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THE
MISCELLANEOUS WRITINGS
OF
JOHN EVELYN, Esq. F.R.S.
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THE
MISCELLANEOUS WRITINGS
OF
JOHN EVELYN, Esq. F.R.S.
AUTHOR OF
SYLVA, OR, A DISCOURSE OF FOREST TREES; MEMOIRS, &c.
Bota fici^t coUecteti, toiti) occasional j^ote^,
BY WILLIAM UPCOTT,
OF THE LONDON INSTITUTION.
" From an early entrance into public life to an extreme old age, he considered himself as Jiving only for !^he benefit of
mankind. As long as there remains a page of his numerous writings, and as long as Virtue and Science hold their abode
iu this Island, his memory will be held in the utmost veneration."
LONDON:
HENRY COLBURN, NEW BURLINGTON- STREET.
1825.
THIS COLLECTION
OF THE LITERARY REMAINS OF
JOHN EVELYN,
IS DEDICATED TO
CHARLES HAMPDEN TURNER, Esg. F.R S &c
OF ROOKSNEST, NEAR GODSTONE, IN SURREY,
THE POSSESSOR OF LEIGH PLACE,
FORMERLY AN ESTATE OF THE EVELYNS;
AS TO ONE WHO JUSTLY VENERATES HIS MEMORY, AND EMULATES HIS VIRTUES,
BY HIS GREATLY OBLIGED,
AND FAITHFUL HUMBLE SERVANT,
WILLIAM UPGOTT.
LosrsoN Institution,
May 30, 1835.
PREFACE.
The amiable, accomplished, and worthy Patriot and Philosopher,
whose Miscellaneous Writings are here for the first time given to the
world in a collected form, is already known to fame by his " Sylva,
or Discourse of Forest Trees ;" but more especially since the
recent publication of his "Diary and Correspondence," in which
the principal events of his life and times are so deUghtfully laid open
to us, that no other work of the kind, attractive as auto -biography
generally is, can in any degree compare with it for the interest it
excites, and the amusement it affords.
In this Kalendarium, or Diary of his Life, he has so often ad-
verted to his "Writings, that a general reference to that work would
'perhaps have answered the purpose of a Preface, but the Reader
may consider something more than a mere table of contents neces-
sary to inform him what he is to expect in the following pag6s.
It is a remarkable circumstance that, though Evelyn's mind was
early turned to literature, for he tells us he began to journalize, and
note occurrences when he was in his eleventh year, the first ascer-
tained production of his pen was not published until he had attained
the mature age of twenty-nine. This publication, the first tract in
the present volume, is a translation from the French, of an " Essay
on Liberty and Servitude," by La Mothe le Vayer ; it appeai'ed in
1649, only a few days previous to the martyrdom of his Sovereign.
On this occasion, the honest hardihood with which Evelyn, in his
preface, ventured to express hi^ loyalty and hatred of anarchy had
nearly brought him into trouble : ' Never (says he) was there heard
or read of a more equal and excellent form of government than that
under which we have ourselves lived during the reign of our most gra-
cious Sovereign's halcyon days. — If therefore we were the most happy
of subjects, why do we attempt to render ourselves the most ihiserable
of slaves ? God is one, and better it is to obey one than many. Neque
viii
enim Lihertas tutior ulla est quam Domino servire bono, that is,
C[harles].'
La Mothe le Vayer has not unaptly been styled the French Plu-
tarch : his essays, though they betray somewhat of a cynical and
sceptical disposition, are fraught with good sense, and full of learn-
ing; his works have been a storehouse whence philosophical Essay-
ists of later times have gleaned an unacknowledged harvest of inge-
nious thoughts : Evelyn has on more than one occasion shown that
he was famihar with his productions. The scope of this essay, it
will be understood, is Philosophical Liberty,, not. that * impostoria
yjiVa,' which has been the bait held out to the many by the design-
ing few in all times of anarchy.
" The State of France, as it stood in the ninth year of this 'jpresent
Monarch Louis XIV., written to a Friend by J. E.," was published
in 1652. To this was prefixed a Prefatory, Letter, which 'contains
some admirable observations upon the utility and end of Foreign
Travel. Speaking of himself, he says, " what first moved me to
this ' apodemick humour,' was a certain vain emulation which I had
to see the best of education, which every body so decrying a,t home,
made me conceive was a commodity only to be brought from a far
country ; and I cannot say, without a little ambition too of know-
ing, or at least of having the privilege to talk something more than
others could reasonably pretend to, that had never bin out of sight
of their own chimnies' smoke." This is doubtless the predominant
motive of ordinary travellers, and there is great honesty in the con-
fession ; but Evelyn's judgment taught him to derive better fruits
from it. He knew, that ' he who would travel rationally must in-
dustriously apply himself to the pursuit of such objects as may result ,
to the profit of his own country at his return. It is not the count-
ing of steeples and making tours, but this ethical and moral part of
travel which embellisheth a gentleman.' Evelyn had been preceded
in the judicious observations of his preface by the pleasant little
book of our favourite James Howel, '' Instructions for Forreine
Travel," published in 1642, which even now may be read with
advantage and pleasure. In the substance of. his work too he had
IX
a precursor in Sir Gteorge Carew, though he could not have been
acquainted with his book, which is a relation of the state of France
in the reign of Henry the IVth. drawn up during his embassy, and
presented to King James I. at his return in 1 609. This curious
and interesting perfonnande was first printed by Dr. Birch in 1749.
Had Evelyn, however, been familiar with the work of his prede-
cessor, it would not have deterred him from giving the result of his
own observations ; for he justly remarks, that France in his time
was * now no more the thing it was forty years since,' and that the
kingdom had undergone as great a change as the garb and fashion
of men.
In the previous year (1651) he had put forth a little satirical jeu
d' esprit, entitled, "A Character of England," written in the assumed
form of a translation from the French, in which he touches with no
unsparing hand the defects of the national character ; the coarse-
ness of manners, and want of due observance of the established
forms of devotion attendant upon those times of turbulent faction.
This called forth the animadversions of sotne anonymous writer,
under the title of " Gallus Castratus," and it has been thoiight
proper to insert this piece as a running commentary, that if Evelyn's
pictm'e be in some degree too highly coloured, it may find its cor-
rective in the same page. Some of the defects which he has laid
to the charge of his countrymen, are also urged against them by
Samuel Sorbiere, in the account which he published of his visit ta
England in 1663, and to which Bishop Sprat afterwards replied.
In 1656 he published what he calls. *' An Essay on the First
Book of Lucretius de Berum Naturd, interpreted and made into
English verse j" with a frontispiece designed by his accompligihed
and excellent lady, and with laudatory verses by Edmund Waller
the poet. It has not been deemed necessary to give any portion
of this translation : when Evelyn attempted verse he only added
one more instance to the many of persons, otherwise of excellent
judgment, who have mistaken their powers. Indeed he does* not
seem to have been satisfied with his own attempt, and having
received much chagrin at the very incorrect manner in which it was
b
:X
printed, never proceeded with the task, as was his first intention.
Upon this occasion, that excellent Prelate Jeremy Taylor thus ad-
dressed him ; " I will not say to you, that your Lucretius is as far
distant from the severity of a Christian, as the Fair Ethiopian was
from the duty of Bishop Heliodoms ; for, indeed, it is nothing but
what may become the labours of a Christian gentleman, those things
only abated which our evil age needs not ; for which also I hope
you have by notes, or will by preface, prepare a sufficient antidote."
The shadow of a doubt thrown upon the propriety of this under-
taking by this pious friend, might shake the resolution of one, whose
motives to the translation probably were that the poem contained
an exposition of the Epicurean Philosophy.
The year 1659 was a busy and eventful period with Evelyn ; he
then published his translation of " The Golden Book of St. Chry-
sostom, on the Education of Children," which he dedicated to
his brothers George and Richard, ' to comfort them on the loss
of their children ;' and at the same time to unburthen his heart,
by a tribute to the memory of his own extraordinarily gifted child,
Richard, whom he had recently lost, in his sixth year ; he was ' one
of those rare and beautiful creatures who seem always to be marked
for early death, as if they were fitter for heaven than earth, and
thei-efore are removed before the world can sully them.' The ac-
count of his son finds its place also in his Diary, in nearly the same
words. It will be read, as it was written^ with the tribute of tears.
It must have been a happy circumstance, that the position of the
kingdom was then such as to excite in the loyal breast of Evelyn
a hope that the Restoration might be effected ; it roused his ener-
gies, and jprobably helped to dissipate his sorrows. To aid the
cause he used his strenuous exertions, not only in endeavouring
to gain over Colonel Morley, the Governor of the Tower, who had
been his school-fellow, thus placing his own life at hazard ; but by
his pen, publishing " his bold ' Jipology ' for the King, in this time
of danger, when it was capital to speak or write in favour of him."
Its success was complete ; its popularity was such, that it was three
times printed within the year.
XI
He stopped not here, but again entered the field to repel the
malicious slanders of the adverse party. Marchmont Needham
had published a coarse attack upon the character of King Charles
the Second, intituled, " News from Brussels, in a Letter from a near
attendant on his Majesty's person, to a person of honour here ;
dated March 10, 1659." Its purpose was to destroy the favourable
impression the nation entertained of the King's naturally good dis-
position. Evelyn's detection of the forgery^ and refutation of it,
was quickly penned, and proved a complete antidote ; it was pub-
lished anonymously, under the title of " The News from Brussels
Unmasked." The merit was the greater in^ this case^ as he rose
from a bed of sickness to his task, and endangered his life by the
exertion ; it caused a relapse of his disorder, * out of which (says
he, with unaffected piety) it pleased God also to free me, so Hs I
was able by the 14th [April] to go into the country, which I did to
my sweet native air of Wooton.'
In the same year he had found time to give to the press a work
connected with his favourite Hortulan pursuits^ entitled, " The
French Gardener," which he describes with honest confidence as
* the first and best of that kind, that introduced the use of the
Olitorie garden to any purpose.'
The happy tidings of the King's declaration and application to
the Parliament soon after reached him, and he was designed to have
accompanied Lord, Berkley with the Address to invite the King over
to resume his Government, but was yet too weak to bear the fatigues
of the journey. He, however, received a gracious mess'age from
Charles, and was sufficiently recovered to witness the joyful entry
of the King into London, after seventeen years sad and long exile.
He ^stood in the Strand and beheld it, and bless'd God !' It may
be imagined that he was well received at Court., The King, who
called him his old acquaintance, offered him the Order of the Bath,
which he declined, but was better pleased to be nominated one of
the Council of the Royal Society, of which he had just been elected
a Fellow.
He had now leisure to devote himself to the pursuit of the arts he
xu
loved, and was actively employed in promoting them by every means
in his power. In 1661 was published a translation of Gabriel
Naud^e's instructions, concerning the erection of a library, which he
addressed in a Dedication to Lord Chancellor Clarendon. This
piece had a similar fate to his unfortunate translation of Lucretius ;
for being printed during his absence from London in a cai^less
manner, it abounds with typographical errors *. At the end of
the book is a letter to Dr. Barlow, Provost of Queen's , College,
by which it appears, that the Doctor wished to have honoured Eve-
lyn, by printing the book at Oxford, but that his purpose was de-
feated by the copy being mislaid at the pi-inting-house.
At the close of the same year he published, and presented to the
King, his curious essay, called " Fumifugium j or, the Inconveni-
ence ©f the Aer and Smoke of London Dissipated ;" together with
some remedies humbly proposed." The plans by which it was in-
tended to obviate the inconvenience were ingenious, and the King
commanded Evelyn to prepare a bill against the next Session of
Parliament, to carry part of them into effect ; but it does not appear
that any thing of the kind was attempted. Yet Evelyn tells us in
* JUi a copy of this essay, in the library of Mr. S. W. Singer, pf Boxhill ; Evelyn has cor-
rected the most prominent errata with his own hand, and written the following letter oft" the
first leaf:
» " For My. worthy Friend, Dr. Godolphin.
, " Sir. This trifle (which yoij tell me you met with in syrae catalogue of an auction ) was printed
during my absence from London (now near twenty-eight years since) by a very imperfect copy (my
owne having been lost in the printing-hoirse at Oxflord), and is so extreniely defomi'd thro'- the cor-
rectors negligence, that I have done gXl I am ^ble to suppress the vending of it. It is y^t a very
useful (^iscours^ and upon that account I presented it to some such friends as you are, who will
pardon the errata, and deplore the comon calamitie incident to writers and translators of bookes ;
v(»hich is (unless they attend ori'the press- like' slaves) to be at the mercy of sotts and drunkards^
that can neither print sense nor English ; nor, indeed, any other language, tlio" it lie never so
plainely before them. Witncsse the first booke of Lucretiusj which I made an essay on, almost
thirty yeares past, where the Latine J re^ione (and from an incomparable Plantine edition) was
abused in some hundreds of places ; it not being possible for me to imagine Dr. Triplet (who was
the sole supervisor, and ofFer'ii me his service) should take np more care. And.this little pamphlet
has been so miserably treated by them, that the wounds are incurable." — At the end of the volume
is the following note also in the hand-writing of Evelyn : " Plurima quidem restant hisce non
minora sphaltnata, sive a me, sive ab ipso typographo comissa, quibus ignoscat amieissimus doctor.'
xui
Ms Diary, i 1th January 1662, * I received of Sir Peter Ball, the
Que^nes Attorney, a draught of an Act against the nuisance of the
Smoke of London, to be reform'd by removing several trades whicli
are the cause of it, and indanger th« health of th6. King and his
pteople. It was to have been offer'd to the Parliament as his Majesty
commanded.' As late as the year 1772 this tract found an anony-
mous editor, who, struck by the increased and increasing evil, re-
commended it (in a Preface, which will be found in the foUowii^
pages) to the attention of the Magistrates and Legislature.
Another singular production of Evelyn's pen issued from the
press in 1661, entitled " Tyrannus, or the Mode." This very curi-
ous and rare pamphlet having found a place in the second volume
of the Evelyn papers, is of course omitted in the present collection.
A few years after. King Charles ll. made an attempt to change. the
fashion of dress, and introduce a costume formed upon the Per-
sian mode, which, though somewhat strangely timed, as happening
just after the Fire of London, was yet worthy of success ; ' bis
Majesty put himself solemnly into the Eastern fashion, changing
doublet, stiff collar, bands and eloak, into a comely vest, after the
Persian mode, with girdle or straps, &c. resolving never to alter it,
and to leave the French mode, which had hitherto obtained, to our
great expence and reproach.' The King had not constancy to per-
sist in his resolution, his courtiers wagered with him that he would
not, and they were right. Evelyn in his pamphlet which he gave to
the King to read, had described the comeliness and usefulness of tlie
Persian costume, and it is more than probable that Charles had been
convinced by his reasoning.
The year 1662 produced his magnum opus^ the " Syjuva," a work
whose beneficial influence upon the prosperity of the country has
been so prodigious, that its author justly deserves to be ranked
among her chiefest worthies ; had he lived in times like ours, a vo-
tive statue of colossal size erected upon the hill which overlooks the
place of his birth, would probably have been his meed. Many
causes had operated to the diminution of our woods and forests.
Men were not planters but destroyers of wood, without thought of
XIV
the future ; but the civil wars gave a final blow to the work of
havock: 'the aged oaks, like the old families which owned them,
were, by these enemies of all that was elegant and venerable, doomed
to destruction :' feeling their tenure insecure, and ' professing them-
selves against root and branch, either to be reimbursed their holy
purchases, or for some other, sordid respect, they were tempted not
only to fell and cut down, but utterly to extirpate, demolish, and
raze all those many goodly woods and forests which our more pru-
dent ancestors left standing for the service of their country.'
At the Restoration, Charles 11. intent upon the augmentation of
his navy, the kingdom's surest bulwark, became alarmed at the
formidable devastation which had been made ; some queries were
directed to the Royal Society, to which Evelyn was deputed to re-
ply, and his " Sylva, or, Discourse of Forest Trees, and the propa-
gation of Timber," was the result. It was the first book printed by
order of the Society, and was most flatteringly received. The King
thanked him more than once for it ; in fact, never was a work
attended with more complete success. It sounded the trumpet of
alarm to the nation on the condition of the woods and forests, and
awakened the landholders to a sense of their own and their coun-
try's interests. Evelyn's old age was blessed in the consciousness
of the beneficial effects his book had produced ; he lived to know
that many millions of forest trees had been propagated and planted
at his instigation. It was a work of love ; the writer's soul was in
his subject, and the reader cannot but catch part of his enthusiasm.
It is not the planter alone, but every admirer of nature that may find
instruction and amusement in this delightful work. . It is a store-
house of curious facts and anecdotes relating to trees ; and though
the reader may sometimes smile at the amusing superstition of the
writer, he will more frequently have occasion to admire his fervent
stij-ain of piety. He laboured to the end of his long life in giving it
all the perfection in his power, and at a late period we find him thus
encouraging the planter with the promise of longevity : ' It is ob-
sei-ved that planters are often blessed with health and old age. The
days of a tree are the days of my people, says the prophet Isaiah.
XV
Hcec scripsi octogenarius, and shall, if God protract my years, and
continue my health, be continually planting, till it shall please him
to transplant me into those glorious regions above, planted with
perennial groves and trees bearing immortal fruit.'
The first edition of the Sylva was in 1664, and it passed through
five editions during the author's life. The work was republished in
1776 J by Dr. Andrew Hunter, of York *, with copious and valuable
notes and excellent plates. The same beneficial effects seem to have
attended this republication ; it revived the ardour for planting which
the first edition had excited. The work again became so popular,
that four large impressions were called for. The last, in 1825, con-
tains Dr. Hunter's latest improvements ; but those who are fortunate
enough to possess the edition of 177^) iJ^ay treasure it on account
of the engravings, particularly for ' the admirable portrait of Eve-
lyn by Bartolozzii which, under the lean and fallen features of age^
exhibits all the intelligence and fire of youth.'
His " ScuLPTURA, or, the History and Art of Chalcogi'aphy
and Engraving on Copper," was printed in 1662, at the express
desu'e of the Royal Society, and was written at the reiterated in-
stance of the distinguished Robert Boyle, to whom it is dedicated.
In this work was first given to the world the method of engraving in
Mezzotinto, invented and communicated by Prince Rupert, with a
plate engraved by his royal hand, of which an accurate copy accom-
panies the present re-impression. This work having become ex-
tremely scarce was reprinted in 1755, with the advantage of some
additions from the author's own corrected copy, which have received
the attention due to them.
His translation of Roland Freart's " Parallel of Antient and Mo-
dern Architecture," was printed in 1664, and was also dedicated to
the King, with a prefatory letter to Sir John Denham. This dedi-
* Dr. Hunter also republished Evelyn's "Terra, a Philosophical Discouise of Earth," with notes.
The first edition of this tract was in 1675 ; it was also printed by order of the Royal Society, To
some of the later editions of the Sylva th'.a essay was joined, together with Pomona, an Appendix
concerning fruit trees and cider:
XVI
catjop and letter containing several curious particulars, are givea
in tke following pages. There was a second edition of this work in
1669, and a third in 1697, to which last was appended a very usefial
supplementary " Account of Architects and Architecture,." with a
prefatory address to Sir Christopher Wren, in which there is an in-
teresting passage relating to the rebuilding of St. Paul's. This tracts
as an original work of Evelyn's, of course finds a place in the present
Q^lection.
^' The Kalendarium Hortense ; or, Gardener's Almaiiack," was
also first published in this year. In the second edition, he inscribed
it to his amiable friend Cowley, who 'had once been pleased to
suspend his noble raptures in order to transcribe it.' This called
forth "The Garden," that heart-felt effusion, of Cowley'is muse,
which he addressed to Evelyn, in 1666, and which is here printed
from the original autograph manuscript. The poiet thus apostro-
phizes Evelyn :
Happy art thou whom God does bless
With the full choice of thine own- happiness !
And happier yet, because thou 'rt blfest
With prudence how to chuse the best !
In book* and Gardens thou hast plac'd aright —
Thy noble innocent delight :
And in thy virtuous Wife, where thou again dost meet
Both pleasures more refin'd and sweet :
The fairest garden in her looks,
And' in her inind the, widest hooks.
O who woidd' change these solid joys,
. For empty shows and senseless noise.
And alt which rank ambition breeds.
Which seem such beauteous flowers, and are such poisonous weeds ?
Evelyn's measure of happiness was indeed full, and this is no over-
charged picture of his fehcity.
The Kalendarium, as might be expected, was veiy popular, and
quickly passed through several editions. It has been thought ad-
visable to reprint it for the gratification of the curious Horticulturist
XVll
The edition which has been made use of is the tenth, which received
the latest improvements of the Author just previous to the close of
his life.
. In 1664 was also published " The Mystery of Jesuitism," deve-
loping the pernicious consequences of the new heresy of the Jesuits
against Kings and States. He undertook the ;tra^slation of this
from the French, at the desire of Lord Cornbury and his illustrious
father -Lord Clarendon. Of this, as being a translation, the Dedi-
catory Epistle only is given.
Sir George Mackenzie having published at Edinburgh, in 1 665,
*' A Moral Essay, preferring Solitude to Public Employment,"
Evelyn took up the pen to. answer the , arguments in that pleasing
little work, ajid in 166/ appeared " Public Employment and an
Active Life, with. all its appanages, ^uch as Fame, Command, Riches,
Conversation, &c. preferred to Solitude ; in reply to a late ingenious
Essay of a contrary title."
Never was a controversy conducted with more good temper and
politeness. After highly complimenting his antagonist, Evelyn
says, ' The war is innocent, and I would be glad that this way of
velitation and short discourses upon all arguments, in which other
languages greatly outdo us, might exercise our reason .and improve
our English style, which yet wants the culture of our more Southern
neighbours,' It is remarkable, that it was a person busily employed
in scenes of active life, the King's Advocate for Scotland, who was
contending for solitude ; while Evelyn, whose pursuits were princi-
pally those which ornament a retired life, was the champion of pub-r
lie and active employment. Letters of civil congratulation passed
afterwards between the disputants, which have been fortunately
preserved, and ai-e now for the first time prefixed to Evelyn's essay.
In a letter to Cowley, soon after the publication, he thus expresses
himself: ' You had reason to be astonished at the presumption,
not to name it affront, that I who have so highly celebrated Recesse,
and envied it in others, 'should become an advocate for the enemie
which, of all others, it abhors and files from. I conjure you to be-
c
xviii
lieve that I am still of the same mind, and that there is no person
alive who does more honour and breathe after the life and repose
you so happily cultivate and adorn by your example. But as those
who prays'd dirt, a fl6a, and the gowte, so have I public empiloy-
ment in that trifling essay, and that in so weak a style, compar'd to
my antagonists^, as by that alone it will appear, / neither was nor
could he serious, and I hope yOu believe I speak my very soul to
you.'
Sunt enim Musis sua ludicra, mista Camoenis
Otia sunt- — •
Some apology was indeed necessary to his recluse friend, for the!
seeming inconsistency of his opinions, for h6 had publicly approved
his love of retirement, and told him that he applauded his contempt
of the world ; whilst in seclusion he continued in repose and self-
possession, cultivating the leisure, the liberty, the books, the medi-
tations, and, above all, the learned and choice friendships he en-
joyed. ' Who (says he) would not like you cacher sa vie ? It was
the wise'impress of Balzac, and of Plutarch before him ; you give it
lustre and interpretation. / swear to you. Sir,, it is what in the world
I most inwardly breathe after and pursue ; not to say that I envy
your felicity, delivered from the gilded impertinencies of life, to
enjoy the moments of a sohd and pure contentment.'
Hisprojecttoo of a kind of Lay -monastery, which he orice seriously
entertained intentions offounding, and the plan of which is to befound
in the works of the Hon. Robert Boyle, in a letter addressed to that
eminent philosopher, may show that he was serious in his profession
of lovipg ' the life remov'd.' It has been said, that his active mind
was not fitted for retirement, and that he felt that he could be of
more service to mankind in the busy scenes of public life. It is cer-
tain, though he did not seek it, that he did not shrink from public
employment ; and the arduous and painful office of one of the Com-,
missioners for taking care of the sick and wounded prisoners daring
the war with the Dutch, was filled by him with exemplary persever-
ance, under cireumstanees the most trying. Money and means of
XIX
every kind were wanting. The distress and anxiety, of mind whiqb
he suffered in the performance of his duty, are painted by himself
in lively Qolours in his Diary.
It may be remarked, that Le Vayer, whose works we have before
observed were familiar to him, has a curious dialogue on the subject
of Retirement. It is among those which he published under the
name of Oratius Tubero, and entitled '* De ha Vie Priv^e." His
arguments however are opposed to those of Evelyn; yet we
may-perceive. that the latter was not unacquainted with this per-
formance, which is well worth reading. Thp writer had at least the
merit of being earnestly sincere in the cause he advocates ; he w^s a
man who in manners is said to have approached the simplicity of
the philosophers of old,
Inl669appearedEvelyn's translation of Roland Freart's " Idea of
the Perfection of Painting, demonstrated from the Principles of Art,"
with aDedicatipn to his, illustrious friend Henry Howard, who had
previously, at his instance, made that noble donation, the Arunde-
lian marbles, to the University of Oxford. In this address be solicits
him to cause his collection of Sculpture in his galleries at Arundel
House to be engraved from good designs, as it would much contri-
bute to the glory, of the country, the honour of his illustrious family,
and the advancement of art. This piece has been accounted one of
the scarcest of Evelyn's publicatiojis, and as it is short and interest r
ing, commands a place in this volume.
«.' The History of the Three late Impostors, Padre Ottomano, MaV
homed Bei,^ and Sabate Sevi," was published in 1668. The* mate-:
rials of the principal narration he received from a Persia,n gentle-
man, whom he. called Sig. Pietro Cisij. At the end of 4t is added
an account of the extirpation of the Jews in Persia, in the time of
Shab Abbas J;he Second. T^iis work: arose from an honest desire
to expose imposture, and contains many curious particulars.
His "Navigation and Comm^erce, their Original and Progress,"
publishedin 16^4, was written as an Introduction to the Histoiy of
the Dutch War; undertaken by Evelyn at the express command of
XX
Kimg Charles II., and the materials for which were furnished by the
Officers of State. The work would have formed at least 80Q or 1000
pages in foho, and a great portion of it was prepared for the press,
when it was put a stop to by the King himself, for some reason which
does not appear. Conjecture, however, suggests that Evelyn was
too veracious in his history. It appears, from his Diary, that he very
much disapproved many of the transactions which it would have be-
come his duty to narrate. His MS., as far as it was completed, he put
into the hands of Mr. Pepys; but Mr. Bray sought for it in vain in
the Pepysian collection at Cambridge. This introductory Preface
was;written at the suggestion of Lord Arlington, and was intended
. to contain ' a complete deduction of the progress of Na\igation
and Commerce, from its first principle to the time in which it was
wi-itteri,— all contests and differences with the Dutch at sea being
derived from that source only.' Evelyn was now a member of the
Council of Trade and Plantations, and he inscribed, with propriety,
this essay to the King.
The " Mundus Muliebris, or Ladies Dressing-room Unlocked,
with the Fop-Dictionary," is a little playful satire, in which he had
been assisted by his lovely and accomplished daughter Mary, whom
he had the affliction to lose in her nineteenth year, and whose cha-
racter he has so exquisitely and pathetically dehneated in his Jour-
nal. This was published in 1690.
In 1697 he pubUshed his " Numismata; a Discourse of Medals,
Ancient and Modern, &c. with a digression on Physiognomy." But
as this science was in its infancy when he wrote, and the public are
in possession of excellent modern works on the subject, by Pinkeiv
ton, Ruding, and others, no part of this production is admitted into
the following collection. ...
The last tract in the present volume, 5' Acetaria, a Discourse . of
Sallets," was printed in 1699. In the preface he mentions a work
on which he had spent upwards of forty years, and his collections
for which filled several thousand pages. This was his grand Hortu-
lan design, which he purposed calling Elysium Britannic um. The
XXI
Ai3etaria and the Gardeners Kalendar were only chapters in this
great work, which was to- have embraced every thing connected
with a Garden. The plan of this Elysium has been printed among
the Evelyn Papers, and his miscellaneous collections for it, exist
among the manuscripts at Wooton. 1
Evelyn, hke Lord Bacon, thought that a garden " afforded the
purest of human pleasures," anc* his notions of ornamental garden-
ing were such as that great man has shadowed out in his interesting
essay, wherein he treats ' Of Gai-dens.' In one point the^ differ;
Bacon would have a prince-like garden to consist of ' thirty acres:'
.Evelyn's Elysium, though the design was so enormous, might yet
have been' comprehended within two or three acres, 'nay, within the
square of less than one (skilfully planned and cultivated), and yet
have been sufficient to entertain his time and thoughts all his life
long, with a most innocent, agreeable, and useful employment.' The
good sense of Lord Bacon evinced itself in one respect *; he did not
admire topiary work, ' images cut out in juniper, or other garden-
stuff, they being for children.' Evelyn's design would have compre-
hended all sorts of knot, labyrinth, and ground-work, all kinds of
topiary and hortulan architecture, with the accompaniments of hy-
draulic music, and every species of fountain, grotto, rocks, crypts,
and mounts. So vast was his conception, that he thought 'it
would require the revolution of many ages, with deep and long ex-
perience, for any man to emerge a perfect and accomplished artist
gardener!' *'
He had conceived and planned another w'ork, almost too compre-
hensive even for his universal genius ; this was " A General Histoi-y
of all Trades." He has assigned good and solid reasons for laying
this work aside in a letter to Mr. Boyle. His " Sculptura," was
only one portion of this vast project; he had also prepared treatises
on the several arts of painting in oil and in miniature ; annealing
in glass ; enameling ; and making marble paper. But none of these
were published.
A complete list of his publications will be found in the second
xxu
volume of the Evelyn Papers, p. 87 ; among these he enumerates^
as in manuscript, Thyrsander, a Tragy-comedie ; and an essay on
the Dignity of Mankind.
It was towa)-d the close of 1699, that, by the death of his elder
brother George, he succeeded to his paternal estate, and early in the
succeeding year he first visited it as owner. His seat, at Sayes
Court, which he used fondly to call his 'Little Zoar,' delighted
him sufficiently, bnt Wooton had his heart. It was the place of
liis birth, and endeared to him by a thousand filial ties. He
often speaks of it with rapture in his Sylva ; and in his Diary he
says, * It is so sweetly environed with those delicious streams and
venerable woods, as in the judgment of strangers as well as English-
men, it may be compared to one of the most pleasant seates in the
nation, and most tempting for a great person and a wanton purse
to render it conspicuous : it has rising grounds, meadows, woods,
and water in abundance.' It is indeed a beautiful spot, highly
favoured by nature ; and full of pleasing associations, sources of
the purest mental pleasure, whiletwe
' Invoke the Lares of his lov'd retreat.
And his lone walks imprint with pilgrim feet,'
imagination bodies forth the shade of the virtuous and the benefi-
cent Evelyn, and of his excellent and amiable friend the poet
Cowley.
The most finished biographical sketch could have no claim to di-
vert the reader a moment from the amusing and instructive pages
of Evelyn's Diary, in which he has recorded the events of his Ufe in
an unafiected strain of pious sincerity ; nothing of the kind is there-
fore here attempted.
It is a proud and gratifying reflection to the Editor of the present
volume, that he was the humble but instrumental cause of the pub-
lication of that delightful work, which has raised the name of Evelyn
in public estimation, and awakened attention to his other writings.
Many of his fugitive pieces are of extreme rarity, and almost all
xxm
of them are difficult to be met with. He trusts, therefore, that
he shall have rendered no unacceptable service to the world of
letters, in collecting these frondes caducce of the author of the
Sylva, whose whole life was devoted to the advancement of
those arts which have been the source of the wealth, greatness,
and prosperity of his country. Their intrinsic merit called for the
more general diffusion of these literary remains of one whose life
offers the most perfect model of what an EngUsh gentleman should
be : who living Was an example of public and private virtue, and
who dying bequeathed this golden sentence to be inscribed on his
tomb for the advantage <)f posterity : — ' In an age of extraor-
dinary EVENTS AND REVOLUTIONS, HE LEARNT THAT ALL IS VANITY
WHICH IS NOT HONEST, AND THAT THERE IS NO SOLID WISDOM BUT
IN REAL PIETY.'
XXV
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE.
Dedication v
Introduction vii-^xxii
Trarf, Of Liberty AND Servitude, 1649.
Translated from the French of M, de
la Mothe le Vayer l — 38
Advertisement of the Editor 3
The Author's Epistle 4
The Translator's Epistle, — Address to the
Reader 5
Verses to the Translator, by A. Ross. ... 6
Table of Chapters 7
The Progm — Chap. I. 8. Of Liberty and
Servitude in General! 8 — 10
Chap. IL — In what our Liberty and our
Servitude doth consist 10 — 13
Chap; III. — That there is none can truly
aiSrme himselfe to be free 13 — 16
Chap. IV; — Of the Liberty Philosophique
17—27
Chap. V. — Of the Servitude of the Court
27—37
The Conclusion 37—38
Traa, The State of France, 1652. . .39 — 95
Epistle Dedicator-x to the Translation
of the French Gardiner, 1658. . 97 — 98
DittOfto the Second Edition o{ Ditto, 1669. . 99
Address to the Reader, prefixed to the same
work 100
Ditto, to Rose's English Vineyard Vindicated
101—102
Tract, The Golden Book of St. John
Chrysostom, 1659 ; Translated from
the Greek . . .\ 103— 1*40
The Epistle Dedicatory 105 — 111
Epitaph on Richard Evelyn, — Note to
the Reader 1 12
Notes upon some Passages 138 — 140
Tract, k Character of England, 1659;
Translated from the French 141—167
A Letter in vindication of this Character,
143r-146
To the Reader 147
Tract, An Apology for the Royal
Party, 1659 169—192
Tract, The late News from Brussels
Unmasked, 1660 193—204
Explanatory Note 194
Tract, FuMiFUGiUM, 1661 205—242
To the King's Most Sacred Majesty 207—209
To the Reader 209—211
Preface to the Modern Edition, 1772,
212—214
Part I 215—230
d
FAGK.
Part II , 231—239
Part III. An offer at the Improvement and
Melioration of the Aer of London, by
way of Plantation. . ." 239 — 242
Tract, Sculptura, 1662. 243 — 335
To the Honourable and Learned Gentle-
man Robert Boyle, Esq 245 — 246
. An Account of Signer Giacomo Favi 247 — 260
A Table of the Titles of the Chapters 251 — 257
Authors and Books consulted. 2.57
Chap. I. Of Sculpture, how derived. . 258 — 263
Chap. II. Of the Original of Sculpture in
general 263 — 269
Chap. III. Reputation and Progress of
Sculpture amongst the Ancients 270 — 276
Chap. IV. The Invention and Progress of
Chalcography in particular, and an
Account of the old Masters 276 — 311
Chap.V. Of Drawing and Design, &c.312 — 333
Chap. VI. Of the new way of Engraving
or Mezzotinto 333 — 335
An Advertisement 335 — 336
The Epistles Dedicatory, prefixed to
Freart's Parallel between An-
cient AND Modern Architecture,
1664 ... 337—348
To the Most Serene Majesty of diaries
the Second 339 — 342
To Sir John Denham 343 — 346
Latin Verses addressed to Evelyn by Dr.
Beale 347, 348
Tract, An Account of Architects and
Architecture 349 — 424
To my most honoured Friend, Sir Christo-
pher Wren, Knight 351,352
To the Reader 353, 354
Tract, Kalendarium Hortense, or the
Gardener's Almanack, 1664 42.5 — 498
Illustrative Note 427
To Abraham Cowley, Esq 4^9
Introduction to the Kalendar 430 — 434
The Garden, to John Evelyn, Esq. by A.
Cowley ." 435—442
January 443 — 446. February 447 — 449.
March 449 — 454. April 454—459.
May 459—463. June 463—467. July
467—471. August 471—475. Sep.
tember475— 479. October 479 — 482.
November 482 — 486. December 487 — 488
ANewConservatory, or GreenHouse 490 — 4&5
A Letter from Sir Dudley Cullum to J.
Evelyn, Esq. concerning the newly-
invented Stove. -197, 49s
XXVI
PAGE.
Dedicatory Epistle to the Mystery or
Jesuitism, 1664 499, 500
Tract, Public Employment preferred
TO Solitude, 1667 501 — 552
Illustrative Note 502
Letter between Sir George Mackenzie
and John Evelyn 503, 504
Dedication : — To the Hon. Sir Richard
) Browne, Knight and Bart 505-^507
To the Reader 507 — 509
Epistles prefixed to Freart's Idea of the
Perfection of Painting, 1668, 55& —
562
Evelyn's notice of the Work 554
Dedication : — To the Illustrious Henry ,
Howard of Norfolk 555—558
To the Reader 559—562
Tract, History of the Three late Fa-
mous Impostors, 1669 563-^620
Dedication :— To the Right Hon. Henry,
Lord Arlington 565, 566
To the Reader . . . , 567, 568
The History of Padre Ottomano, the First
Impostor 569 — 577
The Story of Mahomed Bey . ...:.. 578—586
The History of Sabatai Sevi, the Third
Impostor 587 — 614
The History of the late Final Extirpation
of the Jews out of Persia 6 15— 620
Letter to Viscount Brouncker, con-
cerning a new Engine for Plough-
ing, &c. 1669-70 621, 622
page.
Dedication ta Renatuist Rapinus of
GARDEiirs, 1673 623—624
Tract, Navigation and Commerce,
1674 625—686
Dedication :— To the King 627
Letter to Mr. Aubrety, concerning Surrey
Antiquities, &.c. 1675-76 687—691
Abstract of a Letter to the Royai,
Society, concerning the DaiMage
done to his Gardens in the preceding
Winter 1684 692—696
Tract, MunDus Muliebris, or the Ladies
Dressing-room Unlocked, 1690 .697— 713
Illustrative Note 698
Preface 699—702
The Fop Dictionary 710—713
Advertisement to the Tiianslation of
the CoMPLEAT GtARDENER, by M. de
la Quintenye, 1693 714 — 717
Ditto, to M. de la Quintenye's Directions "^
concerning Melons 718
Ditto, to M. de la Quintenye's Directions
concerning Orange Trees 718- — 720
Tract, AcETARiA : A DiscouiiSE of Sal-
lets, 1699 721—812
Illustcaitive Notecoixcerning it 722
To the Right Honourable Lord John
Somers, of Evesham, &c. &c. . . . 723 — 727
The Preface 728—730
The Plan of a Royal Garden 730—732
Appendix 800 — 812
Index S13
LIST OF PLATES.
To face the Title-page : — Fac Simile of a Letter by John Evelyn, addressed to Dr. Thomas
Tennison, Archbishop of Canterl^ury. — The subject af this letter will be found particularly
alluded to in Evelyn's Diary and Correspondence, first edition, vol. I, page 495.
P. 243. Fac-Simile Frontispiece to the Sculptura, after a Design by J. Evelyn. On the same
Plate is an Engraving illustrative of the manner of forming lines and shadows on round sub-
stances, particularly described and referred to on page 321.
