. (or gr. xlv) in fractional
•ioMMof t)..%0 t!m. (orgr.Tiias) in cachets: 2d day, 4 (Jm. (orSj) in 8 cachets;
Wd Sd day, 5 Gm. (or gr. IxxvJ in 10 cachet*. This latter dose is continued
'orliiree or four days. In certain cardiac diseases he prolong* the diuretic
sctinn |,y the adininislratiitn (consecutively) of 0.00O5 to U.OOl Gm. (or gr.
'/la-V, j of digitalin pjven in one day. Theobromine U a diri'ct diuretic, its
actioB Wing to induce a heightened activity of the renal epithelium. Its
enploymcnt is particularly indicated in arterial cardiopathies, in those com-
pliwfed with renal lesions, in hyposystole (heart-failure), and in interstitial
'Kphritis. The aimultaneous exhibition of digitalis, calTcine, or lactose docs
i<^ iscrcase its diuretic action. Theoliromiue diuresis is not prolonged
'"•(jer than three or ftmr ihiy-i, aftt-r Ibi- Inxt dii«e is given. The drug is not
cottnlalive or toxic: it succeeds often when digitalin or catTeine has failed;
and il baa apparently be»-n of use in typhoid fever and pneumonia, where a
»''*»«retion of urine is of importance.
Cuao-butter is a good omollieni and protective to apply to excoriated
(■'K'ln of nursing women and to the thighs of children suffering vith in-
tiTteigo. raeao-buttcr suppoiiit<iric« offer a favorable method of adminia-
'fiindrrnpnt to thr Brilith Urdktil Jonrmil, Jan. 3, IWI.
'KniMi Tli»ifi|Kii(ii|M', Jan. 8, 189«.
606
rHARUACBCTICAI. THBRAPHUTlO AdENlS OR DRVVK.
tcriiig rcmedie*, e»peciaUy id ohildrcn. The following are appropriate doi
for children: UclladoDna (0.01 c.cm.. or m '/(. of the tinttur* for a child of''
one ,vitur, in 3-1 hotire, dividrd into Ihrcc or four Aupposi tones, and increase
for every two years); bromides (I Gm., or gr. xv. in 'i supposiloriett, for
«*ery year, repeated at fliort intiimilti in iipaAinodic alTections, tarynglsniua
Btridulu&, etc.); caffeine (0.10 Gm., or gr. m. with en oqital qnantity ojj
toditim bengoatc, using 2 dailv); digitalis (4 drop» ia the niaxiniiini dose or
the tincture for each year, divided into two Euppo&iloriv^). X«x vomioa '
(0.01 Gm.. or gr. '/«. for every two ye«ri*, in three suppositories); strych-
nine sJiould not be given until after* teu years of age; opium (powdcrcj.
opium, O.OOI Gm,. or gr. '/«4. f«r cin'li y?"', and reppatvd in l«ii hour*, di*-^
continuing immediately at onset of toxic symptoms: it should not be given
io infants under two years of age); mercury (euloniel, 0.0-18 Gm., or gr. */„
for each year of life); iodides are well borne by ihv rectum and fully ab-
»orb(-d. 0.20 Gm. (or gr. jij), for eniih year of life, in two aupnositortet is tlio
maximum dose; 0.048 Gra, (or gr. '/,), if it is to be continued.'
THERUOL is a white, crj-stallinc, odorless, and tasteless powder. devoHl
of all pli'.nyl or unilim- to:(ir proin-riict': is slightly Kiilublc in cold water^
more so in boiling water, and freely soluble in alcohol. Its action is that'
of an antipyretic. li-^Moing ineriJisoii listiiie-conibuKtion through it* tfin-
tive power and controlling inlhioni^ over the nervous system. Themiol is
devoid of any depresNuil action on llie lieiirt. wbich make«^ it u vitluahle
flgent iu fevers. Ur. Oliver L. MilleH stalt* thai, in twenty-six cases of
lyplioid fever treat<^ at the .Allegheny General Hospital, thermol rediicol]
the teinpernture, withuut producing atiy dclelerioua elTect:* on other organs
He alio noted a shorter (iiinitioii of Ibc dim-nse in Ibe nmjority trt-alcd.
In whooping-cough Dr. K. Hosenlhal" gives rather large doses to con-
irol the iMiroxysnis: Tn n ehilii oik- yi'ar old O.Oti.j Gm. (or gr. j) evury two
or three hours is administered until physiological effeetsare produced. Thai
dose for an adidt lis nu antipyretic is from I'.Kl In u,t"ta Gni. (or gr. ii-v).
THILANIN. — This name has been given to a combination of sulphur
with laiiiilin. The oonipoviiKl. which contains :} per cent, of eulpbur. appears
lo differ from a mere mechanical mixture. It is a* yet unoertain whether
the sulphur in combined ivilb the iholeslerin or with fatty acid*. Thilanin
ia an unctuous substance, of a yellowish-brown color and a sulpbuTnuit odor.
It i» devoid of initiitit pni[n-Hic». In acnle, unliacute. and chronic ei'zenia,
th« oraema of children, her|tcs, and sycosis, thilanin has proved of advan-
tage. It can be niixeil wilb iiipjeous or oleauinous fluids. This compound
has been used with advantage in acne and psoriasis, and relieves the itching
of various diseases of the .skin.
THIOCOL. — Tills name has been given bv Roche to guaiacol-sulphonate
of potassium, it has the advanta^o over creosote and giiaiacol in being sol-
uble in water. It occurs hb a white. microer}-stal!ine. permanent powder,
which is odorless and of a faint, bitter, saline tai»te, but not disagrveable.
Tliio<'ol is used for the same purposes clinically as guataeol. and may boj
■ Ufdivlnr l/orfn-nc; Pcdialrlc*. May, 1808.
* Intmioliiimil Mrili/til Mnga:^"*', y*"*'.. IflOI.
' Uiylint UntUnrl.
TJIIOI..
ctilwil in now^Jpf, laMet, or wtUi ornngi- nr einnnmon itvru)t, «r an)' oon-r
licnt Tcfaivlc. Thi- cumtuonciiij; do^c ie 0.ti5 iim. (or gr. x), gMdiitll;
iDerasnl to 3 Otn. (or fir. xxz), thnif. or rtiiir times daily. It ia clnimod to
be free from toxic effects or irritution of the stomaoli, and is statul to ha of
efwcial value in removinft the symptom!) of phthisis and faTorinj^ recovery.
THIOL is a eheniical, oompuvcd of livdrocurlionx and about 13 jior cent.
of sulphur. It occurs as a soft, gray powder, or scales, as prepared by RitslvL
who also fnnii:^he.'< it in lii^iiid foriii. which conlatn^ -10 per cent, of the liaMi^
Thiol is of ai^cablc odor *nd neutral reaction, iii readily soluble in water,
liut is leM soluble in alcohol and ether. It it Inv from local irritant etTect.
I>r. Lau^hin has employed thiol ointment with success in eczi-mn, acne
rosacea, carbunch-)!, and boils. In facial crysipclaK thiol conxlitules nn exc«l-
lirDt application. A vO-per-cenl. ointment is a useful application in frost-
bitcii and chilhlainn. Thiol is likewiso of value in the trt-alinent of bnrns.
The imwdcr is a good application to moist eczema, burn«. cr^'lhema multi-
fomie, ami pemphijius. In the liijuid funn il i* of hi,'nefit in papular and
pustular t^s^^H-ma. Thiol resembles ichthyol in obcmical composition, and it
mav produce the *amc phy«iolugical and Uierapeul Jcal effeets. It i* aaid
to be nou-toxic.
Thiol is emplovo<l for the i^ame purposee as an Antiseptic and local atimu-
Iitnt as ichthyol. over which it has the advantage of being more agreeable :
odor.' In the daily dose of about 0.008 Gm. (or hi. */,), ihiol has been su
e«Mfully given internally fur the rvlief of constipation. Goltsi-halk employs'^
it in c«s«s of pelvic exudation, acute and ehrimic endometritis, a 10- to 20-
per-cenl. jElyivrin Mtlution beitig ni^ed u|>on raKinnl tHmponi mid the ahdo*
men rubbed onci' a day with a thiol oinlment. To the canal of the womb he
applies the remedy upon an upplicator. Thiol oinlnit-nt is irritant to the
skin, and it« use must be. from time to time, discontinued.
.Another cimtpoimd in which sulphur i» present is known us Thiophen.
Thit subflancc is u hydrocarbnn IwlonEinji to the aromatic series; is a color-j
leee volatile oil, insoluble in water, and posses-^ed <>t a i^light odor. Tvro com-
binations of thioiihin have been made the subject of clinical experiment.^
Sodiam-tnlphate thiophen is a white, crystalline powder containing 33 per
cent, of «ulphi)r. hiilf of which is combined with carbon. Its somewhat <lis-
a^re(«ble odor is oompleteiy Inst when it is made into a <*■ to lO-per-ccnt.
ointment. The ointment has no irritant effect upon the skin, and ha^ been
found ItenefieinI in (irurigo,
Thiophen di-iodide has been used as a substitute for iodoform. It is
made by replacing two atoms of iodine for iwo atom* of hydrogen in thio-
plitfO. Thiophen di-iodide contains 75.5 per cent, of iodine and 9.5 per
crnt. of sulphur, both being in rombinstion with carbon. The substance is
crystalline, insoluble in wati>r; soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform.
It inhibits the development of the microbe* of ouppurntion, and has been
employed with Kuccyss in tlut treatment of wounds and bums. This com-
[>ound ha5 been successfully employeii by Topolanski, combined with sngar,
in liir in-atmont nf c-onjunctivilis, catarrh of the laerymal duct, and ahscejn
of the (^^^n<','i
Thio-rcBOrcinnm. — lIuoreiMircin is a sulphur-«ubstitiition compound of
• iritwr tllnUtke Wochmtehrlft, No. IS. 1880.
908 rHARujtcieuTiCAL TnssAPsrTic aoektb on ukcos.
reurcin. It is in am))<!r-yolli)w orvMtal*, and it iwil instead of iodiifonii
minor BUrjicry. It probably might also be uecd istenifllly, in thv tunc dua
IIS rcsorcin.
Thiocamf. — According to Praf. Emcreon Rtynolde. its dfBCOvcrcr, thi<
cRmf is a liquid whtoh rciiultii when >uIphur-dioxide gm ia brou|;ht in con-
tact with camphor, it is of viiliic ae un attnofipluric diKinfcr-tjiin, nn intes-
tinal antiseptic, an application to wonadfl, and a parasiticide in cutaneous
afr«ction8. *
THIOSINAMUr. — ThloainMiiin, or nllyl-sulpliocnrlmmid. i« msdf by
heating io;ip_th..r ;' [jart§ of allyl-mustflrd-oil, 1 part of absolute alcohol, ana
7 jwrls of -voiiiliiiri of ummonia. It i« a while. cry«lalliDe iiiib«tance, and
p08gc£ec6 a slight aiomattc odor. I'his compound dissolves in alcohol in thck»
projtortion of 1 part in 5, but is decomposed by Holution in water. It ie bIsqH
Bohiblc in ether. Injections of this substance are said to increase the qiian-
titv of urine excreted, Tliey arc productive of no injurious i-lTvct u|)on the
kiuneys. Thioeinamin promotes the absorption of esudatious and of scat
tissue
Thenpy. — Thiosinamin has heen used by hypodcTmic injection, prin
cipally in lupus. It was. th<^ subject of a communication by Haiiii Hidjm ii
August, 1893. lo tlie International Oongrtss of Dermatology and Syph-
ilology. The remedy was used by Hcbra in doscs of from 1 to 5 c.em. (or
mxv-lxxT) of a 5-por-cent. solution, injected twice a week under the skin
of the iiitewcflpular region, alternately on the two Bides. Subcutaneous in-
jection of thioeinamin causes a local reaction of lupuji, manifested by swell-j
ing of Mil? disi>iis('d .^iirfncf, cnntitiiiinjr for four to six honrH, i^rHdually sul
siding until, at the end of twenty-four hours, the skin had regained its fomi€
aspect. Consli t 111 ioiinl symptoms d. I not occur. .\iin r-suIi of the opcnilion,
it is reported that lupous nodules relrocede, ulcers become clean, the elevated
edge* arc leveled, and cicatrization fakes place in a few week*. Dr. Sinclair
Tousey, of Kcw York, has met with ^eat success by using thiosinamin in-
jection* for inuperahlc tumors, cicnlrtciol contractures, and keloid.' Thio-
»oaniin promotes resolution of enlarged lymphatic glands, especially in
scrofulous or tuberculous subjects. This n-medy has been considered as of
service in the treatment of caries and necrosis.
It ii» without influence ui)on syphilitic lesions. The injections are said
to have a decided effect npon corneal opacities. Dr. hatiko has found the
absorbent power of thiosinamin of scrriee in gyniecological cn.^^ca. Injections
of 9.^85 to 37 c.cm. (or fSiiss-x) of a IS-per-cent solution caused the partial
or complete removal of pelvic exudates and allowed maJpositioits of tk
uterus to be rectified.
Dr. Dane, of Vienna, has made trial of thiosinamin in two eas^s
urethral stricture. lie employed the remedy hypndermically, injecting
first half and subsequently a Pravaz syringefut of a IS-per-eent. alcoholic'
RoluUon, He obsencd a rapid softening of the cicatricial tissue and an im-
provement in the symptoms, but the transformation was not permanent and
the parts were not restored to the normal condition.
THOJA.— Thuja, Arbor Vite. The fresh tops of Thuja oecidentalii
'Xnr Yort Mntir'it J'liirnnI, Ixlil. p. ft79.
THUfl AUEBICANUJI.
809
(Conifene), or white cedar." growing in the northern United States, contaio
Ptnipicrin, a Wtter principle; Tfaojm, a yellow coloring principle. ThnjeKn
i; lifrited from the prfccding. It* moat important constituent is a voUtile
til. Thich resembles savin in its phyaiologicnl ctTccte.
Therapy. — Externally, the recent leaves have been used, nibbed up with
Dintsient, om a stimulating antieeptic dreeing for ulcer* and condylomata.
A Unag tinctnre may be applied externally, in warls and excrescence*, and
giten internally in 0.30 c.em. (or mr) dotee. Four Gm. (or 3j) of thuja
idded to 30 cem. (or f^) of warm water is said to constitute an excellent
iajcclioo in hydrocele, the fluid having been previously withdrawn from the
nv. In papifloniala of variouit kinds Ur. Piffard speaks highly of it. and
couidere it useful in gleet dependent upon granular urethritis. The oil has
been given with ihe view of expelling worms, hut should he cautiously used,
M it is a gastro-inlefilinal irritant. It has even brought on abortion in preg-
Mst women, but only docs so by the violent disturbance it creates in the
tMro-intestinal tract. In bronenilis the ^pur of thuja, steeped in boiling
<nter, otlen incroa»es expectoration, and has a secondary astringent effect.
Thuja has bwn used both internally and externally, with «ome success,
in cKroutc rhemiiatisin. In amenorrhea and prostatitis it has been found
of stait, and is said to have been serviceable in intermittent fever, Thi)
remedy tecm» to exert a certain influence upon the growth of malignant
tamors, and has been thought to have a special power In restraining the
hmonhege which they occasion. It has also been employed in hsmoptysis.
The Oil of Pnmitio Pine, from an allied species, has been used in -t c.cm.
(n (5j) dose', givt-n in milk, as a tieniacide. It is pleasanl, ciTuL-tive. and
■fpartnlly a safe remedy.
THUS AMERICANDM (B. P.).— FrankinceMC.
DoM, 1.30 to 4 tim. (or gr. xx-5j).
Tlie concrete otcorcsin, which a scraped olT the trunks of Pinus palustrts
■"d Pinus Tivda. when fresh, is of a rather soft, pale-yellow color. It is an
*P*iae, tough solid, with a terebinthinatc odor. On keeping it bccomi^s dry,
"i'Ue, Iranrilucent, darker in color, and fainter in odor. It is a crude, white
'Wpentine from two American varieties of Ihc pine: the long-leaved pine
*M the lob-lolly, or old fitld pine of the Souihem States. As its medicinal
*"** depend upon the volatile oil, its physiological action and therapeutic
•Pplications havi" already been considered under the heading TerebintUna.
THYJ1UM,— Thyme.
Preparations.
Olraiii Tliymi (U.S. I'.).— Oil ot Thyme I iirincipall j- tiwd txUnallji. Dim.
*'™ 'o IXIS ccm. (or ml-ij).
Ihywol I L" S. P.. a I'.f.— Thymol. Do»e. ftOS li> 0.13 Gm. (or gr. »-U).
ntarmaool(^. — The Thymus vulgaris (I.«hiatie), or thyme, is in-
wStnoii* to Kuro|>e, biit cultivated in gardens as an herb. The volatile oil
IS olSrJs) {V. S. v.); it has a strong odor, a chamctcrislie pungent tusle, a
ii*iilml reaction. It coniii^t* of two portions, the lighter and more volatile
'The C«|irr««i» Lhfoidfv. «n •Blirtlr dlStnrnt tf(«, U aUo known by the naiD*
" rtlle M^ar, and mor* appto)<(ialeljr.
810
ri]AIIKACH[m01.t TRBBAPltl'TlC AOBSTB OH DRDOS.
b<iiiK llu- liniroenrbons Cyment aixl Thymene, the second Wing chir
Thymol, wliic'h ie b phenol, ll ^luiild be <|uit<- tuv fm»i nrWltc «ciil, wit
vhicb it nii^lit h« iidultomted. Thymol in aUo nhtained from the volatile
oils of Moiiaida ptinctnia and Carum Ajowan (U, S. P.); ftx»m the rolntile
oik of Mdtmnlu [itinctnu and ('nrum cupticum in addition lo Thymus tuI-
g«ris (tt. P.). Ll cmtallizee in hvxs>;oD8l fornix, nearly or quid' cotorli>i«;
tht> cryntiili', when nibbed, dvveb>]> rlfctrJoity and attract small pieces uf
paper, and !ias lately been obtained by twu Japaneee chemidtx from thv oil
of Momilu japotiicft, a labiate plant.
Thymol has an aromatic, thyme-like odor; a pungi-nt, aromatic taste,
with very slight camtic effficts upon the Up», and a m-utral reaction. It
liquefies with cnmphor. It is soluole in about 1300 parts of water and 900
of boiling water; freely soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzin, glaci ~
acetic acid, and oils.
Physiolo^cal Action. — In ila elTects, the oil nf thyme is very much like
the oil of peppermint or origanum, and. in fact, ia often commc-rcially sub-
fldtuted for the latter. Thymol ia a valuable sntiaeptic; it is Ic8» powerful
than carbolic acid, but, on the other band, is ten timea less poisonous ani
much lefis caustic and irritating.
Thymol paralyxes the ond-or^ne of sensory nerves in the skin and mn
eons membranes, but ia a local irritant, and cannot be used well for the pur-
poses to which cocaine ia applied. It ia a powerful antiseptic and disio'
feclant. Internally, in doses of 1.30 to Z Gm. (or gi. xx-\xx) per diem, i
causes epijjaMric heat, sweating. riD^ing in the ears and deafness, and
escapes cbii'lly by the urine, which ik increaAcd, and becomex oUvit-greenisI
in color 8* after carbolio-aoid poisoning!. It lowers arterial tension and
action, reduces the temperature, and may cause fatal coma. The nerve-cei
trcB of Ihc cord are paralysed by larjje doses.
Tfaerapy. — Volkman and other HurReons hare utilised thymol in anti-
septic drc¥sirt:s as n substitute for the more to.xic and lees aj;rccable carbolic
acid. It has been found a ijood application in eczema, psoriasis, and ring-
worm. An oiulmcnt conluining 0.85 Gm. to 31 Gm. (or gr. i-oj) of thymol
is of service in acne and alopecia circumscripta. The addition of a little alcn-
hol renders it possible to prepare a 1-to-lOOO watery solution, which is effi-
cient, and aometiraes even needs to be weakened. A thymol solution is a
useful injection in Icucorrhcpa. Thymol has been used both locally and in-
ternally, with success, in diphtheria. In .lolution it has been inhaled with
bcneHl in laryngitis, and in phthids it disinfects the sputum. In catarrh of
the upper air-passagee. Dr. Clarence Hioe recommends tnhalalion« of the fol-
lowing mixture: —
ial^J
ikff
And, CRrbnlle as
60
01, iiinl >..vlvi-Mlria 90
Ol. rumlviiti
I <:^
drop* Rrn pliuvd ujion n iponi;^ or piece erf cott4>n.
S2 Om. or frr.
cent, or Qi
r^cm. or fSiij.
V.
M. A tnuiiounfiil is ucldvd to luiliiif; wnt^r and the (t*Hm iiiha1«il or 20 or 30
lliymol has also been administered internally in phthisis. It may
inhaled with advantage in bronchitis, whooping-cough, and gangrene of tb<
lung.
THTJJI'M.
Kue«cuvr rojwrtcd good multe from llio intumal use of thymol in dia-
betes, vesical calanh, and infantile diAtrhcea. Itufnlini slates that thymol, ,
j^iTcn in coRJunelioii with a nitrogonoua diet, restrains glycosuria, but isl
wttbout effect when the patient ia upon a mixed diet, Surgeon-Major"
I^wrio haf reported two ca^cx of chyluna of lilariouji origin successfully
treated by mvansof O.OfiS Om. (orsr. j) of thymol ertn- four nours. incrcAMcaj
grtdually to 0.32 Gm. (orgr. v), A motlificnlioii of ihis'method consists in tt
usociation of ^llic acid and thrmol. Nugent has reported a case of chyluria,
io vhich the presence nf the filaria was dcmonftnitcd in the urine, treated
with success by means of 1 (Im. (or gr. xv) of gallic acid and 0.13 Gin. <or gr,
tj) of thymol thricu daily, the quantitii-a being increaied to 1.30 Gm. (or gr.
zx) of the former and 0.32 Gni. (or gr. t) of the latter remedy. Rapid ini*
provcmeni took place, the urine became normal in appearance, and at the end
of two weeks was free from chyle and lilari».
Thymol has been employed with advantage! in dentistry by Hartnann.
of Miiiifiler. He applies it for the destruction of the tootb-pulp, and alao in
acute pulpitis.
Glycerin is a good vehicle, and, when properly diluted, a glyccrite of
thymol miikof a good moitlli-wn*h. In acute and chronic intestinal diaor-
dere. thymol haa been employed by a number of clinical obscr\'eri. Dr.
Kr«<l('rick P. Henry ha# used thymol, prepared with Caxtilc aoap, in 0.13
to 0.20 Gm, (or gr. ii-iij) doses every six hours. He reporta that, in
typhoid fever, the temperature falls, the stool* become leu frequent, cerebral
syraptomB diminish, and the tongue cleans off and Incomes moist. Testi liaa
employed thymol in one hundrcfl and fifty caw* of typhoid. He saya that I
the drag low^n temperature, diminishes tympanitog, nindors formentfltive
fnccMcs jn the intestinal tract, reduces the excretion of the urea, and in-
Qtatae the blood-preesure, without injury to the heart. Thymol has alMj
ben given internally in articular rheumatism.
Ctmpi has used thymol with »uce4«s as a to^niacide, according to thaj
Wloving method: 18.."; to 22 c.cm. (or fSv-vj) of castor-oil are given at bed-
^e, and the next morning, beginning early, 0.65 Gm. (or gr. x) of thymol
■'e given every fifteen minutes. The worm ia aaid to bo expelled entire.'
^- Sonsino, of Pits, has never witnessed any good results from the use of
^"yniol zf a tieniacide, but states that it is of avail in caws of ascaria Inm-J
.^ncoiijpg and especially oxyuris vermicularis. In the latter he administert''
*>y i-neina. Combined with linii* water and linseed oil it is rei'omraended
J* *>n application of some value in the treatment of banif, especially in chil-
^ An infusion of thyme is of service in whooping-congfa. It alleviatea tli«
•^••■^latvsms and shortens the course of the malady.
, _ Thymaoetin. — Hoffmann, of Ixipzig, has prepared this snbetanee,
'lioli Wars the same relation to thymol as phenacetin to phenol. Tby-
. .•'5«?tin is a white. cn'»(Mlline powder, sliglitlv soluble in water, readily wlu-
?*^ in alcohol, and 'paringiy in ether. It melt* at 136° C. (2rr>.8» F.). It
. *** Vwen given to dog* in do**--* of 2 Gm. (or pr. xxx > without causin;: symp-
^^*w of intoxication. In many cases it causes slight headache lasting for
~r**tal hours. It increase* arterial tension and pnlBc-rate. In certain in-
^^^ces it jtivea rise to digestive disorder and gastric catarrh. Jolly has ex-
■"Aaniu] of tbc t'nJrMMl IMImI ScimtM." ISM. v«I. «. A-ia«.
813
fUABlUCEUTICAI. TDElAntFnC AOBSTB OB DRCOS.
perimcDted clinically with thia product in a niimbt^T of case*. It wiw witli-
ont tttect in true migraine, bvit in other casco of headache prored equal to
plicnacctiii. It induced t-k-cp m sixteen out of twvnt^-^x cakl-k of issomnia,
the average dfiw nePCHsarv Wing 0.50 (!ni. (orgr. viias).*
ThTmos *erpyllum, or wild thyme, is very highly recommiyndcd by Dr.
Sidney 11. Straloy, of Andovcr, X. J., in the treatment of whooping-cough.
To tliat obecrvcr it appears to have almost a specific action. A tincture of
the grcon plwiil in luirinlcs* in d"r*s as liirj^je as 4 c.cm. (or f.>j) to a child of
eight yeare. The remedy is ellicicnt in any stage of the disease; its action,
is fully ffltaMiiihcd in tventy-four hours and completed in five days.'
THYKOIDEUM SICCUM (B. P.).
txacta, Juices, and Secretions.)
Dry Thyroid. <Str Animal Zx'
TlOin OLEUU (V. S, P.).~Croton-oil. (Sec Oleum Tiglii.)
4
TIUA. — The nillorceocncoof the liuilcn-trccof Enrcpc (Tili* vulgaris,
T, paivillcirfl, and T. grandillora; natural order, Tiliacew) has a faint, but
l>li'nMinl, iwlor and swci'lisli tasic, The flowers are employed in making an
aromatic water, which in used as a vehicle, in France eapecinlly.
TONGA IB a drug from the Fiji Islands, coniDoscd apparently of a mixt- '
uro of several varieties of harks and roots, which are arranged in linndh-s,
Drs. Itinger and Murrell. having made a series of esperiments. which were i
reported in 1880, rec-ommcnded it to the profe!»«ioii for further trial. It
wae supposed to be derived principally from the Haphidaphora vitienais
(Sehott), a creeping plant of the order Araeere, and Premna laitennis
(SetiAuer). a small tree of the natural order Verbenaceie. A volatiTe alkaloid,
Tongine, has l>ein iwilaliil fmui the former; the latter contains some volatile
oil. The fluid extract, as made by Parke. Davis & Co., of Detroit, represents
the therinn'utie properties nf Ihi? new drug.
Physiological Action .^Hevoud slight drowsiness. Itinger and Murrell i
obfH^rved im >v>li(iiic itTiti!' from 4."i c.cm. (or f'i^s) of the fluid extract,
given within three hours. The pupils and the secretion of the mouth and
skin were unaffected. The sensibililv of ihc !*kin sii]i])licd by the fifth n«rv«
remained unaltered. They saw no influence upon the pupil from a topical
application. Dr. C. Bader slates thnl the nlcoholic extract, droiijK'd into a^<j
healthy eye, seemed to increase the |)owcr of accommodation, witltoiil affeet^-^
ing the si/e of the pupil. He rcniarkerl, however, that in some i.-ii^cs larg^^
dotes, taken Jnternnlly, caused great dilatation of both pupils. Dr. T. 11^—
Streets, I'.S.N., reports the expt-rienee of himself and several colleagues^ i
They found a decideii diminution in the excretion of urea from 1(0 rj.'^in. (<>"^
f.^) doses, hut no increase In Ihe (juantity of nric aeid. The pulse. trinper^M*
turc, and pupils were unchanged. Two of the four experimenters Doliti- -^
a tendency to cerebral congestion of short duration; one was slightly purge^^^
The svmptoms disappeared in about two hours, leaving no after-effects. j
ifhcrapy. — From the claims made by il.* introducers, il was thought tl^~«^
longH would be a vuluahlc addition to the list of anlincuraigie remedies: h* — -i
the attempt of a London drug-hou.*e to make a iiioniipoly of the drug, wh"
■fipe BrllMi 1/nftraI Jmirniil. HaTch 18, 13B2.
• Mntlral Hullrllii. IH!)S. p, IIH),
was <1tfealed by a Lawauil, probably interfered with ils use hy the profession,
in order tbat it ihouM gaia s mcufv posiliun niiioag rvmodic^. it vuuld he
wceesuy to exercise supervision over the source of supply, so that it shall
I»o o* nniform strength and i|unlity. Tonga ii» of tnurkud twrnce, however,
ii) t-l3« treatment of nciirnlj^a, I'Speeiolly w\iva it involves branches of the-
fifth aerre. It has rcUi^vi'd pain in a larijc iiiajmitv of tlie Qn^ea in whiih it
lias l)wn employed. The fluid extract should he pven in 4 c.em. (or f5j)
dosee, and repeated at intervals of about iwo hours, while ne<!ded. Tonga
u catliiT slow in its action, and ii rL'<itiiri'S about two hours for the full
•flft^its of llie drug to be manifested. Dr. Jiader has seen cood rcsulls from
tbe local tisc of tonga in asthenopia, rhcumutic iritis, and )iliolophobia.
mAOACAinaA (U. S. p., B. P.).~Tngacuitli.
Preparation.
ilaeOfo TmKaeiinthiv (t;.S.P.. II. P.).— Xliicllaeo of Trugticniilh.
(Sljreriiinni l^Hi^nciintluo (B. P.). — CJljocrin o( Trag&maUi llnigtivHntti, 10 Gna.'t
S'y«'«ria, 30 P.ciii,; Bnd iliaLillrj watrr, 10 e-{-m-(.
fulvis Traf^tiiiithip (.'oiii]io4itti-< <K, I'.l. — t'otiifiuiind Powdi^r at Trapii-aalh
"''M^Boinlh, Kuni nracin. itBrEli. an iA (Im.; refinrd <ii£ur, TA Qni.). Dok, 130 to 4
'•'•». I<rf fr. XX-3JI.
PhAnnacolof;. — Gum Iragncanth u the product of tree* growing in
■^sia Minor and Persia. It is a gummy exudation from Astra^lua gum-
"l^'fcT, and from other species of Astragalus (I/iguminoHe). It is in white,
"■titned bands, which, in drj'injt, become curled or twisted, and are after-
ward broken in mnail pieces. It it horn-like, or translucent; and, wlmn
^oirtcned with water, it is converted into a gelatinous mass. It consists of
^'Wtpui, Baasorin, and a little starch. Tragacantb paste is adhesive, and is
^»ei in practical pharmacy to paste labels on bottles, boxes, etc. It is also
'he \mi» of most of the ('. S. P. official troche*, and in of cervice in «-muUions
'or the suspension and diversion of various powdered drugs, and for codliver-
oil.
Therapy. — Only used in medicine, other than already stated, as a
OotnnWnl in pharyngitis gastriti*. and inflammation of the boweU. fjirite
accounts do not agree with the stomach, unlet^a some antiseptic ajjent, like
f***06ot« or nai>b(ol, is adminiKtcrrd at Ibu wimc time, to prevent fcrmcnta-
^oa. It contains a little starch, and has slight nutritive properties.
Dr. Georgf T. Kliot, of New York, ha.-! introiluct'd bassorin as a base for
**>« application of mc<iicament8 to the integument. Uassorin is a demulcent
•^bftance, lastelets and odorle**, converti-i.! into a vigcona most by the addi-
^ tion of hot water. When mixed with water, glycerin, and dextrin, a bassorin
l*»t*te is obtained, of jelly-tike consistence and iighl-yellow color. This naslc
?* afiitral. undergoes no alteration, does not slain the skin or clotbinK, aaapta
*^s*If pi'rfrctly to the affected surface, and may be readily removed at any
**«ne by the aid of water. Solid substances can be incorporated with bassorin
Pwde in any desin.^! proportion. Fluid preparations n-ndcr it too liquid,
^Inle alcoholic solutions cause it to become hard and brittle.
M. VindevAgel rei'nmmends that, in preparing ointments containing
^rm proportions of extracts or salts. S Om. (or oes) of powdered gum traga-
^Blh be addiM for <-ach cubic centimetre of tht- vaU-r employed in dissolv-
ing the «lt or extract. The tatty body is added after trituration, and by Ihia
8U
rnARUACEimcAt. rnxMArKL-Tic Aosms on Diicae.
method n homogeneous oinlment o£ j^ood caneistenc« is made. If abcor
lion of Ihtf iiii^ient i# dcmn^d, ihc lnueorin of the guni proven a diMdvantaj
TRXFOLTOM PRATENSB. — The (lowor-hiwU v( r*d rimer, or Tr
folium firatcnse ( Lf >;iiniino»e), are fragrant am! swwlii-h. fonlaining
fiaTorinj; principle nnd nugar. The lluid cxtniot mid infuxion are both «ii
ployed.
Physiological Action,— It is oon:*iii(Tcd diuretic nnd HllfrHtivi-.
Therapy. — Tin- itifiwioii of clovcr-topi- is given to ihildren MufFiTii
u-ith whoopiii^-<.'Ough, with good rcaullit. Th^- lluid cxlmel, eoiitalniiig ale
ho], is umployed eslernally in domestic practice for wounds and ulcere,
compound «yrup of red clover, cniitainlug red clov<>r, 2.Ui (iin. (or gr. xxxij);
Htilhngiii, 1 Gw. (orgr. xvj); berberiHsquifolium, 1 Om. (orgr. svjf; prick!
asli liiirk, 0.2r) (im. (orgr. iv); burdock -root, 1 (!iii. (orgr. xvj); )>oke-r(:
1 Gm. (or gr. xvj); iSMara amur)^, 1 tim. (or gr. xvj): potasxiiini iodide^
0.60 Om. {or gr. viij), iii each 3U p. em. (or f.\j) of the synip, hm bwn fur-
iiitthed to meet prnfcMioziai di'innndK by Ptirku, Duvis & Co.. to lake the
place of several projirietary pri'itarationa of unceHaia composition. It ia.
UMrful us an alterative in «ypliili^ struma, nnd «ome ehrouic forms of ski
disease.
TRIEBESOL (See Tricresol.)
TRILLIinML — The Trillium ereelum (Lilinceif). iti'th-r»ot, growing j
woody places in the northern I'nited States, ennlains in its rhizome an acrid
]»riat:ii)U', wilii linniiii. ett'. The dime is 4 to 7M cciii. (or f.ii-ij).
Pnysiologioal Action. — It is astringent, tonic, and uiitiscplic.
Therapy, — In genito-urinary atIectioa», ha^niaturia, and puhuonary
OlTccliiiris trilliuni i« u^ed in the form of a Butd extract, which is ahio uiic^
externally for wounds.
TEIMETHYLAMINI HYDKOCHLORAS. — Trimethylamin. with di
metbylnniin and l('li'itm>.'iii>hiiniii>iiiiiuu hydrulc, are compound ammoui:
bodies, discovered by Hoffmann, Diniethyiamin is a conibuMible gas. 'IVi-
melhyluinin it «l»o a giis at ordinary tenipcnitiin.*, with u strong aiumoniacal
odor and an intense alkaline reaciidn; with methyl iodide it fonnii a salt
which, hcing trcnicil, in wiliition, with silver c.ixidi-, yields "ilver iodide and
tetramelhylaninionium hydrate. The latter body, being suhjected to dry
distillation, decompose* into trimcthylaniin and methyl ulcoliol. Trime-
thylamin [ (('H,'),>i | exists already formed in Amiea aiontaua, Chenopodium
vulgaris, in the flowers of Cnita-gus oxyaeantha. in ergot, in codliver-oil, and
in various decomposing alhuminoua compounds, particularly herrlng-brinw,
guano, urine, and eonl-ga» Inr. Vincent extrHctcii larg\' quantities from iho
r*?sidue of the distillation of fermented beet-juice, or the refuse left after
making hcct-siigtir rropyhimiri is usually an impure trimclbylamiu in solu-
tion; the name properly belong? lo another, though similar, compound.
Trinuthylamin liydrochlnratc is a i'ompiirativcly-«t»blc salt, and has been
used in medirinc.
Phyiiolotrical Action. — Trimethylamin hyd roc Iilo rate, in strong «)|U'
lion, acts as a caustic: when applied to the lip it causes a Imrning srnsilio
and the epithelium afterward ctfoliates, leaving a fliperficial iilu
I
TBtTICI rARIXA.
iiaII>'^ it ai-U US an irritant la lht> digi'stive troc-l. aod to its Ior«l action
DuJ^ nliii-Kciiuindz nscrilw* tin- caiiw of the fntal rwiiit from a larjte Aose;
be fitutes however, that as much as 5 C)m. (or rt. Isjtv) may be given without
fatal vffcel. DoM» ot at>(>ut l.ItO (>m. (or gt. xx), repeate<i iM>veral times,
c«a9^, in rabbits, general distreiw, Tnaior, witli Idk of motive power, liypcr-
lertin, and ini-raHi>ed reDcx excitability; tho »ame amount injeetcd under
aliiii produces death. In the hiimnn eubjcet the first cfTi^ct, from mod-
^t<3 iote*, it incrcatie of the htmrt'A action, but ^oon, especially if full donea
tK fcivco, the opposite condition is set up: the pulscrsto and tcmpcTUlure
KV lowert^. No colic or diarrhtea occum, but the odor and ta«t« arc so
unpleasant that the remedy is often rejected by the stomtich. No tncrean
ot [>enpiTation or of the urine i« reported.
_ Comhemale and BruncUe state that trimethylamin proTokcs an ex-
*i-ve Hccn-tion of wliva and incrvawM the aiknliuity of that lluid. The
HUbI and lacrymal ftcretions are augmented and a slight alliuminuria is
frtwineed, Itu'iardiii-Hfaiiniclit trtnlce that the excretion of urea i* dimin*
ubecl by the dnift. Fatal narcosis may occur from retention of carbonic-
■tid guK in the blooii. but PhilliiM^ iiscrilics lU-iilh more commonly to the
l^>T■«86iDe effects of Ihc Tcmedy iipon the spinal cord.
Antidatu to Toxic Action. — Thtt proper trciitment of poisoning would
fc« l>y external heat, and counter-irritation by mustard or turpentine, and
Tuiu and bellndoniui or atrojiine to control the wymptomM. Tlio tincture
cupgiciim, vilh digitalis, strophanthue, or nux vomica, would he useful
« Coimlcraclinu the effect* upon the circulation.
Therapy. — This drug was introduced for the purpose of treating acwto
Theumalum. and in vases with hi^h CPniperatun- and active circulation it Itas
FtKluii-d good ctTcct«. It has aW been used as an antipyretic in other
Bftladies, in doses of 0.J3 (Im. (or j;r. ij) repeated every three or four hours.
It sbodld be given in capKuKi>i or in solution with peppermint- water, well
wated. Trimethylamin is of service sonielimea in chronic rheumatism, in
«hic^ it haa been nNo u^d a« a liniment. 1 part being mixed with 3 part«
** gljcerin. It has been administered in gout.
TBIONAL. (See Tctronal and Trional.)
IRinCI FAEINA. — Wheat-flour. Tlie Triticum rulgare (Grami-
**ce»), or wheat, is a well-known source of food. The farina is a fine, white
"'•"r, prepared from the nfrA; it it impalpable, inodorotis. and of insipid
tsBte. l( consistB of starch, TO per cent.; gluten, 12 per c<^nt.; fixed oil, 2
{■^r wnt,; logcllnT with celluloi'c, sugar, and water. It yields about ^ per
•^""t of ash, containing M per cent, phosphoric acid. It is hiuhly nutrilioua,
»"id contains a lurg<r amount of nitnigonou* matters. With cold water, it
'onnfc a granular, pasty maw, not very adhesive: hut, with hot water, the
''"E^h-gnmuli-H Hwell up and bur»l, making a homogeneous, jelly-tik«
iWMure.
f hTUolofpORl Action. — H is hiand and tinlrritaling, and fonus a good
H'*"lotc. when nii.vcil with water, in caw of corrosive poisoning. TheMardi
^ stiiiiluul lo iiHline and iti^ prt^ [Mirations.
Therapy. — W'heat-tlour dusted upon an inflamed surface coats it over
■ilU a layer which protects it from the air. It is a convenient application
to recsnt bums and i-atd*. or eiysipelas; but in hot weather it should be
816 fllARUAOSDTlCAL TltKRAPKHTIC AOKN'TS OE ORCUS.
KMOciatcd witli KoiDc antiseptic lo provLiit ihu di'vcloumonl of insc'V' ,
ovk or larvx of which VL-ry often llnd their way into nour, esiH-cially if ex-
posiKl to the nir. It hso been a«MTte<l that o tablespoon fiil of Hour, iti a
glass of cold water, swallowed night and morning, will check the develop-
ment of boil$. .\6 the bu«is of hrt.-fld. wlii^nt-flour cMvn i>iIo the questiun
o£ Qourishment for the sick, which belontjs more to the province uf the
nune than the pbystcian, although the luedicnl olteiidunt should b« per*
fectir familiar with the digestive and nouritihing qualities of any preparation
vhioh may be submitted to his judgment, in order lo pronounce upon its
fitneag, or the reverse, for the patient.
TRITICUM {U. S. P.).— Couch-grass.
Dose, -1 tu I0.5 GiD. (or 5i-iv), in mlu^ion or thiid extract.
I'nparation.
Kxlractum Tritki Fluiduin (U.S. P.).— Fluid EKlnct of Tritiuun. SopC, 2 to
7.S e.cm. (nr fSnij).
fhu-m«colo^. — The rhizome of Agropyrum ropeus (Gmmineie}. li
should be gathered in the spring and deprived ot iU Tools. It is ■ common
perennial, growing in the fields, and regarded as a weed. The rhizome con-
tains Triticin, a gum, sugar (22 per cent.), but is devoid of starch and resin.
Physiological Action. — It is demulcent and diuretic.
Therapy,— Tri lie 11 ni may be given, in decoction, as a demulcent drink
in fevers. This preparation, or the fluid extract, is useful in irritability of
the bladder mid ihronic cystiti*. In the latter alTcclion, Sir Henry Tliomp-
Bon irecommeDdfi a pint of the infusion or decocliou, to be taken during Ihe
day. In chronic eyatitis, irritai)le prostate, and in gleet, the writer has pro-
scribed the following with trittcum: — .
B Ext- ttiticl (I , M
Tiuct. btlluduiiuH! foL •••>••■••■••.•■■>>... 41
Sodii bicnibonuUi tl
c.cni- iw (Jilj,
fl F.fin, ur nilxxij.
Gm. (ir Sij.
M. Big.: A tcaspoonful in water every two or thr«e houn^
The following combination relieves irritable bladder or cystitis in
women: —
It Putaasii citratU ii>.i..>>i>.< 15
Ext. Iritki fl. - 30
Tiuct. belludonute M. > >...••> •. H
Rxt-bucliufl la
Aquu* r> ■•■([■ I. *<t ISO
M. et ft. Ml.
Big.: Teuipoonfu) in n winpgksjful of nntcr three timra n dajr.
5 Gm. or So.
cjim. nr IJJ.
25 (■.(.■111, or fSiisi.
r.cm. nr !$*«.
ccm, or fjiv.
Tincture of hyoscyamus may be substituted for the tinctnre of tel
donna.
The fluid extract is a pleasant, mult-like preparation, has some nutritive
nraperties, and possitily may be of value in chronic bronchial diiiordc
The decoction is one of the many popular remcdiec for consutDption.
1^
TBOPACOCAINE. — This is an alkaloid whii-li has been obtained ty
Giea-l from themiall-leJived eocn-plant of Java. l.ii'IiiTmniin hnsdi-lerTiiined
that in chemical composition it ia benzoyl-pseudotropein, and reganis ih*
TKOPACOCAIXE.
817
pMisdotropeio, which ht- has euccwded in Beparating, as identical with th«
Mbs^-aoce of thni uuuik di^rivttd from Hjrotcj-nmtis iiigpr. For the soJtc of
ooow «RU«nco the DHtne tropacocoine has been adopted. Licbormann has eiic-
ce*JI^5<l in pn-piariiig it by i-ynlhisiis. Although tloscly related (chemically to
tliie ^lannccoiis alkaloids, its phyeiolofpcal and thi-nipcutical propertn-s
doc^ly rrs.riil.l.- Ihosi- of cocaine.
Physiological Action. — The physiological effects of tropacocsine vrore
fint investigated by Dr. Arthur P. Chadhounie, of Boiton, who found that
in Clxe frog the difference of action between tropacocaine and cocaine is
cfciefiy ijuantitative. In rabhitii repealed ^moll doecs cAuaed cerebral »tini-
vlaticit), followed by a quiet intenal. After this staj;e isco-ordination and
WD^rvIsiona ensued. Wlum larger dosi^s were given the convulsive stage was
Ao»^ and was rapidly succeeded by coma, failure of respiration, and death.
Sn^tl doi«fi at lirst increase the puUe-rate, but there i^, in general, no con-
liiloraWo lem]>orary rise like that usually produced by cocaine. The increas
tt followed by decrease of pulse-rate and a gradual, but steady, fail of blood-t
presBurc. Injection into tne jugular ri^in mora or less complelclr psralyxe
the tnotor ganglia in the heart and (|uiekly lowers the tonus of the peripheral
vnselt. IVopncocainc produces complete local anaesthesia more rapidly thaa<|
eoeaine, and, as a rule, the effect is more lasting. Tropacocaine has hut half
tho toxicity of cocaine. Although cinsstficd by T.icbemiann with the atro-
pine group, tropacocaine does not dilate the pupil. It may be substituted
for cMuiine in ctjual doses. The solution* keep unchanged for months.
A number of experiments were performed by Dr. Uugenschmidt, ofi
f*f Hs, upon human (tiibjecti'. The injeolion of 8 i^, (or gr. '/») '"'o ihe gumJ
tliglitly quickened the action of the heart without affecting arterial tensionJ
There was slight dryness of the throat, but no dilatation of the pupil. The'
■ejection of double the quantity caused vertigo and a sudden fall of blood-
presanre. The respiration was uninfluenced and the normal pulse-rate was
soon regained.
TlwniKittics. — Tropacocaine was first employed therapeutically in the
oplithalmological clinic of Professor Scliwciggcr. Both the physiological
and therapeutical investigations were carried on with a synthetically Pi**!
p*red tropacocaine bydrochlornte. The alkaloid derived from the plant]
caiwes considerable irritation, but this effect is not produced by thtr 8yn-^
thetically formed product. Oculnranssthesia is more rapidly developed than
bj cncainc, and, although of shorter duration than that due to the latter
alkaloid, may easily be maintained by adding a drop of the solution from
time to lime. It ha* been used in tlie form of a 3-per-cent. solution. On
account of the rapidity of its action it is particularly adapted for the lemovali
of foreign bodies from the cornea. Tenotomy and iridectomy, also, are ntts*'*
fsrtorily performed under its inflticiue. Tropacocaine has been advanla-
gwndy used in order to prevent pain from caustic applications to the lid*, in
dividing strictures of the lacrimal duct, und opening Aleibomian cysls. In
dental practice Dr. Hugenschmidt has made use of solutions of tropacocaine
and has extracted roots, broken up the alveolus, and removed a bony seque
fmat without causing lihe patient any pain. Seifert has reported, concern-
ins the sppticalion of tn>))iaeocaine to nanl and laryngeal snrgery, that
■'"'iiRer solutions are required than are necessary in the case of eotyitne
He adds that seven- hiemorrhage is apt to follow the employment of tropa-
oeiijio.
818
I-HIHUACKLTICIL TUUHArKL'TIC AOEKTS OB DUU08.
Dr. Willy lleyer" refers to Scliwara'e experience in producing spiunl
aniusUu-Hiu; tiiv kttcir found that O.05 Gm. (or gr. Vs) produced as pi-rfcct
an aTial|fe»ia as cocaine wichout any of iU frequent symptonia, Huch as pal-
lor, pt-repinitioD, vomiting, hcuduclii?, und me of tcniperatiirc. Ten miii<
uli-ii iiftvr the injc-clioii Hiinlgitoiti wati usually comp!i.'tt:. und U&ted unti
the enil of ihc ij|M?ratii)ii. IK- i» not nnre, though, that it can be steriliied by
hoiling without iiiipairinf; iIh olliciicy.
'I'To pa cocaine pOMesccs untiaepUc propcities, its solutions keep well,
and it luis the advantage of produoing ana-KthcEia of inHami'd tiwiuuc. I
doee not occasion any hau.- upon the cornea.
N
TUBERCULIN.— On November 14, 1890, Koch, of Berlin, announced,
tbrou^h Iho coliinint; of the Ptuttcht mtdmnitche Wockmtchrift, thiit hi- hud
•marated a suhstance, "tuberculin," from the products of tubercle bscilli
which IiikI u "spitcifii." action in the Ircalincnt of Inberculoais. .Mlhough
the eiibsciguciit results obtained br the profession were not as satisfactory
as the firsl HiuiiinneemcnlB led w to believe, yet it was, nt any rate, a step
forward in an entirely new field of treatment for Ihie disease. The doae of
tul>erculin wa» 0.1 nigm. injected undi^r the flkin, and increased 0.1 tngm.
ftvery day. When injucted into men or animalB. wUo are the subjects of
tubcrcido«i«, it produces a great rise of temperature, while similar small
dose^ injected Into healthy individtiaU produce no rise of tumpcrnture.
Among the other svniplonii' noted were pain in limbs, fatigue, some wugh,
and dyspna'a; at the eitc uf the injection abt>ccs»e« were also prone tn de-
velop. Koch, in 189i, contributed a second paper on a product which h«
termed, on neeount of its being an alkaline extract, TA (liihvrculin); this
produces a similar reaction as the original tuberculin, only that of the TA.
i« more innrked and of longer duration.
I-'inally, Koch described an elaborate process for making a purer extra
than hifs former ones; from this process he obtained two extracts — TO and
Tli, The former (TO) doc* not produce abscci-fcs at the point of injection;
otherwise its action is similar to TA and the orijiinal tuberuulin; with the
Tit prepunitiou Koch claimed Oint. beginning with small doses and gradu*
ally increasing, animals could be immuncd to the TR prepurution and finully
to the tubercle bneilliis itself,
KxperiencG has amply demonstrated that, as a curative agent, lube
culin is valueless; but us a iliugnoslic agent it is of some importance. Its
value as a diagnostic agent of tuberculosis in cattle has been abundantly
proved in rpcc^nt years, a striking example being in the herd at Windsor,
England.'
Recently tuberculin has again been brought forward as a diagnostic
agent for tuberculosis in man. Dr. Max Beck* give* (he details of 8137
cases which bud been injected; he exclude* S95 cases of undoubted pulmo-
nary tuberculosis, in which injections were made during the early part of
the period of nix years covered by thew; statistics. In 1154, or M iicr cent.,
the diagnosis was made by means of the tuberculin injections. He stat
that, whenever a patient is found to read, a tuberculous focus, even Ihougl
'Medical \'inrt. .\pril 13. 1001.
' iMtidan tAiictt. voL i (or 1809. p. I04I.
• Urvltthr mirdMni»rhr. Wuebetucbrtfl, vol. sxv, p. 137.
n
M
id
n;
be
u-
'M
TtJUBKOL.
819
i
it may be Emull, must fuivljr bo nseiimtd a« bving lucultrd Homfwhoro, oitlier
in lli« kroiioliiu! gUnd», lting«, or other urfcnno.
Prof. J, M. Anders' Kivea a table of 147U BtiepieioiiG cut^fs of tuborculosta
wilh 71.89 per octit. react iiiiin. Hv mlvneatiit it8 uhc in nil svapicious (in-
cipient) casee in moderate Jopm. usually in doses from 8 to 5 Tagm.
Virrliow^ eurlv noli-d that tuberculin o<-ciisicini-d collateral hypenemia,
ooftciiiiif; of tile tubercles, and liberation of the lubi-rclc bacilli from twber-
I'les in tiie progress of ricovcry; ihi« lonilition U iikcly to follow massive
do6ee, which were u«ed for their siippowil Ihernpciitic proptTtie*; but, in
etupectcii oa»(^ when- the known nieann nf-niakiiiu n din^ino^i^ fiiil. this agent
iiiJi)- hv trivd. for at thii^ period the rax'^. an a nile. arc I'L'ni'itivr ti> ihe IvAt,
aiMI rottK^ive iloei?« are not rcqiiiiL'd, ihi,' danf;er of Roftening and diBSemiiui-
tioo iH'iiig very meagre.
TUMEHOL. — This i« tlie name given to a nib#t«iice deriv«d from
mineral oils, its title poiniinj; to its oripin from biHimi-n and oleum. Tin;
impurv inolher-i^ubiilanir uceun^ aniong the niiinitunila'd )iydr()C.arboii» of the
iiiU, and is separated by the addition of sulphuric acid, a process of ^iilphona-
lion takinfc place, with the pruduction of a compound cantii.Hlinf( of tumenol-
•ulphon and tumenol-sulphonic acid. Tumeriol ha* bi-cti used clinicnlly by
NeiBeer in the form of powder, ttolution in •sulphuric aeid and aicohul, ana
m an ointment or plui^ter. It was found errviccablc in acute eczema, burtui,
iileets, and panpstht-^ia. used externally (in 5- to lO-per-cenl. solution).
Sodiam-tsmenol-sulphate !# a darlc-colon-d, dry powder, it soluble in water,
and i? iif<-d [or llie ;amf purpoees an lumi'nol.
mSSIIAOO.— TuMilago. Colt'a-foot. TIic leaves of Tnjsilago farfara
(Ctimpo.-it.-iO. gniwinf; in lold. flavfv banks, in the Northern and AtiiMIe
States, contain irtm il"j;e, tannin, and u bitter extractive.
Phjrsiological Action. — Tussilago is demulcent, tonic, and, a$ tlie name
indicates, it it also deemed r.ipectorant or pectoral.
Tbenp;. — In conch attendinf; chronic pulmonary alTeetian!', chronic
bronc-hili^ etc., coltVfoot i» used, often in combination with licorice, or
htirehonnd. The fresh leaves are applied in the form of a poultice to gcrofn-
lotu ulcere. The fluid extract i* a stomachic, and has some tonic properties,
owing chiefly to the alcohol which it containi!. Dose, 4 to 7.S c.cm. (or fSi^iJ).
TmCUS (U. S. P.).— EiM (Slippery^lm).
Prtparalion.
Uarlhgo tnmi (U.8.P.).— MiiciUne of Elm idrird lark, 9 Om.; botUog i>«I*t.
100 c.an.1.
Pharmaoijlopy. — The inner bark of I'lmia fiilva (tTrticacciB), or elm,
a hand«-inu' fore^t-trl-e of North America, contains ntocil^e pnilcipally.
Phytiolof^ioal Action. — Elm-bark i» mtcd as a demulcent externally and
.ilenially. Tin' iliml iiark. in Hut pieces or slri|», ii* winietimes chewed, as
(tie tasie is not unpleaf«nt, and the miieiln^e moitdons^ the month and throat.
Tlienp;.— Poultices of ground-elm bark, with lead-water, ore serrice-
• Unr Tork Ufdirol Jowmal. .Innt 2S. 1000. p. OBe.
■ OmiKltr mnttHnUrhe Worhrniirhrt(l. tiff], |i. 131.
loses thvflc salU im irnlaiit utirl oceusion ga«tro-niteri
an inhibitoiy influenee on amylolytic and proieolj-tic acti
employed therapeiilically by Dr. Wrst in «vcr«l vbms of d
Thpy relieved tlie subjective symptoms and reduced the
excreted. It was found that doses of 0.65 to 1.30 fJni. (or
daily, were well tolerated, tliongh it was thought that aft
prodiaed a decided ctrect the d'lsi-s nould he decreased.' Tin
proporations merits further clinical investigation.
UKETHAN. - Urelhan (C,H,0,NH„00) is the etby
baminic acid, and i» in the form of ta«tvl«(», whitf cr>-8t
soluble in water, alcohol, ether, chlorofortD, and glycerin
solution is of n ni?utnil reHCtion.
Physiological Action. — Von Jakeeh' found it niark<
doses of O..j0 til 1 (iiii. (Dr gr. vii»$-xv) in various patholoM
Urclhun is not on analgesic, and does not relieve the ne
loeoiiiator ataxia, fur inslajice. It i» con sidereal iinsuilable
liriiim or insanity, einoe we have agunte better (uited to co
ditions.
Therapy.'-In adnUs it is recommended for us« as a se
notic, where other agents cannot he used, in doses of ! Gia
less, every two hours. Dcmme rej;ard« it especially suited to >
0.25 (Jni. (or gr. iv) at the age of I year as a true hypnotic
that larger doses are i^afu <-ven in weakly children, as he ha
upon the circulation, respiration, digestion, or nerve-eeatre*
he used it successfully in eelampiiia. Abbott reports a ewe i
in two days, from 0,58 Gm. (or gr. ix) of tirethau every t«
Gm, (orgr. xxx) administered at night.
Maresti. also, sticeessfully treated a case of teianus by m
Prof, J, P, CroKfr (ifilTilh looks upon nrethan, in onlinary i
certain and unreliable hypnotic, though in large dows it mq
useful ' Chloral and urelhan may he combined, forming
or Somnal, UrHlium* is a similar substance to. if not idennj
ITRICIimK.
8S1
URICEDIN.— A proprielary mixttiw believed to coiisisl of a combJIUiTj
tJMi of polaiuiiiim cilrate. H>[)iiiiii t'liljitiutt^'. Imodium cliliiridc, and lithitit
citratp, with eitrio atid from frei-li leiuon-juice, has hccii dcsi^iiutcil aa
wicvdiii. Il i£ a white, gronuhir iwwdcr, snliihle in wnti-r. U is reported
Ui t>e of vaiiie in tiie treatment of the uiic-acid diathesis and can he lakcn
iu daily 4losc« as high as 'Hi tini. (or j^. ccc) without any ill eRects.
IJitOTEOPIN. — This ajjonl i^ formed clitrmicuUy by tlio union of »m-
iiioiii« with f»rinuldi>hyd. It i» an unstable coionouml, nml may be decom-
jxwed by a fe«ble acid, or even by the sodium acid phosphate, proeiil in th<
nrine, libc'raling fonnuldehyd, whieh aj^ain cumbiiieM with the sodium salts'
Sresont in the unne, as the chitraeterietie odor is not manifest. In medicinal
OSes il eaui«« no digestive disturbance and only a moderate increase of
nrine. It is uecestAry, while ticiiting a patient with urolropin, that the
orine shoidd he kept add, otherwise the decomposition will not occur and
Ike diKinf^'taiit action of thv fonnaldvhyd not obtained.
In genito-nrinary therapeutics urotropin is of value, especially in the
wedirid trentmont of the dincnsps of the upper urinary piu^tuKej. Thus, tn
ro'i'l'tis, in cystitis with ammoniacal urine, and in chronic innammation of
the dwp ur<'thra. The uviirape daily dose in 1 to 2 (.Jm. (or gr. xv-xxx), or
tf.3:J Gdi. (or gr. v) four times daily. This treatment has also been found
•■ITicient in pbi>S|ihalnria, the urine clearing up almost immediately after th<
tviiiedy was taken. Nitolaier claims that il will even di^eolve uric-acid'^
I'ttncfotioiiK.
The drug, though of undoubted value, is not <iuite »o free from in-
J^Houfl effects as has been thought. Dr. W. Laugdon Brown' reports two
'^a'WB of ha'maturia following ihe use of 0.65 Oni. (or gr. x) of urotropin
three times a day. both patients rceoverinR after discontinuance of the
^i^g. Dr. T. J. ly. Forbe* oUo reports an inli-rcsting ojise of Wmaturil
"Uc to urotropin iu a male, aged C3 years, suffering from cystitis of abont .
*^n days' duration. The urine contained |»us, but no blood, and was am-
•"oniacal; there was (jnlargement of the prostate: the patient was given
JJ^5 <3m. (or gr. s) of urotropin thrice daily in half a pint of wann water.
Two days later the patient expressed himself ae ft^'ling better, snd the
"rine was much improved; on the evening of the third day there was in-
^f««Red difficulty in micturition, a burning feeling in the urethra, abdom-
tnal pains, with diarrhcen. and marked hn^maturia; the urine was not
•j^'nly. The urotropin was withdrawn, and in live days, all traces of bloodj
Wring diwippearrti, he was again given 0.32 dm. (or gr, v) of the drug,^
""^1, after lakinc 1 (Jm. (or g,\ sv). felt a «-tum of the burning sensation in
*lt« UrHhra and ajrain pasEecl a little blood in the last (|uantity of his urine.
.Mbuminuria may follow the ingestion of urotropin, as in a ease cited
"1 t>T. A. flriftif h, in which the albumin disappeared on the third day after
withdrawal of the drug.
1TSTItAG0.~C«m-unut, Com-«r8:ot. (See Vaidia TTttilago.)
'BrilUi Jfrdloal Joanial, Juii« IS. IWI.
8S2
PnARJtACKimCAL THBIIAPECTIC AOP.XTS OR DRUGS.
TTVA TTBSI (U. S, P.).— UTa Vni (Bearberry).
Wm UESI FOLIA (B. P.).— Bearbeny-leaves.
Doae, 4 to 8 Gm. (or 5i-ij).
PnparaiioM,
BitTiKliiin Uvn Uni (U.S. P.).— Extract of Vva Uni. Dww, 0.32 Ut I Gro. It
gr. »-«v).
Extraolum Uvk Uni Fluidiun (U.S. P.).— Fluid Extract of Ur« Urai. Di
to 4 tjna. lor fSu-j).
iDfusuui Uv« Urti (B.P.].— Iiifusion of Bwrbtrrf (5 |>cr onit.). Dow,
30 c.mi. <«r fSU'jI.
Fharmaoolo^. — 'ITie leaves of ArctnstaphylM IJva urai (Erioaw?af>. o:
brarlxTrv. II F^nuill IutI) of North Anirrii!a and Kiiropi-. contiiin tanDIO und
B^llic «cid«, to which they owe their fl^lrinsfency. Three principleB have
hwn sejiiiriili'O, Arbutin, Erioolin, nm! Ursone, the latlcr being UiiteleBe, the
otherg hilttr ami iryslnllizable, sohiiile ill water and alcohol. The two
ftiiim-r iiiv ;:i II ir link's: the latter appears to be a rcain.
Pfaysiolo^cal Action. — The preparntioiis of uva ursi are aMriiiKeiit, and
in propt'r do^c cnrnunalive and tonic, but may coiistipatG the bowels. Tht
astringent principles pass off by the kidneys and arc sedatiye to the urinarj
pBSMig(.-Ji. An overdoHC of ttva iir^t producn vomiting, purging, and gcnito-
urinary irritation, with, eotnetimes, vesical lenesrous and hfematuria.
Therapy. — The infiinion or denoetiou of uva iirsi ie a viihiable agent in
treating irritation of the bladder, BtranRury, dyeuria, pyelitis, or cystitis. U
may be combined vith nn alkali ns follows:^
B Sodll bicorbonat, G2I Cm. or Jlj.
Dccootl uric urel H0\ r.cm. ur IStlij.
M. Ri|;.: Tnke a (HblMpftontUl every tna lioure for vMlcal irritttlioB. or ia
•tmigury foUowtng tli« uk of n bUitcr.
'*
u
I
TTva ursi has some reputation in calculous affections, gravel, etc.
Arbutin is used in doses of 0. 1 3 to 0.32 Om. (or (tr. ii-v) as a diuretic in dropsy,
and fltso in urethritis. Arbutin appears to be devoid of toxic properties and
conimunieateR to the urine a greenish hue, which grov* darker if the fluid
is allowed to stand. This ctiange of color seems to be due to a partial de-
composition of arbutin into fjlucosi? and hydrochinone. The chemical chanf;e
probably occurs in the kidneys. According to Lewin, arbutin is the active
principlo of uva ursi. Dr. Jlenche ha.i jjiven arhuiin in daily dosea of 0.7r
Gm. (or gr. xij) with decided advanlnge in cystili*.
It haii been asserted by Dr. Uarris, of Alabama, that uva iir^i cau!«c9
uterine contraction^, and can be used as a subi^titute for ergot, but further
observations are needed to establish its value in this direction. Uva ursi has
been given with success in Icucorrha'a. meiiorrhagia. chronic dysentery, and
bronchorrhrea. and is reported to have been beneficial in diabetes.
M
VACCmiUM VITIS ID.ffi;A. — Vaccinium vitis idrea. cowberry, \*
plant which grows in vurimis Eiiropi'Hti cmm1rie« and in New England. It
naa long had a popular reputation in Itueaia as a remedy in rheumatiiim.
An )nv<>«tigntion of its properties has led two Rusvian pjiystcians, Drs. T.
Hermann and S. Smirnow. to conclude that the plant really possesjie* vnhu-
in both acute and ihronie articular rbfUmntUm. It was given in the form
4
82S
of a decoction of the entire plant (S to 15.5 Gni. to 180 c.cin.. or i!lii-iv to
Qvj, of water), th« entire (juantity linn;^; taken in the courne of the day.
Pmfeeiwr Wjutvniitx. of Vicnnn, has sii«'o»»(iilly cmploytd an extract
of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtilliis) in alTectionH of the mouth, hronohi, kid-
ney, and bladder, and in diabete«. Dr. Weil, of Berlin, afserls that he has
ued it with advantafie in the treatment of diahetee me)litU9. .\ decoction
ofbiiiieny-fniitliujbcen used wilh favcinibici'lTccl nf an injectiim in elironic
^onotrhteA.
VAtESIAHA (1", !?, V V-V»leriBn. Valerian-root.
VALEEIANa: RHIZOMA iB. 1'.)— Valeriwi Ehizome, or Eoot.
DoM, 0.65 to % Qtn. (or gr. x-xxx).
Preparations.
btnelBM Valeriana) Fluldum (C a P.).— Fluid Kstnwt of ValcrUu. Dom,
tU> 4eMD. <or (3««-iJ|.
Tinctuttt VBlnianip (U.S. I'.).— Tincture of Vulcrian (20 per c«nt.). Uom, 4 lo
"A CNL lor rSi'iJi.
Tiactura Vulcriiinn! Aicmoniat* lU.S.P, ILP.). — Ammuiiiutvd Tincture of Vo-
hrtMi Ipowdnvd raWSan'rciot, SO; aromatic tq>lrit of nmnioniii, to tnakr 100 parta,
U- B. p. Valeriiin. 200 Gm.: oil of iiutmi-B:. 3,1 c.cin.; oil of Ivinon, 2.1 c.cni.1 toln-
tira tt uatiMBJfl, 100 r-cin.; and alcohol [00 pet «cnt). SOO com., B.P.). Doac, 4 to
■J «.<«. (or f3i-ii). B, P., 2 to' 4 o.ciii, (or fSwi Jl.
IV U. S. P. ofliciki riilcrianiitiv fti* of aiiiiiioriin, iron, quinine, ami due; tlw
1«lUr in sUo omHal In the RritUh Pliannnmpn'ln.
Pkannacotogy. — '"ITie rhiiome and roots of Valeriana officinalis"
(Vnltriaoiicca:): a nstivc o[ Kurupc, but cultivated in this ooimtry. Th«
not rontalnB a Tolatile oil, vhich was formerly official, and by oxidation
yields Taleriftnic acid. When IIk' drug is recently dried it contain.* more
•oUtiie oil and less valerianic acid; as it gets older, the oil decreases and
the proportion of valerianic acid increases, while the odor becfline* more
mTli;t>d. Valerianic scid is a colorleee, oily fluid, with an odor resembling
fttt o( the drug, and a rtrongly acid and bHrninjf taiitf. It aiiio contains
▼■Ibkii, which is a tcrpme, and valerian camphor, with resin and watiir,
c<^utttnting Valerol, which ii changed by contact with air into valerianic
■oi An alkaloid has been extracted from valerian-root by M. Waliszewski,
of Clieliy, and nametl Chatinine by its discoverer, in honor of M. Ohatin, late
pitMlor of the School of Pharmacy of Paris. The same chemist has also
u^ted a liccond alkaloid termed Valerine. Valerianic acid may be made
officially by the oxidation of amylic oioohol. and it is from this acid that
*J» *alcriunnte« are formed; but it does not ijuite corrcttpond with the
"•luiil acid in its phyBiolofpcal eflectg. The oil is the best fonn of the drug.
^ can bo ^iven in cinnamon-water and mucilage. The ammoniatct) linct-
1K ii a valuable preparation, owing to the stimulating and carminative ef-
fwtRof ihc ammonia. Tho cllecla of Ihc valerianate:' made »yntheti<;ally aw
infnior lo that obtained from valerian-root. An elixir of ammonia valeri-
«ale, however, ic an fX«Ot<'nt prr-paralinn whm nell made, the odor and
tMleof the salt beins eovon>d by (he addition of vanilla and a little ehloro-
tonn; it contains (1 1'1 Gm. to I ccm. (orgr. ii to Ihcfliiidmehm). and is given
in taMeapDonful doses. In tliis preparation part of the result miut t^ at-
Iriir li-.i In tlir alcfdml which it contains.
Phyiiolopc«l Action. — Valerian is antispasmodic and iligbtly 'lim-
se4
PHARUACRUTICAL TUEttAPEUTIC AOSNTS OB DBUOS.
ulatiiig to the circulntion. It reduces irritability and reflex
and is h sedative to the spinal cord. In small quuntitic«, valtnaB nbUiM~|
scnsntioD of warmth in the dtomach, improves the appetite and ^gata__j
Bouchard states that valerian matcriallv df creu*** the amount of vtt a— J
crvtod. Lorgc doses cause nausea and vomiting, diarrho-a, £r(({iitai eut I
turition, teneemus, increased diKchurgv of urates, with giddin««, hiUixiat'-Md
tJons, and mental disturbance, the oil beisR a paralyzini; agent to llw gi
nerve-centres. Elimination takw place through the kidaeya, lunp,
skin.
Therapy. — There iirc no local apjilicalion*, anci the internal nw
practically liecome limited to the treatment of nervous disorders in
especially nervous headache and hyuteria, or hyctero-cpilep*;. The I
ing prescription, containing valerian, is serviceable: —
B Tinct. valerianio ammon.,
finiiitun ci>thcrii comp.,
TlDct. huinuli , aa OOJ
M. Big.! Two trnipoonrul* in water, everj- boor o» tw«.
or ISj
Tlic various nervous disturbance's which occnr at the mcno^useM
relieved by the administration of valerian. Thb remedy ia also of aervxjt-^
pruritus iK'|ieiident upon disorder of the nervous system. Valerian ii^^
advantage in aliayinji the nervous phenomena of exophthalniie gikM^
Favorable reports have been made of it£ utility in diabetes iiuripodB w^
mellitus. The improvement, however, does not continue. In varioaiffi^N
modic disordera in children, such as coriviiUions or chorea due lo nn^H
nervous cough, whooping-cough, and in delirium with deprtenon, H !■■*
been bem'ricially employed. The oil has been given to aroiiw patienti b*^^
coma during the progress of a fever, like typhus. Morphine vakiiiaik ^
sometimes used with the idea that it is better borne than the official ■&«■
Zinc valerianate haa been used in nervous diseases, chores, epilepsy, and i
ralgia, in doses of 0.13 to 0.20 Oni. (or gr. ii-lij), with oonsidenMt i
VANILLA {U. S. P.).— Vanilla.
Preparation.
Tinctura Vanilla (U.S.P.).— Tiacture of Vanilla <]0 p«r mbL).
ins-
Pharmacologry.^ Vanilla is the fruit of Vanilla planifolia (Or
a native of tropical America. Thi> fruit appears in market in ba
about fifty pods, six to ten inches long, dark-colored, onc-ccllcd. i
a hiackish pulp, in which are imbedded numerous verj- small black i
!*omc crystals of the active principle Vanillin. The ntlorous, aclivr pooj^
is soluble in alcohol; ihe pulji also contains fiswl oil, iugar, re8in,«If- _
Therapy. — Vanilla is u*ed in flavoring troches and in making «•'<■'
of food for the sick. It is added to chocolate during the preparatioo «( ^
arlielc for the market. It is an aromatic, and probably exert* •«^
ulating effects upon the human organism, which would make it smia^
in nervous alTectionit. Some persons are more influenced by it than td"^
Vanilla is said to have aphrodisiac power, possesses stimulant aid KWC
Sropertieit, and has been recommended as appropriate to the trealnMiit*'
yspepsia.
VSRATltWA.
6i5
Workmrn oxpoEC<I to the diiet of vonilU are frcquGiitly attacked b}'
ptpnbr ernptions upon exposed pnrts of the body, accompanied by itching
[Ua nrcllinjf, and followed by di.-«4iiuiiintion. C'oryzit and coDJunctiTitis are
>lw produced bv the same cause. Other etTects which have been observed
treanamia, hmdnehc, giddinc«<, irritability of th« bluddcr, ncrvousncee, and
lootl excitement.
VERATRINA (U. S. P., B. P.).— Vera trine.
PreparatioTu,
OlMtum Vt-rntrinir (U.&P.J.-Olwit« o( Vffr«tilne (2 p»r o»nt).
UugUHitum Veratrinn (U.S.P.. IL P.^.—VVralriiic Qinlincnt 14 f*T oeat.; IL P.
i»epwi«nt.|.
Phanaaoolof?. — Ver&trine is a "inixture of alkaloids obtained from the
"wdsof AMgneu otTiciualis (Liliacvn;)" (T. S, P.); "from ceradilla, tht- dried
npeucdB of Schcenocanlon ofBcinale" (B. P.). Veratrine is readily soluble in
ilcirfiol, chloroform, and ether; in wnter il dii^olvcc in the proportion of 1
part to 150O, Protoveratrine and Protoveratridiae have been recently sepa-
itled from the rhi^ornc by Sul/bi-rgcr. The fii»t is cxlremcly toxic; the
l>tttr appears to be innopwous.
Ihyiiological Actioa.^Thifi agent is very irritating to mucous mem-
tntoes; it powerfully depics!«es the heart's action, reduces the temperature,
uid nusee fatal collapse. It lowers Ihe K-n«ibility of the ecncory nerves.
Th« topical application of veralrine may give rise to erythema, pustules, or
ptlwhitt.
Ibermpy. — Vcrntrinc, applied to the affected spots, in the form of oleate
otointinent, ijiiickly relievi-s noiirtilgic and mynlgic pain». Veralrine oint-
iMBl mitigates the pain of herpes aoster, and is need in weakened form in
intoilile panilyHiii, for the purpose of promoting the nutrition nl the affected
ninsclcs. This preparation is beneficially appli^ in cases of chronic swelling
■od itiftncM of joints, and to the affected arlicalatioHB in the beginning of
■ fcroxysm of gout. Veratrine ointment is useful in pleurodynia or chronic
plrarisy. Alopecia circumscripta, chloasma, and pedicuIosU. For ordinary
••^UieU. S. P. official ointment is too at rons, and should be reduced one- ha IJf
w»ore. Care »himld hi- laki'n not lo inirodiic*- iinv nf thi- ointnu-nt into the
•Itt, 01 violent conjunctivitis may be set up. Tne effects should he care-
Wj ■atched, abo, when thiii ointment ii* ap|)lti'il upon or nwtr an abraded
w wnuded surface.
Veratrine has been given internally in rhcumoti>ni, neuralgia, etc, in
^•Wof 0.0012 to 0.005 Gm. {or gr. '/te-Vit)> but is too depressing. Taylor
"wri* that alanning symptom* have been produced by 0.001 Gm. (or gr.
Vh) of veratrine.
TEIATBUM VIEILE (U. S. P.).~Veratnim Viride, American HeUe-
Preparolicns.
Extnctnm V»n(ri Vlridb (luidun (L'.S. P-)— Fluid Extract o* Vcntram
>m4t. tloM, aoe taS.AO con. (or mi-xl).
Tiarlura Vnalri ViiMis (U-SlP.J.— Ttm-lure ol Veratrum Viriac. Dom, aiB
lot «xni. (or MtiifSji.
826
rnARUACEcrricAL thrsapbi
>8.
Pharmacol^.— "The rliiiome and rooU of Veratnim viridt'" {Liliacwe'
are otHcial. It U an itidieieRotia plant, from its place of growth being caUet
vwainp' he Ill-bun.-, nUo Indian poke, or poke-root; but ie an entirely di(ft^n)fl^|
species from phytolacca, which rields Um poke-berriw and poke-root of the tlV
S. PhiinnuL'opu:ia. Vfratnim-viride root contain* jerrine, pseudojervine, and
oeradine. principally; hut tracca of rabi-jerrine (or Teratroidine) , verattine.
and veratralbine arc also found. Vcratroidinc, which was fonncrlj- re-
garded aei one of iU conMitucnts, is thought by Brunton to be, in all prob-
ability, Himply rubi-jcn-ine with resin. Jerrine has not bci-n ii«ed medici-
nally, but would probably prore valuable, as it doea not produce Tomiting.
It forme crvKtallixabl« Ealts with acids.
Fhygiological Action. — The action of Teratrum viride is due to the
j«rvinc and clhcr iiikuloids which it contains. In small doses of tliv fluid
extract, the pulse is lowered in force, without at first affecting ite frequency;
it afterward becomes slow, soft, and moderately full, and linhlc. ufvon t~
patient's making any exertion, to became rapid, small, and even impercep'
ble. Xau«on and vomiting frequently occur, with much muscular wcakn^i
Large doses bring on a condition of collapse, with retching, cold and clamm'
skin, imperceptible pulse, intonni mu;»ciil(ir wcakncw, giddiness, and gradual
loss of consciousness. Jervine is said to lessen greatly the functions of the
spinal cord and medulla, especially tli« vasomotor centre, and at th* same
time to cause convulsions by irritation of motor centres in the brain, the
principal elTccta being shown in muscular weakness, followed hv tremors,
fovered blood-pressure, and slow pulse. Uartholow attributes death to
asphyxia from paralysis of muscles of respiration, and considers the cerebral
eaecte to he due to the accumulation of carbonic acid in the blood. It ia
possible that the ronvulaions may i-eally be due, to some extent, to eorebral
antemia. and that death may occur from syncope. An erythematous or pu£t-
uliir I'niplion will somt-tinn:-ji fullow the internal employment of veratrura
viride.
Treatment of Toxic Effects.— Notwithstanding the very formidable
symptoms produced by large doses, fatal cITccts are rare. An ounce of the
tincture has been swallowed without producing death, probably because the
prompt emesis which was excited caused the rejection of the most of it.
Ordinarily the syrantoms are rapidly relieved by the suspension of the rem-
edy and the administration of opium and stimulants. The be^d should be
kept low and the application of external heat i» of assistance in the treat*
mcnt.
Therapy. — The form and mode of administration is of some importance.
The liuid extract is a suturnted tincture, and resembk-e, in this respect, Nor-
wood's. The tincture is preferred by Hartholow in doses of 0.30 c.eni. (or
mv), not at a longer interval than two hours. The recumbent posture must be
strictly enforced, in order to avoid the emetic eifeets, which are so deprcsing
that the remedy is never used for tliis purpose. In various forms of over^
action of the heart, hypertrophy, irritable heart, and the abnormal lenftion of
Bright's disease, it is of great service. It should not be used where there are
valvular lesions and the cardiac muscle is enfeebled, or where there it
dilated or fatty heart. In aueuriitm. in conjunction with the proper regimen
and rest in bed, veratnim ^^^!de favors coagulation of the blood and dimin-
ishes the pressure, the efTect* being enrcfully watched so as to avoid vomit-
ing. In exophthalmic goitre benefit has resulted from the use of 1.20
VE1IBA9CUM.
1.ri.><'.cin. (or mx%-xx\] tliiily of the tincture' In the first stage of {>nen-
iDooiA Ri«) noulv eoii^'CKtion^ of llio vi.-<ct-ra, there is an accumulalioo
of fivorgbte testimony: it directly reduces the tendency to iccumulation
of blood, and diminlshe* the danger of exudation. In pneumonia, when
takrn at the very be^finning. and doses of O.GO to 1 c.cm. (or mx-xv) of the
liocture ipven every two hour* or lcfi>, until there is n reduction in the pulse-
rate and tompcrulure. verntrum will produce the best result*; it is uselcM
after flbrinou!! depo»il Imii taken place. Green veratnim has l>een employed
»t n aittipvretic in acute rheumatism. In activi.' hiiEniorrliugc or acute
nuniu. In the plethoric, this remedy also moderates the force of the circula-
tion, and may at once check the ecixurc. In typhoid fcTcr it is inadmiseiblc,
♦iMjit in cases of hyper|>yre][in with active delirium. In puerperal convul-
rions it has been given in doses of S c.cm. (or fScs) of the mild extract every
flftcfii minutes until romiting is produced, or the convulsions cease. Dr.
Hntchfns. of Bonvjllc. S. C, advisee giving s full dof« of tnorphin« hypo-
dfrmically (0.048 to O.OGS Gm., or kt.V.-J). followed by 1.18 c.cm.(or inxviij)
of tincture of veratriim viridc in the opposite arm (preferably in the deltoid
npon), and then the administration of chloroform, and venesection in a
pllUioric patient.' Vrratmm viridv, in small doi^t*, often rapidly relitv.-*
or caret tonsillitis, es]iecially vhen combined with morphine, although the
lallfr is othervise physiologically antagonistic to reratrum viride.
B Tlnct veratri virllla ■■; I] to S| c.cm. or mxri v#I xxxij.
HorphiniE uilplikti* 065 Gm. or CT. j.
AtiMD mvatJi. i>l^ Ml c.cm. or ftij.
U, Sig.: A tMspooBful er«Ty hour or tvro, unljl r«'li«t'o<l,
Phillipfl reports that this remedy seemed to relieve a case of peniistent
ipiitm after antimony^ belladonna, and bromides had fulled. It is thought
^t Teratrum viride is of value in preventing or diniini.ihing liie severity
"• inSammalion after abdominal injuries.
VERBASCUM. — The vcrbawnm iliapcin' (iiutunl order, Scrophularl-
***), ur muUcin-plant, grows by the roadside and in negiecled fields. lis
Mves »n hirg*- and woolly, and it beoirs yellow flowers in dense »pikes. The
l^vvs contain a Urge proportion of mucilage, and a small qnattdty of vola-
We ail exltti in the flower.*.
Phyaiolofi^ieal Action and Therapy.—MuHein i^ demulcent, expectorant,
■t"! Colli ^i^lI1<-^ rmuiiriliiii!. ll liii\li)ng enjoyed a pcijiular repute in Ireland
^ & remedy in pulmonan,' alTeetioiis. Quinlun esteems it of considerable
J^Ut in phthisis and other wasting diseases. He stale* tliat tlii» pliint riv
jifves cough. dimiui»hes exiwetoration. and incrcBK^ the bodily weight. It
"fiven in the form »i an infu.iion madii with milk, 134 Gm. (or Jiv) of the
(rn\\, or a com^fponding <{uantity of the dn,', leave* being boiled for ten
<amut*« in 473 c.cm. (or if.vsvj) of fresh milk. This quantity IM to be drunk
tkrice daily, while still warm. Though the milk doubtlcea adds to the efTect,
Qoinlin saw benefit result from adminiEtratiou of the juice alone. The
^" 11 Hnp.iliital)tc and if disguised by the milk. It may also he of service
inbronehilis and asthmu. Mullein has likewise bceu u»ed in diarrhuw, irri-
''Annual of III* UnlvpfiKl Mi-dlonl Rclonce*," 1880. voL r, p. A-1S7.
'Oalltard'n Utiiml JoMniat. A|irU. lOOO.
626
rBAnjlACKUTICAL -niBllAPEPTlC AOEXTK 0« -MCTW.
table liladdcT, aud cy^litis, TIic- ilowerB are f*iA to remove vart& Thijo*
applied, frfclilv taken from the ualyx, liv |ite>;iiiig and rultUiD^ u^on dw
erowth. In aphonia, dependent upon Inrynpcal iiritnlion, driri mnllm-
Imvet have hceii niiiukeil willi nlleged advanta^fe. Mullein \ia» be«ii caf^nd
86 un enema in d.ysenlcr)- and as a poultice Tor liH-uiorrlioids.
VIBURNUH OPlTLirS (U.S. P.).— VibaniDin Opultu, Cnap-htA.
VIBURNUM PHUNIFOUUM (U. S. P.).— Black Haw.
Preparaliont.
Rxlimtitm Vllinml Opiili Fluliliim (U.&P.).— Flnid Kzlraci of TTIwiiimHi
liu. Do«', i to J.S I'.cni. (or f3i-ij).
Kxlrnctiim Viburni Fninirolii Fluldum lU.S.P.)-— VlnU Extt«rt ol
Ft uni (oil II III. Vote, 1 to 4 crm. (or nixv-(3}|.
Pharmacology. — '■The liark of Viburnum Oputuff"" and alto "iht tat
of Vibiirtmm pnmifoliiim" (Caprifoliacca?), aw both official. The lit**',
or bUck haw, n n In'o. i-oiiirmm in the United States ea^t of the 3IilHBni
He bright varies from ten to thirty feet. It is ^t-iierallv foiincl npoBRRQ
hill-side», in rieb .soil. It* trunk rnn-ly exeeed* six inches in diameter. Tit
wood is heavy, hard, and brittle, reddish-brown in color. The b«rkoHi«
root is the portion employed. Tlie ohemtcol consiitiienii ol the but
Tibnmic acid, identical with valerianic acid; Viburain, a bitt«r,
body, and aUn Hugar and tannic, oxalic, citric, and malic acids.
Phyiiologicai Aotion. — ]t sometimes caiii<r« nauMC« and voiiiita£ta
when retained it is a tonic, astringent, antispasmodic, and nerTt auhfi'i.
According to tlie c.i: peri men ts of Dr. It. L. Payne (Jr.), of {.lexinj^too. N* C-
npon cold- and warm- blooded animals black baw eeenia to be vilboinii-
flutnce on scnKibilitv or conjicifiiisne?*. but bnit ii dwided effect ojbb tif
c«iitres of motion, produeinR paresis, followed by paralysis and, fintllT. !•
of all rK'flcx pnwvr, Viimrniim dcprcsws the heart** action and full di»
cauae diminution of blood-pressure, partly on account of cardiac weabs
and in purt from n dintlnct action on the vaijimotor fystem. Fatal d<«!
occasion paralysis of the heart prior to the ceaeation of reepiration, tbcbtf
hetn^ arrested in diastole.
Therapy. — The attention of the medical profession was dran >
viburnum by Dr. Pbares, of Mississippi, in ISCG. Thin writer descnW*
as "nervine, antispafmodic. tonic, astringent, and dinr^tic." and of
Inr \hIiii' in tin- prcvenliou of abortion, whether habitual or <f
whether threatened from accidenla! cause or criminal dru^iBing. At
dance of testimony on both aides of the Atlantic ha* ac«umiilated la
firm this statement an to it* value in threatened abortion. Qiven betoR*
membranes have been detached, it mrely faiU to quiet uterine aetion, ^
vided the firtii* be living. A number of en»e*. having the tendencr to hr*
nal abortion, have been treated with vihnmum by Jenks. rhmps BenlliJ
others with Ihcmo*! siitisfnctory reiultn. Bliiek haw nffnrds relief to tbeiNf-
pains and the so-called "false pains."' It has been found of value in (he tM*'
ment of dysnieiiorrbiea, especially when awociated with profnse flov, U^B
the absence of seriou.^ mechanical obstruction. Kvi-u in the latter Otar,bll''
ever, it is often able to diminish the pain. In spasmodic dr«meiHnte>^^
thought to be more efficient when combined with Jamaica ilo^vood. Ik
Allan S. Payne ublainetl very good results from viburnum ioseraveaMrf
VIOLjL TBIfOLOK.
8^9
membranouti dysmenorrlto^a. In amcnorrhtRa dcpeniJent upon anemia it U
likevi^e of service. In menorrhaRia and metrorrhagia due to systcraii: cauae*,
as malaria, auii-min, discfl^o iif heart or liver, this remedy has proved particu-
lirly valuable. The uterine hieniorrhages which atteud the niciiupaiHe, as
well as the varinus vasomotor and nervous diaorders eo frequent at that
p«rtod, are materially relieved by viburnum. Dr. 11, T). Style, of Itidiniond,
Va., in charge of the amall-pox hoflpjtal of that city, remarks that the occur-
rence of the catamcnial epoch during an attack of small-pos is frequently a
serioiiB and troublesome complication, but that the use of viburnum in such
cUK-s obviates the necessity of a resort to nioclmMieHl methods of chucking
hiemorrhage. The vomiting of prefiiiancy has occasionally been relieved by
this remedy, and il» use has sometimes Iweu attended uilh suoceas in sterility
of the fem'ale. For its astringent eiTects viburnum has been given in diar-
rliom and dysentery. Dr. K. L. Payne (Jr.), ha* seen marked reduction of
the tremor of paralysis agitaus caused by the administration of viburnum.
He tiuggeid« that its antispasmodic virtuci should render il useful in the
convulsions of faystcna and hystcro-cpilepsy. and in petil mal. Locally, tlie
dilated fluid extract has been used as a gargle in aphthous Kore mouth and
as a lotion to indolent ulcere.
Vihurnin, which appears to be the active principle of black haw, has
been given in doses \-arying from 0.048 to 0.16 Gm, (or gr, V.-ii.ss).
The Vibuniuin opulua. or cramp-hark, belongs to the same natural order
as the preceding. It is used only in the form of fluid extract, and is given
to prevent or relax cramps of all kinds resulting from hysteria, dj'smenor-
rha's, or pregnancy,
VINITM ALBtTM (i:.S.P.). (Se« Alcohol.)
VrmiM aUBRTTM (TJ. S. P.), (Sw Alcohol.)
H VraUlI X£EIC1TU (B. P.). (Bee Alcohol.)
TIOLA TRICOLOR.— Viohi tricolor (Viol at 'en-), heurt's ea^^e, or pansy.
is ft HHtive of f'oHlinciitai Europe and cultivated in the I'nited Stales. Its
medicinal viriiie resides in the leaves of the wild plant. Sfnndelin has dis-
covered that the plant contains salicylic acid. It likewise poaseaaes a small
quAntity of an emelico-ealhartie principle, Violin; also existing in Viola
odora, or 8W«et violet. The syrup of viola, made from violets, is a pale-vioIet
colored agreeable vehicle for medicines for ifsthetic patient.*.
Physiological Action and Therapy. — The little lhnt has been recorded
concerning tile physiological aefion of viola reveal.i a ci-r1ain resemblance
to the effects of Milicylic acid. Vinlu is ««id to produce a sense of confusion
and dullness in the head, with headache; some dimness of vision; salivation:
vesical tenesmii*. with fnipient and profH«' micturition; turbid urine,
offensive to the smell: a sense of heat over the whole body; sweats, itching,
and nettle-rash, mie first puhliention upon the action of Ihi* drug seem*
to have bc«n by Schnick. in 177!i. who recommended it as a specific remedy
in cnista lactea, or infantile eczema of the head and face. In On-rmany it
f^dually fell into disuse, but is still employed in France, and the advocacy
of Profeiwor Hardy induced Dr. H. G. Piffard, of New York, to make use of
viola in eczema. It is used m uii internal medicine. An infusion in milk
830 fUAKMAt'ELTICAL TIIBKAPEimr AOBNTS OB DRUOft.
of the frcoh herb, depririKl of mot and flowers, was long emplnjcd. Hnrd]
adTtwd n combination with eeuim. I'ifTurd now inakM um- of th« fluid ps*
tract, and speaks favarsblj- of iti< rL-itult>. It i» mem ^iK-c<-«^ftil in the second^
stagv, vrith verousorsi'TO-pundi-ntexudntioii tind cniMiiie. Full doRM. pivpn
in acute eczema, rause aggravation and extension of the crnfitian, with in-
crcitKod local Iimt and itching. Thew i-IIi*cU iniitiniie cevcral days, laj
order to avoid them, Piffard advisee that but fn)m O.UG t« il.ao c.cm. (or(
ffii-v) should, in Vx'ifinning, lie ^ivon to n youu^ ohild, onit; or twice a da.r.J
If no improvement occur, tlie doee niaj" be increased: if a}f);;ravation result,
the drug should K- discontinued fur a few davK, and then rvviimed in xmaller
qiiuntit)'. A liirj;or cammencin<; doeo (from 0.60 to 1 e.cm., ur mix-xv) i»<
required in subacute or chronic ecuenia. In adults, 2 to 1.& c.cm. (or r3s»>ij)l
may be given es the beginning doce iu stibacutv ca«c«. It eliould be taken in
a small quantity of water, on an «mpty stomach, and, if possible, about lialf
an hour before meals.
TISCUlL^The mistletoe wti* formerly known botauically ax Yiwum,
but is now called Fiioradendron (natural order, Loraiithucea!): the Europeaa
variety is ]'. album, the American P. llavesccn^. They are parasitic plants,
the latter growing on oak^ elms. etc. The plant contains mucilagtr, fixed
oil, renin, Mtarcb, elc, and Viacin ("bird-lime" or "bird-trlue"), a viscous.]
glutinous subdancc: also found in other planta.
Physiological Action.— Mistletoe is a valuable oxytocic and ner^-e-seda- 1
tivo. It is 11 cardiac tonic nsi-nibling digitalis in ils action u]>on thi^ cimliiic
nuiiicle. The berries cause emreis and catharsis, with jirostration, bloody
stools, ami oimvuUions in children who have eati-n them.
Thwapy.^ — In epilepsy, cborea, aKthniii, nml many other nervous aflec-!
tions mistU'toL- deserves further trial. In weak heart, with insullicient con-
tractile force, it han some value; in uterine haemorrhage it has bc«n found I
useful. Vificum has likewise been employed in dropsy and amenorrhcea. It
is of service in mcuorrhngia, and has ix-en nscd during labor to excite uterine
pon tractions. The use of mistletoe during tabor has been enrncslly advocated
by Dr. W. IJ. Long, of the I'niti-d Slates Marine-Hospital Serviee, upon the
ground of its rapidity of action and its ability lo excite iulermittont cod-
tractions. The dose is 0.65 to 4 Gra. (or gr. x-5j) in decoction, fluid extmct,
or tincture.
TITEILUS (U. S. P.)-— Yolk of Egg.
Preparaticn.
niyreritain Vitelli IU.8.P.K— Glyi-rriU- ot I':gs-yulk (frc«h csg-yolh. *&; |[Iy«.
~erln, Dfi psuls). Extemal use.
Fharmacolog?. — Vitcllii.'' is tlie yolk of the egg nf tin- domestic fowl:
fJalliiK liiiitkivii i\»r.. (InmeMica: class. Aves: order, Gallina')- it cnntnius
Vitellin, resemblm;; cnRin, Lecithin, a phosphoriacd fat, with albumin, a
vcllow and fixed oil, clmlesterin, ealte, sugar, etc.
Physiological Action.— Etrg -yolk is a bland, oily suhctance. very useful
in making emulsions. It is highly nourishing, and. as it contaim phos-
phorus, it is especially restorative to the nervous system. The glyccrite is
a good vehicle for codiiver-oil, for children.
XANTHItni.
831
Thenpy. — Vilcllue ig bcDCficial in coDBumption and wsKting ()ii^vjiiic«,
gU a special food for the nervous stniotnrcs, and il <!an be given in conjunc-
ioD with codllvcr-oil. or as a eubstitute for it. Tht^ glvc-cnle is a good •]>-
j>Uc8tioQ to sore nipples, chapped lips, and hands. It Is also used as a pro-
^tcctivc in crysip^'lus and other acutu skin affections.
ZAHTHItJU.' -Clot-bur. The nholc plant of .\anthium striiinariiiin
(Compoeilic). prowing widely iu Europe and America. |)Oite»8eft medicinal
virtu«. A fluid extract is givi-ii in tlic dosti of 4 to ?.d c.cm. (or f5i-ij). It
contains a f;lucosiiio, Xanthottrumftrin, according to A. Zander.
Therapy. — Xanthium is altonilivc, hicmoHtatic, and ii useful in hirmor-
rhttjrc. In metrorrhagia, post-partum bleeding, and hsemorrbages occurring
during lli»* cliuueterfc period this remedy i* of value. Clot-bur is (■erviwablr,
lilcvwiM, in bleeding piles and in djrantcry. In etrumous enlargement oi
lymphatic glands and in skin diseases of a acaly form it is reported to be
Mnvficia].
XAJrrHOXYLtJM (U. S. P.).— Prickly Aih.
Dose, 0.€5 to 2 Urn. (or gr. x-xxx).
Preparation.
Ektnctiim Xantiioxjrii Flultlutn (U.S. P.).— Fluid Extnu^ of Xanthosyltioi.
Dam, 2 to 4 ejcro. (or ISwj).
Pharmaeolftgy. — The Hark fif Xanthoin-Iiim amerifaniim and of
XantliOAvliiiii (.'iuva'IIerculis (Kutacete) contains a bitter principle, Xui>
thozyline, which is an alkaloid, probably, identical with beroerine. It also
eont^n.'j a volatile oil, resin, gutn, a flxed oil, etc.
Phyiiologioal Action. — Pricklv-anh bark i* an aromatic bitter; it is also
diaphoretic, diuretic, and sialapogue. It causes atiginenled secretions along
the intestinal tract, including the liver, and Iia* cmmenago^iie propertiw.
It is also considered alterative. Xanthoxyline increases the action of the
heart and raises arterial tension,
Therapy. — Xautlioxvlunt is used in a variety of disorders, from tooth-
ache to jiiiindici^'. It is on ingreilient in the conifiound syrup of clover,'
which li used in Die treatment of syphilis and scrofula: it is also used in
chronic and muscular rhciimalisin and skin disorders. Prickly ash is a very
effective Ionic to the mucous membrane of the gastro-inlesttnal canal. It
unats glandular action and can be employed for (he treatment of many di^
etMtt in which the glands of the skin or mucous membranes are afTecled.
In functional dysmenorrhcea, or suppression of the meusi-s, prickly ash
i« tuceessful, in doses of 'i c.cm. (or mxxx) of the fluid extract, which ia a
nrong tincture.
In pharyngitis and post-nosal catarrh a decoction may be used as a wash
or gargle, and the fluid extract ail ministered inteniall v.
In liver disorders, combined with cascara and other drugs, it ia often
vtrj decided in its cfTeeta.
ZjwthoxyU froctos, or pnckly-oah berriee, contain Tolatile oil and a
leein, and are antifcptic. They arc used in fluid extract or decoction, in
■ffectiona of mucous membranes, espvcislly dtarrhcea. cholera morbu*, Batu-
88S ntAnuACXUTtCAt tiierai'eltio agents on DBros.
Icnce, colic, etc. The iluid extract is alcoholic, and dotibtlees the menBtnium
aids in the eSeci.
Pricklv ash is useful in constipation due to deficiency of the ioteetjiial
secretions. ^^
XEBOFORH. — ■Tiiliioniiilienol-hii'inuttr. Thi* '\» a di'^iccating, aiili-^^
septic powdtr iii-cd for dri'ssing wounds in place of iodoform, over which it
has the advantage of Leing free from loxiialion, pructicnny iidorIe«, nun-
irritating, powerfully anliHcptic, «nd capable of being sterilized by heat. It
han aliio been n«ed inti'mally hy FaBano, of Nai>l<-0, m an intestinal unli-
Mptic in daily doses of from 4 to 8 Gm. (or 3i-i)) for the first three to sis
dayii, after which it waK gradually reduced. The agi-nt wna gi?en in mucilage
(■mulEion or in wafers or capsules, 0.51) Om, (or gr. niss) every two hours.
There na.'t complete toieranoc by the stomacli. He alio found it valuable in
sporadic eholcru. Id dinbrtL-s the acotona-mic cornea dittappeured in a short
time, and in ursmia Ihe symptoms were also promptly relieved. Intestinal
lubcKiilosis Irciiled by xerofonn "howcd progrcwive amelioration, the rem-
edy being given both by Ihe mouth and by the rectum. In laryngeal tuber-
ciiliir ulcers insuflldtio'n of thi« agent i\'lii-ved the Kymptoms and, in the
course of several months' persistent treatment, cicatrization foUowcit.
Hucppc, of Hamburg, used it m the tn-alment of eascx of ehoieni during thi'
epidemic in daily doses of C to t Om. (or 3is6-i '/,). In typhoid fever iln
»toolii become deodori/cd while this ri'medj it being M«cd.
XTLOL. — A coal-tar jiroduet (0,ll,a), resembling benzol and related to
toluol. iKod intornstly (doeo, 0..10 to 1 c.rm., or git. v-xv) and diluted a$ an
external application in emall-pos; also relieves irritation of the tliroul
used n« a »pT(iy.
ZEA (ir. S. P.).— Zea (Coni-«iIk).
llie .styles and stigmas of Zea mays (Oraminee) contain Kaizenic
fixed oil, rc»in, etc. Zea exerts a sedative action upon the bladder, and the
seed, commonly known in this country as com. contains a considerable i^uan-
tily of fi bland, yellow, fixed oil, — oleum zed mnydis, — which mi^ht be
utilized in pharmacy in making ointments.'
ZraCITM (U.S. P.).— Metallic Zinc.
Salts and ['reparations.
OlMtam Zinei (U. &P.}.— OI«nlc of Zinc ya, yellow inli-n-hit* msM of tJie
■iBtennr of ointment).
Un|(ii(-niiiiii Zind Oxidi IU.S.F.). — (^tment of Zinc Oxid* (29 ]>«r <«tit.),
SUnct Bromiduni (U.8.1'.). — Zinc llroiiild«. Dom. 0.08S lo 0.13 Gro. lor ([r. i-f,
Klncf CBrboiiBii PnecipitKtui (U. S. P.). — Prwipitntrd Zinc CartMiiMtc. I>
0.13 to 0.20 Gill, (ur gr ii-iij).
:^inri lodiiJum (i;.R P.|.— Zinc lodidi-. Dcmp. 0.03 to 0.13 Cm. ior gr. n-ij).
Zind riici«i>tiidum (LT. S- P.).~Zinc I'hmiihide. Dow, 0.003 to 0.019 Gtn. (or n-
Zinci Awtae (U. S. P., R P.).— Zinc Acctnt*. Vkm, 0,03 to 0.13 titu. (or gr. wij).
OP, *■ nn emetic, gr. 0.65 to 2 Gm. (or gr. X-XIX).
Zinoi Chloridum (U.S. P., B. P.).— Chlorid* o( Zinc.
' An intrrvntlnj; nitici*' on "Oil of Indian Corn," by Dr. Cltarlcs 0. Oortmaii, np-
pcarcd in the hni^nuin. July 26. 1S8II.
jrixcuM.
893
Zbd OxMum (U. S. P.. B, P.).— Zinc OiiUe. Dow. O.M to OOS Urn. (or p. iU-x).
Ziiiei Surphaa (U. 8. P.. B. P.).— ^^inc SiilphaU. l>oiw>. O.WIA to CL20 Om. <<ir gr.
i-iij) «« ft Ionic: <u an «ni«tie. OM t« 2 Unu (pr gr, X'SXX).
ZIiKt ValfnUnat (U. 8. P., & P.)^/.inc VBUrlannto. Do*f, O.OIU to 0.2(1 Qm. (or
gT. i-iij),
LiTiior Zlncl Chloridl <U.&P.. R P.).— Sohillnn ol Zinc Chloriilr.
Kati CRTbouM |0.P.).— Zinei Chrbonnte. Date, 0.13 to OGO tim. (or gc. ll-rllj).
Zinri Sulpfaocarbolu (B. P.).— Zinc SulphocarboUte. Dow. 0.13 to 0.80 Oni. (or
gr. iliij).
trttfUpntum 7.inri {II. P.), — Zinc Ointment (IS pnr tent.).
Unguentum Ziuvi Olcatin (It. P.|. — Zinc-Olekt* OinlniMit.
Ztawl Lact«».— Zinc tMi-iaUt. Dow, 0.03 to O.OSS Cm. (or jfr, m-)).
ZiBM Cyanidnni.— Zin« C^nidc. DcNe, 0.01S to 0.10 Uiu. <ar gr. V.'iM|.
Fharmaoolofy.— Ziiicum is metallic zinc, in the fonn of ihecU or of
irregular, granulated piecen. It in a nlvery metal when polished, but soon
tamishcc, am), when oxposed to the air, forms oxide or carbonate. The
zinc salts are u-hite, and arc usuallj,- soluble in water, but the oxide, carbonate,
photphidc, and oyanidc arc insoluble. The soluble nits are usually poison-
ous, and zinc cnnnol lie med for cooking utensils on this account.
Phj^aiologioal Action. — >f<>$t of the rnilts of xinc arc a^trin^cnt*, but
•ome ore corrosive poisons: among the latter are the chloride, acetate, eul-
ptutc, iodide, and cyanide. Tlicy produce pain. nnuMCH, vomiting with great
retching, and sometimes catharstB and mnK^ular depression. Toxic doses of
line oiidc, experimentally ndmini^itcrcd to iinimuls by d'Amoro and Falgone,
gave rise to vomiting, hjeraoKlobinuria. albnminiiria, and glycosuria.
Continiiid u«e of rine wilts cau««s symptoms of disorder of the ncr%-e-
centree re&embling those of lead poisoning, showing less tendency to accumu-
late in the ariitem than some other nn^tals; but, elimination, as in other catet,
takes place through the action of the liver and intestinal glands. In esses
of poisoning, the object of treatment would be to favor evacuation and to
relieve symptoms. It is best to give Hour and water, or milk, or soapy water;
the alkaline bicarbonatea, especially soda, are the chemical antidotes. The
faypodcrmic injection of morpliinc may be required to relieve vomiting.
Snbseqncntly, the use of potassium iodide, warm baths, and laxatives will
remove the metol compounds from the tintucK.
Therapy. — In wcsk solutions, the zinc salts may he employed as aalrin-
jtcnts. The aoetute (0.03 to 0.(M>5 Gm., or gr. se-j) in roM-water (30 c.cni., or
{^) is useful as a coUyrium in conjunctivitis; it i# beneficial, also, as on in-
jection in gonorrha-a and gleet: —
B Zinei onlph [K Om- or sr. v.
Binuuth. sulmit. ■-■ 6i Gm. or SIm.
Olrcprini . .....,.,.. IIU r«m. or (V«.
A(|ii« clnnumomi q. «, lul ISOf cxm. or (5r.
H. Forr injection In gDoarrlicn after the acute atage has paiBed.
H Zioci sulph [38 On. or gr. vj.
T1n«t. ofili ilrod.,
Ttnet mt^liu 4....... ■« IM o-cm. or ISn.
AquK rose 61^ com. or fftij.
U. Si^.: For InJMtian in chnMiid (tonorrtiir* «r |c1o*t-
Injcctions of linc permaniianate were highly esteemed by the late Mr.
Berkeley Hill in acute gonorrhiea. He gcncroJly made use of ■ solulicn
containing O.Ol>n dm. (or in". )) of the salt to 'HO c.cm. (or Oss) of distilled
nter. The salt should always be employed alone and in distilled water.
u
834
PnABMACRUTICAL THERAPF.OTIC A0ENT9 OB DHtlOS.
The sulphate is likewise uEcd oe a coUj-rium (0.13 to 0.25 Gm. to 30
c.cm., or gr. li-iv to f^), especially when oonjunctivil is (emlit to bevome
chrouic, and is bcnoliciiil in inflummntions of the skin. In acne Dr. Fred. J,
Levisaur' usee in conjunction with hot-water applications: —
J) Zind stilplintic.
PbUMii «ulphiti» ..t...i ' flB 41 (3m. tit Ij.
Aq>ue nwtt 12o[ r cm. or ijiv.
DlMolvc «nfJi ing^dintt wpamtdy in 00 c.cin. (or fSij} of Uis roM-waUr, mix,
■ad addi—
BtWMvlal 4| Gm. or 3j.
Big.: Lotion: >h«lc« well. This i« to be used hot at nlgiht and cold in
The oiutmeut of zinc onidc in largely u«cd u$ a protective and «liglilty
astringent application to acute skin aSectioue, and to an Qunc« or more can
be added caroolic acid, :f Gin. (or5««); oilof cade, -1 com. (orfSj); tur, 2 to 4
c.cm. (or fT^H'i), and other agents, according to the cose, for treatment of
eczema, herpee, erj'Fipelaii, and burn*. The tinc-gluc recomincmlod by Vnna
as forming a HtifT surgical dreeing consieta of 10 parte of zinc oxide, 30 parts
each of gelatin, glvL-crm, and water. The preparation it rubbed into the
gauze or iniiHlin of the bandage. The chloride is a powerful caustic and anii-
eeptic, iu dilute sottition (0.06S to 0.13 Gm. to ZW c.cm., orgr. i-ii to f^v^iij)
it is useful a.i an injection in conorrhtea or leucorrhtea. It has been nug-
gceted that this mU mny be rendered more efficient by mixing it with lunolin
or some blnnd oil and allowing it to remain for a few minutes in the urethra.
The following fonnulB is propoMd;—
B Zinol chloridi -
LanoUni ...•...■• ..■>...•■',.,.•••• 0
AquiB 90
01. oUne ..^.. «...r- q. a. ad 300
»j^
38 Gm. or p. ^
Gin. nr mh.
t.cm. or fjiij.
c.cm. or fixlj.
In Btronger solutions, or mixed into a paste with flour and water, sii
chloride can be appUed to lupins or niulignunt growth*, to be used for creat
sloughs.
Zinc chloride, in the form of a paiite, made with stnrch. or 4 parts of
sine chloride; farina, 3 parts; zinc oxide, 1 part, as used by Vohwinkcl, is
often a very effective application to morbid growths. Uaberlin (Corrt-
spo«^n£-blaU fur Schvtmr Aente). in inoperable uterine carcinoma, employs
a paste of sine chloride, which he rcgaras as a good palliative treatment.
Penrose, of Philadelphia, has likewise applied nine chloride in the form of
a saturated solution by means of u tfimpou in malignant disease of the
uterus with dfcidedly good eflect. This salt may also be employed for the
Surpose of destroying epithcliomutn, nievi, enlarged glands, warts, and con-
ylomatu. Thciiijuor isa strong preparation, and, creat ly diluted (-1 c.cm, to
473 c.cm., or f3i-Uj), it is a detergent and stimulnting uppIicatioQ to old
ulcerE, and has likewise been employed as a diainfeetant for wounds.
Zinc iodide is only used in oiutment for enlarged glands (4 Qra. to 31
Gm., or5i-5j of simple ointment), or in snhition nsiin application to enlarged
tonsils. The oxide, when in a eroooth, dry powder, ia useful as a dusting-
powder, for infants, but the carbonat'i is better for this purpose. Oleate
' Mcdifal Record, Sept. 13. 1890.
ZtKOt'M.
S»5
sine hsK been ali«B<Iy considered. W. D. Uaslam atstes that s mixture of
equal purls of iodoform utid okiitc of zinc is of gmt value in gyniccology,
applied by insuflUtion or on a tampon.
Zinc Eubgiillatc has bctn rucunllv rccomtnendcd a an ofllcient antiseptic
and desicmnt dreiwin); in the treatment of eciema, wounds, olorrbus, and
hvmorrhoida. The prvpiiration )« applied pure, or it may l>c diluted with
inert povders or ointments. Suspended in water and mucilage in the pro-
portion of 1 to 16 it constitutes a ut^i-'fiil injection in gonorrhoea. Zinc sub-
gallatc hai> bi-im employed in doses of 0.03 to 0^6 dm. (or gr. sb-it) with
■Ucgcd good rreults in fermentative dyspepsia and night-swcate.
The application of solntion* of zinc, especially of the chloride, is not
witbont danger. It has been the practice of some gynMologists to apply
nnc chloride to the inner surface of the uterus tn the treatment of metritis.
Dr. Poui warns against its use in young women and in acute inflammation,
on account of the ri»k of producing atresia and obliteration of the uterine
earily, or setting up tubal inflaromation. Dolcris' prefers curetting to the
application of caustics, which also received the sanction of Ooodell. Aseptic
carettJng is commonly safe, and causes no such ill effects, even in compli*
atadcawA.
In a case of recurrent luxation of the shoulder Dubreuilh overcame the
ttndcncy to dislocation by six hypodermic injections, performed every eec-
codof thitxlday.of O.IS c.cm. (or niij)of a lO-per-ccnt.' solution of line chlo-
ride. The fluid was deposited in various pnrtionN of the anterior superior
pvTtioD of the capsule below the acromion process.
Injections of tine chloride have iltn been employed, with reported od-
nnuge. in order to promote union of fractured bones. About 1 c.cm. (or
■it) of a l-per-c«nt. solution are injected into the neighborhood of the
frwtnre. The same procedure has likewise been made use of in pulmonary
ttbercuWis. Dr. Jules Oomby has resorted to this method in a number of
ciMs,andstateB that the results were favorable and that the treatment merits
ftether trial. The strength of the solutions which he used varied from 1 in
U to 1 in 20, and y.JS c.cm, (or wiiij) were introduced cvcri- thirrl or fourih
<!iy. All the eases thus managed were in an early stage, and the diseaj« waa
ooolined to the apices. The object of the treatment is to favor the formation
c( fibrons tissue and produce a cure in the same manner as ocrure in the
natural arrest of the ai»es»c. The mmo plan has been applied in casee of
tuberculosis of joints and in lupus.
Zint" sulphwte is a decided astriiigent.nnd in doses of 0.65 to I.SOfim. (or
p. i-xx) is a prompt emetic. It has been used for Die latter purpose in nar-
<atie poisoning, croup, and fur promptly evacuating the stomach. It is »
^emic emetic, and causes vomiting when injected into the blood. As an
ailriiisent, it lias been udministered in combination with opium or Dover't
pevder, in diaTTha?a, and chronic dysentery. In small do4«s, it has been
employed as an antiapaamodic in asthma, chorra, epilepsy, angina pcctoriSi
^nteria, etc. The stomach becomes remarkably tolerant of tlic sulphate, ao
tilt as much as 2.60 Cm, (or gr. xl) have been given, llirice daily, without ei-
fltii^ lickneaa of the stonuich. Such mas^ve doses, however, should not be
long continued, as they eventually occasion superficial ulceration of the
*Pro€imeial JfnftntJ Jo«nMl. Vte. 1. IWO.
836
PHARUACKUTICAL TUEKAI'KL'TIC AUKVn OB UBt'Ga.
fltomaoh. Zinc sulphate it also (requently employed internally for the Miri
ot bronchoirha-a.
Id the treatment of chorea zinc sulphate U uwd, beginouig vith ii.OU
Gm. (orgr. j) doccK throe times daily and gradually increaEinj; tfaenuBbl^
limit of tolerance is reached. A case has heen recorded by Dr. J. SiiMf
Hunt in which traumatic tctanua was succpssfully treated by a dmlwialui '
of opium sod zinc sulphate. Zinc sulnhocarbolate is an antiseptic and i
?ent. Dr, W. F. Wuugh has used this salt for several years io ciuilaa»-l
antum and typhoid fever, and all cases in vhicli the occurreiu<e nl UJ I
stools, Willi tympanite*, etc., indic^tt-s the need of intestinal antifcptit b i
typhoid fever he claims to have treated upward of seventv cue*, «iA i
death in any case where this salt was employed from the beginning. UbI
dose is 0.03 to 0.0G5 Gra. (or gr. ss-j) for children, 0.16 to 0.3? Gm. (or p. I
iiS8<v) for adults, to be given every two hount until the stools are odori(w.jM
thereafter in doses ^utlicient to keep the stools in this condition. TtaediRk I
area rednction of the fwer, Lympunitcs, diarrhoea, and delirium; theitlKfc]
is shortened and rendered lees dangerous. When the symptoms at chetalj
infantum amume the dysentpric form, the zinc is giron in onema«, 0£S[
in 60 c.cm. (or gr. x-foU) of warm water. Zinc cyanide is ased in
as a HUbBtitute (or hydrocyanic acid; the dnw it 0.015 Gm, (orgr. '/J I
ually increased to 0.10 Gm. (or gr. iss) given in a mixture. It has ibtl
employed in epilepsy, chorea, and in neuralgia, in painful atTcctioni <
ttomach, and uysmcnorrhcca. I'rofeesor Lashkevich recommends thai
nide in the treatment of palpitation, want of rhythm, and pain in tlie i
of the heart.
In many nervous alTections, zinc valerianate has special advaota^<
other salts in ucuralgiu, nervous headache, nervous cough, ovaralgta, i '
epilepsy, etc.; if given in small doses, repeated at short intervals, it 1* I
ficial. The night-sweating of phthisis is sometimes checked by iine<
given in pill form (0.20 Qm,, orgr. iij,&t night); the oxide may abo be]
in the summer diarrhoea of infants or adults. In chorea the saaw anl
much value alone, or combined as follows: —
B Ztnci ooridi 132 tlm. or p. t
FWrri pyrophos. S)bo Obl or gr. tl
M. rt ft. |iil. nix zx.
Big.: Two or Uirvc pill* • dBjr,
Zinc oxide is seniccablv in gnstrnlgis, and has sometimes ptoT«d i
in epilepsy. Bartholow believes that it is most succeaeful when tpHtf^ *
the result of peripheral irritation, having its origin in the stomach. Thet
writer exteems the oxide as of prophylactic value in spagniadic a^
Whooping-cough and chronic alcoholi^on have their symptoms Te]iev«jlf|
the oxide, which has also been advantageously employed in ehona.
tremors and unsteadiness due to chronic alcoholism will sometimes;,
the influence of zinc oxide, and Gufneau de Mus«y reported it as of '
in subduing the tremor caused by mercurial and arsonieal poisonii^
lactate has been serviceably administered by von Grtefe and othm in ;
developing coses of amblyopia, especially when of hysterical origin,
cyanide has sometimes relieved the pains of articular rhcumattSB,
nse it apt to he followed by headache and it haa been eltectaalljr i
by more mMern remedies.
ZINOIUKR.
B37
ZQIOIBEE (U. S. P., B. P.).— Ginger.
Dose, 0,«S to I Gm. (or gr. x-iv).
Prtparations.
MftMHto ZitiglUrU Fliildum (U.a P.].— Plaid F^tiwt ot Ginger. Dow, IMM
to IJO'&aiib [or oii-xx).
€k«r«diiB ZiiifllMri* (U.S.P.)^-Oleorcaiii ol Oingcr. DoM, 0.03 to 0.12 c.«m.
iOW MH'iJ).
Tr««faMel Zinirtbrrit (tJ.S.1'.).~TTochc« o( Ginscr. Dow, 1 to 3 trodica.
Sfnipua ZiugUKtia (V. S. P., B. 1'.).— Syrup ol Ginger. Dose, 4 to IS ccsi. <or
(31-1*1 B. v.. 2 to 4 ccm. (or f3>a-i).
Tinclan '/Aogihern (U. S. P.. B. P.). —Tincture of Ginger. DoM, 0.00 to 4 v.CB).
(Or Hi-iSi).
It al>
B.l».(.
1*0 eaten into aromntic powdpr knd compound rhubnrb powder tV. B.F.,
PlianBiaooli^. — Ginger h Ihc rhizome of Zinf^ibpr officinnio (Scita*
mitxn), cultivated in tropical countricii as a spice. Oreen giB^er is put up
in (?Ti)p or candied, an^ used as a digestive confection at the dinocr-tabl*
M a corrective of flatulence. It cornea from di^erent soorcea, but the
Jatuica ginger io preferred for ciilinnry purpose*, having the best flavor.
Oin^ containa a volatile oil and a pungent reein.
Pliyiioloffical Aotion. — It \f un ugn-oubli.' carminative and stimulant,
inntseing the .tetretions and promoting peristaUis. It increases slight)}' the
amount of unrii', and acts a« a» irritant to the bladder and urethn. Bl-
teirsUy it is rubefacient.
Tlierapy. — (Jinger is added to purgative pills to prevent griping, and
toflihiies in order to disguise their teste. It is useful in atonic dyspepsia,
■Kiicciallj in dderly persons, and is of service in flatulence and diarrhooa.
"Hie sjrup is commonly used as a vehicle for stomachic preparations and
^ke. The addition of 4 to 7.5 c.cm. (or fSi-ij) of the tincture to a glii«<ful
"'hot water (180 c,cm,,or f^vj) makWgingcr-tca," which is useful in flata-
Jenl colic, in diarrha>a of relaxation, and in dysmenorrhcea due to cold. By
*w tue of a hot foot-batli with free use of ginger-tea, diaphoresis may be
«icil«d and colds checked.
PART n.
NON-PHARMACAL REMEDIES AND EXPEDIEITTS EMPLOYED DT
MEDICINE NOT CLASSED WITH DRUGS.
TbIS porljon of the work will In; tli-voti-'d l<^ llio ilii^cii^fiiun iif c^Tltttl
i^ifAtB iDd expt'dieots employed in clinical therapeiilicg which caniiot bu
properly clawed with drugi*. Kucli will be ciin»idt'rpd under it* own ht^sding,
with the following titles: •'Electro-therapoulics": "Kineeithexapy, Usesa)^,
nnd Hciit-Ciirc"; "Pm-umotlierapy"; "Hydrnllicnij>y mid BHliK-ology";
"Mineral Springs"; -riiinatothenipy"; "Dii'l in Disease"; "Psyoho therapy,
Mt'lallotlii-rapy. and SufigesUon or Ilypnotigm": "Heat and Cold," "LiKht
and Ditrkru-sii," ■•Mii>ii%" ete.. concluding vrilli n brief n'vicw of Tnnous
methods and expedients, chiefly mechanical and lorn! in their etTeetH, Al-
though the latter find ji limited plnoe in pruclii-al mcdiriiie, thi-y ure, tit a
rule, eiirgical expedients, and are. therefore, in this place, leas fully con-
sidered than they would lie in a treflttoe vpeciullr devoted to that dcpar
meut.
ELECTRICITY IN MEDICINE— ELECTRO-THERAPEUTICS.
Prefent Standing itnd Importance of Electro-therapeutici.— The &cien-
tiCc ajjpiii'ation of i-lcctricily to tin' liiiinuii lindv fnr tin- In-iitiiii-nt nf dieiiui;
has recently been greatly Btimulated by its remarkable coiiimercial develop-
tnent. Kleotrical ocience beiuju; ess^ntialiy "f itiudi-m origin, new principle
and new economical applications brin;; announced almost dai!y. it becomee
absolutely necc&iary for a discucsion of fhi: iiniiloyiiient of olcctridty in med-
icine to o« introduced by a few words upon tiie present state of our knowl-
edge of this department of jihy-fioal sfionce. A very brief consideration of
the laws of elect ricity, with explunutii>ii of its terms and its technique, there-
fore, will precede a review of its therapeutic appliration», II iii unfortunate
and emburrs£t-in^', to the medicnl stnmut particularly, to find confronting
him, at the very threshold of this subject, a mass of literature which has
come down from a poriod when pnrclv empirical methoili- prevailed and the
nature of this force and its effects, botn physiological and therapeutical, w«re
very imperfectly understood. Nol iiifrcqueiilly, even at the present day,
medical writers betray a want of kiiowlcd;'e of its fundamental principle*.
There is less exoiwc for tliis now than ever before, bemuse the inpcuuity of
electricians and expert instrument -manufacturers has been altnieted in this
direction and hni* brought to our aid apparatus of precision, both for thera-
peutics and for diagnosis, with which it is the duty of every physician to
Hcqiiiiiut himself. Kven if he does* not purpose to apply it to a grr-nt extent
in his practice, he should do this much, at least, for his own protection. *inen
he muBt at time* ridv upon some form of appuratn*; and some of the dec-
(838)
KLKCTBtClTT IN MRDICIKK — ELHCTRO-TIIKRAPKUTIOS.
839
Irical iiuilnim<tnla wliUh nre olTcrt'd for sil>,' ure of ]ioor conatniction, fiutirely
unfit for efficient medical me. Moreover, m&iiy bring discredit upon modienl
electricit}' by olaiminf; U> be »pL'cinlL»U who arc mere tyro*, if not open cbsr-
^Laii«, i^iioraut of the liret priiiciples of medical or of phvi-ical science. It
"pacompanitively «flAy matter for (he well-trained physiciaQ to recognixe and
such preti'iiders, espcciiilly elioiild lliey rcntun> lo bodst of their
results in public or before medical societita.
Hie Fonndation of Succcm io £leotro-therai>«atio*.~l1io studv of e1«>
tm-therapeniica requires Dot ouly that we ^hall lie versed in the laws and
tnrma of electricul oeieneie, but also that wc »luill have gCK)d ttnatomicnl and
phjBtological knowledge. It is, moreover, lei^ evident that we must be
luailisr with pathology in iU muitt comprehciuiTe ceii^e^ ■" orilcr to form a
owTMt judgment, or prognosis, as rcj^ras the probable utility of electrical
otuiy itthtr irt'ainiiMil in a given condition, so thai this valuable agent ma^
not ie brought into disrepute by being used in unsuitable cases. As it is
WKMiiiy that i-uch kno« li-dgc shall be acquired cyKteniatically, all reputable
Budical ecliooU should teach thoroughly the principles of electricity and
the oomtruvtiDn of meilical electricitl Ap]iaratu« and batteries, this course of
MiKlf being made practical and attractive by abundant didactic and clinical
inttrudion in (his impcrliint bnuch of therapeutics. Since the bat rosnlts
cm be obtained in this direction only by a due recognition of the dignity of
tiib branch in thv curriculum, it Le hoped tliat there soon will be ejrtablished
a cluir of electro-therapeutics in every university and medical coU^e in tho
eounlri'.
Definition of ElectricitT. — The phenomena of clctlrilk-ation are due to
a oondition of matter when it is aeted upon by a pecitliai force known u
eleetnntotive force. This "electromotive force" i* a form of energy which
16 convertible into and is, therefore, said to be correlated with tne other
nhyvical forces, in accordance with llie well-known law of cousen'stton of
force deraoD.'ii rated by Helmholtz. 'Iliat is to say that, whereas light, heat,
motion, chemical action (elect rolyi-is). and magnetism may be obtained from
electricity, so, by the law of the correlation of fori>es, light, heat, motion,
<-hemical action, and magnetism may be trnniifornied back again and be
manifesied as electricity'. Hieee forces are all manifestations of molecular
motion due to mdiant energy, acting under dilTerent conditions.
Principle TTnderlying Electrical Msnlteitationi, — It is upon this prin-
J« that all forms of appanitus fur cconomieul and medical applications
electricity are constructed. Atmospheric eleetricity, which Benjamin
l^ranklin proved to be identical with frictiou-ctectricity, cortsinly exerts an
important influence upon health; and instances have been recorded where
an electrical shock (light ning-slrokc) hag heen followed by important phya-
iological changes (i.e., relief from paralysis, etc.); hut no attempt at s)*-
lenatic therapeutic application has. as yet. been made with electricity from
this source directly, lite usual sources are chemical action, heat, magncti.on,
and motion (friction and dynamo).
The Electric Cnirent: ita Physical Characten and pTopertiM.-~AI-
^Ibough electricity is simply a condition of matter, or a "mode of motion," —
peculiar vibration or tension of the molecules of a body said to be electri*
J." — it ia convenient to speak of it as if substantial, ana. in fact, as matter
B fluid Mate. In «oine respects it appears to he analogous (o water when
the latter it acted upon by the force of gravity and atmospheric pressure;
840
SOS-PHAgjn
IIEIIRDTIIS
5BKBBAL TnERAPEL'TIC^
and author have fallm into the habit, for <xinvcnii.'ntf of clowriiition,
i-pcaking of it as "ihe eledric fluid," "the eteetric eurrent"; also of
dinrlioii in which the current "flo«r*"; its "prciwure"; tlie "R«LSt«nce
tncoumere from poor "conductors"; the "woBte of the cuirent"; a "co
linuoiut" or "inlcrniptwl" current, and «o oh, the »irailo being heightened
bv cotnparinf: the dynamo, or source of the current, with a steam for«e-
tiiiuip. It must bf constantly kept in mind, however, that this ia (iguratiro
iaiii;uage, adopted simply for oonvenience. It should not be inferred, for
inMiince. whm the human body is in circuit, that anything niatf-riul flown
lliroufih the body; the correct view is that the parte between the polo* are
niiiro or k*B affected by a peculiar form of molL-cutar activity which tafcea
plate in the tissues, and during this period the parts are in a charaeteri.itic
condition, which will be nfcrrcd to later on. ThiB change may be eimpty
phrriologica), and not inconsistent with retitoration to a healthy condition;
or it may be pathological, and produce permnncnt U'^ions. If thv current
be sufi^eiently powerful, decomposition will be produced {elect rolyais), or
the part* adjacent to the poles may be carbonixcil or blistered by the devel-
opment of heat produced by renistanci- to the currt-nt {galvanic cauterization,
or elect rocau sis).
Correlation of Electrical and Other Forms of Force. — Klectricity, there-
fore, cannot be said to hate a separate existence of its own. eleetrifieation
liein^ dniply n stnti- «r condition o( matter depending upon the cxcrciH* o,~
a force which produce* certain physical, chemical, and pnysiological effec
The lawn governing cli'drical action have been formulat<'d, no that it mi
now be applied to medical and other economical purposes with precision
and ibtolute i-nnlrol. Projirew in every depHrlmeni of science depends upon
the accuracy of measiircmcnl, which affords an opportunity for exact om-
parison and recnrd. Kleetrieiiy ta no i-xecption to thin, although, owing to
ita nature, it presents peculiar diflicuttics not met with in other departments.
Klectricai force is eanily converted into olher forms of energy; so thai
it almost defies ordmary methods of measuring, such as are used in estimating
velocity, weight, or hent. With ihe best conductor*, it* passage between di«-
tant points is nearly instantaneous.
£]ectrification and Electro-magnetiflm. — As already stated, electrifica-
tion comprises the phenomena occurring in a peculiar state which matter
may ansunit^ under spci iai (dnditions. Certain bodies, while in this state,
exhibit peculiar and characteristic phenomena. For instance, when two dis-
similar metals capable of being electrified are piirlly immersed in a Uiiuid
capable of permitting the passage of the current and of acting chemically
upon one of them (i.e., an electrolyte), if the free portions (or part outside
the fluid) of the two metaU are brought in contact or connected by a metallic
conductor, such as a piece of copper wire, certain results may I>e observed
to occur. One metal is slowly acted upon by (he fluid; the other is not; but
bubbles of hydrogen appear upon its surface. Under such circumstances the
external junction of tiic two metuls will be fniind to possess electrical prop-
erties. I'sually, for convenience, the metals are united by a conjunctiva
wire, which must also be eapoble of becoming electrified and of acting as a
condnctor (or rheophore). When in this condition, in relation lo the two
metals just mentioned, the wire will attract iron filings; or. if brought orer
a compass parallel with the needle, or a bar magnet suspended by its ccntr^
it will cause deflection of the ni)igiit;tie needle, which, if the current
on
BLECTBICITY IX KKDICIXE— BLECTIMI-THBRAPECTICS.'
etnni^ pnoii;E>ii lends l« ft»um«' n position at rigUt anglee to the wire, deviat-
ing more or le«s from the magnetic pole end the so-called cardinal points of
t\w roni]KU«. If n coil of wire lio suftpended ho as to be fioo to move in ill
direvtioDB, it will, under the influence of nn <'lectric cuireDt pa^in^ through
from one end of the win- to the 'Ulicr, n^iime a north-and-south polar posi-
tion, in the line of the mafrnetic meridian of the earth. Such n coil, while
de<?lrifiei!, therrforo. hH" iinMimcd tin' jiroficrties of a mafniet: it also attracts
Kioall pieces of iron, and may be used to convert a mau of iteel or hard iron
into a permanent magnet. If into the ci'nire of a long coil, or (pool, of
inxulated wire some Mft iron (which docs not Iicoi'inc pi-riiianently mag-
neliied) Ix; im*rtcd, we have a temporarj- electro-mftgset formed, which only
ezhibitB the properties of a magnet whi-n the current is pa»ing in the roil.
This princinle is of great utility, and appears in the interrupting nicohsnism
of faradic batteries, teiefrraph-soimdiTi-. tclephoiie-reeeivcnt, elect ric-Iifiht
gencratiirs ((lvtiBtin>?>. niid niimcroua other forms •>{ Rppanituf,
Intimate Belationship of EHectricity and Hagnetism-^There are many
points of siiTiihirily lit-iwwii .-Iti iriciiy and magnetism, and the moet plau-
iible explanation of the latter is that the magntt is in a molM-uInr ntate. which
fiTM rise to permanent electric currenta connecting the poles. In the Hame
Tij the conjunctive wire, during Ihe panngc of the elwlric current, is in
tDondition in which it inflxiences the magnetic condition of other objects
war it. just as if it were fninxmuded by line* of force in a aeries of coneen-
trit rings. This may be iilustrated, if not demonstrated, by placing soma
■MD filiog; upon a plate of glng« or a card and applying n strong nuiRnet
biwath, or hy running a wire carrying a current perpendicularly through
iiiwntre. The iron filings will, un(ier the influence of electricity, arrange
themMlves in concentric circles, exhibiting the directions of the lines of
Jwte, iii^t as they do amund the poles of the magnet.
luiet of Foroe,— The*c lines of foroe, in the cow of the magnet, flow
in the air from the north to the south pole and back again through the iron,
t^oi making a permanent closed circuit. In the cbm- of the wire the con-
*»Blric lines or whirls of force encircle the electrified conjunctive wire; bo
Ikat, when consecutive loop? arc arranged in the form of a helix or coil, the
JiiHsof force become imrallel with the long axis, and the coil now exhibita
*igiietic properties. iTie space in which these phenomena are noted i» con-
•iwred Ihe magnetic field, or area of induction, liy reversing the eicperimenf
oA passing a permanent magnet into a eoil of wire, a current of electricity
if tanponrily »et up. which is manifested at Uie extremities of the wire.
Tim is the principle upon which magDcto-elcctric machines arc made or
citttric-light dynamos constructed. Coils or spools containing insulated
boadlte of soft-iron wire may be placed upon a frame and made to revolve
npidlr within the magnetic held around the poles of a large magnet. When
litis if done cli-ctric currents are set up, which are momentary; but, when a
high speed is attained, they bivome practically continuous. My an ingenious
irrBngcrocnt in wrapping the wires, Ihe currents set up nji entering the field
and upon leaving it. which are in different directions, are "commutsted."
T switched, so that they are made to n'inforce each other, and thus make
< nngle current of detlnit'- direction and practically continuous.
Properties and EffeoU of the Current — The eltecls of electricity are (1)
physical or chemical, <3) physiological, (3) therapeutical. The methods of
generating electricity are (I) physical [friction-electricity, thermo^declricity.
84S
KON-PUASMjlCiJ. REUBDIB& jtJcD OKKIiBAL TaERjU-BLniCS.
(lynamo-electririty, cic.]. (2) chcmicnl fgnlvni'C oell|. nnd (3) phyi
[u eIiowu by ccrtnin 68hi-e. — torpi'do, — and the h\iman body to a Iche marked
degree]. Klcotricity i* t!a* Mine fon-e undi;r bU cirouinslanoes; but eacb
form of current potweges certain qualities, which depend upon the method
of its generation. The principal (jualitii-H of an electric onrreDt are con-
slaucy, pressure, ond volume. AsHuminj; that a current under considi-ntioni
h cDDstani, or practically ao, wo have only to keep in mind the two latter,-
prT«:'iire and volume, — and when these are well understood tho diHicultiMl
of comprehension of electrical phenomena, about which su much hu b«eiiH
written, almost entirely disappear. Tieturnin^ to the analog}' already unmeO,
of a pump forcing water through a pipe, we may regard every device for
originating a current of eU-ctricity nsa pump of more or !■•*« powir. To com-
plete tlie analogy, ihe diacharge-pipe should be long enou;;h to go around
Uic circuit ood terminate in the suction-pipe, w) that, the pump being set
in motion and the apparatus filled with water, the current of water will bOj
* cnntinuoua. The force which stariB the water in heat converted into tDotJon;
that which starts electricity ia electromotive force acting under a certain
amount of tension or preMure, which will be nliown hereafter to tx- due t(
difference of potential. If the power ia withdrawn the circnlution will cease.'
because of the obMniction (friction, inertia) which the water haa to over-
come. In hydniulice the force required to perform the work, with the rc-
eislance, ia the subject of eah-iilation, and the size and character of the engine
are regulated acconling to the work to be done. In electricity, the amount
of electromotive force or power of the apparatus is measured hy Tolts instead
of foot-nound», and the rcslKtoncc ur friction is calculated according to a
etandaru unit of resistance, known as the ohm. Just as, in the ease of water,
with a certain amount of pressure against a given aniuunt of resistance, a
defftite number of gallons per minute will flow along the conductor, ao, in
elwtvieal Icriiii*, we have a di-finile volume or strength of current, resulting
from a certain amount of voltage against a given number of ohms of resist-
ance. It in easily rtceii llmt n powerful pump would be at a great dii>iidvan-
tage in trying to force water tlirough a half-inch pipe, and this difficulty is
increased »lionld the pipe be long. In order to get Katiafactory results the
pipe must be suflieiently large to carry off the water with facility and not
offer too much resiistance by friction. Therefore large pipes arc better con-
ductors than small, and short l)ettcr than long ones. This is also true in
electricity, and the rule is that the conducting power (oihi-r things Wing
equnl) of A conductor is directly in proportion to the area of the cross-
section and inversely to the length.
Electromotive Force— Difference of Potential. — To return, now, to the
first illustration of iwo dissimilar metals in the electrolyte, we find that the
current starts simultaneously with the joining of tho metals (cither directly
or by means of a conjunctive wire), which "closes the circuit" and oiakeK a
current possible. The force which starts the current is called Ihe electro-
motive force; It is always the same for the identical combination of metals,
and ia independent of the size of (he plate*. The hypothesis with regard to
the origin of the electromotive force is that it ia due to a difference of
potential of the two plates, Ihe current flowing from the hisher potential to
the lower, jli-it as water will flow from the higher level to a lower in <aM' two
reservoirs are Connected. The higher is known as the positive (+) and tho
lower jiotential is called the negative ( — ), and identical metals aln
BtKCimOITY 1*
843
the nme relation to eat^ti otln'r, wlitcli only awaitH favorable circumstancvs
tu tDinifcKt iUi'H,
Electrical Hc»urements: Volts, Obnu, and Ampere*. ^ The unit of
m<'u>uii'iii('iil »i I'ltctroiiiolivi! I'lirw. iu nlrtudy i-tuliiJ. i8 ihe volt, which ia
■ little le«8 than ihe electromotive force of the nine and copper combiuatioD
ill thv Danii'll irlJ (wliich is 1 'Viooo '^uUe). The unit of inviuurcment of
resiKUiDce is called an ohm; it is represented by the reaititance offered by a
column of puro nuTcury, 1UI> euiitinietrt^H Inng and 1 ft[|unn.' tnillimolrc ii
arua of croee-eection, at a tompecatuie of 3S' ¥. This is called tbe legs],
ohm, Ix'OiiuHC it waj. adopted iiy the TiiteriNitionul Klwlrical CougTw««, whie'
met iu Vatis in 1884; it is a little lesa than the Itritisb Association unit,!
which prcviouiily hnd Ix-vii the flanlnrd. — in thu proportion of 1 to 1.0122.
The nsistance referred to is mainly that encountcR-il by the lines of forco
in Miming through th<' itiirroiniding media; the tiMUvf (roni|HiMng tbi> human
body, for instance, offer considerable resistance to the passage of the curn-iil,
depending, of course, upon how far the current i« rpi|nired t« iwiiw through
the tisttues. upon the eixc of the electrodes, and other circumstances.
The volt, or unit of elect romi>tivi> force, i* «utKcient to overcome a total
n-iii^lunc*^' e<{tiivaleiil to one ohm and supply a volume of current equal
one ampi-re. The uniMre, thenfim-, ii the amount of current produced whei
one volt of prw#urc ii; opposed by one ohm of resistance; it is the unit of
measurement of current •«tren;:th. It \i directly proportional to and ma/
bv measured by the amount of chemical decomposition (electrolysis) pro-
duced by the current in a unit of time. Thus, the current that will deposit
O.0(tll]»<l<i gtamnio (or O.OITSriS gruin) of silver upon a silver plate im-
mcreed in a standani BoUitiou of r<ilver nitrate in a Bt'coud of time lias the
stren;;lh of 1 ampere. This amount of cleclricily being more than ii OTor
tf-quired for medical purpose*, the unit is divided, for convenience, into
thousandths, or milliamperei. .Vny number of amperi-* lun be sent through
M conductor, provided the generator has sulVicient electromotive force and
the conductor ilj*elf mu carry the current; if the rcsislancc is too ereut the
wire will be destroyed by being fused or carbonized. In other words, where
Ihc resistance bocoHH-» diK|)ro!)urtional Ihc electricity, according to the law
of correlation of forces, is liable to become converted into heat and light,
Ohm'a Law.— The number of amp^rcK of current flowing through a
conjunctive wire within a given time dencndu upon both the electromotive
force, or pressure, and the resialanee. This i* ixpivf*c<i mathematically as
follow)^: —
Intensity of current-strength =B—ri — „. , . . .- , , ^- ['
ar C S ^ K ■ III oilier words, the strength of any current i* dinctlj as the
voltage and iuTeraely as the loLtil resistance. The above is known a$ Ohm's
law, which has constant practical apphcation^, at will Im- demonslrated iu the
pages that follow.
Pauage of the Current— Bheophores, Electrodes, Anode and Cathode
FoI«i. — Ti> confine ourwlves for the present to the galranic ocU, we ohserre
that the electrical impulse 9lart« from the »urfuee of the plate, which is
ehemieally act"! unon (EC nt- rating, or positive, plate), and iit condueted
through the electrolyte to the negative, or collcclinjr. plate, from whence it
)ia»es along the conjunctive wire in the opposite direction nntil the place
of origin is reached. Should the conjuuctivc wire be divided in its course.
sos-niAKVxcAi SBHKMES Atcn oskbhiII. TrntRAPKimrs.
in
4
thp end coniiectcil with lln- mtlii ling plalc will be tlip aiii>de, or positive;
tiio olhiT oxtwmily ie the oatbode, or nogativi' pule, — ^tlicst- nmncii having
relerpace to the puiirse of thi> rurrent, vfhich is always from the anode to
the oAthoJp, or from the pottilivc to the ncgatiTC pole, lu thu cto#^ circuit,
therefore, the circuit is completed by the conjunctive wire above and bv tbo
intervening column of liquid below. Ab mclnlK are MKiially Wttop electrical
conduclors than liquids, it (oUowb that the current enconnters, under or<li-
nnrj' eirciimxdiiHTi', tin' (trciitrr r*-»:i*Innci' in»iilc of Ihf cHl (inienial reaist-
ance), since (he resistance offered by the conjunrtive wire, which is a metalli
wnnci'tion iisimlly (extcrniil r'-»i»l(inci-), is <'<inipHni1ively jimBli.
Practical Work of a Battery — Eleetrolytia. — It muv be laid down,
a rulf, for any given hnltcry that tl* etliiitiicy will !»■ iit t'lii- niavinium wb*n
the electromotive force is suftictent lor the work desired to tie done and the
external and internal reciilaiiceK an- hnlnnccd, or ct|ual. The external re-
sistance arisen partly from the nature of work to be done and partly from
the re^ti'tanc'e offered by the conductor, hcin^ incniiBi'd nct'ording to tta
lent^h and diminished aceordins to ita thickness. 'ITiis aUo applies to the
vohuiin "f iiuid hftwecn the plaU'». Thervfon- we reduce the internal
resistance if we bring the plates close together, and also inerease their size
ao as to exposL- a larger surface in contact with the liquid, which, in cfToct.
increasea the tbickncw (crosa-seetion) of the intervening column. The
alectiomotive force or pressure is increased by mnltiplyiug the numlwr of
cells until we obtain the reijuired voltage for the work to bo performed or
roeiitancc to be overcome. The work is m part of the external rv»iatanc^-,
and both it and the required cnrrenl -strength an- now matters of malhe-
niHticsl iralciilnlian und nieasureincnt. Where the work diien iinl require
much current -si fx'nglh, n^ in heating the cautery, or electrolysis, the exter-
nul rc^i^tance, therefore, not bcioft very grt-at, llic battery may he balanvi'd
by increasing the siiie of the plates, using only a comparatively small num-
her of celU. Where, on the euntrarv, the work requin-s great current-
strength, as where the hnuiiiu tissues are made part of the circuit, the plates
vlifluld be of convenii-ut, luoderate size, but the eleclromotiw force must be
increased by additional elements (more voltage); so that for ordinary med-^H
ieal work from 20 to 80 or more cells would be needed. It is evident, there-^H
(ore, that the batten' must lie adapted to the work required of It: a gat- ^i
vanocauti-ry battery will not do for general medical purposes, nnr can the
ordinary small-celled nwnlical battery be economically used for the cautery,
Thft reHMiii for ihi.t is obvious fiinrj ihf preceding explanation; any further
attempt at a mathematical denionstratirm would only cause confusion. The
larger eelLt cause more rapid dcconipo»ilion of an electrolyte (or deposit a
greater quantity of silver from the solution in the voltameter in a unit of
time), or afford greater amperage of current witlt a good conductor Ihan^
where small cells are used, because the larger cells have lees internal resist-"
ance; and this is found to correspond with the results of experience.
In order to ascertain the number of amperes of current flowing through
a circuit, divide the number of volts of electromotive force by the number
of ohms of resistance in the entire i;ircuit. Thus, we have by Ohm's law: —
C (tnjmnUtpength in nmp6M = ^ |tou.l .^isUnce. in ok«..i
'I'he electromotive force of each cell, when acting and in xood unlcr,
KLSCTRICITY IS kIKDiCINB— Kl.KCTHO-TllEIIAPKfTK-S.
845
M listftl and b invariablo fnr tlie ainic combination, williout ngiiti to the
Biic- of thf clumont*. Th« i-aiitv ulvclromotive force (voltajje) is tho buiu
of tUnt of the entire nuiiilnT of loIIb. The lesietanw. however, u vBriablfl,
Hti<I dc{N-iiiJ» tinoii iiiuiiy fnctoro. A* ulreadv Muted, the work to be don*
i» lo be counted as part of the extenial rMisiaiiw. To thin miirt be sdded-^
the fviii«tau«! of the ootijuiictivv wire and electrodes; aleo that vritbin tlifl
Ceil, or the internal resistance. Thus, where there aru a number of nells
connected in Kcrie», the amount of the resiHtance of each cell must he multi-
phed bj- the total number of cells in order to obtain the total internal
resistance.
It is impossible, without a thorough comprehension of Ohn'H law, which
lies at the foundation of electrical phenomena, to have my correct idea of
tbe medical application of electricity. 0»c«> undentood, ewrytliine buconu'«
comparativrly clear, and all forms of batt«nes or ifeneiators become siroplu
nnd intelligible. If we have any two of the factors out of tbe three (C -- «),
we can ascertain the third one by a simple csleiilation. Havinn; the el«ctru-
notive force (volts) and resistance (ohms), both external and internal, wo
can calculate the current -stren^lh (in amp^nii), Havin){ the rurrent-
strenRth and the voltafre, we can determine the total loss, or rraistaneo; or
jbaving the latter and the ciirrfiit-stivnglh. vri- mn am-ortnin the vultnge, or
electromotive force. We also have a means nf directly ascertaining the cur-
n'nt-«trength at any lime by an im^trumenl cal!i>ti a milliamp<^rcmel«r, or th«
voltage by a voltameter.
ElMtrioal Dosage and lIearan]iieBt.~ThiK ii> not the place lo ^o into
th« details of apparatii§, but we may anticipate a little, in order to explain
how the current 'Strength can be measured absolntoty by the amperemeter,
milliamp^ re meter, or milliammcter. The resistance of a fralvanic cell, or the
loul nfisiance of a batlcry, may W determined by uddinjr to the external
|nejstance (by means of apparatus constructed for the purpose, containing,
Jed K8istiuic«-ooila) until the current iii nvluccd to onc-haK of it# former]
eugtb, whence we learn that the added reGislance just equals the original
Utance, becaum* the currcnt-ittrenglh it alwuyi* invcmely hk thf R-Hi^'tani-c.
If the current is taken directly from the cell, and there is no external r*-j
IsistaDcc, then the added rf^iKtanec ju»t f^pinU the rwirtance inside of th«i
eell or battery. The internal resistance of any form of cell may thus be
meamircd by reducing the external resistance to u minimum, uiting a short
and IhicL conjunctive wire of copper or silver, so that the external resistance
may be ignored. After having measured the curn-nl-*1rrngth and r*1imate<l
the total miiitance, the determination of the electromotive foroe, or voltage,
I becomes a matter of simple ealculalJon, aince H M F (Toliage) = C? (in
Pamp^m) K H (in ohmx).
In the foregoing referenre to a lonilijnalion »( oingle cell* lo form what
ia called D "battoni'," it was statt^ thai they are connected to Beriea, — >.«.,
the anode of one cell being attached to the rathodc of the next.— the dis-
similar platc« or elements being thus conncct«d together. If, on the con-
trary, we join all the pole* of the same character, — i^., all the «inc* and all
the copp<>rs, or carbons. — wo have an arrangement known as a panllfll WO,
or they may be comliined in sets, or nnltipu area, of live, ten, or any other
daeired numl>er. Ilie nbjcct of this arrangement is to reduce the internal
resifftance when the external resistance is small; but, as it al»o reduces the
electromotive force, it is not a useful arrangement, except where the plates
6J6
NON-I-IIAHMACAL llKMKUIUft AND GENBHAL TIIBRAPRUTICS.
ut too small for the vork reciuired. With cells of the oidinarv eize tbie
('X[K'dit-nl i» niri'Iv resorted lo nt the pK'«nt dny.
Sources of Electrical Energy Other than (^alraaic. — Thiis far we have
considered only the cell ns a source of electricity, producing whnt i» onlled
the galranic, or batterj", current. Other forme of electricity will now be con-
sidered; lbe*c arc induced, or furiidic, ctirTentc; friction, or static, «urrciitf;|
and msffsedc, or dynamo, currents.
Faradic, or Induced. Corrents. — Tlic pheimmenon (if induction muitt
here be considered before proceeding further. It has already been explained
that on electric current i« iiccompanie.d by a diKturbnnce of the molecules ot
the BurroundinR media, which occur in "wborK" or lines of force circulating
around the eonjiinetivf wire. Tliiii in tihown by the inlluencc upon the com-
paee-needle, which assumes a position Bt ripht angles to the wire bearing
the eurrcnt. If n coil of copper or iron wire be substituted for the magnet ic
needle, electrical phenomena will be oxcited and temporary currents started
tip whenever the circuit of Uie i>rimary wire is closed or broken. Thetii^ «re
more powerful if the primary wire be itself rolled into a spool or coil and
placed inside of ihe secondary or induction coil. It is necessary to have the
primary wire covered with insulating material, so that adjacent turns do not
come in immediate contact with each other, and, also, to have it compara-
tively thick, so us to carry a large volume of current. On the other hand,
it is of advantage to have the secondary wire (also insulated) of fine wire,
BO AS to bring as many turns or coils of it under the influence of thi: lines of
force at any given time, as is convenient. As the electromotive force (press-
ure, tension, or power of overcoming riKiittanct-) is directly in proportion
with the number of coils ot wire brought under the influence of lines of force
(juat aa it is inereased by the number of eells of the battery), it is evident
that a fine wire in the secondary coil will yield a current of greater electro-
motive force than a coarse wire. In this way the Apparent paradox is ex*
plained of a galvanic current without cufTieient strength to produce muscular
contraction (because of the high resistance of the tissues), passing along a
wire arranged in n pflrtitulnr ninniicr. cunning u curnnt in a secondary coil
of fine wire of sufficient electromotive force or tension to produce aclivtf^H
muscular contractions and painful uensalions. ^H
Varieties of Quality in Faradic Curreata. — The electromotive force, ten-
sion, mid inlensily or cun-i^nl-slren^ih of a faradic curnpni from a properly-
constructed apparatus depends principally upon (a) the strength of the cur-
rent flowing through the primary coil at any givon time; (ft) the actual
number of convolutions of wire exposed to the influence of lines of force in
the secondary coil when in action; (c) the suitability to the work of the wire
composing and connecting the extremities ot the secondary coil, or the coil
to which the electrodes are attached. It is seen, therefore, that much de-
pends upon the secondary coil iind the value of the connecting wire as a con-
luctor. Many instruments are provided with connecting cords containing
leap, braided, brass wire, which is « poor eotidiictor; well-insulated, flesihlc,
copper wire is more suitable. Moreover, the secondary coil should have a
large number of convolutions, and must, therefore, be made with fine wire;
although, if too fine, it will impair its conducting power by introducing too
much resistance. Finally, Ihe flow of electricity through the primary wire
shonld have sufficient volume for the work. Ordinarily, one cell of mod-
erate sixc will be all that will be required.
BtBCrnlCITT IS MKDICIKB — KLKCrR<>-TUl!BAI'8UHC«.
847
Xedunical Cntrent-interrapter, or Bbeotome — Neef's Hammer. — Since
the currents in the secondary coii are only manifested at the time* when Ihc
current in the primary wire i* clwed and opened, som* device is needed to in-
terrupt the current in the first wire. This may be done by any mechtnicalu
meann, hut thv common inetlmd h that known ns Ncefa hammer. The prin-l
ciple upon which this is constructed is quite ingenious. Taking sdvantogn
ofihe fact that aciirrent of electricity flowing along a wire arraneed in aooili
will cause soft-iron rods placed therein to become magnetic, although they
immediately afterward lose their ma^etism because Bwt iron cannot be per-
manently magnclixed, we have the mcunt of automatic interruption provided
by the current itself. Tlie construction of faradic or induction batteries ia
ewcntially fuch a» if here dciicrilK'd, with minor varistinns in dvUil* of thef
apparatus.
Coane and Fine Secondary Coils — Adams't Forsdometer. — It mu«t he
rememhercd thiit the ordinGry rules governing electrical phenomena bole
j;ood Willi ihc iii<hu\-(l i urniit, and that, while we have increased electro-
motive force bv increasing the number of convolutions of wire independeBtl^l
<^ the size of Uie wire, the conducting power is inversely as the area of crowi-'
aection of the wire, and the current-strength is corrcepondingly reduced by
using the ver^' fine wire, bocause it offers greater resisi^ce. Thi« 'i» the vx-
ptsnation of the muddle which »ome writcn appear to have fallen into with
regard to the relative utility of the coarse and tine secondary wire coil* of .
faradic battery. When large electrodes arc employed, and only a small por
tion of the body brought into circuit (as where individual muscles are to be
acted upon), or, in other worde, when the extcrnol resistanco is low, the
coarse wire is more effective, hccauge it has less internal resietance and
the current is better balanced. On the other hand, where a large part of tliaj
body is to be acted upon or the electrical brush is to be used the externa'
resistance is great, and better results are obtained from ihc fine coil — which *
has greater infernal re«*tance, it is true, but also has more clectroriiolive
force.
This ia the gtat of the whole matter, and require* no further eiplana-
tion. Some of the confusion may be traced to the fact that, whiU- we havaJ
inetrumeni* for meanuring the galvanic or baKery current (voltamt'ter,.!
miUiamp^remeter), we have not as yet had any form of apparatu:* adaptwl to
measiinng induced current*, with the exception of the faradometer of that;,
accomplished electrician. Dr. Wellington Adams, which ha* not yet be
introduced, xn far a.* we can learn, in mediiiue.
Nature of Current from the Primary Coil. — A note may he introduced
hvn relative to the w-calied primary current, or the current from the pri-
Dury coil of a faradic apparatus. The momentary magnetii<ni tet up in the
core of «o(t iron when trie current i« interrupted (torts a temporary cun«a| '
to the primary wire. When the circuit is closed no current i» nianifeatc
by the wire compiming the primary coil, because it i» iJiort-circuited througt
its connection with the eel!. On the contrary, where the circuit i« open an^
the current is suddenly slopped, an electrical impulitc is act up; and if theae
tnterruptions arc quite rapid the impulses follow each other so closely as
to eonRtitute practically a current which, when proper connections arc made,
is found to be of small volume and strength, but all in one direction. The
current derived from the secondary coil, on the contrary, is set up, both at
the making and breaking of the circuit, in opposite directions, and cannot
^Stt
NOX-PHASMACA^L REUKDIKS ASlt OKNKKAI. TltEnArKtmCS.
1>e said to have any direclioii und«r ordinary circumxtancra. At the samtl
timf, it iQUKt Itc «tatud that tlu-#c oum-nts art' not oifual in «tren^Ui — thai
made on breaking; the current beio); more powerful than that on clotting th«
circuit; ami if the t-xtcrnnl n:-eiKtancv be very gmmt the weaker current i
unable to pa^s, and the effects produced ultimaleU' aro those of a sioffle cu
rent in one direction. Ax nlready stated, a commutator may al»o be em-
ployed, by which both currents can be made to flow in one threction, and thus -
M made to approximate in tlieir properties thoae arising frum galvanic <4^H
static eonrces. ^H
Static Electricity, — The static, or friction, eieclrical machine ia a '
familiar source of electrical phenomena; but within recent years great im-
provements imvc h('i:n introduced in the conslmctiou of tlioAe forms of ap-
pamtUE which htivc made them useful and available for medical purposes.
The principle upon which they are constructed is the old one of rubbing
amber, or glass, with a non-conductiug materiul, like f-ilk. Tlie ordinary
form is that of a c-irLitlar flheot or plate of g\a6s, which is made to rapidly
revolve in such n way that it is Klighlly riiblK'd with an exciting muteriul. the
glass and the rubber being insulated from each other and connected with
the terminal poste, from which the current may bi; taken. To the further
diseuseion of this current and its applications in medicine we will return
later on.
Electricity and life-force. — Elcctrienl units of measurenieot — the vol
and the anipiltn— bt-iir a fixed value and relation 1o other «uit« uwd in
measuring force, light, heal, etc. From what has already been stated, it is
clear that the proper way to regard electricity is simply m> » fi>rm of energy,
whteh may be eoDverted at will into other form*. As lli]i]iwraios wrote.
"Tiieic is no Kacred disease, and nil discnse« are eipiully sacri'd," ifo we may
say that "there is no mysterious force, but all forces are et|uully mysterioua."
Tin; favorite utalcment of ehurbitiins, tJiat "dectriuity i» life." is only true in
the stnse that heat and other forces are essential to life; but none of them
can bo correlnted or lraiii*forna'ii into lifr-foroe, iibout which — ^a* of every
other form of energj— we know absolutely nothing, except through its niani-
fe*Iatif>ns in I'lintiivtinn with mutter.
Electrical Measurements. — The relations of electricity to other fonu^
of eiKTgy iriflv be very brii-fly roi-upilulnted. The prevailing system of mea»-
urement in science is based upon what is known as the I'entimetre-tJramine-
So<-i>nd system of unit*, taking the itnils of length, the unit of weight, and
the unit of tiim^ iis the ba.ti.-i of ealeulatiou. The amoiinl i>i force acting
upon a gramme of matter so as to produce a velocity of 1 ccntimetic per
second is the Dyne, or centinietre-granime-second unit of force. The force
exerted by gravity upon a gramme of matter at the level of the sea ia 980
dynes; or, in other words. 1 dyne equals '/g,,, of the weight of a gramme
at the earth's surface. Having determined the value of the unit of force,
we next find that the unit of work, or energy, i.^ the wtirk done in exerting
a force of 1 dyne over the distance of 1 ecntinietre, which i^ ilenominated the
Erg. and is equivalent to VtaisTnooooo horse-power, f'or convenience in elec-
trical calculations, whieh. with absolute eeutimctre-gramme-seeond units,
wonld involve the u?e of numbers too large for daily use, the Klectncal Con-
gress adopted a serie* of eimvcntional units, consisting of the Volt, the
Ampere, and the Ohm. "The voU is eijual to lon.OOO.OOt) ergs. «r of aimt.
lute centimetre-gram me -second units of foree, or lU to the eighth power
I
BLKCTBIOITV IK UEDICIN'K — Bt.BCrR»-THKIIAPKL'TIC6.
849
(exprened 10'); the ohm U e(|iial to l,C}MU,uUt>,000 itisolutu centimctre-
gramme-McotKi units, or 10 to the ninth power (cxpieseed 10*).
I1ic unit of <-li.i-lTiul power h the product of the prcaeure {electro-
motive force) of a current in Tolts. when multiplied by tb<* volumv cxpretwd '
in amperei. Tht- Watt is Iho t^-nn uwd to wprcw thio volt-arnp^re unit oil
electrical enersy. It is equivalent to '/t»» horee-povror (7-16 watti cqiinl one
horse- power), from whence
* X '■■
t= horse-power of any given current. A
Coulomb ig the working unit of clcctriciU (.'nerj^y. When a current havinff
lli« strength of 1 ampere passes throiij^h a l-ohm resistance-conductor in 1
second of time, we have an ampere-second, nr oonlomb, of electricity. It is
the nnit of measurement of quantity obtained by multiplying the number
of anip^reii hy (ht; (imi; in sw.«nd*.'
The Farad is the unit of cupucity. The iirofix meB:a mean* an increasu
of on>; million limi-n, and micro = V,geoooo; ^"^3 ai'c often used in practical
fh.-c-trieity. Thug, the capacity of Eubmnrinv cables in usually about one-third
microfarad per knot.
Sonieea of Eleetrioily (or Uedical Purposes. —'llir chief forms of appa-
ratus for the generation of electrical energj* now in use are: —
The Galvanic Cell.
'Ihe Karadic Cell.
The Static ApDaraiui<.
The ifagneto-electrical Machine, or Dynnmo.
'Thv .Storage BaHcricfl, or .\cciiniulators.
Although the chief and most convenient sources of electricity for med-
ical purpofies at the pres<^nt day are the commercial direct and alternating
currents from the Htreet-maiiiB, made available for tlivrapeutic application
by means of a converter, or controller, and other forms oi ingenious mecb-
■nifm, yet the older forms of medical liatteries, .ho called, are still largely em-
Eloyed. A brief description of the principal forms of thcM now in use will
B nccesBOry in order lo understand their further application: —
OalTanie Cells. — Golvanic coIU are supplied of varioms forms and com-
binations, but (T^iu■ntially they are alike, and consist of two plat*'* (generating
and collecting) partially inimerted in a fluid cleclrDlyte, which acts chemie>i
ally upon one (the positive, or generating, plate) anil aim conveys the cur-j
rent acToes to the olhiT (the negative, or collecting, plate), as already
plained. The great fault of such an arrangement as a nource of cieelr
is that the current it not constant: it may start out with its full atm^
but from variouE causes it soon declines to idmost xero. This is found tel
due to two principal causes: (I) so-called polarization of the negative ;
by bubbles of hyilrogi-n clinging to the »urf«ce, and (3) chemical
the eleetrolvte, its ectioD upon the positiTe plate making it pr
weaker; an^ it al«) oiTets more reiiirtanrt to the current becaiue a ^
owing to the formation and solution of a zinc salt. Thewc objadHW* A»
single-fluid batlfries have Iwen overcome to a large extent iiy a
porous diaphragm h<twe*n the two ploles and immersing thoa n
wiutions; thus, in the two-Buid Wtteries, os they arc rnlUm jm .
polo is placed in a cup ol ungtozcd porcelain, which wlten tMtmm^ i^
' For lline adalthws Uic antlior b MiiKiallir inili^btFil l» tfe «ip^a» -^^k
Uon ol tht mubJMt oontaiwd In "npc-IHtity in iu ApplicU^ ^Aa^ »
Wellington .\(lanu, H.D- Otvfge S. IlsiU. Driroil. In two ••iImi^J^«b ^
S60
NON-Pll.ttlUACAl. 8K)IP.»IE& XSO OSHBBAL THKBAPBOTICS.
not obstruct matGrially the p]i«»aj;c of tb« cnrrcnt. Tbo ovgative plute
euiTOunded by a Bolution which tins a chemical aRlnitr for hydro^n, ad
wltioh 8Ct« lu a ")iT(ir»^i'H-ooii»uiiii.'r," thux prcwnting polurixatiou. Ah
n^urde constancy, all chemical batteries will mdually run down, although
some do ro much mom rapidly and Icvx rugulany than others.
Different Formii of Celli.— It has been found that certain forms aro
bolter aiiajiU'tl (ur imclii nl ]iiirpo.ic«; aiiti, m already ciplaiuod, tlic battciy
must he c*|)«iiuliy tcU-clt-d for a particular kind of work. Some are made for
canter)' woric, other^i for neurological and diagnostic purposed, ond others
(till for gyua'Colugi<.'nl practice, or for charging secondary or storage bat-
teries. Some are portable, others are siationar)*. The following arc 1'
principal forma in use: —
Si.xuix-Flcid Batteiubs.
I lo ins
> to tUH
The Orenet r«(I.~I'oBiUve clempnt, Eiaci ncgativt. oarboni eleotrolvte. dihite
ftulphuric^ acid rontninliii; (-liromic acid or potAmlum Mchroniati: U n hydrogtnv-roii-
iumi>r. Tli« BdvantucL- of Uiiv form of cell in tliHl tlie linc cun he lifted, by a tniwlMn-
i«al eontrivnncT, entirely out of tlie fluid n'bcii tbc battery in not in u*v. or can be
ImoMned to any il««ir«il eximt a<icordln); to llie ntnouut c^ the vullAge tliat tatty be
required. It is convniivnl fur oiTicF uurk in coiinvctiiMi with k farvdic coil, or (or
rannlng a <iri>11 incnndRternt Ininp. Tliii fonn of eell Ik cijmpnrativcly ^'xpeEH^T*
itnd ban nrtl auHicitnt voltaKV (or uim- uheo a part o( (he human body is in eirctiit.
unlcM n \arue aumix^ of ccTli orr tiard ; very compnct and uu4ul portable batleriet
of tbis kind, boncver, are now coastrueted ronlainiiiL- (inm ieii to iiixly or mure eellt.
twenty-four to forty m-Hi bpinjt wrll luljpli^il (or orJiiinry mrdira! purjmiipt, but iiol
for gyuiecoloiiivul work by Ajiudloli's uirMliud. Tlie *ululion ii^cd i§ Knonn lu tha
"eleclropoioii lor rlecUic jfrncruUDe) fluid; it coiuiiti o( 1 part comnicicial w\A-
pliurle Bi-ld diluted uith 10 pnrU of wnUr, to nhlch. nflor It han bproiue raid, adi
1 part of fiiirily- powdered biuhronint'' of polnfib and diMotvr 1iy aicitaUon. Dr. Setter.
o( Philadelphia, recommeudi the addition of sulphurio udd to u eoiiecntratcd aoluUaa
ol bkhroRinte of potnith. then ll!tdiii)[ olT the tuiliilinn after the potamium aulphata
hu cryntullixed out. anii euliM'qiX'iitly nddinii; sullivipiit water to bring it up to the
proiter proportion desired. l>r. Adams cunsidcni sodluiD biclirommc prefcralilo to ' ~
poUaaium aall.
The LwUjttcM vrll lid" timi for the poiillJve element, and originally a
cup oontalnlng niniignnfU' dioxide nnd giiE-eaibun (nr the ni'tinllve. with a S4lurat«<d
•olution of umiuciiiluin ehluride a* tbe vW'lroIyte: Inter forms. BUi-h aa tlie Gond*
and the Axo, siibetitute large block* of gno-earbun (or tlie porous eup. This lias (nM
eleelTomotive force, but 1» rpiiinrkahly rongfant and nigiiire^ very little altentioti.
It Is in common use. on thin aooount. (or clectrleul bells and other purposes. Wbere
a buiidivd or niOTe Mirh cells are eomlimi'd, the voltone. allhoi];;h not creat, yet is
viifltrieiit fur most uiedli-nl ptir|Hwi"i, There in no I'lieniical action In lhi< eell until
the Hlinilt is closed. It eontaiiL" no aeidn or poixonous solutions (except thot ehlortd*
of xine Is formed in it), it jieiiciiires no corronive vnpots or nfTensive odors, doa not
frepie in winter, and ouly require ihi.- •XTHsJonul addilion of ualer or frtah aolutiov
to repliice lli«t lo«t by rvaponilion. One ehiirpc of the solution will last ttwn ta
or eitcht inimths to tuvnl^'*(our or thirty, depending on the eiiuiunt o( use made o4
it. The f.celiinchfl rcll origlnnlly eonslHlcd of n cylindrien! rod of nnc »» a |ia«itive
Henient, and « pori'U* eell in which the neciitive elvnient. enn»itiUng of equal parts
of iiinnj>ftnp»e dioxide and gnneaibou. ««s jwcked. In Ihe course of time the nvgatlvn
denient bad to be reneued. T.ntcT forms of this buttery, as ■tntfd abow, simply
r^uhnlitiitr blocks of g«»-curhon for the porotm emi, whivh never need tencHing. OnV
form llhe Law battery) U of this charaeter and is of excellent ennsi melton, the
rvlls being hennetieally neolpd by a eover, nhieb prevents eva|iorn(i(in and ereeplna
up of the Bmnionium lalta. The eleetromotive (ores is 1.5 volts (1.3ft ncrriri)in)> (o
Ht. Aduuin'e mrnnun'ment) and gives n eurrcnt of 1 to 2'/, amperes tkrauf/i n Kturl
clreuK or where the extemni reHt«tnnee ia ainall. This is the best (onu of open-
circuit battery for medknl use, aeiiording to Adams.
rfle Oivfttti Ce».— The positive element Is xine and th« aegatin copper; (be
electrolyte, dilute sulphuric acid eontainlng sulphate of copper in aolutlon. Tlii
1
KLKCTUICITV IS UEUICIM: — ELECTR0-TIIKRAPELTIC8. 861
■ grtat inprornncnt upon the olU »ul|»lintc(i(co|>prr bntlirj', wtiicli [Hitarlinl (inn
dowM) vtiy quickly. A lurgi* kIou evil it mipluycit, >nil thr croppfr plHte it uIscmI
»t th« boltom of the liquid, or nrnr i1, nnd upon it nii! plarrd aaaif rnntnlji of lulpiiat*
of rapper. NVar and junt brlnw Ihv Hiiifncv of tlie li<|uid i« Mi»pvndv(l a lioriEoBtHl
pUt* o( zinc, arnied with rudii likt the ■Pukt-i of k wheel, in order to cxpow ui much
(urfcrr a* ptuaiblc to tlie action o( tlir lliiitt. The (^rralT density of Lhit Hutphnte-ot-
capfm MtluUon kMpa it at tlie bultom ut iJie ci-ll, around Ih* nrcitltvu jitate, where
A acta aa • bydrosen-coMunicri whereas, tli« nutpliuric acid, liberated \<y tlie dc-
nmpcalllon of Ihp cupjier Hiiliilinfe. a»cetid« l*> thir pMllivr. The topper MpsralM
h«a (he solution in inclullic tunu, und in di-poiiitcd upon tlie negatlrc plate, while
IbcefynlaU lupply the place of thai which wa* (lecompoicil. nnd tbut keep llio miIU'
llctt Mlurated, making the tell coiitiiiuuiiK in its uctiou. This form of cell is iim4
lor Ititcraph work, but ii not u>ed fur niedieal putptueo. It ii veiy iinifcirm in
Mliea, but hai «itm]l electioinotivt [orcri it i» K«varally worked «i(h it rloaed oir-
tfU, whil« buUerii'B fur medkat o*« are kept uHuBlly irith au open cifeuit exrept wbm
adailly in uic.
rke Smra CVIf.— Pmlttvc, sloe; nefpUir«, «Uver covend wlUi ptKliiiuin and with
* nugb aurfacc hi prcvtnt adhMion «( hydroicen; clecttmlylo, dilute uilphnric acid
ll to'iOi. Thia fomi of battery U alino»t obsolvli- in inedlcul piiii'Iii'c. althuugli uc4«-
iloaiUy uavd in conneetioiii nith the futadic coil, ll baa a bigU inti'iisily. but n iMt
MMaaL It I> tlMful In the an* for elect io]>ln ting.
Two-Fl,Cii> BATTEBiEa,
The Itanlrtt rtrmmt eontidta of a gtaat jar, •>r receiver, a positive plute of one,
«itli 1 brfcntive \Attc al eopper, the 'copper plate brinti placed inside at the jiorous
•up, nhicfa eontains a saturaleit »olutlo4i of nulphale of eoupr. tlie linc liviu|,' placed
ildilMc ■ulpliiHW »eid in the containiu); Jut. Suuie cryilaU uf copper ult nre pla,-ed
litkt Inlflrior of the porous cell, to keen the fluid latiiratid. Tlic internal n^islAncr
(f M Mil ia ratber hi^'h, but i» diiuinSikhed by lulng lat^ plnln and pkcinfi them
4m logtttier. It ha* nn elect loniotive force of tM volts, and ik quite conMant. A
■■diletlkw of ihi* ndl, by Siemens and liaUke, of IWrlin. uat nganled bj* ft«iiuk
MQ iaqtrorenieul, but, Hcenrdine to de Wal.ti^vllle. 'a uo longer uaed. The interior
ofQcpoTDU* cell will packed uitli paper piilii. which, when uet with thn aoIutioD, In
» ktler pondurtitr Ihnii the solution nionc. It lia* been •iipentedmt by cell* of higher
■intluniMive force uud vt simpler conKtriicti'in.
The flmrr (Vtl,— Tlie sencrnlinj- pltitc U line; the eolleetiti): plate is pUliouw,
4* lutcr being imnier»ed in dilute nitric acid ihydrogen-cwiuiuiin'rl, conlnined In *
f*r*W lend, and thn former in dilute sulphuric arid. The advnnt«)c<a of this buMrty
■nit* hU electromotive forci- iiieotir ;f vntta), lift low internal rrsiMaDce (usually
liWUaa '/, ohm), and ita Eimplieity. The objeetions ore its eoat, the corrnalv* funoM
*U(b tt give« oil whil« in um' tnitrouH aeldl, which attack tJie euuneetiona, and,
fa*lly, ita waat of constancy.
n« t)>KJtm f rtf. — This is the Mine us the preeedinji, e^iecpl that a large piece ot
P^carbon ii made to replace the unall platinum plute. The eleetromotive force In
f^ra hl^er than the Grove; but the inteniBl [e*i>.tRni-e Is also higher, aiiice carbon
*Mt CO good a conducliir an ptatinuni. In thi« tell the hi chnHiiatc-uf potash oolution
^ W |3a(«il in the porous cup instead of nitric «cid, thu* making It a double-t'dl
Dry Cxlls.
Thr Ckloriilf^f-StUrr fUttlrrn of dr la ftuc— t)wiriK tu the inconvenience of
Mi^aa »fIort has been made to do away with Ibcin by subiiituIinK a. [Mfte made
^toM and nulphate uf itnc. In whieh tlie plates (chloride i>r silver, in the form nf a
***, tad two dnn) are pmnnjirutly flxed and the cells hermetically senlol. Althuush
^ teJU are anaall. they are able to pinducr decided phy(.ii)U>)2icui elTeels. The cells
*n tsly dry in the imse that they are perinHiiently doted. They carli reiprMenl an
*ttwBiotive (on* of nearly I volt, and vnrj- in tnt^ninl rc«Ist*Mee from 3 or 4 ohiu*
■• '/, ohin, according to ««■. Wh»n uw-rl tlii<^iU];h proper external resUtancr, tliene
talwifa are appllralde to many purposes, Tlie chief nbjcctlon i* their bi|{h cost nnd
1^ bml that, when exhausted, Ihey ran only Iw relieved by the maker or pnlenler.
TWe la, however, a dry cell tereiitly placed on the market by the IJrtw I'lirtable
Ifetife Anxietanl Company, of [lostou. whirh lias givm univerval valiifaelion to
•httn therapeutist!!. A riaic)t cell, if|risterin|t 1 7, niHa, «tid from 10 to 13 amp^rve
m
XO:r-PII.iB)tACAI, REHBDIKS AXD OENCRAL TIIEBArECTtCS.
Alcli, and a l>r)iv rompntiiKl ppII. ik> fonnvi'tnl in multiple. giiinK » bighur nnp^ragA
for ojicnLtive cautrry irurk. ThU rell in );iiiLrHiit*i>iJ b.v tli« uianitlai'(uivn> to Iw abao-
luU'l}' nnndctniomlinit vrli»n not in inc. mrr btinti taken not to alluw th« pfIIh
-hurt-citeuil, wlii-u tiwj would f'XliuuHt i*ty iiuickly. The •^m^ compasjr ndapt
ci'll lo tlieir improved inilruiiimts, cirini; oil of tiit known tuirent*. exm-pl «Uit
•■trc-trli-il}', uuch R4 ^alvnnihni, (flmjUin, anil g)itvani>-(a»dUin.
The Care of the Battciy.— In order to have ibe greatest effitK-ncy, i
cviik-iit Miiil ihi: iHilUry iiiii»l bo in gooil working onlcr, tli^ ramiectioiia per-
fect, ilie electrolyte active, and the zinc clean. The best method of kvoping
the xitic with a cltvii •urfao« ie to amalftumatc it with ii littlo ))un> incrcury
lliia IB usually done by ecrapiug away all foreign imitcrinl with an old ft'-
and wn«hing thv eurfac« vith »c)iiio v-vtik acid isglution (sulphuric or hj-d
chJoric, usually); a little metallic mercury b now dropped upon the 6urfii
and nitihed over it with » bmxh or piece of ntg attached to a #tick. Tf
line, when freshly amalgamated, shinM like silver, and preg*nt6 a nnitonn.'
arnii 1 ^11 ni -coated fuifiicc. When thi8 is not done the i-nrrenl may he weak-
ened and diverted by what is known as "local action." Small foreign bodice
or iinpiiritit-8 in the nine, being eleclroneg&livc to the xinc, gvt up tittle oloc-
tric circuits and cause local action, which make holes in the plate and
wcakcmt the current proportionately. No rule can be given a» to the time
when the zincs should be amalganiato<l or fresh solution used; it depends
very much upon the kind of cell and the Hinount of iwe, but. when the f^t-
ranometer shows that the battery is much below its proper efficiency, this
attciitii'ii tuny bi- iii'i>di'<1 In ri'i-li'i'i" il.