P. 333. Mezzotinto Head of an Executioner, after Spagnoletto, originally engraved and
presented by Prince Rupert to Evelyn for his Sculptura, as a specimen of his ijewly invented
art. Copied from an original impression by Say.
P. 425. Frontispiece to the Kalendarium Hortense, after the original engravings by Hertocks.
OF LIBERTY AND SERVITUDE.
TRANSLATED OUT OF
THE ^FRENCH (OF THE SIEUR DELA MOTHE LE VAYER)
INTO THE ENGLISH TONGUE,
BY JOHN EVELYN,
AND
DEDICATED TO GEORGE EVELYN, Esquike.
MMib. £t quae tanta fuit Romam tibi causa videndi ?
Tit. Libertas : quae, sera tamen, respexit inertem.
« VlHG, Eel. 1.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR M. MEIGHEN, AND G. BEDELL, AND ARE TO' BE SOLD
AT THEIR SHOP AT THE MIDDLE TEMPLE GATE.
1649.
ADVERTISEMENT OE THE EDITOR.
The following Tract is merely a translation from the French of M. de la Mothe
le Vayer*, yet it becomes interesting as Evelyn's first literary undertaking, and is
re-printed verbatim from the copy found in his own possession containing his
MSS. notes. In 1781 it was purchased by Mr. Bindley, probably from Mr. J.
Robson, the late well-known bookseller of Bond-street, who bought a large portioa
of the Evelyn library from that family about the year 1767, At the disposal of Mr;
Bindley's collection in Deciember 1818, it came into the possession of George
Watspn Taylor, Esq. on the sale of whose books it was purchased by the Editor,
March 26, 1823.
Adescriptive liote on the fly-leaf of the volume contains the following character
in the autograph of Mr. Bindley :
" This little book was the first of Evelyn's productions, and is seldom to be met
with; and this very copy belonged to himself, as appears by his own hand-writing
above t: in the title-page is a curious memorandum concerning the book, ascertaining
also the precise time of its publication. J. B. 1781."
The note alluded to is written in pencil, as well as the acknowledgment, by the
insertion of his own name, that he was the translator of the tract :
" I was like to be call'd in question by the Rebells for this booke, being published
a few days before his Majesty's decollation-"
* Francis De la Mothe le Vayer was a sceptical but celebrated French writer of the seventeenth
century, who was born at Paris in 1588, and died in 1672. His works are extensive, and embrace
a very great variety of subjects, both ancient and modern j the principal of which are, " De la Vertu
des Payens, Paris, 1643," 4to j " Des Anciens at Principaux Historiens Grecs et Latins, Par. 1645,"
l^mo; " Sur la Fa§on de Parjer n'avoir pas le sens commuri. Par. 1646," 12mo ; " Petits Traitfe en
Forme des Lettres, Par. 1648," 4to; the volume printed in the text; the roya! privilege for the
printing of which is dated January 20th 1643; and " The Prerogative of a Private Life, Lond. 1678,"
8vo. — As the sale of the first of the books in the foregoing list was very indifferent, the Author
procured a Government order for its suppression, when the whole edition was rapidly sold. His
collected works were printed at Paris In 1 662 in three volumes folio, and several times since
in 12mo aiid 8vo.
f viz. his signature, date 1649, and usual motto; " Omnia explorate, meliora retinete."
4
The Author's Epistle.
To my Lord, the Most Eminent Cardinal Mazarin.
My Lord,
Although I know sufficiently that your goodnesse moves you to
accept favourably, even the least productions of wit, which are pre-
sented unto you; yet am I so justly diffident of mine own, that it hath
suffered an extraordinary reluctancy before it could resolve to offer unto
you this little Treatise, without the consideration of it's subject, and
(as I must say) without the necessity of dedicating the same unto you :
, for if gne cannot but with sacrilege make use elsewhere of that which an
holy place did receive from our offerings, nothing but your sacred
Purple ought to gather that, which another, who is no more, had
deigned to receive into his protection. Perhaps, your Eminende may
^ call to miiid to have seen what I now dedicate unto you in the hands of
the great Cardinal de Richelieu : I resign it now into yours, the most
worthy (that I know) to handle all which those have touched ; and if
it hath need of any other recommendation to render it acceptable unto
you, it is Philosophy, that, so much in your esteeme, which hath dic-
tated it unto me. I am confident, my Lord, that you will not disavow
an affection which retaines nothing in it but what is altogether worthy
of you. Philosophy is one of the most rich presents that ever man
received from Heaven : it is that which elevates us unto the contempla-
tion of eternall things, and the science which of all others affords to
princes, as well as to private men, the most agreeable divertisement.
Your Eminencie therefore, if it please, accept favorablie that which is
derived from so noble a plan, and which an heart repleate with zeale
to your service (as mine is) offers with so much obligation : this grace
I promise to myself out of your ordinarie goodnesse, and shall eternally
remaine, My Lord,
Your most humble and most obedient servant,
De la Mothe le Vayer.
^The Translator's Epistle, to George Evelyn, of Wotton, In the
County of Surrey, Esq.
SlR^
I MAKE bold to present you here with a little Enchiridion, or Trea-
tise ai' Liberty and Servitude ; which (in pursuite of other bookes, to
entertaihe the time withall) it was my chance to encounter amongst the
Stationers at Paris. And, because it handleth a subject which this~
age (Iknow not by what destiny waited upon) doth every where seeme
to pretend unto, I thought most proper to nuncupate it unto you, whose
reall merits, and known integrity so justly challenge a part in the ma-
nagement of those important affaires of this kingdome. Sir, here is not
any thing that I dare call mine owne, save only the Translation, which
importeth nothing but the hazard of every mans censure who under-
standeth French, and my good inclinations towards you. The matter
is anothers, and entertained by persons of that eminency, that I dare
presume no man will appeare so hardy, as rashly either to condemne or
prejudice it. This is the first time (as you well know) of mine ap-
pearing upon the theater, which I shall prove to frequent but as gen-
tlemen who sometimes write plales, not often : but lest our little city
runne out at the gates, I will here shut up this epistle, desiring only
the liberty to remain, as I am, Sir,
Your most affectionate friend and Inviolable servitor,
Phileleutheros.
Paris, March 25, 1647.
TO HIM THAT READES.
This free subject, coming abroad in these licentious times, may hap-
pily cause the world to mistake both the Author and the Translator,
neither of whorn by Liberty do understand that Impious impostoria
pila, so frequently of late exhibited and held forth to the people, whilst
(in the meane time) indeed, it is thrown Into the hands of a few private
persons. By Freedome Is here Intended that which the Philosopher
teacheth us: Nulli rei servire^ nulli necessitati, nullis casibus,fortunam
in ceguum deducere, &c. not that Platonlque chimaera of a state, no
where existant save In Utopia.
6
Verily, there is no such thing in rerum natura as we pretend unto :
seeing, that whilst we beare about us these spoiles of mortality, and
are subject to our passions, there can be no absolute perfection acquired
in this life : and of this truth we have now had the experience of more
than five thousand yeeres, during all which tract to this present epoch
of time, never was there either heard or read of a more equal and
excellent form of government than that under w<='' we ourselves have
lived, during the reign of our most gratious Soveraignes Halcion daies ;
the sole contemplation of which makes me sometimes with the sweet
Italian to sing,
— ^ — Memoria sola tu
Con rammentarrti ilfu
Spesso, spesso vien a rapirmi,
E qualcfC istant ancor, ringioucmirmi.
Of which the memory
No sooner strikes my braine.
But ah ! transjported, I
Methinkes wax young againe.
If therefore we were once the most happy of subjects, why do we thus
attempt to render our selves the most miserable of slaves ? God is one,
and better it is to obey one then many*. JVeque enim Lihertas tutior
ulla est, quam Domino servire bono -f, that is, C(harles).
In Nobilissimi, Doctissimiq. D. Translationem Alexandri Ros^i
hexastichon.
Quid sit Libertas, quid sit servire Tyrannis
Instruis Angligenas hie, Evelyne, tuos.
Quas pridem Authori debebat Gallia grates,
Has debet linguae terra Britanna tuae.
Ipse Author debet, quem vestibus induis Anglis,
Ornat^q: doces Anglica verba loqui.
* Mat. vi. 24. t Claudian.
THE TABLE OF THE CHAPTERS.
The Proem.
Chap, I. Of Liberty and Servitude in general!.
Chap. II. In what our Liberty and Servitude consists.
Chap. III. That no man can truly affirme himselfe to be free.
Chap. IV. Of the Liberty Philosophique.
Chap. V. Of the Servitude of the Court.
The Conclusion.
Lemmata si quseris cur sint adscripta? docebo,
Ut, si malueris, lemmata sola legas. Martial.
Enquire you why this table 's put before ?
I 'II tell ; if you disgust it, read no more.
8
THE PROEIvr.
You did wonder, Melpoclitus, to heare me say, that there were but
very few men free ; and that those who were so esteemed to be, lived
for the most part in servitude : that albeit the whole world apparently
breathed after liberty, yet was she known but to very few people : and,
that many men contended for her, without ever obtaining the least pos-
session thereof : as did the Trojans for the beautiful Hellen, when she
was in ^gypt. This is that obliges me to make * you participate of
some meditations, which I have heretofore framed uplon this subject,
discovering to you the greatest secret of my soule, and communicating
unto you all, which the morall that I exercise doth furnish me with,
together of most delectable, and most free thereupon. Let us there-
fore begin by some Considerations generall of Liberty and Servitude.
CHAP. I.
OF LIBERTY AND SERVITUDE IN GENERALL.
Liberty seemes to be a present of nature, wherewith she doth even
gratifie all sorts of living creatures : and therefore we see very few who
conserve it not as carefully as they doe their own lives : yea many, who
often expose themselves, even unto death it selfe, to the end they may
not lose the possession of so great a good. Philostratus, who writes
Dion. Chrysor. ult.
9
on this subject * relates that Apollonius refused to goe a hunting with
the King of Persia, because he would not be a spectator of the
captivity of beasts^ which they tooke contrary to the right of nature.
And in another place he tells us, that although the Elephant be of
all other creatures the most docile and obedient to mankind, yet he
cannot forbear, in the night time, to deplore his servitude. Sundrie
Philosophers, and principally those of the sect of Pythagoras, are
pleased to give them their liberty : and many good Anchorites have
in that imitated them. Yea, there are yet some Chineses •[ who pur-
chase birds and fishes out of mere devotion, to exercise upon them the
same act of charity.
No man can denie but we have oftentimes beheld living creatures
perish out of anguish and despair, after the losse of this precious
Liberty. And certainly it is no wonder, that they should all be se
passionate to retain it, seeing the very elements theiliselves, whereof
they are composed, cannot, but with great difficultie, suffer the least
constraint. In vaine doth any man oppose himselfe to their inclina-
tions; for as aire and fire cannot be hindered from aspiring, the
earth always searches the center, and the course of the waters will be so
free, that there is no resistance, which to obtain, it doth not surmount.
By this it is evident how essentiale a thing Libertie ' is to our animal
part. Now if we consider the superior that informes us, and by vv^hich
we terme ourselves reasonable, we shall then no longer wonder at this
common aversion of all men living against servitude. For without so
much as touching the prerogatives of our free-will, and of that which is
one of the most frequent conceptions of our humanity, to wit, that the
spirit canno.t be compelled farthfer than (as after a sort) it doth consent
unto : we know by the example of the Angels, that the immateriall
substances are those which do most of all research the Independency.
Was it not that which moved the most haughty of them all to covet an
elevation even above the clouds, that he might thereby rehder himself^ 41
like to the Almighty? in effect, as saith Aquinas 'I, there was no appear-
ance to believe that Lucifer, and those of his party had ever any
* L. 1. c, 23, and L. <2, c. 5. f Mendes, Pint. c. 98. J Sum. par. 1, qu. 63, ar, 3.*
]0
intention to render themselves entirely like unto God: the most inferlovfr
of men, informed with common sense, would never imagine a thought
so extravagant : how then should we attribute it unto Intelllgencies so
pure, so illuminated as those were (of whom we spake) before their dis-
grace ? Doubtlesse it proceeded from having affected to possesse
from their owne selves, and independently, the beatitude which they
onely enjoyed from the hands of God, And hence it is that the Devil
is named in holy-writ Belial *, as we should say, one that desired to
shake off the yoake, and depend no more upon any. Now since we thus
naturally seeke to be free, and so by consequence fly servitude, not
onely like the rest of aniraalls, but much more in respect of that whereby
we are distinguished from them ; and for that which we communicate
with the superior Intelllgencies, it implies that men ought to be most
free of all sublunary creatures. And yet, notwithstanding all this, it
is possible that there is generally, and in all respects, no greater slave
than man hlmselfe. But of this we shall better inform our selves,
if In the first 'place we a little consider in what Liberty doth consist.
CHAP. II.
IN WHAT OUR LIBERTY AND OUR SERVITUBE DOTH CONSIST.
There is a double Liberty, to wit, that of the bodle,'and that of the
mind; whereof there is a third compound which is mixed of these two :
the doctrine of contraries would have us constitute so many different
species of Servitude. As touching the corporall liberty, it is lost by the
law of nations at what time any have been superlour in warre, and who.
Instead of putting all their enemies to the sword, reserved some unto
whom life hath been given. This reservation made the first servants,
or captives, if we credit the Latine Grammar ; and the Greeks have
affirmed -j- that Jupiter took from them one halfe of their spirit, at the
* D. Hier. s. c. 4. ad Eph. f Plato, 1. 6, de leg.
11
very same instant that he condemned them to so miserable a servi-
tude. Notwithstanding, whether it were so or not, their condition is
contrary to that antient privilege of nature, whereof we have newly
spoken : and it is very likely it was this which obliged the first Indian
Philosophers, of whom Diodorus speaks*, to prohibit, by a law expresse,
the use of servants. I know very well, that St. Augustine maketh sinne
to be the authourof this kind of servitude ■j' : observing that there was
no such thing in the world' before the crime of Cham, what time he
derided his father J, who threw so great a malediction upon all his
Posterity. But since warres and discords have no other source than only
sin it selfe, there is nothing in the Latine Originall (of which we speak)
which doth not very well accommodate with the text in Genesis ; we
are onely to observe, that Christianity hath extirpated it out of most
places, where the corporall servitude hath been well knowne, retaining
very few slaves within all her extent, besides tliose, whom the enor-
mity of their crimes have rendered such. Thus hath corporall liberty
been re-established, which consists in being absolute master of ones
proper person, as seeing that the most miserable amongst us may in
some sort attribute unto himself, if their misfortunes have not engaged
them into the hands of Infidels.
The liberty of the mind consists in the understanding, or in the
will : if these two faculties do not jointly possesse it, according as the
most part of Scholastiques affirme. Tis by her, that the demi-gods of
antiquity have vaunted themselves of being free, even in the midst of
irons and chaines ; fortune having no dominion over the operations of
our soules ; and all the puissances of the earth find themselves too impo-
tent to make it suflfer the least violence. For although it appeares that
this liberty consisteth in being or not being able to apply these two
parts of the spirit indifferently upon all things ; yet that is not absolutely
true : for certaine it is, that our understanding cannot always impedite
itselfe, that it should not acquiesce at the conclusion of a demonstrative
syllogisme, having before comprehended the first and second proposi-
tions. Our volunty cannot (after some sort) embrace the evill, consi-
* 2 Hist, t 19deCivit,Dei.c. 15. { Gen. c. 9.
12
dering it as evill, but doth italwayes when it happens to be masked under
some appearance of good. And yet for all this, reason obligeth us to
maintaine that our spirit doth no way hinder us, but that we may pos^
sesse a compleat and intire freedom ; because, should these instances
import in them any exception, this impious absurdity would ensue, that
God himselfe should not be perfectly free, who knowes and loves him-
selfe, necessarily, and by the universal consent of all divines. Further-
more, this is a maxime stated in philosophy, that the naturall powers
never exceed the limits of their formall object, always cohibiting them-
selves within those bounds which God hath prescribed unto them.
Now we must know that our intellect hath no other object certaine, nor
formall, than the conception of that which is true. From whence it
comes to passe, that they named verity the sweet food and refection of
our soule : nor hath our will any other certaine and fixed butt, than to
unite itselfe with that which is good, naturally abandoning whatsoever
is repugnant unto it. It follows then (without reversing the order of
nature) that our spirit cannot otherwise act than as we have already
spoken ; and which indeed doth no way ruine its liberty, as by a morall
reason we shall suddenly explicate, according to which we shall find,
that to serve God is to reigne, and to obey the just laws of nature, passes
for a species and kind of liberty. Certainly, we doe not imagine, that
a bird should be lesse free to fly where he listeth, for not having power to
doe it under the waters ; nor that, a terrestriall animall should be lesse
free (in order to his walking up and down, according to his fancy,)
because he cannot mount up into the Heavens, supposing him capable
of a desire so irregular. The same reason Ought we to frame touching
our spirituall freedome, w'^';' is wholly uninterested, seeing the will
cannot be joyned to evill, nor the intellect be satisfied with that which
is false, if neither of these two parts be deluded by the appearance of
good and true, for as much as it is wholly repugnant to their nature.
These exceptions decided, it is very evident, that humane liberty
cannot consist in any other thing than the independency of our actions,
as well those of the body as those of the mind ; since we ought not
to render an accompt to any but unto God and our owne selves, that
is to say, to this eternall reason, from which we all derive a beam of
13
illumination at the very instant of our production into this world ;
it was therefore very necessary to know (that so we might the better be
able to examine that which followes) whether there can be any one who
can vaunt himselfe of being truly free.
CHAP. III.
THAT THERE IS NONE CAN TRUliY AFFIRME HIMSELFE TO BE FREE.
We cannot deny but that liberty is one of the most precious and
agreeable things of life, and therefore it is that they have affirmed
that all the riches of the earth are not equivalent to its true estimate,
should it be exposed to sale ; and that the Pythagoreans detested
servitude, [non bene pro toto, libertas venditior auro~\ by this myste-
rious precept (to wit) that none should weare a , ring, lest perhaps, it
might presse, or seeme to constraine the finger ; passing it for a rule
indubitable, that no man should submit himselfe unto any other so longe
as he had [alterius non sit qui suus esse potesf] opportunity to depend
solely of himselfe. The Philosophers ground themselves likewise
upon the value and sweetnesse of this liberty, when they affirme that
the soule of a lover is better pleased, and is in effect more in the
object where she loves, then where she informes and animates ; for
that there is nothing besides meere necessity which retains her in this last
habitation, being altogether inveighed by inclination, and a certain volun-
tary movement, towards the person where she hath placed her affections.
But if Liberty deserve that we thus esteeme of her, is it not a thing
most strange, that we find so few men who are free ? or (to say better)
that the whole universe should be so desperately plunged in Servitude,
that (to take it well) there is no difference between us who beleeve
ourselves exempted from it, and the very slaves themselves, than
according to the proportion of more and lesse ? For let us now be
but as attentive here as indeed the subject doth justly merit, and
diligently weigh his morall point but as equitably as philosophy
14
requireth we should cloe, in all that which concernes her. Where shall
we find any kind of life, which doth not assubject * those that are
addicted unto it ? what profession shall we find, which hath not her
chains and tyes whereby she doth even captivate those whom she
iraploys ? One would think that the most vile estate of life were the
most exposed to the miseries of servitude ; because there she appeares
as it were all naked and with a very little qualification : should we yet
farther examine other qualities of life, and but a little lift up the
deceiptfuU maske which disguises them, we shall then easily discerne,
that there were indeed no condition of life whatsoever which did not
oblige us to so much the greater subjection by how much the more it
is elevated above others, and which hath not its fetters in this, more
rude and full of affliction, by how much the more precious they appear.
The manacles of Astyages were not therefore the lesse weighty, and
paynable, for being composed of gold or silver : Reniego de grillos
aunque scan de oro, sayes the Spanish proverb : and in effect, there is
no kind of constraint more Insupportable then that which attends
upon great authorities, and which is found mixed as it were with the
most absolute power, by reason of the opposition of contraries, which
renders their qualities the more active. Thence it is, that they very
propferly call dignities charges, their weight augmenting with the
prize of their exaltation ; and may be said to be (admit them more
estimable then indeed they are, to examine them rightly,) but honorable
captivities. Let Monarchs attribute to themselves, whilst they please,
the power of disposing, according to their owne fantasie, the lives and
goods of their subjects : the crowne is a fillet which presses the
temples so hard, that an antient did not believe any man ought to
take it up from the ground, if he rightly understand it : And the
reciprocal! obligation of Kings to their people is so straite, that in
good philosophy, if the Republlque appertains to Caesar, Caesar
belongs much more to the Republique. [cave hie ne male capias.^ Let
* An old English verb, derived of the French assoubjectir, and preserved in Cotgrave's Eng.
Diet, which might suggest to Shakspeare the kindred word assubjugate given by Dr. Johnson j it
signifies to bring under, or to subdue : its use is of extreme rarity.
15
us therefore consider a little how many there are who precipitate them-
selves, without any obligation thereunto, into a voluntary servitude.
Infinite is the number of those who sell their liberty to acquire
oftentimes so inconsiderable a matter, that they would not afterwards
have purchased it with their very counters. The thirst after a slight
reward, or some other triviall favour, and for which we should be sorry
that we had given the least parts of our goods, causes us absolutely to
renounce all our own wills to follow that of others. Nay, we are so
stupid, says , Seneca *, that it should seeme we doe not perceive
how, in so doing, there remains nothing more sordid and vile than
ourselves, even by our own confession ; seeing we value ourselves of
lesse esteeme than our monyes, and the rest of that which we possesse.
But beyond all these servitudes which perpetually hold us under sub-
jection from without, there are likewise servitudes interiour, from which
happily there is no man living can affirme himselfe to be truly exempt.
Who is he that is not a slave to his passions ? and where is the man
that doth not at some time or other, experience the tyranny of those
rude masters of whom Diogenes reproached Alexander ? One serves
loosely to his Ambition, another is importuned with Avarice ; this man
dresses altars to Fortune, that permits Gluttony to domineer over him ;
and there is who sufifers himselfe to be transported by the rage and
violence of Love. Certainly there is no servitude so difficult as that
which we are constrained to endure under such merciless tyrants ; nor is
there any man who can boast of being free whilst he shall be compelled
to live under their domination. What if we should here introduce the
arguments of the Stoicks, who prove that vice is such an enemy to
freedom, that they are two things altogether incompatible : it will then
be easy to discover how far we are deviated from this liberty, seeing the
most perfect amongst us is so deeply engaged into it. There is not a
man (say they «|-) who deserves to be reputed free but he only that lives
according to his own pleasure. Now it is very certain that no man
would live in vice,^ or that, at the least, desires that the world should
take notice of him for a vicious person, it being a thing the most unfor-
* Epist, 42. t Arr. 1. 3, c. 1 , & 26, and 1. 4, c. 1 .
16
tunate and shameful in the world. It followes then, that in good reason
we ought not to call any man free, but such only as have utterly aban-
doned vice, and then we shall easily perceive whether there be any who
of right may attribute to themselves the quality of free men. Epicte-
tus very pleasantly derided the Nicopohtans, who used to swear by the
fortune of Caesar, that they were in full possession of their liberty ;
seeing the very naked tearme of their oath did evidently demonstrate
that they acknowledged the absolute powet" of the Emperor. But
there is a great deal more reason to laugh at those who would passe for
the most free of the world, because they do indiflFerently prosecute and
obey their depraved appetites, and for that they deny nothing, even
not to one of their affections; it being from thence whence one. may
most evidently derive an absolute argument of their miserable slavery :
there being no servitude more base and dangerous than that wherein
vice doth ingage us. Therefore be it that we discourse of the liberty of
the body, perhaps those who are in chaines are not yet the most abject :
or regard we the freedom of the mind, there is no person which doth
-not experience some species and kind of constraint. Is there any man
that can deny but that all such as are found living in an erroneous be-
leefe, and without the light of our true religion, be not as so many
captivated soules, that are daily forced to admit of false principles, or
beleeve a thousand absurdities ? But if the humane liberty be a com-
position of those of the body and of the mind together, there will
not be found a man who ought to esteem himselfe free, which doth
not equally possesse both the one and the other. Thus it is they jus-
tifie by so many considerations, that there is likely no man who can
truly aflSrme himselfe to be free. And because if this proposition re-
ceived the least exception, it cannot otherwise proceed than from those
who professe to live within" a Liberty Philosophique. Let us there-
fore endeavour to know what it is.
IT
CHAP, IV.
OF THE LIBERTY PHILOSOPHIQUE.
Although it appears by our precedent discourse, that one i
well aflBrme of all men, as heretofore of the Romans, to wit, that
are as so many animals borne to servitude ; some Philosophers t
selves having taken their infant swathe-bonds for certaine presages (
captivity wherein we are to live the rest of our dayes ; yet there
some amongst them who attributed unto themselves a prerogative
so many Spartans, solely to possesse an entire and absolute liberty
is in order to this opinion, that Philo the Jew hath composed a tr
expressly to shew that every honest and vertuous man is undoul
free. And this it was which caused the Stoicks to affirme, that b(
the Sage there was none who was truely a King ; as indeed, acco
to their mode, he was the onely man that might, with reason, be <
rich, faire, happy, loyall, and magnanimous : the rest of men not ri
ing for their share, other than sihadows and deceivable appearances
these attributes ; this wise man living in all so far above other
that he might justly glory in being equall to the greatest of the (
In that Dion was nothing inferiour to him, according to the parad
Chrysippus *. Nay, and when it so pleased these proud Philosof
they have even had the boldnesse to assert, that their wise man
more considerable here than Jove himselfe, because Jupiter was n«
free nor happy, but by the excellence and priviledge of his na
whereas their Sage (such as they iixiagined him to be) enjoyei
liberty, as well as bis felicity, by the vertue of his mind, and e
have yet bin otherwise than he was, had he not elevated himselft
degree so eminent. Seneca, as a Stoicke, hath in many places rep
this maxime i adding that Jupiter himselfe never exceeded his wise
but in tliis sole poynt, to wit, that the first was free and happy
longer duration of time than the other ; which thing, says he, re
* Plutar. (les com. cone, centre les Stoiq.
D
18
It not a whit the more perfection, seeing, on the contrary, it is always to
be esteemed a great artifice, to comprehend much in a narrow compasse.
Now to the end it should not be imagined that it was only the Stoickes
which had declared themselves with so much presumption touching
the Philosophers liberty, you may perceive in lamblicus * A^ho has
written the life of Pythagoras, how he and his disciples persuaded them-
selves that they were as so many Gods upon earth, where they had
-right to exercise an absolute empire over the rest of mankind ; and
therefore it is well known they have aflFected the soveraigne command
in all placed, where they have been able to establish themselveSi
And that they might execute this pbVver With the more feedome, they
held by tradition, and by a cabal confirmed amongst them, that all such
as were not^dthitted, or, according as they then used to sjieak, initiated
into their mysteries, ought to be respected and used as meer beasts ; to
which purpose they had so frequently in their mouths that verse of
Hotner, where Agamemnon is called Pastor of the people ; to intimate
(according to their words) that they ought to treate them Hke the
rest of animals ; and that he which commanded them, might dispose
of them as best him seemed good. In fine, we gather both from the
Greek arid Roman histories, that to speake of Philosophers in general,
they would live so freely, arid so farr extend the liberty of their profes*
sion, that Athens, the most free city of all Greece, could not endure
them; and that the Republique of Rome was oftentimes constrained to
banish them out of her territories. For I will s^y nothing of the La-
cedemonians, nor of K. Antiochus arid Lislraachus, who entertained
them not a whit more favourably ; because one may perhaps presuppose,
that the m^artial humour of the first, and the small inclination which
these princes had to the sciences, imported them (without any other
consideration) to despise and neglect men of a life purely contemplative.
The history of those who retired themselves into Persia, under the reign
of Cosroesj is very rettiarkable to this purpose : behold what I recollect
from thence.
* C.35,devitaPyth.
19
In the time of Justinian, the greatest Philosophers within all the ex-
tent of his dominions, highly disgusted the corrupt manners of their
age ; but especially, as Agathias observes *, the opinions at that time
received in the Roman empire touching the divinity. To the end they
might be more at liberty, and have nothing which might importune
them in their fashion of living, and especially in point of their religion,
they tooke their refuge into Persia. A very short time after made them
acknowledge how much they had mistaken themselves; finding there nei-
ther that innocence of life, nor that repose which they so fully expected
to meet withal. And although Cosroes received them with all possible
humanity and courtesie, endeavouring by all means to retain them, yet
•tlftey esteemed it far the greatest favour he could doe them, that he would
grant them licence to. returne back agaiji to the place from whence they
were fled. Neverthelesse (according as this historian observes), their
journey was not altogether inutill ; for Cosroes calling them to mind a
little after their departure, in a treaty of peace which he contracted with
the Romans, stipulated by expresse article (of which he had very great
care) that none of those Philosophers should in the least manner be
violated nor constrained to abjure the opinions unto which they adhered
and embraced as the best. This story puts me in mind of the inso-
lent demand which once a most impious Portuguese made at Lyons
unto Henry the Third : to wit, that it might be permitted him
not to adore any other divinitie in his dominionsi, save that only
of the Sun ; fov without doubt there may be both an excesse, and a sin
too, in desiring a liberty so extreamly unconeern'd, as that should nei^
ther submit itselfe to the lawes of Heaven, nor to those of Reason.
The transcendent indulgence of so great a freedome (to use Plato's
owne expression ■!•), is the source and fountaine of; an extreame servi-
tude ; because it renders us slaves unto our owne selves and proper pas-
sions ; and the greatest libertine of all the Philosophers, Epicurus
himself, hath acknowledged, that to return truely to oneself, and be
perfectly free, a man should submit to the ordinances of Philosophy.
And in truth, we learn out of a much better passage J, that wheresoever
» Lib. 2 Hist. t 8 de Rep. & ibi. Fie. J Paxilua 3, ad Cor. c.,3; v. 17.
20
the spirit of God is found, there it is where we enjoy an absolute free-
dome indeed. But that's to be understood of a filiall liberty, which
alwayes goeth accompanyed with an extreame reverence and respect,
and such as is known by its opposition unto that servile fear, which never
quits nor forsakes the ungodly. For we know in another place, from
a text which was dictated by the selfe same spirit of God*, that there
remaines onelyman alone, whom vanity hath so farr deprived of judgment,
that he glories of being borne so free, as that he imagines he hath a
right to live according to his owne fancy; and whobeleeves that it were
an offer of violence towards his person to prescribe him Lawes or make
him submit unto any soveraigne whatsoever. Thereupon he is compared
to those young foales which endeavour to shake off their yoakcj not having
as yet been accustomed unto it : and his brutality is admirably well
represented to us by that of the wild Asse, whom we behold running
through the desarts without bit or bridle. And albeit we receive from
Seneca, all these lofty sayings of the Stolques which we have already
produced ; yet hath he in a thousand places confessed that there was
no true Liberty which did not acknowledge the empire of Reason. If
thou wouldest submit all things unto thy selfe, saithe he in one of his
Epistles f , make it thy profession to obey this Daughter of Heaven :
thou shalt command all the rest, if thou render thy selfe plyable
to her injunctions. And in another place he adds J, that the most
difficult of all other servitudes is that which subjects us to our owne
selves, and makes us to render obedience to all our depraved appetites :
for that (as so many mercilesse tyrants) they persecute us night and
day, without permitting us the fruition of the least repose ; so that there
is no man can pretend to liberty, unlesse he do first absent himselfe
from a subjection so cruell and insupportable. Apd in his Treatise of
an Happy Life, wherein he adviseth us that we should never take any
thing in ill part, nor with the least alteration of spirit, of all that
which it pleases God or Nature to ordayne ; he enters into this goodly
consideration, that we are all of us in this world as in an estate mo-
narchical 1, where we ought to make it our glory to obey our Sove-
* Job, c. xi. V. 12* t Ep. 57. J Prsef. ad 1. Nat. Qu.
21
Teign's commands ; and beleeve, that the most essential part of all
freedome consists, in willing that which is the good pleasure of his div
Majesty. And seeing the liberty which the same Philosopher w
to passe" sometimes out of one extreme into another, makes him affii
elsewhere, that Philosophy is so free, she neither feares the Gods
Men *, let us expound a little those bold words, as we have aire;
done those of the Apostle, and assure ourselves that Seneca hath
condemned but the base and criminall feare which is ever insepara
from vice, and so, by consequent, mortall enemy to those who mi
it their profession to love wisdome, and follow vertue.
Having thus regulated what appertains to the Philosophique Llbei
taking it for resolved that she never ought to extend her selfe to th
things which are any way repugnant to religion, policy, and good mi
ners ; it remaines that we consider whether it be very likely there sho
any men be, who In all the rest doe enjoy a true Philosophique Libei
and who (not having more disregular passions) despise honours, pi
sures, riches, and whatsoever other goods are not acquired or conser^
but by the losse of our liberty. For if the saying of one of the Antonii
be true ^, that neither philosophy nor the empire could ever have
power to take away our aflFections, we ought not then adhere to the af
mative opinion, which Imports nothing more in this argument, tl
specious and lofty swelling words, more proper to puffe and swell us
unto vanity (on the subject whereon we treate) than afford us the le
veritable and solid satisfaction of mind. I know very well that the phi
isophique contemplations imprint a certalne audacity and confidence
the soule ; which hinders us from being afraid of any thing, making
despise and undervalue the greatest part of those things that are m
esteemed in the world. Aristlppus did hereupon vaunt himselfe that
had gathered this excellent fruit from philosophy, to be able to spes
with resolution and confidence, without apprehension of any person wh
soever. Aristotle pronounced before Alexander, that It was not lesse la
full to men, who comprehended thoughts worthy and veritable, such as
might have of things divine, to possesse an heart elevated and a coura
* Ep. 17. & 29. t Jul. Capitol, in Aut. Pio.
22
invioGible, than to those who swayed the government of the whole
universe, and commanded the most absolutely here on earth. Diogenes
is represented to us (in the conference which he had with this great
monarch) discoursing with him as with his inferiour. Being once a
slave, he requested his master who was to sell him (unto him that
ofiPered most) to demand, whether in stead of a servant any body
had need of a master ; boassting himselfe to be no more a captive at
that time than an encliained lion, who alwayes makes his keepers more
afraid of him than he apprehendeth his keepers. For all this it is pos-
sible that we may on the one side be free, and yet in slavery on the
other. Thus one thinkes himselfe free from ambition who is basely
enthrall'd to the passion of Love or Avarice : and the importance is, to
find out whether our humanity be capable to enjoy, by the virtue of
philosophy, a liberty so free and independent as they are used ordir
narily to decipher us put in the Schooles. But to speake soberly con-!-
cerning this matter ; it appeares this free man, which shee represents
us under the name of Sage, to be rather an idea of that which may be
the scope pf our desires than any thing in good earnest ; our imagina?
tion for the most part formes unto her selfe a subject which she takes
pleasure to embellish with such an equipage of rare qualities, to render
it accomplished, that its beyond the ordinary power of Nature to ren-
der it a true existence. And there is much reason to beleeve, that
this wise man, or this free person (of whom the Philosophers speake),
is not lesse difficult to find out than the orator of Cicero, the architect
of Vitruvius, the Pyramis of the ^Egyptians, and the KaXog ^ ayu^og*
of the Grecians. Notwithstanding all this, I beleeve verily, that
there are some men to be found in all ages whp extremely approach
this merite ; and I am perswaded that we have knowne some, even in
these our times, although they m9,ke it for the most part their
cheifest care to keep themselves hid(len, and incognito ; yea, methinkes
there have bin some beames, which have even darted forth to us, of
cert^ne vertues so transcendent, that in mine opinion they might well
passe for perfect copyes finished from those originals which the ages
* Herod. I. 2.
23
past would have presented unto us. But these are product
Naiture so i^re^ that we may well number them amongst the mc
diglous and stupendious miracles ; or (to say better) these are ef
parrticular of the Divine munificence (whensoever it pleaseth
communicate himselfe here beneath), that there is ferre more re
adoire the bounty of God, than to imagine it the least merite
Creature. In effect, what is more strange than these great gc
who, being perfectly acquainted with the necessitudes of our life
we hiiy haply reduce to a very few), equally despise goods, honou
whatsoever elevates the Empire of Fortune ? The rest of men
slaves, and consecrate altars unto her as unto some great D:
These are they who make it their glory to proVoke her, and oppo;
courage against her puissances. Doubtlesse, behold the most i
and most considerable spectacle that may possibly be : to see the j
the independency, the assurance of a God (as the Heathen spe
united to the imbecility and frailty of our humane nature. S
that if there be found any entire and absolute liberty amongst us,
lesse it is residing in these herolque soules, of whom I will rend
here two or three of antiquity for examples, expressly abstalr
speake of so many holy personages wherewith Christianity dot!
furnish us, because in this Chapter we pretend to cohsider this p
phique only which appeared in the world a great while before i(
be irradiated by the beams of the Gospell. The Christian S
Tetaynes its reasons and its discourse apart. There we learn, tb
greatest glory of our intellect is not to know, but to beleeve,
glory of our will is not to command, but to obey. As touching
sopby, she is not always so austere ; for oftentimes she descends
•satisfactibn of an Infidel, as Well as of a true beleever.
Epictetus shall be the first whom I will produce, to show thai
of those whom we treat, have pretended to be free men, even
ohaynes : and to possess this independency of spirit, which tru
fetters are able to captivate ; but withall, making only a part <
hutnane liberty, actsording to our precedent considerations. Tliii
* Ecce res magna habere imbeciritatcai iioitainis) s^curitatem Dei. Sen. Epist. 5-
24
man was a Stoicke, as you may perceive by his Enchiridion or Manuell,
compiled by Arrian his disciple, being a summary of th? morality
which those of their sect made profession of. His most memorable dis-
courses have been communicated unto us by the same Arrian, who hath
composed foure bookes of them, and so couched them in writing, as an
excellent Painter uses to draw his lineaments, to represent us the figure
of a Soule, by so much the more free and heightened aa his adverse
fortune endeavoured (it should seeme) to suppresse it. This was a
ball which rebounded towards Heaven, proportionably to the' force
whereby it was cast against the earth. In effect, although he saw
himselfe reduced to the hard condition of servitude, and to be one of the
slaves of Epaphroditus, Captaine of Nero's guards, yet he alwayes
appeared incomparably more free than his master. One day that Epa-
phroditus gave him a certaine rude blow on the leg, Epictetus told
him, dryly, that he should have a care he did not breake it ; Jthis un-
mercifull hangman having at that instant redoubled the stroake with
such violence as he brake the bone, Epictetus added (with a smil?
worthy of all ages to be admired). Did not I tell you, that you'ld foole
and breake my leg ? 1 know well that Origen has censured the impiety
of Celsus * for daring to prefer the above named Epictet*is unto
Jesus Christ ; but this does not hinder that the vertue of the first
should not deserve to be very much esteemed, although, truly, there
be no proportion of God to us, and of the Creature to the Creator.