Requirement! of a Galvanic Battery. — Dr. Wellington Adants for
Ifltes the following aa the- thpon^tiral conditionp nf a perfect battery: —
I. A high clcclnmiittivc forw.
S. A low and conaiant internal reaialance.
3. A constant electromotive force irrespective of the current prodm
by the cell.
4. A consumption of inejcpenjive mnleriaU.
5. A lack of consumption of all materia! when no current ia being
produced; that is when the rireuit ik not cliwd.
G. A ready means of occasionally examining its condition and worth-
ing iitid of Hddini; fn-^ii iiiatcviaL* when required.
Work of a Galvanic Battery. — It should alwnys be borne in mind that
llie eleclrnmolive force of a galvanic cell is independent of it» hjw, a c*ll no
lai^er than a thimble pii«<-v<iiifi thi- snmc cloclromotiTc force as one (he mv
of a barrel where the elements are the lame. The character of the elements,
therefore, determines (be ileclriimolivc furce. or the tension, of the current,
all cells having similar elements poeseesing the same difTerencc of potential
Moreover, one cell will yield the same i]uaiitity or volume of current on n
.-ihort. circuit, theoretically, as a hundred, and no more electricity mn be ob-
tained from ihc latter than llie former on a short cirouit (no external n-
i*ifllance). But one hundred cells nrmnged in series will have a hundred
times as iniieh electromotive force, or power of ovcrcuming resistance*.
Finally, the strength of a current which any cell will give is largely affected
by its internal resistance, this depending upon the sixe or extent of surface
of the elements, their proximity, and the character of the solution and of the
negative plate, as conductors, and the amount of chemical action. The
presiute, or electromotive force, depends upnti difference of potential, w
iry.
this
"I
SLRCrnicirr ix jiedicixe — ELKcrRO-TUKUAPEcnre.
853
Itity of dectrieily <iep(tnii- ilircttly upon llie rale o( oonsumplion of
Cpofitive plate; the carrent-atrength is the resultant of thi'sc iwfo (actons.
GalT&nocaiitei7. — K«r piIvniU'CHuttTy work large (Jrenel wlls may W
in this case, the «iti>riial resistance being fmall. Ihi- ^injunctive
_^ _ *hort and a good comltictor, cvi-rythiiig is jwined by increasing
Nettteflf the plates and iirinjeing Iheni clo«« lopellu-r. thus diminirfiing in-
t#nia! resistance and balancing tin- Imttcry. Polarization may be prcvcnti-d
by aptating the liquid, or other means. From four to I'ix o'll* of rather
l«i|f Hi« ate sufticirnt. A very good meclianica! arrangement h«s been
ilrnsed, by which the sines attached to a frauic are roiled or lowered by
prwiugs lever or treadle uith the foot; by this means the battery is only in
uee for a short period at a time, end polarization has lew time in which to
take iiEiict'. The flornge batten* is al»o ti»cd for galvanocaiitery vork. (S«t
ltat^« Batteries.)
Fandic, or Induetlon, Appftrattu. — The oon^'Iniodon of this verj- usi^ful
fmni of app.intiir has nlriii<!y biin explained and the theory of H* action
(MBiiU'rril, by w hich inrnnls (if bigli electromotive force and small quantity
in obiained from those of low electromotive force with relatively large
fOHbty. Usually one cell of the llrenet or Sniee type is used as a f)urec
n electricity, which flows along the primary wire. Ai< already stated, the
woiul coil should coniiist of a large number of spimi liirnci of line wire, each
iniaistod from the other; but an extra coil of coan^or wire may be usnl when
tb* oxteniul resistance is siiinH. Hie currents induced by the making and
litnkiog of the circuit in the primary wire, hv clock-work rheotome, or by
ibf iclion of the nutonialic interrupter are of momentary duration iind op-
pciitt in diroction. !n the wires connecting thi- pttremitios of the secondary
«il, in ordinary medical battenc*. therefore Oa a short eiteuit, there i*, prop-
erty gpMking, no direction to the currents; they are rap idly- re versing to-
■aa-fio currents. At the same time, they are not of ci^ual strength, and, if
tiw renstaiice be great, the current set up upon closing the circuit is unable
lo [OSS around, and only the current set up at the time of bn-oking the cir-
rtiit is left, which, of course, will be in one direction. Sloteover, if the
intemiptioDs are ("ufliciently roptd it will be praclioaliy eoiitiniiou^. It bait
almdy been pointed out that, by a device known as a commutator, the first
eantnt may be reversal no as to reinforc*^ the other; but this in not usually
(■mid in a medical faradic apparatus. The poles of such a faradic apparatuK.
■uj, ther«-f<ir<', i>e pr<)perly marked -J- and — (or positive and negative), if
Ifce currents ar« all in one direction. In addition to the extra or induced
cutrenlji set iip in the seeond coil, there are similar induced cnrnnts in the
pnuaiy coil, as its electrical equilibrium is disturbed by the making and
■making of the circuit. If connections are made with the ends of the pri-
nurycoi) this (which is generally, though incorr^'ctly, called by instniment-
nuter* "the primari,- current") may also be utilised in medicine. The cur-
r'E! from this ■^)il differs in several ft-alHre* from the current from the
"Xoad coil: I. Owing to the fact that fewer lines of force are involvwi, the
utduity, or electromotJTe force, is miuh Ic-w thim in the latter. 2. As at
'lie noment of starting the ciirrenl the circuit through the cell in shorter
ilun through the electrodes, the first induced current passes through the
«U, leaving the second only to paw along the rheophoree; therefore ft 't» an
interrupted induced current, all in one direction, and not a to-and-fro cur-
Rnl. 3. The cunent is increase*! in intensity by inM>rting a bundle of soft-
galvanic oiirrt>ni lor ni«aicai purposes irom iDe ceii or ceiis a
the ordinary faradic itiEtrunipnt. Tborefote, medical batlpriv
give, in porlabie fomi, both ^knnic and induced current^
all cas^-s, will not fiillill the rcqinrt'incnts of jiracticv. Pbj
necessary to have bolh a faradic and a fralvanic instmmen^
diffcrvnt kinds, suited lo differi-nt tti^t*. With regard lo n \m
bination of colU and thf-ir effects, wo mar qnote from an ai
DiiTcrt-nl Pbyitidlogicul and TiieraiK^uti<rol Propcrtii.'* of tlic
rents of Electricity,"' by Dr. A. D, Bockwell, who summarizes
ai follnwa: —
1. From the contiuuou^coil apparatus, owing to its
heliceii, the vires at whioh differ in thickness and length, nroi
tice of eiirrcnt that vary in a most remarkable degTM iu all t
electricity: physical, phyfliological, and therapeutical.
'i. That the variutiou is obtrCrvcd most miirkedly when a
made internally to the vaRina, uterus, rectum, or bladder, '
method.
3. From the primary or first induction coil we obtain a c
tity that iit barely perceptible cxtcrnnlly, but intcnwlly. am
the bipolar method, acts with preatly increased efficiency.
4. From Ihe romhinatioii "t tin- jirimiiry and swondary
we obtain a current of fjreater tension, but which Etill acts
plied externally. Applied internally, howi-vcr, itn t-fTocts are fl
the liret coil, both in exciting the sensibility and contractility,
caution must be exorcised in ita use. In the »une degree, a
the vagina, reel urn, hluddor, and testes. This current is es
in the treatment of cnlargemetite of the uterm due to snbin
of little or no vuhie when the enlargement is due to fibrous
especial value in post-part urn haimorrhasc, and. from its pow
sensibility and ooiitra(jtility of the bladder and rcvluin, it
good cfTect when these organs arc ansesthctic, or sulTer from
loBt contractility.
5. From a combination of the ilrst, sKond, utd tliin] t
M-KCTHICm- IS IIEDICINB — BLBCTRO-TIIBBAPKCTICS.
855
fl. Frntn thfr first, incoiw], thini, ami foiirlh induction coili^ vonibinfid n
current is obtaiot^ dilTerin^r Ironi naii superior lo nil the others in its eeda-
tivf and Kcuernl Ionic elTiK't upon the sysleni at larp?. It ueitlivr nt-ta upon
the Mtisiuitity nor muscular tontratittlity when ajiplied eitteroally. as does
Hie tliti<i current of the series; nor with a tenth or even a Iwcnlivth part of
the aculcncGs, when spplit-d inl«ninlly, that chnracteriaes the aecond current
of the seriea. For the purpose of pencral faradiitntion, however, it la the
only proper current to use. and for applicntionii to the vaf^na and uterus, for
the relief of many forms of pain, it possesses properties that are invalualilc.
Bapid and Slow Interruptions. — All farndic Datteries are now |>rnvided
with Bome form of thu magneto-eiectric. automatic interrupter; although
the rhwtonir. or current-hrwiker. may also be )(ovemed by clock-work, by
the hand, or any other convenient method. Ordinarily, the interrupter, or
rlicoiome, it attached to a spring:, as already described, and the int<;rru|)liouH
occur with such rapidity as to make a hitxxing iiouml or even a musical note.
An improvement upon this is found in some first-class inslrumcntg, which
kbits the operator to incroni<c the intervnl at will between the shocks, ac-
rding to the case. In some patients the muscles arc thrown into tetanic
'aipaem by very rapid interruptions, and here the slow interrupter is of great
eenrioe.
Size of Instninenta. — Faradic batteries ar« made of different sizes and
Various shapes. For treatment of cases of poisoning, or in olialetriial prac-
"tice, and, in fact, in many medieal cast's, the small case, sueh as the GniiT6,
«3r one of its modiiieations and imitntiuiis. may be all that i^ re(|uired. But
lor di»j;no«i# and general clinical use, a better one, provided with slow in-
terrupter and a targe secondare* coil, is indispenMible, such as is prorided by
Otto Flemming. the Oalvano-Faradic, the Mclntimh Company, and others.
Combined Cnrrenta — Oalvano-faradizatioa. — No real advanta^ie ia ob-
lained by combining the primary and secondary current* in the faradic appa- '
ttus; but de Watteville and others have combined the galvanic and faradic
ents in order lo give greater volume lo the Inlter, and enable it to pene-
trate ni"rf di'f'ply iiilo the lissups.
The Static, or Franklioio, Apparatus. — ^This ia the oldci>t form of elec-
tricity known. It ia exhibited when a piece of glass is nibbed with reain, or
when vulcanite is rubbed with *ilk. Now, if cither the glass or the reain
be brought in the vicinity of some small pieces of paper, or other lieht
ll objects, phenomena of attraction and n-pulnion will be manifested. This
^condition is known as electrification; and it has been found, from various
imeuls, that;—
1. Articles attracted by the glass are repelled by the resin, and tho*e
spelled by glaca are attracted hy the resin; honce the theon- that there are
[twokimisof components of electricity, called, for convenience, a positive and
[« nesalive.
S. Many other bodies, when nibbed togelber, produce similar phcnom-
taa, and become either electropositive or electronegative.
3. Articles which give electropositive electricity when rubbed with otie
excitant may give the electronegative electrieitr when nibbed with some-
__ else; so that the form of electrical disturJuince dejtend* ujynn Hie re-
titmft of the bodies which produce it. For instance, glass, when rubbed
with resin, produces electropasitive phenomena; when nib1>ed with fur it is
dectrunegative.
85«
XOX-nUnUACAL BKUBDIKS .IVD GENBHAL TUBHArKUTIOS.
■I, The »'Ii-ctrical coixlitione fit Wtli Hiticlet «re diiturbed, and to
fqunl extent, tli« <jiiaiitit_v o( eiectrinty upon the glaM rod bciny exactly
I'CHiatfd t)j' tliut on lli« reBJii or fur,
5. The amcuni of electricnl clitTerenc^ between the two bodiM ii known
us "the flillfrtnee of jmli'ntiul," "im-c it i* the ineaaure of the fore* which
would hare to be exerted in order to restore them to th«ir original state o£
piltiilibriuin.
G. Ekc-tricsl phenomena are produced in bodice brought into the vicin
ity o( either a positively or neftatively excited electrode. This is inductioa.
iind the fioctricily thuB cuiii-*'d is known ■» induced elei^lricity. It in fotinil
that, undiT such circumstances, in a body capable of conductinji electricity,
the form of iKctrieity will be conlniry to thfll of the Vkotrodc, nnd they wiT
be mutually nttracted. Hence the rule: "rnlike eJectricities attract, lik
«l«lncitic!i rcjK-i, caoh other."
7. Electricity of this character ie confined to the surface of bodies, and
can be conflnrd or ntorcd up in apjiropriatc apparatus, — i.e., in what U known
SB the Leydcn jnr, — and is, therefore, known as "static electricity."
8. A body is charged by conduction when ita electricity is conTeyed to!
it through a rheophore or metallic connection. It is said to be charged b
induction when the electricity i." due to the action of surrounding iKtdieii
without conlaci, t» already explained.
9. The phenomena of static electricity resemble and are identical with
c-leclricily from other miurc-e^, when of small ijuantity nod ateectlniKly lugh
tension (or electromotive force). The tenne positive and negative, therefore,
ro«ilre thimwlvc* into dilTi-rcnce* of potential, the current flowing from the
higher to the lower potential, aa in the current from the galvanic cell.
The foregoing brief rfsumi of the phenomena of static electricity ia
noce«»iry introduction to the study of electrostatic mnehines. They (insist
eesentially, of an apparatus designed to convert motion into electricity b
mceiix of friciiou atid iiniiicti'Hi.
Forms of Static Instrumenta. — ^EIcetroBtatic machines are either fric-
tional or induction inRihines, the latter n'i)uiring to be independently
charged before lliey will net. FrietToniil machines are identical in principle
with the experiment tirrt mentioned, where glass wasi excited by rubbing, lii
its usual form the glut's is a eireular pltite or disk suspended from its centre,
and oapahlt- of revohnng when turned by a crank. U is provided with a rub-
ber or eirmhion of leather covered with amalgam of tin and mercury, this be-
ing slightly pressed ngaiuiit the side of the plate, Mtaa tocau.ti! friction when
the plate is revolved. There is also a comb of metal, the points of which
do not quite touch the flurfaeo of the plate. The ciisbinn nod comb are con-
nected by means of metallic eonduotors. each with one of a pair of brass
balls, which ai'c the poles or eleetrodes of the apparatus. When tlie gl&ss
disk is revohed the rubber excite* positive oleetricity upon the glass surface,
and ia itself negatively excited; owing to the amalgam, ita charge i» carried
to tlie electrode in conniption with it. The surface of the glass which is
positively excited passes under the comb, which conducts the charge of posi-
tive electricity i« the bni>» ball corn^pouding with it. The charge of
positive electricity steadily increases, until the difference of potential is to
greait as lo cause a disruptive discharge between the two poles. This tem-
porarily restores the e'|uilibrium of the glass, which passes again under the
rubber and the phenomenon ii repeated. I1ie pole in connection with the
le
I
RLKUrmciTY IN MKUICtSE — BLECIBO-TUEIUl-KUTIM,
899
comb which is pcwitively cxciti?<l will, if brought ncsr the ne^atiTely-«icited
poif, (li»chirg:c itevlf as a spark passing lictwecD the poloj, whoD the dilTvr-
ence of potential la auflicieitt to enable it to jump acroMi the intervening
■nee. If it ic dveinil to apply this form of ('li'C'lri<.-it.v to in(.-'Iic«l purpOMB,
light brass chains or other conauctor^ are atlaclied to the poles, and by mesns
of »ii(abk' iih-ctroiK-i- liimrku may in- drawn from dilTi-n iit part* of the hucoon
bwly. If ue iniiutute the [laticnt by seating him upon a chair having glase
castors or a stool supported tiy ^la^ji, vie may connect him vith vithcr jwle,
the other polo beinj; founded, and he will then become stored with either
positive or nefi^tive eleetricitv, and fipark^ may he drawn by bringing the
uppDBite electrode, or any object by uii^ans of which communication may be
O;
E
'^r-'^'^^
l>b^cnin ■>' the Pilknl H.v|wraUIi(^ Tniiiiifiiniipr.
■w»ii*n. a. a. i^aww* •ith Ai'c o. n, ■^....ii...*..* r. *". wnv-hoi. j>. xnTiDo*
J, ftn* fci 4" lad A', m. a. Kn^, (« mai-aHt, C tmt c. K. K. *%n; I- Itt1>Wa,u c ■■* C
aHk ■«*■■• ■HkttMmaiHUM. n. IhU t7M> (DtavH* *• r*«MI^ (ni ^ Ihi j>n <f'.CI.w4
HtnlMi i»> ■n**!'* ■< rt' JH.hMt« t.) U.. .rirt^MtwIlM '"'—^ !• i ■ ■"
W with the earth, near him. Other applications besides tliis so'callcd eJec-
tric hath will ill' iTiititioned farther on.
The Holts M«chine.^The impron-d nolln apparattis ia t( present the
wttof the induction, or influence, machines. It conciris wsentially of two
'Mnished-glass disks, one being Maliniiary, the other rcvolring. The sta-
lioMry plati^ has Iwo apertures, through which project the ends of two siri|n
Jjf paper, called iaductort. which are attached to the outer aide of the plate.
The free ex(remitic)> of thcw inductors emerge upon the inner side oppoaite
' Wir of metal combs, each connw^Ii-d l)j- a metal rod and by a conductor
*ith one of the poles. The action of the machine is thua explainer): "1*1
jWof the inductors he charged,— say. positively,— and let the two dectrwies
» brought into vunlaci. As a rti>ult, the comb opposite the indnctor U
VOX-PIIARMACAl. BKMROrRS AKD OKSSBXh THKUAFBUTICS.
charged negatively by inducliou, «nd a positive chnrgi- iipprarv nt llic ollirf
comb, Bincc the combs ara in communicntion ihroiigli the joined electrode
and the pa^tive electricity is repelled away from the inductor ilnelf. Sine
the combs consiist of shnrp points, the maativi- cK-t-t rioity upon the first comb'
begins to diacharge itself against the gla*s plate in a dirct-tion toward the
other inductor and comb. Both of Ihc^c, thi'n-fore. discharge jtositive elec-,
tricity on the plate, — the comb upon one eidc. the inductor upon lh<' otherJ
— whik llic inductor il**?l( receive* a negative charge. Clearly, therefore, sj
part of the negative charge upon the front of the plult; is neuiraliiKsl, and'
the positive clmrjie upon the back ia carried around a^ain toward the positive
inductor. This increases tho action of the positive inductor, Muce the in-
ductor itself discbarges negative electricity upon the plate and becomes iteelf
more and more strongly tlcclrificd positively. If the cleftrodea are now
separated sparks will pass between them"' when the plate is made to revolve.
The ohjecl of having the hol« in the gtalionary pinio is to diminish the
capacity of those parts of thp plate which are opposite them, and thus cause
ihi-ni tin- more readily to give up sonio of their chargiv In some ca»e«
I.cyden jurs are atta<'hed to the eli'itrudcs, the object being to increase the
energy of the tparka given off, and, in fuel, make it resemble the induced
ciUT*nt.
Ha^eto-electricity and Dynamos, — The fuit that a magnet introduc
intollieintLTiorof a coil of wire is c-upablu of disturbing it^ electrical cquilib*
riura and instituting electrical impulses has led tn the constniction of med-
ical electrical machines, in which coils of \vn\: iittni-hcd tn a n-volving frame^
are made to pass rapidly through the lines of force around the poles of aT
large magnet. Currfnt-i are set np in the eoil as it enters and as it Icavea
the inagmlic field, and by proper connections these currents are conveyed to
electrodes, by which they can be applied to the body. These currents are of
high tension, but of fi-chlc quantity — rci-embling. in this respect, the faradiCj
machines, which are much more efficient and convenient, so that they huv<
driven the otheni out of u«-. Witliin n few yeare, however, improvement
have been made in the construction, and laige maf,meto-«Iectriral machine
are made, which are run by utoinu and arc called dynamos. They are now'
employed in electric lighting, and as a source of power for many pnrpose*.
The wires carrying these current.* in the olrcet-muius have been utilised as a
source of electricity for medical purposes, and wc may briefly refer to the
subject here. There is a distinction of grciit iniportimec to be obwrvcd be-i
twccn the currents supph-ing the arc light and ihe incandescent light; the '
former requires a 10-amp^re current, with electromotive force of about 60
volt*, while the latter has something like '/, ampere, with an electromotive
force of tlO volts. Owing to this dilTerence in quantity and pre»iiirc, itf
ia easily seen that their utility for niedica] purpose* varies greatly. The arc-
light current is capable of causing fata! results, while no serious result would
fiiiliiw llic UKc nf tbi.: inciiudcsceiit (i'"di»i>n) i/urrent. tinlen the conductor
was accidentally oonnected with an arc current flowing in an arc-Ug>ht
wire, in wbiuh case its currt-iit would be iuitiu'diutely iuorcaeed. and, unje^
prelected by a previous insertion of a fusible plup in the circuit l>etore n'ach-
ing the patient, soriuus results might follow. Where an arc current only is
available, it is conducted through what is known as a "converter," which is^
'Lieliig and RohO, "Pr«ctip«I Et»ctriohy (n M«ilidn« and Sutb*i>-." p. 21,
P. A. Davis Cnnijiniif, jiiibli^ln^rs. I'liilndrlphta. 1890.
RLBCrraiOtTV IX UEUICI!CR — Bl.aCTHO-TIIEkAI>8UTICB.
661
MMntially a roil of wiiv surrounded liy a »«coDdary coil, from which Uie
induced ciirroiit, linvin>! higher iiiti-U(<ity nml h-t* quantity, i» obtained just
as in the faradie apparatus. It is uot uece»sary to discuss the con$lnicLion
of molon and dynnnms, nor tht: tUffi-rcnl inrthods of arranKniK the wiws in
the aimatures, in order to obtain currents of hijjhcr or lower potential.
For thcKU details tin- ri'jidtT is ntfcrred lo I.isbig and Kohe'a work on
"Jledicil Electricity." to which reference has already been nmde, and other
raonognphs on medical clecthciiy, olectric lighting, etc. Small dynainoii
have been coDEtnictcd for ti^c in clinical work, but they arc expensive, uii'
reliable, and u nsa I iii factory, when compared with galvanic and static ma-
chinca now furniiOicd. The elect ric>light current may be utilized for rmi-
nin^; small motors for d«ntal drills or nasal iustrumcntB, and the stalic
machincc: and, by the mc of refii^laiice-coils, it U mode applicable to »lt
medical purposes. It is also made available for medical use as n source of
electricity, tnrough Fsure'a invention of the atora^c battery, in which the
current is completely under control.
Storafe Batteries, or Accnmnlaton, — While Ihe I.^ydi'n jnr, one of its
modilicRtioni^, is the unly nicans. stncllv spenking, for accumidnting else-
trieity, the tuiDtc of storajco batlerv Iin> been, by fcenoral consent, npjilied tii
■ fonn of app«ratu£ in which chemical action produced by a current of large
volume and low prcsiiure is utilixed to yield, at will, a current of low volume
and lar),'e electromotive force. The form kno»-n as the Plante cell originutly
coaiisted simply of two insulated plates of li^ad inimcrsRd in dilute sulphuric
acid. If, through this appunitiic. s current be pnMcd for a certain leuj^h of
time, it will be found that certain chemical and physical changt-ii have taken
pUc*, «nd one piatc is seen to he oovered with o )ay<r of oxid? of lend. Now,
if the current be reverwd. the other plate will become oiidiied, and the first
pUtc will be deoxidized and «gnin become metallic lead, but the surface will
DC converied into a spunjry condition. The plates are now said to be
"formed," t)ie spon^' lead bein;; the negative plate and the u-vidixed the
pofiitive — the current, in other words, flowing from the plate coutainin^ the
oxide through the circuit, or conjunctive wire, and into the cell through the
cpong}' plate. During the procc** of charging the cell the current is made
lo flow in the oppoeiite direction — into the cell through the ptmiiive plate,
and out through the other. After charging, the positive plute i^ still more
oxidized. Subsequently, when the circuit of the cell i^ closed, a current is
<tet up. which continues at long at there is sufTieient dilTcrcuce in potential
between the plates to overcome the resistance, and during this lime the poti-
tive plate becomes progressively ]vfi and Icra oxidised, and the negative more.
In the present form of the I'aure cell the lead plates are cast in molds, whiclt
givn the pliitet a peculiar «hape. They are eoilled "'grid*." because they
<t>nlain numcroiia holes or perforations, which are tilled with oxide of lead,
mixed into a paste with sulphuric acid. Two oxides are employed, — the red
oxide (l'b,0,) for the positive plate, and yellow oxide (PbO) for the negative.
After the plates have beeti thu* prepared they are "formed" by passing a
carrenl obtained either from the electric-light main or liattery, of proper
intensity, through Ihi-m, when immersinl in dilute sulphuric acid. When
several storage cells are used, they are always coupled in p«mllel, the posi-
tive plates all being joined together by a lead strip, and the negatives simi-
larly united. In this way each additional cell propori innately diminishes the
■□temal reaistance. Tlie storage cell is largely used in medicine and surgery,
8G3
KOK-PHAUMACAL UEUKUIKS AKU OEKEJIAl. TltBUArBCTICB.
in connocl ion witli tlic g«]vauoctiutcry; d«ntal engine, or drill: iind electric
light ioT oxpioratory purpoHce. It is ubtuiIIj' found convenient to use from
four to nix cells. They maj' be chnrged eilhiT from n large ^Ivauic battery
(sixty to one hundred cell)-) or from the Edison ineaudeH-pnt eU-clric- light
current. Storage cellH each u'lirc-sent an eleclromotivo force of about 2 voIts.i|
When in iiw. ta eoou as the efectromolivc fort-c (alls to 1.8 or 1.7 volli?, the
battery should be discnnDedcd and at ooce recharged. It should not be
allowed to run down fnrthrr than this, and tihoiitd not be permitted to tv-
main, vheu not in use, in an uncharged state, for it will lose iu eiliciency if,
neglected. The eapocity of a storage battery is uetinlly indicated in ami '
hours: that is, by the number of hours it will furnish a current of given ii
tensity. A batti-ry with a eapocity of 100 ampttre-hour^, theoreticMlly, will
fumiui a currant of 10 amperes for ten hours, or of 5 ampt^rt-e for twenty
liotirti, etc. In practice, however, the capacity diminishes with the intensity
of the curreut: so that the sbovc battery mif^bt furnish S5 amperes for only,
three hourst, instead of four, or 60 amperes, po^fibly, for only one hour, in-
itend of two. The ^ize of the cells and their number arc made to correspond.]
with the particular work they arc intended to perform, as the beat work can
be done only when a buttery >f> discharged at its "normal" rate: that is, thej
kind of work that it was made for. The cells may contain a number of plateit,]
thus greatly increasing tbu surface ex)jni<urc and diminishing the resistance.]
'llie objection to storage batteries is their weight; but recent improvements
have been nude by which both the weight end cost have been mutenally
reduced.
Eleotrioal Apparatus Other than Batteries — Electrodes, etc. — In addt<
tion to a source of supply o( elcolrica! energy for mediciil use, cerUin appa-
ratus is needwi. The. rheophores, or current-carriers, have already been
mentioned. The electrode*, or polce> arc of diiTcroiit shapes, adapted to the
part of the body they are intended to be applied to. As metallic elcctrodes^
cause pain whcu strong currents arc nsed, it is customarj" to cover the e!ec-[
trode with a moist sponge or leather; what is better is a layer of nbsorbent
eoilim. and moistened with siilt-wnter because it is n better conductor than
plain water. Where large-volume currents are used it is neces.sarj' to in-
ci'Cflse the siae of the electrode in order to avoid elwtrolysts of the tissues:
for instance, in the Apostoli method one of the electrodes is made of a muM ,
of clay applied over the surfaet^ of th*- abdoujen, while the other, being com- '
parativcly smaU. is usually made of carbon, and is applied so as to produce
the desired local effect upon the uterine structures. Klectrodw for cantery
purposes arc usually made of platinum, in the form of loops of wire of dif-
ferent sines, according to their destined purpose. The wire may bo used as
an (cruscur, and heutcd to the desired degree by the current as it cuts its way
through; but much tension cannot be put upon a wire that is heatc<l, be-
cunsc it itisoft and less able to resist whi-n in lliis condition. The electrodes
ordinarily employed for the percutaneous method of administering elcclric-
ily are of great variety of shapes, varying with the taste of the user. They
may be double, each pole being insulated until joined by some object, such
as the mueouf^ membrane; these are used for intra-iiti-nne, laryngeal, or eye
work. A similar electrode is \i*kA as a searcher for bullets, an elecirie bell
being placed in circuit, which rings when metallic eonin-ction is made.
Oalvanometers, Hillianperemetera. or Milliammetcrs — the Dynamom-
eter and Coulombmeter. — Ucsidcs batteries ntid electrodes, an instrument
HLBCTUCITT IK KKDICIKE — BLBCTHO-TIIBflAfKrTICS.
863
for meaBiiring tlie quantity or intensity of a current ie iie«diid. Th* gBl-
TmooiD«ter la coii*lriK'U-<) ujion tJic priiicipht of Iho dcflficlion of a magnet,
by the psBeaefi of a current of eleciriL-ity parallel with it. A magnetic needle
EmiTonnded hy a ooit of inxulatcd wire will he dcllected from its usual posi-
tion in relation to the earth's magnetism (north and Eouth) and made to K'
Tolve more or lens 1o a poaitiou approximating' a rif^hl angle; the greater the
atrvu^h of current, llic greater the deflection, although not directly related,
since doubling tlic current does not double the amount of donation. Ae the
galnnometi*r i« marked in inillianipcrcv, it is commonly known na the
milliampcremeter, or, abbreviated, simply milliammeter. Such an instru-
ment is called direct reading if it in(licate)i ut any moment the strength of
cuireDt in amperes. Very good inatnimcute are made by Waite & Biirtlett.
Flemming, and by McIntoHh. Wellinglon Adnmjt pronouncefl in favor of
tb« Weston milliammetcr. For exact men^urement of electrieal work a
cottlombmeter U oited, which depends upon the amount of decompo&itioa or
clectrolyei^ taking place within a certain time while the battery it in um.
An instrument of this kind is used in connection with the electric tamps, to
discoror at stated periods exactly the quantity of electricity wliich had bc«n
oaed. Besides these, practical eleotricians make ose of another instrument,
known as the dynamometer. In thi^ imttniment the amount of atlxaclion
between coils of wire, carrying currents in the same direction parallel with
ttteb other, i» measured by the aiiiount of angular dellcction. In the dyna-
mometer, instead of a magnetic nL-cdle. we have a coil of wire to bo acted
upon. When the current is reversed it is changed simultaneously in twth
coils, and the nme elTect i^ produced ae when the current was constaDt;
hence, with this instrument, we may measure the strength of altematiog
carrenta, which could not be done with the ammeter. The deflection of the
dynamometer is proportional to the product of the two currents; conse-
quently, in order to determine the strength of the current itself, it is ncoea-
eary to take the square root of the amount of the auterior deflection of the
suspended coil.
Different Forms of Kheostat for Determining Resistanoe. — A form of
apparatus for accurately measuring resistance, or ohnuneter, i^onsiiils of a box
containing a nnmber of coils of win', the resistance nf which is definitely
known, which can be introduced into the circuit either in connection with
the unknown r(-><islnnce or in #ubf(i1ution for it, the tatter being a more
direct method. The apparatus commonly used for this purpose is known M
the "Wheatatone bridge."
A rheostat — consii^ting of a column of water in a glass tube, or a series
of re«iftauee-coils, or a mass of pIuml>ago,* ait in the Masecy current-con-
troller— is almost indispensable in using the galvanic current, since by its
means the entire battery of forty to eighty cells is brought into action at
onee, the current being gmdiially raiH'd from lero to the desired amount and
afterward lowered again bef'Tf' removing the cleoirode^.
Labile and Stabile Applications — Ascending and Dese«nding Currents
— General Faradization and Oalvaniiatioa.— When the electrode* are kept
upon certain spots, the iipptiiation ii said lo be "stabile"; when they arc
nwied aliout, it is a "labile" application. When the poles arc so phiced that
' A plMMibkga currrnt'CantrolltTr «u pslrnled hy Dr. .John BntiM', aulbor at
■VMn-'rhmpputka and Rl«cln>~SuT]prrv." Pbilnddphlii, 1ST» and IS88.
SM
KOX-PIIARM.tl-AI. BKUKniKK AXB OEWXRAL Til Kit A rsr TITS.
the cumnt passeB tovanl tlie peri))hcrv, it is Hid to Iw dwoendisg; vheA
retened, it is aKendtn;. This iip|ili(« both to tin* fomdic and galvaait; cur-
reDlE. In general galvauiEation a moist foot-plate or loot-^th may be
nttached to the iu'((ntiv<' Hi-cirode, while the positive, eov^rrd with wet col-
ton, is held to the forehead or occiput. The cautioo ia Rivea by most
electro- therajiciitiatB not to luto very »lroii^ curw»t» if the head i» in the
circuit, nor to abruptly make and break or reverse the current; nor should
the application be kept up for a longer lime than five to eight minuloi.
Q^Dcral faradixation is accomplislicd by applying one electrode to the spine,
in the cervical or dom) region, and passinfr the other npidly ov<-r tin- sur-
face of the cxlrtmitiea. It is often, and very advantageotuly, combined vith
massage.
Rheotome. — A mechanical device for interrupting the galvanic curren
is cnlli'd a rheotome, and is an indispensable part of the outfit, as fumialied''
by the principal manufacturers. The ^ow interruption niay lie made me-
chanically,—by the hand or foot or by clock-work.— but the automatic inter-
rupter is most commonly used. The same result may be accomplialied,
though lew satisfactorily, by brii-f app]intion«, simply •■dabbing" one elec-
trode on the pari, the othtT lieiiiir staiionary.
Cnirent-coUector. or Pole-board. — In h complete battery outfit it tns
formerly coni-idpred absolutely necessary to have what is called a collector,
which represents the extremities of the wires cominunioaling with the tells,
so that by simple movement of a switch any number of cells are thrown into
circuit. The simplest form of collector is in the shape of a diul, consiating
of u single row of mctxl buttons arranged in a circle. In the centre ia a
metallic post, which has a movable arm which swings nrouud the circle,
bringing into action aa many as are required, the buttons having a circle of
numbers just outside of thi-m corresponding with the number of cells. If the
arm of the dial-collector be sufliciently wide to touch two adjoining buttons,
breaking the current will not occur when the arm is moved from one to an-
other. With a large battery two dial-collectors are employed, — one repre-
senting single cells, the other accessions of two, three, or five cells. Since
the introduction of the milliammctcr and the rheostat, or curient-eontroller,
the necessity for a pole-board collector is much lesrt imperative, and it may be
entirclv dispensed with without ineouvoniciicc.
The Current-reverser. — The commutator, or pole-changer, is also a
valuable, if not indispencuhli', adjiincl to ii good batteri,'. It is a mechanical
contrivance, by means of which (he polarity of the cleotrodw may be reversed
without cliangitig their po-iitiou, Thi.-. miiy be done by a simple switch; but,
where rapid reversals are required, the best form is a split button. The
revolving shnlt carries a disk bound with bra*3, in which there are two
interruptions of continuity, or vacant fpaees. Upon the circumference four
flexible metallic connections impinge, so that, as the handle is turned, the
poles are brought altemately in oonncction with each electrode. The ordi-
nary pole-changing switches have adjustable contact-spring* beneath the
levers, which make close contact >vith the buttons beneath, the surface of
which should be kept clean and bright. By employing two pole-changing
switches, one connected with a galvanic and the other with a faradic bat-
tery, the change may not only be made from one polarity to another, but also
from the ehcmieal to the induced current, without removing the electrodes.
.Such a switch-board, as first devised by dc WatteviUe, and known as a "cur-
1
lUtCrtttOtTT IX MEDICINE — ELKCTBO-TUKBAFELTICS.
8«S
reDt-«t terns tor, rcvers«r, and comljiiicr," if iriniiiifu<.-tunxl by th« Wtttc &
Bsrtk-tt rij|ii|tnn.v.
Some Points with fiegard to Electrodei. — With ri>}i:iird lo electrodes,
£rb rtt.-oimni-i)<ls thr f<jni>nin^ Maudunl iiizes: —
1. Kine eketrodi'. '/, i-*nlim©tre ('/a iiicli) in diflniotur.
2. 81111111 I'leotjwdf, 2 i'i'ntimetre& (V, inch) in diameter.
3. Medium cicclrodc, 5 cfntiin«tn-» (2 in(.'hi.-t>) square.
4. Large electrode, 6 by 12 centimetres (8 '/j l»v 5 inclies).
6. Very Urge elrelrodc, S by H> cfniimviri-s (nboiil I Vi by 6 '/.
inches).
The vloctrodui uiay hi- niudt- of OHrboii (^iia-cokv), c«p]icr, or lead.
When a dry electrode is retiuired carbon is preferred; it ttho muko« B itscful
form (or intra -uterine sp|)licnti(m:i. Wt»?rp n largo surface Ih to be covered
sheet lead may be eiiiptoyed on clny, as ti«ed by Apnatoli, Electrodes an.'
often fovcrcd with leather or vponge, but th« most cli>anly and convenient
coverint; is absorbent cotton, as suggeetcd by Dr. G. Betton Mumcv, a fretth
piece being applied over the eledrodc for o^ch sfanrf. The lotton 1.4 motet-
enad with warm water, or with medicated solutions if desired for cntuphoric
purp4NMw. Variou* fiirm» of electrode* Jinve l>een devised for laryiif;eal, intra-
uterine, and other epeciul purpoecG, nhich till up the piige« of the nianil-
facturerv' estalogues, and need not be detailed here. An exceedingly compact
and complete eleclro-tbeiapeutic cabinet, haviu^; galvanic, fantdic, and #tatie
appanttuit, with all the needed acceiuories, in a Npaoe of thirty-four by twenty-
four and sixty inchcH hi^h, has been deviled by Dr. Wellington Adamt, of
St. Louis, Mo. It is not only an ornament to a physician's office, but he
cUiDM th«f it IS r^ftllv thf most useful oahinpt that hna ^vt Iwen prodiiced.'
Phyaiological Effeott.^The utility of cleclricity in medicine depend*
spoD Jl» power at producing physiological efTeotn and iitimulaling certain
tundionfi. It is known that all muscukr movements are attended by the
bberalion nf eleelric currents, and, in fact, a form of battery may be made
eotircly of miisetes, as in Galvani'a celebrated experiment. On the contrary,
ennenta of electricity, made to traverse a mUK-le in its normal state, will
produce contractions. In the same manner, if an elM^tric current be applied
tOBiaotor nerve, by i n trod iicinp part of its trunk in the circuit, the miiaclea
'<>i)hi«h it is distributed will cunlract; ««n#atto[i» of pain or nmnliness will
htauscd by stimulating a semory nene; a peculiar taste in the mouth in
enwd by pa«>iii}j: cKirtri<'ity through Ihe gu.*ltitor_v nervw; m-n««tioiix of
bthia of light are caused by electrically exciting the optic nerve, etc. So
IW profH-iIy adjusted currents of elcelricily cause respoiuea in aceoidancc
■iUi Ihe physiological function of the organ to which they are applied. Very
'"lie is known with regard to the electrical conditions of the deeper tiKUCs
*>' the interior of the body during the period »f the passage of a current
"'tlei-trieilv between the jwx^itive electrode (or anode) and the negative (or
ttlbode), wnen they are applied to the surface of the body. If the electrodes
"*-drj, the galvanic current penetrates with ditliculty, since the dry skin
affm a very liigh rcaidtauce and is a poor c-on<hietor of electricity. If the
•l»rttod« err moi«lened with salt water, a small portion of the current passe*
dittctly through, from one to the other, in a straight line, but the major
■See "QM-tHrity : lln ApptUaUnn In Mrdii-Inc," hr WollingtoD Adaina, M.D..
111. II, p. 3S. George S. Pavu. publiolji-r. IMrolI. Mull.. ISSa
8l{*>
xox-nrAKiLicJJt. kemsdtcs akd oxyRitAi. TnciiArBTrncs,
portion is diifl^cled by vnrioua routes of lesa resistance, a considerable quan^
tity probably folloniug Ihe layer of fnscin and blood- vos«cl8 under the Hkin.'
When a nerve-trunk is included in the path of the current, the part of
the n«r\'C lu-ar the unoilc is in n condition oi decreii8<Kl irritability and that
near the negative of increased irritability. In the normal condition the
greatcvt effvct, therefore, ia otiserved under the cathode, or ncjiative pole.
By numeroua esperiuicnte it hae been found that the contraction occurs with
the weakest cwrrent, vfith cathodal closing; the anodal closing contraclioaj
requiring twice the strength of current; the anodal opening contraction]
about the »aine; while the cathodal opening contraction requires four timesj
as much. This may be expressed in symbols as follows: —
Normal nen-e-muspu!ar reaction ^^Ca. CI. C. > .\n. Ci. 0.> An. 0. 0."
Cm, 0. C. The changes in the elcetricul irritability of itcrvc an<l muscle tir
claseed by Liebig and Itoho under three heads: —
1. Qitunlitativc, or an increase, diminution, or total disappearance of
electrical irritability to one oi both currents,
2. Quiilitntive, consitting in u mudiiiCRtion in kind of the normal ro-i
actions of nene and muscle to electric currents. This ie the so-called "reJic-j
tion of ilegeneration."
3. Mixed or combinations of quantitative and qualitative variations of
jrritnliility. This class may also be included under the consideration of
"reaction of degeneration."
Tlic reaction of degeneration of Erb indicates a departure from the nor-|
mat conducting power of the nerve and muscle, and this is usually the result J
of degeneration of the nerve, but it may be secondary to some le*i<>n of tho i
BpinaTcorii at the jwinl of origin of thp roots of the nerve. The phenomeai (
of reaction of degeneration are: —
Disaijpcarnnce or diminution of nervous irritability to both galvanic and
faradie currents. ^j
Disappearance of faradic and increase of galvanic irritability of the mus- ^M
cle, generally associated with increased mechanical irritability, ^^
Tardy, delayed contraction of the stimulated muselo, instead of the
quick, ligntning-likc contraction of the normal muscle.
Appearance of certain decided changes of the normal formula, as just
given, to An. CI. C. > Ca. CI. C. > An. 0. C. > Ca. 0. C, or some modifica-
tion of this. But the typical change is the tardiness of mui»clc-conlraction,
which indicates degenerative changes of the muscle or nerve, following
peripheral paralysis.
Monopolar and Dipolar Electric Batha. — The dipolar electric bath is
csfientially dilTerenc from ihe franklinic electric bath (general frankliaixa-
tion), in which the patient is placed upon an insulated chair or stool and con-
nected with one (negative or positive) pole of a static or friction apparatus.
The results of some recent experiments are reported by W, S. Hedley, M.n.,
in the liritigh MediealJoumal (Kebruary 20, 1892, page 381), in which the
effects of the bath arc carefiiny studied. For the dipolar bath the following
appiiriiliif! is recjuired: An oak bath-tub six feet lon^. two feet sbi inches wide
at widest part, the wiisle-pipe being inrtulatcd from earth by a short li-ogih
of rubber hose inserted near the bath; a battery of seventy-tour Tjcclanche
cells, or other battery having an electromotive force of seventy-five volts;
the electrodes, thirty by twenty square centimetres, rest at each end of the
hath; the wfiter is urmiedienteil. about twelve and one-half inches in dcpth,j
Ef-KCTRICITV IS UEDICINE — BI.BCTnO-TUltBA I'KIITK^,
scr
■ntl ihi' ti-mp.Tiitufv SB" F. The rwiMance «f thi- water before the entrinc*
of the (tnlii'iil miai^tirefl ItSS ohms, but iticr«i!ics rapiilly ii« the water cools
(ihue, ut !>a° V. It ii^ I'J-l oliiiis; 87° ¥., il is 2(14 ohms; and at 70" F.. -WO
' ihms). A strap is stretched ucrofis one tnd us a lif«il-rii'l, mul the- subject
Un iiniii4Ttfe<I in Ih<- wiit<-r i'.xri'[il his head, the shoulders bein}; eight incht'8
from the positive electrode and feet three incheif from the negntive. It w»s
foiiiid by m«n«urcnient thiit a small portion of the electric current (or line
of fore*") pursued the most direct cmirsi; lliroiigh the patient's body; upon
n»'afiur<'ineiit. howwer, it was found that the atrenplh of the current whicli
thus passed thrtiUf^h the lit-sues was ksi Ihun one milliamp^Ti'; the waste of
current in admiiiisK-rini; a dipolar eieetric bath is, therefore, much in esc***
of what IS geniridly supposed. In proper hands this method o( ndministra-
itioR }f nil Hvailaljh- method of f-enenil ^-alvanization: if painful at all it is ill
most only pleasiintly painful, and, on account of ilv wide distribution and
even application, it is a good method for appropriate cases. The qui-stiun of
density becomes a complicated one in this form of bath. Here it is cyident
that not only th« size of the electrode is to be considered, but the amount
of diffueion the current undergoes in putsing through the water from the
electnMle to the body. This depends partly upon the size of the electrode,
jpartly on the diKlanee, and partly on tlie condui-livity or tbe *peoific resist- ,
^ance of the water. In other words, saj-a I'r. iledlcy, "we have not only WJ
eonnder the eiu and position of the cleclrodt-s vlet trinng the water, but vel
have to look npon the whole extent of water in contact with the body ot a
huge electrode, carrying a widely-dilTuBed current with a density, of course,
diminished in proportion to its diffusion,"
Various other forms of electric bath are in use; for instance, in what|
is Icrmrd llio needlc-bntb, whore the palicnl in surrounded by coil* of pipe
eontaininj; minute perforations through which water flowti with fon'e asninst
the surface of ihe nkin, he may be placed upon nn insulated mat connected,
with one pole of the palvanic or faradic battery, while the other ia connected I
with the naier-pipi-s; in this way the curreiil is carried by the water acting
Sfi an eleclrode. Where one electrode is held by the patient, applied directly
to dilfcrenl [larls of the body, Ihculher being immersed in the bath, we have
what is called the monopolar batb. The monopolar bath is not ns well
adapted to the treatment of disea.se as Ihe dipolar, according to Stein, be-
csnse of Ihe great dillerrncc of current -density Wtweeo the immersed surface
and that part to which the other eleclrode is applied. Rulcnherg considers
it quite ununited for scientifio work. In the dipolar bath Ihe curreDt-denaity
does not fluctuate, and polarization is at tlie minimnm. Bartholow thus sums
up the elTcots of the dipolirr bath: In faradic baths of ten minutes' duration
the electrics! sensibility is increased, while a distinct diminution of motor
CKcilahilily takes place. The cutaneuui>; sensibility to faradic stimulation is
for a brief time increased, but afterward considerably lessened, while to the
galvanic Ihe diminution of cutaneous sensibility occurs at once, and is maiu-
lained throughout. At Hist, both in faradic and ealvauic baths of moderate
Ktrenglh, the fre<iuency of the pul*« is lessened, after a time to return to Ihe
norma). With a powerful and long-continued current-action the frequency
of the pulse increases during the bath, Ihe tension of the vessel is elevated,
and s«metime« there is irregnlarity in the action of the heart. As respects
Ihp n-spitalion in dipolar haths, galvanic and faradic. the number of the res-
pintions is increases) and in vohime deepened, while in monopolar this effect
968
KDX-l>HJlBUACaL BBUKUIBS A.VD OEXBHAt. THXBAl'W.'TrfS.
is much le«9 pronounced. The U-mpcraluri' ii^ tittlv affiMted in difiolar battu
but » lowered in monopolar. As respects the excretion of urra. the vffivt of
the dipolar bath, galvanic and faraiiic, Ih much n^reater Uian the monopolar.
All funn^ i)f electric bat)i« etimulule the ap;)etitv. incrcoM the ()ifi^>ritiv<-
power, promote intestinal nerifltaUiH, aitil alTcct a^ret-ablv the luetital iitate;
iiluep ii^ uJNU promoted, unu vurioiui fuiielional nen*oti« iilTectioii* impri'vcd.
The difficulties of administration of the variom forniii nf clectne halh^ are
stioh that. iiiilei>(i tliev can be proved to enjoy marked thcnipctitic udvautaigw
over other forms of application of the current, they can never obtain lUlJicb
prDniincncc in tlumpeuticH; however, ae they combine, to »ome extent, the
odvantaRee of hydrotherapy vith electricity, they possess peculiar vshie foTj
iiuttitulions in which the proper apparatus i» at hand for the pur|>fl«e.
Eleotrioitjr in H«diciiie. — Electricity, as a therapeutic es|>edient, b«
loiig» to a divinion which le (juitc di«tincl from the ordinary elaiwoH of vamt
dies. The various well-knowi] fonns of enerpy. — beat, light, motion, and
electricity, — when coni>ider<-d w thcniTieiilic ajieut.*, may be grotined to-
gether, for convenieDce, as "imponderables,'' or simply as "forces," 1 he dis-
tinction is very marked between material iiiih«ianci-!<, like dnip, whieh tem-
porarily become a pari of the human body, and during this time ufTeet certain
functions and produce disturbances of nutrition, which may or may not W
ultimately bcneticiul, and foroei, which directly act upon ticsuee and cell*,
excitins normal irritability of muscles and nerves, and, when projierly and
Bucceaelully UKed. aiding the ftiuctions of or^ns iiud strengthening vital
powers. Klectriciiy cannot, therefore, be considered a^ a department of the
Materia Mcdica; it mii«i be »<tiidied us a science by it^cU; but it^ application
18 an art which miigl be loarned mainly by the bedside and from oiperiencp.
EsHiitial Ideatitjr of all Fonns of Electricity. — It is of the highest im-
portance to hear in mind thut electricity from any source is the same force;
it only differs in degrees of pressure {tension, electromotive force), vohimr,
and constaucy. Rctiirniug for a moment to the analog)' of water paesiitg
through pipes, we may have variations in prennre (differences of potential),
or the force which enables the stream to overcome obstacles, as well as in
Tolnme, the latter depending principally upon the abundance of supply, tlie
dice of Ihc pipe, and the material out of which it wa» can^tnicted. Under
precisely the same conditions of current -strength, or pressure, and n^iManec,
all thcso-eulli'd different variel ie* of elect ricity will produce exactly the same
effects. The current from the induction-coil, which is intt-rmillent mid
reversing (t«-and-fro ciirrenf ), m ha.< already been stated, can be commutated
or made to flow in one direction, and the interruptions may be so rapid a«
to make the current practically continuous; it then liecomc» capable of pro-
ducing the same effects — chemical and physiological — as arc pro<liteed by
the cell-current. Static electricity, properly directed and controlled, also
will magnetize iron, heat a wire, or cause electrolysis. The cnrrenl fmm a
magneto-eU-ctrieal machine will cause contraction of niu:M;uhir fibfi*, produce
heat and light, or electrolysis, when the same relations of pres^^iire and vol-
ume and ri'^iNliirtce are oliBirved n.- with Ihi' ihi-iiiiml or [ralvfinic current
Different Effects Depending upon Various Hodes of Application. —
Electric currents are applied through a greater or h-s* extent of the body.
according to the relative position upon the surface of the electrodes between
which Ihc fi'rce is technically considered as flowing. The effects vary accord-
ing to conditions; they are classed as irrilative (or excitant), electrolytic.
KtBPTRIClTT ra 3IRDICI!{B — EI-BTmO-TIIBIIAPBCTtC*.
869
thfrmic. cntnp)iDric, «ml eatalvtin. The latwr woni is rather iinc*rtaiti in
iu tii^iticution: but it is 8 conrcnieni term, under which may W inclwlcd
Iheni'tunl, but not easily (Ifttioii.-'lniblo, dynamic molectilar action of thecur-
ivnt, which has tie«n already referred to in the pn^ccdiii); jMgex and which
IjMWnwti a jmnerfiil iiiHiionce in cnrrectintr perrerted physiologica) proceacs
|«nd in rei^torinj; part; to n nnrmal i-tate. In ordinary medical applicationn of
^electncity, — as, (or instance, in IreatitiR paralysis of certain muBcles. — this
dynamic or catalytic ctlcit iinmlly predominates over the chemionl and clcc-
troiytic actions, the latter ittjuirinir, (or their production, much more pow-
ct(mI citrrenl»i than urc urdinnnly <-mplnvcd by phjuieiiiii.*. The effects of
Ihe elerlrie cnrrt-nt an-, therefore, dependent Upon the manner and method
»( il« application. For instance, if we d<«ire tn obtain tho eleclrolytic and
eatvphoriu effects of electricity we employ a jialranic current of low poten-
tikl, aa in treating tirelhral or other Mrictur«-H by (he method of I>r. Ncv-
naD, of New York.' Here, moist mucous membrane being in contact with
^Ihc fleet nwJe (neKalivc), the energy of the eiirrenl meets eompflmtiTcly littl*
I reeistiime and bwonies concentrated upon a very small area, where it pro-
dtwcj di-i id<-d tiectrolytie and chemical effect*. On the other hand, in ordi-
nary uiedica) applications, where the percutaneous method is followed, the
dry. homy layer of the Mn offers great recistanee to the puiMgi* of the cur-
rent; hence the skin mwst be moistened, because moist tissues carry the cur-
rent ln-tter than <lry iinti'.' When the current i* diffiwed oror a large surface
by OHiutT large ele<^trodes, it baa its density i;reatJy reduced, and the local
effects are ennseuiicntly le*s marked. Small etectrodce, on the contrary,
conrt'ntrale lh« cftects. For the production of chemical chanjtes, a degree of
■DteDsitjT of Ihp curreni is n-iiiiirni which if hiffhiy dangi'muw tn the intepriiy
oIKmiee, especially of the nene-structures; therefore uiea.'inres are adopted
lor limiling the effects to the jmmi'riiatc neighborhood of (he electrode. In
Ihe Aposioli method one very large, external, abdominal electrode is em-
ployed, which ditTuM-s the current at one pole, whems it is concentrated
around the other pole by the use of a comparatively small intra-uterine elec-
trode. Sinw, even in the .\po>toli nielhod, where heavy currents are used,
no ehcmicftl changes in the blood or intervening tissues, except in the vicinity
of the e)K:trodes. have been notin-d, it followa that chemical chancer are not
,to be expected from the usual nmnner of applying this raluable tnerapeutio
nt by currents iiM-d f'jv uu'dkal purj)osei>. Molecular, or physiologieal,
Frttange, howerer. does lake place, as is snown by slight increase of tempera-
jtnre and impTove<t nutrition and power in parts under Irratnient. This is
iczpUined by the hypothesis that the ultimate forms nf matter — the atom and
.%ht moWnle — represent force in perpetual action, and thin motion takes
place according to certain fixed laws. This is equally tnie of the moleculea j
eoiBpo«ing Ihe human body, where the motion is also directed by phrsiotof;-
•oil law. Now, the electric current uniloubtcdiy influences molecular motion,
nd produce* polarizing effects which, within limitii. are strictly phrsiolog-
»1; for this effect we have no lu-lter term at present than to speak of them
OK the mults of the dynamic molecular influence of the currvnt, or "electrical
'P*» "CliniCTil 1*rturT" refmrlwl fur l)i' UrJfml KiiJMfii.
'T>M^ kVFtimir worliiii): rritnliiniT nt the human liudy nnd ijEin U ultout tOOO
■hiv. uli^ii Thp «lA-tmclr> nrr p[i>|MTty nmi ■stencil irltli biil wMler. tialt or hhIn tnajr
jv addi-<l tir l)ii> HBtrr to rvitui-t- llii- okiii ri-'i'lniir*. bul plain water in bt*!. ai It
■^vtrodn IIhi ^UoItixIch Iran and there i* Qo olvctrolyitK.
XO:f-PHARUACiI. REUEDIKS ANU UENKHAI. TUUIIArKL'Tli;«.
cninlyniii," Tlic prti^sgf of n ciirnnl i>f ^'Uctririiy. oi oith<'r hijth or
tension, may he 5U|>poeed to produce a tpn<ii'ULy lo polamation of molocult^,
nit the <'!i*ctropo«tivc otoniti, as far nii p^wHiK-, nrrmifri'iK tliomwlvtt* in scrtt-a
with Iho electronegative bodiett. eo m to form a sort of chain of nioItM:iilpH
of aUt-rnntiiigeloctriculiilTiiiity, exK-ndinjc iK'twi-on the p'>hii. when a porliuii
of the htituan body is ia circuit. As previouply ineistcd upon, no nctiul flow
of anything oecure, but tuec<Mivc waveflof imergy, wlion ihei^irciill iiinloMx],
follow one another aloni; the conductor, and from the poi^itive electrode to
Uie negative, through the tiwiu-i. Thusi- liyimmic impulseii, If flufticienlly
intense, or. in other words, if the oumnt he *lr<jn{; enoiijih, arc capable <if
nipliiring the bond betwi-i-n the molecules of t hi- lit>8uesanil i-aiHingdientinul
change (eIcctroIy»i«) und lUviialuatimi. In the laller oisc ii blister tiiid an
eechar or sloi];;h (electrocauai)) mny he formed in Ihe immedinte vieinity of
Iho clccirodet and a burn of more or lees depth re«iilt. Eleetneilr of high
prcesurt- may aUo act upon the nerve-centres directly and cause denth, as hy
u lightning-»lrokc, without producing lesions upon the i^urfuco of the body.
Much lower degrees of decirical energ_v are employed in medicine, which,
however, can be miiinlutni.'d within wifi- lirnils. unt) which producw only
phy8ioIoi;ii'nl iinrl i!n'i'fl)ieulii.nl efTei'lc.
Physiologioal Effects of Currents of Electricity.^ .\ i-urrent of onlinnry
strength from a galvanic battery, parsing along a nmlnr nerve and mnscle,
cauR-s contrueliou of Ihc musute at Ibo lime "f making and breaking the
circuit: hut during the time the current ic pap^ing uninterruptedly no mo-
tion occurs, file nerve, at this time, i»in n peculiar state or <:«ndJIiou known
«» electrotono). According to Pfluger, the portion of the nerve in contact
with the nnodu (poiilirc) hset its excitability and it in ii cundiliou tcnncd
anelectrotonio ; the pcirlion in coutuct with the calliode (or negative pole)
has its excitability temporarily increased, and is »aid to be cateleetrotonie.
The unelcclrDtonus ana catc-lcctrotiMius exist, for a short di<-tance from the
point of contact of Ihe pole», and are increased, with the augmentation of
the current, up to a certain point, when they disappear. Bartholow accounts
for this condition on the hypothesis that the chemical constilucnls of the
nene-trnnk obey Ihc laws of electrolysis, by which alkalies and hydrogen will
appear at the negative pole and acias and oxygen at the positive, (he effect
upon the nerve heing, to a eertnin degree, vhi-mical. Where rapid reversals
are made the muscles to which the nerve is distributed will be thrown into
tetanic oonlraction (teliinu.*). and a siniihir condition occurs in certain mor-
bid states from the application of faradic currents of moderate Mrength.
This is cspeciully likely to occur with the tiutomatii', rapid interrupter, or
rheolome, and tliis makeeit necessary to have, for examination of such cams,
a mechanii<m capable of making slow inlerruplion of Ihc battery current in
the primary coil, thus giving the muscle time to recover itself between the
shocKs. The faradic current is more trritatiug and stimiilaling than the
galvanic; but when the interruptions are very rapid (from one hundred to
two hundred per second) the faradic secondary ciirrenl becomes sedative;
and in many cases the anode relieves pain more quickly than the cathode.
The very rapidly interrupted faradic curreul exerci^i',* «u ann-sljielic effect
upon the peripheral ncnc-cnding*. as dcmoustralcd by the late Dr. Hutch-
inson. of Providetice, R. I. The influence of olectriiiil stimulation upon Ihe
nutrition of muscle h«« heen experimentally studied by Dehedat. The re-
sults denionstraled a gain of 40 per cent, in the weight of muw^'lcs slimidated
4
*
BLSCTRIC1TT IX UEDICIKK — ELECmO-THRIIAPBUTlai.
871
ity means of an induct ion-coii ciirront so nrran^c<1 liy altcrnniin); »Iif>cks and
interrnU as to aj>i>roiieli the condition of a miisde during the [icrforniiinca
of rliythmical ^'ymno^tic movfincntK. A gulviinic current with alternate
Twrioas of stimulation and repose caused a gain of 18 per cent, in weight.
Prolonged tetaniintion of muecic without intcrval» of repoM by the induc-
tit)u coil oivaxioiii'd a lat<a of wcifiht. The >;ajn in weight was auo to a tru«
tacrease of muscular tissue, while the lose depended upon dcttruction of rou»*
cular (ilires. From experiments upon his own i)er8on Truchot observed thai
the effect of static clt'Ctricitv is to increase ti»:fuc- metabolism and to iniluvnct!
it unfavorably', luit concludes that in patients who suffer from imperfect
metabolism, especially neuras(henict<, the augmented rhnngc is bencflciul.
Kethoda of Electrodla^oiii in Various Nervous Affeotiona. — In studjr- ■
ing the effects uf bni in -lesions and nerve di^onUTK pii»pi.'r ajipnratus is ewen-
tial to determine dilTerences in reaction and other evidences of departure
[irom the normal standard. For elect ro(liaguo>i« we require each of the
above-mentioned forms of current. The faradic coil should be constTuded
''upon the dn Bois-Rcymond pattern, in which the primary coil i» of good siie,
and there should be at least two secondary coiK—one of fine wire and the
Lothcr less fine, — ^and a sciile in milltmi-tri-n should be to placed as to indicate
jthe position of the secondary coil, as related lo the primary. The current
lis supplied usually by a single luid tell, bf <ini' and one-half or two volts, ur
"two cells may be used of the Leclauchi^ pattern. The external resistance
being small, there is no advantage in having a Inriicr number of cells, al-
(boa);h, where a Inrge coil is used for diagnostic purp06e«, two cells of the
Ijw pattern are preferred by Dr. Wulling, who also points out that the dry
cell 16 not suited for thia work. In all faradic macnines, when in use, the
cell is on a short circuit; henee the dry cell, having a tendency to rapidly
(>lariz«. soon runs down, and the battery will not again work until the cell
iaa time to recover. The dry cell, however, ia very convenient, in small,
jfaradic l>atteries. for medical use, where the instrument will only be in
'operation for fifteen or twenty minutes at a timi*. To return to the large
coil for diagnostic purpose*, we find an advantage, as previously shown, in
having the apparatus supplied with a slow, m well as a rapid, interrupter;
and, for exact work, a clock-work rhcotome is an advantage. With such an
apparatus, mn&cniar contractions may be obtained in Romc cases, in which no
response will follow when the very rapid interruptions are made; or the
latter may simply throw the muscle into tetanus, wher<-as the slow interrup-
tions permit the mu*cle to recover itself between the successive contractions.
Aa previously explained, in the induced current from the primary coil
the impulses follow each other in proportion to the rapidity of the inter-
ruptions; but they are all in one direction: that is to say, thai thoy con«if(t
oBiy of the currents set up bv breaking the circuit, since those made by
making the circuit are ihort-circnitcd through the ceU. Therefore Uiere is
a decided difference between the poles of the primary coil, and they may he
marked anode and cathode, stronger contractions being obtained with the
mate strength of current whsn the cathode is placed over the muscle at the
motor point, or on the nerve.
With the secondary coil, which furniohcs the to-ond-fro current, it is
usually stated that there is no difference between the poles and no polarity.
This is not strictly triM', since the cnrrcnt* made npnn breaking the cirruit
■n- tii<>r>- powerful than those set up when the circuit is cliMod; con^ijuently,
678
NOK-PBARKACAt. KEUeniEB AND OBXeSAL TllBBArBVTlrb-
the ciirront in one diN-i-iion will bi- stronger tlian ihe other and jwlnr dif-
f<TCiico6 will be noted. Moreover, where the aecondnry coil m very lonj; and
the wire vi>ri- Rne, the rexixlniu'e mav be so jfrent Ihiit the weaker current will^H
not br able to pas; throuffh the additional resistance of the human li:wu4-3,^^
«nd eonseqnently wo may Rvt elli'cts duv Wely to the stronger eurrent, antl
the elerirodee will then ebow snodal and cathodal difTereiiceo, jiut oe with
the primary coil. The nme result may be obtained froin the secondary coil
by the ti«e of a commutator, as in the RiihmkurIT coil, by whiHi both rur-^J
rents arc made to flow in the ^a^K' direction. Therefore, practical elw;^^
tricttins who claim that there in u difference between the polnrily of the
etectnidw from ihf secondary coil arc quite correct, and those who maintain
that there Ie no difFcrcnce arc in error. ^M
The size of tin- electrodes is of importance. The indifferent electrods^^
fbontd be rather lar^e. but the active electrode should be small. Krb pre-
fers one of ten square ce.nlimetres; StintKing uses electrodes of leaa than
one-third of this eixe, — from one-third to one squiire inch of nirface. The
oiectrodes are provided with handles of no n -con d net i Dp material and of con-
venient shape; ihcy have their melallic estrcmitic* covered with leather, or,
what is better, absorbent cotton, thorouRhly wet with a saline solutinn, so
lu to favor the puMuge of the current through the skin. In order in obtain
results for coroparisoi), we not only note the number of millimetres of coil-
distance, but we o!»io use the «iinc electrodes, m«ii«tciuil to tin- *anic *'Xtcnt,
and applied to lhi> Ham«- ?pots with equal prcBaiirc.
For general diag^osii, the patient, with a« little clnthinj; on a» it cot
venient, is made to sit opon a stool, and a large Hat electrode (positive,
anode), covered with a wet nuDkiu or abaorbcnl uolton, is applied to thc^
socnin]. or the patient may be allowed to sit upon it. If this is inexpedient,
tlie feet may be plated in a banin containing warm water, in which the elec-
trode is placed, connected with the secondary or primary coil of a faradic
apparatus. The operator then applies tlie smaller (cathodal) electrode to the
apine, commencing with a moderate ciirrenl. and slowly cnrrj-ing the elec-
trode down the patient's back, upon each aide of the vertebne. noticing any
effects which may occur, especially if tender spots arc discovered. Anjea-
theiria or hyperesthesia may be found, and, if so, the coil-distance in each
cose should tie recorded. Pain is not nccesi^anly an indication of inflamma-
tion, nor of congestion, but these are common causes. When the electrode is
pawed over bony prominences pain may be felt; even the ribs are sometimes
painful under the application, perhaps due to the effect of the current upon
the periosteum or intercostal nerves. For testing ctilaneous sensibility the
wire brush is ufteful. or an electrode consisting of a bundle of fine, insulated
copper wircK. conl»iiied in a hard-rubber enae. In tbi* instance, one elws
Irode is to be placed between the shoulders and the active electrode is plaewl
alternately upon siinilar points on ojiposite side* of the body, when any
change or difference may be noted. Para'sthesia, or diminution of 9en.4ihility,
is a common symptom in many lesions of the brain, spinal cord, and periph-
eral nenes; but in the early stage of neuritis there is hyperaasthesia, whic'
also may occur in bystcrin and mime reflex nourosex.
In using the galvuuic battery for elect rodiagnosis we should have
sufltcicnt number of cells (forty to eighty) to sujiuly the proper potential fo
all required purposes, and the cells shnnld not W too small for the work.
The cells should be c"iinec1e<l in series, and not in parallei. They n
BLBOratCITY W MKDICINB— KLRCTRO-TIIBBArSPTICS.
87S
cDBntcted with a pole-hoard and cuiTent<6«l«ctor, or the current muy pan
throngh a controller, or resistancc-eoils. and a inillinmp^reraeter, by which
llieslreDgth of the current may be accurately niMsured, Where the potential
ititigli, DS in the Edison current for electric lighting, it ha« been claimed
flnl, eien though the current may be cot dovm by introducing renstancp,
lb«»ffeels of the current arc not idoiitical with those from a battery supply-
iag jflit sutlipient potential for the work. The milliampi^rcmcter may mark
Ihcttme strength of current, hut patients ccimplain of more pain, and this
MMjpecially so in electrolysis for removal of hair, small nievi, etc. As Dr.
Wsifing say*, "A painful and *cn*itive nerve i^nickly differentiates aj^ainst
Tohage." Therefore, "Vhen making a diaRnofiifi, the meter, but not the con-
troller, ahould be in circuit." He Watteville'fl method is to place the clec-
mdet in position and commence with ten cells, then adding cell by cell, as
needed, to get the reaction desired.
Attention has been already culled to the phyeiologieal nerve and muwle
mctioDs und«-r gitlvjinitim and the reaction of defeneration. The following
will ehow the method of comparing the electrical reactions of the muscles
of the arms, one of which is i^ujipot^i] to be paralyzed. Uaving bared both
amuind thechcFt of the patient, place n Ieit^c, well-wet led »ponge, or other
eltclrode, upon the sternum, connected with the positive pole, and apply
the cath<>dc, or small negative electrode, to the motor points of the muscles
«f iheMUDi) arm first and note the reaction, following this by similar appli-
cations to the atTectcd limb.
'Fhe currenta should be only strong enough juat to produce contractions
inihehi-allhy muscles, and thv additional omount iieci-ssary to produce con-
trtrtiDD in the paralyztyl muscles, together with any alteration in the order
of the normal formulie, nhould be noted. 'I1ie muscles should aUo be tested
vilh the faradic current in a similar manner. The patient must allow the
limb to l>e prefectly passive during the examination; if he will not do so, the
nmclca may be examined after the subject has been anteethctizcd. If, how-
ercr, anodal closing contraction comes before cathodal doling contraction,
*nd teveral trials confirm the observation, then degeneration may be posi-
tndy diagnosticated. The relationship of thi.t svmptom to various leiiona
and dtfeases is set forth in the accompanying table, on the next page, com-
lalrf, after Adam.i, from Krb.
When a lesion is in the cord above the dorsal enlargement, as in some
I of transverse myelitia. all the nerve and mu«cle reactions will be nor*
I (w the parts below the trophic centre, except that, possibly, there may
^»inc inrrease in readincs* of response to electrostimulation, if the le*iou
imolvrs the doml enlargement, of course, there would be the reactions of
■Iwneration. If the lenion affect the basal ganglia of the brain or the
htntitphere*, there will be no change in the normal nerve-muscle formula
Mli'ii the disease, in its progress, produces changes in (be eord, thiw nho
"'wling peripheral nerves. In a hemiplegia reiulting from a clot in the
**^i ttriatiun (here will be no change in liie rom timis, iX' t-iil that in s-ime
♦•Wthc muscles respond more readily than nnriii:il (■■ hmh currents. In
cUctMs there may be a quantitative dci'line, <im- to iliAiimnitivc change*,
Mb in nerve and muKt-Ie. In uncomplicated lateral sclerosis the reactions
■re Dormal. In amyotrophic lateral solerons there will he both qualitative
and qnanlitativc ch'ingi-* in tbc muwle* or partial reaction of degeneratiou,
h uteiior poliomyelitis, infantile paralysis, and in lead palsy the reu
874
NON-I
IND
THBRAPBCTICS.
of degeneration will be pre»tfiil. It will nko be found in peripheral paliiei
of traumiitic. rheumatic, neuritic, or diphtheritic origin. It ia abiwnt in all
cerebral, hysterical, myelitic, and purely myopathic par&lyiee. ■■
in cast's wht-re the reaction of deKeoeration is limited lo a definite^^
peripheral, neuro- muscular area tlic probnbilitiei! are in fsror of the disgnoiiiE
ni n periphcrnl lesion. When the dejTeneration phenomena are ob^rv<rd
over a larger area a central (spinal) origin of ihc puralysis is rendered prob-
able.
In light forms of rhcumatie, traumatic, or pnvtuurp pnrnlyees the re-
actions will rcmniu Dormul. but in severer fortni ihe nactionx of degenera-
tion develop themselves. In muscular wasting, or simple atrophy, as in.
BkHCTMUL RlUCTIon.
P*iM»KiT Sthttoii*. Skat or Lnioa.
All uoimtL
Mi»<'.'lo (juuliutlnt and
UiJiu. iPwtlal ILIXJ
Nerve: Al nmniirniKli
nfLomaH ■lIuilDlBbcil.
Miia-k. ItiikltlBliic anU
SiBnlHnili-T ulian-
ini. rfarllil R P.I
KariD: I Riai'iiun of do-
Musdv:' ^ucMluu.
An uoruMl-
Kenr: Nurioil.
Miir:1ii: ttLtnllialiTDaiid
Sl^k^UtdEltv HltAn-
unv H'trtMILD.)
tierxn ISutMaaatU-
Kunn it. or dlmlaUtloD tu
P>nlT>li.
No miiKUlirlUnuent'
UoD.
p4tal]uU.
Muwulu digeun-
hmOMatuL Cstwi-
TioMHinnnai
LOUTHW.
I^b odmiHib* trvui the
bnlu (aatov - laUnl
Wlumiit) : (IT Ui* tmln
llMJf.
No par*] 7*1* ht flnt-
>liiwul>r (•norminl
iLvrtDuij tloKtnen-
llon.
PmlriU.
iiiirtis. .ilijUliiiu or
rvAux a(rU«iDL
PMtiriu.
Na ibnainMUo.
r^raljAla.
Miufular digmmiluD.
Vmlfh.
Itamilir and atrTOUi
<iiym»raUoD.
pBCiiilo-pfinaliL
' tVvnhk CBnlfp " •*-
WnAlDjE to niulllpolu-
guiflian-utlli ur (be
alif«rlnr horu of f raj
muter.
Xullluolar lafiitUnii-ccIlii
of ibc aniorlor born of
gny mitur.
MoMr n BrriMllinB.
Uotor n«n-Mir«» ud
t«tb Of irophic tallu-
«IMe 10 miuola
Halor ti«n«-flhni>. pub
oruDpiilolnnuaiDa la
noKU, and fMb ol
lunalaimH.
Unamlir fibr«
Lawral Hlacwl* (Idlo-
iMblit or from ttntat
ataaM),
*' Ttu^JiLc iN^UUc " lof I
Xhv luuwlir. mid al*" I
Ilia iMIb -r linpulH
rr<?ni Ibc train (anlflri^
.ViiifoirTjpblo laivrat<«l»
ruAU.
PrngraulTs miiaclran*-
WT (»r otginl uriflD).
Biiibat panlnla.
Mild aouu Mdloonlk
III.
ADiarln polleiunnilL
Inftntlle pAni^ku
' L.l^c fonnof rbc«iit>allCt
I inamiiie ut prawn
I pdn.lj'HliL
Hldiiig ftirn nf riltu.
HwBrvbmordnMi,
Mu^imtar sartlnc la
SbUdlll. SIOL. l.Dd iB
IdtopaUilo HI jvaula.
phthisis, in diseases of the joints, and in idiopathic. inyu$i(i», the reactions
are nomtnl or may bu qtiautitativvly reduced. When tlie reaction of dejcen-
eration, either complete or partial, occurs, we eonclude ttiat an alteration
(degenerative atrophy) has taken place, either in the trophic centres or
motor fibres going to the atfecled muscle, although Ocs»ler claims that no
■ach reaction is given union the muscular structure has also undergone
degeneration.
It should he borne in mind that it is the density of the curn^nt in tlio
nerve which determines the amount of escitcment, and not merely the
volume of the current as re|ji»?tered b_v the milliampi^reraeter, and ihat this
density in the nerve is controlled by the size of Uh' aelive clectri>de and the.
BLRCTBIOITY W UKDtCIKR — BtlBCTBO-TIIBRAPBCTtCS.
iMltion of the t;vi> electrodes (Aiiams). as well ns the current-intensity, At-
tciilinn it no longer givtn to cHl- direction of tlio current, vo t!iat no ndvan-
tafcie is f^ined by placing the two electrodes on the skin alooj^ the cource of
thr iipfvc. The indifferent cleettodf may bo above or belovr the point ot
application of the t«Btiiig, or actire, electrode, as it iit the action of the pole
upon ihe iwirl thfit is s'iii^'ht. an<i not the direction of ihi: current.
Clinioftl Electro-therapentics. — The olinical applications of electricity
an jiarlly dfdiiL-i-.i from the scieiilifii- diitu just given, itnd jMirtly derived
from experience. Allhiiii;;h Ihe esseiitinl identity of electricity from all
Source* i« iiwi»le<l iipuu, it i« to be noticed that, undt^r ditrcrcnl canditions,
ud cepeeiall.V when Bupplied from different sources, the elfects depend
Ur](«I^ upon the ennditioiis and mi'thod« of tipplicution. In practice, thero-
fore, it is convenient to speak of electricity from the ffalvaaie battery, the
tsmdtc coil, or Ihe ittaltc apparattU! »s if they m-ro actually different kinda
u( electric current. Indeed, it has been found that no one form is applicable
tOBTcry purpose, nnd the physician, therefore, rc»]uireii several fonii« of apfU'
ratus, and it needa some knowledge of the subject and some experience in
unler to determine which form shall be u^^ed. According to Rockwell, in
Rinrly all cases where ek-ctricity is called for, each one of the fomiB^fara-
duin, frankliniym. or galvanism— might, at one time or another, po»w«« posi-
tive value over the othent. This authority ffivcs the following differential
indications for the u$e of dynamic and franklinic, or static, electricity:
"Hemiplegia , accompanied by exalted mti^'ular rxintractility, calU for a mild
ud rapidly- interrupted fandio onrrent, if for any form of electricity what-
ever. Indeed, this current is ti.^imlly preferable, if the muscular contractions
*«!' only snmpwhat !&•>« reHdily rjillwl out than in the normal stale. The
galvuiie current is indicated when there is very great dimination of electro-
mmcular oonrraetility. In most cases of pnruplegia, cither complete or proxi-
mtle, 1d«« of farado-inuBcular cnntractility exists. — at least, for a short time,
— *iHi llie galvanic current almie is applicnbV. The faradio current might bo
vefnl in attempting to improve impaired nutrition of the paralyzed mem-
t*r8. The constant (galvanic) current U alone applicable for direvtly affect-
ing Ihe central nervous system. In the great majority of cases of neuralgia,
where firm pre«*ure over the aiTected ncnes aggravat^-e the pain, the galvanic
«in«fit is indicated; if pain b not increased by pressure the faradic current
diwld be nsed. Hysterical hyiiernwlhcsia cnlU for the faradic current.
While it is impossible, in many diseases, to say that a particular current is
indicated to the exclusion of olhon>, it is possiMe to name a variety of condi-
tions where, as a rule, one method of treatment with one form of current
itraperior to others. The faradic current h indicated, for its tonic effects,
tn ettes known as general debility. Not much is to be said of individual
ennditions which seem to demand the faradic current alone."
Some few diMinct organic or functional diseases in every plutM of their
manifestation, according to Hockwell, demand a single form of electricity.
For instance, asthenopia. ftccompanie<i hy hy|ii'iH-sthesia of the rilina and
nlitry nervee, seems to n-^iuire the faradic current. It is also useful in the
{■irnlysis fullowinp diphthi-ria, in which gnlvnnism is of little service. Gal-
nainn is particularly useful in n)H-rial irritation or neuralgia, and in certain
Bwialgic Mtjuela' of cer.-bTo-i^piiinl nK-niiigitis; also, in treatment of cxoph-
tlialmie goitre and in retloration of the wns*- of ia.-<tcorsmelI. It is superior
lo faradism in the tn-atnu-nl of skin affections. The form of electricity re-
■^d jotiitG of subacute and chronic rhramst
abiontion in s^novitiH it i;^ bfi^I <'nip1oyi-() in Ihi* Tonii of »\
superior to other forms in old contractions and in ciitanpot
has, however, a f»r more restricted tleld than jniiTnnism, anj
ipnt tliuri i.'il)i..T c( thf iiliitil fornix of I'lcctrintT "'
Central Galvanization : Cautions with BeganI to its '.
nielhiid of central {galvanization, as practiced bjr Branl and
Gupplemented by tikilirij] tDiinipuIulion, ha* prodncrd very
but it cannot be considered entirely safe in nnskilled hsn^
should not be attempted by ihtt nvenijie operator. "The c
gnlvoniamtion," nccurding to the authority juti quoted, "is to
central nervous system, — the brain, sympatheti*-, and Hpini
n* the pru'umogimtric and dcprcwor nerves, under the influ
ranic current. One pole (usually the nejtative) is pUoei] at
while the other is pawed over the forehead and lop of th«
inner borders of the atemo-cleido-maatoid tnust'les, from Iti
to the strmiim. at the nape of the ne<ck. and do«-Q th« enlii
spine.'' The application to the head i» made hy pattfinj; th4
from one temple (o the other, over the forehead, using from
(about S to n milliamperes), or increaaed until a sour or i
Uie mouth is experienced by the patient. The electrode ia ft]
a minute or two upon the' rraninl ccnlro or vertM, bei-auw^ ti
from this point to the epijrnslrium traverses the facinl-nerve 9
in the medulla, and nl^o Ihcsyinpathetic. A labile applicatid
terniption of the current may cause dixtineas or mental con
from one to five minutiv, the eloctrode is next pasM-d on b
the neck, oh above described, thus alfectioff the pneumofca
the gan^elia of the sympathetic. A wcnk current only i» p
Proceeding next to the spine, an especial application is nra
spinal centre, between the first and sii-venth cerrical v«r1«
recent oUscrvationn make it very douhtful if the current acti
spinal cord, there is no question about the effects upon the tf
so the cord niav be affected uuliraetiv: and the i
KLBCrUICITT IK HSUIUIKK — KLBCTKO-TBEHAPEUTICS.
8:r
ean be had to the epigastrium and the apine; and, in feuiulv putieuu,
it Becessary to removt' the corm;t4i mid to 1ou»cn thv chithlug at the neck
and waist. The electrodfw employed by lira. Heard and Rockwell w<ri- a
sponge or duniiL'l- covered, fliit eiwtr«dv (npjtative), havinn; an insulated
tuntUe, by which it a held to the epigastrium by the patient hiinjielf. Kor
tlw {Kwitivc polr a Unnnd -covered clcclriid'^ i» ii.ttid, having the disk parallel
wUh the handle, so that it can be passed along the spine under the olothing.
The buttery islioiild be ii ciiniiliinl mu', and fu^lli^lu-d wilti a rheostat.
Objections to OHlvanization of the Sympatbetio is the Neak. — The best
nuthorilice vpeuk ot galvunixalioii uf the «ervi<?al sympathetic aa a dangerous
procedure, on account of the proximity of the pneumogastric nerve. BrowD*
S4qu*rd mnarked that he once tried to ^alvaiiixe the eervical sympathetic
of a friend in order to relieve him of a violent headache. "The citoct wo*
all we could dcKirc ajfain.'it the headache, but the galvanic current (acting at
the same time on the sympathetic and vaguv., the siRiultancous action of
thcM two nerves cunnol be avoidt'd) produced duch dangerous syncope that
I would never again attempt to apply galvanism to the cervical sympulhctic
o( man."
The galvanic current diffcrB clinically from the furtidic current in
having much fcreater qiuintity with less tension ur difference of potential,
sod hence produces greater dynamic and phyeiolugtcal effect than the latter,
which, owing to very high tension, is apt to cause jiain and excite muscular
»pasm, even with weak currents. It may be continuouii or interrupted,
and, as it is. definite in its direction, it is capnblc of being reversed. Uwing
to ite large volume, or oimntily, it penclrateji the tissues more deeply.
The Medico-legal value of Electricity in Diagnosia. — Dr. W. Jt. Pritch-
flixi reports' a case of truumutie neuritis in which electricity proved of
attch value in aiding the diagnosis. "A man, aged 49, received an injury
lo bis shoulder under circumetuncee which would have entitled him to some
compensation if any permanent damage bad been done. When the swelling
bad gone doun he compluiDed of great pain in and around the shoulder, and
of inability to raise the arm from the side. It eould not al llie lime h«
determined whether this wub due only to the pam. or whether there was lose
of muscular power. There were tenderness and pain in ihe arean supplied
by the xupru-aeromitd brunch of the ccrrieal plexus and circumflex nerves,
and some hypenesthesia of this region. In the course of thi- next few inoiith.4
the pain and we4ikneK« remuincd much about the same, and it was then
found that the circumflex nerve gave the reaction of dcgencnition. This itet
all doubt a« to the existence of u truumatic neuritis at rest, and the patient
succeeded in obtaining compensation without going into court."
Special ApplioatiooB of Electricity in Clinioal Uedicine. — [>isordcrs of
the locomotive apparatus were probably the first to suggest the einployinent
«f electricity in medicine, owing to the fad of the contraction of the healthy
XQHscular fibres when a current is made to traverse them, especially if the
position of the dcctn.Mie corrt-njiond with the entrance of the nerve into the
muscle or the nerve-trunk itself. Paralysis, therefore, was the firitl condition
to receive oI«ctrical tn-^tment, and still in regarded us being especially amen-
able to the current. Pathological research and clinical observniion have
Anally revealed the varied causes of paralysin, and clearly s\iow the reason
'^rtc York ileilieal Jouiiuit. Nov.. 181)0.
678
KON-rnAnUAOAI. SFUEDIES AXD dE!fCIIAL TQERAPEUTICS.
why a form of trcotmcnt *o cflic-ioiit iii *tiiiii> (■&»:» i* tuclt!s&, »r even injuri-
oun, in others. ParnlytiiB of a mti§cle, or j?roup of □lusck'V, miiy be duo to
pumlj' local causes; it may Ik- due lo n lesion of the nerve-trunk, or in its
llbrea of imcrtion or origin; it may nUo bf due to a di^ontor of thu centre
in Iht brain orconi corrrnpomling to the nuiaclw affeete^J, or to refle.x irrita-
tion. Occasionally we see it caiieed by tome remolc or reflex eaiisi- which
inniicnccif the ncrve-centreH, ua in panilynis following iiiteiKinnl inflHinma-
tion, or in the form known as hyetoncal puralyiiif. When a morbid condition
nnRi^froni »iich udiverM!cnu»caH in the example jii»t cited, it iit very evident
that, the ecientilie treatment, nhich includes remu^'a) of thv oauH' whvrv it
u poasihle »i> to do, would dt'ppnd upon the diafcnosia. Tlie tirst principle
of eucceesfnl applicstion of electricity, therefore, n» already staled, is corret t
dtagnofiH, and a clear approeiaiion of the objeclH !iou;;ht lo be obtained by
the current to be employed, and in H)me cases a combination of dilTcreiit
formti of current will he ni-cessarv in order to atlain thi- desired reanlt. If
to good diagnortic powers we add familiarity with the elTccts of olcctrtcity
and Ml] in their applications to produce such elTi-cta in the living human
body, we arc in a povition to employ tlii» invulmible thcnipcutic agent with
every prospect of siicoes;*. In Ihe folloniiig pages n review of some of the
recent and more useful applications of electricity is presented, but for a
complete exuositioD of electro-therapeutics we must refer to the syMematic
tr<-atiscs of Beard and Rockwell, dc M'attevillc, Licbig and Roli^, and the
numerous monographs by Apostoli. Ma^eey, Adams, Peterson, and otliers.
Elftctrioity for the Relief of Pain. — 'Ibi' tut-: Or Ilulchinson' employed
the fnrndic current by i)reference in mnecular rheumatism, ubaerving stridiy
the following prprnntions: A toil must be iwod which give* a fine, fteady
current — i.e., one without jumps or ^uddi- n interrupiions— and of adjustable
force. Only so much vughl lo ho iisci! ii^i pri)dnci'« a diiitiiict vibratory sen-
sation without sharp pain, liefore applying the eiectrodo see that the akin
is thoroughly dried utid well powdered with a good conductor, and for this
purpose etarch ifi not so good as a mineral Bubstance like powdered clay.
The active electrode should be of polished mclul, — a ball or nmnded tube. —
kept dry and warm; the passive may be a smail sponge, held in th« bund
or at any indilTerent point. Beginning with « force waR-ely felt, slowly in-
crease, keeping the active pole in constant motion over the painful tiitiscle«,
observing can-ftilly to avoid coiilnicting a eingte fibre. If muscle contrac-
tion be produced no good results. All the force must be expendol upwn
the skin; in olher words, upon tcrininal nervc-lilamcnts, which are alone
the seat of pain in this annoying diaease. Every inch of skin eovcrinfc
painful parl.> should bo oarcfully gone over with the current, exerciaing a
steady, sliglit pressure, for about a half-hour, and applications repeateift
twice daily unlil the ease in well. It h unusual, he states, for a violent^
attack to persist more than two days with this treatment. Oe Wattevillt3"
alxo reeoniinend^ cutiiiioouit faradii:atioi), and »:lati'S that galvano-faradiza — -
tion may. with advantage, be sometimes substituted for it. He aUo say 4
that the galvanic current may in- applied: the e\irrer Immoderate to stTOn ^
— is passed for a few minutes, and the sitting concluded with a scries i
interruptions or voltaic allernativea, so (l« lo cxrile the nni»cular tissue
contxaction. We have obtained excellent results in pain confined to miiscl
■iVor Eni/ldtid Werffrnt MonlMy. Sept., ISfll. p. C22.
KLBCTKIClTt IS MKUICmE— ELECTRO-THRaAPBlITICS.
879
— myalgia, Inmba^. stiff neck — by a report tc static clrotricitr, which
afforil« marked ruliut tu ihv pniti and doc« not roqnire removal of the
clothing.
Till- trMtmrnt of articular rheumattBin by I'leetricity i^ a norelly, and
yrt Dr. W. V. Ilobinson, of vVlbnny, K, Y., reports excollcnt resntte from it,'
TIu'rapt-Mtitiilly, he dividt-d cwcb of rhfuinatimn into two cUoaea: those in
which only one or two joints are afTectcd, whicti he alwa>'s treate by means
of galvanitm; and, gfcondly, thoii« in which llu^ rhctunalic poiunn is more
extended in its action, involving joints, muscles, fascia, etc., for which ho
tmploys itAtic electricity. The electrode*, he wrltw, sliould be large and
arefully made. If covered with sponge, this should be soft and free from
fritty particle*. In order to increase llie conduclivily of Ihe skin, the
tponjies should be saturated with a hot solution of bicarbonate of soda, Tlio
cauitic action and the flectrolytie action of the eleetnc current are to be
noided in the treatment of rheumatism. The action of vital stimulation
b to be sought; to obtain it the procedurefi of interruption and voltaic
tlternation must be adopted. Voltaic alternation is a still stronger stimula*
tiOB llinn interruption, but it must be uioA with caution, for with strong
nrreDts the pain and irritation are very great. Joint rheumatism, pur©
ud nmplc, is nlniovt powerlcw to wilhsljind the direct applieaiion of the
gllnnic current. When the disease is more diffused, and involves various
tisiiM and or^ang in ditTercnt parts of the body, Mutic tlectricily is indicated.
The general charge is rarely used alone, and static electricity is usuallj
pTCB, by means of apecial electrodes, in the form of Rpark», The apjilica-
tiMi nay be made on alternate days. The usual lenffth of the treatment is
ten mjiiutee, for about five of vhich aparks arc drawn, th« patient during
Om mniining five minutes simply sitting quietly upon the platform and
taking the geneml charge.
i)r. Robinson slates that electricity has a twofold action that meets all
Um indications of rheumatism: a specific action againat the morbid process,
Old a general tonic action that tends to build up the system depressed as
■ reitilt of the disease. Dr. Ooelet, at the same meeting, slated thai the
"dative effecls of galvnni<^m could best be had by currents of short duration.
Be prefers a clay electrode, made of the consistency of putty, and maintains
>t so by keeping it moii^t. A flat pad is made hy rolling it on boards, as if it
•ere dough; it is gotten into shape, and, after having a metallic pl«tc ptaeed
^ tlie back, is covered with a layer of aWorbrnt cotton, and is then sewed
f p in a gauie cover. On the back is placed rubber cloth, just aa in sponge-
<^vcred hand -electrodes. To avoid the diacomfurt of a cnid application, the
flcctrode may be kept on a warming-pan, consisting of a flat tin or xinc
j*ig filled wilh hot water. Dr. M. .A. Cleaves bI«o reported cases in which
'harked benefit followed the use of the galvanic current in articotar inflam-
*ttatory exudations. Stabile appliailions, of 10 niilliamperes' strength, for
fifteen minuteii. with the anode at the sternum and the cathode applied over
lh« affix-ted joint, were fullowed hy relief from pain, diminution of heal,
and increased mobility. The current was used daily for a wwk, and then
*^«T7 two or three days, until thirteen granres wen- given, when faradiem
I applied to the muscles around the joint, with the cathode at the sternum
' "PrM«*diiiK« of the Anicrlntn Eterlru-thentpcutk AuocUtion,"
M««lng, rhiUcklphia, ISai. Ufdlect Krtct rEpriot.
Fint AbsimI
880
NOK-PUAUXACAL UEMKUIKS AXD UK\K»At. TIIBRAPXirtlCS.
and llic anode uppHcdMUcctwdively to llie motor points of the Tarioue muscU
The ultimate result was decided and eatiefactory. AukyloM*, the re»uU i _
chronic JntliinitnaloriF' prot:(«aef), even with some oiiseous uniou, Kccordiitg
to l>r. von RaitK, of Now York, jicMh t<i the coiutant current, with the
auiiitnnce of masnfce and passive motion. The various forms of aearalyia
ara amenable to clectrivul applications — in all ce*cs for amelioration, in moat
cawa for cure — in proportion as they are pure neuroscii, and aot the result
of di-cidcd Htnictural chan^^i-. Ek-ctricitj', «y» Uujardin-Beaumetz, ia one
of the most active a;;ente in the treatment of rebellious neuralgias. Galvanic
cuTTcntK are prctcrn.-d to funidio. The nc^tivc- pole is applied near thi?
nen-e-centre; the poritivc pole (which le tie truly sedative pole) way bv
inovecl ovi-r thi> difTcrent painful points of Uie affected nerve. In tui
donloureox the curnnts should be very mild.—not to i-xcecd 3 to 4 milli-
amp^rea. Id sciatira tnuch stronger cum-nts arc retjuired {2U or more
milliamperes). He agrees with Apcistoli in holding that the stabile applica-
tions should be continued until tlic puin diMuppcarH or «ome mitijcatioD is
observed. Ducbenne preferred the uae of faradiem, — applying the wire
bruiOi over the affected arcn, and cmpluyiug a very strong eurrt-nt with rapid
interruptions. Kkclropuncture.. as practiced by Magendie, is no lou^r liftBd.
Eleotrioal Cataphoresis, m it if cnlU'd. by nivana of which medicatneiita
are carried throu>;h the akin under the action of electric currents, is a
valuable iidiiilion lu our nsource*, A« dhown i^imie y*ar« ago by Adam-
kiewicz, the wetting of the active electrode with chloroform favors local
abwrption. In tliu place of chiorofonn wc now uite cocaine solution (10
to 20 jper cent.). Aconitine may be substituted, or any soluble alkaloid.
Anodul elcclroIytiiEi in Lunjunction with cocaine catupborcei^, says Adanus
gives great rehef in neuralgia and other painful aflcctions. If a conaiderabU'
qunnlity of mcdiciirnent is smighl to In- inlrcitluccd, wi- nuiy have Ihe elec-
trode in the form of a tube closed at one end with a porous partition (du
Bois-lIeyuii>nd'$ conducting tube, slopped with a plug of clay), and »incr.
according to Munk. the current should be occasionally reversed, it is nec<^-
aary to have both electrodt-g charged with the substance u»cd. Dr. Arthur
Harries' prefers cocninc cataphoresis to liypodermic injections, lie ems
ploys a large negative electrode wet with n ealt solution, and Ihc positive
small, covered with 0unnt], and wet with a 10-por-cent. cocaine solution?
A continuous current of 'i-i milliamp^Tee ie then pufscd for forty minute*,
the electrodes being kept moistened with the solutions. Peterson' duiiu.-
that "the antesthesia jiroduccd by a lU- to 20-pcr-ccnl. solution of cocaine
on the anode is suflleient for small operations, and affords distinct relief
for from four to eleven hours in esse* of severe neuralgia in i^upcrficial
nerves." His method of securing accuracy of dosage, which is as follows,
is ingenious: "It is necessary to use a Hut. motul electrode, made preferably,
but not necessarily, of platinum or tin. It may be of any convenient ww
and shape. A piece of lillc ring-pa per or linen is cut lo fit over the metal
surface; this is soaked with a definite quantity of the solution to be need,
and the electrode in then applied to the *kin. .A narrow soft-rubber rim
at the edge of the electrode prevents any loss by evaporation. In onlcr to
have drugs ready for une at any time, dink* of paper (o fit the electrode
■ iMnrrl. OcL 2ft, 1800.
'MedlMl Rrmrd, Jan. 31, 1891.
RUSCrniCtTY IK MKniCINE — ELBCTBO-TUKHAFBUTIOS.
881
• charged with aqueous or olcuholic solutions and th«n allowed to dry,
1 Srap or two of menfltrnum beinf; added when thejr ar« to be uwd. The
strength of current is regulated largely by the palieiit's feelinee, but from
S to 20 milliampt-tee, or from ten to thirty cells may be iiscu for five to
fifteen minutes. The stron^r the current, the shorter the duration of the
tiittinv. The imliealionfl are: 1. To produce local anjpflthcsia for neuralgia,
Bupcrncial p»U\f, and culiincouK opemtionK, a lO- to 30-per-ceQt. cocaine
•ohition ift used. Aconitine produces a deep analgesia, but it i* aiconipnnied
by eerete smarting around llic edges of the anesthetized area. Throe or 4
drops of a 1-ner-cent. solution of helleborin cause a dceiwr and more lovtinff
aneetlieEia Itian cocaine^ without producing constitutional effects. Botli
ooabalQ and atrophaiithin, in doses of 0.00086 Gm. {or gr. '/no) or more,
are strong local anicstheticK. One or 'i drops of chloroform brin^ about a
deep analgesia in a short time, but this is followed later by vewcation. A
mild solution of carbolic acid may also be employed an a loi;al ansslhetic
and analgesic. 2. For topical medication in various local lesions. — such as
tumors, rheumetic. gouty, and other «wellingHi various Akin diHeases, ayph-
ilides, ell'. In these eaaes iodine preparations, lithium, and mercuric salts
may be used. 3. To indu<x- HbKor]>tion of incdicinex from hatha. 4. For
diagnostic purpo««. Thus, if a pain were complained of in the region sup-
pli^ by the trigeminus nerve, it should disappear under this treatment;
if it did not, the lesion could be localized farther back, or it might lead to
the conclusion that it was nn hysterical pain."
In a communication to the American Electro-therapeutic Association
Peterson stated that special forms of elcetrodt-it are no longer considered
necessary, since ordinary spongc-coverod electrode* will answer for solutions
where accuracy i* not specially reijuired, and metallic ones for the more care-
ful administration. The latter arc supplied with a narrow rim of rubber to
prerent evaporation, and a disk of cotton cloth, tissue- or blotting- paper
may be cut to lit the surface, and upon this the desired number of drops of
the drug in solution can be placed. Disks of filt«ring-paper containing a
known quantity of the remedy may be kept on hand for this purpose, Co-
caine employed in this way does not cure neuralgias. All that is claimed
(or it is that it affords relief without producing constitutional effects, and
is, therefore, superior to any narcotic given internally. Wher<^ the eatue
of the neuralgia is de(-p-i'i>^Bled, Ou- improvement is much less evident than
when the lesion resides in a euper6cial nerve, and Dr. .\lk-n Starr rail*
attention to this vuliiAblc hint in diagnoxi*. as reganls the question of sur-
gical operation. If the pain be relieved temporarily by the tn^ahnent, the
lesion is in the immediate neighborhood or peripheral to the anffsthettted
area, and this would suggest the possibility of permanent cure hy neurec-
tomy or nerve-stretching. Dr. Kouvtau de Ctiurmellcs, of Paris, presented
a paper at this meeting of the Klectro-therapeutic As.4ocialion in which
he stati-<) thiit Ihi- pain of hepatic or renul cnlic may also be made to dis-
appear by medicamental electrolysis or cataphorcsis.
Dr. G, Betlon Massey, of Philadi-lphia, reports success in some ca*e« of
carcinoma uteri by the cataphoric destmction of the e«iential germs. His
m(>thod conMstf in the interstitial dissemination of the nascent oxyehlgride
of mercury, or of the mixed oxychlorides of zinc and mercury, throughout
ihf growth by radiani eataphomi». The current-strengths will vary tnta
3An milliamperas. in small growths, to ISOO in targe ones, for durations vary-
8S3
KO!«-PBARliACAL HCUKntRS AXI) OBimUT, THRRArRIITirS.
iiig from fifteen minutw to liaU an hour. Sov«n mtie* Iiavo \tcta re|M>Tt«l
cured, inohidiiig both cjin-inomnta and oarcomata.
In various forms of ncuralpu relief may he nfrortl<-<) Ironi the action
of galvanidin bv nnodal diffuHion over the painful spoti*. lu no painful
aSection, says llarlhotow. h the application of eltst ricity niDK (■o»»|ii<-iiou*
for ^(hh! tlian in sciatica, harffo sponge-plcftroili-s. moi6t«n»l with hot
uat*r, are applitHl. Iioth — Inhilc and stntiile — over the cowncc of diKlrilmtion
of the n<-nv. iisin;: currents of 20 to 40 milliamp6ri's. Thf? applications
should tw made twiiv a clay, if i)(n*il)U\ or at 1<yi»l once ilnily. Intereoctal
neuialgia and herpei zoster also yield to <i;alvani»m. iisinf; small t-lpctrndi-e,
applying oni- (iisuuilv itu- cathodi*) to the npinv and tlie olhrr In the dittrihu-
lion of the nerve in front; or to place the anode over the painful points
where the luirven tn-oome itu)H-rficinl, and the cathod<^ on the terminoU.
In migraine, in addition to the adniinislration of remedies directed to
tlie stoniBCh, we apply fi:alvani«m, in the name manner lu- jtixt indicate), to
th& eupra-orbital nerve distribution. UaJvanixation of the sympathetic in
the neclc and of the pneunioj^a-tlric. a* nraeticed l>y du Bois-Heynioiid, can
only safely be practiced by an expert. Faradisin, with very rapid interrop-
tioni! and mild rnrronli^. mity l>e iiwd, in eonjimclion with gentle maw-agr
(the electrical hand). In nervous vomiting, and especially the vomiting of
pregnancy, a dpuccndinjr I'liincnt of vnltnic electricity exi-rtii n r»msrkabli»
rcme<lial effect, the ]>Dsitive pole being apj)lied above the clavicle and the
negative to the pit of the stomach. In angina pectoria Kuh-nberg rr|>(>rt«
good resultK from galvanism adminiBtered in the intervals between li
attack a.
VarioiLs fomiji of TJIOU&I neuralgia »rp Biiieiinhlo to gulvunism. Tli
applications may be entirely to ilie .iiirlaie of the boily, nr one electrodfl _
may be introdiieed into the slomaeh. n-cloni, or vagina. Faradic electricity
may also be used; mild currents and freqnent inteiTUptions for the ecdative
eifeclit, and the electrical brndi. with stronger currents, to the akin m a
counter-irritant.
!n gall-etone colic with imi)avtion, good ro^nltp have been obtained by
paasJDg brief currents of high intensify, the electrodes being placed in the
nypoehondriac regions. The tleetrical stimulus produces contraction of
the fibres entering into the common duct, and the consequence ib thai tlie
stone is diocharged into the intoRtine.
The Static Current in Nenralgia^lCorton's Method.— For pain not
acconipanii'il by evidenci's of aeiite inllariiiimlioii. pi-rlmps no form of appli-
cation can equal fninklinisni. Indeed, .\dams slates ihat. "in alt vasomotor
disturbances, functional oerebro-smnal diseajies, or nsumwu. there is noth-
ing, in the authors experience, wnich equals in value the diffused and the
eoneentraled constant high-potential currents from electrostatic induction
machines." As already explained, the dilTused constant current or electro-
static bath is where the patient is placed upon an insuliitod platform and
charged with the current. The eomentratcd constant curreni is obtained
by bringing an electrode near to any desired spot upon the surface, and
thus drawing a jihower of iijinrkit from this locality. In the former isih- the
circuit is completed at all parts of the body through the air, and in the lattirr
by means of the spray coming from or gtiinj; lo a pointed metallic elcetriMle
which is in connection with the ground, lly an ingenious device of I>r. WJ
J. Morton, of New York, contained in a ptH^uliar-shaped inetmment named?
BLW-miaTT rS MKHICISK— EMtCTIW-THKIIAI-KUTICH.
883
in coiwwuiciiw, llii- "pistol elertrod*," ihe cnrreiit is tnppoi] in thi- rhco-
pliorr. siiil Ihc I'li-i-tnvtftt miiv be ptiicctt Jireptl.r in contHi'l witli tin- [ifllionl's
boilv, ju»t M» in tlie n[i|>lie»lion iif ihe Tanidic L-urrent. In iiiinjr this mclhoil
of Morton, o« prnctiwtl l>y Hnrtlirtlovp-, one hn** rhiixn i* la^wn^t} to the
(o|> bm*a knob of ono condenser (the left one Wing the higher potential).
luul another braiiii chain i» piscwl nronnd the bitw, over l)ii- invtolllc coHtins
of thp olhor dinilen^r. and to each chain an onlimiry electrode (prvfomWy
S airbon electrodi'). covered with Iciilhcr, i> altnched. The di:>irliiirKtn]; iwis
■K plaoHl at a distance apart, which is detcrniined hv the elleet to be mvum-
pltsnod, which cousidfe in the faintct tingling when thi- nub' are «it»r1y
lojiPther, or the most powerful muscular contractions when they are some
<li«1sni-c apart. The same kind of irritation of the wnsctry nervcn !# caiM'd
by this interrupted enrrent as that camcil by the faradic: hut it is soflw.
Th« most powerful muwuhir eonlmrtitnitt cnu be proJneed without «iiun»|c
pain; and in this respect sialic electricity possesses distinct sdvantaf^es ovi^r
fanulic. The intcrniptin^ hnndk' of Morton i» diiipcnwd with in Bartholow's
inelhod: indeed, no special electrode? are required, and only as nuieh of th*
mrrvnt is taken uf it desired.
Kilher electrisation by sparka or by the Morton method may he em-
pluvrd with advnntate in trifacial, intercostal, eriatie, and nther iioni«lgiaK.
(icneral (rankliiiiKution is ew|)ecialty useful in hyatero-cpilepty. I>r. Morion
reports brilliant results with static electricity in cttm of nvuriti!', locomotor
ataxia in Ihc earlier $tag««, and rheumatoid arthritis, which have been ap-
paronllr cured or their projirf^ completely arre«te<l by the iwe of the long
pereiisfive ?Dark and other form« ot slntic ciectricily.
rir. S. II. Monell repinls static electricity a* ctiqiafwing any other »p*rnl
in the manapement of hysterical conditions. He esteemn it of snperior value^
also, in combntinji nuuxea. dy«pC|win, eoiiklipution, and eolic. In ehloro*!*
and ana'niia it improves nutrition. It is an etHeienl cardiac tonic in both
functional and or^anie (lifi-aM- of ihul or>ran. This writer asserts that frank-
liniam is the moet powerful means at onr command for relierin^ the |MiJn
of locomotor ataxia, and that, ii.miI in conjiinotion with galvanism, it may
UKlefinitely arreri the progress of early caees. In all forms of motor pamt-
yai« it has given excellent result!*. Static electrieily is of decided service in
chorea, and in epitepey it moderates the frequency and severity of paTox>iiiiu.
In eioplilhalmie goitre, gout, rheumatism, and lati;ral oiirvalurc of the spine
this form of fore*- is (if benefit. It is of service, also, in chronic intlanimutory
affections. Imbert de la Touche, of Lyons, conekide* Ihat obcfity of nervous
origin and the fatty ana-mia common in neurnsthenia are bent-llclally in-
fiuenn^d by electricity, and that the static electric bath is the preferabls
mode of gprilication.
Ancitfieiia ia very commonly fnnctional and often a manifestation of
hyi^eria. In iiuch ca»o» the aiia'Klhrlic an-a will, under a few applioBtioiis
of the (aradic bnish. rapidly recover its tactile senw. When the loss of
iiti<m in due lo inlliiMimoiion, conipm«tion. traumatism, or other kvion.
_ cept actual losa of continuity of nerve-libree, it will, as a rule, also be soon
rcrtored by rlectricity. When the >[Alvanic current is employed the anwle
■iiniild be over the nervc-rool and the cathode over tin- iinii-Klhctrc area, or
tiw galvanic hniKh nr fanidie bni^ih may be used. In trigeminal anesthesia
IJ(ibi|r and Itoh*^ indorse transverse brain galvanixalion; Katvuntzation of
the trunk and bmneliev of the ttfth nerve; the faradie brush to the anws-
MOX-l-llAIIUACAt. ItKUKDIKS AKD UBN'BRAL THESAPBtlTlrH.
thctie surface, or to a smal! area of the forcann, as recommendwi by VmI-
pian. HemitniEithesim, i\iif. to oentrn) or toxic cnuHe^ very frequeotty yidda
to the ui)])]iinlii>ii <■! liu' fiiruilic brush acconliug li) Vulpinn'o iiii'lhix).
Ttbetio iind traumatic antettheiia mar he relieTed, but not fully restored,
tinlirw till- mrvr-lniiiks lun be made lo reeume a iiomial tx)inJilioii. Aa-
oamia, or Iosb of the sense ot snull, if mil tlL-pi-iiding uiwii disease of uiiicotis
iiicmbniiu', inny be cured by faracli/uiioii. In vrt^'akne«s of vision, amblyopia.
amauroBis, uiKiiua of optic diik, and (siiceially in tobaeco-amauroeia (sco-
toma) electricity is of greul vnliif, the applications being made through moist
comprettsee applied to the eloeed eyes: the anode locally, and the calhwle lo
the tt'niple or the ehcek. The stn-nj^h of the current should not bo ^eater
than just enouf;h to cause faint flashi^s of li^ht, and the stances should lai^t
only a few niiniilcti. Galvanism should also be directed to the cervical sym-
pathetic and to the cilio-spinal region of the spinal eord. In anieHt}ie»ia nf
thi; auditory iicni-ii, unci in tinnitus nuriuni, Brenner. Krb. and olhen- have
couclusively proved the value of the polar method. The canal in filleil with
warm wuleri a special electrode may he used, or the ordinary small elect rode
may be dipped into the water and inserted into the ear. Ity the judicious
use of this expedient tinnitus aurium has been stopped after it bad existed
for years. In some eases very marked im))ruvcment wn^ noticed after the
first application or after a few applicntiuns.
Slectricity in the Treatment of Faralyais. — Tht? fnvonible influrnee
exerted by electricity over nulrilive processes and cell-growth, especially
in the form of Kil^fDi""*- han made it the iiulinpcniiabli' muedy in the
treatment of various forms of paralysis, whether due primarily to nerve or
to muscle. It is not judicious, in hemiple^, to employ the electric current
too early, on account of the lesion in the bniin; but after the Hist shock of
the brain-injury is over, whether aii extravasation or an embolus, and the
parts arc aceommodatiii^ tbemselvos to thi' condition and repair is going on,
in a week or two after the attack came on. the electric current may h« used
to keep up the nutrition of the mut^eh^s, employing both galvanic rcver^U
and the faradic interrupted or labile applications. The precaution should
be obwrved of only u.4ing a current strong enough to produce moderate con-
tractions, and not continued very long (fifteen to twenty minutes for the
entire xfmtce). In various forms of monople^ and paralysis of individual
muscles, galvanization may show (be reaction of degeneration due to local
nerve- or muscle- changes: but the Bystematic application of galraniam, at
first stabile, followed by a few current-reversals, and the faradic brush or
static brec/e or sparks, will cause the normal function to be restored. Hy-
gienic remedies must not be neglected, including maK^isse, lialbi', iind |>iis.*ivtf
exercise. In diphtheritic paralysia, or puralyiis following typhoid .>r other
exbAHSting: dt^it-nse^, brain and spinal galvanization, with dirt'ct applications
of both furadii-m and galvanism, should be resorted Iii. Static elcetricily iit
also useful here. In lead palsy, meroarial paralysis, and similar toxic panl-
ytn-n, the galvanic current may be applied to the affected group* of muscles,
and the famdic to their opponents. Paralysis of the lu7ng:eal mnules may
be treated hy intralaryngea! application.* of galvani.Mu or faradism. with
Bpeeial electrodes, as practi(*d by Elsberg or by von Ziemssen. Kquatly
good results, it is claimed, may be obtained by the method of Krb, in which
the anode is placed under the occiput at the root of the iiecfc. and the ca-
BLKCTBICITV IN MUDICIXB — SLKCTllO-TIIBBAPKUTICe.
88ft
appliwi to Ihc front of the neck along the Isryni: and traclita. Fan*
diotn maj lie applied in the i^auie way, but wi-ak airri-iits only should he used.
In [wruljMiK dfpciidriit iiprm c-hronic ptiliom^elitis, [lamnioiid has rv-
ported f*veral cases which f«eni to show that persistcnl daily u»e of gnlrauiun
may nn-avnraljly ri'storc the function of inuReleti which, at the first exwnina*
lion, exhibited no visible reaction.
In aphonia of hyitcrioB) origia tlie faradic brush or the static spark >l
promptly curative. In pare^ii; nccompanying neuritis and pcrint^uritnt, ^al-
vunisiti (nn<idal) i<^ terv iti<i'fiil, and famdo-inaiuiage nppliecl when the acute
sla^f is n»er.
Ill facial paralysis due to inllammnlion in the course of the portio dura
he pro^noftift de|>eiidi< upon the extent of the lesion and its duration. In
lig4>t casM the niiii-i-lcH may recover without any treatment; but thiti result
rill be attained much more rapidly under mild faradization. Where the ro-
Ktion of dcgi-neratlon is present, the patience of the operator and subject
may he put under n considerable strain; but Kiilvsnism (cathodal), with cur-
rent-reversals and the fanidir brush, will, in most eusre, bring about a cure
in the coumc of time. If the diajtnogiiii be made at the beginning and an-
nounced to the pnlicnt. it may save Inter difiuppniiitnn nt on account of the
appari'nl want of results from the treatment. Facial pajalyiia of eeatral
crigin is more M-rioii« in its prnf^no^is than the peripheral form. Itecoveriea
are ti)m|>anitively rare, but iniprovcmc-nt may he expected from systematic
elei-lriral treatment, with pilvanixntion to the head and neck and polar
sppliralionik to tliv afTcilvd mu»ick-K.
SpaaiM and oontnoturei call for the sedative applications of the gal-
ranir and ritriidic curri'iittf. Anixttil ujiplii^alion^ in ctn-ea ui blepharospami,
eoliTuIiiTe tic, histrionic ipasm, ooutractures following rheumatism, are
•omelimes very sueet's.'iful; in others, complete failures, lu ttie latter the
tpaam may be due to some source of rcHex irritation, >-tich i\e latent hyper-
metropia, nr myopin, dental i'aricii,etc., whtrh .ihnuid ntiivc iitteiitiioi before
sllemptin^ treatment by electricity. In hysterical spasm* and contntctDrei
the faradie brush or static sparks are useful, espeeially If disagreeably pain-
ful. Spasm of muscles of deglutition may be due to n wisdom-tooth which
ia about erupting, and incision »f the overlying gum will relieve it, perhapa
mieted by a few applications of galvanism. Hystaro-epileptic attacks may
•nnKtimes he broken up with the faradie brush or strmi;; jmhaiiie current.
In epilepsy Krh riTummends diagouul followed by longiltidinal brain gal-
Tanizniion to afTeel the motor area in the cortex; then .luhaural and spinal
galvanixation, limited to the ccTvical rejiion. and general faradization for
their ri'llex efTeeta. This is to be practiced lietween the attacks, in combina-
tion with the u^ual niiK-dial ntid hvjiiienic tn^tmenl.
In wiiten' cramp and other forms of co-ordination neurose« excellent
rtwilta an- atTordvd by rest and electro ma ssuicc. Erb lays down the nile
thai the entire cerebro-spinal nervous system sliould be subjected to tyftem-
atic electrization. Fimi galvanizatinn of iirniii and spine, then of the periph-
eral nerves. Faradization of the alTeeted muscles is combined with matisage.
By Ihe methiMl of Wiilir, in which this is sy«IeniBtii-nlly practiced, a number
of cures have been rejKiried.
In tetany gal van i /.at ion of the spine and peripheral nene-tmnka and
liie aiiodal applications to the spine ( Krb) have given good resnile. In
tftanu proper, which i» an infectious di»«iisv, not much can be gained by
Bm
XOX-nUlltUCAl. UKUKDiKU AM) UESKHAL I'UKItAPKL'Tlt'tl.
olactHcity. iLlthoii|;li tipinnl );iihiitiix>itiun, «'ith gnlviiniulioi] or Hit- iicripli
flnl mufclee, is wiifl to have liad a jjihkI i-freL-l upon llie spiwmit. Chorea ia
hi-ii<iii<'i| liy w4!Hk ciirri'iilis nr liy k^-iutiiI friiiiKliiiix^tliini nr fani'lizalioti.
Athelosit is »ai<l lo have \>evn improved bv Ijrain, subaiinil. unit ceulrul g»t-
vuiiiwiti'iii, ii'itli currt'iito fnim the cpinul cortl to Ihe pi-riphenil niiisrleit
(Ivii'ljifT mid l{"h€).
Explanation of Production of Degeneration-Beaction Phe&ometui. —
When di.>('ii»jiiu^. on a prtrioiii^ |>i>K>^! ibi' qut-i-tioii of I'lectrwlingiiosiii in
panl>i*ii>, it wan »tati-d that llu-rir are tinportnnl nllfration^ in the (^Icclriuil
reactions. If a musctt he paratvzcd by Hpctionin^ ilu motor iiorvc. or bv the
UHO of Oi-rtuin loxio ngi-nti' u-bich iifft'rl th« n^^rve only uni] It-avi- the mumuhir
fibr(>H bealtby. w*> hsve a morked dilTvrciK-i' maiiiri?»tcd in the Iwbarior or
lh<- niiivcli.' iiiiihT l\w eh'i-lrii-iil HtinmltiH. l-'ur inHlaiiir, in^l*^nil af promptly
Oontrtictin>: lo thv fumdic current, wv may find no response whatever when
Out) (sei'itndiiry or induti'd) lurrcnl is iij^d. With lln! ;:alvanic battery,
W«ak currently produee responsive* eontraetion^ ^'reatcr than in besllb, on
miikinju and bnrakin); the eireuit, or on rt-voDiinK tin- eurrenl. With
stronger cnrrent, the nnisde remains in a tetanic etate of contraction whi
Ibv current i^ puiwin;;, which i* an almoniuil phenonienon. Ijater, gMitholu]
ical ehangcii occur, both in the nerve and in the niiixclc. dne to removal
th<? iitthx^nce fruni the iropbii- li-nireii in the cord. Whi»n llw k-ninn i*
dcslnielivc and irreniediuhle, lIuTe ii^ a ^ritduiil failure of f;ulvanic, as well
■a of faradic, exeitahility of the nerve, ending in eiiiire dinuppi-tiniiiec of the
same in a few dnvc. llcfon- lhi» ir' complete we have the folb>nin>; "de};en-
cration reaction' : — -
I An. a. r> ra. n. f,> ah. u. v.y Ca. o. c.
TIii« i» well iibi!<l ruled in a favi' iif peripheral form "f BellV i>aUv, wl
the central or cerebml fonn nf facial paraivsi^ ilocs not pn-Beat tliirt reaction.
Electrodlagnosif in Faralyais. — We may '>imirnarix<- with advuulajro tl:
results of the clwiricul r.'xiiiiiinationB in eases of paralvi^is: —
Normal electrical reactions accompany diiteaw* of th« brain or spinal
c<)rd |w)nte<-oliunnf^).
Abnonnal electrical reaction*. dilTerinfc qnanlitattvely from the phyi
ological standard, usually ncc-onipiiny ledons of the gray matter of the cor
or the peripheral nerve- trunks. The ebaracter and extent of the Iccion may
he jnd^'L'd hy the promptness of response to the electric current and i>y the
prfMciui- of the reaction nf dfjieneraiiim.
Increated electrical reactions may aceonipany fceneral hvpei»^j<theMia of
tliB ncriiiUK .svi-teiii, and, if iniiiitipaiiied by reflex contraetiom- of muetcles
in remote parts of the body, it ■^tiiiseets increase of •i))inal encitJibility, such
u» iHiiin' in strychnine pojsi>niri;i, tciiiiuis. hydrophobiii, and other form* of
disease. Should this phenomenon be restrioted to n .iinj;h' mnscU'. or group
of muscles supplied by a siniile ncrvL--lrunk, the lesion is probably locatod
in the afferent nerve. Dr. ifaynes' sums up the diajenniitic points in paial-
yaia arising from disease of the ftray nmtter i>f the cord as follows: —
"When the abnormal reactions are unifonn, extending ov«r an entire
limb, the disease iiccnpies a tiia>>i of its snhslancc. as in the inflammation of
the snbstnnce of the cord (myelitis).
"'Klentro-tlieniptiitica," C. M. Tlnyiwii, M.[).. Uiitagu.
I
BLROTKIOITT IN UBDIPIKK — Kl.BCTBO-THHBAFBUTK
8ST
"If tbey nre confined to certain iihvsinloKicul groups of miivrU-c the
dixoAM hn» gcniTilly Ik.'iti clironio iiiul iinpluiitcH lh« anterior roots of tho
iBpiosI nvrvef. af in progTCMiv* mntoulor atrophy.
"If thr tlot;i'n4'mtv niu^cKis rt^iict in iiii irr<-)i;iilnr mnniier, neither accunl-
iag to distribution nor function, the dieeaee has iiKuailj bc«u the tvmU of
■n acute inflnininiitioti of thv nntonor cornnn, which haei destroyed eonie of
the nutritive ccnlri'!! and left others intact (poliomyelitii anterior).
"Whi-n a HiTvc ia finind deficient in rcsjioiisp, and raiiM^le normal, it
shows ulteration in the former, the tatter remainin); intiitt, qk i« iiometimc
iwcn in Ihi- rarlv !>ta){o of infantile paralyaii.
'The electrical reactions in pcnyilicnil [jarulysis indicate with oxnctitudc
I the extent nnd di^ilrihuliiii) of Ibr diM-nut'.
"When the electrical reactions are normal it indicslcs a punlyslt »f
alight and temporary' form; pro^osis i» favorable.
"LoM of response when either current is applied to uervc-lniiiks point*
to oerve-n Iteration, and this in in proportion to diminution of action.
"Low of response to faradii-m, applied directly to it muMrle, iiidimteaa
changfs in the intramu^ctilnr nerves without nece^'iary alteration of ihfll^
libr4« theniRdvo.
"1/iiM of reaponflc irith f^lvanism Applied to the muscles shows a mod-
tfieation or destmctton of the uiueeular tissue, nnd lhi« in proportion to thr
pbfvical ohan^eH induced."
The indications for the dilTcrenl forms of current arc alw well sum-
I lurized bv the name author: —
''On|viini«m is indicated in those cases in which wv wish to cicito the
nerves of the skiu. to destroy the outer skin or mucous membrane, to producej
an inemw ■>( warmth, to produce a chemical proc«K.s and ab»A blood-coagu*
Ution.
''lu eerlttin (teripheral palitii)» in whieh faradism fails, j^alvaniam, prob>
ably in consequence of its uninterrupted duration, produces elTeets which
mnnot be brought about by the neceiti<arily rapidly-interrupted faradic
caireDl.
'*When a muRcle hn.t loot all power of responding to the !<timulaB of a
faradic current, in many eases its sensitivcDese may be restored by the appli*
cation of a tolerably iitronf; ^Ivanic current.
"Karadism is indicated where we wiiih to excite either the motor or
ceiUMiry nerve!*, to produce contractions of the blood- or lymphatic vtsseU,
to alfeet certain organs supplied by the "vnipathetic ncne. To lucreaM- the
volume of a muscle: lliis il aectimpiisheB ihmugh exciliutt umtwular coii-i
traction, which inerenjses the tenipcniture and at the same time improves
thr nutrition. To relax a tense muBcle, or to loosen a peripheral contractor,
single shocks from a etrong faradic current are generally more ueetui than
the galvanic.
"Galvanism nut only acts as a powerful stimulant to nerves and muscles
when interrupted, but durinj; the time it iit pafwing without intemiption
. il produ€e« a marked altemtion in the nutrition. To this efToet Komak gave
Pthe name 'catahTio action."'
When iMiratywd nnwchT i-xbiliii I he reacliim of degeueratiou they are
mure «-nsiiive to galvanism than faradinm: therefore the former should be
^velecled to improve their nutrition. With ihi" exccplinu, fanidism is a more
DWprfu! a^ent in the direct treatment of paraty^Eed muscles than galvanijjn.
888
NOK-POABUAOAL KBHKDIBS AKD OBNSBAI. THBR.irRrTICD.
According to l)r. Itockwell, in paraljsU of one side ot tlio liody,
hemiplegia, when the mufli>li-s eontract more re&dily tmiter the intluvnce
electricity than in health, electricity, if need at all. nhmild bo in the form of
a very mild faiadio current; even though the muscular contractiOBS are not
escited quite so readily as in a normul eundittoii, the faradic is still to b«
preferred. On tlie contrnrv, when the contractility of the mueclee ie very
(fn-utly dimiuiEhfd. the {[aWanio cum'nt is iiuliculed, the fnmdic current
hcin); only employwl after the muscles begin to contract under it? influence.
In most caecB of pnralyHis of the lower hulf of the body, or paraple^, there
will he found, afler a short time, more or l<*s comjilete loss of farado-mus-
eulur contractility; the galvanic current alone is useful in (he»r c«^-<> to
restore nerre-exeitahility, although the taradic may be usefully employed to
improve the impaired nutrition of (he paralyzed members.
Fareria, or a condition of partial paralysia, is frequently materially
benefited by electricity, both galvaniem and induced currents Iwing em-
ployed. Here we may again caution against the use of too strong currents
Aud too prolonged administration. The contractions of the affocled muscles
should be slowly produced, so as not to fatigue the muscle or cause diMom-
fort to the patient. In constipation, owing to defective pmslatsii^, often
due to a paretic condition of the- muscular tissue in the intestinal wall, very
prompt cITfCts can be obtained by either faradi^m or galvanism. In using
the former a sponge- covered electrode, well moistened, is placed over twme
indilTercnt point upon the surface, or it may be held in one hand; the other
(similarly prepared) electrodo is passed around the abdomen in llie direction
of the large bowel, commencing at tho right side, just over tho ciecum, and
padually following the DBcendiiig, trauaverac, aud defending colon to the
nginoid flexure. This may be accompanied by knending ihc abdomen, or
percussion (abdominal massage). For the appUcatios of galvanism an olive-
Shaped electrode may be passed into the r«ctum, the other being placed on
the surface of the abdomen, in the form of a flat sponge. A moderately weak
current, not strong enough to cause burning or other disngreeable sensation
to the patient, is now passed, and the current broken and reversed several
times B miTiiito, If the constipation be simply due to inertia or paresis the
effect will be prompt, plearant. and highly satisfactory to both patient and
phyxirian. The Ireatment of enlai^d prostate in conducted in much the
same manner, with a b pec ially*con strutted electrode introduced into the
nrctuni. When the itiiddle lobe is espi-cially implicated, we may obtain veij
satisfactory results from the use of an insulated electrode introduced into
the urethra. In the treatment of Giaves's disease "Cardew {Laru:el, July I,
1891) advises' a galvanic current, 'i to ^< niilHumperc«, to be applied three
times a day. six minutes to be taken in each application. The anode should
be placed at the nape of the neck; the cathode should be moved from
mastoid process along the course of the great nerves. ITie electrodes arc fle
ibie metal, covered with wash-loathor, three and a half inches in diameter'
for the anode, and one and a half inches in diameter for tbi- cathode. Four
Leclanch^ cells or three bidiromiite cells will suffice. Six Scltoll's chloride*
of-silver cells (<it-y) will be enough, and can be used by the patient in his
home. 'I'he following directions are given: Thoroughly moisten the elec-
UIU
■ter^
■ The tnlrmUv Unllnil iliiff<i:lar, ScpL 1, 1801.
RI-EfTRIClTT IN MEDICtXB — ELECTRO-THBai.Pl!rTIOB.
xmdtt with wsrm water. Apply the snodc to the n«M> of the neck, making
firm pressure; apply the cathode to the inaiitoid, ana move it up and down
•lowly ftlonf; the titemo-niBstoid mtiack. Ench application vliould last six
minutes. Instmctiong ran be written out for the patients, and they can
apply th« current at home. The author has iiat-d this meami of treatment in
a large number of canefl, and belieres it to be of great benefit in the rnat
majority of case* of Graves's diecAse. H« has had failun's, hwt it has been
supep-sfiil where other m>riiis ha\i- failed."
Electricity in Oynvoolog^— the Apottoli Method. — The convenience,
(leanliness. and effieiency of electricity have combined to make it an indU-
priiMhlc adjunct to other therapeutic measures in various uterine and pelvic
disorders, and, indeed, in some it has proved to be Ihe remedy par ucelUnet.
In the reaction from the uttrnmcclianical measures of a preeedin^ genera-
lion and the uttraeur:gical tendency of the present, thoughtful physicians
have welcomed the treatment of many diiwaRCS of the uterus and adnexa
which was introduced and practiced with such brilliant results by the late
M. Oeor^-i' .AjHXttiili. of Pari*. He first directed the attention of the pro-
temon to the treatment of endometritis by the use of galvanic currents of a
otrr-n^th prcTioiisly unheard of in medical annals. By means of wtiet he
termwi the "chemical, galvanocaustic current," of from 100 to 300 milliam-
p^re*, he succeeded in chct'king liromorrhage, rrlicvine pain, removing
chronic inflammatory prodtict^, producing involution, and restoring nonnw
function and condition. The method can be«t be explained in dtwuwiiDg ita
therapeutical appHration^k The principal peculiariliu« of this method havVJ
already been alluded to, and they are well illustrated in the following bricf^
statement of its apjilications: —
In endontetntii ailcndi-d br much haimorrhage or other discharge
Apostoli uf*d a metallic sound insulated, except at its termination in the
uleraii. by a cclhiloid sheath or cannula. The active portion of the electrode
is of platinum or of gold, so that it will not be corroded by the decomposing
fluid when uwd for the positive pole. Dr. A. H. Goelct, of New York, haa
devised a set of graduated, interchangeable, non-corrosive steel tips for thial
pnrpOM-, which an* dunilile and comparatively cheap, Dr. Walling ha* used
gaa-carbon tips, which are easily replaced if broken; they are made from
mrbon jw>int* fnuch an an' u**d in the ordinarj- arc lightx), and are afRxed
to a stout copper wire, which may be insulated with rubber varnish or by
melted fhcllae. Dr. .Andrew F. Currier, of Xew York, employs vaginal and"
Dterine electrodes of aluminum with a cylindrical, removable tip of "
inam, the vhaft being covered with thin rubber tubing. Thew poaocM th«
advantages of lightness, flexibility, and comparative cheapness. The second
elpctrwlp of Ap^B-toIi i» a large flat surface of nmiKt day, which admit* of
accurate molding to the abdominal wall. If it is not flnuglv fitted, under
the effect* of hijrh currentii it may caute pain and even bliotcring of th«
akin. The objection* to Apostoli'i clay electrode are that it is heavy, awk-i
ward t4> handle, and dirty. This may he obviated t» *ftw extent by the'
plan of Dr. Goelet. of Xew York, in which the clay is made into the con-
sistence of putty and rolled flat; it is then envelojied in a layer of abaorbcnt
rotlon and covered with linen cra«h; finally, a sheet of rubber cloth ta :~
•Tied to the hack, by means of which it may W hamllvd and the patienft
clothing kept dr?'. Tlie metal contact plate is presaed into the clay under-
neath the cotton, and a binding-post t-xtenda through the back, by which
800
KOir-PIIAllMAPAL RKUHUtKS AXtl OKSBBAL THKltArRrnCS.
the appantas may be cnmiefiled with the appropriate cord. Another iIpvI
for tn« Mnic purpo«o hni^ hucu )i<Ii)iili'<i )iy Or. Kranklin 11. Slertio. o:
Chicago, and it coneiete of a concave, metailic, nickel-plated clectrodt-. tin?
lowur Hiirfnov of wiiicli in a i>)iC4't of iiiernbrane Kurrniimlcii liv an iiisulattd.
rim to prevent the plate from eoniiiiff in contact with the Bkiii. When »tc
nhoiit a pint of wnrm wuler i.-< poun-d into the interior tlimiiich a centra
opening in the plate, which i'^ then closed with a scrow-cap, The transuda-
tion of the tenter tlirimj^h the iiienil>niii<- |)nidu<'i-s a nmint xurfnee for con-
tact with the abdominal wall. TliiD ap|>ara1tis i^ cleanly, and it ie claimed
1>}' Dr. &Inrtin to Ik- (jiimhte of trHminiitin^ very hi}«v,v ciirrentn without
pain or local action upon the skin. The streni^li of current employed by
ApoKtoli ithould not be nininlained Um^, — the duration will depend upon
the character of the caiic; uifually it laetfi from three to ten minuteti. an*
not repealed oftener than onee a week or every ten days. For several da;
after the application mori' or Il-ks Htnguinolent and serouH diMharge ma
come troni the ii(«rii8, but untewi antiseptie preeantionit have been neglect
fever is not likely to be manifest. Tile number of sittings rc<)tiired for a
cure will vary very gn-allv awording to Ihe chrnniiity and londition of the
CHse.
HmnorrfaageB from the Uterut. — Apostoli caU(<d the poiiitive electrode
"the biimonlatif pole." and in pcrsiKtent htemorrliagee he employed positive
eleetriKation by the intra-ulerino iiountl, the negative being connecti.d with
the nbdominul large plate electrode. Dr. G. Botton Maesoy reports several
esses in which ettrrenl.i nf from -10 to ■'iO milliami>&re« were curative in a
few applications. When heavier current?- are used, he advises having two
flat elecIrudcM, one on the alxJomen ami one at Ihi? hfltk of the patient, Ixilh
eonneeled with the same electroiie, thiii^ very ninth rednciiig the liability
to production of pain. The applications may be made every two or three
day*. Then; i*, probably, miJigent i>f the materia mcdicu which will cheek
hsmorrhago so effectively and promptly as the positive pole: and it ia far
preferable to I be ordinary mineral or vegetable a*triiigent»! or styptics. Even
in cases of myoma or cancer the etfecta of the positive pole have Iteen highly
successful, while in ordinary mcnorrhagiu, due to pathological conditloiu
of the mucosa, it is curative after a few applications, both nf the hiemor-
rhagcs an<l (Ik^ ohronio leuoonhcea. In such caws swelling eurrouls to
or v50 milliamperes are eniploycd.
For the relief of « painful condition of the nterui or OTBFiei the ))osi.'
tivc pole is used as abnve. but the current need not be more than 20 to 30
Diillinmpercs. nircly «s high ui" -50 miliiainpijres. The applications, however,
ahould be more frequently made,— «very day at first, — ttrancfs lasting from
five to eieht minntes. In some cases this expedient will gain time and afford
temporary relief while the patient is lieing prepared f<ir surgical operation.
On the other hand, if an opiTation has been performed and the ovaries
removed, pain may still persist, and here electricity will meet the indication
better than any other resource.
XTterine Cancer Treated by Electricity. — The good effects .\[M>stoli had
in the treatment of myomiila willi ilectncity led "Dr. Wernitz.' of Odrwot,
to uee it in carcinoma of the uterus. He re|Kirts four eases of carcinoma of
on
r a^
ioTU
tior- I
' flrrl(»cr kmiitrlie Wofhentchrittj Se jL Sli, 1800.
KLKmilOITy IS MKDICIXB — KLBTTHO-THKBAPKlTltS.
■If
thv HUTUK ID which h« t:iiii>hi>'c(I llic gnlvniiic t-urreiit. The reeults hv reports
are Uie following: —
I. C«nipli-lv cvtwnlioii of pain, Pntivnu who vould only bo eased with
elrong narcotic remedies enjaved. after a few apfilicHtion&, coniplfli* frewlom
iif paiu. K"ii>il ii]i{>ftite. and mjiind ski-p. in toiitn'tjiifni-c of which (heir gen-
eral condition iintiroved.
a. Th*' di«hiirji:i'» wore dt-diludU rvduct-d in ()Uiiniit)' mid hirmon-hage
Whether a crmipMv cure or etwation of the cnncerous priH-«ieeH could
W «!ipect«I after a long-contimied upplicatiDn of the galvanic ciinvnt, Dr.
HVrnilK doe* not n-nhire to Klalv, liii; ruvoralili- rwtiltf no far jtaimtd by
him with electricity he asonbeH to the chemic-jil and elecirolytic nt-lion of the
canvM.
Sterility mav result from niauy cause«. If it reMilts »iinply from ini-
[K-rfrtt dcvcJopnH^nl or itcftTtivo nouriohtni-iit of th« iitmiB and ovariiii, or to
catarrhal i^ndonielritii<, i-lwtricit.v is "f decided value. In the former ciiei-,
idifin, cy^-mHtic-idly applied, two or thnt- ti?n« a wcok in th<r inter-
leostruat periods, wit! >ttiindate development, and. in the latter, galvanic
(■UfTciiti. i>( iiiild fitrciigth will nmovc Ihv caii«i-.
OyimenoTrhcM may ali>o he cauHed by defective dewlopnient, sDd
faradioin nyrtfrnatiially applied will alTnrd nmrkod relief. Where mechan-
ical caiiites exist, the discovery of their nature may auggeet other expedients,
bill iho intra-iitcriiie negative idectrode, with weak foilvnnio current*, will
prwiiici' e!cct?lk'nt n-^ultfl as ri?gatd£ the relief from pain and discomfort.
Iiflammatory exadation. the rcvuH of peritonitis hmv inesrcorott? thi- uleniii
and innrit'i- and make (ht'in iiiinnnabh'. This ik vapHliIe of nmpiiomlioii, it
cure, tbroujib absorplion of the exudate, according to the Apoeloii method.
In subinTolation, which may lie alti-iidod by i>uin, xlcrility. and nieiiHlnjal
disorder, or luemorrhage, faradimn is ver>- useful, but weak galvanic currenta
(3(1 to 30 miIlinm[H'-rew) will iiialerially iinalKt in rc-ftoriug the organ to a
ttorraal coadition. In all cases of hypersecretion from the uterine mucous
raembnine, thv luwitive giiivuiite pol<> ih promptly effioicnt in ortTtwrniiig Ibis
condition.
It in, however, in utenne mjronu <or leiomyoma), myofibroma, and
Sbroma that the A]>o$toli method comes in direct opposition to the practice
and t<'U<'hing« of the iiurgical gvna'colo^Ul. It ivrtainly should be )M>rno
in mind, throughout the disciimion of the (hcmivcutics of this form of neo-
plasm, Ihat ilH lifi--hl]ttory it* not well known. The original cause of the
growths has not been discovered; they may remain for years of about the
■■me Win} and then iiuddenly lake on renewed growth, or they may undergo
involution and become the m-uI of degenerative change*. In many cases,
pccially if amall, they may cause but little discomfort, and may he ijuil*
cidentally diseovcretl during lift; or pa-<t-morteni: in others they are^i
without reference to their size or number, acx-ompanied by congestion, hltni*
orrhage, and variou* Kymploius of disonliT chilling for r*'lief. The submu-
i,iin>' variety lends lo become polypoid, and readily admits of dftt-clion and
removal; the intrnniunil and subjicriloni-al forms, on the coulrnry, are :
rnsilr re*o)tnized. and rcipiin- a more wrioii* operation for their relief. ThcM
irrowths are now HcicutiRcally treated by the meth<Ml of ApoHtoli, which ha»
the indoiw-ment of some of the be»t authorities, such as Sir Spenw'r Wells.
Keilb.and many others equally well known an eoin)ietvnt todnndeupon the
89?
NOK-PUAlDIACAr. KEKKDrES AXD aKNRSAL THEBlPErTICS.
relative merits of electricity and laparotomy.* A verj temperate summing
up of tbc prwent nubjecl of conlroveray may be given in the words
U8BS«y: —
1. A properly-conducted electrical trealmenl of solid fihroids is hann-
leee, will remove the irritation and paiu <tiie to their prei<cnco, am«t further
growth, and almost invariably cause a gradual diminution In their eixe.
2. Bleeding filiroiiU may be entirely ciircd of the ha-morrliagic tend-
ency and pain, arrested in growth, and f^radiially lessened in size.
3. It ie po«)<iltle for t]i<- dimiinitinn in the eir-e of the tumor to end onljf^
in its complete disappeamnce.
•t. In tmalt intramuml Rhroid« nurrouuded by unimpaired uterine ti
sue, the current applications tend to promote their disengagement from the
uterine etromn and cxtennion either into the uterine or peritoneal envity. In
the former case a complete cure mny result by delivery of the tumor, and
in the latter caitc a lessening of its t^'mptomatic impnrlnnee.
5. The time neoev^sury for u satisfactory shrinkage should not be too
^puringiy measured with the slow cases. Quick symplonuitic cure and «low
shrinkage are often assiic-iutcd in Ihc same c-nse.
<). In fibroid tumors that have undergone cystic degeocration a treat-
ment by strong currents may do hnrm, being apt to set up changes in the
liquid contents of the cavities that may result in septicemia.
A uniform reeiilt in Mnssey's experience is that the first two or three
applications, even if strong ones, do not usually cauttc an apprecinble dimi-
nution in the size of the tumor, but a striking and almost inevitable conse-
auence is a prompt disappearance of any fendeniew about the mai*. If this
OM not occur, it will he ffiund. as pointed out by Apnstoli, tlist some pro-
nounced disease of the sppendagcs co-exiets. Fetid or too abundani leucor-
rhtea is promptly relieved after ii few apwiirations. There is also a marked
improvement in the general physical health of the patients under ihis treat-
ment; the abdominal walls increase in adipose, the appetite and digestion
improve, the bowels becom<' nion- regular, and the chronic invalid finds him-
self restored to health and usefulness.
It is proper to state, however, ihul some observers have not had as happj
re«uU> with electricity as those just named. Dr. .lohn Unmans,* of Boston,
communicated his results in 34 caws of uterine fibroma, in only 2 of which
had the size of the tumor diminished. The general health had improved in
15 eases, had been worse in 2, iind 1 death was stiribuled to the treatment.
Profuse hicmorrhage had been diminished to a normal or bearable degree
in a, had been increased in ti, and unchanged in 9. Locomotion had been
made easier in it! cases and more tiresome in S. Pain was lessened in 6
eases, increased in 2, and unnfTected in 6. The menopause occurred In 4
cases after treatment had been begun. In consequence of such unsntisfaetory
r(«tdts Dr, llomans diwcontiuiu'd the use of <-!ectricity in this cla&sof disca^rs
in favor of abdominal i-ection. It is well known that the late Ijiwson Tait
was an outspoken inilagmiiM to llie .\p(tKloli method. It is impossible to
'Additional cvidpnct- as to tW value of his method, coUcctcd from Rn)[li*'> nnd
Ain«ri»n auuroeii, was puhliHhvd b;' Dr. Apo-itutt in "Travotu d'K]i>rlrolh»rapie
G]rn(oologii)UR." I>t*, ThoniRA Krilh and Skrne Krilli stalu that during more Ihsii
two TCara m whifh Ihpy liad tiiiidoji-cl AjiostoH's mFthod* they had n.ii pFrfortned
a ringle Uparntomy for uterine dbromu.
*Proi:tnciat lUattenl Jnuriinl. .tune 1. ISftl, p. 382.
M
F\
BLKCTRICITY IN UKttlCtNK— BLBCTRO-THRBAPEUTtCS.
893
recoDcile the contlictinf; leporia tui to the relative value of these two radically-
di(r<'rent pluns ol trwHincnt; but it may Im admitted hy both parties to the
dispute that electricity can uever be practiced sticcessfully by the general
pmctitiouer, u»It»fl \w know« more about olectnoa! science than the arerage
phyeician docs. Jiiet aa special skill is required to perfonn an abdominal
section for removal of the utcrun mid appendages Buccessfully, so we may
acknovledge that treatment of uterine fibroma rc<[uire8 xpecial skill and
knowledge. We also may conclude that at present the data are wanting
which would enable tis to say, at the bcfjcinnini; of treatment, whleh cases
nquin surgical interference and which are proper subjects for electrical
treatment. It is claimed by Joseph Priec that, in eases which come ulti-
nately for operation after a more or less prolonKcd course of electricity, the
OEwnition i* ren(Iere<l more iliflicull, and timt adlit-sionii n:*\ih directly from
the treatment. Just here theie is irreconcilable antagonism between the ad-
Ttx-ateM of the two m<^Uio<l.i. Apostnli rtaimi^l good rMulttt upon diH^'^Hed
condition of the uterine appendages. Dr. Willis E. {lallowetl,' advocating
this tn-alment, liayf; "Wht^n we llnd the tnbcH and ovari<^ nione iufltmed,
excepting for the present, at least, those cases in which tJiey contain pus or
other fluid, hydro- and pyo- Kulpinx, ovarian ab«ci-s:e, and cystic ovaric«, wc
have in galvanism a very etticient curative agent. I have seen a number of
tubes about the «ixe of the little finger, moro or Ie» h&rd and rery trader,
become of normal size, consistency, and neniubility; and likewise oraries,
variously enlarged, prolapsed, and exquisitely lender, become of normal sixc,
and, in many cases, return to their normal ptiMilion."
The advice of thia writer is much to the point. If pus or other fluid
be present and its infective character l)e made probable by recency of occur-
rence, by fe^er, or by repented atteeks of pelvic inllHmmuliui), laparotomy
is indicated, and at once. lie further declares that if we can satisfy ourselves
by good evidence of the eii.4lenoe of a closed colloction of fluid, even thongh
We have no evidence of its virulence, it is advisable to remove it by opera-
tien. laparotomy may even tlnd an ally in electrii^ily. The good effect* of
the latter upon the general health and nutrition may place a patient in better
condition to pius through the ordeal of a capital operatinu; on the other
hand, an operation may fail in iIk i^ikmI results owine to eellulitic exudation,
which can he removed by subsequent electrical treattiient. He concludes* by
the slatcnicnt of his ''conviction that wc have in electricity an agent which,
with careful study of what is already known and future invextigation^, will
become, in the huiidy of a good electrician and a thorough gyniecologist, oiie
of the most important weapons in the struggle against di«en«e in woman,
though it can hardly become the panacea which many of its advocates hare
daimed it to be."
Just what if> claimed 1>y the advocates of electrical methods may be
learned from a communication read by Dr. Apostoli at one of the Inter-
national Medical Ciingrcjci>(r!s of which the following summary presents the
leading pnints:—
1. Thi> constant italvanic current i« indicated principally in gynffcology,
in endometritis and fibroma: of paramount value in vascular derangements
and pain (amenorrhtea, dysmenorrhoea, and metmrrhugia) ; it is abo a potent
means for arresting the growth of benign neoplasnts, and promoting the
> .V«n*rrj>(4ni tjtnerl, 1801, p. SS.
894
NUN-PIIARMACAI. RKIIBmtCB AXI> UKKKRAI. TIIKHAI'KrTK^.
absorption nf pt^riutorino oxudal ioi». It exerts a very mlulBrj' rceolvL>n
action in periutiTine ph1o<;nm8iai^, and iii Minir I'tUM's nt ralnrrhal ctvaro
salpin^nliii; hut it is iiiefficii^nt Hmi evi-n does harid in high dwBKf. esiKi-inll^
if ihi' nci;iitir<.- poU- k iistd in tht- utiTii*. in ^iipjinriitiv.- |)hlef;iuai4ia.t nt the
appendtKea. Tliis vnrialile intolerance, which is inc-rcaecii l>v iin intliini-
mntiirv cnnililion nf the npprndiigi-^, proii-K a vnliiiihlc nienni* of din^niMia in'
determintn;; the existence and cliuracler of periuterine, liquid cITununs (Nin*
viiinolvnt or pnnili'nt), whirU huvo heen nnknown or mtroly Duspeetctl, am)
nastene in these casee a delayed or refused operation.
2. The ctTertM of tii^ {tmiitanl ^'slvanic etirrent are polar and interpolsr.
The trophic and dynamic inlerpolar at-tion, which incri'ti*!'* an the wjiinre o
th« given intenniiv, isdietinet from the iiolar action; this action, a;^ .\|>ostol
hOM Fhown lis. dillcrs HCitmlinj^ to Ihc pole used, jfivinx "* 'he calorific action
pro<hiced b_v the passage of the current (to increase interstitial circulation),
and, finallj. Iliciuilificptic ticlion o( thr ponitivc pole, the experinnntal ilco)-
onMralion of vrhich has been given us recently by Apostoli and Ijipnerrien;,
3. Galvanic npplicalionii in hijtli itinta^Ee, nceit in varying anioimiK from
&*i milliatnp^rpa iipvard. dependent upon the tolerance of the patient nr the
vlinieal indicntion, arv the fuiidniiienlal liaKio of ApoKloIi'n rnethoil, aiid
prt-M'nt the following points in their favor: {a) The utilization of Ta^cular
drainage, a direct i-ffi-ct of tin* cnlorific action due to the rwiijilaiu-e to ihe
pMMge of the current, and in direct proportion to the laqtiare of the in-
t«iuily. (t) The anti-ieptio or niicrohicidal action, which incrt-asett with the
given intcmtily. (f) The rapidity and cRicucy ol the rcstdts prodnoifi. whic
are in proportion to the Aqiiare of the electrical energy, the fiirmnia for wliic
is ana logon H to that of iW iiicntturc of liir cm-rgy of otln-r iiiitunal forresd
Q = */jm v. ((f) The general applicahiliiy of this method to retracto
caaea (painful and ^uhperitonenl tibromntit. fungoii-i endometritii', etc.). an
to young women, (e) The infrc(]nency of n-lap^?. which, all things hein;
equal, are leaat apt to occur when the strongest currenii* have been employed.
4. If the vaginu! application of the galvanic current (which in (he
method proposed by ('heron for lihromata alone, and used aini-e by A.
Martin, Itrachc, M^miiVrc, Oniitiup?. Cnrpcntcr, Munde. and others) gives any
results, they are very inferior to those of the intra-titerine applicjiiion. ubich
ahotild always be the method of choice: (a) Bucaune it utilises the tnaxiiuum
of the given current and its energj*. (i^) Because it uiilizes the antiseptic
action of the positive pole, which is entirely loail, and is not prt^ont in the
interpolsr circuit or at the negative pole, (c) liecauae it adds the derivativi
and I'Huslic action of the intra-uUrine Application, treating thus at the nma'
time the simple cndomelntis, or the secondary endometritis, whieli so often
complicates fihroniata and periuterine phlegmasia-, thus insuring a more
rapid, complelc, and pcnnanent cure, (tf) Because it is more elTiTtiml than
the vaginal application in relieving pain and producing a tolerance for
higher dosage, and. by thus allowing the use of currents of incrca«ng in-:
tensity, the vascularity is increased and the best results are attained,
.I. Vaginwl giilvHno-jiuniluri's, "2 to 5 millimetres (one-lwelfih lo one-
Hfth of an inch) in depth, made with a niifonn Irocar of gold, insulated
throughout except at the point, aro a very useful complement to the tn(n
Mterine treatment proposed by Apoefoli, by better localizing Ihe galvani'
Rclion, and by ijicrcuKing. in some case», ibc clliciency of small and medium
do#*s.
n
1
KLIH-TKICITT IS MElllCtNI! — EL!!(rrRO-THEE.ll'KUTia(.
8IIS
Th« innocuitv of hie intra-utcrinc sppHcatioiiK i« proved: Firsi, by the
, inillcl innocuity of the ch«micnl n>ii1 other hnrsJi methods of inlTU-utorino
tppotmeiit ; eecondly. by the datietics ^inthcrid (mm nil piirt« of the world,
knd iKtrtiiiilnrly hv his own atatisties, which he ha-" widely pul)li«hfil,
Details of Operation. — The tippnnittiM reijuin'd nre a good battery or
fourn! of electrical enerKy, capable of maintaining a current up to i-""" or
300 mitliumpm-s when tlic body of Ihi- patient, n rheostat, and a miltiam-
peremefer are in the circuit. The electrodes have already been ciifliciently
uewrilK'd. It may he stiilciJ, however, that for applicntionit of le*a than 100
roitliamp^res the day abdominal elvctrode may be eubstitulfd by lowela
wrung out of hot vrat«r or wet ahttorhent cotton laid upon the eurfnce, upon
which the lead plate to which the electrode is altHchcil may be placed. The
mtra-uti'rinc eleclrode, ao poinled ont by Mnasev, jihouM he iniiulaled nearly
to iie extremity, leaving only about two and a half inches cxposi-d. so ihnt
it sJiall not cauterize the cervical canal and tlius induce subsequent slrictute.
This electrode should be so constructed a« to permit of thorniigh clt«ni>ing
and boiling for several hours before it is used.
ThelMitlcry should he tested prior to opcmtion and the m ill lamp j>re-
meter examined. This Is done by placing all the celia in action and gradu-
ally turning on the controller, while watching the effect upon the meter.
The controller should then be reversed until the current is entirely cut off.
when the appurntiis is ready for use in llic opcmtion. The con ducting -cord it
should be carefully examined, #» as to delect atty poscihle hreak. Detennine
the proper size and cun-e of the sound, and properly disinfect it. Tlie cun-e
ia boat made with the aid of an alenhot-lamp, nnd while the sound is heated
the in^ulalion may be secured by applying gum-sbeltHc in mich a way a* to
eorer all breaks and weak spots. Arrange the gynecological table or couch
M that it will be convenient to hold the sound in place with the left hand,
leaving the right hand to manage the current-controller.
The patient should Iw informed of the chnracter of the operation and
of the neceeeity of keeping absolutely still, so as to avoid shock or disarrang-
ing elw^irodes or wires. The application should not chhw pain beyond a
slight burning, and the patient should nt once inform the operator if the
current canaes more pain than this, when the ourrftnt can he promptly dimin-
isbtd by the controller. The bowels should be evacuated by a purgative, fol-
lowed by an enema, and Uie vagina should have a pn>limiuary irrigation with
an antiseptic solution shortly before the operation. If there should he any
pimples or abraaions on the surface of the abdomen they should be covered
with small pie*"** of vrnxed pajHT, or paper smeared with vasclin or lard upon
the surface next to the skin. The details are further described n» follova
(ahbrevialed from Masiey):—
Placine: the Electro'det. — 1. Apply the clay (or the ilarlin) elwrtrode
omooihly u(>on ihi' iilni.mi.-ii. and attach to the binding-post the cord of the
plate which is desired to be indifferent.
2. .\lta('h a disconnected conduct ing-eord firmly to the inlra-uterine
electrode, and in^^rt it as any other sound is inserted, uaing all the prei-an-
tions reeomnwnded in the paiwage of thin instrument. At first it may only
b« possible to introduce a filiform, flexible instrument, but after a positive
oftuterixation enbM>quent introductions will he easier, and lai^'r instrumenta
may be used. A speculum, ait the rule, is not needed, as the sound should
b« guided by the linger alone in its introduction; it should be held firmly
696 ' HOK-rUARUAOAL nBMnDIKS AKD GBXBnAt. THKRArXCTICS. '
in place bj; the left hand durinK the passage of the current, the finger being
ia ihc ragina.
3. After eeuing that tho connections arc all right and the controller at
ZOTO, the cord of the intra-ulerine electrode should l>e attached to the bind-
ing-poet of th« polo that is to lie active, llie patient now being ready, the
current is slowly turned on, until 30 or 4U inilliampi'ri>* are shimn by the
meter. After n^nling at thi* point for a few minute^ 10 or 30 milliEimperL's
may be added; but, ae the rule, 40 or 50 inilliampftret will luRice fi>r the
first treatment, especially if the patient he nerrotis. The meter should b<-
constantly watched, as well ok the poliL-iit's countt-nance, and on the fint
sign of pain the current ehoutd be reduced by the controller. The active
electrode may be moved, ho an to bring it in contact with all parts of the
endometrium, core bein^ taken not to perforate the fundus. The current
is maintained at its maximum from two to ten ininuteo, and then gradually
lessened. When heavy currents are used (200 or 3U0 milliampf^re») the lime
■hould be Khortencd, except in tumor caa«i'. The decrease of current shoald
bo gradually produc«d by slowly revenging the controller until the needle
of the meter falU to zero. The ftound ta then remoTcd, and the ahdominal
Elate taken away. It is best to have the patient n-t>t awhile before going
ome, particularly if she is obliged to walk. Maseey insists that, in every
ease where at lea«t 100 miUiampi-rcH have hena uvcd. the patient «liould lie
down immediately upon reaching home, and remain inactive during the
remainder of the day, so as to avoid iiiflunimatory roacUon. There will k*
sanguineous, followed in twenty-four hours by a purulent, discharge, and
thiire nuiy he some colicky pain», but the recumhc-nt iioslwre, with antiseptic
vajtinnl irritriitioris twiee diijiy, will soon cause thesi' to iiuh^ide. For Ihe
treatment of many cases of endometritis, unaccompanied by hyperplasia,
current* of 20 to -id milliampi>re8 uro quite »itllicicnl, while the heavy rur-j
rents are especially required in tumors, large hypertrophy, or inQamnuttory
exudation. Three times a week is us often a» the operation can he pcrformedl
witJi safety; in many cases twice, or even onoe. a week will suffice.
Dr. Ma^ey gives the following coutra-indicalious to operations under
the Apostoli method: —
1. The presence of the menstrual flow.
2. The existence of acute metritis or perimetritis.
3. The co-existence of abscess anywhere in the pelvis.
•1. Pri'^'rnim.7,
Faradism in Gynsecology.— Apostoli used the faradic curreul in aeute
J^bniinatory atfei^tlous of tlie uterine ami periuterine tissues and app«nd-
igfls. No stage of the intlammation, even the most acute, contra- indicates
the employment of the current. The bipolar vaginal electrode may be usetl,
applied in the neighborhood of the severest loeal pain. (Lieblg and Itoh6.)
In amenorrhcea both s^alvanic and induced lurrcnls arc employed. It '
is not necessary to apply the electrodes locally to the uterus or ovaries, since
experience has shown that electricity applie<l to a di.flutil portion of the body
will juereRse the nu-nBtnial flow, or stimulate it if arrested (except in preg-
nancy). The faradic current is employed in general fnrudixation, donK>-
nhdominal wilh tho dry hru.4h to the abcloininal walls, the inner sides of the
thighs, and also to tho soles of the feet.
In obstructive dysmcnorrhoea .\postoli used faradisation with a liipolar
electrode, the strength being regulated by the feelings of the patient. Coii-j
BLBCTBICITY IX UEDICINe — EI,BCTRO-TBEBAPErTIC&.
8!)r
gestive dyu&enorrhtta niur be relieved hy weak currcnU, fithcr iutn-uterine
(Apofitoli) or with llie uire brush 1u iiiimulate tht? euteoeous circulation over
iho abijomcii, while ^ulvanism from the cervix l<j Die RpJne (auode to ccrrtx,
cathode externally) may be combined with itdvanui >.'<-. The eame treatnwnt
is adriMd tor painful ovaric« and nervous dyBmeuorrlitBa; also for nou-
periodic or conelant pains in the pelvis. Daily, or even twie« a day, is not
too often for Ihr iipplimtiou of fnradlc <.-urr«ntit, which should be cxlromcly
rapid and perfectly smooth, m order to obtain the sedative effects.
In threatened abortion' an iiisuUlcd vairiiml electrode may be placed
against the os and a soft sponge electrode applied over the hypogaetrium
or Iumho-«acrnl region for ten miiinlpa at c-ach sitting, u»ing mild, smooth
currents. Dr. W. T. Baird, of 'I'exae,' used it in three cases, in which he
succeeded in arresting h»morrhagv and preventing the expulsion of the
ovum, the patients afterward going on to full term. To arrest hfemorrhage
after abortion, awing to a relaxed uteruti, the mae current may be etnploj'ctl,
cither in the same manner or by using a double uterine electrode. )iy means
of which the current can he definitely localiised in the utL-run and produce
more forcible contraction (IJebig and Rohf). Kvcti in placenta prKvia the
faradic current is recommended, as strong as can be borne, in order to pro-
duce strong e<)uablc contractions of the mneculur fibrce. Dr. Baird claims
lluit during: parturitioB faraditiro is a valuable agent for relieving suffering,
and may take the phice of chloroform. lie uses the mediate method, one
Electrode being placed over the patient's nacrum, the other beiug attached
lo a wristlet upon the operator's nnn; he then pauses bis hand over the
juitieut's abdomen during the pains. Premature delivery may be brought
on by very strong currents, either faradic or galvanic.
Vomiting of pregnancy has been treated by Bordier and Vemey* by
simultaneous galvanization of both vagi. The method adopted is to have
a flat metal electrode (covered with wash-leather) of about ten square
inches, placed over the epigastrium, while two small electrodes are f«t on
the sides of the neck Wtween the Itiwcr bundles of the sterno- mastoids. The
latter are connected with the positive pole. The current should !«■ gradually
inereaaed or decreased, avoiding shocks. The rtrenglh of the current ahould
be 10 to SO milliamperes. Food is taken, such as a glass of milk sipjied slowly
during the application, and ihe eiirrcnt is increased if nausea appears.
i^actia, or deficient secretion of millc after delivery, yields promptly
lo faradic stimulation of the mainmary glands. Dr. Fry reported a case of
sappressed lactation in which galvanism was employed with complete eoc-
ctsw, only two application.'! being required. The active electrode (cathode)
was made of sheet lend, three by five inches, molded so as lo fit over the
brea«l, and covered with absorbent cotton. Hie anode was placed at the hack
of the neck. An average eurrout of 1" milliumperes was pasiwd for eight
minutes throiigh caeli broast.
Involution of the aterns after labor is husteiied by faradization, accord-
ing to .\pi.sloii ami Tripiir. Septic infection is ihu^ prevented by securing
contraction of the orgun. The lumbn-abdominal method is usually sufficient,
with daily sittings for a forlnight, or longer if neee.t>ary.
Id disorders of the male genito-urinary organs electricity is largely used
■ JiMitoM Jauntol nf ObiMrlrt, April. ISSS, p. 341.
'Arekltta 4-Bltvlroth*nitrit ilMUvlr. Uny 15, ISS8.
fS XOX-PHARUACAL KKHBDIBS AXD GENKHAI, TIIKltAI>ltUTtC9.
with marked tiicciH*. In pantlyaia, hypeneslhesia, stricture, fttnctional im-
potence, all tliive forDiB of vlcL'tricity mny he tjiiploytrd locally.
Paresis or parslysi* of the blftdder resulting from various causes, with
retention or incontiiirncc of iirint, i* oitvn markedly relieved. An iiwuliitfd
urethral eh-ulrodeis jiassed into the bladder, the other electrode being placid
over the peniuuiii. liypoga«trium, or lumbar re^jion, ami a current )MihM.-d
as strong as the patient con bear, gradually increasing the length of the
8ittijig8, thoHgh not exccvdin)^ ten minutes. The bladder sliould be partly
filled «ith a weak bornx Eolutinn. «o as to ditTuttu the current during its
passage; and tf there should he decomposition of urine with cystitis, irrij^-
tion of the bladder ^lould be practice onc« or twice daily, with mild anti-
septic BOlutione.
In nootamal incontinence of orine faradiom it v«ry sueeitMfuI, one cici--
trode being placed in the lower doruil region of the spine and the other over
Ihe pnhcc, or an iiijiulated urethral electrode may be introduced oa fur na
the neck of the bladder.
Fonctional impotence, ipermatorrhsa, and frequent noottimal loues
may be relieved in a similar miLtnicr to (hut jiitt indicated for noetuninl in-
continence of urine. In addition, the M'ire brush may be applied to the
external genitalia and (o Eh« inner tiide of the Ihighii, especially in functional
impotence and feeble erections. Mild gaWanic cathodal applications to the
neck of the bladder will al«o markedly reduce irritability and arrest the di«-
chargeB in spennatorrhcea.
Faradism in Eenal Colic— Dr. Carl D. S. Friih, of Philadelphia,' r.-
lates the case of a man. aged 48 years, who was taken severely ill on June
'i'i, 1900, wiili pains in the left kidney. lie gave a history nf tlirec prerioRK
attacks in whicn the pains were i^o bud that he went into convulttjoni^. ITii-
regulation treatment with morphine and atropine failed to give mor« than
momentary relief. ITc was then placed on his side with the sore kidney up,
the hip and legs elevated, and a faradic current, with interruptions of ifrom
sixty to eighty per niimitc. was applied to the front and back of the organ.
One-half hour of this gentle tapping of thi- kidney eased Ihe pain completely.
The patiettl jmv^'-(l wtili-r freely and was entirely relieved Sy thi.* treatment.
In hypertrophy of the prostate Tripier neommended an insulate<l »ouiid
in the nn'Ibrii nod tTie in the rectum, with the faradic current. .-\n electrode
of special shape for the rectum has been made, at the suggestion of lite
aulhor, for application to the base of the bladder and prostate, the neutral
electrode being placed over the abdomen.
The high-frequency cuvrenlP, according to d'Aisonval, confirmed bv
ApoBtoli. is elKeacious. Owing to its action upon the cell-function, it mi>il-
ities genernl nutrition, promoting and regulating it. 'ITie clinical resnli
claimed is a progressive restoration of general health. Tests of the urine
show increased activity in organic combiiKlioii, improved diureaiii, and easier
elimination of excreta, the proportion of uric acid returning to normal. It
is, therefore, of great value in gouty neuralgins. neurasthenia, dyspepsia,
eczema, vascular congoslions, ond manifestationa of lithoimia. In chronic
forms of rheumatism and gout it is useful, but not in the acute forms.'
Electrolysis in Medicine.— In cases of stricture of the urethra, rectum.
' ^frllinll Ifrmrd. Aii)ciiil lltli; ^eir York UedUvl Jounuit, Sept. 22, IDOO.
'Journal il'Uvoifnt. Dnri*, July 13, I80fl.
Ht-KCTRICITY IS MEDICINE — ELECTRO-THl!KAl*KlTICe.
or uwaphngUE. due to cic-AlTk'ial stonofis lUo opplicution of the method aa
practirw! by l)r. Neumann, o( New York, to etricture of the im-thrn, will
(KTvo to illtistroti.- tu ii*c(ii!nc!* in nil such t-oniiitioiw. It sluiuld be undor-
Glood that this is eotirelj different from cmilerixation such as seen in the
A[>o«luIi iiivth«d. Much milder ciirnntH are employed, and the principal
object in vieir is to cause the absorption of the inflammutory exudate, or Hcnr-
tiiBUe, which sottenit under the cleetrolylic influence of the ourrent; but
there is no charriug of tissue and no suW-qucnt elou^hinfi;. Inmlated ure-
thral sounds are u^, temunatinR in an exposed olive-ehap(?d hulb. wbieli
Hhonld be ■ little larfrer tbun the oalihri.- of the Ktrictiirt'd iirilhrii, After
beint; made thorouj^hlv aseptic, this is passed down to the lender spot in
the urvthmnni] the nejjativf t-onl utlochcd; the other fleet rodf.eoveret! with
sponge or cotton of the usual shape, may then be applied to tbe thigh; the
current is then gradually turnvdon until -1 or 5 mitliumpi-rcH are pa«*ing.
The sound is then gently guided through the stricture, allowing it to maku
Hsown w»y until the stricture iapaaaed; the circuit may then be opened and
the electrode withdrawn. The sittings should be twic« a week, and should
not exc<'<'d five nitmites each. After each operation the parts should he
bathed with hot water containing boric or carbolic acid. Some bleeding and
increased tcnrftTness may he noticed after the first few applications, hut
these become lest<, and in from ten to twelve sittiugt; the cure ii- complete.
In many cases, though, no positive prediction ean he made as to the tinn?
rcijiiirr-d. Electn^lysis was recwmmi-nili-d hy lleryng for the removal of hard,
diffused tuberculnuii inSltrations of the larynx and in chronic affections
nf the TOcal cords with little or no t^ugK-rficial ulceration. He found it of
serrice also in counteracting the tendency to dangerous haemorrhage in tbe
removal of noduh* of the ventricular biind>f.
In new growth*, tumors, etc., electrolysis promises to be of great service.
Tbi^ nit^lhod ban likewise proved of value in promoting cical ri/,ntion of acute
nnd chronic ulcer<. Dr. J. Inglis Parsons baa reported' encouraging results
from thi! treatment of rodent ulcers by electrolysis. In ordinary cases ho
found one application sufBcient, but when the ulcers were large the opera-
tion was om^ or twice repealed. The procedure prevent* huinorrhage. is
not followed by pain, causes no shock, ami if the wound is kept aseptic no rise
of temperature takes place. Two needles are employed with a currcnl-
rtrcngtn o( 200 to 400 niilliamp^reiii. The ewuftic action of both polea is
fre*ly used, and the current is constantly alternated with a hand-commu-
tator. The amount of destruction can be accurately regulated by increasinx
or diminii<hing the strength of the current.
Pulmonary luhcrculosis has been treated with encouraging rcsulta by
means of tbe introduction of );ermicidal agents hy calaphon'sis, as proposed
by Francisijue CrottI-, in 189(i. Tbe vapor of formaldehyd has been innr-
fnaed through the tissues of the chest. The patient is placed in an isolated
chair of the static machine and towelx satunited with fortnaldehyd solution
are applied to his chest and hack (the solution varies from I to 10 per cent.,
■ceordiug to tolerance). The current is then started, with effluvia or sparkii
or both, and is made to pass through the lungs.
In connection with ihe intr^)duction of various remedies through the
skin, — electrocataphoreiii, — some rcniurkable results have been obtained by
'UiMtt, Nov. 11. isas. p. 1175.
901)
voN-rnAHUACAL RKURDiRs Axu uR^'EllAI. THEiurErncs.
Ailamkiewicz, Peterson, and othi-re- The fact that niedieines mar Ikw
introilucfd into lln* body has already bwn nicntionrd. and it wciru
that this new method ie cupnblo of very valiialilc npplic-atioiu^. The
inciil ifonrrUii diieclly to the dtseaeed cell, and thii* prodiicoa ituve
eHect than if it were liiliilt'd li.v the clrculaiing tiiiid. Moreover, cltrt
of fltiida and eolids teud^ to occur in the vicinily of thi' poln, Ihiu Iii
Tcmi'ilic-M in naitcrnl rorni, which is one of special actiTiiy. Dr. W<
treats syphilitic new growths with lithium-iodide solution, luinit alanrWat
itotton electrodes, and ur^es a similar treatiuent of rarioua tRmon la
same uiiinncr. The *u«*»« of Dr. A. C. Grtrrett, who reporlfd oiw hm
and lifty -seven cures out of one hundred and eighty-six ca»ee of tumnnO
ilurutionit?) of llii.- breont, by nii-sn^ of dlre^'t application of Uw nl'
Current, should emoiirape further expcrinient in this direction, "l""
reason to believe," Kays Dr. Kobe, "lliat the limitations nf clwtrical
ment of muli|fnant tumors have not yet bc«n reached." It was eu,
Woodbury' that various chemionl n^enld misht W tested, until not be
which has u »pcdiil inimical intlucnce to thp cancer development, and tbi
the prospects tlien would be favorable for the siiecessful treatment of Iu!l^
nant tumors by the introduction of «iich agents by mcaiu of elpctrMaU;l»
regis directly into the interior of the jtrowth. Dr. Au^nutus le Flatgam.'i
New York, statt-ii that, a« far buck ns lAti-i, hr twd ^h-anic curreirttM
only to introduce medicaments into the human system, directly on theta/tt
diseased, but also l<> vxtriict from them cxtraui-ous maltcn which cama tit
disease — metals, mercury particidarly — and in this he had been nwctw^
CCBsful.
In goitre the galvanic current may be ttsvd percutaneously, bnt littts
results are obtained by the use of needle* uilh nc^tive eI«<ctrolrm. tk
Jamci^ Hcudrie Lloyd' iim« three gold-ptated needles well insulated to aitis
one-third of an ineli of the point, connected by a branchinii; cord m t^iA
WLTC attached lo the ni'^utivc ptilc. The needle* were inserted well ia»tW
goitre, far enough to protect the skin by the insulating muterial. Tb* fm-
tivc pole, a large tlfli «pong{-, wn* uppliod to the nape of the necL TW
greatest strength was S4 milliamp^res. but this could not Ik- kirpt up; tV
average was about l'> to IS millinnipiTes, the sraitft lit'ing about twenty ■ut'
utes. The tiulh'ir ri'port^ a piitient us cured by fourteen appUcatiaiiL
In enlarged lymphatic glands, wla-n suppuration has occnmii !V
galvtinocaiiter)- atTords an ideal method of opening glands. Thr »
cautery may be employed to make puncture* into the substance of ijix-t--
glands, the gland-vlmcture being partly destroyed and partly condennd^'
absorbed under the action of the negative eleetnidt- (.'» (o JO tni!
twice weekly). Strong, freiiui-iitly interniptcd faradic cureBta
been found useful in enlarged h-mphatic glands.
In orcbitit, after tlif! acute stage hHi< poii^, [nTfiitanitrnn gilnaiitt'*
followed by f^nrndization, reduces swelling nnd promoti-:! absorptio*. b
atrophy of the testicle faradisni with the dry brush and desc«ndia( fiiHMK
>Piiprr riMiil hchir Ihn Philadelphia CollPBir of Phvijctaa*, "On Um&jIit**
of the rnlaphoTJr .\<-tion fif llif CnlvDiiic Ciirmit for tjie RpriovbI oI StfktSi 9"
^Growths. A CoiitribuliuTi to thr Mcdirat Trmtmrat o( TuiBon.'' rfiJlMt f*"
Juae 2). IS90.
"Th* TipHliiipRt of Goitr* br Ualraau-puiiciurv.'' Br Jam** 0*Mrit U^
I Ihtftfrtitv Urdlfvt UogatiHf. IIft.. ISM).
SLECTBICITT IS MBDlCnfS — Et-ECTRO-THKRAPEITICB.
cujrcuts to testicle and fpennatic coid wji] iiirrcui<e llic oirciilBtion and favor
nutrilion. In hydrocele jiercuianeous appUcatione of both form* may he
practiced, but tlie effect is jiiore prompt. accdHing to l.ifibig and Kohf. if
the sac be punctured with a needle-electrode (cathode), using a current of
SO to 50 milliampiTes to produce electrolv;*!*.
Application of Electricity in Dermatology. — Various morbid conditions
of the skin are fUstTptiWu of miirkcil aiiK'ln.rution under the action of the
several funns of electricity.' Only a few of the principal applications can be
iDrntKined here.
Various nervous diMrderf. pain, hypenesthesia. auiei^thesia. ledcinii,
urticaria, nnd neurotic bullou.* tTiijitioiis art- Mucessfuily treated by galva-
nism or faradisni. (Jeneral electrization {electric bath, sialic "brecxc," etc.)
is vnliuiblc in ncnro^cj! vrith ciitfliicou* mnnifc^tationa. Itching, or prnritas,
which is such an annoying accompaniment to various lesions, is promptly, if
not pcnnancnlly, relieved by swelling farndic nirrenls. Sialic electricity has
been used with success by Leioir in obstinate cases of purir*lhc*ia, especially
when the anal and vnlvar regions were involved. Raynaud's disease (local
asphyxia), it is claimed, may be cheeked and the angiospasm p<Tmiineiiily
:irM--li-d by a .airong fiirflilic eurrenl. In a similar manner chilblains or
pernio may be benefited. In either, if trophic symptoms are pre^enl, the
combined tn-atnienl with galvanism and faradisni is useful. Dr. Hugo Ilelv-
JDg employs galvanism with excellent results in the treatment of frost-bitten
nose, applying both poles to the sides of the nose and passing a moderately
strong current for five or fen minutes, moving the electrodes slowly at ihe
same lime. Static electricity removes the pain and soreness of a superficial
bum.
In various forms of intiamniation of the skin, electricity may be judi-
ciously employed, especially in the more chronic forms. In eotema, the
nuthor sees the best results from the faradic current applied by a metallic
ball electrode. .Xnodal galvanic applicnlions also give good results in iiciiie
fonns, while in the chronic form with ranch infiltration the cathode ia
preferable. In herpes zoster galvanism give* better results than funidism.
The anode to the spine and the cathode along the distribution of the atTected
nerve, with mild currents, getii-niUy relieve Ihe pain and cheek further
eruption. It is also valuable in the treatment of the resulting intercostal
neuralgia.
In alopecia the dry tnradie brush over the bald spots is often beneficial.
Thedruwjii;; of *parks willi a sialic apparatus is recommended by Ranni-v and
■ others. Acne maybe similarly treated with the faradic current, or galvanism
may be 8pp!i<-d with anode to back of neck and the cnfliode to the seat of
eruption. In rotacen Dr. Hnrdaway prnctiees electropnncture: introducing
a delicate nei'dle into Ihi- enlarged veins and connecting it with the cathode,
'■ current (of 1 or 'i m ill i am pi-res) is passed through the needle, causing
coagulation of the blood and occlusion of the vessel. Multiple galvano-
pnoctures of the hyprrlrophifd skin will greatly promote resolution.
In keloid, hypertrophied soar*, cicstricei, etc.. ihe saim- aullmrity has
"btained tlie brsi n>MiIt- from galvMtiiijiiirn-liiri-. Warts, molei, and snull
Ibromata of the skin yield readily to the same treatment without leaving
'For (urilirr ciiTiioiil ■-\)irricrii.-(' we authur'n uurk un "DIhiius of tlie Skin.'
York; D. A|i[ilMon & Co., 1901.
NON'-FlUItUACAL REUKSIBS AXD OF^XBAt. TUEBJkrBUTlCli.
i1i<Ili.'iirins; acnrs. Currents of ti to t Inillillnlp^TC8 Ara used. A emnll nnvui
telaiigieotasis i* suc»t>iifully tn!at<?(l in this way, the nc^tive Q^dlv liciii^
liiru>l in varioiia dini'difiis tlirutigh tlif bast- of llie Rrowlh. Cavemoiu
angiomata nixl Tascular niBTi iin- U-^ nmennbie lo Hua ln?nliiicnt, but nitli
judicious m^naj^mcQt and patience complftt- siKrccw nui_v follow tin: iig>{>li>
«alion of thi« method. The ^alvanoniuiery may be used in removing auvh
a f^rowth, citber by the uiie of a loop or tlic varinuK flat burtu-ni which are
usL-d ax knives.
BemoT»l of Snperfluona Hair. — Klci-tmlyslt ie> now very generally om-
ployed in destroyinf; hair-bulbs and removing: hnir growing in abnormal
fiitvationH. First cmployvd by Dr, Miehd, of 8t. Louij, in triobians with
BUcoessful results, tlip method was afterward extended by Dr. Unrduway to
the removal of Muperlliiniis hair in nny xittuilioii. When properly uswl this
method causes neither pain nor disfisurcnient, bui [jennanentty removes the
«iuree o( Un- (rouble. Tin} un-ihod is easy jnd the iiiKtrumenld arc few in
uuiubcr; a battery eaptible of yielding; a curri'ut of from Vi to i milliuni-
P^rcs, n needle-holder armed with a No. 12 sewing- needle of steel or alloyed
platinum (the latter bein;; preferable because flexible), and a sponge elec-
trode are all that arc required. It is convenient to have the patient ait in
a chair with a good head-rent dunnji: the operation, and the operator may
find it neceesary to use a good hand ma^nifying-claie to enable him to intro-
duce the needle directly into the huir-follieli; by the side of the hnir. The
needle being attached to the cathode, the current ifl made to pass by the
IiHtieiit touching, with bii« diiii-n^aged biind, the »pouf{>; of Ihe electrode
leld in his other hand. The effect of the current will be immediately ob-
served; the 1i.'*sues around the needle will be slightly raised up, and froth
will i^ue from the nionlh of (he follicle. In about half a miuulv the hair
should be gently pulled with the twecMrs or cilia forceps; if it does not
immediately come away Ihe current should be pasted a short time longer.
The circuit is broken by removing the hand from the sponge, which give*
less pain than if it be broken or closed with the nei-dle, .\ sittiug should
last not longer than tifleen minutes, nnd the hairs destroyed should not all
be from one spot; otherwise there may be some iiilbimiiiatury reaelion. or
even sloughiug and produelion of »curs. Aftur the operation a mild astrin-
gent lotion is ordered and applications of hot water directed lo be made
Severn! times daily to reduce byperifniia. If the o))erator has been suceeaaful
in destroying the papilla the hair will not return, hut in a certain propor-
tion of cnsea Ihe |>apilla escapes do»truclion and the hair is regenerated.
This may be duo to a twist in the hair-shaft in its passage through Ihe ekin.
and partly to inexpertness on the part of the operator. Some hairs may
require npcated reniovfil before the papilla is tinally destroyed. In young
persons, especially, iKV hair-papillse are eonstnnlly dovelopiug in the skin,
and the appe^rauce of new hairs after operation docs not, therefore, meau
that the operation was a failure. Such patienls it i* necessary to warn
before operating that new hfltn< miiy appear though the older onc« wcr«
destroyed by the operation. In young individuals the process may have to
he repeated several timea befoi* the uperaiiou is linalty crowned wil'h succes«.
The needle-holder of Ilardaway is a good instrument, but one has recently
been devised hv I^viseur which is a decided improvement. In thi-s instru-
ment the needfe can be held either directly projecting in » straight line or
at an acute or obtuse angle with the handle. The operator holds the in«1ru-
^
SLBCrniCITT IS lIEDICI^fB — BLBCTRO-IHeRAPBlTlCe.
008
in«nt like a wrilin);-pen, with the needle at the proper anglo tn entrr the
fftllict*? with th« grviilMt rc«dinci»s.
Electricity for Preventing the Lou of the Hair. Premature Grayn***,
Calvitie*-' — The object of tteaimi-nt h to proiiiote nmruioii of tin? scnlp iind
hitr-biilbs. This is proiiialed bv the prat-ticc of mtiivug^. thf iikc of hot,
■Jlcmnling wjlh cold, douches, bv the shnnipoo with either bard or mil toap,
and, above all, by clcctricitj. Both gulvaniKm ami fttrndimn have been em-
E Joyed, and bolh'aro ^ftlcarionei. The uninternipted eunent ehoutd, in the
c^innii)^, he u mihl one. not i-scecdinj; 3 or -1 mitljamp^reo. It may be
applied by moiiitenod sponge electrodes, the hair aUo beinp moiglcut'd and
IHirtcii at iiitcrvults. An txwllent mode of adminislerinK the current is
throu>;h a brush with metallic bristles, l-'aradic electricity i* convyycd in the
Mame way through a winr brunh, Uit- patit-nt holdini; the moi.^lonod iipon);e
electrode. The brush is to be passed orer the tcalp slowly until tho skin
b«K-oniea <)uile red.
Bemoval of Foreign Bodies from the Eye with the Electro-ma^et. —
One nf the n«iat<-^t applicationa of |>raetical electricity to meiJical puiposea
is seen iu the removal of pieectt of iron or i<teel from the interior of (he eye
with the electro- iiiatmet. Several forms hare been devised since the inatru-
nicnl of ProfwiKor llirjchberg. of Berlin, wa* fiwt introduced, in IS.I.'S, var>--
inx in elif;ht details, hut all consistin;; essentially of a fine insulated wire
cwil with u core of miH iron, to which ijt attached a Up, al«> of soft iron.
After closing the circuit, the current being furnished by a single galvanic
wll. tho point of the imlrumcnt i* brouftht to the cd([c of the wound, or, if
the forei^ body be deeply imbedded in the eyeball, it may be ncivsMr^'
lu puncture the sclerotic aud introduce the point of the magnet iiiilil the
auuetance is attracled hy it and removed fn)ni the eye, the currciu not Wmg
broken until the instrument is free from the eye. Of lourse, only particle*
of iron and clcel can be removed V)y the mnimoL, but, asi ihey frequently find
their vay into the organ, it is an admirable contritance, since the (orei)^
body may W r<'moviil uiihoul (aiusing further irritation.
Dr. Oasey A. Wood, of Chicago, reported a case of electro-magnetic
extraction of a piece of steel from the Titrcous chamber of the eye, witJi
ErcEerration of sicht. The magnet used i# known as SnrllV. mamifactured
y Meyrowitz Brothers, of New York. With this ho prefeni a iunall two-
t'olt storage cell, which i» more portable than the onlinary acid cell, and is
very efficient. The details of this case are i}«ite instructive. Atropine solu-
tion had been instilled into tho eye, shortly after the injury was received, by
the attending pbysiciati, and Dr, Wood saw the patient seven hours after
the nccidenl. There was a penetrating wound of the cornea and iriit, and
the anterior chamber contained blood. Xo clear view could be obtained of
the fundus. It was decided to wait until the etTiL-ed blood had iindergonc
shaorptiott. The conjunctiMil »ftc was thoroughly disinfected, more atro-
pine instilled, and the eye dreeeed with boric-acid powder and a bandage.
Three days later u wound in the lens could be plainly «evn through the
dilated pupiL Two clots were seen in the vitreous: only portions of the
fundus could be r^n. It was decided not to attempt removal of the foreign
body through the original wound. Four days after the accident ''the patient
■Spt Brtld« hy author nn Ihe "Hair nith tlw Toilrt. Cura la HtalUi and
Tnalnicnt in UlMaae," Ur^lml liulMia. PhllndHphbi. April, IMS.
004
XOX-rUABKAOAj; ;
AXD OKXEBAL TIIEKArKimCS.
1
»-as aruesthetixed and « etraieht etfuntori*! incimn (t^if[)lt millimctrCH lonf:)^
vr8» niiKli* with n (Jnt^fe knife thr«mi;h (he sclera, about a centimelri; bchin<l.
the limbibs ut tlie lower owfer qiiiidi»iit of llie herwi«t)hpre. Ancither wcmnil
ot the BaniG length, but at n;^ht angles to this, vrns first carrii-d Ihnttigh llto
cOojUDctini and Temm's cap^iilt; »o ihnl when both vound.i were cIo»«'i7
the Titreous chamber w^a effectively shut off from the out»do air. A bent
tnd flat needle wa« carefully inlrodueed into the vitreoUH, and, after ^versf
rein traductions and 'fishioK' about, a taiaW bit of Kteel was withdrawn, at-
tachod to the tip of the magnet-end. Little or no vitreous was lost. A fev
stitches nerc put through the conjunetivul lisp*, and the eye wa« again
dressed with boric-acid powder. The prealest cate was observed as to the
use of anttseplics, and the wound hcjiUd without the leni't dirticulty." Tlw
extracted metal weighed 17.7 milliRrainmce.' Cases have einoe been reported
by Dr. H. F. Hanst-ll nnd olhure.
l*ausier recommends the introduction of medicinal agents into the eye
by means of electricity, in co*o* where the iris is refractory to the u»e of
drags by ordinary application. Some 1 to 300 solution of eeerine sulphate
waa instilled and n moist cU'c-tnide pinced on the eyelid through which a
descending current of 3 milliampiTcs was passed for forty minutes. At the
end of thi» time the pupil hail diininiHhi'd in diameter from «evcn mitlinietrea
to two millimetres. Recurrence of the dilatation waa again treated in the
Hme manner and with the same result.
Pterygium has been mccesi-fully treated by Horace M. Starkey, of
Oiucago, br elect rolyiii*. A fine platinum needle i» introduced succeeeivoly
at two or tnrce differeut points, across and under the enlarged vessela, con-
nected with the positive pole, and a current of 3 miUtantp^resi paaecd for on«
minute, at each place. In interstitial keratitis mild faradization is of great
value, according to de Schweinitz. Choroiditis., with tlonting bodice in the
vitreous, is said by Hohert Ic Mond to be enoci'ssfiilly trcalcd hy dirwt ap-
plication of mild faradic currents, onoe daily, with internal treatnu-nt by_
potassium indidi- mid cirrcsire chloride of mercury.
In noie and throat diseases ihe galvanocautery has been extenaiv(
used, and, in the npiiiiiin of *nmi', greatly abiided. The chief advant
over the knife and ro!d-wirc snare are: the ease and convenience of
ftpparatuH, itit pcrfeil na-psis, and the counter-irritant and stimulatinj; effect
to be obtained by minute points of cauterisation. In skillful handit it war*
r«nt« all the prai#e bestowed upon it, because ita use is then limited to
appropriate cases, while in unskillful hands it is indiscriminately etnployeo
and mughing and nocrosiit being caused by injudicious s|)plicstion. Th
source of power is now atmo^t universally the storage cell, although I he cat
lery hnltery i* qnite sufficient fur all oi-dinary jmrpose.*; when the time
actual use is very lirief, polarization does nor have time to occur.
Sasal hypertrophiea of muroiis meiribrore are readily reduced hv
touch of the galvanocauterf. The platinum knife or probe should be in-
serted in a universal handle, bcJiriag a spring switch, so that the current docs
not pass until the instrument is in place and can be instantly discontinued.
If the inatmmcnt adheres, it should not be abruptly withdrawn, or it will
tear oil a portion of mucouf membrane and cause bleeding and an open
wound. On the contrary. If the instrument is permitted to remain for
'Amtrican Jonntal of Ofihtlialmohtii/. April. iflOl. p. 127.
■nt by_|
eLECTRICITT HC MEIIICIXE — BLBCTEO-TDBBAI'BimcS.
»0»
niomoDt or two the luilurni sccrotioug will be redtoie^l and it will eftBiljr drop
out. Id applying the cautery to posterior liypcrlrophivfl the rbino6copic
■nirror Hhonm always govern the application, eo that the operator can sec
jiut what hu is doin^.
In grennlar pharyn^tis of eiiiftera and public speakers, aocompunicd
by tfaiekening in bonds imd bimchcs of cnlargi'd follielM, fxeellent results
(olW the galvanocauton-. KnlaiRed papills ai the base of the tongue can
be rtKluced by cautery •punctures, or remoted n-ilhuut pain or hiemorrhage
t<y lh« wide platiniini snare.
As the rule, the wire ^lould hv licnto^ to u cberry-n'ii heat, and in nasal
voiiit is often of advanlace to use a shield, such as an ordinary metui aural
*r uul tpeculnm, or ShnHey'ii ivorj'-blade speculum. It is a powerful
hnwatatic «nd resolvent: end. when used oe a destructive agent, its action
it ptrfrctty under control, and i.* limited to the area operated upon.
The galvanocautery has al«o been advocated as an application tn the
tknat in diphtheria; but, while we are in poMeMion of such antiseptics as
kyctrogen dioxide and chlorine and such solvents of fal^c membrane as papain
tod lime, it in not likely that this ])lan will receive much favor. In caronic
ttlufement of the toofiU the use of the gnlvanooauicry is often productlre
'>f decided diminution in bulk.
In keratitis fascicularis and ulcerations of the comcn galvanocauterixa-
tioB gives good results; and Darier' reports excellent effects in the treat-
ment of two ca«es of parolent ophthalmia. Antiseptic doucliM with inttilla-
tions of iodoform followi-i! it-^ cauterization.
Chronic Diseases of the Middle Ear.— Dr. Baxter has reported ten case*
in wliioh the ueo o( the constant current was followed hy improvement. The
patient is placed with thi- head inclined and the exlernal anditory canal filled
with warm water. An aiirnl electrode, or small wire insulated to nithin two
millimetres of its point, i^ introduced into the canal and the sponge eioctrode
i* held in the patient's hand. From ^ to 10 milliamperes of current are
jMSsed through the parts. The duration of an application is from three to
■iz ninnleH. After the operation the pnticnt is Kept quiet for a time, in
order to avoid the occurrence of veniRo.
Sireet Electrization of the Stomach. — Owin^ to the inconvenience of
the wie of the sloniaeh-tube, Kusfraaul's stomach -elect rode, introduced >n
1877, was never a girficiieal inHtniment for lortl or direct electrization of
ihis oi^n. Dr. Einhorn' has conslnicted a novel form of electrode, on
the principle of the *loninoh-hncket, and givw it the name of the "de-
glntahle stomach-eWtrode.'' It consists of a hard-rubber cap-'iulc (about one
and one>(|uarter inches in length) perforated with nnmi-rous openings, this
cage serving to protect the metal Knob within from direct contact. The
i-onnecttng wire runit through a fine, flex ihlf rubber lube. The capsule is
readily swallowed and toIerale<l by the patient, and contact ia secured, as in
BardetV i'l»i>trode, hy water in the jitomach. The farndic current has been
generally employed, and in all cases the degree of acidity of the stomach hat
been markedly increased. The author make« a pn'liminary report, which
govs to show that most decided results have been obtained in caseii of dilata-
tion and in giave cases of chronic gastric catarrh. Two cases of pure gaa-
* Jowmral .-tuirrtiYin Mtttiml AitmHallan, Xov. 29, ISBO.
• iTrrflotl ffcrorrf, JUy til, 1«U-
906
NOW-J
[CAL RRUBDIBS AXD OEKSRAL TIlEHAVKUTlCft.
In
1
Iralgia showed nn amelioration after use of l)i« coni«t»nt current. U« coi
clude.i Hint fiiradiMtiou in motit useful in dilatation and atonic conditions '
the cardiac and pyloric orifices and alfO in chrunic glandular gastrit^l
Castralgia of nervous ori^ia or dependent upon ulcer receives more btntr
from gaivsniHm. The latt«r form of clectncitv fias nn excellent influeno
upon cardiac affections dependent upon ^a^lralgia. The majority of cas
of kypuncidity were improved, but required Uie admini^tralion of alkalies
in tiie usual way. Dr, Cbarlcs 0. Stockton, of BulTulo, K. Y., cl«Ti»o(l au
ingenious electrode for dirt^et eleetnxatinn of the stomach in 1887. He re-
ported very good rosulfs from its employment in eases of wtmkeiied or absent
motility, sastric dilatation, catarrh, atrophy, etc. Dr. Boardman Keed, of
Philadelphia, bos found the ordinary faradic current, applied by means of
the Kaalric electrode, decidedly beneficial in all cases of muncular atonj or
iilonic dilatation. He ndviscs «low interruptions with a weak curront. In
the condition of hyperchlorhydria he employe the hijih-tension coti, wi
five-minute siantfs, every wcond diiy, with good result*.
Electricity in Intcitinal OcelnBion.— 'ttlicre intestinal occlusion is d'
to tntiihiciit intfvlinal [Mrah-xis tbnmgli defective innervation, Semm
has pointed out that the constant current has a truly maireloua effect?
He reports a cfl.*o of dinrrlm-a, follovcd by acute con*tipnti<)n and colicky
nttiickE, with obstinate vomitinj: and retention of urine. The positive elec-
trode, olive-tipped, w«« inserted into the rectum as far a* the «iginoid flexure;
the negative pole, mtiistened with salt water, was moved about over the
abdomen in various direcliuii.i, t-specinlly along the colon. A current of 10
raiUiampdrcs was used. Each application lusted about ten minutes, and was
ueed three timea a day. At the end qI the third oppUcation the rctcnti<
of urine cea»ed, the parnxyiimit were Ut* *everc. and the patient had vieibl
improved, but it was not until the ninth application, at the end of the thir
day, that the bowels were moved. The triiitrnvnl conlimii-d two days longer,
and the patient recovered.' In other cases of a similar nature even more
rapid relief has been obtained by faradisiu, an insulated sound with free
metallic end being inserted into the rectum and a moistened conductor
applied to the wall of the abdomen.
"Electric Injections." — Under this name a methofl of using the con-
stant current in cases of fscal accumulation and intestinal paralysis has been
di-scriljfd. The rectum in filled with wilt-water in order to avoid the can-
ferant effect of a direct application to the mucous membrane. A metallic
eondiict'ir connected with the po!<itivt' pole it inclosed in an elastic sound
and communicates the electricity lo tJie water. The cirenit is cinsed by
placinf; a large negative electrode upon the abdomen. MM. Boudet aai
Larat have employed this method K-ith benefit in a considerable number
cases.
Effects of the Oalvanic Currents upon the Vitality of Diieoie-e^emu.
l-'roin various experiments by Cohn ami Mend.-lsohn «nd olhirs it has b<
ascertained that the vitality of bacteria mav be destroyed by ihe passage of
current of electricity. Blackwood states ^hat galvani.Mn readily destroyi
all varieties of jrerms, from 'ib to 175 milliamperes being required. Stroi
eurreniA, such as from 10 to 3IV ampt^res, not only killed the microbes, b
' Cciinmiinlr'nlidii to Sr^tlnn of Mrdjcinr. ItrilUli MfdicAl AWOciatiaB, BriUtk
Urdieat Jounuil. Feb. 20. 18»2.
KLBCTUCITY IS KEDiaSB— EMCmO-TnKMirBDTirS.
c*UM-d ihem to dina^kpr-ar finnrdy. Quninity, or amporngo, i* the main
OefteiilJnl, (or low (itiiiility imdi-r strong voltage w«* luellcctual, while high
«ni|>«ni^i- lUKli^r oomparatively low pressure was efficient alway*. Blackwood
Mail's' Dint lie luw obtuint-d satisfuc-tory rosiilts in actual practise in a num-
Wt of discBSvB, HUch as scabiei, lichen, favus, etc. In typhoid fever, <iy»cn-
Utv, phlbisis, iliphchoria, irittTmittciit*. and sporadic cholera he reports
gocwl tfcults from the applit-ation of palvanism as above indicntod. He
nitU^ts thij field to other cxpcrinienterK us a promising one for further
inri'^ligattoii. According to reported experiments by Apo»toli and I^f£uer«
tint,* ihe action of Ih« roiislnnt galvanic current upon cultures is in direct
itlitioii to the intensity of the current estimated in milliampcrc«. A current
lit 300 Riillianipcreit and above, applied ctmstantly for live minutes, killi
' tiirlioii )>act4.Tin. while lower degrees of intensity of current merely uttcnuate
thir culture and n^ndcr it le«* virulent. The positive pole alone produces tbie
"•Itect; rho intrrpoli>r action and negative pole are inditTiT^-nl. The general
I'lufiiision is that the continuous current in ordinary medical dose (50 to 300
mLlIiiiiiip<'rt-x) hail no action urn ffentri* upon microbe cutturc:* in an homo-
l!crj<iHis medium, and that its unique positive polar action should be referred
to lli« liberation of adds and of oxv^cn.
Gunon'h<pa offers a field for the use of the antiseptic effects of galra-
nitm; but, unforlunatcty, the urelhra is too Mnsitive in the male s«i to per*
■nil the nse of the high currents required; yet, in women^ good results have
l»ttt reported bj Prochownik,' who treated ten cases of acute gonorrhcea
■Wi very rapid rccnvcn".
The' electrical incluction balance U an ingeniously-constructed ap-
PWttis which will indicute Ihi; presence of a biiitet or other melallic body
'bm buried in the tis-iue?. Several varieties have l)een oonstnicted, but
tlitT arx- ejtseulinHy the wnie. and di-neud upon the principle of better con-
cuetioD of the galvanic curreni. and hence greater induction in a secondary
'wl, when Ihe metallic ohject it) included in tlu* field or interpolur region.
I'r, Kummcr' recorded a case where a needle having become buried in the
ian, its precitie location waa detected hy an onlituiry galvanometer, and also
try a freshly-magnetized needle. Dr. AddincU Ilewson* elaiuied that in »
Mtnilar way he had been enabled to detect, hy inean« of a »mall pocket com-
J)a»s the pretence of a fragment of an exploded shell imbedded in the mus-
cles of the back. ['nIeK» ihe projectile were of iron or .iteel thia experiment
ronld not succeed with such simple instruments. 'l"!ie cleclrical induction
balance and the electrical probe, however, will delect the pn-senci' of any
nM-lnllic suhclance capable of conducting the electric current. Dr. A. B.
Kirkpatrick" reports a case of gunshot wound in which the electrical prob«
was Ufv^ with excellent resulli.
The electrical probe of dc Wilde consists of two insulated wire* con-
tained in a flexible sheath, the ends bein^ brought out at the extremity of
■W, B. 1>. niBfkwood, M.D., "ttw Bwtridty «iiv Acifon a* a GMnilHifaT"
Vntintt BnnrtiH, V<K. 1!itiS.
' lAt TlSbwnr i/i'dtnih': Atitfrltvi iMmert. Dk., 1690.
• f mfrnWo" /iir <;i>mitolo9i<-, and ft»o*;fc Remri of Mf4icittf i?imI ^nrjrni,
Sit.. >H91.
*K«niC Uidknlr Jr Ut nuUtr Rntmtndr. Oct, lltvo.
• I'nvrtdiiifr* .\ii«rt»i«a Wrdkal AaMiotaUim. i>ur|rical lotion. N'n-pgrl Mid-Uik.
'rroccMling* I'hilndclpliu Caunty &Udli«l Societr, (Vi. I(. 1991.
908
NOS-I
THRIUrKUTICfl.
the instrument. Ah soon as ili*? wires touch a metallic ot>jts-t Ilio circuil
(■ompk'te, and a small electrical bell, or "biuwr," imli<.-aU-.-< thw fact. This
iRstriiment requires adiinl coniact with the foreign body in order to pnKJucc
the eiuTial'
&eotric Hioinination in Uedicine and Surgery. — Czermak in I8S8 &r>t
called atteiitioD to illumination of the larynx ti.v traiiKiiiitwl suiiligbt, and
subseouentlv this metho<l of illumination was firestly advanced aud im-
proved by i'oltiilini. by whimi tbe i-lectrie litht linji licen ulilijtod for ihi-
pUTpo««. Dr. \V, Freud en ihal deriwd au inilnimciu e'iiitaiiiin<; nil E^Iii^on
Intni), which is applied clowly to the larynx externally, while the laryupo-
seopical mirror is used in the UGiinl nay.' The im^trumcnt ig iiiadc \i\
Rcjnd?r« & Co,, New York. It nppo«r« to have i^pccial value for illuminating
the sub]>lottic region of the trachea.
Qutrodiaphany. — The nltenint lo tran.'^ilhimitinte tli<^ stoinach-vallf
was eucc«S8fully accomplished by tinhorn. The instrument consists of an
ordinary atomach-tube with a small Kdi.4oii incandescent lamp insert<-d m
its end. the conducting wires passiu); through the lumen of the tubt. The
value of Ihi* method depends fur success upon the translucency of the ali-
dominal walU, the nb«cn>'C of food in the Etomach, and the emptine»= of the
bowels. The stomach must be thoroughly washed out and half a litre of
water loft rcmuininj; in the organ. Thelight is intro'hici'd, Ihi* [laticnt bcini;
in the erect position. The operation must be conducled in a dark ro<im.
An nbitolutc diagno)>i« cannot be made solely upon the use of the light. f><r
often the colon and the small gut will transmit th» illumination, and (h<:
result i« miMeuding. The so<cnlled red zone is very apt lo bo an indeltnili-
luminous abdomlofil area.
The use of electricity in the production of hot-air hatha, with incan-
descent himps or electrically- healed coils of wire, has hw-n found effective
in treatment of chronic rheumatism and synovitis. In the sectional on lagfat
and Heat al«o wilt be found an account of the application of the arc light
in phototherapy.
DiagTiom "by X-rays. — Mucli uttimtion ho* been attracted to the dis-
covery, by Professor itoentgen. of Wurzburg. that opntiuo bodie:j can be
penetrated by ciOiin ray* which are thrown out from the Mthwlal ex-
tremity of a (Jrookes tube, and that, by means of ihe ordinary phblogranhtc
negative, shadows of oiniijiii- nbjects can he made to form pictures called by
Cattcll sciagraphs. Ihus. when the human hand is examined, irhile eX-
potvd lo thi'.si' riiys, the Imiics and nrticul«ti"n» are elciirlv shown, and thr
presence of any foreign body, like a piece of glass or metal, is also it'vealed
by its slindnw. In this way iiullets have been located iujhc tii^ues of liTtng
persons and photugniphs obtained, as nn aid to operation and for permanent
record. Mr. Edjs<m \\m deviwd a fluorescent *creen or apjiaratuj for making
such shadows visible without the aid of photography, and this inatrnnieni is
now used in diagnosis, its application being at present more »nrgical than
medical, although it is possible nt times to detect gall-stones and foreign
biidic* in the birnuhi. inlcsliiie!". stone in the kidney, etc., in this way.
X-radiation hue not accomplished as much in the department of laryn-
gology a.s in other branches of medicine. Il has, however, proveil of gteal
senice to the laryngoUigist in the detection and accurate localization
* lfed(ei»i*cfte Mi>mt*fichri[t. New York, Nov.. 1889.
■tl.r.«TIIICITr IS JIEDIOIXB — ELECrKO-TltEHAPKlTIfe.
909
foreign bodies in the upper portion of llio difCi'Mirc nnd Lmtliing tracts;
ill ilciiMiniiting the od!<ttlnlion in the larjiigcal and tntchenl cjrtilsge«,^-a
eiihjpct which hae never been acciirntcly (Iftermiiioti l»ernre Ihe advent ot
the JL-Miy#; in the dinjinoiiL'! of intrathoracic fcron-ths. The K-ray islikely
Id proTe of distinct vahic in the early <)ingnoi<iH of tiiben-ular proce^eii in
ihv lun^.
Cute* of fon-ign iMKltce in ihe tnieiiea, iibftcew of lung following piieu-
ninuiii, and solidified inediaslinnl ;;land, which pare rise to laiyngeal symp*
lotns hftve been diagiingticated l>v x-mys.
Dr. Morley ('iirrie. of 'i'oronto, has devised a method of making x-ray
'iWrvations on hollow urgnn«. He inclooc* n metal chain within the stom-
al h-lii)ie, which i» then swallowed. Ity uicans of the x-rays and fluorescent
- r<<ti the chain and the |><)int of thf tube can he followed and the lower
Liorili T of the stomach accurately mark<.-d. ThiH method may be applied to
cxttnimation of the ue:M>phagti9, colon, rectum, urethra, bladder, vagina,
uterus, and nose. Excellent photogrnpli« of the pelvis have b«-cn obtained
with the fo'tal head in various positions, and also photographs of vesica)
c«lculi and other foreign bodies.'
The thi>ra]>cutic me of the rays has o|K>neil a new field in tlie treat-
uient of variona diti-aiieK. eitjieeially of the #kin. Stcnbc«k, of Stockholm.
tlefcrilHt a ca^ of rodent ulcer in the tip of the nose nf a woman, aged
(IT, treated by the Jtin'ntgtn nivii. The ray* were applied for l«n minutes
daily at n distance of 10 centimetres. Reaction occurred after four sittings.
and on the tenth pus appoun-d. .\{li-r thirty-live titlingH the ulcer was
man healthy, and the epidermic began to grow in from the edges. After
a short interval tin- .«Httngs were increased to fifteen minul««, and a second
reaction look place, followed by improvement. The epidermis grew over
tlie iilcer, Ihe edge flattened down, and in a month a smooth cicatrix was
left, differing little from the facial epidermis, and surtx>unded by a ali^htly-
niis4-d border.
Dr. (', Thurslan Ttolland,* of Liverpool, England, reports the hiftlory ot
a caw of eewnia in-ated by x-rays. He explains iheir action as nithcr that
of a stimulant of the tissues throiighont the diseases) area, enabling them
to bring about recovery. Sycosis and favus an> now In lie added to the list
tif those affections in which these rays hare given evidence of i>eing bene-
fii-ta). At a meeting of the Imperio-Royal Society of Physicians of Vienna.
Anstria, on June 2. 1899, Dr. L. Freun'd' presented three patients who had
bean cured "in from Mven to thirteen exposureii."
The nse of the x-rays has at rarious times been productive of serious
legioiu of Ihe skin. fre(|nenlly Ihe result of uMmr a strong current at short
range. The cutaneous phenomena observed ^-ary greatly. An evanescent
hypenrmia nr er>'theiua ni»y lie induced, and thiit is the most ustia) experi-
ence, Al other limes a dennatiti? is produced, with much rednesa, swelling,
veaieka, and bulla;, according in ilii degK-e, fntlowtnl by excoriations. Or
ibe process may be a decjwr one leading to severe ulcerations and necnwis
•■f the (arts. Iliose who employ ihe x-rayn rre*)uently are liable to a derma-
titis of the handa. associate*! with a change in tbe nails, the latter at times
mnaining permanenlly deformed. (See also page Wil.)
' DomiHirm U<vJW( Uonlhlf. Julv, l!98.
■ BrilUh Urtlirol J'/urtial. vol. i. 1890. ]>. I0e4.
'Ooeefte UttHtomaiSaln 4e UtJerint t1 jc Ctilmrgit, vol. xlvi, p. 57$.
ftlO
NOX-PHASUACAI. REMEDIES ASD OEN'HtLU. TUKILIPEUTICS.
KINESITHEBAPY: MECHAMOTHER APY : MASSOTHERAPEUTICS.
HASSA6E AND REST-CUBE.
History. — Einetitherapy (•irwi, motion), or tli« tTMtmciit of dis«n
bv mechanienl tcovinK-nls, in n won-t'i)tBl>liflh<><l therepeutiml Tcsource. 'L'l
liigli I'Htfc-m in vrbich ^j-mnastics was hoUl bv the im<-k*nls for iiiflintttining
health and vigor led iuevitoblj' to the employment o( niodilied, and especially
passive, exorcitteii in the treatment of up|)roprialc dixooseit. Herodirus )h--
eame bo famoii!! for hU Application of f^mnastics to the improvement of
heulth thut Pinto i» Mtid to hove accuwd him of doing an ill Horvicc to the
State by keeping alive people who ought to die, becaut-e, being valetudi-
nariiin*. they eaiiiiui] more expense than tbcy were worth to the conimumty.
In many places in the writings of Hippocrates wc encounter expressions of
his hiffh (ipinion of the vnlue of iiv^tcmnlic and noienlificaliy-directi'^ taam-
age. For instance, "It should he kept in mind that exercise strengthens and
inactivity wastes." "Friclion can relax, l)nKe. incarnate, attenuate: hani
braces, soft relaxes, much iiltenuntes, and modcrotc thickens." The phy-
sician on^lit to be acquainted with many things, and, among othent, willi
friction.'' These extraet* are from the Sydenham Society's translation of
the genuine works of Hippocrates; in Littre's ttanBhition the last sentence
is more appropriately rendered, "The physician nhniild pod^-iw ciperience
in many suojects. and, among others, of massage,"
The term maiaagc (uareiit. lo knead orruli) \* applied to the employ-
ment of prewure, ?troin. and other pcoiilinr miinipnlntit.ns of the soft tissues
of patients with the view of bringing about physiological and therapeuttui
effect*. Known and pmctioed by Ihc Oliini-Kc from the earliest period, by
the ancient I'ersians, and later by the Greeks and ItomanB, its ub«, in one
form or other, i* almost, univcrital at the prent-nt day, not only among civil-
ised nations, hut also among the aboriginal inhabitants of Africa and the
South Sea Islnndii. Among the natives of Tongo and the Hawaiian Islands,
for instance, a crude, though elahorat«, #ystcm of shampooing is practiced,
which i.i t?.«sentially a form of majieage. During the middle ages (he nations
of Europe lost appreciation of this important handmaid of therapeutics,
which was permitted to sink into oblivion by the medical institutions. How-
ever, it continued to be priicticcd by the laity, who often associated it with
superstitious forms and observances, which brought it into still further
scientific disrepute. It it to the French that wc are indebted for the ti>
discovery and rehabilitation in medicine of this valuable therapeutic agent.
Toward the latter port of the eighteenth century, Tiseot (1780) and Meihoin
(1705) laid the medical world under obligation by Iheir writing; the sub-
ject, however, ottracled very little notice, until at a comparatiTely rocrni
period Merger, of Amsterdam, and his pupils Berghinan awl Hctleday (1873)
gave it u scientific f.nindalion. The enthu#insin of a Swede. I'eter ricnn,-
lang, was necessary to populurixe mechanotherapeutics, and in this he was
so successful, particularly in his native eonntry. as to be regarded, by many,
as the creator of the modern movement cure. His leading ph v^iological idea
wan that the nourishment and development of the muscles ^ependc^ upon
their use and amount of nelivo movements they performed. The peculiar
merit of Ling, according to Schreiber (who has given us an excellent
lUSSAOe AXD I[E8T>Ci;itE.
911
^Uanual of Trca1iii«nt by MsMnec and M«tho[]icii1 iluMle Ex«rci»c"*), lies
in tho fuel Uiut "hti rc-^sta bitched the ^mtiaBtics of the anciciiu on a emn-
tific baeie, aad, tfung (b« thi^'ii known rccults of vkillrd German t^'mnasts,
poa«triiti'(1 still ittrepiT into the writings of ancient nations, und bi-camc oni;
of the first to elaboiate a complete system on &i\ nnjitomiral and physiological
baii»."
Technique of Uatuotherapeutics and Ucchanothcrapy. — ^The scientific,
luechanienl treatment of diseaK^ prKiippo^cs sonic iicqiiuintance on the jurt
of the operator with regional anatomy and with the cachings of human
physiology. It K tnie that in the hands of uiiciiltiirL<d persons, who practice
manage in on empirical manner, excellent results have been obtained, but
this is due to the fact that iterant people are often ishrewd obecrvcre and
are not modest in proclaiminjr their euccesses, while their failurea are kejit
in the baek^und. The to-colled art of bonc>»ctl in^'. by which ftifftned
joints arc restored to motion by systematic mechanical treatment, as prae-
need in this way, often is successful, and guch eases ari- widely published;
whereas, if the treatment was u failure, the result would not be ^ufGciently
rare or interesting to be noticed.
In acqitiriiig the art of maseuge it is of frreal advantage to have a
skilled instructor to teach the various manipulations and their applications,
and nt the prr«-nt time Euch experienced practitioners are to be found in
naany of our large cities. It is a manual art, however, and cannot he
accpiired oithtr from written instructions or demonstrations, but by actual
experience. This beinp admitted, we may agree with Scbreiher that "th«
Rcvcvsary knowledge and skill can very well be mastered without an in-
»lnidor, if, with each manipulation, the final end. namely, the physlo-
lofncal effect, be kepi strictly in view," provided that this be confiimed and
c«l4bli»hed by KtilTicient penonal knowledge of physiological, pathological,
and therapeutical processes.
In bi» ""Art of Ma^iage" (translated, with notes, by Benjamin I^ee.
under the title of "Tracts on Massage'') Reibmayr has very much vimpliHed
ihe nomenclature and the niullitudinous proci^urcs of Ling and the French
writers particularly, He distinguishes the following principal metho<U of
application: —
1. Introductory maisa^.
2. Uassage proper.
The divisions of massage arc those of Mezger and his pupila, Bcrghman
and Ilelkday, and are now generally adopted by scientific writers and prac-
titioners:—
1. Stroking.
2. Friction.
8. Kneading.
4. Percuuion.
1. Stroking is done with the whole palm, with the radial border of the
liand, or with the thumb or enda of the finKcni. The pn-iwur*- may be as
light as possible, and vary grndiinlly from this to as much weight as can be
borne, the operating hand being reinforced by pressure made upon it with
the nth<T. or th« weight of the upper part of the body may be called into
pky to give sufiicient force to the stroke. The direction i» nearly always
*Tnuialat«d. with tke author'! pCTminion. bv Walter Mcndolaoa, ILD., of New
Totk. PlilUdrlphlA: Ijt* Itroa. & Co^. 18ST.
m
KOV-PnABUACAL nEUSDIU8 AND ORKKftAt. TtlKltAri:mC%
venou* (centripetal, or townnl tho heart), \nit in tare caees it may be irteml
(ceolrifttgal, away from the heart).
2. mction consists in more or lees forcible, circular rabbiog of a sur-
face, with the palm of the hund usually, or with th^ fiti)|^rii or final phalanx
of tho thumb. During the nrnDipulation the remaining rin^ore of the hand,
or, it may hv, both hnn(l«, clasp tne limb which \i und«r treatment, making
it a point of support. It is advisable to be^ at the border of the patho-
logicully -altered ti)«uot<, and work out lh« exudate into the ttuiroundins
healtby tissue in sU directions, uln-ays concluding, however, with oentripctal
stro kings.
8. Kneadiog. — lliis is whnt i« m«ant by "m»»atge," vhich, IiowcTcr,
ae an English word, ts nov used, in a comprehensive sense, to include all the
manipulations employed in manual mechanotJiurnpy, and i» applied lo euch
treatment, even though kneading proper be not included in the prescription.
The rcatricted application of this lurm i« to the method of picking up or
Oing a certain portion of muede or other tissue irith the fingers of ont-
and subjecting it to preisurc hctvrcen them, or upon a hard eub«taDoe.
such ae a surface of bone. Dr. Douglas Graliam, of Boston, who is i'6p«ctaUy
skilled in maEsagc, rccommond^ that, in kneading, "oadi group of muBch>
should be systematically worked upon, and, for this purpose, one hand should
be placed opposite the other; or. wh<-n the circumference of the limb is not
great, one hand may be placed in advance of the other, the fingers of one
hand portly reaching on to the territory of the other, so that two group*
of muscles may be manipulated at the wime time, with grasping, circulatory,
spiral manipiilalions, one hand contracting as the other r«lax», thv greatest
pxtcnsion of tho liwues beinjr upivard inid letcrally, and. on the trunk, fore-
arms, and legs, away from the median line. ... It is well, first, lo
go over « Mirface gently nnd supcrficinlly before doing the manipulation
more thoroughly and in detail." For instance, to take up a limb of con-
juderable siko, such as the leg, he flndsi three divi»ioni« of »urfacv necessary:
the posterior and lateral uifpects will form one; the stretching of the perineal
muscles from those of the anterior tibial region will make onothvr; and
for the third a rolling of the ti^ucs will be made sway from the crest of
the tibia. "In large muscular raaeaesi we seize them, in #uoces«ive portions,
will) both btindu, Hinl Biiuoexe in nil direclioni!, as one would squeeze water
out of a sponge," says Reibmayr. At the moment of making pn-ssure a
certain amount of longitudimil IrnelJoii may be practiced, which adds to
the value of the manipulation. Another, but much less efTeclivc, form of
kneading con«i»tit in rolling Ihe limb between this palms of the hands. The
movements here are very rapid and pressure is less important, the principal
effect being produced by the frequently-recurring etretehinp and forcible
separation of the individual muscles, fascis. and nerves. Dr. Renjamin Lra^J
i'udicionsly sums up the characteristic features of this method in the foI^^|
owing words: "Kneading is the procedure by means of which, above all^^
others, we act upon the circulation of the deeper-seated tissues and pro-
foundly modify the procesjic* ot aWorpfion. assimilation, and destruction:
in short, of tissue-raetamorphosis,^ — in other words, of life. Hence, our
aim should be, to as gi-cat on cxlenl a* possible, to avoid allowing any motion
between the hand and the surface of the skin. — thai is to say. friction or
stroking, — and to compel tho integuments following the motion of the hands
and fingers to describe the desired movements over ihe underlying tissues.
U-tSSAdK AXn RKST-CL'IIK.
913
Wc Ihue nol only net upon ihc i-ircuUtion of thu lilood in the muscular and
rieceral capiUarii^, but accomplUh the vrry dosirnble objects of iDcTi>««i»g
tb« vlnxtintv of ihv i^kin. optitiing tlu- nix-oUr i)'ii)|))i-»{)uci-K, sundering
patholof;rcal adhesions beiween the inferior layer of the skin and the liit*
•u«» U-iK-uth, and ttimuliiliii^ the How of the areolar fluid. Just to the
extent that we allow nibbing do we lose the essential virtues of koeading,"
TibntioE in a form of mHssace, ibc alternate pressiiro and relaxation
being made with great rapidity. It is generally performed by means of a
mechanical contrivance, by which any portion of the body or limbs may be
thrown into vtbrutious at a rate of several hundri^d per minute.
Tapor-musage. — By thf- use of oomprt^ed air lluids nmy be uebuliEed
and driven wiih considerable force asaiucl the surface of the body. Ordi-
narily, the objdcta sought after are the n^roovnl of adherent miioiui from
the upper nir-pauftgos and the application of medicated solutions; but ex-
cetuve force it) injuHouii. An apparatus hn^ Iii^cti devised by which the
Sreesnre can be regulated and made tutermittent and the spray given at any
eaired pretsme, or to have n vibratory effect, producing resulli< similar to
mantinl matMge, Vapor-maesage has proved to be especially useful in
affections of the nose, throat, middle ear, and bronchial tubes.
4. Percossian may bo performed citlier with the border of the hand.
the tips or knuckles of the linger?, the closed fiat, or with some inalniment
constructed for the purpose. The shocks should be rapidly, but not forcibly,
delivered, — usually from the wrist only, tor this purpose various inslm-
ments have been invented, Mieh as IV-nnult'» percu>^ion-nammrr, Granville's
percuteur, or electrical pcrciiwer; also, Ktemm's or llueb^ams muscle-
[■eaters. The laiterare useful for aelf-llagellation, but tln^ luiml ri'ninin» (he
bc»t instrument for ncctirntcly tontrolliiig the amount of force eiterted.
After massage has been performed active and passive movementi of the
netfihboring joints aro unually nwirlcd to, wpcciully m case of diseased joints
ana in chronic cases with stiffened articulations. In the north of Kurone
tstflnse has been syRtematically combtucd with Swedish remedial gymnastice
Jso-caUed movement-cure) with great advantage. In this method .various
'ad» of J5'mnasfic exeroiiies nn- n-sorlcd to, anrt peculiar forms of epparatua
provided to meet various requirements of treatment.
Eleotro-mauage. — ^A massage electrode, in the form of a small roller,
affordfi an excellent means of combining the effects of electricity and masH-
age. It is usually connected with the faradic apparatus, but in cases of
paralysis or of exudation it might be very advantageously used with galva-
nism. Owing to its powerful effects, this form should l>c applied personally
by the physician, or, at least, it shotdd be used in his prewnce and under
fats direction, in order that the rules already laid down for the administia-
tion of eieelricity shnll be duly obsen'ed.
The Itoiuan bath is the term used to denote the use of some unguent,
snch as coeoa-mit-'Ml, ciidliv.T-'.i!, df butler, in conjunction with niaiuage.
Phytloli^cal Effects of Mechanotherapy.— .\s mijiht be inferred from
the above dewriplion of the methods of maiwH^e, its ph>-siological effect* an>
veiy obvioMs, though complex. They may be coiisidorod us mechanical,
thermal, electrical, and vital, the Utter term being applied to the force or
forces which resist disease and oppose death. The mechanical effects are
immediate and m<ist important. Under the movements there is i stimula-
tion of (he exchange of eell-conlents, an increaeed.aclivitv in the movement
014
SOX-PIIAUMACAL nRUKDlKfi AND tlKNKRAI. TIIBIlAPKPTICfl.
■ft
of Uic arcolnr flui<], anti noticcnlily in stM^lerntlon of the lilnml-ciin^tit^ nnil
contents of both blood-vcs^cU and lymph-phannelB. TIip glands Iwhave in"
« similar inaiinLT, ultliniigh they an- iiimlTucrtod hy mi!<i vlrctric ourn-inn;
"flvoiy meclianica! ini|>n-seion. siu-h as stroking or preawiirL', wlietlitr over
Iiraltnyorinnanx-il >;lan(l*, cuitM-ii tht- iv<(-n)i«- of liir^'i- qunnti(ii-i< of (-oiilatinil .
hiiijili," Von MoicnfTeil injected a thick i-olutiiin of linelv-li'vigatLil, black^ri
India ink into varioii.'* joihlH in rabhila. Somo wore tr«a(ttil by niti»>iit:<.<;^^
othiTK were let alone for control cxperimentB. I'pon Kubtrcijuently kiltinj;
the aniniala, "In the cavities of the joinlii which haU been ktieadrd no trace,
of India ink was found, white in thoHc which had not be«n 6o treated it
vas observed in con^iiderable qimniiltes. mixed with eynovia. On oxnmiuiiif '
the thighs, nunieroiis and wiclefy-watlcrwl dejxi^ils <if India ink were found
in the areolar tiwuc in thotie limbs which had been ntanipulated. Ttitiitc wen
entirely wanting; in the ollurK. , . . Well-innrked <Iepo»t8 of the col-
oring matter were discovered in the inienmigcidar connective 1iHiiU4^. Thtr
crnral tnu«cle« were nlitn (itained lilack. The thijih* of the un manipulated
limbs were not in the leaCi^t colored, the miiBcles beinp: of a clear reil. Thai
glands of the nianiitiilatid i-xtn-initie* which were wtuiited above the jointi
were stained intensely black, and the lymphatics leadiuf; to them could tiej
detected by the naked eye a» two black conls. In the untreated ItmlM ink
depoeitfi in the lymphatic ey^tem were entirely wanting." Similar couehi-
aions are drawn from the results of Jawadski's exjierimentti upon dogs. It
WH« found that mat^age made in the direction of the heart accelerated the
absorption nf liquid siibfltance introduced beneath the akin, and that it
congidcrably incniii'i-d the effrcts of ihow iiuVtanfc*. The rapidity of the
abeoTption during the mapsfifje dot-s not depend upon the quantity of th«
injected liquid. Absorption is, therefore, 8tiniulate<i liy mna^ge, and tbt«
holds good in the synoviai lining of joints 8b it does elsewhere, the proceva
taking place prineinally through the lymphatic vc^el». In the blood-veaseb ,
stroking and kneading caused increased rate of blood- movement: this being I
assisted in the veins, as also in the lymphatics, by the pre&uire of valve^l
in the inner walls. Handolph and Dinon' found, upon examination of theJ
tuxei of persons receiving inunctions of codliver-oii with ma^Hige. that thetv
was a notable iucrea^- of fat in the diitchurges. thui; proving absorption nf
the oil in 80 per cent, of the cases.
The temperature of a limb, and vcrv commonly of the whole body, ij
slightly increased by massage. Arrested motion and friction give rise toj
thermic cilccts in the body an in the physical taborHtory. Owing to phrsio-j
logical causes, the whole of the heat thus developed in a body under masMgial
treatment is not made manifest by the Ihermonifter. but is probably iransi-
formed into other forms of energy, such as electricity or cell-force. Heat,
electricity, chemical action, motion, and life-force are iiitinialely oonnected,J
and experiment and obnerTatifin prove that properly-directed massage eli"-]
vntcK temperature and improves nutrition, (lartly nieebunically and partlrl
through increased cell-activity. The vulgar notion that the operator directly
transfers electricity or so-called animal magneti.im fnim his own body to
that of the patient has no other buNiM than this. Although a certain ela^,
of operators make capital for themselves by ])n-tending to confer health or
magBBlism, llieir claimii are either due to ignorance or to a delibenili-
• "TnuiAftetlon» of Ui* Coll'Ti;'' nt Ptivriplans" of Phitudelpliia.
I
I
I
MASSAItR AXn REHT-CrRK.
915
Iviiipt nt (1eoe|itioTi. Wliat pasM>« from lliv operator tu tlH- imtiiiit U motion
nrxl, to II flight ilcRiw, hettl. Tin- operator feels the result of cxiTtiw of liis
iniiscle-^ and becomes fatigued, not bccmiiti' he bun imrlo'i with any mys-
Iwrioufi force, hut itiinplv hecnude i»aasafr« i^ rather hard work.
8cliroiWr tlividcF tfif phyfiolo^rioiil i.'fTi'('t(! into two )crou]>9: —
1. Primary (purely mcchanicjil ) effects: i.e.. tlie ri'movnl of Irinph,
exudations, traneudationf. «nd extravasation*!: the deslriictinn of exitdatiotia
by prriwiiri*, tho ri'iiioval of vi'fietatioQS hv frietion, and the Hohition and
rurnoval of adhef-ioiiK.
S. Secondary effects, which act by inereasing the eircnlation by stinu-
latini; the nmsciilflr and nervoiK- eyslenii^. Iiy fettinK "p ni"l"'<'"'Br chan]E«!<,
and |ir<ntnfiiis ciiri>(-iiuei)i chiiiiirt-s in nenj^ttim, and by etToctinj; alterationA
in tbe prwew? of pcncrul mitnlion.
Fain in an inflamed ana beinj; eaneed by the prcasure of some exiidtt-
lion upon wncory nerve*, rehcf will be pniJiitwi by N-moval <if thin pressure
upder the cfTectB of media not hero py. Analgesia i^. therefon-, ohtaiucd by
masMge. fnaxninch a» mnnipuUtioii caiii^i-' an onward flow of the eonlentd
of the lymphatics and blood-vesseiH, inaaeage hoe an antiphlogistic aetten.
lliin is further dc-moiwtraletl in it* power of causing riMirpiMiri n( uitlaiii-
matory products. It may also be re);^n]ed as an alterative im Hteoiint of
hit ftlvr-i* ii|ioii (.■>Tii.-><i) fliiidj' and its powir of rci-firiiij; healthy iietiun in
diseastti parts. It is likewiH? a local ttimnlant ami coanter-trritant.
Neuml^ia, or pain unnccompaniitd )jy intluminalton, iv u^uallv the re*
cult of some lowcrinj; of the general nutrition, or the elfeet of a poison such
■8 malaria. It may or inay not be associated with any local ktiou which
acts a* an irritant. Maf«8fi% i» especially werviet-able in the f!r#t ela«« of
eaeec^ onin^ to the improvement of local and general nutrition; but any
Murvf of irritation — such na eye-Mrain, carie>i of teeth, indifccstion, etc. —
should receive attention and be corrected if possible. The secondarT effects
of maiwafie are included under the i;en«-ral Iteadti of Miinnlation of vnM>motor
nerves and arteriole*, with, m eonseqiionee. increased abfiorption and nutri-
tiori, and muscular oonlraclion with increa»e of heat. Mechanical stimulus
bear* n strong rt-M-mhluncc to electrical stimulus in its etTects upon the
human body. According to Schreiber. "Any source of enerjty eouveyed to
a nerve from without fintt exiMinds itMlf in producing; molecular change, and
this is again converted into energy, manifesting it!u>lf through the various
foraif of innervation." Hence, it fallows that, us far &^ its effects upon the
nene-tissne are considered, it may be regarded as identical with electricity,
within I'crtain limiialious. The pnijier H|ipri-i'iiiti'm of this is of much im>
portance in mechanotherapy and is of daily prnctiial nppliealion, cspeeiallv
in the treatment of neuralgia. The normal fiimtidnul activity of the nerrV
one system, aceording to lleidenbain. llallstein. Tigerstedl, and others, eon-
•iits of a speeief) of wave-motion. The coniniunicatcd motion or atimuluf
ia convi-rted, in *ome unknnwn manner, into the form of motion pcenliar
to ner^e-Buhstance. How molecular change in tmn«formcd into nervous
force is a physiological pnililem which has not yet be^-n solved; hut this
hypothesis of Tigerstedt is at least plausible, rhal iicr*ous energy itself is a
form of wave-motion among nioU-cules.iind analogous, ihtrefon-. to light and
hnl. Ilouglns (iraham sums up the action upon the nervous sysiem in the
following «-ntiiusia»lic t^tnns: "I'pon the nervous ey^ero, as a whole, maaii*
ugv moot generally exerts a peculiarly delightful, and at the same tJc
countcr-irritiint, if one idbv be oUowi^ ihi; i-.\[)rf«!iion.
examples of this, perhaps, ig the relk'f from hcaJscho from
thv linok and »hnuli1<-r«. It Hha hmn been known that «t
often induces sleep. . . . The tnin^inilted anil rrd«
maaaa^o tnuxt f-vtdontly he n.4 niinieron^ an tht^ •li.itnhutioru
of the sensitive nervee that are accps^ible to it; iinpn-««ioii,
be said to act on dintant narta by svmnathy, br reflex actio
of the latter, by inhibition." "Fiirtliennorc, inacMgo rx
the mutcttlar sense in an agreeable and beneficial manner,
else dncif, restoring idiornu«tilor contractility and exlcn*il>i
that the state of our muscles indicates, and often deter:
of health and vigor or "f wo-arincus und reel>litn !.■*»-"' K»t
effecta of massage in similarly enthusiafitie expressions of
that this hflppines.>i, this iiniilndc. this respiration more fi
pleasing, are the result of the equilibrium which at this tin
the funelions. The nervou* nyrtera. no hmpr ro<|u:rinj
against obstacle* to respiration, to circulation, and to ni
tranquillity almoi>l equivalent to repoxr, and then thi»
tie Ut rir. e.rprrtatif, in some manner leaves the imnginatii
the ideait of boalitudr which cume in multitude* to occupy
tree, and these now have no need to concentrate a certl
activity to control the function*!, — to xnbdue mmv ami to
Masi^age is the handmaid of medicine, iti a literal
aorpi.ion, diffusion, and assimilation of n-nn-dii-H in fsvorwl
age, — at thc«mo linn- that the cmunctorics are stimulated
of effete material by all the channels of excretion » encou
Therapeutic Application*. — At the present day no phy
tiidered well i-quippcd for his duties unless he is acquaintri
fundamental pilnoipli's of manage, and nndcr»tand» how
practice. It is by no means necessary that he nhould hir
in the art of maR-ta^fe, — altbouKh lhi« would )>e a consno
to bi> urishM) for bii nntienl'e cnL'A — liiit ha ahtiil'l L-ni\Bi
XAMAUB AXD RI
rasT
917
oifs^redit. Tho physician owcb it to him^-lf and In his pnlicnl lo see tha^
^'^ V innliiM'nt is iirojicrlj a(iiiiiiii»lereil, and carefully adjusted to thv strci;
*■*■ tlie patient. Some cases art- bcni-fitrd by ten iiiiniit<H cif massage, but
^^<:siiid hv eomideldy exhati»ted by the full hour, which is the iieual EtaiidBrd
<**" stnice rcnaered among the lower chuw of operators. The golden rale in
"■"•wiiimi' ii that ihe operation* sJiould be oondueted in such a manner and
'*^i such a period of time as will alTord the greatent ln'nofil to the patient,
**^ itlioiit l>einj; followed by any *i-n.ie of fatifnie; but, on the contrary, a"
' *tailed on the preeeihni; paRe. lie should feel rested and invigorated afte
'^^ch iKMlnii'llt,
Nenraithenia and Hysteria. — Ma«fagc occupltv on important place in
•- lie so-eiiUed ''rest-cure" of Ur. S. Weir Mitehell. It must be leniembered
%>iat the subjects for Ihix combined treatment of phyi^lcal and mental
^Iwietwd*', <liet, electricity, and massane are either broken-down, chronic in-
"^^alids or hyetericnl subjects, whose enerfiies apparently arc in a state of
^%ib«nuttion, or, at all eventu, in an abnormal condition as regards their
v«eponse to the ict)iiin'iiient& of the mind and the body. Such putienta arej
V. «o weak for bodily exertion, often paretic, certain noupe of muecleB bein|
^b-ffected more than other>; there niny he. and often ii^ great einaeintioD, du(
t«> want of cserei.'<e, and frequent pains and aches, owin^ principally tfl
^iefieient nonri^hment of nines and dcfoctire innun'ation of orsans. Cas
xvhivh have been bedridden for years have been cured by MitelicU. PIayfair,1
Sftnd otheni. by enforced rwt, improved nutrition, and cletrtromai^age. The
^3«ychological factor in the Weir Mitchell treatment is certainly a valuable
^Mdjunct. He insist? upon isolation of the patient, forbiddiug all vixitorf,
^ppciaUv uieiubere o( the fninily. Hhsolutely confining the patient to the
^K>m|>any of the num.' and the doctor, dtirinji the period uf treatment, and,
in fome cases even interdictinj; all private correspondence. "Reat," styta
"*be aiiilior of ihin treahiii'nt. "means with me a good deal morf than merely*
buying. 'Go to bed. and stay there'" It means care that lelten? brinp no worry-
ing newi>: that they are brief, and of Auih kind as a nurse may read aloud.
It means absence of all possible tiM- of brain Hni] body. It means neither
Yrading nor writing, at letint for a lime, with the exception in cases where,
as is rare, there ie no asthenopia. If the nurse can read to the patient, and
"reading Iw borne without fatigue, let it he used, at first, for only a few min-
V'vtca at a time. If this wearies, then lei the nurse try to cull the bits of in-
lerMling news from the papers, and, as she glances over the columns, talk
this to llic patient in place of fornuiUy r<-ading nlottd. ... If you are
disposed l« smile because I say let the nurse feed the patient, you wUI noti
if, lying supine, you make the experiment of using yanr own liands in th«^
act of feeding. ... I believe that I have done something to make rest
fuhionahle among physicians as an esuential to the treatment of spinal
maladies, and, both in them and in the treatment of neurasthenia and hya-
leria, it is well that you clearly comprehend what it is llmt I mean by rest.
Your trouble will be, always, that Ihe patient will desire to tie on a sofa, or
lo make some such compromise, but in bad eases— and it i» only uf thiree I
t|»eak — ail this i* hut mere triding, nnd you had better, on the whole, make
•B orror in the direction of a too absolute rest."' The fact it, that in litany
'"l.»rtiir« on DiimtM «( the X»rvou« Srriem, specially in Women," ii, S27,
lliflsilrlplita, 1X81.
UIK
niKiiAi'ifi"!
of llici^ciintifnt" lliiTO mu Iotix iiisiDrv of dfiim^lic tvmnny li_v Hip <\
and exacting invalid. Hn<l the liret Imttli- to lie roiinlit i» t» <-Miii>li*ti tlit-
•uthorily of tin- iihyniciaii, I'nlrKii he can sociiri- an iinoondilional ^urrendi-r,
60 as 1o he ma^tf^r of the ^ituulion unci huvt- hif dirt-clioni' ohoyin], hotti in
Mtf r and «{)irit, he had Iwtler retire from his charpe of the case, and refus*
to accept any re^punBibility as to iho n-xiilti' nf tnvtmvnt, in nnlor lo pro-
tect hia own reputation. After he has secured the co-opemtion of tho6<> iu
authority, lie i» in u position to dirtali- (hi- jdan «t Ireatnifnt. Thi- ri'i>l-cim'
eontiists essentially in keepinj; the patient passive, in the recumbent ptwiure,
for a certain U-iifjth of tinn-,— ;;i-ncrally nlmiit three nxmtti:*, — keepiiit: up
nutrition hy frci]ii«nt feeding; and the daily application of electricity and
inafidijic. 1'he mural iiifliieniv of the ax«oeiati<)n with the trained nurse i»
of Rreal advanta^'c to the patient, ai- k al»o the knoulcd^'e that the term of
trnilmeut depi-nd» altoxethcr ujton the rate of improvement. In many
cases this knowledge and the irkBomonceo of uiiaceu»tome<t re«1mint comhine
to awaken an anient deoire to get welt, which has a very happy cffe<>t upon
the results "f llic lre(iliiii-nt.
In hyBtcrical paralyiii. whether monoplegio or panplc^c, or in lumi-
pareaia. the treatnunl hy rest ami inasKiiK<'. a* «hove indicalei), is of the
jrreato^t service. allhiiiip;h in tlie iJRhter casi-w il may not he neeeasary, these
lieuiR the pnlii iiIk wlm arc likely to he hcnelitcd hy the "tatic current. Weir
Mitchell, in the wi>rk already tjunted. warns against allowing a convah*oent.
hysterical, jmmtylic palient to overtax her strength, or the ori^iitut dillieulty
may return in an aggravated form. As regards the dietetic trealmeni, this
is not the place for its discussion, hut it is proper to olwerve that many fat
patients are really thin- blooded and anemic, and the fir^t step toward itn-
provemenl itf a decline in weight. Mitchell reports one case of a paraplegic
uoman. weijihin^ one himdred anil Kcventy pounds, who was put to l>ed and
ailoweil a milk diet mixed with a little rice-water or harley-water, the milk
heing gradually reduced to kw Ihiin a quart a day; when she showed signs
of weaknes.* heef-soup waM added to the diet for a day or two. In one month,
under this regimen, her weight wa» reduced some twcniy-foiir pounds.
Massage and induced currents, with a good diet, now turned the scale; slw
gained in color and in flesh, and ut the end of another month she could walk
without much trouble.
Pr. Benjamin Lee points out a possihle abuse of the rcst-cntr. and co
eiders that the treatment, in other hands than the author's, is cajiable
producing injiin* nither than hencfit. He regards the movement-cure as
the eeaential agent in the restoration of these nervous invalids, and the
enforced rest, apart from its inllnenctr Upon the morale as a means of sub-
duing the perverse will of a spoiled child, simply as an accident of the n:
age and ihe acto-jiassive exercise necessary, to a certain extent, to reap
full benefit of the method, not necessarily remedial in itself, and, without
the other means, as likely to do harm as good. Overfeeding — which U in-
aigted upon — is only made possible by the mechanical treatment, and. in its
effects, may really he imdt-sirable and pernici'iu", hy overloading the emune-
tories to a degree entirely beyond their ca|>ability to take care of iib^imilaled
material forced upon them in order to build up adipose tissue. It is possible
that this fat nmv lie deposited in abnormal situations, as in the liver or in
the walls o( the heart. He holds that, in these eases of impaired nutrition.
h>'draled blood, degenerated tissue, and depressed nerve-force, our obji
IK
as
.he
sub- I
:iai9^H
KASeAGS ASn RBST-CtfnE.
should not be to overload Ihe economy with carbon and lii,v on biyer after
InviTof iidipMdliHeiie, but to rreuto a deitunid in the tiftoiies fartb«t from the
centie for nealthv blood, by breakinK down and forcing out the dend-alive
(.H'lln, with tbcir Bccumiilutioni^ of morbid deposit, and i«ndinK tliL-ni to Ihu
L'umnctories to be excreted, and, as this di'mnnd begins to be felt, supplying
it cautiously, — principally with nilrogenoun elemcntii, — and not in cxee** of
the asfiimilsting orpans to mana^fe it. It i^ eridcnt that the roultn of the
Ho-calliHt rext-i-im- will not be cijiially unnd in ihe linnds of all who attempt tn
farr_v it out. and. where it is pmctit-ed, the p^cutcft attention xhould be jjiven
to all the detAilt ii) rnch individual ea.te.
Kasaaife in General Uedioal PraotlM. — Headache duv tu hyperemia it
relieved by neck-lnIlM^aa^*. — Htrnklnf; the tiftsues upon each side of the larynx
and tmrbea downward, tlius neceleratin);; the venous current in the numer-
ous enperticial veins. Its operation is anslo^us to that of blood-letting upon
the cert-bral vej^els; the tilruking. Ibereforc, iihonld lie gentle, especially at
tirsl. and not too frc(|nently repeated, or it may cause svncope. MaMtuge of
Ih'- iiiiis.lis (if ilii' liHik, alxo, often relieve), headaclie. In oongcation of the
bimin or membranes, whether active or paiwive. the intnieraniai einnJiitiun
nay be diminished in Ibis way, preparatory tu the ■'ingiluynient of slower
it«rivative agents, such as piirgaiivet;. In ino-itioke Itctlininyr in to con-
vinced of iu good elleclH tbut he wiy* it should alway:i be intitantly resorted
to. Hemlorania, of the eongeelive form, may be rrlievc'l promptly in thv
Mme manner. In the unit'mic form of bemicranta, or mi^iaine, massage of
the neck does do good: but firm stroking of the frontal and tempoml regionii,
with the cyoK elnuted, uininlly hringit relief. .\» sueb patients are readily hv|>-
nolizwl hy geullc stroking of the hctid. thU method iihoiihi he emphtyM with
circumspection, unless it is desired to produce hypnotic steep. Nervoui
headaches and ^ome neuralgtus are bene^Ied by siniking and friction.
Norsttom. of I'aris. liwds neuralgias of muscular origin, which are accom-
pani^ by ceutn'i' of induration in the mu.'iclei' of the neck, und often by
tenderoess along the nucha. These he attributes to chronic inflammatory
pr(K-e«M«, and that the removal of their indurallona by niaiiitagc i* invariably
accompanied bv complete cure of the neuralgia.
In tabes dorsalis, or locomotor ataxia, good result* have been reported
by fSchrcilwr und nlher;: following Ihe une of ma:>snge The annoying symp-
toms of this disease are undoubtedly relieved by mechanotherapy and Ihe
progre»# of the morbid Ui'i'ini' poisibty delayed ; hut it cannot be said as yet
thai Ihe therapeutical problem in this interesting malady ban \>et-n solved.
It in in HUtica i-specially that the moHt brilliant results have be«n re-
ported from the movement -cure. In sciaticas of rheumatic ori^n Mrong
stroking, altemailng with percuwion, alon^ the oounx,- of the affected nerve
is usually successful in producing a cure in a short time. If pathologival
changre in the course of the nerve have caiued the oeiatiea. the snecesa of
the treatment will depend upon their diMrovery and their removal, either by
Ivcal mawage or by other means. When tumoni, or [lalholngical changes
deep within the pelviii, have c«u«i;d the [win, massage may bil and, in
tact, may aggravate the sulTering. In uncomplicated caM>« cure may be
batitened l>y [iimhining massage and electricity. Painful poinia, eniectallv
along the spine, are frniui-ntly met with, especially in women. Aa auch
points are in wiine case* the pi>int of departure for hynterical or cpiieptiform
fonvulfions, it i» important to relieve or remove them early by local maat^ge.
920
OBXBIUI
irBUTlCB.
In viirimi* nouroKci^ of occupation, profo^iimul ucuroiiee, of
writen' cramp is a familiar illnfitrntion. maEeage ie thi- only >{!t'iil oii|miIi1i- «f
aff'irdini; permanent ri-liff. Tli* mctlioiJ of Wolf in treatiQ); wrilcrs' cramp
has already be«n mentioned undiT "Electricity''; it is a combinoltnn of «tr»)('
JDg and friction, with both tlit- jfalvanlc^ and faradic currents, in cramp of
(he calf of the leg the toee should be etrongly addtieled, fo a» (o Iwi^t t)i»
mii^ck-, while friction is applied with the palm of the hand.
Chorea ii^ a diM-a^ie nhiHi is raitiilly controlK'd by iua>^agi.' ami );>'m
naftius, as pointed out by Blacbe and Kouvier.' The treaiment is by liph
stroking of both iippi-rand lower Mtri*»iitic6 and the rhc*l, the jMtiont bt-itif;
held by attendant^'. The muscular ma^es of the back, especially at the
neck uni! nlon); tho vpinnl column, are oNo maKtag«d. Th«' treatment, laM
ing for about an hour, should be repeated daily for three or four days.
"After each treatment the irrrsular muscular oontractionn become lew vi
lent, and the natient gives it to be understood that he feeU more comfortable
SliHi>. which Iiad been pomplotttly interrupted diinnK the continuance^ of th
most violent contractioiiB, is gradually re-established, and speech begins
return. For t^-veral »uhsc<jui-iit dnyit the li^ihl strukiu^ and friction must )>e
persisted in, and th<? maasaur may then begin vi-ry regular rhythmicfll,
psftfivc movement*." Following thciit-, ttcto'jiassivc movementa are encour-
aged for the next eight or ten days, when the patient may be encouraged to
try to walk alotir. .An joon u* hf ix abk- to ni.'ironuitii^b thi», active gytnnaatic
exercises of simple character are superadded. By systematic training and
encouragemciit tins control of the will over the muoclw is gmduatly ivub-
lished, while at the same time there is an improvement in the chlorotic cn:
dition, the hcnrt ami arterial iminmira tlisnppearin^. This method of treat-
ment, according to its originator. Dr. Klachc. is not followed by rvlapses, and
the patients apjuirenfly are p<?rmaiieiii!y cured.
Till' tlicriipciilitnl eilccl^i ot vibration may Iw briefly alluded to in this
phiic. Tlii> Into Professor Charcoi ti-sUfied to its bcnelicial influence? in
paralysis a^tans. The patient wins seated in a (pccially -devised arm-chair,
which, by n raeohanisni set in motion by means of electricity, vm made t
imdcrgo rapid ow-illutor)- movements, T>r. Gilles de la Touretto has applied
a similar reieihod to the head in megrim, insomnia, neurasthenia, melao-
eholia, etc. His apparnlus. which is made in two piece*, bears some resem-
blance to a helmet, and upon its top is placed a small electric motor. Th«
motor produces a iiniforrn vibration of fillO revolutions per minute.
In rheumatic paralysis, or peripheral pttralyeix of a motor nerre a*
result of exposure to cold, and also iu lead paralysis, massage is an in-
valuable adjunct to the electrical and other treatment, and a tendency to
degeneration of the niu.-clcs and nervi- niav llius l>e nvercome.
In infantile spinal paralysis and cliib-foot due to paralyaia, ma««nge,
systematically proclind, improves nntitlion of the parts and is often cura-
tive if early resorted to. Krb considers it of service as an adjunct to elec-
trical and other form* of treatment. It is often impossible for parents tn
bring their children to be treated daily with electricity, and tbey cim be
taught by the physician to employ massage at home. In central paralyaea
the nutrition and circulation of the palsied parts can at least be improved
by mna^age.
f
]
„e
m
to^
It-"
d
it
n
1-
i-
■"I'w of Gymnnotie* and Mnssnge in ChorcH," Dr. [tlacho, I'larie, 19M.
MAS8A0B AHO ItSST-CURE.
dsi
Dr. Uurrell reports a catie of recovery from chroaio myelitis in u miui,
35 yfitt of ag<>, ns the tvsuU muinly of iii«M>iigv,
la leate catarrhs of the mucous membrane of the upper aii^petMAjtca,
in ooryia, tonsillitis, pharyn^tis, angina, and larTsefitis massace of the
nt-ck is highly scrviceaiiK-. In croup Wfi.i^ c-nipluyi'd ihi* mi-lhod with re-
utarkobU succor. Li a child with croup a Miigle fitting relieved the mMt
urgent symptoms: the short, wheexy respiration, accompanied by the mo«t
Snmfiil tenHion of the rt'suirBtory nnwcU'*. i»oiiii bwamt more free, easy, and
eep; the aphonia gave place to a voice which, although still hoarse, waB no
longer mute, and the child bccumc more tniiiuuil and willinRlv underwent
the massaRe, inasmuch that it brought him such manifest relief. Bronchial
catarrhs, asthma of the pure nervous type, and even an^a pectoris are
Iwnetited by stroking, friction, and percussion with the palm of the hand
until tht tiJtin hecome* inteoiiely rcddi-iiH. In elevt'n cases of dry and sero-
fibiloons pleurisy I'olakow observed favorable restdts from massage of the
chest, though in suppunilive esiie^ it is contra -indicated. During iJie treat-
ment tlie ellosioD was rapidly (ib^cirbcd.
In torpid tiver, semipatalyzed condition of the intestiDcs, and cob-
■tipation abdominal ma^r^^'v ii' (-ajxiblc of accomplishing much toward over-
cumin); the morbid state. Ah stated by Jioibmoyr,' we iltould bring it into
use in all those afTections in which we desire to reiinilate the peristaltic move-
ments of the stomach and bowels; to exert a favorable influence on the dr-
cnlation of the blood and of the lymph so closely dependent upon those
movemrntf, and hence, secondurilv, on the Mcrction and cxcn-finti of the
digestive juices; to expedite the aWrption of exudations; and. finally, to
dislodge oWtructing fiecal masses in the intt!«tinnl lube by (lir<-( t nic'i'hnnti'al
action. Massage may, therefore, be practiced in aonte and chronic gastric
and intestinal catarrh, dyspepsia, cardialgia, dilatation of the stomach, in-
testinal obstruction (ileus), tympanites not dependent upon inllnnimation
of the peritoneum, ascites, and, finally, all the aequelte of peritoneal inflam-
mation,— such as lirm peritoneal or exirapcntoneal exudations, swellings,
and adlit^ionj, — alvray» provided that the iniliimniatory proceM ts completely
at an end. AH inflammatory affections of the peritoneum, malignant tu-
mor*, and deep ulc«Tiitii>n.t of the Ktomach or intestines contra -indicate it*
emploj'ment. "For habitual conitipation, especially in persons of sedentary
habits, nbilominal inanwi^>-, coinliiiicd with pelvic gyinnastics. constitutev
the mo#t desirable, sure, and eflieient remedy that we possccs," in the opin-
ion of Kenjamin I^ec. Constant moderate prf^iiro has an analogous action.
Dr. Peilchenfeld has successfully mode use of a cushion containing three or
fonr poundii of shot included between layers of wadding. TIiuk an equable
pressure is maintained. The cushions arc held in position by tapes and. as
a rule, an hour or an hour and a half of thi« application it sufficient to bring
about a movement of the bowels.
In hepatic congestion with jaandice local massage o\-i>r the liver with
general abdominal niasstige for Jiflcen minutes daily are used, combined with
gymnastic exerctsefi for pelvic muscles, .\bdominal masMiie, both manual
and mechanical, is a \-aluable aid in strengthening the abdominal and vi^
ecrnl muscles, and to replace viscera. In cases of gastropto«is, after replace-
■ Traets on ih*%
ddphia, 1887.
igt." So. 3. Tnndnlnl, with note*, by DrajiniiB l^r*. Plilla-
XON-PHARUACAL nXUKniBS AKD ORTTRIIAIi THCRAPKmCe.
iDonts by inviinK «f cjire/tilly-cM-iiitvtl tnntttui) Swedi«ti moveinenis, t
stomach iiisy be retained in place by ihe abdontioal supporter, upptiod whi
thv pulii'iit U in u rcrcliniiig position. M. 1-'. ranlni cliiiii^ that aMominal
miBsage Iiha undoubtedly & diuretic action, and ib cKpucially luulul in cardiac
diseaad.
Ohlorerii &m] anemia, ai^ ^ut^^c^tcd by ihc laU- Sir Andrew Clarke, are
nfteii iiiu'itciiiti'il wii)i, iiiiil tli'|ii'riilt-nt iiixiii, cunHtipation. Abdoiniaal maa»-
oge 10 overcome the latter condition, conibincd with ji<iicrul niiiit»Mgc of the
entir(> tiurfaoi-, will remliT iniij>l favonibli- re^itlts. In local izdeinaa and oon-
geationi stroking, fiiction, and pa^iw niovninnts sn- repiiilv •■iimiivi-.
Rheumatic ^out, or, more corTectly, chronic rheumatoid arthritii, i*.
according to l>r. Graham, ami.-nablv to maiwafif. provided that the treatment
voinmcnc-e before the patholojiical changei> in muscle, tendon, bone, and
surrounding tiseueii arc loo far advanced. I''rc<|unit visits and arduous work
am roqiiintd, but in the end amply repay both physician and patient for the
time and trouble cxpeudi-d. !le oblaiiu'd gradual iiiipnivinii'nt from the
use ii( ma-'snge in five out of sjx eaw!" of well-marked rheumatic pout: and,
by kccpinf; up the trc-ntmont. four patients reguiued lolerable use of Ihr
alfi-cti'd limbs, and in one reeovery seemed to take place. Iterpbuau and
HtrlkdHy, Courfivld. and tiulfoiir have reported cacu* "itiiilar to ihote o(
Uraliam, where marked improvement resulted from the treatment. His
method was deep manipulation, without friction or inuuotiou; passive mo-
tion a» far as pain would allow, and sometimes farlher; and rettistive motion
aaeoon a« it could be done. If p<iia lasts for several honra, and increases aftiT
Bubsequent efforts, the treatment must be modified or suspended. Knead-
ing with one hand, ^n »» to break up indurations or (liii'p('r!<e efTu.«innii, while
the other hand pushes alons the circulation in the veins and lymphatics
above the joint, will often lead to ab«or]i[ion «f products not Um finnly
orgunixcd. Ma&sagc of the adjacent area acts a^ a physiolo^^inil derivative,
and inipr"ve!« nutrition. Tb* inutiliiv of any other form of tn'atmvnt awiir>
massape the only resource in ibis disease.
In heart dlBease, when valvular dix-a.to ha* resullc^d in insufRcicucy and
the compensatory hypertrophy is commencing to fail, at a time when there
iw »liglit u'di'nm, (uilness of ihe veiioun nyMoni. symptoms of bypera-mia of
the liver, etc., general massage affords marked relief. The oHienia disap-
i tears, the circulation improves, ami Ihi- dijfcative organ.-i perform their
luties in a more satisfactory manner under the indnencc of properly- applied
massage. In weak heart, <hu- to deficient innenation or to lowered tone in
the muscular tissue, following certain fevers. — such as typhoid, induenza,
diphtheria, etc., — the daily performance nf general umttsuge, with passive
exercises, will gradually restore vigor and tone to the debilitated or^an.
Gentle, systematic, and resisted nuivemenls form an iin])orlant |>art of th^^
Seholt treatment of heart disease as practiced at Xauheiiu, Germany. ^H
In diaeases of women nias&afie, on acemmt nf its corroborant jjnwer. U^i
a valuable cmmenago^^uc It diminishes the sulfering attendant upon dy«-
nicuorrhicn, and may be iiisirumental in rt-slorinii such normal ndnlions as
will overcome sterility. In malpositions and flexions of the Uterus, with or
without pntlapse, the application of pelvic maaisajie after the plan of Thure
Urandt. of Stockholm, has proved very successful. It consists in (U raiting
the womb: (2) maesane of the organ and its ligaments; (3) forced abduc-
tion and adduction of the knees: (4) perciiseion of the lumbar and sac:
JfASSAOE ANT) ttKST-CllRK.
9«3
verii'bni-. lliw niptlind favore abflorplion of pxiulations. cicalridil ))ani].s
adheeioiu, etc., and was imlorM.-d by A, Rwvrd Jm-kson, of (?hicft)to. With
n^rd to the correction of womb trouMes, Weir Mitohel) ofTi-re thi; follow-
ing rules in coniiettion with tht- rwl-t-nre; "In tht vhm: of niarneil women
I make, or oauAe to be iiiailc, n thorough esaminstion, to begin with. If
thci* bt- only cniigicrtivi' ctalti^ nnil th*'ir conwiiiiotiocs. I trust to the gen-
eral tr«n(iiient for cure. If there be marked displace nieiits or exowfsivi- mon-
stnialioii, 1 liki- Ui lorrcrt the niie and hiive tlu* utt-ru." well -teanhed for
fKMtiblo onuoe^ of the other. Should there be ^rave ti<»tirri< of the iit^rk of
the woml> or perini-al nqiliire, 1 [irofcr to liaro them relieved at onee. Mie-
P laced ovaries cause, in my esperieuce, a great deal of iroiibk-. Imt both
'rof«-sM>r (ioodell nnil I have nicen a nuinher of oaiieti i» which this annoyiug
complication riKhled iisclf ^pontaneoiiDly during treatment by m>l."
Kcviii. Thure Hnimll, Kbermnii, and others have beneficially employed
nisseage in alTectioU!' nf the prostate gland. The methwl if prmtia-'l by
mi'AiiK of the index linger intniduit^d into the reettim. The bladder liAriiii;
been previously emptied, pretisure and friction are niiide upon the glnml,
prowiiri' bring made in a tlinvtion mward the pubis and bladder. Thene
manipulations are thought to promote absorption of puthological pniducl*
by the lympliHtii-;* and blood-vesitelf. The method is unsuitable to acute
prostclitif. but may be advantageously employed in the dvelining KtSfCG. II
HUppuralion oecun<, masHige U u t^rriceable procedure after the abEOcss has
iKwn opened. The metliud is of special value in chronic prostalitix atuw
ctntfl wilh swelling, and in soft, unifonn hypertrophies of the gland.
In ikin diaeues cvlfudt-d ..-Jipcrienw ha* only confirmed the favorable
opinions cxpre^-ed by the suthor in 1884. in papers which he road hoioK the
wetion of nerinatohigy and ^y[i)iilii> of lln- Kiglith International Medical
Congress, at Copenhagen, and before the American Medical AMociation
(1S83), on "Mechanical Kemedies in iSkin Diseases." as to the practical value
of maamge in this special field. Ue regards it as one of the moat helpful
agenU at hi* comnmtid. To consider u few of its applications, we may com-
mence with scbonhiva capitis, tientle massage is here of great ^crnce in
restoring perfect capillary eirculalion. promoting absorption, and imparling
a healthy tone to the tissues. It prevents falling out of the hair, and favon
a lit-al(hv nen- growth by improving the nuirilion of the hair>hulh. In acne
indnrata and in glundnlar swellings in the skjn maK>age opens the closed
abMirln-nts, catming the lesions to disappear and rettdi-nng the skin soft and
clastic. Many skin disorders arc the result of disturbed digestive processv*
and constipation, and the application of niasuige to the abdomen, hy knead-
ing and )H>rcus«ion, is of excellent service in removing the cause of the un-
tiealthy condition of the skin. Exeese or deficiency of pigment may be
remedied by ma»sagc. owing t<> it's divpi-rsiiig power and tendency toward
n%ioring normal action. In pioriaiii and Krofnlodenna general massage
is used to incn-asi' nutrition of Ihe skin and prumote the fornwlion of blood-
corpuseles and consequent oxiilation. In the itohii^ of acute or chronic
ecicnui nmssage is direi lly beneficial, and piilients nmy be instrueteil to use
it in place of scratching with the nails, which produces sei-ou<lar> lesions
aiid aggruvat<» the original condition. Many troplo disorders of the ikin
are inHuenced favorably by properly-administered movements.
Infiltration of the akin, accompanied hy roiighni'ss and scalinese. is a
etmdition in which ordinary methods fail, but which will yield lo luasso^
XON'-niARUAtAIi RFMFJllBtl AVD GENERAL mERAPEtTTICS.
In Bimpic cofc* of rough, lliiek, iind k-nthorv «kin, where it is desired to
vnhnnre iho. befluij- of ils texture, its fairness, softm-e*. and clnsticiiy. Iht-rc
ie no a^oiit »o powtrfiil u« mnuuige. Frequent warm balhiu^, an occasional
Turkish bath, and daily shower-bathe are very valuable in Ftimulatinfr the
ciilani-oiiK eircuInlioR, and «liotild be mipplenienled by friction and kni-ad-
ing. The well-recognized bciitllts of friction with a coar#c towel are ft-cWu
intitAtiono of llu- rc^nlfs of skilli-d mn»<age, Huoh as ^are »upnlenet>s to the
inUH^tcii nnrl health and beanly lo the skin of the ancient Greeks.
Masiotherapy is the bert means in our power for rendering old, in
trated, exudalivc miiti'rial amenable to the action of the absorbent vcesei
In etephantiauB arftbom deep kneading; has led to excellent results. In thi
intervals of the upplii'stioTi the limb inuy be <.-«ni)ircs»cd by u bandage,
prefernbly of rubber Very decided diminution of bulk has fallowed this
treiilnirnt. Eochymoaes of the face or other parts of the body, due to bruis-
ing and conseijuent effusion of blood under the skin, are very disfii^rinR
fur till' time: tnry uinv be ropidlv dispersed and absorbed bv rotary friction,
stroking, and gentle kneading. HaematomK of the auricle, frequently occur-
ring in the inline. i» bcHi'vcil l<> iirix- fr(i|intiily from direut injury. At all
events, it gives Tine to considerable deformity, and should be tre.iled wilh
niBi^sage applied in the Mmc mniiner In furuncle, bclore siipptiration has
occurred, gentle friction — first of the neighboring vaseular area and finally
of the Icdion — will relieve pain luid promote rcMilulion. The pain of herpes
BOfter is said to be decidedly lesrsened by well-direeled local ^troyng over
the afTected nerve. In hyperidrosii and other diKorderii of the per«|>iratory
glands good results may often be noticed after general massage, and the eon-
seqiient improvement (if the j;i*»'Tal heaUh. In lycosil we havo had exifl-
lent roswlts from gineiiil niiissHge combined with local measures. Ecthynui
being an expression of faulty nutrition, niauMge similnily jinimiin-s gond
rwnlts by impnivenieiu of the general condition. Impetigo is gimilarly
caused and similarly benefited, in lichen pianos and lichen scrofnlostu
niasjjige is of service, and it i» calmlated to counteract the const i tut ional
dcprcst^ion attendant upon lichen ruber^ Scrofulom and syphilitic ledona
of the hkin, especially occurring in wetik patients or those of feeble eonali-
lution, or debilitated by intemperance, sexual exces-s insuffieienl food, poor
cloihiiig, and bud nir are rajiidiv brnefiu-d bv gcnend inaswLge and proper
hygienic munngemeut. Cicatrices and hypertrophicd scars may be softemtl
and eauiied to disappear by persevering applications of friction and knead
ing. especially if codliver-od be used locally, by inunction, at the >ome time,
Morbid growths of a benign character, hypertrophicd tonsils, am
chronically-erdnrgcd glands may disappear under general and local nun^^ge;
and inllanimatorv' thickening and indurations are often removed in this
manner.
In chloral poisoning, alcoholic coma, or opium naroods, as suggested
by ]>r. Murrcll, massage of the extremities is useful in maintaining thi
circulation until antirk'te? have time lo act.
Synerpits. — Hygienic measures of nil kinds assist massage in briugin
the body lo iifi highf-sl state of physiologieal perftviion. Pure air and i-x
ercisu are powerful adjunel*; balhing, especially sponge- and shower- haths,
are too much neglected; alTusion. or pouring, of either hot or cold water,
or each in Inrn. is n decided xtimulanl lo the nerves and vesselii of the part
treated: and, in fact^ massage is greatly aided in producing the desired re-
the
7t
1
IB
'd
I
MASSAOK AXD BEST-Ct- RE.
9i5
suits by tb«fic and similar mt^nii. Proper rlothJng, liolli 8t niithl siid duriag
llie dny, will nwixt llif trunlmetil. Uiirinn niaisage tlie clolliiiip >^lioiild be
lons«ne(l, or of suth chfiractcr ait to pi-niiit ihi' required manipulations. In
l)ic iiiif of upiiiiratus, as in ilie Swretiisli 6v*tcm of mi^chunotheropv. and. In
fact, in the drill, either with or witliniil npplijinccii, a Kyninastic aiiit of
llannel, with a belt at the waist, is indisp^iiMiblc. Intelligent supervision
sbotild bo {riven to the daily food of the putieni, in order that the best
renults may be derived from the niorement-eurc. The diet should be plain,
nutrition*, and, imlew in (^peeial raKo wlieri- ihe emitrarv would lie required,
it should he sparing. The objeet to be kept in mind by thf putivut liboitld
not be the gmtificjitioii of the palate, but Ihe needs of the syatem. The
advice to exerciBe not for Btren;;tb. but for health, may W uceonipaiii<'d by
tb« Bdmonition not to eat for enjoyment «f the pleasure of the table, but to
keep the body well.
RU'ctricity it closely allied to massage in its effeets upon the muscular
syatem. as it produces contraetion and eommotion in the body of Die mu^rle
by acting upon the mufeular fibres nml t'nd'Organ.'- of the nerves. As pre-
viously indicated, a combination of these valuable agcnt« i« used by mMns
of the roller electrode, u;«ing cither faradium or ^Ivanism. I1ie band of
the manipulator may also he made to act as an electrode and communicate
m current to the ti^ne^ operated upnn. In deltoale patients and children
this is the best manner of administering electricity, as they are rea»»uTcd by
the knowledge that the cnrKiit iiiii><t pass through the body of the altenilant
before reaching them. In the rest-cure faradic electricity is employed to '
produce contraction* of individual museles, and, in elTeet, it servea as a
means of making pnsMve motion. The massage is performed either before
or after the application of the electric current, but generally before.
Some drugs uro of great value in assisting a co»r»c of masMge. They
^wonld generally be classed as nerve-tonics ana restoratives, but it is often
lecewftry to regulate the action of the digestive organs and get them into a
nonnal condition before getting the best results of the ma«aage treatment.
If digestion is feeble, it may be judicious to give digestive fermenlA for a
ae, until the improved nutrition enables the glands to secrete a better
rqualily of gastric juiee and other di)ie«live fluids. Where the liver is per-
forming its duties poorly, the administration of a good enthartie will hasten
the i-fTecIrt of manage, and in eaj«fl of constipation the iise of a Iar;ge wann>
water-and-soap enema, or the injcctiou of a small quantity of glycerin into
the rectum, will a-ssint the manipulations in moving scybalous masses. .\t
Ihe same time, it is observed that caH>s of constipation which come for Ireal-
mi-nl by massage are generally those which have been through the list of
purgatives; and pills and potions have lost ibeir elTevt, owing to an atony
of the l>owel-wall or paresis of the nerves causing peristaltic movements.
As already intimated on a prcviow i^age, feeding is to be regarded as of
more importance than drugging, and a judicious regulation of Ihe dietary
will often make remedied nuperlluouji, e>ipecially if abdominal massage b«
proprly practiced, in many disorders of digestion.
Tonic remedie* pro|»cr or nerve-ton it^s, of which ttrvclinine may be
taken as a representative, have been greatly abused in trie treatment of
neurasthenic iwtients, who require massage and goo<l hygienic tri-atnu-nt.
Drugs very poorly substitute gymnastic exercise and fresh air. If paliinta
shoidd have their cxeretses regularly prescribed for them, and obey the
98fi
N<>V-I-IIAII»A('AL llt!MKI)l&!) AKl) tIRS'RflAI. THKHArKt'TICS.
dJNiction)* of thf exppmnc«d plivficwn in regiilaliof; th«ir pvnods of wori:
and i*8t. the ^uppui^iil m-ctiwilv for lonicii would often <lJKn[j{K-nr vntirvly
frum thii thempeutJc prcilileiii. Owinp to the jjrent faitli wliith |ia(ii-ul«
have in the nt_v*lcrimi» vuliU'C «f reimdies nnd ilie pnw^T of linliit, lliev do
not feel riiiistled mile^^ they liare a mnp^tiul pre^oriiition. and lire lakiuc
the refiiilntkin '■li-«"iHioiifiil tlirw tiiiiM n day." Il is. jierhrtp*". u ftanlonnlde
wi-aknt's-'. perhaps a slirowd and jiiditimii^ pniri'diiri'. to oonn-de eomethinj;
to the pre) lid i eft of the patienl and presi-rilie. if not a plarebo exactly, al
I«hM a mild stomachic: something bitler. — bin not too hilter, — thai he inay
Mttiefy hi; M-ntc. of propriety witli while he permitti the masxape ami cli-c*
Iricity to do their pcrfert work. Tliu good reHiiIti wili be «|it to hv iL^cnbtol
fo llip ni«dieine, but as our object is to cure the disorder this undue eialta-
tion of one part of the treatment iiui»l be jiiiiffK'd and a.*t-ribed to it" proper
nourcw: the ifn'oran'*' cf phvsiolo;;iefll processes on the port of the patient.
Contra- indications. — Jtaiiy ca»ii> «f eoiit'inned inviilidixm hint- driri«>d
into the habit of taking comparatively large doses of various nartotie r^me-
dicfi. with which they "--luiH-fy tlieiiiwlvef, and thus pa»* their \i\vf in a more
or lefts intoxicated eondilion. It need scarcely be said ihat the nse of dni]
whicli lock up the A'cretionM. benumb ihc nervei!, and le»ieu motility of t
muscles is entirely opposed to the objects for which inassflK^ is pructi'__
and ih«t »ueh <lrujt>' mii»l be abandoned if improvement of health is e
pected under mechanotherapy. Kortunatcly. as Murrell has pointed out,
ina«8ageaidc In overconiiii); the iipiiim and chlorul inibil^, and. if the patient
wishes to escape from the physical and iniellectnal degradation whieh thi'ir
ooni'tiinl iiM' eiitfliN, no bctler way iiin bt' dc-viMrd than a eouree of treat-
ment of tliit; kin<l. For many reasons, it is preferable that such patients
shall be taken away from their friends and nustomary surroundings and
treated in an institution directly under the supervision of the skilled phy-
sician in charge. The treatment must be mental as nidi a» physiral, and
the first »tep to be taken is to secure the co-operation of the patient, and
make him sincerely and earnestly desire to throw off the i-vil habit and to
be restored to a normal state. If this be not secured the result will not be
permanent, even if massage and Rymnasties are faithfully performed, bc-
CAiicc a relapse will be itu'vitabte as soon as the opportunity of indul^vnce
is afiain presented. It is evidcni, thirefon-, that, nnt(-» the iiaiit-nl pledge
hi* honor to ab«luin m the future, maissage will be only of temporary benelit^J
and will he brought into undesened disrepute. ^H
While mni^age may relieve pain in carcinoma and other forms of iftalift-^^
nant disease, it is considered inadvisable, since it favors the abiuirption of
the eanoer-eells and ihcir introduction into the neiphborin|r glands and sys-
temic infection. In aneurism the suffering may be reliitved bv light friction,
but kneading or pre.isurc niu.it be avoided. In ulcer of the slomaeh mas.4Age
should not be practiced. It is considered injudicious, in »then)nia of the
cerebral arteries and in softening or tumor nf Ihc brain, to perform general
nioiisa^e: but jjcnilc niawagc of the neck may be iwrmitnil, in order to assist
the return of blnorl from I.hi- brain.
In recent apoplexy, hemiplegia, or monoplegia, and effusions into the
spinal cord, if is better, for the first week, to abstain from massage. Sul>-
soquently. light frit^tioti may be used, in order to maintain nutrition of the
limb by urging onward the lymph and blood in their refpective vessels. If
local softening of ihi- brain should occur (red softenin)t), enything like
UAeCAOB AKO ItlST-ODItB.
9S7
actire or pawivo inovi?iiu-nt>i of the af!t^ted linilxt should be avnid«d oa com-
plt.-t«>ly on powJblp. In chronic tnyditie i( ji- generally considiTed ttiot niUM-
ajie is of little value, but Murrell leporu « mnarkablc on^. whicb had
alr^-Hdy bwii rcffm-d tw, in whit-h il prmluoi'd Hlnioi>t « compU-lc r<.<«1orutioD
of inoiioD in tht paralyzed limbs. In recent neuritis the use of massage i*
inlvnlitrlvd, nn tlii' nik-, altliotigh u ^kittfiil i>|R'rAlor will bo mublcd lo anonl
relief from pain ami diminution of hjpenemia l<y projtresaive mas^ge.
How to Fnscribe Maseag«. — 'llie usual tui-tliui] of prfscriliin;; masso-
tberupculics is to pcrsonnllr interview the maMeur or mutenae (mule >'r
fvmalv operator), ami indiealv vt-rbnlly, nml, perhap*, bv demon^tmtion,
exactly the character ami duration of the movements desired. This is the
l>e«t vray, bcoaiiM- the iibysician can rcniHiii iind see the operations )hT'
formed, and have a demonstration of the manner in which his ideas are
carried into practice. Where the physician ba" hiw own trained nursi-ji, who
fnlly understand his din-ctions and can he irtisled to carry them out. this
ui»peetion on Ihe part of ibe nhysieian niiiy be diapt-nscrl with, an it involvvic
c-OHMdcrsblc losn of time. 1-or his notp« of cases, it is also desirable that
there should be some abbreviated form of indiealinf; the exerdscK. In the
titnnan and Swedish work* on incehanotherapy these directions are given
in terras which, to the uninitiated, are entirely meaningless, especially in the
■yftem of Uiig and hiii immediate follower*. Instead of indulging in such
SQ expression as this, for instance, "lieft — rest — right — extended — gait —
left — «ide — support — i^landin};," it would greatly simplify the matter if a
ro<ie of arbitrary signs were adopted, as in the transmission of me»saifes by
the Atlnntio cable. For instance, in regard to nms^ge. the nui^e may be
snppliect u'ith u card, ou which may be printed the following: —
No. 1.— Mawaok.'
A. All over '. i 30 mintilm.
B. All ovn 45 ••
C AU over SO "
D. acadoMM^B* J 6 "
R Oi-*r (hediMt S •■
F. Ov«r (loniiu^h Bnil bowcU > ..,,,.,.,., S "
O. OT»r lli# throat I ...,, S "
H. Ov«r tbv ■pine ..^.l........ fi
So. 2.— FOME.'TTATIOM. WITH WET COHMOatiOL
A. Hot nn hark of nrrk unci licsd, with W-rolil c»in|)rrM«« over now 15 minutet.
B. Hot brtm*n »houlcicr«. with ice roUl L'oiii[ireiw» o*<t luiig^ IS "
C. lEoC brtlum "hoiildfr', with \ee m\d ooniprcMipn over liln|pi 20 "
D. Hot brtm-fD Btiinililt'rv, willi ii'i*-(«ld i^ompnniM-* oitr luiiga 30 "
E. Hot behind atomueh. »itU i«' culd coinpT*«MM ovsr bowcH. .,.,.,,... 30 "
V. Hot twhind •tniiiRrli. wltb loc-coM rrnnprmnr* ov^r t>ciwela.r ..,, 90 "
0. Hot OB Mrruiii. «itli icp>''ii|il i'oiii|irri-ei out bUddn" . M "
H. Hot on DRi-riini. with ice cold (■omprciwr* over bladder SO "
No. 3.— FoMK.TTATioTn, Altkhxatiko with Coupbcssks.
A. .\llFrnatF hot and ivlil, [otir i'lian|7i^«. lu domal T^rtcbra ... tA minuln,
H. Alternate h'>t nnit cold, lour rhantiPi, to domal rntrbra SO "
C. AltrrnulF hot Hiid fold, fniir rhiMlgiM. to iIor««I frrt«'l>ni. . 30 "
D. Altraiatp hot and cold, lour change*, to lumbar vcrtrbra, IS "
' MauiKP of the lirad U not uioluded in A, B, or C; w that wliarr tkia u iUtin/l
I adilltioa it should b« d>i,i|ni<il''<l by milling 11 (o ilia pnaeriiition.
988
KON'-PnAItUACAT. n^iUKDIRS AKD GENRRAL TnEMArBl'TICS.
E. AIt«riut« hut Htid cold, four dmngpti. to lumliar rtrlrlini 30 tiiinulM,
P. Albrnatn hot nnd •■olil. (our iliniiKvii. to uumtn .,. . . li ~
G, AlUruate hot aiid ctild. (our chsufics. to tacruin •■•■••.•■ . 20
H. A1t«TnDt« hot aad oold lo rrrvimf vcrtcbr* . 15
I. AllfToaM hot and cold to ti-rvic*] vRrtebra. , . .SO
J. Altenuit« hoi &nd oold whuk Imgth of «piDF . . in
K. Altf-mnlr: hot anil fold nholr 1»n|cth ot iplno Ili
1^ Alt«nijiti.- hoi unil ct>tfl nholr Imcth ot «|)in« .,,. SO
is. Altrmatc hot nnd cold to pninfiil p*rt. in
N, Alternate hot and cold, six chani^B. to painful part M
No. 4. — TK!t-Ml?IlTK FOUK?ITATIOXK,
A. Over atamach and liver UO*. two nppljeatu
R Over spleen 140', *•
C. Over howela 110*, "
D. OvM- bladder 140', "
B. OT«r right lung 140*, -
F. Ovrr left lung I40», -
G. Orer lioth limp ...MO". "
U. OvtT thtuut add broncki IW. •■
I. Drhlnd •loroach . Ut)', "
X B«hinil liowvis 140', '■
K. Ikhind liing« ]40*, "
L. Mack nl .iwk 140*. "
H. On Mtfniiii 140', "
KO. S.— PirTKEK-BlniTTB Fduvtationb.
A. Over RloniaHi and liver ,. ... 140*, two applirati«nik
B. Overapleen .140'. " —
C. OvM- bowel* HO". "
U. Over bladder , , ,.„, HO". "
E. Over right lung ....,,,.. 140*. "
P. Ovor left lung ,.... 140', *■
G. Over both luiigs 140*. "
n. Over throat and bronchi 140», *'
L Hcliind *liiina*h .-■ ., ..-,.. 140'. "
J, Behind hoHcla 14D', ••
K. Behind lungs 140'. ••
L. BmcIc of neck U0°. "
M. On tacnim - I4il'. "
No. 6.— TwBJtTT-MKtorci FOmextatioxh.
A. Over stMiiseh and hver 140*,
B. Orcr^ileen 140*.
a Over bowels , , 140'.
D. OTer hl»i3der y 140*.
E. Over light lung ........^. . Hi)",
V. Or*r kfl lung , 140".
0. Over both lung* 140*.
H. Over rhronl nnd hrnnrJii 140°.
1, Behind Btoinaeh . . - ,.,,, r,-.. .,..,., . ... 1 10°,
J. Behind fioweU 1411°,
K. Belilnd lung* 140'.
I,. Back of ne<'k 140'.
M. On MiTiim 140*,
two applimtioiM.
XO. 7.— TKIRTr-UtirOTB FOUBKTJLTIOiKK,
Ch-er atoinaeh and liver 140", two apflieatlq
Over aplcen 140*. "
Over bowels -....., i 140'. "
Over bladder ,,.. ]40*. "
XASSAQE AN1> RBST-CX7BE.
989
. Inag 140*, two *pn]|(tttMM.
i'inSl HO". "
0. Om both lungt ... !«>'. " "
tt Dw throat will bronchi ..IW. "
I D*hM Monuth WO', ■■ *•
). fidUnd bow«U , 141)*. " "
K. Bdklnd lunn 140', "
L Biek oi neck 1«0'. "
JLOowmini HO*. "
The preecriptjon-blank would bo a» follows: —
Prescription Card for Treatment of
%a,
me-
^fUteaa-
^teicxibed btf
-£m.^.
M.
t.
w.
T.
r.
8.
fkn
1
ff-
Al tonu lime So.
^M miHAor b roqualod lo contJouo ihli m*Liu«nt until oLherwii* dlrwtpd. unlcB obnoqt
chaiif* In IA« oood^Uipii »f the pitUtjitt riTudun ilqifahle ui lurUer wiuulUtlub u( Ibe |iri«crlblj|g
llie above is actually in us« in this city, and its practical value dcm-
onstnted. Thv massenr «r tnaasetue standK in the GBin« relntiTi! position as
the diruggist to the physician, and simply carries out his directions as indi-
cated b^' the prescription.
[Note: In the foregoing \>agfe an attempt has been made to indicate
the cliariicteristic features, phyaiologieal effects, and a few of the applica-
tions of mechano til crapy. On account of the eitenl of the subject and the
limitation of space, it is evident that only the most general concliuions coald
be communicated, and that many of the details of treatment are omitted.
At the jame time, it is exactly the details which should be scrunulously ob>
serrcd in order to obtain the most wtisfnctnr^' re«ult)t in an art like massage.
It is, therefore, urijcd upon the attention of students and physicians that (he
physioloKickl effects of mechanotherapy being what thcv arc. and its results
nch as Mve been demonstrated, the subject should be intelligently end
carefully studied by consulting such text-books m Dougtati Qmhnm's "Prac-
tical lYeatise on Massage" (second edition). Murrcll's "{'ractice of Masanjte,"
or Schrciber'e "Treatment by MsEtmge and Kxercise," wheiv the instructions
are more explicitly given, and wit}i a u\-alth of illuetration and detail which
tif » tiuDjecc ID uie puTsuii oi nia aniuous voauon: mo:
live in & crowded citr, amid the lurmoil and pxcitcni
nervous system in a constant atatc of tension, whieb is
need for driig«, «uch ae bromidi;t^, opiuni, and alroholir Mi
is better treated by mawafre and due reflation of bodilj i
PNEiniOTHERAPY AND PNEIHCATIC DIFFEM
PDeumothpra)'y. atmiatria. or jincnmatic medicine,
minidralion of gam.' and Tcaiedie; in a gaseous conditioa
of disease. The elTic t> 'il' ohanfctis in doiisit}' and iif thi
under circumstance)- incTeaeing or decrra^ins atmospheric
cently received ao much altention that they will require st
The siibjoet, IhiTCtori'. will be divided into: —
1. The administration of remedies in a Raseoiis form:
2. Tlie adminif^lrutiou of *uch rcm<'diM under alt«1
atmospheric pressure, or in more or less condensed or ran
matic differentiation.
A strict construction of the term "pneiimotherapj
breath, and Vtpariiu, lo heal) would restrict it to ihe oo
fpiratory disorders, but it may also be employed as applie
the use of sir or Kases. An ancient medical sect, known
pneumatic physicians, founded by Alhi-nff'iis. held that at
eiple or element existed, upon which depended conditio
('xci^w or diminution of which cuuwd diseiiM-. I'rpvioiis
of ihe microscope and the advent of modern pathology ai
waa nlxitit a» far ax hypolhetiiit could he expected lo eai
discovery nf the tnic nature of many diseases, but there
for the existence of such a medical theory in Ihe twenttfl
In proceeding to consider the therapeutic emptoj
gaseous substances, it is proper, in the first place, to derot
PNEUMOTHERAPy AND PSKl'MATIC DIKFEREXTf ATION,
931
aci<J or the prMenoe of coriain contamination*, especially the various forms
of microbes nnd ditense-jrerms. We may. Iiowrvcr. in pussinft, point out, in
a very general way, thi- iJiffcrenoi- in tin- rate at growth ami development of
children who have n plentiful supply of Irc^h. pure air u* eompfiri'd with
those who lead n sedentarv' life in house or sehool. The subject of the veii-
tilntiou of sick-rooms and apfirtnicnt* where rndny porMins arc crowded tc-
f^ether, as in selioola, factorieii. and n-ork-shopa, has been fully investigatnl
of Iiit« ycnrs, and thi' hrcnthing of foul iiir \s now rcgiinkd as ono of the
principal causes of ill health and deKeneration.
Conversely, in many patit-nt* tint tirst iherapeucic rtep to take ia to
secure for them a jircater i|uantity of pure air than they have been acm*-
lomed to having. In niodtrn trentin^es upon the practice of medicine great
strees is usually laid upon the importanei- of the ventilati'tn of living-room*,
and also of exercises in the open air. Urs. Tnideau and Sternberg fonnd
that the mortality from consrimptioii, in rnhhiln innculntfd wilh tnborcic*
virus, was very much greater among animals confined in crowded, ill-ven-
tJIatci] hutches than among others which were allowed to run out end liv«
in the open fields. Heated air has l>een employed in therapeutics not only
in the form of the Turkish bath, hut also used simply by inhalation. The
effects here being simply those of elevation of temperature, they will be con-
t)d«T«d uniier the head of heat. The eHects of differences of atmospheric
prOAure will be discui*ed in the present seition, under the title of "rnen-
matic IMflerentiation." The effects ot breathing rarcJied air are closely con-
nected with those attending residences in elevated localities, where atmos-
}^eric pressure is less than at ordinary Jovels. This deserves careful study.
as upon it often depends [he decision as to the proper snnftloriuni to scud
an invalid. It may be accepted as an axiom that patients suffering with ad-
tanecd disease of ihe heart, luii^s, or kidnoyi> an- injured by n'niovnl to a
high altitude, a; their systems do not readily become accustomed to the in-
crw*wl labiirof bn-fltliinir necessarily re(|uired by the rarefaction i>l the air.
Tills, however, will be c<int-*idered. more in detail, under the subject of
"Climatology." fnder this head, also, will be considered the effecls of the
presence in the air of moisture, and the ditfcrcnccs between marine and
Oounlain air« and places.
The presence of ozone in the air, and it* con*ei}nenf(-^, will be hereafter
ferrwi to in discuseing oxygen. When present, it is an important witneaa
*o the purity of the airand its freedom from organic contamination. Where
ftp»t numbers of people live in crowded eommuniltcs, ozone is never presi-
*Ht. If the fact is borne in mind that the expired air from the lung* con-
tains more or less excrenKTtilions ori.'anic niutler, it will be understood why
'Towd-poison, or rebreatbed air. may be the cause of disease. Hesides the
'noreascd qitanlitv of carb<inic-acid gas and the diminiithcd propurlion of
5*svgen, the expired air further varies from the standard of pure air, in that
it hw on excess of moisture, which contains odorous parliclci'. and frequently
l^acilli and other forms of bacteria. Atmospheric air. however, except in
*l»«cial locations on the tops of mountains, may also contain many varieties
of Iwcteria! forms, and also organic maU'rlal. in the fonn of dust, which may
\te frfa very irritating character. The expectorations of tubercidons patients
in the streets become dried, and tubercle bacilli have been shown by actual
experiment to be present in street -dust, as well as in the confined air of th«
,conmmptive wards in a hospital. Manifestly, therefore, persons who, by
938
.NON-PIIAKMACAI. RKUKDIG3 XHt) OF-XKRAl. TIIKRAPeimuS.
heredity or acquired predisposition, arc lisWi- to suffer {r«in phtliUtK, hIiuuI*]
lire in a ncigliliorhmxl v-hercthcy can lirernhf! pure air. as free as poiisible
from all irritating inntter&, unil eKpLvially pnthuguiiie «iib«tiiiKf:<, nixl llicv
slioiilil 0iir<-fulIj- ovoid urowdeii vi-hioU-i nr public halls. Consiiinptivt* mirs**
filiould never be ullowed to etnitutDinote the uir thai yoiing childr'-n brent he
by fondling and kiitiiiiK them, infanta being particularly liable to infeetiou
from thi« toiircc. Operntive* who Vi'ork in overcrowded room*, sueh na eigiir-_
makers, cloak- and drees- makers, especially where there Is much duet In tti^l
air. thitvi tht- cITect of privation of frei^li air in their pallid taw* and wneleO^
frames, and they are also very subject to pulmonary aifectioDB from inhaled
particles, which act as irritanls. The first prejicriptioa for a coui^h, under
such eireiimBtfinteB. would be fresh nir. ae pure as can he obtained. One of
tli« prinoii>al beneficial effects of tlit? muvcment-ctire and mas^Hgtr i» Heen in
the increased activity of the respiratory function which follows ]*hysical
exercises; but increased respiration will not be of great benellt ui)ler», at
the same time, provision be made to supply a EulVicieiit quantity of piin> air.
The report of the Knglisb Anny Sanitary Commission, publlshe*! in iKoS,
in coDcui»ivo in its proof that "the c][»«»ivc mortality from consumption
among roldiers, and in particular regiments, was due to overcrowding and
inntitlicient ventlhilion. pK-viou« to that impiiry the cubic space p«r soldier
in the barracks of the Foot (Juards only amounted to 331 cubic feet, and th*
phthisis morlnHty wm a» high a» 13.8 per 1000. In the Borw (iiiards. on '
the other hand, with a space per man of 572 cubic feet, the mortality from
phthisis did not exceed 7.3 per 1000. ]| wn.* found that phthisic prevailed
nt all slotions, and in the most varied and healthy climates, the vitiated air
in Uie barracks being the only condition common to all of them. In con-
sequence of this fxci-itsive iiioilality, the Commissioners recommended that
the cubic space allowed per man in barracks should be inereiwcd and the
ventilation improved, wiih the result that, from the time their recomraenda*
tions were acted upon, the number of phthisical cases occurring at all these
stations has materially diminished. Siniibir evidence is afforded by the
statistics of the Royal Navy, uud notably as regards the civil population, in
llie reiiort of the Health-of -Towns ('ommix^ion, published in 1844. Indeed,
it has Wen fully estiiblishcd that not only phthisis, but other lung affections,
such as pneumonia and bronchit!§. are generated, to a large extent, under
like conditions, and the same may be suid of such diseases as serodilu am
others of an adynamic type.'"'
The iinnounwfnient of the discovery of tlie tubercle bacillus by Koel
in 1S82, has not invalidated the above obBerration. On iho contran,-. these
observBtitins are highly valuable, since they serie lo explain the problem of
susceptibility, or predixpo»ittoo, by means of which some individuals acquire
phthisic, while others, under similar cireiiuistanciii of exposure, successfullv
resist the inroudif of the bacilli. In fact, while the ofTecls of eonstanllv
lirenlhitig vitiated air may not be at once manifested, or cause severe pjiin or
discomfort, other than fri-qrent hoaduehes or feelings of malai.se, the con-
sequences, in undermining the health, appear slowlj-, and are cumulative,
but not less injurious. Tin.'* i» now universally recogniisod as among "the
most potent and wide-spread of bU the predi«poKing raus«e of disease"
'"Ilitnd'book of Il^gkn* and Sanilarjr ScienH'," fleorfc WilMm, Laadoa, )g]
ThiiJ rditioii, p- 'liV.
PKRrUOTBERA PTTSD
933
fWiWn). Follovfiiig the dirlatrs nf noiiiid judfiminil nnd cKfierii'iice, civil-
ized nations have etcailily tinjiroved the v^nlitntion of dui-llitigii and irork-
r»oiii». line) 6y*UTniilic«lly remove from ciiios KHrbajje and 6III1, wliiL-h poi*on
the air by underj^oin;; fermentation and putrefaction, and give utT poisonous
vajinnt niid di^-it!!e-^fnii!>. K*pccial1y in hoRpiiala has attenlioii been paid,
of lute years, to this essentia) point, in order to Keciin: nn u^eptic atmosphere
for the «iek. By the urn- of forced ventilation, the supply of pure Bir is
maintained, which is now generally oekiiowledg^ to be an important ele-
ment in tlie treatment of holh sick and wounded.'
In the Iroalniynt of many eliroiiic dii^onlcw, ei^pecinlly pulmonsry affec-
tions, respiratory gymnastics, havinp; for thi'ir object greater expani<ion of
the chest and an increase in the tidal air, are of acknowledged value, and
have heen already referred to in the |>recedinK section. In the tTcntment of
asphyxia from cooUgSK, carbon dioxide, or hydrogen sulphide, fresh air is
aUolutelv necessary, as it is, also, in syncope and suffocation by drowning.
As already intimated, many e«*e» of cholera infantum are due to local poi-
soning of the air, and can be cured only by a eliango to a purer AtmoKphere.
During the prevalence of y.llow fever, cholera, nmall-pos. and other epi-
demic diseases it sometimes becomes neeeesary to remove a whole community
lo H more sanitary loealiiy, the be«t disinfectant being pure air, and plenty
of it.
Sincic the famous experiments of Dr. Priestley, there have been many
attempts made to render air more curative by adding lo it Yarious ^iibntaneeji,
either in gnseons form or aa a vapor, spray, or impalpable powder. The
lallcr forms will be separately considi-red Inter, and in another purl of tlic
work will be glrcn a number of tiBCful formiilie for tnedicameitte to lie uml
by inhalation. Air mav be made to earrv, not only gaseous sulisianees, but
jitguids and solids in minute subdivision. .'\n excess of waterv- vapor is pres-
ent in I he Hiissian bath. It is also useful for inhalation by means of a croup-
kettle or st cum -atomizer, after openitioiis for trucheotcniy, ami also in ca<ei
of catarrhal inflammation of the throat and bronchial mucous membrane.
Various volatile I'ubi'lancii^ may bc added lo Ihc water, »uch ot oil of eu-
calyptus-leaves, compound tincture of benzoin, iodine, and carbolic acid.
.Smoke from burning nitre-paper. ditTused in the air, give* marked relict in
asthma, or nyridin may be volatilized for the same purpose. Tar, cresylic
acid, phenol, ond other dulwlani*-* may aUu be iidniiiiistered in this way iu
pulmonary affections, and often with marked effect. Among the gaseous
snhstanciii proper, chlorine hn3> been used, largely diluted, as a brmchiul
stimulant, in narcotic coma or liydroeyanic-acid poisoning. Xitrogen is
inert, niid the results of it.* inhalalion are due to deprivation of oxygen from
the system. Hydroi^en produce's a peculiar i^queaking voice, but otherwise
i* negative. The effects of oxygen are so important that Ihey will be con-
sidered in a separate section. Modern aurgical anie^thesia depends upon the
mixture of a certain amount of vapor of chloroform, ether, ethyl bromide,
••r ethyl chloride with the rcvpired air. This is considered in detail in
tlie pairt devoted to drug«, under the individual headings of the articles
in qnotion (snch as ehlorofonn, ether, etc.), nitrogen monoxide, or laugh-
tng-gax, being considered under its own lille.
' For furltiiT fhiMiUtlon oi thin nubjivt, toe remit wo«k by John 8. Klliags,
U.S..\ , on "Hospital L'onaUactioii.'*
034
XOK'PllABU.^Cjtl. RVMEUIK* ASlJ GKStlUL TIUSUAPKirTIOe.
riinKic BijniJiril (iiscovcrod that, under certain oonditiotui, general aK
tltn'ia ootilJ be pmdtited for llic {imi- liy (hnx-lini; h t^tmiiu of carli*
diiixiili.' f;iiii (liroctlv into llu' tlir»al nixl larii'iix; btil thn alwervation lia» n
yet been utilized in practical aiedtcine. Iter^ccm »oine ycur» n^o bniuslit >
• system of treatment for chronio pulmonary itisca^, llie principal featiin^
of which condstcd in the injeclton into the large bonel of a uiixlurv of
carbon-dioxide and hydrogen-sulphide K&ece, with a view to their absorption
into the drculation nnd cxcrt'tioii by the lung*. Sonitf j^ood rvi(ult«; in the
way of Icmened espectoration, reduction of couph, and temporary improve-
ment of the ph.vitioal condition have Ih^mi noted aftiT the clinical trial uf thi>
method, but. as it is impossible for it to exert any dntUcptic action n)Kia
the tnbcrcl« bacilli, and ihtt bodily improvement is only Iniiisitory, the pr«c
tice has fallen into disuse. If it had ^ucivcdcd in aceompliehini; all that v:
claimed for it by itii enthuaiaalic advocates, it vouid have afforded «im<- tu]
port to the theory of Bcddocs that there \m an cxccs* of oxygen in the tissu
of consumntives, and that they are betielited by breathing air containing
eontfiderable proportion of carbon dioxide.
Attempts have been made to destroy septic matter in the air, or, I
nicolly, to "alcriliw;" the air, in order to prevent inrcctioii of woundi! durin,
operations. The antiseptic method of Sir Joseph Lister, as first formiilat<-<i,
n-i|uirt'd a spray of rnrbolic-acid soluli<in. si) that the operntion should bi-
performed in an atmosphere charged with this antiseptic. It was found that
this was not only inefticient and failed lo fullill the purpose, but it also was
objcctionublc. and in soni<' lU'^ci' i-iniKid symptoms of carbolic-acid poison*
ing. Lister has since acknowledged his mistake, and the spmy hatt disflp-
pcarcd from the operating theatre. Ksperieuce has shown that, if every
thing elee coming in contact with the wound — the surgeon's hands, th« i
fttrimients, and all the dressings, and the wound-surface itself — is rendered
aseptic by proptr solutions, imdrr ordinnry circumstances the air may be
disregarded, except when contaminated by special poisons like diphtheria or
scarlatina. Dr. Tiuvid Prince, of Illinois, however, has devised a very com-
plete aseptic operating chamber, in which all ilic air is foned through anti-
septic solutions Ix'forr coming into the aparlment. Where the air of u
hofipital is so contaminated a? to rcunire such a chamber, it nonld be safe;
to remove iJic patik'nt, if po^ible, to more sanitary surroundings.
'I-
'4
OXTOKX.
Although not yet admitted to the I'nitcd Stutc* Pharmacopoeia, nxyt>tna
is a remedy of considerable tlicnipi-utic value, and. as an antidote to certain
forms of poisoning, iu some cases is iudispcn-ablc to the recovery of th
patient. It is administered in its purity or combined with other gases, sud
as nitrous oxide, nitrogen, or with atmospheric air. Oxygen i» a colorless.'
odorlcH, and taRtcloss gas, nearly xixiecn times as heavy as hydrogen, a Itltlu
heavier than atmospheric air (specific gravity, 1.10,17), of which it consti
tntes 20.81 per cent, by volume, or 2.1 per cent, by weight, of dry air, ir
which it exists simply ns a mixture with nitrogen, and not combined. Under
' In Ihe ti(]Uu< fnrm. Ol«xew«ki. « Polish ^lipmUt. And* 1 lint oxy)[ni hxtt a 1>ri|tht,
iky-btue poIot, This'U of JntorfM, not only nn Bct'oiiiilinK far l!» bluencM o( lli«
atnio»i)li(rf, but nl»o in point ol »i*« ut tlie ub.orptiitii t[««,Ira o( niygen.
IRDMOTltBRAPT
93«
ftiTtoiii comliliom. it ap|>oar)^ iiiiilcr tlit- nllntropic forms of otone irnil ftnto-
sone, in which it acts with peculiar cncr;:)'. IniliT imlinsrv i.-irciuuBtance8,
oxyjten i« a iion-cond«n»ttl)li- gfli», bui PicK-l hns Buceeeded by cold am] pn-w-
ure iu makin;; it assume the form of a liijujd nppurciuly contniniiitc solid
Mhick'B. Water (H,0) is a combination of oxvfr«n with hydropen (8 to 1).
ilydroK^Q dioxide is also a liquid; clear, colorfe«*, evrupy, and of a specific
grnvily of 1.453; it i* a bicechiiie ngi'iit, and slightly paiiaiic and somewhat
itritatinR to mucous surfaces. It evolves oxygen at ■ (empcniliire of 70
dcjint'* or above, the oTdimiry commercial solution claimine to yield fifteen
tinte< it* )tiilk of o.xyflfii-pns. (See page IW!*.)
Preparation of Oxjrgtn. — AmonR the several methods of preparing
oxyjjen in the laboratory only those can be employed in medicine which are
HiBVL-nieut and which yit^ld a pure ^a» fit for inhalation. 'Hie most available
method is by heating the solution of hydrogen dioxide, but where a consid*
erable quantity is required this method would prove loo expensive. The
tuual method is to heat pota^ium chlorate, so as to drive oil mmn of its
combined oxygen; and, in order to do tbis safely and to obtain the fraa in
steady volume, the pola»ium chlorate i* intiiiuilely mixed with man^aneae
dioxide, which does not enter into the reaction, but simply acts mechanic-
allr. The (n>i^ oblniued in Ihi* way i^ patted tbrouji^b several wash-bottler
CDntainin^ dilute cauntie alkali, and. it is then collected iu a rtweiver (ga-
■oroeter) and kept over water. Oxygen is now made on a Urge scale, com-
mercially, directly from almospherie air. and is sold at a vciy low rate, being
deliveri-d in steel cyhnders, geiieriillv eondenwd w> that a cylinder contain-
inp from one hundred to two hundred gallons is of a convenient siio for
handling. From ntich a holder or reservoir the frns w dmwn into s rtibber
hag or a pasometer for ordinary otViee use or individiwl adniini^lrntion. If
the extemporaneous plan of makinf; oxygen is employed, care should always
be taken to see that tne binoxldc of mnngane^c is pure and clean. If it con-
tain ooal-dust or charcoal as an adulteralion a serious explosion may result.
It is. tluTcfore. recoramen<icd In hent griidually jioiiie of the mixture (4 of
potash to 1 of manganese), in a glass toet-tubc, up to a red heat. If it should
explode, the small quantity would dci very little damage, eiipecially when
compared with that which would result from the explosion of several pounds
of Uie «m« mixtun-. For each gallon of oxygen about J4 Gm. (or nearly
'/, ounce) of potassium chlorate will be required.
Physiological Effects. — When inhaled, pure, oxygen im capable of eatis-
ing ronsideiable irritation in the air-pasMges. snd small animals immersed
in il pfri«h iu a few days with highly-eongMted lungs. Ordinarily, when a
moderate amount is inhaled in health, no irritation occurs. The gas, even
wiiiH pure, U pleasantly n-Hjiirable, and from four lo eight gallons enn be
inhaled without any other obvious efTect than a slight increase of activiij of
the circulation and tome nervous exhilaration. Slight gid<lini.-:i» may be
experienced for a few moments, b\it vertigo and headache are absent. In
addition to the quickening of the pulse, there is ei'idenee in the lijt* and
finger-nails of increased oxygenation of the blood, and cicatrining wounds,
with granuiation-lissue. have been observed by Uemarqiiay to bwome more
ruddy. 'ITic expiration of carbon dioxide is increased, and, according to
winw observers, is doubled in amount, I'ric acid is lessened in quaulily,
according to Kollman, owing, iirobably. to the fact thai a greater quantity is
oxidized in the system. The aigestion and appetite improve, and
»3ti
KON-PnAhHACAL IIEMSDIES AXD OEKEBAt. THKRAPBL-TICH.
evidences of iQcr«ai«d aesimiUtion and resulting cntutRCcmMit of phyM<
BtrenKth-
Therapentie Application^.- -A* tins prolinWy Wen infoiro*! from the
preceding jiarafiraph, iln' (^hiff application ol oxygen is to condilicns nf
asphyxia and djepno^a from any cauih:. Thit«, in poi«oning hy cnal-jfiiA,
sewer-gaa, hydrogen sulphide, carbonic oxide or dioxide, oxygen inhslutioti*,
promptly used, arc followed by immediate good effect*. la djnpna>A attend-
ing pneumonia, morbid growths in the lairnx, or other gnve dielurbsDc-ei
of rmpiratioR, oxygen is of great service. In various chronic conditions the
Bystenatic administTation of oxygen is often of value in improving OBsimila^H
tion and liiiiUling up the system. ^H
ThiiE, in ansnnia and chlorosJB. in chronic ulcere, and in etnimoue affec-^^
tions oxygen inhKltilions ar« praoltced in one, two, or three daily sittings,
using from 1 to 4 gullons at & time, either pure or mixod with atmospheric
air or other gas, such as nitrogen monoxide. When a stream of oxygen-gas
is directed upon a granulating or gaugrenouf surfaci.' it ie taid that healing
is accelerated. When there is some impediment to the respiratory functioni,
at in GlonOKis of the Larynx, croup, diphtheria, emphymma, ajtlhma, hcatf
disease, oedema, or marked congestion of the lungs, the djepnisa is greatly
relieved liy oxyg4.-n iiihalulions. Hic cyanoeie of pneumonia is overcome by
its means. In chronic pulmonary affections with reduced breathing ca-
pacity, wc arc now in a prwition to urn's the »amc ([uaniity of oxygen into
the blood as is normally reciiiired, and thus put the patient on a more favor-
able footing for his ullimnie rtoovcry. .As an illustration of its viiluc, the
following remarkable caec of pneumonia succe^fuUy treated by its aid is
worthy of study. It was reported in the Boston Medical and Sur^cat Jon
not {No. 21, 1890): "The patient was a lady, aged 37, of neurotic tendenci
who suffered at first with ordinary lobar pneumonia at the base of the right
lung. The genorul symptom* wore vctv ^Irongly marked, and, aftor the
first few days of ordinary treatment, the disease spread to the upper part
of ihe sumo lung, and alarming and exc<>£»iv<- dyspnoea set in rather rapidly.
Energetic stimulation and countt-r-irritation appeared to relieve the condi-
tion to fioiiic Client, but it recurred and showed ittelf le^ amenable to
treatment. Inbalaiicns of oxygen were given, the gas being simply con-
ducted to the pntit^iit':* mouth, after having been jis^sed through a wash^^
bottle and diluted with 10 per cent, of nitroua oxide. Very decided relie^H
was given for a short lime, but again and again the dyspmea rclumt-d. cacK^
time being staved off by the inhalation. At last it became necessary to keep
up coni^lnnt inhalation. The supply of gas hegan lo fail, and bt^fore a fn.<»n
store could be obtained the pnlient was moribund. The gas was then given
by artiRcial respiration, and the patient rallied once more. Con.ilant iiihala*
tion was then kept up for one hundred and six hours without intermisi^ioQ,
and at ihf- end of that time the breathing was easy and natural, and com-
plete recovery followed without furlber incident. The temperature fell
during the long-continued inhalation, ihe average amount of gas Iwing two
bundred gallons in each Iwenly-four hour»." j)r. ISlodgett slates that the
effect of the gas was "almost as pronounced and evident as is that of a lig«.
ture in ha;iiu>rrhnH;i.'." Dr. Lauder Brunton and Dr. Prickett report a c«e
of pneumonia' where the patient wiis unconscious, livid, and almost mori-
' Brfllgh Mrdical Jourmt. Jon. 23, 1891.
rXBrMOTHEHAPT AJSO ?SBUMATIC niFFSBKlTIA'nOH.
bund; but, nttcr the inhBlition of oxyjucii and thfi hypodennic injection of
stiychnine, he recovered his consdoiwnfM nml hi* normal color, and ex-
prcMcd himself as feeling corofortahle and well. TwenU-foiir houre after-
v«rd> however, breathing again became embarrn««ed, and, notwithstanding
a •omewhot freer njie of oxvRen, he died in a few hours. Dr. Skerritt, in
the EBID6 journal (Ffbruary Gtli)> wys: "T have never seen auch an extraor-
dinary effect upon cyanof^ie produced bv any other mean*, and, for Ihv
future, in any catc of acute rcBiiirutory iitleclion threatening to prove fatal,
I shall not consider that everytning practicable has been done unle»M a fair
trial lim hcvn given to oxygen."
Another vritcr suggeets that, even where caeca sre manifestly in artieulo
moriig, th«y may be temporarily improved »o as to Bign or execute legal
papers by its aid. On the other hand, ca«cs have been reportcci where in-
natatiou wa» begun and Ihc patient promptly died.' It is probable that the
addition of 10 per cent, of nitrous oxide, by Dr. Ulodgett, to the oxygen,
contributed materially to the ^ucci^ssful resull. The question of detaiU of
adminutration will be again referred to shortly. In the dy^ipnowi of heart
diMase, the lO-called cardiac ni<tiima, it liasi bn-n shown that the condition of
the heart-muscle and the aorta is often an active or predisposing cmu»c.
The change in the aorta may he small and those in the heart considerable,
or just the reverse. The aorta is more or le«s the seat of atheroma. The
change in the heart is often that of chronic myocarditis; the coronai;
arteries are also found to be diseased.
In the diagnosis, according to Dr. Ueitler,* i( the organic lesion be over-
looked, and a good prognosis given, it may be falsified by the pfificnt dying
niddeuly from heart-failure. The most valuahle si^n is aoeentuation of the
*econ<l aortic sound. For ihe dyspncea and cyanows of cardiac initiilliciency.
Dr. Heitler says the combined use of morphine and ether subculaneously,
with inhalations of oxygt^n, will cut the altnclcs yhurt. In llu' opinion of
l>r. Catlin,* oxygen is pre-eminently (he remedy for profound shock, either
from hemorrhage or ncri-ous drain, wlu-n- llie vitality is at too low an ebb
to take up the intricate hislon,- of assimilation and repair. He reports a case
of profuse hfemorrhag^t al Uie sixth month of pix-giianey, followed by mis-
carriage. The prostration was absoUile, with shock and constant vomiting.
(Vintinuous oxygen inhalations (mixed with air?) whk administered, and Che
patient immediately improved and made a good recover!-. lie also reports
eau-a of prostration during typhoid fever, in whioh oxygen wA.i inhaW with
marked oenefit.
Professor Tamicr has ii»ed oxygen inliulalJont in the trvalmeni of very
young children, and Dfninaire* has employed it in the newborn, especially
the premature infants who an- placed in a "wMi'eiMf," or incubator. He
givee the following suggestions: —
"1. Whenever there i* insuflicient pulmonary litematosis, either from
ebstmctioD of the reepiratory passages or from weak action of the mechan-
ttal apparatUB of respintion, or from want of excitation of the reepiratory
nerrc-eentre, oxygen administration is indicated. Apparent death in tho
' Coltoa. /trootlyn Ufdltxit Joumitl. Auk-, 19ii|, p. S88.
' Cmiralblall fur air OcMmmtt- Thcrafif. Oct., I8»l.
'Hnrnklm Unllrul Journal. Aiift . 1H9|, p, OH.
'Jnttrnat dr Uf^rrinr^ Jtuii" 2S, 18»1.
938
K0X-PHAB1IAC.IL IlKHKUmii .ISI
{KHAi'BCmCS.
Dowlwni i», thim-fon-, thv fintl irKlii-atifin. tlinii};h thU does not exclude
efforts at ortilicial rcspinilioii: bL-Hik-s, oxygi-n if not nlwiivi aTotlalik- at
•OOD 11$ reijiiired. Bui if lli<' lirst <]anKer» of a-i|ih_viia have been overcome,
and rcspinition is etill iiu-lTrctutil. ur piilmonorj' lUix'aM ifnaiiavnt, with
general asthenia, osy^n will he found a vslualile recourse.
"i. Oxygen is iiUo ii)<lic«ti.-(! for iliHordc-n in tlie iiit«rvlitinl circnlntion,
of which Bclereins in premature iotanls is one of the moet comnioa mani-
fcslalion«.
"3. Changes in the blood, of infectious ori^n like that which tnkei
place in th« Iwmaturic lironzo ilii^'af^c, nf nhicli nn-ntioR wsh tnidc.*' (It
was used in Hcvi-ra! infanlt- sufFcrin^ with bronzing and htcmaluria: a iliE-
case resembling peraicitius anieniia. It «as adniinisiwed for two hour'
daily, and wan Giivcetieful in H^'veral caH-« in the lir»t flagc of the discatc.)
"4, Uonditions in which ihere is decided depression of the temperature.
AthrepKio, in its acute and chronic form*, ie the type of mch conditions."
Neumann' speaks iu hi^h terms of the administration of air containing
a high perc«>ntago of oxygen, under increased prcssiin-. for which ho employe
an apparatus of his own devising. Uy using a mixture with air. he avoids
lllt^ irritation caused by the pure gas. and the slightly-increai'i.-<l pn^m^ure
facilitates absorption. The pulse, at Erst quickeued. is ultimately slowed.
No uupleatant head syniuloms arise. Tli<-rc i« no palpitntiou; in fact, the
heart's action is regulsted. Sleep is often induced, even in men. In many
patients Ili<^ night's rest ha# be<'n iniprovL'd, the breathing rendered easier,
and there has been induced a feeling of increased strength. In three ca:
of tuherculoflis, treated at the same time with Koch's method, the fever dt
appeared in two and was lessened in the third. Tlie action of iron, whetf
given for chlorosis, may be increased by oxygen inhalation. Neumann has
treated very sevvre casea of aniemia. convalescence from pleurisy, phthiais,
sepsis, and diabetes with good results, lie thinks that it also may be of
scrvictt in gout, as it diminishes the proportion of uric acid in the urine.
Dr. Francesco ValenKuela has published a pa|MT, in Et Siiflo .Vedieo,
on new methods of adminislerint; oxygen, with especial reference to the
treatment of senile pneumonia, lie administers the gas hj the rectum, and
also by injection hypodermically. lie reports that in every case of senile
pneumonia, with dyspno-a, in which osygen enemata were given, dyspnoea
was decidedly and permanently relieved. The ease and rapidity with which
the gas was absorbed by the intestine were remarkable: indeed, it seemed
to be as readily taken up by Hu.' intrstiTie as by Ihc lung», four injectious.
of 5 litres each, being absorbed in an hour. 'fhus. the intestinal muciiua
mcnibrane may be n-gardi'd ii« a valuable adjunct to the lungs in the fune-
tion of respiration. In employing oxygen subcutaneously Dr. Valenmela
believes it important lo irtnidmH" llic k"^ in a naM'fnt stale. The arm was
selected for the injections, and the quantity of gas introduced **aripd from
lialf a litre to a Hire. Cellular emphysenia was, of course, produced, and a
senEalioi) of heat was complained of. but both disappeared within a few
hours. There was no calmative action or slowing of the respirations, but
there was ninrked stininlution of the heart: a desirable result in the collapse
that follows pnonmonia and fevers of a typhoid character, and cerebral con-
gestion and asphyxia. No mention i> made of the temperature of the gas
len^
' Thervpavtltche ilotiaUheftf, (Jet.. 189t.
PX KUMOTBBBAPT AMO rNBUHATIC nifFEBKHTIATlOX.
*
tlint wfts ttdmini^ti-'R-tl: a jxiidI whicli, iiccordin^ to Dr. B. W. RichnnlMon,
of London, is of great imporionce.
It has bMin HtuU^ tliiit ovv^oii iiitiotolious are of eerviro in the vomit-
ing of cholera as well as in the alf^td Mage.
Dr. (!. Thompson,* fruin a rcvirw of the therapeutic value of ox}'g«n.
BrriTcs nt the following condiieions: (1) in <l.v«|K-pi^itt 1)ii> gux controls the
eubjwt tv<> sviTijitiiiiii^; (2) tl i» t-llitrtivi; in cyonor'is hv diminishing: the frc-
qnencT of the respiration and relieving the subjective dyxpna'a; (.1) oxygen
is of value in the partial inlhiminnl km of the lungs due to various eauH-s;
O) it i« wpecittlly useful in the dyspna-a of chronic IJright'* disease, unemia.
pneumonia, capillary brouchiti*. asthma, catarrhal bronchitis, congestion of
llt0 luD^, and of the first period of a'dcmu.
In sufRery the topical application of a stream of oJtygen-gas to uicen
hM l>e4'n found to exorcise n stimulating and curative elTect. In surgical
aiuesthe^is by ether, when there is evidence of insufficient circulation, oxy-
^D is a valuable aid to re^pinttion. If a mnxk i» usi-d the oxygen may be
ollowed to bubble through a wash-bottle containing the ether, until the color
of the ]>atienl is restored. In etnea of coal-gns poiMoiing and asphyxia the
oxygen ifibnliilions ury iilw.i indioaleti.
Apparatui and Technique of Administration. — Samuel S. Wallian at-
tributes the failures nbeiTvcd from the use of oxygen to variows oauw's', and
to many conditions under which the gas may be devitali^ted (?) by the im-
{>erfeet procc«»{-« employed to evolve, store, and use it. He in«ist# that the
oxji^en should be freshly prepared and washed before using. Except in
fpcciol cute* of narcotic poisoning, asphyxiation, nyncope, and other iH>riouf
cineTgencies, the gas should be vrell diluted. The itndihited gas may be
given in qnantities of 800 to 1000 cubic inchftj at a *itting, once or twice
ilafly. It is more economical to dilute it with air, since a comparatively
small portion only is utilized at each inspiration. If nitrogen monoxide be
eombim-^l irrilh it (ojcygcn, 2 parts; nitrogen nnmoxide. 1 purl), ns they arc
eynergistie. better results are obtained. Dr. Wallian also insists that patients
«bou1d be insilructed or made to inluilc the gac properly. The m-rfion being
cTwt. and the chest thrown a little forward, the luncs are then nlled to their
ntniosi capacity, and the gas held kk long as p(>*nible, then expired throngh
the nasal chambeni. The respiration should be deliberate, and not hurri^.
Better results can be obtained if patients an- ittught ehi^t gymnot^ltc^, so a<
to devidiip Ibc mu'cles of respiration and increase the capacity: imperfect
habits of breathing, tight clothing, avrkwnni position of the body, and
wdentary occupations are to lie avoided, ns far as possible, Oxygen may
also lie administered internally, by charging water with it umler preMnre,
and Wallian recommends the mixture of oxygen and nitrous oxide, as above,
which are dissolved in the water under a prcwure of one hundred to ono
hundred and fifty pounds to the S4|tiare inch. Oxygen-water has already
Wen need in the Paris hospitals by Dujardin-B^'aumet)!, with i>onie good
mmila. in dytpemja, debility, and chronie pulmonary or digestive disorders.
It has bt-en highly extolled in the treatment of infectious dir«ascs, like small-
pox, K^rlatinn, diphtheria, etc., and in many forms of skin disease.
For inhahitions, the gas is supplied ordiiutrily in iron or sievl cvlinderi.
'.Vor»t Jfayo^ii /ur t.'ryniaitiikabfii. nimtlnnln, p, BTAs
nnal Jledkal Solniee*,'' IStll, vol ■,. i>. A-117.
"Aiuinal ot the I'lil-
wo
X0S"-1
U. TIIEUAPEllTIL-».
oonlainiiiF! forty and one hiiii(!rcd fjatloiiv, iindi-r prcwun-, AUhcIimI lo the
cylinder is x i-lotli-covereii riibb<T b«p, which serrps as a n-servoir am] vtiaMi.'*
tiic qiianlitr taken to be accurately mcasun-d. A hottlc |)artly (liteil vrith
water a aUo uttachi'd, ho that the gas from ihe rviictroir ]>aESes through it,
aD<l i« thcD Tcceired into the bronchial pa»»ttgc« in the fonn of moist oxygen.
A flniall K^saractGr may bo attached. Tor the purpose of adrainisteriiig the
gas nndor prcMUrc, or for use when it it desired l« introduce it into tlie
rectum. The ^a may also be injected into the bowel by an ordinary Durid-
»r>n *vringc connected with the rubber bag containing oxygen. In order tiiat
absorption may be facilitated, it should be of the tamv tenipcratnrc as the
intermr (if the body, or a little higher than the surfaoe tcmpc-niture.
Ozone and its Mkdical ITsbr.
.\ttenticiD has already been directed to an allotioptc condition of oxygen
which i* known br ownc (from the Greek <{»", ni smell). It w8;i so named
hv its discoverer. Schonbein, who announced that the sulphurous smell pru
duced by a iilrokc of lightning vttn due to this jiiibMance, which is als
known as "electrified u.xygcn." It is formed by the sparks frnm the Mtatii*
electrical macliinp, and also during the electrolysis of water and during the
slow combustion of phosphorus in a moist atmosphere. Oz-one was fir*t
obtained in appreciable tjuantity hy von Siemens in 18.^4. who discover!?"!
that the noieclew electric discharge was much more productive of OTone than
the intermittent discharge, and he ooiistructed an apparatus for the pri)-
duclion of o/one hy means of tubes. SuWcquenlly, iliij< ha* het'n still
farther advanced by the labors of the well-known firm ol Siemens & Ilaleke,
of Berlin, who furnish a comparatively cheap apparatus, by which an un-
limited supply of owmc ciiu be obtained.
Ozone is a colorless gas, possessing a characteristtio odor resembling
dilute chlorine. If the air contain only the one fifty-thousandth part of
oKone this smell is distinctly rliscemibie. It is one of the most powerful
oxidixing agents known, (itlotking and dcntroying miiny organic fabrics, such
as rubber, paper, etc. Ozone has been liquefied at a temperature of lOo'.
and under a prMsure of 12") atnioiipheree. According to the invest ignt ions
of Chappius. ozone in this state is of an intense-blue color. The relationship
of oKone to OJivgcii is peculiar. In the formation of ozone three volumes of
oxygen become condensed to form two volumes of oione. In the presence
of iodidi- of potnKsiuiD and moiKture one-third of Ihe ozone i* spent in lib-
erating the iodine and the other two volumes escape as oxygen. Test-papers
an- made by juuking « soliitiou of Ktarch and iodide of potassium, in which
bibulous paper is immereed and then dried and cut into slips of convenient
size. When it is desired to test for ozone one of the slipti U moistened; if
oionc is present in the air it will liberate iodine, which, in turn, will act
upon the starch, producing a blue color. tJzone is found at the sea-shore;
in the forest, especially if of coniferous trees; at the summit of mountains
and high towers. It is usually abeent in crowded cities and where organic
matter is undergoing nIow oxidotion, Clouds owe their formation largely
to ozone, which is more hygroscopic than oxygen; hut only the npjwr sur-
face of clouds and mist.* which arc exposed to the sun's rays contain ozone;
it is not found in dark and thick mists. .\ great amount of ojtone is forme^l
in the mist rising froiii the e<dd gronnd. under a clear sky, on i
l-NBirJIOTnEBAPY AKt> PNEUMATIC DiyPKUKXTlATlOS.
941
■iittimo or winter day. Ae SchunWin dcmonslrntod, iilino«phvric (aaae is
only gvitenlod in connidi^rtMi! iiiinnlity when oxyfien, moistiin?, and sun-
Imme combine, ae in the foniitior ilhi^tration of the bledohing ot linen upon
tlK- lawn from the elTect;* of oxone. According to Scoutelten, under the
intliienct- of light the ^roen parte of plants exhtio both azaav and nt^iitral
nsy^en, both of which are a^ain taken up in part by the growing oell« o(
the plinth,
Physiological Effects. — Som« inteieeting rcaulte in pUnt<life were o\t-
taitxril i,y liiiijjk. n striking improrrinvnt being urton manifecit«d afler tre«t-
ing withered and drooping hoiise-plnnta by oxoaixcd water. Owing to it»
jmwerfu) oxidixing effects, ozone is believed to play an ini](»rtanl part in
imtTilion. The red bluod-corputicles have the pow«r of converting oxygen
into oxone, and it has been suggested that, sjnce ozone htu. the power of ren-
dering albuminous solutions uncoagiilabk by heat, it excrei^-e a i>iiniUir
effect in the human body, and prevents coagulation in the blood-vei^^ls dur-
ing life. Protoplasm has the power of storing up oione, which it subse-
quently used a» a source of energy. In many organs, »uch a.i the tiver,
Eple«n, and thyroid glands, ozone is found in considerable quantity; in the
tnnscles only slightly. Owing to the superior affinities of nascent oxygvu,
oxoD« plays an important part in tissue-ctuinge.
In conecntrsted form ozone is irritating to the air-passages, and may
oauM inflummation, salivation, bloody cxpcctonition, and death. (F^ema
of the lungs was noticed by Binz, who claimed that a comatose condition
ripiTvoDi-d before any notieoable irritation o( the bronchial tubi-* occurred,
and thai );uariied administration produced soporific effects. The elfecls of
an increase or diminution of atmospheric ozone upon the health of com-
munities has not yet been positively determined. Professor Falb, having
noticed a remarkable diminution of ozone in the air in the summer of 1889.
wa« led to attribute the epidemic of influenu to thix fact. The air-baeterit
are either destroyed or rendered less active in the presence of ozone, and.
where this is absent, infection is more apt to spread. Ozone is nature's
antiseptic agent, and Dr. li. W. Hichardeon, in hia "City of Health." sug-
gvtted that there .ihould be a building like a ga^-houin', in which ozone
should be made and dispensed by pipes to every house.
Oxone in Medicine. — It is evident that one of the principal advantages
gained by sending patients away from a crowded city, especially where in-
fection i* pr«^^nt, is that the air is pure and contains appreciable amounts
of ozone in the country. ^Mien it is possible, children, especially, sliould
have freouent opportunities of getting fresh air; and, therefore, the ehari-
ttes whioli, like the l"reah-Air Fund and Country Week, take city children
out of town daring the extreme heat of stunmer are of great value, both in
enring and preventing sickness. By »]>ccial apparntus, it is possible to
charge distilled and sterilized water with ozone, or ozonized oxygen may he
passed tlmjugb oil until it is saturated. Thew ozone preparalionn luive high
valite as dtsinfectantii and deodorizers. Ozonized water is capable of pro-
iluoiug beneficial re«ults in diseases of deficient oxidation, as in aniemia,
chlorosie, lithiemia, and may be very u»-(ul as a germicide in treating in-
fectious dyst»p«a. Dr. Henry S. Sorris, of New York, afler the iwc of
ozonized water internally in the treatment of fifteen cases of phthisis, reports
that the rwulla were henefleiat in many of the case*. The oily (olulion U
claimed to have especial value in chronic skin diseases, by innnction; in ;
942
KOK-PltAItUACAI, ItKltKDtES AN'D 0EXRIU1. TIIEHArBCTlCB.
dermatomjcofies, or paroEitic ditcaHcs; snd in cact of Jnfiltiatioa of Un
•kin and glands.
Sthmidt' ban reported csc(;llent rvxtilt* in two mhcs of vptthvlloaiB
following parenohynmtoiis injections of ozonixod water, and considers ihiit
it niuy also bg wnicitiblir in »arconia and in tuWroulou^ ttimon. In ilic
treatment of dipbthcria. Schmidt ri.-purts n-nisrkiil>U- eiicivt^ from applica-
tioiiB of CKonc-wuliT, and lliiiKk advities its interna! adminimrntion. l>r.
Scbuee, of Oflrlebad, claims that o?:oiii--watrr h <if thr fnvali-Mt bom-lit in true
ai> wi'il UK ill functional diabetes. In phthisic oxonixed oxygen (9 per wni.)
gave good reeultt-. in the bands of Dr. A. Itnn^oini',- Tlic inlmluliuus, wbit-h
wcr« taki-n three times a day (Bev«n litres each sitting), were followi^d b
notable impravi-mcnt, chiefly by j^nin in weight. lodof<3rtn in pills and ood
liver-pil were Riven, in conjunction with the oxyfren. and much uelfer resulli
were obtained with the oxygen than previously. 1» cystiti*. Dr. I>uhrs»en,
of U^rliii. fililained successful rci-ulU follawing injections of ozone-water.
Ozonixed air may be obtained by the apparatus of l^bbi^ nml (ludin,
which consists of concentric tubes, three to four millimetres apart, the in-
lerveiiinj; space being traversed by the static electric current. To obtain
a suflicicnt quantity of oxonc, they t^ke llie interior tube, sealed and con-
taining Ui« rarelWd air, which acta as a perfect conductor, and ap])ly it to
the surface of the dielectric, which in of glass. The other armature of tJ»ii
fonn of enndenaer ia constituted by a metallic sheet applied to the internal
faw of the e.vlernul tube, and it is between the nietnllic sheet and the sur-
face of the internal tube that the current fonn.* the ozone. The uligbt
elevation of temperature wbkli is jirodiiccd in the cylindrical space sepa
ralin? the two tithes ii: siitlioieiit to produce a I'nrrent of air. whieh ascends
and bi-an> along tlie o^onc lliuii formed. rtiiK-r the etrcunistanees. the
air does not contain more than eleven to twelve hundredths of a milli-
eramme of oxonc per litre, which the aiithon< term tlic therapeutic dose.
Experimentation having shown the perfect innocuonsness of these inliala-
tionji, they were given to children siilTering with cachexia and aun-miu. and
wore not only well borne, but evidently curative, by increasing the oxyh»mo.
globin until it reaches the normal llgure. It was found, alco, that tubercle
bacilli were rendered less virulent, as a result of exposure of cultures to cur-
renta of ozonized air. r>r. Caille. after an experience of five months anjj
twenty-two cnscK, eoncludes that the daily inhalation of oxone increases the
oxjbsmoglobin in the blood from 'i to 4 per ceni. in a short time, that tn
pertu»»i8 thf»(< inhalationji exert a distinetlv curalive ititluence upon the dis-
ease as regards duration and severity. Dr. W. J. Morton and l>r. Clarence C^i
Rice, of New York, have employed the local effect of ozone-gas upon eight
dilTcri'ut patients, all of whom suffered from rarioua ^ades of atrophic
rhinitis and dry pharynx. The method employed was to instniet the pa-
tient to take a deep inspiration Hnd then hold the breath while the oxonc-
gas ia allowed to pass into the nostrils through the titbe. The current ia
passed as long as Ibo patient esn hold hi.* breath. The immediate effect,
though differing in degree according to the volume of gas ein|iloyed and,
probably, according to the sensitiveness of the noalriU. was a mild smariinc
of the nasal mucous membrane for several hours, together with iiicreaseai
' ytiiiirlirnrr medMnUc^ Wfinlxmnnlirfft.
' Uedical Recordrr. Uindon, May. 1890.
PXEt'MOTHKRiPT ASD PNBt'UATIC DIFWRKSTIATION.
943
secretion. The secretion, however, was more vasWy expeWeA, aix) at th« end
of twcntj-roiir hoim (lie head felt imiivtiiilly olciir and the mucous mem-
tiranc more comforlable than before the npplication. The odor from the
noitrils disapuenred iifU-r the fccomi opfdieution. Thr»e n^iiIlH are encowr-
■ffi"*!'. hut wnether permanent moisieninx of the mucous raemhrnne and
ernw of Mcrctions win ill; ohuimd liy the ii*c of oxone oiin only he coii-
a«d after a longer trial, L>r. like has also made nse of a preparation
called "Iheranol," a combination of nweet oil and 8.>r> ]H'r cent, b,v volunir,
of <>2ono. a]>plying it locally on cottoii by means of an applicator, in two caaca
of oxa-na with the ofTect of deodorizing the noxtrilii.'
NlTlOOKN ASD NlTBOOBS MOXOXIDE (NiTROrS OxIDB).
In the mixttirf of gasct constituting the almoaplieric air nitrogen sim-
ply acts the part of a neutral body, or n# a diluent for the oxyjcen. The
effects of breathing superoxygcnuled air have already been considered. It
we now (iirn to hypo-oxygenated air. or air contaiitin); increaned ijuantities
of nitrogeD. we are brought in fiicc with the phenomenon known as '"asphyx-
iation." When pure nitrogen is breathed the eirecls upon animals is quite
nnifonn. L>r. George Johnson, in a juiper on the "Physiology of Asphyxia
and on the .\nii*lhetic .Xclion of Pure Nitrogen,"' found that the animab
rapidly succumbed as a result of the arrest of the jiulmoiiary circulation.
The right cavitie* of the heart were found enormously distended and the left
weni comparatively empty: a condition which in evident during the life of
the animal, the change from the normal taking place progressively during
the ptogme of the asphiTtiation. In tlie last stage o( usphvxia I'hcre is n
continuous increase of pressure in the pulmonary arlerv, while the systemic
art«rial jiressure is (aliing. The immediate cause of tbe arrest of the pul-
monary circulation appeare to be the couiraclion of the pitlmunury art«rriole«.
llie phenomena which result from the inhalation of nitrous oxide as an
ans^thette, in the opinion of l>r; dohnson, are strictly analogoun with tho«ii
observed in llie early utageit of asphyxia. At hi* suggestion, nitrogen was
employed at the dental hospital for extracting teeth in nine patients: "In
every case the result wa* the production of complete anaesthesia, with gen-
tral phenomena precisely similar to those observed during nitrous-oxide
inhalation. The pulse wa* fir*! full and Ihrubbing. then feeble: in the ad-
vanced stage respiration was deep and rapid, with lividily of the surface,
dilated pupils, and more or less jnctiiatiim of the limbs, the only diiTerence,
in the opinion of some of thuK- present, being that the ann'Mhe^ta wa* less
rapidly produced and somewhat less durable ihnn that from nitrous oxide,
though in c-ach east- (he tooth wa* extracted without pain." Su)<»e<|Uent
experiments with a mixture of .1 per cent, of oxygen gave the following
result*: "Five patteni« look tlic 3<per-cenl. gat. Aniesthesia was complete
in 75 seconds (maximum) and in CO seconds (minimum), the average time
required being (i?.S seconds. In each oan- the tooth wa« extracted without
pain, the duration of aniEslhesia being somewhat longer than with pur«
nitrogen. In each caw tbiTc was lividily, dilatation of pupils, and more or
less jactitnliou." With a mixture containing & per cent, of oxygen the aver*
ige lime f<ir producing amrathe^iia vag increased to 87.5 seconds. In each
• Xne fork J/nfrcfll Ji>nrnal. .\ag. IB, ISM. p. 108 ■*<).
> rh- ItniUh Urdie^il Jturnal, Prli. 21, lR!)t.
NOK-PHABMACAL BRUHDtEfl AKD OBXBRAL TBGRAPB0TIC8.
ol four rasce then- yrat cDnu)U-t>.- onii-itlioU. Odo patient had lliroi.' iiiti
teeth citnct«d. ";\lthou};h ebc suid ehe felt the laet two, the eeoeati
uppoured to be tliot of « pull, iind not of acute pain. In moHt of thcuc four
ca»es there was slight lividit)' before tlie retnoval of the face-piece. In o:
one case wss thvrv tlipht jootitalioii of the Iiinb«; the oth<.'r thrcH> pntit^n
were perfectly quieecenl."
Au inlcTCEtiug feature in Dr. Johnson'* expenmetits upon animaU w
the effect of amy! nitrite in overcoiding the contraction of the pulmona
arteriole*, and thus pcrniitlinjir ihu rijjht side of the heart to bwouie euipi;
and the heart's action, preriouBly almost suspended, was reetorcd. By
mc8D8 lifi; wa.s prolonged until duath tlnally occurred from increasing ven
ity of the arterial blood. Inhalalioni> of mnyl nitrite may, then, be regarded
»a the remedy for aiiuhyiia, and at least a partial antidote to nitrogen
nitroiifi onide, e«pccially when oidc-d by artificial rt-jipi ration.
The similarity of the aniestheaia produced by nitrogen monoxide to th:
occurring from asphyxia by any neutral gas, »uch a:t nitro);eD, hydrogen, or
carbon dioxide, was first pointed out by Professor Thomeon, in a commu-
nication to the Philadelphia Mfdicaf Tinier, in 1875. Thi« theory of the
action of nitrogen monoxide in producing aniesthc^a denies any specific
action, and ascribes the effects aolely to the deprivation of oxygen. \Vhilc
this is poffiibly Iruc of the complete onn-slht-sia, yet it must be evident that
smaller Quantities of nitrogen monoxide produce a sense of mental and phys-.
teal exhilaration and incrcoH the pnlsc and respirtilion, which is not due
diminution of oxygen, and docB not occur with the other neutral ges4;s abnvi
mentioned. It is this preliminary intoxic-ation which ha« given it the popu-
lar Dame of "Inughing-goe." It hae already been suggeslfd that the addition
of nitrogen monoxide to pure oxygen is useful as a respiratory and cardiac
stimulant, and )1« effects are preferable to tho»r of oxyg«n alone; and this
combination is also decidedly safer than pure oxygen, which U 3om<.-timcs
irritating.
In tiie American Journal of the Medical Seiencts for August, 1891, ap^
peared an article by Dr. William W. Van .Arsdale, giving d report of hil
experience with a mixture of nitrogen monoxide and pure oxj'gen as
anaesthetic. His object was to obtain ana'sthosia without causing asphyxia.
From Paul Bvrl's cxperimenls, it is known that the latter can be obviated
by the mixture of as much oxygon as is contained in atnmsiiheric air (30 per
cent.); but, under ordinary cireuni^tancii'. the tension of the nitrogen mon
oxide is so reduced by this combination that no ann?sthesia is pnidneed, an
animaU breathe it with impunity, just like atmospheric air. The probh
of obtaining the iilmospherie siipeq)ressure vzs solved hy Paul Bert in hii
hermetically-sealed, glass opirnliiig-ehamber, — like a diving-bell. In thi
cage the patient, surgeon, und assistants were admitted, and, by Rican« of thi
air-pump, any desired density of the air wa.-; obtained. Under these circu
slanet* it was found thiil the nitrogen monoxide and oxygen mixture pro-
duced ancestheaia without asphyxia. Dr. Van Arsdsle sought to do aw«y
with (he expoiisivc chamber, and substituted a mask for the patient's face,
which would admit of administration of the ga* under pressure. He pn^fers
a 10-per-cent, mixture of oxygen, administered by an ordinary bag. rubber
tube, and an air-tight mask. The great difficulty in most eases was found to
lie in the fact that patienl* would not breathe deeply, hut this was over-
come by applying pressure: by placing a board weighted to five pounds
lai
u- I
PMKFltOniEttAl'Y .iVn PVKVXXTW DirrKRE>'Tl.iTTOX.
U|)Ofl the rrMTToir-hiig. Dii- oonoliieions vt-ti; th^t tnAiiy cBMfl ncre un-
suitable to this method, tbc failiireti beiiiff duo to nervousaees, idiosy ncrasie*,
and poMtibly alcoholii-tii. But ruling vut thoiw oni>c», be RavA: "Id tlie ma-
jorily of CAsea, however, in young, healthy individuals and in femnlfg. the
aiUMlhetic mixture, whni nil ministered under prt-ssurv, wbs found to work
well, and to be much superior to the pure nitrogen monoxido for ^iirfrical
puriMKK-*. I( induc<^H a state r^^cmblin;; a ijuiet, dc«p sleep, in which the
rrspiratioQ ie'How and regular, the pulfc regular and lull, nnd nut much, if
ever, increased in frequeney. Thft blood-pressure is not inereased, and in-
eensibitity to pain and unconEcioui>ncs£ go hand in hand.
"iiTe have," be says, in conelusion, "in the 10-per-cent. roixlnre o( nxy-
gcit and ni(ro|!on monoxide, an aniVKthclic- which nmy be adniiniHl<-r<.vI with
perfect nf^y, and for a sufliciently tonp time to permit of the circumspect
perfomiJincf of most minor opoTntiun*. but one which m»iy be cbara<-teH!U'd
aa a weak aniesthetic. For, although it will plunge the average adult into
a etatc reM-inlilicg peaceful clumber, in which amcolhosin and unconwiooft-
ness are well marked, it cannot gain victory over states of great nervous
eicitumcnt or dread, or certain haliit.t or idiosyncrasies." In other words,
this form of anteethesia resembles ether, which Mjnictinu'!- fails to produce
anvctbctic uleep, and reconrM> then is usually had to (he inor« jmwerful
chloroform.
Kitrogvn monoxide has been imcd therapeutically in certain nerrotu
affections. Dr. W. R. BirdmlP publinhcd the results of his experiments upon
mtccn pntient" suffering with various neurotic complaints. In none of thcise
did be observe any positively beneficial effect. He used 'JO-iicr-ecnt, dilutrd
gas duriDj; a sianee iastinp ten to thirty minuter. The effeet' wen? transient,
and he coiichidi^ that the u»e« of nitrof;en monoxide for medical and xur-
gical purposes must be restricted to its effects as an anxstbetic and as a
ptaceho.
Nitrogen monoxide is usually obtained by heating ammonium nitrate,
which deffomiwseB at an elevated temperature and form-t water and nitToecu
monoxide (Xn,. NO, = 2 TT,0 -|- N,0). The product is vrai^hed by p«Ming
through water, which soon becomes saturated with the gas. It is kept in a
gasometer, or in retorts obtained from mnniifacturent of the gas, in which
it is reduced to a liiiuid form by strong pressure. From these ^mall cylin-
der* the administrative b«ff i» filled, n* occasion rttjuires, for use in brief
surgical operations, such as pulling teeth, etc.
Oxygenated, aifrated water i* « proprietary arTiele containing five atmos-
pheres of nitrogen monoxide in wafer. It has but little odor, and is slightly
sweetish to the ta»te. It has no special therapeulie effects.
The other gaseous dements are used in medicine only very exception*
ally. Eydrogen-gu will produce asphyxia, like nitrogen monoxide, but its
inflammability and liability lo be conlaminatod with metals like arsenic and
aiuc make it dan^jerou-;. It has been brought to notice in the cxjwdient of
Dr. Senn, of Chicaf;<i. who injected it into the bowels, in order to detect any
perforation, by the flame-test, bat this has been found unsali«factoTT, and
naa been aliandoned.
■A'nc I'oi'l* UpdtMt Journal, March 7. Iit»l.
as
94G
KON-rUARItACAL KEUEDICS XSD aBKBRAL TBERAPEUTICS.
PkECUATIC DiFlXBESTlATION AND ThBATJIEST BV IxnAT.ATlOX.
In the preceding article reference was tatiie to an apparatus for
sdministnilion of ri'iUL-diea under {irejuure. l*iieuiiutic ditTrrciiiiutioti
the prucc«« bv which the air guiroundiD^ the body nud that onterinf; the
limg» art rendered of dillerent pressurea. It may be positive, ncfpitive, or
aUeriufe. The fir^t ii^ where the air euteniij; the lungs is tnaiiitaiued, dur-
ing both respiratory act^ al a greater pressure than that surrounding the
body. Negative diliertnlinlion in the reverse of thi*. Allcriutv differentia-
lion is where the other two forme are alternated eucceaeiTely, the air enter-
ing the lungf under greater pressure, and in expiration the preMure Eur-
rounding the body being greater.
An apparatus was invented by Dr. Williams, for the purpOM of apply-
ing this method of treatment, ami i» known as the "i'neumatic Cabinet.**!
The physics and physiological effeets of pneumatic ditrt.'reitlistiouj have,
been sulliciently discuseed in & number of cumuiunicsttons, which appeared
some year* ago, when tlie Williams Cniiumatic Cabinet wa* first brought
to the notice of the profession. In an article by Dr. Isaac H. Piatt,' of
Brooklyn, on the "PhysicB and Physiological Action of Pneumatic Differ-,
entiation," a very good rfaume of the subject is presented. It is very evi
dent that thiif apparutud, which increases the uir-pressure within the lunf^]
and also enables us to diminish the tension of the external atmo^pberv ona'
thtis empty the air-cells more completely^ will not only produce fuller res-
piration, hut also will act as pulmonsry gymnastics, through the grvater
activity of the bronchioles and nir-eells. There is, in consequence, freer
expansion and the opening up of collapsed lobulea, while the eiij)e(;toraUon
of exudative material and foreign Kubittuncce will be assisted. The eeoood-
ary effects upon the pulmonsry circulation will also be of considerable im-
portance in bringing e larger quantity of blood under the influence of the
air, but the effect of this is not so great as would at first be expected, owing
to the tendency to increase of residual uir, und the production of qualitative
or partial emphysema. Dr. Plait concludes, from a summary of the cllecta
of pneumatic different iutiun, Ihut, "by moans of the differential process in
its three forms, we can increase or diminish the difficulty of expiration or of
inspiration; we can increase or diminish the lidai air, the vital capacity,
the stationary air, and the residual air. We can, to some extent, control th' '
amount of blood in the lungs, und consequently control pulmonary congei
tifin und hwmorrhage, and we can raise or lower artt-rial blood -pressure. Ii
is hardly possible that such wide-spread phenomena can be induced without
producing other and mcimdary rejiults, through the influence of tlie nervous
system and otherwise." Therapeuticiilly, Dr. Piatt concludes: "The result
of my experience and study has Ijeen to eonvinee me Ihut a largo ahare of
the benefit derived from the use of the cabinet is due to reduction of con-
gestion, and consequently of intlamnialion, in the diseased lung by the dif-
ferential pressure, in very much the same way as a bandage will afford relief
to an inflamed joint. In addition to this, undoubtedly, the increased ex-
pansion to which the lungs are subjected, and the passive exercise which
they are afforded, will do much to modify their nutrition and increase their,
vitality.^'
The pnoumuttc cabinet has also been advocated as a means of coavey-
'.\«W YorK Mrdical Jomiuil. Nov. fi and 13, 1880.
n
f
I
at
M
PSEUMOTUBKAPV AVfi rXBOMATlO DiryBJlBXTIATIOX.
947
_ tt«d vapor* and ^Beniia medicaments deeper iuto the pulmonary
Btmcturefi than is poeeible bjr ordinan' mcntiK. Although the enthusiastic
udviK-flU-a uf lhi« irvatmenl speak in high tenas of the results, it really has
not been ehovn beyond qupstion thut euch rcmcdieK arc rcully introdticed
more dn-ply into tho Rir-et-llj^ and hronehiotos than under ordinary pressure,
except in so I'ar as air-cells which had coUapeed or hare been plugged up
have expanded iinc^T the pulmniiary gyntno^tic*. The subject i* worthy of
more attention and &tudy, but it is beyond the reach of the ordinary prac-
titioner. In institutions fur in-ating pulmonary affections and hoapitoU
room may well be found for such a hi^nly-specialized apparatus, and a lim-
ited field of u«efulnE»i dettrmini'd for it.'
Hon: attention hni^ beeti given to the subject of the administration of
air and other gaseous elements, under varying pressure, of lair years, «p6-
cially in Kurojie. In France, at Conlrex^ville, there is an aerotherapeutic
institute. The pueumotheiapeulic institute of Brussels ia specially worthy
of mention. It gives:—
1. Baths of compressed or rarefied air, with or without EtipiT»atunition
with oxyge»~ga£.
2. Inhalations of compressed air with expiration into rarefied air.
3. Electrotherapy.
4. Acta as a depot for manufacture and saile of oxygen-gas.
The effect of baths of eompressed or rarefied air will be disciuxed
farther on, when considering the physiological effect of climate. Reference
can only be made here to the apparatus of Waldenburg, Solia-Cohen, and
oth»i«, for the administration, by u sort of gasometer, of compressed or rare-
fied air. the effects of which resemble those already mentioned as resulting
from the pneumatic cabinet. For further elucidation of the subject the
reader is referred to Dr. Arthur Hill IlassaU's work on "The Inhalation
Treatment" (Ixindon, 1880) and other recent literature in this field of
Iherapeuties.
Medicated Vapor* — Atomization ^ Inhalation. — Volatile medicinal
eubstsni v- may lie Aajxinn'il and llic "ik'r, smoke, or vapor inhaled: non-
volatile Kubnances may be diB.solved in any convenient menstruum, such us
water, liquid petrolatum, oil. glyL-crin, etc.. and made to assume a con-
dition of fine gjiray by meana of an atomizer, of which there are several
kinds. In the first form to be described the apparatus consists of a eonven-
iint-^ized rubber bulb eonnected with an hermetically-sealed bottle or re-
ceiver containing the medicated solution, into which air is forced by eom*
pression of the bulb, (bus dicpl (icing tin- liijuid, which escape* through a
tulM- with a capillary point, al the side of which a strong blast-air in forced,
thus comminuting the dro|>» into a fine itpriiy. In another form the air is
not forced into the bottle, but is directed across the extremity of the deliv*
ery-tnbe in such a manner as to produce a [lartial vacuum, which causes the
li4|iud to ri»e into the tube and to escape in a fine cloud. In an improved
form, the blast of air is supplied from a metallic receiver, into which it had
previotitily been forced by an' air-pump. A well-known form is the «t««ni-
' Tbonr bnlprtiiU'il in thin oubjcct mn>- nirt to the "Procpcdinx* nt ihr Aiii*ricMI
CliRitotociml AwujciHlkiii*' fair IBSn Im ]ia]M>r« br ProffMor Ixtomlft. of N«i>- Vmk;
tH lloBiliUon, of BaJtitnotv: Dr. Willinniii, of N>w York. Bad Dr. P1nir» i>a|<rr,
■Inailv t'fvrwd (« Tbr PkHaJelplHa UrJiail Titan, «iL xvi, p. DM. ronliiiiM
•iMnriii ttl tbnr papfn.
■toiniur, in whicli tlic tttoatn from boiling uutcr «Dpplie8 the bUist. In
serenl forms of steam-atomixere there U the advantage of thv warm moi
ure, but the rGmedieit i<}iould be is BtTongcr folulions than for the liar^^d-
atomizer, or djy atomizer, because of the dilution by the rteam. Solid a^^h~
gtuDceti may W finely pondered for insuHlatiun and inhalation, althuugh t^feu
scarcely cainea witliin the limits of the preoenl vubjt-ct. Below may tx
found some formulsi for u«e with inhalvre and atomizers.
Fonniile for Inhalation. — These remedies may be ordered to be A xxi-
ply droppLxl upon b handkerchief and held to the nose, or poured uf^<=>D
abaorbent cotton, in a te»t-tube or upccial-idiapcd tubu for inhalation. «n
eont&ined in a retplratear of wire gauze covering the nose and mouth. TSn
infaDts or invalid* the nrrn il;. may be dropped ui)on the patient's cloth i
or simply upon the pillow; —
B Spt. animonloi aroinat. q. ■.
For inliulBlioa In ■;ri>cop«. hcait- fail ure. narcotic poUaninK, etc, bdaic out^l t^^knt
th« VMiior ur J!ii« is n«11 diiuUd Willi air.
The following combination is much used in England: —
1. B Aoidi »r1>olioi purl 41 Gnu ur 3).
Oirbon. Ilgni IC p Om. or iut.
liMli . il Um. or 3).
Mix tlic put* cnrtiolic actd with half of tlie wood charcoal (hnrAu^lfi
iodinv witli the otlicr linlf. and mix lojietlier.
1
niU '
E. B Amiuonii rarlionaL .< 311 dtii. or Sj.
Curb, lignt IfilS Om. or Jw
t^unphono - 4] Gm. or 3j.
M. Add Numbers 1 tvA 2 ll|{hLIy togicthnr, odd l.SO c.rni. (or miuc) of oil
Iftvcndcr, and an much compound linduTc of bvuKuiii lu n nc«dftil to makr > Ikio
pMte, slid put in n widi- «li)|)pcri-d bottle. lUr. Diirhnni. nt l»ndoB.'>
The following is Brand's (of Vienna) remedy for acute coryza, and
much used as an inhalation for nasal catarrh and coryza: —
B Acidi carbollci.
AlroholU 60| cjmii. or l3ij.
U. Sig.: Kmp in a dark )ilac« or la a lintM gltm* bottl*.
A few drops arc to be poured on blotting-papor, and this rolled into ^^
cono, and the vapor inhaled as long as it rises. The eyes idiould be k«f^^^
cloaed, on account of the irritating nature of the vapor.
B C^ttipliono - 41 Gm. or Sj,
S\g.: Add to 473 com. (or OJ] ot boiling wat«r, and iiilinh? llie vapor, for mev^
eor]ri^ '
Beverly Robinson aho recommend* the foHowing:-
B Acidi cftrb»llci puri 4
Oeosotl 4
Tinct. iodi 18
Alcohol 30
M. Slg.: For inhalation.
' From "Vnaal Cnlarrb «nd Alliod Dlwa*-*," by Ilewrly BobinMin, wcovid »4lt
New York, I8R5.
Cm. or S}.
exui. or Si.
cem. or ISt.
ccm. or tSj.
PNBt' MOTH ERA 1-V AXD PXEtrMATIC DIFntBSNTUTlOS.
tJim. ur [3j.
949
B <M. plal srli^tm 4|
Su<«uii fonii,
I
TlncU bcRsuln. to. . . .
Itmgntni atrh
Aqii» -
S\g.: For inhalation with a naaa] inliaW.
30
S I'.mi. or fSiJ.
Om. or 2m.
c.mi. or ()}.
iy emplojing e receptacle holding hot water (a pint or leas), the
latiliKntion i» linitt^iied bv the hmt, ond thi* effect is more powvrful. Tii
e dn- fonn of cutsirh. Eteam fiimiRation or atomlKation is better than the
y iolialntion. The following rciniirc hot water: —
30{ cnn. or Qj.
I
B Tincl. I)cnxt>ini ea.
Sig.; A tpnsiKinnfiil tor «eh lahabttloa.
B OL pini Kj-lvoktria 7]& cent, or f3)j.
Maen«*ii «arb. S
Aqun q. a. md K\
Or the following:--
H C^IPOm-tl IS
Mngm'nii carb 1
Aqun- - <|, ». Rd BO
M. i^ig.: A lumpoontul for iuhalalioD. iBot^on.)
B TfaiM. iodi CO. 30]
M. 8ig.: For ao inlialatiun O.S to 1.2 ccm. lor inx-xx).
R Amyli iittiiti* i\
H. SIg.:
Om. or SSm.
can. or IJilj.— M.
c.CRi. or lUr.
(iln. or 3i.
ctm. Of IJliJ.
c.cin. or RJ.
I'.i'in, or I3j.
Prnni (l.lli to D.^U can. (or ntlii'Vl may b* Inhalrd from n liundker-
tM: or MTialt. ),1h"« prarltt, ravh roDtaining the required dottr, may Ih- u«rit in the
'■no nannPr.
II Uilurofi'rmi t... ...... ........ 4| o-em. or I3j.
^^ TincL Inrnndulir co. .. ll| ccm. or fStij.
^BL Sig.: A [#w drvp» niaj be inhiilf^ for irritative cou^h. as In pliUiiaii.
The following, which in known a; DobellV furmuli, it very lirgoly «n-
9Ted a» a determent (Dr. Bobin£Oii tues thymol in place of carbolic acid): —
EIOO Om. «r gt. xL
Cm. or 3ii.
ft Aeidi cHibolici puri
Rwlli bilnnit..
Sodii bicHih >a 8
0)7(*rini M
Aqua> 90
cjtm- or farij.
<jytn. or (Bltj.
M. Sig.: Sotulion (Or hhmI apraf to be aa«d witli the alomisar.
fi AcMt ■alicj'Uci , 41 Oni. or Sj.
Sodli biboiHt..
Sodii phOBpliuL - aft 8| Om. or 3IJ.
■ Chlomlia I '3 Um. or gr. xx.
Olyreriiii.
Aqnte ro^n . • . . . i - .aa SOj cxm. or (Jj.