Let us also observe that S* Augustine was not restrained by this con-
sideration, to hope, or (at the least) ardently to desire that God had
mercy upon Epictetus soul, being not able to leave off admiring the
extraordinary mortification of his senses: and I have seene.in the worke
of a Doctor of the Ambrosian Colledg of Milan, that Saint Carlo
Borhomeo heard no lecture which more pleased him than those which
discoursed of this philosopher collected by Arrian. It is very certain,
that the generosity: and liberty of the soule, which Epictetus made
alwayes to appeare, notwithstanding his corporal! servitude, and of
which he hath left us so many important precepts in writing, acquired
• ' * L. 7. contra Celsum,
25
him such a repute, that the very lamp of earth Wherewithall he used
to illuminate his lucubrations, was sold for three thousand drachmas
after his decease ; at so high a value was all which appertained to him
esteemed; and truely, it may well be said, that for the constancy,
liberty, and freedome of the superior part, there was never any person
which exceeded him.
A very little time before Epictetus, Rome had scene another excellent
Philosopher, called Demetrius : this is he of whom Seneca speakes these
goodly words ; that in his opinion, Nature had produced him to shew the
age wherein he lived, that a greater genius might protect himselfe from
being perverted by the multitude : although he were not able to redresse
it * : so incorrigible alwayes it is. And because he had acquired a very
high reputation by that open profession which he made of Philosophique
liberty, the Emperour Calligula would have alwayes had him about his
person, supposing it a thing verie easie to have gained him by a
present of moneys. Demetrius, laughing at the thoughts of. this
Prince, and rejecting with disdaine that which was proffered him :
if the Emperour (says he) would tempt me ; if he haue any desigue
to corrupt me, he needs not trouble himself twice, let him at once
send me his diadem -j-, and then see if the price of an Empire were
capable to shake my liberty. Certainly, bold termes w"'' well deserve
to be collected by Seneca, and consecrated by him even unto Eternity
itselfe, with all the recommendation which he hath bestowed upon
them. For my part, I doe not beleeve that it's possible to produce
an example more expresse to make us comprehend with what gene-
rosity a Philosophique soule doth undervalue treasures, honours, and
generally whatsoever others have in esteeme, to preserve themselves
the inestimable good of liberty.
One action of Socrates is so patt for this purpose, that I should
esteeme it criminall not to allege it, albeit hee were not the common
father of Philosophers, and he, out of whose braine (as out of some
high mountaine) all their different sects are derived, like so many
* L. 7, de benef. c. 8. et 11. f Toto illi fui experiendus Imperio.
• E
26
seperated rivulets. This man, of a life irreproachable (to speake *
morally, whom Justine Martyr affirms to have bin a Christian long be-
fore Christianity it selfe : and whom many of our Doctors have not as yet
dared absolutely to exclude Paradise) was desired by the King of Mace-
don, Archelaiis, that he would come unto him : he dwelt not long on
the resolution which he was to take hereupon, and his answer was, that
he was not so inconsiderate as to apply himself to a man whose benefits
he knew not how to recompense. However Seneca f , who beleeved he
could penetrate even into the very interiour of Socrates, assures us,
that the feare of prejudicing his liberty, and delivering himself over unto
an inevitable servitude, was the only ground of his refusall. Whosoever
will be free, ought to imitate Socrates in that. He that cannot despise
the Court of Princes, and all that which the Court can promise of
goods, pleasures, and dignities, can never enjoy a pure and Philosophique
liberty : and he it is onely who (Philosopher like) values liberty according
to her due estimate, that voluntarily abandons all things to the end he
may enjoy her. This is that Diogenes had very well learned, when of all
the favours which Alexander offered him, he accepted none but that of
rendering him the beames of the Sun, which the person of this
monarch hindered him from enjoying, by interposing of himselfe.
And when he replyed to those who called the Philosopher Callisthenes
happy, because of the many favours which the same Prince conferred
upon him at the beginning, that for his part»" he esteemed him most
unfortunate, in that he could not dine nor supp, but at the pleasure of
Alexander.
I could yet let you see by sundry other examples, that which these
already prove touching the Philosophique liberty. Anaxagoras, to
the intent he might procure this freedome, absolutely quitted his
patrimony to him that would accept thereof. Liberty caused Hera-
clitus, as likewise Prometheus, to resigne their scepters into the hands
of their brothers. And Empedocles renounced the government of a
monarchy^ which was presented him, for the love he bare unto her. I
might add, that Pythagoras made almost the same reply to Hiero ;
* Apo. 1. & 2. t L, 5. de benef. c. 6.
27
Diogenes to Antipater; Zeno to Antigonus ; Stilpo to Ptolemy;
Xenocrates, Ephorus, and Mienedemus, to Alexander, which Socrates did
unto Archelaus :; but I suppose to have sufficiently cleared two things :
the one, that this liberty is not absolutely intire, because she is often-
times only intellectual : the other, that she is so rare, because of her
solutive faculty from whatsoever most strictly obligeth, and restrains
our affections ; so as we may very well indulge those who doubt of
her reall existency. For if the least imaginable constraint, or triviall
engagement, be capable to dispossesse us the fruition of so great a
good ; and if this Spanish sentence, Quien me ata, me mata ; " he
which binds me kills me," be, as I take it to be, the most proper
devise that a man may assume who pretends to be in the Philoso-
phique liberty : who is it, I pray, following our precedent conjecture,
that hath the face to attribute it unto himselfe ? Truely, I doe very
much doubt whether there be any man can do it with conscience, w"**
being so, we shall not make it any difficulty to repeate in this place :
That perhaps there is none at all who can truly afiirme himselfe to
be free. The examples of Demetrius and Socrates advertise me, in
that which remaines, to reflect upon the servitude of the Court, as it
stands in opposition to the gtyeatest liberty, which is the Philosophique,
by the greatest servitude, which we presume to be that of the Court.
CHAP. V.
OF THE SERVITUDE OP THE COURT.
Seeing the end (as the first in our intention) is that which regulates
all our actions : it is no wonder at all that when the greatest recom-
pences are proposed, there should also be found the most laborious,
and difficult travailes, and that the pretentions of the Court being
so eminent, and, as it were, almost infinite, obligeth those that attaine
them unto extreame servitude. There is nothing to which a Courtier
doth not submit himselfe that he may comply with this sweet hope,
28
which never lets him be at rest, and which the Italians have very
aptly tearmed, the bread of the miserable. The flies cannot be
hindered from following the honey, although one ant travailes more
way in a few houres (according to the proportion of his body) in
searching some grains of come, then doth the sun in all his quotidian
revolutions. It is the prey which makes the most solitary and cruell of
wild beasts to quit the forest ; and a fairer bait obliges the poore fish to
precipitat himselfe into the net, or at least to swallow the hooke: but
the passion which all these silly creatures have for that which they
most aiFect, is not comparable to the desires of Courtiers, who
bequeath the fairest dayes of their life, and voluntarily renounce their
liberty upon the empty beliefe which they have to bee one day able to
satisfie the uttermost of their desires : for albeit experience hath
taught the world, that the service of great men is like unto long
voyages, from whence indeed some there be which returne rich : but
where the most part also miserably perish ; and although it be easie
to observe that few of those who plunge themselves into this vagt
ocean of the Court ever arrive at their desires, and can boast them-
selves of having transported pearles from thence : yet will no body,
for all this take warning, and gaine by the sad example of others.
Every one promises unto himselfe fortune more propitious than any-
of his companions found her ; and as one vessell happily arrived from
the Indies Is the cause why an hundred others undertake the voyage,
(without considering that a thousand others have been shipwracked,)
so the good fortune of one sole Courtier is the cause that there be
innumerable who imbarke themselves to steere the same course which
the other hath gone before, notwithstanding all the hazards of a sea
so full of Pyrats, as is the Court, and so obnoxious to all sorts of
weather. But to leave allegories, and as it were with the finger
point out that which we have already spoken touching servitude, and
which it is almost impossible to evade; we shall consider It in the
one and the other part of the body and of the mind, according to
our divisions already established ; and shall make it cleare, that if
there be no slaves more miserable than those who are daily in
29
diains, Courtiers may in that sense passe for the most unhappy
amoingst men.
■ I should be very sorry that any man should take this which I am
about to deliver for a satyre, and that which I have read in books for
a description of those things which I might have observed in the
Court of Princes : in effect, I reflect on nothing here save the antient
Courts, those of barbarians and tyrants, from whence I gather all
the proofes of my discourse. The liberty which I assume to alledge,
what the philosophers of that time have declared against them, is a
sure testimony of the esteeme which I make of the courts of Chris-
tians, and above all that of ours, which would never permit me to
speake in this manner were it guilty of the same defects : besides, it
would be both impertinent and unjust, that I should be blamed for
that which so many others have done before me ; and since a Pope
(such a one as was Pius the Second) durst before his Pontificat, and
during the time he was yet called * JEneas Sylvius, describe all the
miseries of Courtiers, protesting that bee did it without designe to
offend either the Emperour Frederick, his Prince, or his Court : why
should any man take in ill part these philosophique reflections which
I propose upon the same subject : and that which hath nothing of
the asperity which this author, and infinite others, have mixed in their
writings treating upon this matter? And if I have bin (as it were)
compelled to observe certain vices in generall of the Court, occasion
may offer itselfe, another time, to proclaime the vertue thereof, and to
speake particularly of its merit.
For my part, I doe not beleeve that any (except such as have never
seene the Court, or so much as heard speake of the aire, and fashion
of living there,) can be ignorant of the extreme personall subjection
which he is obliged to render day and night unto those men whose
favour he desires to obtaine. There is no body in that country but
ought to be even ready to mutilate and dismember himself like
Zophyrus, that by so doing he might insinuate, and serve to the
advance of what he there searcheth : not, that where the service of
* L. de miser. Curialium.
30
ones Prince is concern'd, a man should not be obliged even to expose
both his life and fortune for a subject so worthy ; all nations have
unanimously consented to this politique principle, (to wit,) that there
is no death more glorious, more meritorious, than that which is received
for the affection to his Souveraign and love of his Country : notwith-
standing, there is a great deale of difference betwixt the actions which
have so noble an object, albeit they cannot otherwise than testifie a
necessary servitude, and such, whereof we shall here produce examples,
which have for their foundation nothing but an infamous flattery, and
a servile baseness of spirit. Philip of Macedon having been con-
strained to weare a fillet, by reason of a wound which he had received
on the head ; the greater part of those of his Court come abroad
with the like, as if they had all of them had the same occasion. His
son Alexander contracted this ill habitude to carry his head awry, which
was the cause that there appeared not a man in all his equipage, but such
as inclined their necks likewise to the same side. The young Dionysius
was naturally pur-blind, and the wine which he loved excessively did
much shorten his sight ; by and by, all his followers feigned themselves
blind, every man jossling his fellow, and stumbling at every foote ; and
Atheneus * observeth, that being at the table, they counterfeited, and
made semblance not to find the dishes, affecting also to sit in the place
where the King used to spit upon them, with other the like sordidityes,
which It were a shame to report. This kind of voluntary bllndnesse puts,
me in mind of that which one writ of the Emperour Hadrian : the extra-
ordinary love which he had for Antinous (whether because of his exqui-
site beauty ; or for that he offered himselfe a vlctime at the sacrifice
which was celebrated for the prolongatipn of the Empefour's life) gave
him a passionate desire to have this young boy placed amongst the num-
ber of the gods. Hadrian had no sooner declared himselfe thereupon, but
Immediately those of his Court protested (contending who should first
bring the tydings) that they had scene the soule of the fayre Antinous as-
cend on high, and take his place as a new star, in that piart of the heavens
where we do at this dav observe the constellation which beareth his
* L. 5. &10.
31
name. And indeed one ought never approach greater powers (accord-
ing to the saying of Xenophanes, ^ ug TjSia-Tct, ^ us ^Sia-roi,') unlesse
we be resolved to. practise all kind of complaisance. The agreable-
nesse of dissimulation doth almost every day surmount the homely
simplicitie of truth ; nay, and some would have it passe for a rule of
Court* to confesse that he perceived the stars, if another would
maintaine it to be night at high noone : or, being become a little
better versed in the Court, to excuse our selves, for that we have
mistaken the moone for the sun. So it is, that besides this shamefull
captivity of all the senses, are we basely obliged to submit unto those
of other mens. The person of a Courtier is so little in his owne
power, that (to take it rightly) he enjoyeth it not but as a thing
meerly borrowed, and as having engaged the propriety which he
possessed there. For (without speaking at all of ordinary dutyes
which consume even almost all the precious movements and actions
of this life : and without touching an infinity of perills wherein it's
necessary he should expose himselfe almost every moment) the sole
complaisance doth sometimes cause him as it were put of frailty to
deprive himselfe even of a part of his body. Lucian tells us that
the eunuch Combabus, favourite of Seleucus and passionately be-
loved by the Queen Stratonica his wife, had no sooner declared to
the Assyrian Court, (to the end he might thereby avoyde all calumny
and suspition) that he had dismembered himselfe of the parts which
he wanted ; but suddenly those whose hopes depended upon his
favours did the same, and voluntarily deprived themselves of that
which only rendered them men, to the end they might not lose their
expectations, and continue themselves in the good graces of Combabus.
This shall suffice to demonstrate how great the servitude of the
body is.
It will be needlesse to insist much upon that of the mind, seeing
this is the most common of all other maximes of the Court : never
tojiave other will than that of great mens ; nor to judge of any thing
whatsoever (if there be any meanes to avoyde it) untill they have
* Gul. St.
32
first passed their opinion ; that so nothing may be spoken which may
be obnoxious to the least exception. There is perhaps no reh'gious
vow whatsoever that exacts of us any so entire a renuntiation of all
the actions of our proper will, as doth the interest of the Court, and
the designe of making a fortune there. From thence is it results
this great conformity of the inclinations of Princes, and that if
Francis the First testified his affection to letters, all the world will
be learned ; not esteeming him a good Courtier who bred not his
children Scholars. On the contrary, doth any Prince despise the
sciences ? every one affects barbarisme : Licx and superfluity was
established through the dissoluteness of Henry the Third, as was
piety, when he assumed the weed of a perietentiary. In fine, this is
a thing universally acknowledged of the world, that the Court is a
place of perpetuall dissimulation, where one alwayes walkes with the
visage in Mascarado, where one feignes to desire that which he
most abhoreth, and where there is no one act produced of freewill,
unlesse it be that by which we embrace a voluntary servitude.
But as touching the operations of the intellect, they are in Court so
much the more subject, as the prostitution of this part is effected with-
out much violence, in those who make all other considerations whatso-
ever to give place to those of profit : such is the most frequent
custome of the Court, after that a man is never so little engaged in
the enchantments of this Circes: and verilv, I lesse Avonder at some
men, who indulge themselves this liberty, to represent the terrestrial
Gods rather such as they ought to be, then such as they really are.
These, I say, are not the most culpable, although sufficiently blame-
worthy, who content themselves in styling their vices imperfect
virtues, and discover every day goodly names which serve for co-
verture unto all their defaults. But this is a thing altogether de-
plorable, having respect to the liberty whereof we speake, when
we submit even unto the' basenesses of the mind, and to flatterings
so enormous and ridiculous, that one ever appeares to have made
bankrupt all manner of judgment. Alexander the Great was con-
strained to heare one of those infamous cajolleries, when one of
33
his Court (whom Atheneus nameth NIcesius*) protested to him that the
very flyes which sucked his blood became more valiant, and gave stings
more courageously than other flyes did. The Philosopher Anaxander,
notwithstanding his profession, treated this monarch after the same man-
ner, when upon a clap of thunder, which was very terrible, he desired
that he would say whether it was not hee, who (as son of Jove) did but
even now thunder so loud. Constantine was compelled to stop the
mouth of a Priestf who told him that his vertues merited not onely to
command (as hee did) during this life ; but likewise to reigne in the
other also, with the sonne of God. Procopius (or to say better, he
that hath made the Anecdotes under his name) representeth the great
Civillian Tribonius, not ashamed to use these tearmes to Justinian J :
" I sweare to your Imperiall Majestic, that this great pietie which
you alwayes exercise, giveth me extraordinary apprehensions, that
I shall behold you suddenly assumed into heaven, when we least
expect it." To this likewise are conformable those words of Hesychius,
touching the impiety of Tribonius in his life : And we know also, that
at an entry of Demetrius into Athens, one told him, there was none
other God save himselfe : or that, if any, they were busie in sleeping,
and taking their repose, during the time hee acted. After this sort it
is, that crimes so easily immingle themselves, and that in an extreame
impiety we may observe a wonderfuU strange dissolutenesse of mind,
which is for the most part attended with a feare which never abandons
even the very slaves themselves. Harpagus, being asked by Astyages
if he had well relished the flesh of his sonne, of which he now but
newly had eaten with a prodigious inhumanity, answered, that at the
table of his Soveraigne, there was nothing ill, and that whatsoever was
don by his command was to him most agreeable. Herodotus, who
relateth this story§, doth yet furnish us with another upon the same sub-
ject : Cambyses having placed for his butt or marke the heart of a young
boy which he transfixed with a dart in the presence of his father,
demanded of him, what his opinion was of the shot : to whom the father
* Lib, e. t Euseb. 1. 4. de vit4 Const, c. 4 J P. 61. § Lib. 1. and 3.
F
34
answered, that he did not beleeve even Apollo himselfe could have
levelled more exactly^ Truly I am of Seneca's judgme^nt, that although
the cruelty of the Tyrant was very notorious, yet was the reply of the
Father farre more impious. Sceleratim telumillud laudatum est, quhm
emissum *. At the least no man can deny, that these are not examples
sufficiently pregnant to show what may be expected from the liberty
of the judgments of the Court; where we ought to resist even the
most just and sensible movements of nature, to the end we may say
nothing which may displease such as are feared and adored there.
If Alexatider will be taken for one of the Gods, the Priests of Jove
are the first who attribute unto him the rayes of the deity,, and ac-
knowledge him for the reall sonne of Hammon.
But happly these mentall captivities' would appeare lesse strange to
us, suffered we them only to comply with those unto whom otherwise
we cannot render too many respects. It would be no wonder to see
that Favorinus betrayed the honour of his knowledge and reason in
favour of an Emperour who commanded thirty legions. And in iefFect,
when the Ecclesiastique f hath delivered us the precept never to
make shew of over great abilities before one's Soveraign ; it seenies
that he would incite us to this fiejiisbility of mind, which w& ought
ever to have in presence of him, and those principall ministers who
do represent the person of the King; and to whom he comBaunicateth
a beam of his lustre and^ authority. But the mischiefe is, that we
must oftentimes exercise this our qbedience towards persons who doe
least merit it of their Soveraign. We beaye more respect to a
favourite of Pompey's, than unto Cato of Utica. And the whole
world hath observed the insolent authority of the Eunuchs in most of
the Levantine Courts, of Libertines iii that of the ancient Italy, and
of a number of the same Stttffe who have (in sundry places) abused
the favour of their masters. For Princes sometimes please themselves
in imitating those great architects who remove huge machines with
very smdll engines. . They qxtreamely delight to have power to act
as causes universall in changing (according as they seeme good) the
* L. 3. de ii-a, c. 14. f c, 7.
35
destinies of their subjects. And to represent him the better whose
lively image they are here on earth, exalt some one from the dunghill,
even to the sublimest dignityes' and most important charges of their
palace. Men are their counters, which signifie in value more or lesse,
according to the position which they are pleased to assigne them.
And after the same manner as every man may, when he writes, make
.such or such a letter of the alphabet precede, which best him pleaseth.
Kings are in possession to bestow the principall places of honour and
authority within their states unto those whom some particular incli-
nation causeth them to preferre before others. In the meane time,
whatsoever may be (for history makes it evident that the election is
not always equall) we ought not lesse to submit our discourse and
reason to all their pleasures, than to the will of the Soveraigne
himselfe, for that many times the Prince is not accessible, but through
their mediation. The most inferiour of his petty officers who hath the
honour to approach his sacred person at the houres of his retyrement,
and private divertisments, may easily enough make or marre, advance
or retarde the most important affaires. And therefore it is we see in
the Acts of the Apostles *, that those of Tyre and Sidon, desirous
to be re-ingratiated with King Herod (who was oiFended at them),
addressed themselves unto Blastas, prime groome of the Privy
Chamber, by his meanes to make their peace. And I well remember
upon thatj of a Persian tale, which perhaps is no jot inferiour in
subtilty to any one of those which the antients have attributed unto
^sop. A King (says the fable) haveing made proclamation that
they should assemble all the beasts of burthen which could possibly
be found, to serve in the warr that he undertooke ; the Fox was no
sooner advertised thereof, but immediately he flyes, that he might
avoide the perill of so unprofitable an. employment : by and by, he
meetes the wolfe, who (instead of imitation) derides him, that he
did not conceive that the ordinance onely respected those beasts who
were proper for burthen, from whicb they were altogether exempt. " Do
not you rely upon that," replyes the Fox, 'ffor I tell thee^ that if those
* Chap. 12.
36
which be about the King once take the caprice that, we may serve as
well as the rest, we shall likewise be compelled to goe,, or, at least,
infinitely suflFer, before his Majestie can be rightly informed of our
reasons to the contrary." It is no difficult matter to extract the sense
of this ingenious story, and so judge of what importance the favour
and authority of those wee speake of, doth concerne us. This is it
which doth infinitely multiply the servitude of the Court,, which renders
the subjection much more insupportable, and that which makes it to be
numbred (as I conceive) amongst those felicities which the Ecclesias-
tique * reckons up ; even the happinesse not to have our liberty
engaged unto those persons who deserve not the least subjection unto
them.
The goodnesse of that Government under which we live, giveth me
the hardinesse to explain myselfe with a liberty worthy the reign of
Lewis the Just :. as he is one of the greatest monarchs on earth, and
the most worthy to be admired ; he is likewise the best of all, and such
a prince, that; there is no imagining liberty which can possibly be so
sweet and advantageous unto us, as the obedience which we render him.
After his example, the greatest of his Court exercise an authority so
well moderated, that I ^o verily believe to be able, without danger as
well as without fear, to report the defects of others, and say, in generall,
that which was almost continually blamed in the palaces of other
princes. The theame which hath hitherto adduced me, hath too far
absented me from flattery to adde any thing which doth so much as
approach it. And I know the genius of his Majesty, and of those who
have the most power about him, to be so averse from those adulterate
and false praises (of which we have but newly spoken) as by that only,
I should feare to become odious and blame worthy, were I but so incon-
siderate as to make use of them. Truly there is nothing which the most
glorious potentates ought so much to detest as a flatterer, which
ascribeth to them such extravagant, borrowed encomiums, whenas they
merit nothing but such as are proper and veritable; And therefore it
was that Lysippus boldly affirmed,, he had more honoured Alexander,
* Chap. 25,
37
representing him holding a speare in his hand, than Apelles, who had
painted him brandishing andfulminatingthe lightning, like Jove himselfe.
Indeed we read in the history of this great conqueror, that he laughed
at a certain artist who had the vanity to undertake, of the mountain
Athos to carve out the figure of Alexander, if hee would but have
given him commission : as also, how on a time he cast the booke of
Aristotle into the river which he passed, as unworthy, because of some
ridiculous and incredible exploits which he writ *, that Alexander had
performed in a duell against King Porus, wherein he was never yet en-
gaged. Attila was touched with the like resentment, when he condemned
to the fire, in Pa via, the verses ofacertaine poet ; for that to render the
pedigree of this scourge of God the more illustrious, he had derived it
from so farr, till he extracted his descent even from the immortall es-
sences themselves. And verily they had (in my opinion) good reason
so to treate them. For my part, I esteeme modesty to be one of the
most essentiall parts of praise ; nor should I believe I had yet rendered
all the honour and respect which I owe unto those heroes and to our
great Lewis, were it not that the silence wherewitball I reverence
them, and which I doe voluntarily impose on my selfe, composed the
better part of their praises.
THE CONCLUSION,
Behold here, Melpoclitus, what hath so often traversed my
thoughts, and of which I verily persuade my selfe, the meditation will
not be altogether fruitlesse, in the necessity which sometimes engageth
us to accommodate with the inevitable subjections of life. For, if it be
true, that to affirme ones selfe free, we ought to be exempt from all
kind of corporall and mental servitude ; if there be no man who may
challenge a right of attributing that liberty solely to himselfe ; since even
Kings themselves be not enfranchised from certain duties which doe
most strictly oblige them to their people. If those philosophers who
* Lucian de Scrib. Hist.
38
would be esteemed in this respect, paramount to all crowns and dia-
dems, have rendred themselves slaves to vanity, as other men are of
their passions ; if, 1 say, the servitude of the Court, diametrically
opposite to the philosophique liberty, captivate such a world of people
(accordingly as we are compelled to demonstrate), may we not then
well conclude that there is not any person who is absolutely free ?
Which thing being so, every one ought to satisfie himselfe in that con-
dition of life to -which he findeth himselfe engaged; or (it may be)
attached unto ; although, happily, he therein find likewise some species
of subjection, since (that in fine) we are all obliged quietly to acquiesce,,
upon that which the Divine Providence hath determined upon this poynt
of our LIBERTY.
THE
STATE OF FRANCE,
AS IT STOOD IN THE
IXTH YEER OF THIS PRESENT MONARCH
LEWIS XIIIL
WRITTEN TO A FRIEND,
BY
LONDON
PRINTED BY T. M. FOR M. M. G. BEDELL, AND T. COLLINSj AT THE MIDDLE TEMPLE GATE,
FLEET STBEBT.
1652.
THE
STATE OF FRANCE,
AS IT STOOD IN THE NINTH YEER OF THIS PRESENT MONARCH
LEWIS THE XIIII.
WRITTEN TO A FRIEND.
J^INCE I had first the honour to bee one of those whose converi
you have cherished with so many signall obligations, and, as it
currents of civility ; I can hardly ' think, that (when by so
literal expresses and personal commands, you enjoin me |o d
something in writing, touching the late subject of our discc
you have either cause to delight in my triviall conceptions, or de
my discredit : Fop however your instances have at last prevailec
your honor is no lesse concerned to be tender how you piiblis
defects, whilest in them onely (though the faults be mine) mei
so peremptorily conclude your want of judgment, and condemn
election. But you have promised to be discreet, and I shall
make a saving adventure of my reputation with you, who have c
and charity not from the multitude, but the stock of your own wort
ingenuous education ; of which this Essay will be rather an Hii
then any thing otherwise capable to informe you, who know alrea
much more, and better, then I can possibly either write or relate.
But to begin once, since it is my fate to obey you ; I shall no
alter the .Scene which was then presented to you, when you
pleased (as it since appears) to take notice of those casuall Discc
of roiney wherein I posted over the best remarks and most mat
observations which my iveak judgment had been able to recc
during my so many pererrdtions and unprofitable sojourn abroad
especially in this kingdomct of France.
G
42
Cor will I vex your patience with .any Topographicall Descriptions,
being the daily subject of your contemplations, when at any time
I please to refresh your self amongst those exquisite Cards of the
!st and most accurate editions : but represent, in as succinct a
thod as 1 am able, what in order to aflPairs (as in the government
this most active and illustrious monarchie they now stand) I
iceive to be chiefly proper and requisite for a gentleman of our
ion (under the notion of a traveller) to be able to render an
ompt of at his return : and therefore, before I proceed further, I
1 complie with your desirCj and speak a word or two (by way of
roduction, or digression rather,) .of my sentiment and opinion
ching forraign travel in general, wherein I shall also deal very
martially with all the world concerning mine own particular, as
ng (I hope) taking my long farewell thereof.
That which first rendred me of this apodemick humour^ (I shall
discourse here of mercuriall complexions, whom ^Physiognomists
rme to be Indmidua vag-a's, like my self,) ^roiceedied.' from a certain
ne emulation which I had, to see the best of education, which every
ly so decrying at home, made me conceive was a commodity onely to
brought from a far countrie ; and I cannot say, without a little
bition too of knowing, or at least of having the priviledg to talk
aething more then others could reasonably pretend to, that had
/er bin out of sight of their owne chimnies smoke : all which was a
iculous :affeGtation, contracted first from the ordinary radorhontddas
such as have seen strange places, and great want of discretion, and
fondly transported with pleasure onely, and temptation of novelties,
J very instrumental causes of this unsettled extravagancy.
True it is, non omnis fert omnia Tellus : for the great and good
)d hath discreetly, and very wisely disposed, in the furnishing and
orninsg (as I may say) of this TerrestriaU Cabinet, having left no one
rt or corner thereof without some thing specially diiTerent, and
mirably remarkable, either in the composition, quality or use; all
them according to their position, situation, and effects, admirably
tnmodious and dependant; of which divine oeconomy there may
infinitely riiore spoken then will be suitable to this desrign, after I
43
have inferred that for these respects only, a traveller has some excuse,
as well as encouragement, to go abroad and see the world.
Now then, for as much as the end of all our appetites, wisely
inquired into, ought to be the principal mira, and terme to all our
actions, he that would travell rationally, and like a Philosopher, must
industriously apply himself to the pursuit of such things as (through-
out all his peregrinations) may result most to the profit and emolu-
ment of his own country at his return ; whether in the accomplishibg
of his person or aflFairs, there being nothing more veritable, then that
saying of Homer,
'Air^gov yaq S7]|ov ts jfxsveiv, xsvsov rs vearSau
Turpe quidem mansisse diu, vacuumque redire.
And therefore Pofegrinatio anind imperio, 8j- corporis ministerio debet
perfici: for so it was that Ptolomies young noblemen, of whose. rich
fraight ancj return wee read of, travelled, and brought home with
them wares of more value then if they had transported gold and
pearles. For the same cause Pythagoras took leave of his friends
and native country, to which hee aftierwards returned with the learning
of the .^Egyptians, as Strabo in his seventh book and fourteenth
chapter, na^^A^yOTrT/aiv 7rXav^0s»;rai ?i,(^qp«9/aff %flspw.. ; .
And not as Plinie affim^eth, Easiliis verius quam peregrinationibus
susceptis. Nay, hi,s passion .an,4 thirst after this excellent, commerce
was so admirable, that the. same .authour in Syren, tejls u§, hp made
nothing of circumcising himself that so hee might with the more
frefsdoQd and lesse suspicion pry jpto the^r profoundest mysteries : for
therefore were the Egyptian priests called avo^vwv^toi, incomtnuiiiGahlei
and h(riAsr(^o^pk, imparticipable*.
Such a designe led Thales, Eudoxus, Apollonius, nay Plato him-
self, and divers other renowned personages, E*V AlyuTn-ov d(pMofievet xou
cwysvofjbeVoi roTg U^evtriv.
To comprehf^nd ^saith Plutarch) the mysteries of Philosophy and
Divinitie : as it seems, esteeming the iEgyptians jto be the most
ancient and noble people of the whole world, both for the wisdom
pf their constitutions, and exceeding reverence which they bare to
learning ; these being indeed the fruits and most noble acquisitions,
* Clem, Alexandrinus.
44
which a gentleman (who is a qualified traveller) should study and
endeavour to furnish himselfe with whilst he is abroad.
But these, some may object, are Heathen examples : Christians are
content to be lesse curious, and stay at home. Saint Hierom shall
be mine instance on this occasioii : and truely, it is worth the reading
what he hath dehvered in one of h\s \Epist. ad Paulinum : you shall
find it prefixed (amongst several! other) to Sixtus his Edition of the
Bible, when (after those words, Legimxis in veteribus historiis quos-
dam lustrasse Provincias, novos adisse Populos, Maria transisse : ut
eos, quos ex lihris noverant, coram quoque viderent, SfC.J making a
very ample repetition of what I have before spoken in the persons of
' other men, and especially of the incomparable Pythagoras, and those
noble youths who went out of France and Spaine, only to hear the
eloquence of Livie, when qiiOs ad contemplationem sui ipsa Roma nan
traocerat, unius hominis Junta perduxit, referring us to the eight
volumes which Philostratus hath prfrposely written on this subject ;
thus he expostulates. Quid loquar de sce'cuU hominibus, 8rc- " What do
I troubling you with old stories?" When the Apostle Paul himselfe, that
vessell of Election, and Doctour of the Gentiles, dispersed the Christian
Religion through so great a part of the world, by his almost perpe-
tuall peregrination, after his miraculous conversion; the like maybe
iaffirmed of the rest of the Apostles, and even of our Blessed Saviour
himself: but I , recommend 'you to the Authour. On the other side,
as we have justly censured those who meerly run abroad out of that
vanity of spirit, and such trivial considerations as I haVe already
reproached in my self, so are we likewise to disband another sort of tra-
vellers, whose cynical reservednesse declares to the world that they
have Only minded the sensuality and satisfaction of a private ^i-m^^o :
communicating usually at their return but what may justly merit that
repriment which Socrates once gave to a young man who would render
him no accompt of all his long absence, quod secum peregrinatus
fuerit: In the mean time, as much to be abhorred is all manner of
strangness, disdain, affectation, and loquacity, by which so many
travellers now a days (for the most part) distinguish theriiselves
from the vulgar, to that over acted degree of mimlcall folly, as one
45
would easily imagine they had all this while lived in pension rather
ampngst apes and parrots, than ever either seen or conversed with
persons of ingenuity or honour.
To proceed, therefore : presuppose travell ut suscipiaticr propter
unum aliquem Jinem, as we have already constituted it : we are yet
to give our young subject leave to be so far practical, as that hfe
do not slip any opportunity by which he may inform himself Ss
well in things even mechanically curious and usefuU, as altoge^er
in the mysteries of Government and polity, which indeed are m^re
appositely termed philosophical! . Those who have imposed on them-
selves, and others, so many different species of travell, as it may be
said to contain theoreticall parts in it, that is to say, the metaphysical!,
physicall, and mathematical!, are, in my apprehension, more exact
and tedious in their analysipg, then perhaps they needed to have
been; of them, therefore, I say no more: it shall be sufficient for
him whom I send abroad, that he conform himself to such precepts
as are onely necessary, not cuRt»bersome ; which rule he shall like-
wise do well to observe even in his very necessary accoutrements
and port-manteau.
First then, supposing him to be a young gentleman apt for
all impressions, but from his primary education inclined to the most
worthy : having set his foot upon the Continent, his first study
shall be to master the tongue of the country wherein he resolves
to reside; which ought to be understood perfectly, written congru-
ously, and spoken Intelligently : after which, he may do well to
accomplish himself in such- exercises as are most commendable at
home, and best attayned abroad; which will be a means of rendring
him very fit and apt for the generall society of that nation amongst
whom bee converses, and consequently the better qualifie him to fre-
quent, without blush, such particular places and persons by whom he
may best profit himselfe in the mysteries of their polity, or what
other perfection they are renowned for, according as his particular
genius and inclinations import him. But this bee shall never attain
unto, till he begiii to be somwhat ripened and seasoned in a place;
for it is not every man that crosses the seas, hath been of an academy,
4«
learned a cor^anto, and speaks the language, tvhoni I esteejn,, a' tra-
veller (of which piece most of our English are in these coun try es*
at present), but he that (instead of making the tour, as they call it,)
or, as a late Embassador of ours facetiqusly: but shafrply reproached,
(like a goose §wimms down the river^ having mastered the' tongue,
frequented the fJourt, looked into their custotnes, been present at
their pleadings, observed their military di;scipline, contracted acquaint- >
ance with their learned men, studied thqir- , arts, and is familiar
with their dispositions, makes this accpmpt of his time. The princi-
pal advantages which a gentleni|i:n, thus made, nijay observe and
apply are, truth, taeiturnitie, facetiousttessse withoat moronity, courage,
modesty, hardinesse, patience, fyugajityj, and ari excellent temper in
the regiment of his health and affectioins; especially in point of drink
and tobacco, which is our northerne, national!, and most sordid of
vices. It is (I cottfesse) a thing extreamly difficult to be at aU times
and in all places thus reserved, and, as it were, obliged to a temper
ho statick and exact among all conversations ; nor for mine own part
do I esteem it in all cases necessary, provided a man be furnished
with such a stock of prudence as he know how and when to make use
even of his companions; extravagancies (as then frequently betraying
more freely their inclinations, then at times of their more serious
recollection and first addresses). Seeing I find it generally impos-
sible for a traveller to evade some occa^^ions and encounters, which
(if he be at all practical) he will, nolens vQlem, iperceive hjmselif
Ingaged into at some one time or o;ther. But to recoyet- this deviation
and return to our purpose:. the vertues Wfhich our traveller is to bring
home when he doth repatriare (as Solinus terms it) are either publick,
such namely as conpern the service of his country j or private, and
altogether personal!, in prder to his particular advantage and satis-
faction : and^ beleeve it. Sir, if he reap some fSontentmfent extraordinary
from what he hath ohseryed abroad, the pajlns, soUicitations, watchino-s,
perills, Journeys, ill entertainment^ absence, from friends, and innume-
rable like incpnveniencjes, joyned to his vast expenses, do very dearly,
and by a strange kind of extortion, purchase that snj^U experience
and reputation which be can vaunt to have acquired from abroad.
47
Those who boast of philologicdl' peiegrlnations (faisly so callied),
which they undie^take iheerly for the flourish and tongue of a 'place,
posse&se onely a parrot- virtue : it- is one of the shels of travel, though
I confesse, the kernel is not to be procured without it : and tdpical ; in
whfeh I finde the Dutth o^oivo^mov generally most accurate and indus-
trious 5 both of thferi* serve well for the entertainment of woiiien and
children, who are commonly more i to ported with wonder and ifoniance,
then that solid ajid feall emolument which is (thfough these instru-
ments) to be conveyed us from abroad.
It is written of Ulysses, that bee saw tiiany cities indeed, but,
with all, hiiS remarks of mens manners and customs was ever preferred
to his counting steeples, and making tours : it is this ethicall and
morall part of ti-avel, which embellisheth a gentleman, in the first
place having a due respect to the religion which aeebtiiplisheth a
Christian : in short, they are all severally very commendable, accom-
modated to persons and professions ; nor , should a cavalier neglect to
be seen in all of them : but for that my intention is here, to make an
introduction onely into m.y ovvn observations, I shall forbear to enter
so large and ample a field, as the through handling of this argument
would insensibly oblige ^mee to do, it h3.ving likewise been so abun-
dantly treated of almost by every pen whiph hath prevaricated on this
subject ; though, in my slerider judgment, and under favour, I must
confesse, without any real and ingenuous satisfaction either to truiJi or
curiosity.
To conclude (Sir) and contract this tedious transgression, I conjure
you to beleeve, that .1 offer nothing to you in this discourse, out of
any the least self opinion, censure of other men, .vanity, or ostentation.