AqiM . ...q. a. ad E40| CJ:ni. or IJvlU.
Sg.i L'ar lm|iiriiUv iii initial -tuiif of a«ll« coryta.
^
e lato Horell MackenKie' nreoinmended the following: —
n of the ThroMl and Hem," Morvll Uarlvcnrjf. lAindan, 1884-
950 XOy-nTARKACJIX BUIDTES and CBN'RRAL TIIKRAIMCfTlrft.
AntiupUc NomI Sprays or K^ntfr.
B A«Iilt earboUei purl .-t--- |2 dm. or itr. iij.
Aquu- ...,,. 90{ v-FBi. <w fSj- — H.
lodum rum nefilf tannlcl: —
B Tr. iodi 19 «vni. or uiiij,
GlTcaritf ttcid. tuinid 'A rmi. nr umij
Aqtuedc*t q. t. ad 30 cirtn. or fjj.— M.
Sol. lodivforinl:—
B Iodoform . . 3111 Oni. or gr. xl.
.Ether, (ip. gt.. 0.7S5) 3il| ej^ro. or Ijj,— M.
B PniiiKii pmnanganat . . '^2 Gm. or fir- t.
Aqun- 3a{ fxm. AC ij). — H.
B Sodii benxoAt. , 1|S <ita. or frr. xx.
Aqiue ..1. !I0| c.ctii. or fS). — M.
2iliol lodati:—
B lodaM tine oatutie ITS Gin. or er. xil or i
Aquir Atnt. 30| ccTii. ur Qj. — M.
Attringtnt Sprai/t.
B Acidi laiuiiei ■ 132 Qm. or bt. r.
Aqiue 30| oxun. or Qj.^-M.
AtuDien. chlorid-: —
B I'lq- oluinin. chloridi . . |I8 can. or Mlij,
A»i. d«t M| cjrm. or fJJ.— M.
Alumm. iSO Gm. to 30{ ccm. or fr. vlil-fSJ.
Ferro-nliiiiKD {£0 Om. to 30] v.vul. or gr. iii-(Sj.
Prrri perrhloridi jlS cjrm. to 30| p.mi, or mitt-fSJ.
Fwri AUtplins 113 (iiu. to 3ri| e.oiii. or rt. ii-(Sj.
Zinci rhloridi [13 Gra. to 30| o^ni. or p. il-fSJ.
Zinci Mulpbat {SiC Om. lo 3*l| v.tm. or gr. v-Qj.
Detergent Sprat/s.
Dobeir* solution.
F«ta«^ diloratja 1|3 Cm. to 30{ (.-.ciu. or sr. xx fXJ.
Sodil chloridi |3S Gm. to 30{ c.crn. or p. vIJJ.
Sedativs Sprayii.
PotlM. bromldt ■■. 1)3 Gm. to 301 c.nn. or gr. xx-tS).
B ^- belladonUK [ft n^ctn. or mx.
Aqiiw cnlH« 30) u.wn. or- (SJ. — M.
Antiieplie Sprags.
Uq. cbIfU t). «.
SodH Mlicylat I|3 Gm, to S0| o.cm. or f^. xx-Qj.
B Acidi laclici • S| r.pni. or mxxx.
ilqiim ., 301 cciD. or Uj. — H.
There ia often an advantaRC in having ih<> litjuid wnrni before epraytng;
tliie is not rcqiiirptl wh«n the Htrum-stomizer is »sed.
MTDROTIIKRAPT AXD RALVROTinillAPT.
HYDHOTHEKAPY AND BALNEOTHERAPY.
i.-th<><1
strictly
The medioiuul uppliralion of wiitcr by niiy iik.-UkxI loiin-*. strict
speaking, under ihe domstn of hydrotherapeutics. wliioh is, therefore, a
v«r5' compTcheii»iivc tt-rm. Hydrotherapy (Mup. woter, niii] Htfiawtfw. I iront)]
compriiieti both the internal and the extomai u*e of vratur in the trcalinciit
of dieeagc. The numerous forms of external adminiBtration — by wet packs,
showers, doucheii, nitx or partial, plunge, Hiid hot tt»d cold "baths — hnv«
^Ten ereater importance to the latter of theee metbodB, so that the popular
idea of "vater<curc" i» that it is Diiiinl}- n coimc of bathiuj;. Balncotlioni-
peutics {fia\mwtti>r. a bath, and etf^rttu, I treat) is that department of Ihera-
pou(ic« which dealf^ with the application of baths in the- treatment of disea^,.
the different varieties of which will presently be considered in detail. Th«l
term "hBlneothcrapeutioB" is also applied more spccilioallj to the ncicnee
that ireais of the etfectd of mineral waters oud baths, especially as conducted
at certain health resorts, known as "baths" or ''springs." Leichtenstem, in
von Zienis»en's ''Hand-book of Therapenttc»," defines balneotherapy aa "the
science of (he therapeutical application of mincrsl waters," or "trie science
of the method and mode of operation of hnth- and well- cure*." In con-
nection, therefore, with this topic, the composition and character, also the
physiold/inil and tlicrapc'ulical vfft'cti', of varioiig more or lew celebrated,
mineral eprings, require to be considered somewhat in detail. At the outaetl
of our di«iiwiiiii of the (lifrHpruticul applications of water and water-dress* [
inM, we encounter the difliciilty, as pointed out in the inettuctive and highly
valuable little tnsititc of Dr. Simon Horuch,' of the existence of a belief on
the ]>art of many enthusiastic advocates of hydropathy that it is a panacea,
and that it la a complete »y«tcm of therapeutics rivalinf: Tegular medicine,
and destined, finally, to overcome it. This is unfortunate, since it has led
to the cKtablishment of "watfr-curc" establishments for the treatment of alll
diseas*-*. ami too fre<j\ipntly rhese are carried on in an empirical manner,
under the control of ignorant laymen or irrcpular pnictitionor<, Morrover,
the influence of I'riesanitz, who, by occupation, was a farmer, but who was
an ardent advocate of hydropathic treatment for all diseases, is still felt by
big succeasiors; »o that there is atill, in Komo ({uarlers. decided antagonism |
between the practitioners of scientific medicine and the sect of so-called
hydropathic physicians. Thi« reproach of hydrotheraiwutica is now about
to be done away with. Of late years the subject has attracted the attention
of able invent it'ntors and tcnchent, amoni; whom stand*, notably, Profe«*or
■Wintomitz. who by Dr. Baruch ia styled the father of modern hydrotherapy,
and who is ihe author of the able treatise upon this snhjwt iu the fifth i
volume of von Ziemssen's "Hand-hook of Therapeutics."
Hiitorical. — It is simple justice to the ancient phyaicium to state thati
the therapeutical, as well om the hygienic, value of water and bathinj; waa
highly appreciated by them. In the 'Tedas" of Susrotas water is often
spoken of as an article of dietetic treatment, and eTcn as an antidote, the
number and the limes of the baths bcinR exactly reflated, and. indeed,
with great mimitcnesd of detail. In ancient f)re«s;e, in the midst of groveal
rich in BprinK5. and in the vicinity of thermal springs particularly, stood
temples ueiiicatcd to .Ksciiliipius. Prayer, fnstini;. and iHilhing were con-
ITM^ot Wuter ia M'KltTii Mwlicin*." 1%/tirlant' l^lnurr [jlirBT?, T>rtn>it. ISM.
NnN-PBAR!IJirAL REMBDtES AKU OEKKttAL TUERAPKTTrrfl.
diidisil, under the Btriel rules of the prieela, and, after the ]iiiticiits H
pursued the required course, a volivo oHoring wiis made containing briel
nolw «f the eymplomft nniJ Irealiuenl. In the hall* of thew: t<-in[>l('» Hi_
pocrstee found a rich mine of therapeutical literature, which hv utilized
with the liund aiid brain of a nuiRter. It is not Hiirpri»ing, therefore that
hiH srstetn of pathology was principally humoral, and that water played an
iinti<irt»Dt ptirl in hia therapeutic*. "He was the fint to mnintuiii thnt cold
water warms, while warm water cools, the body, lie was acquaintHl with
iihowcr-baths and «]iampooin|;; hv noticed that warm #howL-r» induce sk-cp.
and cold water, poured over the body, is UHeful in fainting. He Iri-aii-'d
IfliiniiE with eliuwcrv, and in alTeclione of thv juinto ho recommended the
jmiiring over of cold water as bein^ ufeful in relieving the pain and curing
the afTection. 'Articulorum tumoreit ct dolorc* absque ulcere et podagricaa
alTii'ilnnes . . . fri>;ida larjie elfiisa (aqua) Icvat et minuit, doloremque
Koloit.' Withal, liis viowi; on the hygienic value of water were remarkably
advanced, fie naya, in the 'Tractatus de Aere, Aqua, et 1j0cli>,' that *the firkt
duty of the phy^iciaii, when he comcK to a town, is to Wcome ac«)uainted
with Ihe [)Ofuliaritie> (if the watr-rs u*ed there — whether thi-y are boggy, or
liard, or eoft, and whether llicy come from hiUe or rocks,' etc. Since ele-
vation of tcinperHliire was known lo him as b Kymptom of fever, he recom-
mends the use of cold water against the different varieties of it; even the
reactionary influence of cold applications was not unknown to him." Oa^J
al^o understood the principle of revulsion, as well as the heat-abstractioK^H
flolion of cold-wfttor applications. '"We perceive. uUo," continues Winter-^^
nitz, "in the introduction of therapeutical principles true lo nature, Ihe
first inipoTtanl bcijlnniugs of hydrolfiempcufiis in scii?nlific mwlicine. From
this time, water conimandf a place in therapeutics, and. since its soothing
and anli-inttHniiuaUiry propertit* are the most i^triking, we ik-e how it is
taken up by the dilFerent medical schools," all making greater or less use
of it, even with ftindnmental doctrines as much at variance as the humor-
alistii or physiaters and methodists, or the dogmatists and empirics. In t1i«
wntin;!^ of Gnlni due rerugnilion i» made of the value of water in thera-
peutics. With the exception of the celebrated code of health of (he Scihoo!
of Salernum. however, the writings of the middle age« contain little refer-
ence to this method. In the seventeenth century it began t" receive greater
recognition, especially in Kuglaud (Floycr; T. Smith), and, in the begin-
ning of Ihe eighteenth centun,', in tiennnny. F. Hoffmann and Hahu,
toward the middle of the last century, udvocated cold sponging in fCTers.
Hydrotherapy received greater impetus toward the latter part of the
century, in England, by the writings of James Carrie, William Wright, and
W. Jackson. The method Maw subsequentlv advocated by Rcii**, FrohUch.
Brandis. Horn, and others. About JT43. Jolin Sigmund Hahn. in Germany,
s\»iemati7.fd the jiriii lice nf hydropnlhy. but it wu« falling again into disuse,
when, soon after 1830, Vincent Priessnitz, a small fanner of Omefenbcrg,
in Silesia, began lo tn-at every kind of ailment, chronic ns well «s acute,
with various hydro therapeutic procedures, and added to Ihe external appli-
eaiions the ubimdnnt internal ui^e of water, combined with active exercise
and a very simple diet, prohibiting, at the same time, all alcoholic beveragen.
and also tea and coffee.' The error of Priessnitx has already been referred
■llpiTitDiKn WcImt: "Qniitn's MMlfrnI Dlcliontiry," p. Ml.
llYDnoTIimtAPV AKD BALKEOrnKBAI-Y.
f>53
t". ind ie one that mcdic-al-Ejstem makers geneiaUy fall into. It was that
there is 8 nniiereal method of tn-»tmi>nt npptionlik' to bU cntt-d. He, how-
ev);r, miCCfcdcd in makinf; the medical value of nater lo l>e better apprv'-
t'iated by both the jirofe.ision nnd the laity. bdiI the furtir which hi* trrat*
mont Moitc<i wae of preitt value to regular medicine, in directing attention
again to this highly-important therapeutioni resource.
Among contemporBDeoufi writera, we may mention Ernest Brand, who
pntiliahed his work in 18fil. showing retaarkubly favorable results, specially
in typhoid fever, following immersion and compresses nt from 54° to 68*
y. Keutels. JdrgensK-n, Wiuti-niiti:, Charcot, \alleix. Dujanlin-lleuumeti,
and nnmerouE other authorities and teachers have, by their labors^ hmught
the wii'iiee of hydropathy into system, and greatly advnnced its praclitf.
Kneippism is a more recent dereiopment of hydropathy, under the di-
n%llon of an e[ithu¥iaKt ahnoi^t us ignorant of medicine as Pricssuitx, and, in
hie methods and results, curiously recalling to our mind the history of that
XrcAt empiric. The Abhe Kncipp, having rend Ilahn*s book, and cured
himself by the liberal use of cold vater, according to it» directions, he haa
ever einec been a zealous advocate of cold water as ■ remedy for all diseases.
Dr. t.. Iteuss' thus deserihcs his method: —
He undertakes to cure a toug list of maladies, from asthma to shingles.
For each of these maladie«, Vnter Kneipp's nrineipnl. if not hi* ■>nly, medi-
cine is cold water, applied in the shape nf ciouchcs, foot-baths, head-baths,
silting-bath?, and so on. Given in the form of drink, the water in often
mixed with infusions, decoctions, or alcoholic tinctures. Always, however,
water in the tiaite of the mediciition. The simplci' recommended liv the ahh*
are very numerous, and the country people know them well. The leaves and
flowers and roots and berries >ihrrh he uses enn he found, with few excep-
tions, at all our herbalists.
ITie worthy abhf-'s system, however, i* not one of therapeutics alone;
it is also one of hygiene, lie maintains that the many diseases of our day—
aJTwIionn of ihi- hi'art or the ohcrf, gaslrilix, una-iiiia, nenon* disoniera —
were almost unknown to our ancestors, and are the result of our bad mode
of living- He deelart* that the most of onr maladies are due to trouble in
the cirrulalion of the blood. To remedy this, the body should be subjected
to the action of the exterior air, combined or not with the action of icy-cold
water. Children should be allowed to go without shoes or stockings. Adults
shonid often walk in the fields, even in winter, burvfooted. In winter a walk
with bare feet in the snow is absolutely recommended, only the snow should
bo fine, like dust, freshly fallen, and there should not be a cold and piercing
wind blowing. The length of this anow walk should not exceed three ot
fotir minutes. A walk in running water has an incontestable tonic effect.
To keep well, according to Kncipp, you mu*t dress and eat according
to a certain system. You must discard woolen clothing next to the skin.
Kneipi) deelareji that if wool develops more heat than other cloth, it doea
so to the detriment of the human body. You must wear next to the skin
B thirl of coarse cloth, as eoawe as that of which gmin-sacks urv made. Fur
collars, fur gloves, knit vests, and shawls, and all that sort of thing, must
be atwolutelv discarded.
. * iiMMlH fBinrl^ttf PabUiiK tt if iltdftimf lAvatf. Timft and argUlfr. Wmy
', ins. from tAtrtam Dignt.
951
yoy-ruinujtCAL iismkdiks an'd OBiiEUAi. tbrrafbutics.
Finally, if people want lo get well oimI stay well, they must change their
diet ond drink. Tlioy niiml i-iit food which i» richest in nitrogen, — milk,
cheese, peae, beana, lentils, meat, and fish. They must avoid food poor in
nitrog«D, like the cen-nlis polntoc?, vegctahleii generally, und fruits, and hare
DOthui]; to do with fats and oils. They miiet drink a minimum of wine, of
cider, of hccr. and have nothing to do wilh hrnndy. ColTw. with or with-
ont milk, chocolate, and tea are anathemati^Eid, especially coiTee with milk,
whiili di'liilitnti.* Ihi- i^loiiiaoh, leaving it without digesting, Coffee with
milk and heer Kneipp L-onnseU to replace with coffee (ireparrtl from ucoms
or with malt. This drink (Kneipp coffee) has nutritive and eL-ddtive quali-
ties, in which ordinary coffee is absolutelr lacking, and has abo an excellen
tute,
"Such is Kneippism. Whether it will make the tour of tho worid or
even the tour of all Oermany, the future alone csn discloH?. At all eventG,
the jiy-item, if it cannot be recommended in its entirety, is not without com*
mendable features."
At the prt'sent day, ihe achievements of hydrotherapy and (he advance-
ment of physLoloipcat and pathological knowledge demand from erery intel-
ligent phvAician an attentive investigation of it« principle.') and practice. If
tfi» should be generally done, it will, beyond doubt, lead to a more ]?eneral
employment of such n valuable Iherapeutie^l aid. Professor Peter, of Paris
indeed, goes ho fur as to declare, in Iiia preface to Duval's "Ilydrotherapie,'^J
that "hydrotherapy suffices, in most cases of di.^easc; added to other treat^f
ment, it is a most powerful auxiliary. Can anyone speak better or say mor^^
ol it?"'
Phyiioloffical Effects. — The erroneous idea has gained ground that the
only objii'j (if ii.iiiiiug, in acute diseases, is reduction of temperature. It is
true that pyrexia can be modified or reduced by this means, but other phys-
iological and therapeutical results are produced, as will be seen from t'
following brief review of the physiological effects of vrater: —
Thirst ifi the SHinsation analogous lo hunger experienced as a re«ull
privation from water or fluids, after profuse watery discharges or hemor-
rhages, and also as a result of the dning up of accretions, in .^omc cases of
fever. Life cannot be sustained witnout constant renewal of the water of
the organism, to replace that lust by excretion, exhalation, and evapora-
tion. Tissue-change and its functions are dependent upon the presence
of water in sulTicicnt inwnlity. .This is partly i^upplicd by the water
contained in our food, and partly by the water which is drunk. Temporary
excess of supply leads to iricreiiscd discharge by the excretions and enhanced
metabolism; whereas, relative deficiency produces a diminution in Ihe quan-
tity of the excretions. Where the increased ingestion of water continvies for
several davs, it is<il>*<'rved that Ihe volume of Ihe blood is increased, and the
is an increased removal of the products of retrogressive Ussue-changc: thi
blood, the tissucK, und \hv kidtuv liiing. ao lo speak, washed out by it. TI'
urine is more abundant and the solids are slightly increased. In conse-
quence of the removul of the used-up material, the organism i» able lo take
lip a largiT quantity of new nutritive substances. As a result, if not carri
to exceas, so as to disturb digestion, plentiful water-drinking causn> iiicnu
of bodily weigh!: the urine, the saliva, bile, pancreatic and intestinal jiii
and Ihe perspiration are increased; the proportionate incre^e being dclei
' Quoted bjr S. Ranicli. toe. m'(.. vol. i. p, 18.
I
:«-"
HTSnOraKKAPY AUD SALNBOrilEltAl'V.
955
niinL><] bjr circuiuKtancce of tcmpcTBture and bodily exercise, olotbioK, etc.
The acknouIedRpd heneCts from <i courac of miiRTul wator* arc lorgoly due
to th* iDL-rejii-cd quantity of water swallowed, and it is found tlial certain
reinedie», such an potiit'-'iiuiii imlidc, ni^ more ctricuciotw when given largely
diluted wiih watiT. and many ]>haniiaccutical preparations muat he ^vea
diluted, more or Ici^s >ii ordi-r lu make them lets nbnoxiouJi to the palute.
Excessive water-drinking, especially of ice-water, causes digestive dis-
order; but what con»tiliitc« excc«« is relative, and uot absolute, iiiiico somo
persons toay, without apparent ill effect, take quantities which would be ui-
juriouH to othen. Used syi^temnticully, water increases th« watery contests
of the stools and favors peris(aUi§. but exc(■s^jve water-drinkinK dilutes the
givflTiK }V\C6 and tendv lu prudiiee diarrha-ii. It reduces the dent^ity ot ihe
tood, and may inlerefere with the nutritiau of the ^reat nerTe-eenlres and
of (he heart.
The externai uaca of water produce different phvsiol optical effects in
accortlancv with thu iiioiK', duration, and time of application. The primary
effects are local or general abstraction ot heat and the ntimnlation of jcreater
ur less cutaneous areas. Indirectly, we have elimulatiou of the ncrve-eenlnis
and disturbance of functinu of the vasomotor system, and the resulting
effects tipon metabolism, excretion, and a»timilation. Ilydrotherapeulic
measures, apart from their antipyretic applications, are sometimes divided
into stimulant and calmative, lint no exnet line can be drawn between thcs«
two cloisei. Among the former, the full, or plun^re, both; cold-rain or
shower- bath; the douche, the spray- or needle- bath (eircular shiiwer-batb),
sponise- or towel- balh, of i^liort duration, lU'uatly prt-i'edfd and follawiMl by
fnetion of the skin, arc most u^cd. The obH-rvations of Wintvniitx have
ahown that cold baths increase the absorption of oxy^ien and the elimination
of carbonic acid. A hot bath is a powerful nervous stimulant. The stimu-
lating effects of these are shown in the reaction which follows, accompanied
by a scns« ot exhilaration. Where the ri-aclion does not occur, ond the ;>a-
uent is blue and depressed after the bath, it fails of the nntioipnted (tood
effrct, and will be injurious, if continued. Some individuals hare an idio-
tiyncrasy in this respect, but where this is due solely to beinj; unaccustomed
to bathing it can be overcome by a system of tn^dualed baths. By alteriug
the tmutx-rature and duration of the bath, the effects may be considerably
nioditicd. The oalouttTe effects are obtained from the wet puck, in which
the patient '» enveloped in a wet sheet and rolled up in blankets; wet com-
preetee; the hot foot-bath; the sitx-bath; the warm bath without motion.
The eflecis noticed are abstraction of heal, diminution of nervouit irritability
of sensation, and mental activity, also, of the force and frequency of the
heart's action. There is a recIioK of ia.*silnde and a tendency to sleep. -As
sujj^eitcd by M'eber (loc. cil.), "These forms of application can be modified,
and the effects will vary in proportion. Tlius, Ihc uct-sheel enTelooe allows
ample variation by using warm or cold water; by usinjt the sheet aripping.
or wning out; by making ihe sheet fit tightly around the neck; by moving
the sheet to and fro; by frequently changing the sheet, etc. llie calming
aind "iliniulalinf; form may be fiirllier efimtiinol by nsini;, fir?1. the wet-sheet
envelope, or Ihe woolen-blankel envelope, for a sufRi-ienl period lo pnxluce
I'enipiTation. and then a more or less cold bath or shower-bath of short dura-
litio." The various fonns of hot-air and steam baths, combineil with
dooehce and baths of various temperatures, in the forms eommonly known
M Turkish, Roman, or Ruffian baths, are (Miwerful hydnilhvniprulic Ik*)i
NUV-1>UAU)IACJ.L HKUEDIES AM) GBK8BAI. TnSBAI'KUTICe.
Ice may he applied so aa to ad as a stimulant, or. oil the other band, aa an
antipyretic and scdativo. To obtain the former etTvct, picci-s of icv arc
applied suddenly to different portions of the surface of the body, thu» ex-
citing reflex action and etiniiilatin^ the vasomotor ncrvcx. They may uIko
hv introduced into the ret'tiim as a genera) stimidant, as in chlorofonn or
ether nanoifis, as ncomnii-ndcd by the late S. O. Gross.
ObatetriL'iaiis Mmietimfs fxcite the iiteni> ti> contraction in post-]jartum
ha?niorrhago by importing ico into the c«vity. Applied ov«r a ovrvc. ice may
Sniduce ame^thesia, or even paresis of its penphera! fibres. Weir Mitchell
emoDjtratcd that anutumical changes may be produced by intense coldf
applied to the nerves, such as con;;eiitinn with or without saiiguinenus exti-
daliong. Briclly applied, cold prodiioeH a rap idly- passing congestion without
leaving trui'i's behind, but, if prolonged, the nen'e increases in volumi-,
chiefly by dilatation of its bloou-veseels. There may be actual cfTusions in
the iitrucliire of the* nerve, producing more or less paralyeii* in the |)art» su)*-
plied by it, but they iieually disappear, although some of the nerve-Gbrvs
may degenerate. "Thus," «y# Daruch, "we may account for iM>me case^ nfj
acute neuralgia, myelitis, and acute spinal paralysis following grc«t tempera-
ture ellects." All obM-rvers are agreed upon one point which i» of great
importance in clinical hydrotht-nipy, lo wit: "un eraiiescent thermic appli-
cation excites, while a prolonged ono dcprc**e8." There is a more cnerpetio I
leaction when the transition is abrupt from hot to cold, or Uie reverse, tlian
vhero it is graduated.
Inigation of the nnicous cavities of the bodies by large amounts of
fluid Is a well-known and valued therapeutic measure. Large cold-water
enemata have been used ss a means of reducing temperature in typhoid
fvver; injoctionw »f uarni water break up niaiit»c# of tief.(» and cause i-rncua-
tion of the large bowel: irrigation of the stomach removes mucus and actaj
as an antiKeplic. Hot water i^ an i-xceltcnl styptic and antiseptic.
The late Ur, John M. Keating urged the use of large hot-water injec-l
tions into the rectiini, ihv palli'iil using the fountain-syringe before retiring]
at night, as on assistance in breaking up utero-rectal attachments and re-
t'ncing backtt'iiril displaLcmentii of the iitenm. While making the iiijoctioa
the patient should be in the knee-chest position.
The practiw- ititroduct-d by Knill, of treating catarrhal jaundice by
means of cold enemata, has found other supporters. On the firet day from
800 to 1000 c.cin. (or 1 Vt lo 3 '/, pint*) of water at 39' F. arc injected,
and on Mioceeding days the temperature is gradually raised lo 72.5° F.
The appetite improves from the first, the hepatic anil epigastric scnsibijityl
in next relieved, and the strength inereases. The mcthoil is said lo aucceed
in four to six days in recent cases or those of some weeks' duration. The
removal of the obslruction is aceomjianied and follnwwl liy polyuria, with
increased excretion of urea. The injections produce intestinal peristalsis
and overcome const i pat inn. They aha remove septic matter from the bowej
and facilitate the expulsion of calculi.
Clinical Applications of Water in the Treatment of Diaeatc.— In the
author's work on "Heredity. Health, and I'ersonai Heauty"' the relation-
ship existing between bathing and health is especially conside«-d in ihf
chapters on "The Bath as Promotive of Health and lleanty'' and on "Bath- ,
ing as Practiced in Ancient anil Jlodern Times."
' Published by T)i<- ¥. A. I)nvl« Cmti|iaay. PkiLI«<l«1pliia, ISM.
IITDR0THER.1PY AKD lULXKOTHBRAFY.
95T
The inlernnl lucv of water hnvc almidy 1>ocn su^tisted; it it indie*
')H-itii»bl<- both ill health and disouse. It is owed lar;;ely to the late Dr.
Iliram Conon and Or. J, P. MoifK that tht- prnolicf uf rcfiisiiij; vrtttor to
children during fever has heoii abandoued; and the feTer-thirnl is ni> lon|;er
met by enuili sit>« "f hut wati-r. hut thu pativnl is it1h>wfd t'> dniik freely of
cold water, which reduces temperature, slows the pube and makes it fuiW,
favors diaphorc»i$ and cxcTelion, and watched out th« kidueys. Ae a inatt«r
of precaution, it i^ considered advL<i«ble to Alter and boil water, so as to
render it aseptic, especially when opidcruics of typhoid fi-vrr. cholera, dysen-
tery, and Hitnihir diseases prevail. In th« treatment of chronic gastric c«-
tanh hot water pisyt a very importnut part. Since it is capiiblf of iluehing
(ho stonuieh ond washing out the collection of dibris and murtiii. wiib iiac-
terial and other microbie coloniefi, it relieves luueea and favor* appetite and
digestion. Mauy pcrsoiiii hnv*^- tried hot water for Ihiir dyspepsia, ii>i it viiit
a fad a few years ago, and afterward abandoned it because it did them no
good. The fact It that Ihey u*i»-d it improperly, nnd drank a cup of hot
water juat as they sat down to a meal. If they had taken professional advice
they would have learned that they should take from 240 to 473 c.em. (or
f.^viii-x\-j) of hot water at least half an hour before each meal, and in some
cases an hour is better. The water should be too hot to drink, and should
be merely sipped or taken by the leaspoonful. When tliis has been faith-
fully done for a short time patients arc astonished by their improvement.
Nausea disappears, appetite returns, digi-siion U facilitated, and con.4ti|ialion
c'Vercotne. It may be necessary to order some compound tincture of gentian
or ciirdnmoni, or similar sloniachic», tn hv added to the wnter. in order to
insure obedience and pfr^evcranc*- Tn ihc tempomry arrest of secretions
and suspended digeetion accompanying fever, water plays an important part
in keeping the month and throat from being parched, and in removing mu-
cus and epithelial dibrix from the intestinal and urinary tracts. Fever pa-
tients should, therefore, bo encouraged to drink pure water. The thirst is
often l>etter relieved by carbonated water, siieh a* Vichy or Giejt^hiihlcr.
M. Dcbove lays great stress upon the administration of water in typhoid
ftrver. M. Maillart, of Oeneva, who has particularly studied ibis iiubjeel,
writes that water-drinking should be regarded as a special method of treat-
ment. He recommends that the patient should drink five or six ijiiarts of
wafer during the day. This practice has a good effect in reducing tempera-
ture, it allays nervous e-xcilabihty and promote* the action of the kidnoya.
The quantity of perspiration and urine is augmented, and a large amount of
nrea is removed from Iho »yslcni. ^Hicn the stomach contains objectionable
material, the Himpli>t emctie is water, heated lo about 90' V.. into which
salt or mustard uiny hf stirnd if disired; but the wotcr should he supplied
lo the full capacity of the stomach. §ince it acts principally mechanically.
In nunmer diarrhcea of infante the fnHowing method is successful in
wsabing out tlie intestinal tube; A soft-rubber tube, such as No. 8 N^laton
or Jacque« catheter, is gently, but finnlr, pushed through the pharynx into
the stomach of the child, which is held upright in the nurse's anna. In very
itany infants this is not a diflicuU procedure, as they will aid it hy sucking
He tuho. In older children it is more difficult, and had better Ix* avoided.
Tlie proceilure should not be made in the presence of tlie motlier, nor of
anxioiM friends if it can h» avoided), tHTauM! the occasional anxious and
cyanotic appearance of the baby, although evanesc«nt, and not denoting
9&6 NOX-PIIAKMAClL RKUBUIES AM) (iESKBAL TtlEHAI-BimrS.
hflrm, will interfere with the procfcdnrc in mnnv insWnMi, Th« cuth«:li;i
beinp lodped in the stomach, it h connected with a fountain-syringe, from
which niuiple, lioili-ii waler, of 95° F., in poured The infant will probably
vomit, but it is better to disconnect the catheter from the syrinjre, and allow
th<^ water i'ontiiining product* of fcniientution. mucus., and iindi^e^ted cnrds
to escape through the tube. If the tube be not firmlv helii. it will he vom-
itc<i (Bariich), Thi.* brin^-st up Ihe quwrlioii of irrignlion of the stomach, or,
IkTkge, as it is called h)' the I'icncli. J.avage is both a diai^otttic and
therapeutic agent. The techtiiiitie, as followed by Itanieh, is as follows;
The patient is told to eat a hearty meal at 18.30 p.m., nnd to present himitel'
at 6.30 P.M. for irrigation of the utomnch by tepid water. "A long, soft, hu
firm rubber tube, with open end, and one eye near the latter, \t introthnred
into the »toiiiiich. The necewary tjuantily of warm water (usually '2 to 6
litTSs, or about S to C (juarts) being in readiness, a hnsin is placed upon n chair
in front of the patient. It iti well to protect the clothing of the latter by a
doubled sheet, — or, what I use in my office, nn oil>cloth apron. — wcurcd
around the neck ami reaching over the knees, .\rtificial teeth, if present,
are to be removed. The patient is retjui^sted to sit upright, vitli bis heatL^J
thrown back. The physician, standing on the right, dips the lower end o|^H
the tube in warm water (oil is unneceswiy, and injun-a (he tube evcntii8llT>7^^
Holding it between the thumb and forefinger, he introduces it over the
tongue until it strikes the back of the pharynx. The pntii'ut i* now told to
bend his head forward. In the first effort gagging will cnaue, but an abun-
diuit mucus is secreted in (he thniat, which lubricates the tube. Tlie patient
should be reansured, if he feels choked or diFtiessed, by informing him that
this is the usual effect, and that, if he will keep his mouth well open, he
cannot choke, bccauiiu there is ample room in the pharynx for a larger tube.
The physician must refrain from sharing the patient's excitcmfint, and, by
his calm demeanor, r<-4iM>nre hint when he, a; is often the case, protests that
he is utterly unable to do his bidding." If a spasmodic contraction of the
(eaopbagus should occur, the operator should wait a few moments and hare
the assislant pour some warm water down the tube. The tube r«n then
gently pass down into the stomach, the distance having first been measured
externally tind a mark placed upon the tube showing how far it should paw
into the mouth. When in position, the warm water is poured info a funnel
ot the free extremity of the tube, from whence il passes to the stomach. If
vomiting ensue, the patient is instructed to lean forward over the basin and
allow the vomit to How out around the tube nnd jiarlly through it. Tf the
lower end of the tube become blocked up with undigested food, the funnel
may be held higher up, so thot the water may flow with greater force. .After
a half litre (or fS^vij) or so, according to the case, has been injected, the
funnel end is promptly depressed into the bnnin, and a n^verse eiirrent is set
up by fiiphonnge from the stomach. This should be done (piiekly, as suc-
gcEted by Baruch, while the water it (till flowing, in order to'cstablirfi
siphonagc. A negUit of this simple point defeats the proper emptying of
the stomach. This procedure should be repeated until the stomach is thor-
oughly washed, even if several gallons are required, using no larger quantity
at each injection than a pint. The washings arc now carefully inspected.
If there is undigeiled food in i|iiantity, il denotes feeble digestion; if there
iit much gastrie mucus floating on the surfaee. in a thick, tenacious, brown
mass, it indicates gastric catarrh; if stringy mucui^ is present, it generally
BYDROTHERAPT AND BALSEOFllEllArr.
959
com«s Iroro the throat or gullet : a red tinge to the w«ler suggests that «n
ulcer iii probahly present, in which caix- furthi-r use of the stomnch-tuhe
sliould h« fill spell lied. In gai^tric cntorrh, Eftlcmutic waehing out of (he
tlomiich i» of the (;i'<')'l>'^t xi-rvice, in conjunction witli proper dit-t ud<I tho
uEiial remediec, The irrigation may be practiced with warm Carl§bad or
Vichy vrater, dilute solutions of boric acid, borax, or nitrate o( silver, or
Eiinply recently-boiled water, every morninir, or uvery second morning, grad-
ually increasing the interval* tt» the patient ioiprovcs. Dr. Baruch cites
cases of nerroiu dyspepeia, in which there was neither mucus nor undigested
food in the washings of the i<toinach, in whom hygienic mnnngement and
hydrotherapy, exteraally applied, was successful after all the ordinari- remc-
diea had b<.i-ii tried in vain. Ait rugardH the time of day, Kiiamiaul, who, in
J8e7, introduced this method of treating stomach disorders, selects the
inomiog, before breakfaet. liiegel and others assign good reason* for pre-
ferring the evening, just before retiring to bed; while Baruch prefers the
afternoon, alioiit 5.30 o'clnik, the dinner having been taken at 12.30. In
fact, much must be left to the judgment of the physician and his under-
standing of the rf(|uirenienl of the particular case iti hand. A word fbnuld
t>e here said about the abuses and possible dangers of lavage and irrigation
of the stomach. Cases have been reported uf unfavorable results following
the use of the stomach-tube, and several cases of boric-aeid poisoning have
resulted. It i^ evident that great care »liould be exercised, and that the
operator should proceed cautiously at first, especially where there may be a
gastric ulcer, or with a nervous patient.
Bathing is a ver^' ancient therapeutical resource. The limits of the
present article only permit a very in«uflicient outline uf itv applications in
medicine. The baths may be general or local. Of general baths, we recog-
nise the plain and the medicated, and, as regard* ti'mptratiin', wb have cold,
warm, and hot baths. Baths of hot air, or Turkish baths, and of steam
(either plain or aromatic) have been already mentioned. Tfie present con-
sideralioQ is restricted to baths by immeision of the body in water, either
plain or containing subittanees in solution. It ba^ been e^tablisbod by recent
inventigations that absorption through the skin, during a brief immersion in
a bath, is pmetically impo»tible, and that, therefore, medicated baths are
uaeful only for their direct effects upon the skin. There is little, if any,
absorption in a cold bsth, and absolutely none in a hot bath. When it is
desire<l to administer remedies for their constitutional effects by the route
of the skin, the drugs should not bo put into the bath at all, but should be
applied lo the skin after the bath, upon compresses or by inunction, llii*
will be referred to again, under ioenl hydrolhcrapeutic«.
Ratlis are called cold, tepid, warm, or hot, according to the temperature
of the water. By a cold plunge is meant immention of the body in water
belou- the temperature of "0° F. Anv'thing below BO' P. i* considered a
very cold bath. In some rare instances of hyperpyrexia we may even add
Eiecei of ice to the water, as in the treatment of ann-stroke. The tepid
aths, of a temperature of 75° to 95° F,, are intermediate between cold and
warm Imllis. The warm balh is from 93° to 104*" F. .\bove thin i« a hot
hath, and very hot baths may be given up to a temperature of 114" F. Aa
already intJmutcil. the physiological effects depend upon the temperature
ami dumlton of the bath. I'nder ordinary circumstances, when no time is
mentioned, the duration depends upon the objects sought to be attained by
^•«w
XON'-PllARUACAL Rr.UKDI>:6 AN'D QKN'EUAL TUIIU.l l*Kim<«.
the liotlifi uiid pcreoRKl coiivvnk*nc«. I'rolongrfl imiiu*i>i<>ii if iHfmvtiitiM
nrsoiiced in »oiue stir;:;ica) I'dtwe and in skio diseases. The eold luath akould
he brief, as the rule, mid fulluw<sl liy friction with the tltuli-bru^h or coamv
towi-l. This expedient is most valuable in invigorating the syatem, and is
utilizvd in the treatniFnt of caMirh, iti cuiij unci ion uith loL-nl Irratment.
Somu pati«nt« li^ar told Ix-lter Than othen, but proIi>n»i-<l itmiKtmitiu
depressinir. owing to continued Ios« of hejit. The set^'Oiidary efTi-iU of col
liathing — whidi accelerates I isiue- change, au|[inenls the eixeretiun of carlxM
dioxide and of iireu frooa the mCcm, and improves the nppetiti- — are used (o
advantage iu many chronic disorden, and particularly in lithemia mid rhen-
matitm. Cold »e«-bathing hats an iinporlunt jwrt in favoring aeurutlienift,
especially in children; but in many instance* it nhonld he preceded )>y a
graduated qretmn of warm bathing, until the patient is strong enough lu
b«ar Uie shock of the plunge. Where motion of the body, at in HwimmiDg.
is combined with the cold bath, the depressing etiects are le*e than when the
subject i* ki'pt i|»icl. The hygii-nic etfeels of a Btay at the ««u-«horu alwi
enter into the advantage of sea-bathing. Children afflicted irilh rachitis
ore gencnilly improved by n «ojiiiiri) at the tiea>«hon3 and the ])nictic« of
lea-bathtng. The w»rm hath is that generally retorted to for cleansing pur-
poses, and it ueconi;>uuied by friclionit of the fkin. It is without ithiMk; it
causes a moderate increase of capillary circulation, and scarcely aSecta the
pulse. Alt the ittay in a warm buth ii^ generally ln]i^>.'r than in a coltl bath,
the loss of heat may be actually greater ihan from a cold bath: lu^nce the
aphori«m of Hippoerntei', that "a eold bath warms and a warm bath eooU.'*
This is the form of bath which is generally resorted lo in the treatment of
fevew, and which will he refvnvn lo in detail in rliNeiiwiig the Itrand
method of treating typhoid, or enteric. lever. Hot baths exert a powerful
stimulRtiug effect upon the ncrveM and blood-vcss«l« of the vkin, and an-
used in narcotic poisoning and in overcoming a tendejicy to coma in l<iw
fevers. Hot water injected into the rectum has been found Ufrcful iu over-
coming shock due to loss of blood or surgical operations. Profe^^or Bin-lit,
of ToJuo, reconunendii the hot buth as a valuable measure in the treatment
of capillary bronchitis, hroncho-nnenmonia, Hicumati^m. nephrilj», and ilk
the beginning of menstruation wnen accompanied hy uterine colic.
Caution is to be olworved in adapting thf bath to the eondilion of the
patient. Cold baths arc fitted for the vigorous and robust, but even in them,
as pointed out editorially in the Jiritisfi Medical Journal, it may Iw carried
to excess and become injurious. Cold bathing every morning throughout
the year may be conducted in «ueh a way m to be beneficial, vix.: if the
plunge be brief and be followed by friction of the skin and prompt dressing.
But because it can be carried on with advantage by one person who reacts
well after it, it does not follow that another can do it with impunity, espe*
ctally if he finds that reaction i* slow aftiT ibe bulb. In the latter a mod-'
erately warm phinge-balh or shower-bath might be Iwme well and W fol-
lowed by benoficriu! re*iilt». Opcn-nir luitbiug iu winter is not likely to have
many advocates in this uncertain elintalc, hut it appean that it flnd» «>mr
defenders in England, where scliool-boys, who do not like to be outdone by
their seniors, we learn, are in the habit of taking a cold bath before tltc
morning-school. This is apt to be injurious to the weakly ones', and to re-
tard devt-lopment in the strong unless foliouid by ninning or other active
exercise, to restore the circulation. Cold baths should never be taken whci)
■t. ,
i
I
I
HTDHOTIIBRAPY A!CD BALXXOTUBItAPT.
961
cxhntietcd or directly afttr a full meal, or if there be reason to suspect con-
gestion of any internal or^un. The antemic and debilitated may combine the
udvantafcfl of both the tepid and the cold bath by immersion in or sponging
with warm irater, foilfJwi'<i (while still »tiinding in wiirm water) by the rapiii
application of a sponge, wet with cold water, to the general surfaee or to the
throat and cheitl. A^thonic pi-ntoiis are often niiublc to lake u full bath, and
«ubjecta of rasciilar degeneration or heart diaeaiie fJiould only use warm
water. The exccMivc uite of decidedly warm or hot baths is relaxing to ih*
E>$tcm and debilitating.
The treatment of typhoid fever by Brand's method retiiiiroB a buth «t
fiS* V. every three houis. uhcre ihe rectal temperature is lOZ.X" V. or orer,
Ijiiiling about fifteen nnnutcs, Ihi- jjatii-nf* oody and oxlromities being
nibbed by attendants. With some modifleations, ihls treatment of typhoid
fcrcr ts now in general n»u, and a very marked improvement has been oh-
serred since its introduction. In the i*raftittoner for March, 1891, Ur. F.
E. Hare, of Brisbane, aoalyxes two series of cases of typhoid fever, — the one
inclndiog eighteen hundred and twenty-eight cases and treated expectantly,
th* other comprising eleven Immlred and seventy-three ciues and treated
with cold baths. l>r. Hare deals most elTeettially with possible objections to
hi« statistics. Tie ehowa that the treatment has no elfcct upon the occur-
rence of perforation and ha!morrhaf;e beyond rendering the iatler lew drin-
e<'r<>us: that the dcalh-ratc from exhuiisiion and from pulmunaty and cere-
bral causes is diminished, especially in cases of early adniimion to the
hoepital; and that the prognosis becomes even better in vomen, since they
tre Ifss liable to perforation and hwrnorrhage than men. llie lethal influ-
ence of the ictcEtmul Iceion is lessened under thie treatment, by moderating
the diarrhcea and by sustaining the strength of the patient. Brand's rales
and caution* as to contra-indiculiims were observed. Dr. flare incidentally
remarks that tjuinine is of much sen-ice as a cardiac stimulant in simple
prri-xtal canliuc fniluri'. The author concludes by saying that hospital mor-
tality may be greatly reduced — upward of 50 per cent. — by the cold-bath
trratmcnt; but that it can hardly fall below 5 per cent., since the death-rate
from perforation and hemorrhage amounts fairly constantly to 4 '/s P'^r
cent. As the result of the difTorenl liability of the sexes to these accidents,
the prognosis under the bath treatment is vastly more favorable in females
than in males, as above stated.
Aa this method requires a portable bath-tub, or aubjectii the patient to
conaidcrabk- disturbance of body, which is opposed to the first principle of
treatment of typhoid, various methods have been devised to overcome this
objection. The patient may be placed upon rubber cloth and the edges
lifted np in such a way as to make the patient lie in a hollow, which may
be partly filled with water of any dcnircd tcmperalurc. Sicmcyer's method
it somewhat similar, the patient being enveloped in a wet tiheet, and water,
St the temperature of 70" F. or less, is then applied by means of a watering-
pot or rose-spray. I1ie Ute Professor Da Costa preferred eold sponging,
repeated evert- hour or two when the temperature is over 103* F. Th« fol-
lowing is a metlu'd advocated by Dr. 1". Peyre Porcher, of Charleston, S. C.;—
"1. A soft towel, folded, is soaked in a barin of iced water, then wrung
out and applied over the foreh^^ad and temples.
"8. The palm of one hand and the arm are sponged off with another
towel, which has been dipped iu the eold water and wrung out.
968
KOX-rHAItJitACAL BKUBDIES AND UENBRAL TUERAFKCTICS.
"3. Tlic towel u-lik'h has bcvii kft upon thf hctd i» turned and reap-
plied, eo ae lo have the cuM surface nest (o the skin.
"4. Thf olhiT hniid niiij inm arc trt-awd m vra» the fir*t,
"This process sim-iij (olJouvtl. h continued for fifteen, twenty,
thirtv niiiiutii>, or iiiilil »uch time u* the surfaces bavc become thoroughly
oooleii and blanched, when it may be diiicontiuued, — ^to be renewed when-
over there is n hhc in the Kiirfaee-hcat, Sometime)', if it does not cause
fati^e, both bands and anne, if hot and dry, are allowed to remain sub^j
merged, or be buthed directly in the cold water.'"
The late Bujardin-Ueaiimelz was an advocate of the hydropathic treat-
ment of l_v]i!iiilil fiver, but wn* oppOMs) to the cold bath. He summed up
Brands nleihod as follows: "¥011 must administer hatha of G4° to 68° F,
of fifteen iiiinulei<' dtirution, from the fifth day of the fever; tfae«e must be
repeated day and niRhl, every throe hours, as lung as the temperature of lliel
r<THim exii^it* Itf-i.-J" y." Ill npplyinjc rigorously this trtutment. 60 simple
in appearance, llraud considered himself warranted in atbmiing thiit "every
caw of typhoid fever, treated refiiilurly from the beginninj; by cold water.j
will be exempt from oompUcations and will get well." The method of Bnnc
is carried out rigorutiely at Lyons by Dr. blonard, who reports such Roodi
results in his «c-n'ice tliat the method has extended to all ib^ oliier ho^pitala I
of Lyons. Ziein»)M-u repurts a great reduction of mortality in Germany. At
the same time SeliniiiU, of Erbin^en, and <i1her> havu diown that a rigorous
application of the cold bath to typboid-fever patients is not without iu
dangers, and the dealh-nite may be aeiuuUy incn-aned by it. Diijardiu-
Ueaumctz, after a review of iJic question, asserts that "the method of Brand
i« inipraelicnblc in the majority of cases and outside of military practice,"
and tills applies to hospitnl as well at private practice. He bases this state-
ment upon the fart that it is not pos^iible to begin the practice m early as
the fifth day in all eases, because many never vuter the hospitals so early,
and becaui^f at times we cannot be sure of our diagnosis till aft«r the sev
enth doy. Moreover, he justly states that "wc cannot, without danger, sub-1
jeetall our fever patients to a rigorous and severe method, and wher^- wcare
ignorant of the cause even of the febrile process." Since the cold bath may
determine profound congestions, he declares that Brand'it method is not free
from danger, and is itself a couec of not a few complications, especially
pulmonary congoslions and inflammations. Ai> regartU inlrstinal hemor-
rhage, he believes that in certain eases the cold baths may faror these htem-
orrhoge* in patients who are predi&|>08ed.
In summing up, he says: "I consider the exclusive method of Brand,
and the rigorous and mathematical toIw which he has formulated, as de-
serving to be banished from the treatment of typhoid fever, and for this
reason espeeially: becaufte it rei|uire*. in order to derive from it all the
results which it promises, to be applied before the diagnoua can be certain:
for, employed later, this system otdy giv«s. according to the acknowledg-
ments of the most zealous partisans, results comparable witli thoiMr of other
therapeutic methods, and with greater danger to the patients. ... In
fact, we have, for the treatment of certain manifestations of typhoid fever,
hydrotberapcutic m<vins much less dangerous and quite as powerful, — not,
perhaps, from the point of view of hyperpyrexia, but from that of the other
■ "TraiiiadianK of the Aaaodation ol Amtrlcim Phydciaas," voL t, p. 29.
HYDROTItEnAPV AM) BAIJiKOTHRKArY.
963
•yniplonit of typhnid fvvcr; for, in my opiniou, the ndvocatcs of Tefrigorant
tnedjolion hive committed an error in vociferating: 'The hyperpyrexia! —
IMiold the cnoinyl' The hyperpyrexia, as Peter hm; wei) ^iiiil, <Iocs not con-
stitate all the danger of the disease, of which it is only one of the mani-
fntationi.'*
Oujardin-Ueaiimetz* preferred the tepid bath or the vet pack, applied
as follou-n: "The patient, in a state of nudity, is vrapped, from head to foot,
in a sheet or Manki-t wrung out of iceH;old watfrr. It is well, aft a pretimintiy
step, to have a robber blanket eprcad upon a mattreft-; over Ibis you place
the wet sheet, in which you wrap your patient. Liebeniiei^ter ndvim's that
thU emelopmcDt ehould be continued for ten minutes; for my part. I prefer
a shorter duration (of a minute or w), after which tlic patient is taken from
the wet sheet and removed to his bed. If I prefer wet wrappings, of short
dtimlion, to the practice of Liebenni.-ii'tor. it is heuiusc 1 do not witth to
obtain refrigeration from these envelopments, but only a repfulative modi-
ftcation of the niTvous tyslem, and this etiect will be the more marked the
shorter the duration of the cold application. This is one of our most pow-
erful ttio«)e« of treatment, in ea^e» of typhoid fever of ataxic and adynamk
character. . , . Folti has recently added cold lavements to the refrig-
erant mttlii-ntion. These lavement* of water, at 50" F., lower the tempera-
ture of patients — in a feeble manner, it is true, but still appreciably, — and
this is a fact worthy of being remembered."'
'Hie principal local applications of hydrotherapy consist of affusions or
douches, comprcHcs or partial packing, find local inimcreion. There are a
trmrietjr of methodx of adminislerinj; douches: the shower-bath; the douche
proper, in which a column of water falla or i« projected upon the body; the
Deealc-bnth, in which several rings, at different levels, discharge minute
streams of water, from all din'otious. upon the body; and the niovnblc jet
or spray. Where the force of the water is rather creat, we should avoid
douching the head. The douchw mny be, like the full balh. cold, temperote,
or hot; hut it has this advantage over the full bath, that the temperature
may be abruptly changed, thti» producing rapid alteniulions of temperature,
which are decidedly stimulating to the nervous system, both central and
periphersl.
In the so-called "Scotch douche" — a shower-bath, in which the tem-
perature, at the beginning, is about 86 degree*, and it gradually rai^ to
122 degrees, which is about as hot as can be borne— thi^ is followed imme-
diately by a douche about as cold as ice. The duration of the douche should
be very brief (ten to twenty seconds), and should be preceded by active ex-
ercisM, to produce action of the glands of the skin. It if. therefore, a mcas-
nre better adapted to vigorouB persons than invalids. It can h« ntilizetl,
however, in the manner described upon the preceding iiage as the method
of Niemeyer. The cold shower i.* of service, when directed against dlKorders
Edtnated in vorions organs of the body, and. when followed by vigorous fric-
tion, or, as Gross recommended, whipping with the fringed edge of a towt-I,
it is a powerful nutritive stimulant. I'bo cold douche to the lumbar region
•limnlatM the kidneys in supprewion of urine; but in adraneed BriglitV
"H^tlnkal Thcrapnjtia.*' by PrafMMT DajniitinnMUtncti, p. 383. Traa«lat«d
bv E. P. Hard. >l.l).. belralt. 18H.
■ "Clinical Therapeutia." Joe, rtl., p. 387.
9M
NON-I'IIAIIUACJLL AKUEDISS AND OKN'EBAL TUBBAI-HL'TtCli.
ditMU ilM vet pack !« better, on account of llie free perspiration which it
inducM.
Dr. Uinm Conon, of Pi>iiiis}'Ivitiiia, hi^^hly rMomme&ded the oo
douche io Uio delirium of seBrUtina and other eruptive dieeasce, the vnt'
being poured from a pitc-ticr, vluviiicd a foot or two, and eofBcicnt in qunn^
tity to reduce the temperature and delirium. The influence of cold wal
iu reducing [irolongcd hyperpyrexia in scarlatina i» admirably vxcmplifiei
in the oircumstantial history of a case published by Or. Ch. Talamon,
Fariic.' A high temperature with violent delirium «nd nlarniiug «dyuamt
condition had existed for seventeen days and cold affusions had been e
ployed with temponiTy ftcod ctTeet when the Hy«teinatic use of the cold bat
according to the method of Brand, exerted the first poeitire influence u
the fcvcT, and wat the- only mcan« which meccvded in dcfuiitely overcoming
the hypprpyrexia. in tlie words of the reporter, "it may be sairl that thit
cold baliiK literally rct^mcitatcd thin patient, and we arv couriitci-d that, had
tliey bi'en employed from the beginning, we should have obtained, in the
earlv day« of the disease, the result which we< delayed until the twentieth
day."
M. Lcvestrc i« a stronj; advocate of tlie use of cold bathe in the pneu-
nionia of children. He states that the temperature is reduced after each
immcreiou, while the pulse and renpiration were dimiuiehed in frequency.
Defervescence usually occurred before the aeventh day.
Dr. Thomas J. Mays, of Philadelphia, is a firm advocate of the applica-
tion of ice-noulttces in the croupous pneumonia of adiilt.^. The alTi-ctvd urt-a
!« eurrounacd by rubUr icc-ba;i;g well wrapped iu tonile and another
placed upon the head. Other wTlters have borne testimony to the value
this method of treatment. The cold douche to the «piuc it ui>eful in choi
and in many other disorders of the spinal cord. The application of ice
the spine, for seasiekni>«i, chorea, etc., will be rcfirrcd to iu the chapter on
"Cold and Heat" as therapeutic agents. The local application of moisture
is largely employed in medicine, in the form of stupes, cataplasms, or poul-
tices, and compresses; especially when used in conneetUm with heat, it
favors local byperu^mia and hauteur the process of suppuration in abseetwe
an^boiU. This method is also useful in relieving pain and relaxia;; lissneS)
as where joints have become stilTiiicd. Cold compresfice, especially whe;
some agent is added to favor evaporation, as alcohol, are umiuI in various
forma of iuflommation. A common resource in pharyugitis, tonsillitis, and
inflammation of the throat attending scarlet fever and diphtheria is the
application of wet compreascs, whivh may be dipped in ice-water, as recom-
mended by Ur. Hiram Lorsou.
To review the therapeutic applications of water, we would place at th
head of the list the hydriatie treatment of terer. Dr. Haruch tiu pointed
out' llic priiJtipal rcdaous why this method is not in general use, as (1) it
is believed by many to savor of quackery; (2) the difliculty of applying its
principles, and necessity of apparatus; (3) the necciaity and dtfticuliy of an
exact technique; and (4) the objection of patients and the natural aver^on
of some people to water. The maiu obstacle, however, i* probably the ab-
acuce of bydropathic leaching in the uicilical colleges, and want of appre-
'La!M«Auf Uodentir, Stpt 16, IflflS; Thu ilntiail flnHrtdt. Sov^
'JowMl of BalneoloBU. Mareli, IB32, p. 2.
in I
rc
1-
it
es
d
le
4
iiydhuthkkapy asu balneotukrapy.
!I65
daUon by phviticinni^ of the iidviiiitagfi^ of this mode of tn-flimont, I.'DJer
the direction of the leadiuR diniciaua of £urope and lliie poimtrj-, a rapid
revoliittou is occurring in mrdii.til prncttco, and th<; oxiiedicnts of hydrop*
atby are coming into more general use as the knowledge of their utility and
•nfrty li^'coiiic^ more uidi'Iy difTu^od siiiong pliy^cians and the community.
!n typhoid fe7er, eome fonn of liathing is novr univeiselly resorted to for
the relief of hyperpyroxin, although, ae Dujitrdin-Bcnumctx in»i«ted, the
effects of the bath upon the functions of the nervous system are of f^^ater
imporljince thnn the mere abslnictiou of heat, in favoring reeorcry and
diminishing liability to complications. In scarlatina, measles, and other
exuntheniata the wt-t pack ik ti«cful in brin^ii^^ <"^^ ^^l- eniplion, relieving;
restlcasneRfl, and reducing fever temperature. In chronic metal poisoning
(t««d, mercury. ar«(.-iiic) the increafied perspiiation favont elimination. In
muscular rheumalinm and lithicmia, and varioufi forms of chronic rheumatic
inflammation of organe. the wet pack and vapor-baths are very useful. A
convenient method of obtaining a vapor-bath, irithout apparatus, la to strip
the patient and envelop him in a wet fihcet, then seat litni upon a cane-gciit
chair. Under the chair, upon the floor, is placed n small aUohol-iamp, over
which 'iB a Email receptacle tilled with water. After lighting the lamp, ihe
(Milient is covered with blankets, which pass from hi» neck to the floor, thus
retaining the heat. In a few moments, perspiration will begin to come out,
and proliiac »wc«ting will ensue. After ten or fifteen minutes the patient is
allowed to lie down upon a bed, and ia thoroughly dried with towelR, fol-
lowrd by friction. T( desired, medicinal subslancea may be combined with
this bath. For instance, some pine-needle-oil (oil of pumilio pine) may be
addu] to the walor. Some sulphur innv lie burned at the time that the skin
i* perspiring freely, or 0.65 to 1,30 Gm. (or er. x-xx) of calomel or red oxide
of mereurr may be vaporized by placing ihem upon a metal plate, over the
lamp, as s Eubt-titute for the water-pan after free diaphoreeiii hoK been pro-
duced.
Another method of causing diaphoresis, which is a combination of hot
air and moisture, is conveniently used as follows: A small tin pipe (like a
rain-6pout) U obtained, which is rounded in the middle so that tne ends are
in planes at n^^rly a right angle to each other. The patient is placed in hed,
upon a rubber sheet, covered by a blanket. The bedctothing is brought
lightly around the neck and shoulders, but lifted from the remainder of the
body by means of half-hoops, or olher means of elevating the bedclothing,
■o M to make it into a hdt-nir chamber. The pipe is attached to the foot
of the bed so that one end enters the cavity of the hot-air chamber and the
other i« outside, din-cn-d downward. T'nder the latter i« placed a lighted
alcohol-lamp, so that the heated air from the flame will pass into the pipe
and be carried undtr the liedcovcw. The patient will be made more com-
fortable by having a compreBS, wet with cold water, applied to his forehead
dunUK this period. After profuge pen(|)Iralion ha* been i-.\oited and con-
tinued for the desired time, the patient is rubbed down and dried as before.
Tbit is of gnat udvunlagc in elirouic rhcuntatism, Bright's di*ca««, unemia,
and similar conditions.
In putty or rheumatic inflammation, rcxtnelrd to certain joint*, the
local compress is Bervicealili, and good reports have been made of the appU*
cation of lO-pcr-ernt. solntious of mticylic acid or salicylale of twdium to
the joints. By combining electricity with these compresses absorption is
NUX-PUAHMACAL IIKHBt>tl» ANT) flRXenAI. TnRRAPBU'i ><
fsroroil, nnd roniarkahly pood ri-Bults haw been ubtainvd, lie lias
alrMdj- stated in the nrliolc' ujwn i-leet ridty imder '"Eit^ctrolviis mn) tin
C'iitH|ilinrii' Action of ihe (Jalvanii; Ourri-iit."
Iti lyphilii un<) skin diseases thv hntli in indiapensable, *nd the appli-
eiUon of vnriouB fonns of hydrotherapy is set forth in more detail than is
penniifiible here in the author's work' on."I)i**"Oito« of the Skin."
Th<! results obtained at the Montefiore Home by Ih". Banieh, in tb<
trt«tiiiont of phthisis by hyilrintic iiieiwures, luivo b«!n to »uc<H'i*»fuI tha(^
further iHbI of this method is reeoramended. The technique of these pro-
Mdures varies with each ca«c. Brief iipplicntionH of low tcinp<-ra(un>, «» liy
tlic douche or rain-bath, the wet pack, or rapid abtutione, are followed by
repid reections, and, if well borne, arc exfi-cdiiiKly uwtul ax tonici^: while,
on the contrary, in cftitefi sulferin^ from elevated tempeTattireii and ^reat
debility, more gentle proccdiiros anJ higher tompcraturcs are required. Dr.
Banich wnrii.« njfninM ton eold applicationfl, whieh are better indicated in a
febrile or mildly febrile condition. He gives the patients a thorough cleans-
lug with soap and warm water upon entering the hospital, after which u
day is allowed to okpse. "The patient is now WTappcd snugly, quite naked,
ill u wooli-n lilnnltet, »o that hi* entire body \» eicUidi^ from air; other
blanketii are piled over him: the windows are opened, and he is given a
email glamt of iced water every ten mintiti-s. llavin); lain in thii* (Msition
an hour, now one part of the body is exposed and bathed as follows: A
ba«in of water at 75 degrees i* ready, into whidi the attendant digie hi»
right hand, covered by a mitten or glove of Turkish towelinR, With the
wet plnve the face if well bathed. Now, one arm in exposed and rapidly
washed and nibbed, then dried and replaced under the blanket. Other
part» are then Miecesaivciy treated. At the termination of Ihi.« ablution the
patient ia rapidly nibbed all over with a eoaisp towel. The treatment ia
repeated daily, the temperature of the water being reduced 2 degrees on
each occasion,"' The next step is the dripping-sheet. "The patient, stand-
ing in n tub of water at TOO" F., has a sheet, dipped in weli-r at TO" F.,
thrown over his head and body from behind, and is wrapped completely and
snugly in if. The attendant now pusses bis outstretched hands over snc-,
cessive parts of the body, with eome preg.sure on the sheet. He mba tl
■heet, not with the ?heet. One or nion> pitchers of water, 5 to 10 degree*^
oolder, are thrown upon the parts that have been subjected to friction. The
sheet is removed and Iho pntient (horoiighly dried, Thi* method requires
great care and siiillful application. Its snecess or failure depends upon
asccHaiuing by previous treatment the reHctive eapaeity of the patient.
The most uw-ful hydriatic procedure in phthisiii. however, is the rain-haih.
Vnforlunately. this finely-divided douche can only be administered in
institutions. The patient standi* within a frame eonstnieted of iix semi-
circles of inch tubing, the upper one on a level witlj the clavicles. Each
l«l)e han three lines of fine perforation*, the upper one directed upward,
the middle straight forward, the lower downward. The water should have
a fall of not lens than forty feet. The temperature adapted to the average
case of phthisis is 65* F, Here the prei-sure with which the water strikes
'"A Pr»clH'»l Trefttlw) on Di»ea»c« of the Skin,"
D. AppMon & Ca.. loni.
'Dietetic and Hygiruic Oits^tc, Mvc^, 1892.
fourtl) edition. Sew Vorit-.,
HTOBOTHRilAPT AKD BAI.NKOTHRRAPY.
967
tht body ofTonlti n kind of mssMfTL-. vlitch a»iiet« in producing reaction evpo
in feeble individaale. But it slinutd not he appli«i] without prt^viouB train-
ini; «>f ihc »lcin, a« abovi- cV'^cribcd. Tlie rain-bath i^ an apyri>tic of great
value if iis temperature is iiol helow 60 degrees nor nborc 70 degrees; il is
a iitimtilaut niid tonic if between 55° and 65" F. The gkin should becomo
pink under it, and the patient must not be ehillcd by it; at least, any
eoldncw; he may experience should disappear after he is dried. This, iBJdeed,
is the teat of all hydriatic procedoret, Uectrli'r] ehillincR# continuing after
thorough dri-in^ and frielion is an evidence of improper selection of the
temperature, duration, and method of the bath. Tliewi should be modlBed
as indicated by their effeele." The progieesive increase in weif;ht and im-
provement of general oondilion in phthim arc accompanied by a dinutiution
in the expectoration mid tiit- mimliL>r r.f the bacilli.
Hydrotherapy in Nervous Diseasea, — In many nervous afTc-ction* dis-
turbances of function are due to some obscure lesion or fault of nutrition,
which can he remored or amended by judicious hydrotherapy. Pnife*»or
Erb says: "Cold and cool baths, in various forms, belong lo the most im-
portant therapciiticnlly-BCtivi' iik*-'"'" >n the iield. This method has since
It has been more carefully studied and more rationally pursued, made nota-
ble advance*. Its rrsnit* in nil possible fonns of chronic nerve- 1 roubles are
extraordinarily favorable. There are few remedies which have an eijually-
]i<m-i-rrul inllHeiicc upon the n<Tvini< mtem,"' An excellent review of tht*
subject is containpd in a lecture by Prof. Oiiarles I*. Dana, M.D., of Nevr
York, delivered before the Po*l-frraduate College of that city.*
The variou-i forms used by the neurolofrist are: —
1. Genera! hydrotherapy, tonic hydrotherapy, Bcdative hydrotherapy,
'and indifferent baths for mechanical purposes,
2. T..ocal hyiirotbernpy.
ToaEc Hydrotherapy. — For purposes of stimulatin;; nutrition and in-
creasing iii-uniotor tone we employ cold plunges. Ihe rain-bath or shower,
the jet, cold sponginRT cold sitz-bath, cold s^heets, local apnliearions of ice or
cold compresses, or cold nibbinj:, ice-bags, brine-baths, brief cold packa, and
vea-bathing. The technique of these is as follows: —
Tkt Colli /'/wnji! — The bath is filled with water, at fixtm 60* to 70°
F. The patient steps in, immerses his body, and at once jumps nut and Tubs
himself vigorously, or is rubbed by attendants, until reaction occurs.
The rain-, jet-, akower-, or luedlt- hatk requires a form "f apparatus
which delivera the water in fine jets, either vertically or laterally, af^ainst
the iMMiy. The force of the water h an important fi-alurc, and lioih il and
the temperature should be properly regulated. In the rain-bath the patient
»tand» in a lub conlainiTijt ^ome wnnn wnUr, mid the shower is directed
upon successive portions of bis body. The water may be at first moderately
warm and gradually made cold, or it may be cold from the bcginniug.
Where it is desirable to give a shock to the peripheral nerves the latter is
pr«'ferable, or there may be a succession of showers, alternating hot and
cold. Itain-balhs should not continue hevond one or two minuter. A solid
' .\rtiple by I>n>f«Hi>T Erii. of Ilriili-lbcri;, on
tn "Hi-niBwn'i CyHoprodU."
■r>c ttMflte Gasrile. Dw., 1891, p. 837.
'DJNkica 4>f III* KtrvoiM SjiAem,"
NOX-PHARUACAL REUKDIES AND (iEXEItAL TUBRAPEl'TICe.
jet of cool wiitvr may t)« thrown or allowed to fall with force upon IH
of the patient, either from a tap or a boM. In the latter case the jf
be Uirowi) from a clijlaiic« at s<.-vcrnl feet.
Cold Bih-baths are taken, ut a temptraturc of TO* to 80' F., from
twoiilj" to tiling minuter. The oold sheet, or drip-8heet, ja used by wrin^jiiig
a cotton sheet out in cold water, and wrapping it suddenlj about the stand*
in£ patient, who i* then vigorously nibbed.
lee-bags may be kept in contact with the spine, in the lower ccr^-ical or
apper donal regions, for one or two hotir^, once, or icvcral times, daily.
7'Ke half-hath aavd mash-off connate of a tub partly filled with water at
a temperature of (iS" to 80' F. The water only half cover* the reclininj;
body. While lying in it the patient is vigorously rubbed. A cold cloth may
be laid on the head. After live or twenty nuiuitrtt. aJTu»ion« of colder water
are poured over the shoulders and along the epine.
Brinc'hathi contain about 2 per cent, of »ull (sodium chloride). They
are given, at a temperature of 100° F., from twenty to thirty minutes daily;
or four baths of 70° F. may hv Riven for five or ten minute«, the patient
exercising himiielf or beinR rubbed in the meanwhile, 'ilie baths at Kau-
heim, which have come into notice in connection with Dr. Schott's method
of ttcaling heart disease, are a form of brine-baths. Grainger Stewart xlnies
that similar rebuilt- may be obtained at home by the use of baths and ere-
tcmatic exercises. The baths can be artificially prepared by adding 1 '/t
kg. of tialt and 2S0 grommtte of calcium ditoridc to 250 litreji of water at a
temperntiire of 26" to 35° C, the strength of the brine being gradually
increased. After twenty of these balb«. then a Spniilcl or ellerveeciag bath
is given by adding eSenescent salt to water. These bafha are vet; in>
vigorating.
The physiological effects of these different forms of hydrotherapy
should be kept in mind. Cold applicatious prudtti-c a local contraction
llic blood-vessels, followed by dilatation. There is mually increased tij»u
uietainorphosis, increased secretion of urine, incrcusfd absorption of oxyge
and iiicrcnecd excretion of carbonic acid. In non-febvile persons cold e^
plications abstract some heat, but Ihey also stimulate the heat-producing
centres, so that tbr lota! effect is to increase the heat of the body. Only
very cold baths lessen heat-production as well as excretion of carbon dioxide.
Cold baths at first accelerate and then tend to retard pulse and res-
piration. Cutaneous sensibility is at first increased. After a cold bath there
IS a sense of exhilaration and increased muscular power, provide<l the bath
be not too cold or too long continued. The duration necessary to ppodnce
a reaction varies with dilTerent people, nnA some wv&V and sensitive patii-nts
never can be made to read. Cold baths, systematically taken, furnish a
kind of vasomotor )^yinnns<ies. The neuro-mcelmnism eontJxiUtlig the
blood-vc»seIs becomes more supple and the tendency to local congestion of
the viscera and mucous membranes is prevented.
The shower and jet furnish the most valuable means of securing tonic
effects in nervous disorders. These are not used with cold water alonv-
The teniperature may be gradually changed from 95 degrees or more dow]
to 60 degrees or k'ss. or the hot and cold may alternate. In this way, sa
Dana, tonic effect* can be obtained even with very feeble persona.
Sedative Hydrotherapy in Nervous Disorders.— The sedative baths arc
the lukewarm bath, the wet pack, Tiirkish and Rusatno balhs, the hot
I
UYURUTtlKRAPY AND DA LN EOT HER APT.
9fi»
bxth, pedfti baths, comprowc* am) fomontAlioiu, ond hot-Tatcr bag*. The
folloiring ie the tecliniqu^: —
7'he lukeiiarm balhg nic ii»uallv at a temperature of 95 to 98 degrcM, I
■nd are gir^n from ttn minitles to half an hour, daily. If a slight tonic |
effect is dt^in-il aha, lh<- ;m(ii'i)I nhmiM n><«iv« an aStisiou eftcrwanl, bosiiu'
of cold water at 60 or 70 degrees being poured over bia sbouldets. Medica-
mcntti, «uch a« uilt or pinc-ncodle otinict, may be added to the batli with
adraulage.
The n-el pack: A large, thick blanket is Rprcatl upon the bed. and orer
this a linen sheet, wiung out of cold water (40 to CO degree.i). The nude
patient lic« upon tide, and the sheet is then smoothl}' wnppod about him,
the head and feet not being included. The sheet i# carried between the
legs and made to lie evenly in contact with the body. Then the blunkcta ,
are folded over him, and other blanketn may be piled upon thee. Some--,
tiniw It is well to place hot-water bottles at the feet and a cool compress '
on the head. The patient lies in this pack from thirty to forty-flve miu-.
ute*, and ie then nibbed off. A cool affusion may be given first. To tncreoM ,
diaphoresis some hot infugtoa may be ftdDitiitstereci during the time the
patient ie in the pack.
7'urtiVi and Hussion halhs, oT hot-air and ateam-baths, as given in
establishments devoted to the purpose, should have professional supervision,
and the temperalun-, vi-ntilulion, duration, and aftor>trcatmeut. by jet,
shower, or plunge, carefully adapted to the indiridual cose. A shower or
cold afiution to tbu lower spine is an excellent stimulant to the kidneys.
In a hot silt-bafh the patient sits in water at a temperature of 100* to
125° K. for twenty or thirty minutes. Salt or cnustard may be added. This
is on excellent sedative in dysmenorrhoea; or hot comprtMts, consisting of
flannels wrung out of hot water and covtred with dry flannels and a rubber
clotb, may be eiibstituted in local pains and inflammations. The hot com-
press is often elTin'tivc. when n|)plied in this way over the abdomen, for the
relief of insomnia. Kot spraij» and douchfs are used for similar purposes.
Tlie hot spinal bag mid hnt-walt-r bags for Ihc feet ihould not be applied
at a temperature of over 120 degrees, and should be enveloped in nannel
end not placed in conlnrt with ibo skin.
Warm baths increase heat-radiation and heat -conduct ion, and thus
lower bodily temperature; the warm, moist pack, followed by spoaginz with
lepid water, is the moat convenient method of applying the water. On tho
contrary, the bodily heiit mny be raised in the pack by applying hot-water
bags to the surface and adding blankets. "Warm baths increase the cir-
culation of the skin, lessen eiitiineous sensibility, withdraw blood from the
central organs, increase the exhalation of carbon dioxide, but leitMn respira-
tory activity, on the whole. Nitrogenous metabolism is increased from 3
to 3 per cent., and more urea is excreted. Pu\se and respirations are in-
creased. Xcnotis excitement is lessened, and the general effect is to cause
aedation and abating of languor.'''
The wet pock is a most useful scdatire in neurasthenia and iniomnia.
and may take the place of medicinal sedatives, like the bromides. It should
be given three or four times. weekly or for a short time daily. The luke-
warm bath rankit next in its st^lative eflieacj. l>r. Dana also points out that
> Dr. D«iu, IM. til., p. 238.
D70
NOK^I'IIARUjICAL KEHBDIKS and GEKERAL TRKBAPKCnCH.
»]>plicBtionB of wftter to the Im mid abdomen especially nfToct tlie intra-
cranial pirculatiou. while those given to the thigh and wrists ftfTect tin-
pulmonary oircnlalion. in each on«^ oold causing eongc^tion. and heal
anieniin, of the distant part*. (If this he a physiological fact it would
oppoit<f the nii'thod of Dr. PoHier, gircn npon a prvwdidg page, (or the
reduction of bodily temperature in typhoid fever.) Cold to tlio Mpinc ir
belicTcd to CA1U0, nt first, constriction, iind, lator, dililntioQ of the thoracic,
abdominal, and pelvic viscera; heat has the opposite effect. Hence, cold
applictttions arc used to relieve cold feet and alfo ananntc cooditioiLS of tl
Tiseera,
Tn neurasthenia Dr, Dnnn recommends wet packs and half-bnthti. foP
loved by ahowcfr, jpt, or pliinj,**. Tor weak, sensitive, and anaemic women
he prcscri^>eE, lintt, dn' hot pocks for ii week, then wet packs, and, finally,
the drip-sheet or showei^bnth.
Tn epilepsy diy and wet packft may bo given: but the best method for
a fairly-robust person is that originally described br Flcui^. This couslgI
in giving simultaneously the lain, shower, and the jet. The patient, stanc
iiig in the shower, receives « jet of wjiter on the posterior surface of th
body for fifteen seconds; then the jet alone for fifteen seconds; finally, the
jut al'jiie on the anterior tiurfnce of thw body for thirty second*.
In hyiteria the rain-shower and the jet are usually most efficacious.
In locomotor ataxia litlci'wtirm blithe, with pine-needle cxtiact, or half-
baths, with airiiHioiig and i;entle massage, are indicated.
In peripheral pains from neuritis and nt-iiridgia ibe continuous appli-
cation of iee-itiBgs is often etiicacious; and hot sand-bags or water-be^ arv
sometimes applied continuously to the spine for one or iwo hours, with the
purpose of increasing the circulatory activity of the cord.
Cold applications lo the spinal column are resorted to with hvnofit in
ehorea and other spasmodic disordcn<, such as persistent vomiting, hydro*
phobia, c'lf. The ice-ling to the scalp h of the liiirli'-^l sirvii^- in cerebntl
meningitis and cercbritis, whether priman," or secondary; and it rclie'
tlii- headache and delirinm in the spi-cific fwerv.
In two cases of tetanus accompanied by high temperature Rivif:
obtained good results from the use of cold baths, which reduced both
fever and spasms and the patients recovered. Opium and cblorxl had failed
in each case to produce any decided amelioration.
MINERAI SPRINGS.
The snbjert of mincnil springs has relations of the most intimate
with balneology and also with climatology, and naturally conies up for con-H
sideration in close connection with the preceding section, in which the
therapeutic applications of water were dwelt upon. At the very beginning
it is proper to direct attention to the fact that the distinction between
water and medicinal water is not absolute, but simply one of degree, Pnrc
water only exist* in the laboratory; in nature water is always, to a greater
or less degree, contaminated with various soluble substanci-s. which it dis
solves from the earth's crust or absorbs from the atmosphere. The degre
of eoulaminatiou or impregnation depends upon certain circumstances
UINRHAL sraiN'os.
971
which »n largely of ii locn) chikruokT. th^ spring of one ncighbortiood cod-
laitiing mineral and other mKrediontH, which are constantly preeeut and
ctiaractcrizc ihcm, «» ii« to diKtin^uish and make thirm difTcrent from other
springs, either of the same or of & di-'tanl locality. Therefore, dcftreea of
parity arc recognized, while ubsolutc |nirity ie not expected; and where the
minenl contamination is ^itftictently ;;reat to make the water produce thera-
peutic effect*, Wf can divide ihc wulere into clafiEC« in accordance with tw\\
effects. It is a matter of observation Ihul Kprings and atrcanvi of water, in
addtliou to the natural contamination, may contain, by accident, or di.'^ipn,
other constituents, which are called ptthogcnic orKani«ms, or diiieaiie-;:crms,
owing to their elTects upon the i^nerel health o? thoise using such water.
These come under the general head of pollution. Tlius, organic refuse,
oxcrata of animals or human beiu^ sewage and waste from manufadorie*.
etc., poiluti- a wiitor'Stip]ily, und arc a frequent source of cpidcmicji. With
these pathogenic forms of contamination the present article has nothing to
do farther than lo »ive a mere reminder of a lurking danger which may un-
expectedly be encountered at health resorts and. with this very important
exception, among Uic most mnitary i^urrnuiidiiig^. Ait every intelligent |ier-
wn. and e«peciany every practicing physician, should he able to prononnce
upon the presence or absence of guspccled impurities, and ait physiciam are
often called upon for an opinion as regards the wholesomencss of water, the
following test* may criHlile him lo come to n decision. The dcamess, trana-
ptrency. and general appearance of the water, as compared with a sample
of distilled water. The odor that it may have is developed by slightly heac-
ing some in a small flask and smeUing it; the odor may or may not indicate
the presence of delcterions suhManoes. Color and lurliidJty may depend
upon vegetable or mineral impurities which are not ncec^'iarily prejudicial
to health. Should thetw be abiient. it must not he at once decided that, be*
canee the water is clear, transparent, and odorless, it is wholesome; on the
contrarii', the most attractive-looking water may contain dangerous polln-
tion, and be entirely unfit for use. The total solids of a good drinking-
water .should not exci'cd 'io to 30 parts in 10,000, the characli-r of the wlids
of course, affecting the results upon health. The total solids are determined
by evsporating a ccrlBin <|uaiitiiy of water lo dryness and weighing the
residue. This may be subsequently subjected to chemical esamination, if
desired to have a complete nunlysts of (he water. .Vny ga»« which may
come oil from the water should be collected, measured, and identified.
Qnnlilativc testa for organic matter with potnssium-pennangtnatc solution,
and for chlorides by silver nitrate, for nitrates with pyrogallol, and for im-
monia by \««sler's reagent are usually r(s<iricd to. Tf the pcrmangHnate
he decolorized after standing a few hour^ it indicates presence of organic
matter, hut not ncciiiKJirily of animal origin; it may be vegf'tahK- and liunii-
lesa. if a solution of silver nitrate causes an abundant precipitate of chlo-
rides, this may be due also lo mineral eonlaminiilion, as well ac to animal
excreta. The determination of nitrites and nitmies is of mora importance,
since they lead to the suspicion of sewage contamination. "They are the
resultants of oxidation of nitrogt-nous organic matter, and, although water
ronlaining them is not necessarily dangerous, their presence should render
■ thorough examination of the source of supply imperative." T\\e pvro-
galtol lest, is applied as follows: Put 1 cubic centimetres of pure sulphuric
add in a small tesl-tuhe and add 1 cubic centimetre of water lo he tested.
97S
NOK-PttASMAOil. BBHBDISa AXD tiKXRBAL TltERAPKUTTCB.
To this mixture ie added 1 drop of a i-oliitioii of pyrogflllol (60 wiitigrnmmi
in 30 ctibic centimetres of distilled water, acidulated with 3 drop6 of sul^
pburic 8cid). The water becomes colored a dark amvthyiit or wine-brown if
the »Hltx nre )ircsent. The depth of color ittdicates approiiroately the
amount of the impurit}'. A very delicate icKt far nitrous acid or nitrites is
that with pi>la.<i.iium iodide and starch. Three hundred and flftj- to 600
cubic centimetrcE of water, in a flaslc. arc acidulated with a few drops of
dilute flulphuric acid, and a little solution (if iodido nf potaiuium ndili^d.
About 'i jrrammcs of freshly prcpnred i^turch are added, und the mixture
shaken. If nitrous acid he present the iodide u decontposed, setting free
the iodine, which combines with the starch, cuiisiug a blue color.* A new
mt'thud of testing drinking-water was devised by Prof. H. Krdmann, of
Ualle, by the lue of l-8-amidonaphtoI-4'6<di6uIphonic ncid, wliich has the
]>ccnliarity of rapidly combining with dtaEo compounds in acid solutions
and forming mono-nxo coloring substances. This forms a test for nitrous
acid and nitiitea, which, if prfisent in decided qiuintity, indicate dangerous
organic eontam illation of the water. This test is now supplied in (]) a fluid
form and (2) Vi finj. (or gr. viiss) tuldets, under the name of Heltbin, by
J. F, Schwarzlosc Liihne, Berlin, and Scbering & Glabc, importers, Xrw
York.
Bacteriological tests are now made by all experts in water analysis, and
such determinationit are absolutely necc»«iry in order to decide po«itively
upon the potable quality of any water-supply, A rough bacteriological test
can be made by placing u mmple of the water in a cicsn llosk and filling the
neck with absorbent cotton in place of a cork. The flask is now placed in
a warm situation (say, at a temperjitiire of 90 to 100 degrees) for ten or
twelve hour^, and Then examined. If it become cloudy and doTelop a putriil
smell, it should be regarded ls nnwholc«ome, and dome source of pollntion
etupccted.
The mineral poi.ions, especially the common metallic fonns, — lead,
copper, xine, — arc easily recognized by the hydrogen-sulphide teat, and
arsenic by Marah'e lest, lit making the former test about half a pint of the
water is placed in a tall gloss and acidulated with hydrochloric acid. To
this an niiiieous solution of bydnigen sulphide is added, and if, upon looking
downward through the column of water, a brownish or blackish coioration
or precipitate is seen, either lead or copper may be pn-scnt. The precipitate
is collected and dissolved in hot, dilute nitric acid. To this a solution of
potoi^tuni bichromate is added, and if a yellow precipitate is tlirown down
which is soluble in caustic potash the metallic contamination is lead. If the
precipitate thrown down by the hydrogen sulphide is dissolved as above,
and ammonia added, the appearance of a blue color will indicate the pres-
enci' nf ci)ppcr. T(i rhleet xinc the hydrogcn-»ulphii)e precipilntc is treated
with caustic soda, again filtered, and hydrogen sulphide added to the filter-
ing liijuid. A white precipitate indicates the presence of xinc. The fol-
lowing Bummnrv is given of tlie inferences to be drawn from these tftst* by
Parker'':—
If chlorine be present in considerable nuaniity, it either comes from
ttrata containing sodium or calcium chloride, from impregnation of wa-
'Ctwee H, KnliC. -IVxl-txH^k of Hygiene." p. 7<. Pliilndwlpbui. iSOO.
= Pnrk«'* "Ilygitnp," vol. i. p. TB.
KnrSBAL SPIUXOS.
993
wator, or from sclmixture of liquid eicreta of men and animals. In th«
first place, the vater is often alkaline^, from wxliiim cnrbotiutc: thea* a sii
jiU.iitr, or nearly so, of oxidized organic matters, as indicated iiy nitric and
nitrouB acids and ammonia, and of or^nnnic mAttor; there ii^ often mtich
sulphuric ncid. If it be from calcium chloride, there is a large precipilate,
with ammonium oxalate, after boiling. If the chlorine be from imprej^uu-
tion with Eca-nutcr, it is often in very large iiuantity; there is much mag-
nesia, and little evidence of oxidJxeil prodiid« from organic matters. If
from sewage, the chlorine is runrked, and there is coincident evidence of
nitric and nitrous acids and ammonia, and, if the i-untumination he rcccat,
of oxiditabic organic matlen:.
"Ammonia is almost always present iu very small quantity; but if it
b« in iam^-euoiigh amount to be detected without distillation, it is siu-
picious. If nitrate, etc., be also present, it is likely to be from animal sub-
tlanecH, excreta, etc. Xitmtes and nitrites indicate previously-existing or-
ganic matters, probably animal, but nitriitex may also originate from vege-
table matter, although this is probably leas uaual. If nitrates largely cxliit.
it is generallT suppoiiGd that the eontaminntion is recent; the coincidence
of easily-oxidized organic matters of ammonia and of chlorine. In gome
quantity, would be in favor of an animal origin. If a water give the test
of nitric acid, but not of nitrous acid, and rery little ammonia, either potas-
sium, sodium, or calcium nitrate is present, clerived from »oil impregnated
with animal eubstanees at some ontenor date. If nitrites are present at first,
and after a few days disa|)pear, this arises from continued oxidation into
nitrates; if nitrates disappear, it seems probable this is caused by the action
of bacteria or other low forms of life. Sometimes, in such a jcose, nitrites
may be formed from the nitrates. Lime, in large quantity, indicate! cal-
cium carbonate, if boiling removes the lime; sulphate, or chloride, or
itrate, if boiling has little effect. Testing for calcium carbonate is im-
_ ortant, in connection with purifieation with alum. Sulphuric acid, iu large
Jnantity. with little lime, indicates sodium sulphate, and usually much so-
iom chloride and carbonate are present, and in evaporation the water is
Ikoline. Large evidence of nitric acid, with little evidence of organic mat-
Fter, indicates old contamination; if the organic mutter be large, and espe-
cially if tticre be nitrous aeid. as well as nitric, present, the impi^nation is
recent.'' Finally, the microscope wilt often give valuable assistance by
examination of the sediment. De Chaiunont di?ides waters into (1} pure
water, (2) usable water, (3) suspicions water, and (4) impure water, with
the following characters: —
PhptUal Cfiantetmt.
I. Cnlotlfiw, nr liliiiili Itnt; iiatupaiwiit,
■parkUnK, ftcil wpU Hfrutcil: no Mdiment
' vMbIa to the n«k«(l tye; no imetl; Uui*
!. Colorlon or sliirlitly g «>ni«h lint ;
^bwMjMrenl, BparkUiie UDd wi^ll n&nted:
O wantOivA mnttr, nr olm> vn>ll^ wpt-
_stcd DT eoane fiKration or vubudmcei
no anwll; tact« paLttublD.
Utrratcoptect Cliaraclrrt.
1. Ulncnil iimtlerr vegetable forma
wilh cndochrunie: laTge »tuma\ foraw;
no organit! dfbrit.
t. S«iii» «■ Xo, 1.
9U
yOS-rUAIOtACAL RKMBDIES ASU UBNBHAL TBERAPSirrjCS.
3. Yrilow or ■trang |["*^ cdIm; tur- ' X Vr|[rtiil>ti> rikI animal Ionii«. muiv or
btd; siupMidcd nutlcr contdderaUei no I Ip<a faiv and <<olvrl«M; orgsuic <l<l>rU;,
nafiX. but Mny marked taato. ' BbrPn ot (^lolhlnff, or oUmt •viileRi'ca at]
4. Color jreilow or brown; turbid, aiul
not Msily pnrilltd 1>y coane flltrAllon;
lar^ luitount nt aiKprndiMl matter; liny
markrd aiiivll or tuolv.
4. llai-UrU of Riijr kind; fungii numer
U11H Tfgplablp und i«tiini«1 fomiii of Inwr^
typr*: rpitlivlla. KIT otlif'r Animal •lnict>
ur««i •I'ldniM* of iteiAagei nva ol |iara>
«it«*, etc.
The "tiHrdiii-»«" of wntvr i« due to the pnwnce of caithv csrbonAtes or
sulphates, or both. The former conBtitutes "rcmorable hnrJiics^," bcM?auf«
by boiling thi; curbon dioxide ii dnTi.-i) olT. niiil thv ba£o (c^lctura or mag-
nesium oxide) U precipitated upon the boiiom and sides at the visw;!. The
presence of earthy Kiilpbatett i-niiH-s '■pertiiiim-til hariliie««," and the sum of
Ihc two, if present in any given specimen o( water examined, coiiiititutes the
"total bardacM." The dogrou of hnrdni.i« its determined by the soap-Ce«t.
The drinking of hard water i^ not necemanly injurions, although, to pcreoiu
unacciiBtompd to Us ii«c, it nuiy eaiii'c lonsencH of the bowels, or even dys«D<
tt-ric diiicharges. It has ale o been credited with causing stone iu th« bliid-
der and guitre, perhaps without yulTieient proof, Hard wattr is wasteful of
fonii, and in cooking vegi^lables does not soften the more solid portions; ia
making tea and colTee thcru \» & Ioe« of iclire principle, so that Iar;ger quan-
litit* are ruquired of these materinls.
Physiological Effects. — The eiTects of drinkins natural naten may be
divided into two groups: (1) those due simply to an increased supply of
water to the organium; (2) those whlcli may be ascribed directly to the
mineral or other ingredients which may be preeent. Keeping in mind the
bulk of fluid whitb is swallowed during a "couree" of mineral waters, it ia
evident that the effects of the water itself must be taken into considi-roiiun.
Water is neeewary both for thft digestion and the assimilation of food,
excessive ijuantity'it dilutes the digestive fluids and interferes with «b-
'fiorption. In the conver»ion of siignr, if then- is an insullicicnt amount of
water, no fermentation will take place: if there is a large exee**, instead
of vinous, acetous t'cmientnlion will take place. Drinking habitually an ex-
cess of water at meals often aggravates dyspepsia, and may produce Aatu-
lence, and what Chomel termed "indigestion of fliuds." The drinking of a
glass of water, on first rising in the morning, elears the »lumech of mucus
and has a laxative etTeet. Small ({tiRntities of warm water, half an hour
before meals, increase appetite and digestion. A large quantity of iluid in
the stomaeh favors vomiting, and. in m\sv« where an emetic is given, swal-
lowing a piut of warm water will greatly assist iu action. The action of
water in the iniestines is simdnr to that in the stomach, and a too free in-
dulgence iu Huid* often eaiu.es or keeps up a diarrhiea, »« it increases the
water, bnt not the solids, of the fa?ccs. Water passes readily into the blood,
especially after privation or hiemorrhage; in t)ie latter cnsc. the (oo rapid
ing(*lion of water may have an injurious effect tipon the red blood-corpuv-
cles. causing their deslniction by osmosis. The excess of water passes off
by all channels of excretion, but it is principally noticed in the increase of
the volume of urine. Xot only is the water increased, but th« excretion
4
I
4
HIKBRAL SPRIN'Ofl.
area, jihoaphono ami Aii]|ihiirio acids, ami vodiiim chloride ie ■upmoutcd,
the Uitlcr only temporarily, but the former permanent ly. From this it hta
been ijiferred that Mnur k-mU to sugnKititvd disintcgrution of tissues con-
Uiniiig DitrogL'H and sulphur. But, ae pointed out by Binger, "»iinuttan«-
ouflly nilh the rapid ditiinlcgnition a cornitpoDditig iucrcaa- of agsimilatioB
l«ko6 place in the same iifisuea, vhence it happens that water, taken under
certain precaulionti, may incrt-ate both construction and destruction of tis-
eue, and so act as a true tonic, improving the vigor of body ami mind.
. . . The eflecta of watur-drinking vary in dilTon-iit pentone. The di6-
integntion is ^crentest in weakly persons, on whoni this proce»a may produce
almojit a fttbnlv ^tate. Disintegration ia greater in children than in adulte,
and greater, perhaps, in women than in men. A high temperature of the
vKtcr, or of the extenial air, increas«M disintt^atiou. Bodily exercise pro-
daces the same effect," (Parkes.)
It is a w«ll-known fact that tliorc are other restorative agencies at work
at medical springe besides drinking the waters. The xanitary .lurroundings,
froh air, the tonic efTt'cts of change of air and sci'ne, the physical and moiat
advantages of the regulated life, and systematized rest and exercise under
medical direction all ati^iiit in producing the ctTccts which follow a visit to
the "Springs." This is especially seen on the conlineril of Kurope nt Carl*-
bad, Vichy, Humbtirg, Km^. KiKsingcii, Baden-Bnden, and numerous other
Qennan and l-'rench health reports.
The mineral coneUtuents of medicinal waters enable us to identify and
claaaify them. They are usually divided into the chalybeate, or ferruginous;
the acididoue, or carbonated; (he alkaline: the saUne; the stUphureted, or
bcpatio wfitei:!: chtuiuany iiidilTerenl. and imclassified watere.
The chalybeate waters contain a small quantity of iron, which is in
solution when fresh, but after bottling tends to precipitate in the form of
uxide. They iiometimei! contain, aho, a minute quantity of «r«cuou« acid.
They are divided into two classt-s: first, ihose which contain carbon dioxide,
and where the iron is in the form of a carbonnlv; iind, secondly, those in
which the iron is in the form of a sulphate. In aniemia. chlorosis, itnima,
uuipieat phthitit. and other ronditions of debility ihcy are highly iiM'ful,
but should be avoided by the plethoric and by those who are subject to head-
ache after taking inui.
l^ie ««idliloui waten contain free carbon dioxide, and are sparkling
and agreeable, btil frei^iicntly contain in solution calcium, sodium, and mag-
nesium carbonates. In rheumatism, lithirniia. and dyspepsia the aiidulous
waters are useful, cspecintly when taken at the spriugK. These waters vary
greatly in the proportion of their ^olid conRtituent.<t, and thus dilTcrent
waters of this class also podseas properties which would place them in some
other group, with which they might be classed with propriety.
AUnline waters contain, besides carbon dioxide, an excess of sodiimi
carbooate and other alkaline subsiances, and als<i chloride* and sulphates.
An example of this class is Vichy water. In the purest alkaline waters there
are scarcely any solid ingredient* enccpl the carbonate* of the alkaliee.
They are frequently met with as thermal as well as cold springs.
Where Incre it a innrVed excess of iftilphalc* and carbonates of the alka-
line earths, which are held in solution by an excess of carlHtnic acid, the
water is known ax calcareoas, or earthy, water. Calciuui sulphate is the
particular salt present upon which the properties of these waters commonly
CEKKRAL TUEttAPErriOBT
ilcpi-nd, tuiialljr associated with calcium ctiTi>onat«. Such waters are "li
Cslcium phosphate is nleo sometimes found in calcar«aus wat«ra, uiid is
valuable «oiislit»ient,
Theee waters are ucoful in the treatment of conotiitatioii, aluffgi^hnc^
of digestion, and deficiency of secretion, their purgative effects Icadini; then
to be universally u»;d. Those containing tnagneBiuin and Hodium Hulpliat
arc the be«t known, as Concress Spring, Saratoga; Cheltenham, and FriwI-j
richshall. Wiesbaden and Baden-Baden contain chloridefi; Hotnliurg and
Kissingcn are slightly acid and contain traces of iodine and of brnmim^
Carlsbad is an alkaline spring, and contains a smaU quantity of litbia; Vichy,
Ems, Apolliiiari«, and Hunyadi Jano» contain the alkiiline carbonate.'i.
In the l-'onnularj of the American Pharmaceulioal Association arc
given the formula.' for niakinn artificial CarUbud, Kissingcn, and Vichy satltji
(»al Carulinum factitiiun, sal Kissengcnse factitiuni, and sal Vichymniun
factitium). Thciie arc aliio combined with ellervvscing salt, so aa to produce
pulvis milig Caxolini factitii efferrescens, pulvis sAli» K iifseogensis factitii
eflenescene, and pulvis sali< Vicbyani factitii cffcrvescens, and also pulvi»^
talis Viobynni factitii eifervescene cum lithio. In many ouea these artiliciBt ^|
compounds, which are closely modeled upon the natural constituents of tbe ^
waters, form very acceptable substitutes for the original. In the treatment
of obesity Dr. William T. CAthcll has had very good results from the ti«
of fri'sb Tii'liy and Kissingon water, drunk upon alternate days. Whca J
they cannot be obtained fresh he preftrs the artificial efTeTvesccnt salts. ^|
He orders a large glass of the waters to be taken, twenty or thirty minutes ^1
after each of the three principal meals of the days. If the n-duction in
freight by this means is not giifiicicnt (two or three pounds per wwk) lie
recommends the addition of a little lemon-juice to eacn glass of Kisnngen,
and 1 ttaspoonful of aromatic spirit of ammonia to each glass of Vichy.|
He advises a moderately-restricted diet.
Saline waters are solutions of halogen compounds of the alkalies, com-
moniy diatinguishcd by the presence of a large amount of sodium chloride.
'I'bey also comprise solutions of calcium, pota^ium, lithium, and aluminum
chlorides, and may contain traces of bromine or iodine.
Sulphureted, or hepatic, waten are rccognix^d by their odor of hydro- j
gen sulphide, the gas being derived from the oxidation of iron pvrilc« in
contact with water. Tin; sulphides of sodium, calcium. magneBium, and
potassium are sometimes present in these waters, «inj;ly or together, but
always in very minute pioporiions. llic hydrogen sulphide may vary from
a mere trace to forty-two cubic centimetres in the litre. These wutera are
widely distributed, cold or thermal in various degrees. (A, N. Bell.)' ^J
Argon and helium, gaseous substances, discovered by Lord ttayleigb ^M
and Professor Ramsay as constituents of the atmospheric air. have been ^1
detected in the sulphureled waters of the Griffon Spring, near Cauterets
in the Pyrenees, by Professors Bouchard and Trovst of Paris, and also in
the thermal springs of Wildbad. 11 docs not seem probable, however, that
these substancfts exercise any appreciable therapeutic effeet or in any way
help to explain tbe action of these waters.
In the United States there are lar^e numbers nf mi'dicinn! spring*, and
within the last fifty years there has accumulated a fund of information upor
I
•"MincrBl Spring* «( the Unttod St«te«," Journal of Batimlogv. May. 19K.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^mXMAL SPBWOS^^^^^^^^^^ST^^^^B
this lubjcct, which only noeds to be eygteniaiizud and pubUshod in order to ^^^|
enable oi^r omi resourcreo to be apprcciulud b>- Ainuncaii physiciunii. In ^^^H
many on^g piiticots are Bent to the older health reeorts in Europe who could ^H
be as w«ll treated here and SAvcd the discomforts of ocean -voyages. Much ^H
crodit is due to Dr. A. N. Bell for disseminatin;; valuable infonnation in the ^H
journal of which he U the editor, Tkt Hanitnrian, and also for th? valuable ^|
work, which he published some vears
aeo in Wood's hibrarv, on *'CIimatol- ^H
ogi,- and Mini-ni] Water* of lliu tJnik-d Stateif."' ^^^H
Dr. Beil clas9i6es our native springs tia follows: — ^^^^|
Al-XaLuib.
flm^racllo, Tndluia, ^^^^H
AiImii*. CaliforiiiH.
Kittrvir^i Nortli Carolina ^^^^H
Albiuy. Vi'nnont.
MotJiion, C«oripa. ^^^^H
Alum, Virginia.
Bcrkihirr. Vcrmont-
.Maiiley, North Carolina. ^^^^H
Milford, Ncv Hamfabire. ^^^^^|
^^^ Btount, Alabnma.
Montvala, TvnnpMpr. ^^^^^H
^^H BcnuE, OalifDTiiu.
Owouo, Miciiigan. ^^^^^|
^* OiSon Oty, Colnrado.
Rowlnndft, (Jcorsia. ^^^^^|
CuUak, (.'i>luradu.
Si.'li»(>l«>y'« MoDiitiiin, New Jer*ey. ^^^^H
CoMtrrcM, Callfomi*.
Si^liuyler (Vunly. Illinoia. ^^^^H
Elgin. Veniioiit.
Spuria. Wiarnniiii, ^^^^^H
VemaillM, Iiidiunu. ^^^^^H
Fry'* Soda. Californift.
Hiptfand. CnUfornio.
PtlRKATlVE SALinK. ^^^^H
iMwn Soda, Cslllornla.
Blue Lick. Kentucky. ^^^^H
Manitou, Colorado.
Trah On-liard, Kenlucky. ^^^^H
Middlrtmni. Vfrmont
Klgin. Vmnont ^^^^H
SlilfMtt. N«w Iluinpsbiiv.
Bwulaplan. Kmtiicky. ^^^^H
Harrocfaburg. Kentucky. ^^^^H
Nap* Soda. Colilornia.
Xowhury. Vfmiont.
Midluiid. Michigan. ^^^^|
VrlTJ, UliDUU.
Vafiotn, Colnrado. ^^^^^|
Ravcndra. ATkniwaii.
^^^^^1
Rocky M«iiiilHiu. Culorailo.
Saline. ^^^H
^^^ Sdtur, California.
Priilt-Port WfU. Michigan. ^^^1
^^H Shrtdon, Vvniiiint.
<JrHiid Hbvimi. Micliimn. ^^^^^|
I.oiii'villc .\rtnian, Rmlucky. ^^^^H
^ SouUi Paak. Oolondo.
Summit Soda. Calilonila.
Miohiguii CuDjTicHi. jLEichigan. ^^^^^|
Ktt. (jcmcns. MirhlKBn. ^^^^^M
V icily. CaiiforniB.
Wilholt Roda. Oiilfomia.
Oornn. ^^^^H
Sail, Viigliiin. ^^^^^1
Calcic,
Spriii{t'l«ki> Well, Michigan. ^^^H
Itctliawla, Winfonsiii,
si. [/ouiit. MiHouri. ^^^^^1
Krdi-Oalc. Wmiont
^^^^H
DotUrwoTtli. MirtilicnD.
StTLiniUIMXT^ ^^^^1
ClamdOD. Vmnont..
Alpena. Michigan. ^^^^H
BaUtan, titv York. ^^^H
BatiMi Rapidii. Mirhienn.
0«4lv»l>iirj(. l*miiHylvani4i.
ttladon. Florida. ^^^^^|
HulitiBnlptowit. Michigan.
Iltan I.ick. Kentucky. ^^^^H
.Silurian. U'Uisiii^iri,
Cjtrli»lc, f'ciitvtvlvBnia. ^^^^^|
De Soto. l.oTiitinn.i. ^^^^|
CUAX-YllEAnC.
[Irvmion. Ki'iilucky. ^^^^H
Abbrvillc. Soutli CnrnliniL
h>«nch I^ick. Indiana. ^^^^H
BrJford. Pen nsT Ivan 111.
Clcnn'a. Sontli Carolina. ^^^^|
RIaanbuTjc. IViintvIvania.
llichgalc. Vvmionl. ^^^^H
Indian, Rnirfiia. ^^^^H
CVnpcr'ii Wrll. MlwiHlppl.
Raini.KMitucky.
^^^^H
ftytltc, PcnnaylTanla.
l.odi .\itHiaB. Indiana. ^^^^M
(loRlaii'ii, (iMirgia.
itanUy. Nortli Carolina. ^^^H
885. ^^H
^^^MJia^tlljii WilliaiD Wood ft Ca, i
XOK-FHARUACAt RRHEDIKS A.VD OBKBIAL tllERAPBDTICS.
Svu^iirnovH (ronrtitHi^).
MinniKiiut. I'vuiuvlvaQJu.
M(mt*«in<i. UWi>utL
Olynipinn. Kentui-ky.
Pwlnk Sprinffi. rHlnrndo.
Salt Sulpliiir. VitKiiiiu.
SantOKA. Kcw Vnrk.
8h«mn, NVvi York.
Sheldon, Vcriiioni.
Shocfo. Norlli Carolinn.
Su lldmH Wliitf Siil)iliiir, Califomin.
St. I^uU. MiMKiiiri.
Svifvt. MiMonrl.
Vnlli«ino>a. Aliibamn.
W««t Badrn. Indinnn.
White Su1|]liur. I.oULtiuna.
WhitB Sulphur. MiMitana.
Wliit* !>\ilpliuT, VitgiiiiM.
UKCi^aHiFiKn.
Alum, Viiginui.
nirvh-Dnlc, Now ll>inp*hlr«.
Borax, Culifornia.
Climax, Miwouri.
EiiTrka. Ark«UM4.
FBirvie"v, Tcxm,
IJnx'iirlfonp, Floriila.
U«yatr Spa. Calihirnia.
Qfjrwni. the American. WyoRiiog.
Iodide and ilramide. Jliasourt.
Plcdwnont, T*xai.
Slielduii. Vi>rtiu>Dt
tifalTord, ConncctiFuL
Eiummil, Main*.
TlieitUAi. Pi'RiHua.
Aqiiii L'slirnte. New McxU<u.
Amur hen d. CntKomia.
Hiiiii'oralM' Cwunlj-. North C«ri>lina.
(.ttliotoRD. rnlifoniin.
Clialk Vtvi-V Hot. Colonilo.
01iuTl«ton Artciiaa, Soulli Otrolla
Dm Ci>hiHM Hot, Orrgoa.
Harbincm. Calif omia.
!lol S]>rinet, ArkaliM*.
Idulio Hot, Colorada
MiTTiWPnthrT, Gronria.
Mitiaii- Itark Hot. Colorado.
njo Cnlictitc, N«Tr McxIcO.
I'miiiwi, CHlifurnia.
PaiisD tliiblcH. Califomia.
Salt I.akf, UUh.
fk-iglpr. (.'aUforiUB.
SkaKir'a, Onlifornta.
Volcnno. Nrbruka. _
Warm ntid Hot, WrM Vlrg^miM.
Some of llip iibo\i'-mtntionetl springB hare won a hiRh repuluUoa, nnd
the wntiT in I ransportcd in large qtmntitios to differ«nl parle of the coantn*.
From what huH been su'id prtrvioiisly, it is evident that the vrater-cure b
largfiy asaisted by the ianitary surroimdinRs. Some of ihn most remarkable
springs in the worid txii-t in the beautiful Ycllowetone National Park, where
thermal, alkaline, sulphurous, valine, and ptire sprinjf waters are found at
an altitude of about StlOC feet or more nbore the level of the Bea.
GLEffATOTHERAPT AlH) CUMATOLOOT,
Clirantokigy Kiiidies llie iiiiiiK'uees i-sertpd upon (he utmii^phere,
upon individuals, by feniperaiure, humidity pre^ure, Mil, proximity to the
m, Ia]cC8r rivers, plain», forestall, muiiiitaiiiK, light. o?:<)ne, and electrical and
other physieal conditions. Climatotlierapy studies the curative efTecte nf
climates and climalie conditions lis ftietors of health. This brings us to the
deHnitioQ of clinuite, by which we designate the characteristic and prevalent
characters of a place as rcfrnrds conditions of atmosphere, its temperature,
moiitturc, purity ni- contamination, eleetrieal tension and chemical constit-
uents, especially in their physiological relations.
Agreeing with the definition of Hamm and HumUoIdt, wc may nce<-pt
climate, therefore, as comprisinj; the whole of the meteorolopical phenom-
ena characterizing the ^late of the atmosphere at any plscft, particularly as
they affect our orjtans. or have an inflnence on animal or vegetable life. Tin-
general character miii't be taken, no) Imping the ecinclusiou upon the limited
obscrratioQ of a few days, or even years; but a period most be taken whii
I'LIUATOTIIEKAI'V AXt> rU»AT«UHlV.
1»79
ts Init^ etina^h to funuKh tbe cliita for compoi-ing a l>*pi.', Rqti«l yoiiriy
^TingM do not ngtiify idcnliriil oliiiiaie. A ]>tn<-i- where tlie sitmmer heat
^'tfJAwinter ooW are extreme has not the Bame clinnite a« one wiierv tht range
i« n'lnlivoly small, thotigh llit vearlv uvtmge miiv ha identical. ilenc« we
need, says a reeeni writer,' separate aetcmiinatious of Eummvr amt nf wiatrr
■veragi-e, Tlio coRibinuticinB uf con(litioni« «f lomiH-rnuin- iiml muiiliire may
be ciwilws. while the averajtes at either may be hardlr disturbed. 'ITieto
tnclB make it hard to compare cliiDatvH, even wlien thi-y are vlcfldy far long
[H>ri(>di>. In ihe capriciouii elimates of nur temperate latitudes, a just dfttw-
minatioD and comparieun form a butlltng tiuk.
Climatic condition)) are largely alTected by the physical conflf^uratioii
of the earth's surface. — the presence or absL'nce of mountains, forcirla. lakes.
ritvni, etc, — and nUv by ihi- Inlitude. In the siiinmiT monthn the xiin pa^f^
north of the equator, iinlil. at the summer solstice, it. at its zenith, is in the
mdiaeal sijrn of Cancer; nt Ihe «'inti-r MiNtice the mm if nt its zenith in the
eign of Capricorn. Two imaginary bnes, drawn the one north and thii olher
south of tlu- e<iuator, and parallel with it at a di«tanc(> of Sd° ^8' in each
IieTniRpherc', would include the torrid tone, which ineludeit the waih and
Math tropical xonei. (llher eircleit. drawn at a distance of fiS** 33' from
the e<juator. or 'i'i^ 'iS' from the pole, in each hemisphere, mark the upper
limite of the north and i^oiith temperate aonei. The areas included within
the polar circle around the [HiU-i> arc known as ihe frigid zones. Heat, from
a medical stand-point, is a very important factor in liiiimif. )la\imiim at-
moiiplierie temp<'raturt-j> are met with in the tropio. minimum in the frigid
zcaea. The intermtiiiatc zones, which are the largest, presi-nt, also, the
ninat favorable conditions for human exUlence, with a great variety of
climates, thouph. on the whole, niodcrate in temperature as compared with
Ihe polar or eijuatorial regionA. Temperature ix affected, also, by altitude.
As we descend below the surface of the earth the temperature iiureasuM at
the rate <if 1° F. to every one hundred and twelve feel, and at less than two
miles we have the temperature of boiling water, and at thirty mit« it is
eetimatetl that, n1 the K^me ratio, "the heat is sulliciently intense to melt all
Ihe rocks and metals contained in the earth's crust and to aeccnint for the
torrents of molten, fiery lava Iwlohcd from the craters of raging Toleanoea,
It i» to this internal heat of the earth that hot iipring« and the warm water
of deep artesian well« are due" (Bell). On the other hand, temperature
ikclinn an we ascend above wa-lerel at a rate of about 1 degree for every
four hundred feel of attitude; so that, in the I'nited State;^ high monni-
■iBi< havi- their ton* in Ihe regions of perpetual snow. At a certain elevation
the moisture of the air congeals into anow, and Ibis form* the "inow-line,"
which, for obvioii* reamuiN is higher at the c<^unlor; but it is not unifonn,
CTen on the same parallel, owing to local influence*. The angle at which
the Sim's rays impinge upon Ihe surface is one great cause of the diversity
it( temperature and the sueees^ion of elimateti from the eijuator to the pole^,
and irregularities of the surface give rise to various differenoes of climate in
the mme latitude*. The number of hour» of daily ituntihine in a given local-
ity is a fealure of great importance in climate. The direction of the pre-
vailing windt. the amount of moroment of the air. and the presence of
' Dr. W. n. 1.*«Tnli«*. Fn/mlar Sritnrr UrrKlUg.
sao
XOX-PIIABHACAI. lirJIimiKS AKD OKKEBAL THKRAPEtTICT.
moisture aNo ntTcct the tinliibnty ot u locjility iiud contribute to giw it its
therapeutic valu«. Aqueous vapor in the atmosphere coiidtilule^ a moi»t
stratum which rutardt the procees of noctiirnnl vooliug of thi< wholo atiuoe-
Shore and prevents exeeasive altcrnationii of tctnpernture bitlweeii night and
By. Tho almoaphcrc always contuint sumi- moisture at a totoperature above I
38° V. The temporattiip of a place exposed to the full rays of the suii is
KTCUter than in the shade at every elevation; the dilfim-Dci-. uccordini; to
Dr. Charlen Deniaon, of Colorado, augments with i^levation. then- )»eing "one
degree greater difference between the temperature in the euii and shade for
each ris*.- o( two hundred and thirty-five feet." Thia i« uwtti ui the f«t,
above indicated, that the atmosphere is more easily travereed hy heat whcnju
the amount of inoistun.- » Hinall. .\l an altiludi.' of four thousand foet i»>4H
upward the increase of heat in the sun's rays rolatire to the temi>eratur« ot^
the surrounding air becomea a marked feature, iusomuch that, at an nltiludu
of from six lhoui<and to ten thousand feet above the level of the si^, the
Ihvrmonicter ixpoecd to the ray« of the sua usually re^i»lvrs about oue-lhini
higher than when in tbe aliade. i
As regards valk'ys and bills, Dr. A. N. Bell observed that it dot« nut
follow, because the hills are higher than the valley, that they are necessarily
colder 'and the volley wanner. The hills enjoy more sunlight and lov
moisture. The cold air, by reason of its greater density, descends into the
valley, and tbe worm air rise; to the top of the hills, except where there is
sulUciuut wind to produce disturbance and intermixture of the higher and
luwer strata of air. when this exception to the general rule will not occur. '
This alTorde a uotful hint about selecting a habitation. "The damp and
chilly valleys, with their attondant ilU, or<> moro froqncntly choecn at build-
ing places than drier, warmer, and healthier hills." Winds are produced by
diSerences of tcmp'-niliiri- and to changes of atmospheric pressure du« to
vxpunsioEi of oir under the infiueuce of heat. The direction in which vinds
blow depends upon the distribution of heat upon the earth's surface and the
daily rotation of the earth. Winds always flow from a region of higher
pressure to a lower one, with a velocity increasing with the difference atid
inversely a^t the distance.
Wtien air contains all the a«{ueoii# vapor which it can take up it
laid lo be at the point of saturation, which is also the dew-point, beca'
above this point the moisture i« deposited upon surrounding objects, if]
form of dew, Tim higher the temperature of ihe air, the more moisture it
in capable of taking up. in a gt'ometricul ratio with the increase of tem-
perature. Til"! ijiianltly of water in a given volume of air i* called the
absolute humidity. The ratio between the actual absolute humidity noi
tbe point of jsjitiinition indicates the degree of dampne^^ or relative h
ntidity.
The atmosphere of Ihe ocean and sea-ahore is often supercharged wit
moisture from the spray, which it carries even for several miles inland
Winds from the sea off lik<'ly In have a high relative hiimidily. Windii
from the poles are cold; those from the equator are warm, as the rule, in
each hemisphere. When the tcniperaliirc of air is rapidly reduced, the ab«o-
lute hiitiiidily may approach the point of saturation, and the excess of water
be precipitated as rain or snow. When a warm wind from the sea meel« the
cool air of a mountain -range, the excess of water is precipitated iu the form
of rain, and the air has its relative humidity reduced. The result is that a
and
't!9
•it
ra-
the
%
CLIJIA'TOTllBItJin' ASn CI.IUAT01.00T,
981
mountnin-iance [larRlIol with a !<ea-eoaet will hnvc a bimiitl alinoephere upon
one 8i<lc mid a cumparntivclv dry ono upon the oth«r side.
The pneanre of the almos»h«re at thQ sea-level is fifteen pounds to
the square inch of surface, which is equivalent to a weight of thirty inchea
of iiiorrury, as (letnonnimici] b)' Torricetti. The total pretsure upon the
eurfacr of a man's body of ordinarr size ie nearly fiftven toni^. This «nor*
mouH prcMurc iK not Ml, bccAu»c it i* evi-nly duiritiuted and also for the
reason that thi- human or^aniem is adapted to it by nature and haa become
Ht-con nl»ti-d. or aoelimat4'd. to oertiiin altitudi-s. Ag the pressure dimiti-
ishes, at the rate of about one jwund for each iwo thousand fe«t, one of the
factor* in thi' thcrupeutie cfTi.i-t8 of high altitudr« is probably th<- alteration
of pressure upon the bodily surface and the TeeuHini; physical changes in
the circiilotinfi: fluid iind the ti)!«wx. In mountuin-elimuing then- is oxpen-
enced a feelinf; of eshitamiion and a li^htnoss which may be due, in part,
to thi? dimtnishi-d density of thv air. At an vk-vation of from ttn thousand
to sixti'en thou^nd feet, rapid breathioK, dyapncra, and increased action of
the heart nt-cLir. with toolings of faintiius.^ upon flight exertion; and, if the
ascent has boen rapid, as in a balloon, blood may pour from the nose and
mouth and other niuconi- orifieei^ of the body. A removal from the level of
the aea to an altitude of tno or three thousand feet, in the simimer-tinH*,
which is undertaken for ranitary and physiological reasons by large numbers
of the population, t.i more than simply changing from a polluted atmoiiphere
to a pure one, more than exchanging a humid atmosphere for a dry one. or
a hot for a cool one; it i:» thronint; otT from the Hurface of the l>ody a eertain
proportion of the atmospheric pre^ure and breathing a somewhat rarelied
air, which of ilsetf caiiMs (rreater inspiratory effort, quickens the oirctilatian,
and increases metabolism.
As pointed out by von I'etenkofer, Bowditch, and others, the nature of
the soil and the drainage and rise and fall of the ground-water hare much
to do with the hi'iiillifulm-Ks of a climate. l{o<lies of water give forth moist-
ure: bodies of sand and dry soil absorb it from the air. Sand being a poor
oonducter of heat, the tun's rays do not penelrale deeply, ond the heat i«
isdiated at night, making the night cold and the days hot, which feature
chamft(Ti)!i.-s the docrt climate. An alluvial soil (cUy or loam) being a
better eondudor, and usually being covered with vegetation, absorbs heat
during the day and doeK not readily part with it at nighl, partly on account
of the layer of moisture to which attention has already been directed. In
eousc^liience of this fact, a certain effect i« exerted upon climate; the tem-
perature does not get so hot during the day and is less cold at night. For-
ests |>rotrct the earlh'i^ iiurface from the action of the sun; the temperature
of the air of the woods is. therefore, cooler in the day-time, than the sur-
rounding almoapherc. and, as the result of interference with evaporation,
contains more moisture. Owing to the fact, in vegetable physiology', of the
defomposition of enrbou dioxide by the greeo parts of growing plants, in
order to appropriate the I'arbun. there in a constant evolution of oxygen in
the woods. The agitation of the air by the grei-n leaves, eBM>cially in the
oonifene, eaiitics some <it the oxygen to appear »* nxone. the effects of which
upon the human body have already been referred to. This agent, which has
been called "nalureV anliwptif," i*. therefore, likely to Ik- met with in the
woods, and also upon the sea-shore: but only exceptionally, and to a very
slight extent, in large eitii**. The fact that a forest belwm-n a ma^sh and
wz
XOy-miRUACAI. REURDIRS AXD (IKXKRAL TIIRUAPB|-n«L
city would proled the ImIIit from paliiilsl poifnii vtf kiionri to iIk- aitciviiU.
In n>ceDt times the marshes aroiuid Koine have hecii reik-eiucd and tuitiU
hubitnblc bj tho labors of the Tnippi»ls, who *cl out pkiilalioiiii of cm-t,
lyptuA-treeA, which naturally aboorb lar;,'« amountd of tnoiitturv (mm th4
■oil. Trees havi- a very ducidcd effect, thiTcIore. upon climate, not only by
protei'linK thf »oil from the rayn of the iiiin utid ravoniig thv hi>iill)i(ulni'M
of a locality, but they al»), as (ixygcti-t^enenitorfi and oiDnv-jimdiiL-frs, us
well AH earlionic-acid dt^lroyerii, play an ttiiportant [lart in tliv jirrMTvaliuu
of animal life.
Wal>.!r ha..' an imporlmil funclinn in cliiiiiite. '>n aninint of its hifch
spceific hMt, il abelraclfi licat from the surrounding air and oooU the atmos-,
phvre in »umnii>r, anil in utuK-r it yield* u» iiK tXiirc nf he*! i>lnvrly. h]
radiation, and thus m-itlilieB the rigors of climate at the eea-ahore. Tl
gxrtf<»lrcam uiake« north wr^tern EtiropR hahi(nl>le. and the coni|wrativvly
mild climate of our Northwesl coast i» attributable to the warm current of
the Japnn ttrt-ani, fiich of vhieh IIowk like a KTtvl nvvr in the ocvuu. mainly
in ■ northeasterlv cour^. Siai'sht-a are ciiucw] by water ^p^eildin^ over
portion of );roiind, on accotitit of thi- j^oiind being level and ponnis. Sue)
accumulation? of water, with little or no current, and jtenerally accompanied
by dceaying vegetation, liavc ulnuvH been n-gurded a^ a fniilfnl source ot
malarial poisoning and ill helalh- As the^e imludal nianifeMatiotui nnuallj
appear in the spring and fall of the year, they are sometimra known as'
teroat and autumnal fevew; or, from ihe pntlmldgical i-onditioiu, they are
styled conpestive chills. iDlermitteiit or remilteiu fevers, chills and fever.j
Willi re^^rd to the atmnnpheriu eU-clricily and il* elTi-ctj" upon climntvj
very litllo is known of itg rolulJom tn hoalth and di>M!U!if. It is pmhahl
thai almft^pheric o/.on<- njay W <lne lo ele>'lrii-al oondit.jons and thai lU(
purity and stimulating itiialitics of the atmosphere in some localities is due,
indireelty at ieaiit, lo electricity. The (rt-^uciniy of ihuniler-^howers in Uiu
mountains undoubtedly contributes to the sanitary qualities of these highly-
prized lieiillh resort*.
As 10 the physiological effects of climate upon liuman 'beinsfi, ver
important facts have bci'n i-.tlHlilinhi'd by investigations in the rields ol
anthropology, ethnology, and vcrtel)rate [lalenntology. Man is alTecIet] by
his environment, and tlic most iniporliint factors in the problem arc foo
and cliniate. Ueserving the former tor diwu^.-ion in Ihe -.ei'tion on "l>ii
teties," we may here devote a few words to the latter in eoniiectiou with
few rundameniat facts in physiology and in pnthologr. At llio vame (imc^,
it must be stated that they ore. in social relations, very closely connected]
h«c«u.«e a i-linialc that is unfavorable for human life is also unfarnpible to
the life of domestic and other animals upon which man depends for sut
sitlcnoe, niiil i" also inifavonililr lo ngrieullnre, »o thai insuftiuient food and
a severe cHniale act in concert to ])roduee physical degradation, A veT_
hot ctininle, on the other hiiiiil, while it favors vegetation, also favors the
development of malaria and other miasinfllic poisons, like yellow fev^r,
which not only cause disciisc. Imt ctiiise idiy^ieal Jegeneraiion in races which
do not become acclimated. The dark-skinned races of men have aciC|uir«d
the ability to live in the tropics with apparent impunity, but the white raoes
do not find the climate iiro}iitious, cilher with n-ferenee to individual heallhj
or Ihe rearing of their children. In a similar manner, certain families oi
tribes of in«u, having for many gcneralions lived in one locality and uccii
ctntATOinBiurT Jim olikatolooy.
983
tomed to the climate (hftrmonixed with the <?iiriroRin«nif, may find }n«at
rlitViotilty in ticcoining ut^cliinatecl should tiiuy rcmuvv tutu uiiothcr rvgion
hiiTing different clinractcni.
Local infiucncps may chan^ so as to bring about a niodiGcation of
cliniato. This hna bti-n noticed after cutting down groves of trees, and
especially after draining alluvial soil. A very good illu^lratioR ts given hy
Dr. W. J. Iiiit(hinii(>ii of the effect* upon thv climstc of «MUtliorn California
?>roduced by the appearance of Sallon Lake. It is claimtMl that Ihis hew-
oriDcd body uf unter Iia* incr^aecd the liumiditv of the almotpht'rc and the
rain-falt over a considerable area. The result has been a reduction of the
«xireu)i'ly high temperature vrhieh praraiU id other parts of wutlicrn Cali*
fomia.
The effects of climnto upon phy»icoI conformation is an inviting field
of study. The Serraiias, a iialive trilie of I'eni, live in the high peaks of the
Andca and are short in f tatiirc-, but have a remarkably urell-^Ievelopcd thorax
and lungs, being about ibirty-six inches around the chest, with a bodily
height of seven and fmir-tlflhs inches lew than the average heighl of Eu-
ropeans.' The E^ijuimaHX are a short, thick-set, degenerate race, who
apporently ore so worsted in their struggle with advonu; climatic conditions
as to extinguish nearlr every manifestation of intelligence except those
connected with the satisfaction of physical wants. On the other hand, the
hot weather of the tropics, on account, largely, of its excessive humidity,
is enervating, and debility and ann^mia arc common results. In temperate
zones, however, man attains his htghe»t physical, inteili-cttial. and room!
elevation, ond these regions furnish explorers, armies and navies, and the
pioneers of commerce and civilization who discover and rule Ies8 favored
races, and penetrate to the ends of Ihe earth and make them tributary to
science and the social requirements of the age in irhieh we live. Moreover,
the more cultured races, having acquired a knowledge of sanitation and espe-
cially of the causes of infection and disease, are able to apply this knowl-
edge for the protection of health. The excessive mortality which formerly
prevailed among the Knglish troops in India and the WmI Indies was at-
tributed by the late Dr. Parkrs to unmnitary condition* rather than to the
eliroale itsi'lf. i'nder improved methods of sanitation, ripecially as regards
the purity of the water-supply and cleanliness of habitations, the mortality
has oeen steadily decreasing "until, in some xlatioiis in the West Indies
(aa, for example. Trinidad and Ilarbadoes). the sickness and mortality among
European soldiers are actually la^ than in home service. In India, a cent-
nry ago. people spoke with horror of the terrible climate of itombay and
Caicuttn; and yet Europeans now live in htuilth and comfort in Wth citins.
fn Algeria the French experience is to the same effect. " I'arkes also
directed attention to the greater necessity of ttaiiilari* pre<-auli<m>i in hot
climates. "The fempcraluro and the humidity of the air are highly favor-
able to deciini posit ion of all kinds; the efHuvia from un impure soil and
the putrescent changes going on in it arc greatly aggravated hy heat. The
effects of unsanitary evils — which, in a coM climate like Panada, arc partly
neutralized by the cold — are developed in the West Indies or in tropical
India to the gri'alest degree. lu this way a Iropinl climate is evidently
•Qnol'd tij- Or. A. X. Bnll frwn i|,r OfHHal Hcporl nt «»Ji«il In-prrtar a F.
OiUva, V. S. S.. uD tlir Unties) ToiMgraphy i>{ th« PaciAc Ctmtt ol Soulli AMeric*.
i
984
NOK-PHASITACAI, RKWIIDIBR AHD OBKBRAL TnRRAPRCTICg.
most povrerfwl, iind il renders nil sanitarT precautions teufold more a<
nary man in a tcni{KTutc xunc." Dr. Bi-ll coincidt-K witb tfaom.- vivwi^,
even in the ouMr of |)iilmonary conBumption, the prevalence of which in cer-
tain localittee is usually held lo afTonj a rough iudication of the influcin'o of
cliiriato, he Kgnrds it a« "a disi-aHe which, probably niore than any other,
depends upon preventable conditions intimately aMuciutod with a foul eoil
or<lcn«ity of popiiialion."
The gooa effects of the most «alubrioii« climates may be overcomo and
dicf»i>c dt-vdop as the rcault of nenleet of common sanitary dutioii and viola-
tion of phvfiiological Uwin The inU'lli^'cnt physician is able to point out ih«
uiiiR'K of ill bi-iiltb and enable the patient to avoid Iheni. The philoM)pby
of the modern exodus from the large cities to the countiy, eeu-eidc, and
monnlainK which takof place in the hot montlis of the year, may be ea«il^^
understood from what has just been explained. It is the same in the cl^^f
malie treatment of dii<cii»c. If jmimonary luherculoeis he due to ovcrcrowd^^
ing and a polluted atmosphere, the remedy is obvious: the patient should
be taken to a place which in not crowded and where the nir a pure, and he
will be placed under better conditions for his recovery.
Moiiiitnin sickncM, as pointed out by I>r. S. Edwin l^nily, in Uiat phys-
iological dislurliance which occurs more or less in all human beinf?^ and
animals who ascend to a high attilude. It has been proved that tlie dis-
tiirbanoes are due to the diminished oxygen-tension. In consequence of the
diminished barometric prc»urc the moloculcs of air arc nion; widely ecpti-
rated than at nc-a-levei. and the actual amoimt of oxygen in each cubic inch
of air is lessened. Dr. 8oIty also has called attention to the physiological
effect of altitude upon the Mood, when the oxvgeH-lPusioB dimiiiiehes the
number of red corpusclos and tin' percentage of Wmoglobin proportionately
increases. At 6000 feet the blood-cells would increase 4,000,000 lo 5.000^
000 and the hienioghibin 1(> pi r cent. In an unhealthy person the iQcrea««
would be even greater.
Claaaiflcation and Climatotherapy. — Xo satiafactonr elaBsifi(>Htion of
climates can be made, and the distinctions made are often conventional and
relative. Hot and cold climnto». humid and dry climatus. marine and inland
climates convey certain general ideas to the mind. The climate of elevated
plateaus and mountains and the climate of valleys and plains diSer to
nmrlccd degree, owing to conditions which have been already considored.
The United States, in its «ide area, offers a choice of every variety ol
climate. An ocean climate may be enjoyed a1 the sea-shore or on ialandx^
some distance from the coast. The mountain-ranges of the Appalachian
system or of the Rocky Mountains eontain* numerous hl^nllh resorts of well-
earned reputation. The high table-lands of New Mexico and Arizona are
remarkable for their nultibrity, wliile the valleys of Oalifomia between the
Foot HilU and the coast-range of mountains' afford spots of remarkable
fertility, beauty, and henlth-giving power*. Wc have the cold climate^c of
Maine and Minnesota, or the hot ones of the Eastern Atlantic Ooeat in the
Southern States; and in Florida we have a new-world Itivi^-ra upon Ihc gulf-
coast, especially around Tarpon Springs.
Change of climate is frequently beneJicia] in disease, owing to mental
and moral conditions, or the psychological effects; on the other hand, it is
an act of cruelty to deprive some seminelpless invalids of the comforts that
tiiey are ncruiitdnied to enjoy and rnnke thi-m xiiffer the pangs of homeaick'
cumatotiibhai-t axd cliuatolooy.
9S5
'ibit, in addition to their phvsical weakness and disease. Moreover, in speak-
ing, in H gt'iifml way, of climntc in the treiitmcnt of diiteeRe, it must be
remembered that each locality poseesses indiTidual peculiarities, such as
tlryne«s or dumpncu of tJif soil, oxcrow of »iin or shiiiJi'. iJiroction of pn-vuil-
ing winds, the presence of foreet-lrees or bodies of water, as well sb con-
venience of aocett ftsd other circumi(taiic(.-K not clinintic (#uch as comfortiible
hotel sccoinmodations, aood milk and other food in abundance), irhich con-
tribute rer; much toward the avuilubility of any particular resort fn any
special case. It is of importance, therefore, lh«t physicians should acquaint
tlieiuHelTes fully rc^rdiu^ the advantages snd di^dvantaKcs of htalth re-
sorts that they recommend fnr th(<ir petietil», hikI it is better to do this by
pcrmnal iuspcctiou, wherever possible. Attention has already been called
to the fact that the mo.it sntutiHouH localitioK may loiic all thc^ir advantages
by neglect of ranitarv prceautiotie; for we know that eases of typhoid fever
and dvfleutery. and other forini* of ill health, may arise from fonl drains or
an infected water-supply, even among the best surroundings. A good classi*
ficatinn is that of Dr. Hermann Weber,' which, with some modifications, is
M follows: —
(A) MAm:«K d-ttiATK.
I, ifarinr Climirft irirh ff Ijift nrt^rr of Bumidtltl.
,J. Wnnn »ii<l Moist Mnriiic Climiiti-sr—
KlutUtiliotit: Mmltirn, Cnnnrv Idnnda. Uii? \tott*, Crvlon. Hunoii. BahamM,
Itcrmuiloi. Vir|;in l»1anij«. CuIm. .Tamnicn, Hiirbadoe*, Florida, ilcnrgi*, South
Carolitiii. 8oviely IdIuihIh. Ttiliiti, Toiipi. Fiji Inlandii. Triiitfln il'Acunho, Bt>
ndeua.
£. Coot and Uoiit Mnrinr Clinialo:^
Inland ol ltiil>>, U'>< 1if»i(}'. Ilehridpii. Orknef and Shetland Inlands. Fjito? lalands,
leelaitd, Bcrgcii. MBnlmnd. .\iii-klnnil Inlnndi:, Fnlkknii Inlnmtt.
II. Unrinr CUnmtt* itilh Urdinm Ot'jra of HumittUli.
L Wnnn MaMnc Ctimnli'^ ol Mrdium Humidity: —
Taniprni, Allien, CMdiK. Son Luctu. Gibniltar. Ajaecio, tlie Souguinairta,
Pklwmo. Itivipm di l.pvantr. IVkII, Vmlcr. Itall:nn iVnlninln, Corfu, Crlmra,
IJaboa, \'\p>, SHntHmlT. Kiarriti.. New Zviiland. AuFkland, Xpv Flymoutli,
W*llingt4>n. Nclun. Viritinio. licnoh. Old Poini Comfort.
£. Coo) Msrinv Gimatca ol Mvdiuiii Hiiniidltv: —
la> Wiiilrr licaorta: —
Quccnttonn. Iiilr o( Wight. Florida, l^ikvwaod <N. J.).
|b) Sutnnivr KmofU: —
North Coiiit of Cornwall and IVvmmhin-. Walm. Ireland. BrMt, Xorth
Cnant of h'rniii*, IWIkjuiii. IIollHud, Orniany. TminiiiDia. Coiuta ot En|r>
land and In-la(i<l. Kcwpurt. Iil« of Shoaln. Xantuckrl. Mount DMftrt,
Fire Iilsnd.
III. tfurinf CUmolet icith Ia>ic Dtgrrr of Huniditp.
The WHt*m Kivi^ni, Nice. Uonte Carlo. Montonr. N'apkii. Capri. ladiia. HalU,
llw Balearic talunds. 8m}'nia. Ath*n«. South Africa, AmtTalln. Nnw Soutb
WolcB. Sydney, 'X'icloria, M«1l>ourn«, lh« New Jerwjr CoBtt. Long BraBch,
Atlantic Oty, Cape May.
'Vc4i Zii>ni«M'n'* "H»Titl-hoi)k of Unicral ThcTaprulici." voL )r. EnfflUh tnin*-
lation. New York: WiDinui Wood A Co., 180,1. In oonntctlon wttli thi» Mibjecl. and
fov InfonDaUon i>l wlik'li umii. of npticc prcv^ni.! propvr diacuMon in tliin plnfs. th«
noder ■> refcrml to thf valunlilc ttratiM- o( Dr. A. X. Hull, o( N*w York, on "Clima-
lolofry aail Kfinpral Spring ot llin United Stjttn." and ulno to the mcyrr rccfnt work
ol l.>r. B»«hrod W. JamN. entitled "American R«iort». with Xotmi upon th#ir Climate."
Philadelphia: Ths F. A. Davia Company, imi).
9SG
NO\-niAnUACAL BBHEDIM AKD (IBNKiUL TUERAPEL'TtCS.
<])) [.MJ^XD CUMATXM.
1. Cllwtte* of Bigh Altitude*, or Mountain Clinfttes: —
l)a*o»-P1aU. D*T(w-P(irflI. Ukvcw-Fraimiklrch WIciini. St. Morilx, Europnui
Alpine Kwrtu, German mountikio rpiiorli. Northeni Itulv. dpruuinmi aDd Man*
time AIjHt, Penivlan Andi-s Rockv Mountainn, Colorado Sprlngii, Denver, St.
Paul. Aaherille, South Africa, India, Mvxipo. CaUkillt, AlltffncniM, Cmaea,
Unwii Motintaiiii. Wbitf- Uountain*. (IWn $timmit, Pomno, Kane, Schoolejr'
Mountain, tie.
i. CUmalPi o( Ixnt liCVcU; —
J>iy and Warm llininlea; A(rl<«. Nmt Mexico. OatlfontU.
l)r^ and Culd CliniulFn: Minnnula, C«n*da.
Mud^ratflv MoIhI Climat'-h: Itonin, Piu. l\iu. Xeir Eattl^n^ States, Scntoffi,
etc.
Choice op Climate poh thh Tbratmrvt on PaKVEsnos of Disbase.'
In cl«teniiining the correct solution of tho qucjtioD sa to the climitii
treatmeDt iii aay given diseiisp, the phpician has to Holre a ootnplvx prob-<
leta, into which cutor the nHvchicnl oondititm of the patient; bis financial
ahility. his capacity lo enaiirc the disooniforls of travel, and his i>ereonal
prefi'rciiw* und habit* of life, a* well ai* thi; naturi.* of hi* diseaw and the
advantages and phj-aiological efFects of the proposed place of residence.
PelicntK with Hcrimiely damaged lting«, kidneyit, or hcirtit should not be
eent to hieh altitudes; or, if they inuet upon inakin); the experiment, they
must be allowed to make the chiiiiK<^ gradually, by ri'^ling for Kvenl witiks
or montha at intermediate points. Patients Whose vitality is exhausted, and
who arc eridcntly doomed to early dissolution, .■•hiinli) not be «Uov«d to jco
to dietant health resorts, deprived of the eamforte of home, and only lo di«
among strangers. A very gick patii'iit docs' not enjoy scenery or the inci-
denta of travel, and often actually suffers more from homesickuosa than from
hi» disease, I'hthisical cam.-* in Ihe second or third stagu should, «.« ibc rule,
be kept from a moist climate, whether cool or warm, as the progress of the
disease is generally h««tcned.
Summer residence in the country is a prudent, sanitarv. and prophy-
lactic mcaeurt', by rare coincidence having for its support both fashion and
medical teaching. Its effects are most demonstrably evident in the younger
members of the family. In some instances, where health is imjuired or
notably affected by residence in the city, a permanent change of place of
living should be advised, if practicable. Pure air, pure watvr, wrholmomc
food, and a regulated life are the conditions of health and longevity, and,
therefore, are Victors in the therapeutic problem. A patient cannot live on
climate alone, although, in popular discusaions of the subject, this is dwelt
upon as if it were the only thing to be considered. With this in mind, we
will procefd to outline the climatic treatment of some principal diaeasea: —
Acute diseases, as the rule, should be treated at home, or in the imme-
diate vicinity.
An«Rua and Chloroti). — Such cases are benefited by life in (he open
air, where there is abundance of !*unjihinc and the temperature doc« not
forbid physical exercise. The sea-coast, early in the summer, followed by
a stay at the mountains later, is advisable, together with out-door umnse-
menta and bicycle or horseback exercise. If much debilitated, a preliminary
visit to a good hydropathic institution would be of great value in building
up the nervous system and increasing hi»matOji^ Weber recommend* placea
CLIHATOTIIItllAPY ANU CUUATOLUCY.
987
where the whole day ma)' lx> hjh'dI in the open air vJtliout demands being
made 01) th<- bodily strun^h. Long sea-voyBece are oftvn curalivt-.
Asthma. — Where there 18 no heart con)|i]ic-ation and no emphyeenu,
ihfM pnlipnU do veil st mountain siations. or on inland plateaus. Where
there is much bronchial comiiliintioti, a dry rlinintv i>hould he nreferred;
u-hene iho Hcretion is scanty, (he patient may improve more rapidly among
the pine-woodg, near tin* cmkI, We cnnnot predict, in any |fiv#n case of
uxthma. whether it will be benefited by a marine climate or not: but, as a
general rule, efpeeially ff thcr«> is emphysemn prrM>nt, thc»e oasf!* da better
at a moderate elevation inland. Jlountain-climbin;; is useful as a form of
reapiraton- ^ymna«tic8. i-«p\-c>ally in catarrhal eoin plications;
Children and nerxous subjects are nsualty benefited by the seo-«how).
Hay-fever iiatimin ceek a pure atmosphere, frvr from diwt and {lollen. They
may find relief eillitr In mountain resorts (Ilelhlehem. White Mountains,
Kam^, rill IT ini jhliitids (such a» Nantucket).
Bronohial Catarrh. — Chronic bronchial catarrh, irith merely increase
•if accretion and a moderate amount of cough, may be benefited by either
« marine atmosphere or by mountain or inland climate. The change of
n-fidence of ileelf is of service, even irherc Ihero is not miivh diffvrcnoe in
rlimale. altitude, or temperature. In the decIininR *tage of whoopinf(-cou);h
MVtiti'malic exercise in the open nir is an iniporlunt pari of the treatment;
and, as a r;eneral rule, in chronic cough, unattended by much patbologieal
change, ibe best results are obtained from pedestrian ism, csix-eially in
innuniiiin nyioii-. such as the Catiikills.
Blood Disorders. — In morbid conditions of the blood the climatic troat-
nient is a useful adjunct to the ordinary treatment by alteratives, tonics,
and chalybeatcs. Careful regulation of the diet and hygienic management
are also required in all coses. Hesidence at the sea-shore exercises a power-
ful alterative rlTcct. and, owiiijt to Ihe presi'nee of OKonc, it is a decided
stimulant to tissue-construction. As anaemia and chlorosis may result from
a warm, humid climate, a change to a moderately cool, bmeing almocphere
is attended by improvement. .\ moderate amount of cold. even, will do no
harm if the clothing and livinx-ronm* be property adapted lu the trmpcra-
tiire; the cold will improve the appetite and favor out-door exercise. In
cases attendc^l by profuse menMniation sea-climates are often injurious, and
in early pregnancy abortion may occur at the sea-shore. The favorable
effects of altitude upon the number of red blood-cells, and the proportion
of hifmo);l>~>l>iii. have alrcadv been referred to,
Climaoterio diiturbanoes of health are greatly influeueed by climatic
eniiditinus. Not only nl the change of life in women. — at the oeasation of
menstniation. — but als" a\ pubi-rty do we meet with evidcn«ea o( disorder,
particularly of the nenous system; but the circulation and organs of dig<'ft*
lion and assimilation an* uUo affected. Therr may Ik- delayed development
iir insulTioient evolution of the sexual s^-stem and deterioration of the gen*
eml health. In such cases change of ciiuiate. (be excitement of change of
scene, and pleasure of voyaging are useful adjuncts to the means emplovod
la bring about the normal state. Preaatue senility, either of organs or
of the gcnetsl system, i* sometimes mi-itiikcn for onlinary disease, and usc-
lr«*Iy treated by mediciii'-s. Ixiwering of tFcneml activity. easily-produc«d
fatijTUe. liability to aiiarrhal attack*, with impaired digestion, arethe promi-
nent »\Tnploms of thi* condition. By a resort to warm, sunny, and dry
i
988
NON-rHASUACAL RKMKDIM AXD OBKBKAL TUKSArKL'TlCS.
cJimatt'E during the winl«r H-a^on iiid a mnilernl«l^- elevated mountain
clinuite in the summer many of th«se cutopliuot« are overcome or avoided,
and in this wnv lift.- inuv he jiroloiignl niid senilt^ divay deferred.
Coniafflptioa.— The climatio trvstment of pulmonary phtbuis, or con-
sumption, has bevn the subject of study from tii<> t'nrlicst timeii, aud an
abUDdant Ittersture has aucumutaled upon it, including* sucb ralnable recent
works 88 thot of J. A. LiniUuv or C T. Wiiliitiiiii. It iuM aUo received
favorable consideration in the vrritinga of Jaccoud, Austin Flint, Cbarlea
DcniMou, Trudcau, uud utbcr niithonties. No climate can be regarded a«
possessing a specific etTect in arresting phthisis, although eome exert a much
more favorable influence than otbere in bringing this about. According
to Flint, "Dryness, equability, and purity of the atmosphere are essential
elements of a favorable climate," and he further declarer that "there is
reason to l>elieve that the benefit derived from climatic treatment is often,
in a great measure, due to acceiwory circumstances, "'
In his address rend before Ibe Bi^rlin Inioriuilional Medical Conjfs^s
Dr, Weber considered the influence of climatic, local, and social condition*
on the occuTTcnce and course of piilmonaiy luberculous. At already stated,
no climate is entirely exempt from phthisie. lie agrees vith llirsch tbni,
if we consider the distribution of pbthivi* over the world, wc nnut come 1o
the concluEion that the climatic conditions alone, apart from other condi-
tions, ciipcoially the social one*, will not nlTord a KUllicient explanation of
that difitribution. It is necessary to consider the temperature, condition of
the soil (dryness or diinipnc:*). Ihc elevation above the cca-levol, racf, i.-ff<rt
of colonization, social circumstances, and the industrial pursuiu. Fhtbieis
progres8^» more rapidly in the tropics than in the tt^niperaie zones, and he
considers that the bacilli are favored in their development by heat and
moisture, anil olno that llnjjr productK urc more loxic under such conditions.
Hygienic rcRUiations are more apt lo be obeyed at a health resort than
at borne. There i* also a Treedoni from the care* of busincM or the house-
hold, combined with as§oeiations with new acquaintances., affording diver-
sion and mental relax»tio:i, which jKt as nt-rvc-ionics. Very often {uitients
can eat more food when away from homo than when at their own table. All
these accessory agencies ore of value, iind eontributo to the undoubtedly
beneficial effects of change of scene. Cold and damp locations are to be
avoided, especially if Iho pulienl is thereby conipelled to remain in his
room. The great object is to select a climate favorable to living in the open
air the greater part of the time. In \cw Mexico it is possible to remain
day and night in the air, on account of the dryness of the atmosphere.
Distance and convenience of access must be taken into consideration; so
that, it the patient becomes bomesick nr desti-es to bo taken home, it will
not be imposeible to bring bim back without unduly taxing bis strenj^h.
If the patient be very feeble, it will not be advisable to disturb him with a
iourney. unless it be merely to the suburbs of the city during hot weather.
On the other liand, if the case be in its ineipicncy and the patient young
and his health not much impaired, it may be better for him to emigrate,
and remain permanently iu some climate that will agK'C with him. Dr,
Flint suggeBted that, if the patient bear hot weather well and is woree in
cold weather, be should go south, at least during the winter; on the con-
' l^pptfT'a ■■8y»t*ni of Meiliciue." vol. Hi. p^ *S9.
DIKT IX DaSMAtM,
•
trarj', if he is always beller in cold weather, he would do irtwly in going to
» nortlicro tv*0Tt, fvch nn Dciivlt, Colorado Springs, St. Paul, etc. Some
cssea baTe done very well at Newport, but during the siiDiiner a stay in the
woods is to be jirofcrred to the sea-sliore, for roa£ons already indicated.
The Adirondackfl Jiave attained n world>wide r«putation for thu cure of
pulraonury diGi-UM-ti. and the pincH of Lakewood. ^ew Jersey, and Ashevilk*,
North Carolina, are also famous health stnuon» for thecurcof coniiimption.
Dr. Audersoii, of Colorado Spring (GUOO feet abuve the sea), says that
palietils do nut al\viiy« tulvrati- thi» high altitude, and the expected rehef
is not ohtaiued. Is a certain proportion of these casea benefit will follow
change to a lower altitude, a« 3000 to 4000 feet above seu-tvrel, and re«i>
deuce there until improved and somewhat accUroated. lie mentions ap-
provingly the Mejilla Valley of New Muxico, where are found combined the
important essentials of a maximum of sunshine and dry air, together with
only a moderate elevation.
Opm-Air Tnatment. — The majority of patients, however, are unable
to change from one elimutu to another, and all such should be advised to
live as much ari possible in the open nir. The early stage of pulmonary
tnberculotiis, other forms of tuborcuIoEiii, aeurasthenia, rachitis, chlorosis,
and aniemia are susceptible of much benefit from this mode of life. Kven
in hospitals it hoe been found beneficial lo keep such patients about the
ground!* iiron [he verandas.
Exhaustion from Overwork and So-Called Neurasthenia. — These ore
conditions, in n sense, allied to hypochDiidriaais and hy«t«ria, and, with
these, are benefited by combined balneotherapeutical and climatic methods
of treatment.
Indi^stion and dyspepsia are closely related to the foregoing, being
largely functional iind are greatly licnellled by change of climate. The
same remark holds good for chronic diarrhtpa, which can often only be per-
manently arrested by a sojourn in n dry and equable climate.
IliHluia is rohi'ved by change of rt^idence. either to the monntains or
the aca-diore. In ntTvontt erethinm, w!n;r<! pmieiit^ are winily excited, it i*
of importance to learn the eharaeter of the hotel to which they are sent,
ioHjimuch u« their comfurl and health depend principally upon freedom
irom noise and excitement. If music and dancing until after midnight is
the rule of ibe lioii»e, their vlerp may be more broken than at home, A
suitable enTironment is of as much importance as a proper climate.
Lesions of the Nervous System. — According to Weber, nerrous dis-
orders should more often l>e subjected to treatment by climate than is
customary.
Lenkamia is apparently benefited by long cniise^ in yachts, and Weber
advises, in addition, prolonged stay in Egypt or Algiers. In advanced cases
little can he expected beymd extending the duration of life. In malarial
toxsemia mountain regions arc curative; damp situations are lo be avoided
on hind, but tea-voya^ are useful.
DIET IN DISEASE.
The principles of dietetics, and likewise the physiology of nutrition,
^■pply (N]ually in di^cavc and in health, the only difference being that the
9tlO
NOK-rnAKSUCAL KEMKUIE6 ASD OEKKBAI. TIIKttAPBPTTCe.
jwvi-T of digeslion and awiinilation with llie secretinj; and iMOretiug fu
iii>ii» un- more or 1«66 impaired; the food mii^, tliprvfore. In; ti( a cliarac
suitable for asiiiinilatioti, of nourishinfr uuality, and admin ietereil in (|uati-^
titiM, and ut kUcIi inlcnaU, as appear ui-st tiuitvd for tlie CMM. Tbe aic^
wtuL-h prtifKrly-^leolixl IoimI («ii r<.-iidor in th« treatment of disMse it no^
gtnerallv acknowledged. If, as Abernethy is reported as ^ayitit;!. it Ixr a fuc^
Ihat the cause and cure of most distiasen is at the table, the importaocc ^
tfacrapeiitice of food is no iesa tlian dru^^. Uliver Wendell Holmes, iiMi>j,
thirty y<-ars ago, in hiti eoMiy on the "Itorder-liiied of Knowledge in Sot^
Provineee of Medical Science/' declared his liigh appreciation of this svji.
ject as follows: "I cannot help believing tliat medical curatire treBttueni
will, by and by, resolve itself, in great mea«tirc, into moditicatiunA of tbt^
food swallowed and brcatlicd, and of thi.^ natural stimuli, and that leei viJf
bt expected from t-p^fic and noxious disturbing agcntit. cither alien ar
aanim liable.'' Dr. Auntin tlint, in hi» p^K'thtimoUii addretts on the "tbd-
icine of the Future," prepared for the meeting of the Britiitb Medical Aae-
ciation in 18S6, expressed ■ similar idii, "It is a [ileasant thooglit llai
hereafter the practice of medicine may not be so clo«cly interwoTeo u
hitherto in the p<i]>ular mind with tbi- ti*t of drug». The time may mok
when the vints of the physician will not, as a mutter of couree, invijve li« _
co-oiK-ratton of the phannaclM; when medical prescriptions will be ditot^ H
of all mystery, and liave no force in the way «f foriifying the confidcnwof ■
the {natient. The medical profewion will have reaoht-d an ideal potitioa f
when the physician, guided )>y hi» knowledge of diagnosis, the naluni iuf'
lory of diseaM-», and cxieting therajH-utic rcsourci-s, may, with neither «!(•
distnut nor llic dii-lriu=t of othcre. treat an acute diM'aee by hygienic latai'
iires without potent medication. When \his time comes « system of pf)ctie«
which anumcs to substitute medicinal droamice for the vis nuduolni
iMturm will have been added to the list of %<gone medical delnsiona."'
The influencce of climate, custom, and nationality upon diet tai iht
reciprocal relations of diet nnon customs and ethnical traits are of il>^
highest importance in the «luijy of demography. Dr. Oihon (W. n'i.)!>n
that "tbe food of a people largely detennineM its national charaetcra)M<
but olimalc dctermini'« the fcKid." He suppliei- the following appaeitc iHiw-
tration: "The Chinese of the northern provinces live on millet and whest
and vegclablet!, b(%-aut>e IhcTC thrive best in the dry and dusty soil and ktck
winter: while the moist, hot climate of Southern China produci>s rice, •MA
with 6fh, it the staple aliment of many millions of people. Tbe lode of
variety harmonizes with the coneerratism of the race, ana has contribuuJ
to that spirit of contentment and domesticity which, as in Japan, are el^
meats of rare happiness not enjoyed by nations boasting a higlier cirilia-
tion," T\it! relation of this to the subject under consideration is tnoM^-
First, in selecting a dietary for a sick person, it is important to leara »lttl
kind of food his stomach ix aoeustomrd to. as. other things being «|t!aL ■<
will also be the kind that he can most readily assimilate. Secondly, aunf
di»eases are traceable to the food being intuiricient in quantity, or defidoit
'Tills and lh« prcivdlns quotation tr«n) RoImM an taken (nxn thr admlnUt
•ddrcM ol UnlMvt l>irector A. L Gihon. V. 8. N'-. Pr«ldciil at the mtioo on Mrt""'
CHiiMtolo)^- ■oil IlrRinin^phy. "Trstiwctlnkn ol ih# S'iath InlenkttfniMl Mtdi'*'
OMilEmn." hr\A ■( Wnnhinglvn. lfU*7, vol. v.
!
DIET IV DTSEilSE.
991
operly combined. Thus, insufficient nourishment pro-
!\t (tmt»maloti'i), vmnciution, debility (ui-uru#llifDiii), myalgia,
!ia, anci probably rachitis, scrofula, and is an active predisposing
t>r phthieis. Food of inferior quality caui-eti such widc-t-prcad <iis-
^as pella^, beriberi, or kakk^. and erpotieni. Improperly-assorted
lusvK Briglil'e diiicaKe. ecorbutiis, many of the disordcn of infancy,
rheumalism, and possibly cancer {?). Other disorders due U> in-
I'iood, Buch OS trichtnotiiti, hydatid dii;cii]K% inU-fitinol parasites, and
Bus diftordera, — cholera, typhoid fever, dysenten, i-lc, — n<*d only be
oned here in order to put us on our ff>isrdf 8* that the dietary for
cJc may be quite innocent and free fmm ouch diaturbing elements.
Bhon insists upon the relationship between food and climate, and
kout the fact that the climate of India and equatorial Africa is deadly
n Europeans who keep up the style of eating and drinkinc that they
' at hom<>, whereas otnera vho suit thtir dietary to the climute find
elves not injured by it,
"he proportion to be proK-r%'ed in the daily diet of man has been espv-
etncliea bv the civilized nations of the earth iu order to determine the
ttion to usue to lur^ bodies of men employed in the military and
services, so as to maintain them in healtli and the highest degree of
OCT. It may therefore be of interest to give a recent statement as to
etetic requirements of the army. The present ration for United States
ra on duty in the tropics is tabulated by Capt. E. L. Uunson, Assistant
on U. S. A., as follov#: —
rAvriFiii
Tv??: '■«^>''-
Ob.
ef
I Hatlon . . . .
k
'on
iBMf .
BdPtoli(Co<l)
«li Fifth (Averagi:
■!•> ■ ■
nlny
»tot«. Sflporci'ill.; )
Iniuns.SOpLTCL-ai. f
»l()c«, *'Jj>" Cunt, ; )
Aianed TooMtoes, }
rccDt.
UN
le
IS
41 GA
44.30
9; .61
1.1.R*
40 37
46.91
31.73
M8S
78 19
■W 10
10.1ft
1C38
8.18
0.90
9. no
8.60
IflTKO-
Oa:.
Pa*.
Oil
(Jawhmt-
DKAYia.
Ok. 4
i4T.1
asw
■ • ■
119.84
* * *
I03.W
- - .
MAS
, 1.18
. . .
0.T8
9.00
380.46
II W
9W.M
eas
871.81
ia.4o
495.80
1.93
40.18
0.7fi
4L80
045
e8.8T
0.«T
WIS
0.46
St.TO
0.75
73.00
0.M
0S.B8
1.S8
8&eo
- - r
94- 3S
08.08
. . .
88.98
Fnatr
VAVVK.
C'AIX1KI(«.
OlHl
7S0
1098
IMS
886
in
ISO
1880
1508
1998
1988
940
918
40t
480
880
840
W
992
KON-PUAUMAOAL RKUUDIKft
LriicTi<:s.
The diet of athletes is of grvai impurtunci', n;^ they rcmiire a luitriiivc
diftering from i lul>itriii)c niiui iti thiit the work of the fornii-r io wry Kvero,
but of »T)ort duration. The laborer's diet is odapted for a etutaiDed exertion,
the 8tblet« for sliort. hut sevvre, cxoriioii. W. (). Atvator m«dc scrcu elud-
ier. four on Hanard-Univeraity cr^wfi, two on Yale-UniverBity crews, and
one on th« captuin of oni; of the Han-nid i-n-ws. The n-ttiilts of these inv«^_
tigatiijtiii showed that the food conGumed hy the^e athk'tes contained a dailjH
nverai^e of 155 Gm. (or Jv) of priJiei<U, 177 t'rin. (or ^v '/,) of fat, and 44^^
Gin. (or 5xiv '/,) of carbohydratee, and had an average enerpy value of UlS't
calorics. The prominent choractt-ristic of siioh a ihelari' is the larpe amount
of proleid; the enerRy-value is eqiui) to that of s^^vere lalmr, tiie proteid i»
fiulhcient for more «evi-re labor than that of uncrgy.
While physicians are rarely consulted witli regard to the nelection of
food in health, men buiuK piided l>y the cravings oi their appetite and the
force of custom in eating, yet a recognition of the cxislencf of this factor
in any ca«c of dificuee will naturally lead to such regulation of the diet as
is most favorable for restoring and maintaiuiuff health. Tliis truth vrait
properly appreciated hy the ancients, who made some applications of it,
guided by experience nlune. It is a fact, as stated hy I'rof. J. Bauer, that
"the scientilic basis of a system of rational dieletics coidd not be laid until
the first priiioiiik-s at least of the processes at di>;eation and melnbolism in
the human body, under normal and under pathological conditions, were
known." Ac<juaintancc with the chemical compoxition of foods and proxi-
mate principles and knowledge of the part played by each in the organism
were iiecesiwry before we could jiropcrly solve the relation of the dietetics to
diseased conditions and make the proper selection of viands for tlie sick.
Two diillculties are met at the start: the kind of food that ?oirnev would
indicate, as the most appropriate might hi' repugnant to the patient, who
would rcfune to take (t, or, having takva it, wueb food might not be ra{>ahle
of being digested and assimilated as well aa other articles which are lew
di'sjrabl*. hut more, digestible; secondly, the condition of the dige«tivc^
organs is such that their ability to eat oitlinarily articles of food is itu»^^|
pcnded. In many diseased conditions tlic waste of the tissues is increasedi^^
while the power of the organism to assimilate food is diminished; so Uiat
it !£ diJIieuIt, if not impo«siblc, to introduce nourishment in sufficient quan-
tity to make up for the loss. This is especially manifest in acute febrile
processes, whitli arc usually aceompunied by more or leas invokcment of
the organs of digestion. If the power of digestion is suapendi-d for the
time, it is necessary to withhold food, until it Le. in part at least, restored;
otherwise the food would n<mnin undigested in the alimentary canal, and,
becoming the subject of fermentative or putrefactive change, it would give
rise to additional irritation. Where it is not entirely abolished, we may aid
in keeping up the patient's strength by small tjuantities of bland, easily-
digeslod foods until lie it \a a position to take more substantial foods. If
emaciation is progressing and tne patient losing strength, the administra-
tion of highly-nourishing foods in imperalive; if they cannot be retained or
digested by the stomach, they may he adniini*lered by enema or by hypo-
dermic injection. In extreme emergencies w.e may even inject milk into
the blood or hypoderniically, or hlood may be injccled inUi the pentoneMi
cavity. Baths of milk have been proposed, but, as stated in a previous see
tioD, they have uo nutritive value. Fatty niilritintis tiuhslanecK, like Unl,|
DIBT TX UffiSASK.
olive-oil, butter, eodliwr-oil, etc., may be inlnniiicwl by iiiunclion with
great booefit, coubined witb friction or massage tu aes\st in their absorption.
On the other hand, in (ilttlhoric, w«ll-ii«uri>'lu'<l indiviiJuaU, whtM th«
process of denulrition is not ^oinK on very rapidly, entire abstinenee from
food for a brief ueriod will do no hiirni. After surgical oporatioDs it is
eumvtimcs adTisable to nllon- the patient to ^o without food for seven!
Iiourw before the operation ie performed, and for Bcverul day^ aftervard,
allowing nothing bnt water in leaspoonfu! do«e^.
Tlie eo-<«lIed hungtr-euree, in nhicb fasting is follows) as a tfavrs-
peutic measure, are not popular nt Ute prcitcnt tlay; but ihcy have, un-
donbtr^lly, mueh to commend them in cases of plethora and so-called sab-
acute rheumatism. In ca^es of acute pneumonia, food should be of the
lightest character, as the rule, and in most acute diseases, where the patient
is not asthenic, the diet shciuld convict principally of what are eulled acc««-
eory foods and tight broths until convalescence is established, when a more
Tahed mmu may be permittt-d. It is evident that many circumstanocs re*
quire to be considered and duly estimated in laying; down a dietary for a
patient. The extremes of life bear n)i«tinvni.'e poorly, as the rule, and luc-
ceas in treatment will often depend upon the maintenance of supplies of
food; on the contrary, well-iiourii^lied adidts may live for a considerable
time with the minimum of nourishment. Ijesa food is needed, an the rule,
in summer than in winter. At tho present day there is a tendency to orer-
feeding, both among the sick and the well; and where disorders are due to
eicess of certain forms of nourishment, as particularly insisted upon by T.
Lauder Urunton and Milni-r Kothergill, diminution of food and careful
regulatiou of diet is of more coneetitienoc than drugs.
Some of the phases of the question of alimentation hare been more
fully considered by the author ci»ewherc' than is po»ible here. It will be
only possible to present here a brief outline of the paper referred to. The
fluids and EoIidj< which enter into the composition of the human body are
constantly the subject of change under the influence of cell-life, and after
serving their purpose are excreted from the body. This nevcseitates renewal
by process of nutrition, and such -iubBtances are introduced mainlv by the
food and drink. Chemically, (he proximate principles of the food are in-
organic (or mineral) and orfranio, the latter being divided into those not
containing nitrogen and those c^mluiuing nitrogen. Xon-nitrogenous sub-
slanc(« are again subdivided into hydrocarbons and carbohydrates Carbo-
hydrates (starch and »ugar) contain hydrogen and oxygen in tho proportion
to form water. Hydrocarbons (oils and fats) are compounds of hydrogen
and carbon, combined with a small proportion of oxygen. In addition to
the»> three principal varieties of organic substances, we consume organic
acidit, present in vegetables and fruits, and pectin, which occupy an humbler
position in regard to nutrition, hut which assuit in maintaining animal heat.
Kilrogenized orptnic substances fmd their It'pe in albumin, and, on account
of their importance, they ar»? often called "iimteids." Albuminoids arc
characterized by Ihe presence of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
with other element!* variously combined. They occur Wtli in the animal
aod V4^etable kingdoms. The problem of digestion is to render albumin,
oogar, starches, fat, and other fo'id-ingredicnt» soluble in the gastric and
■ "Food aod Di«t in Ilnlth and l>iw**r." UtdUni OitlMla. Jan.. ISVS.
u
99i
N«x-pi
IblES ASH GKKKRAL T!
ri<«.
inlf^innl lliiids. Albmiiin is ivntlori:'*! sohible by WiiiK cmivfrti-rt into pfj
Lot\n tlirou^h thi- activily of the pivTric jnici-, nnd, in the t-miill ii)l«atinev1
by the alkaline ]Mincn>nlic fluid. Stnreh becomes inatlo»e and gluoditc; tlit*
U partly uccompliElicd by the salivn iiml partly by the pancreatic and inlcs-,
tinal juices. Thn bile favors the absorpliou of fnt by emulsifying it. atiff
by ite action upon the villi and its antiseptic (lualitice, prerenting the fat*
from bcinfi oonvvrted into fatty acids. The pancrvatic secretion aUo acts
upon the fatty Brticlee, emiili-ifying them and favorinf; their aboorption.
The portal blood and livt^r tran»forin peploin.'^ into serum-ulbiimin, and
change the Klaco§e derived from starch back aj^in into an inBoliible fomi
called glycud^in, in which *hap(: it is stored up in the eolU of llw liver, to
be given out in small quantities, as it is needed to supply ener^- tn the tis-
anes. Fat ia absorbed and gradually aHsimililed by the laet«ui vessels and
general cirtiilation.
This review of the physiology of food w a necoMsry introdnclion to the
consideration of its proper administration in health and disease. A» ihe
prvecnt diK'u#stoii in limited to the latter, we will omit divcUMion as to the
relative quantity of each form of food, only stipulating that each nhall he
ropreecnlcd in a full dietary. In thiit country there ii^, nilhoiit doubt, too
gnat ooneuroption of nitrogenixcd food, which leads to disr^seii of the kid-
neys and liver, with many obvcure eymptoms thnt find their place under the
heading of litha?mia or unemia. lliese are often removed by restricting,
nitrogenous food or entirely ronioviug meat from the diet.
Habits of eating alfcct the results. Some forma of indigestion or d}
pepsia arc clearly traceable to insulFieicnt mastication of the food. The
llierapeulic teaching here is not to chanpc the diet, hut to tell the patient to
cat more dt-liberately and ehew his food thurougbly. Gtiod food may be
Spoiled by poor cooking, and the digostibilify of food is very much alTw.-ti>d
by the manner of pri'panitii'n. Tbv frying-pan is such a freqiienl cause of
indigestion that it has been almost banished from well-managed hou.*ehol<i*.
DilTerent aliments vary n* to their digestibility. This depends upon
their nature, mode of preparation, age, time of year, mode of life among
animals, and alTectK their yHlue as foodi!. The flesh of young animals,
though soft and tender, is too albiiminons and is less digestible tlmij Ihe
older members of the same i^pfcies, — vwil and lamb being lees digesiibla
tlian heef or mutton. If, on the other hand, the animal is too old, it# fin
is apt to be tough, unpaluttilili', nnd indigestible, but makes better brot
than the very young animal. I'^ggs and milk are much used in the aick^
room, on account of their nutritious qualities and case of assimilatiut.
Among Marchy foods bread is at the head of the list; it is, when well made,
very acceptable and usually readily digested. If a little stale, or slightly
toasted, it becomes more acceptable to invalids or eonvalest^mts. Rioe is
also a useful carbohydrate, and with it may be named farina, tapioca, sago,
cornslnrcb, from which many articles nf food for llie sick arc made. Pt'a*c
and beans are less digestible on account of their thick, testaceous envelope
and the prc«CMco of albumin in the form of vegetable casein or legumen.
Potatoes, when baked, are verj- acceptable to convalescents, but other vege-
tables are liable to cause indigestion, from the amount of cellulose which
Ihcy contain, l-'ruits are likewise beneficial to the system. Poor in albumin,
rich in water, they are chiefly of value on account of the vegetable acids,
salts, and <'arbohydrate6 which they contain. They diminish the acidity
niET IK ntSEASE.
995
th« urine, luODy of t)icm prtidiicc a laxnlive offcct, and ihey counteract an
injurious influence of the iindui- ir-eirrJolion of the iliet to dried and ialted
oxriiti'. Apples open the liiiwel< nnd will often alloy naiu«a. Certain fruits,
on the eontrarr, possess astriii^-enl pToiierl ies, iind an- ti»<'fiil in rclaxwl
(onditione of the bowels. Ten. eoITee. and cocoa are valiiiible iirlorial stiniu-
!ant9, and, with milk and fii^'ar, artr nnlritive. nincotnt<> ennlninii olxiut 20
per cent, of Dibumin and 5<i per cciit. of ftit. with an alkaloid (theobromine)
allied to cafTeine. Kit large proportion of fat will oflen render it unsuitable
for weak stomaehB. The question of the admiDiBiration of alcohol is con-
sidered in anollier [dace (see I^irt fl). Lighter wim-« or mall liijucr* have
eome nutritive value, and when used in moderation are useful, especially
among elderly people.
Asrej;ards the interval between the administration of articles of food,
thii should lie prescribed an nirefully h» in taking medicine. Where the
amount given at a time is small, the inlerval must he correspondingly short,
having in mind the total uiuount of nourishment to be taken in the twonty*
four hours. The night is long for a sick person and directions for the
ad in in i«l ration of vome light nourii^hment ^liould be given. Somclimes in*
'omnia is relieved by taking food at night. In dyspepsia and chronic indi-
geftion the tjmtilion of diet it dillicull to (nlvc. Many of thwt- cases have
gastric catarrh, which requires to he relieved before digestion can be im-
proved, llie microbes of fermentation and pntretuetion, which cause flatu-
lence, pyrosis, and various narvous disorders.' are pTe*ent. and interfere with
the normal digestion of foods. It somelimes is advisnblc to place such
patients U|>on a re^lricted milk diet, giving a tablespoonful iif sterilised milk
every hour or hour and n half, incn-n»itig it. day by day. until six ounces
or more are taken every ninety minutes, at which* it may be eonlinued for a
irpMified lime, — a month or six wi-eks. — when article* of food, properly se-
lected, may be added cautiously to the dietary. Where there is marked
hepatic disorder, nccorapanied by ovalic-actd or uric-acid deposits in the
urine, headache, pains about the bo<ly. and lowness of spirits, it wili be
advisable to limit the albuminous food or forbid me4it nltogctlier for a time.
In very severe cases of indigestion, especially in young infants, it wili be
advisable io administer only prcdigcstcd food for a time.
In the management of constipation much can be accomplished by ne-
Iwtion of the food. Articb's of service in such a condition are those which
leave a residue in the bowel, as bran bread, certain vegetables, as cabbage,
carrot, turnip, beans, asparagus, and spinach; those which produce transu-
dation into the intestine, as many fats: and those which excite peristalsis,
aa oils. Honey and syrup are likewise of nssistanee. On the contrary,
fancy bread*, bii^eiiits. cakes, and rice are to be avoided.
In weak and impaired action of the digestive organs articles which
readily ferment or turn acid should not be used; sugar, honey, ttarch or
starchy substances, and fat should be avoided as much as poesible. Bread
should be stale or toasted. Fish, fowl, pork, veal, choeolate. strong coftH;
or lea, or an excess of water or of other liquids, should be intc^icled.
Wines and 1i<)uors should be s|>aringly usnl, if at all. In the weakened
'T. I.aud«T BriiTiton: "On Poi'^nn Foniint ftum Fnoil nnd tltrlr Rolilli^n to
JtUkiiisnnui mid DiBrrha™." The Fraeliliunn: Auy^ Sept.. and Oct. 1888. AUo. "On
DiBonlcn of I>ig««tiua, tfapir Conot^ncnn^ and Treatmnit,'' I.ondoB, 18M.
me
XO!f-PItU)UACAL RBllBUIER AXD OKXERAL TUKIlAJ-ErTtCS.
digestion of elderly people, articles of food vliicli arc. ett^ily aj^iintlai
shuuld be »olvct(^, wliik- in(liK<^'«tibl« Tood should be iuterdicti.-d. DiniiD'
iehcd appetite and Heoretioii aemand the moat nulritioui diet. Soft, but
conccninili-d. food, brolhs i-oiitaiuing niult-i-xtniot, milk-fcocl, or some
the better f<iriiiii uf bahv-food are u»cd with ;.'Teii1 advau1n|C<^. The M^doQ'
torjr lifv led by eiicli pBtii'iit« d<x-ii not re<]uii'L> much food, aud little, if hq
meat. A little wind or mall Utjuor will nNti«t digrslitin, it it i« othvrwi
fuiluble.
.'ViiKiniia and chloroHiii require a hij^lily-nilrofceniiw] diet, making tb
chnngc ^Tudually, as the stomach may be intolerant. Oysters, sweet-brea _
undenlone bet-f, with dish-gravy on potatoeH «r rice, with a glstw of wini*
or extract of mnlt, are decidedly beneficial. KoumiBS answers well, being
both nutrient and mildly slimulnnt. An nitrated milk or milk charged with
corbonic-acid gas has been introduced by Professor Botkin and uaed ex-
tensively in IIiiH.iiii in cJise» i)f foelile digestion. It i> Kiiid to W ninrc pnlfl'
tabic than ordinary cows' milk and to constitute a refre§liinff drink, espi
cially in summer.
In neuralgia the nutrition is often below par. and in patients subjec
to neuralgia a gent-roiix dietary of Ctt«iy-a8itimilatcd blood-making fowl, with
a glass of Uungurian or Egg Jlarbor red wine at meals, and the free use <>£
butter, cream, and other fat* will often exert a decided effect. A chea
method of administering fat has been proposed by l;r. Mershinsld. It eon~
«Ut8 in boiling together milk and lard for a (Miisidenible time; th« resullin:
fluid, containing a large proportion of fat, is generally well borne, and eau-w
■ n increase of weight. It is thought lu be well adopted to hospitul patient:
fliiSermg from malnutrition unconnected with disease of the stomach, i:
tcctineii^ pancrc-a-i. or liver.
Diabetes in the miki form of glycosuria is easily controlled by limiti
IQgar or i^turchy fondi< and k-ading an out-door life. Saccharine dtabetee li
SOBietimea intermittent, ond its causes are not well understood: poaaiblv it
may rei^tilt from several cauKc*. Honii" of which are flight and inconstant,
others are grave, bl the more serious form of diabetes niellitus the with-
drawal of stui-eh and sugar fmm the dietary ha* very litlle effect Hpi>n the
excretion of sugar, which evidently comes from the tissues, since emaciation
rapidly continuea. In cithi-r f<inn, however, the diet is of great importance.
There la a dilTerenee of opinion as to whether sugar and starch are to he
actually prohibited or only reduced to a minimum iiuantity. Da Costn
allowed some wheat bread, in order to retain the co-operation of the patient,
who may rebel against a too-red rit-ted diet. It is jdaunihly argued tha
ubeohite prohibition of starch wilt deprive the .'>)rsteni of a necessary aliment
and increases nitrogenous mctnliolixm; *<i that a oiniill and regulated allow-
ance of amylaceous food will generally be found of advantage. The diminu-
tion in carbohydrates may be compensated by the ingestion of fnt. Coffee
or tea may be sweetened wilh glycerin or with saccharin. Gluten bread for
diabetics uaually contains starch. A bread niiide from almond-flour has
been recommended. Kxperiminls have recently Wen made by Dr. W. Hale
White in regard to the use of the soya-bean in diabetes. This article is ob-
tained from s Jupiuie-'<e plant. The beans are globular, and about the si
of ptyise. wlueh they resemble in taste. From their Hour bread and biscui
can he made and can be advantageously used as a substitute for wheate;
bread, ae tbc bean contains but a small proportion of starch. The bread b'
i
n
mm IN IHSEASB.
ilatnblc, nnd T>r. Wliitc n-iKirlt^ that il nnsweiv a guod purpoif^-. He lliiiiks
bat it is of more avail than ^ttilc-n bn-nd in reducing m^r in i)ie untie,
ad found iio ill ellcct; from ils uu'. The hearts can aUo be inadv into a
soup. Another auWitiitc- for whenl i» found bj Erli«tein In aloumnat, a
Ti'gietablc albumin nhich contains about 60 per cent, of nitrugenong matter
and only «bont 7 per cent, of earbohydrales. Aleuronnt is a dn-, yellow
powder, fn-e from ta«tc or smell. From it both bread mid fonp ean be mnde.^
The 4ii«ilion of infant-feedinj; i» loo liirjte to (j<i into here. The chief
ovils of hot tie- feeding; nrL- |1) overfeeding, (2) too frequent fi-wliii):, (3)
ipure milk, (4) dinv bottle^ or nipploK, and (A) want of uniformity in
'oomposition, quality, and temperature of the bottle. That food is best for
the child upon uhieh it bc^t thriven and gron«, preMnlin;; the appenrance
and physical characters of a healthy infant.
When it hi'comcv iiciei^nTy (o oouri^h artificially dd infant, the ph.V8io«^
ogical guide is the composition of mothers' milk, which contains (besides
rater) fat, 4 per ceni.; Miliar, T per (Wit.; and prtiteid*. 1 ]kt cent. The
frequency of feeding; and the quantity Riven at each iiiiu- are inversely to,
each other, and vary with Ihe age of the child, iU |iby«iciil iftrength, andl
ligeetiT« capacity; bat the feeding should bo at reniilar intervals during'
li« day, M that the ehild may form the habit of deeping at nighl. Infants I
should not be fed on undiluted or unmodified cows' milk, on account of the
«xoc(W of casein, although this ia leNt with the Aldi-niey and Jenoy than
with ordinary milk. In onler to avoid the danj^er of tubercular infection,
or commnniealin^' typhoid and other diseatH's, it is advisable alwavf^ to teatd
the milk. The- addition of boiled water or rice-water, vith a little salt and
pWigar, and of liine-uatiT. i» pnerally approved. MnUeil snun is nmde by
ing a large teaspoonful of slowly-baked flour with a little cold «-a:er
ad patting it through a »teve. adding enough hot water to make a quarter
fat a pint, boiling white stirring constantly, allowing to cool, adding an equal
quantity of frv#h cold milk with a tcaspooiifnl of plain diaitasic extract o(
malt, and stirring well for a few minutes. For infants less than three
monllLs of age less milk and more water ia used.
Digestive disorders in children are subject to dietetic treatment, Ih".
G. Rheiner' warns againi^ beginning the lre4itment with driigui the dietetic
treaunint will remain \hc njo.at simple as well as by far the mo^t rational.
A child that has gastric disorder soou after being weaned sbrtuld be ictumcd
^to the breast, as the bom remedy, and a further trial made later. In bottle-
fed babies gastric disturbances are greatly relieved by washing the stomach,
introduced by Rpolein, of Prague. After this procedure the stomach
^honid he allowed to rest for a few hours, and some albuminized water, or
barley-waler, nmy be Icmpornrily used. In int<«tinAl dyspepsia the diet
nouid be looked afler carefully before resorting to antidiarrhceal mixtures.
\u exclusive diet of sleriliwd milk, nr of bnrU-y-gruel with a nuiiubU- pro-
onion of water, will usually bring the patient around all right. In con-
tipaiion. oal meal-gruel. Ihomugbly emikeil. will, a* a rule, produce one or
two loose evacuations a day. Thus, by attention to diet, in many cases, we
,can get along without drugs; but where fermcntalion exists salicylate of
liiinuth and other snti^ptics may be used with advantage.
In marasmus, unless the child be sufTering with tuberculosis or malig-
'Journal AoifriMU Uf4lc«t A»»oclatloH, from Thfnvfi^ntUehr UinutUhrfU-
nant disease of the relroiteriloneal lyiuphalioti, iho heat tesulu c»n he antici-
pntcd from an uljiiinluiiix! of gum) fnoil ifiiiti.-<1 to tlio pnvxTE of (ligcfitioii and
asaimilutioti, frctih air, jtroper clothing, massage, and sleep.
Hickc-U bat) bci.>n »)wwn by Chcadio to he duo to improper feeding.'
The treatmeat is primarily and chiefiy dietetic. Drugs are of minor impon,
though Itinc and liiii<.-sfllti>. uunn c-lolliing, fresh uir and xtialight. trith
proper diet, may do good service, I-'atty articles of food are useful, and
the dii^t should al«o be rich iu i<t«rciii:« and mrthy phospliatfE in a form
easy of assitnilation. In ulcer of the stomach ihofie ariicles of food should
be sflccti'd which nrc digcsUd, oitluT wlmlly or priiii?ipiilly, in the iiitd-tinal
canal, l-arinaceous aliments best fulfill this indic-ntlon and, together with
eggs, should constitute the chief dii-t. Fruit, ^recn vegoCabice. and milk
may also be allowed. I'niibi should be cooked, and cabbage i» prohibited.
Grapes nru useful at any time, and cgpcdally when conslipation is present.
Obesity is a condition in which the system has aicuiiiulated a large
proportion of MurplUK nutritive material in the form of adipose tissue. The
remedy is abstinenec and abstemiousness. The bear retires for his winterV
nap in a comforlable condition of obesity: but. after four or fiie months
have pa.ised Vithout eating, hi- emerges from his hollnw tree n model of
leannt-^. Dieting is reconi mended for obesity, hut it should not consist in
living solely on meat, as has boen n-ceiilly advisi-^l, nor in n dry diet with
abstinenec from water and other fluids as much as possible. Such measures
will reduce weight, but they will l>e likely to I'au^e tteriouit disorder of the
kidiiev«. It is better to simplify the diet, take systematic exercise, and
reduce the hours of .-iU'ei), taking bixalivcK occoxiimally to stimulate the
exLTetory organs. The free perspiration awfed by active walkiug is better
than that induced by the Turkish bath, which should he indulged in with
moderation. The use of vinegar und other acids is said to reduce the aur- <
Elus flesh, but this should not be followed to any great extent, for fetir of '
ringing on digestive disorders or rheumaii^m. Mountain-climbing is the
lH*t form i>f exercise, but this should nut be carried to the point of fatigue,
until the muscles become firmer and more accustomed to out-door pursuits.
Change* in Ihe diet, like the inereane of exercise, should be mndc with cau-
tion. If the individual is a hearty eater he should be directed to curb hisi
appetite and gradiudly diminish bi« repasts. Articles containing much fat,
starch, or sugar raiist be very temperately consumed. Fat meats, creuni,
butter, vegetable oils, nut$. fat fish, farinaceous substances, fruits containing
much sugar, beverages, such as beer, ale. and aweei wines, should be gnidu-
ally discontinued. If milk be used at all it should be Kkimmcd: buttermilk
may be used, if fresh. No ehocolale should be taken, and tea or coffee used
without sugar, or sweetened with saccharin. The diet should principally
consist of lean meat, poultry, game, eggs, green vegetable*, and acid fruits.
Xot much bread should be eaten; gluten biscuits may be used as a substi-
tute. The dietary which Mr. Ranting foUowed in rediuing bis flosh from
two hundred and two to one hundred and fifly-sbc pounds, in about a year*
time, is as foUow.t: —
Breukfiisl. at 9 A.M. From 155 to 186 Om. (or ^v-vj) of cither beef,
mutton, kidneys, broiled fwh, bacon, or old meat of any kind, except pork
and veal; a large cup of tea or coffee (without railfc or Riigar). a little biscuit
or 31 (Jm. (or ^) of dry toasl.^making together 186 Gni. (or jvj) of solids
and 270 c.cm. (or f.vs) of liquids.
DIKT I.V D16EA6B.
999
Dinner, at 3 p.m. From l,*iij to 186 Gm. (or Jt-vJ) of any Rith except
salmon, hprrm<:, or cvlii; any m^t except pork or T«al; nny vegetable except
potato, parenip, lieet-rooi, liiriiip, or currol; 31 Gm. (or 5i) of dry toast;
fruit out of B puddiug not sweetened; any kind of poultry or game, and
two or three (rhigsi-^ uf good clftret, sherry, or Madfiru.^hampagnt', port,
aud bctT forbidden, — making together 310 to 373 Om. (or ,^-xij) of aoUds
and 3uO c.cni. (or fjx) of liquidn.
Ten, at G i'.«. From GS to 93 flro, (or Sii-iij) »' cooked fruil, a rusk
or two, and u cup of 1c« without milk or mgur, — making S3 to 124 Gm.
(or oii-i") of solids and 270 c.cm, (or fjis) of liquids.
Supper, at 9 f.». From 93 to l'i4 Gm. (or o>i>'i^) o' ™<'nt or lish,
similar to dinner, with n ^dass or two of claret or sherry ami watvr, — making
1£4 Gm. (or^iv) of Eolids and Sit) c.cm. (or f^vij) of liquidB.
In leanness, eiiiai.'iaiifln, and maranmiuii, the reverse course is to be
followed to that reconinicndcd in obesity. Frequent eating of ca^ily-asa imi-
tated fatty aud starchv food^, pw«i'tineati<, tin indnU-nt lifi-, warm luitliK, and
several napo a day will be apt to develop the form, especialty if the mind be
cheerful in accordance with the old maxim: "Ijiugh uiid grow fat."
In the management of phthisis pulmonalie, or consumption, nest to
the rlimatie trontuicnt we would place the dietetic regulation*. According
to Professor Peter, cases of consumption frequently have their orifiin in
diwrdrred ilig«-^ti<m, which lowers the vitality to such a degree us lo make
the organism susceptible to the disease, or, in modem terms, they are made
tu afford a proper t-uUurc-soil for the bacillus lubcrculotit. Some relation
evidently exists between insullicient food and consumption, and one of the
evide«c<s of recovery is the fact that the putieut gain* in weight. Whilf* the
patient follows out the recommendations for the removal of leanness, he
diould not take loo large an amount uf fat, on account of the iuahilit^ nf
the Bj-stcm to assimilate it, and the tendency to the occurrence of fatty hver.
MiK'ii depends in phthisis upon tlic condition of the digestive apparatus.
When appetite and digestion are uimlTected it is well to adopt a system of
fdn-ed tc^'ding and to admini^t^r as much milk, eggs, meat, cream, butter,
and cheese as can be asainiilated. When gastric disturbance has been begun
our aim should be to render the food palatable, and it should he given in n
finely-divided state. The administration of porter and ale is beneficial at
this stage. If the patient can no longer partake of solid aliment without
diKCttlive derail cements, nourishment must be given in small quantities, but
frequently, and the stronger spiritous liquors are demanded. Assimilation
ia favored by life in Ihc open air and exercise or massage.
Ju what is known as latent or undeveloped gout, it is of importance
that the I'ondition he recognixcd and due regulation of the diet ur^ed upon
the patient by his medical attendant. Dr. William Itohcrls' has called
attention to this, in an able manner, in a recent contribtilion on the necca-
aity of a revision of diet with advancing years. If the appetite remain good
while there is a process of degeneration going on in the liver and kidneys,
the power of taking food remains unaltered, while the assimilative powers
are on the wane. Some form of nutritive disorder neM-nwirily follows.
There is fri-«iuently a lendoney to stoutness: there is engorgement of the
abdominal organs, and the signs of latent gout are likely lo appear. The
' BrWiM UnliMt Journal: AmeriMn Miuvt, !>*«., ISBI.
1000 XOK-rHARUAUAL RKIIEUIRH AUD OBNEKAL TIIKRAI'KUTICS.
mrly rt-vognition o( thrs coR^liiion U very importaiil, for tht'n-iijxii)
the prevention or poatponcmcnt of <legeiicriitivc proceeees. which hereafi
proti; formidsMo. The most obvious indication i» to leftwn the t|iiAntit.v
lood, and this is « leek of varying difficulty.
"Full fi'i-dtra are rareiy awnre lliat they ml too inocli,'' My» Dt- Roh-
ertB. Where thu appetite is really strong and the ditf«Btion abnorinally
iictiv«, the piiliviit fmtU it hard to rmiit the dcniandg ot hunger. Id such
cases, "the less coucfiitrated forms of food arc a ttseful reaourt^ f
v«eftable«, Mllads, thin Houpti), whieh help to fill Uic nchiiig void wi
adding materially to the albuminoid and fatty ingredienta of the meal. T
and (.'titrve are alio iierviccsble in allaying »n nnMOMnable craving for fooi
A BtiS cup of tea or coffee, sliortly befor« dinner, certainly takes the ed
off a troublotome apiintite. It in well, however, to prooecd eautiously
tentatively in this direction, for the promptings of nature, however ap-
parently to M* misdirected, an; not to be lightly set aside. The effects of
a contracted diet should be carefully and patiently watched, with an open
mind for every sign or suggetlios, whether of warning, retreat, or of en-
countRement to advance. 1 need hardly add that, in regard to thiii middle-
lifv revision of the dietary, as it may be termed, particular attention should
be given to the quantity of alcoholic beverages. As a very fiienenil rule, the
tolerance for these articles diminishes with advancing yeare, and it is neces-
aary nearly always, with persons who have used them freely, to retlnce their
Suantity when middle age is reached." The consumption of fruit is ben
eial when a tendency tn lithromia existo, as the alkaline vegetable ealta
converted into carbonates, which pass off in the urine.
With rejrard to tlie ability ol the orfprnieni to assimilate nitrojieniKed
food in fever, exact observations have finally e.<lalilisked the conclusion tlut
teemed warranted by experience. Uuppert and Hieaell maintained that the
administration of albuminates iTitensil'ied the febrile consumption, and is
compnrablii to pouring oil on a fire. This was opposed by Uffelmanu, and
controverted entirely by some exact observations made by Bauer and Ku
stie. A diet, therefore, consisting exclusively of earbohvdrntes is no! desi
able in fever, any more than in health, and, therefore, the addition of gelatin
to farinactous brotli^. or the administration of beef-juice, bnviniiio, or Mw-
quera-Julia beef-meal is advisable, u'lifrtvcr the digestirfi organs are capahlt
of RsniwihiUng U, and in (jnantitief suitable to the condition of the digestive
organs. In typhoid fever a milk diet is preferred by most clinicians. Beef-
tea lias been liiiully siipcracdod by variouji prepared foods containing pep*
tonesi, beef-juice, or hfemnglobin, as already mentioned. Toast-water raav be
used to satisfy Hiir^t; all Die water drunk should fintl be boiled, an^, if
cloudy, ("trained previous to boiling, before giving it to the patient. On
account of the duration of typhoid, the nourishmcnl of the patient should
be properly looked after, in order to keep up his strength. Stimulants
should not be used as a matter of routine, but may be used sparingly, a^ an
accessory food, during the decline of the fever.
The diet of persons suffering with albuminuria and Bright's disease
should be carefully watched, bearing in mind the statement of Prof. Goorj
Johnson, that "renal degeneration is a consequence of long-continued
nation of product* of faulty digestiim through Ihe kidney*." Tlie stnrtin,
point of Bright's disease, in the words of Fothergill. ia "liver incapacity
ITiis incapacity of the liver, which prevent* tt from projierly assimilating
IIS I
:e6-
leit^^
IMKT IK U1BRA8B.
1001
olbumiiioide, mav arise purely from inentn! worry or DverstTtin (ClifTon!
.Mllxilt): it nmy V> duo to an pxcva of cscreinrntitioiie inntcrinl in the
liloocj Bccompanyinfr certain oaohexiie, hb gout or lillia?min; ii may poisihly
Hrwe (roin defcctivo kidnt-y action, the result of Ecurktinal or othL-r poison.
In any case, when the products of loalai^imilaiion yaM through Ihc kidneys
thoy ultimatdy lend to degeneration of a f^unular character, which may or
ntar not be attended by ftibumiauna. In vouic cnfci) the fault tnay lie tnic«d
dirwtly to overindulgence in ammal food. The first step would be to re-
strict the amount of lean meat coni>unicd, ami direct the jiatJcnt lo aroid
highly-Ma&oned food and spices. In many cases the best reEuit« are obtain-
able by placing the patients (trictly upon a milk diet, which should be
Blcitnmed, or, at least, not Aldemey. The food should be sparing in
<|nanlily, consisting largely of vcgi'tahloc. Dcw^erts may be nllowvd of n
simple character, but the patient should be cautioned ajrainst free indul-
gence in th« plca«uni» of the tabic. As the rule, alcohol is forbiddon. Sonpk
are useful, fish not objectionable, ('ream, butter, and other fnts are te-,
■tricled. Gruels, broths, vegetables, biscuits, bread, crnckvnt, and checM
may be mentioned among the articles which may be employed with advan-
tage. Albuminuria it not the whole of Bright's diseo£«, ana may exist from
dietetic causes, without dcgencrationfl of (he kidneys. In a diet rich id
albuminoid matter the urine is apt to be albuminous. In «uch a case the
r*medY suggests itself in dui- attention to the diet.
The subject of the dietary in various diseased conditions is admirably
renewed in J. M. FothcrgillV "Manual of DlHctic*." London, 1886. In the
present place we have room only for some useful formula!, which may b«
employed in the sick-room with advantage to the patient. At tlie present
time, the physician is not only expected to know what articles of diet are
suitable for the patient, but he i* also expected lo be able to give precise
directions how to prepare them, and, in emergencies, to step up and show
the nnne or attendant how the thing ifhoukl be done: —
FORMUI.^ FOB Fl.Uin FOODS.
Bect-ttv.
T>k« a Fi*:'''''!) of '•'<■" !>»'(. fr'*' H from t»t and Bhrout tUmw. out Into small
jiinn. p)ate tJirw in a irofk or frult-joT. u-ith a Kood rover. Add to tt ■ quart ol
cohl u'Htvr and ten or t»e]ve dropi of dilute hrdTiX'lili'rir acid, and tUsd In ■
tnodcmtrlj-'W^rm plncc (or an hour; Ihe-n let it ■unm^r gcnllv for two liogni nioiv.
tbi>n Btnun *n<t ttrnum Hitli salt anil p^pptr, il desired. It »iioiild b« admin Islprei)
Imm, an oonrc or two iit ■ time.
Tbe Minp an nhovr. cxiviit that no irntrr U to W nddrd lo tbs IDtat. uhlclt
is pliMd in the fruit-jar and (lif lid taMrni^i] down: Ihf jar is thSH j^OOtd in vann
water, whlrli i* tCTHduflll^ raivd to boilintt and kept at Ihli tcraparatur* lor thrvo
bonn. 11 ia tlirn lakt'n out. Mraincd. ami M-Hxcitii'ii vtiih snll,
Bfffiultx.
Broil amall ctoaica llxtitly, and Ihrn make indolon* Into them and prrM Ibmn
)n a ImtoD-aquTcn'r or uine-priwi^ the juice to bt^ laki-n hot, vritli toail-
It9tr-Ki*t Infunion.
To A pound of Iteef. prpparml a» abovr. flnrly niinrr<I. add enough warm natrr
to rovrr it and Irn dropi of ililutp bydroclilorio add. I^rt it atand for two hann. at
« l*ini>eraliire of ninHy d<'i[ire«. frr(|iirnt)y i>tlrrin|[ it ulUi • (t'aM rod. It tfecnld
b* kept Ml Mr, and uditiiaialvrfd willi milk or a tittle extract ol malt.
niKT IX DISKABK.
1003
t'tour-mup.
In « «k<II*l pUoo • hinip of liuttir. nnd, wli«n nwlt^d, add. vlth * dKdsing'box.
auflkient Oout to cov«t Hi nlivn tliii ia lliorauKlilt' bruu'tiM l>v tlic heat aiA a cup
of milk Mid ii-ai«r, and aoison with ult while boiling. Strain «od wrve liot. Tbit
and (lie prtceding; at* uipful in buwel di«ord«ra.
Flour ball.
UobUn a pint o( Hour with n couple of ouhcm of cold water, and tie np in k
ball, li^^hlljr, In a Mroiig doth. SlishU.v luoUt^n Ihr ololh and >7innklc it witli
llour, and boil (or 1«n bouia. Thrn lake off th« cluUi uiid let thv bull dry in a slow
oven for ttn haun more. It Ih thm rrody for uac in making
BoiUtlFlour Grutl.
Gntjf tuo tublespuoiiluU of Hour from tlie ball, mix it witli cold wnlir, 1u ■
■mooUi pBiIr. and *tlr it into hnlf a pint of boiling mitk. Simmer about three
BilnntM and aweetrn. This it h gmjd food (or vhildrrn «hile ttwlhing.'
PrediB:ested Food.=— To the cnme*t ndvocacy of I>r. Willinm Roberts,
of Mancheet^T, KnglaiKl, the profession is indebted for a clear conception
of the great value of the partial dij^Oftion of food bt-forc n<Imini«tralion.
The process can be performed extemporaneonsly in any household, and is
an iTicstimablc boon iu co^cs of profound dobiUty of th« digestive powen.
The following directions are given by Dr. Itoberts: —
Prptontitd Ullk,
A pint of rollk In diluted nith a ((iiartcr of a pint of wattr and heated to a
Irm^rature of about 140° F. lor the diluted milk iii«y lie diiided into two equal
porttonn. one of wbiph may be heated to the boiling' point and then added to tlie
CdM poillon); tli^ mlvtiire will llini Ix- uf the rri|iiiTC(l I(-iii|)eratiire. Two or Ibree
teupooufuli of liquur paiictenliiUH. tu^Kthtr with ten or tuviity grains of biciarbonata
«r aodliun inbout half a ■iiinll teaipoonful) ore then niixrd tlicTcwith. The mixture
ia Ibm jioured Int^i a ei:>vert'(i jug mid the jug ii plix-i'd in n warm ailualion, vaArr
m coaey, in order to k(«p up thu heat. M the end of an hour, or an hour and a half.
tb» prodArt Is lioileil for two or three niinulp^ 11 can then be used like ordinary nitlk.
By (himmiBg the milk beforehand and reatoring the eream after the final btriling. tlie
prodact U reoilrrfd more palntable and mnre niilk>llk« in appeanine*.
JVpfonf.fif Orufl.
A well'boiled, thiek. and ulrotig grui'l. prepared from any of (he EarlnaMOua
arlictn generallr uacd for that purpouc | wlieaten flour, oatmeal, arrowroot. >ag«.
peart b«rify, rtcj, U pniirM into « covired Jug Hnd allowed to cool to a temperaturt
of aboal 110* F. Lii^uur punercnlious U (hen add<'(I in the proportion of a tabletpoon-
flll to Ibo pint (if grufl nnd 1h<' )ue I* kept wnmi ii'iiiItT n i'(<*ei', at ticftirv. At the
end of a euupte of liuutn the product b boiled and. flnally. atTaitiHL Tbii premratiua
1* not generally ncef^tnble to Innitida, bnt may bo iiwd in cnnjunetion with pep'
toniwd milk, as:—
PtpUitii:/^ ilill-rirurl.
Fir>t. .1 giviil. Ihii'k gruel is iirepii red from any uf the fnriiueeout irlu'tei jaat
mmtiorned. Thr rtup!, «hile «llll Wling hot. i« added to an rc|iinl i^uantlty of eoM
milk. Ttf mixltir* will have a temjii-rHlure of about 125' F, To eaeh pint o( (hLi
mixture two or three ImspoonfuU of liquor pnuprenticiia nnd twenty grain* of hl-
rftrboMte of imdlum nr* ndd''d. It is then kept unrrn in u tovered jug under a coK-y
'Tib and miiny of the preceding (omnilie nre ha»ed upon dirne (Mmtained In tli«
rsccUent "Toxtbook of Xurning." br C'«"i S Weekt. New York: I). .\pn|fton & Co.,
)88S.
* Por further olwervnllon on fond. «t author's pnper" on "F'""! and IHel in
ITeallh and Dheaae. including h Review of Manv Prepared and Comtenanl Fo.>d«,"
UfJient BtilteUm, Jan., June, and July, IflSS.
1004 NON-PUABMACAI. BEldtDIJES iXD OKNBBAI. TllKRAPttrTtCS.
Jilouiiiiig
rat«T aj^H
lor n foupli! of hour*, aod th«n boiled for a tvn &imutv> nnd itrainiMi. The lritt«
of (hv itl^-Mt'd milk Is aloKitt <ui»|jl«Uly i-nmcd In Ibc |j«ptviil«ftcl luilk griwJ,
Peplontird Houp§, JtilStt, an4 Klanc^man^f*.
In order lo vary tli« M^itiii-ii niid incTcnw iu (iiiUiiibiliiv, ]>r. J.
Fotlictipll drwribtii' uthtr peplooUiiil diahta whitli nioj' Iw |jr<fpiiri-il. A voup'
tic inndn by ii*liig |H-ptotiin-d ^rupl, uliirh t«< qiiitr llilti niid wiilvrj-, luulpfld ol «!»»
wttUr. lor tliv piitiiuu! of cxtiavliiig uliiiis of httt und utiicr iiuitrriaL* viii|iti>jrnl lur
Ul« prejiaratlon ol m>i1|i. Jcllira ouii bv made hj' slmplj' adding XXte due •^uantlt}' vl
gelHIiii tiT iiiiiglUM to hoi puptuii iii^d |;rui-'l. und Daroriu]* Ilic mixlurv tii'i'uidifi|; lo
tMlv. lllanc luDnHc* tnay be madL- by ui-alinK pcpU'iiiird milk in Ibe Mine vaf
Uid lh«n adding cmim. in pn'piiriiig all Ihvir. dieWa llw i>|n'Mtiou of prfploiiiiiiig
tbegnicl or the milk Diuat be completed, even lu tlie llnal boiliii|(, before aadf ' ~
Stiffvalng ingrfdicni.
/'rplonlKil Berftai.
Ilulf a pound of finely -minced k'iin boel ii mixed nltli a |>int ol wat«T
(w»nty grainit of liiorbonale of todiuiii, TIiih is eiiniiii^ipd fur an hour and
When it i> euoled down to about H0° i'., a tabk-ii|>oonful of the liquor jMBcrvatirui
it added. The fnlntuiR i» then kept warm iindtr a raiwy lor two hoiir^ anil otr«*»i.n-
ully aUHken. At tlic vnd uf lliii time the liquid purtiuni are drcanled and buiW for
lIviT miniilei. Ilecf-Ien prejiatcd in thii uny in rich In pi-pume, and 11* nutntii*
value in re^rd (o nitro^«^iM'd niaU-riHla \» about uquii-alcnt to lliat uf milk. Wbm
■eaionod with salt it i> icHroely distinKui»babl« ui tatte froni ordiwii? bcetlia.
Ab a eonveitlrat in»lhod of Lu^ptonlxlny riiilk, iitun. Fairchild Hrothrnt ft Koatrr. nl
Neir York, have now on •al« "pvpionixing lubei*.*' tnob of which «ontainR lunicictit
ntradum imncrcntia to poptonlic onn pint of milk.
/Vpfondrd Otittrrt. Ullktoa*!, rte.
The late Or. N, A. Randolph, In a ea»r of lUlhnia uhli-h wa* AfEgrarated bf
iadigeation. found thai, by Itvuling ntiMifd uy«terB. inilk-tua^t. nnd other articlM a(
diet for tlie liclc in this maimer. th« putienl wai able to Kel along without any
parox.VHiu« a« long ns liv conUnued the line of pqitouUed fooa. The Mtiiii? vxpedLoU^
might be uictul in low fevCTs, dywntery, etc.
Koutniu, or milk-uine, orlclnally mado by tli* Tflrtani by (ennenUnjt niar
milk, ia now jirepanrd on n large iciile in this country Ironi pure cow»' milk. It
detervedly rMi'i'Tiird n* ii i'(imtiiiii--l kliniulniit. nnd nnliicni. ivry WneAi'inl in oaittlnK
conditions, und, frum thi^ rurbunie ticid which it (.'unliiiiis. cfEiiicious in nllayiiifl im-
Inbillty of the utoinnoh. Koiiniiiw may lio made nt hcinie, airnrding to the fiilloning
directions of the lute I'rof, S. W. tJroB*: "Dinsolre hulf an ouutt of gi'api-* sugar in
four onnwn of water. Dissiolvc twenty grain* of yi'jintf uke in lour ounce* o( milk.
I'our bolh into a quart bciUle nnd Itll ni-nrly I" llie Wp wttli milk. Cork tightly.
fnni-ning the cork with wire. Put. into ii cool place nnd nhjike two or Hirer ilmra
daily f<ir thrcr days. Kpcp for n'f iin longer than i>l\ dny*. A charapavne-taii intro-
duced through the' cork ia ueoMwry. KoumiH conlaius about ttf per cent, of ^c
Rectal Alimentfttion and NatritiTe EnemaUL — It sometimes be<!omi
npccks-nry ki iilniiiiliui !'•:■ n tiiiii' lh(- iis-iuil roiito Iht the luluiini^l ration of
food, a.t in cases of ;(a*tric ulcer, persistent voniilinp, nnd athrepaia in in-
fancy. Under such cin-iimNtniuvs wi' in«_v r»"ort t<i llu- Imwcl*, snd intro-
duce imtritive subsiaiicea by injection. It is considered advisable lo »dA
a certain nmoiint of pepsin or pancrcHtin to the prepared fnod in order to
facilitate the formation of peptones and the aboorption of albuminoids.
Milk-pimch and becf-essoncc or infusion may be iwed. with adrantaRe, or
sterilized milk, to which pancreatin and aoda are added j'tist before intw
■ "fndlgeadoii, ItiHouknffl*. and Gout la It* Protean A^M«ta."
Milner FoUmgill. M.D.
rsYCIIOTHEItjirT.
10O&
Auction into the bonel. Or. S})fnccr has *uggveU-il t>tilrii-nt MiipjxMit4>rii-fl
m«(lo of Wvf chopped up, tin«Iy mixed with fresh pancreas or with pan-
creatic extract.
The quantity of fluid fnud used at each injection shoiild not he more
than GO to ISOc.ciu. (or f^ii-iv). depending; upon the capacity and inh-rnlinn
of the patient. In infoutg, from l'> t«) 30 c.cm. (or f5i»-i) is the limit. Irri-
tability uf the rectinn may he overcome by a preliminaiy irrigation with cold
water, or the usv of un opium suppository or laudanum injection. The nu>
trilivi' enema may he repealed every four bonre. and may constitute the soic
rvlianco for nounshmonL during a period extending over several months.*
In Kwald's clinic every case of simple pastric ulcer is fed exclusively
by the r«c1um for six days, with cxcclhtnt rci^iittj. The palii'nt* have heeii
trw from pain on the third day. The method has also proved of value in
the differential diagnosis from neurotic csei-s with similar symplomi^.
PSTCH0THERAP7; HYPNOTISM AND SVOGESIION:
METAILOSCOPY AND METAUOTHERAPY.
pKychothcrapcia (foxn and »iperint), "[in ir.-;iiiiiitit of <li.*i'nNcs through
the mind," plavs a most important part in iKf 'H'linary every-day jiractice
of mcdicinp. The inlliicncc of ihc mind upon bodily functions is so great
that every experienced, intelli>;ent physician is glad to enlist so potent an
auxiliary', to conic extent nt lca«I. in his treatment of diseased conditions.
The eminent Dr. Rush always made a point, wherever possible, o( explain-
ing the action of ihc medicine which he prt^crihcd for a patient, who. WioK
thtu made acquainted with the expected restUts. hims<^tf unconsciously
favored their occurn-ncc by what is Known as "expectant attonlion." The
confidence that a doctor inspires is gencrallv acknowledged to be a powerful
aid to his therapeutics. IIi» hearty greeting acts like a stimulating cordial
upon Ihf drooping spirits of hi* patient, who lakes fresh oonmgt- fmm tiis
cheerful presence. This power of influencing others so as to alfcct their
mental slntc or physical condition lias been known and prai-tin'd since the
most remote periocl. In the early history of medicine, when the duties of
physician and priest n'crc combined in the same person, many »upcretitioui
rites and ceremonies were employed in the treatment of disease in order to
imprc«# the mind of the patient and favor his r<^'Ovvry. The practice of
llie royal touch for the king's evil, or scrofula, which continued in Eng-
land up to the time of Queen .\nni', is a n>ccnt illustration, and the ancient
custom of wearing amulets to ward off disease has not yet entirely di»ap-
peared fr<ini even the most <;tvilin.'d communitici'. The wearing of iron
rinffs for rheumatism, amber beads to prevent croup, horse-chestnuts in the
povKel to protect fmm gonorrhn-a, or gold rings in the cars to cure epilepsy,
and other superstitious observances are of the same character. On a larger
Bcale, we observe the so-cailcd faith-cure, or Christian science, which could
only And supporters among persons absolutely ignorant of phyiiiologi,- and
intensely credulous and superstitious. The ordy proper criticism upon the
latter is that "it is not Clirislian, and decidedly not science." It is mercly
■"RvcUi .Mlannnlation »nA Mcdiralion in DiwjMn n( iIm- SklB." hy J. V. Shoe-
matur, "Traa*aclKia* u( llic Niiitli IiiIernNtloiiial Cmigrrsa." vol. iv, p. 170.
Eliiti NON'-PII.\RUArA1. RKMEDIW AXD OKXEBAIi tllRR.trKL'TK'S.
«ii oullircak, under nnoihtr iinmo, of ihn doi'trim-j uf the "Pwnilitr 1
in linglaiid, whoee practice of neglcctinR proper treatmeor for the sick and
nuiim<-it hao coino freqiu-ntJy before tht- courlM oml hnit bwni rvpmtvtDv con-
demned, and, where death has reeulted, verdicts of homicide have be«u ren-
donid. In extreme ctuee tht^rc it, underlying thi» dehii^ion. undoiibiodlj a
strain of insanity, and some of the most ardent helierers in the mind- or
faith* cure are dcKliiii'cl evontuull}' to liiid their wav into an n^luiti (or tlie
insane. While under ihe influence of this dehiaion, however, they are in-
M.*nKibk- to urgunieiit or reaiioit, but, by iheir piTsist^'iice and confidvnev, ihe^
attract unreasoninR, weak-minded people, especially amnnf; the social cl.
iiulTering with iiitvllecliinl surminagt and mental dyi^pciuia.
In order properly to approach this subject Ihe ^Indent Miould rt-nd
Tukfi'e admirable I'seay, entitled "llhiet rations of the Influence of tlie Mind
on the Body in Heallh and Disease, desin^ned 1o Klucidale tho Action of
the Imagination,'" and aleo Pettigrcw't) "Supenitilione in Medicine Con-
nected with the Iliilory and I'ractice of Medifim' an<l Surgery,"* and, spe-
cially, the little work of Sir John Forbc*> on "Nature and vVrt in the Cure
of Diaense," each of which is classical and ghnuM be part of the n<H'<-s^r
couree of readinf; for every candidate for the medical depree.
In every system of mi.-dii-iiic practiccii unuiug rational beings the actioi
of the mind is not to be overlooked or ij^ored. Medicines that are repulsive
to the eeUM-H of the patient, and that are taken under prutcKt, are likely to
excite disgust and nausea even if they are not immediately rejected by the
stomach. Such renu-dies, whenever pooible, should be substituted by other
pharmaceutical preparations having the same physiological action, but more
agrerable to tlie pulate. The bilter form will imt only be laVen more foith-
fully by the patient, but he will be more ready to acknowledge that they are
doing him good, whewia be is sure that the other will not bfnefit him and
is anxious to discontinue it: an argument for palatable prescribing which
vhoidd out be despised.
Hrpnotiim ( I'Mf. sleep), or arti6cial trance, is a condition accompanied
by loKG of conaciousnc^ and power of voUintary motion, but with preserved
intelligence and the ability to perform muscular movements under the ner-
bal directions of another person. Suggestion i» the name given to the proc-
ess of instructing the patient in this way to do certain things. The patient
apparently surrenders entirely bis individual will and volition, and becomes
an automaton under the direction of the operator. It has been said that the
efTects may remain even after the hypnotic sleep has passed off. and that
patii-nta will proceed at an appointed time to perform certain actions, sug-
gested to them whde in the hypnotic s]e<;p, of which they retain no reoo'
lection when awake. It has l>een positively a»ierled That subjert:t have be
hypnotized and instructed, while in this condition, to go on a certain dat
to a named place and there conmiit a crime such an stealing a watch or at-
tempting to kill a person with a knife, and that they have afterward oln've<!
the suggestion, which assnmed ihif form of an iineontnillabb- impul^^. The
relation of this to medical jurisprudence is very evident, and at pi-esent il
ia allracling conaidcrabh* attention. There id a therapeutic upplic«tioD,
however, which deserves some consideration. In some neurotic disorders.
ley.
n
•London. 1884. Secon.l
•PMIailrlplila, IM44.
■dition.
DTPKOTIKlf AND nriMKSTlOK;
I'hdTiictrrizi'rl hy pnin, Hfjasra, pnralysU. or parsslhoeia, it has been demon-
Girated that, by In'pnotiem aud t-uj;ge«ttnii, thvec svinptouis csn be made to
diiappciir either teiiiponirily or ))<-nnaiienlly. The phenomena of transfer-
enoe, by which a Bymptom (pain, paralyeii., contructurv) is ri'movud from
OBC part of the body to UDOther, or eveo from one patient to another, U alto
of much iutereet to the pathologist and clinician. The effects of certain
reinodie*, it wa* oven claiiiuid by Luys, may be produced simply by sug-
Keetion, .without adminiBtering them, but this was shown to be a fallacy by
Dujardin-Deaunict):, CIij*i.-ly rclnted ici thi» subject ii! melnlloBcopy and «>•
called metalloiherapy, which will be considered somewhat in detail at the
CODcliuion of tJiis miction.
Uiijardin-Jleaumetz, in a lecture' on "Suffffestion in Therapeuiics," ad-
mirably siinimarized our knowledge of the medical irlatioi^s of hypnotism.
He traceii it to the desire for the marveloua and myfitica!, which ha» always
exerted a dominating influence upon the mind of man. The fakirs of India
have employed it under one form or another, from time immemorial. The
fakir, in truth, is a charmer, — that ik. a pnictieer of suggestion, — and h<'
devolopg in the individuals Mirrounding him phenomena of hypnotism and
somnambuhsm. This also appeared in Europe under various forms, as the
thaumaturgiHt«, the demoniac*, the r<>»icnicinn«, and performer* of miracla
and of fioicerj', which occupy so lar^e a place in the history of the middle
ages. At a later period wo observe ttievc practices assuming a ecii>ntilic
tendency; for, although the sugxestive proceenes arc always the same in
character, whether performed by Paraeeletis or Charcot, there is in our own
day a desire to discover for the pheiiomenn a M-ientiflc explanation. Pura-
rclsus in the sixteenth century nssiimed tlio existence in man of a special
animating principle to which he gave the name of animal magnetism. This
explanation wa» adopted by hi« stii'ri.>:>on<. Van Helmont, Mesmer, and
others, under various names (od-force. me&merifim, etc.), and this doctrluo
of magnetism was professed by many believers. About fifty years ago (in
1842) lir. James Braid, of Manchester, England, succeeded in modifying
this opinion among scientific men, by allowing that by the fixation of the
TiJtion and attention upon acme object, usually a brilliant one, it was pocstble
to provoke the same series of phcnomenn. which now received the name of
]lraidi.->ni, or hypnotirim. For a lon^ tiim* aflirward the facts reported by
Braid failed to attract much attention, although reports were occaflionally
piibli?ibed from surgeons of operations performed during the hypnotic state.
It is not until we come to ihe communications of Las^gue, in 18fi5; of
Charles Riehet, in 1875; and to the numerous studies by Charcot from 1869
to the present lime, that we 6nd a due recognition of the phenomena of
hypnotism in their medical relations. Jjiys ascribes these phenomena to
fascination, such as is produced by a revolving mirror which in moved rap-
idly before the eyes of the subject upon whom this procedure is employed.
Wliether caused by hypnotism, suggestion, or faj'i'inalion, l>ujnnlin-Beau-
metz slated that a series of phenomena are produced in certain patients
which mav be summarized under three principal types: —
1. The cataleptic state.
a. The lethargic slate.
3. The somnambulistic stale.
■ BiiJtrlfn Gtninlt dt Thfnipnillvur.
lOOtt KOX-raABMACAI. RKUKDIES XXD OKNBItAL TlIBnArBI. i'l(-9.
The latter » the sufigestivi' jfliaei- of livpiiotUm. Bemheim and Li4baa
admit nix cstegoriea of sucU hypnutizi'd inilkriil*. Id nil of them the w
uf the ojwiator takee the place of that uf the subject. Id the be^iiiDinje of
thU provoked sluiiilier there i» Hininohiuv nnd hcnvinefV. «U(i the power
of suggestion ie feeble. It is, however, §iidicient, for example, to prevent
the puticnt from lifting hi« eyelids without the permission of the operator.
In the firet and eecond stages the patient may be acted upon after the
manner of automstic phenomena; »ub»ei]iient]y, in the further etiige«, we
arrive at true .luggeetion, when ihe patient is related only to the hvpnotiiier,
who makc« him execute movements or i^uggeste to him illusions or tiallucina-
tionn. These nervoui) pheiiomeiui may vary in form in different Milijev
Slid also in the Eame eiibject. and the TMUlts are aleo determined to a co:
siderable degree by the experlni'i'j' of the operator.
The means of evoking hypnosis, or the hypnotic sleep, are of the moet
nriod character. For the paf»r« of the magnet tu-rti, Hniid substituted fixn-
tioil of the glance upon some object, — something brilliant, euch as a bright
button, or even the rmg<'r of the opimlor. At Charcot'* clinic the wnsc of
hearing Is appealed to; the noise of a gong determines the hypnotic state
well a£ the production of a bright light. Id a word, every ecn»orial
prcssion may be utilised.
Tlie Af>b6 Faria, in I$l 1, was the llr^t to protest against the idea of a
magnetic fluid and to allinii that the slumber of the hypnotized waa pro-
duced by suggestion or by will. He f)xcd the glnncn of the subject, and
ehowud the back of the upliflt^d hand; then he advanced several paces, and
suddenly lowered his hand, ordering the subject to sleep, Tnis is the
method of hypiin*is by Buggwtion which is adopted by the school «[ Nancv-
Diijardin-Btaumetz produced ifleep by fixation of the gaj;e and occlu-
sion of the t've*.
As for awakening the putient, this may be done in a number of wayv.
The iir^uul inolliod h to tell the subject to awake, rai.'^ing the voice in a tone
of command, 'I'he same result may be obtained by breathing lightly upon
the face of the hypnotised.
The clinical authority from whom the foregoing has been quoted clasaes
patients, who are to he subjected to hypnotism as a therapeutic rvMiurco,
into three classes: In the iiret class are the hysterics; in ihe eecond the neu-
rasthenics, Ihe ill bfilnnetti, tlie hypiKhondrincs, the nervous; finally, the
third comprises all those siiBering from organic atTcctions with lesions, and
in whom Ine nervous element pbivii only on Bb»oluteIy secondary T"1c- Sug-
gestion, or hypnosis, has always produced its most positive effects in Ihe
first group. This group is very nimierous. and includes men as well as
women. Mate hysteria occurs not alone among the well-to-do, but also in
the laboring classes. On this suit Hourisli a number of pseiidomaladies,
which, in their manifeiitations, assume the form and course of disease* of
organs, producing gastric or ])idmonary hysteria, for instance, which closely
rewmble organic alTectioiis. .-Ml of these manifestations can W made to
disappear by hypnotism and suggestion.
It is nmnng this class of sug:geslionable hysterics that ve find sue!
brilliant examples of successful hypnotic ansstbesia, during which tedious
surgical operations may he performed or accouclu-ment accomplished,
iitfge number of cases have been reported by snrgeons of the use of
hypnotic sleep since I-^daile published his records of several thousand ca
M
[a-
ghi
E of I
e as J
llvrNOTIHU AND SDOOKSTION*.
in IndU. Owing to iu »iiii|>)k-ily, it k odmirably adapted to short opera-
tions, sucli *B extracting teelli.
The Hovonii group of c«kc«— the neurasthenic, th<i liypochoudriocnl. and
the uneniployed — are Icsa infliienced \iy sui;gi^Htion. With such neuropathies
th« pi>r«i»niil tutluonco of Xim physician and the aesuroiice with which he
prescribes his remedies have moie efr<s;t than the reme<ly its<'if. Here lie^
th« tuoc«« of little particolored granules or ministure powdi'nt, "over urlitch
certain physicians make magiietitr passes Wfuri- mlministerinij; thi;m"; and,
WL* nii^lit add. here is the ^cret of the finaneial Eiicc-e«« of ^onio men whoifv
ignorance is only equaled by their assurani-e.
As to the third group, it must be stated that, in the prceonce of aeliuil
Iwon, su^ulion hag a very limited field. Fain may be removed fur the
time and the general state improved by the assurance of an early recover)-,
the eflecls of a n^medv may be enhanced by expectant attention, "and every
new remedy baa a phase of success which belongs to the domain of suf;-
gestion."
The propcirlion of patients who are amenable to snggrction is set dovrn
rery diiK-n-ntly by vanoii* aiithoritie*. Dtijardin-Beaumetx claimed that
the niunber has been very much overestimated. Etcd among the first class
of hysterics, who are tile mwl muceplihle lo tliis mode of trealmeut, he
finds a certain number not hypnotiiable; or, at least, there are, among
hysterical subjects, many affections which cnnnut be anu-lioraied by mig-
geslion; m> that the actual proportion of those curable by this method is
much smaller than has Wen clnimeil,
Tbv Inteniational t'lmpress of Ilypnotism, huld at Paris in 1891,
is an illustration of the growth of thiii therapentic mt'thod of lato y^n
and its present magnitude. Dr. Ernest Hurl, In eonunculin^ upon tlxr
n^faools and duclrinw* of hypnotism, pointed to the published addrcMtea
and discussions at this Confrress, which he holds are sutiicient to sliow that
all is not vet clear, cTcn as to the nature, nol to say the grouping, of the
phenomena which are included under the name of hypnotism, 'llie school
of I^ .SaEpMri^ri' maintains that, in what it calU f« ffrawit h^pnolisme,
there are always physical phenomena which arise independently of any sug-
gestion; while the school of Xancy holds that thesi- pbcnnmeiui are super-
Mtldeil, and only make their appearance as the result of a suggestioD, volun-
tary or not. It was Charcot who put the wboir nubjeet Upon a wientific
buts, and who definitely disposed of the claims of animal magnetism. Fol-
lowing him are a number of able obwners in dillen'tit countrie* uf Europe
who have contributed greatly toward firmly cAtahli^hing hypnotism within
the domains of science. L« <traniU hyptnttistnt conMitutes the most perfect
and typical form of hypnotism. Hie whole doctrine of Charcot may be
expressed in the following propositions of his favorite pupil, Itabinski:
First, the phynical rbiinuitcw otwened in the hypnoti»m of certHin «ubjects
allow the absence of simulation to be aflirmctl; secondly, hypnotic pbc-
oomena may effect a ipecial grouping in three di«tinct otates; thirdly, Ihct
physical phenomena of hypnotism may be developed independently of any
suggestion; fourthly, hypnotism in iti most perfect forms must be rwog-
n«c(i as a pathological or diseased condition. On the other hand, the doc-
Inne of the school of Xancy may In- Hummed up in (h« single word "sug-
gestion." M- Ucmheim offers the following definition: "The hypnotic stale
la that peculiar, induced psychical #tate which augmentsi, in diren degree*.
1O10 N'OS'-mARUAnl. RKUIiUIKe xav 0ENE1UL TUUUAI'SUTICS.
«uggc»ti))ilitj: thai i^ m iay, thv aptiltide Ig lic iiilltU'ticcil Uy an i<tii
accepted In- the brain mid tv rralizc it." The «choul o{ the Sulpvtncr
holds that, in any casc. bcalthy, well-balanc^ iiidividtiaU niiinnt t>i* hv|;
nolized; nii<l thai than* who are capable of undtT^oing Epecial (MVohical'
truneformation are |)«TSiinii who have a nowrtiiiothir (nuiKtiliilion. Thi*
ncemit like mi iiii|i»naiil (aot to c«tabli<b. and indiri'4.-t 1 v continnf^ tht? ojiii:
iou alicrady ({iioted bv Dujardin-lleaumeiz ihat hv^Ivru-iil Kiibjitrti' (iiniiM
the gn»ier »UDib<T of »iKx-ei>t;ful chsc-s,
Uypnotisin may give rise t<i acoidetitn in eertaiu v*«i», and, after Uvmt
ing nn addm« bj' Dr. I,udHiut.-, the Cungrpss dcmundud that pnblic displa)
of it aliould be forbidden, and that it oliould he eoiuiderctl am a thvn[H-utij
mdhnd and rt-#«rvtd for phpiciuno ulnnp. At Xancy the doctrine is tau^h'
that crime may be committed by a ponion nndcr the intlut-nci! of «ugp>ti(ii
08 tbi.' rcFuU of Kuoh iufliK-ncc. Dr. Oiltcs de la Tourcttc declared Itia bcltg
that the only po»iible crime which nii^'bt be conmiitted if on thi> )h*i
hypnotized, llypnotism itt directly dan^i'rou« biTHtii^ it may end in cot
plctely upftettiug the inte)li;;ence of ibe Hnbjccl, and indireclly by the
ecBsivo influence which it gives to I he operator over the suhji-ct. of whiel
till' liniiu have not been determined. A death ba* been aEK;ribe«l 1« hyp-
notittm. The accident huppi'nod to u young lluugnrian ludy, who vt
hypnotized by a layman with a view of olitnininf; information hy "cbiirvoj
unce."' The paticnl seemed exhausted and after rcpiying to a tjucstion "»h(
foil from lier eliair with a hoariie ery; her tonjcuc proiru<li-<l rncmi her month
and slie became collapsed. Her head was lowered, elotbing loosened, arti-
ficial rccpirudons pi-rforiiu'd after Svlventer',* method, and ether injoctiom*
given; later she wss wrapped in blanket)', bnt »ihe died almost in a few
aeeond.i in spite of all." U was considered, after au aiitopay, (hat death
was caused by acute nrueniiii "f the bniin, incident to the hypnotic stale,
with syncope and heart- failure. It may, indeed, be qnejitioned whether
the unfortunate result was directly due to hypnotism, since Kmfft-Ebing
writeH that the victim was probably !>o constituted that death might liav«
been hastened when awake by a violent psychical foree. At alt events, ihe
possibility of such an occurrence should enjoin caution.' IlypnotiMin may
intiuence the actions of hysterical subjects, but it is dilticnlt to aeceriain
up to what point tbi« proceeding' can, with advantage, be employed lo cor-
rect the morale of children or evilly-disposed or criminal persons. Doubt
IB atill very pcnnitiT<ihte on ibis point, notwithstanding tlie lonjr list of
obaervationii which are found in Beruhcim's hook. Iteyond doubt, hos-
ever, hypnotism is eapabb- of rendering e«rvtce!i in the study nf experimental
paychoiogy. and mudi has already been accomplished in this direction.
Hypnotitm in Genera) Practice. — It in a proper question to ask: H
far may hypnotism be iitilixcd by the (leneral praetitlouer? In the fl
place, it is a method wliich !<iivorti of charlulnnii'io, and in a large number
of ot.tos i.4 not applicable. As Dujardin-Beaumclx has shown, it is service-
able principally ainmig hysterical subjects. In other word*, it is likely to
be an experiment doomed to failure in the very class of patients whotie
esteem is most desinfl, — the intelligent, well-halanced, and sensible ones.
It is not surprising, therefore, that it has been avoided by the majority of
physicians. Nevertheless, in selected ea*e«, it can be reftorled lo us a thei
•JournnI of thr Amrrlran Vnllfttl .UmriaHon. Opt. ST, ISJM.
iiai
iiTPSomni Aim Buooiisriox.
jiiriilk- fX|>ir(lipiit witli ttrilltiint ix-mlli', Hr, Jiiwjih ('ollm*. of Ni'w York,
rwporls. tivi- t-usea in Mm- Xfw Knghnd Mtdieal Monthly (April. ISaa), mul
(lirvi'i^ alttrntioD tu tin- fnct that in eii^K^tion wv have ii vaUiatjlv oom-ctivp
n^ncy for oliiMrcn who tinw ii4-(|uireil or inlieril<-d fHrniiul tendencies.
I II the cure of chronic inebriates it ci'rtainly defitTvos a trial. In mmv en«*
of iiifiiiitiv till- mitlnok fcir ^n^^-viion \* prutiiiMinjir. It is ainnuf; functional
m-noiiii disea^s that we timl the ^nntest lield for this mva^nrc. "ll is for
liy]ii'm->'tti<-!'iii, till* ^ariiiiis |iiirnlyM->', contrftt-turfs, HpaKin^ toiiviibions, and
other nervous ailments ot inm-demnnfltrahle itr^nie leiuaiie where it liu*
it» juirvatext un: StipjioM'd (tiKea>'eH, dread of di»>ase»i, diaorderK of dit^t^lion,
and other ftiDetions will, undoulitedly, in many instancec, dif-appear under
llicr iiilliience of mental vii^ge^lion."
The KiiHi-i-tiiihilily of children to hypnotism was carefully conwtWred
Uy Dr. Rdpar It^rillon in a paper' before the Pari* Society of Hypnolojc}'.
It in a matter both of itcieniific and meilieo-hyal importance. The author
claimii that fO pt-r cent, of childn-n. from cverj* claw of society, may Iw
liypniitixc<I ar the fiml or M'('<md triiii. The mo»t ^injridar pari is that
children with the nioF't marked herediiary nenoiis laint are the most difli-
eiilt I" hyptioliw. Kpili'plicK arc highly nuw^-pliWe. The anihor reeom-
mende thai tm^^iiliou lie made iise of in the trentmenl of ench i-onditioni'
■M inH>miiia, nijcht-terran'. kleptomania, onanisni, and other WcinuH liahita.
Ballon has instituted in Paris a pm^ho-physioiogical institute for thf
treatment of diwane* hy hypnoliun. He «m»Ioy» timnll mirrora which are
m»)v to rotate by clock-work, sometimes snhstitultnj; a mu^ei^inm lamp
or other bright, jriittering ohjecl. The patient in placitl in a comfortable
)MMtur<! in a chair and dirott^ to look fixedly at tho object for ten or twenty
minutes. If flcep does not come, then the patieiii u sent away and told
to return another dav. In cases which do not yield to this method, a
rtbratins eomnel made ot thin liand* of metal in placixl upon the head,
and adjusted hy means of a nnt to produce slight prcieurc on the brow.
A branch projects from the coronet and is made to n^t upon oni> eyelid.
In onler to waken the [>atient, it is generally suflicient to blow lightly upon
the eye« and command them lo wake up, In dipsomania, n e ii rust hen ia. and
hyst'-riii this tiiithod has Wen lery succeasful.
In his presidential nddrcs« before the Colorado t^tate Mediea) Society,
Pr. J. T. Fj'kridjre' n'views the entire subject in a n>a»lerly manner. He
declares that by suj^gestions during the stage of hypnosis he has been able
t« improve digestion, increa^H- the appetite, and relieve constipation. As
» mie, tired and nervous feelings can be abolished by hypnotic suggcation.
Slight dnpondrucy may he over<-ome and raided to hnpefulnexs. Headache,
if not too sercre, is readily relieved; but he had not succeeded in relieving
acute pain, such as loolbnche or trigeminal neuralgia. Stammering has
IxN-Ti treated with marked success. Morbid fear of insecurity may tic bene-
ficially infiuenced. With regard (o tiad hahiU. i>r. R»kridge slates that in
no caw had he succeeded in breaking up any bad habit except by repeatcfl
hypnotic suggestion. K;(pi-rience has taught that the impreseions made
by hypnotic suggestion are not wry pcnnatieni at lint, andatv only made
so by repeated euggi-stion, extending over a coiwiderable length of time,
'Gatftit U^dtfilf. .luL.1 m. \9Bl.
■y«p Tnrk MfJIcal J»,„-nal. AuR. I. IIWI.
1012 xos-
IKUKDIKS ASl
Dr. Kxkrid^tf offerwl tlic lollowUig aa the vonclusione ol hta study of the
Bubject : —
1. Thot hypnotism is real, subjective, and disassociateil from any mya
tcrious influence fonnerly juppowd lu Ijo cxL'rlrd by thv hypnotist over th4
subject.
i. lliat ila Uierapputic value dc]i(.-»d« upon the mcntul impn-HUOitf
made during hypnot-iii, the tatter renderinR mie more inipressinnable at the
time.
3. Tlittt niuc-h that is accomplished hy the aid of hypn»ti'<ni may be
obtained hy repented impretaious vrithunt hypmwiidi,
4. That hypnutism may be attended i>y certain daofiGra to the hyj
Dotisl, the subject, and llie i-nmmiinity; but that, so fur iw thv rvpulation
of the hypuotifit or the health of ihe subject is concomed, proper procau-,
tions will enable u» to prewnt any untovranl cffvctH, Icaviug numeroi;
dttngcrs of a medico-legal nature lo be guarded against when hypnotic
is practiced hy uniirinciplcd pcrwns.
5. That whether or not the therapeutic value of hypnotism is ]^>ate
than the dan^nnt that cannot be prevented I'rum its practice ii' nut detci
mined, and should receive careful attention at th* hamls of eompetent in-
vvAtiguliirti, whose niinda are not likely to be unduly biased by Rkcpticiain^
or entbuBia^m.
6. That no one «houM be allowed lo hypnotiie without a licciiw frog
the State to employ hypnotism.
7. That the practice of hypnoticm should be limited to pbysicinna an
other ecientific inveetigatore.
H. That no one nf queittioiuihlc rcputntion should he ghen » linenDe o'
hypnotize, and anyone so licensed should forfeit it on beio^ convicted of
crime.
Or. 0. U. llufihee,' of St. I^ouis, lu a discussion before the Sow York
Mcdieo-T/i'gfll Scu-icty, declared that public exhibition!! of hypnotism should
be prohibited by law. Hypnosis, according to him. ie an abnormal function
of the brain, and the practice of inducing it »)ioiild not be uncoumgcd when
the subjects were persons who were very impressionable. Dr. Nolan* tv-
ported ft case of insanity following hypnotism in a soldier, the victim of a
neurosiR produced by debauchery. Profound hypnosis was rapidly induced
by gazing at a bright object. From this *tatc the piitii-nt did not com-
pletely emerge until the lapse of nearly four months. Throuijhoul this
period of stupor the patient wm disturbed by ii recurring visii»l hallucina-
liou of Hu old hag, who seemed to rush toward him. Dr. Julius .Solon'
also reported a case where nn nniuteur at u fricndV house volunteered to
hypnotize a feJlow-viaitor, and, after two trials, succeeded ea weil that thaj
subject grew extremely excited, lost the power of speech, and then |»ass0)
into a condition of catalepsy; subaequenlly he had severe roiivulsions. He
had bet>n hynnotixed by being made to look at u diamond ring, and after-
ward the sight of anything glittering threw him into a state of violent ex-
citement. He went into a condition of grave hysteria, with maniacal
excitement, during which he bad niunerous eonvulsiuns; in the intervals he
'Brilifli Htcdioal Journal, .\pril II. 1801.
'Jouriiiil of Jfontal ScUmcT, liruggUti' (HrtMtar, May, 1981.
•JV«w York Ucdioal Journal. Mnn^li 14, ISSI.
UVPNUTIliM A.S'U )il.'0<lBSnOK.
1013
vioulil eing orer, song after aong. Apparently nil the Hongs ht> knew, an<l as
Inn^i a.- «nv rvniaineu uiisiiiig notliiog could stop him. At the 4>iid «f n
fortnight be had an attack <>[ fwcr, f»lttiw«d bv couioiiv periipiration and
dyBpnu:4i; A few duye later hv had a similar attack, and afti-'r thii- he dcclnrt-d
liiroself veil. Krnm first to Iai<t ho was »cnoii>ly ill for thn.'<? weeks. The
cnuH' of the fever was ascribed by his physician to inflaiDmntioii of the
anterior part of the brain.
Dr. iloll, of Berlin, niithur of a book on hypnotism in the "Contero-
porary Seienct? Series," .-])eHkii (uvorahly of sujcgeiilioD in childbirth, where
it may be used always without dainagf, and somiiiiDcs with most si^al
eiBcacy in lelievinj; liuiroriii};. Dr. Moll attachos the greatest value to this
as a means of brc-nktn;; up habits, such as morphiDOtnanJa, drunkenness,
etc., which the paliciil i:< iiu Uin^^cr able to control.
llr, Hamilton Osgood' also speaks farorably of hypnotism, and belicvw
(hat Ihc a>^erli(iii» i>f the leudin^c bypDOliicrs of Kiiropc, with reference to
the haruleflaue^ of this trmtment. when intelli](eutiy applied, are true.
The poitsibility of idioKyncnktiy luui't be always borue in mtnd, howerer,
altliouKh Osffood has never met il in any of the patients whom he has hyp-
noliM-d. nor bnvc any. Recording <o him, who confine themselves to the
Nancy method. The ilan^'ers lie rather in insufficient technics] knowledge
than in hypnotism itself, and Osgood joins Moll and others in urging the
nlndiiining (runi i^tivgestions which do not accord with the normal functions
of the ort^niem.
]>r. J. I.conuid Corning',' of New York, in discussing the therapeutic
Mine of hypnotism, declares that the role it is destined to ]ilny is a subor-
dinate one; it is a collateral expedient, invoked largely with the view of
rendering the patient more tractable and amenable to other elements id the
plan of treatment.
It should be borne in mind, as insisted upon bv the lale Dr. George
li- Keanl, that the phrnoimna i>l suggestion are not caused by superior
will-power of the liypnotizer. There is no transfer of mental force; there
IB merely a puKsivi- condition of the subject, which makes bim act auto-
maticallv, in a manner suggested by another person, who has no power or
control beyond Ihc uivnr suggestion of the idea.
Hypnotism and the law has been the subject of two e«Hkys rend before
the Med ieo- 1 A-gal Socitrfy of New York, — one by Clark Uell, Esq., and one
bv John J. Heese. M.ll." The position taken by the former in that the bar
■nd judiciary are in duty bound carefully and calmly lo investigate, and,
ao far as potcaible. debue tbe pbenomcuu sud place its true limitations re-
garding personal and iTtninly criminal responsibility. Lie would adyocate
revtriirling its use to qualified investigators, but would oppose limiting it
to medical men. Dr. Rtv^v regards it as a true pathological slate, even
though unaceompaaicd by any demonstrable change of structure. There
should be, in his opinion, legal surveillance over private experiments and
public exhibitions.
■niNifon Medical ««d ftur^rat Jonrtial. IMI.
'Jountal of AiFifiicnri ih-dUril Axtmrlaliin. Ihi. 13. 1890;
' Urdimtn/al Jfmrnol, March and Sept., ItWI.
[rom Itie Utdlni
1014
\ON*-riIAItMAVAI. BRURDtKS AMI OCNKKAI. TIIKKAI'KI'Tir^
In nwiital dincaM Dr. Vouiin* liuit hml ganil nMiiltM in coiif|tiiTiii|
liiilIuviniitioti». oxercominj; (Icliii<ii>n^. ami tii iiiiii.-tiiii; H<'iit(> nuiniii. lit'
■Me tn induce hyjiniioiH in nhmil li> \kt i-imt. i<{ liif piiti<-nt>. ■ Itiiuliii nar
rati?s iho case of u girl, aperf 18 years, with an hysterical laiinh "f ^'l'^
mnntliA* iluratioti, which licgiiii iltirinf; Ihr inhiiliition of ohhinifunn tin
tome slight operation. The ^rl was easily cured hy beinj; hypnotiuil «nd
told to forjivl liiT inclination t« Uiii^h.
The editorial in the Mtdimt \firs (OctoWr 10, IS'Jl), on lh« them-
peutic value of hypnotism, vavt* Mine dntilit iii>i>n the xdvifMiliilitr of gxA
Blituling one neurosis for another, and ^itfi^e^tH a etr<»nfr reliitionslii|i !n
twct'U exiM'Hnii'iilal livimoliKin ami hniiisn viviewtioii, "Wi- iniiol hiivi'
Iwlter |»t3'eh<ilo;,'Y and an in^nilely more perf^t^i |)atho!o];y and iiathoKe'
of [isyi-hinil iliMiiKt' iK-fnrf we «hall l>r t'll;lal^k■ of inK-Uiifciit \i*v of hvpnotkj
control find aojip^siion as jimliliable meihodw of cure." Dujardin-HcauiiietS^
in the Iwliiro pix^'vioiii'ly referred lo. Biimn iip the vahic of this method in
the statement that "psvehoiherapv will never constitute more than an ex-
ceptional ri'souree in the praetici? of onr art. if we vrould limit it to the prac-
tieo of hypnotism, projiprly so ealled." sini-e there will always remain a larftu
patho|[)^t-»t );roiip of organic iifTi-ct ions apiinst which we inu^il •>mploy
ajie<'inl iiteitic-:it)'in, iiml in which hypnotism can never play any r«"ile. "To
suppose, for a sin),'le Instant, that it would he po^ihle. liy men- allirmation,
to cause llu- diMippcarnnre n[ ihi- entire train of niorbid syuiplonii is an
illusion, and. w»rsc, an error." Krnest llarl' very fairly sums up the whol<
mattor, am follows: —
"Hypnotisni is a pathological niodilication of the uervoiis 8vsleni, whirG
always indicates that the subject )telonK» lo a neuropathic nIaM. Tht; com-
plete and typical form of hypnotism desorihcd by Charcot is rare. Sug-
gu»tion jilays a considerable part in hynnoiie plienomena, hut Ihrrr are
somatic phenomena which are independent of it. Hypnotism may frc-
*incntty tx- dangiToiis. and very rarely uiefiil. tt may he the cjum- of crime,
or of mental disorder: it can really cure no disease not more easily curable
by simpler and lew dnnjrerons mcthoiU. .A eonsiilerablc numhcr of fiicid
attributed to it which have most impressed the public imafiination. such as
the actions of medicine* at a diktnnce, the so-ctilled telepathic eommnnica-
tion#, or conimunicatione made without speech, and the clairvoyant phe-
nomena sometimes descrilM'd, are mere errors of experiment arising from
iiifiullii-ient precautions and a loo vivid imagination. Precisely thotic phe-
nomena which have been most publicly talked nlioul and cxoitwJ most
intercjit in "psychical circles.' so called, are Ihc least real. The hoped which
the therapeutic hypnotist aroused have not been realized, iniil any expecta-
tions of prnducinjt by hypnotic methorls any desirable moral or menial effi-ct
rest upon a totally inadequate basis of fact, and are far from being protnla-
iofr." Or, Hart, in hi.'t mono;irraph on "Hypnotism, Me.'>merism, and tt
New Witchcraft." alludes to the dsn^-rs which may arise from an abuse
hypnotic influence, and calls attention to itt actual alliance, in many
with humbuB and fraud. He demonstrates that neurotic individuals h«<
been trained for purposes of cxhittition and «o-(Miltcd »eii'iilitlc experim^nl
' ■TrooptKiinpB "f Coniiri'iU' of Rxprriiiieiilal Hj-pnutism, 18S(l."
and Surtliml Joumal. Sf|i1. ."i. 1880.
' Brrrf'A MeiHtyil Jiiuriuil. Marcli -ZS. IBDl.
AMhw Ufilknl
tlTFXOTItlM AND BLTOriRSTtOX.
1015
tion. John R. How' giv<!« ttiti four rulif foraiuUiled by Bonilidm nml
Bontiui*. which should ulwaye jjuide one in the uppHcation of hypnotism to
the treatment of nil (liiic«8r«: Xtiver usv hvpiiut»i» without the voutxMit of
the tiibjfct or the legal KiiardiaD- Never hypnoliie except in the pn-eentM!
of a third parly, who nptx-ni'm^ the subject. Silver make (Uff^i>i<lio»« with-
at the patii-iit'^ consent, excepting those necessary to effect a cure. Xevi;r
aiithorily owr a iiatit-nl to *i!cur* hi» vonsfiit, if vow hnvv rcaiton to
Wpcct di-ai;rvt'alil<' n;--iilt^ from llie experiment.
H«talloioopy and Uetallotherapy. — The poii^ihility of alTcctiug bodily
tunelions by the near approxiniation to the surface, or actual contact, of
varioiiA mdnU huii been u Lielief of mankind from a very remote ]H-riod, and
doubtlefs the phenomena exhibited by magnetic iron-ore had much lo <lo
with Ki^'iiiS ■t' something like a foundation in fact. In the history of thia
subject the name of l>r. Ferkiuti, of Connecticut, will always occupy "a
.prominent place, »iniiliir lo that of 1'umceUus in the eiirly ilevclopnient of.
joypuotism, sitd the parallel ia not an unjuMt mie to the American. I'erkins I
irranged a combination of metals in the fonn of a cytindi-r which couM
b« Krasped in tite hand or )iaj>sed over the surface of the body. By the
ipplicntion of tht**- "trnctorB." iw they vcn called, the morbid prot-ow wua
rbelieved to l>c drawn out; he apnlied them with remarkable results, and
many vcrtilicates of cutck were olilaincd. Tliie mvthnd had i^uch :iucci-s«|
here that it waa introduced into Kn;;land, where it was received with ^i^'at
enthusiasm. It became at once very popular. Crowda of all clusM-e reported
to the Porkiniiian Institute, am) wealth poured into the coffers of the slirowd
proprietor, until Dr. llay^^arth opened an op|)o>'ition in^tituliou, and dem*
onfltrflted to the worid that he could obtnin equally uiurvelaiis resultfl frotili
imitation trfietori' made of wood. In olhvr wonla, I'erkinw's method was*
not melalbitherajty, properly speakin;;, but an illustration of the influemt'
ol the mind over the budy and of the curative eifecl of the ima^nation.
Modem metalloKcopy and metallotherapy are further iUuetrations, in all
probability, of the action of this polvot therapeulk- adjunvt under a inore
•cientific dreen.
Dr. Uurq, in an innutfurtil thcxiH in lfl,'il, called profo^tonal attention
to the curative <-ffect.-> of metals in the form of plates, when applied to this
skin in cases of pamlysw of motion or of wusihilily oeeurriuj; in hysteria.
The iMinie nielal i.-' uot applicable to all cases, — one being bcnclited by silver,
another by gold, copper, or »uuie other uielal. He dainit^ that the intertial
administration of the Ikppropriate metal to the given ea»e would likcvriso
produce favorable results. The detection and deti^nninalion of the par*
tieular metal iipproprinti- to each indiridual he denominated "metatloacopy,"
and the use of nietaU in this way "nietulloth'-rapy." Thiit iii ([uite diftcrcnt
from the external uh- ai majinets, to which attention lias already beei
directed. Among the phenomcnn cliiinieil by Rurii lo b<- produrtfd by
piece of mctul. such ttf a coin, properly telecled according to the spevial
MDRibilitv of the subject, when placed in contact with the iikin, it rvtum
of nonnal sensibility in peniianenl hemiantesthexia {hy>*'erical) in from ten
to twenty mtuules, through a space of some extent uWvc and below the
point of application. >>umhnc«>, tingling, and other dimrders of sensation
precede (he return of sensibility in the area inuu«)iately adjai-enl to the
•jMriMl of Ifer .(virrfMii ITrtfiolf .Iworiitllnx, Mht 30, IKao.
metal. Hiiii Ihiit grndiiultr i-xtt-iiili' iitilil ihi- whole sic!*- ri'tum« In llic imniinl.
Al the MBit' time su elevation of the temperature Tecogiuzahle by the
theniKimct^r and an incrciise of inu^cuUir power tukes plxcc. Where eight.
heiirin<;, tftde, and smell are also in a condition of aniesthesia, bs the general
M<nMliiIilv is restored ihv*t funi-ttons aim become noniiol. A comminion
appointed by the Paris Academy, with Charcot at its head, bftving been
Hppi>uitwi lo cxttiniiic into tlieir cloimK f«r inftnllotherapy, coi)lirm«l them,
and added what is known ae "the phenomenon of transfer," by which is
inriiTit chat with the n^Morntion of normal tcniiibility upon tht aiTei-tvi] iiide
llitie IB a decline, to a greater or le«8 degree, of the sensation of the corre-
t^jxmdtn); im-a upon the oppoMte »ide. The phenomenon observed and the
remilt« obtained by the eommiefiion were of aiich a positive character that
Chiin'oi Huv K-d lo ai^cribe them to electric citrreuts stimulated by th«
contact with the metal. Such cnrrenla could only be an exaltation of llie
normal intrreupilhiry clectncxl phenomena, einee one metal could not orig-
inate an electric cunent out^de of the bodv even when in contact with it.
Prrifosiir Wectphalf of Berlin, attcr n careful investigation of the subject,
piiblialied hia results, which, on the whole, were corroborative of thoM of
Chariot and Itiin). Dr. Hiighi'» Bennett obtained equally atriking resulta
frfim other substances than metals.
The method of application is to select dii-ks^ or largo coins, or pieces
of wood coated with metal, and apply them to tlic alTected limb either a» a
bracelet or a single plate kept in position with a bandage. Tho efTects fol-
low in a few minitti^s, »a that esperimcnl will readily determine which metal
is to be nscd. As the rule, an individnal is susceptible to one metal only.
The order o! itsotulness is: iron, copper, iiold, silver, liu, platiDum.
Besiditi hernia nsoslhesia or paralysis of hy^tiTJcal simji-cli', cnn» o\
writers' cramp, chorea, and neuralgia have been reported. \STieu the metal
to which the patient is wnsitivc is discovered, it is sagely recommended to,
continue tlie treatment by the internal use of a salt of the same metal. lai
giving this advice Hiirlliohiw follows Runi's practice, already referred to.
i"lie attentive student of tlie preceding section on hypnotism and aug-
geation will find a sulTicient and (ully-scienlific reason for the above phe-
nomena, without invoking any mysterious or occult infinence of metals in
the treatment of disease, other than in the sense in which Burton, in hia
celebrated "Anatomy o( Melancholy." applies to metal lot herapy in hia ob-
servation to the elTccl that gold is a potent remedy for lowncsi? of spirits.
Within the last few years the subject of metal lotherapy has almost^
entirely disappeared from niedical journals, and is omitted from oar prin
cipal text-books.
I
4
HEAT AND COLD.
Heat, rs mcasnrcd by the thermometer, is a purely relative term. Uv-
ing human beings have a normal standard of heat fHrnijihcd by the surface
tempcralurc of the bodv, which varies a little at different points, hut niav
be roughly stated to he about 100' (F.), or n Hitic le** (98.4° to 98.6" in
the axilla, a fraction higher in the mouth or rectum). In certain slalc« o(,
the system thiK may he exceeded by as much as t«n or twenty degrees, and^
if this continues for a greater or shorter period, the ])nttvnt is common]]
IIBAT AND COLD.
1017
uid to hare fever, or pyrexia {'Be, fire). The bodily temperstun-, ou th«
other hand, inav full below tho «tnn<)urd in collnpiw, coma from alcohol. lose
of blood, tlanatioa, or cancer. XasomoUir imralysiB with dilaiatioii nf the
hlood-veweU is Komelimc* the cau»* of nolubk- lo(« at heat after severe in-
juries of the upper portion of the fipine. In sclerema neonatorum Dr.
Baumler' ha» ohwrvea o lemiit-ralurc bb low &» Tl.fi" F. (2»* C).
Cold maj be defined as a lower degree of temperature than that which
ta normal to the humaji body. .\bHOhite cold wonld jie a condition enlirclj'
free from sensible heat; it is estimated at several hundred degrees ( — 151*
degr***) below wro. Cold i*. therefore, unknown to us, practically, and by
the term we mean simply lower degree of heat, .\rlicle8 which, when an-
plio'I to th« surface, nbittraot more or ]vm heat from it, are soid to be cola;
those vhicb, on the contran-, commnnicate heat to the body, ar« aaid to
be hot.
I'bia fact is of considerable service in therapeutic*, »ince we are able,
to a certain extent, to rcgulslc tho bodily teniperattire by means of externa]
applications. For convenience we will ^at of them under two he8<tit, vis.:
(1) the cfrootn of hot applictitions or t-xternal heat, and (9) the «fl«ct8 of
abstraction of heat by cold applications.
1. Heat .is a Reuedy.
Pbysiologioal Effect* of Hot Applications. — The primary effect of lieat,
when locally a|)plied to the human body, is that of an excitant or stimulant.
!f the temperature be suHicientlT high. — say, that of boiling water, — irri-
latton will be ho great an to lead to taont ctTu^iun between the layers of
the epidermis, the externa! squamous layer being thereby derated and a
blister formed, followed by more or letw local innammation. U the tern-
perature be even greater, necrosis of the tissues will take place, to a greater
orl«M extent, followed by Klimghing, The application of higher degree* of
heat, as by the actual cauierj\ is attended by shriveling and combustion of
Koft purt«. followed by decomposition, suppuration, and necrosis. More or
i«ea pain is caused by the application of anything to the surface the tem-
prratun- of which is mmh higher than that of the body. After the appli-
cation of heat the electric lurrents in the sensory nerves are reducea, or
even destroyed. Heat niuy. therefore, act as a sc<dative in painful affections
of the nen'ea. Moderate heat, applied generally to the surface, producea
important physiological effects, which have already been referred to in dis-
cussing the effects of warm and hot baths. Dry heat \i belter borne than
moist heal, and glaN^workers, metal-founders, stokers, and others con-
stantly carry on work at a temperature much grwti-r Uian llmt of the human
body. It is recorded of Chabert, "the Fire King," that he frequently ex-
posed himself to a temperature of 400° to 600° F. without injury; and, in
the Turkish bath, the temperature of the hot room is ordinarily from 140*
to IfiO' F.
The effects of exposure to an elevated temperature in dry hot air, for
a shorl time, — from half an hour to an hour, — are: a slight rise in bodily
tem|>erature and an increased rate both of pulse and respiration, hut more
of the former than of Ihc latter. The capillary system becomes coagested,
■ giuia'a "Dictionary ol UfdMnf." |>. lAMi.
1018 KA.\-PltAUHAOAL nKMKDIlM AND UK\KII.IL TUKRArKl'TICS.
and the ■rterial tcn»ion m incroai>c<l a» a rebuilt of greater nipiclity of th,
lioarlV nctioD. The SL-tiun of the kidneys und ekin is more tnark^, nnj
the iimporlioiLi of ohli>riili>ii und urea «re iucreHRed. The skin beconx
Imthed in piTspinition. which, by it" fvaporalion, kcep^ the limlity tempera
tiiri^ down nearly to normal. In inoi»t air thi» evaporation doeit nut
ri'ndily take place, and much lower degrees of heat speedily become unsup-
pnrtable. It i» <>n diiy^ when the humidity ii great that nun-^lrokc y m<>re^
apt to huppen, since, n^ider such eirenmslanccs, the bodily tcmporsturo ris
until the brain is afri'cte<l by the overheated blood, and oodiu or convulsions
tDEUC. This is more likely to occur if the person afTected lias hcva engaged
in aetive niusculnr ilfurt nt the lime of e\pciAure,
Therapeutioal Applioationi of Heat. — Ocnenil or local measure* may
he <-m|iloy('d lo exert thermic inlhuiici-^ u|njii the body. The ffcneral ap-
plicationti: may be made by meanI^ of haths of various kindr-, iuctuding the
Ittisiiiiiii or ^t■*Mm 1>atJi, and the hot-air hnili, which have Ih-ch already
referred to. A variety of the latter i^ known as heliMit, or the sun-bati
whieli hii* n |iiiu'i-rfnt effect upon niUritinn, and in some chronic foniu
disease it has curative effects scarcely obtainable in any other manner,
may he tuken in a wunn room, with Uie elotliing rcmovH from the portin
of the body to be acted upon, or the entire body may be exposed to the raj
of the »iui for a jH-riod of half an hour tit an hunr; or the hudr may
covered with clothing, and the warmth of the sun principally utilized,'
That the iiun""! rays csert a powrrfu! influenec is "liown \>y (he ocule derma-
titis which is caused by exposure to the sun while boating or swimming;
even blistering is pniduecrl. in severe easi-s. bwidex diseid orations of the
akin (tanning and freckles). The direct rays of the sun. concentrated by a
doublc-eonvcx leiii', have all the effwl* of the acliial cftutorr, and inay
tbufl employed to destroy epithelioma, or amall growths in the skin.
Local application* of hesit may he made by mi'ani' of itpccial ap)ierattD
(or the drj- hot-air treatment. consiHting of metal case*, usually heated hy
g&E-flame externally applied, also by hot-wuter bags, 8and-l>ags, hriek*, etc.,f
or by cataplasms, fomentations, or local hatha.
Boeckel has shown that the vinilence of chancroid in dc-*lroved bj
temperature from W to 43'' C. (104" to 107.6' V.). In acrordanee witkl
this observation Welandcr has made use of boat with excellent and rapid
effect in cases of chancroids and buboes. The heat was applied by means
of leaden coils connected at one end with a reservoir of water at a tempera-
ture of 50" to 52° C. (ISa" to t26.G° K.) and at the other with a waste-
vessel beneath the bed. The pipes arc bent to correspond to Ihe form and
locality of the uh-er, and are covered wilh a layer of moist cotton before
applieation. In [wssing through the tubes the tcmperatupe of the water
U reduced to 40'" or AQ" C.
The general application of heat is useful where the body has become
chilled, or there is eollopM\ owing lo Iilis of blood, nr shoik afler an injury;
also in alcoholie intoxication. The patient may be covered with blankets,
brought close around the neck, hut lifted up from Ihe body into a «ort of
a low tent, into which hot air may be carried from an alcohol-lamp or small
' Ftvttmor TarniiT has iw«I nnnnth wil.h rt^markatili- rwiiltii in hiviox the- Uvm
of pmnamrvly bnm nr wi-nk Infrnitn. lie i\nen * luix lii'itt''il witll liot-wnlvr (wttlM,
the hmt beiiift n-^ilatrtl with the thrrniouit'trr. Thl* apimratui is ralleil ■ nxir
and Is tn urnrtnl uir in mnt(-rnitiri> and foundling ■»^liiin».
IIXAT ASi> COLD.
1019
bukriv, roiitainiiif; hot lirio4cs or sad-iron^, may \>e mnjced by the side ol
tJie )>alifnt. ('inulntion nf tin- \i]niitl muy be ux^i^Iitl l>y rubbing tht- pu-
tiriil's limb» toward the tnink. 'Ilie liot biiih ban alrvuiiy bei-D considered..
Ballis of hoi Miiiil imd riiiid-biitbi> iin> iiMd in Europe for the cure of rhvu-
nutieui, purnh'^ii-, aud Hpasmndk' (-onlraclureH ot muscles. In colbipse of'
cholera «»d.in n-climnj^ pcrn'in^ upimrviitly drowned hcnt ie of greut iiu-
portuner. Special fonns of appanittu, coDsistinj{ of Ittrge boxes of sheet* '
iron limil witb nxbrtlo*, wbich can be heated by the flame of UmpD or HBtfi
BO lu tu rsis« the temperature to 30U° or -100° V„ liave been tnnde of vmrioucj
b1ui)m-h so as to expiwe a portion of the human body to thii^ i-kvali-d tcm-'
pexatiire. As this titatiiioni is i-HpeiJally used for lliu Ircatiiient of ehmnic
nyiiovitis and painful and inHamed joints, the iippuratus in nio«t frequent
demand is that into which the affeeted arm or b-^ may be introduced. In
trauniatie, rbetimalie, and polity arthritic thi* results have been tdoBt fiuc-
cessful. The treatment usually lasts for one hour, and Is ^iveii dailjr or
cvvty siTond diy. The effects are not only local in relief from pain, twult-
inc, and aliRnewt, but, m the patient fcenerally perxpires pmfusely white
taxing' the loeal bath, he huf- the benefit of a f^enernl hot-uir bath, as well
as the bM.a! effects of the hijfb tempeniliire, whieh, in many rases, are to-
mark able.
I)r K. S. MnrM:, of Ashtabubi, Ohio, re«orled xueeeMfully to the topical
&p|>licalion of dry hot air in a cvite of senile ;;an^ene. The patient, two
of whuM! loi-s had been amputated, wiw "S'J yenrs of ajte, i-aebeclic, the sub-
ject of mitral disease, and had symptoms of soptieiemiH. The hnt-air treat-]
uiCDt wai> Kivvu twice duil]' for Lwv «eckB, by wUicli time the wouudt w«ro
Ihcalrd.
It has bii-n ex peri men tally >hoHn that the jiariixysnis of idio))athie epi-
lepsy are preceded and aecomguinied by to.xieity of the blood, urine, )(afitric
LJuiee, ami smi-^I, and Cabitt staler lh«t the hot-air tuilh is an e.icellent
means of preveniin;; or ameliorating; epileptic attacks.
Topieal appli<-«li<ms of he»l are ejiUed for in eai^S of jMiin, \wm\ eon-
li^fwlionf. or spa^m§, and to allay irritability by acting; as a eaunter-irritaut.
Thus, in iieural^iu or toothache, the application of heat with a rubber licit-
waier bag, or with tbe hop-baR moistened uilh hot whisky, is often of si^rnal
•crrier. In a i^iinilar manner eolic of various kinds — imlnlgia. gall-dtonc
rolie, nephritic colie — is promptly relieved by hot applications, either dry
or moist. In pneumonia and pleiiri-w hot pi>ultic<'S rdieve pain and eon-
Itesiion. favor perspiration, and moderate the fever and t-ouRb. Hot appli-
cations will often arret^t i^iiperticin] inflammation if applH-d early, and in
later stHK<^ they favor siippurntiou and s<>paration of the neerot^ tisnues
(ram the lirinK. A hot-water bn^ applied to the spine, in the dorsal r^'gioii.
will otimulnte ihe spinal centres and eheck nterine liii-ninrThage. lit rheu-
matic intlamniation of joints, suliacute in character, tbe alternate applic^a-
tion of hot anil inld applications mtises rapid absnqition of the eltusion.
The uianv uses of poultices and tbe hot-water bag cannot even be onu-
niemteil here, but eniiii^b bus bit-n mentioned In indicate their theni[H'utic
: value. Bv eonibination of mustard or spices with a cataplasm or poultice,
' Ihe counter-irrUttiit I'lTcct i* gr.-allv iucrea.iwi ; lint thi« i» beyond the bor-
dera of the subject of heat by itself, which Is now under discussion. The
higlicr define'' "f heat are used as ewlinnilici'.
The ChineM- method of raising a blister is to immerse a plate of metal.
low NON-PKAB»ACiI. BlIMKDIBS AND OBMBHAL TUEBAPECTtrS.
of the required sii«, in (wiling vtiXt-r. When thoroughly litratml, it ta tsk«n
out and njiplit-d din-cUy to the skm. As Ibis is »ery painful, it is not to be
vompaKd with Ihu ordinury method, uiid is not likdy to come into («Tor
here with the profi-seion or public. The actual cautery is a surgical instru-^
tncnt, but it may be uUh/W in invdicino in thu tiratmcnl of chronic rheu*
malic- or tiiherctilar iti6ainniation of joints. In sciatica the surface uverl
the course of th<* nerve may he lightly touched by the actual oauter)'. to}
produce a counler-irritaDt eflecl, or a piece of flannel overlaid by haixlwarej
|)apor iiiny hv pluc^ along the limb over the painful area and a hot ud-
iron paeficd lightly over the surface.
II, EpKKtTS 01' AiisriiACTioN* OP Ueat by Cold Ai-plications.
FhTsiological Effects of Cold.— Cold applied to the living body pro-
duces some congestion of Ihe superficial blood-vessels, soon followed by their
rapid and extreme conlniction and lowering of the surface tempcraturo. H
the exposure has been moderate, reaction follows, with redilatMinn of the
capillarii*, nugmi-nled energy of the circulation, nnd r(%lonition of the nor-
mal heat. In weak or debilitated neople reaction is slow or may not appear
at all; but ihere is a more or le«s lengthy period of viliil dcpre»ion, accom-
panied by enfeebled nutrition, and followed by a alow recovery. Prolonged
exposure to a low teniperiiture may induce not only local and temporary '
vascular syncope, but loi:al or even general devitalization; beyond this point j
only the pini-ical and t-hcmienl effects of cold continue. Complete fr^-zingj
of a tissue or ofkbd is never followed by complete restoration of function,
SH the devitaliwd portion i« nocromcil nnd i^loughe i)fr. Tliis condition ia
known as frost-bite and gangrene, l-csa intense cold may lead to a tend-
ency to permiment dilntalion of the ciipilhiricti of Ihe skin, associated with
paresthesia and at times pmritus. This is knott-n as pernio, or chilblain,
and eaiucB much aniiovHine In children espccinlty. The upplieiition "f
carholized lotions or petrolatum with earboiic acid (3 to 5 per cent.) affords
much relief. Frost-bite mny lead to loss of toes or fingers, or even require
amputation of portions of Ihe feet, after severe exposure. Death from
exposure lo cold is attended by shriveling luid lividity of the skin, muscular
wt-akness and rigidity, with mental symptoms, drowsiness, confusion, and
coma. These symptoms have been mistaken for the etfcets of alcohol, and
the i-rrnr is mure likely if the subject had het?n indulging in alcohol before
his exposure. The post-mortem appearances eonsiel in a waxy amemia of
the eurfitce, varied by bri);lil-ii'd jmliinT- on ihi- more exposed portions of
the body. Internal organs much congested. The reddish-brown stains
along the coiirve of the siipcrluinl blood-vessels are due lo disintegration of
the blnod-eells by the cold and diffusion of the coloring matter through the
VHBcular walls (C. K. Shelly').
In treating a patient who has been rendered unconscious by cvtreme
cold, the point to be borne in lutnd h that Ihe resloraticn of lii-at should'
no| he rapid, hut gradual. The patient should bo stripped of clothing and
put between blankets, in n cold room; Ihe surface nhmdd be aliniubited bj
gintle frielion, using snow or ice-water to frozen parts, at firsi, and after-
ward dry flannel. The bladder i!ihouid be emptied by catheter, and small
'"DiclionsTy of PrHctksl Modkine," Milted by J. K. Fowlpr, ISIMX
HBIT AND COLD.
qiinnliliv8 of Iiol broth. lea, cofTee, or bcef-tca may l)c adiuiuistcrcd as sumd
as the jkatieni cim eiwaJlovr. Atlet reaction ik c«1ubli>hvc]. but nut it Urst,
wme hot toddy may be given. Xutritive encmata may be admrnifitcred, and
the patient (artfully nursvd, ax rueovcry ig usually alow.
Effects of Cold on Bacteria. — It has been shown, nith regard to puthoj;-
enic baeteria, that thttir viuility in only »uK|)cnd(-d, and not destroyed, by
extreini! cold, l-'or instance, the bacteria of yellow fever, typhoid fever, aod
the plflKUi' bmilius iiro ihedtt'd in tlit-ir growth by a frccxiiiK Irninv rat lire.
Tfaerapentics of Cold.— Two I'lusaes of cases are benefitea by the appli-
cation of dressings, or other aj^uiitit. of low temperature. The»e are; where
it is desired to have the primary and secondary physiolD;;icai effecta upon
ncrre;^ bloo<l-v(?>tEL-ls, and celix of the part, and, scoondly, wIktu the phj^jtial
effect is principally sought after through the abstraction of heat or the
lowering of abnormal tumpcralure. With regard to the latter, il may be
said that nervous symptoms of vnrioiii> kinds are produced by an abnormal
tempiTDttire of the bbod as it ilowb- through the vesicia of the brain, and
in what Dr. II. V. Wood terms "llicrmie fever" the principal object of
treatment is lu protect the brain-centrc« by abstraction of heat from the
blood. In Ihc treatment of pyrexia cold y used as an antipyretic by nu-
uK'rouE methods: the cold bath, wet pack, sponginfi of the surface, or by the
watvr-bed or coiU of rubber tubing. Cold-water cnetnatn in typlioid fover
have some influence upon the temperature, and tend to make the patienl
more comfortable.
Cold is not only aiitip^atJO, but may be applied as a tonio and ttinn-
lant, r<«otion being luiMem-d by brisk friilion. It aUo nctit ai> a sedative
and anodyne by ab^lraetion of hciil nnd leesoiiiiip the eonJuclivity of nerve-
tnmks; it may even be a local auseathetic: but care should be taken not
to freeic the part to which it is applied. When properly used iu tbiu way,
it il AUfHeient to prevent the feeling of pain during small operations, and
it frequently rtt-ortcd to. It is also an anaphrodiaiao when locally applied,
or a shower of cold water is sent along the .ipinc. It is antispasmodic, as
when a child with convulsions or spasm of the glottis is relieved by pouring
sercral pitcbfrrtilx of cold water over Ihe head and neck. The cold douche
is a powerful respiratory excitant in cases of narcotic poiaoninf; and in
asphyxiated infants In chorea, cold applied lo tlift npine, either by the
douche or by ether-spray, has produced satisfaclory results, and a similar
application mar be made in hy.itenii. In bygitt-rioal ealaU'p.'y, hyiiteTta
major, convuliions, etc.. the sudden pouring of a bucketful of cold water
npon the fac« and mouth, from an clfvation of three or four feel, frequently
haa a marvelous effect. A similar douche of cold water from a pitcher is
useful when poured upon the ab<lnn)cii in cai>eit of Inertia of Ihc uterus,
cither Wfore or after childbirth. In suppression of urine, a cold douche lo
the doreal region of the spine often cauw-s free »een.'lion of urine. Con-
traction of the bladder may be induced in the same way. 'I'he application
of cold by baths has already been con^ideied. but as an iUiutration of ita
iiscfulni-M the following case may be quoted; Maurice I^tolle' de«crib«a
the case of a man with a severe attack of delirium tremens. The tvmpcra*
tuiE was 101.5° v., and tlie face and extremitiea were cyanowd. Seven
hours after the beginning of the attack he was given a cold bath of fil.t"
' pTfM l/Mtvlf. July 8, 18M.
KON-Pii.\it«AfAr. itRMBmEa lyi) nexewAT, tiibrapki'tipx.
F. lie nniaiiii-cl in the liuth Tur lliinv iniiniU-Ei. anil iit llu- t.>ml <>[ tlist
liiiii- «ii(li !*.-»))' parsed into a utalf of ((illuimc, with tin' {ihIk' r<'miiiiiin^ nt
the same rntu n» when lie ciitcrt>(] thi' bHili. 108. Th« tciniM-ratiiro ha^
fflUcii to 9^.6* tec miiitit«« nfler llir ImDi bad l>roii jzivi-n. Kmin tliin
citreniclj low point thf tcinpcrntiiTi- gradually improvi?') imlil twelve hours
nfler the bath had been },'ivt-n, when it un.* noriDUI, Thi- piittriK did iin|
hav<^ A return of Iho (U-liritini. i^tidle rcj^nrd^ tbiii as a distinct improve
nient upon (he u»e t>t opium, dilorni, or ilijiitidiK. Thr Intli in thi- m*
<leU'rili<'(l Wilis iidniiniiftcn-d for too loDf; a time, but he (biiik" it is jufllifieil|
in these verr K^ave vaw», and in Ihf ce«e in ■]tti-!>lii>n it vn* fnlUiwt'd \>y
lowcrirg of tlie lemptTutuiv and u di^appearani-^ of thi? <lehritim.
The anodyne elTecIa of oold on; iitiliK^] in thi> tn-alineiit. ni infliiiniiis-
tioii. contuttioui^ etc. Sprains, sg a nile, atv he«t treated with a hx^al balhj
of very hot water, followed by coiniiix-tision. Shoidd pain (olbm-, thv dretM
ingK may he wet with iee-watcr. This i§> ali^o useful if there is pain afl^r
fraettire. In acute inflammation of joints the iee-tiag h of ^rval i<erviinc in
checking in flam mat ion. Compre«M« of flannel wet with ice-water are use-
ful ill tomtilliti.s pli»ryn);itiii, and larynK>tix- Hr. D'llara, of Pliilnddpbis,
reported a case where the continuous resort to cold application? to the throat
• in a ca»e ol diplitberin averted Ihc ^uIlpo*ed neci-^ily of n tvMtrt t« trteh«-,
otoniy.'
i>ry cold w uhoiI hy nicanx of an ire-ha^ or bladder fillwi with hrokei
ice. The skin should be protected by means of one nr two layers of fiaunel
or local frt-ezinx (frni<t-biU<) may Ik- prodiKX'd. Tbi# method ii> u^h\ in
pneumonia, meningitis, and c-onsestive headache. The ice-has should be
partly siispfinUd by a cord »(> as to lake il.- wtiijht frtim Die licMd. Thiw alsn
iifis some effect upon the general Icnijicratiirc, The method ha:? also been
Utilized in rase!* of fracture, in vertebral eariert, in orchitis, or epldidymiti-s
and in numerous other conditions where it ]iw^ proved exceedingly vuluabtc.
Pr. .lolin .\. Miller has used ice with excellent results in phlefrmafiia >11>a
dolens. A large towel was dipped in icc-watcr. wrung out and wrapped
around the affected limb, after which a heavy flannel roller banda^r^ was
applied from the toe to the groin. Over the most painftil partjf were placed
rubber bags iiUed with ice and kept in position by an additional bandage.
Pain waa markedly relieved by this practice and the teniperalurc was
speedily reduced. From the application of iee over the cardiac region SJ.
.ndlien haa derived great benciit in grave ataxic forms of typhoid fever, in
which death s<.'Cmed imminent. The result wa> reduced frequency and
inereaned strength of the pulse, together with reduction of temperature and
disappearance of the cerebral iiymptoms. The application should be
watched carefully, as to its results, but there appears to be no danger in
prolonging it. wliile the general condition remains dangerous. In [wri-
carditis, whether dependent or not upon rheumatism. Dr. V>. B, Lees, of!
Ixindon, made use of u itiuiilar method with satisfactory rt-suli.t. He was
led lo its one in this disease by his experience with it in the treatment of
pneumonia, Dr. Lees loncliides that llie ice-bag when used with caution is »
safe application in pericarditis, that it is usually liked by the patient, tends '
to check the violence of the local inllamniation and lo n-strict efTurtion.
The application even seemed to assist in the absorption of fluid, which ira»
■"franwietliin* of thf rhiludclpliin County Mt'diPnl Soeii^ty."
LHlttT AND DAIIKSKi«.
loss
HMy present'; I)r. Aiigioi M<-Gillivray. nf 1>iiiiil(<i'. sUilws that tlic Iri-nt-
tbmt of ocular wountls bv mean!: of llie r()iitiiui'iui> apjilit-Rtioii of iord com-
prM^eii han Rivt'ii liim gn*nt Nttifriirtirin. i.clulle an<l {{ibard dfscriheij their
invthoil of the local appliration nf exin*iiii' coM {"^ryTiirtlioniiiv") lo nver-
w>me the aticm-xin <if plitliisii'. Tbcir plan ig to apply duriiij; about lialf hd
hour every morning a bag. CDntntninfi; (tlioiii 2 kilo^rniiiniei' of cnrbonic-ncid
Uas, lo the cpiftnutno ami hepatic rfpoiis. The ^kin U protected by a thick
layer of cotton-wool, and niaiiitaiiiK a tempera I im> of atKiiit 25° C. A neC-
oud application [ireccdes the evening meal. Letidle and Itibard prefer the
KboTe-mentioned method, and ihiiik that vome orgun». #iich ae the liver,
are cooled tnorc than others by the cold. The organUni ham tn retiisl the
cooling Hrocees. and the n-snlt >* an im-n'iuv of nnlritivc changci", a burning
up of old nialcrialiN an absorption of new maleriaU. and an increase of
appetite corrt-spouilin); to ihi- inercvmHl digc<^tivc vijfor.
Ity the cnijiloynicnt of liquid air an intense degree of cold in rapidly
[trodliced. This Inm bi'in niinllv introdnccd into medicine as a method of
ocal refrigeration. Campbell While has employed this agent in varicose
nki-ni, chancroid*, and wnne specifif idccre. lie believes that nothing will
so quickly, thoroughly, and painlettely stimulate granulation a* doea the
C roper application of liquid nir. He lin^ uW used liquid air in srtatica.
erpes, and intercostal and facial neuralgia, obtaining permanent relief by
■ pplying liquid air to the spinal end of the alToctcil nvr\c.
Care should be taken in applying cold to weak or elderly people, and
in thow.' with a marked valvular lei^ion of the heart; for in all these cases
reaction, if it occur, will be slow, and it might lead to catarrhal attaoIcH.
The cold doiic)ii< inii^l nut be iii«'d m fever if there be extreme wcakniiMand
feeble pulse, with delirium and cool, clammy skin.
Evaporating fotionit, uttinl in treatment of contii«ion>: and inflammutions
BTOund joints, are merely a method of obtaining refrigeration or cold; but
Kf Ihey commonly involve tin- um' of vnrioiix niedieament* other than cold,
they need not be conMdered here.
Small piece* of ice, allowed to melt in the mouth, allay irritaliOD in
casea of sore throat and thiiiit in cases of fever.
UOHT AND DARKNESS.
IJgbt and darkness are relative terras, dust a^ cold is merely the ab-
MDcc of heat, so darkncsi- conusts in the privation of light. Like heftt,
aUo, it ill a form of energy, and is regarded essentially as a mode of molecu-
lar motion. Modern phvi^ic« recognixe«, in fact, a very intimate relation
Wtwe«n light and beat. In the rayit of the sun and those emanating from
an ordinary incandescent or liimtnoiiK object, t^nch as a lamp or lire, light
and heat are always' aitsoeiated. I1ie ray^ of light are leaa diffn.iive than
heat-rays, and the latter may Iw separated by pacing through a satiiruted
volution of alum, which ah?orl>s I he neat-rays, bnt ]>ermitiik the light to pasti.
In what is termed pho^phnrc^cemc in insects and luminous bacteria the
beat'TByc are deficient, in addition to light and hent, the rayii of the «un
• BrtlM yedJmr Joumnl. FVb. m, mm. p. Mi.
NON'-I-nAHUAOAL fiUISDlES AXD OBNBRAL TUKR.lPltrTITS.
COiiUiii pnurgy, in u fvrai of piuutinr uclivity. Th4.-»v olnicurc rays nliioh,
in the solar spectrum, are found in and jutit beyniid the violet, nre knowt
as Oil' aotinio n\y». Ae it hiis been found thst tlie aclinic ray« produce \vi
marked chemical and photO};Taphic efTecI^, it in very probalile that part
thv phyi(ii}lo^'ii-ul and thcrupeulicul cfTei'l of the euu's niys on the human
or^'auism may be ascribed to thin source. The elTt'cl nf Kunlight upon the
nervous »ystcm iii Komotimoj cxcctuiivc and injurious In the West lDdi«»,
for instance, sun-atroke is much more lo be dreaded tlian in more tenf
]H-iate ouuntricj^, a» it frci|ncntly Efts up myelitis, neuritis, or sonic de;;en^
eralive procesH in the body, which results in paralvriis, insanity, or chmni^
inv(ilidi«m. liven in our Northern cities mcnio^tie is often caused by th^
sun's rays. From this we conclude (hat sun-stroke, or insolation, is Mmt
tiling more serious than thermiv fever, or a temporary overheating of th«
blooa, the effects of which, by the way, are more marked in the lower animals
than in num.
Physiological Effects of Light. — 'l*he tij«ues of the bndy are nearly
opaque; but, with a. hifih decree of illumination, such as may be obtained
from the electric arc lighl, there in fmiml ii ixinnidorable amount of tmn«-
luceucy. We may aieo introduce elecirie lamps into the mouth, the phai-
J'nx, or tlie stomach in order to examine- the i-xtcnt and nitioiint of tnins-
uoency of the surroundiuR structures. It has recently been shown that
nys of the eun are capable of pofi«in^ directly thruui;h the body, to a limit
extent. L'nder ordinary circumstances, it is probable that sanliRht, to so
dcKTCi^r actually pciictrati.-> the «kin ami cntcr« the mit ti!»ue«, otiniulatinfT'
and vivifying tlie cells by its warmth and actinio influence. That it doe^
Mcrt some vf ry iinportiinl etrcct iipmi nutrition is (lemontdnitHl by tho fad
that persons who pursue occU[)atiotis that keep them constantly in the shade,
end away frotn the Aun, ac<iiiir(! a pitculiar pallor, and become ana>uiie.
Moreover, not orUy are human bcinjp! dependent upon Ughl for health, but,
at a rule, animals depend upon it for their existence. Hie Mammoth Cave
of Kentucky has veiy' few species of the higher orders of animal life, and
thctt! show eTidenoet of defective development and imperfections of struct'
ure. It is a well-known fact that plants need light, in order that the eel
may properly elaborate chlorophyl. Since the color of chlorophyl is due t
a soluble salt of iron analogous to hiematin, which ^^ tli« chalybeate com-
pound to which the red hlood-ecll owes it* color, the [uilt'nes.^ of plant
grown in darkness is strictly analogous to the paleness of mill-operatives and
weavers, who*c occiiputums kwp them from exposure to sunlight. IJghl
is not only necessary to physical health, but also for the moral nature.
Darkness is depressing to the spirits and unfavorable to intelh>ctua) devel<^J
opment. The punishment of the dark cell has been abolished almost en-^H
tirely from penal and rcfnrmalory ini<litutions, on account of it^ unfavorable^^
influences upon the mind and the tendency to caus« insanity which has
heen observed where it ha* bwn practiced. There can be no (Question that
the superior intelligence and quickness of com preh elision of the human race,
among the highly- fa von'd nations, it due, in great pert, to their xucccsjt i
providing arliiiciat illumination for all clashes of society, — literally tuniin,
night into day.
It has been experimentally demonstrated that sunlight inhibits or
tards the growth of patJiogenic microbes. Tubercle bacilli will not gro'
apoa culture-media in direct sunlight, and even ordinary daylight is fata)
Liam AXD DJIRKKE8B.
1025
to tlieni witliiii n i>crioc[ viiryinj; from a few minutes to Eevoral Aayi. Dif-
fused dajligbt exerts an adverse inHuence upon the Klebs-Loeffler bacillus,
or organigQ) of diphtheria. Janow^ obi>ervud that the growth of the
typhoid bscillus was checked by the dilTuse light of n cold winter's day,
and that direct sunlight d(4troyud the microbe in the course of scvcrul hours.
As a result of ezperiments, he concluded that theiie effects depended upon
the chi-inical raya. SLrong sunlight is injurious or fatal to anthrax spores.
It has been shown that electric light likewise has a similar action, which,
accordinj; to Prof. Iklarsliall Ward, is direct upon tlio apores, and not due
to a chemical alteration in the culture-medium as had been supposed by
•omc writers,
Therapentical Sednctioni. — Hie chemical rays of light are especially
useful in medicine un iicconnt of their power (1) of destroying bacteria, (S)
of exciting intlammation of the skin, and (3) of penetrating the skin. In
the method pursiK-d at tho institute of Dr. Finsen, at Copenhagen, direet
rays of sunlight or the light of electric arc lamps of HO to 80 amperes is
employed. The light is concentrated by means of a convex lens. In order
lo avoid burning the akin, the heat-rays are cut off bv a acreen, eon«isting
of an ammoniacal solution of copper sulphate, confinea in a cell on one side
of the Ions, made by deepening the frame of tht- lens and attaching a plain
Eiece of glass. The lens is hung upon an upright stand, so that it may
B raised or lowered, and turned on a rertical and horizontal axis. In the
case of the electric light, a system of lensee indeed in a tube, resembling
a felcMope, is used. An urea of skin of about one and one-half centiiactreii
(*/s inch) in diameter is treated for one hour every day. Hednoss, swelling,
and perhaps bulle may appear, but necrosis has never been observed. The
moat striking results have been attained in cases of lupus vulgaris and ery-
thematous lupus. Dr. George 0. Hopkins, of Brooklyn, N. Y., gives photo-
graphic illustrations to demonstrate the effects of treatment. Dr. Fineen
applies the i<ame trealment to carcinoma, in some cases of which very en-
couraging results have been obtained.
Kouovsici, in Vrach, has published an account of his treatment of
rheamatism and neuralgia by means of exposure to the electric arc. Koilov-
fiki fitted up a consulting- room with a suitable plant for producing the
t-li-clric arc. With these he obtains an electromotive force of 50 to 60 volta
and a current of from 25U to 300 amperes. The patii-nt is protected by Wne
spectacles and also by a screen of cardboard in which an aperture is cut to
allow the light to fall on (he afTected region of the body. To this it is
exposed for from three-fourths of a minute to two minutes. In the course
of three months Koitlovitki treated 38 patients, varying in age from ibirlecji
to seventy years, by the electric light. There were 8 cases of sciatica, all
of which recovcrt-d; -I of m-uritis; 3 of lumbago, all of which recovered;
3 of oi'cipila! neuralgia, of which 2 recovered; and 2 of trigeminal neuralgia,
of which was greatly benefited. In most caws three or fntir sittings pro-
laced an amelioration of the pain. They were continued at intervals of
tiree or four days, but the total number of sittings never exceeded a dozen.
As the absence of light favors anaemia and consequent lowering of vital
tone from defective nutrition of the great centreji, it is obvious that where
thia cause is operative it should be recognized and corrected in the treatment
of oUorotia, scrofula. scoibntUK oonsnmption, debility, dyapepsia, neu-
ralgia, and a host of other disorders of impaired nutrition. Neurasthenia,
1026 XOX'PHAItMACAI. BEUEDIK8 AKD QBKRBAI, TnBltArBmCe.
wlK'n imattvnded by latent organic atTectioD, .ihotild be treated by eu
batlui, centltr iiin».4ft],'i', lire in tlu- o[)cn air, and ou^ilj-ateimiUled nutritto
food. In weakly children lliia courae is folloved by very sstiefactory resul
and a tendency to marasmtu, scrofula, and annmia may Ix; Diuk ovitcu
AnbaentatOtU is oorrCcU'd by the nctniic ellecte of the gun's lars. and
early stage of {imgrvssive ana-mis may U> mtieimlilt- in thiit fonii of tn'
nii'iit in conjunction with proper diet and approiiriate remedies.
In (he treatment of tilt »i(-lc, ti light, ohwrful room is of gn-st awislnuce
to rucovery. Eepcciully should an invalid have a room into which the sun-
light mav enter. The oruptioci!! ni thv exanthemata arc madv e««icr by
light ana heat, and the t-ouree of the discane favortd. Where it is not
dcured to have an eniplioii, the jiart of the body may ho covered with
piece of miifilin or an ointment vrhich is impervious to lipht. Thus.
smaU-poz jiitling of thv face may he prevented hy having the pntieut w
a mask of linen, or by eoverini; tht- surface with mercurial ointment. In
some cuseii of acnte mania, or delirium, it i» adviMiI'le to have the siek-room
partially diirkencd. and in hysterical neurosii it is sometimes observed lliat
the piitii-ntK are t-xlr<iiK'!v wnjiitu.' to vunliKbt, On the contrary, persona
EuJIcriug with melancholia and hypochondriasis are licnetited by light and
aitrai-livc surmundingi'. The low spirit* of dyspeptics are di^ipated by •
daily walk in the open air, while regular, systematic out-door esereise is of
great benefit to the patient in Ktrengthening the di£<-«live functions and
enabling him to "outlive his dyspepsia." l)r. J. \V. Kime. of Fort Dodge,
Iowa, hai^ devidtd a combinaliou of mirror*, which an employwl to concen-
trate the sun's rays, which, after passing through a screen of blue glass,
are directed tipon the patient's body, nt the distance of about flight fwt. »
that the rayii will be focused upon the part to be treated.' lie has used
in chronic joint diseases, in parasitic alTcctioni< of the «kin (auoh nt lup
and suggests its Ufc in pulmoniiry tuberculosis.
The Roentgen Bays in Ucdicine. — The s-raya have been utilixed in
medicine and surgery. The (ultraviolet) rays in sunlight give very similar
rcRulU, and are analogous in aome respects (particularly in relation to pho>
topraphy). The source of x-raye is an exhausted glass bulb placed in the
yaih of un eleclrical discharge, or rapidly-consecutive diiK'liarge^ obtaini^
by means of a Ruhmkorff coil, or an influence, electrical machine. They are
diHtingui»hed from the cathode rays, and Lenard'H rayn, which arc the
cathoile rays brought outside of the bulb by means of an aluminum win-
dow. Roentgen discovered that, in combination with 1.^-nurd's rays, were
certain other rays (which he called s-rays) which differed from the former
in being insensitive to magnetic influence and not deflt'cted by a magnet.
The x-rays have more decided effects than the I^naid rays, in photograph-
ing the invisible. X-ray* paiw directly through opaque sulwtnnws, but their
intensity is diminished by some more than by others. Metala. the osm-ous
frame-work of the body, and solid organic (or tumors) thn^w more of
shadow than the softer parts. Photographs thus obtained are called #ci
graphs, and an instrument, like ■ stereoEeopc for examining the ports,
called a sciascope.
The apparatus for x-ray examination is now a part of the equipment of
every general hospital. It is of the greatest service in the diagiiotis
'Journal of the Americtn Ualicat AtMrialtoii, May 12, 1000.
not ,
L. rv
I
LIOHT AKD DABXXEfiS.
fractures and in cxsminalitm during thv progrvM of Iho otw. The location
of foreign bodies hy thie method tuis gained univeKal application. In the
cae« of foieign bodies in the eye or brdin, ing<-ni»ii» nietliods hive beeo
deviMd for exactly locating the object, thus facilitating its removal by 8ur-
gical operation, and unnectwsrr iirobiiig ik avoided. In gunshot wbiind»
of different portions of the body the missile is readilj recognized. In all
forma of calculi existing in the Waddi-r or elsewhere this method aiTords
tb« most satisfactory means of studying their number and location. In tho
diagnosis of calculous nephriti* it oKvn, the only jxwible ini-an» nf positive
diagnosis, except an exploratory operation. It also shows the absence or
pTMcncc of calculi in the otiier kidney. Consolidated areas of the lung in
pulmoaai; phthisis may be recognized by their relative opacity, and scia-
gnphs may be obtained from time to time. Mediai>tii)al tumor« have been
differentiated from aneuriams, tumors of the liver have been recognized, and
tJie »ir.c and movcnK-nlif of the laurt dcinonitratcd. Dr. Charles L. Leonard
has suggested that the outlines of the kidney, shown in the sciagraphic
examinations for renal calculi, moke it highly prolublc that the position
and size of renal tumors, or the malformation or entire absence of a kidney,
will be reodily detected. If we desire to follow the outline of the «ptee'n
more fully, we can, by filling the stomach and large intestine with air, con-
trast the dark area of the spleen with the light area occupied by the gar.
tlirough which the rays readily pass. When it is desired to examine the
large intestine, air may bo pumped into it. and its outline, such a» the sig-
moid iiexure, and the descending colon, be easily followed. We may detect
abnormal conditions in neighboring parts of the abdominal cavity. By die-
tending the stomach, and ia some cases the large intestine, we can detect
some pathological condition* in or about the pancreas. When fluid i«
E recent, the examination should be made with the patient lying on his
Bck and the tube on a level with the fluid, the rays frwrn it Massing through
the abdomen horizontally. Patients with "phantom tumor' should alwaya
be examined by the x-rays.
Rieder's experiments show that the power of further development of
bacteria outade the body in good uulrient media is rather rapidly impaired
by the Roentgen rays. Itenelit has been reported from the use of these rays
in chronic eczema and fuvim. Lupus i» Raid to have been ameliorated bj
the ravs from a "soft" tube,
'O'nfavorable Action of X-raya. — When this method wa« at fin>t intro-
.duced, it was ustd tiv crude methods and inexperienced operators. Cases
were reported in which severe dermatitis had followed the prolonged ex-
posure to x-rays and even deep sloughs of the soft parts oecurred, in some
CAsea recjuiring amputation. Dr. Philip Mills Jones* declares that their
chancier is that of necrosis, or local gangrene, in every way analogous to
an ordinary bum. and not due to uny artiou of electricity upon the part,
nor to minute particles of metal projected into the tiaaues. These accidents
are now very rare. Every tulw in action cvitlveji riiys of low and high pene-
trating power*, in varying amounts, according to the degree of vaeuum and
other conditions. The ray-s of low penetrating power are given out when
the vacuum in the tube is loo low or when the tube ia "soft," to iiw Pro-
feesor Roentgen's recent designation. Dr, A. Clifford H«rc«r says that
'IHietfit nnwnr, Oct. 15. IBDH.
1098 XOy-PHARUACAL SBUKDtBS AXD OSXERAL TneBAPKUTtCS.
"s 'hard' tuW or oni! with u hi^h lucuum aud requiriug a high potential
work it, will give rays that pa» ^^el^Iy through llic fled), and, nut Imt
BbKuiWd b.v the Kkin, cannot, uf vouree. dg injur}'. ... To avoid
mk of x-Tuy liurn^ we must work the tulio at i^ich a high ritviiuin as
give rise ulruoot cutindy to lays of grcut punulrdtiDg power, or non-abeor
ability; or wc interpose between the tube and »kin yurfaoc a fterwn, whid
will tut ofl the more injurious rays by absorbing theni."'
jinisic.
^Ensic bdODga pre-eminently to tlio domaiu of p:<ychologicKl mcdicini
It is, therefore, appreciated to a greater degree by the neurologist and
alienist than by the general practitioner. Man is something more than a
detUiile combination of chemical compounds, and even more than a mere
rational beings he 18 a moral and emotional imlividual. and this particular
portion of his organization is the most innate and personal part of his
nature o* revealed to him by 8clf-conecioui^ni.i^. \V1icn a man's tcclingit an-
touched, he is aware that he is profoundly moved, and that, whatever it
may be in this structure which is alTcctcd, it lies deeper than his rousoning
powers or his physical frame. When a man's sj'mpalhiea are excited, fa« is
impelled to a certain coiir«c of action bv a more powerful force than that
which he recognizes as emanating from bis reasoning iiowers, or from what
arc ordinarily coniitdered a* the imperioua demands of hi« bodily appctltcK.
Happiness and misery, oflection and aversion, love and hate find ao place
in natural pbilitsophy or iicience, but they are [>owi<rriil ra'.'tor< in human
life, and in determining its issues for good or evil. Man is so constructed
that his reasoning powers and emotions cannot he M-[iurjited, nor can we
think of these apart from their embodiment in a corporeal frame by which
they are brought into material relationship and communicaliou with the
world. This being the case, the complete nature of man must come within
the domuin of medical science, which, indeed, finds expre^ion in the old
aphorism, "mens gana in cnrpore sam?," health of the body not being com-
plete without (!u'n; ifl also mental health.
Phydological Effects. — Minfic, in addition to its influence upon the
emotions, lias a decided influence upon ihc body. M. J, Ramhoefon read a
paper before the Academie des Sciences Morales et Politiques (July 18,
1*77), entitled "The Influence of >Iu»ic <in the Physical and Moral Xatuiv
of Man.'' In this essay he alBrmed that there is (1) music which acts
specially on the in(e.llig<'nce am) the motor nervea; (S) that which adc
specially upon the nerves of sensibility and on the sentiments; (3) tJiai
which acts simuUuiieously upon the motor nerves and on the sensory, —
that is, on the intelligence and the sentiments. From experiments made by
Pogid upon men uiid the lower unimfll», the following deductions are drawn:
(V, ilusic exhibits an influence upon the circuUtion of the blood. (2) Tlie
blood-prcssure (-omolime* rises, jmmcfinies falls. These variations in blood-
pressure depend essentially on the iuHuenee of the ejccilation of the audi-
tory nenc on the medulla olilonguta, which is apparently in direct cni)^
' PMladclphta Uedtcal Jtmnial. Jan. S, 1O0O.
Hueic.
liDuation with llie «i>ditori|- uerve. (3) The action of Diusicnl tones
pipea on auiiiinlH nut) mou i-xpri¥»» iUcIf. for the mOEt p«rt, by incm«cd
Frequency of the citrcliac coniraotions, ami htnce it follows that lite unto-
matic cenlrr* of th* hwirt act with greater energy. (4) The vnristions in
the circulation, consequent on niuflicnl >oui](U, coincide with chanKcti in the
resiiirnlion, though they may uUo be oWned quite independently of tho
respiration. iS) The variations in the blood-prexaurc are depen<lent upon
the pilch and lMudnc»' of the found and tone-color. (G) In thcfe vanationi
of the blood-pressure the idiosyncrasies of the individuals, whether man or
the lowrr aDimalf, are plainly apparent; and even the nationality, in tho
case of man, has some eEfect.'
Dr. H«rb«rt Lilly, in the yt«r 1R80, wrote a pamphlet on the ''Then-
peatica of Music," in which he claimed that music directly intluenc&s the
briin. in aomc individuals more Ihan others women being mon.> readily
affected than men. "Its effects are lraiigmitt«d hy a reflex action, throueh
nerve-mc<)iu, to the sympathetic mtem governing the vaaular supply. The
vesaela are made to dilate by stimulation -of the vaao-inhibitory nerves or
paralysis of the vtKninotor ncrvc^. and so the blood fluu*8 freely and imparts
that sense of warmth which is felt by us by reason of the local hyperemia
thus produced. By blowl-^upply is nutrition effecter)." Tlie important in-
fluence upon the bodily functions of the imagination has already been
referred to on a previous p«g«. Tliis slsOt is under the inBuonciv to a
greater or lees extent, of music.
The ancient habit of introducing muiie at banquets is l>ai<cd Ufwn tli«
well -at tested fact that digestion is favored if the mind be pleasantly enter-
tained iiuring the time of eating. Ou the controrv, unple«Mint thoughts or
violent emotions will take away appetite and retard digestion. Children are
usually fond of mu»ic, and tlu'ir uuiii»tnictod attempts at dancing show tlie
stimulating effects which it exerts on mind and body. In the adult life,
when the musical taste is more cultivated, the feelings may ho swayed by
music "from grave to gay, from lively to severe." The sense of pleasun
and elation of i-pirits from inspiring military music has boon experienced
hy most of xii: bnt when lo these are added the cbanns of association as
familiar aire arc hvaril, th«- intluenc*' ts deeper and more affecting. As un
iiluslralion, we may mention the effect produced by the unexpected hearinc
of patriotic aire when in a foreign land, itvsic may be instrumental or
Tocal, or both combined: "words to music fitly joined." Vocal music has in
it a personal clement far greater than instrumental, and the mother's songs
to her fretful infant contain a subtle influence to soothe and comfort the
child. In the ame manner it is observed that iti hospitals singing is rery
giateful, especially to those whoee troubled minde increase their restlessness
and physical ^ufffring. Music diverts the mind from bodily pain and leads
it into more pleasant channels.
Therapeutical Applications. — In dentLstrv. a pleasant application of
mn«ic i* ihiil ill which, .iiiriiij; the adminiElration of the anfesthetic gas,
a music-box is made to play lively airi>. This directs tlio jMitient's thoughts
into an agreeable direction, and no apprehension beforehand is felt, nor is
there any recollection of the tooth-pulling afterward, the patient on recover;
■ Utter to ArifffA Jrnttcaf Jmirnitl, hy TttAniek K. Hariord, of tli* St. Ocllte
lulld, Nov. 14, 1801.
1030 N'ON'-PHAtlUACAI. ARMEDIES AND GBS'EIUt. THBIArELtTlCB.
being rejid)- to afRrm that he had been at the open or a loll. A' further
use misfit well I>e wade of thin in pmctical Biirftcry. In ncrvoUH hypochon-
driacK. people who nre morbitllv anxiom about thpiDBelTes. it is more proper
to recommend the opera on one or two nighlit wt-ckly — evt-n opera -bouffo,
if grand opera be not appreciated — than it U to prescribe ammoniati-d tinct-
ure of v«lerian, corn, or dsininnn. For dcprcwion of "pirita or a temi^jncy
to iiivlnncholia, lively music, such as a couoen by a military hand. Tor thoK
vho enjoy it, and vocalixation of tender or pathvtic tiullads for Ihoee
of more sensitive ner\'eB, are reeourcee within the province of the Ailkd
physician, who knovr» how to ''minister to n mind dificased" and "throir
physic to the dogs."
The State Pntholojtioil Initilule of New York has recently investigated
the question of the influence of certain musical tones and fltrain.<> mmn the
nervou* mtem. particularly in tho cAce of the insane. By the aid of the
ernoprapli. which is an inatruraent devised to note the amount of fmigue
exiicri'-iiii-d hy tlie niusclr« of ihe luind and arm used in p'ychologicel
experiments, it Jiba been found that when a lively air was played upon a
harp more effort wa« put forth before fatigue was shown, while certain ton«e,
on the 'lello caused the opposite effect. Tliia subject is an old one and
umctieally utihxed in ompluying military bauds to play culivening
aurin;; a march.'
A notable example of the influence of harmony in melancholia came'
within the personal experience of the author. Uavtnj; charge upon one oc-
casion of a ^-ntli-mnn afDioted with nielnncholitl, the capitals of Europe were
visited in si-areh of every advanta;;e of travel and recrestion, but nothing
touclied the settled gloom of the patient until, in Vienna, we resorted to
the Brand opera. While listening mechanically to dulcet sjTnphonies inter-
twined with the metliflnous note* of enrapturing cadenzas, foJlowing etch
other in rapid succession and hannonic progression, there appeared in the
patient's face and demeanor the firitt mtinire>taIio» "f intirest which had
been noticeable for months. Subsequent visits not only confirmed the opin-
ion first entertained, but continued and augmented the iiuprewion thus
produced, until within a few weeks we had the satisfaction of witnesding
B complete recovery.
In his famous "Anatomy of Melancholy" Burton Rives an elaborate
account of the medical (luntiticK of nrnttic, telling u« that "beBidca (hat
excellent power it hath to expel many other diseases, it is a sovereign cure
a^inst despair and melancholy; will drive away the devil him*elf." Jaqnei
Bonnet, in his "Ilistoire de la Musique et de ses Effete," tells how on one
occasion he was entertained by n friitnd — then iu the wrvicc of the Prince
of Orange — with the performance of three first-rate musicians. This was
the remedy, he informed him, which \m uiHi«ter employed to get rid of mel-
Bucbiily whenever therewith oppressed.' The chronic dyspeptic is very apt
to be sad, morose, irritable, or hypucliondriaciil; such should be encouraged
to resort to the concert and opera for entertainment and improvement.,
Those who have become wcarj' from continued pursuit of an engrossing in--
tellcctual occupation may be most happily refreshed through the instru-
mentality of music.
' Phil4i<lclphln Jfivfirrtl Jimrnal. -iprll ES, 1900, p. 034.
• I.Andou Letter td ifediiyil ProgrrM. Jan., 1892, p. 607.
UTJSIC.
1031
In the cose of many nervoii* i-hJldrcn, it » n nurni^ure of llie higliMt
utiiily to give them a musical traininfr 0^^ an outlet for their «xc)tal)ility and
as a meaos of Hoothin^ perturbed oon«cioii«He«e. In an> there is n tL'iuluiicjr
to narrow chest and insufficient vital capacity, the respiration may ho made
more full hy Iinvinj; lln; iiatii.<nt» learn to perform on wind inetnimcnu.
In Parif. mugicaJ performances are resorted to, with itiarlced a<)vaiilat;e,
in hflfipitak, and sojne invoKtigstions have ht-en iindcrtiiken in nnU-r to
i«termine the influence of different kinds of music, especially in nerroiia
A St. Cetriliu (tiiild hn« l>i-cn furniei] in England, by Canon llurforil.
The objcctB, as set forth in the prospectus, are: —
"I. To test hv trial*, in n largi' numher of caies of illuea!. the jtower of
aoft Rinsic to induce calmness of mind, to alleviate pain, and to cause
aleep.
"8. To provide a larpe number of musicians, specially trained to sing
and ]ilny the very »oft inufic which alone should V- administiTi-rl to llioM
u-hotk' nerves are weakened by illness. These musicians should be in readi-
to »n«vrer promptly the i^ummon« of a physician,
•"3. To hire or build, in a central part of London, a Ur^e hall, in which
music Khali be ^ivcn tlimiighniil nil hour« of the day and nijiht, this music
to be conveyed by telephone attached to certain wards in each of the chief
London hwpitnl^.
"4. To obtain opinions and advice respeotinR the class of illness tn
which mu»c i» likely to be moitt henoflciat, and to collect and record all
pliable accounts respecting permanent benefit that has followed the use of
iuaic."
The work of sending musicians to hoi-pitals and infirmariM ha* already
commenced, and it is iniendi'd lo c;ontintiR ihe ex]ierinient long enough for
a definite conclusion to be arrived at as to the services which music is likely
fU> render lo tlie »ick. The scheme is ^id to have the vrarm approval of
'" l''lorence Nightingul« and Sir Richard Quain and other eminent phy-
' sjcians.*
Professor Tarchanow, of St. Petersburg, in a recent lecture, takes tho
position that "muiiic i* of the greatest service in medicine," and that, by
the proper use of it, the system can be tuned like a musical instrument.
SulTcnTs fnim nerve dinnrdern. i-^tpecially epileptics, can, he states, he
soothed by music, but the remedy must he employed with discretion. He
attributes the fretjuvnt failure of music to its being used at the wrong time,
or in unsuitable cases. He expresses the conviction that a time wiU come
when muHic, "in the bands of scientifically-tiained physicians," vrill he ac-
knowledged to be an agent of great power for the relief of suffering. That
it will relieve ins"ninia and eii.*e pain, not by any nnalgeitic action on the
nerve-e<-ntres, hut by distracting the sufferer's atleolion. will he admitted.
The Brilinh Medical Journal, in commenting upon this, observcj", editorially:
"Here, we conceive, is the true field for music as a therapeutic agency, and
it seems lo us highly improbable that it can ever do more. . . . Within
llie limits which have been indicated, however, music may be a most useful
^iiaadmaiden lo uii-dicinc; and in thi» age of 'ncrve»' it might poMi'bly bfi
aitde lo play an important part in the prevention of the many diseaeeaj
'Editorial AnnMalioD. Rrf((*A Ifnffea' Jammat, Sfpt. IS. IMl.
1092 KOM-PHAHUACAL nftMSUIKS AXD OBXRIUL TSKSAPSKTlCd.
wiiifli ar# fostered, if not nctually engendered, by depresiion and fatigue.*''
Dr. IJIIy, in the pnpcr pr«viou8ly nivntioned, eutii; thxt Ui<.>ru are two
priDctpw classes of cases in whiah niu?ic might prove a useful remedy: 1.
Melancholic and dcprCMcd patients, dyi<pcptic£, hypoehondrincK. liver antn, ,
parturient women, men HuSering from husiness rereraea or family aftUction, {
— these rwiuirc the tonic form of Ireatmeiit. 2. Irritable, nfn,-oiiH patj«Dt«i
alcoholic subjects threatened with delirium tremens, overirorked busineas-
men, pcnons sulTcriDg with hysteria or the tnaaia of pubceccncc. prcgrmaey,
parturition, the climacteric and chronic intianily, and such like, — these re-
quire music of a Roothing character. The mii^c itself must be well chosen,
well executed, and Bcrunutously considE'red in relation to individual natiires;
otherwise, it is of no value thcrapcuticiiUy. In order to b<.- cfTcctual, it muct
be of the best quality, and devoid of impurides; it must be administered at
regular intervals, and in suitable doces.
It should be observed that, in this country, weekly concerts and the <
frequent ii«e of muiticjil instruments coiutitutv a part of the course of treat-
ment pursued in all the asylums for the insane and feeble-minded patients,
and the influence has been found to be favorable to rccov«r>'. Cases which
are excited by the music that the others enjoy are kept away from Uie con-
certs, nllhouvh they mi^ht be soothed by soft music.
E. N, Malioutine. of Moscow, states that the vibrations of the tuning-
fork are transniitliil fnmi Iho vertex to the vocal cords and cause them to
vibrate in unison. In this manner, and with vocal exercises, he cured a case
of hystericul uphoniii which had rcd^tcd all other methods, including sug-
gestion. He thinks that the procedure might be found of value in trfliniug
(tad improving llic voice of singere.
The invention of the phonofjraph by Edison has greatly simplified the '
matter of giving music in regular doses and of the proper qiuility and
variety. The use of sounds in Charcot's clinic, in order to produce high-
note efFccIs, hm already been mentioned under ''HypiiotLitu."
VARIOUS THERAPEUTIC METHODS MORE OR LESS MECHANICAL
AND LOCAL IN THEIR EFFECTS.
Acupuncture. — The practice of ineerling noedlus into tho living tissues |
for the relief of pain or other disorder occupies a prominent place in ChiuuM I
medicine, and in some instances it in followed by strikingly beneficial effects, J
The physiological effeeta of acupuncture art- due principally to Ihc rc-^
action of the part against the traumatism; in other words, there is estab-
lished a focus in uhioh there is a dilatation and riipturo nf small vessels,
hypenemia, afllux of leucocytes, and incrvasod nutritive energy due to stimu-
lation of vHWomotor and sensory nerves. This is accompanied by slight
swelling, moderate increase of local temperature, and Icndemets upon pre.is>
ure. The passage of the needles through dense tissues also favors the cet^po
or diffusion of incarcerated local ctTni^ions in the sheath of s nerve or around
a joint. It is not impossible that the insertion of a metallic substance into
the tissues may produce some alterution in the electric currents between the
• Ice. oil., Uar 7> 18^2.
TARIOnS THBttAPEt'TLC lIKTHonS.
103S
mu»clce, blood, nnd ncn-«-plate«, and bo interfere with the conduction of
painfti], afferent impulses alonf; the &enanry n«n-es.
AeupiiDCttiro is rarply resorted to at present, except in the modified
form of the hollow nwdlp connoctH with the h_viKi<l*Tmic ByrinRe. The
hypodermic needle, indeed, is a very convenient a(:«nt far making; acupunct-
ure. Care ahould be taken that the nci-dle is nlway* perfectly a»cptic. In
HutiM » needle may be made to transfLx the nerve as it passes over the hone
at its exit throngh the wiatic foramen, or tlic point when,' pain and temlor-
nees are most marked may be selected for the operation. In Inmhap) the
introduction of needVs into the afTcctcd moiclM often afforiis marked relief
in a few moments. This is more succeseful when the pain is bilateral than
when only one »ide is afTccted, accordinc to Rinjicr. Should the patient
shrink from the punctures, the spot may be made insensitive by the local
applications of ice mid iiaU or by sprays of rhinolcnc or ether. Injections,
under the skin or into the deeper structures, of morphine, atropine, cocaine,
nntipyrin, chloroform, or simply distilled water (tiquapnncture) are often
combined with acupuncture for the relief of nenralKia. In acute rheumatic
sfTections acupuncture is useless unless in the combined fonn just men-
tioned.
In dropsy of the extremities, scrotum, etc., multiple acupuncture may
he performed in order to relieve tension and eneoiimjic ooxing. If the
piinctnres arc made with hollow needles they may be allowed to remain in
place, as Bugjrested by Spender, or fine perfornfed troejirs. with drainage-
tubes attached, may be uped for the same purpose. Simple punctures close
■fnin very promptly, and we thcrefort- must resort cither to drainasre-tuhn
or incisions. Explorinf; needles are convenient for makin;; acuptinetnre,
and useful in estahlishinK a diaKnosis. Rannacheidtism is mnltiple acn-
puncture. combined with counter-irritation. It will be discussed a few pages
farther on.
The combination of electricity with acupuncture felectropuncture) sng-
fmta itself, and ha* V'en already considered nndor "Electricity." Thi> diffl-
eohy with it is that, except for the electrolysis of surplus hair and for small
growths in the skin, it ik too painfii!. Th*- electrodes are so small that the
rurrent is under too high a tension just around the poles. Macewen. of
Dublin, recommends acupuncture in the treatment of aneurisms of larjjft
arteries, like the carotid or subclavian. A Jong steel needle is introduced
into tho interior of tlic vessel and the internal coat slinhtly roughened by
KntchinfT with the point, in this way favorinc the production of a white
dot and indiicine the deposit of fibrin upon the interior of the aneurism,
so as to thicki'n and sircnRthen its walls.
In the Annah nf Surgtry for January. 1891, T>r, Levis 8. Pitcher
furnished an editorial review of Macewen's operation as deseribed in an
address delivered before the Midland Medical Society.' The operation in
qnestioD was deAigned for the cure of aneurism by inducing; the formation
of white thrombi within the sac. This object is secured by irritation at
different times of the interior surface of the aneurism, this heinc done by a
pin of Huffieient length completely to transfix the aneurism and to permit
manipulation within it. Its calibre should he as fine as possible, the strength
being only snfiieient to penetrate the coat of the artery and the intervening
> Br\tU\ iredirat Jonmal, Xov, 15 and SS, 1890.
1034 NON-PIIABHACAL BEUEDIBS AND OBNKBAL TBKRAPEUTIQi.
tisBoes. It is cjliudrical, tapers to a gMiat 1ik« an ordinary acwiog-nwdlc,
nnd hae on the oppOBite end a somewhat rounded head; as the coats of
aneurisinA varj- in tJiicknc««, I't is iircvvHur}- for the pins to vary tu cniibre,
since ihoR' which vaay pass readily throu^rh the walls of one sac ou; Dot
peiietrate the thicker walls of anottivr. They should also he finely polished
not only to facilitate their introduction, but to assist in rendering tbem
aseptic. Tho object of the vperotioD i» to secure a white thrombus in au
aaetiri«mal sac, by irritating the wall of the aneurism in such a way as to
induce infiltration of the parietct with l«ucocyte« und a segregation of them
from the blood-stream at the point of irritation. The irritation ought to be
jUAt sufHcicnt lo set up reparative exudation, and should not exceed it; if
the irritation be pushed to such an extent as to induce softening of the
Tessel-wnll, not only would the object be frustriited, but the pressure of
blood from within might cause the aneurism to burst. It is sought to have
several foei of irritation, in order to obtain which the inner Kiirfaee of the
aneurism is lightly scratched by the pin, which may be introduced tbrongh
the wall at u convenient loc-atioii, nnil the point iht-n moved around in the
interior of the sac so as to accomplish the desired rveult in the manai
indicated.
It is considered desirable to secure as many points of irritation am
Uiioinbi •formation as possible, to Ihol the resulting clot may be larj^
enough to occlude the vessel. "The operation is preceded by careful cleans-
ing and nscpi^ii^ of the skin over the aiiciirisiii. The am^ptic pin its then made
to nenetrnle the sac and pass through its cavity until it comes in contact
wito the opposite side, and no fartluT. Then irritation may be vffectcdt
either by moving the pin over the surface of the inner wall or by altowiog
the impulse of the blood-current playing on the very thin pin to prodm
the same result.
"It the wall pent-lrated by the pin, on introduction, be dense, thff
former method wiU be prefornble, ax the force of the blood-current will
produce fo feeble au action on the thin pin tut to be tnsuilicient lo move
it to and fro while it is firmly grsBpcd by tlic dense wall. After acting
thus for ten minutes at one part, iho pnint of the pin, without hi-iug re-
moved from the sac, ought to be shifted to another spot, and so on until
the greater portion of the inlerniil .-iiirfacc opposite to fhe point of entranec
has been acted upon." In some cases several punctures will be neceseaiyi
in onler to reach a sufficiently Itirge surface of the inner wall. While th'
pin is in the aneurism, the protruding portion is surrounded by a bit o
aseptic gauic, dry or moistened with un a»e|>tic solution. When it is with-
drawn from the aneurism, the part is covered with a moist antiseptic
ing; for this purpose Dr. Maccwen prefer*! a watery solution of cuTOolie acidj
and he keeps this dressini; in place for several days.*
Antiseptics are ngeui:« wliicli prevent the development and check the
activity of septic organisms. Inasmuch as these morbific agents are likely
to find entrance by traumatism or l>y hoing brought into contact with a
raw surface, the means of counteracting them is of great surgical inlemt,
he
n
18-
de
ict
^,
ttg
?
g
m
'Krom "Progreis in Sargtry in 18BI/' bting fhv nnmiul oration MbM
Afiemy of Suiger^ of Philuddphia. by Thomas 0. Morion, M.D. 1!«|iltat
Timet nnrf R«git€r ol Phllailntplila, Jan. 30, 1S9£.
VAKI0V8 TUHHAPKUTIC UKTHOUS.
1035
but lias les« to do with ni«dicine proper. As it has Iwen found, howerer,
lh4t thi> pfii'cnue of bacilli Biid otlior forms ot niicro-orgBiii^nis in the nir-
(Mtseages or iQ(«8tiDal (rncl or in the blood or the lii^ues Rives ris* to various
dlwnM's, Kiic'h UK diphthoriti, typhoid fevor, dywiitcrv, diBrrhn-a, the exan-
themata, meseleB, scarlet fever, erysipelas, etc., it becomes of mi-dical im-
portaitctf la discover mean^ of opposing thrm and ot rendering thi-ni inert
or, at least, of so reducing their virulence tliat they may do the least amount
of hami. Th« problem is tu find antiseptic agents which »ihall not be toxic
to the human body, or so slightly toxic as to be perfectly managcabU'.
Among these nro ak-ohol, alphansphtol hdiI bcliinaphtol, anttTebrin {ace-
tanilid), anlipyrin, chlorates and chlorides, creosote, eurnphen, hydrogen
dioxide, iodoform, iodol, ert-olin, naphUlin, quinine nnd olbcr imlM of cin-
chona, sri:!oi(idniiilcg of potas^utn and sodium, resoicin, salicylic acid and its
Eolte, zinc sulphocarbolatc, etc. For vxtcrnnl use, carbolic noid properly
diiuted (1 to 20 or 1 to 40) and bichloride of mercury (1 to 500 or 1 to
2O00), potaaaium-permanf^nati.' solutions, sozoiodolate of mercury or of zinc
(3 to & )M>r cent.) arc very «llicient. Arsenic and chloride of zinc arc power-
ful antiseptics, but arc too poisonous in their action upon the human ImkIv
to be im'il unlt-Ki' with extreme car«. Fonualin is a non-toxic, but elhctent,
l^ctcricid«. The use and application of the agents nami-d wili be found
under appropriate heading in other parts of this work.
Aquapunctur« has already been incidentally mentioned under the head
of "AiiipinKtur-'," It cou^ij'ts in the use of a hollow needle to penetrate
tlie tissue:* and the injection of pure water, recently boiled and uteriU-. It
has bwn found from expericnee that this is often an etlicient substitute for
morphine injections, and that, in patients who have been unable to sleep
without their eveninj; bypodermic injection of morphine, the substitution of
irater has been made without detection by the subject oi the experiment,
and that Hlrei) follow^il as usual. This ia largely owed to the mental effect,
which is TcTT important to obtain in cases of iusoninia a» an aid to st«ep.
There i*. however, u local efTect of the puncture and injection of water into
the ti^ues which is worthy of attention. In addition tu the elTect.'* of acu-
puncture, which are not inconsiderable, there is a local tension caused by
the fluid, which stimulates the absorbents to carry it away, and perhaps dia-
Rolve* some morbific aj^-nt whieh causes pain or at least modifies the local
chemical reaction.
Aquapuncture is u»ed in ihc treatment of neural^a, and, l>eiuf! eutirelr
tmt from constitutional effects, it is better than morphine, anlipyrin, and
other asents conitnniily emplnved. There is no probability of the habit
Wing formed, as with the use of these narcotic dnigs; ami, even if it should
be ac<inired, it will be harmlew if care be taken to keep the needle and water
perfectly aM'iitie.
Aspiration. ^ Ttie pneumatic aspirator is an instrument invented by
Dieulafoy for the removal of effusions or purulent collections by means of
suction, or atmospheric pri-s^nn'. The apparalna consists of a receiver,
whieh, oniinarily. is a piass bottle of any desired capacity. Into this is ia-
certed a cork having two perforations. Kach perroration contain.^ a metallic
tube containing a slDn-cock, and attached at the free extremity to a nibber
tnlw. Finally, one ninber tube is urmeii with an aspirating neHIe, or trocar,
and cannula: the other tube is attached to a small pump or exhaust -syringe.
Kov, the stop-cock attached to the needle being clo^rtl and the other o*
1036 SOS-PIIARIIACJIL IIKMBDIM A.NO GKX81LA1, TUKKArElTICS.
opvn, Uic EjpTinge maj l>c worked so as to exhaust the air in the receiver,
when the stop-cock h eh^ed and tho psrtiul vucunm mointuiiu^). If the
nocdic be now insertt-d into any collectiou of fluid, and the appropriate
stop-cock opened, the fluid will flow into the rtvcivcr until the Kiippl,v i(
txhiiiiBtcd or the vacuum has betn filled. The process can now be repeated,
and ihis is done nntil the decired ijuunlitv of fluid hu* been removed, I
may be necessary to empty the receiver several times during the operation
The great advantoge of thiit method is that so contnminulion of the con-
tents of the cavity by the air can take place: nor can air enter the wound
of puncture. If it l)e promptly eealed with udhciftve plaster. Several modi-
fications of the apparatus are supplied. In one the syringe itself ii made^J
large enough to act as the cxhaiii<l chamber, and. by a double sCop-eock, t)ia^|
fluid is drawn out by an upward movement of the piston, and by turning"
the cock it is di^chor^ed through A long rubber tube into a basin or other
receptacle. Kithcr form may be employed for injection by reversing the
process, thus irrl^iliuj;, oroverdislending, the interior of sn abscess, as prac-
ticed by the late llr. Callender.
The ordinary hypodermic needle and E;kTin^(; may be employed fof'
aspirating small cavities or for pUT])oses of diagnosis.
Capillary aspiration may be performed by attaching a lon^ nibber tube
to a hypodermic needle and filling it with antiseptic solution, leaving the
extremity of the rubber tube beneath the surface of eome vatcr in a basin.
The hollow needle is now introduced, by a rotary motion, through the ti.*-
8uee directly into the cavity, and retained in place by adhesive plaster:
The flow of the liquid isi much slower in this case; but this i^ an advantaj;
in some eases, — for instance, in clTiiKion into the pleura.
One of liie dangers of aspiration of the chest is: the sudden alterati'
of pressure upon the walls of the blood-vessela by the rapid removal of t
fluid might lead to congestion and, possibly, cedema.^ When the appara
is not rendered oseptic, there is danjicr of exciting suppuration and septi
Cfcinia. Sudden removal of pleural effusions has been followed by death
within a few hours, apparently of shock.
Piieuinatic aspiration is a useful expedient for removal of dropsical
eUti^uns into serous cavities, serous exudations, or purulent collections in
any accessible locality. Hydrothorax, ascites, hydrocele, hydropericardium,
effusions into the pleura;, pericardial sac. into the cavities of joints, are all
easily treated in this way. Purulent deposits, such as in psoas abscess, bip-
jolnt disease, which do not admit of open incision on account of danger of
septic infection, are properly emptied by ai«piratian. Overdistension of the
ffall-btadder or urinary- bladder may require aspiration, and if properly pc
formed the dani;cr from perilnnitis i« inconsiderable. Large effusions
blood — h.Tmatoeelc, for instance— may be first injected with a pepsin soUi
tion to dissolve the fibrinou.'* clot, find afterward exhausted with the aspira-
tor. Tn pleural and pericardial serous etiusions it is sometimes nn advan-
tage to perform capillary aspiration, when imincdintc relief i« not required.
The contcnta of ovarian cysts may be determined by examination of a por-
tion withdrawn by aspiration. Hammond advises tlie inlroduelion of a Ion,
aspirator needle into the liver in nervous hypochondriacs, in order to dete
mine whether or not the symptoms may Ite due to absecsa of the liver. Tn
the eondilinn of extreme tympanites, where the liver is displaced upward
and the heart's action interfered with, the introduction o( fine trocars
VABIOCB THEBAPECTIO UETHOIfS.
1U3;
Ions hypodermic needles through the wntis of the nMoiiieii and int<'«tine
wilTpermit llic eveape of the goB and allord great relief.
Bandaging. — In medical practice the oidiiutry surgirnl roller buidagea
sre cmpioyed to make uniform pressure, in order to promote absorption of j
effused material; Xo support inflameil or swollen part*, such a* n montmaiyJ
gland or testick*; and to rctuin drefeings, such as poalttcee or antiseptiai
Rppliaiicc^. ItandB^etj nin}' U- made of any couTcnient dtmetLsioBH, and are'
usually from two to three inches wide and from six to eight yards in lensth.
They ore ordinarily madii from unbloachcd muslin free from oixing, but they
abo nre made from thin white Hannel, puite, or crinoline, 'llie fUonel
Iwndagee not only may Iw applied to make prcMurv, but alao arc ueoful for
their retention of wannth. In fact, in catarrhal intlammationR of the throat,
toruiilitis, laryngitis, etc., a flannel bandage around the neck is of consid-
erable service. Inflamed rheumatic joints, either acute or chronic, are often
materially ri<lievi,>d by a flannel bandage wound closely around the part. A
flannel bandsRe from twelve to twenty-four inches wide, according to cir-
ciimi>liiiuT«. norn around the waist, in infants, and ctcu in older persons,
is useful in preventing attacks of colic from exposure to cold.
In neuralgia acrontpuuving neuritis, or in herpes zo«ter, a flannel band-
age is an important part of the treatment. In acute pleurisy the application
of a bandage around the chest prevents excursion of the ribs in coughing,
and alleviates pain. It is sometimes useful to apply strips of adhesire plaster
in the tarau way as in treating fracture of the ribs; this not only affords
comfort, but keeps the effusion from becoming excesslTe in ipiantity. In
chronic pleurisy ttie application of a bandage and the application of counter-
irritants to the underlying surface considerably promote absorption. A
bondage of narrow strips of adhesive plaster is applied to an enlarged testicle
for the same purpose.
After delivery, the parturient woman is made comfortable by the appli-j
cation of a wide bandage extending from the hips well up on to the chest
This, in a ravasurc supplies pressure to the walls of the abdominal blooj*
TcsHcls and prevents syncope. A bandage is sometimes applied during labor^
pievions to deliver}-, to support the utcnis and ahdominal walls.
Retentive bandages are required in various forms of hernia, and also in
varicocele and in varicose veins. When the ankirs tend to swell, bandag
are applied with much relief and decided effect unon the oedema. A tigh^
bondage around the head sometimes relieves hcnuaches. In cases of a),
plexj bandages mav be wound around the thighs and arms in order to reduce''
arterial tension. \\Tien venesection is to be ijcrformcd, a bandage is applied
aroood the »rm m a« to cause the veins to become prominent. In cases o|
•aake-bite a narrow bandage should be thrown around the finger, or tli
limb, in order to prevent the introduction of the poison into the general oir- '
culnlion, exoept by degrees. In ordinary cases oandagcs should not he »o
close as to check the circulation in a limb, or gangrene may result. Reten-
tive bandages are used to keep dressings and medicated compresses upon
the surface of the body.
Brown- SHpiard allowed that the application of a tight bandage around
the big toe would, in some case*, check or prevent an epileptic attack.
Ittnntcheidtitm. — As already stated under the head of "Acupuncturp,"
the prorwiute. named in honor of the Ocrman who invented the instrument
employed in this manner of treatment, consists eesentisllj in mulliple p
IU3!i \-OK-PHAIIUACAL REMEDIES AND OKN'BIIAL TflKRAPBOTfCS.
tir«ii of the ekin, into which some countvr-irriUnt application is rubbed.!
The little mxtruraent ounttiiiis a tipinil «^>riiig in « hnnalc six or i-ij;ht inchM .
ill Iffi^h. At its inferior end the instninient is cnlaxfjed to fonn i circle
from three to four ceiitiin«trc« (on« to oni; und one-fourth in<-h«-j) in dtuni-
elor. In this crown are concealed eighteen or twenty needles, which are
mitldt'iilv projecK'd from n qtisrlcr to a hnlf inch, when tlic spring lh
pulled up and suddenly released. If applied to the skin a circle of minute
jniiKlun-* in inuiU- hy thin procedure, Xowr, if crotoii-oil. diluted uilh
sweet oil. be rublted into these punctures, a decided inflammatory reaction
is produced, ufTonltog cooKideruhk- count^T-irrilant cirect. Thi« method i*
used principally' for the treatment of chronic affections of joints attended
with pftins and more or lc»( exudation. It aUo afford* relief in myalgia,
lumbaso. and some forms of neuralgia.
Blood-lettin(f and Trausfosion. — Blood-letting is not entirely' n lost art
in medirinc, but our therapeutical resources have so greatly increased within
Ihi' pn*t twenty or thirty years that its ust-fulnc^ has [wva very much le-
etricted.
General blood-letting is usually performed by opening a vein, — vcne«
tion. phlebotomy. — and the one selected is usually the median cephalic or
median basilic, although it may bo {Krrfonncd from any large superficial^
vein, snch as the temporal, exlcnial jugular, or the veins on the dorsum <>i
tlic hand or foot. Artehotomy is Komelimos done in cerebral affections^, b5
section of the temporal arteries. In persons known as hiemopbiles, oi
bleeders, nny cut or rupture involving a blood-vessel ia likely to prodt
the effecla of general blood-letting.
Although rardy rwcirled to at the present day, general blofMl-Ietting'
u a valuable therapeutical resource. It moderates high tension and va^ular
excitement. rt-liive« conge.t(iou, allays nt-rvouB irritability and pain, and
relaxes the muscular system. It also moderates infiammatory action and
proniolo» aVorption, and befon* the days of arterial Ki'dalin-s was pre-
eminently the leading antiphlogistic remedy. The history of medicine con-
tains many tustancc« of di^perati: cjim-s where life wa« apparently »»ved by
frequent resorts to the free use of the lancet. Albert Robin, of Paris,' says
that blood-letting is distinctly indicated whenever it iit neceiiwary to stimu-
late the circulation of the blood, in cases of vascular stasis in mitral and
asystolic patients, and in acute cedemn of the lungti. It miiv even be asserted
that blood-letting constitutes a valuable adjunct in a number of very dis-
similar patbologitul eonditiou!^, provided they present the one (-lement of
defective nutrition, or, to be more exact, of inadequate organic oxidation.
The place tluit vetiescelion occupies in therapeutics is an tineerlain one^^J
The latv Dr. Hiram (Corson strongly advocated bleeding for the relief oj[^|
pneumonic ]»itients. and said that, us there is alwnv* mor*- or less attcndant^^
conge«lion, nny time is the pro|ier time to bleed. There are others, and
these are the majority of clinical teachers, who advocate bleeding in
pnitimonia during the fir.it stage, where there is a dilated right heart
from obstruction in the pulmonary eircrulation. Finally, many others, of
equally high aulhority, declare pneumonia to he a specific fever, incflpable
of being favorably influenced in its course or termination by abstraction of
blood, which, on the contrary, may do much harm. Under siieh circum-
> Ueaioat Prt»» and Clrcutar, Feb. 0, 18B8.
VAHIOUe TUBEAPEUTIO lUTBODS.
eUnc«s the qtieetiou of "lo hlecil or not to bleed'' must be deleriDine4l allo-
fkthiT by the circumMoncvs Httt'iiding Uic indiviiluul cat/c. Bleeding in iin-
oubtedlv serviceable in eclampsia, during pregnancy or parturition, or
immediately afterward, provided there ie high arterial tension as vfcU u
congestion at the brain. In convulaiong following expoaure lo the sun
bleeding ia practiced with benclit, but it ia highly injuriouE or fatal in the
ordinary form of sun-stroke. In narcotic poisoning and in ursmia vcne-
Mction ifi to be u^ed with catition. but it is a justifiable reeort in eeTere caeo*.
Professor Kwald recommcndi' bli-eding in cmcs of urtemia to decreajMj the
arterial tension end reduce the quantity of toxins. It is not to be usud in
all cafl«« of uremia, but only wherv the condition of the patient and his
heart will permit.
General Mood-Mtina: i« of undoubted immediete Mrvioe in dome casn,
also, where there is overdisteuaion of the heart and Teasels in extreme pul-
monary congestion. It i« of value tn acul« cerebral congestion nccom]>aiiicd
by convukions. ]n pulmonary emphysema an occasional bleeding; will afford
Srompt temporary rftief and spare the patient much sulTering in bis Intt
ays. Dr. 0. Newton Pitt has recenlly described nine cases of thoracic
aneiiriGm with or wilbnut aortic inc-ompetenn^', in which vencM^ioti had
been followed by considerable relief to the acute symptoms, as pain, oougfa,
■od dyspnecQ.
In acute inBammations of strong, robust people the judicious abstrac-
tion of blood often maki's the patient more comfortable and towcrc arterial
tension, in iritis a good bleeding is remarkably beneficial at the outset of
the attack.
In patieuls ot lar^«, uiu^ciilar frame when there has been « dislocation
of a I*igc joint, tlic iibstniition of blood has been r<-wiried ttr in order to
produce complete nniicular relaxation.
Blood-letting sliuuld be resorted lo witli caution in ]>ereons of feeble
digestion and weak assimilative powers, and rarely, if ever, in elderly pei-
tona and very young children, in low fevers, in tubercular affections, and
in persons disposed to hemorrhage.
The local abstraction of bluod is aceompliahed in a number of ways,
the most common being scariiications, mnlti|de pmictnrea (the antiphlogistic
touch of ihf Ititc Prof, William ft. Puncoast). and by lecche* and wet c»p&
Scarifications are linear incisions, superfieial, for the most part,-cutting
into the derma or through granuktiiig t is«uc, for the it'lief of local engorge-
ment, as in i^onjunptivitis, granular lids, etc., and tonsillitis. In <pdcma of
the larynx scarification is of great immediate relief; but in o^dvma of the
KTOtum or lower extremities it is objectionable because the incisions do not
heal readily. Multiple punctures may be skillfully performed with a fine
knife, or tenotome, and congested hlood-ve«sels relieved of their tension.
It is absolutely required that the knife shall be surgically clean and recently
made aseptic, or Mriou* results may he product'd. A felon may be aborted
by early punctures through the soft purls to the bone.
A leeeh (hirudo) » an aquatic worm of simple annulated structure
^foupd in ditTerent parts of the world. Its mouth is armed with cutting
1, with which it makes an incision through the skin and hohls on by
^exerting a suction power: when it becomes filled with blood it drops off. It
can be made to drop off earlier by application of salt water. The Huropeau
■'Or Swedish leech is about two inches in length, and will draw about half
IfOK-rilARUACAX nRUEDtRS AXD OErfKBAr, THERAPKnTlCS.
an «unoc of l>lood. IX tlie bleeding from tlie Ie«cb-bit6 be eDcounged
warm fomentations, each ]oci:h ciiii be Mliiusted to caosd the tumoval of oite*!!
ounce of blood. The ^VmericdD leocli ia smaller, and will only take about
one-fourth as much blood. If the discharge of blond from the leucb-bittri ub
more than is desired, it may be checked by touching them with a stick of
nitnte of silver, a litltc MoiisclV fulution, or dry subsulphate of iron, by
prMBUre, or by a small suture.
Cup« may be wet or dry. The cup i* a small, bell-thapcd glaa*, which,
at its upper extremity, has an opening guarded by a valve, so that, when
applied to tlic aurface, and the small fringe-pump employed to abstract the
air, a partial vacuum will be formed and maintained in its interior. The
*oft tii^uei rise up into tlie cup and become deeply conge«ti>d bj dilatation
of the blood-vessels. The spot may be scarified and the cup reapplied; »o
tbut when the air is uxhuu^ted the blood will flow iu to lake its puce. Tbi»
is called wet-cupning, and it is a valuable resource for local abstraction of
blood and a revulsive agent. When the proper apparatus is not to be had.
cups may be extemporized by egg-glasses or coSee-cups, the edges of which
ore thick and not liKely to cut the skin. The sir <.'au bu vxhnu^vd by pour-
ing a few drops of ether or alcohol into the glass and igniting it; while the
vapor is burning the cup is inviTtcd upon the skin and thi* flume is imme-
diately extinguished. Tlie cup, in cooling, causes contraction of the air, and
the tissues are forced into the cavity by atmospheric pressure. A piece of
burning paper may be used in the same manner, to exhaust the air from ihc
cup.
Local blood-letting reduces local hypersimia and swelling, and, oon-
Mquently, relieves pain; it limits the destructive effects of inflsiDmation intl
favors resto'ration to the normal condition.
Cups and Icuches art; useful a^ reviiUlve agents and for loc-ul dcpleliou.
The latter are useful for inflammation of glands and swollen joints. In
iiiflamtnutiuD of the eyv Ihi-y art- often n-sorted to. Cups are nscd in pneu-
monia, pleurisy, and other alfections of internal organs.
Transfuucn i» tint |)ruc&'« iiy which there is introduced, directly into
the blood-vessels of a patient, either blood or blood deprived of fibrin, milk-
op various sabnc solution*. The traiiKfiiMon of blood may be immediate or
mediate; in using deiibrinated blood or Buids other than blood, the process
is always mediate. In the form known as immediate transfusion the vein
of the patient is practically made a continuation of the vein of the donor
of the blood by means of a short rubber tube. The method nsually followed,
is to obtain a «niall rubber tube, having f^laes or silver tubes at its end«, an<f
with a bulb in its middle by which the blood can be urged forward on it
course. It contains no valves; but when the bulb is compres.°ied the operator
must pinch the tube behind the bulb, and before the pressure is removed
from the bidb the tube must be released and pinriied In front of the buHi
HO that the suction shall be in the proper direction. This is known as the
transfusion apparatus of Avelin^. The method of u»ing it is to obtain th<-
»#^).4tance of a person who is in good condition and can spare from 240 to
360 com. {or fjviii-xij) of blood. The arms of both donor and receiver are
properly prepared antiseptieally. The median cephalic or basilic vein of
each is then exposed by a short incision and the wall of the vein cut so thai
the cannula may be introduced, pointing toward the centre in the pati<
and toward the extremity in the donor. The little apjMratus is filled with 1
VAiiioca riii!iiii>KirTio hktiiods.
ion
vrnrm luilinc solution so that no sir will enter the vein, «nd is put in place
and confined (lier« with u bniidnfte. >( noc««iry. Now, by proceediDg m
indicated, uilernatcly slowly coroprcBsing the bulb and BRsiu allouinK it to
expand, ihv ratine aolution p8i<HCs into llit; vein und is follomM by biood.
The entire amount of blood may be estimated by counting the compressions
of the bulb, it having been ili'lcrmined pri'vioui'ly by oxpcriiiit'nt how much
blood is delivered at each movement. The operation is concluded by bring-
ing the edge* of the vein together with a ftnti future and closing the wound
and applying a light compress of gauze with a roller bandage.
Mediate trunsfiision is a lo«i simple procedure. The h^ood to be in-
jected is drawn into a bowl and whipped with some twigs in order (o remove
fibrin and prevent clotting. The uefibrinated blood, curi'fiitly mamtaincd
at a tempemtute of 100° F.. is drawn into a warm syringe and slowly in-
jected thiougli OD opening tu a veiu, as in the preceding method. The most
complete antiseptic precautions are required.
Arterial traniilusian is rarely porfoniicd, although perfectly feasible, ai
shown by laboratory experimenla. Hie objection is that it iuvolvea per-
manent obliteration of an artery on the pert of the donor. A superficial
artery, such as the doraalU pcdi.s is selected, and, after disHection from over-
lying tisenes, it is divided and a silver cannula iuBcrted, connecting with a
rubber tube wiih its opposite cilr(?mity armed with another ainnuhi, which
is introduced into a vein of the recipient. The force of the arterial circula-
tion will mnke Ihe blood travcnc the IhIk-, wliicb fthowlil be kept warm witli
hot towels wrung out of bichloride solution.
Milk uaed for intravenous injection Khiiuld be obtained dirMtly from
a hesHhy cow or goat, and poured into a funnel terminating in the tube
and cannula i» before. A strainer of tine gauze should be placed over the
mouth of the funnel to intercept any uccideiital impurity or foreign body
which might have fallen into the milk. Saline solutions may be introduced
either in the same manner or with u syringe or aspirator. The following
>olutioD is rccommvndt-d by Hayem as a sort of artificial blood-scrum: —
B Sodium Tivdmtp
Sodium clil'inilr . . .
Sodium nilpliatr
WiOer, r«<nili,v boilMl and iiltereil
Gin. «r gx, XTta.
30 tint, or gt. bu.
Gm. or gr. eeexe.
ccm. or IJilJ.
Of this frtmi 1 to I pint* may W slowly injected nt a temperature of
100* F, It is im)>ortant that, as recommended by Potain. the fluid be
injected slowly, at a rate of 20 c.cm. (or f^w") pvr M*ond. The KpeciHc
gravity of the solution should be about l.OBn.
Transfusion of blood Ims been [irarticid for years as the rational mctliod
of nving life where death is at hand from hffmorrhage. In post-partum
htonorrhage, or loss of blotxl ullrmlitig aliorlimi, this method has proved
meee«8ful in many instances, as this is nn emergency which finds Ihe phy-
sician and attendants somewhat pnrpnred. In oiber cases, as after surgical
injury, where there is an element of shock, or after pulmonary hiemarrhage
in tuberculosis, it has not been followcil by a flattering flcgree of success.
In inl<«tinnl ha'mnrrhage of typhoid fever it may be tried with a prospect
of good results. The quantity of blood need not be more than from 130
to ^10 c.cm. (or f^iv-viij); it acts as a powerful vital slimulnnt to Ihe heart,
and IS capable of tiding the patient ovfr an emcrgenrr. In morbid statea of
1043 XOK-rUARUAOAL REU£UIEti XSD OEKEIUL TUBILiFBUTlCS.
Ihe blood, transfuHion haji been performed, iii a limited nutnlier of caa
without very encouraging reeulte. In annmiu it has failed, but in the hiem-^
orrhasic diatliesis favorable r<>porls are given by Dr. Josepli Buchser, of
New York, though Dr. D. J. I) rah vo ridge ftewrte that in pernicious aoemil
transifuiiion excrlit a beneficial intluence, both on the blood nf the pati<-n|_
and oa the blood-forming organs, cjiusiiig u disappearance of abnormally-
fomed blood-ve^els and increasing the nuiuber of cells in exoetw of iho«e
supplied bj the tranefuocd blood. In carbonic-acid poisoning snd phos-
phorus poisoning tran»fuiiion han been used succeMfutly. It has ahto heel
recommended in the treatment of toxic symptoms from unknown drug^,
where there are no known antidotes. In ursemic poisoning it hu
resorted to with, satisfuctorj- results.
Dr. A. Bier,' after a careful review uf the symntomit produced whii
animal blood is injected into man, thought that alteration in the con
posilion of the blood miglft potsibly confer liaetericidal power on il,
the Buddcn, intense, transient hypenvmin, the sub«eiiuent protracted, seroi
saturation of the intern*] organs and the skin, und the augmented mtlnh-
olism and appetite, could not fsil to benefii certain ehmnic, sIuRgi6h,j
infectious processes by giving them « gcseml 8hak«<up, ns it were, and tht
allowing the recuperative forces of the organisms a chance to work, lleamr
iug from these premises, Bior applied the transfusion of defibrinnted l^ml
blood as a therapeutic measure in eleven cases of advanced, incurable tul>er>^
cular alTectioni^. The amount injected st a time ranged from 4 to 20 e.cm.
(or f.li-VBs). The patients experienced transient rtuahing and swelling of the
face, chills, poine, nud lever. The iippelite. which had been nbsenl, returned
after the first injection, and became ravenous in nearly every case. One case
is reported in deiail of a man with exti^n^ive open tuberculutis of the sacro-
iliac symphysis on both sides. About twelve transfusions were given in f>Mtr|
months, with di^ippcnnmce of *n|ipiimtioii and almost closure of fisli
Four cases of lupus also showed remarkable retrogression of the lesions.
Dr. Hodder, of Montreal. U!^^•d injection of wiirni milk successfully
case.* of cholera eoltapse, and Thomas, of New York, employed the same
expedient Miece^ifully in post-partnm htemorrhage. Injtxtirmif of uormnl
salt solution, such as that of JIayem. have been very successfully performed
in the stage of collapse in Asiiitic cholera, or in cholura morbu*. Profet*o '
Dawbam, of Xew York, iu similar cases, injects a hot (130° F.) salim* ?"»1h"3
lion into tlie femoral artery by means of n hypodermic needle ami Davidson's
syringe. The needle is inserted into the vessel by a slow, rotary nioveinent
and the end of the syringe is then tied over the bnse of the needle. About
473 com. (or Oj) of the fluid is thrown into the artery at a time. The use
of the blood of the lower animnU is advocated by fiesellins and others, but
is not to be recommended, on account of the difference in hikc of the blood-
corpuscles and the danger of eommunii^ating infei-tiou* di*eaw« or intro-
ducing parasitic organisms. The injection of blood into serous cavitie
such as the peritoneum, has been recomnn'uded by Ponfick and indor
by Bixziizero and (loigi, and has l>een successfully practiced,
Hypodermoolfsis. — llie transfusion of normal salt solution, or nrtificiaT
eenim, into the veins has been resorted to as a substitute for blnod-tinnt-
* Utinchmrr ni«I(<iiif«rA'' Wochensehrifl, April ?, 1901; Journal of the .InKTicVM
UeHmt Amociation, Mny (I, llKll.
VAUIOCft TIIKKAPKUTIC SIBTUOV^
l\Hi
fuginn, with very »alisfactory results. The solution tuny also be intrtxlticcd
into the uri'olur tufiuc by the pi'ucc» of hypodermoclfaii, or (•ubctitaiicous
injection by inennd uf a hypodermic syringi^tn titii; trocnrniid cnnnula. Tliia
proc«c]tire Eceme to liuv^ a beueliciBl inlluence in diphthcritt by dimtmEtiing
till" lijibtlilv to heart- failure. This procedure was (iraclioed successfully by
Loviot in the case of an infant extremoly exhausted by gastro-«nteritis. All
other methods havinfc proved inetTectual, srtiticial serum iras injected 9ul>-
cui8neou»ly into the thigh, abdomen, and foti^nrni. The sorum contained
about tl Gm, (or oisi) of table salt to 473 c.cm. (or Oj) of sterilized water.
>'roiD 18.5 to 4S e.cni. (or fSv-xij) were injected oaw or twice daily for a
week.
Koget and Balvay report a case of diabetic coma with «pileptiform con-
vnlBiono relieved by the injection of large quantities of uonuiil »titii)« solu-
tion, 7 litr^ (or ut)out i)x\\) being given vrilhin a penod of live days, and
three enemuta of 535 c.cm. (or fJxviiNi) rtch being also udmJnUtered. Heeov-
ery. from Uie coma was complete, and the man lived for four months.
Dr. Robert Jardine,' of Ulasgow, gives a tabulated report of 22 eases
of puer|ieral eclampsia with 4 deaths. He attributed the small mortality
(3 of the 4 fatal L-a§eii being lir»t seen when in a moribund condition) to
the use of Miline solutions under the skin. Diuresis was established in a few
hours, and ibe <iuiuitity of urino in «omc comii roM- to tiO and even 100 ounces
within the first twenty-four hours. An analysis of the urine before and
after infumn Eliowcd a marked increase in the urea and uric acid after the
tnfuaion.
Normal solution of salt has also been used in typhoid fever with dimin-
ished secretion of urine. Prof. George \V. Pfromni' resorted to ita use by
Toctal injection*, I pint daily, until the ^luimtity of urine »ecrel^ had
reached the noniial. The writer gives a history of ten cases in which were
noted the following: Slimtilntion of the cardiovascular systvm, diminished
tendenoy lo compiioaiion^, and wbt-n used early the nervous phenomena were
kept in abeyance.
Intravenoiiii injection of normal mlt solution has been followed hy sue-
ce«B in puerperal eclampsia, and in the collapse of cholera. Dr. H. F. Hanks,
of New York, approves very highly of the use of salt volution in the treat-
m«nt of surgical shock, especially after severe hsmorrhage. In thia condi-
tion nothing can take the place of intravenous injection of mII solution
(115" F.J, Dsiog from '/, to 1 ',', litres (or f^xvii-li), as may be renuired by
the condilion of the pnlient. When the piili<i.'-tetisioD is restored, tne injec-
tion is stopped, lie also resorts to it in septiciemin, and urges all surgeons to
teacb their ii»»ti^tnntK limv lo innort the injeetion-eiinuutu, as no minor opera-
tion will ever bring better results than this operation when employed in the
emergencies mentioned.
Dr. Eugene Boise has written in the Mtdienl Xwa for September 10,
1S98, of the value of intravenous injection of the saline R>lution after sur-
gical operations. With proper technique, he regards tlie intravenous route
aa eafe as any other, while it is much nion- rapid in supplying fluid and heat
to the sv-slem. In hiemorrhage succeeding intervention, in shock, «e|it>ia,
•BrilUh JBrrfimf Journal, May JIS, l!M)0.
• Uriieal HilMln. March. IIW).
10H
NON-PHABUACAI. KBUKDIEA AND UENXBAI. THKHAPErTICS.
unpiiiin, and iiitoKtiiiul olj^lrucliou ii is oho <>r the most valuubk' (h«nip«ii^
ticftl lUMi^uies ve possess.
Enteroclysia ; Irrigation of the Bowels, Injections, Clysters, and Enc
mata. — FhinU or s^^raiHuid »ululaiici-» an- iiijcolwl into ihe liowfi-l tbnmjih
the anal apiTturi.- in grt-uti-r or k-^^ ifuuntity, a».-oTding 1o the vxtciit ot
intestinal surface intt^nded to be bmu^ht iulo conlact nith <ir tu liv allcc-trd
by the ine<lie«meiit i-mploycd. The ol)j«-cts to be attained an> the direct local
eSeota upon the boweU, and the indirect or Mcoadaiy i^fTevtn, which an
cniised eilhiir by absorption of s portion of the enema into the blood or by auj
effect upon the uerrous eij'stem or upon the tenipt-rnturc of the body. Ki
mata or injoctions are given (1) to cause prompt evacuations from the howeli
(S) to affect the thermal, chemical, or bacterial cliaraeten i>i the boiri'l eoii>
teritit, or act upon ite miic-oue membninci (3) to iutroduce certain eubstaacca
into the circulation nml produce systemic effects.
For making injections into thv bowet a speeial instrumeiit ja employed,
which vaa formerly called a cly^lcr-pipe; it i« now known hy the eoui>ral
tonn of syringe. Variou* forioE of KjTingCB are offered to the ])rofe69ioi:
The simplest aj-ringe is one with n cylindrical barrel containing a plunger
and piston-rod, to which a ring or other conveniently-sliaped handle is
affixed, the opposite extremity lemiinating in a nozzle. The Ix^l ^yringeaj
of this kind are made of hard rubber, which have almost entirely driven*
those of glaas or pewter from the market. For an adult the tiyringe shuuld
have a capacity of from 1^0 to 3-10 c.cm. (or foiv-viij). which is< usually
sufficient for a simple enema, although larger tjuantities may be required.
In childhood, from SO to 1^0 c.cm. (or fji-iv) will prore eufficieut, and in
infancy from IS to 30 c.cm. (or f^ss-j) is ordinarily enough for an 0]>eitinK
injection. Continuous-flow syringea arc of two kinds: (1) gravity, or so-called
fountain-syrinjip. and (2) bulb, or force- syringes. The fountain-syhngo con-
sists of abag, with a capacity of a pint or mure, eonur-ctingal the bottom with
aix feet op more of soft-rubber ho.ie, to the end of which ia affixed the ui«ual
anal, rectal, or vaginal tube. The bag, tilled or partly filled with the fluid
to be employed in the injection, is hung at the patient's bedside, from four
to six feci above the level of the lower end, when introduced into the vagina
or rectum; in this way the fluid gradually is introduced by hydrostatic pn**-
uro, without any olher force being employed. The bulb syringes are of dif-
ferent shapes, but the principle is almost the same in all. A rubber-lwU olj
cylindrical «liapo, with tapering ends, and of contcuicnt size to grasp in the!
hands, is ptovided at each extremity with a valve, each opening in the »iime1
direction. A supply-tube passes from u reecptaele of water, or the fluid to]
be employed in the injection, to one end of the bulb, and from the oppo«iti
end passes the delivery-lube, terminating in a noExle of hard rubber. Ky .
alternately pressing and releasing the btub, a current of fluid is sent nluus
the tubing with as much force an ia dedred. In fact, there is danger of
using greater hydraulic prci-Hure than was intended, and thus causing in-
jury to the bowel, especially when weakened by disease or ulceration, such
ss occur* in dysentery or typhoid fever. One form of syringe niake« use of
air-pressure, instead of hydraulic pre^j^urc, the fluid being placed in a bottle
connected with the delivery-tube and partly filled witli the medicament
deaired to be thrown into the bowel. When air is pumped into the bottle the
liquid is forc'd out through the delivery-tube under lee* pressure than hi
the usual plan just described.
VARIOre THKHAl-EtTlC UFTnom.
1045
(a) Some fonnulic for Inxntivc <-ni-mnla «re us follows: —
Simpit Lojalin.
H Otri ricini vtl olivo.- . 00| (<«ii. or fjij.
AAA to > bKlMitro lor ISxrij) o( noapy waUt, nnd iiw m an inje^km.
Slimuhtivt.
B OIri irrebintlunn' MI com. or ffiw.
OIci rii'ini 461 ^ cm. or (5'»*-
Adil lo u liNit or onp liln (or fSxvil-xxxiv) <il bi>t tonp-mid*, unA unr >h an IMOIM.
R Tinct. aloM
OL oIlTw . ,...,
la a halMitn? (or (Swij) of *o«py natrr.
Evitcvant,
B Clynrinl IIS crai. to lOj tjtm. m mux-Oiv.
Vnt as a rei-lal injcviion.
In cttte* of oUtinali^ impiK-lirtii a \cng IiiIh- iiIimuIi] W iiii<<-rU-(l, so h to
CBcr; the glrceriti into the vicinity of tlie mass and assist iii breaking it up.
716 e.em, or Gij.
OOj e.rm. vr ISij.
Fffr InfattU.
R <H ollvic (.1.1 I&l
To tr injci'lcd into lh« bonrl to produce vvartiation.
e.em. «r fS*a-
F«r (?ftrontr Constipalicn.
H Snn. Uni l&jS Gnt. or Sb-
Maki> an infu'lnn n Ith n )ifl1f-t<tri> (or IJsvfJ) of bollln; nattr, and, viu^ rold,
■train llirougli mmlin. Vac meh morniiig. ni an enema.
(&) Injections administered for the purpose of nffoctinp the thenna),
diemical, or bacl<^rtnl clinractiT ol the contents of Ihf h(iw«l or lo act upon
it« mucous mcmbrnne.
When oompiirntivclv Inrjic inmnlilios of lluid are thrown into Iho howol,
Ihc procedure is known as irrijjation: and. when they pass the ileo-ctecal
valTe, a» "enteroclyds." Such Inr^e injection* arv not required for aijnple
evacuation of the ijowels, but are employed for various purposes connected
with the *tatc ol thi- intc.«liiic or its content*. Thu«, in states of fever, espis
daily typhoid, large injections of cold water may be Riven, in order to re-
raoTc the contents of the bowel, lo reduce tcmpcratnrc, and for their effects
upon the nervous syatem. In cholera, a form of irriRation is hiRhty pniscd
hy Cft&lani, which is called enteroolysia, because by this means remedies arc
carrie^l, by an antiperistaltic moiion. throURh the ileo-c»cat valve into the
email intestine. Tuunie ucid beiu^ very dostructire to cholera cultures, and,
in the (|UAniilI«i employed, harmle^ to the human subject, w«.i chosen as
the principal agent to Iw used in the injection. The formula employed by
Canlani wa.* a« (ol]ow»: —
B Acid, lannic. . . |£ to 20 tim. or cr. Uxii-«ccx>
A>-ncta> )>ul\. 90 Om. or SxKai.