No, I am assured you will find me far enough from that Idiopathia,
and common distemper of travellers; all ;I shall pretend being but
to communicate unto you how I have lost part of those seven yeares,
and more ; which, not being (as in truth they ought to have been)
wholly exercised in the^'benefit I itiight have reaped froth your society
at home, I am obliged in honour, and fof justification of my self, to
render you an accompt how they have been dispensed abroad, lam
very conscious to my. self, how much mine owne little interest hath
48
suffered during mine absence, in the judgment of your stayed' and
more thriving geniuses, and such as might justly indeed derive charac-
ters and prognosticks from a raw and unsettled spirit,' such as was
mine : but considering that all those transitory accidents of fortune
and the world, can no way farther extend themselves, then to a very
imperfect satisfaction of our regular and honest appetites, (besides
that which they ought to yeeld unto others,) neither he who stayes at
home, nor he that goes abroad, is (in mine opinion) to be altogether
censured and blamed ; and truely he that can accommodate himself to
so retired and contemplative a life, as certainly that of a pure country
gentlemans is, frees himself of an innumerable host of troubles and
importunities, which a traveller runs through, and is in a manner
compelled to entertain. Conformable to that of the most incom-
parable Claudian, De Sene Veronensi, Epig.
Felix, qui patriis asvum transegit in agris ;
Ipsa domus puerum quem videt, ipsa senem :
Qui baculo nitens, in qua reptavit arena,
Unius numeret saecula longa casae.
Ilium non vario traxit fortuna tumultu,
Nee bibit ignotas mobilis hospes aquas.
Non freta mercator tremuit, non classica miles :
Non rauci lites pertulit ille fori.
Indocilis rerum, vicinae nescius urbis,
Adspectu fruitur.liberiore poli.
Frugibus alternis, non Consule, computat annum :
Autumnum pomis, ver sibi flore notat.
Idem condit ager Soles, idemque reducit,
Metiturque suo rusticus orbe diem.
Ingentem meminit parvo qui germine quercum,
-^quaevumque videt consenuisse nemus.
Proxima cui nigris Verona rerriotior Indis,
Benacuraque putat litora rubra lacum.
Sed tamen indomitse vires, firmisque lacertis ;
-^tas robustum tertia cernit avum,
Erret, & extremos alter scrutetur Iberos,
Plus habet hie vits, plus habet ille via.
49
e serious contemplation whereof, made me sometimes (being at
is) break forth in this youthful but naturall ode against travell,
I I will here pronounce for my finall Epibaterium* .
Happie that man who lives content
With his own home and continent,
Those chiding streams his banks do curb.
Esteems the ocean to his orb ;
Round which, when he a walk does take,
Thinks to perform as much as Drake,
For other tongues he takes no thought.
Then what his nurse or mother taught.
He's not disturbed with the rude cryes
Of thef Procaccias [up and rise].
But, charm'd in down, sleeps by the side
Of his chaste love, or loyallbride,
In \yhose smooth arms no sooner hurl'd.
But he enjoys another world :
*
*
#
*
*
*
*
*
*
*-
*
*
*
*
#
*
*
*
#
*
#
*
#
#
If then at home such joyes be had.
Oh how unwise are we, how mad !
is I did once write, and this I so beleeve, (as if God blesse me
a successefull returne into my native country) I shall endeavour
'■e, non dicere huic veritati: and though the conscience of my
nail inabilities can never tempt me with the vanity to think of
ublick advancement, for having spent the prime of my years and
I abroad ; yet the contentment and satisfaction which I purpose
incie to my self, if I may obtaine leave but to enjoy that private
tion and fortune, which Heaven hath decided me at home, so
i]. lib, 3. Poet. c. 106. diet, on 'ixiQ^ima sJj tou narpiS* : being a speech which was made to
sens by him that was returned home after his long travell.
e Guide or Messenger in Italy, which in the morning calls to horae.
H
50
that 1 can but rubb out of this, into a better world, without the least
impeachment to my Religion and Loyalty, Sublimi feriam sydera
vertice : I shall have arrived at the summ and very top of mine
innocent wishes. But if) in the mean time, it be otherwise ordained,
I have learned likewise to submit my self unto the will of God, as being
very apt to beleeve that excellent apophtheme of the wise man, Quod
omne solum sitforti patria. But now to our traveller again.
The principall places of Europe, wherein a gentleman may, uno
intuitu, behold as in a theater the chief and most signall actions which
(out of his owne countrey) concerne this later age and part of
the world, are the Netherlands, comprehending Flanders and the
divided provinces ; which is a perfect encycle and synopsis of what-
soever one may elsewhere see in all the other countryes of Europe ; and
for this end I willingly recommend them to be first visited, no otherwise
then do those who direct us in the study of history to the reading
first of some authentick epitome, or universall chronology, before we
adventure to launch forth into that vast and profound ocean of volu-
minous authours. From thence I would advise him to traverse
Germany, (altogether contrary to the vulgar method,} by reason of
that so usefull tongue, which he will find very difficult, and with much
regret and many conflicts attained unto, after the facile and more
smooth languages are once throughly imbibed, not omitting (compa-
ratively) even the French itself. From this region you naturally slide
into Italy, and then embarquing for Spain, return by a direct course
unto Paris ; where indeed I would have the principall aboad of a
Gentleman to be, not only in relation to the Court, and exercises ac-
quired in that city, but also in respect to his expenses. This may
seem a paradox to some ; but for my part I never found any wood to
a great town,; and when my traveller hath cast it up, and made a true
audite of all extraordinaries, he will find, what for removalls, and what
for the perill of disbauched and frequent coUationings, (for in all other
little towns his acquaintance will be universall, the English perpetu-
ally intervisiting, with a grosse ingredient of Dutch) a very little, or
inconsiderable disproportion in the total accompt.
51
Thus I propose France in the last place, for many other respects
which here I purposely omit to enumerate, that I may avoid the teedium
of so long a discourse ; but especially for this, that our traveller may
have the more time and resolution to conquer the language, and go
through those hardy and most eminent exercises which are there to bee
learned in their choicest perfection and native lustre ; after which,
with a competent tincture of their best conversation (for the over
reservednesse of the Italian, and the severity of the Spanyard, as well
as the blunt garb of the Dutch, would in an Englishman be a little
palliated ; for fear it become aflfected), he may return home, and be
justly reputed a most accomplished Cavalier.
To the other part of your request. Sir, that I should give you some
touches of the Low Countryes, and other places (besides the wrong I
should do to those perfect relations already extant), observing them at
a time when my judgment was not altogether so mature, and myself so
much a Dutch traveller, (as I have before rendered you the character) I
had rather make an apology for what I have already, and promise yet to
say, then to proceed to depose allegatioris under mine owne hand of
the losse of so much precious time, and betray mine ignorance.
Touching Italy, the States are so many, and their policy so different,
that it vi^ould cost me more leisure then I have now to spend, to reduce
and discipline my scattered papers, and such indigested collections as
require a more formal method and, indeed a better pen. -
Nor could your servant in truth have been possibly induced to dis-
cover thus far his egregious imperfections, did not your arguments
carry in them some specious reproach, as well as your person so great
an authority over me, when you please to persuade yourself the advan-
tage I must needs (say you) have had by my extraordinary relations
to persons of aifaire, as well as what I might happly in this case
gather lawfully out of such as have the latest written on this subject.
So that however (and as indeed the very truth is) I was least of all
inquisitive how others were governed, finding it so difficult a province
to regulate my self^ yet mine endeavor to pacifie your importunity, and
render you a demonstration of mine inabilities to cbply with any future
52
expectation of this nature, hath in fine extorted this from me, as an
resignation and sacrifice of my reputation to that obedience wh
profes&edly owe you, ever more preferring the satisfaction of so
a friend, to the very promulgation of my own shame and most v
imbecilities.
So then (to approach our purpose) seeing all those nations Q
spoken of) and several (Grovernments seem at this instant epoche of
to conspire as it were, and deferr to the present grandezza a
French Empire, as likewise considering in what relation we of En^
are concerned, I have esteemed it best meriting my reflections and
patience, to finish and dresse this peece, as judging it most worth
consideration.
THE STATE OF FRANCE.
uaveissaff- I WILL begin with a saying of Nich. Machiavel : La Corom
Regidi Francia sorio hoggi piu richi 8f piic potenti che mat : — '
Crown and Kings of France are at this day more opulent and mi
then ever they were :" so that Prince of Polititlans, a great while si
-and without controversie, had he any reason to give it out so ii
time, we have much more to affirm the same in these our dayes, wh
they have emerged, as it were, the sole victorious and flourishing ni
of Europe, in whose bosome nature hath even built this gf
Kingdome.
ryandgreat- That whcrc a Soveraiffnc Prince is able to maintain an absi
the effect ^ ...
<eraigne aiid unarbitrarv iurisdlction over his subiects, manajjed with an a
;ounceti. aj)(J prudent Councell, there, and rarely elsewhere, doth victory
greatnesse blesse and favour a Nation with any permanent success,
verity most demonstrable : whether we reflect on the present agi
tiie example thosc frequent examples of the Romanes and Athenians, whose di
iam, tion and abandoning of their royall superiours fomented such conft
53
and distraction amongst the Noblemen and Plebeians, as could never be
afterwards composed, even to the ultimate destruction and lamentable
catastrophe of those most illustrious Republicks.
But in vaine do wee seek for other instances of this great truth
then the present progression, and almost quotidian conquests of the andottomo
^'^ to ^ ^ 1 ... manians! though
now flourishing Ottoman family ; which, as it is the most invincible now a dangerous
upon earth, so must we needs acknowledg it to be the most indepen-
». dent and absolute which these later times have likely produced unto
us. But for that this is a verity which may now a dayes cost a man
his teeth (to loose nothing else in the pursuit), I shall prosecute it no
further then may serve to illustrate what it is which hath of late ren-
dred so potent, and aggrandized this present aspiring and formidable
Monarchy, France, of which I shall next essay to give a brief character.
And now, as in description of bodies naturall, dissections begin ever
with the supreme and more noble regions ; so in anatomising the King-
dom of France, which consists of a body politick, I will commence
with the head, that is the King; whom here I may call as absolute. The Kings of
since Lewis the Eleventh hath so long since (to use his own expres- since LeJut: *'
the
sion) put them hors de page; that is, freed them from that grand ^^^'^g^-
authority, which, till his time, the Parliament indeed exercised over
them ; so that now the same reason which moved the late Kings to
depose or translate Saint Denys their ancient Patron, and to put his p„^*"*'*/*/ ^
Kingdome formally under the protection of the Blessed Virgin, is ^th^B^yf^"^^
esteemed good reason, and sufficient logick for all his present com- Fm-wUh these
• ~ 7 . . . words of course
mands whatsoever; Gar tel est nostre bon plaisir :" for such is our the secretary {u
'■ seems) concluded
ffOod will and pleasure." the arrest, where-
D •■ 01/ It was confer-
red, which gave
Sic volo, sic jubeo ; stat pro ratione voluntas. """"^ occasion to
^ ^ '^ reproach it.
For so we will, so we command ;
Our will does for our reason stand.
The Monarchy of France (from a democratick state) was founded The Monarchy of
..-„- Fr. whenfaun-
anno 420, and hath continued it self under three severall races; viz. of ^^^'
Merouese, Charlemayn son of Pepin, and lastly, Hue-capet ; from continued under
whom this royall house of Bourbon derives its succession, branched '*"* '■"'**'
from Robert Earle of Clermont, fourth son of Saint Lewis; so that
54
the King at present reigning Is the sixty-fifth Monarch of France,
no woman intei-- without that anv of the feminine sex hath ordinarily intervened ; as
they affirm at least, from a very inveterate law, which they intitle the
from the Saiich- Salioue, beitiff intended but a meer romance of their own feigning, a
law, being a mee^- .•' ~ .111 1 jj'l,
pretence to invaii- niecG of leffiev de main, by which thev have so long pretended with
date the title tf ^ _ ° '•' "'..,,.
England: the great shadow of justice to elude and invalidate the title of our
former and ancient Kings of England, as to succession in the right of
their mothers and wives.
as welt as their Touchinp; that Other Icp-end of their Sainte Ampoule, which in the
Sainte Ampoule. " " '
time of Clovis first Christian King of France was (as they give out)
brought by an Angel from Heaven, and reserved at Rhemes for the
• Royal Chrisme, we will give it leave to passe as a vulgar (yet not
impolitick) errour, or impertinent tradition; however, by the device
The daughters of Q.ioYes'A\A, the daughters succeed not to the Crowne, some of them
Fr : someti^nes 1 . a . • 1 . .
married to pri. havmg oftcntimes mamcd themselves unto private men, but «till re-
vate persons, yet . .
reserve their titles scrvcd their tltlcs, together with the surname of France, which it seems
and surnames. '-' . _ ^ ^
is an honour permitted them during life, to shew from what stock they
And the Queens originally derlvcd. Notwithstanding this, the Queens of France are
admitted tothe '-' '' ^ '-' ^
Regency during usually admitted to the Regency during the minority of the Klng^
the minority of . . o J D^ J^ ^ O'
the Kings. whlcli Is at the age of fourteen years, inchoative; untill which term,
they with their counsell administer the public affairs of State, without
equall or controule.
The title of the Concerning the title or adjunct of the Kings of France, which is
most Christian, and eldest son of the Church, they make no smal
boasts ; for not haying been a complement (as they name it) sent them
from Rome, as were those of other Kings; but descended, time out of
mind, from their own virtue, merits, and piety.
of his eldest son. The eldest son of France is, during the life of his father, called the
Dauphin, from the stipulation (as it seems) made with Umbert : who
bequeathed that province conditionally to Philip de Valois.
Birth and cha- To speak Something particularly of this little-great Monarch, Lewis
racterof the pre- ' 110 *
sent King. the Fourteenth, born Sept. 5 1638, after the Queen his mother
had been above twenty yeers without issue, as his production was
almost miraculous (not to repeate here any bold disquisitions, with
those who give themselves a liberty in these days, to speak evil of
55
dignities) so is his person a character doubtless of no lesse majesty, and
fair hopes : and certainly, if his education be fitted to the prognosticks
of his nature, he cannot but emerge a Prince of singular qualities and
egregious perfections : this I am willing to adde from that mechanick Artifice of the
° . , . . . . , French Queen
and artificial breeding, which men conceive some of his progenitors and andpubtick Mn-
^ I o isters in the late
neerest relations received ; that so not being altogether so dexterous and ^"s> education.
knowing in king-craft as their high calling required, they might with
less suspicion and more ease suffer themselves to be governed by the
counsels and inclinations of such whose 'mystery and ambition it hath
ever been to continue by this means their greatnesse, and reinforce
their authority.
This present King hath one onely brother, who is called the Duke Dukeo/jnjou
I- o J iiif character,
of Anjou : but more frequently distinguished by the name of Monsieur ;
a child of an extradionary prompt and ready spirit.
The other principal! branches of this Royal]. Family are, in the first Oukeof oneam
' ' _ _ •' "^ his character.
place, Gaston Jean Baptist, the Kings Uncle, and Duke of Orleans,
Lieutenant General of the K. and Governor of Lahguedoc ; the same
who during so many years as his brother was without oflF-spring, had
those fair hopes of a Crown ; which however his merit and abilities for
such a jewel be commonly disputed, to his no great advantage, certainly
there is no man alive in competition with him for his exquisite skill in
medailes, topical memory, and extraordinary knowledge in plants : in
both which faculties the most reputed Antiquaries and greatest Botanists
do (and that with reason) acknowledg him both their prince and. su-
periour.
The eldest daughter of this Duke, is Anne Marie d'Orleans, parti- Mademoiselle her
cularly called Mademoiselle, sans queue per eminentiamy as being the
first in pre-eminence and (after the Queen) greatest lady in France, to
give whom the epithetes of her great worth, were to spoile all her sex
of their praises, and make her as much envied as she Is indeed justly
to be admired.
The next in blood and ranke is Loiils de Bourbon the Prince o{ Pnnce of condy
Condv, the son of Henry de Bourbon, who (to so little purpose) was character.
yet so miraculously jsaved in the last bloudy and inhumane Parisian
massacre. This Prince is Grand Maistre of France, Governour of
5t>
Bourgongne and Bery, descended by a direct line masculine of FEan9ois
de Bourbon, second brother of Antonee of Bourbon, Earle of Marie,
afterwards Duke of Vandosme, and King of Navarre, the father of
Henry the Great, and of Chariot Catherine de Ja Trlmouille, his
second wife.
A Prince whose merit in field and successfull atchievements, high
extraction, and extraordinary parts, prompt him sometimes to enterr
prises beyond the duty or praise of a loyal subject; for there lives not
a more ambitious young man upon earth; having outlived his impri-
sonment, once chased his enemy the Cardinal ; and not satisfied with
this revenge (or whatever other assurances the State can render him)
puts fair by a fresh Rebellion to speede a prosperous traytor ; or perfect
his infamie.
hi^chafac^'^^ H^^ brother is Armand de Bourbon Prince of Conty, seemingly
designed for the Church, but susceptible of any other advantage ; a
Prince of a weak fabrlck and constitution, but sound intellectuals.
They have likewise a sister called Mary, wife to the Duke de
Longueyill.
Dauguers of F: How the daughters of France have been disposed of into England,
mv ispose oj. gpg^j^j^ Savoy, Mantoa, &c. will be here" superfluous to relate.
Thenauiraii Touchine; thc natural issue of the King's of France ("who are ever in
%sme of the K: of O o V
F: how esteemed. ^]^jg j^jj^j Couniry In Very great reputation and place, sutable to their
birth by their fathers side), I cannot learne that the late King had any ;
nay, it is reported he did so abhorre paliardize (Fornication), that he
scarce thought any other act to be sin in comparison of it : contrary to
the opinion of his wise Counselor and Cardinall de Richlieu, who (as I
have sometime heard) did use often to say, " that a Concubine was
the honest mans recreation :" a priestly aphorism, and spoken like a
churchman.
The Soveraignty Now to sav Something; of the soveraig-nety of the Kings of France
of the French . . & J & Jnain,c,
Kingdome, how it ^g wlll stcD a little back, and see by what meanes and degrees it be-
became so abso- * •> o
'"'*• came so absolute.
Whilst the nobility of France were in a manner free and independent
Princes (for such was heretofore the most part of them) how are histo-
ries loud with their carriages and deportment towards their Soveraigns ?
what checks upon every occasion were they ready to give them ? wit-
57
nesse those frequent impresses of a certain Duke of Gienne, Bourbon,
Bretagne, and others of the same rank ; nor bath these later times
exempted the Crown itself from the dangerous consequences which so
many fortified towns, governments, and places of importance, have so
often menaced, and, in effect, notably bridling the head of Majesty ;
untill the defunct and great Cardinall de Richlieu found out a speedy ,ai1«i^^fo «-' *"
and fortunate expedient to reduce them to obedience, and that not f^f^,^^^'
onely by subjugating the Posts themselves, which he performed by
strength, but likewise by so dextrously interesting the Gentry and refrac-
tory Nobility, both by honours and blood, to the Court and his faction,
which he did by policy : in fine, he so handled the cards, that the better
sort of people became tractable but of meer respect to their relations ;
and the meaner by an inevitable constraint, as well as the example of
their Chiefs, were compelled to a due submission ; so that now the sove-
reignty of France is become so independent and absolute, that albeit it
do still retaine a shadow of the ancient form, yet it is, duly considered,
a thing heavenly wide and different: for in the Kings sole power it is The Kings ahso-
to resolve of, and dissolve warrs ; by him are the lawes interpreted ;
letters of grace, of naturality, and other acts given out ; he it is
imposeth taxes, from which (by a speciall decree) the Church her selfe %^J""''""^
is not exempt; nay, albeit the Pope his own Holinesse consent not;
from all whose ecclesiasticall censures, fulminations, and anathemas,
he feels himselfe also priviledged, and therefore nominates all spiritual!
persons to their preferments and dignities : notwithstanding all this,
the handsomer to disguise and apparell these his volunties, and render
them at the least specious proceedures of justice, he permits none of his /*^"^^""*'T'
edicts to passe as authentick until the Court of Parliament (who is
absolutely at his devotion) have first verified them ; a favour this like-
wise out of complement too, non tarn necessitatis quhm humanitatis, as complement.
a civilian (whose glosse it is) hath warily termed it. So that as for the
Parliaments of France (besides the name and formalitv), there is in P^'rHament of
^ •> '^ Prance a name
truth now no such thing in nature ; which, together with their ancient ''"'^•
liberties, how deservedly they lost them may be easily discovered in
their frequent rebellions. In a word, he who would perfectly, and
without more adoe, understand by what law and rule the Kings of
I
58
By what means
discomposed.
TVieir estates re-
vertable to the
Crown hy appa-
nage.
Tkeir originaU
authority.
and number.
France impose on their vassals, may see it summarily, yet very legibljif
ingraven by that fore-mentioned Cardinall, upon that excellent artillery
which defend his Majesties citadell at Havre de Grace, in Normandy,
where you may run and read the best of tenures, as the times are now,
in this epigraph, Ratio ultima Begum ; though for this slavery of
theirs, they may in some degree thank our countrymen, whose forces
being embowelled amongst them, hindred the assembling of the Three
Estates (as they should have done) : whereupon the King being neces-
sitated to make his simple edicts passe for authentick laws (although
this power were delivered to him during his wars only), was the reason
why the people could never recover or seize on them since. A jewel
this of too great value (some think) to bee intrusted to one person, upon
what pretence or necessity soever. To the King and his immediate
issue, in dignity and rank, are the Dukes and Peers of France.
But first, it is to be observed, that the Princes of the Blood of this
Kingdom possess their lands and revenues under the name of appanage,
and not as absolute proprietaries ; by which means all their estates
return again to the Crown by the right of reversion, to the end that the
domaine abide intire, and for other the like reasons : the Duke of Sully
Henry Richmont, heretofore called 3ois Belle (on which there hangs a
story) only excepted.
We will passe over their original, which would be extreme difficult to
investigate, and proceed to their authority, which was first established
by Hugues Capet and his descendants, who thereupon obliged them to
hold their lands of the Crown immediately ; by which means he also
gained many that before were disaffected to him, as the Earls of Flan-
ders, the Archbishop of Rheims, and divers others, who had been at the
first great opposers of this usurper. Now of these Peers, there were at
the first twelve only ordained : to wit, six of the spiritualty, and as many
of the temporalty : but at this day their number is become indefinite,
depending solely on the pleasure of the King: and these are so named,
not for that they pretend to any equality of dignity with their Soveraign,
but their mutual parity in authority one amongst another.
59-
This Ecclesiastlcks were
1. The Archbishop arid Duke of Rheims. Ecclesiastic^
2. The Bishop and Duke de Laon.
8. The Bishop and Duke de Langres.
4. -The Bishop and Earl of Beauvais.
5. The Bishop and Earl of Noyon.
6. The Bishop and Comte de Chaalons in Champagne.
The six Temporal were
rl. BoUrgOgne. Temporal!.
The Dukes of < 2. Normandie.
V.3. Guyenne.
{4. Thoulouse.
5. Champagne.
6. Elanders.
These twelve Peers composed likewise In times past the Parliament
of France, from whence it Is to this day called (as once with us) the
Court of Peers.
Now, amongst sundry other immunities and privlledges which they Their immunities
injoy, this Is none of the least, that they can neither be disposed of, nor
appealed In judgment, but onely in the Court of Parliament, where they
have their places as the Princes of the Blood have ; for, before the insti-
tution of that high tribunal in this kingdotii, the Peers were those
which judged all causes that were ordinarily brought before the King ;
nor did he manage any thing else either In war or peace, without their
speclall aid and. assistance. Moreover, this dignitle to some hath been
granted for life, some personal, others onely to the males descending,
some for ever ; yea, and even women themselves are alike capable of „, . ,
' J ' » Women capable of
pairerieS. pmrenes.
It would take up too much time, should I trouble you with their charges at the
r ■ ' •> Coronation.
severall functions and charges at the Coronation, more fit for an herauld
than an historian ; this onely Is observable, that albeit there were never
so many Peers present,- those onely who bare the/titles of the six Splri-
tuall and six Temporall before noted, officiate at the ceremony; for which
very pvrpose, those who are wanting, or, extinct, have yet their repre-
sentatives, who upon this occasion stand for, and supply their persons.
60
m Crown of We have spoken now of the King and prime Nobility; let us next ^
icersletmgingto survey the Crown and prime ofiScers thereunto belonging.
The late author of the Estat de France hath divided them into three
Ancients, three Modern, and three Domestique ; which truly, is not an
unequall trichotomy; but for that I intend to perfect what I have
already established touching the Court, I will commence with the three
last in this partition, and so come to those which more immediately ap-
pertaine to the State afterwards.
The Domesiique ^\yQ three Domcstick Officers and charges are
O^ers. ■ °
The Grand Maistre of France.
The Grand Chambvllan of France.
The Grand Escuyer of 'France.
The office of the The officc of Grand Maistrs de France is Superintendent of the
Grand Maistre de iiii-i •!•• iiLJ •!
France. Kings housc, and hath absolute jurisdiction over all the domestick
officers and provisions of his Majesties table ; and is a place of so su-
preme authority, that it is seldom conferred save upon one of the Princes
of the Blood ; the Prince of Condy at present undeservedly inheriting his
fathers charge therein.
„ , .. , f Under the Grand Maistre are many subordinate officers, as maistrei
Subordinate of- ■ J '
jicers to him. d'hostcl, butlers, carvers, gentlemen waiteris, and a whole f egiment of
others, which are reduced to no certain number : one thing is to be
Ceremony at the noted, that whcn the King dves, the Grand Maistre breaketh his staflFe
death of the King: ' o j. '
' of office, not only as an embleme of the dismission of the rest, but like*
wise to shew that their charges are only dependant upon the life of the
King, albeit afterward the successor for the most part re-establisheth
them.
The High Cham- Ncxt to the Grand Maistrc is the High Chaml^lain of France, who
fi^J^"mb^rdinate hath the supcrvisall and disposition of all officers of the King's bedcham-
to him. ^^^ ^^j wardrobe, gives or denyes accesse to his Majestie ; under him
there are four chief gentlemen of the chamber, called, les quaires pre-
miers gentils hommes de la chambre du Roy ; one of these ever lies in
the Kings bedchamber, or very near to it. Under these are the Masters
of the Wardrobe, very lucrative places, to whom are subordinate the
Pages, &c.
61
Lastly, the Grand Escuyevy or Master of the Horse, superintendent The Grand es-
of the Premier ]Ss€Ui/^T and other officers of the stables; his charge it is n«y. '
to march on horseback before the King, bearing a sword and belt, when
his Majesty entreth into any city ; but in those towns which have a
parliament he carries ("in place thereof) a casque of blew velvet semded
with Jleurs de lys, his own horse caparisoned with the like. He pre-
tends also authority over the Masters of the Post, offices of wonderfuU
gain ; but it is now otherwise settled. The Master of the Horse hath
likewise under him four and twenty Pages, who being the sons of prime
Noblemen, are educated in all such exercises as become their quality.
The Grand Escuyer is at present the Prince of Harcourt.
The Premier Escuyer (whom I have before-mentioned) hath parti- PremUr Eseuyer.
cular care of the Kings little stable, where the coach horses are kept, as
also over the Pages, who be no lesse then fifty in number, and the
Kings Footmen ; in effect'he commands equally both the great and little
stables, so that the charge of the Premier Escuyer is not much inferiour
to. that of Master of the Horse himself.
The King hath likewise foure Secretaries of his Chamber, and three Secretaries 0/ the
,^ Kings Chamber
of his Cabinet : to speak truth, the multitude of those who stile them- andcaunet.
selves Secretaries to the King, is such, that what with the greatnesse of
their number, and inconsiderablenesse of most of their persons, the dig-
nity of the charge is extremely eclipsed.
The Kings Bihlioihecarius, Superintendant of the moveables of the The smiotheca-
Grown,- Con trolers, Treasurers, Mareschals des Loges, Capitaime de la Treasurers,Mare-
shals des Ijogest
Porte, who hath under him a giiard of fifty halberds, &c. and of other capitaine de la
inferiour officers of all sorts, under those above five hundred more,
though never half of them vpaiting at a time, and so not constantly
eatina: at Court, as did heretofore most of the oflBcers of the Kings of ^^^' splendor,
" ^ ^ '-' and hospitality of
England ; the splendor, hospitality, order, and decent magnificence of t^ English cowt
whose service and attendance in this kind, I am confident no Court of
Europe hath ever approach'd or parallell'd.
There are likewise of Churchmen, the Greate Almoner of France, The Great ai-
upon whom depend all of that robe in the Court ; under him is also the
Premier Almoner, and subordinate to him the severall Chaplains, chaplains, cicrhs,
■ I ' Confessors.
Clerks, Confessors. -
62
Nowe before I proceed, somthing I should speak of those royall
officers which superintend the Kings pleasures and ordinary recreations;
Pertaining to the g^jgjj jg ^]^g Grand Feueur and Fauconnier, the Chief Hunter, and Master
Kings pleasure^ ^ •.
Tonni^^c.^""' of the Game — places not only of very great honour, but also of command ;
but a word of them shall suffice, as offices rather of dignity than policy.
Touching the officers belonging in particular to the Queens hous-
officers belonging Jjold, I shall hcrcin likewise much contract my self, having: so amply dis-
co the Queens in ' ■ J ' . o l J
^iiil^^''/thf ^'O'lrsed of those which appertain unto the King; and the rather, in regard
Kings, ^^^^ jj^ most of the subalternate, they so much resemble the one the other.
except Maids of . 'J
Honour, Knights, Yet shc hath differently one Dame d'Honneur ; of extraordinaries many
more ; six Maids of Honour, twelve Chamber-maids CB\\eA.Filles de la
* Reyne: a Knight of Honor, divers Masters, Cup-bearers, and Carvers ; a
Chief Grooiji, under whom are a great many Pages and Footmen ; also
Secretaries, Treasurers, &c. She hath likewise her Grand jfiumosnier, and
a. Premier Aumosnier, Ecclesiasticks, and the like, as before was said of
the King.
And now having surveied the principal Officers of the Court, I know
you are ready to enquire of me where the guard of this great Monarch is
The Grand Pre- all this while ? I vvlU but ouly mention the Grand Prevost, at present
vast, liis command. , _ j. i i i> n it • i
the Mareschal d Hoquencourt, whom 1 may not omit, and then I will
draw them forth in their several orders.
Not only the Grand Prevost is an office which extends it selfe over all
the officers (already mentioned) which belong to his Majesties houshold,
but it hath likewise command absolute for six leagues round about Paris,
and the Court, every way, which is in truth a very great and noble ju-
risdiction; besides he is judge of all causes, as well civills as crimlnels,
which are incident in Court, and hath for this respect two Lieutenants
fifty Archers of the. Kings guard, and severall other officers; to him
appertaineth the imposing of the price of bread,, wine, flesh, fish, hay,
oates, with sundry other very important priviledges. But behold here
K^gt/j'tance. comcs the guard : the first which present themselves are,
100 Gentlemen. LtG Cent GentUs Hommes, so. named from their, prirnary restriction
(albeit now double in number) they are called the Kings Company,; and
wait on him on all days of ceremony, and like occasions. Next,
Musgueti£rs on The Musqueticrs on horseback, which during the .Regency have been
63
dissolvedj but are now in great probability to be re-established by the
King ; they were composed of one hundred and fifty horsemen, chosen
out from amongst the prime youth of the chiefest families of France, and
at the first instituted by Lewis the Thirteenth, father of this present ^teKmpcu-
King, who was so physiognomically punctual in their election, that it is '**"*•
reported he would admit none who were of a red hair : these waited on
his Majestic in person whenever he went abroad : but after these, and
the more ancient farr (who besides their immediate attendance on the
person of the King wee are to accompt as principall and solid forces of
the state) are the guards of French, Scotch, and Swisse : of all whom,
because those who approach neerest to the person of his Majesty are the
Scotch (by an extraordinary and special good fortune, it seems, ever
esteemed faithfuU to this King and Crown only, for they are very neer
his person, and therefore called the Guard de la Manch). I will first f'J^^^f ""„'"''•'"
begin with them. They consist of an hundred archers, and four ex- ^"'"'*-
empts, who carry a staflFe or truncheon in stead of an halberd, with the
rest, from whence they are so denominated : these wait on the King,
and observe him in all motions, joyned also with some ather of his Ma-
jesties guards, whereof some bear halberds, others carabines, whether
the King be at table, in coach, or in his bedchamber. But this guard
of Scots, as sympathizing with the calamity of this nation, is of late Decay of the
years very much impaired, divers French suborned in their places, and "" * " ^'■""*'-
many of their priviledges lost and infringed, insomuch as it seems at
present to retain rather a name than a real being.
The Swisse (for being likewise strangers) I produce in the next Guard of swiue.
place : the guard of this grim nation is composed of sixteen companies ;
but of these the more immediately attending as the Kings constant
guard are only an hundred of them, who all weare the Kings cloath,
marching with halberds on their shoulders, drum always beating, and
fife playing before his Majesty, when 'ere he stirs but into the city.
Lastly, the Guard of French, called the Regiment des Guards, with GuardofF.or
, _ . - . . • -\ J 11 J.U 1 ^^giinent des
the Swisse (composing two entire companies) guard all the avenues and Guardn.
precincts of the Kings palace : they are both of them two regiments,
whereof each is made up of 30 companies, consisting of two hundred
men apiece, if full ; and besides these there is also another Companie
64
Gens cTarms
cavalry.
Trve signatures
of ahaotute
Monarchy.
Officers of State.
Kings Revenue.
Superintendent
des Finances or
Coustumes. *
Thresoriers de
V Espargne.
de Gens d'Armes, who are Cavalleres, and serve quarterly on horse-
back.
Thus is this great Monarch so inviron'd with men of iron whereever
he goes, that one who should meet him abroad, though but upon the
most ordinary occasion, would suppose them an army marching rather
to defend or invade some distressed province, then the private guard
only of a Princes person ; so carefull have the Kings of France ever
been to maintain this principle of greatnesse and security, the very
quintessence certainly of true polity, and infalliblest signatures of an
absolute jurisdiction.
It would now peradventure be thought proper here to speak next of
. the Militia, having already placed the guards, who indeed compose so
considerable a part thereof ; but because wee have now done with the
Court, we will in the next cast our eyes upon the State, and afterwards
secure it.
But first a word or two touching the Kings Revenue and Counsel ;
as being the very nerves and pillars of all earthly grandeur.
The ordinary revenue of the Kings of France is extremely uncertain,
albeit vastly augmented within these late few years, and (besides from
the domains formerly engaged to the Crowne)are infinitely Increased by
the doiianes tallies, and other customes arising upon all manner of
merchandize; a treasure altogether uncertain, and therefore imposed
still as occasion requireth, and at the pleasure of the King. In order to
this, are established severall grand officers, of whom in order, first.
The Superintendent of the Finances, equivalent to our quondamLiordi
High Treasurer, and officers depending on him. This Is he who doth
absolutely dispose of the farmes and customs of the King, hath the
chaise and dispensation of the revenues ; in short, it is a place so
immensly lucrative, and prodigiously rich (as being obnoxious to no
Account) that there is no man able to make a just estimate of their
gaine. Subordinate to him are four other Intendents, and as many Trea-
surers de V Mspargne, whereof one of each wait every month, and these
are those great financiers who suck the very bloud of the people ; for
which (like the Jewish Publicani their brethren) they are sufficiently
blasphemed by them upon all occasions.
65
The Tresoriers de V Espargne (yf\i\fh. are as Chancellours of the Ex-
chequer, have an alternative office ; because the number of them is not
alwayes certaiti), places of that vast revenue, that they are frequently
sold at no less than a million of livres : for this the Mspargne is resem-
bled to the ocean sea, into which, like so many rivers, all the other
receipts, generall an4 particular, of the Kings revenue, do praecipitate
themselves, and pay their tribute. From hence all other the treasures,
as well ordinary as extraordinary, of the wars. Generals of the Provinces,
Maritime Officers, Payers of Publick Rents, Courts, receive money, and
advance for their several and respective distributions.
There are likewise besides these, the Treasurers of the Parties ^*« Treasurers
of the Parties
Casuelles, who are four : these have charge to receive all monies pro- Casueiies.
ceeding from the sale of offices (which is a gain here openly avowed).
But that which much countervails the inconvenience of their casualties,
unto which they are incident is, that though a man deposit a vast
summe, and even exhaust him self for the purchase, they are yet here-
ditary, so that even the widow of the defunct may delegate it to a ^^"^^' '^" **'
deputy or proxy, the King only reserving a small annual rent, which "'"''«"*■ ?"'' *"«'
they call La Paulet ; in default of which payment, or that the person
die without having resigned his office, these Treasurers dispose of it to
the Kings use and benefit.
The Comptrouler-General des Mnances, his office it is to register all comptrollers- gc
■* ... neral of the Cits-
receipts and expences ; but, for the present, it remames extmct. tomes.
These Treasurers are distributed into Generalities or Bureaux ("so BureauT and ce-
neraliies.
called from a stuff of that name which covereth a table, as our Exche-
quer) ; the Generalties are twenty-two great cities, and each of those
have their generall and particular Receivers, which last bring the
monies of the Tailles (which certain elected officers impose or assesse f ^//jj^f"
upon the parishes) unto the respective collectors who receive it : and
these at Paris render it into the office aforesaid.
The ancient Kines of France had other wayes then these to subsist. Kings 0/ France
O •' . had other ways of
till Pepin and some later Princes of the third line, so much augmented ^?^'"'^f ^^
the domaine of the Crown ; as by appanages, which through defect of
issue male now revert unto it ; also by possession of lands and seignio-
ries annexed to the Crown ; by rents, fifts, and other rights proceeding
'Hit
'^epin.
K
66
mposuims by ffom ficfs ; by impositions and <lues which are payable by edicts ; by a
number of lands who owe faith and do homage to the Prince ; by the
Droict^Auhaine, DvoU d^Auhaine, by which the goods of strangers dying* in France
bastardy, vacan- most inhosDitably cschcat to the King-; patting; (in this respect j* no
ey through death, _ r ^ & ' r O v. r •
first-fruits and difference between them and bastards unnaturalized. By the g;oods
dues from Eccle- .
naaicks. vacant through death, &c. ; by annates or first fruits, dues from certain
Archbishopricks and Bishopricks, to the number of 30, and more : as
likewise innumerable other wayes, which here it were too long to
reckon up.
Nor can the domain be otherwise alienated, then (as already hath
been said) in case of appanages : the other upon some extraordinary
and desperate necessity, as in occasion of warre, yet then also but upon
condition of redemption, and that they be both first verified in Parlia-
ment. But these it seems of late, not sufficing the publick expences of
so great a Prince and his many armies, those tailles and subsidiary
assistances before mentioned have been more frequently levied ; yet
r&e ordinary en- now ("since Charfes the Seventh) made the ordinary entertainment of the
tertaiament of the ^ , . ,^,..
Souidiery. souldiery. Notwithstanding the Gentry and Nobility (for these tearm^
a^-^ exempt of aTB Coincident and convertible in France), Churchmen, and their de-
pendants are exempt from these contributions ; an immunity which they
enjoy as a distinction, which ours of the same quality in England
never so much as tasted off ; so that (among us) if a person be not
i\robiiity no ad- rich, let him be never so well borne, the peasant is as good a man every
vantage in Mng- i-. r ""iJ i-ii- i . i i •
land. wmt tor any priviledge which: the other enjoys above him ; through
which defect, as there remains little encouragement and reward for
ancient vertue or future industry, so must it needs, in time, both utterly
confound and degenerate the race of the most illustrious families, which
have yet hitherto remained.