Vini opii . 2 r,«Bi. or tSo.
AiUH- ll»>mi>. !"«' li> IW F.I 2000 c.cai. or fMvfSiv.
U. Sig.: To bt lued after eatli cvacuallon or lli« bowel*.
IMIi NOK-f
ii(:ui:i>i£9
rnKiiAi'mrl
Out of onp hiindreft and seventeen cases nf cholera rreated by tbf s|
method huslig rcimrlcil Uiirly-foiir dfuitliH cmly, which if highly favoi
as compared with other methods of treotment. The eante plan has been
used in cholera infmuiim and in cnmnier. or sporadic, cholera, with excel-,
lent effects. In addition to ihei-e injections of tannin into the bows"
Cantant recommended hypodermoclysia, of o Haline solution (3 per eent
sodium carbonate and 4 per cent, sodium chloride), at a temperature a litt]^
above that of the body {iuy,-t° to 101' ¥.), into the 8ulicutAn«oiu con
nective ti^ue, by means of a Pravaz, or large hypodermic, syrinfre. In trnl
ehoK-ra. during the algid Male, the prnctiiT of hypodermotlyci? if said to'
gire startling results. Its object \a to reduce the tendency to thiekening of
the lilood following loss of watery fluid* by tnin«udation. Its advantag»«
over intravenous injections consist not alone in avoidance of the danger of
opening or manipulating veins, but also in the proocM of absorption being
more uniform and natural. In one hundred and eighty-seven severe cases
thus treated the mortality was 39 ))er cent. Kntcroeljvie is used for tbo
premonitory diarrbcca and tlie first stage, hypodermodysis in the algid and
^hoid atsgn!; when the treatment h begun with the ditenKc already ftd-
vaneed. botli are used.' Jn some cases "peritoneoelyila," or injection of
Eatine fluid into the peritoneal sac. was caiili'uiNly practiced, without evil
results, except slight tenderness and tympanites. Knteroclysis, or irrigation
of the small bowel with warm water, is a valuable expedient in caturrho
jaundice and gall-stones. In the treatment of thread-worms, or oxyuridc
large injections of salt-water or infusion of quassia, or of vinegar, arc vet]
efficient in dislodging these parasites from their headquarters in the cKcui
and large bowel.
vXstringent enemata are sometimes employed to check (liarrlicea.
anodynes may be thus administered. For instance, Inndnnum (2 c.cm.. or"
mxxi) in starch-wat^r is very useful in relieving pain and tenesmus. Nitrate
of lilver (0.13 to 0.50 Gni., or gr. ii-viij, to -1*S o.cm., or Oj. of warm water)
is used in dysentery, especially if ulceration be present: it may be repeated
once or twice daily. Carbolic acid, mercurial salts, and other agents which,
if absorbed, would cause poisoning, should not be employed per enema.
Very frequently diarriicea is kept np by the presence of irritating suhatances
in the intestine. Irrigation of the bowel has been found to be a resource
of great value in such cases; and, even in infants, it has given highly-
satisfflclory rfsulls.
The mechanical effects of the distension (if the bowel arc chiefly utilixcd
in the treatment of inlussuseeption of the howels; but they are al^o active
in every case in which the administration of an enema is followed by cvacua.-.
lion of the bowel contcnti. In some abdominal operations it ha.* been
ommended to introduce a rubber bag into the rectum and distend it by
injection of water, ao as to lift the organs in front of the bowel higher
in the pelvis, so that they may be more readily eiiconutercd by the supra- '
pubic incision; tbc expedient just mentioned being of espf*ial application
in the case of stone in the bladder.
Dr. .Injui Tt. Lichly says: ''Water is a valuable aid in the treatment
the various fonns of diarrha'a and dysentery. In dysentery nothing can
used which will give more general Milisfaction than enenins of plain
* "Animal of the Unlvt-vanl Mnlliiil SciencM," 1880, rot. i. DM.
TARIOrfl THXRAPBUTia IIKTHOM.
They arc grateful to tlie pntivnt. do not proiluc*: niiii^cn. and vi>ry
_ Jy relieve ihc tenesmus Irotn the first. A noted phjBiciou has eaid ol
this treatment: 'It chnnffuit a hiijie iiitcrnul into an external alucne, and
cuablca us to ck-anse the bowels of their putrid conteDts,'" J. Dewilt
Graham praises the use of hot-water irrigation in the treadncnt of intcgtinnl
di^ordcrg in c-hildrvn, thorouj^hly 6uGhinf; the bowel with a copious amount
of hot water, using a long, noft-rubhiir tube thiil passes the inluroal spbino
ter. and provides an easy escape for the teces. The irrij^tion is continued
until the water com«8 away clear. This is repeated only a* oft«n as seeded
to utilond t}iL< colon, to relieve (enesmuB, or to induce rest. The author has
used it with i'uci.TJ^i in a child three doy« old.
(c) Injections into the bowel for the purpose of systemic effects are
of two ](inds: (1) medicinaU (2) nutritive. Medicinal encmala of tannin
in cholera have oeen mentioned under the head of "Knteroclysis." In many
iiutnnces remedies are administered in the form of a suppository of cacao-
butter, which is fluid at the temperature of the body; but the same medica-
ments might W given in starch-wnter or other whiele by enema. Quinine
may be thus administered to children for malarial manifestations, llromide
of potassium and chlornl arc Uficful in reducing rcatlvaaneea and tendency to
eonvulsiooH in rhiUlreii; eniubion of asafelida is an excellent injection to be
ailministered in a ease of convulsions where there is stippoujd to be indi-
gestible substances in the bowels acting as an irritant. Knemata containing
filooholic stimuhints arc sometimes administered. Although this method of
administration of remedies is attended by some inconTcniences, yet it ia very
useful where the stomach is irritable or the patient is unable to swallow
dings, »s in coma, etc. It is capable of beiuK extended in the case of chil-
dren, who object to swallowing di»agrc«ble mcilioiln'. !n the tri'iittncnt of
phthisis good results have been reported following the use of sulphureted
watera by enema, Tho ndminii^lnitiun of iiiUritive mtitfrini by injection into
the bowel is of suflicient importance to be considered separately.
fieetal Alimentation and Intestinal Znhaustion. — It is a phy^olosical
fact that the absorbing surface of the large bowel may be utilixed to support
life when the stomach cunnot digest food. Experience has shown, indeed,
that life may be almost indefinitely sustained by the injection into the bowel
of certain articles of food in a physical condition favonible for alworption.
In gastric nicer, for instance, it U necessary to allow the stomach time to
heal without being called upon to digest food, not only because of the poin
and vomiting following the taking of food and the danger of hKraorrhage,
but olso because cicatrization will proceed more rapidly, if unintemipt<^.
During this time, therefore, it is of great importance to introduce food by
a channel which so fully answers the purpose and which is so closely allied
to the normal. The same proximate principles of the food can be introduced
into the system when placed in the bowel as when they arv taken into the
llomach, the chief ditTerences being that the food is not subjected to the
aame churning process in the bowel as in the stomach, and, of courst-, uo
gastric juice is furniahed by the mucous coat of the large intestine. Tlie
capacity of ihe rectum is considerably less than that of the stomach. From
this, we learn that nutritive enemata should consist of food in fonn most
favorable for absorption and assimilation, and that the quantity- should be
eomparatively small (about 120 to 180 c.cm., or f^iv-vj), in order not to
excite reflex contractions of the muscles by reflex action and rejection of
IMS
XON-PHARUACAL BCUBDieS AKO OBKBtUI. TnERAPEUTICS.
th<! fiivnin. It in dnirablv to tvi up a tolcram-c on the pari of Ihe
to the injivtione: and thev shouki, at Uni, \>e given muliously and a ainall
?ijniitilv ut a time, and Tcponkd nut oftoDcr than at init.-n,-al8 of four hour«.
I iiiiijf be neceflsary to reduce the iiensitivonej* of the uiucnua membrane by
a [>ivliiniu«ry injection nf tincture of opium (3 c.cm.. or mxxx) io March-
water, or an opium eappository inay he introduced. In children, bromide
of ]>'>UMinin and chlonl may be Hiib^titnted for the opium, or fiimple iujcc-
tioDH of cold water may suftice to reader the bowol lesH intolerant. Cocaine
i» fd imecrtuiii in ita action in ditTcrcnl individuals that it« use is not deemed
advisable for this purpose.
The directions for preparing nutritions enemata ore xery aimptff. It it
more convenient to have the »ubstance in a fluid or Hemiihiid condition «nd
strained, eo that it will pa^ through the syringe. Meat euppoEitories have
also been ii&ed, but they arc- k-m efllcient than cnemata. The lm«iit of I)
injcclion is usually milk, which should be scalded and partly peptonuo
To this, meat ^ejc tracts, beef-juice, or bovininc may he added. If deaimi
a small quantity of brandy or whisky can be added also. The enema shoal
not exceed GO c.cm. (or f,vj) at first, and the (retjucncy of admin (titration
must he governed by the demands of the system and the tolerance of tlie
bowel. If alimentation can he conducted in Ihiit manner every fonr hours
and it is welt home by the patient, this interval should be maintained, in
8omc patients, however, thi- interval may Imve to be prolonged to seven or
eight hours, espcciiilly at the bepinninp. On a previous pa;re of this work
diroetionf will be found for peptonizing dilTerent artidcR of food, vomc <>t
which on account of the predi^estion, mij;ht be used for rectal alimentation,
Tht late Prof. Henry F. Campbell, of Augtitla, tia., culled tspecial attunliu.
to this metliud of supporting the powers of life by nutritious cuemata. and
he iiiainlaim-d. by introducing llif food above tlie sigmoid flexure, that the
liquid would be carried backward through the Ueo-cteml valve into the small
intt-stine by a jiniccsM of irvevM' pcrisialsiit due tu intciitinal inJiauslion. lie
showed that the system could be nourished perfectly and life sustained for
many luonlbit by milrilivc cncihala* Mtlk injeetiomii containing the yelks
of 1 or a eggs, with some powdered puncreatin or solution of pancrcatin oi'
papoid, will be found the most nvailable and generally efllcient. The juit
of raw beef, or meat-extract, niav be added to the enema after toleration h««'
been established,
ThiR method is to be used in gastritis, some cases of dyspepsia. castrie|
ulcer, carcinoma of the »tomin-h, iiiKufticient nutrition, per>istcm vouiilinj
or pain after taking food, and in marasmus and other allections of young
children. According to (J. Singer, iiulriiiit encmala given in gastric hIc«
diminish the probability of recurrent ha?morrhage. This writer advises rec-
tal feeding in some cases of gastrir dilatation and in cxceniiive vomiting of,
pregnancy. In special conditions of disease it may also bo resorted to will
advantage; its utility in skin disease is sometimes very marked. (See a'
communication on "Kectal Alimentation and Medication in I>ieeat«e of the
Skin," by the author: "Transactions of the Ninth Tnternational Medical
Congress," vol. iv, pages 170 el seq.) For further discussion of the important
aabject of alimentation the reader is referi;,ed to the SMtion upon "Diet
Disease" (page 989).
Irrigation of the rectum with plain hot water is of decided service
chfonic pelvic infiammation*. with the exception of pyoaalpinx. It relievi
iW
idH
le "
TARIOUB TnEBAPROTIC URTHODS.
1049
tj'inpftuites 0D(1 is of advantogo in the eorl}' stage of intp^tiiial paralyfia
following sepiiis. Itectal irrigation ia of value in the treatmeal of hsmor-
rlioids.
Setoas and iBroeB-^-'rhcs^ ari> eicpedtenia whioh liad their ori^rin in
forniLT ideas of patliolof;)', and. consciiucntly, at the present day. are nearly
obsolete. Each depends upon sotliiig up a point of irritation and suppura-
tion on tlie surface of the body, in order to produce revulsive or counter-
irritant elTecii upon di?eper-8eiited pathological processi-e. A seton consists
of a strand of cotton or silk, or other material, passed through a small fold
of skin. A piece of «ilvi>r wire or a strip of eJiect-1«ad may be used. The
thread may be carried through by means of a eeton-seedle, or the akin may
fint be perforated for the purpose with n bistoury. The seton is allowed to
remain in position for several days or even weeks.
An iune in made bv applying a cauterizing substance, such as caustio
Dtasa, to a snot upon the skin. and. after the slough has separated, a dried
I, glflH bead, or piece of orriv-rnot i$ ki'pt in place over tlie open surface
by a bandase, so as to keep up irritation.
Sctoiis in Ihc neck (nucha) were formerly u*#d in cospb of oheenre brain '
or spinal disease and eve inBammations. In infantile hydrocele of the cord
a seton may be inserted for a few hours to set up adhesive inflammation.
Isnnea and setons are now rarely employed, becanae of the danger of the
'Wound becoming infected with eryeipclatous, tuberculous, or other disease
ferms, and because continued suppuration may lead to seplicffimia, Bright's
IsraH-. or lardnrcoiiB d'.'j.''"i"''"alifiii of "thcr oralis.
Sntpeniioa in Disease of Spinal Cord, and Herve-stretching in Nervon*
tlKtordert. — Among thi' mtyhanical means occssionaily rwortod to in med-
ical practice is support of a portion of the body by suspension. Thus, in
internal curvature of the spine, systematic exercise with suspension more or
[^Jccs complete, by inatructing the patient to climb a ladder or a rope hand
rer hand, is a highly useful device for strengthening weak musc)c« dnd
erervoming deformity. The same principle ia applied in treating Pott's dis-
by Sayre's apparatus with a "jury mast."
.\ suspensioii-liclt cncinling the elbows .so that the patient may sleep
in a sitting posture, and a support aflfordcd to the extrinsic respiratory mos-.
Qm, forms an apparatus of great usefulness in asthma. AliotU IS93, Mtrt- 1
lintkowski, of Odessa, published reports of the relief afforded in cases of
locomotor ataxia by suspension of the body from the nhouldera. Thia
'"■method, it seems, was first applied by Prof. J. K. Mitchell, in Philadelphia,
many years before. Motichulkowski and, subsequently, Charcot arrived at
brorable conelusions from their experiments, and Prof. S, Weir Mitchell
has Haa published commendatory accounts of hii* experiencit with a form
^ appanlus of his own devising.
The effect of the trralmcnt by the apparatus of Charcot or Weir
lilchell is to take pressure from the intervertebral cartilages and to
tighten the cun,'ee of the spine. The good clTects which liave undoubt-
3Iy occurred in a number of eases may be due, as suggested by Dr. Julius
''Althaue, to the fact that spinal meningitiif usually is found associated with
pathological changes in the cord, especially in the posterior columns. Sn^
~ itsion produces a revulsive effect similar to that of caulerintion and to
iive motion of joints by which adhesions are stretched or broken and
Iheir absorption favored. Sinco suspension has given the most favorable
low
KOK-PBARUJlOAIi BBUEDIES AND (HtNBBAL THEBAFRDTICS.
rc8u1t« in old, advanced c«hc«, it is Tor>- prnbablo lliat tlnit ii true. Thcro a
no endence that the spinal cord is stretched by this process; on the con-
trary, it may be relaxed. There have been mme unfavorable results k-
ported; but, considering the character of the cases, such accidenti* might be
attributed to other cauoes, or<I certainly do not constitute a bur to the treat-
ment when properly applied. Ilosenbauni adrises againat suspension in pro-
nounced case* of myelitic and in recent purolyais ag^tan^.
The diecases in which eiu;p(?neion has prored beneficial, besides loco-
motor atiixiu, are spastic spiiml ;mraly«Js, amyotrophic tutt-nil silt'ruds, and
QeuraMlionia, <ir functional nerve-prostration. S. Weir Mitchell is especially
eoDvinci-d of U» utility in Putt's <li»cui<v of the epini'.
The number of papers published during the Inst two or three years,
upon suspension in the treatment of nervous diseases, has been small, as
compared with the large number appearing soon after Motschutkowski's
early papom upon this subject. The same reports of improrcmenl and dis-
appearance, in part or entirely, of symptoms, have characterized recent com-
miinitiitionit. In a jimall proportion (in five out of twenty-five hundred cawa
of Itoscnbaum) the improvement is remarkable. The lancinating pains are
relieved, there is enhanced ability to walk, inciease in appetite and bodily
weifiht and in sleep. The gastric crisis, in a few case^ become less in^uent,
but paritelhesin of hands and feet and ocular symptoms an? very obstinate.
Professor [jcyden claims that the treatment of tabes by suspension pro-
duces no appreciable effect upon the pathological process; that neither on
therapeutic nor upon scientific grounds is it reasonable to expect such a
curative action, and that prnctiea) experience, when vit-wcd with an un-
prejudiced eye, fails to sliou- such effects; none of the results reported, he
Mj-s, go beyond the oiTects of suggestion.
At Charcot's clinical service at La SalpJtriere the form of saspension
is by the chin and occiput, uud the instrument employed ii^ Motschulkow-
ski's modilication of Sayre'a apparatus. Stillman' recommends the upright
and recumbent curved board framet dcviited for orthopaedic purpose*.
Benuzzi has tried forcible flexion of the spine as a substitute for sus-
pension, by forcibly Boxing the body with the knees bent on the abdomen.
A tabetic female treated in this manner showed material improvement. He
experimented upon the cadaver and concluded that by this procedure the
relation of the ttpinal cord to the spina! column is so changed that the cord
is displaced upward three to four millimetres, and the vertebral column
lenglhi^ned from one and one-haif to three centimetres, the increase to
length being due to separation of the procewiOJS rather than of the vertebral
bodies. The ner\'e-rools are displaced, but not noticeably shortened, with
the exception of the oauda equina; there is lowered tension of the cerebro-
spinal fluid. He n-gards Ihe beneficial effects of suspension as due to trac-
tion upon the Cauda equina, Ktrdohing it and, through it^ the spinal cord;
this, he thinks, is best aoconipUfihed by forcibly flexing the body with the
knees upon the abdomen. Cagney, on the other hand, after extensive ex-
periments upon both the dead and living body, denies that it is powible to
stretch the spinal cord or nerve-roots by suspension; that, instead of exlcn-
sion of the spinal canal, there is a total shortening of it. He inferred that
' TTectfif itetlioat KcTiae. St. Louis. Sept. 6, 19M.
PonMt;t..E FOR UYI'UDEIUIIC L'XK. 1051
if Ui« cord it benefited by euepcti«ion, it )« by relaxation, and not by stretch-
ing it.'
NerTfr>itretoliing is an oxpciiicnt for Uie treatment of varioue atTdctions
of the iiprves allonded by pain. As it involves a gurpcal operation,— the
cutting down iipnn u nurw- trunk, ijtoloting it, nnd tiubjectin^ it to more or
|lees forcible stretching, — it need not be discueeed hen-. It might be nidri
nowevor. that in some eaKes of neumlgia («ciatic«, etc.) this lia* been reeorted^
to with ninrki'd relief to the patient, and that it is nov an acknowledged sur-
gical demur restort for such cases.
FORKTTLX FOE HYPODERMIC USE.
AI.COHOL.
li Spirit. fniniMiti 1S| e.ctn. or tjaa.
(Dome 1.2 to 2 c.ein,, or mxi-sxx.)
Or, B Spirit vini gallici Iii| c.cm, or Qu.
(Dou: O.Q to 1.2 c.cin.. or mx-xx.)
For s^ncopi-, hwmnrrlisgi?, henrt-lailun;, thnck, «holpni. Mid cnake-bitM.
AUVL. KITBITK.
B Aniyl niLritu 41 Can. or f3j.
Alroliolls llf tan. or IJiij.
M. (Do«»: 0,0 to 1.2 c.ch)., or mx-xx.)
Forangliu pwtorii. chlorofonu oanMuiiB. ittychnine poiioning. ind lur^ot ihock.
APOCODsmE.
1) Apocfldiiinip hT(lra<'hlor>tlH , 113 Gm. or gr. ij.
Sodii chioridi '. IflS Gm. or gr. i.
Anna: cucnl,vpU ISJ r.«ni. or (3<«.
M. <Dom: 2 F.irni., or mxxx=:0.01S Gdl.OT gr. '/.'I
For chronic bronrlittii, croup, whooping cough, and hatmoptyiia.
APOMORPRimt.
B Apomorphinii> hydrochloniti* (13 Gm. gr. Ij-
.\i\am (■niii]ihora' , , 4|l c,«ni. or 1»C.
M (l)uw: 0 IZ tu OS c.cm., or mii-viij =0.0037 fo 0.0108 Oin„ or gr. '/■■'/*■)
For chronic hroiifhitia, bionvhorrhrm, eniphyuinA. Iimitmpljrsis, chorea, whoop-
in^oough, larvngianius »tridu1UB, epilvpsy, capilUry tnimchiti*, and in narcotk poiMO-
AOVArtmcTttmc.
B Aqua- dmtilUne COj c.cm. or ISJ,
(Doh: 2 to 4 c.cm., or Hm-j.)
For n«uralgiH, nijulgia, nnd jnnilfm.
ARSKXrC.
B Jjquori* potajwii trwnatU,
Aqun daHllllftt« ■■ ?!S *Mn. or n\l
M. ino«*t 0,3 to tJc.om.. or mvxx.1
Or. B I.UjuoritRodii arwnalin . , . 4) <4^. or (3J,
(Dew: 0.3 to I.S «jnn., or mv-xx.l
t u
'ABBval of th« l:iiiverMJ Mi>dic>l SHPtim." ISOI. vol. ii, p. B3tl.
I05S yOK-PnABUACAI, BEUKDIES AKD OKSEBAI. TUBHAVEPTtCS.
Or, B I.iquosia *nenl ct bvitrar^-rl lodidi.
|Dt«c; O.Oe to Q.tf c«n-, or mix.)
T|B cm. or (SJJ.
For ehoffM, neunilgHi, cpilqnjr, ljrRi|>liB<lcooina. vnlnigrd tplerD. pMrimi, and
fhronle eewma.
gr. v.,
IKm.
B AUnpino) nulphutia , 1008 Gni. or
AqiMc dcAtlllaiv .- , 1S| «Mm. dt 7Sm.
H. (D<D»v; 2 ccm., or nixxx^OlOinOI Om., or gr. ■/■■)
For •ciatirn. ovarian ucunlgia, iIjmnmORliCM. aargiinl ahock. cholcm collips*,''
pulmonkrjr hnmorrhiiRp, Incnmotor oUxIn. in«tiia. ■paunodic osthmn. waaic-kiifoi,
polMalDg (rom aconite, mti«carin«, [)hf»oatigiiiiii« or wrjiie, and opiiun.
B Cnflrinie ntniti* 11 Gm. or gr- x*j-
AquK dMiillalw 30| ccni. or fSj-
BL (Date: 1 to 2 cmh., or m)CT-xxx=0.032 to IXOOS Om., or gr, m-j.)
For Dcutulgiu. hvpochendriaiia, nsthmn, or;gHn|p hvart diaMir, chrotik' Brl|tlit*t
JlBnii. nni] tirirtiiic cotna-
CAKBOI.IO ACID.
B Addi ou-bolid pun <iS Gm. or n-. It.
Aqu» dMtlllatiP IK' (-.cm. or f|M.
M. (Dot*! 1 to 2 e.<!m-, or mxv-xxx^ 0.019 to 0.032 Gm., or gr. '/.-**-l
For erjrii]i«laB, phthisU pulitionutia, furuncuious. enlarged lymphatic gland*
bubo, and neuralgia.
VJunon-tnL,
B 01<-l rkini.
Olti amygdalir dukia
M. (DoMM 4 Ui IC c.cm.. or I3Mt.)
UmIuI in obsLinntn const (put Ion.
■a 30] c.cin. or fSj.
CnLOBAL HYDRATK,
B CUlorolin IfliS Om. or $«*■
Aqiiw d^Hfillatw ..■...'■•■..•.•■^ 30] c.cin, or [JJ.
M. IBoic: 0,0 to 2 c.cm., or mx-ssx^(U2 Ia 1 Gm., or gr. t-xv.)
CULOOAL l(T URATE AMI UOHTRItCE.
e.
Or. H CTiIoralia
Morphinir mlphali*
Aquw dmt illata^ 30
U. iDoac: 2 c.cm,, or nixxx:=0.5 Gm., or gr. rii«. ctilarat bydnto;
Oi^, or (p. '/,, tuorpliiiie duli'lialv.)
Gm. Of SiJ.
13 Gm. or p. ij.
c-«n. or
S.'
rRi.oiiAL iiYDXATi!. Monpin!CK, akd AmorixK.
Or,
B ailorali* - 8
Morphinw fiilplintis
Atropinte lulphuiia ., lOOS Gm.
13
Gm. or 3ij.
Gm. or jtr. i].
c-cm. or
Si/'
Aquiv dmlillatii^ 30
M. (Ddimj; 2c.pm.. or nixxic = 0.5 Gm.. ur gr. rUta. cbloi&l hydralp; 0.008 Gm.,
or fr. Vw morphine 8ulpliat«i O.WMIO Gm.. or gr. ',',^, atrophw tulphale.)
Fur oli«linat« vomiting or Iiici'uuKh. outlnpse from cbolera Aalallca, oliol«i3
noetraa, ■pnomodli' imthmn, mania. «onvul8i(iiii>, nnd nrnrnlfia.
PUBMU1..K rOR HYPODEBUtC D8B.
1033
CBi^itoroftw.
(Z>ailY iUf to 1 o^Ri., or mv-zr.)
Or, ft Splr. chlorofomil
(Dom: 0,4 1» 1^ c.Cin,, or mx-XX.)
flto adatica, tie douloureux, nnd oLIicr acuralgia*.
e.en. or (!•■■
c.cBi. «r f8«a.
OOCAIXB.
V Cbeusa hj'dnMhton.tis [50 Qin. or trr. viij.
Aqua tuouypU 30| com. or QJ.
U. iDowi 2 ccm., or jhxxs = 0.033 Gn'., or gr. m.)
For prodaclng local an(c«t}ir»ia. Also In tewlokiMM and ronilUng of pregnancy.
VOEHJXZ.
n Codeiiue , 125 Gm. or gr. Ir.
AqiM dMtlllBtn 1£) COD), or Qm.
H. (Dca«: S t.vm.. or mucx = 0.032 Om., or gr. m.)
For nounlgia, hjpocliondrtn, dcliiiuin trsmpn*, mania, and diabotea indlitua
COUUVKII'OIL.
B Old ruorrbuiB 30| c.em. or tSj.
(Do««: 4 to in c^hl, or ffl-iv.)
For acrohilodprma, ponrfithfala, •cUiymn, pain|>lilKU«, llch«n. etc.
COmiNE.
n VoalUm,
Acidi acctici fort an 11183 con. or (Sllmxlj.
Aqiue ehlorofoniii q. a. ad 00] o.cin. or fSij.
H. (Dom: 0.00 u.t'iu., or mj, to b«gia with. 0.3 c.cm., or mv, containa 0.08
<.em., or m), of ^online.)
Or, H Conilntt bjdrobroraatia ..........1..4. jOOA Gm. or gr. J,
A9U1B cuoalypti i 10| cini. or ifw.
M. (Oom: 0.8 (.ctn.. or mx = 0.0013 Gm.. or gr. '/■■)
For pkuriap, pneumonia, ansina pvctorin. cmphyictna, asthma, atutr niaala, and
Iclanua,
COTOIStX.
B Cotoinir )5
Bodii bk«irbonalia > ■ I
Aqtuc dutillnl* IS
M. (Do*!-: 00 to 2 c.cm.. or mx-xxx = 0.1>21 to O.O04 Gm.. or gr. Vij-)
Fcor Bctitc and chronic diarrhwn, diarrhoa of phthuiit and typhoid (ever,
fur nlght'ttw^ata And Asiatic rholara.
Un. or gr. riij.
8 Om. or rr. kx.
c.cm. or ISai.
AhM
S.'-
B CKmr» lOM Oni. o*
AqUffi dcatillattt 18JS c.cm. or
M. IDeoc; S I'.cm., or msassOAOOS Gns., or gr. Vm-)
Or. B Curarinic sulpha tia 10032 Qm. or gr. ■/..
AquB! d«tilliiiii> .... lajs c.cm. or m.
M. llVw>: 2 cnn., or nixxx = O.0O032 Qm.. or gr. Vwt
For Idanua, hjdrophi^in, chorea, and epilepay.
1064 XOX-rKXRUACAL BBHSDIM AMD OBNBHAL TnERAPKVTICg.
DATVIUHE.
B Dnturlnic 10129 Om. or dt.
Aiiuic ru«nlypti ■ • • . • 30i (.mi. i»r QJ-
M. (DiHc: 0.6 to 1.2 ccm., or nu-xx = O.OOOST to O.00aU Gm., or
For iwundgiB, MUma, cpUepar, and manti.
SIOIZAUS.
It Tinctum digtUlk ...•.•.>.. 'ifi cxm. or tStj.
(Dow: 0.3 to 1 e.cm., or fflv-xv.)
Or, B Tmolure digiUlU,
Spir. truinfiili -•:> T|& e*m. or t3lj.
11. iVom: O.S to 2 c.nn., or mx-xxx.t
Or, R Di^Ulinl |0!» Om. or gr. V*
8piT. vini i^llici,
Aiiiv df MlllaUr ui T[ri ccm. or I3i).
M. (DMsr 0.e lo 1.2 can., or ws-sx = 0.00056 to O.OOU Cm., or gr. '/.■-'/■.J
Koc be&rt-(iiiture. turgicnl khock, acute mania, hntiiorrhiiji'e, and aconits poiaoa-
lag.
DCBOISIKB,
B I>iilioi»inw liydroi'hloralia IOIS» Cm. or cr. '/,
Aqua- dtiiitliitus , 30| «.ain. or IJ}.
M. iDowi 0.G to 1.2 ccm., or mx-xs = 0.00087 U O.OOOGQ Gm,. or gr. '/■
»■)
For oathmn, locomotor ataxia, maniii. srintini, and dyrnnmorihioa.
ERoor.
n ExtracU crgotie B
(Dow: 1 to Z ccm-, or mxv-xxx.)
I0| ccm. or 1^.
Or, B Ergoiin 2
Ai^idi cnrbotki purl ........... ..
Aqu« dcsliUata- IS
10 Om. or f;r. x&xij.
30 Uui. or gr. itj.
ftcni. or fM.
H. (Dom: O.fi to I r.cm., nr tnviJM'Xv^ 0,005 to 0.13 Uin,. or gr. i-ij.l
For liKinoptj'EiB. post-pHrtuiii liOMnorrhige. intestinal hs'iiiontiBgn at t>|i1ioU'
fcvpT, purpura, uterine lllirnninta. varicose reins, varicocele, an«urlam, enlHrgcd aplven,
Clilurgpd [irustatf, leiikteiiiia, und viophtljatiiik' gvilrr.
16' crm. or Qh.
KTRKB,
n .Athens ,.
(IJoiw: 1.2 to S ccm., or ntxx-xxx.)
For heart- failure, Nugical shock, lyncope from hjcmorrhngc, snnk«-blt«". typhoid
piKiumonln, variola, Rclatica, biliary and renal colic, jMisotiing [rtiiu aconite and
v«mtruin viride.
OLOKOIN INITXOOLTOKHDtJ.
B Olonoiui (065 Gm. or gr. ).
Epir. vini rcctiScati :. IS|5 ccm. or tncec.
M. (Dose: O.OB to 0.24 ccm., or ml-iv.)
For angina pectoiia, aathma. cpllcpsj-, telaniu, chloroform narco*!*, aud •trvrh*
nin* poiconing.
noMATBCPnn,
B Homoiropmic hydrobromntia lOISO Gm. or gr. '/»
AquH! ilewl.SUatw 30| ccm. or (jjj.
31. (Doaet 0.0 to 2 e.exa., or mx-xxx=0jOOO27 to O.OOOH Cm., or gr. 7i_-Vii
For nlght-swMt* of phtliiala, mania, and icialicu.
FOKMCLJ! rOS UYPODKKUIO USB.
HToectnt.
lijroaciiiw bvdrobroawtU .... ... 10120 Out. or kt. '/•■
Aquo) dntiuata ... Vti c.cm. or Ox.
M. (Dow: 2 O^cin., or inxxx = 0.lM.MMlft (.m,. or Kr '/«^)
For chronic mimw ftnd dementia, inauinniu, RBtlima, and vciBliM.
nyowvAHiira.
R llyotcj-aminic mlphuU* 10128 Qtn. or or. '/►
Aqtue «-ucaly|iti 30{ t.ctn. or Qj.
U. rDoM! 1.2 U>S con., or insx-xxx = 0.0005 to 0.0008 Gm., or gi. V.bVw}
VW acuW and clironlr mnnia, chronic dvnienlia, cpllepi^, paralyalR ngitanR, and
cliMM.
JIEKOtlBT.
B H.vdnirK. cblorid. cottm. 1005 Gm. or kt. j.
AqUK dcnttlliiUF 7p can. or !»J,
M. [Dow: 4.C coll., or mx = 0.O0G Qm., or gr. Vu. obm daily.)
Or, S IlydraTj-, cblorld. cotroa.
Sodii chloridi
AqiUK drutillnUB 30
M. (IKw: 0.4 to l£ c-cni., or mx-itx = 0.000 lo 0.0129 Qni„ or gr. '/m-Vm
ertry Kcond or tUbd day.)
32 Oni, or gr. V.
05 Gm. or gr. x.
;in, or QJ.
Or. B Hydrarg. chlorid. corroa. |3i Gm. or gr. v.
Gfyceriiii 4| ccin. or Bj.
AquH* dcftilluUa SOJ ccni, or fSvij.
U. (DoM^ 0.T5 ccm., or mxij =0.006 Om.. or gr. Vu every aecond day.)
Or, It Hydntrg. chlorid. tnitia
Olei olivp!
16 Oro. Of f^. vilj.
c.cni. or iS«.
U. (Dose; 1 to 2 e^coi., or mm-z» ^0.032 to 0.006 Gm., or gr. »i, twiu«
weekly.)
Or. B ilydiBig. chlorid. milis 11
IVttolali a. - IS
On. or
cent
or gr. «TJ.
M. (Uoar: 1 lo E e.em., or mv-XZX^O.OOC lo 0.13 Ooi., or gr. i-ij. (vrioe
weekly.)
Or, B Hydrarv. (ortnauid |13 Gm. or gr. Ij.
AtfMK (ir»till«t« 2£| c.cnn. or fevj.
M. (Dote: S con., or mxxXKQAl Obl, W gr. ■/•■)
Or, B Hydrarvyri btiuoaU* It6 Gn. or gr. iv.
Sodil cliloridi t... W32 Om. or gr. m.
Aquuc dwlltlatM 4S| e^an. or ijiaa.
U. (Doae; I exm., or mir=;0.0064 Gin., or gr. Vu-)
MOBPHIKE.
B Morpbina> »ii)phntla |0(t5 Om. or gr. }.
Dtr. In chart, no. vllj.
(Doac: One powder ^=0.008 Ora., or gr. '/„ ^atotred in 2 c.cm., or mux. of
water.)
Or. B Murphinn aulpbatia ,.^.„........ |13 Gm. or gr. ij.
Div. in vharl. ao. riij.
[Doae: One [K>wd«r^0L416 Gm., or gr. '/•. dlaaolved la 2 c.em., or mxxx, of
I wfttar.)
For neuralgia, uremic convii1*Ion«, asthma, angina puclnrla, cotle, and cancer.
1056
NON-PDABHAIUL BEUKDIES AND OKN'BIIAL TaBKAPBrnOi
rO»- or «r,
.f, Gdl. or gE
I. or K
I
MOHPDINB ASH ATSOPtKB.
B Alrnplnn aiilnlinliA ,....,,.
Murpliimc Biilphntin
M. rt div. in chnrt. no. r^x.
(Oiie puu der = atrO|iiue nutiihiitv. 0,00027 Uiu., or gr. V^; tnoffUna
O.OI <>iii., nr gt. '/,: to be dluolvnl In 2 coil, or nm, of WBl«t.|
Ur. B Alro[iinit *ii1pliatis L015 tim. or gl
Moq)hlnH- «ii1|>liatiH W tin. or ff
A«idi ciirbolic: puri |St Gib.
Aqiw niol.vptl 20] «.«Wk
M. DuHiM 0.6 c.Fm., or mx^alropine aulphati!, 0.0003S G
morphine milphat*, ti.OflS Om., or gr. 'A.)
For inHOniniti. anllimii, hiccnugli. myalgia, Tolic, iMTpM (o«1«r,
prcMri*, canecT, ond mrdioiil ahofk.
UCBCABIRE.
R Mu»<arina> nlUntia FTS Cm. or m.
Acjuo? drslillntii! 30| e.aii- or Qj.
M. (Dow: 0.^ to 9 c,«n., or fnx-sxx:=0j91fl to OjMS On., or gr. 7|
For niglit'iu cut* of phtlnaii and atropiiif poiMiaing,
mcoTtn.
B Niootinm \03 can.
Aqtiip dMlillaltf a« 4{ exsa. or IQ;
U. (I)o«r: ri.C r.rni., or )ns = 0.003 (ton., or mV*. of nleoUnc)
For tetnnuK.
onfic ACID.
B Acidi oamid >....i HWH Gn. or a
Aquw dwttlUUft IBJS r.cm. or oif
M. (Dow: CetoScnn., orniS-XSX = l>j0tl!2 to O.OoeS Gnu or (r. V,
For Mlallfa.
PARACOTOIRC
B PawcntolnJ l\6a Gm. at gr i
Glr»rioi,
AqiifT d™(.illntie B> T]* ejtm. or Hi
M. i\'k«>v: D.G to e Cinn., Of mx-xxx = O.Otta In 020 U«.. «r (r. iii^
For intnrtinal tiibcrnilosi* and other fonn* of diarrhcM.
PBM.'KT I SB IICK.
B P*11«tl»rjnfn fulphatia 4|' Gm. Br^
Aquw dwMllHtw . , . ■...•>• TiA ---nn.''
M. (Dom: 0.8 com., or mx^O.M Gm.. or gr. t-I
Fur pamlyait, t*t*nu». and hvilropholiia.
■•uvBoaTioMi.'n.
B rhvsoitif^ininn lifdrochloralis.- Oti Cb <o<tj
A>|i»« cifitiliatic lya 'Ja« •• "^
M. (Cowl O.fl to S exm., or ms-xx* =0.0008 t* OiOK Gm, »r |> 'f-^''
Or. It Phvmintljrminw wJicylatia «ISi 0«. *• P ' '
Arjuir d.»tillii)w Ui "» ",^1.
M- (Dow: O.fl to 2 e.cm„ormx-x«=O.CN»Sto«JWI«CI«-«»P'-''«^"
FORUrL^ FOR HYPODERMIC CBE. 1057
Or, It Extraeti phyBortigniatiB |25 Om. or gr. iv.
AquK deatillate 22| e.cm. or fSvj.
M. (Dom: 2 c.cn>„ or mxxx=-0.Q2\ Gm., or gr. Vi-)
For tetanuH, hydrophobia, and strychnine poisoning,
PILOCABPISE.
5 Pi1ocBq)iiue hydrochloratiB |13 Gm. or gr. ij.
Div. in chart, no. xi;.
(DoBc: One or two powd«s = O.OU to 0.021 Gm,, or gr, V.-Vj, dissolved in
c.cm., or mxxx, of distilled water.)
For hiccough, Hsthma, dtopsy, urtemlH, and chronic eczema.
Or, B Pilocarpiiue nitratis 1| Gm. or gr. xvj.
Aqun eucalypti 30| ■ c.cm. or f5j.
M. (Dose: 0.3 c.cm., or mv = O.0l Gm-, rar gr. '/,.}
POTASSIUM IODIDE,
R Potassii iodidi 15|S Gm. or Jss.
Aque deetillatte 30| c,cm. or fSj.
M. (Dose; 0.6 to 2 c.cm., or mx-Jticx^O.32 to 1 Gm., or gr. v-xv.)
For syphilis, psoriasis, scrofula, lead poisoning, rheumatism, and gout.
2 Gm. or 3iv.
25 c.cm. or fSilss.
13 Om. or gr. ij.
c.cm. or ijss.
qui HIKE.
R Quiniura eulphatis 5
Acidi Bulphurici dilut 9
Acidi carbolic! puri
Aquee destUlatis q. s. ad 15
M. (Oose: 0.0 to 2 c.cm., or inx-xxx^O.2 to O.Go 6m., or gr. iii-x.)
Or, B Quininie hydrochloratis csrbaniidat«e S| Gm. or Sij.
Div. in chart, no. xxiv.
(Dose; One or two powder«^0.32 to 0.65 Gm., or gr. v-x, in 2 c.cm., or tnxxx,
distilled uater.)
For pernicious malarial fever, malarial cachexia, and sun-stroke.
SPARTEINE.
B SparteiMB sulphalis 113 Gm. or gr. ij.
Aquse eucalypti 15| c.cm. or fSss.
M. (Dose: 0,6 to 1.2 com., or mxxx = 0.005 to 0.01 Gra., or gr. '/,-.•'/.■)
For cardiac and renal dropsy.
BTRVCHNINE.
B Stryi^bninffi sulphatis 1005 Gm. or gr. j.
Aquffi eucalypti 30| c.cm. or t5j.
H. (Dose: 0.6 c.cm., or fnx = 0.0013 Gm., or gr. '/u-)
*', B StrychnintB sulphatis
Acidi carbolic! puri
Aqu« 30
M. (Dose; 1 to 2 c.cm., or tnxv-xxx = 0.00065 to 0.0013 Gm., or gr. '/«-'/.■.)
For paralysis, progressive muscular atrophy, neuralgia, amaurosis, amblyopia,
rical shock, and aconite poisoning.
021 Gm. or gr. V..
065 Gm. or gr. j.
c.cm. or fjj.
UHETnAir.
B Urethan 4{ Gm. or 3].
Aque eucalypti 30| c.cm. or fjj.
M. (Dose: 4 c.cm., or f3j = 0.5 Gni., or gr. viiBs.)
IFor insomnia, tetanus, mania, and neuralgia.
«7
1068 NOK-rai.RUACAL HUUEUies AND UGN£RAL TUKUAPBL'TICS.
FOKinJLABT.
The following recipta (or mUck-^ of Xood for iho eick arc in fr«nn-nt
(U-iiisii<l: —
Wllli^ ffnf.
Hnw, IcAn beef, frc« front fat, may be [luuDtUd into ■ puJp in * mortar «'i(b
KDTii« white feu^sr, and tprrad upon bcBiid. Iq b« uikc^ kii n laudwicli by ynuntc
cliiUltrn or racSltie infoal*. Or, u'ltli B rathn dull kiiifr. ■crnp^ k piccv of trnd<T
nitst, w> as to •epuata thR puli> from Ihtr flbroiu portion. Th« noil mn** Ihii*
obtained niay lie KMioncd nilh bmU and ;<«ppr, like MUMgc-niral, and «ticn. iprrsd
upon bltiruit or bread; or it nmr b« mtildcd into Hnall bnlU anil Migblly l>ri>wna>(l
on Ihv oulflide in a hot oven. Mciit-puip may ainu be rubb«d up witJi hnU its <|U*n-
tlly of jTARulnU'd uhitv tugar. and in tliii foim i* rradily taken by yonog cbildreu.
Bftf-tta, Xo. 2,
Pn'pHiO a pound of Koad Tumpuli^nk by chopjiln^ it In unall pi«CM iu>d rrnlov-
ing piccpi Df ebtoua tiHUf and fat. I'lnvc it in a, pint of cold wmt«i in a covrrrd
lauifpan. I.«l it inland In a coo] uiui-i- for tlinv hour*, and tbm nincv H ou tbc
Uk, nhtie it DiHy umttivr ^iilly fur Qflci-n iiiiuut«a; Movon, and decant or Htrain
through a lionw'hair mcvv. Tlie nicnl Miuuld be as (r«sh as pOMlblc, nnd the nauoe-
enu fiiaiiirlcd up'>ii Ht inner rurfticp. tleef<tnt muBt nerw be allonM lo nclivdly
oil, nnd )u rehcntinK it ihould only be ralwd to th? pro|i«r tunperatUK for driuking,
Calcet'-feti Bmlh.
Tnn calves' (i<r|. att to lt« cnrflulty clcancii and placed in two quaiti of cold
water, which is then brought to boil and kqit boiling tintit the feet arr redurrd tu
ahrtdsi strain linnld portion olT, nnd add a little Halt, and jiepTieT if deiirr^d. ^^'l■cn
■droiniitered tu tnu patient, it ii to be warmed. It may be made more n«uri*l)ing; If,
to each ciipfnl, a brnti'n egg nnd tuo lahlcnpuonfula of ftesli milk art addvd. and alt
brought quickly to a boil before nerving. A daub of l^nionjuiw impcovri the Haror,
and tli« bioth may b« taken nltli lome oriip loasleil bread.
Vlcnr Itroirn Soup.
Take a »hin of (resh be«f, rut It in piro-K, and put Into a Muoeuaii sitb enough
cold water to eover it. Bring it to ii boil, and add a bundle of iiweet hcrba, vemtitables
(a little Mlcrd carrot, turnip, onion, rclrry, etc.), also peiippr nnd gall tu taate. Boil
until (be meat is tender, then dlrain, and let it aland in a euld place until the next day.
Remove thn tat from the nurface nnd heat the broth, adding iin much browning at
u-i!l ujake the gotip a proper color. Heat up tno eggs niib their ahella until qnil*
n iTtith, and put them into the Roup nilli s whiak. I.<t it boil gently for U-n ininuin,
»lieii it may be dectiDt«d, or, if desired, it ctia bu strained through a clotli, vbea It
Bill lie perfectly clear.
Co»»ommi, or Bouillon.
Take one or two pounds of beef from the leg, round, or cbuek; wnsh uell, oil
In pieces, and put on to bolt u'ith three qunrts of cold wnttr. Skim freqoenlly nbile
boiling, and. wlien reduced to a quart, take from the saucepan and Btraiu, 'Rrlarn
to tiic aaucepuu and add a few thin elites of oniune. halt a pound of l*an bn-f.
chopped fine nnd well mixed with three raw eggs. A ft<w bay-lMVM nnay be ■dd>^d.
lieot all thoroughly into Ibe broth, which in tii be returned to the flr* and bnilnil for
about half an hour. It should be made clear by straining through hflr<iu>-hair liere
or muslin, and icaooDed,
Oi/xirr-imvp.
The desired number of oyiler*. depending much upon their size, ate allowed to
drain through a colnnder (or jlvi* niinnic*. nnd the liquor prnterred. A pint of boil-
ing water is then poured over them, which is thrown aside. .\dd to the liquor already
dmined a pint of hot water, and put over the lire in a porcektU' lined aauMpan. Boil
until all the scum hai rincn and hai been skimmrd olT, then odd half a pint of frcah
mnk, one powdered wnter- cracker, a pinri- of butter, and a littl« tail and pcptwr. j
FonuuLAny.
1059
One or two nlkipicc luaj: u1»o be added. Boil for ten miniiU'S, anil, jutt bcrorv Ibc
•onp U •rrr*4, tiim In ihv oyslvr* (rem the <o)uidor nnd lot Ui«m scald (or tliroo
niiBatM, and then wnd to th« table in n tovtnA diih.
Chaird or Pnnnrd Oynter*.
Take a doMn Urg« oyaleri. drain off thi- juice, «nd pre«rve it. Hiivc a tilver
Sng dish or a por«i>lnln-lln«(I vi'wu'l ovi*r a iliv, and jiUor a pircv of hiilt«r. an
_« aa B walnut, in tlii.' vi-aspl. When Uio bnllcr indicnttw thai th« dUh i« »ulB'
olratly hot, th« oy«t*r* arc turned In, nnd a Httlc uUt and pppp«r addvd. Whpn th«
uyvltxt changp color and rurl up. Ibpy arr plutvd in a hot dish. TYiv oynlcr-juice is
Bfrv turned into the ehafln|i>diiih, with a littU cream, and brouKht to n holl and
pottrcd over the ojitem. Dr^ toasl luny b« cut into aquurcs and ncTred oitb the
broth, 1( dcaircd.
Rwut Ov$tm.
A down fr«ah o^lrrii. not loof out o( tlieir naliie bed. in their nhelU, are pUerd
upon a stove or on a inmli-rHlnljr atrong lin' until tlie itli*lls open a little. Thty
an then opened, preanring the juiec, if po»ibk. and aerved hot, with a little blnrk
p«]iprr and nit, it needed. The tough jiart of the oj-ater (rnrtilaginoiia portion) nerd
not bo «u*allo»<d. if the paliMit be dclicntc. Thia la MJd, by Dr. llcnrj- nnrt*bome.
front prntonnl rxprrlrnrr. to bn rrlinlK'd and dig«at«d tooner than any other miUd
food in ccn'tleaceucc after fcrcr.
Vfprtahlr-taup.
Fttt two pi>t«toea, d handful of peone. one rijie tomato, nnd a piece of ktale brt«d
hito a quart of nater. and boll to a pint. Add chopped celery or parwley and mU.
Keep in a curcnrd dlah. Strain when served, if for a delicate utomach. It may ha
made mote niilrllloii* by addlne th« yrlk of «ne egg to each cupful, or aonie neat-
extnct, like Licbig's or Amour «.
Braid -and Hiillir Ki>up.
A pieee of well-baked, rather ilnle. bread is to be spread with good, nrert butter
and aprlnkled with inlt and pepper. Pour a pint of boiling wnler over it and allow
it to stand for a few niinuten. When tool enough, it may be eaten >■ an article of
low dl«t by convaleacrnt patients
Panaikt.
Two pieces of stale bread, deprived of ctust. are to be loaated brown and eut
into amalt iquarcii. Lay them in a bowl and sprinkle with nUt and a little nutmeg.
Pour nn a |>int of boiling water, and let it stand to cool.
riiMitf-irnlw.
Two pieces of stale brend are thoroufihly brownad in a hot oven. They ar<>
then ptaecfl in a bowl or pitcher, and a pint of bolUng water poured over tlietn.
After standing until cold, the naler ia puured off into a pitcher and a *lie» or two
ot tamon nlarrd on top. If dndrrd. it may he nweetnned with some eruslied aufnu'
sad Mrreii cold. Palleuta urc allowed to drink it freely, in place ^ water.
Tam/trittd or Curranl-fftlif ITiiffr.
A relreshinit drink may be made for puUents. in summer particularly, hy pbcing
some preaerved tamnrinds, free from lh«ir «heU«, in a fflsw of nntn which had baen
Kvtously boiled. Where tamarhida are not to be hod, eutmnt-jplly may he used in
aaaiie way, In eases nl bowri dUorder or to nllay thirst In fever.
Lrmnntdr.
Take tuo lutuv. fresh lfmnu». and wash tlirm clrDu with cold nalcr. Roll Ihem
imtil toft; then dIvMe eneli into two. ond me a |pinonmin<>erer or reamer to axprrai
tke jnice into a Hmall pitcher. Remove all thi- weds from the julen; tn uhtch add
lOHr or n>nn> tablrapooDfiiU nt white nugar. aecording to tanle. A pint o( boilinyr
*rater ia now added, and the mixture stirred tintil the sugar !■ dlMnlvad. It should
1000 NOK-PHAnUACAt. nXUEDIEB ASH OCN'SnAL TUE&AFECTtCS.
be drunk wliitr Itot, nnil lii \nj rttrrtivr in proilurinK iirrapirMtion. IiT-wnlpr
be vtei iiutcuil of Uie Kot wittf r. and a jii«ce of l('iiioii'|ni>l adiM : if dcxired. a nual _
l*niona4« nuiy b« mndc by utinjt mom water. Tliii i« a r>fmhjnf{. actdulnun, BDd
antiKorbutic diUik, and H F(i|ii>i<iall}' n<[[■■^lliTlg in hut WMitlier. Liiues or lime*jujv«t
may b« uncd ln»t««il o( IcmaDK.
UilkftUi/.
DImoIic clip ounr? of gelatin In a rupfiil of wnrm iralrr. Iloat a quart of milk
vltb a pound of wbit« augur (or iibout tm minutes, nidinc the nulution of the lugnr
\lj sttmng. l.tl tha aolullon mhiI, and tlipn add tliv ifliitln ■nhitinn. the )aii-r ■>(
ttiTCC or four Icnionii, and liuK ■ pint of wine ot Iho uiuogluufuU of brandy, stirring
tlia nilxturn nlou'ly. and pnur into ulaur* or nxildn and jiIjmv in a rool plam to stlStn.
TIm object of allow iriK Uie luilk to become oold U to prvvMit curdling wlim the Otjjw
ingrfdicnla arc ndd«d.
ariitin.
Ad ounce of thevi gelatin it diMolrrd in a pint of mrm Kuiri. and this brou
to « boll. Add a liAlf-rnpfol of sugar, th« Jnim of ona lemon, and the- nhiti- of an <
Bent togrllier w«ll and poUT into a mold and keep on ice. S^^r« a lablMpoonful :
Uioe, *o a« to ODrounig* tlia patient to uik for luol*.
WIne-jetlv.
One box and A halt ot Cose'H gi'latin «oAk«d in wai«r one bour mutt tlien liave
added tlir«e pinta of boiling water, unn pint of eliern-'Wtne. and two pound* of wliit«
sugar. ' The white of an tgg and Jnke froin tbiee lemnnB are then ad'li^l. and atl
■tnlned tbruugh a fine riev*- The rind of one Icnion i> llim iliecd and put in. or
ftmall pleoM ta omngo or otlier fruit luted In [ilace of ibe lemon-rind. I'otir into
pupB ui molds and allow it to itsnd until it Uunlt^ni.
TaptOcalrllV-
One cupful of tapioca la wuhed, and Uien pbccd in three cupfuU of mid wat
to soak (or (our boura. It Is then plaoed in a water-bath and lieiitcd until it beipi
to drar. adding more lukewarm water if too thiek. When quite clear add the Jul(**
of n l<-Mion, ft plnrli of (trnted pwl. .ind fHwtcn to Inale. I'our Into molds. Serre
cold with cream flavored nith roae-«*nter and iweetened.
A mterool-irllp.
Tliio i> made like Ihn preceding, uunn one rnpdil of hnilinK nnter (o two heap-
ing tesHpoaufula of anowroot. nnd the sanjc ^tiunlily of while nugar. A tableapoonfg'
ot brandy or three tablcipoontuU ot wino make nn agrr^ablo addition.
HM(ora/ir* Jeltff.
One-half box of Coxf'« itvlatin. oiip tabli'tpoonfut powdered gun anbic:
half pint port-wine, u tnbl«npoou(ul o( lemon-joiue, thrw tableipocinful* of white
BUgnr, and two clove* are niixrd totirihcr nnd annkf'd fur two hours. The aia» I*
then jilared in a bowl in n bnsin <.<l boiling unler. or a water-bath, nnd the incredl-
entft diMolved by hi-at and ronitant ulirring. TljiH (or a mlnule after the ingredient*
are mrttrd. and tlieu atmin thr>iuv1i n '^icve or Haiinel jelly-bag. and set aililn t'> eonl.
TliB port-wine may lie rcplnird hy nnv other liqiior or beef-)ulee. it prefrired. In
the latter eaue. oiuit li-inou and ttignr and u^e Nilt. A apoonful nt a time ia vulHclent
tor very ill pntient*.
Wfnr-iehi'it.
Roll up bait a pint of treah milk and remors any witm that is (ormed. StJr
a winpglasstul of therrt'-wine and )h>I1 tor a moment lunger; strnin a> noon as llM
milk i* enrdlrd. Put on the ire, nr, it u(cd a> n warm drink, ten-e at onee.
SHIk-pnnch (Eg^mtn).
Beat tlia white of an tga Inio a troth and add lo a Uiniblerrul of e«M.
mint and two tablMpoonfula ^brandy well stirred in. The t-nik <>f th* ej^tr i* nibb
up irtth a tablesjHionfnl of gmnnkled wignr and mixed tlioioughly with th«
FOftUULABt.
1061
A umTuI drlak lii Mt«,
itaBIg on tlir *iir(flrp imprcn-r* tlie AaTor. It should b« taktrii nt once, qnite
tiaa latfinbl}' through a *traw or glaM tube.
Tkke tLo nhit^i of an egg. n Inlilrspoonfu) of pulvcriMd au^r, jukc of mw]
lemon, and one gol>l«l of w'Nitr nnd mix ili*iii Inlininte))'.
throat.
Siigomttk.
Pill tliic« tablcipoonfulu of Mgo in a cupful of co)d oaIci and let it ■Innil obbJ
hour, ^dd thruu oujifuU ul tinilod milk; «w*«t*n Mid flavor to tAtto. Alloir IbU lo
oiininn' on a *low drc for bnlf an houri mttc wann.
Bfef'troffT; BarlrU'icatrr,
Tli« rif*, or baiUj, !■ nsilird anil added to cold natn. In tbe pcroportion of k
(al>lMpi>aiiful to a pint. Alluw il lo «tand in h warm place for two bonn, tlien boil
tJo«)y for one hour, nr until Ihc water In reduced to onchalf. and atrain. If too
thick, it may bb thinned bv nddin;,' boiled wiit^r or boiled milk. Il U very awful
In <«Ma ol suinnicr diairltocA, r>[>t'cially ill children.
RIn-milk.
Two tablespoon tula of rice and one teaepoonlul of vomatarcli are added to two
pint* of milk, and bcalcd in a (atinuboitcr until «ach grain of rice ia aoft and tbe
whok aaHiiiira a creamy color. It mnj bo awectoncd and flavored as n-qulred.
Bakfd UUk.
If half a gallon of milk be placed in a iur and the top covered by tying wrltinc-
pBppf over it, nnd nllon-ed to »Iand in a ntodcmlc oven tor nglit or tan noun, It wRI
be like <TTean] in cuniUBtency, and delicious to the taate.
FU>ur-btiU.
Tie up a auait of wheat-flour in a pudding-bag tightly. Put into a pot of boil-
la^ watfr and keep it boiling for ten or twelve hours. Tnkc the hard inau out of
the bag and ullun it to dry Wfore Uie tire. P(M^1 oil and thruiv uwuy thf tbiu outer
portion, and j;ratc down tJiO maM with ii nuinifg-gratrr into a powder, ai iranted
lor Uie. On« or two teiitipoonfulB of tbia amy be rubbed into a puste uitb Koine milk
and titrn atirrcd into a pint of milk, over the flm. The milk ahnnld only br> ncnldrtl;
tluit ia, just broushl lo tbe boilinirpoint uitbout bclug boiled. Tbla i* a valnaMe
article of food in diairhoui, cupeclaDT In children.
yUx two ounces of prarl-wgo In half-pint of cold water, and lei It atand htU u
bour. Then boil until it become* amooth and lufHctenlljr thick. Rest the yelk* of
four frctli ceKK, with half a pint «I cream; then mix with the aago, and etir the
whole well nitb a quart of beef-tea or chicken-broth, juat made, at a boiling beat.
Beat up a raw. frrab egji with a wineglaaiful of sherry-irlne. and add to It halt
a pint of hot oatmeal, Indian meal, farina, or grucL Flavor with leman'peel. nutrntf,
and au|{«r.'
' Thia and lomc of the preecdinff rcriiiea are from Thr TValiKid Kwrit ia an
artkle on -T*e Food of the Sick," by Henry Uartahorne, M.D.. LI-D., of ITiiladelphia.
GENERAL INDEX.
Paob
Abrie Mid •
Abrua 7
AtwiDlb* S
AMoUIn >
AbilnUilum 8
Abalnlbol I
AhMlM^ klMhol K
AbMrb«nl ootMn 41fi
A^nvla »
Ai'migp Humml II
Aouallid 10
Ao-innlltdURi , 10
AcL'tlo me\i ...■•«•>>■>«. ••i**..oi.*t.*i*.».. 1*
flaclal U
•IbiT U
AMIiim niilbiirldia , tU
Iptctcuuilui tn
opll W
■uiautnaru TC
Klirm m
Arkdum AOflUcum ,.,,.,.,.,,........ ........ 13
dllulum , i:
fUclalc 11
iinhriLutmn H
nrnrngiuio 11
bEoioleuin .,,...n. Hi
berlsaio ■ ■ 22
oacodirUonm „..,.., "f
CMbolloum in
eradum Zi
llQuarMtum n
rbramleum • U
piirlcuin .(i. SIS
mlllcum 37
hr^nodioum It
brdrnbriniiicun dUulum W, IM
brdfMblorlcuui M
dUuluin B
bTdnHyBBlcum dlluium It
tiypuiili<ut>boro>Bui dllulum 4S, 51. (3>
Lurttctim r-.... -.r.............. 4S
nllrlcum tt
dlluium tf
nltrtihydrnablorlcum «..■■.....■........ M
dilutum I.. U
olt^oum 47
<}iahi!um -. 49
pb»pbori«uin , U. a>
con«nUulum tO. tS
dlluium El. BB
IrttTlsum 1... tn
(BllFj-Ilcuta SI
tlrarlKuin .....„„ Gl
tulphorlclDlcam ,,. ■...■... U
■UlpbOTlQlCUIB fli
■ulphnrtcDB SB
■T«mMlPUie W
4I1VIUIB it
nIpbureauDi 8t
unnlciim *:
utUrlmni M
irlcblaracatlDum tf
Ar«tilta M
AcOAIII Mdll W
AoonKlna 88
Aoonldni' > M
oIhM 47
Aconllum tt
Acune rnrMDOi* rwtlr M*
AclJDte njw at lldil 1084
Afuimnctiif* IWI
AdiBi'a tendom«l*r ... . - M*
A4I^p■
bratoBtiM .....n,.,
booielDacui .Tt. _.
Iuu> >• 73
bydrMUl 71
Adbatoda ]u«tlMa -. n
AdbMint plaawr m
Adoniaia n
Adonu rtroalt* — It
AdoiulU M
AdnsallD Ul
.KmuIui Itlppaca*tMiiuil fl
jBibet n
■wclouni tt
obtorliu) B
fortiar W
bjidrlodlcui n
brdrobromlaua $
puriOeua* •.■..••...> n
valtrluiteaa ..i.. H
African p*pp«r HI
ica MO
ARBflcla .M
Aiarlcut albu* M
cbiniriwun K
muKarlu* ■■
Aambiii M
Allantliui iluiduloa* s
Air tl
oionlicd Mt
Atrnt fl
AlaDl'CiilIipbar ftl
Alaatlc uiliydrld* 471
AUnMl <n
Alcobol ,„.. tl
•baolutum 1 fl
d*a4ontim .. H
Allutum ■ tl
Alatm ••
Alraaodiimo uinan T<0
AnmenUtion. r«tat and iBUMIaaa Inhana-
tlon aoff
AllDivsta. difffrpnt dianilbilHy a( Mi
Alkalis* BkiiT* apnnii nf
Allium «r
eppa *t
Alliplee IH
AIlrl-peraulpbM* IH
.flUlpblda tt
Irfbramlda tt
Almond. MIMr lU
•■»•>« Ul
Alnuln M
AIniu M
Aim. M
DarbadHitl* t.. M
pUFltlCBU W
WHiotrlna M
AlOH N
BarbadoM M
purlBiHl M
SMatrina t*
Aloln n
AlalnsiB ,,..i. H
Alpha-*isoii.aoaiiUB ■•
■aapblol «i*
Alihwa M
Alum IM
mrd un
drlBi W
■root CI
(1063)
lOC-l
ORN'RRjlL IN'DEX.
PAoa
AiuniBD . ■••••11 •>.•■••■ l«a
cnlcfaUim UB
AlUDitntWit coli^tr MO
AlumiDl firdna Utt
•ulpUM lU
Aluuuaun ■dtUed-IU'U'Icuw 107
borolormate IV!
oloal* tr
AluDiool IM
Alvvloi tK
Amuiiui mwtwls »
Ambtr Vt
AmlMrfii* UR
AmbniKTlsMi ICrl
American MpaD 6T3
caLuiQta £17
ocsUun' •>• <.<• TU
IpvMcuaaUt WT
KonuiiKSd MB
Ammoalsii ■...■•• IM
AniDolilaeDDl lU
AmmonlHliid glrerrTblilii W
Daroury IM
Ainmoiill btMOM IW
bromldam ...10>. lU
carlNDiu IM
ahiondum IM
icdlduiD IM, in
nltru IM
pbMpbu , IM
T«l*rluiu IM
Ammanluin IM
•mbclalc Kl
AnWraa Jtt. H*
Aasvsdala aiura lis
duid au
Anurcdullc add tU
AiDTgdiiIlD US
Amyl nliriii , , lit
nllrltc • ltd
vaUrUnaw US
Amylen* hrdraa tlB
hydrel* lis
Amrlum I ll»
AnrriD MO
AoanrdlO wid IM
An«o»nUuia IM
AmIcmi M7
AavUstratDDlc cvndlUoD SID
Anemoalc acid • UT
AAMDonin MT
AnaOil trnetu* IM
Aniella acid ■>••>«<••• > W7
ADBoiCura bark 3is
ralH IIS
truD M
AsbBloniQc Ill
Aalialunluiii ISO
Animal aMrttlom, talntcw. aodittlo**..,. 131
ABlodol lOT
Aniaa in
Aula) IruMna ■.■■.• Iti
Ablautn .....I., in
AnMla H4
AnlbfiDldla Bona IW
ADtliBiala IK
A&lbrarobla IM
Antbrarnblnum „. 119
Astlmonlnl ponder .,, IM
Antimuiiliil «ln» IS
Anlimnnil "C porunll tarCiaa ....IM, sn
nlitnini purlScatilin IW
inttliim in, IW
■ulphldum in
purldcatum IM
Anllmiiiilum IM
■utphuratum IN
mrtnralum Ut, SIS
Anlln'Tvln !41
Antiprri" fWl
Antlicplol m
AatiipiiiiTJla SIT
Antlvmnna Ufl
ApUn CM
ApWIln
ApocodUDO ,.
Apaoynala
ApgejrnlD
ApooDum - •• ■
AiialrMa I
ApomarphiDta biAncblona ',
ardnxbiaridom :
Aponteriihln* 14 I
AporbvUn
Apparaiua, (anOo or iDductleop ....,..,.,,
tlic atAtlo or (rankllQlv ,
AppllcallDni^ labll* and lUblla J
Aqua ..,., ]
acldl catMHd
BBunonli* I
tertlor .,< ;
■myadalB anafia ;
■QMU :
aniRi :
auraatii SorU • :
aomm )
lortlor :
UIDpIl«nB • I
unil i
obloH I
cblci«I«nnl I
clmtamoiiil .............................. 1
onowU I
deatlllata , I
(nnisnii I
bydracvDlt dloxldi IH. I
l»ro<i«TBal I
BMMbB pipsrll* I
Tirtdia I
plainiUD ■ <■•• I
r«nB '•
torKoT ',
•ambuci ,.,„ '
AquapuDclur* .k
Arabic add
Arabia X I
Araroba , ■ I
Ar«M 1
Arbor *lu> I
Arhutm 14«. MS. IM. tn.1
Arr. paralid 1
Area. malUpl* .„,...)
ArM» , 1
■DDt I
Arecalno I
ArKiallna .,... i'... ,,■■..»,«., .n. 1
brombinlTaU I
Ari'Dtl cyaaldum I
lodMum , .,,lfk<
DllrsB ...,i I
dllutui lO, I
tuHua I
induratua ■,. , I
mlilialu* 1
nxjduin .,,.....,. 1
ArR^ntum , , 1
Vtrit I
ArRonfii .......,,., „, 1
Atc^riH I
Arlilol 1
Arlaloloehla ..„ 1
Arcioraala radix ,...i.. i,,, <■. 1
Arnica -flowera I
-rbluima I
-rnol 1
AralcBBorca 1
radu .- i
rfatitiDU 1
ArnWIn I
ArnleiBo 1
AminHtlo mlphtirle »ld ..,....,.
ArrDiTmat.atareh I
Arionl lodldum
Arlv^Tilc bromlda -.,.....,,. i,,..,,..,,,,,,!^
tnoxld^?
Anrntou* *Db)>drido
Arwr^iinui arid ■.
AFifOum ol<aM .
OIUfBlLU. INDEX.
ions
Alia uia B»
MMnr ton
Ma US
>i m. m
Uu kod dMcaudliui immala Wl
Uw in
>I41q I6J
A ■£*. SH
Ida m. Ua. TM
iraiKirau tSt
igat lU
Hca ...'. ua
MPCVDIII ISO
iKNTmtna Ut
ttMt MM
ramatlo lOU
D lO
ispFrouk mosoUU 'ill
■■porniln* IS
tBtlon MT
■■■ in
am aulpbu m
am lodBt* 4n
•w tr
ina m
til aaMia CorMZ M
■u<i rMtu M
■lOMtOI >.. U8
loll eoTMx IQ
I iKdil ghlorldun 1(3
frrtr IM
■va U»
, 188
we
tlun uMiinu IK
rub 1»
UB Wl
7T. Ml
ithcran' and bjrdroUuniii' SSL
DOlPtru IfT
Tohi Its
num Cuadmiw IM
ruTlaaum 1ST
InUoum IBS
Kiaa mi
IM
ta
rwf iM
tUorldwDi 1. IM
ixMum tm
na camptLor 99!
In ue. «ll
tta. ilDiU-Quld KO
r, cblorlil*-ot-*llT*r Ki
id »
IraDK. work ot tfl
icucal nark ot a >M
> <Br* ol ■ V!
I ngulrannata «(• t>lTa«le Kt
I d* TU M
Eb*ldU«nUB VO!
rrj-bark Ul
urcl BU
lai in
>I M. iKaatlua. <»
irrgr n
u ■■■
raw «
mttb loot
MAC* loni
IM .IWl
a torn
»M WT
niB»-l«aTM in
M in
Mas (oiia m
itx m
onniDo .1 114
HM m
I i«.*2
mm in
CMU It. in
■ in
rxoK
UMUolDated lard in
Bcaioliiuni T •■• Ut
Bmmi M
BmniiiaptiUl tW
Brnioaol W
B«i(or>-Ki>aiacol tB
■ n»U>id* tB
ItcrbrriDa W, lU, «1, Ul
BsTbtna IN
Bgla 1*1
IMagitaliic rtain • <l*
BtuupblKl Uf
■blimuUi Ul
Uttol-DUC IM
BsIb-NOI nt
BItmuUi m
cbrrwopaaoaU in
lorstlo la
oltata «a
•ubsamM Ul
■ulpblte Itt
tasnau lU
aitmntbi carboDM W
sltrai aa
*c aniDODla ellraa at
OXIdUBI , W
aallejrla* > Ill
aub»ni«s*i Vtl
■ubnttm , in
lllnniiitbuni 109
Bilicr ar>Dsa-pc«l Ul
BIttvrawMl m
BlaoN Kldn , m
cohoali in
■imki-rMI MB
wii*b M. «a
IllacKmrrr »•
SladaiT-wrack M
BlaDr'taaiiRa Iff
Ulailnii-Mar M
BioMi-TctUDi u4 truunaloQ lOtB
■ritaral IfU
■mot ,-..,.....,....,.,..,.............,,. T9
-Hron 1)1
Blue eotiotb tW
flax HB
max M
alDUD«Dt la
Bolltd aaiir.|nni*l , tUf
BoldolB in
Boidui in
Baaa.mafrow in
[lni>i«M Xti
-tea a*
Bor«l Ml
Iliirnx ■ n
Boric arid S
Borui-Dl n>
Burn Kir curlda H
iMruin nr
BoacU. iTTlcatlon Ol lb*. UM
Bniodjr „ , n
UraBIc add Tn
Bnr<rn Ut
niMdtn tm
Bmn ., ,. ..,„ M>
BrlmiMp* Tn
Uromamtd m
nrain«l(n •.>>.< fit
BwmbaXBbl m
Bminln* ., IM
tlromlpln no
Bromlioi M
limuiolonn ,, no
llr«iiio|alll« MM Wl
BrcmonlMI m
flKinDl Wl
llmmpb*Dol W
Bivnum IM
Broon ,. fH
llnipliiF a,«n. M)
BraciilrTB nrbunrhtu IM
npr«c*nla Ml
piroFdlB no
1066
QBXBBAL IXDBX.
Br;oDU •••■■ tVl
HryuiiLa .-• 101
MrrorMln ■ UK
Bucbu Ut
tuiia va
Jtuulitbcro AT
B(ISIo.««cd U7
Burdock nil
flurciinajr pttcb U*
Uana puimIb ■ IM
Burtlitic Mid u.. JW
Butlirrnul tVF
llulrl-shlcral h]PilnU ttt
BMntaa CIS
Carao ■'.-■ ^tX
-bUIIM MB
CuMdfl »
Caotua MS
C«4in*tia ; sn
Oadmlum ........ KM
Krfid* sot
olfatO U
■ulpbata SM
CnlFtiina iOt
vKrala 3IH
CDni'laai vliraa VH
•'RunrMcana ■ ■ KM
riff-<iiir! ~...iaG. III. tro. mi
■ lodol «i
-(ulpboolo aolil 208
tri-iodiilo W»
CttttiMinc 301
Cnlntwr Wnii IH
CaUbnTltia Ut
Calunu* ID*
Calcll bromiaum ȣ. X^
cirboiiM pranlpltatua 3U>
chlorlduin m
Iiydru .- M
hj'itopb'tiipbka .......I.... ttO
phovpbas ....,..,.. ■..■■■.■•«■■■.... SOV
priDclpltatU* Vn
•iilphvi irxdocatiil tOt
Catelum ■ MM
citFlKilaliuii IS
KHOtatK IIA
Cil*D<IulB lid
CalcpduIlD 310
Callfiirnia lKT*r-lnith 4M
CaluinbB XIU
CalumtMe riulix 110
Calx I0«
rblorau Kit. Tti
i^tilOIIiiaU 109. M4
aulpburau ■ 3M
CamhOKla tn
Canifltla lU
Camphald m
Campbor 311
■pbloral HO
Caiiiphcirn , tit
mnniihroToata ...................... ..13J. V%
CUDpborlc 1LC14 ..•.......,.,>. 03
Canada apn-baaa CTt
pitflh <a>
(urpmlino IK, TBI
Canadian bnmp 1U
moonatr^ Ml
Canadino 4GT
C*Da4UCar TU
Canoabam* m
Cnoatilii BE
Cannabla ladle* tS
ConUiarldnl i^nllodlon IM
Cui(harlri>i W
Canlharldin ttt
Caoulvbouc 31
Capaalcin tS
(^tdti.-l rrucHip , ]tl
'^ptl'^UDI „ Jti
Ctrawar , jaf
Carbflsui acidl Kalllet IS
Carbotollc acid ■..,,... U
Carbo aaidulia ..>. ■—
puflBcsUM
tt«ni ...
CtrbolaiFd UoM
CarbolMMid
Mnp^r
Caibollnd oil
Carbonel UautpWdam ...
dlanlpbldiuD
CardsoiaiBl omliiA
CardamoiBuiB ..>■■
Cardiac Uaaus
C&rdol
Carduiu b»srdlotiaa
OaM at Iho bauerr, Ul«.
Uanoi
Cannula
CaiQnr
Orou
Caipala*
Carras1l*«la .....»..•.
Carul Iruclua .
Caiuui .........
CaTTopbjIlla
C'U'iropbrltlt* ...... ..
Caara nnriva ............
Caacara anurca <
taarada ...^.
raarafilla ,.
Cuf«TI11ia ..■....••.•■ii
Caai'Hrla
Cuh«ir-nut
Caarta AKtaU
yulpa _
Caataiwa . ., lai
Caalomun
CBMorla
euUir-oll
Catapbi>r«*l«. alMttiMat
C&lHbln
CatKbn.
-usota arid ..>.
Caiha
Catbarlle aeld
CaUiada
Catramtiu
CanlophrlllP
CaalopbTllua ...........
Oauatic poiaak
aoda
Cauwrtullop. s*l*»M ,
Cafduie VBppar
Ccarls
OfdrlDa ,,
Odrpn
Cadraalo*
CatandlBa
C«Iaatrl»*
Cell. Uia BiKiai
tb« (n*ltr
tb* Gmm
Of crare
Iba L(claaeb4
tba 9niM
Cclia. diBcr^t totma tt .j
drr
galvanic
Cantral nlTasliatlaia. raa
card ta •awlwraaM- .
Ovslina
Oara
alba
tan
CtNtun
campliara
ranCurl4ia ..........
crcaorl
mprt aeatatla
plumM aubscMaOa .
rnlBK ,,
C«Tll oxalaa
CMiitm nitiata ..„..,.
aaaUM „,,
OManum ,...
OSJiKBAL INDEX.
106T
PASS
OMtn Ml
OtMria ta
Cpiroiv Mid su
CFUahn f. tt3
CsVAilIc acid 710
(-rradlllB ilD
Cnwlllllc tali ;iD
mtllne 710
Mdina JIO, m
_ ik mUturv SW
Cb«I]rbcalB n*tlT« «pr1aii *^
ChamgrltrlD tM
Vtooiomll* iU
•Dowtn m
CbarcOKl sn
CbHrU POUSlI BitrMia (Tt
■la*pl> f4S
Cbatlnino (U
Cbsuunoocn-okl Ml
Cb*«krr-ti«rrT Mt
Ctnkt.0 M4
Ck*kMi buur KG
Ch*k*Brtiii Ui
Ctekrale acid ■ t4i
CbskanoD .• Vt
Cb»inythxa» TZZ
ChcUdoalc add W
CtKHOoiilDe MS
n#lliloaluin EU
CbrtKloianttiln* Ut
Cbnnlcal rl«<Mrl«lt]r til
Cbmoimdlum Ut
albuia , MB
CbrrriT'laurrl ■«■*(■ El<
CbMtDUl !»
Chlrkro'brolli , , lOOS
Cblmapblla M
CbiraapblllB* IK
(^blaa-mot UH
Chionr ■uma<4t K
Cbinoidmuu M, m
Cbloollna !««
Cblnoml tV7
CBirata I«
CbiraUB :ts
Cbi»ral lit
-butrlteum »3
•t«i»ino sa
.hjAnti Ml
.vrvtbau 1 no
Cniort^ainld ttl
ChlotaleiM UK
CLIortlone 9K
Ciloflt ether tl
aln^ld^-of .■IliTfr battwy of da Im S«B. . . . »1
loniwWd im« M
all .1 tn
ChleHn* Mt
morodrDfl .' f 1 so
Chtorotomaitt EM
Cbli«rpb*iwl MB, Jtt
Chlamin Ml
CkocolBM KB
Cbolrn a( cUmata tor Uw IrHtnMDt or pn-
Tvntlon at dl*«ia« ...„ MR
Chotfna ™»
Tbaadnu OT
Chopv*TO Mnaiiioao »»■•■• MT
Cbromlf arid tt
Cbrrnarobln lanoaM ■ K!
dwyaarobliiuni vn
CbTTMPtiao m
C&rTMpbanIc tuM Ml. Tna
CIcutoxtn tn
CUdWITuib M9
Alaoma Ml
CImtfltulD Mi
Cloeboaa tn
rubra ZTI
CtDdbBiHB rubTB cortm •,■■,•.•,<■•.... f7i
CfocbonaAiliif .,.. -..,.... 7t)
Cloetienldrnai aallrrlaa ......,......,.,,.,.. tn
■iilphaa ',,■.••.. m
CiOfbonln* m
Oncbaclnw lodoaulpba* 133, Ml
■ulChM ni
ClacboaUm •... »1
Clnnamic acid Ul. ■•<
CLunamniDi oorln B4
ClDDajuoDiuai tawla • W
SalEonlcuta IH
ZoirlaalFUai > Mt
daaampallDc m
Ciino astd • tt
Cllruiim JJ*
ciaMiflfntiMi nt uaUTo apnoRa WI
Cl«iv*n ••■■• M
ClftnFiK'a miuUcni - 1*
C'umaU. cbols* el. lor tb« liwaupnl *T
SroTenlloa a( dl4ca4e IM
nd Mf
narino MS
ClliiiaMUi*rapr MS
and rllmatoloBT *■■
CUd1(-b1 apjilicallOD* ol w»l*r In tb« trMt-
■Doul or dlacaaa N<
cioT»r m
ClOTH W
CiintFTa MH
CdIcIh ,,...•• M
Own» and flu* ncoDdarr ivlla. Kr
ttot« MJ
-UnDlc aeld Be
CotB folia • JM
CMaiDft • s!
(.'«mniB brdroChlarldMa Ml
brdrocblaru ■ i.*. M
Co«alPi> olcaio • - '
phMat* > m
Coiouliia '... ■ ••• jM
tadl(«b JM
CfKicua ..• •■■■•I— MJ
Cocblnral ■ ■ •••>■ w
CoelilrarUi gt
CDclllboa «•
CndBlna 101. t»
Codvlpw phoipbaa *(», SW
Codclpe lodalo • W
CodMTvr-nil M
t*;*" «
Cofffc .■■■■. MB
r»Ti<«b. black M
biw 58
Coll. rHlataa«D ....*. M
l.olla. ctMne and Onr •rcoadatT .•■' •• Wf
ColrM«rln" ■ M
Oolchlcl rortniM , W
radix »... ■•
■Finpn Pt
i*.«khi?ina >• -- — ' JM
cokbl«lDa M
t^lrh^fium.coi'm Ml
-root Mi
-•Md tot
Cold aptillDailnnB, nllacu ol abatraetlan «t
bMt tqr ...iota
tTMUO Ut.S«t
(ihjraloIoKlcal ((iMta at ..MM
Ibtraprutlfa e( WU
CelJf-root • If
OlllimnlB ranadaoaU Mt
Otllodlum ., MT
caniluuldaiuia > tM> MT
ll«xlli. MT
HrPtK^ni (1. MT
TralMKi 1. Mr
Cnlncrnth M>
-pulp ■ H
Colorrpthfln .... ..-.....■■........••. • fly
CBlorrnlbldl* pulpa .. JM
Oolor^nlliln*
Oolopynthla
Colorirnthllla
rolocni^oatrr tS
ColopbonT .• tM
folt'a-tint , «*»
romMoad MirrnlB • *^
ComtTcr '^*
IOCS
OEK£IUL INDEX.
CDraroon biKkttieirn ■ Ttn
Comioulfttor IM
Campound cblorolOnn mixiura Mi
■pirit ut uUiar IE, n
CoDifUlrBtfd pbMphorlo uld V)
ConduraDBia •.•..•.. D"
CoudurkiiKD 310
Cau(*i:tta plpcrls d>t
rwm MftTW
snlUcoi 1ST
■unuH tl>. SU. Ut, TW
*uh>tiurl> cn. m
Coiihyariai> ^.*.<. •■■■>«■>, -'■->■ 311
Cutilt tulla SU
trutJtu 311
CanJlui ....,...,„,,,. Ill
Couuuoi brdrobramaa IK, lii
brdiociilonn 311
Coaline 311
Caiiluro Ill
■(rult - SU
-IMTO* , til
CoDlni-ladlcBtloD* to iiumu> V'i^
Coar&Uamarln ,..., k>*»i,i tH
COIKBllnriH IDBjUlU ■ 31*
CooTallflTlD M*. m
Canvoliulln tH
CopilCn ■ ■ til
■red nt
Copablii dPUCM IIT
Copilbit.' nod 3lE
Copppr olcalv • • W
Capr«-Dll im
CopUna 3iE
Coplli 3J»
(w«U 31)
Ciirdl*II» rubl truotua V»
Coriamynia • m
Corlaiidor nn
rurlandrl rruotn* ■•— 311
CarliiDdioL U>
CorD-buak Ul
■•Ilk (U, 833
ComlD 31>
Cornua in
CornutlB SGI
CoronllJs 31S
CaroniHin lU
Corrt-lHtluu of vlretrlcKl ind othtr fomu
nt tarer : 3*9
Corydalli I»
CnUrcilnii bydrochlnnM 71*
CatD-bHik 33D
nonnx lyi
ColDlDo 110
Cotton iit
-(not bark *!•
Coucb-ffrAJii ...........Ill, til
Cxulomb Ht
Ceulambini-tT ■■■•• tst
Couvcmc ,.^. ■>■ --ins
Covbarry CI
CswIuBt Ki
CradlDB B4
Cnin*-*-bll1 lOS
CrMilln .- , 321
Crpollnum in
CrmaoMl ISt
CriwiMrt* 33S
rilFluni brdrochlorophoapbati Ii>3
carboimU 133
Cr»»ol . -- 134
hlRmiilh Itl
■nponiita m
Crrta pmpftrau . SW
Cracua .,.,,....,., m
iton-<blonl , MI
•oil fi»
■Illn* i. KM
M nt
i]b*bD tructiu nt
Cabrbva lit
CQb«braii , , nt
Cubtble Mid ...1 IB
CubtblD —
CucurbiUns .,...
CudbMlf
ruivH'i rout ■ ...
Cuprmi
ctb/Ilc
bjrdnicbloraM ■ •^.•
praprtic
Coprl B<Bt*a .:,■
anncla
■ulpbaa .,—.,.....
Cuprobicinol .•».
Cupriini
alutaliiatiiitt .............
aoiiDODJalusi .....,..«,«.
Cup*. 4rT
wvt ...,.,..
Curar*
cumu
CurraDt-oollaelor
(roDi tb« prlaarr coll.
-iDlarrupMr. inecluBlaU
r"~r- of th* •ivctrtoi.
proptrtloa aad vRirau ot 0>* i
Currtnu. sMontlnc and Atat* '
eombliMd
faradic. larttU** ot iiiullUaa :
iDdund ■
Duubi-r d(, rnxa a laraOc bamrt.
Dl rlfclrlcUr. ^yalaJectral tiKU I
Owpana-bark
CoaparM conak
ClUBO
Cutol
CraUdo o( autenrj
Dl polaiilaa ,
ot KtlTW •..•..
or kine
cydonlua .
(^roaoa >...........
Cjriool -
CjnodoatfD*
CyooKloaMDi .................
CrprlpvOlm ..I.......
CirpnpcdlitDl .
Crtluo*
Datnlaaa
Duidellon <....
Daaioll rionoet. dw
Daphnin ....
UatDilB* —
OwsMuin aloTC compoMtOB. .
tnlrarta
dloacoivj*
rupborbl> ptlDlKOB
nasaU forllcla _
bVmabuyU . .
•anapaftllB oomMattam .
Dvflntuon of atMUMty
ni>j(*a>nitian-rrarUoo pi
plaoatlAD ot
Dtlpbtn]D« ..--..,.
Dalpblnoldliia
n^lpblaia*
Doi>darit(4 alcMbol ...
Drfmatol
iirnnacolaari ap»Imtloa ot ■
I>tnnol
DlabDUo
nialrc^ trqn
Dlaphlbfrla
Diapbiol
niM to dISMM
I>lir(rtM* of powatut
Dlff«TDt dlfraUbitlir of I
•flxet or •Iwlrtrltr
vanoua ■a4a* ot i
tormi ot rbaoatM lor
■Waaeo .....
DlKKaMn
DlduIlD ..
DiciUltaBDi VfTHm
OESEBAL INDEX.
1009
PAQE
DldMlls J*8
(alia 3«
DlRltln M8
Dlgltonln 3«
Dlglloilii MB
Dl-lodolorm 4J9
Dlll-fmU 120
Diluted Bicabor SJ
bjdrobromlc acid ...,...-..,..."■' ^
h/drocblorlc add St
hj-drocyiJilc »cld tZ
bypophospboroUB acid .,... 43, 51
lunar cauetlc 116
Dllric acid *i
□ltrob;drocblarlc acid U
phoBPhorlo acid 61
silver nitrate 1*6
sulpburic acid EH
Dlonln SH
Dloacorea Tllloaa ,..-..,..........,-■■,.■--, 3fifi
DlOKoreln 365
Direct electrliatioD ot tbe ■tomacb W&
Distilled water lU
DIta 355
DHaln 358
Dlumlne 858
Dltb^mol'dl-lodlda 150
Dluretln 804
Datwirs lalutloD S8
Dogwood 319
DODDVBD'B TClUUon It. 431, 4S1
Dormlol 253
DoBBge and meaiurement. electrical S4G
Dracontlum 35(1
Dried bitter-onnse peel IS2
rerrouB lulpbate 38!
DroBcra ISS
DubolsIB 3M
DubolBlns BulpbaB Tel brdrobroniBB ...... . 350
Dulcamara 351
Duleln 6»
DuoUl 334
Dynamo- el ectrlcit]' MS
Djnamcmeter MX
Dyne Hi
East iDdlaa Beona 740
Eau-de-Cologne B7
aedatlTe S20
Kcbolln 3«3
Bcblnacea 358
BDectB at abatractloD of beat bjr cold ap-
plicatlona 1020
ot tbe t^ajvanlc current uihjti tbe vital-
ity oC dleeaBS gemu Wfl
phyBlologlcBl, at cold 1020
of currents of electricity 370
of electricity 985
of bat appUcatlona lOlT
of bydntberapy and baineotber-
apy M4
ofllgbt low
of mecbanotherapy Sl3
of miDeral springs S74
of IDUBlc 1028
at 01 jgen 935
of ozone 941
Elgon 35S
alpba- 369
beta- 369
BlBStlca 369
Klaterin 359
Etalerlnum ^9
Elaterlum 359
Elder 721
-flowera .-..,.....-....- 721
BteFftmpane -..-. - 4TS
ETIectric bulbs, monopolar and dipolar Sfi6
UlumlDation In medicine and surgery. . 90S
Injections 9M
Electrical and otber forms of force, corre-
lation o( 810
apparatus otbar tban baCterlea 882
eatapborealB 880
PAOB
Electrical current, tbe, Its pbyslcal cbar-
acters and properties 839
dosage and ineasuremeDC 815
manifestations, principles underlying., 3:19
measurement 843, UK
Electricity and life-force 818
and magnetism, Intimate relatlonsblp
of 841
cbemlcal 841
deOnlUonol 839
different effects depending upon varl-
oUB modes of appllcBiiOU 868
eteeDtlal idenmy ot 858
for medical purposes, sources of....... 849
for tbe relief of patu 8TS
In dermatology, application of 901
In dlagnoBls, tbe medico- legal value
of sn
In gynncology, ApoetoU metbod 889
In Intestinal occlusion 906
In medicine 838
In the treatment of paralysis 884
pbyBlcal ..,. 841
physiological 842
special applications of, la clinical med-
icine STT
sUtIc 848
Electrification and electro-magnetism..... 840
BlectrliaUaD ot tba stoioacb. direct 906
ElectrocauBls 840
Electrodes 842. 862
some points witn regard to 863
Electro -diagnosis In paralysis 880
metbods ot, In various nervous
affections 871
Klectrolysli gio. B44
In medicine -,-....,.,...,..,. 898
Electrolyte 840
Electro- magnet 841
removal of foreign bodies from ibe
8»e wllb 903
•massage 313
-motive force ..,..,......,. 842
-static macblneB 856
-therapeutics ..--....,.........,-... 858
clinical 876
present standing and importance
o( 838
tbe Eouadatlon of success In... 833
ElectropolDU fluid ,. 35
Electrotonus nO
Electroione 360
Element, tbe Danlell 851
Bleml 300
Elemlc acid 380
Elixir aromatlcus 182
demlans 347
pboapborl 639
rubl 709
compoBltum 709
Etm 819
Kmbella rlbes 381
Embeltc acid 301
Emetine 500
Emodin 397. 703
Emplastrum ammoDlacI cum hydrar-
grro 108, 432
arrlcte 154
belladonns 173
calffaclens 228
cantharldls 2M
capslcl 231
terrl 382
hydrargyrl 432
Icbtbyocotlffi 168
opll GB9
plclB 659
Burgundies 659
canlbarldatum 228 859
plumbi .063. 727
lodldl 063
reslnse 094
saponla 727
EmulBln 516
OICNEBAL DTDBZ.
pAoa
BamlMin •nmoolMl ...••.. in
■injc^ftlA ...>............■•..........>.. IK
u*t<*U4» U6
(klorotonul tW
BDMDau tM*
laiBIlT*. luriBulia for .VM
Katerorli>i( IMt
BpUBdra Kl
BiibEdrtiiit Xl
■pldvnnln Ml
i^ifCBA sn
Ecloeptirlii U>
tiTK «4i
KrcMima m
Knot MS
BrsDUt JU
Krvottn XI
BmuDic wtd >a
BnoUaln Xi
KrloaltlD tit
KrlcoUa t6S. «■». 6W, as
Brfodletj'oa 3(1
HrrlbniphliKls tn
BrrUrorbcUD , TU>
BwbicbalUlB MS
Rwrldin* t**
Bwnii*- Ut
BUicf 73
BibarMi dU , It
Ktbjl-bromlda tt
-chlorlds n
-iodlilii U, n*
■tullibaU ol nodliua tl
-(ulpburlF ■mil SI
Btbylaic o[ aodlum Til
RCbTlMwI cbkml-untban TH
KlhylvD* bromide a
BlUiilviudlunlne-iUvsr-pbaipbat* mIu-
lion IM
BiirAlnc ....,,, Sn
Kucnlyptcol S7t
BucalyiKl cuEunU WV
Huulrptol 3a
KuMlfpto-rMorolD W
KuCBlyplua H»
BueblnlD m
HuReulo Mid IM
BuBtwln ZSe
Bucraol tH
■rtrtBinlda tn
Bura«DOI , tn
Buoormi conoi trt
EuDn^Riin , m
Ruimytniis at
1C;][>ntcr]n tT4
Euimiorlum , nt
■■ur|>iiniijm ..,-,..,,..... ,. 3TS
Kuphnrbla corotUta IM
Ipi'iMCUllUb* BW
pllull(*r> sn
BupborUan Xll
BupborbOD S!»
Bupborln art
Ruphnmn IJT
KupbibalmiD brdroebJorld* .171
KnrDbcn , m
Eumphffo STf
Ki-llllii - in
Kxplanatlon at predueUon of dr«vnvr«.
Uon-rravdon phpcomcnB tm
Bxinclum ■MDIH M
nulduiD M
kIpm , n
DartHdapalB W
uitb«Bldl* IM
■pocrni llaldum , lt>
■mien nidieis IM
nutdum .,,.... Ill
■ronMlenm Dalduin , m
uelvpladlB Anldun UT
aMaonfrmBU* Qtitdum 140
•unntU unanp Ruidum ^.... ^a
bellkdeana alMbotlaum in
relibmiD airabolicum , tit
Btwwism ballaitewi*
mOlela
rind*
brrtttiB SsMoiD
biKbo BuUnn
taluBl ttuldam --.......
calunbii RalduB
canaabia ladloa
SnlduBi
capaid BbKbb
CMcarv aacnda
UiluMaai
caMaMBI Hainan
eaulopbrlU aBl4a* ....
cUlUVbllK SlUdBB ...
Shlnt* flitidiun
amtfitusK
ilaidun
llquMuB ... -
olacbona .—
Duidinii
liouMuBi ... ....
CDCHi aiiUun .......i...
IKlBldUIB ,...,..
c^lrblfi _
ritdldi
■nldum
•cmlala #Uldsm
colocrn Uildia
COQlpCWltVIB ......... Mt
caoii
llUhdUB)
CDDfallan* Daldun
rubob* >ol4uiii
ciUBlDldnn
pnrlp*4Ium Suidim ........
dantlaruir .-.,,...,..
■uldum
dldulli
fluldum
dinK«r*ip fluidma
duboiatiB
nuldum
dukamar* lluldUB
vrocols
daldum
ll4Uldun
eriodlctyl ButdaiB
cucclrpit Dtiidum ._
•aoiurnl
MMum
cupiMrll nnlduB
vnpbarMK' pilulKcra . . .
auldun
ntlcl* llQuldutn
rniniulv Dtildim
nfImmi Ouidua
(»nu«eia
Duidum .,
Crranll HaldvM
tlyrjtt^tm .,,.
OulflUB
Iiquidam
puruni
coaarpll raAolB lliifaun>
KMndrilM taMun . .
SnanuiiB SalOaaa .
mnaloiTtt
balnanlFlldla Auidum
Udiildiiin
bydrajtita flaldvoa ...
Ilqulduoi
broacrani
ftutdun
rindla
IpHwr uanba OvIdixiB . . .
llQaldapi
tnau ,
^IdnlD ..............
Jsbanuidl UgvtdaB . . i
lalapv 1
luclanA* 1
kramvTla i
fluMBB „...„ ll
QEXBRjU.
1031
PAOB
Sxtfaclnm liipv>« niildum Slti
laplBDilrn- ■■ £U
auMum 4. ..*.■-.■■■■■ --- olB
lolirU:!' nuldum <•■ S13
lupu:inl Hiildiini 1M. 6U
matlfo fluldum .'>.,....■..- tSi
duutapFrml Diildum Ml
Dartmil Ituldum .!...■■■• Ma
nuola romlflic SC3
OuLduin fiS3
llQUlduin WS
opti B8B
liquldum MS
pAnlri* lluldum tiK
liquldum US
phTVMIIsmatli (M
pbTloJicca radlcli flulduin HT
pllaonrt lluldum 8W
podopiiiiii no
fluidum no
prunl VirKlnl>a» duldum W
qminio' tU
rfaumul tiuriblum auldum TOO
rb»i Va
fluidum 10!
rlioli (Ubna duidum IVC
rown fluidum _-- fof
rubl auldum VH
ruiDid* fluidum TIO
**lilnjii lluldum ,. TI3
iaoRulnartv auidam 11£
Mm! liquldum 130
aknapanllup duldum -^-- 7^*^
cncntHiRituni bit, 730
■CllllE fluldUQl .^..,^^. .....I 1^
Kuiwrll Hulduin TM
tMTuiiilarLw Ftindum ..^. .....'■ TIT
■cecm fluidum VD
Moim duldum 710
9*tjtrTttar)m fluidum 141
•plsrll^ Ouldum ■ T<^
■niRDatiirun] iiiuldl* DuldUtD .... £31
■UUlnsii" fluidum ^t^
MramoDII Ttt
■cmlaU ...M nt
fluidum ?n
•linphxntbl W
tnraxact . , ■ 791
fluidum m
liquldum -- 792
IMIIcl nuiaum tit
aym ufal IZ3
^m fluidum D2£
^^■nl'^r'in'n fluidum KU
^^■varotrl vlrldln fluidum SK
^^B^lburnl opuli fluidum ^
^^H pruDiIolli fluidum 191
^^Vsnntboiyli ouidum m
— tlo«llitirl« fluidum IST
K]r*brijibl .., >IT
ntbinnit ImbrkaUi SIM
Ytlf tiftlfbarr 73
onltTom US
P»r«d .- - WB
Fkndle Eurri'iitii, varli-il'ii ot quKlItc Id.. *H<
or InduFtlon npparatui SG3
FWadfOlion and EnIirauUm, xomiral HKt
FtaradomctiT, Adnnm'ii HIT
FknaarrouB bcpl-Wa loni
Fel bovli Ul
nurlRcatum ,...,. Ul
tnTloam !SI
FDnti«l ,. SBI
Panilbold mi
FVrmrntum Ul
Fan. male 1&B
Farratln ,. KX
Fnrt anwnaa KS
earb«Da* aaecIiKiMus tSI, tKS
cblorldum M
rllTaii ta
rt BiDmonli aim* at
Purrl at luumoDla lUlphaa >...•■ Ut
tartnn ■ —■ ttt
pqUaaUUnraa m, 104
qulBlam cllra* •.....■JTl. m. XI
aolubllla ffl. tSS
■ trycliTilDm i-ltraa JU, US
bxi1El|>J]tUljlb]H --,..-' ■---. ttt
todidLiin ii:iv(iiiiiratum ■ MS, 4n
IBCUB a. m
oxlduui liydracuia sn
r.utu ijiafcnpala ttt, KS
pbospbaB , , itl
■ulullUia ttt
pjrrct^ihuiipiiJta lolubllla .1 Ut
auipbcu ■i....ltt. SAt
iiBiwutua ...ttt, tn
lirnnuiHLua 3U
TDlcriauoa tU
FiTrisr'i maall t
t'lTrl pyrin tSi
Fcrrobmmol ., .............................. m
Fcrruui malal* ...M
h>rrurii StS
rntUGlum M
larlaratum ts!
Piruialn asid lU
FlrlH )M
Fl« tM
nildR asl4 IM
rnicrin , , aa
Plllx mo* Ut
Plab.burrr IS*
KlD^BPcd ...4. .......,.,., .■....,.,..... L30
Fluid Uuvcr'a poardar tn
PiuurfUci'via 114
FluorFa<^1o tH
ny-fuiuua it
FiKulruli truRluR , tM
FiTDKiuliim .,..„,■ S94
Food, pliyilDloKr df Ut
FiKidi. tluld, (ormala (or IMI
KorcT. rlMlromotlTe Mt
line* o( HI
Fnrntjin bodlra. rrmaval from (ba vra arltb
[bo cltcir«-m*«iiei ns
PDrmAldi-byd ..-.-..-..---...... tM
Fcmimlln ..............4- ...---.. JH
Fo'tnin IM
Formol IK
Furtuh lit riiatlc InatrumcDta RM
Karmulir [or fluid [ooda imi
for Inhaldtloita 94t
fur iumllvit <i(i<-mH4a .>.....,... 104G
FnwIf.r'K nolutioq H
Foi-Blovo Mg
Frnniulu ...„,., SIT
Kr.initulid 397
Frnnlnnlii J97
Frniililni'''nM , , SOB
frxt^n IK
Fraiin r.M
Fnvb bItiRr nraajtc-pMl , 161
Krlrllrm »ll
rli-cirlcKy Ml
Frii'lirjiinl macblDas .....1. ...•■■. ttt
Fucbaln i> MT
Furua Tualculoaaa >■■■•■. ttt
liaduin ,,., iffi
Onduol ... BT5
OalKiica 3H
ilnlhnnuiii ,. , )st
OalbiroilDo-iannal 3m
Onl'^aa , JM
Onlium Jtt
nnlla , ,„., 3U
(JHllHf^tflnnb'Dont .1..^.,. fit
HBllirarid 17
OoTianic baltiry. iha iwqulraauiiM ot IKt
tbr wnrlt of ttt
cautTIMIloa MO
Mlla lua
cufptnl. ollwl o(, upon th« Tltality or
dlacaao-cormi MS
1072
OBXEHl^L INDEX.
• PMm
QalvftoIKD Ul
UaliantiaiioD. (wntral, cauUinu With r*-
g»T4 to lU ■•mployiiuut Kt
ot Um ■riDI»tti«Uc ID Itia nock. ObiM-
lUni l« ZT7
SalraDOOutiry au
In DOM BDd ihrMt dl»t— w IM
0*tvsiiU'(amlli«tloa IK
(talituiamMara M
uanbogB >,•..».•■■•■•. ••• tIT
RttTlie «•'
Garijra FraoaaUl 400
aarrjlna ■ IM
GnulIIwrla 100
UaullbtrlUM 400
Ooln 40r
aalatlo 401
Ualntlnum 401
□cl«mll radu ,.,, Ml
QvUriuinc ,................ ............. 4<)X
<)<'li»inm>ni> 40J
Ocl>''ni>iilii 401
Ocm-ril rnraaiHtlOD anil nlvanliatlon...- Mt
niadli'iil practlo*. aWMBC* ID 013
GvDllan* *M
aenUADB! TuAiX 404
OtnliuiilcHD WT. «M
GtaUsIa wid aT. 4M
Oeninluin ..i............. ....... 40ft
CluMUBu cbanwinU* > U9
(hmm Wa
OUleulu «n
b.ilvula 407
OlD BT
GIDKcr nr
QlODolu 407
DIurOM Tit
Ulucualmld* 4«
OlualOo *m
Olunldun 4m
Olycorln 400
OlrMTlDIUD 400
uldl borlDt X, 400
raiboltol .St, 400
UdDIM a. *»»
aluiDlal* 101, 400
amyli Ul, 4ut
bOtaMi n. 40l»
paptlnl 400, MD
phicDiil «Dbao«latM W, BB
truBoautlua 400. SU
Olr««rlta a( bUmuUi borata Ill
OUromtiiia aoldl oartallol n. 409
lanalol tt. 448
amrll .. 11). 4I»
hrrroilriHrlnl , .11. tU)
tiTilnaili 4nO. <%-
vllilU -409. BIO
rilyninil damlaoB, phovborl, at unci*
romlcB Ml
aiT?r"bcllD 411
Olyi^rrrtiln 4H
OlTcrrrbliin 4>l
aiTcirrbfdDUm atDiDODIatum MO, «ii
OoA-iwdir SfT
Ooal'i-rup m
Oold aod poUHlum rlilDtlda Ul
fujaLijiD chlnrlda 181
tbrwd HI
Qsldcs-rod m
Ooldwatal 4ET
Qo«Ti>ll ndlcU oortax 4lfi
Qowyt'Iuiii , Ut
riurincBium 41(
Oaitlard'H cvirala ...........,.««...,, ,. Ml
PitraM tn
Oraajitl ttmei 4tt
OnDdlum dK
nrri-n tnap 117
ariniih'i mistuN M
Grlndalla 41T
Orenotll. U« Kl
Oualae 4U
rtals Ill
Gualac - lroo4 .-..•■.•n»i
OualafMlc acM
Cuauci nciiuii
r«Miw
Ogaiaeic aefd
OnUac*!
carbaaata •>
dDDattata
dl-kidlda
pbiMpblla
wUri'lau
Oualacuilc add . ■■.
OnalacDB .,>■.•■•,
Gaanuia «
Qaaraalaa ....,„..,
(I«ll.ir*«4 ..>■..•....
OiUD acatu
jTUffOlaff ............
arable ................j
Garluu
auua.v«Kbs ,
OrMHOiCr. alvctrUHjr
Mrtko4
0rD0nu4le arid ,
■ ll*tDatoiXli llcnwaD
UBinataxillii
HvOUIOITlOB .......
HirinartTFUiii
(»-«•
llB'DlllSaUOl
Htamel ............»,.._
Ilairraii-nioa*
Uallafi aMd «r«p«
Haniamalldla oottax ...,
fMla
tlamaiDslla
II«(^lDDU■p■lll
Ilval and rold a> IliniaHBIIi t^m
ll«at ^ a tvau^
IbcrapauUcal sppn«MM«a ■(-.
Ilt^romn __ ,.,
Ilcloaln .....,...,
Hrttaatlmasn .
lli'tluKbUB _
Mrtladi _
II<'lt>bar*Ul
Itnlcboriu , "._
HjluulBll ....-
INtitidftHiolc avid ............ t^^m,
ll<BUdeain«a .„,
HaiDloek ,
ptirb
■prar*
Hamp, *^*«.*^**^n
iDdUs
Itiabano
Ilcpiuu ...
iftreiD — ............
lleapcTldln . ...
HnMhara
HippnoaataovB
Hlrado
Hoaas-Daa
IlairBaBn*B aBo4nM
llollT
HaloFata
llovialroiilBa byilMb
Ilaaa^bclMODlB
Bond araa bark ......,._.,
"'"'/ i-^
olarllcd
ot tea*
llnpK'a tampkpt tDlxMi* ...
"■Jp* ,
S1''P'»*5»* '-^
lion-bnuDd .....
llnrvr-rbfMBDt
Hane-neula
Bona-radlah root ...^.™
H«t applloatloka, litiiilrtiilMF
Hov (a pravtlk* ma^n ~ "'
Hamalua ~.....'.....
ll«ng*r-onn 1^1^. ^ii
..'..*•*■.<
OEXEBAL INDEX.
1073
PAQB
Hrdrangem «31
t^dmrgyrl chloiidum coitmItuiii 432
mllB 43i
cjanlilum 1^
lodldum DSTum 431, 4S1
nibruro 432, 481
oleu ^ 43S
oildl flivum 42t
rubrum ^ - 131
perchlolidnm 432
■ubchlorldum 433
lubaulphM flava 432
Hrdru-irroi iW
Hjrdranrrrum ammaii latum ICS. 432
cum creM US. 432
HjdTMtlnB 4S7
Urdraatlulnn bjdrcKliloraB 4^7
Hrdrutlulae tST
Hrdrucis 45T
rhiuma 4iiT
Hrdratsd oxide ot Iroo 3S2
vlth macneala 383
Hrdrlodlc add 38
eUier 82
Hydrobroniate of conlfne 194, 311
of hyoBckDe ,....,,...-. ,' 463
of hyoicjatnlne 4«1
RjdTDbromlc acid, dlluts -,.,... 39
Btber Sa
Hjdroctilorate ol spomorpblne 142, BS9
o( cocaine 280
ot hrdraBtlnlua 457
of marpblDB KS9
of pilocarpine MS
Hrdrochloric acid 39
HTdrocotTlB 4S1
Hrdrofluoalllc acid T4S
Hfdrosenll dloildnm 144. IE9
HTdroaapbtol 65»
BrdrotherapT and balneolherapr, pbyalo-
ioglcal effect! of 9M
In uenoUB dieeiweB 967
aedatlTe. in nervou* disorder* Mt
BrdrouB wool'fat ....- - 72
HTdroxjrlamln bydrocblorlde 139
^oaelna brdrobromaa *ti
bjdrobromldam ., ,,,.,.... ...- 462
BroBClae 462
lOoBCTaroinn bydrobromai 462
Bulpbaa 482
H^OBcyamlue T68
fi^oBcramuB 462
HTpQal 4*7
HrpDODB 4ST
HTpootlam 1006
and Bugfceatlon lOOG
In Reneral practice 1010
Hrpodermoc lysis 1046
Hrpophosphite of Iron .„. - 382
of lime 209
of potassium - ST4
o( sodium 747
HTPOsulpblte of mercurr and potaulum. . , 4a2
Hrrffolum 456
HrssopUB 4i>7
Hystcrlonica 48T
Iceland moia 243
Icbtbalbin 470
lohtbyocolla 4Sg
lobtbrol 469
IchtbTOBulphate at ammonium or sodium. 460
lK»urlc acid 563
IXaaurlne G63
Irnatla 470
ifei 479
nilclum 471
illumination, clertric. In medicine and lur-
gery BOS
Indie rubber 231, %9
Indian benr 298
corn 539
bemp 226
pannjFwort 461
PAQB
Indian aarsBparllla 428
ladlgo 4T1
-blue 471
Indlgotln 472
Induced current! 848
Induction macblDca i6S
Induetora 859
InllBtIn 634
Infuaum aurantll .,- 163
compoaltum ...,..,.--,.-. 183
hurbu xa
CBlumt>» 216
caryopbylll 236
cascBrllls ^f3S
cblratffl 248
oincbonffi 271
acldum 271
cuaparlD 345
digitalis 348
efKOIs 362
geDtlann composltum 404
kramerlffi .--... al4
lupuli 430
prunl VlrgiulBDS 888
quasfllffi ,....- 891
rhel 702
rosaa acldum 707
scopsrll 734
aenegB 730
sennm 740
compoaltum .,,.537, 740
BEFpenlarlK 742
uvK Orel 821
InsluYin 473
iDbalatioa 84T
tormulie tor 948
Injectio cocalna bypodermlCB 387
erBOtte bypodarmlcn 362
Injections 1044
Inland cllmatea -,.,..,,- 986
iDBtrumenta, electrical, size of 85G
Interruptions, rapid and slow »SB
Intestinal occlualon, electricity In 906
Intimate relation sblp of electricity and
macneUam 841
lEulln 473
lodantltebrln 498
lodanilpyrln 498
Iodide of ammoolum lOO, 481
of arsenic ...--,--..,,.,-- 14. 481
of lesd 481
or mercury 432, 481
of potasalum -...,.-...,.-,,-... 481
ot silver 146. 481
of sodium 481
of sulphur -.-,.--.-- - 481
ot line 481
Iodine 481
trlbromlde 498
lodipbenin 498
lodlpin ...498
lodlsm , 484
lodlted peptone 369
atarfh . , 487
lodo-elgon 409
Iodoform 474
odorleas 470
lodol 479
lodonnpbtbol )53. 660
lodoaulpbate of clncbonlne 272, 291
lodum ,-,,. .....,,,. 481
Ipecacuanha ......,.....,,, 490
Ipecacuanbfe radii 490
Ipecacuanblo add 499
Iriain 503
Iria 503
Florentlna 601
Irieh moss 267
Iron . SH2
albuminate 392
oleate .,,--.- 48
pUnter ...-...- 383
-quinine chloride 393
Irrigation of tbe bowels 1044
iu:4
(lEXRRJLL IXOeX.
«M
-plutor *m
Uo-bu[ri-onbo>craMi-io4i4e m
■vtbylla WK
tenira uid Mtons IIM
Inl IM
J*li«ru41 M*
fi»U> Mt
jaboriiM sw
JackmD'a pMionl irnp Jn
Jalap tu
Jalapin Ht
Jammlca dgfwDod iST
Jamaica rum n
Jambol (M
Jami4'i powdar '■•-■■.. «.■>■•..-. i...- IV
Java tea ■ tU
JarutwIM TU
jHububio ■ ■ ■■..• nc
JerrlDe n>
JoblDibln tot
JuRlandls mM MT
Juglana Vtl
Juniper tot
Jnolparuta .■..............<..,... ....■• HFT
JUDlpcrua 11. ».•». .>•<.. MT
KakDdrlio aold »
Kamala .,.,., (JW
Kaolin K»
Kaotlnum IM
KalrliM IM
KaTa-kai« IW
K«llf aa
KtaMltbtnpir S10
Klao «I0
KlDDIa ta
KlnotauDle Kel4 EtO
Kntadlns »ll
Kiiati-riMt IH
Knia , ElO
Koaln »a
Kuawlaila* , Ml
KoumlH m. IDM
Xoiuuln M
Kwiau Ut
Kramorla (13
Kr«merloluia1« add £1{
KtMln m
I.*barrMU«'i aalutloo Ml. T4T
LablU and aubllii appiliiatlml Ml
LaoUl* ot Iron IK. 3a
Laciip B«ld a
Lariol .- ia
Lartonirhinl , , (U
Lacloplicain fltft
Lai^IuKuualoa* TU
Lartiicarlum HI
Lacturerln ill
Lai:Iuvlr acid Ul
I.a«lutln iu
UadlH'-itlepar MT
I^tTUlDH ftnlda M
LafarMl* nlxtuia ,. ttT
LamrllB airoplOB Ill
racalnB ....fit
bamatroplnm is
Lanljtiarla &U
t^jiotln n
I..i[>lti divlnua Sn
LafliB tld
Lard II
t)#iiii>«trd n
boDUIoaUd TI
■oil n
t.arEttn , n(
tiaudanun M
Laiirrl-bar , Ut
Laurin Kt
Laurni>prai( tolla Itt
Iiaarowraiia SM
LauroaltaMn ■••..>■■ M
lAartia
Laiasdula -
LanndfT
LauiUi* camiau. tonnula IW..
oliau
LtfclUila
iMdHwnlc Mid
U*am
.••UH
Ii«mon
LeODUdla ..........
laMniirua
l.npard'1-baa*
Laptaodn
l^ptandriu
L^iLw«.aplw ......
I.a*aDt •anrmacil . . .
UcholQ
UCht a»d darkpa^
pbrMoiostcai cSccta of...
Ikfratmitlcal dadttcUarna >
Ulr at tha Tallar
Umr-valar ,
IMMt - .
Llmoola Donas ..........
■uvcua
LlnamarlD
Liadiirv <x^<Kx ........
UnlmvntuDi kodKI ...
n cbioiDiorml ..
ammaui^ ...........
bFlladoanv .........
calcia
eamphar*
amownUtmn ...
tanthafidtt
ebtarorariBl ........
Tmconli
bjrdrarcri
opil --.--
potaaMi ioAdl tarn i
wpSBla
IDOlb*
■IMPI*
(ODpaaiiBni .
t*r#blnihJiua ....
atmcun .....
Unwed
LlDIUD
coatnnuii ....... .....
Upanio
I.lpidollla
Uppia Utxlcaaa ..
Llpplol
I.lqu'llfid plianol
Uquidaabar
IilQuor atldl araaooM
f kromUi _ . _ _
nilpbarlel Hailan ..
anunanlir —
walaua
MtfMia
CeMli
araml tl hT^rarfTTl IMML^
araialnlla
arataki brdracbkorlcBa
atraplBK anlphaUa
Mamwtbl a« BBBMnla i
aid*
«bIortnatnB
aaMbararaa
calOMbiB aacaatntaa . . .
F(a«lebo*c
rblrai* c«BD*tittsti>a . . .
euaparl* tannatntmrn . . .
alaitfepaM— ...
(•UMalSMB
hrriamatta ...
otalanC
Fllntia
*l aamonla arataUa
alirau*
■abaal^ball*
Q&N'ERAL IIIDEX.
1075
PAUE
Liquor IprrI Iprautpliatlii 3X3
bamamrLidla ,,---,..---"-" ,.,.-- *23
HydrBreyrl ntlratU «!
porcnlorldl *3S
hydroKenll peroiidi !**> 1*0
iodl rompoBUuH ....-.-- -^.>.^^.<^- < "^^- 4B1
tonli *»
knmerM conceDlretu* bt*
nsKni'sli carbonttla Ei!S
ciirmli 62*
DIAngaELQ-f^Trt pppiouatUB 39!i
morphlno? bcpUIIb 6M
bydrDthlorldl 5»0
UnraUi 6M
pancreatll .- -,,-^^^.-^.- -..- 6t3
pepaLui - ..,---.-,.--^ fi20
pltls L^nrboDla ,-,-...-.--..'-"-- 860
plumbs HubaceLBttB .-^- 6W
dllulua fi«3
polaaaf . , . - , -.,-.. ^ .. . fi74
potBMli arHealtiB H. S14
i-liratlB 67S
PoriDaDRanntiti ,,--,^-^,635, 6Tfi
qunaslip upotentralufi .. .,- ^ . TM
rh^l ooiH'entrflEufl - ■ 7™
uratp compoaitua torn' en Ira iuh ^.^-..-^ 730
Bpncgs conceptrnufl .-.^^ ^ 739
ftepna eppcentratua -'■' 740
■prppDlarlffi -CDQCfntfalua --^ 742
BodK 748
ehlorniff !«. "7
Bodll arseuatla .14, 747
boralia cpWpoaltUB 28
i^prbotatua - ^
ftbjlatla '47
■IllcaUa 743, 748
BlrychnlDK bydrocblorldl 383
trtnllrlnl Vf
iinr\ cblorldl S33
J-lquptLce ppwdcr. compound 414
-root 414
L.iBier'B aatEupUF olnUneat 22
Lltborgi^ 683
Liilhii bfPEona - Gil
bromldum 19!. 321
carbonaa ..-.....--.--.---.. 321
cltraa 321
efferveacen* 521
aaltcylaa &3, 321
Uthlum
lodau ..
liltmua ....
lilierwort .
Liobelacrln
UibcUa
331
483
428
324
324
Lobellc acid 624
Lrtbellne 324
K^BWOod 421
London paate -.,-.-.- 747
Lioretln 625
LoBophan 3iB
Lotio hvdrnrgyrl flava B», 433
Digra 209. 443
Lppur -rauHllr - 143
Lupullne 430
LupullDlc actd 430
Lnpului 628
LT<^operdoD 62*
LTCopodlum -..-....-..- - - 328
LACopuB 627
Ljrwjl 862
Mace
MitblDE, tbeHoIU. ...
Wacla
Hacrotln
Hanealn
leTla
ponderoaa
MagaeBll csrbonaB
leTla
ponderoaa
cltraa eDervescena
■ulpbai
.327. 332
869
627
. . 627
.. 328
,. 627
.. 327
., 528
.. 628
.. 628
.. 323
MBgiit^ll aulphuB eServesceni
Magnealum .,....-..--
Mflfineto-ok'cErtclty and dynamoa
Magnolia -..-..- .,.,.-.---.-....
Mngnohu ---...
Maidis stIfiEpata ---
uatllago
Matze
MaJaenlf acLd ........-...-..-.-
Malakin
Male fern ..--..- -
Maltoae
Ualtum
UanacB - .,.-,,-..
Mandrake -.
ManganeHe -...-..--..-.--,--..-,-.
oleate
Mangaoi dloildum
Bulphaa - -.
Haaganum
HangDHtaaa
Maogoateen --..
Haagostla - . .
Manna
Mannlte
Manzacita ........'
Maranla
Marigold
Marine cllmatea
Marrubln
Marrublum
Marabmallow
Uarsb'a teat --..-
MaSHB i^apaltEe
riTri rarbonatia
hydrnrgj-n
MfiflsngL' afjd r?9t'i?ure,
ronlrp-lndli:atlonB to . .--
bow In prPBcrlbe.
in general medkaJ prarllce
vynerj^lBta witb
MaasQ-IherHpeut^cB -. .,-
and meeb Booth E'ropT, teebnique
Maatic
Maatlebe
Uaatlcblc add
Maatlcliln
Matleln
Ualleo
Matricaria
May-apple
Maya
M endow -unemoDE
'Boffron ..........,.,.,
Mealy-flEunFort
Meai^uri-nientff. electrical
Mer'hjipknl fprrent- Interrupter
Meohaijoihprapy -...,...,..,....
physloloRlcBl eftecta oi
tht'rapeutic appMeallonn of...-. ,. ...
MiTonlr prld -. . . .
Mc'dli.'Ul iirai-iice, gpnerol, masaBBe la.
M-^riicjiTtd vapors
Medicine, electricity In
Mel
boracis
depuratum
deapumatum
roaie
MellHSB
MPtilerermum .,...,-.-..
Mentbfl piperita ,
vIridlB --
Menlhol
Mer<'uri< lodate
oleflte -
MfT'^urolodohsmol .,
Mercurnl
"MerriiTou oleate ...,..,.-..,,.-..
tannatr"
Mt-r'HTj- rorbofnle
rormamldate -,,-..-.....
pyroborate .,,,....,...
BUeelnlmlde
PAOB
.... 3211
.,..627
.... 860
.... 630
.... 330
.... 631
.... 332
.... 338
331. 832
.... at
.... 139
.... 333
.... 633
.... 334
.,,, BID
.... 334
.... 48
.... 634
.... 334
.... S34
.... 637
.... 637
.... 337
.... 637
.... 638
.... 338
.... 538
.... 210
333
538
108
14
31B
of
. 432
. 910
. 328
. 927
. 919
. 921
. 910
. 911
. 539
. 639
. 639
, 539
. 639
.... 539
.... 639
.... 670
.... 639
....887
.... 303
.... M
813. 848
..,, 847
.... 910
.... 313
.... 916
.... 591
.... 819
.... 347
.833, 868
.... 640
.22. 640
.... 640
.... 540
640, 707
.... 641
. ... 641
.... 341
.... 541
.... 641
.... 48!
.... 48
.... 383
.... 466
.... 49
.... 458
.... 4S5
.... 450
.... 456
,,,. 462
mm
fAOR
Morcarr tBrmoUeaUl* Ua
■I«Mal button* IIP
UHcallas ... la
Maul iDwnipy and matallolbanpf lOUb. lOlt
Matbacntlit Ot
HvtUodB at clwimdiBEDo*!* lo nr>ou>
annoui oDvutluaa STl
MHhylHl at
MrtbyL-vnpBlloa tOI
chJundo M
■DODllDI) ...,k:— Ill
-nwrrapun ,.., a*
MllCTlu «0O
vIolK W
UellU'loiio-Ue&londc M
■Wue .- MI
MfltbrMlolii U»
HMbrvtlougi , DM
llu«c«i corux US
MniTvlBla acIA HI
Umtrrum M>
MlcrMiain H»
UleRMcoplabl obancUn of *Bler *U
UianJuia at
Mllk-wtiM £U
Mill Ian mcMri ttt
UllllamptreiitMcr* < MI
MiDeral (prlno 810
(•hyalaloRlaat vlheta of •!«
HiBiiirB uiunoiiiaol • IM
•mTCdals lis
campuorw aclda .-^-^ — >-...-. -^-. Ift
■rooialieb 3i
oblorororml bTdrocyanata
oraoKOU , ts
cn-la , >a
torn coDipotiM m
fnrm-aallDB ,.,,, UD
Klyeinrbiba cooipaBlta .111. it»
■ualad 4I»
rtiri at toim .Tilt. 'W
Kunai aampoalta TM
■nirlluii ital calllol * S<
MlUbdIa Ui
HoD»U M»
MODSIJIl HO
Uank'K-bood ,
Monabratnauil eampbor Ul. Si>
Hoaocblaral-aaUiiyrln tSi
MoaopalaT and dipolar alHtlto batta* Ml
HormoD tea .. Xt
MorpJllaa US
Korphtnw avolaa US
hrdracBlorvB IM
bydrocblorldalB ^ WD
•ulpba* 10
tanru !M
Morpblos olaata 4*
Morrrnia Uu
Uorrbuol .•.>i>ii,»—..> I<^
UoiFbuii !>6e
Uon, Krlaad MI
trlab ,.., M:
Mulbirwarc 117
■luolla«a or tTdoDlom UC
HUOUaiO BCBClD ,..-. >
aaaMfraa mfdulla ttl
IraKairaDtbB (II
ulml S»
Maoun* .- HI
UutUin tr
Murtipl«an« , Mt
punclum I<n>
VnrlatlcarK »
Uu*raiiap »
Mniw ion
phrilolofteat nitfcta of IW
twraptvbf ipplioauoDB at I(a>
H«d HO
■fooi m;
Uuilard T«
•t»r 1«
-hmiti ions
. Ml
Urrlca
Myrlailca
MiroH-n .. .
il»rrh ...
Mriraa
Hmma
llTTrhol
MxribaU>
Uttwi
NaptlllBr . ..
Napklalan _..
MapblbalMO
Sapbtballb
SapblbaKnu
Mapbtbol
Napbtol ..
aJPba-
-aoUpyrlB - - -
brU-
brdfo-
NRtaodrv oeitax
Nwtaadrla*
tint'* tiuDiB*r
NvphFIa
N'wils
N*«rr'*treiCliCBC la minavi i
Narraui dtiiaiia. hrdrmbna^
••datiT* br4nt*arapr la.
Nninlsla. lb* alaUc enrmt l>^
^<>b*iit
NIcroll br«mldum ............
Klcktl braiDid*
QtMt*
MIoolUols
NiMtloa
Nlrraeln
KtUataot lead
of potaHUM - ... --.,..,
ot fUvar
o( lodjua ■
NtlTp-napfra
Kllrte MM
Mltnl* ol anrl'
at aodlam
Mtrobuiaol
snnprfrn . . .
Nlirobrdrof blorl« a^M
N'KtaoMriaUc acl4 . . ■
SHrvmotMt
}*an-p>»f If I raawdtm
ani»laT«4 in
olaaard vlUi druc*
N«ac aad Uroal dlanan. exit
tn
.SooaphoD
KuMb --
Nuckia
Nnntor o( cunwata ffooi
ta»7
Nul-call
NuUw«
Nul.oll
Nui TomloB
OU -,
Ohm
Obin'a lav
Oil uf aiabir
at mirWsF
at vrabdc-QoiranL inlatrti
OI*aa««r ,,.
OltalBoi brdrarnr'
"-ratrlo*
ilml
Olaln acid
Oleln
Olronvlaa a>pld«
rspalrl .
lupulliii
PIpTla
ilaslboni
QEKERAL IXDEZ.
1077
Oleum ocldl carbollcl...
adiplB
Blhereum
HtuiigdBla
amsnc
expresaum ,,,,,.
BQetbJ - --
aclBl
aotliemlfUfl ...-
auraotl) cortlcis ...
florum
bergaraotta -.
betulffi volatile
CAdlnum
caiuputl
carl ,..,..
caryDphylll ,....'.'-
chfnopodll ..........
ctQDamoml
cupalbffi
cotiiDdrl
CTOlonla
cubebffi .............
eTlgeroaUt
FAQS
2S
;i
T6
116
liG
11a
120
137
isa
1G2
lea
1B«, 673
400
673
673
23«
ass
2«
284
315
319
6BT
333
B74
fucalypH 36»
ttBDlcuil 384
gaultbcrle tOO
Boeaypll BcmlDia 41o
hedeomffi ..........-...,,..■■. 424
JUDtperi 507
Uvsndulse 617
Dorum f>17
llmoulB BIS
IlDi 6lJ
meatbffi piperllffi Ml
Tlrldla Hi
ronrrliute &T5
myrclff 579
myrlBticK 5t>2
neroll 579
oltv» 680
pbfHiphoratum -,..,.... 039
plcli liquids eOD
plmentn S64
pinl 58!
riclnl 583
roMB 707
roamRTlnl 708
rutm 685
ubiDB 7ia
ubUU 68«
aaautru 731
aeaami 587
Binapis volatile 745
lereWntSlDse TB3
r«tiflcatam 793
tbfml 809
tlglll 687
Olive-oil ,....• 680
Opbellc add 348
Opium B89
deodoratum 689
Orange 103
-Bine S7
Orcein
Orexlae
tabnate
Orgeat syrup
OrlgAQum
Orliabin
OiTlB-root
Ortbolorm
Orthometbyl-acetanllld .
OrtboilpboD stamlneua
OrtbaalpbQDlD ...........
Onnll peroildum - -
OnabalD
Oislstf of cerium
Oiallc acid
0»-Ball
Oiide ot antimony
of lead
of lUver ......
of line
K3
eiD
BIO
116
810
605
M>4
611
3»
811
013
SI 3
709
!41
49
381
139
663
146
833
PAOE
Oiygen 934
apparatua and tocbnlque of admlnla-
(ratlon 939
pbyilologlcul elfectB 0( 935
prepsratloD ot 935
tberapeutic appUcBtlona of 938
Oiymel . 540, 813
acLllj^ 733
Oyeter-brotb 1002
• Boup 1003
■OystiTB, cbafed 1003
Oioni- .. 9)0
In medlcioe 941
pby Biological effeeta of 941
PslB roBB
PBmbolana -
PanBBiH bark
Pancreas
Pancreatin
PtiDorealJDum
Papain
PapaveriB capauln - -
Papaya
r':Lrj-jiri:l-pbeaetidln .................
PorncliUjrflloae
l^jinichlorpbenol
Paraconitne
Paracota -..-...
ParBcotolDe
Paraflln. bard
liquid
BOft
ParatBDum durum
llquldum
moiie
Pnraldnbyde
Pnruldehydum ...
Puraphi'nc to I carbamide
Parcgorio
Pureira
Parelrs radii - - - -
Pnrlllln
PorlB grei'a ....,.,.
Parotid gland
Parrleb's campbor mixture..
Parsley ,....,...,,...,........
Partridge-berry
PiLflla LondoDienela
Piitio
Pelleilerlne
Pellilory
Pellote
PellDtiae
Pennyroyal
PenUI
Pepo
Pepper .,....,...,...
Peppermint - -
-campbor
Pepain
Pepelnum
Bill '^linra turn ....,..-
Peptofilied beef-tea ..,,..,.,......,...
gruel
milk
-gruel
Boupa. lellles. aod blanc-mangee.
Pert'Uanlon
PeritoneoclyBlB
Peroxole* ,...,.,
Persian luBect-powdcr
Peralo
petrolatum llquldum
molle
Bplssum
petroleum
benzin -
elber
PelroBfllnuro
Pbarmacopcela of tbe United Statea.
Pbfforbetin
PbeaHant'B eye
Fbenacetin
707
812
693
139
813
fllS
814
590
814
828
2.'*
..28, 335
3U
320
320
818
816
eis
818
610
016
818
818
818
818
730
14
130
231
026
.400. 649
747
.510. 092
418
688
120
m
434
619
819
655
541
541
...820
...020
...1001
...10O3
...1003
...1003
...1004
. . . 913
...1048
... 022
... 689
... 6Z2
...823
...622
... 633
... 022
... 182
...182
... 025
... 1
... 703
... 73
loss
OEXERAL INDEX.
PAOB
CoDiiaoa bucktborn ..•. »■•.••••■ lot
CdiniiiuUlor $M
Compeund dDloroCoria mlxtuiv IM
■pirtl ot rlftcr ...ni tX
r«ui' I'll tr* I'd iibeiiilune auld V>
CQHintntifila .--— ---• ItO
C«nduniiico >. ••• tio
CoutocUa ptperli tX
roMP 610. J«
OlUCM W
•ODDS n». 3M. SH. ;w
lulpliuru <m. Til
Cosbrdiia* ■■ Ill
Coult lotla Ill
fructua Ill
CooUna 311
Ooailon lirdrobromM m, ill
bydraoDloraa Sll
C«D|1II« SIl
CoDlum Sll
.trolt Ill
•lw>*m Ill
Ctomra-lodleiitiaaa to maMMce Jt*
CouTiUliuiiiirlii M
(^Oiivullsriu lUttJalla >M
Coa>gJls7lu Ut, f-1
CopiMvulln > tH
C«pMba tU
■rri , SIS
CopabiD dracvaa tlT
CvpilbJ..' acid >IG
Copim uleaU ....■ 4S
Cmprn-olt wn
r.aptia* ;. iK
Copllt ., SM
UM* ta
Cordlall* rubl fnctu* lOt
Corlaniyrllp ....• IW
Conaiider >■*
(^rlandrl fructua n>
Conandrol ,. Sl>
Cnni-hutdi ■ ■■■■ m
•Ilk , Ml. m
cv»rnln • tU
Ooniii- S1»
Cornullii ,.., Ul
Coioullla SIB
Comnllllii ill*
(.^[irrrlatlaa et •Itotrlcal uid Mb«r form*
ot (oro* : tn
Carrdali* tm
Culornlnp hydrocblorat* ■ ^t
Colo-bark .„,. tlU
ri>rtri no
Colnlnr SS)
Cotton , Ut
■root bark 41E
CDurh'CrnKi) Ua
Caulomb , SV
CoulDaibmaUr lU
OuTiiuiM ., ., ins
Cocbcirr tn
COWhBCV , Ki
Cnu1ln« 3Vt
Ornnf-ii'blll V&
CrrollD m
CFR)Jt!l>IRI SSI
Crvowut .,.,.,... 133
Croowtif SSI
Mlcluin tiyaracbtoropboi^bata SSS
carbonatf US
CrcMi SH
hlHIIlUth Ul
(Hponat* ...(............. ..■■■ &S
Crpu pnnparaU SW
Crorua w SM
Cmloti-rblomI <>..« < - Ml
■oil , MT
Crvalalllna >M
Cubfba CD
Cubvbo tructu* I3N
cu»*bi>n SSS
Cubttwn* ,,,., SIR
Cnbebic add ...■••u ..•■•■■.■•T.tn
:s
run
Cubcbin
CucurbltliM
Cudbiar .■■..
Culvci'a root
Cuprru* -
ribillc 1....
brdrocbMratA
prupylle HI
Cuprl BrtWa MO
ararnla SM
■ulpbaa ...........I. IN
Cuprotimmal ...............b......... VS
Ciipriini Mt
alumlualum • M>
HDiinuaialunt Mi
Cnpii. drr >0«
wol 10«
Cumr* Mt
Curru M
Curr*D(-calleelor >.
from i&> primarf coll. oauuw M.
-lnC*rnfpl«r. mnibaiilcal ..........
paaiacn ot tbo Hrccntal i
propcrlloa and «ITPCt* 01 tbo eleclrloal. I
CiirTfOitB. Bsctfiidluc aud df4r*adl(ii.
oomMiiod
(aradle, larlotln ol qualiuea In..
Ipduead
nuDibrr ot. rrom a Ctradle balMry.,.,.
o( oiwindtr. ptiTiiolaB>eai bRmu at.. Cn
Cuaparla-baik W
Cuaparl*' oortn —
Cqho
Culol
CTKDid* «4 noronnr
ot poiuHun u.....
o( (Itrar
at line ...........-«....-.....—...--- — -
CydoDlum >.i Mf
Cymtoe DO
C^TDol .> m
Crooclomiliw ...„>.... til
CTDOfbMnim ■■...• ttt
Cfpilpedlo ., KI
CriirtpiiillDm HI
C'TIiilni^ > ....-■ lU
Damlana . .•■■•■ •....■k......
DandoUsn
Iianidl (dMxaM, (b«
Daphnln
Ualulinr
Dn'oc^tuin alou* campoallum
rdrnno- ■ >
dloacoz'Cn .-. .....-..•-•*.-.<
DUpborbliH pdullMW
EnniU miilclR
smatoxvU .'
(itnaparllla- cnmpaallum ML
Ilfllnllliin ol ptM-trk'llr
DrsoDprutltin-rtncllon pbcDomona. «t-
plaaatloD o( prwIactlDa «t SH
Ilflphlnln.- MS
UrlphlnoLdlnc
Drlphlilpa ..
Dr.>ElorlK*d ainabol ——...•.......
Urrmatol
DpFRiaioioa;, apptloiuan Ot alaeuleltr Ui.
1).^rninl --...-.-. m
DlabctlD TM
Dialri^ Iron i SSI
niaplilb.'Hn W
DIapbloI ..- - t*c
Diet In dliour tB
I>l(f.iri>nr» i)f paUntlnl tO
Ulir*rriit dlK»tlbllllr of altmcnta t*4
Pir*ct ot ataciTK^tr dapaiitfiiix upoa
rarloua modoa el atipllcatloa , . M
fornu ot rbmalat for d«MrinlDiB> rr-
■IMaud* Ml
nitlUlola
niKitalls
Digiuiluun vcram
OB.S'EIUL IKDRX.
„ - 3U
, _ Ha «»
'Dlcnin M)
KlIlODlD 3lt
Rtloiin 3U
DI-tDdorarm >•■■■•• • m
Dill-Eriilt UO
Lillul'ri Mtobot* , (7
liydrotiniinic tcld w
b)4rocIilDrlc Mid »
bydnKTBDii; BCId tl
iiX^pbMpberciui actd > A l>'
lua«r cagsUO US
nitric uld tt
iittj«b)rdTO«lilorlc ftcid U
phoapbarM XI4 91
■llTar DllTkU 1<G
■ulphuric acid W
Olonin B<
) DtOKOTMt illlow SGC
BloacnrMa S6S
ITcct flrcintallOD ot tdo ■tomacli Hb
IDIMlIltd walar I4t
l£lUUi"'-'".^^.~IIIIiII^IIi".".i"""ii"'' SK
llHUinlP* XX
LSItbrmol-aMBdId* UO
FDlvrrUn , KM
[Dobcll'i Mlutwa n
iDpsireod aiB
KnovHD'a aolutlOD K, fU. &\
rnUol aU
lIMMCo aa4 meuurenoat, «l*clrlc«l tis
['Dnooatlum ffiS
I'lMad btttvr-orans* p**! IK
> tfTroua talpbaM m
tDraun SM
Snbnlala au
dtioulna- luJphaa vpl brdrobromw SH
I thilbunara ul
, puloln iSt
I PUOUl Bl
I Drii'iiio-'iMtiicttr > • Ml
DiPiikoiouecar MX
Dtd» iA*
Baal tndlaa •miiB 740
au-da.ODlota* K
a*da(l*« Vfi
(Bobatin »
Erblaacaa lU
[BKwta «( abMractlou of baat by ei>l4 ap-
{Jioallona 1010
raalG vurnnc upon tli* Tllal-
llr of dl» BM Karma *M
phxatolavltal. ot told loM
ot currtuu of alKlrldty »7i)
at i-lKirlrlty UK
ot ba( BMillcaiiaiK Idll
ot brdnilberapr ftbd balneotbar-
, apT «*
ot lubt , lOM
ot DMtbanolBaMPT BU
o( Bdnaral tprlnw ■ )T1
Ot niula inw
of oirRoa BK
ot OtOD* Ml
B»oo J»
alpba- Si»
b*u- v»
iKIaaUcB K*
Klatrrin W»
BUtterlnom tSt
Slalrrliiin Ut
Idtr m
-Sonra n\
naOBipana 4Tt
BhvtrlT Tiatb*. monopolar and dipolar SM
ItliUDlnaUon la madlclnu aad aurtrry.. am
ln]MtlaBa VX
, tUnrloal asd other (omia a( torT«. mrr*-
lallon ot SW
Bppanluo olhat tban batWrlaa Ml
cMa^artal* ,. HP
raOl
Blrcrtrlcal corTDDt. tbo. lu pbraloal <b*r-
aclnra Bod propartlaa i _
dou4;(< and iDoaiurraarnt Mil
maalCuaUUoDi. prlDclpln uadctlnoS'. Hfl
inKBiiurviiiXKut Ml, Ml '
Kkclriclly iind lila-turw MS
and maaucClnd. Inilmnls relaUODabtti
ot HI
chemlral HI
donuittoa o[ nt
ainuiiiDt effcFti drpcodiDi upon rart-
oua mudiHH Df Bppj|pai.aa ..... B^i
rupDUal tdintity o( MV'I
far modlcal purpoata. aourool ot H*
for iba rolMt ot pain ITt
In drrmalolosj, anillvaUao at Ml
in diocooaia, tba medico ■total value
ot WIi
Ip MDacolosy, ApoMoll owthod ....
U mtMtUiBi occiuBion
In modldsa ^
Id Ibn Iraatmaot at panljalo fW]
pbralral UHh
pbraiDloBical H>
apuclal applloaUesa Ot. Ui clinical nxd-
Iclaa tTT
•UIW Ml.:
lilaetrlDoBUon aod alaotro-inaKntllBin Ht I
EIWlrtBtloo ol tbo alomaob. dlrrct fotij
lCI«triH«u*lB HU
Blfctrodoa ■•KM]
Boms patDta witD r*card M SHi
Klootro-dlacDoaia In patwljala 1
nxboda o(, id rarioua narToua
affactlooa I
Hloctrolrala .....4Wl i
In madiettio
Slaetnlrta ,.,
ttlactro-masDM , Mtl
r*noTai of toralcn bodlaa (Tom tbo
a»wlth ,
-mOttUI' • n»i
•iaotl>« (orcc
'ftatir mocbina* ...l..
-UierapDutlct M
nllnl<7al Kt
prtacnl iiandliii and importanoa
ot Utt
th> toundatloa ol aucMn* in
Slactropoloa DiUd
Ble«irotoDna ,
mactraiana ,
Klameot. tb« DanMI ...<
KINDI ,
Slomlc Bcid , .,
Cllitr aronutMua ,
damlaua ,
pboapbort ,,,.,
rubl ,
wmpOBllllDI ,.1
BIm , ,
Kmbi-Ma ribra
BmbellD add
Bmoiina
Bniodln , tn, '
KiDplaatram aminaniael <nn tirdrar-
«Tr* ...Ml;
arnlp^ ,
billadonnaa
oalefaelana »■■•....
Rantharldla ...........................
(VIMltfl m
teiT\ ,. to
hydrarnrrl — ■>.,.,
irhtbyototlM
opu .
plFla ,
nuraundtoBi
eanlbarldalUM |_
ptuaibl ail, ■
lodldl 9B
tfml»m m*
BBponl* , ttl
rasnlalB ...,.,.,.... tu
' OSKERAL UiDBX.
P*oit
EiDultum HHDiaQtkcl ■ lot
majidilB lU
uriieiid* • lU
cliloniforRU tSX
BoMnat* ' lOM
lauUT*, [ormvliB tor • 10ft
Baumcljral* MM
ltt>b*4ra ML
^bcdrino ■••• Ml
Bpldtrmlu Ml
Kpim™ in
EpiQiplirln US
Efe . MK
KtKOttBtiM ffl
Krcol n ' MI
Krioia I • M
KTKaUn MS
KrcotlDli aM Mt
BraoiUlUi , W
KrkotMD (IT
Mrloolln IK 4M, US, IM
SrlDdlctjron Ki
ErylbropblwlD MT
Brjrtbrorbnlln ■ lot
KBOhwhollila M)
Swrldlna SM
Eiwna* «M
Bthn IS
KlbrTHl oil n
Etbrl-braiDid* M
-i;talarld« , |i
-Iodide M, 4M
•vuliibau o( todlitin SI
■•ulpburle Mild SI
RbrlMpnt Htdlnm T*T
Btbri»l«d cbloral-imiliui ns
Blbjrlono bromide tl
Btbrl«n<>dlaDiD»-tiilTM'-iiho<ipb*M volu-
tion ISO
Butblnc MB
KiKBlrPIMl STl
SunlTptl Kumml ., IM
uoairptoi ,.,.,.,..., , 3»
BUMlrplo-rewKla 8W
RucBlypiu* MS
Hucblnln »
Buianlc acid .1... tM
RuiMii'il -■ - MB
Bninnol ,..,. ttS
Maumlda W
BanWDol m
ISDOnyml cnrtn MS
Kaobjmin , SH
BuoDrnui 8N
ICup«(DTln ,. JT4
tCupdloiiain > IN
purnurcum gh
Buphorbln carollKU ■ In
Ipri^arukoba ..>■,>•...■■ iOI
pllulifcra ITS
Eiiiihurhluiu IN
K(ft>>ifirtinTi . ....... ............ It, ».■■■• SM
BrjphnrUj . ..^......^. .^^^.... ....... .,,..,... nS
E<i[tbnLhlEi .....,,.. , (fT
Ettiihilmlmin bjrdrocbloiiSe ITT
KiirobFa HS
Burophon sn
EialKln S»
Kiptanation of production of dcgpnora-
tlon-roactlon pbeoami'HK 8M
BMradmn •conllt H
(luldum ....,, H
Bllivil M
Iinr1xidf*niri» -■■.-■•... M
■Dlhftnldln ,......., in
upiiC)Ii> fliildun 141
.iroIcK' raelkU 114
niiidTiTTi iM
■romMlcirni tluldum MS
niirl«<p1AAIri tluldiinl ...,....■ 1BT
DFIildofDcrmnlln niitdum > IM
iLurhrihl flmar« fluldum -. Itt
brllAdoQIliri nErnhoELi'lim «■....« ltt$
foUornxD alrobolicum in
is
Kiuartam bclI&douiuB Ilqnl4u» 1^
nriJola in
tlTldo la
brronla lluldan Ml
Buobu Biudum M
c^aail fluldun M
calumba Sulduin ...•.>■
oBiinatil* IndloB 1
ouidum
mislcl lliiMum .1. ,
caacarf iiLctadai W
lLf)u^(luiii ,--. YM
nalnni'ir fliitdum M
f«u]ophyui nuidum ....••-... .i Mt
chlmapblloi Bulduai — M '
cblnM Ouidum Itt 1
olnlcltus* M*j
fluldun
Ilqslduni
docboDB .1 , _ _
fluidum m
hquldnm m
ooow aulduin M(
iiquidam m
colcblci ,. Mt
r>aiH« ,., Ml
fluidum
tmaMt Ouidum
ealocyuitildia „.„
compoillum JMt n
MUI Ml
suiduu „ In
cotiTatlarlm Quldtim M
cubFbiB Buldum Ml
is
. wr
,.M)
:Si
cuatD Ouidum
ryprlpi-dJum fluidum
dafnlone
duldum
dJsltalla
fluidum
dloacoKiD Duldum ...
dubolaciu
fluidum
duInmnTK nuMum .
(TOSOCie
fluidum
Ilquldum
ericdictyl (luidum ...
aucalrpti Diiidiim ....
euonrini
■ici^um
■Dpaturu fluidum ,', .l.ltH
aupborblip pllulltn*te ffi
fluidum nt
filldi llquldum ..,,. Ill
(rntisnln? fluldun MT
RflHTnll flUldUtn ITS
KiMlllaii* ., .. m
niildvm . tM
Grmiill fluidum ,„ M
KtyrrrrhliH- Jit
fluidum m
liaumum at
purum ............................... <U
■onml radi«1i Butduu ttt
RrlDdalM flvldom
Kuarann fluldtuD ,,
bvmaMiTll
hamamclldla Ouidum ....
Ilqiildum ....I.
brdraalla fluidum
Ilguldum
broiu'yami , Mt
fluiduin 40
vlrldla - , «tl
lp*ra<uiinbv fluldun .... <»
Ilnuldum an
Ifiaia Ml
fluidum im
Inborandl llquldiun M
Jalnpir ciM
luKlHiidii' ,„ t/H
kmrni-Hip HJ
flaldum . UK
]ND£X.
10?1
Ksinictvai Upp* amdum U»
KpundnB Ji;
owauoi ««
lebtltM SDldain ■■■ fs
lupullal auldum U^ M
iMtlw Daidum •>*
DMlaparai Hiilduat Ml
auwMt fluldum U«
ou«U vDmia* t •«■
Ruidum MI
llqutdum ..!■..• Kl
9pll i9
UauiOum M*
fMvira nuidiun US
UquidWD M
pbjraortiKnatli tM
pli]'UU«oa radleM fluldus) HT
pllorarpl auldum ew
P<Hlapb»m ««
nuiducQ no
pninl VlrvlnUDM fllildiltn *M
qua*!* Bl
auldum 01
rbwDDl punhluiM SnIdaB ItD
rtiei m
Auldua ••• TU'
rtou clabrB aolduni KB
r«Mt auldum Wl
ntbl auiditm ( m
nnalcia auldum TIO
Mbla* 9bI4ubi Til
Msmi»rUB auldum Tti
■ma llqiUdUn) TXI
■nkpftrtll* amduai rin
ctnDiHMlluDi HI, no
KlIliD fluldum m
^o|>arl] IfmdtiTn - ..................104
KuielUriir Itnidum fST
ttBtftm nuldum TM
MBD> duldum 7M
wrpTDUrln Duldum 7*1
ninllB flutdum ..,. Tft
t MdEnuotuiii lUkidiii duidum at
' ttnhnitU* flvldnn fH
Mramaall Ht
■i-miniB 4*,.. ...... ........ Tdfi
Auldstv ■■.- ■ tK
■mpbaatlil ■ ...., m
I ttnuMi Ttt
aoldsm Ttt
Itquidum 1... n:
iKiifi flnidum <1<
un* unl m
fluldum ..---..-«..,,,.«..«,■..■.■ ttt
' TkMcluui amauin ...,....., nt
^**raM Tiridl* auldum as
' vibumi opull duLdum ...,,.«...,, ^S
pruDltollI auldum til
Ufltlioiyll auldum Kt
tlacltwrl* fluldum ....I Sn
BrebrUbt ,...i.„. *n
PbUim ImMlruta W
ruw b*ltvborc 71
atiHur* IM
rand -. >i>
Pkiadio ouTTvnt*. rarlrllM at vi%lHj In.. M
or IdAdMmo ■pptmu* Kt
FkradltsHaa and CBlTnaltm, xravrBl m
Fsntomvtrr. Adiimii'* . , MT
nntiaMMa Iwat-Ua IM
PU bmla , ta
HrUoMam tSI
bwrlMB «
FMnal M
P«nn»td m
FwrwMtnv Kl
F*ra, Bul* iw
g»m>uii aa
I^BTTl artniu# ..,.,,..,.4 ,._.,............... m
eirboDM auAaMtai M, M
tbiortdum M
titra* . m
X kmBMDU cllna , Ml
FtrH I* aBunoala nlpha* ...•. ,,,••• SB
tartnu • SB
poMMll uriraa Jn, fM
oBlalDB Htra* • SiL MB, Ml
■olubllla ITL n
iUT«baliu> «ltraa .>.. MS, M
bniopbaaiibl* M
lodidum uicbaratsm m, jM
laeui tt, W
oudum brdmtum US
sura mii«a*it» ttl. SU
pb«pbu I Kt
Mlubllla W
prropbMpbaa MlabUla .^ m
nlpbaa MI, W
•nlocuua Vl, m
RIKBUUlua Kt
ralCTlaau , , tH
F«rrler'* *niill t
yitrrltiirrln ttt
rmobrnxoiti tt*
P*rroua malato m
P*rrum 1ft
rtduccum 1 M>
laruratum Mt
l^ulak uid M
riEU* tH
Fit »l
Plllvia acid IW
nileln , IM
Pllli mai I»
fnh-bfrrt 99
nuuecd MO
Fluid Dotcr'a powdar tM
FluorMOvtu »t
Kluorractn M
Fly-tuDiu* ■
FodIcuIi tnclua ■>,<.. W
Fmnipuiuu Ml
Food. pbralDloay ot _ m
Faodf, duld. farmulB lor tOOl
rcTM^ ciMiroiooUTa M
llnaa Ot BU
FurvlBD bodiM, remonl Iram Ihs ajro vltta
CD* rlictr»-nMD«l m
Fsmuldibrd w
Formalin M
FormlD M
FDniK>i M
Fsrma «i iriallc InatrunaBta ,-,..... m
ForiDula- (or duld loodi lOn
tor in^latlesa tM
tor laiaUr* ftinmats mt
Fovira'a aolutlon 1«
FM-dava M
PruKBla MT
FnaniW MT
mafe*MB MT
Pmiktne«aaa IM
Frawra MT
FtuiJn - IM
Fr*iih tiitlrr eransa-pMl IB
rnrllon til
rlnMTlellr HI
Frlrimnal macbUiM .,... Ml
Fuchun .,.,.... Ml
Fupua vmlcaloinia , Ml
GadiilD EIS
OadDol as
«■•■"«• M
GatbaanM Ml
Oalbaraalao-taDaol m
*>■»««• ■ M
Gallam , ■■
QatU MS
Oal1ar(4a*braoaa Mt
Oallleaeld m
CalTule batu^r. tbe rptutrMamta at.. ..,.■!
(b* woft o( B
raaUrliaUon tm
™ll» MP
cumnt. fCwt Bf. upoa Ika tiuiim or
AlaMM-Raraa fM
i
1072
OEifKKAL UiOEX.
- v*aK
OolTaalMD Ml
Oalraatnttlon. cBUtnt. cauurai «1(li n-
(krt to lU naplormoDt SiC
o( Ills armpfUcUC in IM nwjt. otjoi--
Uou* to m
aBlTBiiMautFrjr tU
10 uoM utd tbroBC dlMM«i MM
UkKuDO'taiwlliAllan Wg
0*l*uiDmat»n IB
tiunbon • I'
OarllG »
OarrT& t^moaUl ««
0«rrxii>ii «w
(hullborla MH
GaulUiarlluiB tOC
Oetn *«
dDlalla 40I
UelaUnum Wi
Oelx-diil radii WI
aelwinlna «IG
OfliaiiilBliie Ml
CrTlaf>E»^um ..--P..P-- --^.,---.4 401
Qgaarsl taraduatlon and lalTioliUloa — W
in*<llcal pncuc*. bumcc id 119
Ovaltana vi
a«ntt>n» radls 4M
a«aUoplcrlfi tn. 4M
OanllaiR acid -VT. «M
G*raiuum «»
OarmaD cfiunomtle ui
Oaam 4Dt
IHIlciila «(IT
(iill«aln W
OIn n
Olnsvr — HI
aionoln ■ 40i
Olucnav , Til
Utucaalmlda M>
Olnililc V»
niualdum tW
UlrR"'lD *»
Qlj-farlnUDi „ «V
a<.-ldi borld U. v<a
wbalid .», m
unniol n. ««
■lumlDla 109. «W
BIDTll II*. «*
twraou n.im
»*P*lDl «(, «»
Slutnbl ■obaoflaUl W. Ml
'ajtaoaotbo! 401. til
nircrntr or biamuib borata tit
ClrcarltuRi audi oarballo) M, fi
MDDlol .a. W>
anrli ii*. «s
borosircmoi u. vu
KdraiUa <n», «-.;
Bill «09. 830
Oljrcaral damlaoat. phoapborl. at uikIh
Tamlna MT
OlrrrrrbctlO U«
□Irer'T'ilta 411
Olyrrrhtiln 41t
aircjrtbiiinom •nmoolatuni Mi 4H
Ooa-pawiIiT XT
Qoara'run t»
Gold and potaaalum cblarlda IM
■odlim chlarlda Ml
tbmd Ill
nal4*B-n>d 1U
Oold4«4(«1 »:
OMarPIl radlotiurUx 4li
Ooaarplum .„ 41t
purlflcatum 41t
Ooulard'a «rata M
nuBct , cn
Qranarl cortax 4M
Rranalam (K
Ofwii aaap , ir
Orlfflth'* mliniM IS
Rrlnd*IlB 41T
(irnir cell, tke Kl
OuaiM aa
rvala ...,,. Ill
0UBU<-VD04 •*..•.>*>
Gualacatie MCld ...........
Ouatad IlcnaB
rtmlaa .'.
GualaMc ««I4
OuaJual
rartranata .•••.
vfonaaula
«-la«ld*
yboapklw.-
Mitcrlau
awalaosale acM
Gualacum
Uoarana
auaraDloa .
QuK-K
Oun acacda
T^^imnaf ............
arable
GurJuD '..-...............
Owua.pcKh*
OTSBOOlogj. atactrMly
Biatko4
C]rao«ard1c ael4
'llnnalaixli llca>n
llvnialMiTllii „
HMUaivnioiD
HaawCurtsiB
tiVBOUllDl
Umvutt .......n
Halica^aeaa .....,.............._
tlalltr'a a«M dn>tN ...... „.
Mamaadldi* cortats
mua ^
llamaaatla
M*pl«p«fO^B
Hmi and eoU a* tkana^nMle asM
I Ual u a raoMt)'
(hentpauii»( »»pl>caua— iC.
Ilf^wna ,.-....
tlrli^lD ..,..„.„„
Kriiantiicnium ....••■•.........
llfllaolbua ,
lltlliwU _
HrJUborala .^
IMIaborM ..„.,
IMIabaniB ^
HaloMta* ^-
HamUMwlB aold
HtmUtainm
Hamlaek
pu'b
aprvM
Htap. Caeaidlaai .
Indian
Ilrnk
Rtpalica ,.,
Hanln
Heiporf4i«
Banelwta
HJiqineartaaim
Kiiuda
Haani-aaa
lIoirBanB** aoaitinka
ItohlT
tt«t«aln
H«BiaUTipiB« bT4r«%road4KB
HovMbaUdOMM ....
Ilandwaa batk .
Honar
tteH>*4
af rata
Ropa'a mnrtnr nliisT*
Ha*a
Ha».tn« Mtft .
(lOTabouad
tlnma-rhaMaul
llonr-Df Kia . , ,,
Hnraa-radtab not ....
Hot appllratloaa. Mt
Mqir lo pnacilW i
Kamitlua
i(unc»r-oaj«
VXOK
Hjatmatt* «>1
Hrdrurcyrl cUDrUam oolrotlvum (IS
mlu ..- ua
cfanldUQi HS
Indldiiai luviim 4a, «U
nibrum lai. 481
oivu u at
oiidi hxuiii tai
rubrum ■,,...,. ■■,,■,.,... 411
perch lortduni , 4lt
■ubcbleridum 4SI
■ubtulpliM fl>Ta ■ 40
Hi^drarsyiol 4H
Urdrarcrruiu aEamoalkUiBl Ui, 4D
«an or«U Mi. 431
HrdrMdno m
Hydrullulaut brdrocblona 4iiT
Kjrilmilnin 4IT
K7<l'»[l* 4R
rbLUBta 4tt
llrdrawd oxido o( Iron IB
vllb man««l« • W
Hydrlodle luld U
»Oiw m
HTdrabromale ot CODUiw IM. HI
ol byoMlDn 40
Qt hrMnXimlnt , W
BrdrDbroDile aaid. 4llut* •..> J*
Dltivr S
Kr<)rai'1ili>rat> ot •pomorpUIn* Hl> M
of OQCAlQC ..,.........,,,..,.,.,......,^. US
ot brdmitiaJn* <n
of mirphJnp ,., .■■-. .<- r.iH'
ot pllociirpliie , .,.,1 «4B
Hydrocblorlc Bcid K
Hr4roroU)K Ml
HraraOiiwllle told Its
HTdrocoDIl dloxldiun 144. 149
llrdraaapbtol U9
UrdralbenpT and bklD«atb*r«pr. pbiraio>
ioClral dI«CU Ol 061
ID norroiH dtMutM XT
•oditlT. In Dprvou* dUiorden MS
Hfdroua vool'fAt .---.-..--.,......._...... Tl
K)'ilr<ii]>lHiiilii Ii)><ln>i'b1i>r<d* ,-,... ))»
llroncinv brdrobromu >.. 48t
hydiotironilduin 461
llfun'ino 4C1
llroiii-Taialiis brdnbi«m4M 4ft
•ulpbaa r 4tt
llyMKi'/jinitiio ...•..■■.-... .... nv
Hrniryamu* N(
Hrpcal m
Hypuuna ...,„ , ttl
■ln>D0tl4m UQf
and ■uiEHtlon IMS
In Kvnprsl pracUda .....................UK
llrpodrrmoclr*!" <• VMS
Urpophoaiiblia ot Itna tU
of Una M
ot pouaalam R4
of lodlum .,..^,................ tl?
ilyt'<«"li>bit« of manurr and potaHtum... <U
IHrnolum ........................ .,.....^. 4Sd
Hyaftupua , I4T
llynt^rLtinti'n «.ai..a*.«ii....iii.. IS7
It#lnitd moaa *<a
lebtbatbln ...., ITD
IdHbyorolla , ISS
telllbrol - 4»
trhlbraaiilphaU ot ammonlain or •odlom, its'
iRBaurlc acid Ml
iRwariaB HI
txnatia m
Ilfi 4»
IIll«lun 4ri
Dhimtaatioa. titiTiric. In nwdiolar kud aur-
tCTT »M
India rulibrr .tn. W
Indian brrrr » MS
rorn SM
bfDi|> r.._.,..,,u«....„.....toi....*.i SV
pranyiron ».•..>.■ 4tf
i'
i
PABB
ludlAD Mnaparllla
lodlao , m
-blua „ , «!
tndlBDila m
lodui'vd eurrwiu Mt
Indiirllou maebliitia
Induocori .. .........
Iiiflnlln -..-r.. ......
tnrunuiD aiiraDIII , .
(uMnpMltum
bucbu
valumba
caryopU/UI
cJavBHlla
rblrata _._
vlnobpaB jn
ai-ldum ,.,„ n
I'uapanv , ,,, Mi
dldtall M
ontou ..,.,.. ..I ■■
notUnB owDpoaUUD 4M
Javantlm tu
lapull , Wf
pruni VlrslDlaua
quatlB
rent a«l^iii '„,'...'.'„..,'.',','...','. nf
wopani 1H
aMfn* m
•eDUB IW
comiraWtum .UT, 140
■i.rpdDtarlv ....................i, ....... HI
iiiiB ural ni
IdkIutIu ,.,., .VU
Inbaletloii
rnrmijin' fof
InjcFiJo I'ucuiia bypodormloa
•Tcni;!! tiypodmnloa Ml
iDjrolloni HH
tDluEid i^limatfla ||t
iDBlruLurul!). clrcUlcRl. Um at M
lul.rriilitHim, rapid and •low Wt
IntMiinal o<?clualoD. i^loctrLcItj (a fOft
iDllmaU KluUaDahli) el rlootrlcltir and
macMUam Ml
Inulln 4n
lodaiiiitabrlD „., «
lDiliinilpTrl& „ 4M
Iodide ot ■mnooliim ...lOt. Al
ot araoDie „ 14, 411
at iMd 411
Ot mnnniry m, 4n
or puiuuiua \ ..„..., 411
ot nilrrr 141^40
or oodtuin .—.... ...... ....... 4n
of aulDbur dB
of n-oe , i^i
Iodine ....■...,.■ dH
tribromtda
Indliihenln
todlpln
lodlam
todlwd ptptOD*
aUrc-b
l«do->liraa
Iodoform .
odorlaM ; m
'"dol fll
lodonapbthol ...in. tn
lodoaulpbate ot elncboDla* tit. Ml
Ifidum ^b
Ipecacuanha -..••..•.•..•■■i. St
Il>fc«''unuh» radii
IpvrHcuaiiblo aold
Irldin
Irla .
PlorvnliDB
Irlvh moaa . ,.
Iron
■IbunlaaU
Oleate 4I
plaalar M
-aulnlne chtarlda ...
IrrlcaUon of tb* bow*K
PAOK
blnsUH M
-plutor M
■•o-buiyl-ortbo-cnMl-lodlda xn
■nbjIXo - GM
UaoM uid wtona. .••.>». Utt
lul »«
jKboraadl •
Colla *M
jabonnr
J»Uiilii M6
Janwlci dos««o4 Ci
Jantiilu rum >T
Jambol y»
Janua'a powder U>
Juta tM ni
Jsrulwb* 1U
Jenibatilii in
JvrvlDn m
Jobimbln ., m
.imlaadlc add >.. tOI
JucUni .. an
JuDlpar Wl
Junlpcrun .,,, W
Junlporu* ..•■■...•.ii.ii HT
Kkkodjlle vat U
Kuii4la HM
K»otln Ha
KaeUnum ■>.•.■.> ■ — n>
RatrlDo ^W
Kan-kava BW
KoBr ua
RIoealtlieMpr »«
KlDo (IC
Klaolo lU
Kiiioiaiinle acid Bin
KnxiutInK tl3
KnDb-riMK MM
Kola Slfl
Koalo MS
KMaeuxlsa , , XM
XouiDiwi ni. xtnt
Kouaaaln MS
K«UMO t**
Rranxrla MI
KrmBi«rlotaiin1r avid ..,,,.. iU
Krealn Xtt
Ijihumqu*'* ■ointloe ■ .Hi. HI
Labllo add ttablla appIleaUoiU Wt
LacUU oT Iron M. W
LacUe acid a
LaMAi aw
LacwoapbMl tM
LactophaDia <tt
LactMomatoM Tit
tiaptucarlum (H
Idcturvrtn 534
Larturl? acid , U4
LaclUClQ ni
LadlM'-allppvr MT
l^vuloac (ertlde .<..>i 9t
tM»jttta rolxtura SIT
Lamtlla ■iroptDB tH
roaiam ^H
liomauvplnB <■
LainlnaHB Ut
I^aolln t It
LAPIS dlTlDU* SM
Lappa Sm
Lard , „ ;i
broioBlcd II
bfiivulEiBird .■........-■I... >■■*■*.. fl
-oil 71
LarcFO , Bit
LAUdanum „....,.,.. IB
I.aun'l.tiar ,.,,.,..■.. lU
Laiirin . (16
Laurocsraal toHa Bl
LauPOcnaBln , Ul
Laiirmlfarln ..,.„,... til
Launu
Laiaodula
IduttI** Boaa
L«ad
oltat*
LMltbiB
LadltaaiUt Mta
I.tduin
Lvaebaa
L*IIIOD
LpODIodtD
LcODurua
Laopard 'a-baaa
Laptaadra .
Ltplandria
LiMtu(*4piuiq . . ■
t«*B>t woiaaand
Ldclinila
Lichi and darkaiaM
ptiXMoloalcal •Sacta nt.
tbcrapauUcitl OcdncUeAa i
l.llr or tba Mllay.
Llin*-waicr .
LlniDD
LlmciitU 'otta
xirtvi
Llnamarin
I.ijidvni' cortvi
Llnimvatum aronlll .
el cblaroforml
amowAkw .........
belladimn
Mh*
caapbM*
•nniMiUiiui
onlbaMdla
rblerafoml
rratonla
brdfarsrtl
oplt
polaull lodMI CUB I
aapoola
■allu . .
atoapia
coinrvalwn
tarPblBiblDK ..,
acenrnH ....
Llaaaad
LljDUB ,
MttM
LlpaXn ...„
LIpidollU
LIpplB HnlcaM „,
LipplDl
LiqUFllr^ pb*i
Llquidanbar
Liquor aoldl .
rbramMl
■ulpbWId HalliM
aainianM*
arrtaUa
pitratia .—..,
tona
ararol «t br4r*rof( :
araialntla
anxald brdrorfctorkwa
alrapUw aptplMtla
bHtUlklat I
nkda
thlortaaloa
aaHbaratna
ratumb* nanmrafa ...
raavlclMvc
cblratB cancaauiwiaa
(maparla rnsMalrataa .-.,
rlMlravoMtB* „.,
ppli^aatlcua .•..—..,....,,
f«n acMatta ,
chlarMI
fllralla
rl amaaaiA BM^sUa.
aiircna
■ohtulpbatla
UBXERAL INDEX.
1075
fAam
Uguor IrrrI tvnurphatla tSS
Hamaiii«ll<ll« .•.■■■. *tt
hrdrarcyrl BltratU tK
pprrnlorlill *tt
h)rilr«snill p«rai:ldl 144, 110
IMI ooinpoalla* •.■i <n
torn* «1
knnuna conMninitiu • ^'i
uastt**!) earboDkU* •• >.•-.. U*
ttlratia oK
niaiiSBiio-tprrl ptplooatm IKl
morrihlD* atwtall* • Wl
GrdnMbloTldl W
tartratU M
paiirn4lla .........i.......f>>«i..**.'... ill
twpsini no
pM* I'arlKiDla MO
plumht ■ulwnUtia Ml
diiuiuH on
|iota*a> — R4
(wiaaMi amnlUa ...ii.. 14. fH*
I iliraU* 53
^^K ptmaoKaaatla W. Cn
^^H guaaala concanlralui > ;. . IW
^^^H rbfl eoocratnitiia lol
^^H aarUB coinrwiltui coiueotratiia no
^^^1 a(ii*Ra> cODFcalratua TSt
^^^H MDiiB M>D«*o(ratu* TU
^^^B atmulaMv <oa«MiU«tUB Ui
^^V <liioniVii !".'. V. '.'.'.". '.V. '."'.'.'.'.'.' '.'."aii '»!
H lodli ariDQatla H. '*!
■ l<^ruU* compMltua n
orholilua »
«tbrlatla "tt
■lllratiB . Til. :*<!
RrrctialDtF bxdrwblorldt •*>
innitrlol > t. W
ilnrt chlorldt - St
L>4uerWr powdrr, cnRpoiud 414
-root *H
LlMar'a anUMptk olBtnent .-.■ a
Ulbarn «1
Utbtt Icnaoaa • Ut
brvmldiiai IH. OU
carbaoaa U1
dlraa Ul
f4l«r>*BcaaB SJl
•allc)>lai M. Ml
Lllbiuin U1
>«data 411
LKmu* U3
Llvi-rvort ..•■. n... ....«.'.- 4Cn
LntfJu'iiD &U
Lob'UB &H
Lubvllc aeld U4
Uitnllnv Ui
Lofifood ( ■■■•«..■■■.•■.. 411
Liundoil puU 1.,.. T4T
l»ri-11n 616
Loioiihar ....i..... •..*.■....... £16
I..otlo tiydrurKXH Si*a WO. cn
nlam m. 411
Lunar t^atiillc .-,.-,. Itf
Lupulloir 4M
Liipulini'- Mid 430
Lyi-nprduii ■>•-.. tM
I.j-Tatwdiiiin — >■• — U4
Lveopui ,...,,,.,. •.■■■.■..■■•••••I ITJ
LtboI ««t
Uatv .........m, K>
Macblnt^ tbt Boitt n
Hat la W
UacraUn m
Uaaa^a UI
1«M Ut
pondaniaa 6TI
MagnvMI MrlMnaa f^
leila U)
pondHrOH , Ut
Ftlru ««■»— «■! tSt
■ulpbaa .1 nt
£
Hannll BUlPhBB affFf vrartoa . ■ HI
MacnMlun 6n
lta«DvU>.«l*clrlcltr aad dyBamo* MO
UasDalia Ut
MacnaUo ....i W
Maidl* MKniata «
ualllana W
Ualtv Hi
Maltrol«aeld ..................UL. HI
MalakiD tn
Malatnn i......... IB
Maltow W
Htltiun W
Manaca ..,.., gj
Mandralw • {R
Mansaacaa
olVBle Ii.
ManiBDl dioxidum
lulpba*
Mancasum —,
llBDcaaiaoa —,.,.,• Bt ,
Mancoilvvn HI
MaDSOBllB SJ7
Minua rj:
MuiiDlta , . Ua
MauMalu •T... tft
Uansu 1... M
MarUold ,
Martnp cllioatn •••..<•
MuFtublu
klarrubluxn SV
Harabmallov IM
Manb'i MM 14
Maa)a popalbB US
r«rrl narMiUilla
iiydrar«rn
MatMLRr and mt-iryi*
cantra-lndlciitloni l» .._ __.
bDV (o prntrrlba M i
ID C*n*ral m*dltal prratiMa in,
(]rD«rfliU with IN
Muu-lbanpauUca W
and iDa«haDatb*rniT, MPbaMiwat.. Ml
Kmntr ■„.•■•
Mullcba 1
Sduil.lKc aal4
Maatlcbla
Matk'lu ,...,
Matl.n ,.,........i....i...
MaliifaMa ,
uay-appla
Mar* {
HcadD«-*j»iiwn* <
-M)In>Q ,,,
Mtaly-aianron
Mraturnnrat*. dattrlcal 641, i
UDcbaiilcal rurrviii-tnumjpt'r ..► i
MwbannlhfniM' .' l
tihxalolackul (ttNt* at . ..1
Ibvrapriillr appllrailana of .. i
MTfDalv acid . !
M*dlcal praclltw. s*iirral. laaaiaKa Is...,.
U'dicaifd vapora ., .
Mntli-lnt. flKirldir la
Mel
boratfia ..«•.■«.
dtpuralum
daapumatinn
:S
■a
MclUM
ManlapaniDU
HralbajplptTlU ....
Mridli
Manlbnl
MrrrurK tedaw ....
oUala
Ui'rcumiidoha'Tnol
llwurol
Uotc^imMi* <]1i«at4 ..
txnnat'
Mfmiry ctrbolal* .
rnrR»tnldal« ...
pyroborM*
anrflolmtd* ...,
.640.
. 641
iu7e
OeXBIUL IS'DEX.
UcrnuiT ikyniatMrtaW — ... 4a;
Hmk«I button* lao
MMcallD* m
HculliMcopy ua iiiaullotbM^pr UW, )»>&
II*ibac*Uii •»
Mtlbed* o( rlKtrodlMnDtU in nriuuii
UTTOU* kllMillOIU ITI
UalbjUl Ml
Hatbrl-OfBMUu* UI
chlorKU M
•(Onlloc t til
■msriapUD IM
•allcxlu (00
TiDlet M*
UalhrKDB-btcblorld* ttt
■bluv Ufi
UcibrnifiQ ....»...-. ta»
Uotbyaduum i M*
lai-un>i carl«i Mt
KelDrolalc Mid U>
Hatnraum Mt
UUnwIdtn Ue
HlormcDpiDtl thanoMn of water >n
Ulcnilnla on
UUk-wLii* &I!
UUUunmccer* ...- Ml
HlllluttplrnmaMr* MI
Ulnciral iprUui no
[ib]rii«roai««l «SgtW«l *7t
Hlmur* unmoBtad I0(
■TorKdiUa — 111
eatuMons aoida .•» ■ n
•romatlca Ill
cbloTotannI brduMTsnan Bt
etvwotl ■..•>•, m
creu> Wt
ttTTt lompoillB ■■■ V
(wro-MJIn* •■.>. tto
Klfoyrrblui compealu 411, W)
SiMLlael «»
rl)«l 01 aodB ...,Tn. Tin
Msaa compoatta 740
n-lrllD* tIbI sallld » 81
HlUhalla M>
MonMU Mt
HoDmln tM
Hook-a-biMd U
tloDobroniau^ vampbor IM. Ill
HaiUMblonl'anllpfria MI
Uoaopolar and dlvolM «leetrtc batba "M
MomoD tM Ml
Hgrptaloa U*
Horpbf Mb MotM •••>. U>
brdrocblora* MS
bjrdnnhloTldam SW
■Ulpbaa •.•>,...•■■ SA
urtraa KH)
Uonibin* ol(W« 49
Horrcitla „...,.., SAn
Horrbuol .....i........^...i..*.>..-. (1%
M«*rbu* tGO
Man. Iirrland M3
Itlub >, it!
UMiffon m
Mucllaca of crdontnm 3«
Hnollass u-iicIih W
Maaatrai medulla) ,,.., ni
tram^antba .......>■■<•. ni
ulml SIS
UUCUQA ..........,..■.,, ..fl.,....!!....!...-. Ul
MullMln Kn
Huluplc sra MS
pUDFlurlB ^ •--. )i)^
MnrlattR acid S9
MUKUIDP ■ IB
uusip „.., mw
pbr«tolo|clral •ITwU of ion
tborapautl« applieatiotia of VBt
Moak MO
-roM , TK
Uualard T41
■papar TH
MultOD-brolk .. i,i, ..,,.„ ■ KXH
Hydrtn .,. Ml
Mxnra
UTlaUcB
MyroMB , , ., ;U
Uyrrb '. Ul
MTrroa OI
Myrrbin fU
Uyrrbol ^ EU
Uynbotln M
Hynol , M
S'apolIInF
NapbtaUn
Nap(>tba1*o«
NapbUialio
.■iapbibaHiium
Napbibol
N'apblol
■Ipba-
■anUpyriB
beU-
bfdra-
KmUndiw rorMz I
NNtandfiDa I
NmC* bUUBUT . . I
Npphfia
Neriin ... i
NrrTi'-Xfuii'Muit Id unnuui 4l>->Idi'Iii. V
KnmuH A\u-»vn, bydrolbrrapy >n t
■cdallT* lvdratb*raf>y la )
Nauralila. (B* alallc current l»— Mor4an*a
m«tbod I
Nkcoli bramldnm i
Sltkrl bmmlda I
<tlc^t^ . ....
NlcoUaala
NIcotlD* ,,,.
MirvBiiip . I
MlrntP of load. . <
ul paiaauun i
Ol «llr*r 1
ol lOdllUD
Niirc-|Hpf>im , I
NItrtc add
Nlcriir of ■mrl........ I
o( »aiutt
Nlln>livninl .. i
NItrMlycfTlu .<
NiirobydiBchlDrl* aeU
KKromuriatlii a<ld
Nllroua oilde ... ]
NoQ-pbarmauil miiHlim and •'■podl<nlB
•mplayvd la medicine not
sluard *ltb dmn I
Nda* and tbnial dlwaiina. saJra»«ra«lwr
In i
NOKpIlNI '
Mucin I
Nocl^ln I
Numbpr «r rurrviMa (ram a Banidtr bat-
wry
KDt-|Bll
Nutmmi
Not.nir.- ,.
Mux vamm
gfl Ml
Obm
Obm'i lait , ,.,.,.