The j/ides, what. The Aides (which I therefore the rather mention, because it was
and when insti- ^ _ '
tuted. instituted upon occasion of King Johns imprisonment in England) is
All commodities HOW become a perpetual and generall tax upon all sorts of commodities
tS/Z^^se"-"' whatever, excepting wheat only, vj^hich is the sole individual in all
France free from airy impost.
Bat that which seasons all the rest, and is indeed a principal ingre-
Gabeis upon Salt, dlcut tothc Klngs vast revenuc. Is the Grabels upon Salt, which yeelds
this monarch more then twenty millions of livres ; for which teepect
there are divers officers appertaining thet^to, some whereof have power
to constrain men to buy a certain quantity of the King whether they ^'s^""*- "/ ««''-
will or no ; a rigour some interpret extremely approaching the very
height of extortion : some particular places yet of the kingdcKue (as
towards the frontiers and sea-towns) are exemptedi and have their salt
quit of any impost at all. These are in fine the most principall quar-
ries from whence this Monarch diggs forth and fetches his treasure and
revenue, which those who are yet thought to have made a favourable
audite, do not blush to affirm, amounts unto more then an hunch'ed
and fourty millions of livres, which is about fourteen millions of our ^^m^^^i^u-
mony : nay some, that in Cardinal Richlieus time it was brought to '"""•'^'^'"'s^"
an hundred and fifty : which portentous and monstrous treasure, toge-
ther with the management and manner of enacting it, might (as some
think) serve a little to extenuate that which was yet thought a propor-
tion too large for a most excellent Prince, whose whole revenue could
never yet be stretched to above one million sterling in all, viis et modis.
Which is some thirteen short of that which the Kings of France at
present enjoy.
Now ere we define the more distinct Ministers of State, wee will first Supream Cmm-
speak severally of the Supream Counsels, which are two. The chief is **
called the Secret Cor more frequently) le Oanseil d'enhauU, that is ("after Le eamaid'en'
our old English stile) the Cabinet Counsel, because it is commonly counseiaretfu
O _ ^ _ ' •' Vuke of Orleans,
held in the Kings bedchamber; for which respect you may reasonably pnn^ofomdi,
imagine it to be composed but of few, and those the prime and most ipnneipaise&re-
illustrious persons of charge and title in the kingdome : so that (accord-
ing to the nature of affaires) it is sometimes reduced unto two or three
only : but upon Intelligences and tTangaqtions of State, as those which
concern matter of warr, forrain alliances, &c. then there is a fuller
number of other Ministers required to be present.
The other Conseil is termed le Cornell d'Estat et Prm^, where, TheOmnteio/
State,
when the King himself sits not, the precedency is given to> the first
Prince of the Blood then present ; and in defiiult of their absence,^ to
the Chaneellour, who, t«%ether with the Treasurer o^ Superintendent,
hath principal auibhorii^ in all those Courta I have*, or shall speak of;
68
The Coumell of
Direction.
The Counsell of
Parties.
T]ie manner of
proceeding in
t/^ese Courts.
Grand Conieil.
and this Court (bes^es the above named, who are chief) is composed of
many Counsellours of State, who are all persons of great merit, and
commonly such. as have given signal testimonies of their abilities and
addresse by their long services; as Ambassadors and Orators to forraign
Princes; or officers in other jurisdictions and counsels: also to, this
Court appertaine foute Secretaries that serve quarterly ; eighteen Mais-
tre de Requests, who (according to the nature of the affaire^ with the
Intendents, make the Reports, having first resolved the businesse
amongst themselves, according to which the arrest is sometimes given.
In this Counsell passe all matters belonging either to warr or peace,
and all other concernements of the Crown whatever ; for here they
determine definitively; which judgment so passed, is termed an Arrest
or Act of Counsell : howbeit, in causes of high consequence they are
often revoked both from this Tribunall (yea, and the Parliament it self
also) unto the Conseil d'en-haulf, although a Counsell but of a later
initiation. Branches from this are also the Counsell of the Finances, or
Customs, called the Councel of Direction, where all the affaires of the
Exchequer are disposed. Likewise the Chancellor holdeth another
Counsell, called the Conseil des Parties, wherein the processes of parti-
cular parties and recusations have their proper hearing : and to this also
belong Quarterly Secretaries apart.
Now the manner of proceeding in these Courts goes according to the
disposition of the severall affairs, by the reports made ready, reformed,
and first signed, which is by them, then by the Chancellor, if it be at
the Counsell of Parties ; if at the Finances, by the Duke of Orleans,
Mons"" the Prince, and Superintendents, who deliver them to \\\q gre/ffieir
or clerk, by whom they are to be allowed, that is, paragraphed in parch-
ment, to which they subjovne a commission, which is sealed bv the
Chancellor, if they are to be immediately executed. Other Arrests ana
Acts of Counsel are executed by an Usher or Sergeant of the Counsel,
who wears a chaine of gold about his neck, with a medail pendent,
wherein there is impressed the Kings picture.
There is likewise another Councell, called the Grand Conseil, in which
also the Chancellor presides virtually, though seldom present in
person : and this is composed of four Presidents, and a hundred and
fifty Counsellers, who serve by semestre : and this Court is chiefly, and
indeed only conversant in affaires ecclesiastical, such as concerne bishop-
ricks, priories, hospitals, &c. collation and presentation to benefices in
the jurisdiction either of King or Pope within this realme ; and there-
fore here is the Kings Advocate and Proctor- General continually
attending.
And now (returning to our former division) we may remember that
the more ancient Officers of the Crown were likewise three : viz. the
Contiestable, the Marpschal, and the Chancellor. I shall forbear a
while to speak much of the two first, till I come to treat particularly
concerning: matters of warr : we are now in affaires of State and Justice, officers of stme
O . .... . ' and Justice.
wherein this last in our division as chlefe and soveraign ; his office is to
dispatch and modifie all the graces and gifts of the King; is Keeper of ^"^'^'""'^^
the Great Scale, with which bee confirmes all the ordinances, edicts,
declarations, and pleasure of his Majesty ; for which respect he hath in
Parliament his seat on the left hand of the King, when he is there pre-
sent. But there are no dayes properly designed for sealing; that Days and manner
wholly depending upon the will of the Chancellour. The manner
thereof is this : the Chancellour sits at the middle of a large table, upon
which is placed a cabinet or coffer (wherein there is locked all the
publick seals of France), the key of which he carries about his neck :
at the end of this table are two Masters of Requests, with whom he
may advise in case the affaire require it : and over against the Chan-
cellour one of the four Referendaries of France, who reads all the letters,
arrests, and other expeditions, which, if approved, are accommodated
with yellow wax, fitting and ready for the seale, and so put up into a
box to be controuled by the Kings Secretaries, who must first allow
and paragraph them, and then they are sealed : for expedition of highest
consequence, as treaties, edicts, abolitions, &c. in green wax : but the
seals of Dauphine are in red. Moreover the character of the Chancellour
is esteemed so sacred and inviolable, that it remains altogether indeleble
but by death onely : yet notwithstanding upon decadency or disgrace Guard des
with the King, there is commonly one called Garde des Sceaux, who
executeth'his charge, and hath also the same authority ; for the scales
may be taken away at his Majesties pleasure, but not the Chancelbr-
<w
Secretaries of
State.
Masters of Re-
quests,
Parliament of
France.
ship, which as it is never tq (jjye but with his person, so may he not put
on mourning for th^ King himself, his father or mother, if any of them
4ecea5e, ^^ b^Ing inseusibJe of all othex relation?, an4 considerations
b^esicjes the sple interest of the people ; his habite is a i:pb^ of blacl^
velvet dwble^j or lined with crimson plush ; before him goe two sear-
jeants with chains of gold, who bear two rich maces of gold on their
shoulders-
Xhe ^ecyetayiej? of State and command? of the King are four in num*-
her ; whose functions, for being different, deserve to bee mentioned in
the next place. One of these Secretaries is for expeditions altogetheT
forraign : one fop affaires Ecclesiasticall and Benefices ; a third for
matters only appertainmg to the Kings house, and the fourth serves
fip^ ajBFairs apd cpflcernements of war ; and thus have they the wholj^
Kingdom so cantoniz'd betwixt them, that upon ^H particular exigen-
cies of the Provinces, every one knows his division. In Court a^nd pre-
sence of the Kii^g, they waite alternatively by months; for he uses
them likewise in affaires of the cabinet, which, for not being matter of
state, hee will not have made known or divulged.
^jastly, the Masters of Requests (of vi^hom there are at present no
lesse then seventy) are as it were Assessors of the Chancellour, and
compose the body of the Court of Parliament (of which we shall shortly
speak), and have their sefits next to the Cownsellers, but not exceeding
four ^t ^ time. In absence of the Presidents, they preside also in many
other Judicatures and BailUages : tliese make report and sign the Re--
quest of Justice, and sometimes the affaires of the Exchequer : they
are likewise m^ny times chosen for Extraordinary Embassades, as well
as Commissioners for his Majesty in the Cities and Provinces, where
they judge and determine upon all affairs of the Crowne, with most ab-
spjlute power ^rjd authority.
The rest of the officers more immediately belonging to the Kings
Revenue I have touched at large already. I come now to the Parlia-
ments of France, of whom there hath hitherto been so much talke.
The Justice of France (in the equal dispensation whereof should be
the glory arid diadem of a Prince in Peace, as is the multitude of people
' n
his visible strength in warr) is d<ittbtles«e vei'y gobd, but wondei*ftiny
fil executed, which happens through thie [fordid cbituption df sueh as
dispense it for mony and favour, without which there is nothing to be
hoped fof in this kingdom : and good i-easdh there should bee some
gaine made of that which the dividers thereof buy so dear, purchasing
their places &nd offices at Such excessive chai'ges, that tiiey arb b6n-
strainfed to sell their vertue to him who bidd^ ttidst foi* it. But thiii is
ndt (I SUppds6) the only flaonopdly which drives that trade.
Philip the Faire established the Parliament df Paris; ("for before it Bywhmesta-
was atnbulatofy, and dnely dbSei'Vfed the motion of the Kihg) whither
both Ecdesiastlcks and SedulafS repaired. As it is now 6dnstitttted, it
is composed of five houses or chambers : La Grand Chambrt hath /,« Ormd Cham-
twenty-five Cdunsdlors, whd take cognisance df affairs df highest con-
sequence : and of five Chamht^^ d&s EnquSsts, io either of which thei*e
is also about thfe same number df Cdunsellers : likewise tWb othbt
dliambers, one whereof is called Ld Touirnelte, Wherein are pleaded only La T&urneite.
matters erimittall, cdmpdsed of two Counsellors of the Grand Charhhte^
and of two of every Chambre des Mnqii^sU. The Chdfnht'd de I'Mditi Dev Edict for the
that isj of the Edict of Nanted, which only toucheth the affaires df the
Protestants, and is also composed of twd Counsellers out df fe^ch df
the six other Chambers, who are nominated every second year by the
Chancellotir and the Protestant deputy generall.
In the great Chamber presideth the President att Mortier, who pre- president au
senteth the ancient Dukes and Peers : these Presidents arfe Counsellers tiZe st'andeth a
of State the first day of their reception, and have about their neck an fLhiono/amarier
hood of velvet, lined with furr, from whence some affirme they derive of the arms in
1 . ,1 • 1 • L^ I • /• 1 lieuo/awrealh
their name : they are now in number seven or eight, having oi late and helmet.
been encreased.
To all the other Chambers of Parliament there are likewise Presi- pteMina, om-
dents : viz. two at the Tournelle, and one at the Edict. To each and Procteurs.
Chambre des Enqu^sts are two, but these last for being only commis-
sionated Counsellers, have no places as Presidents in full assemblies of
Parliament. Besides Presidents and Counsellers, there is moreover a
72
Clerk of the Par-
liament.
Robes of the effi-
eers of Parlia-
ment.
yirrests of Pari,
when pronounced.
Cities besides
Paris, that have
Parliaments.
In what they dif-
fer from the Pari,
of Paris.
Procureur, and two Advocates General, who intervene in all causes
which concern either the King or State ; besides an infinity of other
advocates, who are rather to cdunt by multitudes then numbers
established, only the Proctors have of late years been reduced to
about 600.
There is likewise a Greffier en Chef, or Clerk of the Parliament, one
of the most lucrative charges of France, as esteemed to be no lesse
worth then an 100 crowns of gold a day. This office having now suc-
cessively remained in the family of Monsieur du Tillet neer three hun-
dred years, we could not passe his name in silence ; lastly, of Com-
mises, Searjeants, Ushers, and under officers, there are in very gfeat
numbers.
All the officers of Parliament wear a long gown and square cap, but
the Presidents au Mortier and Counsellours, upon solemn occasions,
put on robes of scarlet which are trimmed with black velvet.
The solemne Arrests or Acts of Parliament are pronounced four times
in the year : viz. on Christmas Eves eve, on the Tuesday before Easter,
on Whitson Eves eve, and the seventh day of September till which,
from the morrow after the feast of St. Martine it continues ; but the
Parliament doth not open until such time as the King renews their
commission.
There are, besides Paris, these nine cities which have Parliaments,
1 Toulouse. 6 Aix.
2 Rouen. 7 Rheims.
3 Bourdeaux. 8 Pau.
4 Dijon. 9 Mets.
5 Grenoble.
Whose constitution and composition are alike to that of Paris, ex-
cept that of Mets and Rouen, whose President and Counsellers of late
serve semestraly, that is halfe during one six months, and halfe the
other : some of the Parliaments also have no chamber of Edict, as
Rheims and Dijon ; so that the Protestants of those parts repaire to
Paris to plead ; and in Toulouse, Bourdeaux, and Grenoble, for default
thereof, those of the rehgion have established them Chambers Mipar-
73
ties that is, of equal numbers of Romanists; nor have the other Par-
liaments so many Chambers of Enquests, as not (in truth) needing
them.
Likewise this Prerogative hath the Parliament of Paris, that it hath Prerogative of
° 11 theP.ofPurii.
the sole honour to be called the Court of Peers ; for here only can they,
of right be judged ; yet this priviledge was not able to protect them, a!t
what time the late great Cardinal de Richlieu made bold to infringe it,
when it served to his purpose.
In all these Parliaments aforesaid the Advocates plead covered, but How the Advocates
, , and Proctors
the Proctors both bareheaded and kneeling. piead.
Moreover, the businesse of the Parliament, besides the verifying of
the Kings edicts, ordinances, and letters patents (as hath been already
touched), is the dispensing of all other justice civill and criminall:
here the appanages of the Crown are regulated, the erection of new
dignitaries, modification of the Popes Legats, commissions, procedures
to banishment, letters of naturalty, pardons, and the like supream trans-
actions of State have their genuine and naturall source.
The Bishops in Parliament have right of place, but no deliberative ^'f^^^^f ^'''
voice, except only the Archbishop of Paris, and Abbot of Saint Denys. pZ^^Zf either
Thus much shall suffice to have been spoken touching the Parliaments. "Jept B°^of'paris
The Chamber of Compts (which comes next in order) is a jurisdic- ^^1^**"'^"^'
tion and court apart, that concernes and iudg-es the accompt of all the c^""***'- ?/
i ' «; o I (Mimpts, its high
Receivers, Treasurers, and Officers paid into, or received out of the Kings "^^^^y ""''
Exchequers, for which cause all their letters, edicts, ordinances, &c.
are read, registred, and verified. Here it is that homage for feifs mov-
ing from the Crown are acknowledged. It hath belonging to it ten
Presidents, Monsieur Nicolas, who is the first (having from father to
son conserved this charge neer two hundred years in his family), hath
refused for his charge 1,400,000 livres, which the late D'Eoiery oflFered
him for it. To it also appertaineth seventy Maistres des Compts, eighty
Auditors : in fipe, it is a court of that high authority, that it hath
sometimes stood even in competition with the Parliament itself. There
are eight of these In France. Besides this court, there are likewise the aa^hersdes
two Chambres des Bequests du Palais, where is pleaded the priviledg ^'^^^u.' ^"
74
cif the royall oflSces a,nd household ; ^nd therefore they consist of coun-
sellers of Pairliament, &c-
Omrs des Mm- 'j'jjg Qj^y ^pg Monnoycs, composcd of three Presidents, twenty-four
Mint. Counsellors : these concerne the Mint in all particulars.
jidmiraxty and Also the Admiralty, called the Table de Marbre. instituted for mari-
Table de Marine. . , V'
time affeires. And, lastly,
Fi^rZts" Les Eaux and Forresta, with some other inferiour courts, whereof we
have already sufficiently spoken elsewhere.
Apd so I am come out of Westminster-hall to the other two of our
three ancient officers, viz. the Connestable and Mareschall of France,
being the last of our division, and will naturally lead us to discourse
• something of the MiUtia.
^ndfirft"£^(h' ^^^ Connestable, albeit an office, to a greater then which the King
nestable of F. himself Can promote no subject, yet for that it is not a charge which is
always in being, but upon extraordinary emergencies and grand occa-
sioiis, will be needlesse to say more of it, then that this office holdeth
ranke immediately after the Princes of the blood ; and in I^rliament
The V. 6/ Orleans it is before the Dukes, and Pairs : the Connestable therefore is chief,
is as it were Con- . , . ,
ncstaUenow. supcnour, and generalissimo over the armies of France, foj* which
respect he hath his jurisdiction in the Court of the Table de Marbre ;
but at this day the Mareschals supplying this high office (although
properly speaking, but his Lieutenants) come next to be spoken of.
Mareschals de Fr. The Mareschttls de France^ or rather, so many Generals, are the onely
persons of enterprise and action in their armies, both at home and
abroad; being commonly men who are elevated to those charges,
purely by their own valour and merits ; so that as their number is inde-
terminate, so there is no souldier, of what condition soever, but may
possibly by his vertue aspire to this preferment. I said even now that
their jurisdiction did much resemble that of the Connestables ; nor can
they be devested of this honour during their lives. Before these Mare-
schals are determined all matters of private quarrels and defies incident
to the Noblesse ; for which cause tlaey have their Provosts or Lieutenants
in all the greatest cities, of thekingdome. They bear in their atchieve-
ments a truncheon salterwi«e azure, semeed with flower de Ijces or.
75
Finally (which is the last part of our division), the three modern i^astdivuien.
offices of Crown, viz.
1 . The Admiral of the FVench.
2. Le Colonel de I'lnfanterie.
3.. Le Grand Maistre de I'Artillerie,
In the first place the Admiral (who holds likewise his place during Mmiraii.
life) is Generall of all the Kings forces by sea, and under him are all
the marine jurisdictions. The charge hath in times past been divided
unto more, both Guyenne and Provence having enjoyed theirs apart ;
but the defunct Cardinall de Richlieu (who hath left this high office to
his nephew) united them all under one : his jurisdiction also is at the
Tahle de Marbre, whexe (for being but subalternate judges) their plaices
in Parhament is at the lower end. The charge is now in the person of
the Queen Regent, some sav the Duke of Vendosme ; likewise the Cenemi rf«
General des Galeres hath here his seate, which is a place of very nota-
ble gaine and authority on the coasts of the Mediterranean seas, where
his Majesties gaUies do both harbour and ride.
Next is the Colonel of the French infantry, which is a charere one CoUmeio/theJn
of the most considerable in all respects of France, especially for gain,
receiving eight solz every muster for each souldiers head, his authority
being generally over all the French-foot, and hath for his Lieutenant-
colonels the Maistres de Cam/p : under his name issue all ordinances inasten o/ the
ft Camp.
or warr.
There is likewise a Colonel General des Suisses, who hath jurisdic- coionei General
tion over all those mercenaries, as well those of the Kings guard, as ^" *"»**"■
those who serve in the field and in the garison ; of which there are con-
stantly about eight thousand in this dominion.
Last of all, the Grand Mcdstre de VArtilleriei which is a charge Grand Maut.
equal with a Mareschall of France : under his tuition and conduct
is the arsenall of Paris, all the cannon and ammunition of warre in
the kingdome, for which cause he bath his Lieutenants, Captains, and
other oflSeers belonging to the carriages in great number: besides all
this, he hath the management of five millions of livers, together with
the arbitrary disposition of above eight hundred officers ; of all which
he is obliged to no particular accompt.
(re
de V /trtilUrie.
76
Grand Prieurde There IS likewise the Grand Prieur de France, which. for being a
France. Mr. of •imiliTU*
theRdigwnof quahty of high reputation is not to be pretermitted.: 1 he Mastership
of the Religion and Order of Malta, for the French, being not lesse
worth than 10,000 pounds yearly : his ordinary residence is at the
Temple, a quarter in the town of Paris, as is that of ours in London
so called.
CounseiiofWarr. The Councel of Warr is commonly held in the Palace of the Duke
of Orleans, as being Lieutenant General of all the Kings forces, and
therefore little remote (as hath been said) from the dignity and charge
of High Cohnestable. Thus we have done with the courts and officers
of France : now wee will take a prospect of the Forces.
Constant armief The Kinff of France hath commonly four armies in fipld ; viz. that
of France. '
of Flanders, of Germanic, of Italy, and that of Catalegna ; wherein
the King, Queen, Monsieur, the Duke of Anjou, the Duke of Orleans,
Princes of the Blood, and Mareschals of France, have their* severall
and individuall companies, whose Lieutenants enjoy many singular pre-
cedencies above other officers of the armies : all those consist of well
armed, horse.
Li^u horse and The liffht liofse are at present commanded by the Master of the
other forces under ■ o r •>
eontinuaiipay. Camp. The King hath commonly under pay about a hundred and forty
Cornets of cavalry, distributed into 56 regiments, besides of strangers,
twelve : of infantry, the King hath two hundred and ten, whereof some
regiments have thirty companies, and every company payed for eighty
men effective. Moreover his Majestic hath divers regiments of stran-
gers, whereof enough hath been said in the beginning.
Armada Naval. The A.rmada Nttval may be composed of about twenty men of warr,
and as many gallies ; I have shewed you before how these forces are
paved, and therefore we will proceed to the Governours of the Provinces,
as beinp; likewise men of armes.
Gmemx>ursof ^he Govcmours of Proviuccs have their commissions (which are
Provinces, Cities, V
and Ports. simple, and depending on the pleasure of the King) verified in Parlia-
ment, where they have their seats next after the premiers Presidents :
they are in some degree equivalent to our Lieutenants of the Shire, but
exercise a much more vigorous power, which is yet restrained to mat-
ters of armes ; for in other justice they meddle not at all. So likewise
77
the governors of cities, fortresses, and places of strength, all which are
chosen of persons of blood, valour, arid merit. But before we alto-
gether quit this subject of armes, it will not be impertinent to say
somthing here of the Order of Knighthood in France.
I shall not much amuse you with those orders which are so far anti- orders of Chmai-
quated, that even the heralds themselves can scarcely render us any
certain accompt : Such is that which is named de la Genette, insti-
tuted by Charles Martel, or the Order de I'Estoile by King John, the
Order of the Croisant, Pore Espic, nor much concerning the Order of instituted 1469
Saint Michael it self, although not many ages since first instituted, and venth.
for a long while the principal Order in the Kingdome ; composed but of
36, because (as the manner of this nation is to be as soon weary of
their new inventions, as children are of rattles) they begin to have
this Order already in contempt ; albeit the chain and pendent badg be ordre.de s. Mi-
commonly reserved in the coat armours, together with that which is
now in vogue, and next ensues.
UOrdre du S. Esprit was instituted on new years day, anno 1579, ordreduS.Es-
■<- •' ■' ' prit. Institution.
by Henry the Third, and honoured with that name, because he was both
born and afterwards elected King of Polonia on Whitsunday : this
Prince restrained the number also to thirty-six ; but that is likewise as
indefinite as it pleases the King : however, it remaines yet the Order of
greatest esteem, and therefore let us look a while upon the ceremonies
of the Inauguration.
The day of their reception they appear all in cloath of silver, their Reception.
cloaks (^especially their ca.^%^ exit d, V antique, of black velvet; which
they put off and change, to receive on them a robe of green velvet full
of embroydred tongues of fire : then remaining on their knees, the King
takes their hands between the palmes of his own, striking them lightly
upon the shoulder, and kisses their cheeke.
Ordinarily they wear a flame or orange colour crosse of velvet upon Order.
the left side of their cloakes, in the midst whereof is embossed a dove
of silver, and about it a glory of rayes, like that which our Knights of
the Garter in England do wear, as having first assumed that mode from
the French ; albeit for antiquity of the Order, ours stands much
before it.
78
State Hierarchi-
cal.
Archbishops ani
Bishops,
L'Eglise GalK-
eane.
Present Govern-
ment of France.
Q. Regent.
Card. Mazarini.
' About their bodies likewise they wear a blew ribbot) which of late
tikey have watered, and at the end of that a crpsse of gold, in the midst
whereof there is ennamailed a white dove : and this is all which I finde
observable.
We have been hitherto very silent of the State Ecclesiastick in par-
ticular, which, although it come last in order, yet was it one of the first
in mine intention, as consisting of persons who, besides their qualities
both for extraction and letters, possesse alone one third part of the total
revenue of France.
The Arch Bishops of this kingdom are in number 6fteen^ whereof he
of Lyons is the Primate and Metropolitan, and some of these be Pe&rs;
Bishopricks, two hundred and one.
Of this Hierarchy is composed VMglise Gallicane, which by the
concordats made with the Pope, hath sundry rights and priviledges*
extraordinary, which, but for that they are not much incident to our
discourse, we will purposely omit, and content ourselves with what hath
been briefly spoken.
Having thus, as 1 was able, finished my designe and your request,,
with what succinctnesse and perspicuity I might (for herein I am
obliged to some relations, more discourses, and a little experience), I
will make bold (the better to let you understand the full nature of thing*
as they subsist and are govern'd at present) to reassume the argument,
and deliver you the best and more solid opinions of men concerning the
particulars already spoken of.
The Government of France doth at present rather totter then stand,
upon the late great Cardinals substruction; the QueenRegeat having ever
since his decease continued in the principall ministry of state affairs
her favourite Mazarini, a person of (to speak with the world) far
greater fortune then either extraction or vertue; however he hath
steered this great vessell of Monarchy a long time, and? that amidst sa
many stormes, and in such foul weather, as whether his craft or courage
exceeds, it is not yet decided; certaine it is, that as he hath longer held
in then by some wise menit was judg'd be could, so some late actions
of his (interpreted to have been ingratefull enough) make others daily
ai>d in truth, he doth play so hazardpus
confident of bis absolute ruine
79
a game at present, that as the hand is universally turned, it were great
pdds to lay on confusions side, so prodigious a fatality now threatning
Princes, that if France compose not suddenly, these calamities, I am
confident, will epidemically visite Europe for a time. And why it should
be that this active nation have endured ^> many strangers to governe
them thus in chief I am much to seek for a reason, when I steadily behold
th« universal protnptnesse of the Noblesse; unlesse peradventure, to
avoid emulation at Court 'twixt so many greater Princes and Subjects,^
as might else pretend to highest authority,, they rather submit them-
selves ta the meanest alien. But this by way of glosse and species,
not opinion. The subtill have ever been too hard for the simple : and
though the law deny women succession to the Grown, yet the h.te of
the kingdome, and addresses of the sex, furnish'd them a title which
liath fully recompensed for that injury.
The Noblesse of France comprehend the Gentry, under one and the JVobiesse of
. 11.1 . T^. J ^ France and
same common t^rm; nor indeed is there in any Kingdome (save ours Gentry the same
N. 1 !• • • • 1 • thing.
onely) that severe distinction of minores and majores amongst the
]VJobility ; a difference which some think neither suits with true policy
or justice. But quitting this decision to whom it belongs, we are (as
I said) in this dominion to take the Noblesse (that is the Gentry) for
the sole visible body, and consequently the Plebeians of a far more vile Plebeians, their
■ . *' , . . misery.
and naturally slavish genius, then they really are in any part of Chris-
tendome bcisidea ; which meannesse of spirit I easily conjecture to have
been long since contracted from the over severity and liberty of their
superiors ; their incomparable poverty, and excessive oppression .
Other Immunities, besides the fore rehearsed,^ which the Noblesse enjoy
in France is, that with their pensions and governments, they are like-
wise exempted froia all contributions upon their own demains ; which
dotji so fax oblige them to their Prince, that there are none which ren-
der him such real and considerable service, upon all urgent and brisk Se>-vice the mu-
occasions, as do the Gentry ; especially, at what time the Ban and yield their Prince.
Arrier-ban be summoned to their several assignations: and to this BanandArrier-
heroique life of the field they are. generally addicted, as being thereto chevawy, their
excellently <ijisciplined from their very "cradles ; by which means, cer- ^*"*""^''2'*""'"-
tainly they become the best esteemed,, and most adroict cavalry of Eu-
80
rope; nor doth this early education of them abroad prejudice the State
at home; for being kept and dissevered from projecting of commotion
Rebellions for the {^ ^j^g countrv, their rebellions have been for the most part, though
most part improf- J ' i ' o
indZh'P'"'"''"' frequent, yet improsperous, so considerable a party ever remaining
with the Prince, whose personal presence with them in the field, gives
an extraordinary life and loyalty to their actions.
Commons, their As touching the Plebeians or Roturiers of France ; truly I esteem them
litigious nature in "^ -iiiiii i/"
France. for the most miserable objccts that one may likely behold upon the face
of the earth ; especially those which live towards the frontiers, so im-
measurably exhausted by taxations, gabels, impositions, spoyls, and
contributions, unto which they are generally obnoxious. The rest of
' the two first estates, together with all their dependants, living onely
upon their revenues, remain free and exempt ; but that which addes not
a little to their ruin is (for all this) their extraordinary litigious nature,
and vindicative disposition, especially those of Normandy, Bretagne,
. Gascogny, and Provence ; so that, what with the premises, delay of
their process, and the abominable corruption of Justice, this rank of
people seldom or never arrive to any considerable fortune or competency,
Farmers in by their own wit or industry, as do so many of our Yeomen and Farmers
in England. By these means also, their spirits becoming so abjectly
debased, they are not able to aflFord their Prince that ready service in
matter of armes, as indeed their multitudes and necessities both promise
and require. To supply which defect in all expeditions of consequence,
juxiiiariesinthe the King, makcs usc of the Gascons and Biscaians, who being bred
French armies. " _ _ ° _
about the confines and frontiers of Spain, are much the better soldiersj
and esteemed for the best infantry of France ; as also of the Dutch,
Scotch, Irish, Italian, and others, in whom together with the Suisse
(a most principall ingredient) consisteth their greatest foot confidence ;
the more considerable part whereof being mercenary auxiliaries, and
very frequently left in great arrears, might peradventure administer to
politicians sufficient cause of suspition and discourse ; but the event
having hitherto, for many ages past, been nothing prejudicial, takes
away any farther occasion of dispute.
Meehaniques of 'J;\^q people of Trade and Mechanicks^ are nothing so contemptible as
the common sort, of whom we have spoken a little, many of them
81
living very decently and handsomly in their houses, especially the
better sort of merchants, who are better furnished then the rest ; how- Mei-chants.
beit, in competition with our country-men of the same quality, to be
esteemed, in truth, but as mean mountebanks and inconsiderable pedlers.
Those of greatest wealth and commerce, being some crafty Italian or
Portuguese, who (during the time of the late and. present Cardinal)
have amassed very considerable estates and great riches. And here we
may properly observe, that no gentleman will in France, binde his
youngest son to any trade or mechanique calling whatever, under that
of a military life^ as esteeming every apprentisage and subjection, a. jpprentuage
• ^1. .. ,, ij>> c \ ' c '\ 1 1*1 counted a dimi
stain and diminution to the honor and- dignity or nisiamily; the like timo/honori
also they for the most part observe in their marriages and^ alliances ;
but herein the German is most religious.
The Nobility and Gentry of this kingdom differ much from the garb Nomties,gar,
of living in Englaufl, both within (and till of late) without doors ; they
have many of them vast estates, either in lands or offices ; the revenues
whereof they chuse rather to spend at. Paris, and other great cities, in
a specious retinue of coaches, pages, and laquaies, then suffer them-
selves to be eaten up at home, in the country, in the likenesse of beef
and mustard, among their unthankful neighbours. This, affection of
theirs to reside for the most part in the. chief towns of the kingdom, is
the reason why the Corporations are little considerable, as not daring corporations
to be brewing and hatching such factions, as where the Gentry and
civiller sort of mankinde are universally given to solitary and unactive
lives in the country. Besides, . the gentlemen are generally given to
those laudable magnificencies of building, and ifurnishing their palaces Magnificence i
■ I 1 • 11 I r L 1 I n '** NoHlity at
with the most precious moveables, much ot the luxe and excesse of Gentti^.
V Italy being now far entred amongst^ them, as may wpll serve to exem-
plifie, when in the. Dutchess of Chaulmes • her palace neer the Place
Royal in Paris, the penDaches.or tufts of plumes belonging to one of
her beds onely, are estimated worth fourteen ;thousand livers, which
amount to neer a thousand pounds sterling of our. money.
Every great person who builds here, however qualified with intellec- Great pretende
tuals, pretends to his elaboratory and library; for the furnishing of '"'"*'
which last he doth not much amuse himself in the particular elections
M
82
of either authors or impressions; but having erected his cases and
measured them, accords with a stationer to furnish him with so many
gilded folios, so many yards of quartos and octavos by the great, till
his bibliotheke be full of volumes. And yet some of them, both have
excellent books, and are very polite scholars ; but the Noblesse do nut
naturally so addict themselves to studie, aa tbe gown-men do; account-
ing it a life so contemplative and below their spirits, that no gentle-
mans necessity whatsoever shall easily engage him to seek any support
Physick and Law either bv Pbysick or Law ; both which professions are (^as in truth they
despised m/ the J J ' J. '>• J.
Nobiiitj/offrance. highly merit) in very laudable esteem and reputation amongst us in
England.
Hasticklfptance' "^^^ ^^^^^ Ecclosiastick (comprehending that of the religion) is of
Protestants. twosorts; the greater part whereof being Pontificians, and the Pro-
testants, commonly called those of the religion (and by them vvith this
adjunct, pretendue reformSe), who exercise the doctrine and discipline
of Geneva.
lioman Cathoiichs "j^^g Roman Catholicks of France are nothing: so precise, secret, and
0/ France, how or'
'liZfi%uhe'^me blgotish as are either the Recusants of England, Spain, or Italy; but
religion. ^^^ f^j. ^^ most part an indifferent sort of Christians, naturally not so,
superstitious and devout, nor in such vassallage to his Holinesse as in
other parts of Europe, where the same opihions arc professed ; which
indifferenoy, whether I may approve of or condeoin, I need not declare
here.
fcr*"Tald 'Tk- '^^ ^^^ ^^^ P°*^^ Protestants, they are now so inconsiderable, since the
nedofiute. latc succcssBs of the Cardinal RichUeu, and especially our nations re-
proach, and their misfortune at La Rophelle; that for the present they
possess no one place of strength, or any other singular immunity above
others, as being defeated of all eminent persons, either of birth or
charge, who might be able to. defend or counsel them at need ; the
Court having now rendered most of them proselytes by preferments,
interests, or other effectual means. Howbeit, such as remain (and of
which too there are likewise a very considerable body) are permitted
peaceably to enjoy their consciences, upon renovation of the late edict
of pacification ; and are undoubtedly in case of any considerable rebel-
lion, capable to form a very ballancing and pondrojus party ; but with
83
nothing that front and confidence which within these twenty years past
they might have done, when they durst even beard the King, and pro-
tect such as retired to them from his displeasure, in most of his now
strongest towns and places of importance ; but the scean is now much The cause of u.
altered, and they shrewdly contracted, especially since the stir under
that late and incomparable person the D. of Rohan : the folly of their
own private interests, having evidently proved their fatal destruction ;
as it is most frequently seen to fall out (first or last) amongst all con- Fatee/dvudis-
trivers of civil and popular dissentions. However, thus far I must uttieschiim
needs vindicate the Protestants of France, that we finde not amongst "pr^fsuMs, le-
them those frequent schismatiques and broachers of ridiculous entbil'' ^why"^' "^*'
siasms as aboutid amongst us ; every particular so unanimously con-
curring Avlth their pastor, that, in truth, they are herein not unworthy
to be commended ; though that vertue likewise were the more estima-
ble, were it not certainly constrained by the vigilancy of their anta-
gonists, who watch all advantages to discompose and defame them.
To be short, though they have lost many great ones and much strength,
and that the form of their discipline invite few, yet the light of their
attempts hath invited so many to look into the reason of things beyond
the mask of tradition and mystery of policy, that it is both thought
and well known, that even divers of those who are persons of greatest
eminency both in Church and State, have so good an inclination to inclinations oj
, . J . . , . many great ones
change some pomts of the received opmions, that were it not more out to a r^brmation.
of secular consideration to lose their preferments, then any other incon-
veniency, many of them would openly profess themselves Jansenia- Jamenianisis and
"^ , , , . , . Moulinists.
nists, Moulinists *, &c. whose opinions, as they infinitely propagate
among&tthem, so do they come on a great way towards a reformation.
The forces of France is that which renders it (as indeed it doth all Forces of France.
other kingdoms) most formidable abroad and secure at home.
The frame and positure of the Continent, situated a:s it were in the Advantageous
navel of all the Christian world, qualifies it to collect, unite, and dis-
pose of her forces ; for it hath Spain and Italy before it, England be-
hinde ; the seas upon the right, and Germany upon the left band ; at
one corner the Neatherlands, and the Cantons of the Swisse at the
* So named from Cornelius Jansen, or Jansenius, Bishop of Ypres, who died May 16, 1638; and
from Peter Du Moulin, a very celebrated French Protestant Minister, who died March 10, 1658.
84
Cadets aHdyming-
er brothers all sol-
diers of fortune .
Francis the First
reproached^ and
why.
Maritime forces
and Havens.
Late ac^uists.
Land forest.
other; all of them potent, considerable, and active neighbors; and
where they intermit, it is a worthy prospect to behold how nature hath
served and defended her with the Pyrenes, Alps, Ocean, and Mediterra-
nean Seas, whilest she sitting secure from any subitaneous irruption of
natural pretension, may well be pronounced a fair and most just empire;
and especially since the later accession of Bretagne, Guyenne, Nor-
mandy (once the goodly portions of the English), and Bourgogne,
who are now all of them under one Prince, as having enjoyed hereto-
fore every one their proper Dukes ; by whose favour or spleen there was
always a facile entrance for any potent stranger to disturbe the rest of
the Kingdom; the consequencies whereof have filled almost every
modern Chronicle. And to the stronger twisting of this cord, such
prudence hath been had of late times, that all those great and power-
ful houses remain now no more divided (as still amongst the Princes
of Italy and Germany)^ the cadets and younger brothers minding for
the most part no greater preferments then what they cut out with
their sword, and merit in field by being soldiers of fortune.
As for the forces by sea, as it was never great, so we do not read
that ever any signal action hath been atchieved by any of their navi-
gations ; for which cause, Francis the First was once pretty well
resolved to make use of the Turk, and call in that stout miscreant, to
the eternal reproach both of that Prince and Nation ; notwithstanding
at this instant, their maritime strength is not totally so contemptible,
having a very stately and considerable armada of handsom gallies in
most of their Mediterranean ports, as at Toulon, Marseilles, and other
places, which are vessels of excellent use and service upon those seas.
On the ocean, I confess, both their shipping and traffique have been
alike trivial ; and yet of late they have greatly augmented their fleet,
especially since the time (to our nations egregious shame and dishonor)
that they have made so large inroads and gaps into Flanders, towards
the sea coasts ; witness those strong towns and havens of Dunkirk
Mardike, &c. stout forts and very commodious harbors for shipping ;
so that a little time (if we will still suffer it) may likewise furnish them
with ships enough to make them stand in a bolder competition with
their neighbors.
But the more principall nerve of the French power consists in his
85
forces at land; and amongst them (as hath already been touched) /
chiefly his cavalry, which Is a strength and spectacle both of admiration cavairytf France
and gallantry, they being for the greater part composed of gentlemen, e^*^'/
who generally so bequeath themselves to this service, that hee who
(amongst them) hath not made two or three campagnas (as they use
to term It) by that time he is 18 years of age, Is esteemed as a person
lasche, that Is, of a soft education and small repute : besides, the horse ^*« *<»*» "»
*■ exercise proper ta
IS an exercise unto which they have so naturall a disposition aud ad- "t^ French youth.
dresse, that the whole earth doth not contain so many academies dedi- Their academtes^
cated chiefly to this discipline, and other martiall gymnastlques, ««*«<'*'•
wherein they handsomly attain to competent perfection in whatsoever
is active and proper for their youth and Inclinations.^
And what Incomparable souldlers this country hath in all ages bred, SmUieryof
we need look out no further for testimoay, then their many past and ■m^ed.'^
present acquisitions and enterprises, under Harcourt, Condy, Gassion,
and infinite others ; besides (what Is no trivial mark of our assertion),
the multitudes of such who are at present Imployed In the services of
foreign Princes. Very undenyable It Is that the Spanish infantry is SpanUhandFrr.^
too hard tor the French foot ; for the peasants of France (of whom ''"■*<'•
they should naturally consist) are thought (and that upon good grounds)
to be more then accidentally improper and mal-adr'oict for that service.
Howbelt, we finde (and that by quotidian experience) that custome or
something else more propitious hath much altered and reformed their
natures, even in this particular instance : and for ought I perceive,
they keep what they have gotten, and become as good soiildiers as
those who brag so much of their lowsie and tenacious epitheton; but I
must confess how few Indigene and naturall Spaniards serve now
against them ; all the old brave foot having been for the greater part
slain, or continued unrecruited at and since the signal battle of Rocroy,
where (though with their own destinies) they bravely made good that
general and worthy repute which the world hath of the infantry of that
nation. And however, had his reproach a more solid ground, yet that a saying of Ma>-
saying of Machlavel in his RitrattI, that Lefanterie che si fanno in ''*•"*'*'•
Francia non passono essere molto buone, perc/id gli egran tempo chenon
hanno avuto guetra, e per guesta non kanno sperienza aleuna.* &c.
* Ritratti delle Cose delta Francia. Opere de Machiavelli, Tom. II. p. 131. ed. Firenze, 178?. 4to..
oo
is now no more an argument, then that the premises being changed,
the conclusion must needs remain, considering that the cause being
taken away through their present exercise and perpetual war, the
effect and defect must of fconsequence ensue, as we have already suffi-
ciently proved : or admit it were yet so, I hope the Swisse and other
faithful mercenaries to that Crown, abundantly supply all these wants
and prejudices, most of which, yet notwithstanding for my part, were, I
think, first hired rather out of consideration of diversion, and since
custom, then otherwise out of any pure necessity. That likewise which
made the armies of France sb inconsiderable for native foot soldiers,
may with much reason too (if we please) be attributed unto Lewis the
lultZg'thl . Eleventh his disarming of the Commons ; by w;hich advice the King
indeed became more absolute at home amongst his vassals, but a great
deal less formidable abroad amongst his enemies ; and herein it was
that his neighbors stood him in stead.
Another thing rendring this kingdom very considerable for an army,
France abundant is, their prolifiquc multiplying; for Europe embraceth not a more
victuals. populous nation, nor more abounding in victuals, which is the belly of
that cruel beast, called war; so fertil, I say it is, that when Charles the
, Fift entred into France by Provence, and afterwards by Champagne, it
nourished (besides the many garrisons thereof) more then an hundred
and fifty thousand ravenous soldiers; and even in the time of Charles
the Sixth, there were found in this kingdom twenty thousand horse,
and thirty thousand foot, all consisting of strangers ; and fifteen
thousand horse, and one hundred thousand foot, all of natural French.
And verily, when we have seriously surveighed the complication of
enemies, which once invested this kingdom, when for extent and com-
mand it was far inferior to what it is at present, since the English
have been dispossessed, Navar adjoyned, and other additions of great
strength : I say, when England, Germany, 'Spain, and Italy, invaded
it on all parts, in the reign of Francis the First, as it will appear, how
potent and able this kingdom united is to defend itself : so doth the
consideration of it seem to me most strange, and altogether portentous.
Stare of Arms, Addc to thcsc advantages, their store of good arms and munition.
Ammunition, and _ '-' iii/>'ii .
Artillery. excellent attillery, many famous and well furnished magazines ; in sum.
87
why should I further tire you with particulars, when their present
exploits, and almost continual triumphs, have planted the flower de
lyces where ever they break ground. Witness those renowned adven-r JnHent and late
tures since Charlemaigne, St. Lewis, Charles d'Anjou, Charles the
Eighth, &c. ; whose heroicque atchievements and glorious trophies have
filled all histories and countrey^, even as far as Asia herself; witness
their expeditions and successes at Jerusalem, In Egypt, Barbary^
Cyprus, Greece, .Naples, Saxony, Hungary, and sundry other places,
even in these our times, and before our own doors ; witness all their
late acquists and conquests in Catalonia, Spain, Italy, Flanders, &c. :
besides the signal battels and sieges of Nordlingen, Rocroy, Perpignian,
Theonvil, Arras, Dunkirk, &c. : not to repeat the miraculous, or rather
ingenious reduction of La Rochel, Montpelier, and other impregnable
holds appertaining to the Protestants : so that if now we see them
begin to decline, and refund what they have so hastily swallowed down,
it is but the fate of all humane undertakings, all things having a period The common fate
. 1 . 1J J.U J. U J L • • of all humane
m this world, that had a beginnmg. enterprises.
And now, albeit the Church (who is neer a good third part of France) chmch neer a
doth in most places (as the proverb goes) neither lose nor defend any i<\arSe^ "
thing; yet here, in times of publick and emergent necessities, have
they been made contribute most bountifully towards the maintaining
of armies and supplyes.
Nor are the frontiers and maritime coasts of this kingdom so ill Frontiers and
fortified now, as in former times ; but there hath been of late so thorough how fortified ai'
, present,
a reformation and care had in that regard, that it were hard to call to
minde a considerable place at present but is capable to support a long
and strenuous resistance ; especially those harbours and keys of -the
country which respect our coasts ; as Haver, Calais, Dieppe,, and divers
other places of importance.
In fine, France is at this present grown to that stature, so well state of Fr:
planted, and commodiously laid to it self, that (but for their own mad-
nesse, and the feared fate of these times, which already begins to work)
in the reall interest and balance with her neighbours, it were high time
she were now a little observed, and a non-ultra fixed unto her proceedr anontur""^*-
ings and future aspirings : nor doubt I at all, but if the Low Countries -^^a^^^*^
88
The greatness of
Spain suspicious,
and how jar it
concerns us.
The humour of the
Spaniards likened.
Englands best
bulwark and ba-
lance.
Qu. Elizabeths
policy.
Danger in the
Accession of the
Low Countries to
Fr.
That theSpaniaril
hath no pretence
to alienate t?te
French sulg'ects,
by his instruments
the Jesuits, and
why.
Genius andnature
of the people.
CtEsars saying of
the Gallilnsubres.
were able to preserve her neutrality, but England with Spain (as poor
and contemptible as she is now grown) may one day so exercise this
ambitious kingdom, as she may be glad to contain herself within her
Own confinesj without molesting or incommoding of her neighbours.
I deny not, that even the greatnesse of Spain her self were as much
to be apprehended, equally as dangerous, did not her accustomed swell-
ing and unnatural plethory most certainly incline to a tympanic, rather
then shew it proceeded from any strong and sane constitution : their
over-grasping humour being much like his, who desiring a good hand-
full of sand, by griping it over hard, loseth more through his fingers
then he can carry away in all his palm. So that in this case our onely
best bulwark is France ; and (vice versd) opposed to their power, Spain,
so long as this antipathic amongst them continues, and they remain in
one entire bodie. For this cause it was, and for no other, that Queen
Elizabeth would very wisely by no means consent to that offer of can-
tonizing this kingdom, when in the time of the late league she was
offered a considerable share. But on the other side, the accession of
the Low Countries to this Empire were beyond all comparison more
perilloTis then if they had also never started aside from their lawfull
master; and this by reason of their situation, vicinity, ports, traffick,
towns of defence ; the Infinite disadvantages whereof we should soon
acknowledge to our cost and ignominy.
As touching the Protestants, they are yet so numerous in France,
and the Roman Catholicks so averse in that point, as there can never
spring up the least appearance of hope that the King of Spain should
ever pretend any thing in this country by way of inclination or defec-
tion ; however, the late Jesuites (notwithstanding all those strict edicts
and bans made against them) begin to swarme and re-establish them-
selves. And so I have done with the more generall remarks worthy
your consideration. I shal onely say a word or two of the people
and of Paris in particular, and so finish this task.
Concerning the nature and genius of the inhabitants, that which
the Prince of Politicians gives out of the French, where he. affirms
that / Francesi sono per natura piii fieri, che gagliardi 6 destri, nuon
what Cesar of old said of the Galli Insubres, that in the beo-inning
8&
they appeared more then men, bttt proved in the conclusion lesse then
Women, retains in it still something of their present jpromptriesse, and
as sudden discouragement: Upon Which observation, the fore-cited
Florentine notably advlseth, chi vuole superare i Frartcesi si guardi
dalprimo loro impeto,%c. "that he who would vanquish the French^
should be sure to withstand and break thieir first brusk and onset:"
because they usually rush on danger like a torrent, and in a des-
perate fury, when they first charge and ,joyn battel!: but as nothing French fwry at
which is violent is permanent, so expectation as soon rulnes, and
utterly daunts their courage.
But as for their intellectuals, and more noble part, such of them as Learned mm v.
France.
dedicate themselves to-letters and erudition prove as polite scholers and
as trim wits as any Italian of them all. The greater part of them, I
ednfesse, and ordinary pretenders, please themselves more In analyticall
and cursory speculatiotis, to which one may take post at every pillar In
the streets, where you shdl never fail of some ;bragadocio HIppias, who
like some intellectus universalis, professes, and will undertake to render Pedantry »/
any man an exact and perfect Philosopher, Divine, Orator, Chymist ; or
to teach him all languages, and indeed, what not, within the space of
a month or two; which kind of table method and Lulllan art renders
many of them, even to the very mechanlcks, most egregious -talk^s,
and intblleraibly pragmatical 1.
Add unto this, their levelling of learning, and layine; all authors In Their levelling
<J ^ '-> ^ •> >=> of learning.
eommOri, by^their Intemperate translations, having but of very late put
all the Orations of Cicero Into French, as It is long since that the
poets hav« been made orators : for there is nothing more frequent then
the turning of them into prose.
Amongst the Faculties of Paris, tiiere are some good d^^yAxon^ tm Faculties of
Divines ; ^ut their school exercises are dull and perfunctory things, in
competition with what was wont to be performed here in our univer-
si^es.
Generally, the Chirureians of France are preten-ders to physick, and Physicians and
J ' E3 * ■ L J CM^l•^rgians of
the Pl>ysiciain as great a friend to the Emperlck; especially in point of ^"J^J^j^l^"
phlebotbmie, which is their panacea for all diseases. And albeit they '"'"'
have bred some able and accomplish'd proficients of all these kindes,
N
some
Professors,
90
Praise of Eng-
lish Physicians,
French Mecha-
vicis incompar-
little.
French Children
and Youth.
Sudden decay of
IVomen.
Youth of the
French Genl^
not bred to letters,
and why.
Humour in Tra-
velling.
No trust to the
outward appear-
ance.
yet their common practice, in tedious and chronique as well as acute
diseases, imports them rather to a sudden ease bf the patient, then any
intire recovery, or security from relapse; for they study more to weaken
and enervate the body, then the disease: so that they recover fewof
languishing fevers, which relapse not as soon again, and for the most
part perish : contrary both to the method and success of our Physicians
in England; into one of whose hands I had rather put my life, then
to a whole colledg of these French leaches.
In. the Mechanicks, they are universally excellent, inventive, and
happy ; and are of late too become far .more stay'd and constant in
habit and fashion then they were wont to be : for I will undertake, our
native levity and wantonnesse in that kinde hath of late yeers infinite-
ly exceeded them.
The French Children are the fairest letter that Nature, I think, can
shew through' all the bumane alphabet ; but though they be Angels in
the cradle, yet are they more like Divels in the saddle: age generally
shewing, that what! she so soon bestows, she takes as fast away ; for the
French (after twenty) presently strikeforty in their faces, and especially
amongst their women, who are then extremely decayed, when ours, If
not beautifuU, are yet very tolerable at those years ; which, whether it
proceeds from the siccity of the air, drinking water, ill diet, or other
accident, 1 dare not easily determine ; and yet am the rather inclined
to think, something of that nature it must needs be, when we finde the
women of quality for the most part as exquisite beauties as any the
whole world produces, without disparaging our ladies at home, whom
I would be unwilling this paragraph should in the l^ast degree oflFend.'
I cannot affirm that the youth of the Gentry and Noblesse of France
are altogether so literate as most of our English and fDutch are; being,
as I said, of lesse phlegme, and more prompt then to fix. to those
unactive studies; nor are they at all so curious and Inquisitive in their
travels, unto which fewer also are inclined, but seem abundantly satis-
fied, to be able to say, they have been in such or such a place.
It Is a true observation of one, that a French man apnears a child at
all ages; but In practice and negotiation you shall finde him a man.
y**
91
It is the Field and Court which the Gentry aflfect aa the best of educa-
tion; and thence I am inclined to beleeve, they contract amongst them »
that itidifFerency of beleevina; and living;, in which they are generally Jndifferencyof
' -J D ■ o' J ci J Ft, in religion.
more open and free then even the Italians; albeit yet not in all points
so enormous as the depraved youth of England, whose prodigious dis- The French not so
* a . r a disbauched as the
hatcheries and late unheard of extravagancies, far surpasse the mad> Engiuh youth at
O ' I present.
nesse of all other civilized nations :jvhatsoever. * Gaming, also they mr more given
frequent, but are in no one vice so abandoned, as to the exhausting ^.',
their estates, especially in point of drink and tobacco ; which, though ATotung so tnuch
it have of late got some footing upon the more vile sort, and, infected LdT,
some northern parts of the kingdom ; yet fewer persons of quality use
either in excesse : but what thfey do not in drink, they pay in bread,
and are strange devourers of corn: they adore a good pottage Twhat- but adorers of
o 'J O r O V bread and pot-
ever the rest of the repast be) as the Egyptians did garlick: nor will *"s^''-
a true Monsieur be brought at any rate to taste a glasse of wine, sans
premier Tnanger ; which although they neither do so ranch, nor sit so
Jong at it, yet they use to collation more often, the most temperate x)f
' them.
The passions of the people are suddenly imported and puflFed up with Elevated and de-
a victory, and as soondgected with the least repulse or loss. They are ''withvMory'ol
prodigall, and splendid in externals, but seldome undoe themselves in spundidmex-
house-keeping and hospitality : the best sort eat like Princes, and far '""""'*•
exceed our tables ; the common, worse then dogs : generally, so they
flourish and appear for a month or two in the summer, they will fare
hard enough the rest of the yeer besides ; and such as minde onely
their profit, have , little charity, where they see no evident interest, fuu of interest.
They are exceedingly courteous, and have generally their tongues well
hung ; which promptitude of theirs, as it becomes them well in en-
counter, so they are for the most part of joviall conversation, and. far o/ajoviaiuon-
• Til 1 • 1 • 11 n • versation, hand-
from that constrained addresse which is naturall to our sullen nation, some address, and
, . 1 • I "'*" spoken.
who never think ourselvies acquainted, till we treat one another with
Jack and Tom; familiarities which, as we finde no where else in use, censure of the
. . , , , . . rude familinritie
SO they commonly terminate m vaine and rude associations. of the English.
The French are the sole nation in Europe that do idolize their Spve- French, reveren-
reign, unto whom they have likewise a more free and immediate accesse King, and usaf-
O ' , J ' • fabUity to them.
92
{^without much ceremony) then ordinarily ig to be seen in any othej-
Princes Court : and this affabilitie and freedom gains them as. strangely
to him; whith (certainly) is an excellent art in the one, and no liesse ^
vertue in the other. Biit, on the contrary, their choler throughly stirred,
there never wants some Raviliac, or cut-throat, to perpetrate their malice ;
so unstable is popular confidence. ; ■
•opinion and Finally, they have a naturall dread and hate to the English, as
esteeming us, for the most part, a fierce, rude, and, barbaro.us nation :
but their antipathy to a Spaniard is deadly and irreconcilable,
'■re. For their bodies, they are both sexes of mean stature, rather in good
lexion. point then either lean or grosse; generally swart of complexion, ex-
cept such as have mixed towards the north and east : the women have
commonly black ey^s, rare teeth, and sweet voices ; and certainly, so
gentile and naturall an addresse, even in their most ordinary actions,
that one may as easily distinguish them by it as their tongues : in fine,
pfness, they are extremely prompt, and imagine to comprehend all upon an
instant, which makes many to give out and tire in the journey before
they be half way: for all which, and their oppressions to boot, there
heer/uim- h^es not uhdcr the cope of heaven a more frank, galiard, and supine
"■' "^"'' people : howbeit many of them will not stick to repine, an^ censure
■iesunwei- evcH their own victories and successes, whereof every one bu^ seems to
Ay. '" ajdd a heavier weight to 'their oppression.
island most Now as cvcry metropolitan and royal city is likely the best map of
lilXy^"'' the country wherein it stands ; so may Paris be esteemed th6 most exact
compendium of France.
.site.edi. Paris is a city in a ring, whereof the Louvre or jfajace of the King
is the diamond : and trciely considering the vastnesse of its circum-
ference, so incomparably built all of the living rock, whereupon it is
seated (which for beauty, easie working, and lastingnesSj renders it a
pre-eminence above many more costly materials) I think no city in the
whole world equalizes it. I have seen Naples, Rome, Florence^
Genoa, and Venice ; all stately cities, and full of Princely "fabricks ;
but then I compare the extent, and here are many huiidreds of noble-
mens houses, both within the town, and the environs, which altogether
approach, if not exceed the best of them. This I will boldly affirm.
<ic.
93
that for the streets, suburbs, and common buildings, it infinitely excels
any city else in Europe : for publick edifices, some of the hospitals are
fair foundations and handsome piles : but the convents and churches
come far short of the towns before recited : yet that of the Sprbonhe
and Jesuites, are not much inferiour to some of the best and most mo-
dern pieces of architecture extant.
The river of Seine, which divides it, is nothing comparable, iov The River of
sweetnesse and good condition, to our Royal river of Thames : yet it
would deceive any man in the use; when he shall seriously examine
and consider the huge vessels of burden (though not ships) it brings
up, full of commodities and necessary provisions. In conclusion,. Paris
wants nothing but clean streets, and a redresse of the multitude of
coaches, laquays, and throngs of mankind; with all which, it is ge- p/umber i^f peo-
nerally so pestered, that it appears a miracle to me, how so many backs uo^rl'aT. ''"^
are clothed, and bellies maintained (in a town of no eminent staple)
as you may behold in one day, if you walk the streets and public
carfours; most of the houses ordinarily harbouring six, as often ten
families betwixt heaven and hell, the garrets and the cellars : and this I „
'•^ Tiiie cause of our
take to be the true cause of that nastinesse which we usuallv impute to •'■^''^•'hmg their
•I r Nastirtesse.
the nation: persons of quality, and such as have room enough, being Persons of qua-
far more proper and sumptuous in their houses, then the best- of us here and sumptuous
' *■ then any in Eng-
in England, however we arrogate the contrary. '«»*
Touching the extent of this city, it hath been, and is still a great The extent of Pa-
. , J jII i'i-ii ''i^ "''^ London
controversie amongst our countrey-men travellers, which is the larger, difficult to le com-
this or London; every one speaks according to his inclinations : but the "^ '"" ^'^'
figures of them both are so different, that it would be a very difiicult
matter to reconcile them, by making an exact tryall : and peradventure,
all things considered, there is as yet no very great inequality : but if we '^
Hjay conjecture from the buildings at present, and prodigious enlargcr-
ment of their suburbs on all sides, what a little time and peace will ren- crease of tmid-
der it, it must without doubt in a short time outgrow the contention,
and far exceed it : for I finde no end of their erecting not onely of par-
ticular houses, but even of whole streets, and those so incomparably fair
and uniform i that you would imagine your self rather in some Italian Beauty of the
opera, where the diversity of scenes surprise the beholder, then beleeve Ip^rV "'"
94
your self to he in a reall citie. This is onely to be observed in their prime
buildings and palaces, that the best fabricks commonly promise less to-
wards the front or street, then you will finde them within the court;
which is caused by the high walls and tarraces that thwart them : a
piece of modestie, which in other appearances and outsides they do not
usually practise.
London for shops, But what our city of London hath not in houses and palaces, she
drinking schools hath in shops and taverns ; which render it so open by day, and cheerful!
and noise, exceed- .,.,,. , 11 i J J- j. xU
ing all cities of m the night, that it appears to be a perpetuail wake or wedaing to the
beholder; for so mad and lowd a town is no where to be found in the
whole world.
Government of The government and policy of this Prevestd is exercised by Judges
called Lieutenants, civils and criminels ; who, for purchasing their
offices of the Court, sell their justice at extraordinary rate, to such as
^Prevosts of Mer- have usc of that rare commodity. They have also a Prevost of the
chands. J J
Merchands, and les Eschevins, which is an office more resembling our
jrchbishopof Recorder and Sheriff, then Major: likewise the Archbishop hath a
Paris, cfc. ' 'J jr
spirituall jurisdiction here; as also some particular Abbots and Priors.
And with all this I cannot say it is well governed ; the disorders of
Disorders of evcry day and night will convince me, if I should, when so many exe-
Paris in the night, J J o ^ ^ ^ ^ J
hoxv they might crablc murthcrs and viUanies are committed in the streets ; an incon-
be prevented.
venience which might yet be easily prevented, if they would but imitate
our policy, and form their watches of constant and responsible persons.
Strength of Paris Neither is thc strength of this renowned city anything considerable
nothing in a siege. . c ' 1. c l\ 1. U ^ ^ 1
in stresse or a siege, or respect or other natural! advantage ; save onely
fire : nay, so open it is to the conquerour, that St. Denys (which lies
but two leagues remote from it) hath oftentimes been the frontier of
M.iresehaide France ; and had not the late Mareschal de Gassion as dearly as brave-
Gassion preservid ii'ti i-ii i r" rt 10 -i
Paris from the \y purchascd their liberty at the signal battel or Kocroy, the opaniard,
'tis beleeved, might (^without the least obstacle) have marched up to the
verv ffates of Paris.
The aire of Paris But the incomparable aire of Paris is that which fortifies the inha-
ceiebrated. bitants : SO that very seldom hath a plague or other epidemical con-
tagion made here that havoc and lamentable devastation, which it so
frequently doth in our putrified climate, arid accidentally suffocated city:
95
contrary to that vuWr (but most false) tradition, which I find in every The ordinary tra-
_ ^ _ ^ dition amongst us
mans mouth ; that the pestilence is never out of Paris : but this '*«' the plague u
. . _ '■ ^ _ _ never out of Paris,
(besides the siccity of the aire) many naturalists ascribe to the over '■ef«ted.
sulphurous exhalations of the streets, and dry attracting quality of the
Plaster, which bears or gives the name to this goodly city. Cert^ id %aft%ofplris
Jirmissimum Imperium est, quo obedientes gaudent.
Thus, Sir, by the assistance of your patience, I have adventured to
draw the curtain, discovering a very ample theatre, in a short time, and
represented it in as narrow a circumference as those artists who intro-
duce a multitude of species through an optick into some dark room or
closet : and the similitude peradventure will not appear unapt, when
you consider the reversed method and confused stile in which it is
described. But as writing of histories is not my trade, I know you
have not commanded me to undergo this task to make thereby any
advantage of my imperfections, but approve mine obedience. And
now, although I doubt not but many able persons have most excellently
treated upon this very subject, appropriated to their times, yet I will
be bold to affirm, and that sans vanitie, none hath lately performed it
with greater faith, succinctnesse, and in more natural colours. For
hee that will truely comprehend the government and genius of this
kingdome, must prospect and look out every day for new discoveries ;
France being now no more the thing it was forty yeers since, then the
garb and fashion at that time, to the habit and mode now in use
amongst them, equally as different, as incomparable : and in truth, (to
disabuse the world) the complexion and crasis of this body politick is
of so high concernment to the health, and good estate of our poor
nation, that to preserve her in entire habit and constitution, there can
never be too often inspections into the state and regiment of this king-
dom. This is the opinion of.
Sir,
Paris, this 15 of Eebr. 1652. Your most affectionate friend,
Stilo novo. and most obedient servant,
J. E.
FINIS.
. •*■;•.'
'\.fi
«■■■:»
THE EPISTLE DEDICATORY
TO THE
TRANSLATION OF THE "FRENCH GARDINER." i2mo. 1658*.
To my most honour'd and worthy Friend Thomas HENSHAwf, Esquire.
Sir,
I have at length obey'd your commands, only I wish the instance had
bin more considerable : though I cannot but much approve of the
designe and of your election in this particular work, which is certainly
the best that is extant upon this subject, notwithstanding the plenty
which these late years have furnish'd us withal. I shall forbear to
publish the accident which made you engage me upon this traduction ;
because I have long since had inclinations and a design of communi-
* This Dedication is reprinted from a eoj^ of the very rare first edition, with fine cuts by A.
Hertocks, formerly in the possession of the late James Bindley, Esq. The original Title to tiiis
volume is " The French Gardiner : instructing how to cultivate all sorts of Fruit-trees, and Herbs
" for the garden : together with directions to dry and conserve them in their natural : six times
" printed in France, and once in Holland. An accomplished Piecfe, first written by R. D. C. D.
" W. B. D. N, and now transplanted into English by Philocefos. Illustrated with sculptures.
" London, printed for John Crooke, at the Ship in St. Pauls Church-yard, 1658." 12mo. 319 pp.
and with four plates.
The Second Edition was printed by J. M. for the same publisher, in 1669, who had then
removed to Duck Lane, with some little variation in the title page, having Mr. Evelyn's name to
it as the translator, he being at that time a Fellow of the Royal Society. Whereunto was an-
nexed, "The English Vineyard, vindicated by John Rose, Gardiner to his Majesty, Charles the
Second : with a tract of the making and ordering of Wines in France."
The Third Edition appeared in 167% printed by S. S. for Benj. Tooke, at the Ship in St. Paul's
Church-yard, (Evelyn's usual publisher ;) and, with the exceptions of a few verbal alterations, is
predsely the same as the second.
t This gentleman, to whom John Evelyn dedicated his own etchings, was with him during his
travels ; and was recommended by Mr. Evelyn to the Embassy of Constantinople, which was how-
ever filled by Lord Winchelsea. In 1675 Mr. Henshaw was left resident to the Court of Den-,
mark, on the Death of the Duke of Richmond, who died there. Ambassador, — See frequent allu-
sions to him in the first volume of " Memoirs."
O
98
eating some other things of this nature from my own experienc
especially, concerning tlie ornaments of gardens, &c. ; because
respects the soyle, the situation, and the planting, is here perfor
my hand with so much ingenuity, as that I conceive there ci
little be added to render it a piece absolute and without reproac
order to this, my purpose was to introduce the least known (
not the least delicious) appendices to gardens ; and such as are
names only, but the descriptions, plots, materials, and wayes (
triving the ground for parterrs, grotts, fountains ; the proport
walks, perspectives, rocks, aviaries, vivaries, apiaries, pots, coi
tories, piscinas, groves, cryptas, cabinets, ecchos, statues, and
ornaments of a vigna, &c. without which the best garden is v
life, and very defective. Together with a treatise of flowers ani
greens ; especially the palisades and contr-espaliers of Alaternus,
most incomparable verdure, together with the right culture of
beauty and fence, I might glory to have been the first propagi
England. This, I say, I Intended to have published for the her
divertisement of our country, had not some other things unexp
intervened, which as yet hinder the birth and maturity of that en
Be pleased, Sir, to accept the productions of your own comr
as a lover of gardens you did promote it, as a lover of you I have
lated it. And in the mean time that the great ones are busiec
governing the world (which is but a wildernesse), let us call to
the rescript of Dioclesian to those who would perswade him
assume the empire. For it is impossible that he who is a true vi
and has attained to the felicity of being a good gardener, shoul
jealousie to the State where he lives. This is not advice to yoi
know so well how to cultivate both yourself and your garden; 1
Cause it is the only way to enjoy a garden, and to preserve its repu
Sir, I am
Your most humble and most obedient servant.
99
THE EPISTLE DEDICATORY
TO THE
SECOND EDITION OF THE "FRENCH GARDINER." London, 1669. 12nio.
To my most honour'd and worthy friend Thomas Henshaw, Esquire.
Sir,
The success of the First Edition of this Book, has produced a second ;
and with it the continuance of your name in the front of this Epistle,
that those who shall receive the fruits it here presents them, may
know to whom they are oblig'd for it ; your commands first engag-
ing me to interpret,- and give it to our country : and I was glad I
had so fair an opportunity of publishing to the world how highly 1
honour you for your many eminentiand shining parts ; yotfr virtue, your
learning, and our now ancient friendship; which, contracted first abroad,
heis cojitinu'd both there, and since at home, through so many vicissi-
tudes and changes as we have seen and surmounted. The character
which I first adventiir'd on this Piece, (when I boldly pronounc'd it for
the' ver^y best that was extant on the subject) has been amply confirm'd
by the suflfrages of all who have since written upon it; and I will be
bold to affirm, it was the first that ever instructed our country-men how to
cultivate and ord'er their gardens for fruit, and other esculent plants, with
a faith and industry becoming that honest and sweet employment. .
Here is nothing added (and indeed nothing could well be) to the
First Edition, but the weeding and purging it of some typographical
escapes ; and therefore I have nothing more to say, but that I am.
Sir,
Your most humble and faithfull servant,
J. Evelyn.
100
TO THE READER.
{Prefixed to the " French Gardiner.")
I advertise the Reader that what I have couched in four Sections at
the end of this Volume, under the name of an Appendix, is but a part
of the third Treatise in the original ; there remaining three Chapters
more concerning preserving of fruits with sugar, which I have, there-
fore, expressly omitted, because it is a mysterie that I am little ac-
quainted withall ; and that I am assured by a lady, who is a person of
quality, and curious in that art, that there is nothing of extraordinary
amongst them, but what the fair sex do Infinitely exceed, whenever they
please to divertise themselves in that sweet employment.
There is also another book of the same author, intituled, " Les
Delices de la Campagne," or, ** The Delights of the Countrey," being
as a second part of this ; wherein you are taught to prepare and dresse
whatsoever either the earth or water do produce ; dedicated to the good
housewives. There you are instructed to make all sorts of French
bread, and the whole mysterie of the pastry, wines, and all sorts of
drinks. To accomodate all manner of roots good to eat ; cooking of
flesh and fish, together with precepts how the Major Domo Is to order
the services, and treat persons of quality at a feast, h la mode de France
which such as aflfect more then I, and do not understand in the original,
may procure to be interpreted, but by some better hand then he that
did the *' French Cook ;" which being (as I am informed) an excellent
book of its kinde, is miserably abused for want of skill in the kitchln.
If any man think it an employment fit for the translator of this for-
mer part, it will become him to know, that though I have some experi-
ence in the garden, and more divertlsement, yet I have none in the
shambles ; and that what I here present him was to gratifie a noble
friend, who had only that empire over me, as to make me quit some
more serious employment for a few days in obedience to his command.
Farewell.
101
To the Second Edition of this Volume is added, " The English
Vineyard vindicated by John Rose *, Grardiner to his Majesty, at his
Royal Garden in St. James's; formerly Gard'ner to her Grace the
Dutchess of Somerset : with an Address where the best Plants are to
be had at easie rates." And immediately after the author's dedication
to K. Charles II. is the following " Preface or Occasion of this Dis-
course," written by John Evelyn.
Being one day refreshing my self in the garden at Essex-house f, and,
amongst other things, falling into discourse with Mr. Rose (then
gard'ner to her Grace the Duchess of Somerset) about vines, and par-
ticularly the cause of the neglect of vineyards of late in England, he
reason'd so pertinently upon that subject (as, indeed, he does upon all
things which concern his hortulan profession), that, conceiving how
greatly it might oblige many worthy and ingenious persons, lovers of
plantations, and of the noblest parts of it ; I was easily perswaded to
gratifie his modest and charitable inclinations, to have them commu-
nicated to the world. The matter, therefore, of the ensuing Discourse^
being totally his, receives from me onely its forme, and the putting of
his conceptions together ; which I have dressed up in as rural a garb
as I thought might best become, and recommended then for practice.
I have turn'd over many both late and ancient books (far exceeding this
in bulk), pretending to direct us in our choice of the fruit, and the
planting of vineyards, but I do ingenuously profess, that none of them
have appear'd the more rational and worthy our imitation than these
short observations of Mr. Roses, and which I so much the more value,
* An excellent print in the line manner, 13 inches by 12, was engraved, in 1823, by Robert
Grave, a young and promising artist, from the curious picture at Strawberry Hill of King Charles II.
receiving the first pine-apple cultivated in England, from Rose his gardener, who is presenting it
on his knees, at Dawney Court, Buckinghamshire, the seat of the celebrated Duchess of Cleveland.
f In the reign of Queen Elizabeth this house belonged to her favourite, the Earl of Leicester,
who bequeathed it to his son-in-law, Robert Devereux Earl of Essex, when it changed its name
from Leicester House to that of its new possessor. It stood near St. Clement's Church in the
Strand, and the site is still retained in Essex Street, Essex Place, Essex Court, and Devereux Court.
A plan of the house and gardens, copied from Ogilby and Morgan's Twenty Sheet Map of
London, etched by Hollar, may be seen in Smith's Antiquities of Westminster, 4to. 1807.
102
as I consider them the native production of his own experience, wi<
obtruding any thing upon the reputation of others, which is now be(
the most pernitious imposture that flatters us into so many mistakes
errours ; whilst men follow such directions as they meet withal in p
or from some Monsieurs new come over, who think we are as i
oblig'd to follow their mode of gard'ning as we do that of their
ments, till we become in both ridiculous. I might here add somet
of ostentation, by deducing the pedigree of vineyards from the j
orieiital Patriarch of them to this day ; but it will be of more en
ragement to us, when we shall consider how frequently they were 1
tofore planted in this country of ours, as they still continue to fc
places of the very same latitude abroad ; so as the strange deca
them amongst us for these latter ages, must needs proceed fron
other cause then that of our own neglect, and the common viclssi
of things. We behold it in that of timber to our grief, arid the se
(almost lost) species of some. Why have we not as goodly mast
our ships as our neighbour countries ? Why is the elme, the wa
and the chestnut, so decay'd and rare amongst us, more then forn
they were ? But of this I have elsewhere given an account moi
large *. The Vineyard is now before you.
Philocepc
* " Sylva ; a Discourse of Forest Trees."
THE
GOLDEN BOOK OF ST. JOHN CHRYSOSTOM,
CONCERNING THE
EDUCATION OF CHILDREN.
TRANSLATED OUT OF THE GREEK,
BY
ESQ.
LONDON:
PRINTED BY X>. M. FOR G. BEDEL AND T. COLLINS, AT THE MIDDLE TEMPLE GATE,
IN FLEET STREET.
1659.
105
The epistle DEDICATORY.
To my most incomparable Brothers, George & Richard Evelyn,
of Wooton and Woodcot, in Surrey, Esqrs.
My dear Brothers,
Amongst the very many diversions which I have experimented to
mitigate and attemper the sorrowes which do still oppresse me, for the
loss of my children, and especially of that One so precious to me *, I
have found nothing that has afforded me a greater consolation then
this ; that it pleased God to give me opportunities and such a subject to
work upon, as I cannot but hope he has in mercy accepted. And
truly, when I seriously contemplate the felicity of all those which are
well out of this miserable world, I 'find the griefe which wee conceive
for their absence to be a meer <p«XauT/a, and does nothing at all concerne
them whom we mourne for, that have served God, their generation
with honour, and left a memorial without reproach. You have,' Bro-
thers, both of you lost children, but nohe of them for whom you had
reason to be so sensible as my selfe ; because they died infants, and
could not so intirely engage your affections as if they had arrived to
yeers of more maturity, aiid the spring had flattered you with the expec-
tation of a fruitful harvest, as me it did.
But because we are all obnoxious, and that cuivis potest accidere,
quod cuiquam potest, be assured, that of all the afflictions which can
touch the heart in this life, one of the most superlative is the loss of a
hopeful child ; and 'till I had the experience of this my self, I have
often wondered that David should suffer himselfe to be so , far trans-
ported for the death of a rebel, that had violated all the relations which
ought to be betwixt a son and a most indulgent father. I know well
that another cause might contribute to the effect, but all who shall
read that sad story cannot but impute as much to his paternal affections
as by Ynan could be expressed.
* A very interesting and affecting account of the death of this extraordinary child may be seen
in " Memoirs," vol. I. p. 299 j and in vol. II. p. 176, a beautiful letter of consolation is addressed
to Mr. Evelyn by the eminent Dr. Jeremy Taylor.
P
106
These are, Brothers, the contingencies which (since we can never
be exempted perfectly of) have caused me to seek the remedies which
I presume here to have at last encountered, and which I here likewise
affectionately present unto you. Let us make our children fit for God,
and then let us not be displeased whensoever he takes them from us.
Deus nobis illos educandos non mancipio dederat. There are a multi-
tude of other precepts that I might recollect out of the consolatory
writings which are at hand ; Plutarch and Cicero, Seneca and others.
But all their topicks (S. Hierom and some few Christians only excepted)
are most of them derived from philosophy, the pride and courage of
another institution, and afford us but uncertain consolations in the wiser
estimate of things. So that hereby we may be less troubled in wanting
the writings of Diogenes, Clitomachus, Carneades, Possidonius, upon
the same subject ; there being nothing capable truly to compose the
mind of a good man for the absence of his friend or of his child, like
the contemplation of his undoubted felicity.