Oil nt tiubiT ,,.
o( mil baa* x%
al or«ni(».(lowi-r«. volalllr iTtJ
nioandtr STll
ulmum bydrarcrrl 41. 411
T*ntrln» ,, ....4T. V
■IniM 41, fli
Oleic acid «
ouin cm
OleorMlDk aapldU IK
capatd Bl
cubrbm m
lupullnl mt. at
plporla ,.„ .. OS
aindbtrla . an
OEKEIUL INDXX.
um
PAOH
OI«iiB Midi rarballGl It
•dipla n
tttbarsum ..i...i> > K
UBXldati* ■■•■■ lU
uPBnt 1 .......•.>■ lit
•KftrfMBBI lU
uc4kl lin
aalM IR
MUiamldl* •■ Its
Miramil wrtlGt* It2
florum let
bnsaauttn v IW. MS
twlulBT»l«m*....< MO
ooisuiD > m
•njupud .....^.,.1... us
«an at
cUTo^vlll ■•.■...■■. M
pbraopoili .....^...,. HC
cinaaaKail < ■■ ■ M
(opaICa SII>
corluidrl 1»
ckiodu un
culMba tU
wlc*raniw (It
•DMirpti ■ m
rvDicitu »t
|t»ulltl'Tlll> «0
EOHTpll icmUila U»
fOeomm ...^ iti
juoiiwn Sot
lATkntlulK ^... ..,....,....,.. iV!
ODTUin W
llDODia (It
Udi tt>
nrnliiii* pIpariM t41
tirldl* , Ml
norrbua tn
iDxrclm tip
■nynttiaB U>
DCTOll S»
vIlTw in
pbovpliorUvn M
pleU llqolte MP
jrinunUi *H
Hnl • Ml
rldu la
nam WT
wurtnl W
nuB CK
hHm tu
(MUll «M
MMfMa m
>m*nil ., V. (n
■IniipLs volMlU )K
tdrKbltilfjIitiii r US
rHitiDrktom ,......., M
tbrmi .:........ MP
twill WT
om-ou .....*. ^ IM
~ "SasM 4..... Mt
at
.ontiuD .n... Ut
OrkBia WS
-win* K
npMiD tti
OrwtiM do
taanato Clo
orsMi ■rrup .....i...... lu
Onxsnuoi SIP
nninbiD MS
Cm»-root tPt
OnhetDm t>l
Oribonwihrl-aMUMIId m
OttkMlp&oo MuDlatPP ...>.... <11
Ottbortplioiun , (IJ
OmMI iHTrnMuid ,. <l!
Oiubwo I....... 7t>
Hiniatv nt orlm .t H<
Oxallr Bold 1 • 4P
Qx-Mll Ml
Oxid* of anltmonr -■ IM
(if IpMI ... ,... HI
Df (llTW ...Ml. I«
oC line ■ I. »■.... ..>..■.• nt
PAOK
OXyiMI • 1*4
■ppantu* and Mckolqna g| ktottpta-
iratloD >M
phralolaclul pRkU of-... W
pnparaUon ol . , .... HE
tlwrapoiUi: application* tt M(
Oxrnul . .Uu. <U
Kllln nt
Or*lcr-bratA .i IDM
■wui ton
oriicn. ciia(«4 • uni
Otoue BM
In m-dklao Ml
plijraloloflcal oBNtPOf Ml
I'll* roM I......... nt
PamboUna fU
Panama Iwllc ,.,„... Ml
Paacrraa , , IB
Paaortaila tl)
Pancrtatlaiun SI]
Papain , nt
Papamia oapavlw , 0o
Papara BM
fara-acvt-pbrai-udla .<■.■• Mi
ParacUionloM) lU
Parachlotiibvaol M. Ml
raraoDMInc , , Ill
Paracolo no
Paraootolaa , m
PvaDlD. bard ■ tW
liquid tM
Mrtt M
l*»ra<llDniii durum < lid
liquMiun *M
niotu lit
f^raldeblPda IK
ParaldfbrdUDi IM
Parapbanvtolcarbamldo ... ....MP
I>ar««ne .... W
Parfira , tu
Parclrw radix , at
Parlllln m
Parla finca H
Parotid aland IM
I'anub'a campbor nlititfc.-. tU
PanlfT em
ParUldK^b'tTr 400. M
Paata LdadODIaMla MT
Pwtin tu. Wt
P>ll>tl*rln* „ tli
Pxllltorr Ol
Pellot* ID
PrltotlsB.. IM
Pflinrivrbl Ut
P*ntBl CIS
P"po no
P«pp*r - Mb
Papparmlat Ul
■(•mpbor ...I........ HI
PtWUi MO
P*P*lDani ....,-,u OO
*a(i<iliaratum , tn
ppplODictd beaf.M ION
CTUOl - ..,, lOU
milk IBM
■iniol IMl
•oup^ MMn. asd Uant-maiiKm. lOM
PnruailOB tU
PcrltoDooclrila tOK
Paroioloa at
Ionian InaMt-powdc* OP
pBr»to M
Pnlrolatiun llquldwm tS
moHo at
aplaaam , m
IVIroKum CU
bfmiin iM
•tbfT Ul
PinroiHlDum Ob
Pbarmauipvla of tb* Unltfd Mam- 1
PhiKOrliMIn
PbraUJiCi FTP
FbroafoUii ..,.
1078
a]nrBR.tL IN'DHX.
l-AOC
Pnadaxon* CU
PbfDUOODIB tt:
Plwaocoll ,. ea
I'fetDol . V
blimutb ; i»i
PbaD»-r«TOreiD ■ • tw
Pb*IIOMl)ll M
Pbfarlaorlanildv 10
PbFuyl-moUij'l-MWtlV .■•. 1CT
-•■Ik-rUlD 'ib
ruroylumhsua ..•.. SIB
Ptilaboiomr It., I UH
Pboipbal* dC ■BUDonlvB UN
of Iron — IB
or •odiuui 'tt
PbiHptild* of iluc ....Mt,tU
rhMptiorattd oil CM
PboopCoric ■eld , W
fbonpborua OS
Pbralrtl cbsractFT* «f wab-r (71
PlirWoloclcal (ffeni or cold. .,...100
oi curnuu u( i-loclilviv STO
ol TloiMrlcltr MK
Of hot appILcBllOU loi;
or brdrulhctap]' >nd Milnmithir.
"pr (M
of Hclit tW
III iiiiH'biiiiolburiipr >U
Of mineral aprlav tJi
or mualc ....••■ ton
of oiyc^'o VS&
of OMDO 1... —...■ Ml
Pbr*lalacii.-*l clwinotlr **^
FbyalaloKr of food,. Ski
PbrwMtcrla , lid
rhraoallcma Ut
PhjraohtljrniAtlii uriijIikl ..................... Ml
Phr»*tiiniiQB ■alicylM •>>••• Mt
luliibm HI
I'll r">*iiK "imp M*
Pbytolaico.' fruolH (IT
radix Cf?
Pbytota.idi' acid Ml
PbrlolBPclD U«
Plehl »W
Plrrtc ai^ld GI
PiFro-adonldln . .4
PlL'ro|iilJi>|Jll)r|llD „ en
l^rrariiiin IM
PIcroloxlDuifi .........I............... tH^
PUocmpliite bydrochloru MR
tiiim* 8«
PtlovftrpInF M*
Pllocarpua «<i
niulB- aloM 9»
BarbadeoiU ...■■.•« M
•I a<a[<»tld> W. Ut
n (fiTl ». las
ft muii«b*« W. n>. Td;
*t iiiyrrbfR .M. HS
Eocoirlna W
anilnionll i^ompoilUa IS. 11*
aaafiftldw 1W
camboiclio coiuposlia HI
calbarlira »impoilt» ......>.......... 90*
VKKTlablloH -. 3m
(wlocrotbidiB compoiiuo ^w
01 byoacyamt VS. Wt
r^rrl .- »4
carbonatla Ml
lodldl . ». W1
■albant compodtn Ut. U*
brdrBTcTTl W
■ubcblorldl campoalU* lU. <S1
lp*KBruantii» num M-llla .an. TXl
opil tX»
phoaptaon - O'i
plttmbi eun ovio .'■■•>. tM, Kt>t
qulDlna aulpbatl* ZT:
rbol - nw
compoallK ,. VB
■■poiila campoalu* tM
■caiDnionll rompnatta ..■■■•..... J*^
acllljE oompoalUF ............i.......... >A
.m.m
M»
■11*.
Hnwnla
fimptrnvl - -r
Pimptnplla
PlnK-ruut
riaua Caaadtaita .■•• --.
Piper _,,
olcmm
Piptraalo
Pip«rla
fipurtuum
PIpalaacwa
Piacidla orrtbnaa
PlacldiD
PItrh ,
PKultaiT gluid
Pit Uursundlea
<:anndi^nal« .,„
earlioDIi pr>paT*U
llijulda
Mlldft
PlaMaCO
Planula •
Plaamon
Plwitlar-rvot .
PlumM actlaa
carbonaa
lodldaoi
ollraa ...,.,
oxldum I,
Plumblam
Pluinmr^a pllla ............. .......i
Pncumailc dlffrrnitlatloii
pQoumoilicrapr lod pooumaliK Ollti
<lon
PodopbrlU rblioma
PodopbylttQlc arid <
PodopUylloquiTrlilB .,,
PodophlfllOMxlD
PMopbrllun
ooiodl
Polaon-lrr (....u.
-DU(
Psk*-raot
POlrRallC Mid ...II....I
PotTSOoaU radii
Palriloii><' ■I'M
PolyvDnum ....■,.
Potrporui iKolwlaa
Pi) Ir in oh turn ,,.,.
PompsranaU ,,,
Poppy -capatlla*
Popitll rorl^a -...-.■..■
Populln ,...■,., >,■•.■,.,
Puiuaia
rmmtlria
.:um <<alco .,
■ ulphbrata
PolniHll mrptaa
bloAiboaatf .....i... ..■■•......
bkbpaiaaa , Jit
biurira* ■>•... ■..
bromiiiiiin .....1 in.
carbonaa
i-QlarH ...„.
cltrai <....4
*irprT«c4^n>
iranidum
ol indll tarlraa .. ........... tit.
f*rmi.yMi]|ftum .,...;
brT01''><»pb<>
Indldum in,
nllraa
tMrmoniBOiU .lii,
■ulpbaa
tanru ,
acldua
Puiainiluin ., ,..,,,..
hl.'hroTnatr ....»., ...,.
Fantbaiidale
dlthlooarboData
brdroir ..,,. ..,......,,.;
alltealP -..--......,..
PnirnUal. itlTtTAnoM of
PrarDcal work or a baUorr...
.»•.<
•N
<n
«tt
OKKERAl. IMieX.
PAOB
PrM4pllU*4 Mklun carbonftl* B»
DbMphal* ..........I....- M
■ulpbur •• m
ilDr carbdamt* SO
PrvdlKHtcd food ,„,. , ion
.Pi«p«r*Uoa or osrtMt »
rFrnar<<d chalk SV
■u«t IIS
iPmmdi aUsdlsc and IDporunoa a( cIm*
trotb'nipnullcii tU
Pnckl* aah HI
Prtnc*> ptao t46
l'niic<ipl« uBdarlrlag •Uetrlcal iDulfMU-
tioM n>
PrUioi (K
fropertln maA (KeaM of tb« •■•eUlMl cur-
T*M Ml
, Pnurc«l mt
^frMopln* — 13
ProiavaratrMIn* ..• • Rt
I ProlsTvalrlDa Ht
rruB* iM
Pram vtrcmiaiiM mtus kb
Prnnom M
PniiiQ* VlnMIIH ■ tW
' Frnaalc aold ■■.. U
I PaoodoooDbrArlM i:...i.... 311
PMudotiraalijraiiiliit • • tU
' FtaudoJcrrlDo »>■■•> n
PatttdolraplDr Ml
PifchotTifTapy ^...■.■.i.-ii ..t« )ODS
PU-Ica cortci tt!
PlHocarpI Ilcauai IM
P<><I-I»II W
PulMUIla ., tK
PulTia amjcdalv oompMnm Il£
anltmonUlla ■■...-.-...■....■■. .^.m.... UD
aranuUeu* Bt
calMhn eompoiKiu S>
ttnaaUDonil cuoipoallui M
*rMa aramaUsua W
campoaliua t, W
com Bplo tn. tSO
Fir*n*(Opna ronpoMlua •(. tit. 'K
eUl*nnl tompoiKua ttl
KlTCjrrrblui EUDipodlua «(. T«. TW
ipfcafuaotiN tompoaltua ,....M>. UO
t( opti I». MS
Euni artlla '. tM
eapoi tampoHttw ....UK. (7t
ID eompoalnia Ott, (M
OMfVblAiB rompoaltua US
opl> M
compMiiua tao
rbfH compoaltua TO
•ramtoonll MUntKMltti* > TtS
toar lariaraut ntltryvtttaa M, en. *<T
Iracai-ajtlhv rxmifioxiruv ..4,..,. ....... . SI3
pBin^lii-tml SIS
PianeUrea. iBuItlpI* Utt
Pumliil: acarlc „ M
raala , tn
nui IM
I>urin<") animal obaniMl > IM
PlbT IS
I^okunlQ M
Prrii(-(>i]ln« ..>.....«■••,.....••...•...,«..... M
I'yrBronitln* , M
FyrxUirl radix CM
iSTrthnnp ,..«.■■.... ,..•.... . ns
rTrrthrum 683
r<M*um ENl
PmOa sm
Prridln m. IB
PrroutKbln ,.. ,.... tlO
TyroralKhale umt <n
. Prrasallle add tK
PrruRallsl i.. CM
PrnnrUn , •!
PrrmoDe IT!
Onarala «1
Quaaain lisnma , m
(juaiala W
Suobncblao
uvbrafbo
QDetD'a root ■..>.■•..■...
QoarelD
Qurrcllsiinlc ■eld
qutrmi alba I.. >.•..»■.
(tulUala
Qulllalw farl«x •..• <
Qulnct-aesdi : Ml
Qulnatbjrlia* 1 IN
mpbate ..- «1
qulnetum Itt
Qulnldlaai nitfiiM ..... IH
tlulnlBi ,..., »l
QuInlDB blaulpba* > (71
hrdrobromaii Ill
b>4nKblana Rl
vArbnEQidala Ill
brdr»rh[»rlduio ......................... til
a^idun >■■
aulpbaa
laniiu *,......,.....
■alFrlaOM >.
OulDlDa todaM ,
QulDOldUin Hi
Quinolln . tM
QuInoprapTllD* 171
•uitibiil* , m
Rapid and alow Iburtnplloa
Ranwort ,.
Kaipall'i afdatlrr kvon
Raapbrrrr TW
Kaw bnvr-LnfualoQ ................... .......IDOI
Kmui olimfniatloo Mid tnuadattl Isbuw*
iUd
R(d poppr
pctala .
roao 1 m
P'tala TCI
*BlldA>-W«Od
Muodvn •
wioa ..
Uadupfd IroB o
RatnacB'* um H
Ratnrdtna. nlaiwtBratlaD of... X
RaoMTat ol trntisa bodloa tt*m ib« tfw
wltb Ibc alaclr»-nucaM...
Rniinr (.*lDr
imin .-
tUalna
ropalba .........>
Jaisp*
podopbylll nS
atafDmonll m
RMlauncr-<oia« M( ,
RaaopxrlP
RaaorMn , IM]
KMOTfln
Rwart-lnol .......
Kaanrclnura :
RhaiDnapBtharUn
HbaiDiiuiaiithln .,
Ithainnuii caihsrUFiu ......,.■,
punblana
Rbatanr i^i.
RbmluiDlc acid N)
Rhri radix Hi
Rbaopbam to
IthHaui. dlSFTrnt ronni Of. Iw deMP*
nlnlK caalataDC* M
RhMMUH JIT. IN
Kbfum M
RbaufDic Mid ,.
ftblcalaoa „,„
Rbad*arttlii
RbdWtlD*
Rboadoa ptUlm TM
Bhi^M Mt
RbubaFb TM
Rhiia armnatln ....••,... TQt
(labca N«
loxIcDdaadtlM . TM
Rlc(>.muy , ., |«t
ivm
GEXERAL IKDEX.
RHtalii* '• SU
Rlclnolvatr Ot Klyonvl Ut
fUH'h'llo ult tT>, TIC
Itork-nll 6a
RMS HOUIOlla ...lUT
KkJIlca WJ
RdHa mJllCB i>«tala TOT
ROHwiliae bydMcUloraM ..<•■ KT
RuHrmurr TW
KciKIiinrlEiLjt >..... 7D4
drlvHiro B.I ■!•. •«>■■•.■.-■ ...■ 106
KcttlKra U»
HoM>-Tla ...» M«
hubldluio va
*ud lUulllUUUm MmdM* ID*
iiididr •>• m
Rubi-;ur<'ia* If
Itiibu* V»
mm* ^ 'lU
Kumri Till
Katxdllla , ■• TIU
8«tiadlllliic , no
Skbldlna TIO
Mtwdlata* no
Salwl Mrniiata n>
aatitHiila tU
Solilna Til
Sacc1i*ni(ril Ii-rroua earb«Dkl> Ml
frrroua IOdld« • K. Ml
JIVpfttD .--- ...■*.■-. Gti
e^ribaTla ■ 'U
SftiiibarlDuin '■-
ilsfcbiirDH ilU
eaccharum ■ 'IS
lutli TU
purlflcatum ....................f.i*. .-- n3
awrvd bark ID'
Siorva isa
&;::::::::::;:::::::::;:::::::::::::::::::: SI
eiaiiottoi no
Slaklol nn
Ikin in
8*licliium Itt
Sailer I .pantpbcnrtldla* ••■■••• Ul
SalUrUmld WJ
SallcrlBinlilc VI
Rnti':)')iiii< of bltmalh 181
nr lubluDi ti. !at
or morvurr <AI
ot tt])'iu*tl(iiillib M4
of iHtilluin - ..!....' 141
Suneyhf acli Et
sniiKDoiu ■ •.••■■ n&
Saliiinpliinl m
8a1loc nntlrc ■pTlPBa,..i .i...... ITT
HallprrlD , sn
t«iilii iilicrii TU
StIOCOlI (Ol
Salol lU
)lalopta«D Tit
SaUlwU* *1*
Salvia ., TSI
SalTlol , «l
eambud B«tm ...>•• ..,,.,,.... Tn
ftambucD* •. TU
flanKUlnitrla ...,., m
Saaxulniirlni! , t4S. Ht. fit
Sanlaile aclrt 13*
Sancalum rubriim TM
SanfoQlca .. ^...., ........................ h.. TM
Smidxiln 7M
ftnnittntDiil' of vodtmn .-IT
8anIon)nir acid ..,. , TK
EtanconlDaxlmci T3T
^ntonlnum 714
Sapn .,,..,,,,„„,... m
■Dlnialll ,... iST
durua IZI
moIIU IXT
virldl. - TM
Saimoln 110, M. Un, «n, tSa. IM
SWTOl U. t3i
Same radla ........•■■>.>.•.•
Harupanlli •
SanaiBDonla .i........
Saaaatra*
tnpdullH .- -.
ndli
SaaMtrid ......i
Saatr-biirH
Savlar
Baw-Eiiilniviio
Hra Ilium II In- radix
ScamainniD ,
Soauiinoaiuni
Huaminiiiir
Searincallona . ,1
Svhuck'a cmn
SMIla
Selllla
SclinplcFla
SvllUtoxIa
l^cliToinuala ..i.... ...•
SulFTOliOlC Mid .11..
ili-.DlwrlI rBcunlBa ....^.i...
^apDnn <
Scoparlui
SoDpalamlna
tajrdraFblorn*
ludate ,
acullrai)
SrurtT'K''*** ••• • ■■
Bcutdlaria
iCculnllarln ......i...... ......
Soi-lanilr
SaduiD acre
I^aldllU pturdM- «(.*».
ttancnne
SVDCClO
itaDrolaDlM
liaDvia
Smmvoi radix
HcnaKtn
Statu .<
AlFsandrlnB
lodtra -
Stnnavrol
SoDDaplcrlD
Scriwiilarta ,
HtTprocarlB rhiioma
Smudi* and antlUixlTK ........^.i...i.i.
^trloan and iMiuva.... .........^».,.,....u
Kovuni 1 ......u
prirparatDm
Itliorrr win*
Shlklml ..,,.
auimin
nilkoQ ,.
mirrr
olaaM
Slmulo »..
Slaalbin ^..,
StoaplDa
Staapla
alba
albw analDa .........i
Blur*
Dljp'K fcmlna ,.,,. .......,.,,
aiiiKlr.nuld lialtarlM
Hlnferln ..,,
Blir of flectrlcal IDHnilnaBM
Skunk. tunb
-rabbaco
B Upper/ -elm ..
Rni art -we'd .„.,-.,,
Kmnotb ■umactt
Snakp'roai. black
-vrva .- ....;.....
Soap ,„..
-barX
Soda
tartarata ns.
EodJl Br«(aB ,.,...
aruna* .. n,
bMiioat .1«.
blCBTboBBB . . ...
n:
m
w
IS
Tfl
aSXEItAl. IXUKX.
mi
Mac
_. UautpbM I«e
IwtM a. T»
feronldBm an. ;«
oarboDw >•• 'U
rulMUtlUB TtT
rblora t .'. 34S
(liioMilun > KT
citrourtru •ttarTMOMU TIT
tlbrlu MT
briwitiiospiku • til
fcyuotulDbli . lie
lo^ldun ...ttl. tt7
nltna , TtC
ullrt> m
jxbcdipbju ,,.-. ...,......^........ TiT
rffirrcMMi* ,,■■ •<•.■■ HT
ujrcopbaapbu lU
hUctIm H nt
•antonlaaB < W
lulpbu ■>• TIT
wffvrvMMO* m
•ulphli It!
(ultiEiocarbolu IIT
flodlum --- Tt6
and ill*n brtw'ulpblta •>- IW
toalQalD I... IK
bfirUf 1«
iMKlbuniiaMa M>
pamrtwiBW • SB
8«lkDl« tria IB
KolulitlnT na
8»lUiUie M, M
SoUnum CanillBtiiH 1SI
PkaleuUtum ■ W
sotidMo na
Solamoo'i anal fR
Italnbl* Riui-ooltgii tn
SOQUUM ..k. 1W
Boom poiauirlth Mpird to *l«otro4aa M
totDDil ...TES, tn
SduroM ot «l«nriMl fum oth«r thun
«iJv»Blp SU
ol •iMrlxIclur for i>i*dlc«l purpoM* US
»oal 107
aoioiodDi m
SmoIIc itold in
SpuiiBb am am
iwwMiH J... .•....•• nt
■UlpbkU TM
Spwrmlnl Ul
Special ■pplicmtDD* ot clMtrlolir ip clla-
Ical ninllclna KT
■pMlM T6I
nxrauMtl .u Ml
SpormlD* bTdnM&lonta ......; U<
•phaorIM aiTtd Sfl
Sptt*-bu>ti bark U3»
Bpioiia eri
MfKnt W3
|WliuU cord, •utptnilon lu dtinutv ot WVt
^im Ci vise KJ
Bplrllua stharto , 71.
<ompo>inu < »■>... ..n. SI
DicrMI n, u
aumfiDlip ,,........ tn
kTomatkup 1... I Ub
totldu* U*. U»
■taradala amar* US
■tiri , m
Ntmoraela compoMiiu IM
auranlll Id
fompoaltiM >■ HI
eiKputl m
. ««ippbon» , US
gilorotorml _.....•••.■.>•..■ tU
nnarooinl ,. 9*
fruia*iitl *t
Kiulihcn* ,. ,. «0
■•D*Ta n
Jlonolal ,., *...,... VB
■malcrnal* .j, »•■....<■ H
]ua!pirt SK
rnmiietltiiit «.•. ..**.*...« MT
Uvandulx ,„„ OT
rAOC
BpirHO* IIWODI* IIS
manlhJD piptnut Ml
rlrldia Ml
nrrdiB , , n
luxrlauuis iU
sdoraln* ......■.• JB
pboapborl M
r*otlP(«ta* •.......■• n
nMmartnl W
TiaiCalllM tl
Bprtni*. mlotral m
iiatlrt^ alJnIls* ftl
o«lela .<»■••> *n
chalfbaata ^ , WU
claaalUcatiOD at 171
pursaUYC Hlllt* wn
aallpu m
auiphuraiw „ nr
Utrrnul ...• Y>t
unclaaiUlad KS
Sguaw-rtn* .». &n
Squill nt
Stapblaafrlk Ttt
SlsphlaaKrlo* ■ ?a
SUr-aolw til
•Oaaa M
Blarch lU
SUtIv slMtncttr , Ml
luuuDMDta. larw* ot mt
BuvMocr* TO
8H>«M(rl» Mmlsa m
Sl««r»m TM
StMrto add t)
StcrMMl nt
StlllUala TM
SllilloiU* »4
eMPB-nrat M
Siorus battorlaa or McwniilaUn Mtl
Storax nt
StorMla nt
SttmmoQU tolla Ttt
■amtn >.......•. TM
Mmina ItC
StramoDluDi ....,...'. W
SirekLDi m
Stroollt bramidum ■.... TW
lodidum TK
laclaa , IK
Siroatlum 7H
Slrnphastht acnilsB W
StroptLanthiilla no
Stnp&antblo Vt
Sirophanthu* 1A
BtrrebDliia Ul
SlTTcbnln* bjdrocblortdiun MS
RUlpbaa HS
Ktrrcbnln* ,„ .!,..>.... M
lodau W
ol^Kto ..tf
Mxii'i^ rotlodlon .»..•• I it
HijFptlcIa m
Rtyrafln , ....JO. Vt
»Xjnte\ nt
St;
.TM
Blrrol , Til
KITTDnp Tn
SubliiDHl •ulpbnr Rl
^ii^rlnlr acid ,,, ....... tlA
Su«i7ininiidp ot mereorr <R
fluccLama lit
Sui-rMia i-nntl tit
iyovyyuot W
taraiacl Itt
Sucral , <B
Suet Tit
Bukr ni
KnlphaiDlnol TTI
Snlphooal Tn
Balpborlclntc acid II
HulphciTlnalr of aodlun R
8ulpb0Tiiiiv aoid ^
Sulpbiir
latum
■•riMiirtiBtaBi
I
I
H)6i
<i£X8aAL l^DBX.
rxaK
Sulphur auBllmnluDi Tit
Kulpnurlc arid M
Buipburw lodiaun ui. m
aolphuroua Held f... dl
DBtiTT iprlnn ..,.„..- RTI
Sumaeh. ■maolb 706
■■rmt Tot
fumbul nr
nm% MT
Suodaw KS
Suptw*>">'t* »>'■ awboltd n
Unnlcl a
lwll«4oaaa in
Slrcrrlnl «M
Ivdotorml ^'^
morpblDM IOC
plumM compMlta CK>, UI
Suiirindal aluid 1S(
suipeniloa Td OImiw* o( aplDd) «ord and
nnTp-ntrftcblot Id ti»rfDU>
dlcordon imit
Swni Hh Mt
cum E:ii
olt . MO
onacD-DMi laa
■pini of ultra .n. Si
mnMti ...t KM
flympBrtuin 7U
3]rnrrrcl*tii with mdaMcv n4
XjrrliKTi. , IHt
Syrup or r«il clover, cotapvund 814
Srnipui lU
ackvlw t
Hidi dtriel ST. lu
bydrladlel »; Wl
aim n
altbiD* m
■nyadal* UC
•ramtHcni IM
MraoUt in
Bonim ift)
ealell lictophoiipbatiim tt, K*. ■n
calolB m
ewoarv uciDdtlcua TOO
cuddDW .- no
leni bronildl 19}
iodiai 3S3. isl
p)iin|ih.it'« Mt
ptao(phiitl> eum qulnUia ft Mrrcb-
nlna ., 3M
qulnlniB at atrrcbaliu* phoa-
pbatum tn.9t.tK
.0U6M na
'MnldMinl CM
Brpppboapbltun m. <n
cum (erro M>. na, US
Ipwiwuanbia tM
kramvrlB Gil
laciuckrll tl(
IlmonlH .-.----...«■.•..•■....••........-. in
picli llouLdat «0
pruni VltKliilaiu* tU
rh*l , 701
■romaticu* TDt
rbmadoa fM
rnui , .••■■•. IDT
rubl m
niU aromaUeu* 10)
Idwl , 710
aaraaparltla) conpoaltua TtO
■flllia TH
rampORllul „•••■.>. TIS
■ni»C» 13>
■»nn» TU
■tlamatDrum maiaia 131
Tolutanp* ., 1(B
tlnRlbirt* W
Tabai^m ns
Tabollu Irlnltrlnl it!
Tamarlnduo -,. ....rt-.i..*...-..**.......--- TMO
TaOBcMjn ,. 7»l
Taaari'ttiin .....,<......... ni
Tannaltiit) .....7*1
Taanle add ..•..
TasnUMi
Taoaib • •■■■•
TaDaoIarm
TaQs«pla —. ^--
Tanar •*■ M
Tar MP
Taraiac*rlD i. IM
TaraxacI radii ,.., 7W
Taraxaclo .»• M
Tataiarum M
Tartar *o»(lo .■.>.. IM
Tarurlo add M
T»a ni
.bmry WO
Tccbnlqoo of mtwo-tb«Mp«uu<a aoA
■DVCbanotlMrap* fl)l
Tetl-oli m
Tvftbtof .in, n>
Tnrvbmuai , Itt
TtnWnthlu , a*
Caaadaorii ....... .t >..• m
T«r<>btnttiloa M
TcrpFOo m
T*FplD bydraW TB, IM
T«-pln» ^xdraa M
Tarplool >■>■<•. Bt
Ttlra-lodo.pyrot <l)
TalramftbTltbianlns-brdMcblOm* M
TBtronal HI
TaUPrlmn M
Tballln Mi
The ApsBtoll lUBtbod—vlMlTlcllx l> >ro>-
mlocr •
Tba Durt«ti(-r>TBn*r Mt
Tl>( elMirlp furrvat, itB plirH»1o|l«al
characun and praportlaa t9
ThB touDdaUoo Dt (ucBBBB In Blacue-lbna-
p*UtlCB M
Tba HoKi machine n
Thi' mpdlco-lenat ralui- ot elerUkltr la
dlaaricinU 9tT
Tbc Blallo current In ncuralsla— Marun'a
niBtbod SB
Tbaatatlc. or Iranhllnlc. apparani* W
ThWno JULlU
Tb*obFOma M
ThvDbmmlo* IB
Iliblum «H
Tbmpbrltln* tU
Tb*rap«utk appTlolloni ot haat. .....Ml
Ot maclianMharapr >W
o( oiycvD nt
tp*lbnd>, various, morv or In* aM>'
ctnLulcal and local lb Ikcfr
nOvcU lOtt
Tb«rapi.iiiiiiiil deduction* eonomilDC Ulbt.lW
Tbor*pcutlG* ot cold ..-^. ..-,-., Ittn
Thermal natlv* Bprtnc* Ill
ThcrmoTlectrlrKy »•■...... Ml
Tbennol „.... M
Thtlaala M
Thlooaml SM
Tblocol W
Thlotann 191
Tbiol ,^„... MT
Tbtollnlc add <n
Tbloph'O dl-todlda MT
Tbip-r.'iiniTinuin ,.,.. ..(.,.,.. tUt
Tbloftnaiuln iOI
TtalurrI ... TK
Tborau^bwort .-.,. ... T7t
Thul* m
Tbujan* 1
ThuB AauBleanuiii ..•.■>.•; .■ M
TbrmacMln ...> (U
Tbyma HO
Tbvmana ,•....• SH
Tbrnol "•
Thvmnlarniats at morrunr Ml
Tbymui aljind lit
■criiyltmn la
ThvRium ...,...... .....,- W
TbyreoalobulU i Iff
UKXRUAL IKUKX.
10S3
HAm
Ttrrold pMpwatton* lit
Thrroldauoi Mccnm t&
Tbrroldln 1«
TIflllc ul4 («T
Tllla >U
' Tin oImI* «
T\Dilura acouKI .,■ ■ H
■Ion . M
•t mrrrhN M. fU
KODlienDdlni , Ml
aroliw IM
llarum Hi
ndlola , IM
•wttEliOB 1 US
Burutll Id
amtrl , lU
•iDlcU lat
bfitladoDnjf ...ill ^ ITS
lollorum ■ ITJ
bCDMlDl in
cempotlu UK. IG
brrooi* m
iiucbu In
('■Unduia no
talumba , HO
twmpbort compoaio ...lU. HO
rjiDDiblii Indlcjn '- ....■■-.^^^ Ob
(■Dinitidit m
<a[wiFi HI
MrdABionil - ■...,....,. Sb
cotnpoMla I m
MHirllU IH
ratfCbu U9
rampMlta m
(UralB US
cblorafoniii •( nDTphloa campoiiM.... Mu
olmicKuine W
clochons Ill
rDinpM^ta -- ni
olnnniDoml .••.■, IM
cocrl , 300
Folctilrl MDlnU - MS
cnnll Ill
tnrt UR
Fobebw SJt
dU'UDa , Ml
dlOKOrM! Xi
dUbOlOME Kt
•ri<>t» animonlata Ml
miAorblB Diiullt«ra sn
(tirri FhloHdt Ita
IHiniblorldl ,.■ XM
Mlla- 389
BElumll ,. 40!
Bonllanw Eompaatta ■ «H
SualBcl (19
•mmunlata tOS. 411
hamiinilldl* _ (tS
humull MO
li>ilriiilla , (&*
hyowraml Ml
lodi «1
Iptvai-uanlu* at opll ..01, W
Jabonndt MS
SlaPD H»
no MO
kranMlB U*
larandulw conpaalta £IT
Uioanla , U*
lob(l1» Gtl
Bibona tax
lupull ,... tW
loallra , ta>
niMcbl an
nurrtw ,...., m
aaoli Tomlp* Ml
■fill . ma
amiDonlata . Mn
rampbArau U9
dMdurata ia»
phnoMunnaUf , Ml
|MdopbT>l> "I"
prralhrl M
quaaala (Bl
M
Tlnvlura qulllalai
qulDlMB »... . -
ammODlala STt
rh<l ns
aroDiiUca 701
compulla IDl
dulrl) :<tt
•aDCUIoanw ,,, 'IS
KlirM TU
•*a«(v — iH
MonncompaalU • TW
Mrpiolarti* Itt
■uamanll IK
■ominla • • TM
atropbaolbl 7<i
tumbiil nt
Toluiaoa
valcHaoia
valw<iaiia> amnWDlatt UL \
vanlllir ■
vamrl rlrldla
ilDKlbrria I
Tlnuvcliy •oaoA •
Tabaci'O .-.
Talyprrln ...■
Totraal
Toilcodtndrle ael4 >... TM
TreaocaDtba
TnUiDf arbulna
TranaCualon .,.-..
and blood-ltttlw
■narla) 1,^
ot blood. tmmaAaw
msdlBM
milk
TribroniDtnalbana ,
TrlbrnDiphfsol • W.:
bltmutb in. I
Trl<bloracptl« actd •. •
TrlcblarmalllliDa . .
TrUT»K>l .., W
Tririilluiu imtanaa Ml
TrlfonvMIno . .............i.................. *Si
Trl-lodo-uruicTtaol HC ,
Trlllloni , ntj
TrlmrUiylBioUi IM. Wt St
TrlniribylanifDl brdnwhIOMa Ili
Trlmi-ihyl-rtbxlm* tvt
Triiiliriii 4n
TrlullriipriPnoi S)
TrinTinl -,..■.■■..■,« lOO
Trlpalmlt^Q ...■■.. .....>.... MA
TtnW.i farlaa tit.
Trlitrln
TrltUum ..,.<..
Trlturatlo vlalsrlnl
Troi'blacl MM bfaulel ........i
taDDlel . ..,...,.
arunionll rhlorldl ,--
blatnutni vompoalu *...i
f'tiochu .......I...
cn^lj* ---.„.- ,
rub>>b<e
•uoairrii Buminl
f«rl ,
Nlyrrrrblur rl «vll u.„ W, \._. ,
fualacl rHluB Wt
liaH-aruanhat t)^
kramvrlie dt
rt roealnia Mt. Bit
intntbw plptrtUr Hi,
morpbtna nil
*C Ipacaeuaslu* 4W, SM
pnuoK rhloratla 9n
aanlooinl Tf4
widll bli-arlHiiiatl* IK
(■MontnatU ...■ 74T
anlpbvrla Ttl
(laalbarla «i
Trspacooato* m. W(
TTypain fij
Tulwrcullo •!■
Tvlljr'i powder U»
Tumniol .- - . . . m
1081
<)£yi:aAL index.
PaQR
TurlMj con 'UO
Tnrptnlln* n>
Chlan n»
Tuaallwo OV
Tunol .......> (U
Twa-fluld balltrtM ■ ttl
Utmu* «... BIS
VmbpluCFTiae »»
VD(UHifl«d aatiTc terinti *n
L'licuiulum uldl bonU tt
ratbollcl ST
HiJCTll'l •-- • ^
tnualcl <B
*c<inriln» M
WIUB totr 1I£. SU
BCropUiE ITS
bvlladonniw ITI
ea£[taariill> t9
OMlcl >■••• ■ ™
ctWctI »«
fbrTurobiDl y
roounn •• So
lODII 311
<!I«»«Otl X^
dlaihyloa M>
*uciil]rpU ..,..., SM
flsll* s*g
cun «i>io M. un
EljrcBrlol plambi lubaMUd M, Ml
amtDulliIls at
byinisrti m
■mmontUI >.. 4Xt
coiDMOIum 4t>
toflldl rubrl «t
ntintiu *tt
dllulum 4XS
oluiu ■ tl
laaei dan (o
nbri 431
lodl «*l
lo4o(orm1 in
DMar»l SM
panJSnl S!S
IllCIa llquliln) .■.■.,..-- WO
plumbi acKUlU MS
oarboDitli W<
104141 MX
peUMtl iodldl W. «lt
iwiinn • SM
•u>vi»|rtis TCI
•ulpbum --■ TBI
lo4l4l -.. «1
<rer»trlti» ■ -- mi
tlad ... «a
olMtlo taa
0II4I 1 8»
rrallum .. no
ITmnluBI - KB
Vrptbnn *»
1Jrlci>dUi 8n
Vrniniiiln SSI
Unonr HI, 400, CM. tBI
Vra ami 3S2
Vm nnl (olU sa
VacdUun Titii l4iM au
Valpnn sa
VaiMiaaa „,„ 8;i
VatfrlaoB tbiioina BS>
Valsriamilp «t amy) IIB
Valerianic nold tn, TT. g»
rtbrt M
Valarln* BSS
V*l*ral m
Vaoiiia aw
Vanillin 814
Vartoua lh*r>ii«iitlo nvtbod* nwiw or len
mecbaatekl tad tooal in lb*lr
•ffMtt loat
Vaalein* ,„ 71
Vollarln Ml
VpDnrcdon ...,....,„,.. ItBK
Vnrnlralbln , SSI
Veratrlp* , .tU, TM, I
olcMa , ,
Vvnlmtdlo* n
Vtrairum inn4c W
Vrrbucum BT
V'rniDuiti I
VlbrslJoD . , Ul
Vlbumic aiM4 > B
Vlljurnin ttt
Vlbunmin opulu* ...<.. ........... W
pmoUelliun .......•■ O)
VIvnniL pnjila Jttt SIS
vinum albuin • It
auUmoDll lis
aunntll , IT. IB
coleblol 1 ...„,>. M
TB4lelB SOU
•mhIoIo ....', M
WBOla , W
torn m
amanini W
cItTDtIa ,... IB
ipfoMukoBK 4M
upll US
quInlDK fit
rubrum IT
■Ucmniamm maidla U
ivrnium , It
Vlot* tricolor OS
Violin at
vimlnla anaJie-root TH
Vtartn an
Viacom M
VIMIIID m
VltFlliu ai
Vult , .,...,„.. sta
Valla , Ml
Wahoo ,
Warburi'i tlnrturo .' ...i
Walor -
'CvrniARdvr
iiiii>ro>iMip1eal obftractan of
-prnnrwoM
•ptippiir ,
phraioai obantcwr* ol. . . ... nt
Wau - s«
War til
VTbltc nnrnlo 1*
oak-bark . . Wl
(loplaT-bark d
aoup , ...UXS
wina .., ... SI
WhUky .. It
Wild clirrr* ,. M
indUo .. US
marlnran (IS
rotemaiy .....i, ,>■>•■■.> .- m
Tam Wt
Willow , Til
Wlntrr-bcnT SB
-cloirr . M
WlaOrilTiwD ....¥»
^VHcti-haaol ...,,. ta
Wood-oil <H
Woodxa** Ml
Wool-tst. hTOrau* i.... Tt
Woorara M
Work of a batttrr. thvpraottwl.u...
Wormafod. AtnoMoui
Wonnvood
Xanthluu , „...,.... tn
Xanlbopala
Xaatt>oi>u«clno , .,^.. ......„.,
Xantboatnlmarln .., <..........,
XanltioTjrll truslus ,
Xii[;ihoKy11n«
XHrUhiiiylum ..,,;
XTr'torm
Xylol
GENERAL ISDBX.
1085
PA<1B
YeMt Ml
TBllowdock ;iO
lumlns 402
pHllU 541
KkBb 209, 43J
Yerb> reuma 397
unU 36S
Tolkol egg a30
Zm 832
Zinc ol»te - -■■'-' a
ZlDCl acetas 832
bromiaum ., 132. 1(32
PAOB
ZlDCI CHrtwnas 833
prsecLpLtatua 832
chlorldum 881
Cj-Biilduia - 888
loaidum 481, SM
locUs 833
oxidum 833
phoapbtdum fi38, 832
sulphas 833
sulpbocarbolas 833
TBlerlanM 833
ZEncum 832
ZLogHwr 837
Zones, cllmBtlc S79
CLINICAL INDEX.
rAos
Abilvaiinal OperRltQD*. DUMulOa of th*
bUITBl Id .- IIHt
AbnrtiOD. AMfrlldk , IM
Klectrlcltr ..-- WT
Qold IK
Hai7>*m«IM ,. nt
Junaick docwood Mt
Opium ,. «M
SavliiK ., ,,„ TU
vitmrnun pnniU«tlua Sit
AtiIi>iI<iQ>. Alou ...o--- lOB
firDioin in
CuDplioid > ..,.,..... VO
OJncbaalD* lodoituptiaw ■ W
OlymrlD 411
Rom TOT
AlUH-MMB. Alumnol •• IOC
Amm V..... lU
AspimlOD lOM
Dltmuth lubmllai* Ul
Casuihoralvd ntpblal tU
CbqIIujIs m
CblorlDO nE
Cblororarm KU
CinphoniDf lodMUlptete .....< Ul
Crvalln iK
Rrblnuva Xt
PVndaMttiyd • • 9*
UoDirr ■••• ■ tm
Hfinmvn dlosld* ITV
lodiDF w;. tn
lodlpln 1 1 -' <M
lodDfarm 47*
J«mal«a diisir««d ...UK. tt/t
Usual t ,, iSO
Hantbal MI
Mpnnirn) , UT
MrrFUtT ».. HI
PuiiUI « 818
l>l»tn ..,., tai
I'bylolacc* ,.„ (M
Pyruiuna in
Uulnlrip tn
Smol ,.„ TIT
Sarwparllla 7JI
Soul 107
Diraollum lodld* 7M
Tolrpyrln .'. CU
WntfT VU
Acne, Alphnnap&M ■ Ht
Aiumnol lo«
Arlfln. Ifii
Arepnlf 20
BctanapIiUlt • K7
niiiniulli IBS
Call •ulpfiiirnU Sia
CbryurotiLii .,1,. IM
Olnrbuiilim lodmulBlial* ISl
Coca ,m6
OaDireuod line Mvanto ••■■.; TH
coppir Ml
<-ry*<alMne IM
BTcolrlFllr ..• Ml
Eunipbin ..;..... >ra
r.lti'Tln Itl
KanmnirTIa ., 4ti
Ho>D(-nan US
HrdrutU ,.,. UO
IlTdroitro dloxld* ...■■■.. 17V
Iciilbyol «9
L«ad Indlda ; M
Ol«a(* «^m
Loaopban EM
:S
Acnn irvnr'il). Maiaacit
Hrivurir ,,
MiriP acid
Utmluin prroilda
I'boaphoru*
roUatlUBi cbtpral* ,.
Quillala
(jiiiDlue •■..... XiV
Stranuuni iodlda Ttt
aalpbur TS
Tbrmol m
Zinc lulphalo M
Acronwfii)'. piiuKsry gland MitraH at
Tbyrold pxtra.^t ,., 03
Artinomrcotii. !'oU,»lum lodldo <M
Addlaou'a UlMUu. GlyMrepbiMpbatoa.... Ul
Suprarwial »incl HI
Admlila. Tubtrcular ArlaMl SO
Campbor m
An»r-pa1ni>. Anyl nltrlU UT
Camphor -.....,....,..•.•..... n
Coppir arwDlW M
QalwiDlum
Opium
Viburnum pruUtollVB
Anlaccla- ElDi'trtdty Wt
Pllocarpua , <M
ARna]l. Tin ottnip W
Aiuc-cakc. iSpv Batartrd (rnlwu.)
Alr-paMactfi. liinammatlao of, )!o«olada>. 7CI
AlbiiRilniiria. Araenle U
Cnlelum brnKaaU IM
CbJorolorm VI
PucbMiD M
<ilTi:<-'<>pa(»pha(a« , 141
KouiulH ,. Ut
PII<H-arplna , (U
Kimnttum bromfd* ••....... W
tacldic ... ....,,^,. fST
Turpi'ullna .i....... M
Alrobnliinn. Ammonium Ill
Cspi^runl tU
Cblorcluos Vt
I'liiiirltuMi , tn
C«cn ST
Kaumlia - &1>
Ntix vnmlca ---........t.n, Ul
rbcnaccUn Of
F-llocBrpIno at
Ali-iihoHxni, Chrnnle, lloaas-oan 411
rhoBpboruB til
sumbul IB
y.lor uild> -,,. m
Alroholo-nlTollnlBm, DubOlUa* X*
AllrnatioD Pubolaint ttT
AloiriirlH. Alphanapblot ■■•.i*.. Ml
Amtnnnli ....IIP
Bmlrlrllx „.. Ml
Kuralrplua ,.....,.,..,.,.,.1 tTl
lloanc-nan .....■■.i..i„.uii...>..>.... CS
Iron oloUB 41
HDrcury 44«
on or calupui Ul
PclrDleum : W
Roa*iDar> 7W
Sulphur m. 7K
Alopcwla Clrcumacrlpu. AlphAnaphtal.... Ml
BvUiiBphlDl U>
<TaI1lhlirU I m
Chryaaivblii . m
Ruropbon . ::T3
Nut-r>ll ^
retrcleum SU
CIJXICAL IN'DRX.
1087
■"ASK
AIopKla CtrenOKTlpU (cMJ'iI). QuIIIat*. «M
Tuiatc aiild U
TbyiMl no
TK<r«w>l IM
TurpfattD* 7M
Vcrairlne U&
■MurMl*. SlmtMcltr ..■>• ***
Nui vomica £T1
PtIocarDlnv ttl
Strr«t>nln> -•- f*!
AiDBuraMa. Tdbaced. Bteotrldtf Bt
lloaDi-nan 4S
Aublropia. Klacrtnniy tH
Prioeai^ai tU
Zlse ImUI* 0(
FAmblropla. TUbnMO'Aleobol. KtrgrDllnlna. KT
AmBnorrbiaa. AeoDlU 70
Ambn n«
Apiol , OB
Ai>l«ltn OC
AnDnic' II
UapIlilD ICS
Barium thlonO* • IQ
BuTju ---w. .■«...■........'-■ M
Caotbrnrla BD
CMIor w
Clmlclfuca no
rodllrnr'Stl tV
Cmtaa-noi bark --• «*
Blwlrtdtir WK. 191
Ooia . IM
Ouala« -. MB
Uo4ii(-n«a 4n
Indico i;i
iroo Ml. an
Haosaa«a« IM
olwt* w
UuiUrd IM
Mrrch , SU
Nnx vomica STl
on of rua US
Oiallc acid —..■.■ K
PanlPF Ht
Pelyaaoum tn
JtatlrylM' arid U
Sansulnatla TM
SanlonlB « T»
Sinwio ni
Smtca .*. ;M
S«rp«ntana 7*1
Blavaaarra iU
Slonx T!i
Tanar „,„ Ttl
TaucrlUBi Hl>
Tliuja tm
TBrrold nttnet .■•.. IK
Vlburuum Drunllollnm m
ViwuRi ., no
Aaaaana. Cniua-oll Ut
MkfDMla ..-- a»
Aaaaana of frxKnaDC]'. Cblorolarm Ml
Asipmln. Aloca lOt
Apkol .,^-... ...... ...■■.•■.■ ..■■" CK
Amvrilc- .,- .....i...p^^ K
BflBnaphtol U3
BoDi-'icarrov ....^..■....•■■.■•..■■..-,' IVt
CaJrluiu pttuapbala ....US. MI
Cbnlybcnl" iraUra ME
CllmiKothfripjr ..., *M
Collliinimi.i WC
Copprr anrnlw — **^
CaproIiiFinol MS
mat fM
r«rT»tln St
FarrOHmaiOM • -- H*
Hmmotttnm n>
H«-inoin)lol MC
Hnnol as
Hciaac-naD < US
Hrdraallalna _ Ml
Iroo JH. J"
albnoiinat* Vt
KtUr 5»
LartDwmatoaa u.. M
AavmU InwCil). ItacoMla ...•...•■i
IlBDCBuaw
HaMBia
Nui TomtoB
OrtxItiB „..u
UxiKWi ..•.
DionlMd Olr > __
oalrr Ml
I'rptln .. ...,,. in
PopiD-maosan .,......> MS
Pbupborlc acid CO
rboaphomt .-- Ml
potaoiun bIcbramaM <.< IT
(blorata
4Dlnln«
Sodium ulutlaii ■...
Sialic alacinclijr ,
Tfallirular fluid IM |
Trauatuilon or blaod .Wll'
Anioniia. Ccrobral. Anytane brdnw lU
Oold .- - UE
AnxmlK. I>#nilHou* Doaa-iaarrolr IW
Pboapborua fU
ADBatbaala- ElBotrttllr
Aa*Mb<<iila. Kplnal. BUMlao
rranKllDiim
Aiic-urtiin A>:upuiiciuro
UftriiiRi rlilorlda v.,,
Dlaod-lditlni 1
Calcium cblorldo ...•
Kntoi
OalatlD
Lead ac«[au >
PBlaatlnm lodlda
StnHittuai lodlda
Vcratrum virldt ..-.-.. .......i...!
AuKluii. Mauacc ,
Totrpjrlln Wf-'
AdbIdb PeciorlO. AUrl-UlbMmlde H
Amrl DltrlM Itl
Arasnle 1 10
Aln>i>lii« ■ Ul
Carlu* M
ConllD*
Conrallarls laijalti
KiMtnclljr
Blbu ..I
RialKIn i....
Oloooln —
HaBmaub'a anodnc .,„., ,
Jamaica dofvood
«•»««•
Unlum
PhDipnoruB ...li......
l-otaurium lodtd* ,....
nlulir >■......
PrrldJD ....
ttodtutn lodlda
allrlta IM, '.
Spartain* lulpbalc ..•■. US
Mioiiduni lodlda Ttl
Slraphantbua
Strychnino .,.........■-,...■..
Zluv lulpttat*
AntdrOKlK. HuralrptM
lloanit.naTi ......l
I.aiioliri Tt
AnKylnaU. KlHlrMlr
Aneiinla. KiMIrMtr .•■.
Sir)' I' h dicta i...
ADtbni. Aaaprot —
CarbolioMld »
Caustic potalh «■
MaealTpto* tSt
nirar fluonde KT
ADtldoiaa. for aDonlia: AleoboL amna-
Dla. atmplna brpad^nDleallr, aril-
Bclal rMplrntlaA. dlNKall*. taradl-
latlos, lobalalloBi et amrl Dltrlta.
rrmmWoer. aloRiarh'puinp. alto-
pbanlhua. taaotc kI4
Por alfvbol: Bnttlci « luniaRh-
pufop. BrnDiDnla. dlclUlla. nor-
phinf and atropiDG. caltrt, artt-
1088
CUJCnUt IKDBX.
rAOK
AaHdalM {aft 4).
ncial naplrallon. rlwUlclti. htM.
■Ud ■tDDpUIU* - tl
Vxir Kminoiiluin; Oili uilk, rffaubl*
•cMi. cotttx. dinuiu Ill)
INir uDDw&iuin •ulpbrdnits: nhlorl.-
oalvd-Um* •DlutiDB !M
mr Biiirl Dltrll*: AomiaoM. •m-
pis a. albtr. cotd nalH. muaiard.
warmtli lU
F«r Kuumonr; Alcobol, dlsiulM. laii-
oloaeld IW
'n>r ■ncnlc: BniMla or *uiinacb-puiDp,
caUartle. trMh1]r-pr*cl|i1Uti4 ■••■
qnwiiao 01 iroD. br^ratt^ axid* of
Iron witb iD*sD«la, dlalriMI iron.
calDlnvd msKimlii,. milk, olaaclnou*
or marllaciDou* dtlnlia IT
F^r ■apldium: Ammonia bn>odrniilc-
■lly. cMtur-oll Ut
For baliadonDa: Ucirphluit. pbyitaa-
llgmln*. mooMrlDi'. plloenrtila*.
aalmal charcoal. Bud aJHollM.
di-mulcoDla, (taouauon of auauub
and bowvU ITt
pIlocarpiH IttS
For «muailc potaib: Dvmulri'nta. am*t-
Ica. dlcllalii. tiluiulmit*. *la*KV.. CTT
For oapatlo acida: Saoic u tot cauMit
potaab.
Koroblnral: Cocalos :iD
F«r cblor0r«na: Ammonia, amrl
ullrlw au
For cocalav: Atrnbol. atari DllrtCn,
■Uopinv. cbleral. nhloraform. viber,
niorpblno JM
For ODmnlVf aubllianlt; Albumin,
waib out alamwb, allmuluiU.
■Dorptiliw firpadMmlcBlly. eiioraai
b«*t - - m
For rroloa-oll: DrreulKrnt drinki,
opiatM (81
For dlclUlU: Waati one itonucb. Un-
nlu. ■apunlu. illBiuUnta, ■mnimila
InbalatlUDt, rarumbracgr, li>ai. Iron,
oipcbona 3S0
For *rcol: llol batba. acoaiu. amyl
nItrlM. eolTv*. tobavro. vrratrum
rlridc 3M
For albDr^ Artinclal roaplntioD. lo-
batallDn of amin4>nla. najCtfllaOcm,
(aradlr> furront. nlmulBtlaa poc-
wata, amy] DItrltc. nllroslrccrlD
bjrpoattrmlrallj' -,,-.---,,..--,,...-- TS
For ReiaFmlnnm: Kia«uatlOD at Mom-
BCb, boat. trkUon. artinrial r».
pkratloii. byiiodarmle ot morplilna
and BtropiD*. tAUOln, riuiiiii' nlka-
Ilea and Ibalr HrboiiatPa. d\altalla,
ammonia, alrfcbalui va
For brdnMranlo acid: Ammonia 4!
cblorlnalnl-llmF aalultaa ISt
Fur brdroaulpburlc avid: CblorUiaiPd-
lima wlulloo iM
For iodoform: SItmulanta. dlapborFt1».
CBUailuni blcarttonatD. potuaaluiD
niiiild" 4J«
For load: Bulphudr-Bplrt Irmaoml'',
fuity food- bAthluiE^ mQKQ^al^m 4ul>
|]1ihN4, with rrxiriililii", biOiJtdfjnTiH.,
pUocarpiU". aliim. pnUBiiiiiin kirtid«i,
vapor-batba. Turkiab baiha .. .. G4I
For muacarin: nixlulla «t
For opltim: Ktii^iiIi' ntnniJti'b. idiiiilc;
acid, artillolal naplratlon. olfrlrlp*
IW- naaaafa. TDuuHiion, wbip-
plnc walbuniL cnih't'^lRin. airo-
pln*. polawlum p«>nnan|anaCn.
tnrmib. caltnlu*. alryebolBo, am-
mania HT
cocBlnp ..--4,. .•ii.«««...,ii.«i-.- ni(
noffev . .. .....••■.«*,«..«,^.. 1^.. S03
nliroclycarUi ...,». VXt
plrniloilB ..,,..,i ......M MM
US
An(ldo«W (nmr<r).
potaaBtum DprmanKannlf
For utatic ai-id : Uiue. ttulfc. or «klfa-
*aali -<,-.,--,-..-.-,.--.,..-.. II
For ptnnyroral: Uorpbla* aod »lrO'
PUIS bipodprmioalty. beat 4-t
F(ir plUHpbOTUa- Copper aulpb M. CM
maifikr«iuii) aiitpbatr. BlhomlBoua and
Uu<lla(lnoua drinlu. Frmrb sll t-t
lutpuuiiui'. uxjcu inbatauooa *4ti
Fpr pUykctatlREnd: Chlonil .---...^...-^ StI
Btropinr. airychalnc , . M
Fur pii:fuiotlii : Cblorvt SI
For potoa4ium blchromatit: IMpa^l-
«DlB. anodjrna. rmvltra. pnria-
Ur*» — fl\
For poUaMum ctalorala: Billna punca-
llVf*. diumloa^ ntomd, oaffMo*.
boc balba. (raoatuBloa of bioo4.... <!T|
For potaMlum oiaiilda: Skino a* tor
brdraoyaaio acid O
For polaaaium autpbtdo; Ckl«n»at*d-
tiUM aolutlOB ■- M
For aansulDaria: lilsltalla. nllnl« at
amrli MrrcbniD*. morpbiu*. Btro'
plna. wannlb TS
For aanlonln : l>lffi]alblti ■iimulanb^
bot batha. 4MDUl»Dt driatt. b*<lla-
dooua. atrycbulDa. cihrr
For Binrchnlna: Axnyl nitnlr bcs-
mldoa. cbloral. Uianln. (Iilofofora,
pbrfOBtlsmlnr, arllflflal n«plt«>
tlon. animal etaBrcoal. tats, crotoa-
oil. paraldehydo. opium. resMa.
tobacco, aloobol iW ,
ForBuIpburln ML-ld: Alballaa U|
For caaay: Ii«[nulo*DUi patCMIVM^
opium, biamuih. diitiiBibta tarn*-
laota - !»('
For tobacco: Warmin. muMard, artl-
flolal rnplrailon. at'muladni tmt'
mala, brandj. Ice. BtrycliklBf,
ulb<-r. launlc actd. iodldoa. eam-
plior. npluni. dtsitalia, atnpbau-
tbm ., nij
For irlmcttbylatnin bydrocbloratal
I1r.at. fDonlrT'lrrlinUoA. ^lum.
bcllndonnB. atropine, rapalcum.
iliKliullm. atropbautbua. nux toid-
lea ttli-l
Far lurppQiine: Fmh air. nrdlao
allmulauu, diunilca. bot drlnki,
dfmulfcnta, DplHlra. pllocarpino. ... ftt
For vrralrum mtldo: Opium, alloru-
lanta — at
For line: Flour and wali>r. aoap and
wattr. mtlk. alkalin* bi<:arbofiatn.
morpbin* bypodcrmlrally. potaa^ *
alum lodtda, WBnu batba, lusliTna. BS
Aorta, I>l*«ui« at. Uulllalk (M
AprpalB. Pepalo ,. SS
lt*nni>l'«rlna ...CI
Aphnoia. Alropino . tU
Elci^trlcUr „ . ni
.VuDaIn SW
Muali- los
Btrj-cbnino . VTB
ApbibuuK sismBiiUa. Biamntb IB
noma ., «
Copiia n>
Crcolln - ttl
Ruphnrlti >.>■,..,...,....,.. r 177
Myrrb ,. »1
Nitric ncid . . K
IVirnnalum cbloratv -- ^^
Qulnlni' . . ITt
Sii'i'tiurln - HI
^'lbll^^lln1 pTunltollvm ..».. tn
Apnptniy. UondiLCD .VtU
Croton-oll ,. ..iSI
MtiiuH ;<i
Aplyallim. Pcllltorr <W
Pllocarptua .... GJ:
CLINICAL INDEX.
1089
FAOB
ArterioBcleraali. Oold IM
Jamaica doffwood w. 6dS
StroatLum lodids T«8
ArlbrLtla. BBUDscbeldtlBmuB I03S
ChHulmoogra-oil 214
CDdllTer-oll B7S
Colchlcum SOS
Cold IV22
BucBirPtu» Jil
Heat 10l»
Mercury 113
APthrlilg DEformana. luetic add 44
ArtantjB, Rbeumatold. Aneulc SO
Clnilolfuga 210
Frankllaiam S83
OubIbc 41»
HydrtodiG acid 3«
lodlna 4B3
Lltblum 523
MasBBge S22
Salicylic acid ii
Sulpbur 78S
Aicllea. Apocynum 142
Aaplratlon 1036
CaHelne ZOT
Colchlcum 306
Copaiba 317
Silaterln 36*
Elder 122
Haaaasa S2i
Mercury +14
Orthoelphon aUmineua 612
Paraiaehyds 818
Pilocarpine 653
Polaaalum acetate 680
bitartrate 66
ScoparluB 736
StilllDgla 785
A«iliyxia, Oiygeo ' 936
ABtb^Dopla. Faradlam ., --',-- 375
Tonga 813
Aithma. AceUnllld 11
70
73
98
. 104
778
. 108
117
688
636
143
19
AaaCetlda lS«
Aconite
Adtaatoda
AUyl-trlbrotutde
AJum ..-r. ....,,
Amber
Ammoniac ......
Amyl nttrlte ...
Aoemonla
Antlpyrln
Apomerpblue ...
Araeaio
Aaaprol
Belladonna
CaSeiue
Cannabla Indlca .
Chloral
Cfaloralamid
Liiloroforin ..-.■
Cllmatotberapy .
CcKalne ,
CffclltaoB
Colcblcum
ConUne ..
167, 660
179
. 208
227
351
254
260
297
301
306
___ _ 313
Conlum 312
ConvallarlB maJatlB 315
Copper BUlpbate 343
Creoaote 328
Cubeb 339
Delpblblne 763
Dlonln 3S5
Draiontlum 35S
Droaera 356
Erlodlclyon 36S
Elber 80
Ktbyl Iodide 82, 498
Eucalyptol 372
BucalyptuB 371
Eupborbla pllulltera 375
OclselDiuiD 403
417, 418
Orlndella
Heroin
«7
PAOB!
ABtbma ieonfd). Hoang-uap 428
Hydrlodic add 38
Hydrocyanic acid r-. 43
HyOBoyaniUB 46a
Ipecacuanha .- 601
Jamaica dognood 653
Lead acetate 668
LlpplB 631
Lobelia 634
Lobellne aulphate 625
Maesage 921
Menthol 643
Uetbylal 646
Morphine 609
MullelD 827
Napbtba 625
Oil ot cbamomlle 138
Opium 605
Oxalic acid 60
Oiygen 936
Paraldehyde 617. 618
Pilocarpine 660, 651
PolaBBlum bromide 196
Iodide 495
nitrate Wi
nitrite 682
Pyrldin 690
Quebracho 161
Sangulnaria 723
Senega 739
Sodium nitrate 757
nitrite 757
Solanlne 358
Sparteloe aulpbate — 736
Stramonium 786
Strootlum iodide 768
Stropbanthua ., 771
Bulpbonal 780
Suapenalon 1049
Tartar emetic 144
Tobacco 790
Turpentine 105
Valerianic ether 84
Vlacum ,.,.....-.- 830
Zinc oilde 836
aulphate 835
Aathma. Cardiac. AdonldiD ............... 74
Cbioralamid 254
Jalap 605
Saw-palmetto 711
Teattcular extract 125
Atheroma. Lemon 619
Oleander B73
Phoaphorua 641
AtbetOBla. Electricity 886
AthrepBla. Rm:U1 alimentation 1004
Auditory Canal, Ulcera oC tbe. Cocaine... 290
Balanitla. Atumnol 106
Bismuth Bubgallate 191
BalBnopoatbltlB. Arlatol 152
Bed-EoreB. Alcohol 91
Chloral 262
Compound Bine Btearate 764
CreoUn 322
Euphorln ...,. 376
Glycerin 411
Iodoform 176
Lead 669
Sliver nitrate 147
Vinegar 13
Beriberi. Methylene- blue 546
BlIlDuaneBa. Ammonium chloride 112
Mercury 443
BitcB of Anlmale. Agcleplai verllcillala.. 158
BiteB of Centipedes. PoUsalum nllrBte.... 682
Bites of TneectB and Serpents. Hydro-
chloric acid 40
PotBBBlum bicarbonate ......,,. .679
Bladder, Atony of. Strychnine 570
Bladder. UlBeases of. Bilberry 823
HyoBcyamUB 464
Bladder, Heemorrbage Into, Pepaln 631
Trypain 613
1090
CUSIOAl IST)K.
■laddrr. Irrltobllltr o<. norajt K
Bucbu •»•>.... 9Ci>
CuDpboTlc aaid XU
CopklU xn
Corn-illk Ml
CoMb S»
DBdil«aa M~
Ulhliim KS
lltn»nUB W8
MuuubromatDd unnbor XZt
MulUlo sn
Pkrvira , Ul>
BtRfoucr* TM
TrIUCDRi SiB
lv« ut»l IK
BtKddfr. ortrdicUDaiOQ o( tli«. Aaplra-
tiou ..UU*
niaddcr. rulnful Afftcllonii of lb*, lodo.
(arm 47?
BladdBi. Pnnlr*f* a[ Iba. Arnica iti
Rl.ciririix an
KtkoI . KJ
aiKitair. Kaplura «f Ibe. Opium WS
UluddH'. Rpiimu of Ibft. BollitdouuB ITS
C«Diiabi* Indlu IM
Bladder. TnBcrculoili oC tbp. Ctmpbo-
ratfdoapbtol UH
Slrrdtng. <^* Mcimorrhagcl
BloDDOrrtiaa. <Spp Oonorrhoa.}
BlrthnndiultliL PbvnaBaljrl U
lll<-[.l>iirllip, Cliroiik-. MiIcruCT 49
Blf pbnronpMiD . Cotiiiiin 311
Bli*U7. AiiMrbcni cotioa ...,, 4U
BlMQUtb in
Cemponnd i«ala cnat* <M
Bl*tul , Wl
OrliidallA 117
Movin* TU
Blood UitMN*. DKbtrrr - UC
CllinawtbCfkpr ■ W1
Blood ItelMiiliiK. (Sm fi«»n>*nia.l
Bono, ("Hrloud, HrdNirblArle Add 40
BoDi?. NpiTotir, liyrtriHihlorlo aold 40
Bnnra and Joiata, li1i«iih ot. Stranilum
lodld.' 7«*
Bono. lilsNiirs ot. C«in|ilior*l*d naptatol. SU
Ooia le
^nnnvurlJJiL m
Diintcl, Al»i]]^ at. Caaura tacnda TDl
Bowl Oiwidcn. A««ela i
Caunabla ladlca OT
CMrarlB 84*
CadflDO <.■•■ W
Oaultbtrla 401
latnclaia 4M
OllT«-0U SKI
Opium Ha
Salap TI4
TasDie Bstd U
Bovol, InviElnnlJODa ot. Polanlum bro-
iiiid.- IM
Bovcl. Obilrur^tlon ol. 0|>lum dW
Boml. ProlaMo of. Alum 104
Nitric aeU 4t
Tannic arid tS
Bowel. Ulcer* of. Tannic aold it
Bntn. ConrmUon at. AcodKO W
Manano MS
Brain. InflamniBiioii ot. Atropinp IW
Brain or Spinal Dupik-. Bttoui I04»
nr*aa1». itwallKn. CamiitKiT Hi
Stramonium <..... TK
Britbt'a Olaeaan. AllbiMi 101
Anllpyrin *H
Apotrnuni I4E
Olfolao , 301
Cannabl* lodica SI
Canlbirla IK
Cbloral ai
Convallarla majalla Ii4
Buonrniua S<4
Gallic arid ,...., M
Oloiwln ....■» 4C7
HydraaUa 4S»
r
F.
Brlcbt'* nianu* icoaf-d). Irm 1(1,
UBCnHia
Pouaaluoi bttartrala
Udldo
PyokUinin .,...
Bodium btaMaw i
Htropnautbaa
Voratrum TlrUk*
Waur .... M
Bromldroal*. AIqb M4
Alumlnulu olMt*
Arialol
BelftnapbMI > i,
BorlD Bold >
Calolum ...
Compound x-bh ataarste
coppor
KoralTptua
Kurophoa >
Ilaans-nan i..>
K/draatlB
lllocarput .< ..
PotiLHlum panDKIICUMM
Qullliua m
SalKTilcaeld .. M
TaoDoCorm Til
ZIUD oloaM M
Bio»<:olal l^nni-allun. [XRltalU SO
Uronrhl-vtaaia Kucaljrpua 171
Oualacol ..ttk Ot
ludufurin (R
MTnihol ,, M
Solpbuik BOld ..1 dl
Bran<hiii)L Ai-ucia H
Ap»tanllld „,„ U I
AdbaiodB lumcia J^^l
Ambler ,. „, Tf^^H
Aimnonlum cbloMdt - >J^^H
indldc d^^H
AdIh >...i..... 4^H
Antlioonr I4l^^H
Atiuprnn .- . RM
ApomoTPbln* ..<••<.. ... 141
Aaatrtldd US
Balaam ot Punt Id
ll>(ni>Bphiol , KK
BllbftTX SM
Caiior-oll tU
Caulopliylluiu , »e
Cbamomllo .<.>.,. in
Cbiarotonn >, ttl
Cliondnia „.,,.., MI
Corlllana W
CodolDo ., n. W
Colcbkum M
Coniallarla ma^alla ....r... ai
Copaiba as
Craoaol Si
Onoun-oU ^... Ht
Cubob , at
Dlallalla W
[>nWTa IK
Knodlctron tK
Slbjri-iOdlda S:, 4K
Buoalyplua HI
Fablana imbrioaU ....>. M
FDrmaiiD as
Ctalbaiium Ml
Onalaa , ,. 4I»
Oualwol at
Hapatica 4M
Hrdrl<:dlr apid »
tiiicium m
rcacuaoba CM
RAica doffwood Ci
Lrdum dtt
Llme-nrtlrr tit
I.lnum GM
LippiK i sa
Llqaor potaaMa ts*
I.<ib<-lla MS
I.ot>ollnF aulpbat* IS
MaaaBRc tn
Wimnlii US
CLIXICAL INUKX.
lOftl
PMtB
BroaotLHii {MDi'di. HnIMn >>•■■ Si
MuilMd 11*
Niaoull-oll Wt
Nltrlo iu>J4 «
ot Badal-woot itt
pliuD M
apborlG uld ., U
PliytiMdSiDa HT
PaLrRotiuRi ,...,.., >n
Potualum IrtEhroDluc >..».•• M, RS
eruild* 4B
a>it«riie »dfl M
SkDculaarlB ■ lO
8*DKuin»riD« I • nt
Baw-palmallo 7U
»QO<W> 1. !W
E<>rpc>aUrla • Ttt
flqum 1M
Hd-jruhnliw , . BII
Mulpborlc aold ......< *!
Brrue* • ••.• lit
T>r«b>ii(> !..>.... m
wrptn bfdraM fOO
^innol no
rTbuJa tn
Trllloum (la
TuriifDllao m. W
BrouFtiitii. Acute. AtlMMMpcrma niw>
rhmjL 131
Olmlritaiia KO
C«slUin Ill
ll«i«ln M
Llquorln *U
OUOD • t*
PoiaMliuD dime m
dtodJvm bdtixoal* ---.,...... Itt
SplMl ot nftroua ithcr..... tt
BroDcblUi. Cdiiilurr. AmuiMila Ill
Ammau^um loiliap .- *..■...... 0tZ
Camelim Xtt
Oarllo 91
Oulle add H
Broncbitla. CbMUlC AUnUI 4TI
AifiinoiiiAc .,. IQi
ApOCCHl^lUC ^ ....,.,. .111... ..11. Wf
Artsalc l»
nallidonna MO
BanvalD ulA , ttt
eSumiiIb .11. m
Brrmla Xt
_B6bll 2M
BCawpUor m
arlum DiAlaM !ll
>kan MS
f Cbloralote n.... 3U
''Cliiarpliraol IX
Idolrifun m
l'ClimAtotb*npr HT
1'CodllT*r-olI GTi
OwMte at. m
I BiMaMipan* 4.4
I Bucalrrtiu ni
aphortolB pltulifaM S7S
lllcapid 13
lOarlic n
Srtadalia ill
arjnn tH
HamamfiU fM
Halaain (71
Henits *n
HfMpbiMpbltM eu
loaiD* m. 491. m
IpKBDuanha MI
Iraa SM
KounUw Sll
Laad ac*tata •>
Hrrtol ttt
OU •>[ nw Btt
. PMTdlmiD >....• •.■<» R*
tPUocarpBB «I
nm eUoTbic (H
»MlB <K
SapoBin *M
scMca no
I- AON
BnmebltU. Cbrank {rmfdt. Sndlua W-
carboDBU m
Soiaiua* aa
BVm.% ns
StNBUum tolida TM
SBlpBOr W
Uaibul 7t!
STropui calcii laoiaiiboipbaiti lU
Tiiaiiiaca 8U
Wiia cbo«x «9
SroDCbllla, Tubcreuloua. UxaHi aold U
Unmcbvcsla. |6W WcKrc.l
Bi«acbD.pa«UBion<a. Auitauula Ul
Ammoolum lodldo M
Antlpynn CM
DiBllalla lU
Piraldaliydv «1T
■■ouaalum imllda (H
Brancborrbaa. Alum UA
AmBwnlufa lodlda ■•..... 4(1
Apomorplilaf , Its
CblorpbtlUl Itt
Copper nlpbaM M
Ciwaou m
Cut«b »
toootorm tn
ladol 4n
UyiTb (H
opmm on
PunpUialla «H
QuknlD* m
Saw-palmetto Tii
Trrrbeb* ; IH
Turp*BUn* nt
IjT* uni m
Zlno (Mlpbata nt
BruUr. Ali'UDal ...,,, M
Ammoaift IM
Calcium HI
Cakndula , nt
Captkun JB
Cmcni ...,.,....,.... at
Hamamella m
Lappa IK
Llalmanl ol Iwid aubaMUM •»
N'apbUUu IH
Opium «B
Ontaanm (u
PlanUIn Mt
Solomon'a iMl , tn
S^mpbyium „,, jjc
Bubo™, Arlatol |M
iliamutb bcnaMW , m
oiriodlde , M
Eurepbvu KB
H™1 »tt
Iodine Q}
lodotorm Itt
Manurjr , m
l*brlolac<w , (41
PToktaDlii UT
8il>»r nitrate ni
lliii-cal InflamaiBdon*. AlpbanapbUI Ml
Bunlona. Copper olaale «(
Buxia. Abanrbeot f«ttOII , 4]t
Aracia f
Acrunilia 11
Aluminum nIaMa M
lllamiilh m
atlbfiLllale Itl
Boric acid , fi
Calendula gu
Carbolic acK ., , aa
nu-bollavd an M
Cora iM
Ootlodlon ,.,.■. ,*.,. , tn
CrsotiQ ;, ..!.,. XB
Cmoaol* ,. m
IMapbtbenn a*
Elaml at
BnpboHB IK
nnropben ■.... in
arlndella , (it
MatttHRiitila ., .....I... 4S3
li'hihrol ,„, Ml
I
I
108S
OUKICAL [KMEX.
Butni Inmfdt. J4ma>ca 4s«aoMI MU
L«[iallu ts
Lard i , Tl
Idsrvl U9
Llmo-nvMr > • 110
IJiiuui -. 1 iSI
Liquor sutin pttfeta M>
IiHrettn I EilV
Mtnurat ...• UT
Uorpbln* MM
Nvt-«all a*
Onhaform ■■■<••. dll
Pbonocoll ..•..• CH
fbytolofrik (U
PicMF iria U
Piaiu caiiiLdeaNa >■••>••• l^
Pluuula ta
Kbiu loiifodvndroa W
Row n*
8aJ0l 7i;
SIIVFT 1«
Kodlum blcwbanau 7M
aotolodol ■■•.• 1*1
BlArcIt II*
Tblorurm in
Tbioi m
TbiopbiAa m*uad* un
Thrmel Ill
Tanwnal SU
Tunisauoa W
WDtKl-Oaur tlA
Wbltclud pidDt .1.. «M
3Unc oilda > BM
UctMila, Otaulwd >lr U2
Sorwparilli m
Oliulu*. Canaabl* Indira Bfl
B(b«r »i>
l^ablana Imbrtoau k*i
HrdnocM u:
LKbiun u:
HaDiaalU 5U
Mlrli^ arrld tC
Palnaduni mi
bloarbonai* .,,, -. era
PlirarBiln '. .■ Kt
RonBUiiin rara ..lOIT
Sodium bltnrbonata TKl
Stmaanlum TM
llrlcrdlii 1 7M
Vn iir»l SSa
Carbolic -A eld PdIhqIimc. Aloobol K
Carboiilf-Dloilda PolaoalDI. OirKen NK
TrAUvfuitlnn ttt l>lEK>d -,.--,...^-.,,.-^^--10il
Carbonic ' Oil Jk PaiironlnK. OsrBwn 9a«
Carbunr))'. Auprol I&'
Carlmllc add tO
Hi^hlnacH ttS
Buroiihcn KtH
Hamainvtia UJ
ttrdroc*^ dioxld* ■ m
lOdJne Ul
Icidol «"
HvDthnl E43
PDlMduRi cbloraM ttU
Proktanin MI
miiar i)l*au »
Thiol WT
Carplnoma. AoonltC .>>■ •■>
Akoliol M
Alvi-tui IK
ArtOol lU
Aranil« <........ U. H
Rrlladonna '.. Ill
ItfURHIlhtol ,, U'
C-iniTnin n.,,..;..,,,....,,a.....,...,.- IK
cuiiijiibii indick lie
rBMliirli. IS)
CaiiarjL- prtfnut; ...,, ««■.■■■ .-- CTt
Cbrrrr^lJiu^'U ■■.-. ...... ...■■ ■....- ivlfi
Cblonlaioiil 36*
OtnnamOTi -,........ ...... ..,..,.. ....... 3K
Cm«ID« t»
Conduruiao 310
FAU
Caranoua ((Wil'dl. CmI«Ii1....> Sll SU
Cnolln Xa
Biwirkitr .an.**
ErraliMlaa amm Ql
llrdniali* tX
llrdrDCPD duoado 11
lodiuo incbiottdt m
ladatorm *fi, 13
JnmntiM dogwepd '"41
K»ai (I
Kouiiiku
URht
Lnol ••■■••i.i.x •,
MMunla ..>■>
UHrcurr
ll*tli|rl>a*-kliw
NaBbUIlD .•»..
Opfuai
IVpnlx ULi
Itlrnlpum
rb«ac«*ll J
Pou—tum CbloraM .>■
ptnnapsaoaM
Prowriol «■
lUctal altmBotaDoQ IM
EtaUcrllo B«lit H
StnaiilDiUla .••■•■■.•.i....... TH
Solluu cUoraia 1»
aalleiPlau ........ tl
l^lramoDluDi W
Xulpburlf acid ■ W
SuprarDnal ntract
Tnllrular ftutd ..>.■,
Xinc chloride .,,
CSf-'iDonia. Oaxric. Aratolc
Rlainulb ullvvlsu ,.„,
t.'aibao diautpbldv ..,•..,
1 iTdrocroolc acid
Lloia-tiaur ,.,,
Solanlnp ,
Car<;ltiaina. L'tciinc, Bmnin*
OtlHun Mfbid*
Haaiiuutic coHon
Irhlhyul -.'-.■...... i...« .4 .1
Sallrytlc orid ....l.;^ "W
Taniik' fiokd #4
CardlalKla. Muuatta til
CariF*. Calcium pboapbate JU; dlt
Mrdrofpn dloildc , IM
lPt'-bB«
lodotorni ■
Lacllc add
SulpburiG acid .<.■•>
TbloMJitaEnLn -^■^■■^'-...... ...«.!
Carle* of ibr Tccib. Carbolic add
CamikDlca. I'rutbral. Coralno
Cataract. Attvr Opfracion for. PIIomt-
pme <n
C'aiarrb. Cocalno 91
Coirlutu lU
Kthyl loHlde i a
Kuphntla , tn
Fruiilii'nla VT
^Iqrrublmn .r.. M
■■impinclla Kt
folrconim „ <n
R.'iiurt-ln .11. ••■...«.. dK
.tatiprrin at
Catarrh, Acute. AtttOOBlnai IMMv *U
flulnln* «..,.■«„;. n
Caiarrh. Rmncbo-pDllDOOMir. AninOBliui
cblondc Ill
Catarrh. C«rvli'al. KllT*r nitralo Ifl
Catarrh. Chronic, DracanUoni 3K
Otarrb. Duodenal, Caacara aaaimda m
IrH m
.••alol ni
nanKulnarln m
Catarrh. iniHiinai. i)st- f.'ntorKfa.)
Calarrb. Kaaal, Alphaaaphlol SA
Alum 101
BcUnaphloI tU
Cacnphor.m»ntliol
Uirboll« wid
CLINICAL IXDEX.
CMwrh. NkMl |cn*r4>. Ca*Mn imaira. n»
CBbeb m
HBMUOalM m
llydrosen dtoxld* ,,,., lie
Imtufona *~
Hanco SJT
MuuinUns ■•.. UT
BaliprriB , c;
flMifuipaiia ....!.. nz
Baw-pnltiiBllo Ill
SilT*r sitnte • HT
TaDD^C field -'■'--..••..«....«•.■■■....... ^
WliLI>-i»k birk VDS
Xnntliwiyluiit W
Cktarrb nl Alr.piaMCM- PnUkHllft tg!
Tar-TftMr Kl
TaralMO* TM
Tbrmal no
Counh of nile-ducu. 8«I«I 7IT
Calwdi «t Lacrymul DucL Thlophni dl-
todld« WT
Catanh ot eutinach and Bo«*I«. Ainai«-
aium dilorldo Ill
|8** aoAti o-rnttrlll:}
Catarrh. PulTnonair, Aaclrpiaa UT
OlIotplDe tat
Catarrh, Liirniir. Hrdraiunlo* hrdro-
chlnrMf «M
Plm* CuiBdniila &i
Sodium *u«otodo1 TW
CaUrrli. VaRloal. UKmutb •ubnllata, . . . 1*1
Caurrb, VoalcaL (8ef Vrttllt:)
CaTltlaa. FisriDaliD ttt
Hrdrnfoa dloitda ITO
Uomia ua
NRDlilalia Bfi
iialol TI7
StvniDa ■ Tn
Cavllln. BHilDnllon «f. Kibar W
Otrabrst ADMlluiia. Anarlatanr MK
Crolon.oll U*
Krunmony „. 1ZI
Cvrrbral ContHlloa. ColOCTPtK . i ,. W
EiBiPTin na
PotaMlucB brODildv ... IM
CfHtral Kxbauation. Uamlaaa HI
Ctnbmia. C«ld apcllcalloDa m
CsnuDOB. Imparlloa of. flijrcaria 4U
Caruman. to Konm fapala tit
Sodium blwbopBla m
borau 7W
OamclUi. Comiwund ilae ttraratv 744
Bupbonn , I?t
kStbjol «e»
hidol tK
Tasolc arid M
CballtiR. )>tarfb .lift
Cbalaxlon. Cucaior 2»
Cbaarra. Ariianilld ■ II
Alumnol IW
ArlMOl lU
BatanapbMl WT
DlamuA oqlodlda ,.....,„„. W
•UMaiUta 1>l
Cappar auloliala Ml
KiinlTPtu* Itl
KarophaD in
UTdroRBn dioilda .' 111
LoBsphan Ut
Marcun aoiolodal M
Napaialln ^ lU
Sutipbsrlo acid , W
CtaDrantd. ATaUiillU ....>..•■• 11
AtUKUiDi IM
baunaalilal UT
DlamuUi M$. IM
banioata W
oxjrlodlda .i Ut
•Bbnllata Ill
Camptior , SM
CampoaDd ilac ataBrata fU
Copprr lulpliAi* ., MI
t)t-lodoforni .-...-...-..i.......... 4n
KOMlrplua ....: m
l-AOli
tibaacrold l(««ritl. Buivpbpa .. 311
HamainaUa IS
llaal M»
llrdraatia «•
lodolariii ■•.. *n
Uiiuld air MI
LoMpbaa ■ Ut
Mercuni Uf
Napbtallo Ua
I'lroklaalD MI
(tUlDlDf .....>... jjj
Riavrvln ••■<. dK
KlliiT nltrata Ml
L'batiptd llaad*. BaaiolD Ut
Campbor Bl
Cold cnam • M
Glrnrlti «ll
LaDOTIH J!
l.iiiuoMit o( kad (UbacMate tg
Koa- im
Buipaurit Bold n
Uufuautum aqus roaN lla
vii»iiu» W
Cliappvd Llpa. Oaauls IK
Cald cream • M*
(lljTEdu 4U
LanoIlD n
Mfrcury , «l
Rulu I....-- M
UDSuaMuDl aquv roa* ..„,„.„, Ut
Vltdliu tn
Cbvat. OtMaaaaar. Ilopa W
Pllrb plaaur ■•
Cbllblalni. AliMD IM
Alaminum otaata ,**
llmialo • Wl
Caiophar — jW
caipilnin M
CrwMiDta »
Dldulii ■•
KiccirlMtr > Si
Kkml W
Icbtbyol UB
lodin* w
Mrrturr ■--■ , *«
Niirlc acid •
Nul-sail ....i^..-- ■•
Oil or rajupul SI*
Peuolfum ,... P*
Rbua loilcDdondroa M
liiilpburlR BCM w
Thiol ,., m
TurpcDIlBc »»•
fblLlblrth, iSi-r PorKiritUm.i
Chill, lo Abort » filonarploa gj
Chilli- 9trDphan<ta]n Tit
I'blOMina. iDdlno W
Vrratrlno ~ W
Chloral Ilabll. CaBnahla ladloa 131
rrhlenl PolaonlRK. MMMsa >M
Cblorotorm Narmli. Aiujl allrlta IIT
Aqua amnoalai lit
Vlnatar U
rbloroala. Atamlo W
Buriiun eblorldo .., H>
CDlrarIa M
Cbaljbtala iralara Vn
Cttnutotbarapr Mt
CoUlDioDla n
CalaciraUi no
«PP«r M
Diet • ..-■ IM
ParraUD M
thiaraa* < tt)
MannafBllol • »
tbatoof m
Iron Jn. tic
Krtlr MO
UalBcala UO
MBBxanBa* I»
Maaaaao m
N'us vomica ■ sn
Onmlae dM
OuBtB , IT*
I
lO'Ji
CUBICAL IVDin.
rxam
CUoroMa (emir<t). Oconlwd wawr Ml
■■•iMiln an
IVpto^miiiiciiii ,, ..,..,,... sot
PWdmlum chlarato > < SO
suuc i^wtrldir n>
2inri>h»iDo1 .--.--, ^^ SIS
CbOlelltbJuli. Midi TIT
CboUni. A*Iutlo, Aloobol W
AmBMalH UW
AnuBODlum clilorlda lU
ADtl«n«l«nii W
Alropiua UN
CatTHii* »*
Campbar ■ -- US
Cblaral JSl
CblorDtDrm > Ml
Copppr anlptiate MI
BptprtMlyalB »^
HMt 1013
llrArocni dloild* ITl
Hrpoii^nnocir*!* • '"*'>
IdImUod of nllk 1M^
Donual Mlt MluUon lOll
loVaTPDOua lit]«oUoD at nartnal Mil
■pluUoti loa
tpmcuuilia WO
Kola .-. - sii
Lead aooui* M»
NapbtaJin U«
Kt(n)K>)"-*r<a W)
Nui ToiDKa iVI
Oil of <BjUpUt i'i
Opium BUT
OjtSII >?*
ParacOloUiO Kl
Pi-Iruli'um tH
QulniiiH ZH
Salol Til
aalapban T9J
^d41uiii blcarbonalv '- 4d0
borotv TSO
rhlATldo Tu
Spermin bjdroctilvrala 1K>
aiyrnna TTS
SulpbaiDlnal TTG
SulptiU'lc aoia cn
Tannic acid 63
TrlbrompliaDal-blinQuth in
Cboler* lofaotum. Aliiobol H
Bromol 1.... 301
(.-■IC"<nn an
Copiwr tulpbaW MI
catu no
CriViIlB .- UI
Kcbiis.-iTn US
EDicruclyala ..,.,•>•• .,..I04C
laxlUTla ATI
Kuumlu-. , 1)3
Murciirr , — *M
Oplutii SOT
I'liUwil URi brnmlda IM
Halol TIR
ailitr 1»
SoniatOM TSB
Xliif •ulphoMrbolal* >ae
Cboicra Horbm. Cedron Ml
Cblaral Kl
Chloraforni M
CorBIDC JM
copper aracDlt* ..•> 3U
BfhlllRCUB tS>
Ilrdronn dloild* ITt
ItiHluvtn tTS
iDlrcllomi of normal aall aoluaoii lOU
IparaiTuanha Kt)]
J*nial<iii itosirood HS
Oil of QDlUpUl 1 GTI
quinliw ««
SulphamlDol -.•*.■■.*«..■■..•.•■.■..."-' TT0
XDDIhotrlum S3I
Cboirra. Sporadic. Rnlaracljala lou
X«r«lorm Itt
CbnnlrD, Oannatili IndlM HI
Cantboru ttP
CbordH Cranl'di. Cokhtcttm
LnputlQ
MoanbroBtaird campbor CI
Potaaaiam bramido IM
Cbor«*. Actuullld 11
Aiulur TM
AiDmoDlated topptr IB
AntlPMID —
Aiiomorpbla* .
Armnir M,
Aaatrdda
BronuBallol
Calcium tronitd*
cblorldc
Campborif acid ..•..n... .>.....
Cauuabl* lodlr*
CiTluni iiulal* I
CbeDopo ilium SK
cnionil SI
Obloralnmld M
ChlDrotorm ,..,. SP
cimlclluxa Mi
Comlnr M
codiiviT'Oil st:
CoM itai
uaui.-liu Ml
OolJInaonla WT
Cnnlum 3U
DnmailUID SI
BI.-<-mi'!iy tX W
Klhi-r n
Bitari bromida t)
Bucalyptol IR
RialKin tn
Ftrniui bromlda tW
OauIUirrla /. ¥»
OalBi-mluiu «M
■IrdrolbrrapT ■ ,. Vn
l^-oaiTamua Wt
Iron IS
JamaKa do|voad dtt
l..aiMOpll«nlD m
Muaac* ■»
MvtallolbDrapr MU
MonabmRMIva rampbor tO
Milak (H
OpLuW •«
PiivncH-olt <U
I'bj^uwtlicma HI
Plcrotolln M
RaJiryllc aotd H
.tt'ulallnHa , W
:?1|[tr , 1«
SUnnlo ;.,. «*
Spantlna autpbata TIT
Static rlrclTlcltr n)
Stramonium TIB
i4irt>uiitiEEi bri:.inld« TIT
Strj-rhnloi. Kt
SulphoDnl , .. 7t0
Tenur ./iuviIq . i<i
T.atl'-iilHr nuld ........... Ill
Turprntloa Tn
ValrrUo SH
Viaruai ., 0>
ZIDC craslda ...,,..<..... tK
Mido »
aulpbaU : KH, Ml
Tal*rianat« CM. nt
CborlorotinitiL Uirviiry UI
Cboraldltla. Mercury 4V
Turinpiillim n*
ChjrlurlB. niarioua Tb]mal lU
CicalTioH. Sluclrlcilgr *M
MjuanK* »M
CIntrliTial CoDtraclurra, Tbloatnuala M
Clrrhodi Dt KIdnvy. Oold tM
ClrrhDiliKir I.lvrr Atnmoniun obtsrld*... Itt
Aniinniiluni lodidv M
AtfCQic SI
Soldo
Cnionilnmld —
CoiiTallarii majalll
Dloaeorca irllluiia
OLnnOiL IKDKX.
Olr>'bo>la ot L1r*r (MKi'tf). Oold aad ■»-
aium chtorlda i«i
lodnCarm K9
Ufrcurx ...» k Ut
SitroamtMUc &ald *'
■■oUMlum bluinraM • ttl
iodide U7
Stllllucl* IK
SirnullHin lodld* TOO
Clliuccprie UliturbBOCoa or Hekltb- Cli*
matoUiarap; Itl
CiMl-0» Po>*onlD>. QiTXra MS
Cobra IMIaoDlas. aold 1«
C»l«lll«. UMt m»
LaT«Dd*r StT
WrrlMlu Its
Rhubu-b TOI
Cal4 H*.ndi aod Putt. Siryibuliie 6TI
Cold, lo Abort a. Aamonluni carbaiiatv.. Ill
Colds. AKkplH un
CbBmomit* US
Colli. Alcobol 9h
Al«lrM M
Alum , 1M
Aolw m
AmI*Uds U(
Bflladona , in
cciniataila m
rDiiiBiiiiii* nr
('■friufidor I...... 11 .1 IIA
crocud .........■..■■.■......■.....■■..... zn
Diti-miit IM
Kthnr 10
rrnart MB
llrdfonw «l
HoDmuin'* aaodroa 81
HrMCyamu* Ml
IllKlam 471
JuniiMr 1.1 S«
MatbrUi S4»
Uuatard Itt
Myrwtlri Ul
Oil of (Aluput ETt
Ojilum CM
IVpCH-rmlnt ■» ■ M
PIcroIoilD m
Fuuulum bromlda IM
llhubiirb 703
Saltdago , Tii
Bplco-pluttr tn
Ruik rlwlrieltr m
TurpmtlD* .1.. tM
XuiUiM7lUin nt
CtUe. Bltlarir. Amyl va1«rianau IIB
Antlprna ..,.. OS
ColllnMinla WI
Qilariuliun M3
Cilxr*ria «l
H*a( 1«1>
Olln-oU HO
Opium tOS
l>DUMliim ladlde , W
Stramoniam .^ TIC
Sulphur ns
Colic. tnfaoUl*. Cbtnopodlun MS
Colic. Lead. Alum IM
AnilpyrlD ne
Cnlnn-olt US
MaBHHlB UO
Otlvf-oll HP
Opium tn
Slnrholn* HO
CoUc. itrnal. OtlHiiPXla M
CtirR'SlIk m
Kln-ixoltr tit
EiBlda , M*
Hml 1 Ills
HrdnDgaa «!
OMum Wt-
rlpcnula ..• «T
Cohr. Vtirlat. Oiwlor IV
Jinalr* dOKWoad < IBt
BmbMbIo nt
C«liiu. Creotin m
ailnr DitntD , , III
Collnpw- Hot mi
Scidlum chloride n(
WsrbufB'* tlnotura SD
rolnr-bllndn^aa. Saaloala 7M
romii, Alrohollo. MaaaaM* W
Coma. L'roiinie. Crotoa-oU HI
Morpbluo H>
Comi>dan«L llrdniK«D dloildo VO
LuotlD 71
Tar «1
EInc oUata O
Condyloonta. ArwDum olaato U
Cliram1« Mid It
Sutapb*D 37*
»*nurr 410
Kailnr , Ttl
Thujn m
ZltK.- chland* m
ConluDPtlvltla. Abrua t
Alum , in
AlumlDaUd copht Mi
Anrlprrla tm
MKiDfirr .„ IW
BdjuapbUI m
Blamulh in
Hon r Kid U
DoroflrcFfld* SI
CouTo* »
Codll»r-all »TI
C«pp«r (ulpbata < Ill
Crdoaiun 146
BiBolIa »t
Kuropaf^n IiH
rormalln nc
airrcrlli of blamatb Ill
Hydnuilnliiv hxdrocbloistf ■ lU
llrdroitPD dioxide ■ ■■■ ITI
lodotorm 1 ITT
lodol L W
UnatlA 1....1 n
I.tlhlum US
Mpn-ury << ■ Ul
Opium on
PboDOialrl 14
I'rotaritoj Ml
ITokunlQ MI
Rcdorctu dST
ll>Iliinl ,, , at
SaDKUlnarine oltraM 713
Searlflcatiaaa un)
Sodium aouilodol 7t\
Mtrabontf • ts
Tbiotorm IM
ThiDphmi dl-todtd« tm
ZIno acftate *0
aulpbaie ai
Oonallpatlon. Alkalla* waun tn
AloM HO
Harbcmr ;....... IM
Bout m
DallidounB .■ 171
DManapblol <■!•
Camphor tn
Caacara aacrada M
CaaWr-oll , ,...„ U3
CatharUf acid 711
Cbloral-eatCaloa a*
Cllrultin , no
Codtltcr-oll , , ITS
ColoiTOtb no
Compound tlqusriea powar 4lt
Cmaol* t..., at
cracon-oll i in
Curcaa M4
IHM t»
KIwtrldir m. Ml
BuomaU UMt
Huonrtiiio tH
n« tM
friincula m
OamboM 311
aifvprls III. Ot
1096
PAOB
CoDnlpkLion <r«il'<t). eiMlae «tt
HyMcrBiuu* •»••••.... 1M
tlrCBDUMB KM)
JiiKp tW
Jerabete 'M
JoKlOB* U7
iL'pUiidra BU
Uauoi UO
l«balU US
teaRBMU •.... US
HlSIM &»
ummc* m
Mu*c«r>ii* M
Km (cmlu ■ ■■ tM
Ullvo-cai „., UD
Opium m
Oi-c*ll Ml
I'diirnatln , ■ >•.- <l<
PhiHiitluiu • MO
Poaophrllum (Tl
I'oUHIum and MdlUU UnnW ttt
Rbuliiib TW
§o4miiuiti]i in
Rpldllu powlor 1 TU
Kriina 741
HOBp '»
Static elcctrldtr m
tttllliuclii IS
Thiol W!
TuipcDllnc TW
XmitllOKylaiii IS
0«a*uinptlai). iSra TH&rmifMl*.}
CcDirBctioii*, Old. rnnkllaUm ns
driiirai'lun:*. Biwlrlclty S*3
CDuru*I«n4- Arotca ..-..-.- - l&S
coia WM
Lfm4 .■.>... on
Oonvalcwcpnit*. AtNlnttiluiil i
Alcohol ., 9S
Bwr 411
Brain ana iplnat «Mtw)U 113
Ctlumtu >IT
CnwariliK ISa
cjofhoaa ne
oa» - W6
Cadllnr-nll tTI
coiiii»»atB sor
Qnntlac .>■•..•. M
01)-<'>rln «U
Glr^vropbonibUM ...■! M3
Hoani-nao i > if
Kula Gil
Koumlm fiU
Lomoaad* ----.,.- St3
Halt .■-■■:(
PotJtialuni cbloraltf ,,-,,-,-------,.-.... 6U
PltlfB *M
Quaial* ••..■. m
K>d puppr ....!.. — T<%
HbJfp 71*
CcuTuUlooa. Allrl'ineromld* W
AmlH^t TTC
AiMmorpbliio 1*3
Aufnlida )5<t
RlOnd'latUus lO.'R
Dramldn at
CalPlUni aulpbaM >> :>^
Oudir L' ^
CblanI 36]
UlDUdltucB STl
Cold watar )(i:>
Cnntiim -. it*
CopptT Bulpbata - M3
narUc bt
Onlaisiluni — 4<H
HjrDtntyamiia ....^ 4CC
Junnlca dagtroed <■■— dS!*
MiMllclaal InlccUona IdtT
Mu*k -. Ml
Oil «t rue I-*^
Plirnocoll Ot
1'br*a>tlcna ml
PHlMiiila «U
Solauuni CarolliiMiM- >...> h TO
Onntalaloaa cniat'd}. VakMaa
VMMruni vlnda
(.ornoa. Ab*cen at. ThlapliMi dl-Mdidc. .
Conui». Dlk'aua u(, CoivUic
ConttrK latlJtrfellooii of. Pilo^arplba....,
CoraH. Opatllle* of. FamlNiUius
TbloalDamln
Oarniv, Wound Dt. PliraoiUxuku*
RHorelD
Cora«aI AbrMlaiu. PltMrnotta ■■■
Pliiot«»eln —
CoronI Muppuradon. Cblartoa
Com*! Vlc*r. Ailaul >
Caalor.oil
OocKlov
tPMtneltr
HrdroccB dioxida
lodl&a t
ludDfarni
PbTHwllpolDc ••>>•
PyiiklaBfu
3»lol
Corui. ArtpDum ol«Bta ■■■ >>. .
Caalipw-ouc
Otuilldantum
Collndlao
Copper OlMl*
PataMlun bluhramata —
S>l1eTll0Ml4
Corria. AcaeiA •■,..
Acaolt* .1
Adr*usllB
Ammoalum lodlda
Amil nllrlt*
ArlKol
Atropln*
Caopbor
Oampborle acid
Carbollr arid
Corlluna ,
Compaimd tUic itwMta
Ocl«culiuil •.»
Ulycfrln
Icbtbyol ,
ludlae
Minaa*
Pocaacium lodlte .,.,..».i.i
aalldn
Saw.pBlniMto
Sodium aoiiolodol
CouKli Acclanlllit
Ae.'lli' tftliur
Aciirii'OD hrdma .......'
An^monla --.-->..,■...«,.■.■....., « i
Antlpyriu i
ALihHPHjnnlo ........i.*. • '
Uflladonaa
Cunnabia ladlcB
riiBiiinmlta
CbiliBD , :
cbloiarorm
RiKlUana ,
rod'inr n. I
Goilinutila :
Conlum :
OiIbiikb
OrliFmluin .1. '
Qlycarla '.
El.Toln ......-.-,..-,...*■«■■.*..«•.■..-..
Ilydrobromtc acid
HlAtoi-y»BU acid
Hyi^iu'ramua
ipiTaruanbB '
JamaioB dogwood i
l.lp|)lB ,,.., I
LynpllB , b,.<....
Marrubium
^•■cbI bnttona
rill ot ■nndal-votxt
Opium fW, I
Pllotarpu* ., - 1
Pntiiaglnm bromld*
Rnln ... I
Raiiculnaiina ...., .,
CUNICAL IXDBX,
iQ97
* rAOB
((wr«>. s«wii*i»Mw ...., Ill
'•KMiim M
tkr <fi
T«'«»*ii« m
Ttrpin hjrdrau mu
T«ucrlum MI
TuMll«co KW
VBtortui at
Wild tftwry ..: Ml
ZlD<> *al*n*nMa tM
tCninpa. Chloral m
I Codame aa
ICMmiia of PMSaaaajr. Copper lulphatr. . . Ml
Vtburnum opulv* US
,_.HUIUD. Poluuiam lodlda (K
■Cnip. ApocodaiiH '.. (im
ApoincirptilD* 141
CopiwT lUlpbtte MI
IpH«(!uuilia W
Ijirlls Dcld <4
Mmf-watcT Ill
Muiaie . SO
Mi^cur* 446
MutMrd . TU
OtTtra ue
I^IMlii at
Fat-'n ttl
I'iir«lmn OC
BucvlDtHa m
S«noc* m
Sploe pUiter ..,., US
Sovitl tu
Vloaiar 11
XIac lulpbtM SU
. Croup. UlpbilMrim. SItVM umiM 141
[OMUp, U*nibrauou*. Brvmln* IM
1 Oalpluni Iodide IIG
Croup, Kpumoillc. Atolklle TO
Cblfrral ttl
CblaFoform SM
OMUUna Ml
OelllnMDiB 307
QiMbracbo ttl
Curralur*. Lalml, of gplno. Static cl*?-
tntity sn
Cranoali- Oi7St4i MS
<)u*bncbo If I
IB* IMMaa*. Halo torn W
Alun lOt
AUttoDluai btiaioalo 114
cMortd* , ,n Ill
Amvl Ditrlla UT
Aatlvrrui S3S
ArbuUn ......i Rt
Bratol« afid IM
BeUnapbtoI tSa
DoIOo 1X3
Bromofxllol .,,,.., :D1
Huchu 101
Camphor lis
Campborlc aitU tH
Caalbnria W
Capoimm IS
nocBlii* 99
CoKluoata WT
OXMlba 31!
Oom-ollk Ul
Corauda M7
CnwiiD sn
cuwb as
EpiNiM ta
BriDiia at*
BuFalrplna ...,..,. X!t
Pahiatia ImbHoata SN
Oalllc add S
CIrliidfllB 411
Otimarnl m
HaraamgUa , .40. IS*
Ilrdmcvii dioalda •■■■■. Ill
Ti-'hthi^tkl ................I...... .......... tiO
Iodoform 47T
Juniper M
Kan-kava M»
lAtnm ,..,, „ at
t
rxv:
'Si
CTXiUa iMaC'd). UqiuF pouM*.
Ulbium ,
Kul !
iDiaslta 1 _^
Ualico tai'
Mrrrurr 441
MullolD > m
Mynb
MjTlOl
Oil ot HDdal-wood
OpLuin .-
Orlbiwlpboo alamiiioaB i.. (11
Oiallr nrtd M
Oiouv-walef
PBr*ira ,
l'bFnD«Blyl
Pip<'mln ..,•,.■■.
PotaialuiD ollloaW T4S
ProliU&lQ MT
QalDliif .,..■.. I lN.i
RmIdoI
Rbua aroniatlaa
itaocbariB
StaLopbf-D ....,..,.....,,...,.,. ^V
Sodium lil«arbeaBI« tit
boratr V*
fluorld* ._,,, m
Stfrawl
suipbam:
suipbamiDol TO
sutpbir I
Taonopla v...... ......
Trrcbcoo ....*... ._
Tbfmol in'
Trtllrum tH
TnrpTDtina ,'■.,. m
Urotropln ........4 Bl
Vr% ur<l n
rarrroFjriutl*. ADtlprrU
Chforlno
Il)rdn>K>a diuild*
llrokUoin
DaDdroff. QuIlUla
Tannli' ac^id 1...
Dtalnw*. Unbrrtnthlno. nionarplD*.
Drbintf. BobcriDo lUlpllaM
Boido ..
nralo'tiincl
ralr4um [ibaaphau ....IIS,
ciialibHte vaMra
ClncbooA ...^
Coca
Corrdalli ....>..
FVFTOHlllUltOM
llannDffrrBm
Iron
albuiuUi8li> .,
iJu'tnumaCDt* ,.,,. , „
UrM
Malt .-
MancanMO ■ ■
OratlDp
Fhoapboru*
4}uUiIb«
anipua «Blcll laotophoaphMla
ildctiprrT -
Dobllllr, !*riual. Coralno
t)*liHnn>. CaoiublB lodlca
Cold afiplUatloaa
Darknaaa
Urwal buitona •
PtiNiv^vrln .......,............t.. .......
Valerian
Ovhrtum Tcnoona AnauwIuiD aoftat*...
Ammoiiluin oarbniMo
AmylNW ^draa
Arnkra ..................i. ......--- -----
Ilroniotariii
Campbor .-
CaanaMa Indln ,........--
CapM<«m
cmwuiaca -
tu
IS
lis'
IMS
CUK'IOAL INDEX.
VJUOM
Dclirlun Tremona (ivaCdi, Cold tolIi....lMI
Coaluia M
UlKiUlla BI
Hot* • «1
HjcaOTvnua • ***
IpvcMuanha Sot
Jumaira ducvBiHl BSD
Ucltulal Stt
UanobroDiaieA etmphor Rl
Hank «l
HrrttUi'u GU
N"X voin\iMi Bn
ri.i ildrbydo flT
quiuioii sl>
SculfllUna HT
Snlpbonal TM
SainUul Tli
Tartar anittlc 141
D«lt»»T)'. I'r«nBlu«. OlrcM-la 411
Dfluitoii*. ltninou*m lOM
Dcmaalla- CiuiQabl* tOdiM tSS
CUIoralanUd SM
t>abol«liM Kil
UrMcramUio wt
DerauUlsla. Cota I9i
Monthol tU
Dfrmatltla. AlumlDiun oImU <f
BlamuU IM
Uarballc acid W
Oeu -.... »*
Oolmmtum > 'IM
Lanolis R
Lau»l , BIS
LMd «ra
Uercaij 4«t
B«nil(HleI «l
iJrrmami* [[iTpntlfimiiU. ArMnte It
Upnaatotei. IclitbalUo 4ID
DMpoadoDey. CsOtliio V»
DlabtUa Ii»l|ildiu. Alum , 1(6
Aatlp)rr>n — CU
Cklrlum «oioilU tU
Codrloc SOS
Bfc"! .-.. Mt
OalUo Bold N
Mlule Mid m
Opium Wl
nloc«r[>ua 8W
Khua aromatlo* • TO!
ValuMao 814
DIatvm MHIlloa. Alcobol , H
Alum M
AmmoDla Ill
Aiilli»rr1a 141
Anilpriln m
Ani'uic ...n, al
nilbvrry SSI
Oalolura I......... >U
coaolate >l<
Caanalila ladloa . 22T
CtiloralBinId at
Codeine W. «R
CodltTor-mi 6Tt
OtmcoM i 3it
Diet >M
DlabotlB TH
nuleio MS
Bnot S«
KlalKln Sn
Ootd and audlum cblorlda M>
(iualarol an
IIicmofallD] 389
Haimol 383
Hrimdn-niortrala ........IMS
Isutla-bnad ....< 4T(
lodafom m
bdul 4M
trea , ns
Juaboi. u«
Xota si:
Koumlaa SIS
Lactic aoM 1... 41
liiquor Miicnallcua 129
UlhlBRI 6»
Diabaua MtlUlua 10Mr4). HyrUo.....
Kapbcalla
NitMc nold
tiplum tn
uxrsMj m
0(aD»->ater M!
pKiMnaUa <lt
I'apalD _...- «>_
l>lio>pbort<i add
rttoapborua ,
Pllofvrpliia 1..,
niMTailn
I'DtaMum bromide
Rbu* aiomailaa l
HHccbsrln IV
»i>llt>rll« aeld H
Baioi .nti.m_
Miuium blearbODaw ..^.i.
aoK^lodol
Sulpho&al c'
Tbrmol
Cranium ■
Ura unl ■
Valerian
.Veroturm Stt
V<*M »
Dlanb<>a. Atnua , M
AlOH MS
Alum MC
AnlipTTla fM
Arlaiol , ..»„.. lU
Ari"ii!c tl
Aarlppla* Ul
AalrlDErnt cntmala UM4
SulladuUM .... Ua
n»bi>rtoa in
lllamnld , U*
loreun Of
aahcrlata ......
aabtlallalF
lannau
Rlat-klM^IT
Rork ui-ld
liumu t>aaU>rla
CaOplnc
Colclum fhlorlde .>■..
pbOHjilialv
talliii'lBl*
Calumba
rampbor .-
Cannabla ladlca ....,,..
Carinlic add ... »
Cnaca SR
CaMnr-sdl ; MI
CdTccHu ■».... W
CudniD 141
Cvrlnm nalat*
Cbalk
mUniiT*
CbaMaut
CbioTofonn xi
Clbcbona IM
CtnnamDn tH
Coppvr arntnlta .8). SU
■ulpbate .....Hum
Colo S>
CrtoKa W
Ont-oU Bt
Cuiparla i..... MS
IKairnd Ina M
Oldtalli XI
EncmaU ■ •• IM*
Buvuljrptivl Xil
Ctranlum Wl
OeatD ■ VH
QliiKiT »:
Duaraoa i.'. tU
tlnmajDalla ...,< ....—>
Hnl'oln
XvllantbNnuin
Ilopatica __
Houcbara (H
llrdrorklorlc artd Jt
tlXBlcrloiiKB
CUMCAL INDEX.
10&9
Marrbou (CDnt'J). loclavla r!X
Iodine (W
Il«uivuiiaba ue
IrMialiaii ol lioir«l lUW
Jstnbol , Ut
Kino &10
Kola Ut
KouiiilM bll
Knnwrit Kit
Lactic acid M
LtHd ■cetat* ta
Ltdum , ,..., U7
Uqiildainbar Ul
LIqiMTica ,. M
LASriWd 113
UaiiwaUt £9
Uasacalum itlliiaM *U
Mbdiki S37
ItadsaatAUa 13!
Hatloa ISO
Mnvorr ua
UooMlk ten
Uulloiu £37
Myrlca lU
Ujrntlica Ul
.S'apfiUIln tU
Nux Domics SID
(Ml at vriKiTOD Vti
Opium , ut!
OrpEial M
PambOUOO tU
raaareaUn CM
PaMin ei&
Papain SB
PhpDol-blimuth m
PiiiU* Caaadcual* ...i KS
rodopbyUiiia til
Polyconuni CIS
Pomvcrauata Ut
Potawlum blcarboDaU OP
Friao* en
QUBula era
Uuittiititic UaoMQ ts3
UBlnlna Xm
aun«aiTT nt
Rnbi , CM
Rcaanrtn N9
BbnUarb VU
Rh» aranuUea ■ nA
■lat<ra "M
Salacrul Til
SallrlD ns
Malol TU
Sediuie paraenaDtaM tH
Selanlna its
Kntphur TVS
Sumbul 7i7
Srmpbflutn T«S
Taooalbln T*l
Taitni(«t m
Tannocartn Ttl
TapBopin m
TtajriDOi u...... ill
Turpiiitlna TM
Vlbiirnna prunfrallvn 19
VintRnr 13
Wai«r M*
XaDlboijriDD m
Xlat otidc nt
■ulplule n£
ZIncebaiDuil WS
•arrbw*. Cbronlo. Anlaa IU>
Cadiimr-cil iw
Copaiba >IR
tfniDi yx
aaiiicMld n
Iron IM
Nlirtc a<4d «
Mirohr4raclil«rtB aoid n
Silnr DiUsie lU
Si>d>uin bfiiiaal* IM
HUr Dlaordon ID Cbitdnn. DM MT
DiKWUT* WMkaaa*. Oarduna „■• tU
Cot« IK
PAQ
I^ilBiBtlon 04 Stotucb. Uetanaplilial
BleetTlcltir
(i*nllan
>laH»c»
Kectal allmenutlau .•• ....>
Salol
Slrondum bnxDidn
Diphtbcria. Adbatoda ]uaUd« ....»...<... ^
Ai<-ahal W
Alihoia J...1... lot
AndpjTlii ST
ADliUXiO IB
AnwniD U
Uatum ol Peru M
Btcr Ol
Bvuiol Hi
llptaupOMI •.
Uraplllie ■
Bronul .■••>
Calx auipburau >
Campbonlod napblol
CaolbaH*
Carbolic Mid .. _.
Vblaolla ..; MT
Oiloral m
Cold »g
(^DpPT aulpb^ta M>{
Crcollo '■■■■"I- ^^
CraouM IM. Oi. : .,
KrblaaoA -. Wl
BtbTl»nMl1aiDlne-«UTar-phaapbat«
lullan •
Rucalrplua
Kormaldcllrd ^ ,
UaIIic acid M
nusMeol ni
llrdnxtlOTlo uld W, U
llrdroicn dieilda •■ }T1
HrpodinnoclrMa
Iphlbalblii
tOdln«
uibrotaid*
Iron >...
Lactic add
LlliM'*il«r
MaiDMla
U>'»Ibol ML I
lirrrurr «(. Ml]
Mrtbylcnf-MlM M>4
Mynh
.VapTllalLp
OnyfvD
otoov-vatar .■ — .
■"■nrrfatla
rspWD
P*patn
Palmlaum
nioiwrpila
PDIBHEum ChlOTtt*
punuBaiauBla Mt. Vt. <
■■j-okunlB ' - ,
Prromna ITjj
QulBlDt .• tK. BT'i
Itnorcia <n]
Kollaol
SalaKloI
ar4Bi>i aera u..... .
SrrpfalaTla TO"
Sodium bcnioat* IM. 10
■ulplilK nt
•utpborlniBBt* Bft,
StarMAl
RutpbodclDalftf pboDOl
l^lpDUT -----...,
Sulpburic acid ...
Tirpin bjrdrala .....n...
Thrmoi nv
Trjrpain dU
TnrpiDUDa >. W
VlB*nr a
yVMTT IM
DtpMiDBsia. Urpaaclam MU
IMmiaa n( Waaiva. Uaaaaic IB
nialocatloa lUaod'klUnii lOM
1100
CUKtaXZ IN'DKX.
Iloi-bllc. BctilBacra li*
t>iiak-crsvlDH. ObC 1«
DiopT- AcupUDSIiuw lOU
Alrtrl* K
Aniullii ItJ
Annoracia • IH
AKltoiaa ixrlac* • ' — IW
Aai-»ailn W9> ItS
Cutus VH
C>)Iflnp-«ulcbonla oetd ■ IW
trl-l«ai4 IPH
Coiocyatli W
Couiallarl* niatolH j...v 114
Copaiba an
Cuma I. IH
OliHialla »■
UlurrVD M
Blaicrla M
Baau/inUB ... .1 174
Gallian M
Iil> 504
Jb}«P •. >.•• • Btt
Juniper >...,, 601
Krlir : SID
Ullobctia U>
Mu*ur4 iU
Oil lit 'Hetron Gt4
l-nmUr „ SN
EMIotarplDf .-■.,■» ta
Polyukblum SR
Utaamiiua racliartlona ■■..■..-.■.■.■..... TW
ScamcDanx < 'm
Sropaliua TH
Sunpca ■ Ttt
Sodium acMala , at
laiU4« m
Solomiu)'* «c«i tn
Kplnt of nitntua tthtr ft
. Squill , , , ill
Stropbauibua ....1.....1..... Ttt
Susar of mllh TI4
ViiKum m
l>tug tlablti. Trlouil Wl
Dyaeuurj. Allaotbua glalidulOM f!
Alum lOG
AanDoiUiim eblortd* U>
AMMDl lU
Arnlta l»
AMieplaa 1ST
AiWtDseDl l111«eUMi* lM<t
BInauta 1W>
Huna puurU ■ :. tU
Caitor-oll n i Ul
Choiipari) unaKOM 187
f^Miniiiikun VIG
(.'■i.'um* 9(1
CD41lnr-0I1 I>7<i
Copaiba lU
Coppfr anlpbalo Ml, 341
CoiUin.roal bar. ,,,,. fli
Cfvolln • W
ruaparia MS
DIU lU
BniTiuaia .......< tMfi
Rniot , 3M
U«lliF arid , an
Ocraalum ;...>....... M
ai|r<vrln - 4U
llamainili* 4M
Hcllanthcmum ..-.....■..•*..■.»........ 435
HtiIfucdd dloxKl* ITI
Hirst«rtnnlca 4S9
lodofarm it*
IpecitiTUaDba .'. EOl
Imn SAO
.lustsaa UI
Kola Ill
KuniulM Sia
krnmprla ■.•••.. U4
L.ac<lc arl4 ~..>,<..,. 44
ticiul BOotaM Wt
litdum S11
I.lqutdamtiaT ..,>...,,.< GH
Lraol MS
PAoa
Uratat«rT (n>«rO. Macuoia .... U
Hanio Ul
MaiiKvaUPa ■ UI
MalMa , U
McRurr , HI
MllllMD 1... »
M^tlra Hi
Nipblatln
Niu TDOtta
CHI Dt nlmrM ,
ullve-oll
Dpiua
PambolaDO «»
t'omricraiial" ..,..■ Ul
Rbut BnCDatioa nl
dull«rli<: aWd H
Salol ^ Tit
Sllnr Dltral* It)
Sodium btDioaM IM
aulpbaio tM
Sulpbamlo») .■■... R*
Sumbul • TK
Sympbylum M
Tannio acid ...■■.. Ct
Turprnlino .,■ !»
Vi» ural Sa
Viburnum prunlfoIluiD — (B
Xanlblum KU
Kinc aulpboto M
nyampnoniiuu. Antutllld It
An>nit« W
Alctrla M
Amyl Ditrll* IIT
vaUrlnnato ll>
ADMnoDlD I ■.. tn
Aullprrin CK
AtiloIJti CM
Uflladoniia ■■. ITT
Borax »
Campbor US
Cannabta Indtaa tM
Orium Dxatal* . !n
Chioraiauid >...;... ... S4
Cliulcimia !TO
CalllnaoDla M
Conlum • V>
Cotton-HKit bafk at
CroUin.eblnral B3
Xlwampanr ITI
Bl!<vtnciI7 1)1. M
BPCDt , an
KialKlB ,. m
Frnnel k aft
OalianUm ,. fttt
Of ItiiriatuTn f. 401
Ulnicr Bi
(.old IK
Oualu 41*
lUmamflla ... 411
llTdrwII* 1 U*
HyMTamna 44t
Iron at
Jamnlra doBWoOd ttt
MaDKanru lit
Mairlmna Ul
Ultcb«lla U>
Km vomica Sit
Ollolcalupat U4
Opium .. «M
ParataT ...Ot
PIcrotuitn .... Mft
^licyllc add H
Ifauuinaria TH
Saifi» ;«
flitnvrin -. ........ ...■•. Tit
lilmulo 144
Stramonium Ttt
Sumbul I... TW
l^oty ,. Wl
Valerianic Mliar H
Viburnum npulua .....4......... Ot
priinifollum fflt
XaDlboiyluDi m
Zinc eyvtlir ■ . . . . M
UI
M
CLIJflCAt. ISJtZS.
1101
Di'iprpila. Abilsthlum B
Acidulou* wkl*n m
AdhnlDda JuitlCia ■ ■ — .. H
Allan tfiui slaadulou u. n
, Alcobol M
|ABb*T 7K
lAiMDla 1*
Sral Ul
trry : US
'~ NMd* aulptuM ..■■■■■ ..Ml
,^_nn>l m
iBtrbrna* lia
f'llDUnaplilol •.!... (GS
t blaDutb 1*1
I^UntiUi m. IM
I nbBBllau ii>
Soldo IM
rronla -■■■•• m
IBiMbn • ••••• M
tO^cium Ill
Munba in
Cftrtwlle acid 3)
Carbon 4)«uIptLlda ■>••.•> SK
Cardamom St
Caura .. ■.■.■■■ m
CptIuid oitrau ..■.•..■••> Mt
oxalau *a
Its
BharcMil tU
>CluuDOinllo I... IM
I.CUrata ta
FChloroIonn Kl
rCttnaiBoo m
tainaioihvraKr >• »■
pCacilUna 101
rCadHo* Ki
I Cokhlouni • •■•■■ K%
ICTMMOt* .nS. BS
tciwcuB m
Qubcb »
Duniau UT
But M
iirann 3U
Elecampane ^.., ■...•■.■....■.■••.•. tit
[ Vmtixliu rlbM ■ ■ Ml
KuMionuiD SJt
, Pablana inbrKNM f
,'CaDtlaii *!■'<
OllUaia •21
fOlDfM' ..-. *«
lOolS U*
HoanK-Ban W
HTdTochlorle acM M
Jtrdr«nii di«Xld< lU
Llsslavln *n
JInilln m
lJp*eM«anb» Ki
'Rala lU
KounlM CIS
Lactic aeltf U
LaT«aditr OIT
,£l||*t tm. lOM
, HaoMla MO
L l4r<apodluiii « U1
VldMl Ml
.HaMW *:i
. HMIbOl Ut
SDNMla HO
Bile W»
'l^rrb tU
Ntinr acid «
Nut vniiilsa Ut
Opium Ma
' Dreztoa >.>.u CIO
I Oxysan m
vOaanlaad watar Ml
rTBpalo IIS
I PappcT W
Lrcpatn ni
PWrotDxIn 9*
; Podopbrllum tn
rataaalum blFarbonata *n
Webramata 3«
Drnwtvla (<oat'd>. I^UialUBncjraaiar.... (Kl
PetaMlum pamwDcaaat* itt, CB
- Plalea W
Quaaaia m
uulntdlD* tannato W
Quinlna ftt
Racial allEoenuUoa Um
Htaorclb fH
Rbutiarb TM
Kum«i W
Sabbada Ill
SaoebarlD ni
iUlol Til
Saaculnarla M
SerpDDtana Tit
UU*r M»
StodiuiD brpoiulpblla Ttl
•oigiadal Ml
Solaalsa W$
Static •iHtrtdtir M
Wroouum bronilda Ifl
■allCTlatc TM
SulpbaiDlnoI in
Hulphurlc BcM a
ttumbul W
Timucum TH
TiM'tviiii TM
THbrompbcoal-blamutft iM
VtDllla IM
W»lrr ...MT, «*
Xin<] (ubiialUIr tB
Urapliacla. Oil ot cajuput •...., Ill
Dyapuoia. AdonU uwllTalU ............... 11
Amjrl ntlrlta tit
Aipldoipomln* ....>> W
Caaca ...., HB
Caniallla MD
iiiruiia aa
Kupborbia pllullftra > tit
OrlDdrlla tU
Hmin «T
on o! MjupUt CI(
Opium M
OiyBcn Mi
Pyddlii MO
Qunbraebbia brdrvcblorata Ul
Sodium niinta ttT
aLrycbaln* _.... Kl
Wild charrr ttT
I'nxiophT. Procnaalve Mnasular. XralM-
Blpba IS
Dyanrla. Canitabla Indtca UT
I"***!" aj
BIm .■..■>. IN
Uva ural » m
Kar. Inwaia ot. AtreplDC (ulpbata- 114
Blamalb avbRallate Ul
norlr. acid It
Campbor-miiDtbal StI
BlKtMcIlT Mt
HrdPOKvD dioaJOa 171
Wintlinl Ui
Mtrvurr .....•...■.»..■•>■.■. O
UltrocIdlD O*
ntcwarplna Ott
rolaaMvm pnrnancaiial* . — ■ tS
•oioiodal M)
PyoklBaln , ttt
ttvaapcln 01
StrniDfl ...4........ I.............. Tn
Bar. loHcU Id. Oltn^oll BU
br. OprnllDD* bd. Oacalaa. Mt
Strarbe. OtrMrUi 4U
Hop* Ml
lltlclum , 4T1
Oil ot pajupot n4
Oalan H
BecbvaiaaM. AtunoDliini eUarWa ■■.. PI
Maaaaw Ml
BclilnocWTtr Cjaia, lodotOtM flS
Eclanipala- Bluod-IMIIsc IMP
Chloral M
HrpodcrmocJjrMa ..IM)
IIOS
OLIXICiS INDEX.
Krlkinpala IMint'U]. IntraTtnou* latrallon
«t normal mlt mIuUdq lOU
IIIODirplD* m
IioUMlum blurmt* Ui
tretbud HU
Bttaymo- C«p[Ht nl|>b»M .•.. au
JioiinK-njiu - '.,-,,- «ia*>. «...>, UP
Iron as
»MHC« ■ *M
MiTCurr Ml
Qolnln* S!9
Bnoma. AcManlltil It
Aconltliw Mntmcnt A
AluuilBum oluu H
Alumnol ■■■■. ■ IM
Arlital lU
ArwDio 1*
lodld* S
An(«iu<D ol«at« W
Bcuom lU
BvUnapbUI nr
BluDUU US
lorrtm Ut
■UMklUlc Ul
Borocli-oarld* tt
nramaicallal SOI
Calrlum SU
cbloilili Sli
C>U lulphunU at
Cwnphor HI
Oksnabli tn4]«a IX
CcrtMlte ai^ld ID
OCTClllD* ttl
Cbl«r>l no
cioTM m
CoralQR m
OlfBtO ■ *>
Compound tlno ilamM TU
CrwolUi m
Crveiotv 311
CrysUliin* W
Dtncbylon olntmrat VID
Diaiiliini'plii JM
Klvmniiuip 4T1
BIciTirLollr SOI
Buropbca Tit
rti'iHtiii to:
GiiafTDliini VS
OlyccrlD ;■■■.• 411
nr liad ■uliMBUM 6CS
Iliiinsnii-IlK 1ZI
Ha*nfl-i>an ..„,...... .....,.(». *!»
Hydrocoiylo K11
■'^'""'yol --. «•
iron M. M
UlvAtA .■.....■■....■■f.......i..-H- tf
Kaolin SOS
Lrad oltatf **. W8
tilmo-trator HI
Uthlum Mi
Loratio «S
LMophan tU
LtwI ce
Mal« (pro .,.. ISO
McnlHol 6*i
Mtnitru oloat* • *>
Marcuraua oUalt 49
M*rourr 4M, W)
UTrrU US
NapbUIsD BMi
' Nlekol olaiu 48
NuC-oJI SDO
Oil o( cojuput • ETt
Papain nt
PBtTOlmiia (til
Pbotpborna „,.. .„....'', Wi
Picric add it
Palmlum blearbonaU —, 6T9
vbloral* <M
PyollUnlD M7
Ronrbtn lit
RMorelD an
aaUcrll« *Cld n M
SalDl m
Ecwma troard). Sllv*r ulUaca .....id
)S11v#T o1«al* >...■».•
Sodium blcarbooaM .....i...
Soxoludol .....,,...,
SUvntluin lodid*
lartaco ,.
Taaolv aotd . .......
TanuotortB
Tu Wt
Ttnlunlo IN
Tbiol m
Tbrnwl no
Tbjrrold pitraot IM
TurpBUtloe iW
VWIB n
Zlai DiMit* >.■•••■ ■■■.. 0
Dildo , o«
■ubciilljita OS
Bciama. Aruu. Dliaiutt olMl* «
Coca .,...
Compound Uno aWarua
LiDultn
t.aur*l
Lead MT
TumtBol til
ED»ma. CtiroinlO. AlpkaaapbM HI
Antlnoar Ul
Arvrnlc lodldo M
BMIadanna I7T_
UMaaapbtol >•>.•< •■•
CMdmlum OiNM
Ctiaulmoocra-oU
ChrraarobLo
Oopp»r I
Bucalrpnw
flur)un
Hcdraotla ,
iodotorm 1.... IT
Lauoiln
Momrr .,
Naphulln
Ollotciide
Pb;rtoliicra
PMoraniljia
Uultloia M
RHorvIn M
Soap .^.. nS
Kulpbur THL at
Tar Ml
TuretniliM sn
EiTuiklonH. Spronm- Pilocarpine ............ fit
KIppbaaiituilB, Citlx lulpIiunM tl3
Cciraria 141
Uaaatco n«
Pilni'jirplno , Ot
tCmaolBiion. DkC M>
ttmlniooa. Noecumal. Salpbonal ....
KmphyMima. AmmoQiac
ApomorphlDB
AufBtlda
Bluud-l'ltlnl; ,.
Chlorslamld
Cblorai-axKelna
Codllvrr-oll
TonUnr -.....--..I..,.., ..,.., ......
ConvnlUMa niMtlla _
OrtDdolla 411
Hcrglo ....•.«•...■... 4n
Ipn-aruaoha M
Iron m
I.»dum in
MpTcurr • 444
Opium M
OlVftu Ml
PlirnuirllKRi*
PoiaBBlum Iodide
Qucbraoho .- Id
airyrliiiln*
SyrupuB c«li1l laciopboapbatU ...
Ttrtbtno ..^...
Tuppi'Ollna . .
Biiiri'i'Ria t'onnaldtbl^ ' M
Omtacol in
Hrdroitau dloitd* Ill
CLIXICAL IKOES.
1103
rAoc
BtB|V*au {etnrd). lodlna its
toKrtm» ot Aauum. I'rouuWl *u
ndDonlitii. Uorcurj' ttt
Opium WS
Qulmoa tis
ndoMr>ictti«i tnnimic >cid li
KnoUD 3H
■ BndoBUtrlUi^ AluinaoL IM
CaaDablk CDdic* nT
CoppM luIpbMc Ml
skfiftcitjt ne
flrindi-lln Ill
Melfnio ,.,. in
ffiarl>■an dlmlda I'l
tbrol UD
Mai 1M
Mrttatr ' • HI
PhlSDHlTl — St
Thiol , WI
Bnlan*d Olandi. BctladouM in
Bslladouiift olBUDtal IM
Culmluai IM
olMla , U
CaictuD cUarld* tit
Cartwlle ■eld SI
t.'liButiiioa|Fa-all 141
Coptwr phoCPbMa Ml
Crolan-oU Stt
BIwlriclCr «»
KlemI Nl
Fuon* VealculMUN XU
lubtbrol <•
Iodine in. m, HO
lodororn n*
lodol IK
LMd lodid* ua
MuHga , U»
MtreuFjr Ot, HI, 112
PI^MpborlG arid EH
Pilocarpine Kl
PoUMiiUD bramUtt IM
Ruiavi no
Sxiuni met* 73»
Soip TS
StraDIliim l«dld« • TO
ThloMnaiulii SU
Xanibluoi ttl
ZiDt FblarldB KM
ludidu 134
BalariKd Joint*. Oidailvm VH
BIhuI i. HI
Pranhlliiliun >!(
Bslarctd Llv*r. Onntum SU
BolKTBCd UaDmurr Gland. PotaoluBI
lodldo »T
Snlaratd ITnoUU. BIwUlClUP W. Si6
rabiBOa imbrloiU lU
B«lol Tin
aaw-palmiHto Ill
SodMn bltatbanHto ■ Til
TBUmuni .•.•».... iM
BnUniad SplMO. BttodIK tOI
Cadmlun MM
CaDivn n nt
Brtol Xt
ED«irptiM , SQ
Iron u. •■■•.• Mi
Ixad lodltf* an
■■aUaalum brertold* US
Quinio* nr
■nlarstd TmUcI*. BkndW* ItOT
J PUaiBlBin lodldr KJ
tlCnUrcfd TUfrold OUiKt. Arlirtol ItS
■aUtifd ToDiil*. Aausonluni lodM* ..... Ill
Okuillc naUA tn
BlfFtrlPttr MB
OlTorlD Ill
l«aln* Ml
Maaujn ., tM
ox-vJi m
ParacblorplMBoI SX
anotodld* 4K. tu
Buaraitfb. Alnm M»
ntiiadouM 1... in
rAoa
BBM»lstK irofli'Jt. Caaaabla ludKa at
Codrior , m
Hydroi-Tutlv «cld .» 4t
Stiyvl iillral» ]M
KDlpntl*. Alprmnapbul HI
AtkdIc lirdlde ».... M
Eac*ly|i(Bol lit
fabUna ImbrlviM •■■■■ ■ MO
llaniainvlla IM
LacUi: acid i M
MasDMla ....
UaMua
Moonlk
SallcrHcaetd
ataMtna
SilvtT mime •
Taonalbta __
TaoDoiiLD ^..-. 7ft
Tracacantti Ut
Batorltla. UaUbraDOIM. Dif Tlllill till
mulb in
Copaiba • tu
Copper nlpbato HL.,
Cub*b —
SilvtT oil laip
BdimwvoIiU*. Crc«lia
Uercarr .---- — .
Opium fdf!]
Paorrpatln m-^
EnurtalL (Eeo /amnliMnM tf 1/rlas.l
KpballdM, Loniuii El*
Spiderisla, Tbiskrbvd. Coppar oUata M
BpldldymlUa. Anollo T>
Ammooloni cblorlda lU
Ao*moDlo
ArlMol
Brunonitot tOli
ColladloB
rabiana Imbrlmu IM
ObulUiena m
Ic»-bac un
Puloamia W
9l1(*[ Dltrotr IfT
Bpllppar. AcrCanllld ■ ^ U
Adoala vrrnalia 14
AmiiioalalHl csppar lU
Ammonium au4 niUdlan tnonHt* Ill ,
AiDTl alime 111. r
Amjlrux ttydtaa
ADtlprrla
Bandage ..„,.„ .,
Balladoaaa lH
Hcftbi
Umin and tplnal exiTMla ,
Bromamid lot.J
Ilrcmbmiol ___
llroiDld«> IM
Calcium bromld* ^ 114
Campbortc add
Cannabli Indlc*
Crnuoi olalala
Cblonl .-
Cbloralunld .............
Chloraloaa .;
Coaii**«.oll
Conlvm
aprtpedliim ............
Ktiiclt;
IXxlull*
KrKot
Eibri brouda
BthrlKi* tnmlAi W
Ileal IMP
tlrdraailDloa li^rMttiaMta W
Hjrdmbromle atU M
Hydrocen Mnlda m
llirdra«berap)' ....>.... PM.,
Ipn-Kitante
I.Kbluia .'...
Ifoii ;
UuiiobrnmtlH camtMr St
ilmlr ,1«M
Klckel bromide
Nltroalrcrln
1«
OLIITKMX INDKX.
apllap*7 <nmi'A. Kna **aile* (n
Optom «M. •«
Paraldobrdc > • ■ ■!'
niTIHWUCUA MI
ndrowiin I9*
PMunum bromid* HH
DllTlta IK
fttniODlii W
ISoulPllftiia m
SIIVFT <nl4> Ml
ainulo 144
^□ditim KwlnsU tn
nliralF ■ .■ m
iiiETiu nT
phoiC'Iiftl' '!t'1
Holftnum C»TollD*aM ■ Tm
SIMiiDanium TM
Riroailuni brainldc >..in. TCi
^uiphODKi ntt
Bumbul ■ tS7
TcMlcUUr fluid I»
Vlburnuiu pniattolliim Bt>
VlKum MO
ziDv f vuiidc nt
oxida CM
■uiptimi* nt
vftlirluale ..W. tSd
BplHlcTiua. PilMorpIn* ai
Ssepolamin* brOnMblama MO
KpHuxla. Arttloaold tl
Alum IM
AoUitima IM
ArlaUl lie
UrraoM 3U
Calcium cBlorlde 114
Cttnria 14i
CMtoo-roikt tnrk tl<I
DiElUII* X^
KfllOt ««
SamptwB m
a«ruiium (M
lUmtnwni 4C. 414
HydroKm diailil* I'l
IpMaouasba .101. t*B
iwn M«
Knmuria SH
Oil of nlKtrea SH
Of nil- S«S
Tricbloracfilc tcld • iK
Bpltbrlloma. AcMicaeld U
Annilo 19
olMte , i..... 11
Anwnum olMiM U
CbHIdonluio M£
Chlorororm ..,,,*.•«•.... MO
Kurulriilua >■>•.... itt
Kiirni>li"» X!^
bnotk Bc^d .......t. ......'.. 44
Mullirli'ni'-blul ...•!■ Ml
OintiMn) itiiiBt Ml
Picric icid 5!
ruduaiuiu urtinlldc .•••■ IM
^bloralft ....■..■.•■... W
ncsorrlD 4M
Sodium cbloraw -..■ w
■itiylata ■•■-.-. TOO
Zinc cblorid* rai
BrMIODs. Alumnol ■ 1W
BrrillM'l*'. AeciaDlIld ...i..t.>.> n
AcsnIU "0
AtODltIn* DltraM ' T>
Alcobol M. »
Atumlnum bocalasnale 107
AJUIDDOl ■■ IM
Atnm«til«in urbanat* ii2
AjlttpTTla <UC
AJidatraptociMDtc ••rum lu
ArrFDIum Crad* IM
Arislol in
HnllndoDna UP
Bcniair aald IBI
Balanaphtol SH
niamulti m
oImM It
rAt»
EnrUpclu inofd). BtBBUlh oxrIvdM*... IM
hotK acid »
ftroaiol Ml
BniiDptaonol ...1......... ....... sit
campbar JIB. in
Carbolla acid , IL U
CDIoralamM tU
dHoropbODUl ........J M, »
Collodiua ,, jm
Crtoltn ....I ■„ S
CrtWHo J»«, M
D\«iuii* m
RrhliiiLrva Ml
Kim . ng
Europban.. m
PugIwIu , S7
Uualacol <..,. tj»
UaoiBtneH* Ut
Urdrecno dWMd* IM
IcbUiTal «M
lodla* m»
iroo JM, W
I.Brtapb*alD nt
l.anoltn n
Lanral SU
L«i! MI
i.iqiwi luUs parah* M
Loretln n
MwCTiry «ll, w
Picric BcM .,.. n
iiiiH«rpua ao
PiaoulD ip
rotautuB PCTinapganaM ., •■
■IlloaU ra
Qulaine tn
RtMrrin tit
llhiii loiicodcndron Wl
»«Nc/ilc add
8«lol „
ftaaHlnw
Sllnr nltrato
oleata
Sodium aulpbau
Sulphur <.-.>...... .........I...,.....!
Mulpburlc add _
TbddIc add ..,„...., a
Thiul m
Tolrpiln CB
TurpriiUlM W
Vlullui m
Whaat.flonir 8U
Sine DXIdc Bt
Brrlbam*- Blamulb , M
Cartmlte aold ■•
Cocaine M
leblayol ,.,. 4»
Lanolin >.............. n
Laurel W
Bbua Mxlccidsndrnn 1H
Row „.,1»
Sodium fiuorlde IB
Brr'bania Multltonw. Crfgaola W
Gtodluin talloylata ft
ftroDtlnm lodlda lit
Thiol IN
Rr|rlbi>ma Nodosum, Aotlprrla «m
Oaullbcrln M
Sallcftlc add H
fltmntlum lodld* , IN
RinnihcmalB. Acanllc N
Aaclapiaa IB
LljiM NN
niomrplae •»
Riccwiva biKharsta. 0»»par aulpkata... Sit
BxcarlBtloDi. Acacia *
Banioln , IN
Blnautb IK
Cold emm MJ
Collodion MS
Lrrapadiiin Stt
Uacnaala nrbnoatn Ut
BxcriwwacM. Tbuja Ma
Rxopbtbalinlc Qolira. Aotlpjrrtu <K
ArstDle Ni
OUSICA.L IXDEX.
1105
Itiiiiiliftyii OMir* tMM'tfi. Uarlum
fiblwia* ia>
OalluKmna ■ lt>
Ckccua JH
CuiDBbl* lodlM ■ Bt
UIIIUII* , , lU
BiKtruiir Jia, at
Oaliuiliiiii m
llTdriodls Mid U
I«i]iU« IN
l.jcopua W
Opium ., m
poUsiliiiD bromld* • tW
Sparlcloc lutpbBU DC
Sirapbaatbui TR
Tbrmu* ataod ill
Valerian IM
Varacnim rlrtiln m
[ BiudatloD*. Snail nt
Brc^Pi^eaM" Bt- AraonU Iodide, 30
Blamotb aubsallato .•.. 1>1
Canltiarla 3W
Ccvalba at
KnphtDalnlo >T.
LMCbaa low
Sr*. OpirratloBi upop. CUono* .......... Mt
Occaipo .-• M>
SuBaUis ■- MR
TropaiwcBlD* UT
Sfr. KciDOval ot FOrelBn BodiM ttmn.
GlNira-nuxoeUam Boi
Ky(i, aand Ib. CaaMT-oll - UI
lErO| TrauDuutnia at. Xuropbrn IT*
BivbaJl. Dlaard«t« Ol. PtliNutplaf til
Eyalldasd ISr^bniw, Clctra ol. Arli(ol... UJ
Rypllda. CranulHr. l>ti)>lolas» CW
Bf- tnOaiumBtleii oC KubldJum TH
Saaaatraa Tn
ScopoIataJn* bydrocbloraM KS
t*tm iw»
B]ro.atralD. HjdrobroiDlo acid B
Facal IinpairlUia. Gtreorta <1I
Maganla autpbM* it>
Opium ., ..a... ..■■....<.. ftV
Fmui. .Mumiiol IOC
llrUoaptilol UT
Chromic Mid > K
Copper UX
OlMtA 4S
Lanolia R
HarcuiT Ml
Pbrtolacca 8«
Hulphurlc afrld tx
ytti, TtoiitT. Tanpio a«id tt
Frlonn. Kikuii Ka
(fOUlard'a I'rnitn MT
Hrdrocrn dioilde liO
ScarincallDD* lOM
Fmr. Acania *
Acctanlltd , 11. U
ACODII* «
At«ahnt W
Alpbaoaphwt Ul
Afpmottium aMUM lit
cblorldn lU
Afnlpa l»
AtvidoapemliM lit
Bar-moi trt
Hremanild MC
BromldH IM
OaSalD* MT
Ommhiu n>
CbamoinllT Itt
CbMtMonn ., Sn
Cime aeld t7
CoITm lOS
OODTallarta nalallc 110
I>l»t -.- l«»
Kuralyplua 311
Karblatn Wt
OauUbnrta Ml
ntwartn 411
llrdracbiaric a«ld «
raos
F«v*r uDHl'iTi. Ujr^rain Amid* in
Ujrotcramaa , iM
Kola , Ut
KoiuulM „ UI
Masuoala ,.
HluK
.Vvotral niuiuw >.
(HlT*-aU
uplutn .......
Urascv lUl
oirmcl dill
Pbiuoooll Oi
l*Dta«wum EltraM M
•Julalua , , ItT
8«» TO
SbIicx lie acid M, «
Kfldlili povdfT r
liodlum bouioato -.IM. '
aullvrliU
amrii ut pilJQii* «tber
Taa
Tballln ,
Tbtrmol
Tplraal __.
TrlmcibylaiDla bydiecblorat* tU
Tntioum «u
Turraailno WT
Warburs'a tUTtura M
Watar .HT, Mt
Favtr, Cfrtbro'vplual. OalaouUiiat M>
Knar. Halatial. Alum W
Amxl Ditnta , .,,.
Caacik ■.....',. 1. 11. ....ii...... .......
Ohlorotoru
CniclB
Gvlamilum ...,.,.
Iria ,, ,.
Nicrlo acid
FaT*r, Milk, liulnliii. ,,.
f^var, Puwrpvral. AalipyrLo ..■.
Anllacplifl acrum
AtwrMD
Sulpbacarbolataa
TarobMia ,
Tur»ii(lee MT
Farar. TTpliald. Adbatoda }uiilii;1a 11
Aloobal
Alpbaaapbtol
Ailawl
Aaatttlda ,.,„
Awipml ...1. ...... ......... ...........
Ujj.inia ,.
llmlm .,......,..,
Rulladonna „ tit
Uaounllld lal
BaunapbUl , Ut
BlamuUi aallortata , U«
■ubfBllaiu i>l
Baric acid
OalblBa .........1
Campbor
CantBarla
Capaicuui „
t^arliHlU' n'^ld .'..... ....... ...... ......•■
Carbon dliulpuda
Ca.lur \T.. ;
OrluiD cxalal* ..„i
Chloral
ChloralaiDld ,. .„
ChlOfllia .,...,
Cblnratorin . .,
Cbopparo amarfina
C(n£na ,.,., .,,
C»ld-waltr irnpiiiatB P..
CoDTallaitB iQBtalla ,.,
Copper aulpttala ,...<...,■,
Colo
Crraaol* .. ,
Creaotat* of aoAlom „
Dial ,
mmioiln , tu
IMurMlii ,.,. MS
Bebiiiac^a , JU
KuralypUql ,,,.,.,. . jn
1106
OUIflCAL IKDEX.
p»am
pM«r, Tjrptiolll (nmCiO. lEiKalrplu* tU
Datlii} acid a
OI]r<)*nii .., Ul
Oual»«l BO
carbaa«lp >. JO
Iljdf9clilur1«j fcrld ' .4t#..kri*«i.f*p 41
UjdtocrD dioxi4i' .■ • IH
Hrp«dcrnu>iilr*>* t iw
Ion • HB
iDlvrtlou* ■ VMI
toiliM IM
lodJtod UMitA ....u UI
hmlte acid ...■.» tl
Liolopbnn-B — — ■ 0>
I.L4d iii;i.'Ut« >••> > <n
MnlaUn Ul
llrrnuiy «U
MrlliaiatiD KB
MctLrivu biibioTida Mt
MutH . Ml
NaptaUIlD . '...• U6
OH of vUupM SI*
OllT»-aU IM
Opium CSC
niviiacwtlu — • — dn
PbCDoeolt Shi
Pbanol-DtaniUCb ....i. 191
Jbowharlc acid St
boaptiorua Ml. 841
PoiaBium bramiae iiM
cblorau .......l.... RO
pTDPbjiartir inQciiiailaaa lU
QuinlDc S!t. Xn
QuiDopntpyUiM aulpbau M
SallcrllG acid M
Salol , lU
Salaplwii TW
Ssrpaaurla 7*1
8IIt*t nltrata la
Sodium bmoato i<M
paracrMDUle US
Somttow "Sa
Stniplia'itliua iTl
SurtihaiDiDOl m
Sulpburk acid ..■■..•» ..>■ M
iiul^itiuruua urU 9
Sumbul ■■ m
Tannopia TM
Tartar rcattlc HI
'rhallt HB
Thtrmal MM
Tbyuol «ll
ToljOVtla SU
Tncnaal -. lU
TurpDnilDe IH, 191
V*ratrui» vlrlda SIT
VInoti* I'niAnada f>LB
Xsroronn KU
Yi-*at ■ m
Xim- Hiilphntarbolat* 31. SK
rvvrr. Tj-pbiii. Alfiobol f>l
AnUpvria U4
UvllaJaiina in
CuDptaoT IKS
Fuiuu aw
Oiilum ......v sot
ftiiiaphenia HI
Strpmlarla T4t
Tartar cDutlc 141
VaUrlaa tU
rmr, ITrftbral. Aconlla TO
Ftvrr. Tclloir, ADtlpTrln ttt
C^alDC Vfl
IlydmrcHn dluildv Itl
Ti]riM>iiilDn WT
ribrold Lunc. Olgllall 3M
Klbruia Tiiiiiuni. Itrnmtdn IM
Calcturn -.---,...... 114
PoUatlum lodid? ..,...,. ..,, 4tT
TuiIUular fluid U4
Flaiuri'. AliM« la
IlcDuilnnaa in
OrraDluio MC
OlTcoria 411
Vlaautv {PtiiiCit}. HamaiBHlM, .
lodoEorfD ... ,..-■,,..
Kraiuofia
I.rnd uliral*
Manuiaia •>.,,..
Ucrcunr .
Ollva-Dil
I^MHT
I'apaln
PDUaaiuta bromMa
^urpbur .-
naOlIn. Cailatic poMah ....>■•
Ctalonnt
CucalbD .....'....-.
Hydncva dloxUa . .
Matbrfioia-blM
pyoktanlD MT.I
Salol nil
Autpbur >«Sl
Platulencp AhMUb iMl
Calamu* ,.. 3t$\
l;arawB)r at ,
Cardamom
Chamomllv
CluTsa
CorlaiidfT
Cr«tlla ..........1 tu
Rlhcr m
Oanilwji* tU
UlDCrr ,.,,...... .. MI
airioriii . tii
Htdaonia ., . lit
LavFOdnr tl7
Mvllaaa Ml
Oil e( riu m
ncrolmln , M
SolldKO «. n*
TurpcDiiue TH, Ttt
Xanthoijrluin m
Potld Brmiib. llxaraaau dMUdo IM
PorFlra aodl**. lAMUon ol. X-rara UM
Praelurca. Balum at Pwu HI
Randati* %m
Calcium lAMplial* BS, M
Cold IMl
Btb.r m
In«-Da« UB
Jamaica dOCmMid 0
PotaiKlum allloau , 3a
ltD»titK«n rara .■,■.•.. ...IW
^dlum allKata ,. M
Sloe clilorldo , n
Frwhln. AleobQl : M
llonaotD 1..... Ul
CollodWn 1 ,......,.. 3M
copper olaata ......?.... «
HamanieUi , at
Lemon ai3
ttjtn ,„. lu
ilBllrrlKi acta H
Molooion'a MOl . fit
FToat-blli.. AlcObal M
Aluinliiuni acVUwIartulClun ■ UT
('iilinlbn ., lid
ItamaiDplla 4S
Lanolin n
Tbiol .... ter
rurniiclf. AlanUmai aeotaU U>
Alniuwl , , IM
ArUob IK
Amprol W. tm
Bpiiadonna m
CaMuin chloride HI
Call ■ulptaurmU i tit
Campbor ..,.,.. m
Carbolic anld It
Collodion «S
ItcblBacaa Ut
BIKDK , KC
Srsotln I«
llrdtncoD dloilda , n*
lodlnv 4H
lodol 4IB
troo olaatc a
CUStOXL INPEX.
I1U7
Fnmncl* (nnCin' LIbuu Uo
Liquor Butue ptnba Xo
HUMI* KM
UUlhDl us
Mcrrury ...■ WO
Uplum I Ma
Phixpliarui (U
I'DUHiiuni cMont* Ut
I'jraklanla ,.. H'
BiiTM ItT. IW
ol™io «
Thiol m
WMi-r Nl
U'lit-ui-Oour DA
YMml KI
Oabuloirta**- Brcai KB
Hkll-blaMM. OnrdlntoOilDD Ol. JiMplm-
lloo VM
Oall-Konv. AnrI t«l*rluiat« lU
Carduiu M^rlaaua Bt
Ulo««or«a St
KiMtrlcltr MI
BolcroclTaU .ii ....i IDU
Btbrr 80
OIlTr-oll Ma
Ullcrllc ■(*< •■>■•• •• M
TnrpioUdB TVT
OnuyrTDc. ilHt <■•■>■•••.•> lOII
uiocMiaii] ua
ftillcTllcacId M
WbltF-oak bark M
OaniTrDr, KMplUl. BrvmlDe itt
Ototfm* of Houlb or Toncue. Cblurlna.. MO
Q(Dcr«i# at tbv LuDK. Ccrbollr arid 0
Cblonihagal n
Crfoxato Xfl
KiKilrplu* ni
Uxriol m
Tii]imol .,..110
TurpvDlliii. WJ
(lansrnir, ^nllr. HrdnHtaa dlOiMa ItO
OaiisrrDOU* Culpa. Aililal ISI
OaMralRla. Aloni IK
Amslc n U
^rMfid»rmii tM
Blimulh „ IS)
CauiiMbl* indicB tK
rvrluia oiilaM ■ MI
Cbarvoal SM
Chlorofuna ....■■■•.-«....... IW
Coca M
CrmaMo Ml
KlHtrlcltr „.... M
Rir..r m
fitJ:i1n<-Dl ■ Sll
iioRmiuia'i aa»iin>t *i
He« ftl
lljlnKTUile aeid IS
LarcDdpr ■ Wt
Llmc-nUr • lU
KouiDlaa -i BU
Mancuine UC
Mxrrb ...I.. ta
Oaliun '..... M>
Papain SU
IVpaia ta
Polaaalum bIcarboOBM t!9
blohraauil* .38
RHoreln Bt
aiun 141
Snlaala* m
Stranilmn trmnUt •• ■ 1"
Htrrebnin* ■ 5n
XlnccolllB >M
Daalric DlnrdrT. I'ltDoa MS
Qaaulc I'Icrr. Almiilnf US
Rvlladciiina in
raanabla InAlc* BT
Cbtwalamtd JM
msralann <> Ml
Conlsn .■ Itl
out »»s
omiHo Vkw iMxCd). Dmmm £<a
llrdrccpo dIoiMa 1*1
I&lluvui in
KoOi nil
Koumlaa US
L«ad avttata Ml
Uarcury tu
Pfolarcel IM
Itmial alimsDiaUoa UM, IMI
KoaorciD „. M
Sodiiun cklorlde tU
SolBMna Xi
TarptBllna TM
QaairitiB. Aiphanapbiot m
Anmtc at
Hlamuib IM
Oapdcum n
CODduraufo ....,,.. 114
Dioacoraa aU
Clroans aM
BiMtridtr MS
oold IM
llop* til
lll-drnma , , , •!•
llroMratnua «M
iBfluTio tn
■MOtarm tn
LavBi* B»
LMdacMala MI
Llaum U*
Maaa«a SU
UaHaCB ni
Muatard TM
■VIlrodjpiMMB m
Nux TMaicB Ml
Opium CM
Papain fM
Papain ;. .i Ot
Racul allm«atailiM ■•..IM
Raaoreln ,...••
Aumlnatla Tit
Mllrrr IIS
Sodlupi blc*rboaata Bl
Bolulu* Kt
Mtroniium bremida n... TK
tacuM M>
Taoaalbln 7t\
Tnnacanlb Sit
Water. »1T
a^iiro-duodsiiaJ Oalarrfc. Maoan iU
Oiulru-iaUralKii. Jamaln das«Mi4 Mt
(iaairQ-pnc^tla. Blimutb aallcjilata 119
ODllIDKIila VK
Colo , 3t»
Crnilln ..,,■.. S)
CmoUI* Dt aodlnm 3U
Bucatjrpiua , m
larllp «
llrdr««|*n «MiXid* , 171
Hliwacnnotlrala ...,.1441
Salsl Tt«
Medium paracmDUia xu
aDjlro-lntrtilnul pltwaaa. Arnatna
CrsdH W
(.■lilhyDl 40
Koumlia All
aaatroplual*. Habaan Ml
(i»nHei-urlnarir IMataat*. AMCia 10
(.'■mptaor ttt
Capalcuni ta
Cott^lnc MB
■ucatrplua R>
lodia* trlAloftda .,.,,... 4W
Lauolln 7t
I.upulin , «ll
sodium acMBta TU
bantoala TU
Ktoru , T»
Tcntxna TM
TrtlHun IH
O«kltt-iirloarr Onaa*. OparaUaM on.
Cocalae
Olaadtra. ImmanUad aanoi >M
RInuda. Idflamrd. t>«*obM. „ IM*
IIOS
CilSlCAL INDEX.
QlAumtDa. AstlpTTls <UC
ArocoLIlM tamahrttMe t>...t lU
PbrMMlJEirLUia Ut
PllourplDK *tl
Smpounuir braraebl««M« Mt
OI«L AlpliuiApbtol m
Alum IM
BeUuphtol • Ut
BoldO Ul
Buvbu Sn
OftUuru at. no
Ommim sn
OaHllM US
OopptT (UlpbAM • 30
CroHoto ■■• st*> nt
BucklTplUa m
Owsalum MC
OurJUD ■ 1U
lodatMU ■ <-•. jn
Iran «Hk Wo
JnnipM ■ M
KonttTj ■. 4U
Oil ol HLDlUI-WMd UC
Ituua CBBail«Di>l« 1.. Ki
8>Iol 1U
Soaiun UcaibooiM W
Sianx Tn
Tcrvtau 7M
TbUJIn i p!
Tbujm Mt
THtWim m
Tarpesune ■ T9T
SUM wctkM tlU
Ooltt*. BninMM IM
C>teil«iD ■> Xi
Cbramieacid • in
Obtum lit
■iMtrlpttT K»
I^icu* re«toulanu>. 3M
lodoloTiii *!%
Lni lodid* M
MprmuT 4K
OiiDlc aeii . .....<••.. !<•••• • tU
Thymii* tEluill in
Ooa(irrb«r«. AiwHo BCtd 11
Acoolte - TO
AlpbiuiBtiliUt Ml
Alum WJ. IM
Aluminum boraunaaU .t vrl
Alumiiol -.- V»
d^tlmODjr HI
Anllpriln — > ■ *"
HkdkiIc ncl4 • W
llvrbrrlii* bydrocblOMU IM
Bf»napb(ot ICT
BIlDerry US
niKniutn ' • >"*
>ubK*t]at« Ul
Boldo IM
SadiBlum ..: ■>• BK
kODibli lndl«a QT
Amnlcana ■ ZS8
Cubollo aeld „ n
CktKbu • 3»
OblnoIlD ■ ■ •>. M7
Cblt-rol V-— • S
guikman ..■■.....>•• 3tt
Iric BcM X!
Ca1i>1ilcum 3«S
Oalllniiuili M... 1»T
<Mp*Jba sn
(;app"r (ulphitU Sll
Cara-gllk B)t
Cumutln >■> MT
CrMllo m
Ctmm(« ^
cub*b -. sn
Rpbadra VB
tCricoitn *M
eiiiTicnpaiBiiiio«-Ml*«r>pbos. mIuUod. iui
RUVKlJrplU* • Sll
Fatilan* Imbrlaata ...JIO. SCI
ttaakonia •.•■i..i>... VT
flaultbnrla ..^ 401
Ounorrbou traar'rf). G«raiilBm wt
artudcm
Ouriuu
liaiiuiuiril* .....*•...•••..
KxdrMtIa
Htdrotrm dlolUe
Icbltarol
lirdal«rm ■<.■.
iron IK
Kava-luT* , KB, IM
KIDO SU
Kmnrrla ,
LadoIIo
LarclB .,,,
t.r(0l ',
Ktraury , >..i,i....
JJttbFloDa.bMa ■
Oil or nisaroa ,
I'ankr
Pomesnuuii* 4H
PoUaMum ptruiUiKMi'M •■>.. VH
Mllrala lU
Prourtol au
PyoUsato > .,..U1, Ml
I^TMIa ,... m
ilulnlDO >,.•...,.. m
Htaorcln , «n
RtOudI , ,.... 0t
Sulol .. ,„... 1U
SaiidBt-wood Olt tm
Silvrr Dltnl* , 117
BtDApirort ...I '...■. I~
liadium blMirboiutg .•■IHii
ewrai ■
Sijmcol ,.,... _.
TaoDtn aold ■.... t*
Tbklllp .. as
ZlDC »*(■(* It>
«>Jorid« .,., m
lodid* IM
pcrnuucanato ax
lubsalUU Itt
Oout. AwnittD* alotmant «t
Ammonium pIioapbaM tu
AntlprTla (H
A*Bpral 1E7. H>
Atpanalu UO. I»
CoDDatSi IndlOB , m
CocklDn sn
CodllT«r-Pll , m
Coleblcnni , M
Collodlaa ,. M
Couium lU
Illol «f
Blectrtclty to
OaulthnU ,„ Ml
<i*ntiaii tM
Qnklac ,.,.,...... lit
tcblbrol , 40
lodatariD <TI
Kai-a-Kkia • &H
Loctk add 44
lAduin 117
Utblum m
l,lllilttm-calI*lna.«ulpbMmM
Lro'lnl 4Hj
L)ni<lm
Murt -. . ail
Orthoiilphon plamliiMUt (31
I'appprmlBl &C
PipcrskiD CM
Polaniluin lodldn .,.,,., «S
ltti«iiiinn« Mtbanlcua M
Kbubarb
S.illcrllc ai-id ......I •.••■it
Snvliif
Sodium acrrato _
I.l]<»T'ti°l<' - u, M
8olriiTiiirL'< i"i\\ .,.,,....•.,•..•••...,.,,. tin
SironlluQi loaid*
lacuin
Hllrjriata •..
Vulphur
VamtrlD* , «
CUXICAt, IlfDEX.
Cau( irwr'J), W*Mr... M6
Uranulaf LilU. At>ru> >> T
BlunulD at
l*aMuium r«Dltiarid*U •• HI
SilTtr DliralF IIT
OranulalliiK UuttocM. Borosljondv 26
Omfiulalibo*. KiuMvauC. Aicobal Kt
Cudmlum oinito .•■■■ 4*
Copper OlCBtC t U
•ut(itiau Ml
I'DUMlum cblorate m
GruuiBiiouv Uid. Armiun M(«W «
a»vcl, i,-uta-*l1li tU
HjdnnsH W
I.ilblum MB
LIlbluu-caSclD* lUlpbosau IDS
Oitbonlphini Kaaliiau* Ill
l*olrtaDUin tn
Uia nril SI
Ouins, iniiBDiniBiieii ot. HanMHlla <ii
lodlat m
HvmalniDMla. Alum .. IM
Cklflun rUlondp I14
IpHACuubB m
Prouire»l »
Py»(allal Ol
ItmnatocFlc AjprrttlOO lOM
HBKikMebrluria. PoumIoid bubromat*.. SI
KvmalatiiB. Maiiuti* ..,,.. IM
H*iDalarti. AIdm .,. M
AmmimiiUD cbtorlda )U
Canlbarla , BO
CDrn-*llk Ul
tCrcoi *•
OUBlav aa
llrOian-n ilioilde ITl
IroD-alnm IDS
Krameha M«
LlDum UO
rclaMtum cblorau .■■>■..••< (U
(MlUne m
Kbn* aremaltva nt
SodlsDi brvMulphlt* W
Trtlttun .,...i\.„... m
TytyratlDe m
IfauaopljiUi. Alum IM
ApocQdrlDr . ■■■ ..,.,i.>. COI
Atraplse mlpbata Ull
CBlpfuni cblurld* O*
Olraria , MI
Cblonl MO
Cgru-iiuul US
c'niioD.roM bark lie
riiRiTnlla nt
Erfot mt
QuiUr K-lil ....,, Jt
<j«IVUllUU> ........ti ,..* ttt
HTdiaiii^iiia tiyarocDiaraM 4CI
HrdrsiilH , Wl
icKlofDrm I <n
IpMu<:uan!ia .....\... (01
Irvii , K
L*«d atclaM >. MB
UoDHla KO
MonOila* «a»
Oil oC arlCMwn Kt
Potaaitiin miraM US
Pynicallal Ml
Tannin a«ld .■>..>. tS
Tbuia no
ItoBiorrliac*. Aiacla s
Af flir artd 13
Alum in. KM. IK
Araka' IB
AlroplD* ..■.■.....,......,-.». 1^1
UrgroaM nt
Buna paiwrlB m
OalrtURi cblOTldr tM
CapMcam , .■ US
Cbtuepodluii album M
Cblorotnnn M
annamon K
Copper MilpbBW StI
paas
llwDunbac* tnmfilt. 0*tD«Ub M7
Cottao-raii bafk 4)i
Cntoaola SIS
LrislUlia . SU
KrB«t ..Mi
tOhn SO
trrrnvytia fS)
Ualilo acid m
Qqranlun) MC
■tanuiiiKilla ....tB, tM
llxdraatliunf Ml
UrdTMU* 4W
Ujrdrotaa dloxlda til
iDlndoo of ooTiDal lall aDlitUOD.. lOtt
IpFOBCUa4)ba ............................. UO
lieu SM. jaa
linn-i|ulDlDe Olilortda Ml
Koumiaa MS
Kramcria M*
Lahiui Ua
Lead Bcetau ■■> ...•■ M
Idcopua ill
Mailoo ESI
Xirnol . W«
Oil Qt •riarroo Kt
of aaadal-wood M
PbxaoatiBma HI
Pipcraun > >. on
Polamum cbldfal* tB
DltraW («
Sa«l>B lU
SodluED cblorlda Ttt
StrpUBIn , Til
Sulpbutio acid M
TrBnaCnUon ol blood IMI
Tupptntiau W
Vpralrum vlrlda W
Xastbium m
HicmonliaBe. Pou-partnn. AmUq atld. . . 1)
UlRllalla tU
BrsDt M
lii}M>u«ii et nilk vta
Ipwacuaoba WB
Mux TomlcB US
TurpfntlDB 7*7
XaiHblvm fU
Usmurrtaac*. Puatpftml. CaSatOa aadtum.
banmate Kl
Hr^nulla .. I«l
Hainurrbaka, tltarla*. AaUprtIm .....tM, tn
Cbromla aold B
Cisnanop ■. ttt
Cuiarulna ««i
Cniion.root barit 41*
Klntrlclir SIO
Efeui .,. . ste
HHit Ill*
raMlnlDc <C»
SdruL-bloraM - Kl
ruti* ttO
tp««<(ianba Wl
SaJIPrrU , (S7
amwRB _ , ra
8M>(«tn <M
Sodium cbtorlda ,,. ^K
ViKum - KM
tlirtnorrbaRle Dla(li«ala BaUF-maTTO*. . . . ISO
Caldnm cblorlda Ill
IilaiUUa xa
TraoXuilon or bloo4 ....Ml
KirniDrrlKilda. Alon 118
AruuLt It
IWI , ,., IS7
IMIadoau in
Bumadr pitch - 6S
CaibolMaold a
Clirome B«ld K
(Mcaln* IH
t^anlVD Ill
Covalb* lU
Cmcaa
('ubr«i
Krw
OaUlc ^M ..,(i|
1110
CUKICAL INDEX.
lt»n>»rrlK»da Icwrd). air««ria m
IU0IWI1*II» Mt
HydnaUi NO
to4lB* «»l
twlotonii 4iT
troD , W
J&Isp m
Jain*ic« dos««aa W
Kninorla ■■.*.. iU
L*ppa 1 • MS
■.iptinin ■ — 1 M*
Llnuni A ..■■ ■ tM
LoCWDot ttl
Usiitbal UI
Mrrcurr ■ • Ml
Mullein ..,.,.. tn
MynitlM Ua
NJIilc meld !....• «
Nut-c*ll »•
Xax romlea SM
OlMM 0l brvclBV WI
Olln-all nt
rrnm 4ES
PlDui CuiBaniMi .••• W
Pouuluoi b^utrtrata > M
br«mld« m
<lllanu 1^
Htcul lrri»Uoa lom
Kkubub 'f»
Holomoo'i (mil 1i
suinnda ns
Stnmoalani i TU
Sulpbur L ...i !tt
Taonlr acid M
Tannororni ni
Tar «l
Tfucrlum wa
XaalblMin gi
Zliii> ■ubfallata n
lUlr. Alrulitir a( tb«. LdUOlUk 7*
Muir. Lauot. Akobol »
EiMtncity W
Hair. Pri'iunlun QntJMut Of. nMlrl«-
11/ 9M
HaHucinalloDi, Liubnitlna - ^"
HypaoUim ■-- 10H
Itax rirvpr. AiDiuuntiini liHUdt .-..' IM
AthuK ■>
Bvtuupbtol • W
CM]nabi]i Indlea XT
Cuballe uM 31
ClliD>t<iUiF>tp]r I MS
Coulna 1)1
C<Killlina !i>l
Conipi>uDil (lae atiArata • 'S'
Cubi^b MS
KiiptiorblK pJlulifara SJi
Kupbrutla .■...■..■.) ITT
GriDdclla H.I lit
ll^nilii an
lodin* »»l
Umc-sBlor • • S12
MxBttaDi Ml
MurphlD* tan
uplnm iKM
Suinine ■■■.... }T(
ffuiri'lii ..i t m
TprpriiiT bTdraM fM
VnlpTlinlc tihcr U
Haadachf. Ammonia ......110, HI
Anlmarviii 141
Anllprrla KM
BBDUce r.,.l<it;
Etuf-ruin in
llobrvru-bark U2
Brala and apliial cnr««U i:*
CampboT MO, HI
rnnDflblH ludlca .-..........■.•.«. m
Chionl , XI
CHalfltiiBa no
Cofliiv - Ml
Cold loa
appllfatMoa nO
Crolaa-cblorat m
.r.^
Hetitavbr inml'llt. CjTrl^tdtuni.
Iiicltalii XI
Krtox MI
Sllwr T»
Kuvalyplua i.. Ot
r.«i*niiium ...m,mi
tiuanoa ttk-
HydrabmOIC acid S
Flrpuattin ...lilt
llvx «Ti
lllB un
HaaataliUD carbooaM ..1....1 SM
MaTaklB IB
UaMaai* *»
HMVarbUtUna m
Mucralnla C»
Muatard TM
Nui niiDloa IM
Podopbrtluai Rt
I'olaMltisi broalda M
T04 ,
Tbrauccuii
Toiypjilo , L
TuipsDllDa M
V'alfrrlaii ..-.-'-.........■■... . . d
Vniorlanlc tOnr . . ., M
Vll.r|»r Bi
zinc valcrliLDAle ...>.................... IPH
Hturl l>li<ini». F'uaEltonal. AianMm Mi
Itiillndaniia ITT. I!>
Ciwtua IN
caaipbor St
CDarnllaria moMlla . Ut
K1»rUMt)f
Buoal/plUB ...,......,,,,.,
HotIm«nn'* auodxa*
Hrdrorruiie acid
Ljiopua
opluui
I'lMaMlum eblonila 1
SpnrtFlDe aalphair
Sumbul
VrrAlrum vlFlda
Wild .^ll..r^* - ,
Xior tnaatav . nl
Hnit Ditoaic. onauc Apocybvin tu
Am.-iil.- U
Dariiim ahlorldt .. . M)
(.'Q'^iua »0
raflKlnu -. m
''Jun ST
Cblorsl m
rblorslumld »
l^irivnlliirla majalla &(
CoronlDB .....1. Itf
Diduiii at. m
niorvdn IM
iei"riripitT , , m
llytiacramwi 4M
lM>ii ,.,„....,.,.,.. tn
I.TU1 iu-fUU C0
Lrvopua 1..... tIT
MuMA* .,.,,... m
Marcurr Ml
OlPDDdi^r ,..-. 6TI
Opium Mt
Oxyum , .,,, HSl W
famdrbrda «IT
Poutwtum vblorata ......,.,.,.... Wt
RodlDin hlnarbonat* .>.,.,... .TU
8parulni> nilpbatc TW
BpKcllB 1«t
Stniiilliini lodlda ...,.,..,. Ttt
Vi'minini iirld* .....1 SH
Wild chcrrj- „ ( «n
H«ur[, Pnuy. Phoaphorua «4I
.■<|iattrlnn aiilphata TM
¥ir)^(bnlnp &N
HcBM. Wxuh. Cariltao llwna i»
nmirHiina !»
Koi»
SllUlll
Slrrrhtiln*
Viiruni
rua*
llr4rl-rloI- Aqua wnsioDlia ■ ■ lU
Ui'irt-fdluri. Amrl nlltll* Il*
Killer *>
Buopbaalliu* t>l
ItMt-vibiKuiloa. ABDuiala .111, 113
ttOTpbioe ta»
Hriiilntiavlbcala. Blvcindlr ffil
Hrnilrrnnis. Amy) nllrtl* in
Anllprtta nt
CsSclDa SM
Rupborln , STT
MuM<« •■■•• • »•
llenilI>lc<W. DunUOB SIT
PiradUu STt
llxpulln »liM*». Burbmr U«
CaMiiin ■„,. tK
Diet Nt
in* tot
XoiimlM , ill
MlromuiiallC Ul4 4T
ot-uii ni
8odliim blrarbosal* -■•..■■.■*•.«<•«..-.. 7(1
l>bo*phiilt ,. Ti3
IIffuIl B*ii4i(t* I0S7
Btlladodoa m
C'ltrullln , 110
CollodlOD »■
EOi«r T»
Whlo-Mk terk ....- «
llNPM AeoualUd U
AlutiDl M
Alum , IM
ADibnrobIa .■••■i. UB
Anontc It
Camphor HO
<.>r*TM(op m
Ituphonn ITS
Buropnan a sn
Kanumrila , <n
Iron 3U
Uqald air lats
Nut-«atl SKI
RMOnlll m
Rku* (oKicodmdron W!
aunr nllrau 1«
Tasnlc BDld M
ThiUnin , SIK
KiDcoilde tSI
Hir^n K<ntPn Ar«iiltla* olntnant «•
AkDiiol K
llaadaie IDa?
BrlU^Qoa I»
BiMiuUi (iihiianaM 191
Cbrrrr-laurol Sl(
Cbloralamld M
C«ca S4
ColledlOD ., )M
Oanlitm i tU
KlMtrleltr ..«t. Ml
■dtophan f m
Oauttharia loi
HoaDi-oan U9
IIjV4rx&QlU« ■•....■••«..H.. M&
Icbtkroi MS
Lrad - - m*
Liquor Rutto pvrrlua «.... SCn
Ma(u«* ..„„ m
Muniliol Ml
Ui'lhr:riit~l>iia« ,.,...,...... MC
Horphln* nt
PhmaPHin --,............>.. dSB
Flmphorui 441
Prokianln HI
VrnlrlDe ■ OB
Ultvouitb. AbalnUUun — ... »
Amaar -•...•...■•««•« m
Apomarplilac .„ , VM
Btlladoasa in
Cfelaratarra Ml
Oralar m
HolTnuna'a aaodyaa . si
MiMk S&l
UuaUTd ;k
(Ml at tajuput m
FAOI
HKI^nu|Ill le«arrf|. Opluoi U
Pb7*o«t>(tiia MI
PllouarpiQo IM. tU
ilulpboiial TtO
Tobacco TM
Hlp-loint DlBHtar. OoalMOl Ul
H|idr«c«a 4loxlda m
llMmwaMH- Atuvjial ...................... IM
Uotax »
coca .....1. WJ
CUclllaM L aot
Calllaaanla MJ
Ouoiar- „ „,. on
Luiuorlca Ut
Niiilc ftnl4 U
PotaHiuai nltnu OS
Horaa Ararauui «l«tB n
Hrdaud Oyata. TurpaaUoa . IM
Itydraimla, Iron ■ UT
urdtvthroat*. lodiDf *m
Hjdrocal*. Aaplrauoa ION
CarbvliDacId 11
CbUr&l - ..,„ , »•
BlMtrlFllJ ...:..... Wl
lodlDH »l
Mrrrurr .■.■.. H)
ainr DlVftM IIS
Tbuja m
Hj-dnHVtr ot Cord. Inrautllp. ScUb 104)
HrdrtKraaio Acid. Poiaoninf ty. Aqua
amiPTTTilir '.....-'.....-....,..- lU
Hrdrasan Sulpbldt^ PalaonUis bj. Aqa«
ammo&lB Ill
Oi>c»a tM
Kjrdnpsrii'ardlum. AiptMIlan lOM
I Ir'ropbobia. Cmraa SU
Cold appIJcailoaa .^.. nO
Cutaru M
fi*l4.-in1uib .*...■'.* I"
PtliHarpln« M
ailitr Ditrair IIT
lljrdmthuru. AaplraUea IMt
uimuiu M
SpDpanui ns
Hyprraalbcala. Cjiprlpadlum UT
FranhlLotRn - ttt
lirprr*«tbnlii of Vntitr* or Dladdar.
AQtipirrtn Ot
HypHridruiila. ARancin a
Alum 101
AlDmlnum olratr 4f
Artitu! ... lU
llrlannphlol BI
lUimuth aubfaflato ••.■....«-•■■. tn
Calcium ... m
Camptinrlc acid .........q... -.•... ... tti
Cbromlo add , tt
Compauad ilDe iloaMM N*
Oappvr Mt
[ItMbrliHi oinlairst • m
KrtcH :.. am
Ruraphan Xn
rDmalln Mt
Ilaaumalla US
HnaiK-aaa ....> its
lIldraitlB , 4U
llplrafiiB .,, nt
NapbUllD iU
rti:rolnxlB MO
IlhKarpiia HI
rrrpandtkalk HI
Oulllala , <M
Ta&noronii , >VI
Kim oleau m
HrpOTtrapbMd Btara. Maaaasa , 114
HnKvtTophtM. Kaul, CkramtcwM »
lodotarm irr
Hjpiitkaadriaala. Aaafatlda IM
CaSMoa , tat
CtnUlfiNn 1 no
SSffr^..::;:::::::;;::: :-?S
Koli -i;
Ugbt IKS
1112
CLIKICAL' IXDEX.
UrpMliMidnMli (conMI. M**eal biutoni. >tl
Mualc lOM
fti^uDocpDv ,,..„,, ...,,,',...,... m
TtiUtiuliir *xlfa«t Itt
Uypoiijon. Ur<racoD diMddB ITi
avopolBialD* hydroeliloral* MS
lljsUTia. All/1 tnbniallds !M
Alnco 101
Ambar t7<i
Ammoola • lU
AnuuonUtMl Dopp*r HI
AnuDCDium TAlirtuiMo U)
Amj'l VktarlBDaM , IM
ApooiorphlDe N4
AHtoiiiM .> IM
8<itludouiiB in
UroiniSii* 197
iAIDPbor UI
CuDphorle add n<
Cutor ZS>
Cbvncpadiuta Nt
Cbloroform Mo
UoJd J.... A um
Cealum •.•». Ill
Dormlol SI
r>ramnllum SM
Klh<r to
Kucalrpiol m
FniDkllnitn) i 30
Ruld lU
llollaiiina'* oaedrno (I
Hopa 411
Krdrulh(tri>[ir m
llTpnalKca Uio, 1UI«
tma »o
[.•TBudar fill
L««&an» : > BIT
Maauge In
UelAllolhantpr UIE
Uonobrnniitra cBDirbar in
Mu»k HI
CHI of nic , •■ Stt
Pknldftliydo ... BIT
Phoaiplinruii MS
I'ulMttlla ,..., ttt
ihiwnuirr TM
ttaDKutDurla Til
Slmulo , T4(
Sodium pIiQaphato Tit
Sv*tlM.oo BUlphala ?ST
Miunbul — ... TSI
Toucnum v> lux
VkhTtOB - I >M
Vlhi]tinini npulua , tO
pruQiroiiiiTD .-. tXt
Xlae lulptul* < OS
Hra(«ro.(i)ir«p*T. ApoTDar|>hiaa id
Dulmlain* »M
PranlilLolsDi US
NIIruKtyrcHn :, US
I'llnr.irpltiK CM
StioaliuxQ bronude Tt!
Vali-rtan SSI
Viburnum prunlfollum US
IcbthTOila. Olycarln 411
IadoMh .-v.. .**..... T!
Rwarbin .-■..■. lit
IclPPU* KMnatorulp. OkIIIUid 3W
IdlDcr. CblOTBlaiDld iU
DubnlalQp , WT
lloMolltif. Lycopodiuta sn
llena. MwMCu SU
ImbKltltr. HulMiliilD* , MT
ImpanloD of Fw-ea. CkmD'MI US
ecammoDT TSt
InpatlK". Arwnic ■>
Copprr (ulphaU >.... 311
liwD ,. ISB
M*uw tZ*
MIrlr KCtd M
PhpTioialfl 34
Qiiluliir , ,..■■■ >n
!!nin>(Hlal < ISt
iHMm
ImpMJLKO (nmtiT). Svlpbur W
Impttlxo ConlallOH. LaooUa R
M>'rcurT 441
Salol TIT
Iat>ownc«. CADitabla Ia4l04i Bt
Cutbarli W
Cloucirusi m
SwoUna • HT
RiMinuir nt
Oold IM
Joblmbln M
Polycuaum (n
I'Duwium bnimlda ......... IM
i>«nsuliiarla TH
a«ir-p«tnotU Til
SouhiIs TH
K"rT>i>ntar1a *4I
ittrf obmiif ,. list
lUBUiuuii. Rivul allmcniatloa 100
InvnniioKnci* of Urln*. ADtlprrtn M
BollailaDU in
BoDialo acid IM
llusbn L... m
CaotbaTla .....<..,.. SO
0»lliDa«nlb M
Collodloa M
Cora-Mlk U9
Cubcb I ••••. I»
EKculcltr m
arrot M. «0
Fablaoa ImbrleaU M*
aaiiium m
HyoacTamua . .... 4M
troD M
l.j'i'apadlum UT
Uanianlla US
MalKn tM
PtttatmWia Miran Ml
Rliui aruiuaUra IK
Tddlcaiia ............................... TOT
l^nloDla n
Henna i..,........n,,... 141
Str; <:IiiilD« Sn
TulyiiyrlD 0K
TurpoDtlBC I Itt
InaiEcaticii. Aloca Utt
JUafwtlda IM
l)la»Min« Xt
I!>Donymuo ITt
OUDbDCD .IIS
MaKominRi r«>banBt« ■ U>
Pancreatln Cll
Plcrotoilo - a*
PolHHjiJt^rE] l.ltnrtrHC ................... 9b
Incbrlcly. Cbronlr. Itrt^ollUS 1011
latlHritllou, Uenurlc olMU >
liinaiDriiHtlciu. AlruhQl It
mo«<]'l«l(ll]( ...140*
Cold ma
Huaamulia ;... St
ll»«t i , 10l»
lilDQin Ut
Slarcb poultice Ill
Watle *l<-cUlcl(]r Itt
InOut^u. Aeitaollld ..>...■....■>...
Amyl nlulle ».......•.!
AntlnMrvIn j^.. ..........
AnpDlc
Aakpral .....UIil
BODIUI
Campbnr .
CarbolK acid .. tl
Cbloralamld .. tU
Coclllnna ..........._,. ..,. IN
Cr«>»(e ■<■•"-' f
ICuctlypiu* ITt
OuaiBcoi an
Lnp(opb<^lil Bt
MicrnlnlD „ Ot
Oil of HDdal-WDod HI
PbroaeMIn - Ot
Pllomi^ua 40
QuiBlna 1
Sallctn
OUKIOAL INDEX.
1U»
tAOK
ruBuoau |M«r4). Sallprrtn a;
teimiin m
Sodium Mii«riftM , ne
TaiTvii an
laiCnmiD* Tm-diII. OkmAor tS*
CxuBtic pouab •■... fA
TnoDIc Mid M
luMDiljr. Alropls* , Id
ChlnalMv , lU
Com ...1 sv
OuaULCOl SI
HjOMxamn* 4«
tlrpaetum ..UU
Hlulc 1010
ThrroM •ilnol IM
Imwl-bltM. UeUDBPhtOl XJ
OAtm MI
O^elum M&
RebUMM , Kl
ISMKUUIbk SOO
PauwIuiD bicarlieiiau tn
Rtiui laxl«id«<DiIniD ■ Ttt!
Sodiuin blorbonaM Its
liuomnit. AmyUaa Ii]rdT4> Ul
Brain and ipls*! •xtnolB IM
Uromidn IM
OauiabUi UndBtB m
Cblonl W
Cklonlaniid ,..,, W
Ohloralcae i i... M£
Cblor*MD* SI
CIlmBlDlbanpr .•>■... W
Coorallula majalli tU
CTPTIprdlDiu H?
DM! m
normlol ttS
EOrltomliini MO
H™ ttl
Hrdrolbrrnpr nt
iirvttite brdrobTMuu IM
Bfpnal » MI
HrpnoD* WT
Hf^atlHD .,.,.. lOU
JkiulCB d«caoo4 m
MitbyUI , M
«i»i<' , Mm
Maxaid lie
P»r«14cbrdo (IT
PhaaacMID ,,.... <BX
PbMpbonia , Ml
PlWearplna MS
PottMlnm bromld* ., IM
Sntnnil 780
Hull>bi>nal TH>
TMdcuiu »trael m
THronal aad WODSl .: Ml
TlirnianMtll (U
TolxpFrta at
Omban lU
Vtbratloo •»
Wild cbortT mt
tnlartri«u, Alnrntnoa ol««t* '-- *t
ninRiiiib IH
Oltlum Itl
Compound line lUBrM* TM
Irhlhyol Me
Kaolin Ht
Lycopodlum StT
Ptriutiil rhalk „,., Ill
Oiarrh lU
tpl«i(lnal Dlvirdrn. CbunoMU IM
IrHcallon at bo**l , IDA
Oi-Hall m
Tbnwii gii
TolaaUnal ObvlrucUeti- Rfltadnnna \7t
Mm»k» m
IntMtiB*! OMlmlaiL BiKtrkitr H*
IaUMI»M. PMttonUMi d(. IRh<r M
IntnllnM, llaptur* of. Opium tM
tiit»tlnp>. SMDlpanlyitd, kUMac* Kt
inUraiurDn. Uualard ;u
lRtu*>it*n|it1o<i, nialtnaloD «t tswvl tMC
Sodium bl«art>>«*la , :io
iTldMbnrMdIila. HnnirT .-. I9
P
VAtnt
IrtdDcTcltui^ Jamaica dotaood M
IH«. Adh*<IOD* a(. ruraDaUsnilaa ««
Irltla. Analtf TO
Blood-l*tUiic tM ,
Caatbaria mi
Cwmlna i , Ml
Copaiba U'f
OrlDdrlla 41T'
Jamaica dwwaol W>
HrKury Wb 4M
fltncsriiiiiQ W
ryakuiiin 541
Sfopoiamiiic br<>rooblonu Ml
Sodium aailOTlaM H
ToBsa tU
TuTpeolla* M
imubi* sioDuch. Bitmntb tn
trrlUtiOB, Lai]rss*ai and Brooobtal.
Aoctio rlbir M
JauBdloa. Aloca Ul
AmnoDluai clilarlda
iodide ...„,..u......
A[Kieyaam
Oaibollc add
Cbgiidamim •
Oitrle Mid
KaWmoljala
BuoBymni
Fabians ImbrloaU
Oaltlum
Icdolonn ■
tptoaciUDta
Irla
l^mvn .... 4.1. 1 1...... .......1 ........
Hanaca ,
ManaaD«M .<•.>•
Muaic« — ■
OIITP-Oll
Oi-iall
niCKVlilD* ........•■
I'ndopiij'iium ■ ■ (n
SllTrr DlcnW ■<*
Sodium MearbOBU* i. W
Pboapbata M
Sillliacia Jg
Taraiaintm iN
Xaatboiylum at
Joint*. Itiraasol. CaBtpbotatad aaphtol. GH
todlns *■>
Mir^ory ««
Jelnm. InOimfd. Dtlladooaa tH
Dlsllalli MB
Lcreu™ ../ KM
Jolnlt. Tiihrruloala Ot. Fannaldt^rd..... IM
lodororm 4TI
Ktlnld. RlKtrleltf **!
Ifblbrol M*
todlnc , , ■<..,.... #1
ThIuilnnmlB M
Ktnuua Abran T
Airol *T
ArlMol m
81<«lrieltr JS
Kurophtn nt
rroktaaln ..■ MT
ftodiun tMnbnrat* S
Kldnav. DUraae ot Antlprrlm M
Di'lladoDaa tn
niiiorrr at
Uoldo m
CoFn-ilIk ta
Puihaln m
Juniper Mt
Koumln , SU
Olntndir SR
Macn<«ln U*
rilocarrilDa > Bl
Klipcomaala. HrpttMUn lOII
I^bor. CorB-HHtt •..■■.■■11.' sn
SlrT«lialn« ETI
«URar TH
*
1114
CUmCAL IXDEX.
rAsc
LabgrrlnUi, DtpoMt WiiUtn. Fiioetrploe- ' •>
l^cnraltau of Cvrrlx ItturL OocalB* HO
iJU'CliM (^siul. UDnutloa ol. Coralna... ttt
Lacrirmal Uuct bhiI Sac. UtaMOe of. Pre-
larcol <K
l«ctotiaa. Acmncin tt
firroMnutaar 1U
Kouiaiw U3
L«eU)«ODUl0M ..ii. ........ 1M
Wkll llqaon Ml
PbOQibDrio BOliI .,„., U
LacUUoa. S>cc«l(o. Oooalno W
Couliim .- r.-.— >U
LtfUtlon. Intaslt; oC. Iron Ml
Uarysscal Affo«U»Iii. RumM TIO
L*r)Piic*4l am] Broacblnl Dl*r>M«r>. Tur<
MiiUn» IK
Ltrnaiamu* tiiridulu*. UclladoaDa I't
CUOMl .- Bl
CQIonlainld ._ SU
Codltxir-oll , , in
Ci«lBciDiuin Wi
Obld .. 144
Ijftcaruaiibik -■ ..i*. .•■.... .■ AM
Uuak HI
Quinine tn
t^rriiKiUji. AlpbaaapfaM Ui
Anllprrln , «W
Arliiol I«
BkadAsc ion
Bmioln lil
Campbor-manllW] BD
Cblorpbenol BS
CocalDV ni
Cold toa
c«iDium SI3
CnoMl ,. tt&
Crwunlc OS, Sa
CretoD-oll M
Bno4ifiron in
Pormih m
Oold MS
Lobiltk BS
»««•■« SlI
FiitAuciiiTn bichnnnatc »••■.■>' T^
mixliatldau 13\
liav-palmel(0 Ill
Blltir iillrsi* ,,„. 117
Hnriium bf?a>oal> <. 7&t
Tar Ml
Thymol tlO
Turp"iiliiir .. - T8S
LarruKcilrDcIiiMUa. Adrvaslln ISS
Larrni. Dlariux at. Cnolln tU
Larynx. Opr»tl<»i* on. UuoalD* W
IrfiiTni. Spurn of. Bromdo* IK
Canlun liJ
Larrnx. Tulwreolmli of. C^unpborat*4
napbtol US
Pucbsln »i
Ooalaeol no
I^Dalo lis
Lf4il I'DlannlDK. BahadoDOA Ifl
HydtludU! actd U, »
^<>diijm inilpbldff 7SA
Sulpbufle add «0
ViH^enr u
Lovrli.hitii. ^Iltrr nllnto c It)
L«pn»r Balaam ot P«ru WS
Cuha«-Biii „.,..;„.., W)
ChaulmooEra-oll ■...,• Ill
Copaiba 318
CrrM^ta I2u
aiuhin ■■....■..,... <11
OyiiiK-ntrtli- Mid „,. Jll
l|yi1m™trlo ., «;
Icbtliyol *!•)
MiTc-ury ...I,. >........■, 4Jtl
Nun-: BCId tt
Pyroiallol Ol
Trttli'ulur fluid Ill
Li-uonrrtitm Alnm i.. M
Alphnnaphlol HI
Alam ,.I«I. 1«
FA
IrtUcorrbva (tonCdl. Aluounua... .
BapualB
IMbmru-bftTk ,
BolladoDiLa >
Biaaulb
CadBtum ^
Caatbaiia >
Cartellc acid •.■■•......
CalKbu . _
Colllotoiiia M
Copper aulpbtt* •••...iir.... HI
Elcvtrlclty a*
Kraukmla W
Gcmiliuo . ,....■>• .■••■• M
OljciTla ....1. Ul
CrmdalU UI
lUDiaoMla d
llrlcDIa ■■ iTI
HydraatlBios bjdrocfelonw lU
llydraaU* M
Iron M. a>. m
Kava-kara M
Kramwria Ul
L«ad Qltnto W
Linw-waur HI
Lccvood ttl
Maww iS
.M&B(D>tana w
Uallco H>
Mrrrli BW
fambolaao ^ Ol
Panira «l»
I'liiua rauadonala W
I'ataMlum bloarbonato fit
prrmansuiatc n»
Solamon'* Mai fil
TuiDia arid V
Tbrnol ■ VS
Vva ural .IB
Wbltr-oak bark «R
Zinc rbiorldo m
Leuluvnla, Aramlf . U
BOTlHT^nO KUlphftlB .•...■.*....... Ml
Hn no- marrow Iff
l.'llmulattHrapy ■ '. Ml
Crvoaoio 1^
I.aul>uulaltla. Baliain Ot Ptni ...n. Nt
BcIladooDS ~ IN
Pouiaium lodid* ol
RuMrcIa .........>.... OT
Liotic^ii An.'tilc » It
Carbol^: nild ..........ti...-. H
Silver iillratB HT
Tar W
LIcbon rianua, Koana-DMi •>
Maiaacc Vt
Oil u( rndi- KJ
T.l?h«fl Ktib'^r iljuaax* W
Iikhca SeroIulofUB. lIoaua-DaB 0
Miuuico Sf
Stronlluni tadldn W
Lid*. Oranular. Caator-«ll 0
Coppar lUlpbAM Ml
loonlono > Ri
Scarlfleatloiia MB
Lid* or Tcar-ducU. Aftoflioaa o(. [UtiMoI. W
LltbatmlB. A'Mdulou) araltTB — *n
Balba »g
BiKbu W
I.ai:(li: arrld H
Littiluin b»n»)al* — .-t. til
Oionlied irator •••■.. Nt
Pcituuluni blurtr&U > M
IM-nnanKHDAl* - m
Sodium pboiphate 3B
Sulpbur in
Ulhlanlx. roni'illli Ol
Glycerin Ill
LirEic-waliT ........ .........<- w
I.ltliluiii-caClfliia-aulpbiinalo jjt
Mscnrala ...
Poiaaalnm pernmnmial* ...i
Saljic.^lol
^dlum bvoui*t* -
CUXlOAt INDEX.
1115
rAOK
UtPT UImbml AiamDniua cblartdf Ill
ChlorliKp tM
Curara kiuam tU
MirxU ......._.,.. m
rtiinu 14*
Clirji- arid H
Euoayiuu* '... tit
Crtia , !«
toilotami ..I.,...,. >..... ... I't
llWCBCUUlbft ...■■.■........«.......-.--- 'Vol
JmuImM :u
Lmdoo II*
Uaaui* m
NHrle acid It
NltrnhyilrDrtilorlo *q[4 f>
t^uulum Bcctote Ot
BaoMi no
Sodium binnsM IM
»n<»pn*to 7u
SUItlDStk Mi
Sulphur ■■.... W
Taruaqum M
XftnOlairlUin >U
Urar. UydMlil Cy»l ot. Mrrcurr H4
laOcbli. Ku|ipr*«*lo(i it. Lronuru* StT
l^ooomour Auuia. A«cMDIUd II
AnUp/rlu ill
tiratii «xtrai-l 13
C4iDDatil> iBdloa tM
>*arclMc fleiLoD MM
y'ruikllnlHU ttl
(inullbTia m
Jtfdrolboapr .i... tn
llyoncf iirau* lit
Ldulaptiaalu , Vt
M—atr til
Hr*iiB-«ii>iut lit
Ptinwitisinii ur
I'llMirptn* I tH
PoiaHtuoi blcbnoMW M
Prounwl M
Suntonin IK
SilMr IIR
Sodiom aad (tlvar bniMulpbiM lu
bicarbonal* Ill
phoaptiM* lU
Solaatne W
Suapeoaloii IMC
Tratlcular llu.d IM
LiiBib»(o. Airuixlactarc ■....lOtl
BaUDacbolddamua IWU
BullkdUDua ,,.,. ITT
CollliMODia ,.r,,. IK
nbri tblorlde It
Bnnajmu* i...... ttl
ntblana tmbnoats IM
OdapiDlum Wt
Oualae «»
tijrdriudls Ml4 U
LlNtit lOB
MnatarJ 3U
fipwailii SIT
fnuaaluni lodld* .......i .......... W
RMMnarr IM
Slatlr Fl«trl<'li7 Rt
Tarcar micllc til
TurpentlDe KK IM
Luap, Caniallun al. AI<«hot M
OiTSan «M
Pb7»iUiinM *tt
LApua ErytbaauciMaa, BMaiMpblol UI
OrrMolIln* JM
LiKbl tMt
Uarcurr 4M
PbOapboTua „., Ml
RmotcId «n
BaUfrlic mM _ M
Sodium racodrUM . -. n
Mhxlaw 7M
■Bllcylau , M
T.f '. m
l^pus Vulc»na. a««o«mm n
Alunuwl Ht
Afiatol lU
Lupat VulKiHi {ml'it). Anrak Iodide.. B
Anvntt olvata O, M
DrrUUHubUll MI
lllood-t.'fun .....................I. IM
Calcium vhlorldo !11
CbauIiDfHiKia-all , ID
Cbromlc add ---. .......'----. Xt
CarmrotilD M
ciocbtmiDe ;iid«ulpbau tt
ClDuamlc add lif
CtoiM > .■>.■• MT
Copaiba M
Bucalrpiua fn
KtiTopnpD
r^rmaJlii ..<... ........ ...
Oold iltd aodluu t^lOltdO
Gnalacol
Ilrdrocotxia — — .
KTdrwDUinia brdrocblorlda
Icbibyol _. .
lodlnv W
lodofom ,..,.,.,. tW
Lacito >c)d H
l-l«ht UM
ijorcun g
miDcarplD* ■>
Putaaatum canctMTlAUi* Ml
l>Tn)catlot *1
Koootii"!) rajra MT
Salicylic acid M
Sllnr olMl* •••> • II
mrontliun ladld« i Ml
Tar • !S
TbioalDunia • W
TnBafaaloQ UMI
2iD« cblorld* Mt. »
Luiatloa. R«nlT»nl. Woe pblorldi" Ot
LrmnbadKiomo. Aneolc tl
Ttififlua (land 1>T
LrmpbiDilllB. SIlMr dIUMO W
TauDic add '■■— M
HciarlB. AmniDRium Iiidl4* ......>.•
AiamoQlum picrale .-....■......--.-...-
AiiiipyrlD i.u.i.i.. ■;....
ArMOlr ....> >.••
Bibwru-bark ■
ili>rb»iD* II
Cap*ric-um ...*...>
CedfoD -'.
ChluoUln
CMnotIn •....•
Clnrbooamliia ..'■ >....•
ClBCbODidln* ,.,.,...
CiooauDu >i......->
CoKm > •
Corsu*
Cupralu* bydrorklonu*
Hit* ., ••••.
Bunlycciu -
Karhlnln >..
tCtio&yirua ...............................
Oamboitr ....-4...... ...4...
Qatty* FTcmODlU
n«nllan
Gualacol ..-i.
tUUalD
llTllantbua aaituait
HoncobMtDut -■-
HyArMda ..•
lodina ...IM.
tpvncuanha — .-.-
1.*iliao
Ma<iiolla ..I
MMbylfDo-bla*
PambMao* ■
PbaoacMU >.tt<.
Pbaoocoll
PbovbOTM
PlytflD
)^>aopby1lBD -
■■ouaMnm nllni* ...
lU
IIIC
CUSICAL IKDEX.
■■AOK
Uklana (rniird), QiiiDvtbT'la* lulpbal*. . X!
(jumiDc JK, tn
(IIIMIJLI* ,---,.^....^ ZSi
(juinutiropjritn* •ulvbat* m
SflfiprriQ (tJ
ituaium carrDdrlaM IT
Atilllnsiit m
SirrrliDliie ., MP
Thuja m»
UkJulH. Ohronte. An*ILl« 11
Urreola ..■.•> • Itt
Cacblnri* NO
Corn-liiMk ,.... tU
l»o(Pori« , Mi
Iron „ M
Quloinu Xn
Miilxrtii. rrrnloloim. (Julnlno tSt
MalarlBl CBctanla, PolaHluai rhionic <S1
Uallcnant tilBcut- ISco Carvinmna.}
XaUtBtnt PuRIuln. (Am Aalhnr.i
UillDsvrlDK- Btbrr tn
HatniDM. Atrppby of. 8»w-p»iiii(r[i« 711
UammiirT Glmnd, Inflammiillini s(. la-
dlnn «i
MimiailUa. T»rloreniB»o HI
MaiilH. Am/luDD bfdrM til
Ainii'i ISI
Dromldpi m
Brtanotomi Soo
Camphor US
Iiuboltloo UT
DtiUamDM Ma
nrl»niluni wa
llrnmrxmolD* < «>
ItyoiFVomum , 10
Mrai'nl bul(«a* Ul
MimiHid ttt
Opium , fM
Paraldahrdf WT
Pllorarpltiti ,-, BO
Mammonr , m
Sodium nllFflte 1V7
VDrutruui rlrlda Sf
MaiilA s I'dIu. CoQlum >■»■■>.... lit
nifllall* 93
OriDomlum .,.:.., ,. MB
.lAmntrii doirwand >.'.■•. ...n.... Cfifl
Miuin. Arutt. Cblornl tSI
Coniloo S13
CODIUIU 313
rr«loil-«ll ,..„ EM
DarkDMa .; 1021
DiBlUM* 3U
HxdrocjranTe aol^ fS
lljrpnotum lOlt
SlrBmonlum 1W
ftulphciaal >..«.... TSO
Mauin. Cbroalo. Cblorslanud )H
Br«Qt M
Iron no
«ODiiial no
Mania. Putrp^ral. (HmiclfuiN tm
Iron JM
Tartar tniMla itl
Mnnlapal Drlirlum. ApomorpUno im
Mwnirmu*. CodlirBr-oll fiT«
t»'i w;
InittiiWB , 47>
Rcftal allmimtailoa UH
MBHIllii. I.rad Indldf m
I'hrlnliiiii:! M
Mnilcitd DlaFu*. tttintoa dlonlil* ITI
Mruil.'H. Alcohol M
AmmDnliini «arbonaU Ill
CnlK tulphurala tl!
Crocua SSS
RuphnWa >~
■jssnlin .....,,.. Ti
L*fd »
MfTtury M8
Uuainrd .,.,.,, TM
Pbosfibarua , 80
QoJbW 177
fBlpbuT n
SlMclM ln*rii. tnlphwlc
Tballlo
Mtlirsi. Rr|to« --
Mvlantbolla Uram asd ac^Bal ntatta.
Camphor
CaiiiiBbii Indica
(.'hlnrelaaiid
ClUloUVf*
Ooeaioa
I>nbcrt>tn8
Gold asd KrW^iiB aUotl4> .
Hrdrocraalc acl4 —
Iron
LlgUi
Kola
Ilivalliuaoaa
Uwk
H«M« ■...
Opium
l^arald'faT^
PbMpborua ••••.
somaai
itutpbonal
VINratloO
MJ'[i<»tT'« Uiacaac. Oalannlnai
Puiiircraoala
PalaMism brainlda -
Qulnlno
Salicylic acid
Mi-niiiEitla. Atoalt* .............
Calrlum tujpklU
Canibarla
rbliiralasld ...
Com
Oi-laf^mium ,,,..
Mtr^^nty - ..........^.,.
Ilplutn ..................
UtclDCltM. Cmbrftl. Cold J
Mouliialilit. Owfcfo-apilnal. Qaptf
ar.liltA , -
HroHine bjdrvta^mata . .
lodol --
OpIUB ...
PotoHlua iodide
TUTVEnllDa
Mnnopaua*. raniiaMi tBdus
0«l*FniMm
Iron >......
PhraoaiisiB*
PotkMluMi broBl4a .
SallpTTIs
Valarian
Viburnum pmnlfatlsai
UcnorrbaKla, ll*b*«ni-bark
CaRfnm
Caenabl* tedlea .,
CimicitiMca .: -....-.
IXdtalia
Blarirtdtr -
GaltirarW
Oold
HjdnuOnUia kHnaklorata
IfiHwaMba ..-.-
Iron
Mattra
Mllrbilla
Uonnla
OtI ol Frlvfna
of rua
PotaaaluB bronriAa .
RbniaiMnatln
SaKpTMn
fillTH' altrau
So1oiiioa*a aaal .•.......>.
TbrraM ennwt
Vva mm
ribsrauB pruDlMtani . .
Vlacam
UtsttmaUaa. tFn««lar. K«
4t«lpbur
Mrnnruatio*. Snatr-
I>anln
PboifMn*
CLIXIOAL JXOEX.
1117
rAoa
atloa, DupprMMd. Opium ., 6M
PulHtllla MS
Tana* Ttl
Uriiul UlBonlprm. PulMUltK ttt
Mr^riUm. Abru* S
(Jliloriao at
Creion-oll Mt
ooia la
I^umuio lodidv • 4*!
telloln tl£
Hotrorrbaeia- Ar«M .■■• IH
Alruploa tulpluM • ISO
OnilrltuRa »>
DIslUlU xa
a«rasliim 4W
HydrMltma* hTdraehloru* . Ul
lodol tm
atvamiADM ■.■..•■..col. SO)
1 or •rt(oniD Kt
rotaadum brolnlda Ill
Vitmraum prumfolliiiii It*
XanilUuni ui
lllnunuau. rnquKiL PbraMftIS tit
Hl(TaiB*. Acelanltld 11
Acoalto ....■.,.. iD
AuUn<rrln Ut
Aalipjrrla tU
Belladanna in
OalFalDO , K»
Caoaabla tndlea , 9M
Cocaine < <■.; IK
Croton-cbloTBl • tU
Danlana HT
Ulrtall* h Wt
Blociriutr Mt
Brjtol tn
SUiT) rbmnda , ai
KuoalTpIu* m
0*1avniiuiu •»
MrlhyJ'n'-btuf M
Pa«iaci!tia cn
PlieaiKall S)l
Picroioiia Soa
Slaltcrllo acid M
-T«« 51«
Vibration .. 8»
to Proaoia SaeraUOD «<■ Caatbt-oil- S^
~ I J3>
Bik , 6»
. an MS
Dtaaalnm rbloraM ' M4
Ullh, l« Snppraaa Seeratloa Ot. Aallnmo, <M
Molaa^ Rlactrlclty ....Ml
Hollltlaa Oaaium. Calnum phntpbat* .... Ill
UorMd Qtowtba. LoadoD paatr Tl>
UaaHO VU
Si>i1liiin xhrlalr H*
Morblil GioTttii la Latyat. Oir(#ii. SM
UorTiIiltiiiauiala. AmmottliiBl valtrlanua. . IM
ADtlpjrlD mi
Caffplao fi Ol
Cametlia u»
Coca .t IM
Mtt m
BiHiriMtr aoa
Ooid - i«
Il«t and cold appUfillona Wt
Hrpnotiam loil
MaaULCa tM. Ml
l>aratdabrd« <IT
Pbtwpborua Ml
PotaMlvm bromlda S9l
•odiuiD phoariiata 1SI
8pan«la< 691
Holh-apoU- LvmoD EIS
, Houlh. AITpctlonH ol thr- Itl1b*rrr KB
Houtta. Opiratlona Id. roraln* ttt
Tropacoraln* — in
UOMn* MvRibraniut, InDaDiaiattan or. &»•
dlUKI HXOIOdOl TCt
Mumpi. (a« PantHU.t
ktujir-iilar t^rampit. nrlladouia ..<......... 1^
Mgralcia. Af anitina ointHMnt. i.. •*
Amnosluni cblorlda .........> Ill
PA4M
HralBIa InMr'rft. Arnica t»
AlroplDf
IMuiiai-Drldtlaraiu ..>,.
Bslladoiuia •■•.>.•■■>.> HI. ,
Urrania Mi'
(:ani|>biir.<bl(ir«l 30
Cliuiritu(a , I jn
Bialslu Jn
rirltuiuium ■ M
Uuaiac ,„ IM
Oil of rojupul Kl
|>o(i[ii>imiiiI M
Slai.c rWlrioltr m
TurpcDlltu 7R
VcraiiiDo oloata ..■,. nt
Urri'ii*. AiiUaarvUi 141
MuuKi) n*
Sallpyno i «n
U)'<'i:at^lla- CaBtto* IM
Opium «»
Mropla. Protretm\n. ptloiarplaa Ml
MrXiDaeniB. Putaulum ludldg W
Tbnold gland U(
Nbiti. AtafDUm aUnu ....i ^.. ...... U
Cauauc potaab tn
KK' trie I IT ., HS.j
Inta
Trlcbloraoallo Mid
Zlac rbl0rldo '-.'-...--'.-......■-.■.■
Nana. Ultnua ot. «<ilpbpr
Tin olfBie
Naicallc PuUonlns. Uloud-lpttlnd ..1UI1
coiT.-p ^.. msi
Ktm. Inflamouillon ol. Patrolauun OC '
N'aaal DlaMai*. Aeatio acid ....,, ,... II
Rtnlrlritjr ,„, m
Lanollo n
NauKo. Calumba /„.. tlf
Cbtrau , , M
<;Liinniiiaii , ,..>.,..
C«ralar .,,,.A..t...
Cmaoco .„.,,„
HjrdracblorU Ml* ....,^.. tt
toKluTln u fit
Mrnlbol M4
Mjilallt* SM
Nua vonricft „ ,,..,.. Ml
Opium Wt
l^PBln
Poppermtnt < ■■•..■
IVpiln
R*wimn
aiaiic •ucirfcitr n>
9laT«aa«i* ... . TM
Nccroala. Calcium pboaphalo lit
l^tlualtun pDrmaBtanata <...,
Sulphuric acid .....*..!
TbiMlnamin
Xfphralcla. Antipyrln
K*|ibrltla. Capalcuui , .
Cblonlamld . ,..,
Caloral-poffdaa
Carn.iilk
l>lur>tla
Kl*fr „
Bucalfpina ,.
ftnld '. i«ri
iirdnatiaino hjdratblonua ,. . hi
Merturr tM
MMhjrlviir-tilu* .,,... HI.
NfpbriB IJ~
Pitocarptno i
f^oktanln ,,., .,
Qulnldlnr tannad' .>,..,
Sovarlu*
Kpart'ln* aulpbata >.
Sirontlnm larlate ..■■■.. TCT
KtfibmUtbUala. <ltr«rin tl3
Nnrvnua Diannbta. Af*«nN 11
rilmatnlbFrapjr , „, am
Coniuni m
tIrpnoiiMn ItU
Iron . J«»
1U8
N(T*oua Olmrdm leMCd). PlcrMoilB.
Ktrv4U«)«u. AMitllda IM
liruoiidra »... !>•
lloftinaiiu'B iiiuidrDi' H
Hop> *U
HTdrobraiDlo add »
SlryKhBliM GM
NiuibIcib. AeMulUd II
Ai'unillii* n
olMIv *t. m
AatUiiii M
Alcoliol M, m
AinniniilBt>(1 tOppaT M>
Amranniiiin ahl^rld* ■ 111
PlCIBtC U
Anirl nilrlta )IT
AnalSMi HT
AntlBrrvlu lU
AnllpTllD ■ (H
A^ujiiniiictiir* .■■ ..........Ult^ IQB
.JKOIC It
AMpral in
Uaadaa* U>T
lUDD«eb«l4iiWDa« UN
Bubcwii-barll Ml
Biilladenaa .IK, IR, ITS
llrniln in
Broranmld* ■ 200
CaRrlnr X»
CAHIp\\OC Oi
-fklonl txt
Canoabl* todlca >••!.> tH
Cnnthant j... DA
Catur^ll , IM
(TbrFrT'laUKl «H
Ciiiuultu MI
Cklani Wt
CkloraUiuld ■ M
Cblororunn (.....>..... JW, IM
irtnilrituca IB
Ciii4in? ■, K?
CuttilDvnl 1.. IM
CihI<-iii'' ■ ■ W
Coillvrt-oU tit
colchiFum • >... n
coiiH^yoUi -. .••>. no
Cooluin — m
CoBrallBMa inajau* >i&
Crocua i M
CrotoD-rUoral K)
-411 Bn
C)rprlpr4IUIil • ■■■■ 3it
IMiulBim Ill
llrlnhltilnt Ta
Diet , »H
RlMtrieltr IWl nt
■rsotin , .-at
mwr .in*
Eibii chlond* • I tt
Kuralyiilu* ...t SS
Kurbinii IM
BuphorlD ■ HTJ
BialKlD m
UaliNnlmn US
QBUltbFtia <n, m
Oold ... 1(B
Ooalac 41*
Uualacol Bl
Haat »■•
Hoaas-naa IB
llDrwk.rb*aloiii - TTp
HjnlTobniiiilf a^d »
Htirotbttnpt •». "V
JXjtitif-ynmlnm 4tt
llrnb-yitmua .............i-.-......--..- Ht
Icbtbrol tm
todlD* at
lodafum (fl
Inm IM
JanalM docwood MS
KoTa (n
I.actapb«i>lD ■ 69
LusAn n
Nniralfta (mir^l.
Llaald nr
MataHlii .
Maoaca .. .
M«n«uir*r awiiitiai'
Maaaan
Hi-lilbol
UtnatlotbRBVjr . .
Mnbanria . . .
llHftyliac-Miw .
HcurpliiD*
Hrrttiira
NapclllH
N<rTa4lr*ltkli«
Su» T0«ln
Oimlvin prf>oil4> , . .
Parand-claBid aiuact
rpiniflrr
PFPP" ..'
Pfp**r*iM
PbcnaoMla
rbanoroll
PhrMiMICBlB*
Psirioaam ptnksrta
Pyokuiiln
QumiBr
HiiiMan'
Salkin
gUltrrtle arid
I^Dpitnii
Salop^ra
asdluin idiuwbMw ....
MtaDlap ..
SM<*-*****cr
Suue FomM
IBITaniaaluv
MITODtlwm lOdMe
Snlpbiu' -
SuiDbul
T»r>iD brdraM
TMrPrrlii
Tolyaal
Tooga
Turpeniliw
Valrrlaotc atlMr
V>ntnn*
olMto
Ziae cranldf
talsrlanata
Novratlbaola. Dalba
nood-wnia -
Bn.la ailTarl
CbfvDnpodlutti . . - -
CIlmaiMbrrapr
CodllTH-all
DanUana -------..
KlTtrlrtar
Kucalrpisl
O I jggrophoapfcaUa
<Wd
Onalacvl carba«*M ..
H«Dnc-Baii
Hopa
Ilrdroihrrapr .
MrPBotlnn
■run
UKhi .. .-
Mtamtr .
Ontiaa
PBoapbom
Quimin*
SodHm pboiVbBlr
Strrtknla*
tambul
8lHr«BBUlD
VlbntlM
N>urilla. IbnaaBilid . . .
rantbarta
Clilaralantd
rsti-'blcuni .
rraakllBitn)
Gautlktfia
Ucbt ,..»..
ouxiciL laoKs.
11I9
Ktwnti* (omi-in. p»(*Mot[ti et
PllocnrplB* <U
Rubidium , , TO
MSbt-iBcaU, Awmu •
Alum 1(6
AiropiD* Ita
CtmtDiorW aell til
Chloral ZU
CblomloM lU
Cole ,, m
nraot , IK
QalllcMld , U
H*iiiiinal-.( , at
1100141 rap in< 110
HrdiullalDe hrdrocbloMU Ml
Hfilrutis , Ml
Lwid acpikt* <B
MuKarinc , M
^tum ,. tW
PdjthMIkiiib tft
I'lcrolnilD . , ...1 an)
i^iautiunt ttiiunt* an
quiDluv , in
Hlra* aroDutlDB TK
S&llc)rllr arid ST
SoOlum (tllurat* in
Sln'rholot /. bTI
«<ilphun« txiA m
Trioul Wl
VlDOnar , »
ZIsp olmU 0
outdo .....tat
•UbCklUlr Kb
NlKtil-ln'toni llfpnnllUD ...,■ 1011
PataBluni bninldo IM
KIpplH. Son. AeailB *
Akobot , M
AMtlol I£l
BrntotD ... in
Biknmib Qjfdto ■ ■ ■*^...ki-.r. <9
•ubtulUto , Ul
Cocaine ,,,, IM
airtrrW lit
HjdraRtl* a*
IcbUrol MS
troD »
Liquor ituiu* p«nte > Wl
Niil-sall .....u I»
Soulodol m
SIrpllo collodiM , IM
Siriupbirluin ..,. 7n
Tannic? aold ...■..,,,......... 61
VKDllui .. m
KoH and Tbmt Plaracn KlMtrtctO'... Ml
N«ao and Tbreat. Oprrallob* npoa. Tltt-
pac«calac (tJ
ttvm, DiaraaM of. Ulcrociidla KO
'nnafgen TSI
K«ac. OperaUoni In aad u[>oo. OOoUna... 3S0
Cocaln* ph«adt* . -..- - SU
Now. Ptatrax. and Lsirnx. Palctul Af-
tMllona or. ADtlpjrtQ tU
NjnphomaDla. BromtdM ...■■..... I*t
[liK'aniaro xa
OoM MS
Stfaanonlun KC
Kjitacmna. l*br«Mtlsnil«o Mt
Obmlty. AUcallDOWMn* nc
Wft SM
DololB «t»
Ftiw VMleulMua 9W
t.'Rion Ilk
Fbrlolicoa ,...,. tu
BaMhafln Til
Tbrrold OblfU \*
<lW*ma. Ban^MM Idn
Cora-allk Ul
nifltalla HI
IHurtKb MC
EldiT n>
Ma«n'«la ,.., BM
MaaiB(a «..ii • (B
niMarplM* •>
<Ed*niB (rMf'A. niMarpua IM
■■anldabrd* tit
PoUailun BCOUU Mp. Ml
blUrtraio (at
Seoiianui
(Kdr^oia ol Uloltl*. nionrptoa
UCdcmt or t^r/Bx. ScarlDi^Uoti
(EanDB of Limck BlixHl-lolUnB tUiil
RIBtvna
l>llomrplDe
(Ktophacua. Stricinta of. Baludoana ..,. VI
OII(*-oll (81
■'anrnatln CI4
PDUaaluni bromlda im
SlWvr Ditrata its
Off»n(lTa nmtb. Carbolic Ml4 SI
SnaBinn, llrpaotlaai
ar«bla. Lead ultrau
Urn* _
Opi'raiionR, Atitr, PMrolalum '. t)P'
Opbibalmia. Alumool im '
Brbcrru-bo.rli Ml
BriaimphtuI
Call •ulpDuraUi
Cnalno ,„.,
Copaiba ,.
iflx-lrliilt)'
llrdroBi'n dloiMa
loOoIurin
Mprrur? ...,,...,..
IVlrolvum ,
PhraoaUcmtna
Pelaailuni panKangauta <>
ProUFBOl
PrakUnls
aironiluin lodlda
TbtoCoim n
Opbibalmia Nntaatomiii. ninaalla...,
BlJuor ullrato
itodlum noiolodol fa4
Opium llabll. Oaaoabla Ii]«e« ttrl
Codeine
Opium PalaontcK. CbMqo
onihi iSiTBieMfiiiij" "";"!!;!! I "i;;;; .'
BupbertD ,
-Qaullbnna f, «W
<Iu*iaMl .„ jfi
■»-bai .......lOB
lodlna Ml
(odotom , tn
Mercury Mt. tU
Opium an
Slllvrr nltrain WT
Tartar tmtUn Ul
Oa tltoH. Rlcldlty at. ApomocpMM IM ^
RrlladoDna iMi
Chloral MlF
Coealaa "
U*laMDl«m
Ofteltia Tuberculoaa. Alcohol
Oateomalacla. Ittoaphorua », Ml
OtlUa. Abrm t
Alumnot IK
Ariitol W
camphDnuad aahtl TIT
Co«a1t>K M
Dlap&iberlB Nl
Bsrapbaa „ .,. nt
ai)ro*rla , 411
LaoiIc add
Parachlurphrael
dnrrhaw. IlFtanapblol .................
CreotUi ..
todol .....J...,.
I.7aol
Mrvtitliua 10414*
Tannle aicld
Zino antcallMa US^
OvanUla. BrooMM i«T
CltalMtUfa , ,...,..., ITD
Colocrnu <>..•> > no
OolaaMiwi i Mfl
Morphlna MS
OUSlCAt ISDKI.
OvanlKla (CMl'ill. Taoqr Til
Ztno vaunonate • ...•■.■ m
OTsna&Cm. ABplTftUoD ...„>.. low
OvarlUa. Coolum HI
CtDton-oll • ■■■• H>
ot))d ..,, U6
r.,<liii<.' m
M'nury Ml
OviTO-BulplnKltK. KlIDuM lU
OmluiLu- .\i[Tl« add W
OiH-RH. Alum IM
Alumool lU
ArlMol lUI
aiauuth •.. W
C(]EQn*h*nut ---..--,- tSb
Cc'iliK <aatbnri<)iil* ■■ Ul
c-jQipoiin4 line ■utratc ...i............ 7M
if.^m. m
rrii-inrpiiT ,.,, ^ft
Kriiiiirnia ■ M
lii.Jil , IK
Ir.aitiu Ml
iail<-!ona ■ ..■■ — . ITT
lodtji wo
Iruit tM
I-TKnl Ml
McKUrr • • (4t
Otauo Ml
l*apBln <IG
PciaHlum prrnuDiuiaM •■■■SH. (TV
Smbarla 711
naioi nr
Maw.palmrtta — • HI
Svdium uaoiodot TSi
aUlpbcHcltiali* BE
SnWIOdol W
StronUuo) iwlld* , 7M
Bulphorlclaatcd napliMI • U
Tanfilc acid M
Tar , „ Ml
Tndiloracatic acid ft
PaXfit'l Dliniioi-. Pui^liiiln ST
Panauc Olnim morrbun CTT
ParnitboiU. AeoDlta M
AIuis IM
AnllpjTla * .ca.«N
DaUain ot P«ni Iffi
lt*1Udoniiii ITT
BeUDapblol KT
Baroi ....■....•....■•«....■..■.■•......■■ 2&
IlruaildM IBi
Cunpbor 120, ISI
carcoIic-ftiMd rampbor UU
Crmaablt Indie* „. 33S
t-wra iW
CoealD« tS&
olaaM «S
Osllodion Stag
roiniKxind amury ataanita 16i
Use itPiiriato TM
Cti-ototi 3M
KUrlrlnKjr tOl
(ilrccrlD ., m
Ooulard'a aoluiloit MT
Grlnd^illa UT
Hrdracrksla Mid ■••■••. • O
Inm SM
LomaD BIB
Llmo'Vattr Ill
Ucblun m
IamdBmi tM
UaDtlWI , E4S
<HI ot Win almond lU
Olrat* cE bru«liis EtT
PvppermlDl m
mociirpua ffil
nptrailo .,., as
PoUaclun blCBTboiiMo <Ta
eruild* CIV
I^DliCnDln , MS
«1l»rr n(tmtn ItT
Bodluin bltarboDau no
Stnmlluiu brncnlds TtT
FarmUiMla (roaliti. StronuuMWidld*.. .7U
Tar Wl
Tunvaol 8i>
Valorun BH
P*talr>la. BlacUtdV Jn, at. fM
KritDt ... K
Hual , im
lloans-naa U>
Uuuica , tM
MytlHUn Iti
I'cllrtunno ilS
Folroleum tit
Rbiu toxload^ndrOD MT
SKTCboUis HT, Ma.&»
TtailcuUr Quid Itt
Paralyil* Acltana, Alropla* Ul
Uorax N
CannabU Indlea EM
cUionil Di
OOCDlDO JK
CoDlum 311
Dutujlilnr 1...... B*
ncruluilu , m
Vibniti4ii m
Viburaiim JO
Paralrslii. Uulbar. Brain aitnot I£)
Paralyai*. tcUtiUI*. UhMlce 19*
SHTObdine U*
Varatrloc .A
ParalMli. Local. Amioa lU
nralral* ■>< Ibc BUddar. BlKlricltr 0*
BfBOl m;
Panil)'*)* o( ih« latmto**. Cnit<ia-«ll..,, W
l'anl)?*li of Uiv Toague. MxeruUin M
Priniarr M
Paraljrw*. PrdKimaivp (lTn>rat. Uold... . W
Fanlynli. I'tvudobrprrtropUc. TliynKU
gland in
ParaDUlrllla- Arlitol LU
iDblbjrol m
rsrapltvlB. DaiOlalu MT
Klvctrlcltr KS
Ergot JK
HfjHiif.nan -.....■,...»..,..., --.-. IXS
Pb]rwHM.Igma m;
Paroaia. BlMtrldU' as
Pftn>ari:bla. l*m felm.)
Parturition. Baodacr idK
Chlonil JM
(.'hlnrotorm m
CnrrDdrp-gublimsle lajccuena UI
CouoD.rooi bark ,., tl«
Elai'CHiaiy at
Rnrnl JM
iioBDS'Qaa at
Vteeiim n
PiMllruloiili. IloQilii m
OrUnnpbtOl UT
CvToailla ,.., Ill
CliiiuluoDRra-oll tM
rioTM or
Cotvulua m
Cn-ello tn
I.o*opbaii fit)
Merinirlc otOM* •
MPFCur/ , tn
IVruinxIn ■»
llofcmanr TM
SUvpaacN TO
Kulpbur , nt
VrrAlrln* W
Pelvic Dlnraaa- AoKnoniB M
Atropinu ,., in
ChlDnilunid in
sicivurr Mb
li«tiii nTimvDUUon IMt
tiallrin TIS
Tblol W
ThtoilDunIn , ., W
PomnblBua Anonk ...^.. <t
BeUnipblol , , UT
Ritiinuth ,t„ m
KUbcalliilr m
HaaiK-iiun
OLZHIOAL IKDKX.
fAOU
IVmpUlgui {e<mi4i. Tar mi
Tbiul 8«
PnlrardlU*. AoooIM IQ
CuUiari* »
k« UU
Moraary MJ
opium W)
Squill m
f rrliiornMl InjHEloa, Boopolamld* bidrn-
chloratc *K
I'criiMptiritu. CrsoMiic ta»
PrrladanUtl*. Jkmmlca dociraod M
Supramal ntTMl lU
i>cri««UU>. Iodine 414
PartWnlUa. ACOQlt* TO
Codeine <n
coilodioa nn
l.luum GM
Manni'Ma U>
MaUkln tu
UuufO m
H«raurr «i
Opium tot
PMAMlum blMnMU Ol
aalicin 'IS
Turp»Dlta« 7K
ppiiuuli. Allyl-mbramld* M
Alum 1«
Ainlifr 7M
Ammonium bromid* ■ IM. IM
pIvralD S!
Amrlone bydru lU
AacmoolB Mt
AuttDcrrtD Ml
AoUpyrIn ,. CM
ADt1ap**inia StI
Al>Oc«il«IDe M
AM^eUda U*
KladODOa 1T>
ittn la
Ba»el »
BeUimphlOl »(
Hniirt»riirm SOO
HrioniB 103
OkluRi Fhlorlde 114
CiLuiiiLEim liidii^ ........«•.«■■..... Stf
Orbolii' airiil W
CbotDui ■ a>
Cblor>il m
I'nlnriiliiiRld SU
Cblorctonc M
Cbloraform W. IN
(\ii-llliiiia ML
L'MblD(«l 30O
Codalae « ....10!, MT
rodllTKr-all IH
Colllnnnta KH
<!4DluD > y.....lll, 113
Cmute n
Drewra Wl
Knot MI
BthTl lodIA* n
KucbtDln • JM
ntmaMcbjrd ■.-- mt
(hrllc ..>••• ,•••• *i
Oflieminn MS
Gold - b .. .....I. .V.I... .■■■■•.■■...■--..>> ■••
arlndella «U
Hrdronyank. asld — ^
Itroarramua Ma
laulln «Tf
Iodine '• *(
IPMacuanba > ■. tM
Jamaica dogwood ■ ■■
Laid anuM «•
Llppla W
LotMlla UB
Unvury «M
MODDbramale4 twnplMT ■ Ml
Muik . ill
Kaphlalio ...' HK
NIttir ael4 , M
Opium <°S
OaabalB -■■■ TIJ
ti
e*am ,
pcnuMU (oMirtf). PMralcum W-j
PbmaMtlii ...■■.... W]
I'oiaHtura bromide >• Ui^l
carbooatc ."....,.............•...■*..>. MM
Sr;^u.-:::::::::::::::::::::::::::;:::"8f
Sonoca m
Sliver nitrate , 117
Sodium bantoala .,. IM
■oiolodol ..,......, fin
Squill IH
Hlroiibanlbua m
Mulphur , m. TV
liulpburoua Mid ta
Terpla bydralv Jm\
Ttuerium M''
Tbinnol
Thynw ni
Tbiriiiol iU
Tbymu* (erpyltum 811
Triralluui
Tuuul _
Vilnlnn u aU
Wild cheiry ttt
Zine mid* »(
]'ha<nla-tia. Ilrdnves dloxld* IT>>
iDdotorm tK
Iroo nt
nitric Bold U
Opium m
Plmrynclila. AcetanlUd It
Alcoliul .- „.. M
AlpbiiDiipbtol _ Btt
Alum , , IM
Alumool , IM
nalladonna M
Uttanapbtol JK, «U
Dorio aold ;. |4
BorMDrtwrtde M
Capueum ,. nl
CarboHc-Mld «aiiipl»r , M
CaiHbu .". , ;
CuualoB .'. _..
Cold
Colllnaonia
Crotan.ou .„
Cubrti ; , _
Klectneltr Mt
K«otln , „.. )H
Kuealjrptna rawala in
Oalanca tJij
Olrcartn „ «$•,
nuaUc oil
H>n>am*tW .,.,,, «|]
lljrdraalla Si
UrdtoNuo Aoxld* .,., , mil
lodtne —
Iron ,
Maaa«K« , , , ^
MMiIbol , ,. Mil
Opium Mj
rbnoiacca L :j
Plana CaaademM* V. MftJ
Ponfcranale „., Qtl
PoTaHium tbiorau nt
Rhuii Klabra , lif
Si;vM nllrtlo ,.„ Ifl
Sodium btDioata , ,..,... nt
Tannic actd a
Tar Ml
TniCB«alb ..,.., aa
Turp«Dlla« W 1
Wairr Sti
XaaUmtrtnm St
Stine aMolodal m
PhlrcmaaU Uolena. CMlOa tm
IS"""'".::::::;::::;::::::::-:: A'
SS^nCT.*"."^.::::::::::::::;::::;::!
Phoapbaturla. QlroeropbOfltbaMa M
Lailk a«ld M
Drocropta „ tn
OLimOA!
PAQB
. ISDKX.
PnmntMU* (cvafiD. Cool
CouT&tlarla mtJaJu ..■
I
^^^^H
J^^^H
Dlui#tia
^^^1
to *
HI
:::::«£ '
IM
^^^H fSev T'hFktimiJmM.)
^^B PlXmont PatvboiL Tl1(lilora««Uc arid U
^^H ncniMwry l>ii*w* oC Skin. ManHK". . - *n
^^H Ittrrluna- ChJorln* «i
M 1
^^H ttlenmel »4
^^B PltgrrlMla llubra. Cblan tnnwoUn*. V»
^^H PltTHMla Vpralcolor. IBse Ttn«a t'fV-
^^^B PlacmlB. I'lavnaa dI. Potamlum rhlonu. . OU
OH of MUilftl-voo4 ,1
M
in
.m.m
. ... Bl
...Mf
CI
ai
. . H.
... , xn 1
' a^^^^l
Z^^^^l
a9^^l
^^^B I>Ik1UiII» .^
s*
31
silver Dltrau
A^^^l
^^^^H
S^^^^B
n^^n
"H '
M J
..V. *K
Pnc-utDIiulfl. <'alsrrhal. Al
:^.^
(CI
jjl^
CrciaataK ol aodluin ..
IS
^^^H Aminonluin nnrlwnaM
s
»s
..M 11)
US
Ilydrlodl? ttt^ld >«■.....
Sallcrllc acid
Sodtum imracmaUM -
PolaonlsE by Cmalna. CI
FolaaalDit by Itioaptinrua.
miinfftnAt^
PaUaUun
pet-
al
TrndaruiloD ol blood ■
PolaonlnR by Phjraiuittiiina
PolannlDR hr I'lTOtolIn
I'olaoDlDC bf Ptuadc AtH
PolaonlDK by Slryi'hnlnr.
lUi 1
Cbloral »i 1
AmiuoDla... Ill ■
l*nlHrlrhii. Hodluin Mhjrlat*
Pott'a Plaeai*. Qualacol ...
Potanluin alllralu -. . . .
1M 1
^^H Aaiipn«um(KacDia Nnim .
103S
232
m
•n J
FralaiMfd Bownl, Comjiound dnc «tf«- ^^^H
. s^m
3^l
mH
I'Toautf. llrprrlrophi oT.
proauio, Irritablp- Trlllr
PrniHallll*. Cnm-nllh ,.,
Anilrrna
:::::5r^
t» J
^^^^^H batba - ,
Ml
Kablana Imbricata ....
= — <
^
J
CLINIUAL INDEX. ,
1123
PJMN
t'rrMlidli) (roal'Jl, lodotann 471
PmaUiorrliiV*. Atrepln* aulpbM* lf>
t.'^pipliar tB
Cscilcuin 1 ,. W
ColtlDiuDla WT
Iron »l
Jiinipi-r ,.... M8
TurpiuuDo nr
CruflKu, At'DalUa* .■■>■■ ■ (B
llvMnapliMl UI
Ctilonl ao
OvIiemlDiii ¥*
lodoConn „... *7S
Loaopbaa < tX
RMorbLn , lU
Saaiuin-vulphktc-ltilaplien .. 107
SttfevrAdfTr ,--- r, — -, -..i.......... 7€i
Pruritu*. iSh l\inttthcata.l
PuudolvukiriiiliL Iroa ..'. US
CKrtiMlii. Aiatanllld II
Alptmnapbtol •■• Ul
AluiUDOl .,,.«■ ....ii......i.i.i lv4
AoltnaroblD t^
Antiinanr • ■• HI
Arliiol UJ
Ar*BDlc 18
Bflanniihtal ,.,.. U*
rCaDthant ..., Z»
CwboU« aoM »
LO*r*viuii* ..i. • ■... tn
aauloMOitra-all ...<>.... 3M
r7>arobu> > SH
< Copaltui >U
CDPtwr M2
' CrMioiP K*
, BlKsmpaiM i'i
'Siiraphcn ■ m
• Formalin M
Pnru* THlculMiM l>.t M
G«MiuMntb(««Il» <n
CliiHuti . , 4:1
llranxnililp ••■■ WI
Hf<]ioiyi>D)n brdroetilonu I»
Khlhyul «tt
lodnl 410
Lappa .„.,~. m
Liquor BulU* ptrcba WO
MUHK* .-. Ki
UtTCuroua oltaM '.... ••• I*
MfTvurv , 4ti. 4<«
Myrtol - - (M
iNapbulan UC
'NaphUlls U&
t DU ot «ada &n
nt rajvput Kt
l>nmleum ..<■• (94
Pouwium loOda •. «N
KroEallol «M
Mr«lD .....i.fi <H
Baud 344
Soap tJS
Bodtum •tbjlate TM
■illcjrUla TM
I Stnnuutn lacula Mt
LstnipbaDtbiu ":
rtulpbur 7S3. TM
iTar «Mt«i
fTUIaalD ., m
Tbrmai in ■ M
Thyroid >iiract UK
Tiirp.'nilni- !Mi ?>t
Ptyrlioim. Cbloralaaud W
ttrcni ...,.,., Ml
IHrr/Klum. Cnriiina m
Itrallim. AI«abol M
Alum 1«4
BiilUdii^iia Ui
tlMaimphlol UI
CocaJnr ...,„■... 9t
Myrrh . •!
, riWarntna , «t
PouaXDu FhlarMa M
i PTOKuoIii - HI
rAOB
l*ul mooary AIlMlioat. Cotrarta M
Ki*aUDpBiu at
Oarrra PrvmouUI , 4(0
InuUo !•,. 414
lodlDC M
Jalap m
LjmpodluiB Uf
Lrispiia ,...19T
Uarrubiutn ■ ... U)
Oxnat ,.,. IW
p*miaun .... an
roiBMiuin ebiorwo .... .... M
SanapKnlla HI
SlrrrhDlnv ETI
Hrmphrtiin , M
Trlllluin ai4
Pulp IrrltaUoQ. Jamaica dogwood ■■
Pulpltla. Tbrmol Ul
l^rpura. Alum IM
Calcliun tbiorldo IM
UlClulu
Kruc
3alllc.
s
Oallicacid __
Hamamolla „ ,...,.., Ot
Houis-uan Ol
Iron Wt
Nsx TMDica - tn
PoUulumoblorat*.... M. tM '
Stronilum lodlda •,..... M
gnlpbUTlc add n
auJpburou* acid M
TsrpiDtlnr .. .., .lit
Fjwmia. crwioie n
Polaaaliun parumnfaaM* ■.-> fS
Quinl&v -.-. *■.■■■.•■■■.... IIT
Saltcxllr aold W
Pr*lltU. Buvtia .........m
OauUarli «D
C'apMcium 1. tn
Corn.allk Ul
Piiblua lmbK«iu Wt
Gallic Bi-id U
(told and aodlum AlorMa tit
Onodrtta dU
Hamamdla 04
Juntpfr , IM
MannslU Stt
Mt'WI lU
Par*lra , , <u
«>lol , m
SBB4>I-Wll«d tM
Salpbur - Dt
TurprnllDr , JH
Via nnl
FTr1oD*pbrltl*. Baealirptua ....
CuIlK' acid
trbtb>ol
Liquor poiaaaa MB
Orihtwiphon aCamtaouo ,,..,,,.- fll
i'jrnrrb'm. Kiir»pbf« t»
Pyroionp ..,.„..^.^ ITl
Pyruila. Kloo n«
MinciDnH I (.........I tat
P«paln SB
Quinijr- AtODItC tO
ttublUi^ Calctam 114
Calclam pDMphM* ..,.,.. HI
Codllvtr-Dll 171
C«to m
Dl« Ml
itm , ao
Llm*-walrr .1,,,.. HI
Phoapliorlp add ai
Pboapburu* HI
Polaaalum brnmlda ....,.., 1 IM
Ranuli. Ctaromlt ai-ld II
[Utll»n8lii"tillv I'alnMlo'a anvm IM
Potaaalum nliniK H
Raynaud'a DI4*a>r. BIreirleltjp Ml
Rvlnn, riBurvot. Llaoai...., MO
:^
1124
CUN'ICAt IXO£X.
rxat
■(•fluiB. lnBamiliatlan af, AlpbaiupbMI. ■ Ml
Lanolla It
LlnnlD UK
lUcium, ProlKpiuB of. Silvor aimi« lU
lUcluBi. t'IrT nl. Blimutb lO
BilTiT niiMi' H9
ReloiidUviiU Mlrrrn UI
Hviial Dlivwn. FMIaoB iBbfltJUa Sn
Lrvapodl urn UI
ScDiMrlua ni
auttur of milk '14
ll*p(llr-tilt(a. lioblnacMi tU
lUaplMIorr Tract. IsRammatloa a(. A>U-
VfTIB t. • M
HmllMtaHiL AaUn«rvtp Nl
BromidM IM
Hop» «1
R»«HEllaUoii trom DrowDloB. HtU. lOlS
KctraaaD ot VrlDir. Carn-Mlk UI
Strycbnlne STD
npllna. CoaacKloD ot. Braal JM
ItMtua. I>Tiarbn»at of, Mtreury 4»
PllocarplDi- HI
RrClUkl AalbODOpI*. CftDflatiU ludio* HT
llfUnill*. Albaiolnurlc. Gold lU
llhauautUm. AbatoUilum B
Aeolanllld U. 11
Acmtc acid II U
Aildulou* vatm , — tn
AcoDlU n
Aooniuae >
Aelual cauurf IMD
Antbla M
AlUiDDat , IM
Amnianla DO
Aiiimnnluni bromld* UB
AnalitrD XT
Antlpjdn CM
Amtca IM
Aiaprol IBl
Awlcplaa ,. Ut
Aaplrin ,... Ut
AthrruBiircuia moacbata Ta
tisTiiiitcv um
Biibt , MQ
ItrimnlM in
liriKla < m
Boldo .,„ , Ul
BitodIb ni
I'liltinna Vn
CdiiTiaMa Indliw IM
CKUiipliiiyilam • • MO
Clxliati ME
Cbloral HO
Cbioraiunid Kt
Obloral-caSoItt* KJ
ChlOPOforin WO
ClmltMtuga ...Ml no
CoUodlaa XK
CoRlum >IS
Coobtrrr HI
CreMtaW Of Mdtani nt
Crocua tU
CroloD-all M
DiBlUlla in
Dulcjiaura m
Bld»r m
BIwtrlMcr •»
Smbclla rlb« Ml
Kphadm *ul|;arla , Ml
Btapborln ., ,.„ t!7
PTaDkllDtm ...■• ns
(laltunum SM
Aaullharta .MO, Wl
Quatac UtL (30
Onalacol SKO
Ornncardic aeld 144
IIpX lOia
Hof and cold appllCkUoai lOlfl
Hydrladlc acid U
llllcluin , 4TI
lodtD* 40
LanollB , R
Lappa „. , S1E
PAas
Ubeumatiam (nml'dl. l^wrtl kl*
LvniDU 619
Llirtil ...luA
LKBlun .>...>.■• Ul
aMOlotol Til
LrcotDdlum ,.„.,.,.„ UI
MaimotlB m
UaUKiDC m
Uauaea Ui
Malrli'ana U
Mrrlauoa Ul
OU ofcajupul Rl
l>i>lliu>n «n
I^PprrmlDl Ut
PbaaanUn > «II
Pbanocotl <U
fbrlolicra *m
Pll«oarpltu ma
Plprratla CI
ntcb plaaur W
Potaaaiutn bloarbooaW .• f!>
broDUOe IN
carbonata ■>
ryoktanlD MI
aumiD« m. n
bu* tiuleodaodMa lOI
ItowDiarr i ,..,.. M
Saliupbtol (U
Sallprria St
Sarfn* TIS
8«ip liniincat n
aedlum paraor«MMM SB
pboiphaM Ml
Solemoa'a am) • sn
epKolla X
Slallo (lactrleltr M
KtrftniODtum ...i. ....... IM
Strauuuu lodlda MI
laciau , M
DltniM ■--.. Id
MtK^laM W
Sulphur M»
Tuui'Fluin „,,..... MC
TtaTiuol in
Tofrpyrln at
TrlmDlhTlamtii hydmrblarkta UI
TurpnntlDV IK
V«ntrliw IS
Xanthoirlum m
Xl»G f^anlda --.-..-.......,^. ., Ot
Hbcunutlam. Aputs. AuaWDhiM bnimfa*. til
ABtlnnrvIa II!
Ariiira lU
Auprol , EM
Baniak acid Ut
Campborls acU tH
CiDtharls IM
Chunomila , ut
DBlpblnIn* , Tta
IihCbrol M)
Iron , in
LoctopbDBln ..,,, c>
MMrury IK
M'*brlPDe blrblorMa US
PbcDaceiin ....-■ Ot
PotuHiiluni blcarbmaw Mt
ladtda <M. O*
nlinu W
pvnaanKanaM tX
Qn>1ir*(ibo IB
BalBHlal ai
8al«in Til
8a tier lie add B
Salol ..„.,
SaloplwD .,.,,
BodlURi arwtaM i
brnuiate
HllcTlat* W
•ulpbonllc7late W
Tolraal ,
Vanttrum viMdn
Rbtumatlain. ChroDle. Al«tfla ..„.,
AmbfT
AncDl«
OLdlCAL INDEX.
nii
PJUIK
MbpuRiatlMD. Ctuvnlo t(««r'd). Aapannui. l&i
B<ll»aiiDB« lib
Buiiiu SU
Ctpdcum lit
CBcny-Uartl DC
Oi<lll»r-MI tTl
Coknirum »■
UomiDiflla 4St
Janioiva docvood tH
LlCbium -r -.,---. St
MtauiMiM sulpbUa Ul
■•niW Ht
lUBuvnn U>
opiasi I na
>N>ti«kaa • ' tH
PoCKMiuin blchroinkw »•■-• M
MM*
Rubidium • •
MUvHOl . _.
SalluTlIc ««ld JE
twopbvD tn
SwMpanUa ..>•> Ifl
Bauc* r. n>
••■wBtana ta
milincia :(6
StruDODlnin IW
Rtitpftur Itt
TliuM IW
Tiupenllnr 1M
Wator Mt
ZKlmHun's dMooUon m
BbeumatiiiD, OODOrrbBkL IcftUijDl Mt
Iran - M»
Vnrixiry .HI. (47
PbioacFllli 1 ttt
Pulanium todlda 4U
Ituhidiutu 1W
Ballcrllo Ml4 1- U
BbtumadMi, UuMuIu. Anjl tbIvHuhib. IIS
ColcblclD* *De
FandMD „ in
uuiiupi m
UaiucB tM
H*tbflnie-bla« tM
3 Mm I .,.., Ml
locaniliu Mf
i(*t»rrtol n
(Ultvyllp Ml4 „„ ,,„...... M
Soluuluo .' HI
3<ln>ntlum loilld* IM
Tunar tmrtic Ill
TolfMl m
Rbtnltli. ArlMol IS
Camphor-mrnibot W
o»mpouDd iiBC iwarM* 1M
Oraoaala Hi
rnakagl* in
KoMipbca *•
Oion* t... to
PrnHon* in
SaonlBUla ><.....>• ni
Baah»DMM«4»l m
SdaolailDl TCI
Kblno-pbttrrncllla. ArMM Ut
Soiolodol m
Rbua Polaoalni. Alnm-eurd TOT
Ammonium rblorld* Ill
ArMal 7W
Bnmlaa IM
Cb«*(nBl-lMVM Mt
CMalDr M
DoTwlla Mlstfoa ....:.. IM
■iirapb>n sn
0<lB<l*lla in, TM
tpManian^ba Ml
Labatraqua'a MIUUM »11M
Umv-walfr IM
LiMtra.buk ni
LobriU a*. IM
SK:^;::;::;:;:;:;::;;:::::::::::;:;Sf
PlanlalD ID
Rajufr»-SiTli TM
Srnwil"'" IK*
btcar-
St
i
Rbua Palaantnt 4rM«'ifl. Sodluo
booatp
Sodium blaolptilw
ZIDC Dlld* f«T
RUiiwptm- ISm rrlntof%lwM.I
R«aae«*. AlpbasajibMl Ml
ArKlol '.. m
Hinnntb pImi*
CbrTWMbUi
Coea
CMBveuDd ilBc Waanla .».
Blvctricitr
Kr«ot
BrKOtln .
BUKpbM) in
Hamamtlla HI
IniR oImM U
Loaopbau , „ IM
Uaroary m, ML
Oil At calupni Ml
Ktmrcla • M
Sulphur nt
■ntoi m
BalplBKltla. Mareunr Ml
Balpleco-ataTllla. BaHMD t. 1U
Mpiwnlii. Alrohol M
aallcirlic aclil M
aania* VrnUlcull. Caldam etalaflda .... IH
Ba(«lxptiM M
sodiuni brpMuiput* n
San^ana. Aramlc M
KryaliH^M (vrom ■ M
Satrrlaal*. Dulounan M
acatJn. llaluin ol P*rB , JM
Uvnilu , 1 n
BeUnaphMl ■!
Carbollwd oti U
C-vadlJIa ,„„ lU
Cbaalmoo|FB.aU „ „, tU
Cblorinr .li.. Mt
Ckippcf autpbau Mt
Crnotln IS^ Itl
GDditiiutI tM
Hrdraxylamla bjrdraebloiia pi
Kamala .,.....„. M>
Loaopban BM
WansanaaB dlonida OS
MtnurT 4M
Napblalan •••■■i... tM
OII(it«aJup« if
Patnil«Bin K*
noraUndn ■ • • . 91
BaaorMn US
SaHcrllc add ... M
BedluD bypoaulpUta Til
Btorax Til
Sulphur m
flu Ipbaraua asld .,.,...„. It
Tar . ..„. HI
SeaM*. AMtanllld II
CaUndaU HI
Xaphona ,. sM
Janutca d(«nod dU
Liuiolla .. Tl
PlaftlAlo ........................ .^,-. M)
Sodium blnrbonau IM
Bureb U*
Whiai-noar M
Wbllp-laad patnl Ml
Scarlatina- A«<aallM U
AllaiiUiua dandvloaa ...., ., tl
Altbva , MS
AKmonlUB MwtaW lU
carbonate .
AbUhtIb
AaOaiNMOMMlt I
AnNsle ..
Baltadonna A.
DMBBBpbtal ,.,.. ,,.,
Calx aalpbaraia .'.
riaptlcum
Carbollvadd
lUO
CLIMC'dl. INDEX.
fl«vlaUD« (Nurd). Cblural SU
CHIorls* IM
Cold denfth* Ml
SrvoMM KM
rocu* I I m
OldUJIa Iti
Euntirptui sn
G^ulUinla , Ml
Ouaiacol ao
Hrdntcbliirlr Auld 41
iirdrnRPD dioxidv m
LactophMiUi , m
I.«iiolin _ n
Ldrd n
Mpdttiol 6a
UDrcurr M4
MuHiud ;m
OJIn-oll Ml
pliamiarua ta
raUulum cblonta ■ ■ Ht
pfTDiBUBMiate .....nti Ut. Vn
QulnlM IT*
RMorela tut
)!a1irTltq add - »
HaloplicD TM
BBUiEUlaaria 70
8«n>m<>rla TU
eodluni brnioat* ■ lU
Solpbur TCI
Sutphumul aold -^ OZ
ThnlllD su:
TDiyprTln *i*
Wawr WJi
Sclsliia AcvUnllld „.... II
Aciual caotFTJ lOOU
Acupunctura ion
ADtHiyrta SM
Aaaprol »T
Atrapioc • i>u
Butanllld Ul
Sralnand tplaal oiUaEU tJl
Catboo diaulpWda Xtt
Cbloral-caSvIlM ■•• •• .--- Ki
CbKiroCann ■ Ml
CImloirusa ITO
Colvblolnp ..,....., KM
cciocrntb no
Crnton-utl tM
KiNtnotty (a. ta
Btbcr 10
RU]>hiirl« 377
(Innlllirria 401
aijcrropliogpbBtBa •..■■i 8<l
Oualaiol »t
HxdroKlilurlr acid K
JaniBlca dvitwood Stl
lilBht 10KI
Liquid air Ve3
Maanc* »l$
titrvr-nntehOig lOtl
Opium •■ «K
Pllourpliin nSJ
PotaatlQin iodide • 4SI
SalicyliF acid K
Saltprriu UT
jtirnntlum todld« ...i •n-.- ^^
Sulpbur ■■•HI •■ •....■. Tti
aumbul TK
Tiirpi'ntln* TtS
flrlrtvmn N'KTiiiloruD. RMorbiD lit
Kcli^nili ColcblclIM SOS
Sclcrodnnia. lodlaa IHl
Laaalln R
Marcurr ■ ," 4*
Riwrbln lU
Sclcronla. Spinal. Qold IC
ttL-UrDiilii- Copnlba UK
TiirpCQtlov ,..„.. TM
ScorbulDi. AlcolMl *l
Cllrfe add tS
Corbl*v1a son
Bld«r TSJ
eii(«lypll» ..,. Stl
lomiui Sit
SawbulHi IMnril). U«bl
MoDMla
Oaloo . ..
vnatr ......,,, ... ttl
PvlUtorjr
Ruiaai -.
Tnrpauun*
8e««plDD.«ilBS. Atoolte
CeoilDT
8rrD(ul». AlDUa
ArioDiF lodld* u
BsriHiD i^blarlda ..n .
Slciuu pboapbaia .,
IX avlphurala
Cbalrbtaic waun
Codhwr-oii An,\
ComWuiid airnip rrd ctovfir
Ccpiitr au Ipbau
CrDsiat?
cali'luro bjrdrticbleinipbnpbat*
Ouprwbnmol
Elfon w
GaTlluro M
It^Uaiitli'muDl <..i.
lIoanR-aan ■.•»..
Hrdriodio avid
Hrilroi'utyle
tarlini-
lodlpln „ ,,. ,,..,
ladutarm ....dll, '
ladnt
Iron ,
oli^aie .,...«.. ......i._
Killr UD
Kouin'm (U
Uad lodtda ..■.. MB
LIKbt ..1.... .....las
Manaca Ut
MaiiBBnaaa ,
Uoaiapcrmum
U«rcurr
tfliolodot
Mon«ala
OirtPO
Pliaapbarle add
Phytalacra M
PaiaiBlufD cblorale ■■<.. CM
Runwi ..; lid
Soap 1»
Soapvon (M
SIlilliiBlS TdS
Syrapua i^alcll lartopboapbaUa Sti
Tm(<rlum .....-.- 4,.... 4.. ...... MO
Walnut tin
Xavlboirlum 121
KitliiiaoD'a dwoMlm .'. Til
Sr^rofiDodprma. ArUMl • Ml
Europbcp in
HuniiK-naa 19
>lBa*as« ■ .*». 104
UoKurIc alaau n
BtroDltum lodlda TGI
8raal«knnia- AeMulUd U
Uromldra , , Ut
cbloral , Ml
Cblarobram .. itt
Chlaroronu ... SM
CicaaiBMi ..ai
Cocaine _ IN
Craioaoto •...■• ..W. BC
llToacraailM ■■»•»... 4dB
IndUTla ITI
Kola _ Ell
Opium , 9M
Sulphoiial Til
Scbomicm. AlpbaoapbMl .'^1
Alumnol , M
An-'iiuui olRiU IS
llnlaniiphtiil UtT
Uonu 4 , 15
Cali-lum m
Kritol a«
Kuropbta
CUXICJIL IKDBX.
""■ffifegS?''"' °"'°""' "S
IImdk-dui 1. — 4tS
lljrdTMtW 4»
Iran olMU ...■ *t
l^Bil *T0
kbibuc <■•>■■. 1 m
Mra«unr <U
Palmlflum 04
Sulphur TM
ScfDlbftl BmiMioni. CaoUwrti ••■ IK
Boiillli/. Alcohei M
oofa l«
•epUoaonl*. Alcohol M
ArvcDIiun CrcM > > IW
Citrlwllc acid IL B
Crpolm .„...^-.--.- 133
U^roEvD dloxldf 1.1
IciHUoa D( Doroul «all MluUoo IMS
ivdlB* Irlchkirld* <M
LuMopbvoln W
Mercur? • w
Oxycan M
l>lli)nTplDK IM
potaBliun jwnnaDCkoaM > kK
Rnorcla W!
ailrr* IM
Sodium twnioata , IM
8aliiba«rMlalM n
Svroua lallaEaiiiallati*. Uarcurr 4M
8*rD>iit-tr1l*t, UhlorlDfi M
SrKcr-aaa PoliOBlng. Amnionic >• HI
Oifitrn KS
jl'iual rifhllltiT' (-■pklcum m
Jiboi'k Aqua ammoala • -- lU
AtrojilDv aiiEpbalD .......».,..,,.,.....i. ISO
litKltall* to
InjccUen of Dormai Mlt aoliMloD IMS
itorpbinc ms
OtjrRuo KC7
Hinrctinln* KO
WnrburjK'a tlnfiurt^ ..--. ..---...--.-..- IfAl
Skk Hvadichc. Ammonliiin <hlan4« Ill
8lii«ul[ua. Chloral Itt
SlnuMK. Atumlauiu oImW «
BfDIOlD , .1 IB
Cunphoriifil naptiiol M
('uiuruit -. -.----.---- att
Cini-liniiliiu lodnaulpbata Wl
Crcolin nt
Cnoiou IH
Fiinnallti M
KydmRvD dloxld* ....>«...•,<.>• IfO
.Vilrlo atld •>
fiitauluiii chlorata W
fymnmt in
Sulpbnrlc add AO
lt;uiul(la, Culliaria 13»
^kln I>lM«*v. Cbronlc. Arnloa LU
cbauimoam-oil K*
cini^bualD* laOoiuIphalD a\
CndUVfT'OI] BTfl
rmnpnund arrup r«4 olorw ..,,. 9W
Copaiba Me
BnibfllB ribaa , M
HnlroeDUl* ....i. ......>■■ Mt
Iclllbrvl tat
lupa .,., tU
Mbo » M
Hareurr Ml
Pllocarpo* ......... CI
Roapirnrl (M
Mdn Dliraaca. Aotdk 4. «
Altbaa IM
Aolbrarshln lit
ATKDlf ,.., It
Barbrtrr W
Balbn .,.. Mt
lltamuib niMM , IM
Bortr acid 14
Caacara onurca tit
Cminn'Oll „„........ Stt
CrdMlum ^tfik....... IK
Bpbc«r« i MI
St
Ska DlaoaHi l«M('d>. eibyMulpbune
acid «t
Oalianlita 1... Kt
OlrctTlte at atareks U*
Oulta-pVNBk • • ta
Hj-driodie aeld W
Irou ■ — M
KtHin MS
Lanolla >... II
' Uid , n
Lvad lubaciuto Mi
MuHK* in
on of cbamomllf IX
OlnndvT .,.,..... HI
OIlT«-0ll W
opiiun .......i. .».>>> M>
n»iia y. Nl
PboBphonia ill
I^iuailum »•> Ml
dltbiocarboftaia (B
IVlDoa dg
aulein* •...< • ™
buaclabra IK
numn -- W
Stllllada ns
Syrnpua taUIL lactapbMpbalU tU
viiaDua m
Xanthoirlun , Ml
Skin DIaoaata, ParaaintL AlMbot tt
ChrDuui^ add 9
Cbnaarobla .; W
Bupbarlii K7
HrdroxjrlaiiilB brdrorblorlda U|
Mf<rrurle olaat* .
Mprnirr
«Trtol
8n»lodol M
Snlpburona aald ■■
ThIoMmt MS
TrIoraaol IM
8kln Dla«»i. Scalr. CMUTOr-MI fSt
rmmntB , tt)
[luliiaiDBrB W
Burolifn M>
Tar mt
Xantblotn * Ml
Skin. PlbromaU ot. BlutrldV ML
Sklu, Orovlhaof. Pnrmatln IM
SlouaklDB. Crmaoca Ut
Hrdraatla ■»
Nllrlvaeld M
Snak^-mtr- Aleobol «
Ammoala , Ill
Aatimnana IM
Aqua anmsnlH IK
Ilandaw .lOR
Ctdron HI
Ollvp-oll Ml
Parplra Mf
Polaiaium pcrnunniiBtO SM. fn
Slrrcbnln* U!
KDi-HlnK. Vrrlodlcal. Arunic IS
SomDambnllam, Cbloraloa* M
gar* Mouib or Cblldnn. Polaaaltnii <bla.
nl> ttl
Sore Throat. Aloua N
AltbM IM
CaatpboHc acid Ml
CarbolM a«ld , ..„.. II
C«p»*r (ulpkaM • SM
Cubah Mi
Kuraliiptua IT)
tlnlllc acid X n
aiTHftn Ill
loitna «M
Ifaivao MI
Uascaauiik 1 MT
Mamhlam Ut
Mrlnw ,....,..,. HO
Myrrh
PBllltorr ._ _.
■VimaiinBal* . . <••
Kulphur IK
8«lpburc«a Mil a
WbM*-oak bark ^J
I
1IS8
CUyiCAf. tSDBX.
PAOIt
9«rMi. Vrncml. Nttric tcid «B
Spaani. Fuiicllunal, CKrbotIc add 3:1
SpMRi, IntMIlD*!, MTTlcUni OZ
Spurn. MuicUUr. U»l lalH
PbytiMtlBiDa SII
tlulpbanal mi
Spiamodlo Dliordnv. AllaMbua standi-
lOM a
BlKUicitr -. m
Spfvmatorrbiaa. Atraplar nilpbat* 17*
CampCoik »eH , a4
Corn-amui Wt
OoTDuUn KT
OIHUll* lU
KlMCMoItf MS
Knot ..V i «"
(Md .,.:. le
Hroaclno >■ <M
Iron »l
Lrttpallo 441
Uaoobroiaatrd cuni^M S>
Pouwalum broinMg ,. UT
Slrycbmnc Kt
Turppni) DC ...<.. - 7V7
Rpbli»-liT An I. Rflauillaa ol, bri«I IM
BpblDflFT An). Kpaain at. BHladonna .... ITO
cailiniouia KJ
aptiia Bifida. CoUodlDD 3M
Indin - ...: to
tipiiial cord. iircfiMiiia ot. Knc^t SSJ
Spinal Cfird, luflnuimatloD of Atropfnc ,. Uo
Spinal lrr>uliii». Tei.ti>:uliir riiracl II£
SplDC, CurvMur* ol, Nux vonilra SIO
Suaptnaion ,.WO
Bponn duma. Alain H
Catrcbu 3»
CMrmria 2m
CMbUarla SOD
Myrrb 6S3
Rliu»Klabn ,.,... IDS
SdTODiaria TU
SprBlo. Alrobol M
Ainlnwila 110
Arnica US
Oaltodula IM
CoU lOU
llamaoiflla US
letatbyol • • no
Napbullo lU
OpIUK) <U
Orliannm >...■ si I
Ptirolvun dM
IthuH loilrodandroa TV?
Roaamary , 70S
aallCTtlc «<ld ........^ M
Ociap llnlmaDl TSS
Solomon 'a (fal ■ ■.!
Stnmoalum TM
fllAinm*rlns. Hrpnollrai Idll
!ttaphr><ii»a. finrjilii* ZSS
HUlui Kpllrptkua, Amrl Bltrit* lU
Pllocarpino ..,. KO
BtmiafDanlii, Opotan-oll KM
8t«tll(r. BIwIrlcIlT m
Vlbannini pntsifolmni > lO
SUIT N*ck. Builc t'ltclrlcit)' >79
Stlsaa or InaactiL Ammonia til
Carrno oil .Ill
Stomafb and Bowel nia«rdM«. (SM OM-
(rttli. niiil Fnlfritit-)
Slomsch. IXIatiitlnr o[ Inn XKl
Fbruntima M6
Slomacb. Dlwaata dr. Caonabia !Bdl» SH
CoDdurmDCD 31(1
fltapborlp acid , SS
Zinc rranld* 8«
Slomnrh. Irrlubl*. Pttialo til
Slummlilii. Alfobol X
norm 1 , It
Copprr aulphata SU
Boc«l7PIu« m
HrOraMla «S
tl)r«(«c«n dioxldo 110
Kllriv acid ,.,.i-,,,t...ti. K
SUMSBUtli (ml'ff). Ov4utt. ,
Pulanlum rblorM*
Kvaorolo <■••>.. ...01
Rbuiilabra TDS
BallcyUo add i.. St.
i^uEphur... --.......,. 4.-...
XI Dr aoiolodol ,. Kt.
BinbUnuu*. OocalD*
Slnnsurr. Campborlc add
LlDum .<..
UUiiuilU
ripium
I'anilry
Vtb unl m
Strinarr. Cooila* W9
Uplum ■ ■ tn
Bodlum M(«rbonaio nt
BIH<lur« ot RKlum. Uamealuni fUlphata. iX
Sulpbur TSt
Strr^bslnr Poltonlni. Amrl nlMnt« H?
ApoMorpblDa Itf
Bromld** IM
Lart n
oil at cbamomtle , IM
Blrrt. CaU aulubuma lit
follcidloD .- sis
Silver nllratt HT
SuUnTQluiioo. Utarinc^ CaoaBU* Iodic*., m
nmlciruca ITO
CornuUn KT
BkFtrlcllr • •• Ol
Etgot ; IM
Qulnlnv Utt
SlVIDP „,,v 'II
StrycliQln* bTl
SonTiurn. niimutb olaaM ■ 4*
Lrmon &I*
Sodium blcarbouale i TM
Suo-alTDltp. Maaaaca >U
Quinin* > nt
TurpentloB IM. TM
SupprHalen ot VrlM. Oeld tan
Corn.allk i3l
DIsltalli , IM
MltctaolU . . .... M»
BuppurallUK CiUndi, rrrcinoW KS
Buppuntlan. I'oinulum cblnrvl* ttt
Suppurallon of MnilUur SInua. Para-
cblorpliruol - 96
Suppuration. VnilonKr^. QuInIn* Z7%
Sumiry. Miner. Kucalnr Ml
SurcicBl opfraiioQi. Cblorororm Ml
Suratlni. Alrohol M
Alum , 1(8
Uclladouia m, m. 1»
Pllocarplna (U, »
Sbic , TTI
vinoeir la
Svrll!ii(*. Lapp« Ufi
Swflllnn of (lland* and JoinU- Ab-
tncnla^ ......^...^,... IM
Bw*lHnK>. Painful- Coatum »S
jlwoi:»n .Tnlata. lodloa OT
Vvratrlne US
SrcMla. AtuniDDl IH
Anvnum olrala tt
nvlaaapblol ISl
BlamuUi olcMB «f
(^bromle add M
ropprr an
Kurapbvo 3It
Hoaos-nan ut
Iron otMtD ,,, 4t
L^ad , ,........,,.. «M
Loaophan K3t
lUaaaita ..;..,... Kt
MMwuriF otcMta *a
Uareun Ml
Xapbtalan <M
Phyiolacia Ml
Poioatlnm eblorat* Otl
Sulpbnr Tut
Tar ,., «l
Tbllanln
CUN'ICAL IXDEX.
mo
FAOK
Snropt. AmmoiiU Ul, lU
tnciuii* lu
Uoitmuia'* Baodriw •■■ *l
Lavrndor ■■ (IT
itri'nvlilH CintbsriB B)
Cnrbollo Mid .■■ 3S
Cduium '-'^ ■"--■>««•••■•• ••■>■■■>•• SIX
PnnkllnKn tTtt
llcBt 1011
Liad I(i4l4< m
Opium ni
fptrolcnn <lt
Sn'DIIl*^ A««unllld n
AlBU* M
Alnloi 107
AmfDomum l(HUd> >■'•■. lit
ArUMI Ul
Anrnlr St
AlbenMiKma moMhaU m
B4II» Ml
BitUHduDim 110
Ulfmulti twDieau IIS
loreiln , IW
Blnod-iDtuni Itt
Caacin anarcs W
CDtm ac
CocttlD* cantbarldata 131
CodUvpr-etl Vn
ComiiauDd nruii rot dam nt
CopiKr (ulphatf • Ml
Cerrdstu SO
SlRoa M»
Bi«lrel)ril* MO
BIdor m
Bpiivdn ■ ■ Kt
KtbrI lodid* St
Eupborlu 1. ...Mt, RT
EuroptiKu tn
OaulibTna , Wl
Geld and MiUuiti tblaflde H>
OvnDcardic acid 144
H>Uaalb«miBm at
HoanK'nan 49
itrdraitia 4ta
Hrdrlodlc acU U
Srilracotrle --■.-. 4Ct
noitrmle intectiaa ot mtrcuiir <U
imraToiau* la jrcdoa ot ncrcnir - 483
lodtD* ao. m. 4»L 4K
lodlpln 4M
lodotorm in
lodel no
Iron ,...„..>> M, ns
Laoolla 13
Lappa Ul
Ltthlum .,„» ta
ManaM tu
JUaaacu tU
Utrvurial (nolbtBttal 44>
Plutn «4»
■cap 44*
BUppcnltDrtM a*
Uprraroua oltale 41
Harvurr 44tt 441, «U
•oiolodol ....<.... Ml
Mnprvum ...■, HI
KapblallD i«
Xlrrlc aMd «
Oamlum prreilda ..■■ dit
PbrUtacpa Ut
Pouualiun bInbrMIuM X, «»
broiDldv ,. IM
rbloraw tU
iodld* .m. mi
Prroiwllfil «l
RvwiylQ , >..ii, dn
Etraarvliiol i M
RublAluiii , „ TV
Kanralnarla Til
8ana»arllia TM
•odluin HbylalB m>
«timula ..„..,... W
StrantTnin iodl4« W
Sulphu ,..„ m
r*.am
SrpUllt IMwr'd). Tbrroid lablct* in
XantboiTluro >■■■..■ ttl
Zlttmann'a dfCDcUm »•>.. Itt
Tabm Uonalla. Pbcuarclfa W
lan Loromotor J(A«ia.l
Tabn M'HnMrioa. iDRluflD 411
Tacbyiardla. CoronllU SU
Tapc-wornu Allanlba* itanduJoM > It
Aninoiiiiini tab>dat* ■ Ml
Ar«<« 141
Aapidlum •piaalonm IM
Carbolic aold II
raartra aacrada ....; M
Copprr oild* ; 144
•alpbau ■.. Ml
Crr«fiQ m
Cmaaip a
CuM^) ■ ......... ......... 11... I. SH
Kinbtlu Mb** ttl
lodolorm t!>
KaiuaU M
Mala I>r& ^ im
Mrrcury 444
MoDtalB SO
NapbUIld tu
Oil of pumitio piaa M*
Ptpfl en
PorotcranaM 41d
QulBlaa .- nt
Salicylic acid H
SarlDD m
BcainoiODy IS
Slroatlum lactate 1t$
TbjiniQl nl
TarpaDllsi' IM
TMlh, Canoua rMinalla M
Il]t4r«c«n dl«iide ■>■ IM
Haatlc W
TwU, IflHolartd. Uidrcctn AndU 11*
l*]rrtnnnf. . , . - tfl
Tmh. Kilracllon at. Asllpimn CM
Stiralna MB
Uuwc lOM
Ortbotonn Cit
Poacal «!•
TaalblnK. Irrltabltltr uf. Sntpbaaal MD
Tendo-Tasloltla. Alcobel M
T«ii«DUa. BlectTlcltJ MO
Ela«-paltn*ua TU
Ttaucla. Alropbx «d. Olrcartn 41>
llrOKjamua 4H
Olit.-oll tn
TataBDi. Ai'i-Uintlld ■ II
AmTl nltrllc llT
AnUpTila 4H
Itlodd-aarua Itl
UromliUa , , IM
Cannabl* Iadl«a IM
Carbotlr acid M
Cbloral ...MI. W
OullM XII
aaiTBoim tn
Ijibrllae Uk
UMtiirr Ml
Uorpbla* dM
t^raldfbTdi *n
PhnMOfmin* MI
Solaiiuin Caratlaaaa* ffit
Vn-ilian ta>
Zlar (ulpIuLt* m
T*ianr- Bl<«4rictlr IM
■mck.n>d CaB4Ul0aa. Oavalba HI
Throat a>d Alr-paMijei. iDMamaiAiarr
Affwlloa* ot. pMraUum Bl
Tbr«t. niaMH* of. Quatac 4H
Hop* - 4n
Mlcr«cidln «»
Tbraat. laftaRiKallna a(. Bandw* .NtT
M«rvnr]r ta
8«dina aallcylaln 7U
Ttroal. IrniaKoa ot. Acarta f
Tbreai. Opirailaoa apon. CotaUa pktMil*. :
cuviCAi. I^^>B]^.
PaUB
Tbrcni or Fftnon^ ASocilooi Dt. Sodium
cblorat* ISI
Tb ram boot*. Aqua amnionl* lit
TbrUBh. COPEKT RUlpbOIC MI
Crmlltt - nt
lt«-4or>T]n „-,. .4,, ,........,•.,■,•.••,,,.. UK
iiiili(7lla (cld M
Tic UouIourcDX. AMpral U7
Atii>l)lD* IRI
L'onvRlliiila majDllt ■> lib
OaKanlun I8D
C*lM<nlum 409
OlrMrapboaphatca • Ml
BtraiooUuia TW
T]ui« Tncaapbytlat. Acrtlo BCM U
ArlMol , ISI
. Beuiiupbiol K>T
Corbalu acid an
Cub*w-Dui 1£U
Cbromic *cld • ai
Copim alMta ■ M. Ml
CmlDii-DiI (81
OrrvlAllloa 3J»
HydroL'lilorle aetd i...> 40
todlur (n. 4W, «»t
Icdol um
L«aalia T:
Lmopbaa U6
Mmatumta dloildo U>
Uervury ....4», 4tl>. HI
Nopbtalls , — m
(111 ol cajupnt - ill
J-tVprr me
PIcroloMn SI
RoiiorFln dU
itallcyllr ttiMd , M
SanfUlDarLa .,.■ TB
Sariuo > 11)
SJtnr nllmtti W
BulpHur HI
Sulpbutou* Rtdd 01
Tm «1
Thjrnii)! SIO
Trlcnaol SH
TurticDlln* TV!
TlDRt Vrniltalor. Antbrarabla 133
Cblon) ao
Copper al«*to <t
Crvnrin XH
lodlnft «u
l.Aii0lln ■■.....■..•...i....t..-'r^ T?
Uprcunr • t'*"
I'K'mtDila 2M
KnorrtD ..., KM
Sulpbur TH
SuipburouK add ' 61
TIDHiius Aunum. Cbloralusld !U
E!«irlFllT IM
Hfdrobruailr. aold 9
fnUMium bromldr IK
Toaditaol PoiHiQiiiit. Sinrbnlne 5«*
Tobacco PoliriDliiK- Oold 1C5
T()nHillltl>. Aorianllld II
Aronilfi '0
Alum IM
Aluuinnl UK
Aniiiirwptaooccla lenim W
A»pMl UT. W)
Bandaca : 1037
nullidanna 1T^
Calx milphurau ......>.... H^
Capalcum tU. 303
Carbolic acid 33
4iitd cninpbor ..>... SW
Cnraino i..u...... 2*6
osia lOM
Capita lu
Craolln 32!
Cruioii-all Su
Bucali'ptua raalrala ,.... X!i
Gall 1r Mid ., 37
Gljrccrin 411
Ouaiac (19. Ufl
HTdiORMi dioxida .,H 170
TaoallliUi (cOiit'JI. tfon
y»i ••'
Mltrtgrr •■.■•.. u*i.>*
ilmemj ....i...
I'bxtalaiwa •
Plnua Cauadatula ■...
Podopbrllum
I\ita>alui9 bIchratMM ..,.
t)DllllD«
Salicylic add ....
Salol TI>
Scan Deal lona Mn
Silver Dlinu Ill
Sodium bloatbonmca IH
laiicrlau . >.
Tanair. aold •.■■■■■
Tartar rmclle If!
TurptuUno >
VcralrLiiii vlrldt ..
Wnlcr , ,...., ^.
Toolbacbc. Aleobol M
r^iiiiipbor tsx
Clavra Sf!
Citvaola ••..•..•■•<> )U
Ilrat .....I MU
Hunt , 411
Iodine ,.,„ M
^•■alboi M
Mi'ivrauM — Ml
UII or cUopul s:4
[Vllltorr --- M
itodluiu lilraiboaata IM
XaotBwiTluiii -. ra
Tootb-pnlp. to Dmror. Tb]m«d ml
TorlirullU. Alropina in j
llclladoniia V
OclBrmlum
StrrvbPlDC ....<■••
Trachauia- Abrua
AnllpyilQ .,,.v • •
Batauapblol
PDiroloum , I . tN
Pruktaulu U'
Tnrmur urmiiramiM 4U
gpirtcloc RI
Trviiiur. Alcoliallc. CUonlanId S£
<'nr^niT ,....„...-......-.. IVT
PkcroloilDc .,.,.,., 90
Trvmor. Hyulerk'ul. Anilprrln Oi
Tri-timr, I'Anl.tirnilplrKti-- CnBlum lU
lloBQa-nau tS
Tremor, SiPile. CaanaCla tndlM..... tx
ComlD* VH
Tr>chlr>oiil( Aiamlo -'
DcQiin ....... ....... ....... ......
Bl'DtOl -
Rlfclrslnla ,.'.....^...
Trlamua. Cblornl .,„•
Coalum
stulphonal ,,..-. .--..-. -....-..-- M
Trophic Miiordpra at Skin, Maaaac* KX
Tubvri^uloala. Acctanllld U
Adbatoda luatl«la n
Alautol -. IT4
Aloobol .H. M
Amiaanluui boiata M. Ul
Antlpyrin — *K
Apomoriiblne , M
Ararnlc U,
linlntD nC fvru ................
BftiadoiuiB I .....1.1..
Bvntoiol ....,„.
Klumutli
■ubgnllate ...i
Blood-arrum
RiiniM marrow Ill
CantiDp M>
f^lclvm :itJ
chlorld* »l']
*oaaUl« 1.... . . Ill
pBoiphatc
tulpbal*
Calx lulpbursta <
Campbor
eavttojLj. iKDKx.
1131
PAOH
TUbtrruloiU Caml'dl. OstnphoraUd nsiib-
(ol M<t
Carbolla acid 31, 8
Cehum «»liite ...^ ML M
CtialjbMW waun ...••. vn
eti»i<MMt M*
CftloraluDld ttl
cmoriiio M
rnioroConn W
<:tiiontiHial M
OmloitiiKt BO
CiDDunic »fl4 ItT
OnnuDoa t. M
trlinialoUivnipr W
ClOTM ttS
CooRla* «aBUlariaat> .■■..... tO
CorUlMk WI
Codcln* MS
O»4U*«r-0ll Kl, a?
Cold V IfX
CntllnMDU m
ConnatlanK naJftlM • lU
ctipper nlpbiM Ut
CrMMW JM, IM
calcium bytfrupblorapliaipbua lO
pbrbonaiv m
Ciiur»hitmol M
I'l-'i m
Dlonla Kt
l>r<Mcr* ,.....t..... SU
DuuUI m
Kicoo , xa
KitKtroirtia , sn
BrtollttjroB Mt
Klti)rl lodld* n. «M
riirairptus I ni
EupboFbia bllutlten 31!
Fiirinaldahrtf 9t
Ulrt«rlD Ul
tiCld and aodlum «Dlorldl IM
Orlndolla tU
Gumlacol > at, m
(«rbaaata .......i... in
di-toaid« m
Halvnin -. 411
llxtrwhlurtf aold M
llr^drolbrrapT „,. Mt
IlrpOPbMpitltM to
lodatomi ,...<.. nt
Jodol ., .,.,... MB
IpMaeuanha SM
Imn .....m. m
Jamaica docwood KS
KoBr BIO
Kola 61!
Koumln >,..,....■■, Ml
UaMIt Mid M
Lac(apb*oln CM
iMd ar4MW m
Llflil UK
IJpp'a M
Lfcvpua (ff
Malakib Rt
Uallala IM
Htntbul H*
Mclhrlrnf-blu* „ HI
Mullflii m
Mjrrhollii SU
Mrrtoi Mi
mMuli-olt Kit
Kuclain lU
Oil ot plD* IX
OrtxIiiB •.>••.>..,•. SH
Papain <tt
0i7C*a ,, m
Ontalod oxTsm HI
Par«ld«bnl* „ tlT
P>|>p*nDlM ■■• M
IVpalD t «tl
pMralmoi at
PbaoaHtia ttt
PbfBOCoU „ m
FMaMlom caaaMttoU O*
FblOMU «H
raOK
Tabcrmlaul* irMi'i'). PolMiliiacliMW.. HI
PotaMlum (Taald* MS
lodid* m
Pr«ktab1a M
Prrid)a • mt
Keaorda • M
RoMitSMi rajra > >lin
Balloln u TU
Salol TU.TJ*
Salopbrn T)D
»awpallnM(0 TU
Sllrrr Dllrat* , ....If?
Bntp .....;..... M
Itaililun twoaoaU Ul. It)
blearbenatc - ■ ■• jtp
SparieiDt VI.
ai»rmls brdncbloraM tti
StroDdum lodid* W
BUTBi«l ■ Bk
Sulpbur 1U. IM
(lulpbiir«(rd inlrcllona IMT
Sumbnl SK
Srrup. c«Jcil laclopboaplwUk. m
TaDnatbiB ■ IM
Tannic acid ■■. M
Tar W
TBnbfoe :..■. TO
TballlD m
Tbiacoi an
Tbrmal .,.>...>..• M
TolTpyrlD aj
TranttuaiDD IMl
TrtUFam „„„ ■ {H
Tuifniillo in
V)i>iiui> an
wild cbcrry .....>
XrrotariD .<
»liiK (hlorld*
TubfTvuloMi; I.ar)rnv*al. AsHprrlH ttt
CbiorlD* )■*
roealn* 3M 9*
Conpouoi] line itMiata 711
BurDphcn ■— tU
Fonoaldabrd ,...>.».. W
lodotumi ............. <7T
■■aracblarpbMinl ...i.. M
RcKirpla ..,..,..■.*................. fn
itaw.i)uliiiutIo — III
Ka^iam rttxaU'Aal ....'- 741
■uJpborlclDalc ,........,,....»..-'.■■.- tf
euitiborloiaatFil craoaoie (•
ftuprartxiHl «xtrari ...,,---, ,^,,- Ot
"nibfrnuloal* o( Jolnta Ar4«al caatHy — MB*
Tabarevloali ot tbo aua. Bodlvm caradr-
ut* n
TubFTvulMl* Ot Ibr Taa«u«. Lafdc atM. , U
Tsmor. BIMtrUltr ■*>■ 9
lodliM at
Iron .■■ at
Hcrcorr „ 4H
Otonlwd «aUT Ht
rapala *»
P«valB «tt
B««DU*n tafi IW
miTM- nttraio , lu
etramoatam TH
TbMiunlB SM
Zinc rhlorlda O*
lodMp , at
TrmjHBiiM. lUpmcwn MM
dB*(or W
Maaaac* m
Trphlltla. Arlalol , Ul
Trpbold CondlUooB. AmBOBla lit
Capaicum lit
Vhitalcit Oum* Mrrrb SU
Vlcaratloa. Kpitbaltel. KIckal otMl* M
ltlc«rall«D. Ulartna. NllrIc aeld M
Ztnc ol*alP M
VIcm. AbaiDUklun *
Aei-<aalUd 11
Ar*tlo arM .,„„., 13
nss
CLtyWAt ISDKX.
ITlon* tiVMrifl. Alcohol „ M
Alaus n
AipbmDapbUI Ml
Aluulnalad copper , S41
AlwiDlDum oluU -' . n
AluniOOl I IM
AMMol Ul
Atwula olMt* 11
Arwniun ointc «
Babum ol Pnru ItT
napuma l(t
Uollvloniia ....,..„ ITS
BcptoU ai^ld 1.' IK
Bniioln US
HnUAapbtol UI
Dlamulh Ut
bvoxoat* US
lorMln BM
* Dxrlodidr ..„, Ut
aubtallBtB W
llorlr art4 XS
Uramol tOi
Camiilior ni
CtmpTiuriitrd naplital ^St
CoabTK-nut .— OO
Caunu pauah «n
Chanaal ...1 i... Ut
Cbionl : no
Cbloftiie Jta. TK
Ublorphruol SH
CbniRit' uid 3C
ClDcbona ITC
ClDcboolBe lodMUlpbals .■.. ta
Cooa , nt
Corblvaria «»
OolllDMIIIk KC
Compound Hdc atoanu Ttt
Ronlum 113
OopBlba , , as
Copprr oluM ..i W
aulpbaia i, >*i
CKOltn Bt la
CT*onH« • tU
mapMcrib ne
EebinacM Bs
Blffrtrolinla ...., BS
SlMOl I XI
Rucalyplua ^.... m
Kupbnrln -,... 374
Kuropbru ..■>.••.. ■... Tn
OrlndMla tl7
KanumxIlH 433. (3t
llnona-naD U*
MrdrulU » 4W
HrdrvCPD diexld* ITO
lodlM «l
lodotoim , ,..••...< .■ 4TK
lodol uo
Iddanspblol MO
Iran olMta .■■■■ «
XlDD SIO
l^ppn , tIS
LfHd f»I
ntlrale ■.■.•.•■.^•. ..■■•■.. CS>
Llmr.wainr £10
lilllBBI EtO
Liquid air 10»
LnaapbikQ u tat
M<r<^urul , tS7
Mftrnry ...,„ «»
MlrropldlD 5»B
Monnla 5H
Mrrrb m
NnphUillD ...,..,„...... «S
X!rX»l okAK 1 IS
Nitric acta , *B
Nut-sail ,.„ m»
Opium .«0):«eT.«M
Orlbofann Ml
tteycvD ,.,.. mt
rtpiln 6tl. sai
Ptenanlln B2S
PbMiiibDrii' uld It
Pbjrcolaora . . , , SM
UlcKn {fmHh FMaMlum b>«ml«*....
PoUuiun ptnnaacftObM IK
PrluoB
>>)'<ii(iaaiD t
l>7Tnii>n* m.
Quillala ,
«»«ID
Knarrls <•.....
RctorolDol .-H........
tlbuii Klabra
Mnculoarla ■
Barwpanlta ..,
Barlno
Spdum am
Siltcr nllratv
Bodinui fihriaro
Soial
Soulodol ,„
8urca«l .■•»«
Stonx A 1...
ittniDontiin
Sl^racol
Strronn
8a1pbDhclD8trd aalol
8ulpliiir«u> add
Tannic acid .....■■...*.■...
Tar
Thlotonn
Tbula
TrlrbloracoUc aUd
Trifollum
Tunraol
TUIpcallDB
Tuaallaco
VibuTDiim pruDltoUUM
Whlur-DaK bark
Vcaat
Zinc I'hlorldn ,
L'krri. rororal, lloloralnp
Mcroury ....*(..,....
ricvn. IniotloaL Pralarcol
TarpooilBft -
Ulnvra. Na«l. Lactic actd
Ulcen o( Houtb and Tbi^al. Bromofunn.
Chlarfaa
Cortalrarim ..:
GpraDiun ,.
Cold
lodntono
M»rcut]r
(nccraot llUCDua Mcmbrano. todal
UInn of lUduin or Aiiuii. Hanaaniallt
l>a|itln ,, ,
Pspper
tlra-nila. Blood ■IvltUiR .^ 1
Cii1Trlt]t< .............-..-,-
Elattrln
Lllhium boDiOaU
N'phrlD ...-.,.-....
Pllocurpttif' . ,1.
TraDiIoilon oC blood 1
WaiiT
X*rotarn>
Dnlpr. Dlacaar of, Antlprrin
Drdbra. AITor Oparatlona In. Opimn
Vn-lhial Irntmlon. Ilenaotn mM
Dnmitiiia .
ITr^llirftlji. Arbulln
Anioiiiu
Ducbu
MpTcurr
Phf>1ih -
rhponulrl
Sa«o ,
StIvuF nllrau
Vrolropln
Zinc ■oiolDilal
ITrtr-Acld DLntbcala. Nitric a«ld
I'lpfTntln -..----.-...,--...-.......,
llrlniirjr Urnn. Dlimra of. Cod«lBf
Lyoopodiuni
Orlboakpbon aUimliimta ...
Urlicnrla. Arvtanlllil
Accllrr acid
Ut
CUMCAL IXDEX.
lias
UKIOUU (MxriTJ. AlUBuol IDS
Amfoonla ■•» UD
AnUtVrtD *M
Arnnle •'• I>
Briliwlaiuia ItT, IM
Itaniolu ••.. W
HrtaDftvbWI ■ U1
Bonu 9
Cubolle Hid m
Chloral SO
Cblorolom •■■• I*"
CiKa ■ 10*
BUclrlcltr IMl
UoulBcd'i (OlvtlOB •■■ M7
Icblbrol W
Munbm su
PIloL-krou* KI
l>ol*Mtum l»4ldi* U>
Rhubub 704
Sallerllf acl4 M, M
fulptiuroui add It
Uurinc AfftcdoD*. Chroolii. Ootanila*.... 461
UUrlDc Ci,D*l, iDflBDiinitioti ot. lodlas... 4SI
VUriOv InartlB. <-u>d ICSI
iHouuuiha Wl
dauiia« IM
Utarin* N«ck Brotlon* at. Buitpbca Tn
UwrlBC ralni. Cbloral 161
Vlcni-ovarlaa ConsnMon. OoM MB
Uiarui. Airopbr ot. Baw-Mlmeno Tli
VHtu*. CODRMtlon of. OljCFrln 4U
VUru*. DlarBiea ot. it*Ttun 440
CUnu. nbrana of. Jamiilcii rtonwood.- . <M
Vunii ot OtarlM. Patuful coodiciaii ot.
Klvrlrlcllr , SM
Vurut. Huptutr ot. QDlam M
CtuI*. Rrlniid- ColllniODtK MT
rrpiwr M
VftiinlHnua. UcllkdODn* •••■ ITt
Cocuiue tN
CalllaMiiiIa In
VKglnltla. C-amphor ttO
Bclaaapliul Ml
Cblorlne Xt
Campaund ilne naarau ■ 1M
EC«p|wr (ulpbaM „ lU
Buulrptu* ••■■. nt
OrlDdBlla m
HrtTMtl* 4M
HTdroccn dloUde , i;i
iFtitbTol to
Indol tS»
KiTH-lura „,,. , tU
Marcurr ■; ...<..■».......... MI
Udbylmia-bliia .'. MS
rHroImm CM
PwubIuid liUeat* hI
R**Iii «l
Kvtinol jM
Sodium lluorldt - V*
Zine lOEotadDl ..-,..,1.. -» T6I
Varlcflla. LuiuJOi »
Varlroxrlr. IlandasM tun
CDlliXllaa ««
BrtoUii MT
HamanwUi 4H
Varlra«e Vrlna. BandasM lOVT
Uarlum cblorfdo !•
Chloral as
KrtoUB Wl
KamaiDtlU 4M
PhjilolaK^a M
Variola. AmmoDluai carbooata lU
Anti|>rnii M
CarbDlk acid M
Carran Ml W
Oocalnn ..>....., tti
Collodloa SH
RrIilD*i'>a Mi
Kttirr , m
KirdrophlotM MM 41
ladlni «n
ladol 4N
rAM
Variola l»Ml'-t). UarcUfUl batiM 44T
Horcurr 4«, «n
Opium Wl
Poiaaiiuiu ptmuDCiuai* tS
Qulnlan , ;;j
Mllvcr Ditralf ■.>.< 147
Bodlum hcQi«a(a lat
Bulpliocarbolaua — U
Sulphur T«
i!ulphDrl« aold Cl
XfroCvcio Sn
V«n#r«al Alftcltoiia- Pfoaopbi'D ^...^,...... M
VfDortal Xon*. lodln* trlcUorU*. W
BilTir muau 14I
VvoMwcUeiD. Baodaga lOn
Vacoua KuKorcmwat. Margury 444
VvTtlfo. Orlaemtun... • ..>..... 4M
Qold m
PIcretoila iH
Vlp*r-bltn>. ChrsiDlv add It
VI(r*oua Uumor. Opa«iU«a (u. Pttoiai-
plou .- (u
VomltliiR. AtsUDltld ....• U
Udiadonoa ItT
oaiumba til
CaoUiarO m
Carbolic add St
OtHuu oxalaM , M
CblDTDbrom ..,......, H
Chloratarm .,.,..> Ml
CIDnamou ...,..n W
Clovaa , 0)
Cucalaa at
Coppcv anHeitB »
BItvlrfclcr M
Oarllo ,, n
KrdrocnatB ■*ld 41
UjArollberopf ., m
IdcIutIb , 1. .,,... at
Ipancaaaba M
Ucac Ida .,. «4
i:,laie.waur til
MacDstla ...,, ()>
M*rcurr 4M
Nitrodroma 4IC
Km Touita Mi
Oil or ujuytit ,., ., nt
Opium ..,„...• dH
PaacrcatlQ , „ tl|
Pupun „, lit
flrrntOKln ...... 111.. .II......... ...I.... ■■
PeaopbTllun in
PotaMlum blebromau 11
bromid* in
Quinine »'
tUclal allmtoUUoB ..MM. IMt
RnorclD - «M
»allP»llc avid a
Scldlhi powder tlu
SuTpt'iilarla t4t
Siliff nllrato lit
Htranllum bromMa f(t
Valrrlanlc atbar M
VoniltlDK af rr«anaat7. AoonlW TO
Arwalc 10
BaHadonna IIJL UD
Blamulh .1... ,., IM
BramldM M
CoHsm «mlBH Ml
Cklorotann ..IN
Oaoaloa M
0*pp*r oalpbMo Hi
Cnemiu M
KUdrtRltr IB
Ofotlsn M
Olrerrln , W
HoasR-nan <■
HrdraalM B
Hjrdraud calclnB pbaaphaU m
laaluiio , flj
lodliw «i, «K
IpccBcuaaba im
XoumtM ..,,. SIX
Karwita at
1134
OLINIUAI. t.S'DKX.
VonWPf «I l-rtBHrnncr {mmrt). Kllro-
■l/ewlo m
Nui vomica • gw
Optnm !J!
Orviluf • '■"
Pnacrpano ■ *'*
Vnptia • S
iwCulDC S
Vllmrsuui prualfolluoi ^
Vnlvlll*. Alum JfJ
BeUUiapbtal £^
CteDpbor wj
CMbclK itrld »
Conipoutid tiDC «ttat«l* iM
Wkrt«- AMdoacId J!
AncDlc «
AroMum olwU «
CMh«WDUI 22!
Cniucic potailk ja
ChallilaDlum • W
Vkramlg neit ■ ■ K
C«ppcr olMl* .*f
Cry*Ulllnr ■ "f
KlHtflvltr ,..,.... fW
llvdrvrblortc acid «
Mfnurr •••• s!
UulUlD - SJ
NItm »«a *•
(HI «[ roo !JS
Papain : w*
pBtHutun bicbNUWM ■■■■. <n
ffallfXlM arid W
aavio* "■'3
a>duRi *rrc • - w
Modluni vlbylau T*
TBula <3S
TrifWorKMit add -■.■ ■■■■■ *
WuiJni: DI*ra*M. C«dllv«T-otl "2
Mall - S
Hulwn 1 ST
OUvfwll gl
PaiivmaUQ UJ
rbMptiOTlc afid Bl
Syrnp. talfll lartopbaapbatU BB
Vlwllua W
Worma. Abatntblun *
AMa JH
AMdaracB >*■
DTtaoapbtol ••••■■ tS
Oarbnllr acid ••>.... »
Canor-011 , ...• H3
ChDoapodluai Ma
OrOlllniinula JJJ
Crcolln ta
Croton-oil B*
iTurrai ■ M
KmlM'lla rlbva Ml
Eucalyplui ■ 8(1
fturll'^ «
tii)rct>»aa i.i>.....I«K
lodotorm WB
Iri. SK
■mil MO
KnmalK M
LliDp'iralor US
Mrrcutr • Ml
Mucuna ■ M
HjtM) »«
Napbiatafi m
on or rajuput CH
at ru« ■ ■ iB
Ol-ItDll M
PapilD In
I*alrn1<um nC
tjiinmiia tut
QuInlQC .......,,.■...,,■......■....■•■... MV
Hhiiliprb TM
Sfilkrllr Htd M
EDDIonlQ .. ........■•fi...i..i...i...i.t.. nC
SHnlonlnoilm* DT
Kfnrnniony .-. nt
Hrnns , , Vl
Rodlnin cltl0tt4« Hi
SpiCrllK ni
rAQS
Worm* Inmrilt. StdiviaavM TM
ScjrrODF , 7!i
Tanulc acrid i..i.i <3
Tbuja K*
Tbrmol all
TurpvaliiM' IM
Wouud*. Abwrbcat mtMD 411
ArManllld 11
Altobol M
AlpbanApblul SW
Alsmiiiuai acvUto-larurleaM lOI
Aloiniicil tM
AmmoDIa Ill
Baliam at FtfU Ml
Ufbulo SfM Hi
DttanapbMI UI
Bori« avid ...........I 9
BotosljcarM* N
UI»Tiiu(ti ■ m
Mflodld* Uf
■ubcaUftU m
Bnimol ■ ■■ m
Caklum cblorMe 3i«
campboid ..■■ sn
Campbor • HO
Campbarat>4 aapbtal lU
CbtMIIo add ...■■ M
car^otlitd MI tan
Cidroii - Ml
CblonI SO
Cbiorlno ■■..>.. Mt
CUoaison JK
CDlllaamla M(
OallodloD > M
Compound tfnv Maarai* TM
Coun.plaaivr ttt
Crrolln Kt
»laplii«rin nt
Di-ladatorB t7t
Rrhlnsru SU
Kiicon m
Kucalfptua ,... m
BupborlD IN
Rurxiphpn S7t
f^mallQ , JM
Hrdrubrsiiilc a«ld : S
Hrdnicblarlc acid M
llydmarn dlntlde ITS
Icr .ion
. lodo-elfon Ut
iDdatorm ^1t
lodol W»
lodonapIiMI EM
I.tmo-waWr SIO
I.inum ■■>... HO
LorftlB
l.;>ol
M\cn>rldID ..■■.. .'
Napblalln ..„
NKrlc a«ld
Opium
Onhofarm _ _
PamiMiloriibabol Ml
Frroinliia Ml
I>li«noralI , Bl
Planlain M
PMaMlum cblorata tB
lodldv 4H
p«rmaagaiiBta tS, *n
PTokUnln WT
Qutnln* ,,,. rtc
KJaOTrin , ..■■■• (*T
HtaoTFliiol «•
Balol It»
8ll*»r-foll , IM
nltnl* , HI
Rfidium t'lrabonta n
Etotolodol ,,.... 1(1 i
. StrnuDi MJ
Ei()>n>a> VSi
Rulptuinlnal
Sulpburnua acid ,.; M
BympbTlum ...i — TSS
Tar tfl,
CLIXICAL INDEX. 1135
PAOE PAOB
Wounds (fonfJ), Tblocaiof 80S WounilB ieonrd). Zfnc subgallate »35
Thloform 1»2 WrlDklPB. Lanoiln 72
Thiophen dl-lodide W! Writers' Cramp. Electricity S3S
Trifresol 33* Massage 910
TrKollum 8H Metallolherapy 1016
Trillium 814 PhysoBtlgmtt MT
Xeroform 832 Strychnine 670
Yeast M2 Wryneck. Spasmodic. Conlum 313
Zinc cblorlde SM
TABLE OF DOSES.
PH<rBHlfll»l«-
KWiBtlik«.^-H. ihOIIOn,
iUlplMdm — IJDiBMOOaL
UMaiilliri -^ D^UtalOin,
iofiBcn 1i>MhinaBbia_ l>,vh»>e,eiiL.
■tNi,. ,. . ,„ -' n.»ul,ftt0dm.
wllW — -.. - o,.iii iHi 4 oun.
i^fldQin »i>IL>dqUI . ., IIUU'it'iliaLlAUiii
lvnvtlk<uiik-,,„-,„-.,r, O.KitntUla
barlcuDi. ............^ . 4JJtt>X Uvi.
fttW.Xianm . ll,lllUl«U.»JUija.
<ti>H<nm -„ .. o.aaiatGm
IaUicum. i».IJlo<lLA»Uin.
tiltil,.».k» - **«T-*tflii*
li>dFHihlqni'iiiB 411 II-
ft<im ,...,,.,,,-'- ... ll.AU li> Vq.dih
krdnif J kKlhirti iM a-
ivin DJIO la 0,3U <-^iu
tkf ihtobutrplb'^ntauBi
thlnUiU-M,-^.''-. 1 Ml Iff 2 i» Kiif
Ivdaiimr , -,.--., I Vbo^d.did.
■llfl'^dib dilirliiid .^.. V Sif II' \ ,W •• vm
■liiiolirilraob lanvum
iIiluiu>D ^,.,.. .....liJii h> 1.SA itim.
l«lll. .... IllSt" l.*tlMlh>
Hibvllffiiin.-.,.— .. VLfUiDjiim
Inh ,,-.., -— o.nOittl,*c,oii*.
dll\tUi« l>ailb> I n.
t«ilr>hqpo«aRi -.,.,- olD te 4 com.
MHnlnii O.UOtoLWQm.
Urunaiim -,„..„„— fl^iol^Om.
A«<intltTi«.,„. ., OJiminV.OOnUGHi
AdhiUaJijailMa-.,. - QUCt«fl.
Adnti'dtB nJrill BOOTHS o».
.tnhor itotiDna n.tOifjv.iMi.
li/rip('HJlFM« UJ la Ir3iii-in,
by JrobrnniTini, — .„ .- in nm.
t^\rrMn\iiM* OJZ«,aia,
AjKticiD ,.....„.-,.,,.,... ik.nLlMr.UUkAUm.
At*i1tLit ,,,-«., ,>T, li,.V4Im
ATlADf hn> i|Jlli»Lt|FE>«.-, o:iV(u4>lV>(iai.
Attii1->>. '.^ 1nl>l (aitnlCOin-
A'»'Ji»- -.--.„-.-.,- - ,—. o.iWOin
AIItI IflbnpiiiliU.., ihWCrpn,
Alhakn,.,„_ . U.VMl»(J.»l^m
Ala* [UrbftdiMU,,.,,,,.. 0J,1(DD.(HOcq.
rmnntmU -„-„-,.-...'» auUtvlSli^ih
IbMiair^Ba, „„..„... „.. 0,i:i 14 I Ju fitu.
Atotn- ................... .\n.itmivit.\i<i«\
AM>' ■Ifl^ *KlliiEa.„-J I Qm-
Alpto*"*rTi(°1 - --'— tiliStftOJOO'h,
Aluni*q ; onUv lAi Ctn,
■••l(^|4irrt .- . . . U,lH|iift.33(Jiu
AlmhlM hidf»L fiWrol^OiB-
Arnbr*t«L*w V^l»<Ott.
Amnimii rHikiuK<. . . o.i^iaitMQm-
hp.wL4nin il.BM"! Om.
««ibL.iu*. .......„„..,„,. n.nto tJtncliii-
aMiifiklvw _.„.H,. Q.3Sb«04iVOtnr
ladi^Jom ...... ._-,.„. O.UtODUUtB.
vikru ,...„.„...,„„ aUk'SOiu.
ljb»|>hM^,...^. .„-,,-, O.tT ta L ■» Qui'
Tiltr»at»A ,„,, fl.OlU lA On^ Om
AniiMiiiWvcDblDM... al^iuO.VnUm,
AhjInHHta „ n.m.tb'i>Maniini
i*?»Mimi" -,,.,- ... OJr**'>'>*JjBi-
ATn/l>ni»hjiim Ii»9v.4]ii.
ADKl|an .............. ... M.MfalUn
AnKiM<>nJn - .--,,..-.,,, OrtrnkJlr-IAnvit
ADtlCduhtt tL IwliltaLI
urti*-,,- It At|5 lu i> |)iv\ Om
jUlJuni 11,13 U UJU U<n.
inm - VjMMOSIOv.
A»Uii*rrlB„-.„„-_.„„ 0^bl>,UOn'
AMirrriB (]^3lt»lJDCill-
AktUpuintD.. ._„„ OjM to n,|0 Om .
Ar>i-<lin '- ^—.....^... O.HbiU.SUfl.viii.
A|>wBBin _„.........,, o.ol^ioPtO lim
Tanr. afe
AAifiinu4ilv-
I'KKI-AKallltXA-
VtrniK
Tbo^t, db
■ fMlpU
iJBibagB^
a.a«taaD]»giB-
IV'UUIUA,
ft. 1 mtiF i«H
Apvtt^jHiftliit iijiw^
>> lUmii.
MdB Hidl VBTTxIW _
1 In T JW BuOB,
ftltog.
n t ta t»
|i,lllaa.flU>.VB.'
nth to 1,
II avi-d.
■Atjgiljilv •minj
tAr,FB,
fSl b |v.
It Tlftfli,
ainihhonB ..,-.-—,„
1 la lA o-fiB-
■r I-Mk>I-1J
iJiW*.
< la IKDf.OUI.
ft tlo »»-
^MdmEuTint .... .
1 la m Atm-
lir " V i«i.
|ilmtBiiin>i|l _.. _
l^UflVt* im.
nH m u.
(t. «l(l In ii.
<r*oBjU.....
7 la iJkD.am.
fjlMla w.
■ r, ( U II).
1'Piiri-U. .
;ai«Mmib.
n» I' rij.
[ftnr<i»f**j
? Eh^ T.A 0-fim
CV^UtoL
HtBitUtfH |<I|«M|JV ^
1 |a4i>t«U.
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fliito
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flffiS la 1 am.
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II A la 1 «i Um.
cr. t bf *K.
■r. 1 la L(-
11.37 la 1 JO Om,
itt, tto •!.
I* t til f .
'l.f^^ la 1 Oiil
ffP. 1 to IT.
if, LU u >.<-
Hra WDrbm ....»«..,-,-,,
11 LI laOMUm.
(1. 11 U I
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lllilHl4»ll.U|SQui,
(•'i''i>i.V
ir. l«HlJ.
if- 11 10 ■-
Br/amln ».,-...-....«.-.,
ii,m laaimrm
(v, > 111 II*
■t, U b >■
CBfTatAH
01,1 h>DA^c3m.
(I. n M I.
|f. T b>«i
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$r. ■ !>■••«.
CsTI'Jntf IfJ '■'A)^*
n r A III U.3A Obi
(T. a to It,
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aXMvSGm.
ir. ■ to HE.
■r. 1 (n 1r
itferbiinv iiiflpi^TkMB.
tff . IM IQ >J'
naiai,«oiiiB,
rr. ■ u tU
nt *i i*j.
i^blafldiini
0l)A^»1»O■l.
«f, iC4«i.
11 t|lB*1|J^
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oQu iJUKim,
«F. 4 10 tx-
1l((' to ati.
fi A^ la 1 Om-
IC. 1 U It
fr. *Ul 1« f.
f»r»inji|tAin«. .,,. .
1} M n ^ Uin.
rr. K lA tu.
tf. Mutulj.
r«l4H|P,M. ■itOpUl*
1>2.1 laOlVirim.
f*. If In 1.
iT,n wuQSiJiTk.
«' •!"».
CI 1-tOb'>
CkI> ■■iliFbkinii& .. .,
O.OIAlaOkiinin,
(r. I-ICWIU,
tt. 11 b> llj.
c*iiiboiriB.^
0 ivia loOai lin
Cfnphan -. -..
Ik nii,% bk 0.12 nni.
fr. 1 Ift T.
rr. 1 la (b.
iJ.oElVtJiAaUv,
cr. I to T,
u JU b> « Om-
ir. (Ul toll.
ir. » ift ■».
O.flO M 1 JO On,
cr. t to u.
fr I'lUiplBk
1l|lt1 1* V.
Cbi^ ulBkBlU imrEt-
mm .,„ -,,-„,,
11 &1 bt i tim.
cr. » to Jj,
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IF f^ tu 7 i^fit-
cr. ■ to III-
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cr. T to ■■,
I
1138
tahle of itosES.
Pfttr*IUlHfK».
Mhttvx
h&r^A^iiUK-
Itwur-
C^nrll Ik. _..-.»..„/ U IX 111 IM<}iA.
O^mmitm »-. .»..„—— < alUA «i> fMll Om,
4^i«iii fliliiU tarn.
Oumr — - ................ OtavrlMOm.
*>tm!\i- . ,.' (tMH retain,
<^ttfcniai-rld— .— — , UjUAIoO inG«.
4te4j1i»p^<lluin I btfniJtiM,
oAiun ,';.,.— -,—...,.. fumtr-o.iabin,
f^9"i -itaJu* ' tfOnM'tirA^ t^iur
(j^nriu -—,„,—- -, I a 10 to 0. T.I C<n-
<^|ialM4Jiti'-iP» ........ . ILMU^MOUk
('liaiui-MHiini ..,._....... 0.«l»*Py Om,
<'hlni4«i1khfiin-„ ,, USlM'i-Oili.
Vhitwlm.. ..,.....-. ...... Ik.l'ln
<-hhjr«L Ikni'ilMIDtkk
balyUnim-.... ......... D.L3b>7Uni.
Crili»h>fpFrn> n.tiUi I 91 i^'fh
Clirif ut-hinum .....,„,.' D.nm to I_1D CtUI.
Clitknirurt , .,. ,,.-.,. |-Vltu2l>*n.
Onrh'*nidinA <kEkt]h' if.IhI WDnA cm.
«itTf<r»t* , 11-^1 Up^AOflmr
CiiifriH'niTift. ..._... , ktJUEnJQn-
Cl4ati>ii»liiB li>di«u]-
vSu ....... ^....^.. aMatavmoni.
fnlpliu. ...., ' tac u»Tln>.
CWdin„ .,„....... ,_..._... uWtoOSKim.
CMvlna ... ...... ... .. .auLMnU 13 Gm.
CUftVn* EkllHi«|ihB&. .,. AJlLMi^n lllini
CVItlilnnk ._..._,.,.^..-. OlMoBMoOiUl Giu.
OalllriMni*— ,-_ -i aiu balJD n*-
Oi1»c7hLhtL .. ,.„...„-., I a^3tg 030 Un.
QTitr«iinopLi4ri*„.",... luiJimn.
•vttnit. . -,,. — 4 lr> IT^Dit
>qllkKqn*-...„ ....... t iavObl,
OiHttb* .....^........ VJMbn>nCi.rm
\f4t^tMnm9^.... ... HUCfAifliiA'^ Uid
Camlltriti ..—......... vsau-nz^tim,
OtmtMnilfi^........ 4l.i]Vinil:«>ijiu.
Oayafta..- ^...— ......... z%o itjem.
Ommb^a^..^... ........ mv*rtii>4
Chntllh uSiit,l»Otn.
Ck>raiiilll4— — .— ,- imEiDOSn Om,
P-l*..— lh*JI-3 0nk
CMdIiul,^—..,,.. ,..,...,._ Ofl3 (D 0 OU no.
C>«Bl^B«a- ^..—.... ..... Ui IS »■ na *rtik
CnHftl , ILAtBlKttOitL
CrmrtDt mifUnm hf.\
carbaml*..*.. ,.....-—- tl«ar.iti9i,
CiHwrtVB — .,.„..,, . n i» bP a m ^rtii.
4;|itl«»ftniiU>-<,..,... OAMb LAI Dm.
Cwwi""- -^ .. n«i-ii,woi»
I'nbiNi. i3uidB«(d.
^^irmlnt hidr*ir-1i1i"iikl>f I h>f nm
Otl^n tdpLii .- ..... .. UOOQUm
*n»ifU ii.niiiAiiinAr.^ Gip
fMltihai- ,,,,..,„... V.ni tuULtlJBi.
r<i|-P"h»m.>[ -,,.-.„ lulflbOlJIOin.
Cdit^iik tnntuHlMvm. i vDL teUIMfrClA'
(^yfirtclluq' r- lB»7fln.
DilarifiH... „ ...„,..^ .... ClJOW Obu
l>Blt4ffi....... .... Uu0(r«ni.
4|iwjBi--..— ....-.., , ffbfriWaaiib
■B*d*FHA„, ........ tAff<n.
ninriB- ...,,, - HI ID 1311 ff nin
i;i..^,rT4 )lll>L>l«-.4?fb.
IVAhBll fw'lk*)*, ,.. , , ,¥l hi AF ■ <n,
fct«*ftHfll_..,,. .., . 3Db>e(lf-aV,
tUHpftrlll* WMblv^l-
eam-,...,,..... IDEoODc.da^
iHffklilniii*. , , . . i> irK i-i 0 iin^ Gift,
iHrnkBbt ................ fljBC (A I Um.
D^tulUnfp> - . , attii uiun/tOm.
IHfliAJlt...... ....,..,. flnainO.ntini.
tH^iBBLk.,,..,^..^.. ttoai taaaH^Qm.
Aiu .... ^....... ....... itoiaOm^
IHDrvim^. -.--. ,, I Qm.
riTveuiillvin, _,.,._,..... <l,ffi |i> t dm.
_ hjdrubnwiv ,....,. d JJUM t» O^m ti*.
OiiUU .,t ^«V «« on 0B.
,£-'■'•-
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cr- . to tl.
p. liltn IK.
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gr, IMa ftL
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fl. ^teU.
fl II if III,
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rr. I la II-
ir. II In*.
31 toll.
. XI in A).
SltoQ.
Urii^fltij.
p. MS 10].
«. l.lJl-j
WI IHIOJT-
f r If* Id i^j,
nuuj,
f *. V b» ui.
rr * In «m.
■r, I tn II.
f r t 1« iKL
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IT' •■ m y,
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11(1 w Hi
ti- 1 u ta.
tfl itvii.
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n. I -Id.
(> l-Hiliij.
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KuMIt- —
l!iH«H«M kmi-xl Mb
Imlilll iiUdliB. _...
lIlM
IbrWUHiu ..> ...
%tmcjai •vHlub -
*nilr* fkjjri* ..
4D).liia
■rMviiii'aiv ftaU*t»t.
*RlI|ki»ll. fl4ijirni._
■flHn^lIUMUl t»-
lllUIH,.. ..—..„
MI>4uasB ala^al-
Intvi , ,
IHIunin
tnoi .^
llqnMdiB, .. .
iMlf !■ tm^isn
»lfl.I» .....
kViOttV fm^BIB
baiJ^U flil44im,-..
llifhl flqpAtia .
vlHmhflf llni^Hift
VDVhkt V*llrw
TJakMuK.
aiB Mil (K.
1 lo l»l^(-
iuMOk.
• laiaciK.
axisouc*.
•«la(aa.
nwM i.«i,
I Itf I I^H
1 u. !.■>(•*.
ostiiUaOK
OLMSuDaOH.
o JIM «* n IK r rw
n IxuiuaiiM
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UIIUI>«.IX<)K
SOU !■ HI* Ob
• iMtHaOatta.
an ixiiv • ^
<i 9i w I c «*
I H !••■>
amu*.
' T>«4^
... 0 '
■hlmtr'^
rlllni' HUaa..
dfDtalhc*.
Riiiiliia
lI'fiHflitm . ,..^_..,
«Mi'i»n« ... — .,«- .„
iT Bill nat .__..._...,
Ill<iulam.^
acKV ffnUaaa.-....— .
hHI4ain_..
mkdrt.^
rai1i>4i_
lilKiB
tamtala taW4>a -
■tfl carallti4lt ....^ ...
t«iar-«llaain ...
amll
•nl4acp .......,^^.
■BBHIIarla •illaB
•aWa>«uUint
a— Bablan. . . ....
Sir«4H Mbfdaai..
llM ..— .
*ol<aa> .-.
4li<u
tqidani...--, - .-
4M»rw (aU«B
*nfc««* .
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4iil««inat* ttaMnh..
SftMliai'
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«la4Htri "
utrntjiti "
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Himb _....
IL3-<.:...m,.
oaaiiansnsi
OLKIaMIaiK
aJBto ii>>K
tlatu>
aMAt»ni«t'^a»
'I IIK-nacrm
ulIa>*.Tri»>.
V M w •>■ am.
OMwkUOlB
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t»i>i>K
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fiAaBa.lltA«B.
l1Sbt:i.m.
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•aiB.ISIm.
aUtaAUOm.
"TlhtT.iK.
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OMk H •.!> UK
oMiMKiaoB.
TABLE OF noSES.
1139
fHirjIkATIUZi^.
TlOT, 111!
ArOTHCClHT,
PK 1^1-4 K^TIUlfB-
Tkot. nH
Aruinnr^kir.
&£trh-luir riirilL.hTiiird
tilnltftnt'llALHliiiii
t IhiintdiiiLt. .. .
(nnirnlv I|t>l44n».- .
fielfpiiill riiiiHtiLEh.
gaaiLiaic
Pqi^^nm
' iftnaW DDTtlnni
llHjnidtim
jknruiil —
niniJi
jFrinJ^liPt' niiEilMii4- ---
■tnnrquae Tliiiilum
h n m iiIhih V I' -
lUniBUkeliJii Ilk|t<!illii
U'^MHllMli _ ,.,....,„.
Uy^lrulU Huiili'ih . ...
liriLLlrLtmi ^
hjiBrri-nil
BuIiIlEDI ...,^
Tlrdl-
Iwt^iDiiBilhjr fliiknin
|pi|iikiltiin .-
Irlilh .,„.,..
fliJiiJnin
jBtursnili Uquiilnin ...
jfcU|i«.,...
iDf It hill ■.„,„,... .,.
T»inpPfir._ _.,..„, .,.
HVkllDDl
1iip|i:B Until am-
ipptrtudrv .„.,.,.,
flLtitlddi _..—.,,....„
Inl«lirt: (I II III II III
InpilliftI flu III a ID..,,..,
:niiirifi> flnlijniii ,,.
1iik&L«[n!(n>L fliii jiiut.
nUffft Vr>|dicB ,...,..,
RllLlEUMl
li-|Qlduiii -.
op\i ..
1]i>iiirJain ., .,,,
jwnlnr flimlmn
Ili^aidairi
4iltjaoii(|jrmmA ..^
|ih/ii»lBa?ic rftil h'lB
HmUqni
TUnsrof rtirldlMU
l«Hohhv|M
nat-liin. „
[I Til n i VirfltiiohlC
ll'itdaoi
■yii"iilii'..
llbtJliIlD
-rLkinttt rnrkUluijai
fliildiiei
nulilnm
Thrplj. Rlnhnv BiiJitLLnt.
Tulitlliitilum-.
fDSLLhl fllllll1<rt..„.,..
JSVlitm fliiyam . .. .
inafiikftr'fl' rlniJiiiii.
■■rr4|inrll|jr lli^iilimt.
Ditni] iini lum . .. ..,.
■oMIh nLJiilntn, .,.,,.,,
AcopariL Hiii'luiD .. ..
*i-ilVlli<rlA' flulililln„,
ortnhFiE tTi]l4kiiii . , ...
PtniiEP Hn id II Id ....,.,.,
•4rT#ivinnv fliiiHl»iin _
■ftlHlFji- flAtdiiiiL.... ,
•rlgm'LiiriMi* liraUh*
tlniduin ..,
■tniinaijr (Ini'liim...
I»t™ Dbk ...„.„
V4nitni'...-.T ±.±ii
fluiJnm -.
Vlmphanlht
tnra vu L . „.....„.
f1llJHluT]k_ _
H'ink.luiT. „
rriit.r nniaun.
itlm ami......
flnirlilin
rtl-fJnUJH HnliluMi ....
2 u 1 a-im.
S lA G c.ciii.
2 to 4 Don.
n.l7 to 0.&} o.ctA.
U.2U ta l}.'iO Om^
2 Id 1 ccm.
2 to 4 cvftL.
1.20 tat c.cm.
2 b t e.na.
O.:)! ta 4 Gm.
3 En 4 D.DID'
0.a0ta4r.eni.
UM to 4 c.rm.
0.32 la O.U Om.
a.6U to 4 C.Chi.
OJu ta I etna.
0.3U ED 2 r.cio.
OJU to L e.imi.
O.OI to O.OOA ilm.
0.06 tQ 0.3J F.cm.
0.13 biU.M&bi.
oxa Eo o.in A.CU.
II.U3EO 1.20 e^cm^
O^OIS to O.OfiS Qbi.
2 tU 4 G.fllD.
0,30 to L o.eta.
0.l3U0.12Gn.
0.32 P> Z tim.
0.009 to ii.'t^ Qai.
0.06 to l.2l>ii.LiB.
! to 4 c.cm.
0.ait4iO.&1 Urn.
2 to 4 e.tm.
nMf> •.'.>»> t.tm.
030 tn L c.cm.
J-SOIf 7..1 o.cm.
f to 4 G tn.
0JIIft[ofl.<ClOm.
OJM taO-%«.ODi.
OjlAtoO.lNc.cin.
O^tA 14 0.03 Um.
1 G fro.
S tfV 4 CrCIIIr
2 toT-Ac^cm.
0^1 to 0.-2i Gn.
VXI to 4 G^fA.
I to S G.am,
«H to OJU tim.
Scent,
tl/O to 4 cm.
U JMA to lt.^S Gm.
OJOta l,a>ccia.
1 to 4 B-vm.
O.IS totKMGiD.
O.flU to i e-mn.
4 !<» 7.S G.am'
0.30 ID 4 ccm-
2 CGhL.
2 to 4 can.
O.MU i.aov.cu,
0.3U to I earn.
3 to 7^ a.tm.
2 to 4 e-fV'
0,00 tDO.KO'Orn.
I.ai to 2.fM p-vm.
2 to 4 crm.
l>.tiOtol.:»lG,Gm-
? to ISQ.cm.
0.00 to i a.om,
4 to 7.5 D.Gin.
4 t»7.5 c.cia.
0.00 to 4 a.ch].
|>.0l.^ U) 0.1 lai Uw.
OAIIA to 0.03 Gm,
OJlOt<rO.»t?.nii.
n.oi&uo.06r'4;hi.
O.U to 2.6(1 Uhi.
4 to 7.-^ t.tm.
2to7.>'i G.cia.
4 to l^ c.em.
».^ ft\ am.
2 to 4 e.'nu.
'! In 4 f nVni.
TTLiJci to fSj.
T\\ KlV 14 Id,
f5M to j.
11L11 to K.
J vTrill w vi^,
111 H1K to r%\.
Hfiiiii tolSj.
ntuBioijjr
f^n to j.
I gr. T to 3j.
r>» I* j,
TTIi tofSl-
IT^k tor^j.
« T to X,
, tr T to IV,
' Tl T 14 JtlX.
TTL' ton.
*r, 1-6 to j,
nil to T.
(Tf. Jl to Fllj.
TTlii loiij.
trtu to IK.
TTtixi tofSj.
] ni » to IT.
gr M lo r-
' grr « to III.
rrn i t« I.
"It tom.
tllajj to t^.
Sr. Ul to Xr
(m to J,
rill to X-
niT to x»,
ni>x to t5ij,
*Sb» toj.
ni* toT.
11[i toilj.
■r '4 i& >».
I^H to 0^
gr 1-6 to k.
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i-lHdIi
U.1WlnL.3l«rll.
HtflVJrt*
1 w J A ^ "n
M^phla^EiTfc. . ...,,.,
ua6)iBa.vii}ni.
hTAniL^fk t-ii* ... .
n.ihU **oi3 clfu
HDin
■1 urt to Ol u fim.
HlDDll^ bn»iiilHliiHi
UMbt.lltOln.
tadiitmia ........ .._ ..
V.AA to l» (i<n.
tuua^.._,,„-,.,^,.
aiuui-mon.
0i,DCt||*0j|IU3<»qi.
Hmdml^ hw4t^
vMHidtn
4ri>nte0MiAi;«i,
ami to nana Gm,
•nvcaa wvmU. ......— .
^bT.Ae tin.
tVMTtaml..-^^
I b> 1 r».i>rn.
lKM«4Vt
1 1m7.Jf.4lll,
Ik A,1 1. 7 t^iii
|^iiT|jJtHf luhtrti . . .
t to u.A Uni.
1imv4)>tiA£[iin
^ to ■ nir>.
«utt|bMi>fir4|t . ^ .
i.hitoi i;iii.
9ta1jHhLirif Unlhlnm
ma to n 9 11*
^'i-|'"a4-Wlk
IioMi^om
hrlHjletlfl.I
;jot.»^-Dk
ltl4nrriJt(l .. ..
Ji*. I.lr-trn.
■Illl
ii.lUto4ci«fn,
unv^alir ... ...
T.U to 10 «■«■»'
atolKPn,
lldrJlfMn-
Hlnl* _
lto4«.u.
«adalH» .«....,
tttMuH.
tahle Of umKB.
«T. 1%.
ni II b (iH.
Rat
ti to il-
ItBlI.
I
a lull.
nfi (0 ■■-
Siti.fr
■ tolSi-
t ton-
<*U
P.I Mill.
(V.fiB*
IB -»IJ
«f. jl l*«t
«r- ( Is t4.
flT. « bi 4« .
(r. I.AII1I.*).
tr. t-tu M t.ll.
131 b> U-
S. I b> ait.
■ <D)IL
I>. >nl*)<J.
(F. » » If.
tr-tttatw-
Kiiunb-
nil t> 0,1.
I nil u h.
IS. Hi.
niuu
IS"«"I.
IS>mV
TlLRHI
TballlB
T7«MMllM lUMlB
TMr«(._._
TMwl
■niji^iWIii
TUxDrf -^
■li
■ IIHnWliB.
>>.|1U*J>I<B
■auuuus
(.■■■-•Lnurn.
*U u ; Dm-
•mua-UVak-
t — li'^m.
nmtmtU— ......
M]«b ..
»«i»a —-....»..
rttandnlv . —
axtv ,
■ plbordf (vntpd^dlB
ai«ilun<li* - - - - -
••(■M.
jmAiinhhI...-....- .
—imIiIh ...« —
•■tHtia . .—
HWHII*...^...
AllMS
ditinlinil •■
ABklffiru^K
>ulvlii*4 *nB»«l». .
M||l.__.
MMitaMI -
djllu I (.a
OJDHl ■
0.V ■• 3 caB.
f |> «■««.
■JDt>l>
(■•111
«ll>Hl>
TABLE OF DOSES.
1143
Fkiip*h>iiiU(I.
Tinctnnt i^iVADi ,r.r
■ ■niDOnillHr.r— r .,,
liMunifll IdiH- r-
hniDDli - -.,
hjrdrulhi — ..-
1iT»4^}Bini -..-,. ,
1*11...
kp*omillllllC at nyil..
jabonbdi
J»l"r« -" ■
kino
kTamtri»
IkbunlA
lab«liL
srhtm
Lnrpdli
niaCiTo -,-..
wautuhl
myirhto -
bocli V4hinif« ,.
o|pil
KininHininiit -,..
cAiapli-tmtB
dsodurftia
fihT«iiitrri>'^tii-.
T>ndH>|th)r|li
qiitutLV -
■JiltltAIR
■lulnlnv
■imDailiitft -
rhtl
ftriTiiii ■«(-.,.-
dPiiipnalla -..- -
dnlci»,-
•fln'^Iit -.r
HnnH; i>Piiipo>iiie.r
•«rp«ntariiD
■tniinQDtL.„..
HTElilMfl
slpaphiinlhi.r .-...--
■iimtul -,.
Tniluttna
valtfihnu'
tmmouTaU - ,- -
vnmtri vlmlif
0 00 V> 4 p cm.
nJH to 4 cem.
2 10 J c.rfit
£ ui 7.A D am.
1 ,31 to 7-1 c.tfin.
0 Jie to II.3U n.fu.
VM to I t.mm.
S to 4 P.vH-
S to < v.rm.
Z ta 4 G,w-
2 to 4 v.«>n.
tl^ tQ 4 cvm.
0^ b> I Gcn.
i! to 4 v-CDi.
4 tn 9* ? cm,
V to7rB G crn
il.Vl (0 I ai AGin,
II IM u \.-il .-xia.
3 to 4 0 <m.
4 to t!i D.^m-
ii.Wto l.tircGRi,
1 to S.aU GPm-
|I_TI) to 1 T I'M!.
1^1 to 4 r."'ai.
l\.»lia 1 ccni,
3to4r.nni, .
i to4 e-cm.
L,30 to IS G.em.
I to £; a.cm
7.A Id lAc.cn.
1 to lA r.f m.
O.&S to 4 E.em.
2 U 4 «.fllL.
2 » 4 f.am.
4 to 7.A c.cin.
flJiJlD I t.tm.
II.LItDl C.GIM^
2 to 4 r.ciu.
4 taTpS e'en!.
4 to T.Hv.an.
U, IS ID 4 ffjiia.
Thut. Dk
AruTUKflHT.
ni I to f;\i.
"I* ta flij.
I^H to j.
t%n tolj.
L Wt.
»3*tai.
fji to [J,
151 to $',
I^H to J.
<5h to J.
1T[t toiir
f^M ta j
tticofSj,
fS-tQI.
SHtflTi-
It W ■!,
nf^ to K-
fltLlofJH,
> to %%.
xr to 1(1-
^jT to **,
1t ji to j[v,
f^vi la J-
f3-i toj
n\%% tofjM.
tt> to *J,
fSH to i*
f3i to 1*.
iH'iof:^.
ULt to 1".
i3« toj.
f^X tO).
f3i to ^j,
t* toaT.
A toil,
it to <i ,
rjM toi-
f^aa to Ij.
niiut^fsj.
FMEFlRlTIOItS.
' Tinctum >lB«tti«na O.AOtolcdwi.
Ta^jpyria -„.-.-...-, DM ta 1 Gm,
To1t«I ...-,...—.,- I I !4]SGm.
~ UJJWSioO,UUOii
Tribramplw.oi .
TrimHrbjiAminK
drrrablorsfl
Tmtol -
^J-
Vnh'im 1 toSGm.
I UrBBium and ^luimnei
ohbirldo n,a to l^Om,
' nitmU .,- I a.6S to L^%Gm
UnthiB,,- V^.'hlHian.
frirfdin ....- 4 to Jl Gn,
tFvft unl- 4 toAGm,
, ValflrlnDK
VtntriaH
' Vlimm ADtlmnntl
oolchiGl
rnJlclft
■aminis
I «rcQt»
I hrrS
■ miirain -
oilndii -..,
ipacftoaanhK
oi>it
iqlnlnE -
■llRinAl'trnin laaldl*
I Vitvmu
0.6A lo : Urn.
IVMOIS to il-DiL\ G[ii-
iM2toU.eoGin,
(» fill to t e,pm.
OJii to 2 (.em,
aMt"4 a.GDi.
4 to »l c.rm-
4 to 19 CrCm,
4 todO cenir
41a l.'iG.cm.
il.RO (o 4 e.vm.
ifM to 1 .3> fl,?in,
Ifi to 3ll o.Gm.
|.^ to «l C GUI.
«^ to 4 Gn,
, XintbHiijIuin , O.anto^Gm.
' filial u>«(its -..,. fl.m tnll.3.) Om.
luamrtif) ' ir.S.'S to 2 Gm-
bmmidmn .„.-. .. a.WA to O-t.l Gm,
curlflMi (M3 toltSfGni.
rrKvipiutna ii 13 to a2ii Um,
, ETAnldiiin .....' <M>I5 to Din (Jm,
! lodidum o.rti to U.l.^ Gm,
I lactui OXa bt D.06!S Gm.
oiiduiD (I.t^n to 0.3Z Gm,
phfMrhldDm UrOOa toU.OlSGm.
■iil^haK a0«5 to 1,30 Gm.
■u1ph«ar1nru IV14 toO.Zn Gni,
vaLvriHuna I OMCa to Li. I,? Gin.
■tingi^r USS U> I Gm.
TRltt. DK
AriTllKTAItT.
iiU to r^.
I dr, T to »*.
gr. IV to ilv,
I gr. l-ia to '4.
gr, fi to Til).
gr. XI to eIv.
I
I gr. 1 ton.
j gr, ■ ton.
gr tiiq to ".
:^i to r,.
SI to (j.
KT.x tout.
' gr l-.'*lto l-ll',
i t4i jL,
T to C|W.
t to ri|,
I rsi to iT.
r3i tofsj.
r^ito If.
Thi I" f^,
I "[» ton.
I fjrt to^.
' finit to j.
I f f i to ^.
I ^. k to XXI.
j gr. ■■ to ij.
I gr, k tu xia.
gr I I-' ij.
gr. yi t'l vnj,
gr. UlHHilj.
gr. .^q to im.
gr. u to Ij,
; gr. M irt j.
I gr. 'j to IT.
' gr. l-aJiu ■*.
' gr. I to it.
I gr. 11 toilj.
gr. I !.» 1j'
gr. X ti> Hv.
TABLF. OF DOSF.S.
TABTAHAtlUSt
MnUll'-
TmoT. at
Milan
— 1
.wsiBiii —J. MUOa.
.blniMiiH.... IjjMUBOa.
MUnMiri KSlatCto.
ml'«< IHHi<nukll.,. IM>B>MB-
•P".- nJnwi.Woim.
MatfltB^rlir r... --- I laimiLim
••iiL _ uau » lo.™
krH«w4f««LtaMii>n..^-^. (UVltoO.ilirjnin.
IflDUHMm, - .. , U« W t Ub.
Wrlns .- ' «L.11 M Z a».
MB^rHaa. lUU iDlAI Un.
mAnnfam a.nU li>n.!n ilm
■Hflcum --"-'■..'- .... QAAtolCjiit
nllimm -... O-IlUD.IlM.iu.
hr4rHhlQnimn dllw-l
niai ' amitanm-
hr4lfvcfaBirtiii (In 11- 1
urn— ..iUMbiI^uik.
411iltuB „„„-,-„-' o.tt)Bat<Lna
1h(1m<iI'---'^— I »v«1ftnas
■lulWH dltourm OJU » LSI mta.
dllniav ,.^,- . -.. O-VJ (n 1 .3> d 4IU-
i-hn«ph«rlpiiin tjtl<|.
nn O.Ulol.Wc-im
MlMilltuB .. ... UUUICrlii
•ulpbarlfuii Arumnt-
Imm ., iiMiatJ3><-m
41I1IHI11 . u JU ta 1 com.
Hlpharwan - nsntAt •.oib.
■uaMin.- autlbilAOm
■UUitfW. tlMlaMDOm.
A«»ia« aoniHu.insiUu
&'lh*l44* juilt?l>.. .. O.^MIm.
Ad^iDLdin -Ml—,- - omatuO-tyttrim-
^iTttr HvVrvi uailMtv.Mil.
hjdnsllnii- fjato IJIsciiL
hf p]r«<hp*tnh*kiA 4 **nir
tb1«i1vi1pd« .., ULllC-flh.
A«w«r>n^,... » rkH Mi ^rfim On.
««u>iii> — u.MOai,
AllulAM.ftsalalia... nniiiajMaii.
Alul'd.. OIHB.WB01II.
AlvTri* . ,,,_ 0,IUOlB
AUjI irKifomid*-.. .,..,. QJU«.PBI.
A>—>\ ... It PU lu (LID liB
Al« ii>iiii>4iiuu nnKoiufiiii
pan A'Wb.,- ....,..„.. fl lAl bi I -V i}ni
•v4rktn*ft. ,....,.-... — - 1M^(i> I VK^til
Alula -. .: n.auuii.i.idiu
A>r>ih4t|0h •DdLiiDi—.i I On.
AlBhaiiapblM .. OKI M0-1U(liii
Alauin OMlw I .VI dm
aifldfaldqi... O-ftA U ILU <iin
Alanlat liiAfu. 1 O.K I* liSIOai.
Aabra^nHa — OJStalDia.
AbbubII bntumi UlU H D.U an.
Iifaialdiin lUUIsl Ob.
^rtoau... OHUIJIXlBi.
akIoMdim _, aJtvOM (in,
MMan . , ' OM <■ UM Oat.
kMna ataulOni.
Bfcwm. — ■ 'D.IT *•■,»> On
Talnuau ' a,g«» to it» on.
AnnniitantnWUti* .. nVllctOMOat
AHTl aliriii o,eiSk,Qi«i.oiii
talvrlflnai* on l*0,.^*.vH,
AmjUnf hjartt- —-,.- lijDla,ctd.
Altlf" .-'-..' iDilflBlOin.
Amnualii DinBiisu.taiiiii.
Aatifanall *l (ml***!*
larln* ..._,. ........ UUUlMfiO.IUft Cfia.
•nl4*tin .... . 4. {k.L3iul>9>On.
AatimnnlBn ■Dl|ihur«-
tam„... axi'bfrl.fnvmn.
AoHunln U.SttoUJOCJni.
Aaiipyrf*..*.-^-,..!,.. '■rn(vL:KiOia.
Abu«iiMBlii„..... ...,..,. ivuoaiDU.im;iii.
Ar^ilti .-^H p— — '-. O.lfllutMr ^afu
ApwBd«Laa_„.„...^...^ V.tmiri II til lim
Ar^viu'a.....,.^,.. .... IU'iii„lt.iaUvi
:■>.■■» it
tl (t IB 1>
IlltUftlt-
iirv»,>i.
Iiril t: ll
(I. 1-91 U 111.
Cr- ■ Iv ui-
! ir. T bk ui.
' (T. Till In •!.
('. I IB IIJ.
(r.i WjH
(I. a u I
IT)* la«B<.
tntlar.
TTI( lb ■It-
lit ••■■inn.
ItL' ** ■■-
lll*»BE|l.
n|ii u »,
||T. lll.ll.
111! Ull.
»l'l-t>,
cr. L 10 at
, ir. ¥ tB It.
(r. IJUDbl-Vd.
f. n.
■r. I-MUIJ.
gt Mill,
V uu.
■u
"III.
ir.l.K*.,,
I «». >1U.
C^' * la t.
I f- 1' U l-I.
tP-1.
■W. >-
ir. I la III,
(r. II b •-
IT lla tt.
fi. II 111 11
tr, |.10 cv (J.
(I. ■•-
(r. ttttv.
fi I tou-
jir 1 1" '-
tfr. Ulinm.
■'. V b^ !U.
at, tin tv-
(r. 11 kit.
I IT. V in ti.
Cr. * t4 I .
P. t Id Itl
fr Mai la mt
.r-it*..
till I* «i.
>i(.tllj.
<« u tu.
■' <lll In tv.
p. l-lUtalj.
(r.l-Utaj.
C li bi l||.
(I Ibilu.
(T • U Illj.
tfl 1 10 tl.
l-IUIsfaH-
1)11 la •.
!• H-S
In I'
Arnlfalli. ' t-WblOB.
-t[>onurp>ilaB 1ii4f^
[iiii'iai' .... ... u.inn ig (LOts (In
.hi]iit Mli\ 4««h'.lii>b I l>j 7,^1 t-trtii.
aiiiuiuvlit — _— . . il.1tw>Ujai ir.aih.
*n/fittUi awaro . I A t-ioii.
ramrrihufs . _.., ...,, llMlAtAD.
fthlnirt... I In llLKt.0111.
'lil4«riiVum' ll*la<^oni
clnnaiiwinl- ......... }Mt r3J*«is.
rra^tl IlnlAt-flni.
fnuiikiih ,. 7^ loAna«w.
laiinirvnAl .... f ia f.9 o.on.
mtullia |il|«nt» -. I lalUlfam.
■ Hilla luaictiii.
-IHnOa _ ^ IIDWOJlGw
-tnei (laiu. IJtllim
it>t>aU<itvMai>..._ UOUIikiUUD l>in.
iDdUon -^.^ ii.aH la aoU on-
■>l~ lUI UOLUOn
■uKum,.-., — II J8 111 mj On
Aitialiini C>-l' ... •IIDQiB
-In flol _.-..-,.-, , ._- HJ^TOdi.
aimhI ta-ii4i>in II mo; In umh u»
AnlHIdk iison.
Aupr.l .. .. .. U 3t ■■> (I M IfKi
Aitltpliliii - .-, , ,. u.uB 10 OJtt on.
dUp»*|>a..,-^.. IllWliaiSUUI.
AiU4mn t»<oa-
Aar<'*> .~—.~..~ I On
Aln«(H— iloutuDoiil On.
AMHan-"'!'!!**... lU'llt M DjIII On.
AnnaltuKii'li'oniiuin aallluiiJiiiHiiRi,
BalttMUId I'aruil-
aiiniii 11 AMii t II 4^11
iN»riii«iBiii „.—_-,.., u.^v lu o.ci fjLn
bt|4l«lh „ IIJIU Ltll.lSOln
HarllBhIvrldnn— .,.,.-, ii.wlhiatDutn.
iMaiiiatiiliibM. ... niKit>n-t;<iin.
HtataallU U-StetOn,
naDilaaifli IIA> laS«-bin.
lUmqhJIIHhlnl .... ..... 11.31b 4 tin
lliilailii. .. .. . .. nnLluiUJIOiii-
HatbtriDB htdf«.'
pliliiia* lima III OAt On.
BHaiitrhlol.-.. U.IIIiiOLUOn
bi'nalh I blGn.
filtlfiUlM arlHHB*. -,. fl.aiQ l.3nUn.
fiuw. nautnannn.
tt aiBiaaqla cllru .. UOU hiU NlUld.
*lE4niA-..-. flJOId l»On.
■allttlu. UKUmI On.
Mifata^-aaa.. . OAkaUnitn.
■aballrw..^ . UJIM I WUn.
npanwnM. iftHi In 1 On.
Hnnufiinii _.. I>nini)nt0in
Pmntal ...-.-.-. ..-....-. i>r«iMnajrisnm.
QrrvB in .-..,.,...-. .-^- i^ul IDVIi:fUiu
Canuaa ^..1 0 19 In a IM On
giinu_ .,.1 oinu tnOJ: (iw.
alhnraaiii ' lull On.
(.>n>lii< Irl-Mlil* ,. .0l3uliaiOlI>.
C.lall hi'.ii><iT.iii. u Alt* ton.
Dtrh^nta |inK4].LiA. I
u> duittnon-
thlDndiim . .. ,..-....- iLuraul-AOn-
itf|<iiirMMrhii iiMhiBijflOai.
|ili>!a|khki ., o3i u 1 Qn-
rir*-l[»iui<ti . . uldtotOai.
l.^lelillDH*.rtU...... . II^toluaOB.
t^lntilm ll,1It•D,A^0l>>.
CaTt ■aLphanca Ulll,^ coOllc^iD.
ramli^U.— 41 IDIA u II }il Oai
Ctmpliort ..- — ,. oinAielt-TJCn
lliHHinhhhiiliil* 'lUfciliiil J3 0a>.
f'amjili'.clJ.. a#l4( UilOUiClu
<'.at-ir-i^ flUuimUn.
CafW tnlniAlli punfl-
ikttiii -...^,' lir^^ iJi t <lai.
llnl -...-.-— -.-...I U/A hi 7 Um.
CtiqanqiaHn ir.n t>i I Kilt.
tkai. <s
i-v.
fi- u it nx.
Sl-IUIiiU.
TI[II 10 1.
fttl,
SIMlT-
IHI.
I fjitvf*.
ijtt In t'.
nttlqlv-
f&li lullj
ni tnfJIJ
ni 1- fjlj-
rr. ll tv *.
KV- < In ■ t
■r. ■-■) lo I
«'. S t" 't
cr. 1 4 10 "^
tr.r.
P, T t* t.
^- 1 t* T-
1>, 1 » 1).
JUtUlH
«' ••
in- i-w IS i«i.
(>, l-lni la i.m-
lf . l«i u l-ln.
m. • u ■-
, (T. t •> >.
tc. i-n u ^
t' >•■••
«. V (0 ■«
n^t ifiitL
; (I- 1 la 5j.
' (I. 14 la I.
t>. in la •-
fft- tv to tJil.
ir-Tlau-
, f r. 1 1* V
<F. I la •-
, r'. ■ I* tt.
(F. I •• It.
■r. aiaii.
(T. • It ».
■r. t la tv-
' C«, «■ to I.
(•-l-llf,.
(F. I«tol4.
«r. iltai.
«•- 1 1" ».
S>to«
(C- ■ to li .
(•. a to tii.
CF. a u tl
«•- 1 to «
ft. B to «■-
«F. I toiT.
IFF. t to Btt.
cr- 1* to >-
^.« to t
(■ nuuii)
ni-itoi-
('. 1 to •.
*r. Till to ti-
er. I to tl.
fr. ■ la ll-
ff- 1 to III,
f?. F to tt.
(1137)
H3d
TABLE OV DOSX^.
TKmrAMMntaw.
TlttttMAtUMt^
C»^h btiilK . . „ ..... 4Un.
CBflbpr-, - am*l-^<tn,
C«t«h0„_,._........^ aiHU iQ J| Urn.
C^ib^nla iUKtd ...... .... auAhauum
CVv1ubhrTl4ia- . „ ItoI.AiUm.
(Wtoi. „ ,.,.-, onBai.pOi.ifim.
tVttl nl>b*. .......... VrmioUjlft tJiD.
C*1Pl'ln -.r„„---r-. --r- Q IR tl> )]. 1-1 Gl 4 r
4lYelti|r»ut'im ..^.- i|fUCj>14nUin,
C3i>n'f|«Aimn>--,- DliU lA TJb (If n,
Oilft'itilkiidiii .- OJMJ >• 1 Ub.
C&lniA^,— .— .,- llaSflm,
Cfclvnl ....-._—...... OUb>t'WOin.
btilVl]aqD>.— - - CI.IA td Z litn-
C\li"'^'tnTm -.-...— "ft fc>l »rflh.
Oipt'i'iir* .............. \,V^Hin*
KilLilk-i U,Vlbi]Ai>Uin,
ClBclnHHrn ».....„..,„ (unu^fim,
Oavliitulnn: iiidi-vul-
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brmawiMl l>.J3to!<iPH.
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KAFU. aLlbn l-kitlm.
|*f1nftil(MBa. ... ., 0-<ab-ll.l.lliMi.
■■iI|pKu . ..._ . . LjntDhlJin
lanm lu lAAun,
u*dn*....- ......... 1 Jnh> M'B.
Fr«tan«1 <l.31f-j[l'10|inii
■slMiilla ....... . n.<igAiiiiiJici>».
ISitilfl tAitHb«jBlh«. iiau l+Ott Oiy
•nnuic-ii ..._ . _ uJtutUi>
Wwtiil n-»|ml<'i vUbiaiOK
DlHhtiu-iiHL amwi^l'
l*>. CUbSiUan,
ef*li* vi>drtiH«a.. . alAutiim-
•*m nili. juUHI.nua.
Auwi^aua ... ,. aJS b> a>i <tiii.
llai ..,, .,,, IMtam
lr*CA«i<Jkbfl arjiikirt*-
llm OWMl O*.
MWHIIU >■ ;-. H (LU itn.
HSVll I . MUJtIUln.
t*tttm *•«■ . '. wi Qui.
IU*n^l4* D4UJ-4.
Itm .., , .... auM a «<)■>.
•pll _ (UlUl.tl.llGw.
MMIivlUu-.—— AUMAIUUn.
rW iMirHlUK ... tIallkiB.
Ku..,-^ lljUtalJDUiu.
'(Mi...-.._:_|lJ>H«OiL
nil mil UMwtUin.
qq«*M« -.- -.-^ -^ iiavsitaiaiim,
Uufbn-hlD* hjAif*
•himu...- l>iU u u.ll li)L
SD'iMUjtlai ntr*!" 'I.KUn.
DlsMBin oaSiaoCKiiii
SBlaMliiMMlphH linh) UiH,
slulna-.. onUuuunni.
galnliiBkianlrlia-. .. niHlb' I (I'k
hr4Ti>l»np>v - c^ooiia IJMf^Hi,
kftnaliliina . H'WI'lUm
HTtanUab . - nvrumt^nm.
•alpbaa. DUMhiKln
■IlaHaHl ... IIjOK U IJI (in,
qalupniijllu aal-
- - ouwaJDIin,
ltnla>„.T...' . . DJDiBlOn.
>>l>t.- II "M w UlM Ob.
iwduii.M ' uuHuaonDgt.
•aaii II *■ I* aJIKJIi.
K-MHano - . — Oti H I Om.
Kbaas . .. UjdMtelJUIlM.
HobMU H KBanall
lUn IIMMIMaa.
IMMao . — _ ajd Oil
Mlar«ui _ tUtOH.
■alMaiim . ..- - *»lvlGlB.
dalK-li-ilJ _ CiMMVttOla,
■allnarhbd . . lUDUaJVIiB.
daiiM n< I w t Ok
••lii ~ .- 1 am.
talwill, llxlOi*
MiMI itIhIUb.
»»lM*a» .. ilHl Oai.
iiiii; . . >'uti>tr«,
- IMtaM Vm,
... UW H I Ub.
«LNt*aUin>L
f(H.....i.i. -,; ulUa.
tftnmttmf IUOIIGk
MMIU -M>4U«
»««•■>■'" «i|4)*^
«llMl ._ EUtuK
■BKWW ^^..- MBUI
mmllwi .„ I IB J J
kRU~ . IJDU1.I*
••>lf*M*>iMM. .. giKlalJtUB,
••ibl (hTA <->■■.
•ai'rau outitjDuB.
fifcmt . BJIMISUB.
■«l«nliml tui
mmnmiml B«Sb>l
ikHlal oMt**,)!
nalHn iMViuH
•••mMb- IJhUchl
■ifclB-.. lUtM
■Mlla MaMlv ... uMmi
•1Mb—. — .. — ... It^nlMi^m.
a^iMlM <uTJ<.«L
WMHiunt . .. aauuksiaia.
MnaHAMU .. .. (jOUunJii;*.
M >- . «A>uil.UOa.
■UIHMrtltK ._ •atilSU*.
— ^ Ati^tMOm.
(.axaiakUB.
•WT*»"lM. __. imtftMiOm.
TABLE OF DOSES.
1143
Fi(iP«ii«Tmirt.
TH»r. OK
APOTUECIIIT.
PHrAMAtlDH*.
TrniT, OH
AnmiVAKT.
Tinrlnm Rniiu' OflO ifl 4 c.ebi.
■EEtlDDliftUl- nJOlD 4 r.nit.
hftvanivlidlii Slstr.cm.
Iinmtih - -. 2b>7^Ar-cDi.
h/drbtii -.. ^taT^c-«n^
hTr-hrfkiiM Lai^LDT-irrBd.
todt "AiStoUjuc.mi.
IpKh-dflliliir Cl n|>ii . i|.UA h> i c.ftn.
jshunBilh iio t e-etu.
jftla]>» — , Ho* e.nm.
Ikna t LvJ.Sif.om.
kHhtsriiT' 4 (B lAcem.
lliannii - - :! lo < c.doi.
Ubcliit «JJiiio*c.nn.
■rrhirAi ii.wi to t ccm.
lu^ull - - li ui 4 a.pm.
IdKim -,r..-. I to 31* cm.
mr*ehi - ^to4p.™.
myfrhn; - - ' if to J.ic.e™.
nutli wvinleir i*-*il to I.Slr.cni.
OJ.U IMMU I ai^'.mi.
Ainni'>iiiftla 2 to 4 e-cm-
i-ftdiplinmU 4 bi |A cxm-
ileodn^nLft il.iHiM l-9>c-riq,
itbjviatirmBtit.. 1 btS-Me-cm,
pidl>;kh)rMI^„ H-HI 1A I DrllQr
qiiuviir - 1. 91 to 4 e-nn-
fuinfti^ - il,0tlto I G-cm.
inkDihir t Uj 4 f-cm-
■moiaBlBtB ato4<i-cin,
rhM I.Wtol.'la-cm
mri'niAiTcA, 4ta :fl c«in
cTHii-i^it* Iji to lA e-vat.
iaMt. 4 to l.ScrED.
AftnRulnu'iJF 1l.&'^ to 4 c-^ni.
K\\\BF llJOtoSc-nn.
tVPtrffa: Z (a iD-cnt.
■annic wur-mUt 3 (n I c-«ia.
*cr|4ii(iiriir 4 to J-i cem.
fl(nm«Bik UJD to 1 cent.
H<nmia li.AD l4 1 ,31 rem,
■Imptiuilhl .. I>.lltv 1 <,?■!■-
■iiiubil V to 4 Cfu
'V"1uteBL HoTJictm.
VBterlftnH' \ itaJJi C-rm.
AmiuuniBl^ ! 4 to 7J^ e QiB-
VBnUk Tiridis .. O.lfl to 4 o.an.
ni*- In riij.
r^d to J,
f5*»toii.
m 11 (a (5t|.
ITfE to *.
l\{i ta It.
2- to J.
fM to Ij.
r^M to J.
rStatoj.
nittoni.
Tl(v bi tv.
fj-toi.
f^" tolj^
' TTI * U- BV.
f^H tgj,
1^1 torjB.
I to»-
ir to llr
» to 1'.
XI tof^.
% to JL1-
rs«toj.
ft«*toj.
Tri XX to rj«a.
fil to Tj.
nil to ",
01 to i»
Tjlxtoi^,
n[T to m,
ft., to,.
n« toj-
ftl to Ij.
T (a i«.
1.
Ik to 11,
fii toit.
. gwtoj;
r^H to u,
fti to ij-
Qi to M-
itiHi to f^.
TtTtdnnilBgibtn. fl.«tU4F.«H.
TDljtivrEn ..„...,.. C|.3i>bi1 Om.
Tnlr.il .„....„.„ I to3Un>,
Trimarb/LuukDiB by- 1
dn«blirHa,.,.....j 0.1,^ Obb-
Tamol -—,.,.,-' U.lMS toO-M Gm.
I'rftliniii .' 1 to3 Gbi.
flhlorld*.. .,...,.,: O.U to 1.311 Gin,
aitnu (tM to t^ Om
Uralhjin ...—„. flJUtolOm.
rripwilii ...„„.,.„ I MH On,
L"t» nrai -,.-,„ 4 to8 Gm-
V.lcfiBna ....^. nA'-toIOra.
VentrlajL,- II IVI 3 to IKmtUui
Vinnm unimonll -,.,, 0.12 toU-tU Om.
wlchlei -,-... (I «l to » cjin.
ndViA.... UJU to 3 Q-cm-
.vmiDi. ll,ai to-t e.cn-
arfoue 4 to W Crnir
hiTi I to lA e-cm-
■miLrvBi 4 to3l>e.cfDr
cilrmd. 4 to t!) r.em-
livwu.nh* ll.W to 4 r.pm,
apil ll,3U to Ir3>f-cin,
■inmlnir - 1A to 9:1 em.
«l|cvitorqin ruMI. 15 to 90 c nOr
VlhrODi - 0.& to 4 <aDi.
XjkBthoiiylaiii il.U toSGlllr
Zlnci HcUi, IKOfl toU.L) Gv,
4M.m«tlc> -... il.fi5i4lUv-
bronilliiin iMM& to 0,1.1 Gni-
HTbnnM illStoO.-wGm,
priroi|.kUtq. ii.lJ to aai ijBi.
Fjtnidniu 11,0^^'^ to l> tn lin.
inaidam 0,113 WOrlS Gm,
LkU. n^a to O.M» Otn.
oiidam « OL'V U O.V liin.
plKi«rhldniii OOm toOrOtflGb.
•Dlpfd. 0.069 to l-VGiu.
.alphucutalu O.L.ItoO.WOn.
vBltrlhiiBi 0.0U to n.13 Out.
ZlDjti>vr D.AA to 1 Gib.
1TL> tof^.
Kr T to IT.
gT. IT to il*.
gt. 1-13 to '4.
gr. M.
KT. fi to jHj.
gr. 1* to iIt.
(T. xtoii.
I ([T. 1 to i(.
jtr- *'l» u IT.
31 tolj.
31 to Ij.
irr. 1 to III.
ST. L-AUto I't*
■r. ii to X.
ti to 111.
V ton».
1 to t^.
iA> toflj.
r^k to it.
151 tofsJ.
(^* tol*.
Tn 1 to (^.
I TTX» io "-
fjrt toj.
fjM to J,
f/. 1 u ^.
irr. I to 111.
I gr. ■■ u Ij.
, (r. 1 to 111.
gT. I to *j.
fr. 11 to tiLJ.
gr. tt to iij.
gr. *4 to lu.
f r. u to a.
\ ft. u bP j,
JIT. '4 W W-
gt. i-3> to »*.
rF. 1 to 11.
ST. \i to LU-
' *r. i to Ij.
|[F. ■ to IV.
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