It is that which I therefore endeavor here to secure, in offering
to you this Golden Book of'S. Chrysostom, which having afforded
me soe great a consolation, 1 cannot but hope may be likewise accept'
able to you, and useful to as many as have either bin touched with
the like resentiments, or that do establish for an infallible maxime
that saying of Plato *, ug oiye o'gflwff vewcuSovfiisjioi, trx^^ov aycSoi yiyovra,
" that those who are well and rightly instructed, do easily become good
men." And the thing is verily of so gr^it importaace,' that some have
taken education for religion it selfe, all for another nature ; which he
that shall read of the Laconick discipline will not easily dispute. This
is certain, that were this one thing well secured, princes would have
good subjects, fathers good children, wives good husbands, mastera
good servants, God would be sincerely served, and all things would be
well with us. And here I would now end, did not my affections a
little transport me, and the hopes that you wiU yet indulge it, if, whilst
I erect to my dear child no other monumemt, I shew to the wodd how
neerly I iHjncurr'd with the instructions of this Golden Book /before I
* De L^gibus.
107
had seene it), and what may l?e expected from a timely education, if
(now that we may both read and have it) we with diligence pursue it.
I cannot, with St. Augustine *, say of my son, as he of his, Annorum
erat fere quindecim, §• irigenio proeveniehat multos graves 8f doctos
viros. But this I can truely affirm ; he was little above five years old,
and he did excel many that I have known at fifteene. Tarn bfevi spatio
tempora multa compleverat. He was taught to pray as soon as he
could speak, and he was taught to read as soon as he could pray. At
three years old he read any character or letter whatsoever used in our
printed books, and, within a little time after, any tolerable writing hand,
and had gotten (by heart) before he was five years of age seven or
eight hundred Latine and Greek words, as I .have since calculated out
of his 'Ovo[ji.a(riKoVf together with their genders and declensions. I entred
him then upon the verbs,, which in four months time he did perfectly
conjugate, together with most of the irregulars excepted in our gram-
mar. These he conquered with incredible delight, and intelligence of
their use. But it is more strange to consider, that when from them I
thought to set him to the nouns, he had in that interim (by himself)
learned both the declensions and their examples, their exceptions,
adjectives, comparisons, pronouns, without any knowledge or precept of
mine, insomuch as I stood amazed at his sedulity and memory. This
engaged me to bring him a Sententice Pueriles, and a Cato, and of
late Comenius ; the short sentences of which two first, and the more
solid ones of the last, he learned to construe and parse as fast as one
could well teach and attend him : for he became not onely dextrous in
the ordinary rules by frequent recourse to them (for indeed I never
obliged him to get any of them by art as a task, by. that same carni-
Jicina puerorurn) upon occasions, but did at this age also easily com-
prehend both the meaning and the use of the relative, the ellipsis, and
defects of verbs and nouns unexpressed f . But to repeat here all that
I could justly affirm concerning his promptitude in this nature, were
« Conf. lib, 9, cap 6.
f Quid in illo virtutum, quid ingenii, quid pietatis invenerim, vereor dicere ne tidem creduli-
tatis excedam. Hier. ad Marcell. Epitaph.
108
altogether prodigious, so that truly I have been sometimes even con-
strained to cry out with the father, as of another Adeodatus, horrori
mihi est hoc ingenium. For so insatiable were his desires of knowledg,
that I well remember upon a time hearing one discourse of Terence and
Plautus, and being told (upon his enquiring concerning these authors)
that the books were too difficult for him, he wept for very grief, and
would hardly be pacified : but thus it is reported of Thucydides, when
those noble Muses were recited in his hearing, at one of the most illus-
trious assemblies of Greece, from whence was predicted the greatness
of his genius. To tell you how exactly he read French, how much of
it he spake and understood, were to let you onely know that his mother
did instruct him without any confusion te the rest. Thus he learned a
catechism and many prayers, and read divers things in that language.
More to bee admired was the liveliness of his judgment, that being
much affected with the diagramms in Euclid, he did with so great faci-
lity interpret to me many of the common postulata and definitions,
which he would readily repeate in Latine and apply it. And he was
in one hour onely taught to play the first half of a thorough basse, to
one of our Church psalmes, upon the organ. Let no man think that
we did hereby crowd his spirit too full of notions. Those things which
we force upon other children were strangely natural to him ; for as he
very seldome affected their toyes, to such things were his usual recrea-
tions as the gravest man might not be ashamed to divert himself withal.
These were especially the Apologues of ^sop, most of which he could
so readily recount, with divers Other stories, as you would admire from
whence he produced them : but he was never without some book or
other in his hand. Pictures did afford him infinite pleasure ; above all,
a pen and ink, with which he now began to form his letters. Thus he
often delighted himself in reciting of poems and sentences, some whereof
he had in Greek, fragments of comedies, divers verses out of Herbert,
and, amongst the psalmes, his beloved and often repeated ^cce qudm
bonum : and indeed he had an ear so curiously framed to sounds, that
he would never misse infallibly to have told you what language it was
you did read by the accent only, were it Latine, Greek, French;, Italian
or Dutch. To all I might add, the incomparable sweetness of his
109
countenance and eyes, the clean fabrick of his body and pretty addresses :
how easily he forgot injuries, when at any time I would break and crosse
his passions, by sometimes interrupting his enjoyments, in the midst of
some sweet or other delicious things which allured him : that I might
thereby render him the more indifferent to all things, though these he
seldom quitted without rewards and advantage. But above all, ex-
treamly conspicuous was his affection to his younger brother, with whose
impertinencies he would continually bear, saying, he was but a child,
and understood no better. For he was ever so smiling, cheerful, and in
perfect good humour, that it might be truly verified of him, as it was
once of Heliodorus*, grcauitatem morum hilarite frontis temperahat.
But these things were obvious, and I dwel no longer on them : there
are yet better behind ; and those are, his early piety, and how ripe he
was for God. Never did this child lye in bed (by his good will) longer
then six or seven, winter or summer ; and the first thing he did (being
up) was to say his French prayers, and our Church Catechism; after
breakfast that short Latine prayer, which having encountred. at the be-
ginning of our Lillie's Grammar, he had learned by heart, without
any l^nowledge or injunction of mine, and whatsoever he so committed
to memory, he would never desist till he perfectly understood ; yet with
all this, did he no day employ above two houres at his book by my
order; what he else learned was most by hiraselfe, without constraint
or the least severity, unseene, and totally imported by his own inclina-
tion. But to return, wonderful was it to observe the chapters which
himselfe would choose, and the psalmes and verses that he would apply
upon occasions, and as in particular he did to some that were sick in
my family a little before him, bidding them to consider the sufferings of
Christ, how bitter they were, and how willingly he endured them.
How frequently would be pray by himself in the day time, and procure
others to joyn with him in some private corner of the house apart ?
The last time he was at Church (which was, as I remember, at Green-
wich), at his return I asked him what he brought away from the
sermon ; he replyed, that he had remembred two good things, bonum
* Hierom.
110
gratice, and bonum glorice, which expressions were indeed used, though
I did not believe he had minded them.
I should even tire you with repeating all that I might call to mind of
his pertinent answers upon several occasions, one of the last whereof I
will only instance. When about Christmas a kinsman of his related to
us by the fire side some passages of the presumptuous fasting of certain
enthusiasts about Colchester, whilst we were expressing some admira-
tion at the passage, That, sayes the child (being upon the gentlemans
knee, and, as we thought, not minding the discourse), is no such wonder,
for it is written, " Man shall not live by bread alone, &c." But more
to be admired was his perfect comprehension of the sacred histories in
the method of our Golden Author, so as it may b.e truly, affirmed of this
child, as it was once said of Timothy *, Quodapuero sacras literas nove-
rat. Nor was all this by rote only (as they term it), for that he was
capable of the greater mystery of our salvation by Christ I have had
many infallible indications. And Avhen the Lords day fortnight before
he died, he repeated to me our Church Catechism, he told me that he
now perceived his godfathers were dis-engaged ; for that since he him-
self did now understand what his duty was, it would be required of
him, and not of them for the future. And let no man think, that when
I use the term dis-engaged, it is to expresse the childs meaning with a
fine word, for he did not only make use of such phrases himself, but
would frequently in his ordinary discourse come out with such expres-
sions as one would have admired how he came by them ; but upon
enquiry he would certainly have produced his authority, and either in
the Bible, or some other booke, shewed you the words so used. How
divinely did this pious infant speake of his being weary of this trouble-
some world (into which he was scarcely entred), and whilst he lay sick,
of his desires to goe to Heaven ; that the angels might conveye him
into Abrahams bosome, passionately perswading those that tended him
to dye with him ; for he told them that he knew he should not live :
and really, though it were an ague which carried him from us (a dis-
ease which I least apprehended, finding him so lively in his interval),
* Tim, iii, 15.
Ill
yet the day before he took his leave of us, he call'd to me, and pro-
nounced it very soberly ; Father (sayes he), you have often told me
that you would give me your house, and your land, your bookes, and
all your fine things ; but I tell you, I shall have none of them ; you
will leave them all to my brother. This he spake without any provo-
cation or passion ; and it did somewhat trouble me, that I could not
make him alter this conceit, which in another would be esteemed pro-
phetick. But that I may conclude, and shew how truly jealous this
child was least he should offend God in the least scruple, that very
morning, not many bowres before he fell into that sleepe which was his
last, being in the midst of his paroxcisme, he called to me, and asked
of me whether he should not offend, if in the extremity of his pain he
mentioned so often the name of God calling for ea§e ; and whether God
would accept his prayers if be did not hold his hands out of bed in the
posture of praying? which when I had pacified him about, he prayed,
till his prayers were turned into eternal praises. Thus ended your
nephew, being but five years five monethes and three dayes old, and
more I could still say. Nam quern eorpore non valemus recordoHone
teneamus, et cum quo loqui non possumus de eo loqui nunquam desi-
namus. But my tears mingle so fest with my inke, that I must breake
oflF here, and be silent — I end therefore with that bleSsed Saint : Munera
tua tibi confiteor, Domine Dms mens, Creator omnium, multum potem
reformare nostra deformia : nam ego in illo puero, preeter delictum
nihil haheham,. Quod enim enutriebatur & nobis in discipline tud. Tu
inspira veras nobis, nullus alius. Munera tua tibi confiteor. — Gito de
terra abstulisti vitam ejus, et securior eum recordor. Deare Brothers,
indulge me these excesses. It is not a new thing which I doe. S*
Hierom wrote divers Epistles, which he inscribed his Epitaphs; and never
was a Paula or Estochium dearer to him then this your nephew was to,
Dear B. B. ,
Your most affectionate brother and most humble servant,
J. E.
Grot, ad Patrem.
Carere liberis durum non est, nisi his qui habuerunt .
112
Epitaphium *.
R. Evelyn, I. F.
Qiiiescit hoc sub marmore,
Una quiescit quicquid est amabile,
Patres quod optent, aut quod orbi lugeant.
Genas decentes non, ut ante, risus
Lepore condit amplius.
Morum venustas, quanta paucis contigit
Desideratur omnibus.
Lingua Latina, Gallica,
Quas imbibit cum lacte materno, tacent.
Tentarat artes, artiumque principiis
Pietatis elementa hauserat.
Libris inhaesit improbo labore,
Ut sola mors divelleret.
Quid indoles, quid disciplina, quid labor
Possint, abuno disceres.
Puer stupendus qualis hie esset senex,
Si fata vitae subministrassenf iter !
Sed aliter est visum Deo.
Correptus ille febriculalevijacet:
Jacent tot una spes parentum. «
Vixit ANN. V. M. V. Ill super D.
Eheu ! delicias breves.
Quicquid placet mortale non placet diu,
Quicquid placet mortale ne placeat nimis.
* This epitaph was written by Christopher Wase, a distant relation of Sir Richard Browne,
with whom Evelyn became acquainted at Paris in 1652} and whom he brought to England, where
he ultimately provided for him. See " Memoirs," vol. I. p. 255. This information is derived
from a manuscript note in a copy of the present Tract, formerly in the possession of the late
J. Bindley, Esq. ,
TO THE READER.
I ADVERTISE the Reader that this Golden Book of S* Chrysostom
is not to be encountred amongst any of his Works formerly published;
but hath (amongst other fragments of that incomparable Author) bin
lately produced out of a MS. in the Cardinals Library at Paris, by
the industry of Father Francis Combesis, of the Order of the Friers
Preacher, and there printed the last year, 1656.
THE
GOLDEN BOOK OF ST. JOHN CHRYSOSTOM,
CONCERNING THE
EDUCATION OF CHILDREN*.
So soon as ever a child is borne, the father bestirs himself, not that
he may rightly take order about his education, but that he-may magni-
ficently set him forth, and adorn him with jewels and rich apparel. O
Vain man, wherfore dost thou this ? Be it that thou thyself art cloathed
with all these things, why dost thou instruct thy child, as yet free from
this madnesse, in these trifles ? For what, purpose dost thou put that
ornament about his neck ? He needs the care of a diligent tutor, who
may coflipose and regulate his manners : he hath no need of gold. And
thou dost nourish him a lock of hair behind like a girle, efl^eminating
thy son even from the very cradle. Softning thus the vigor of his sex,
engraftest into that tender age a superfluous love of riches, and dost
perswade him to the pursuit of those things which are totaly unuseful.
Why dost thou spread for him so large a spare ? Wherefore doSt thou so
charm him with the love of corporal things ? If a man (saith S^ Paul)
have long hair it is a shame unto himf. Nature will not endure it ;
God hath not indulg'd it ; 'tis a thing altogether forbidden ; it is the
practice of Gentil superstitionf. But many there be who hang gold in
their ears. I would that were wholy forborn even by the female sex ; you
infect boyes vvith this pest also; nay, and there are very many who deride
these discourses as if they were small matters. I tell you, they are
not small matters but exceeding great, and very considerable. A maid,
* Originally published 16th Sept, 165S, " which," says Evelyn, " I dedicated to both my brothers,
to comfort them on the loss of their children."— Memoirs, vol. I. p. 314.
+ 1st Cor. xi. 14,
Q
114
when in her mothers chamber she hath learned to long after these various
tires and ornaments of women, being gone out of her fathers' house, be-
comes impertinent to her husband, and very troublesome, putting him
to more charges then the very publicans. I have already told you, that
it is therefore a difficult thing to reform a vice, because there is no body
which takes the care of children, no body discourses to them about vir-
ginity, no body concerning modesty, no body of the contempt of riches
and glory, and no body speaks to them of those blessed promises which
are made in the Scriptures.
If therefore children be from their infancy deprived of governors, what
will become of them ? If some from the womb even to their old and
decrepit age, having been instituted,- are not yet arrived to perfection,
what will not thev perpetrate, who from the beginning of their life have
accustomed themselves to hear such discourses ! Now indeed that their
children may be instructed in the arts, 'letters^ and eloquence, every one
doth studiously contend ; but that they may, > cultivate their minds few
or none are at all solicitous. I will never desist to beseech, to entreat,
knd to beg of you, thai before all things else whatsoever, yoti would
now compose the manners of your children. For If thou wilt be truly
indulgent to thy child, deelaTeit in this, thou shalt not lose thy reward.
Hear what St. Paul saith *, " If . they continue in faith and charity,
and holinesse with sobriety;" And ; though thou art conscious to thy
self of never so many evils, the rather seek, out some consolation for
them. Make a Champion for Christ: I do not speak it that thou
shouldst coelibat him, send him into the desarts, send make him a monk ;
I say not so ; I wish It Indeed, and would, with all my heart, that every
man could receive it : but "since that may seem a burthen too great for
him to support, I do not compel. Bring up a Champion (I say) for
Christ, and whilst he remains in this world instruct him from his very
cradle. If whilst he Is yet young thou imprint good principles in him^
no body shall be ever able to eiface them when he becomes more firme
being then as the wax which hath received the Impression. As yet
thou hast him trembling, fearful, and revering thy very looks, thy words.
* 1 Timothy, chap. ii. v. 15.
115
atid every little beck. Treat him as thou shouldst at the beginning;
If thou have a good child, thou wilt have the first benefit of him, and
then God. Thou labourest but for thy self. 'Tis reported, that when
pearles are first taken up, they are only little drops of water, so that he
which receives them being skilful, placing the drops in his hand, and
exquisitely turning. them in his palm, renders them- perfectly round and
polished. But whea once they have attained their perfect shape and
become hard, thfey are no more to be moulded to every mans fancy ; foe
that which, is soft is every .way flexible, being not as yet compacted,
and therefore is. easily drawn which way one pleaseth ; ]but that which
is hard, as having once attained a disposition to stiflFnesse, is with diffi-
culty to be moved, .or susceptible of any other form.
liCt then every one of us (who are •' parents) as we behold painters
adorning their pictures and statues with so much exactneisse, be dili-
gently sjtudioas about these wonderful statues. For when painters have
once designed a picture, they work every day about it to bring it to per-
fection ; the same do statuaries^ abating what is superfluous, and adding
whatsoever is deficient. So you also, like so many statuaries, bend, all
ybur endeavors, , as preparing those admirable statues for God, take away
that which is superfluous, add that which- you find w-anting .• consider
every day how they abound in natural endowments, that you may timely
augment them : what natural defects you espy, that you may accord-
ingly abate them: but with all sedulity, and above all things, be careful
to exterminate unseemly speeches, for this custom begins extremly tp
infect the minds of youth ; yea, and before he have essayed it, teach him
to be sober, to be vigilant and assiduous in his devotions, and upon
whatsoever he saith or doth to put, the seal upon it* Imagine thy self a
(TippsytSot king who hast a city to govern, the mind of thy child ; for really
the mind is a city ; and as in a city some are thieves, some live honestly,
some labourj and others transact all they do foolishly ; just so it is with
the discourses and cogitations of the mind ; some of them strive and mi-
litate against injuries, like as in a city there are souldiers ; some of these
thoughts provide for the body and houshold, like the senators of a city ;
others command in chief, such as are governors ; some speak lascivious
thino-s, such as shamelesse men, others naore modest, such as are modest
116
persons : some againe are efFeminate, as women be amongst us ; others
discourse more indiscreetly, like children ; some domineer as if over
vassals, because they are domesticks ; others as over the free borne,
because they are noble and ingenuous. We. must therefore of necessitie
have laws, that we may exterminate these evil cogitations and cherish
those which are good ; but never let us permit the evil to rebel against
the good. For as in a city, if one should constitute laws giving liberty
and impunity to thieves, it would soon subvert all : and if the souldiers
pursue their fury without respect to what is fit, all things fall to confu-
sion ; and if every one quitting his due order, take upon him to prose-
cute that which belongs to another, by this usurpation and avarice he
violates and utterly spoiles the whole government. It is truly no other-
wise in that which we have spoken. ,
The mind of a child is therefoje a city, a city newly built and fur-
nished, a city full of new inhabitants, and as yet wholly unexperienced.
'Tls an easie matter to instruct and model such : for those which have
been at first possest and grown up with evil principles, such as are many
old persons, are truly with great difficulty reformed, though neither is
that impossible (for even they themselves may be converted if they will)
but such as are totally ignorant, will with ease embrace the laws which
you en joyn them.
Establish laws therefore in this city, and for those who are denisons
of it, formidable and severe laws, which if any shall dare to violate, ap-
prove thyself a governor and revenge it ; for it is to no purpose to enact
laws, unlesse punishment be also inflicted : make laws then, and look
diligently to your work ; for know, that wee impose lawes upon no lesse
then the universe it selfe. To day we build a city, let the four senses be the
bulwarks and the gates, and let all the rest of the bodie be as the walls.
Now these gates are the eyes, the tongue, the eares, and the nose, and
(if you please) also the touch. Through these overtures it is that the
dtizens go out and in ; that is to say, by these ports it is that our co-
gitations are corrupted or amended.
Go to then, and first let us go to the gate of the tongue, since this is
of all the rest the chief, and the greatest port ; let us now prepare for it
the doors and its barres, not of wood nor of iron, but of gold, for the very
117
city it self which is thus built is of gold, and not any man, but he that
isi the King of the Universe shall keep his court in this city, if thus
you prepare it: and you shall perceive by the processe his speech, in
what parts of this city to consign him a palace.. Let us therefore make
the doors and the barrs for it of gold, I say ; namely, the Oracles of
God, as the Prophet speaketh. " The words of God are more delicious
than honey or the honey comb, above gold and much precious stone *."
Let us teach them to have these things continually in their mouths and
wheresoever they stir, and that not slightly, nor perfunctorily or sel-
dom, but without ceasing. Nor is it yet sufficient that the doors be
overlayed with gold, but they must be framed altogether of solid gold,
and having the precious stones fixed one against another without. Let,
the Crosse of our Lord be the barre of thesfe gates, which is, indeed,
every where inchased with stones of price : let this then bee put athwart
the middle of the gates ; and when we shall thus have made the doores
fast, solid, and of gold, and shut to the bolt, let us then make them
worthy citizens ; namely, by instructing the child to speak gravely and
piously, banishing all strangers out of town, lest otherwise a certaine
impure and infected rabble enter, and commix themselves with our
citizens, such as are reproachful words, injurious and foolish, filthy
speeches, secular and worldly ; all these let us eject ; nor, besides the
King only, permit any to passe these gates ; but to him, and to all his
retinue, let them be still opened, according as it is said of it f, ^' This is
the gate of the Lord, the righteous shall enter into it." And, with the"
blessed Paul J, '■ If there be any word which is good to the use of edi-
fying, that it may minister grace to the hearers." Let their talk be
giving of thanks, modest songs, and let them alwayes be discoursing of
God, and of that philosophy which is from above.
But which way shall we now eifect all this ? and from what topicks
shall we instruct them ? If we become severe judges of the actions
which they do, for in a child there is an extraordinary facility. How ?
He contends not for wealth nor for glory ; he is yet a child : not for
a wife, not for children, not for an house; therefore what occasion
* Psalm xix. ver. 1 1 . and Psalm cxix. ver. 103. f Psalm jd. verse ?0. f Eph. ch. iv, ver. 29.
118
hath he to injure or traduce any one ? He only contends with his
equals. Appoint him a law immediately, that he wrong none, that he
defame none, that he do not swear, that he be peaceable ; and if
you shall perceive him to transgresse this law, chastize him some-
times with a sterne countenance, sometimes with sharp reproofs, such
as may go to the quick, and upbraid him, and now and then sooth
and flatter him with promises. Treat him not alwayes with blows,
nor accustome thyself so, to chastize him j for if thou art used to correct
him every day, he will soon learne to dei^pise it, and having once
learned to do so, it utterly marres all : rather cause him alwayes to
fear the rod, not alwayes to feel it : shake indeed the scourge, but touch
him not with it, neither from threats proceed to the work: but let him hot
know that your words are only menaces ; f6r then threatenings are only
proper/ when children believe they will proceed to deeds : for if the
offender once understand this oeconomy, he will soon cOntemrife it : let
him therefore expect to be chastized, but yet let him not be chastized,
lest it extinguish his reverence ; rather let it remaine like a glowing
fire, and every where burn up the thornes, or, like a keen pick-axe, let
it dig to the very bottom. And when once you perceive that you have
gained any fruit by fear, remit a little, for there is due even to our vel-y
natures some relaxation. Teach him to be modest and courteous ; but
if you perceive him to do any injury to his servant, connive not at it, but
check your child though free; for bee that shall see he is not permitted
to reproach his very lacquey, will much lesse dare to injure or miscal one
that is free-borne and his equal. Lock up his niouth from ill lan-
guage ; if you find him accusing of any, stop the mouth, and convert
your tongue against her own errors.
Admonish his mother, his paedagogue and his set-vantj that they still
speak and inculcate the same things to the child, that they may all of
them be his keepers together, and diligently observe that none of those
evil cogitations proceed from hi^ mouth, and those golden portals.
Do not imagine that the thing requires so much time, provided that
from the beginning thou presse it earnestly upon him, threaten, and dost
constitute so many guards over him. Two months will be sufficient all
things will be redressed, the business established, and pass into very
nature it selfe.
119
By this means will this gate be made worthy for the Lord, when there
shall, be neither .filthy speech, scurrility^ nor folly, or any such thing,
but Ml as becomes such, a Master. For as those who train up their
children to serve the State in the wars, immediately instruct their war-
like youth in the art of s.hooting, to put on the corslet, and manage the
great horse, their age and stature being, no impediment ;< how much
rather then those which are entered into the heavenly militia,' ought
they to provide themsfelves with those accoutrements for the service of
their King ? Learn him, therefore, to sing" praises to God, that he
have no, leisure for im purer songs and foolish discourses. ...
And be this gate thus guarded, and such citizens elected ; the rest let
us destroy within, as the bees do the drones, not suffering them to go
forth, or once to buz at .home.
. ]3ut .now let us proceed to the next gate. What is that ? even that
which is the, next,, and .of our near affinity with it, 1 mean the Hearing ;
for .th^t. gate indeed hath citizens which passe out from within, but
npn^ have admission through it j but;in this they enter in from without,
and ,there are none which by it do sally forth. This, therefore,- hath
gfeat , ?iffinity with the other; for if no filthy nor polluted thing be
suffered to climb up by this portal, there will be no great difficulty to
pre^rve the other ; since he which doth not heare filthy and wicked
things, does not likely speak wicked things ; but if these lie open and
common to a.11, the danger will be great, and give disturbance to all that
are withijo. This then, peradventure, were first to have been spoken of,
and the.entrance tojiave bin secured.
Let children, therefore, heare nothing impertinent,^ neither of their
doipestlfiks nor their governors, nor their nurse : for as plants have then
most need flf care, when they are yong and tender, so have children.
Provide them careful and virtuous nurses, that a good foundation
Ije l£^id at first, and that from their very infancy they receive nothing of
evil. Let them then never hear any foolish and old wives fables : such
a person (says he) gave such a one a kisse ; the Emperors son and his
little daughter did this and this ; permit them to hear none of these
matters ; but other things they may hear, so they be related without
any circumlocution, and with all fidelity. They may, indeed, hear the
1.20
discourses of their servants, and those which wait upon them : but 'tis
not fitting to mix with all promiscuously, and with the domesticks in
general : but let them be known what they are, as it becomes them
whom we take as assistants for the framing of these artificial statues.
For if it be necessary that being skilful architects, and building a
palace for the Prince, we admit not all the servants in common to be our
associates in the edifice ; shall we now, when we are erecting a city, and
making citizens for the King of Heaven, admit of all rashly to the
work ? Let those servants vi^hich are indeed fitted for it be taken to
our assistance : and in case we can find none, enquire after some inge-
nuous person for a stipend, such a one as is virtuous ; and commit rather
all things to him, that he be taken in as a coadjutor of the work.
Let them by no means therefore hear such idle fables ; but when the
child is to have relaxation from his taske (for the mind is much de-
lighted to stay a little upon old stories) discourse freely to him, and
withdrawing him as much as possible from childish sports, remember
thou bringest up a philosopher, and a champion, and a citizen of
Heaven. Discourse therefore with him, and tell him — Once upon a
time at the beginning, a father had two sons, both pf them brothers.
Here pause a little ; then go on. ,They came both out of the same
body, one of them was the elder, and the other the younger. The first
was a husbandman, and his brother was a shepherd, that us'd to lead
out his flock upon the downes and amongst the thickets. Sweeten then
your discourse with some pretty diversion, that the child may take
delight in what you say, least it becomes tedious. The other sowed
s6ed in the ground and planted trees. But upon a time they went to
serve God, and the shepherd taking the very best lamb of all his flock
offered it up to God. Is it not d thousand times better to discourse
these things to them, then to amuse them with I know not what won-
ders of the Golden Fleece, and the like ? Then encourage his attention
again ; for the narration itself is a very serious matter, there is ndthinp-
in it false, all is out of Scripture. Now because he offered to God the
firstling and prime of his flock, there came presently fire down from
Heaven, and snatched up all that lay upon the altar.
But the elder brother did not behave himself in this manner but out
.. 121
he goes, and reserves for himself the best and first-fruits of his labours,
offering the second and the worst to God ; and God accordingly had
' no respect unto it, but slighted and turned from it : letting it He still
upon the ground ; when as the others he received up to himself. Just as
it happens with those who are the stewards and bailiffs over our farmes,
when they come to present their fruits : one of them his master honours
and brings him into the house, the other he lets stand regardlesse
' without. Just so it fell out here. But what followed this now ? Why,
the elder brother became dejected, and as one that saw himself despised
and not approved of, walks melancholy out. And God saves to him,
'Wherefore art thou so sad ? knowest thou not that thou didst oflFer to
God } why then didst thou me that injury ? What hadst thou to com-
plain of ? How comes it to pass that thou oflFredst the refuse to me ?'
Here, if you think fit to descend more to his capacity, you may add.
That he having nothing at all to reply, held his peace and answered not
a word. ^
'A little after this, spying his yonger brother, he sayes to him,
* Cdme, prithy, let us walk a little out in the fields ;' and when they
were there, surprising him treacherously, and being stronger, he kills
his poor brother, and thought that he should conceal it all from God.
But God comes to him, and asks him, ' Where is thy brother ?' ' What
can I tell ?' replies he ; ' Am I my brothers keeper ?' Then sayes God
to him, * Behold thy brother's blood cryes to me from the earth.'
Let the mother sit by whilst the mind of the child is moulding with '
these discourses, that she now and then interpose, and praise that whiqh
is recounted. But what followed all this ? God took him up into
heaven, and he being dead, lives above for ever. By this means the
child will begin to learn the doctrine of the resurrection ; for they use
to relate such stories in fables : They made her (sayes one) a demi-
goddess, and the child believes it, and though he know not what a
demi-god is ; yet he imagines it something which is more then a man,
and he wonders presently at the hearing of it • how much more, then,
when he shall hear of the resurrection, that his soul ascended into
heaven, and that God immediately took him up. But as for the mur-
therer, having lived many years after, miserably unfortunate, and conti-
R
12g
nually in fear and trembling, h^ §ufFer§d innumerable evils, and was
punished every day. Speak tp hiin concerning the punition with
terror, not gently. Th^t- hje hes^rd God say, * Thou ghalt be groaning
and trembling upon thp f&ce of the earth/ The phild indeed knows -not
what this signifies at first ;' but say It, however. As you, when you
stand perplexed before your master, shortly to be whipped, tremble and
fear ; so he lived all his life-time;, s^ftpr he had thus Qflpended God. And
hitherto shall sufficcjfor the firgt. ? : .' ,
Afterwards, one evening ag you are at supper, talke of this again to
him, and let his mother repeat the same things ; and then when he
hath heard it ^evieral times over, require it of him. ' My son, recite mid
the stpry ; and, the nipre tp encourage him, when ypu find he hath
retained it, you shall prpppse to him some reward, The mind will,
indeed, upon tjie first narration of this history, gather some fruit by
you, as you m&ke the deduction. After this, say thus: 'Do yousee^
child, what a horrible thing it is to envy ones brother .' Do you ner-^
ceive what a crime it is to think one can hide any thing from God }
for be sees ^U things ; yea, even those things which are committed, sin
secret.' So that sowing this doptrine onely in the child, thou wilt have
no n^ed of a pedagogue, since the feare which the Deity doth hereby;
work in him, will affect the child beyond every -pther apprehension
whatsoever, and extreamly niove his mind. -..,
But this, is not all; .you shall l§ad him also Jo church, and then espe-
cially when the lesson is rejad, how you shall perceive him to exult
dance and, r^jbyce, that what every body does not know he does, out-
running in hisrunderstanding the words of the minister, and arg^jng
thit iheiknowes that already, and receiving^wpriderfull fruit by it. And
by this the thing will become sufficiently fixed in his memory. ' J.Theye
are many other advantages to be reaped from this narration. fo-
! Let him be taught, therefore by you,^ thHt from the very beginning,
from the ;dg4jh pf this ehild, we are instructed not to grieve when we are
aiHieled, seeing be who was, thus accepted, was by death ^received up
into heaven. When this, narration shall he well rooted in the mind of
the child, introduce another, as that pf other two brothers, and say
' Ifherf were also pt^er two brpthers, an elder and a ypungfer ; the elder of
1S3
them was a hunter, the younger was a keeper and lover of home ;' and
this hath somewhat of more delight in it then the former (as being full
of more variety of emergencies, and thfe persons which manage it beiiig
more in yeares then the former). * Now these were also two brdthers,
and both of them twins; but when they were born, the mother loved
the younger, but the father was more fond of the elder, who was wont
to pass his time abroad in the fields ; but the younger kept altogether
at home. Upon a day, his father being now very aged,'? said to him
whom he loved, ' Son, seeing I am now an old man, goe thy way, I pray,
and prepare for me some venison : that is, take me a ro-buck, or an
hare, and bring it to me, that when I havfe eaten of it I may blesse thee :'
but to the younger he said nothing at all.
Now the mother over-hearing all that the father said, calls her
youngest son, and says to him, ' Son, since thy father has commanded
thine elder brother to bring him some venison, that eating of it he may
give him his blessing, hearken what I say to thee : hasten immedi-
ately to the-flock, and fetching therlce some young fat kids, bring them
hither to me, atid I will make such as thy father loves, and thou shalt
carry it to him, that when he has tasted of it, he may blesse thee ;' for
the father was dark through extremity of age.
■ Now when the youtiger had brought her the kids, his mother stewed
them, and putting the viands iiitoa dish, delivers it to her son, who carried
it in : and she also clad him with the skins of the goats, least he should
be discovered, seeing he was Smooth, but his brother was all hairy and
rough; that by this mean's it might be concealed, and his father not
discern the imposture : and thus accoutred, in she sent him. Now the
good old man supposing him to have been the elder, having eaten the
meat, blessed him. And when he had made ah end of blessing him, in
comes the elder brother, bringing the venison : but perceiving wHat
had hapned, roaring out aloud, he wept lamentably.
Observe now what a world of benefit this will produce, and do not
recoutit all the story at on6e, but see what profit will spring from this.
For in the first place, children will learn to reverence their paretits, per-
ceiving how they cotitehdfed for the blessing, and will rather 'endure
a thousand stripes then once to hear their father curse them.
124
If you fill their thoughts with such like stories, so as they may ima-
gine them worthy of beliefe (as indeed they are very truths), how will
it not affect and fill them full of reverence ? By this also they will
learn to contemne gluttony (for that is likewise t6 be told them), and
that he gained nothing by being the first-borne and the eldest, since by
the intemperance of his belly, he betrayed the excellency of his birth-
right.
Now when the child shall have throughly remembred this, upon
some other evening, thou shalt require him to repeate this story of the
two brothers. And if he begin to speak of Cain and Abell, recall him,
and say, ' I do not mean this, but that of the two other, whom the father
gave his blessing to ;' thus giving him some hints, but without men-
tioning the names, and when he has recited it all, add as followes, and
say, ' Mark now what hapned after this : this also sought to have slain
his brother, and for that end expected onely his fathers decease,; which
the mother coming to hear of, and fearing it, caused her son to flee
away.' Much philosophy, far exceeding the apprehension of the child,
may be hence (with a little condescention) implanted into the spirit of
the child, so that the narration be skilfully and dexterously handled.
Thus therefore let us tell him. This same brother went his way, and
came to a certain place, having nobody with him, not so much as a
servant, no fosterer, no attendant, nor any person besides. Being
arrived to the place, he prayed, and said, ' O Lord, give me, I beseech
thee, bread and clothing, and save me ;' and having said thus, overcome
with sorrow, he fell asleep ; and there he saw in a dream a ladder
reaching up from the earth to the heavens', and the angels of God
ascending and descending, and God himself standing at the top of all.
Then he said, ' Bless me ;' and h* blessed him, and called him Israel.
It comes happily into my mind, arid now I remember, that from the very
names anothei" instruction may be inserted, and' what is that ? viz. That
from the appellations we presently introduce a certain emulation of
vertue in children. Let none, therefore, be forward to name their chil-
dren for the memory of their fathers, or mothers, or grandfathers : but
of the righteous, of the martyrs, bishops, and apostles. Be this also
their emulation ; let this child be called Peter, that John, and another
125
by the appellation of some holy man, and talke not to me of the Gentil
names ; for (believe it) it is no small reproach, and worthy of derision,
when in a Christian family some heathen ceremonies are performed,
and they light up the lamps, and watch which of them shall first go out
and be spent, with other the like fopperies, which bring no little detri-
ment to those which practise them ; for do not imagine that these are
small matters or trifles which are done.
This, therefore, I require of you, that you impose the names of the
righteous upon your children, for it was the custom in the beginning
(not without reason) that they called their children by the names of
their ancestors, it being a kind of consolation against mortality, that he
which was gone seemed still to live, by reason of his name : but now
this custom is quite out of request.
Truly we see that the righteous did not so call their children, for
Abraham begat Isaac : Jacob and Moses were not called after their
ancestors na:mes, nor do we find any of the just so called. O what an
example will here be of virtue, of consolation, and of exhortation. And
moreover neither do we find any Other cause of changing names besides
this only, that it may be a monument of virtues. Thou, saith he, shalt be
called Cephas, which is, being expounded, Peter *. Why so } Because
thou didst confesse. And thou shalt be called Abraham. Why so.?
Because thou art a father of nations f. And Israel, because he did see
God J. Hence, therefore, let us begin our care over our children, and
institute their lives.
But as I said, he saw a ladder reaching to the heavens and touching
it; let the names therefore of the saints enter into your houses, by the
appellations of your children, that by this means it may not alone com-
pose the manners of the children, but of the fathers also ; when he shall
remember himself to be the son of John, of Elias, of Jacob, seeing those
names were circumspectly and piously imposed, and for the honour of
those that are departed.
Thus, therefore, let us court the affinity of the righteous rather then
of our progenitors. This likewise will be very beneficial both to us and
* Mat. c. 16. V. IS. t Gen. c. 17. v. 5. J Gen. c. 32. v. 23.
126
our chiWferi : nor because thd instance is small, think it to be;S
for the supposition is exceedingly profitable. But, as I said, Jet u
ceed to that which follows. He spied a ladder fixed, he sough
blessing, and God did bless him : He travelled to his kindre(
became a shepherd to his kinsman, then treated with him concerr
wife, and of his return. jt.And ht^re also there will result a wc
advantage; observe but what a deal he will learn. . That being
born, he despise no man, not to be ashamed of poverty^ that h
adversity coufagiously, and then all the rest. After this, when 1
little older, relate thiilgs 'that afe fnore terrible ; but being as yet t
impose not such a burthen on hitn, lest thou too much terrific and
him; but when he h«ls attained to fifteen years old, or shall be
bigger, let him hear of the pains of hell; and when he is about I
eight, or less, tell him what. happened alt the Deluge, of Sodo
^gypt, which examples are full of severity, and acquaint him ,w
these jjarticulars at large. Being then grown bigger, instruct 1
matters of the New Testament, of Grace, of Hell. By these iand i
other narrations and familiar examples,* guafd and secure his ears
Butif any man come in with a false tale, by no means (as I s^
him be admitted. If you find a servant speaking filthily befoi"
chastise him for it immediately, and be thy self a severe and
censor of whatsoever evil they do.' Butif by chance thou espy a
maid (yea' rather let there be no such approach him), let her
much as light the fire; unless it be some old woman,, which has n
to attract a young man. From a young maid, I say, flie rathe
frbm the fire ; and by this means it will come to pass, that he
hears nothing impertinent, will speak nothing impertinent.
therefore, let them be brought up.
But we proceed now to another port — the Smelling: for th
brings a very great inconvenience with it, unless timely barr'd
are odours an^ incense ; there being nothing which more dissob
frame and tenor of the mind, nothing that more softens it, then i
be affected with sweet smells. What, then, says he, * ought one i
pleasure in dirt ?' I do not say so ; but neither with this nor th
Let none therefore bring him sweet ointments, for as soon
127
once affects the brain, It effeminates and softens all the rest : hence alsp
lusts are incited, and in that do lurk Innumerable snares. Therefore
lock up that gate securely. Fpr the faculty of smelling is to hreathe
the air, not to receive perfjujaes. Some ihere are which peradveniur]©
will deride all this, as though whjlest we discourse of this nurture, yv.^
trouble ourselves about trifles : but in truth the matter is not small ;
but the very basis, instruction, and institution of the whole world, tha,t
these things be duly performed, .-? i i, , .'i / II .< i.
There is likewise another ^ate, more specious then the former, but
of exceeding difficulty to guard, namely, that of the eyes, as being-
rais'd on' high, set In the front and beautified. This has many smaller
leaves, by which it not onely sees but is seen. If It be gallantly framed.
Here then there is great necessity of laws, one of the priaGipal whereof
let be, never to send the child to the theater, lest thereby he receiv.e ari
entire overthrow at onqe, both by the ears and by the eyes: andilet
his attendant observe this especially In the markets, and'whllest he
passes through the by-knesand atrpets, cajc-efull that he never fall into
that debauchery. Now to the end he may receive no hafhi by being
seen, there are divers* things to be considered. Deprive him of all
over-costly apparel and superfluous ornaments, let him wear his hair
modestly short, and If the ;boyitake it baloously, as If he were dis-
figured by It, teach him this first. That Itrls^.the greatest ornament. "«
Now that he may not-ga^ey sufficient to preserve : him wUl ihe? those,
stdries of the Sons of God,;wbidi happened on the Daughters of Men,
and of the Sodomites, Hell, and: such like instances. Here then^mtjist
the Governour .andfhe ithatvvaits on him, be wonderfull carefulL and
solllcitousj shew him tbefefore other beautiftjU) objects, drawltig^away
his eyes from these things: such as are the heavens, the starsfy the
flowers of the earth, the meadows,, fair, books, &c, : these therefore let
him delight his eyes withall; and there are maijiy other objects besides, ^
wiilchare very inoffensive ; for; it is a Port extreamly diffitaijtto guard;
for as. much as It has a fire burning within, and a kind of naturjil neces-
sity as 1 may say. Teach him some divine verses. And thus, unless,
he be inwardly Incited, he.(»;ill not cafe, to be seen ,^broad. Be sure
that he never bath with w<t)men, it is a very wicked custome : neither
128
permit him to haunt their company. Let him often hear the wholt
history of Joseph, and now learn the things which concern the king-
dom of Heaven : what a garland there's laid up for those which are
chast. Promise him a beautifull wife, and that you will make him
yout heir; but menace all the contrary, if you find him disobedient:
And talk thus to him : ' We shall never procure you, son, a virtuous
wife, unless you shew a great deal of circumspection, and an access ol
virtue. If you persevere, I will quickly marry you :' but especially if
he be taught to abhor filthy speeches, he has gain'd from above a very
excellent foundation of modesty. Discourse to him of the pulchritude
of the mind, make him resolute against women. Tell him 'tis a dis-
ingenuous thing, to be despis'd of a slavish maid, and that much more
circumspection is requir'd in a youth. When any man speaks, he- is
known ; but he that sees onely is not known. For this is a very quick
sense, and one sitting amongst many persons is able to take which of
them he pleases with one onely dart of his eye. Let him therefore
have no converse with woman-kinde, his mother onely excepted. Suffer
him to behold no woman. Give him no gold, let nothing that is sordid
once enter into him : but teach him to contemn pleasure, and all such
like things.
There is yet another gate behind, which hath no resemblance to the
former, but which goes through the whole body. We call it the Touch.
Indeed one would imagine it shut, yet as if it were of all the rest the
most open, it admits entrance to all. Let us neither suffer this to be
acquainted either with soft clothing or bodies ; render him more hardy,
we are bringing up a champion, and let us seriously mind it. Permit
him neither to use soft coverings, nor soft garments, and thus let mat-
ters be ordered.
Go to then, and entering into this city let us prescribe laws, and make
ordinances ; for now the gates are in posture : and in the first place
take we diligent notice of the houses, and of the lodgings where the
citizens remain, those which are circumspect, and those which are dis-
solute.
They report that the place and habitation of anger is the breast
and the heart, which is in the breast, concupiscence in the liver and
129
the understanding in the brain. The iSrst is both a virtue and a vice.
Sobriety and modesty is a virtue ; rashness and morosity a vice. Like-
wise the virtue of concupiscence is chastity ; luxury a vice. The virtue
of the intellect is prudence, the vice, folly. Let us therefore have a
care that virtues be produced in those places, and that they bring
forth such as are good, not evil citizens. For these aflFections are as
it were the very parents of all our cogitations.
But let us now proceed to the tyrant, anger : for neither is that to
be altogether cut off in a youth, nor upon all occasions to be used. But
thus let us instruct him from the cradle, that being injur'd he bear it
patiently, and that when they perceive another man wronged, they
stoutly revenge it, and according as the person is depressed, in a due
and convenient manner take his part. But how should this be, when
they are train'd up to it in their own servants ? Being under-valu'd,
are not impatient, being disobey'd are not outrageous ; but rather vin-
dicate that which is committed against others. But in these cases let
the father be always arbiter, and when they transgress the orders it
behoves him to be sharp and sievere, as when they perform and observe
them rightly, to be kind and gentle, enticing and alluring the child with
many rewards : for with this method God governs the world, by the
fear of hell, and the promises of the kingdom ; and so should we our
children, permitting them to be vexed now and then, for the exercise
and tryal of their patience, that they may learn how to govern their
passions amongst the domesticks.
And as in a wrestling place, before they play the prize, they daily
exercise with their companions, that making their party good with
them, they may the more easily vanquish their antagonists : so should
a child be educated at home. And let his father or his brother fre-
quently cross his humours above all the rest, and exceedingly contend
for the victory, or else some other defend him that he may be exercised
in that other person ; thus the servants may occasionally provoke him,
right or wrong, that so he may be taught every where to moderate and
qualifie his passion ; seeing if the father onely incite him, it will be no
such great matter; for the very name of father prsepossessing the mind
does not suffer him to turn again and make head ; but let his com-
s .
130
panions and servants, and such as are ingenuou^y born do it, that by
them he may be taught moderation.
There is yet another. What is that .^ When ever he is angry, put
him in mind of his proper passions : when he is offended against a ser-
vant, whether he himself never committed a fault, and what he would
be if he were in his place. But in case he find him striking a servant,
meet him with revenge ; and if he extreamly wrong him, chastise him
again for it ; never suffer him to be too soft and remiss ; nor over chur-
lish and morose, in as much as he is a man, and should be affable and
courteous. Sometimes, indeed, he may have a worthy occasion for his
anger, as if hereafter he should have children of his own, or himself be
a master of servants, in such a condition anger were very usefull. Then
onely it is unprofitable when we revenge our selves. And therefore
Paul never made use of it himself, but for their sakes only who suf-
fered the wrong. Thus Moses, seeing his brother injured*, had recourse
to his anger, and that stoutly, being yet of all men the most meek -f ,
but when afterward he was himself injured, he did not revenge it, but
fled away. These discourses inculcate into him. For whilst we are
thus trimming the gates, they have great need of such plain narrations.
But when entringe into the city, we begin to discipHne the citizens,
'twill then be fit to discourse to them of sublimer matters. But let this
law be fixed in him, that he never revenge himselfe being injured or
wronged, nor ever permit him to despise another who suffereth the like.
His very father shall become better, who by teaching him in these
matters may himself be instructed ; or in case he do it for no other end
he shall become better then himself, least he set a bad example before
his child. And therefore let him learn to be despised, and to suffer
contempt, exacting nothing of the servants, because himself is free
born ; but upon many occasions serve rather himself. Let his servants
take care only of such things as he cannot so handsomely perform in
person : for instance, a gentleman should not be his own cook ; for it
is not decent that, quitting those studies which become a gentleman he
should give his mind to this inferior employment. But if there be occa-
* Exod. ii. 12. f Num. xii. 3.
131
sJon to wash his feet, never let him make use of a servant, let himself
do it. And by this means thou shalt render him ingenuous, mild, and
amiable to the servants. Nor permit any body to bring him his clothes,
nor in the bath to use any ceremony to him ; but let him perform there
all necessaries himself. This will make the youth robust, not disdain-
ful, but affable and meek. Teach him also those things which concern
nature; what a servant is, what a freeman. Say to him, child, there
was heretofore no servants in the dayes of our fore-fathers; 'twas sin
that introduced servitude : but because one was irreverent towards his
father *, there was this punishment inflicted upon him, that he should
be his brothers servant ; beware, therefore, lest thou become the servant
of servants : for if you be implacable and furious as they were, and in
all things follow tHeir example, and hast nothing of virtue more then
them, neither shalt thou have any thing of excellency or preheminence
above them.
Strive, therefore, that thou mayest become their master, not upon this
account,.but by thy manners and education, least being free-born thyself,
thou become their servant. Perceive you not how many fathers have
disinherited their children, and adopted their vassals in their stead ?
Take heed least any such thing should happen to you. Truly I neither
desire nor wish it. They are as yet 'either of the'm in your power. And
in this sort qualifie his passion ; perswading him so to deport himself
to his servants as to his brothers. And thus instruct him concerning
the laws of nature, repeating to him the words of Job : If ever (sayes
he-j") I dispised the, cause of my man-servant, or of my maid-servant,
when they contended with me ; what then shall I do when God makes
enquiry, and when he visiteth what shall I answer him ? Are they
not fashion'd in the womb as I am J ? For we are made in the same
womb. And again, if my maidens often said, who shall give us to be
filled with his flesh, I being very mild. Think you that of Paul § was
for nothing? He who knows not how to govern his own house is not
fit to rule in the Church. '
Say therefore, if at any tinie his style be lost, or his pen be broken
* Gen. ix. 35. f Job, xxxi, 13. } Job, xxxi. 31. § 1 Tim. iii. 5.
132
by his sefvaat: be pot presently in choler, tior mis-oall him, but be
rather gentle and easie tp be intreated. ; Thus from smaller things thou
shalt with ease support .greater losses. )Or ifi a book-fstring be spoyl'd,
or a brazen clasp, boys take the losses of these, things impatiently, and
had rather lose their very lives than suffer so great an injury to go
unreveng'd: here therefore let their: asperity be mitigated; for well
you knowj that he, who on ithese^apoidents is patient and contented will
easily, being- a man, undergo all other disasters.
When h«:ha^^then gotten a table-book made of some curious "wood,
pure and iwhites, .adorn'd with brazen-chains, and finely polished brazen
pens, shiniflg like any silver, or the. like toys ; and that the boy which
attends him happening to lose any of them, you perceive him not mov'd
at it, 'tis an evident* and, certain indication of philosophy and great wls-
domei Nor do thou upon this buy him new immediately, lest , thou
extinguish his passion ; but when you shall perceive he bearsthe want
of it handsomly, and is .not. much concern'd with it, then repair his
losses.
Believe it j we do in this no trifling matter. The discourse concerns
no less then the polity of the world itself. If he have a younger bro-
ther, instruct him to suffer him to be preferred in honour before him :
but if he have none, then, some servant : for even this likewise is a
point of the greatest, philosophy. So therefore mitig^ate and asswage
his anger, that it may suggest to us meek cogitations : for when he
shall not let his affections run out > upon any thing, when he shall need
no mans service, when he shall envy no man's being preferr'd in honour
before him, what room will there be left for anger ?
It is now time that we speak of concupiscence. Here also chastity
is two-fold, and the violation of it a double loss. I conceive that -young
men should neither be dishonestly loved, nor dishonestly love young
maids. Physitians sayj that presently after the fifteenth year youths
are vehemejjtly, inflamed with the lust of concupiscence. How shall we
now fetter this beast? What is there to be done? What bridle shall we
put on it ? I know of no other then the fear* of hell it self. First
therefore, let us be carefull that he neither see nor hear any thing which
is filthy ; nor by any means suffer an ingenuous youth to frequent the
133
theater. But if he seek for these pleasures, if you know of any his
contemporaries which deny themselves that vanity, shew th«m to him,
that by their example he may be reduced : for there is nothing in the
world which does sooner redresse it then emulation, no, not any; -And
in every thing else let us observe this rule, especially' if you perceive
him to be of an emulous disposition. It is a great deal more effectual
then either fear or promises, or whatsoever else.
To these let us devise some other innocent divertisements, bring him
to holy men, grant him relaxation, and give him< rewards, that thereby
his mind may be the less troubled at it; and instead of these spectacles
propose to him some pleasant story, talk- to him of meadows, of sump-
tuous buildings, and after-wards wheel off your discourse with an .appli-
cation. Tell him, these 'spectacles, son, are for base and servile per-
sons, to behold -naked women speaking immodestly. Promise- me that
thou wilt not hear nor say any thing that is dishonest, and I permit thee
to go : but it cannot be, it is impossible that thou shouidest there hear
nothing which is vile. The thitigs that are there acted, are unworthy
thy eyes, my son. And in saying this, let us kiss and embrace him,
that he may perceive how dearly we love him.
With aH these stratagems let us entice him. What then ? As I
said already, let a young maid never approach him, nor do any. service
about him, but some ancient maid or woman that is well stricken in
years. Discourse to him concerning the kingdomCj and of such as
have been illustrious for their chastity, as well those without the pale as
amongst ourselves; and with these let us perpetually fill his ears; nay,
if we have servants that excel in chastity and sobriety, propose them
likewise for examplesy seeing it would be a great. reproach, that a ser-
vant should fbe modest, and that a free person, a gentleman,' should
be sordid.
There is yet another expedient, and what is it.' Let liim learn to
fest, if not always, yet twice a week, Wednesdays and Fnydays at
least. Cause him to frequent the church. And when the father walks
with him abroad, towards the evening, at- the time that the shows are
done -and -the theatres are dissolved, let him show him.- those that ^re
coming away, and laugh at the old fcrals who as yet have not the dis-
134
cretion of striplings, and' at the young men who are fired with filthy-
lusts. Then let him ask the boy, what he thinks all they have gain'd ?
Truly nothing at all but shame, infamy, and damnation. This will
prove of no small importance to chastity, that he abstain both from the
spectacles and from the discourse. •
But besides all this, let him be taught another thing, and that is, that
he pray to God with all diligence and compunction. And say not to
me, that these things are not imployments for a child ; a child is not
capable of this : yes, a child, especially if of a quick understanditig,
and encouraged, is very capable of it. Amongst the ancient we find
many such examples; as Daniel, and Joseph; and tell not me that
Joseph was seventeen years old, but consider before that age for what
he was so dear to his father ; and that he was more fond of him than
of all his elder brethren ? Was not Jacob himself the younger ? Jere-
mias, Daniel but twelve years old * ; was not Solomon also of the same
age when he made that wonderful prayer f ? Did not Samuel, being
but a very boy, teach his master J ? Let us not then be discouraged.
If any one indeed be a child in understanding, he is not capable of this,
not if he be a child in years.
Instruct him therefore to pray with much compunction, and to watch
likewise, as much as will stand to health, and by all means let there
be imprinted on him, being a child, the character of an holy man. For
he that is not addicted to swearing, nor being provoked to return inju-
ries, to reproach no body, to hate none ; but gives his mind to fasting,
and is assiduous in his prayer, shall from these be sufiiciently furnished
to chastity. And in case thou destine him to a secular life, provide a
wife betimes, nor defer it till he be inrolled amongst the souldiers, or
that he hath attained to some office in the commonwealth, before thou
consider of it ; but settle his thoughts first, and then proceed to secure
his glory, which is but a worldly business. Dost thou imagine it of
so small a concernment to marriage, that a virgin be joyn'd to a virgin ?
Truly, it doth not a little concern also the very wifes chastity, not to
speak of the young mans also. Shall not this render their aflFection the
* Dan. xiii. 45. f 3 Reg. iii. 4. $ I Reg. iii. 1.
135
more pure? and, which Is above all this, will not God himself be then
more propitious, and fill that marriage with a thousand benedictions,
when they thus meet together as he has commanded, and will make
them cordially to love one another ?
Whilest he is detained by this affection, he will laugh at all other
women; if when you commend the virgin for her beauty and vertue,
and all other endowments, you shall then adde, that she will never
endure him if once she but understand him to be an idle person ; here-
upon, as touch'd in his highest concernments, he will put forth his
utmost diligence. For if that holy man, being deceived of his wife, so
loved her as yet to serve seven years more for her, nay fourteen years,
how much more should we ? Tell him, that all that bplong to the
virgin, the father, the mother, servants, all the neighbours and friends,
are strict observers of his behaviour and actions, and all will relate it to
his virgin. With this obligation bind him ; 'twill prove an eiFectual
preservative to the child. So that in case it should not be so conve-
nient to give him a wife very young, let him yet be espoused to one at
least from the first ; this will make him strive to excel in goodness, this
alone is sufficient to banish all vice.'
There is likewise another excellent guard to chastity, that he perpe-
tually frequent the Bishop of the Church, and from him receive many
encouragements ; and of this let his father glory to all that hear it ;
let the virgins seeing him, look on him with a reverend esteem : besides,
the discourses and the awe of his father, the promises which are made,
and with these the rewards reposited for him of God, with all those be-
nefits which the chast shall be made partakers of, will extreamly hinder
and repress all lubricity, in this kind.
To this you may add, the gallant atchievements in war and in peace,
and to these things studiously direct your discourse, continually de-
claiming against vice and luxury, and bringing it into contempt. It
will much conduce to the repute of chastity, and all these particulars
wonderfully restrain the mind of the young man, and produce in us
most chast cogitations.
There is one more yet remaining, let us therefore now proceed to that
which Is the chief of all, and which keeps all entire ; and what is that ?
136
namely, iprudeuce. Here must be Infinite care used, that he fee discreet,
and that he abandon and banish all folly; and this is a special and
grand point of philosophy; that he comprehend those things which-
are divine, and what there is laid up for the future : of hell, and the
things which Concerne the skingdome of heaven, since the beginning of
wisdome is the fear of the Lord*.
Let us therefore establish this point of prudence in him, that he be
also intelligent in humane affairs : what riches are, what glory, what
powefi to the end he may learn how to contemn them, and set his affec-
tions^ upon things which are of highest concernment. Let us often
remember him of the good instructions which have been given him,
and say, son, fear God alone, and besides him fear none other. And
thus he will emerge a prudent and a gracious person. There is nothing
in the world that renders a man more a fool, then these vices ;. the fear
of God is alone suflScient to make thee wise, and to have such a judge-
ment in gedular and humane affairs as is necessary. This, this is the
very sum and top of all wisdome, that he be not taken up with imper-
tinent and childish vanities. Teach him therefore that riches avail'
nothing, worldly glory nothing, power nothing ; nothing, death ;
nothing this present life. Thus he shall indeed become a wise man.
And if, ' educated in this manner, we conduct him to his nuptials, con-
sider how noble a portion thou bringest to his bride.
But Ifet us now celebrate the marriage, not with pipes and harps, and
dancing ; with these kind of things to disgrace the bridegroom thus
educated, 'it is highly incongruous. Let us rather invite Christ -thither,
such a bridegroom is worthy of him ; let us bid his Disciples : these
things well become him. And now let him henceforth: thus learn to
instruct his own children, and so educate them ; and they theirs ; and
thus it will become a golden chain indeed. ■
Let us also promote him to offices in the commonwealth, such as he
hath abilities to Undergo, and such as do not minister to vice. Or whether
it be any charge in the army, let him learn to gain nothing sordidly.
Or whether he patronize the cause of those which are wronged, or
* Eccles, i. 16.
137
whatever else he undertakes. That his mother learn likewise
instruct and discipline her daughters after the same manner, and to avc
their thoughts from superfluous attires and fashions, from the worl
and from whatsoever else are the proper marks of lewd women ai
strumpets.
Let him manage all things by this rule, and wean as well the you
as the maid from pleasure and ebriety ; for even this also will be
great effect towards chastity ; there being nothing which doth mc
molest and trouble young men, then concupiscence; nothing more youi
women, then haughtiness and lux of apparel. »
Thus therefore let us order and compose all these things, that so \
may please Almighty God, whilst we bring him up such champior
and that we and our children may attain those promises whieh he ha
made to them that love him : and all this through the grace and beni
nity of our Lord Jesus Christ, to whom with the Father and the He
Spirit be glory and honour now and ever, and to eternal ages. A me
138
NOTES UPON SOME PASSAGES.
JvAI KOfirjv be oiricrdev a(j)teis eis Kopr/s fxrjfia, &C. And thou dost nourish him a lock of hair behind
like a girle, Sfc. Gear in Rituali sive Euchologia Grcecorum, recites an office in rpixoKovpia, or the
detonsion of a child : but it was neither monachal nor clerical, but the common cut; and it seems
the custom was introduced to avert the Gentile superstition. Athanasius quast. 28 dictor. 8f
interpretat. Parabolarum Evangel. EiwOairtv ol "EXXrives koI awoKeipeiv ruiy iraiSav ras Kopv^as, ical
Tois /xaWovs eq.v Kal tovtovs jxeTO. xpovov avaridevai rols haifxoai. The Heathen (Greeks) were
wont to shave the crowns of their children, and to have their locks to hang down, which after a
space of time they did consecrate to (divels) idols. This heathenish superstition, which the Latine
and Greek humane authors attest, St. Chrysostom here intends, and the later Greeks did transfer
into Christianism, either by consecrating them, as first-fruits unto the true God, or a^ signifying
their surrendering themselves to the service of God : or rather, uncovering their head, as the
Apostle enjoynes that sex : and there was to that end not only Evx)? els to Kovpevirai iraiha ; but
also for the other sex, Eux?) ctti to avahi^aaudai Re^aXriv yvvaiKa. This primary tonsure was with
the godfather. And of old they consecrated their first-shorn locks to Apollo (going often in person
to Delphos), to ^sculapius, or their country rivers, as Lucian testifies. Plut. in vit. Thes. And
Martial, lib. 1, ep. 32.
Has tihi Phoebe vovet tStos a vertice crines
Encelpus, domini centurionis amor.
Grata pudens meriti tulerit cUm pramia pili.
Quam primum longas Phctbe recide comas,
Dum nulld teneri sordent lanugiiie vultus,
Dumq; decent fusae lactea coUajubce,
Utq; tuis longum dominusq; pudrq; fruatur
Muneribus, tonsumfac citb, sero virum.
But their beastly Catamits, with their monstrous heads of hair, were in great esteem amongst the
luxurious Romans j whence that of the poet,
■ ■ Si nemo tribunal
Vendit Acersecomes Juvenal, lib. 3. Sat. 8.
Which when they grew old they used to colour, as appears by that witty Epigram, In Lentinum.
Mentiris juvenem tinctis, Lentine, capillis :
Turn subitb corvus, qui modb cygnus eras ?
Non omnesfallis, scit te Proserpina canum,
Perso7iam capiti detrahet ilia tuo. Mart. ]. 3. ep. 32.
Which I add in reproof of some old men in our days, who to the reproach of gravity, and that
reverend blessing, being now descending to the sepulchre, do yet mentiri juvenem, and would be
thought boyes. But of these customes let the reader consult Papinius, Festus Pompeius, Junius,
and the most learned Salmasius. I pass them over.
139
Kopjj ev T^ daXa/i^ rif firirpiKf irahevOeiaa Trpos xiafiov errrorjirdai yvvaiKeiov, &c, A maid when in
her mother's chamber she hath learned to long after these various tires and ornaments of women, being
gone out of her fathers house, becomes impertinent to her husband, and very iroublesom, Sse. This
reproof is parallel to that of the Satyrist, but with less acerbity, more modesty and gravity.
— — Expectas ut non sit adultera Larga
Filia ; qua nunquam maternos dicere mcechos
Tam Clio, nee tanto poterit contexere cursut
Ut non ter decies respiret ? Conscia matri
Virgo fait ; ceras nunc hac dictante pusiMas
Implet,^ ad Mcechum dat eisdemferre cincedis, ■
Sic naturti jubet ; velociils St cHius nos
Corrumpunt vitiorum exempla 'domestica magnis
Cilm subeant animos auetoribus ' Juv. Sat. 14.
So true is that of the Orator, Pius homines exemplo quam peccato nocent. And especially parents
"whose lewd examples children are many times too prone to imitate.
Aeyovrai ol papyaplrai orav €vOi(i}s \ri<j)6£iinv vbup eTvai, &c. _ Tis reported that when pearls are
first taken up, fhey are only little drops of water, Stc, And it was only a report, taken up by
S. Chrysostom to metapborize bis discourse : but it is apparently true of glasses, which from a
fluid metal receive their figure from the will of tlie blower of them, which is afterwards firm, and
not to be new moulded. The French have an expression, II a prins son pli, — A tender -twig soon
yeelds. Hence that of Persius,
Udum, et molle lutumes, nunc, nunc properamdus et acri
Fingendus sine sine rotd — — Sat. 3.
Children are rasce Tabula, or rather cerece, apt for every inscription and impression.
Tlavra kal Xeyovra nai Troiovvra rrjv afpaylba cjrtrt'fleo'Oai. And upon whatsoever he saith
or does to put a •seal. Crncis consignatio, as Combefis; and the acception of this word in the
Mixobarbarous Greek, is in that sense, as in the Latine Ecclesiastical Writers sig^nacu/um, and
signare. But to skrue it so high as 2 Cor. 1. 22. Kai a^payiaafievos iifias, &c. And hath sealed
us, Stc. is farther then will be evinced upon any probable grounds of reason. That in this place it
may signifie no more then what was before expressed, els vpoaevxas aypvwveiv, I am at an indiffer-
ence, if not propension to believe ; comparing it with a sentence of very near affinity in Nilus, a
great admirer of S. Chrysostom, Tlairav fikv irpa^iv bia 7rpoo-e«x^s cr^payiS.e' ravrriv Be fiaXXov
e<l> y rov Xoyiaii-ov Beupels iifiipifiaXXovTa. Thus men should consecrate all their'undertakings.
'Ovhev yap bxjieXei ridevai vonovs, kav iiri Kai {j eKbUrfais eiroiro. For 'tis to no purpose tp enact
laws unlesse punishment be also inflicted, Stc. Conformable to that of the Lyrick.
Nullis polluitur casta domus stupris :
Mos, S; lex maeulosum edomuit nefas ;
Laudantur simili prole Puerperee.
Culpam poena premit comes% Hor. lib, 4. Od. 5.
Such was the Lex Julia de Adulteriis severely inflicted upon the offenders} for
Si non supplicio culpa reciditur ? ^
Quid leges sine moribus
Vanm prqficiunt? Hor. 1. 3, od. 24.
MiyaSes, such are called Mestiso's. The Israelites were to be a pure and separate people.
Exod. 12. 38. Kai eiriiiiKTos iroXiis avvavejiti aiiroXs, &c. And a mixed multitude went up, Sfc.
Numb. 11. I. Kai o eirl/jiLKTOs 6 ev avro'ts eiredifiriirev kiriQvfilav, &c. And a mixt multitude that
140
was among iliem lusted a lust. Such a one was the blasphemer, Levit. '24. 10, He was Hybrida,
of an Egyptian father and Israelitish mother. Nehem. 13 .3. kuI exbipitrdrjerav iras eirifiiKTOs ev
'lo-pai/X. It was upon hearing the law that they were separated from Israel all the mixed mul-
titude.
01 rpo(^e(i. Altores, Nuiritii. Nursing fathers. It seems to be an employment about young
Nobility ; S. Chrysostom, the Chief Bishop of Constantinople, seems to direct the education of the
children of Noblemen and Gentry of great quality j he mentions a garb of attendants — their
Tf>off>eis. This office he sets down as the first Impression kK Kprjtrlbos, & t^ apxvs- I suppose a
nurse and foster-father taken into the house.
TlaihayMyos, a Governor ; 'AkoKovQos, a. Page ; besides other olKerai, domestick attendants. So
that of Jacob, ovheva e\(i>v fieff eavrov, ov BovXov, oh Tpocfiia, ov iraiiayuiyov, ovK aWov ov&eva,
&c. Having no body with him, not so much as a servant, no fosterer, no attendant, nor any person
beside, S(C.
Kai ■KpoXajifiovovTa, Ka\ einyivbXTKovTa, Out-running in his understanding the words of the Mini-
ster, Sfc. Not occupantem, Legetem, as Combefis. The author speaks of a child (if I understand
aright) that hath been instructed by narrations from his father and mother, not yet arrived to those
years that he hath learned to read ; for it is a question, whether the Greeks were so very forward
in putting their children to read and write as we now are. Besides, k-riyivwaKii) does not signifie
to read, though avayivixTKi,) do : but agnosco, to own or declare that I knew such a person for-
merly. Recordor, to call to mind : here it is either by gesture in the church, importing that he
knew the history before, or afterwards to recount to -his parents when he comes from church.
Tpa<j>ls, called also Tapaypa(j)ls, ypat^eiov, ■KivaKis, called irv^iov. The fiXuo-is yakKrj, I suppose,
bound up the Tabella, and fastened the Style too ; for which use was sometimes (as appears before)
ifias, Corrigia, or Lorum.
Tows ie yapovs TzoiGipev pfj peru avXuiv, p^ pera Kidapas, prjbe peril opxvp^ruy. But let us cele-
brate the marriage, not withpipes, and harps, and dancing, Sic. Pertinent to which passage is that in-
comparable Homily of this Father, torn. 5, lib. 25, p. 331. Edit. Savil. too long to recite, but most
worthy of the reading ; and such a wedding was that of Cana in Galilee, at which our B. Savior
was present, John. ii.
To conclude, there is 'EKXoyi) Trepl iraihuv avarpoiprjs. Chrys. Savil; torn. 7, p. S23 ; but it does
not contain any part of this work ; yet points it to other places of this Father, where upon the same
subject are used phrases harmonious to some of these.
A
CHARACTER OF ENGLAND,
IT WAS LATELY PRESENTED IN A LETTER TO A NOBLEMAN OF FRANCE.
WITH
REFLECTIONS UPON " GALLUS CASTRATUS."
THE THIRD EDITION.
(originally printed in 1651.)
LONDON
PRINTED FOR JOHN CROOKE, AND ARE TO BE SOLD AT THE SHIP
IN ST. PAULS CHUKCH-YARD.
1659.
LETTER IN VINDICATION OF THIS " CHARACTER,"
AGAINST THE
SORDID REPROACHES OF " GALLUS CASTRATUS.'
Madame,
I HERE transmit you the "Character of France*," in which it mui
be confess'd, as he renders tp his antagonist in civility, so is he supt
rior to him in fancy arid baudry > and it cannot, but extreamly pleas
the Monsieur, to see the zeal and, anger of this Mir-millo discharge itse
upon his person to so little purpose, who h^ been so civill to ou
Country, and to all who can pretend to worth aHi^ vertue in it; that i
my judgment, had he spared the gentleman^ his, observations had a
much obliged that Nation in some particulars as the " Character f" ha
our own, in so charitably shewing us our avowed deformities, and the ex
pedients to redresse them. But I beseech you, Madame, could you ima
gine, that if there had been the least period in the Monsieur whic
reflected on your fair sex, it had been left to this pitifull champion t
defend your honours ? I protest, I have confronted them with the bes
skill I have, and not without some animositie ; and seriously, when
* A small Tract, intituled " A Character of France ;" to which is added Gallus Castratus, or a
Answer to a late slanderous Pamphlet called " The Character of England." London, 1659.
t The great rarity of the Answer to this equally scarce Tract, has been the principal motive fc
its insertion in the present Collection of Evelyn's smaller pieces. Although the above appears i
the list of his Works attached to his Memoirs in Dr. Kippis's edition of the Biographia Britannicj
whence it has been copied by all the subsequent writers of his Life, it is not mentioned in h:
Memoirs recently published, nor in the list of his productions which he sent to his friend Dr. Plo
in a letter dated 16th March, 1682-3 j and on that account some have considered it as apochr)
phal. The extracts from the Diary introduced as notes to the preceding Tract, will however form
chain of illustrative evidence to prove that it is the genuine production of Evelyn's pen.
" Gallus C astkatus, an Answer to a Slanderous Pamphlet, called the Character of Englani
144
consider what the "Character" has spoken of our Country in generall, and
with what decent reserves he has treated your sex in particular, that but
pretend to vertue, I am sure your LaP cannot be offended at his reproofes,
because so little concerned with them ; and that none but the guilty will
condemne so civill a declamation, which has nothing of asperity in it but
that which is proper for the cure of what both you and I, and thousands
more, have frequently deplored. Juvenal and Persius did the same to
their own country which this stranger has done to us, and have been
celebrated these 1500 yeares for their service ; and shall we be the only
ungrateful I ? The hope is, the reply is penn'd in so coarse a style,
that there will not be found words in all the French tongue to let them
know we have so foule a mouth amongst us, or your honours so weak
an advocate. But it seemes the offence is not universall, for I am cre-
dibly informed by a person of quality, and much integrity, that heard
a learned and sober preacher quote the " Character" in his sermon, and
reproach the people for their irreverent behaviour in the church in the
very language of that book, which being asserted to me by a lady who
was her self an auditor, is enough to discharge it of the blasphemy which
this impure insect imputes to it, and to give it the reputation of a pre-
cious balme, a sober and just reproof.
But I say no more, least whilst 1 am advocate for the stranger, I be-
come the subject of this scorpion ; which I had yet rather be, than in the
catalogue of his worthies, if such monsters as the last he mentions bring
up the arriere, whose fanatick impieties he would palliate by his Pbari-
Si talia nefanda et facinora quk non Democritus. London : Printed for Nath. Brooke at the
Angel in Cornhill, 1659.
" To the illustrious Starres of Glory, the incomparable Beauties of the English Nation. These
with a deep humility.
" Gallus Caslratus, &c.— Ladies, To make a hue and cry, or research after this Satyrist, were to
enquire after yesterdayes air, or the last evenings sun : since the perpetrating a sin against cha-
rity and divine beauty, hath occasioned him to conceal his unworthy name ; yet by your permission
(fair Ladies) I shall adventure a throw after him, so as to bestow on him a character not unworthy
of his fact.
" He may be thought one of the dislodged brood of wandering Cain, who having sinned in good,
sets his hand against all for bad ; such of these are true, sons of the Curse, they bring brambles for
violets, and thorns for roses : desperate persons to converse with, as infectious in their souls, as in
their
145
salcall censure of the Monsieur; for having reproved nothing but what
this wasp must needes blush to have vindicated, if he were a true son n
of the Church of England, and not a scabbed sheep of some other
flock. In summe, I defer no more to his wit then to his wisdome ; for
it seemes he has replied with, as little moderation as the Monsieur with
method: at least, I wish he had distinguished better, and given him
lesse subject to suspect him of the oiFspring of Billings-gate ; so ungen-
tlemanhke he railes, that in the next edition of Mr. Wren *, his epithetes
may happen to be added to the elegancies of Mr, Harrington 'f', of whose
schoole and complexion he appears to be. For the rest, I read him with
patience ; but as the justice of my nature transports me, could wish to
have seen the product of the " Character " result in a due deploring of
what is really amisse amongst. us, and not in empty recriminations, which
serves to no other end than to harden us in our follies, and Steele
us with the metall of his own forehead. But thus the urinall is cast
into the physitians face, and he becomes our enemy who tells us the
truth; verifying rather the signature of one of Solomons fooles than at
all treating the Monsieur as an ingenuous person should do, and had
become him that intended not rather to justify the errours we are guilty
of, than to acknowledg and reform them. Madame, I shall add no
more than to tell you, that if any worthy persons think themselves
agreiv'd, and have the leisure to revenge us upon the French, there
are witts of our Nation, and devotos of yours, of another allay than
this trifler, and who can tell how to make a better election of what is
their limbs ; a traveller, that makes it his business to deface the glories of nature, not to admire
and adore them j a frothy wit, not consenting to. its captivity, hath in, his caprichios snorted his
foam upon the sweet face of this blessed Island ; the method he pretends too, for he hath none,
was sure begot in a hirricano, where, being frighted by his conscience, he thrusts things together
d. la negligence; a brat only born to die accursed, and to shew to the world that France hath, of
late her monsters, as well as Africa.
" His end I cannot remark, except like Erostratus to purchase a fame, though by the vilest
infamy, or to engage a smile from those (bandittors to nature) the rude offspring of a brothel or
■ a dunghill :
* Matthew Wren, eldest son of the Bishop of Ely, and author of " Considerations on Mr. Har-
rington's Commonwealth of Oceana." 8vo. 1.659.. _ ..
t James Harrington, an eminent political writer, and author of " Oceana." 1656. Folio.
U
146
reprehensible in them, with more becoming tearmes, and equall charity :
but that he may not altogether despair, now the bolt is shot, the onely
way to render him usefull (if so you think he may be), is to separate
his quibbles from his scurrility ; and by a second perusall of the Mon-
sieurs letter, to determine impartially, as (on your Ladyships injunc-
tions) I have endeavoured to do. But if I would give counsell to this
whiffling capon-maker* (which is the name he afFeots in revenge for
the others concealment), it is, that instead of triumphing with the
rams-hornes, and defending the blasphemies, sacrilege, and ill manners
of this corrupt age, he would withdraw his own, and write a second
Apology for the froth which he hath so iudiscretely spewed out; least
being judged a creature of the liquor he so much celebrates, he be
thought unworthy a rejoynder, and after the English Character is made
use of, his own supply the sweet office, ad spurco's usus.
24*V June 1659.
a dunghill : a monster fitting to. rove after its sire, rather than find a Meceenas in anyserraus
family ; so unfit to bear 'the name of a character, that it may well be stiled the Leprosie of France
cast upon England. But by this time (Ladies) 1 suppose you have enough of this unmaskt Gen-
tleman J now to the work itself.
<' And first he apologjzeth for his rudenessi by the commands of a person (once a devoto to the
charmes of England) a person of quality (a Lord) ; but if his qualities answered his dignity, surely
his Lordship hath repented him of his commands.
" He declares he had licence only for minute things: his Honour thought great ones too
much beyond the sphere of his activity and cognisance : but to particularize his aspersions, which
I shall civilly name his complaints,
" Comp. 1. His first is, (of the stiffe whispering and forbidden countenances) at Dover.
"Surely his Jast collation of the grape at Calais, or the high trott of Neptune, had contributed
much to this mistake ; since as Cumines his own country-man saith, I used to go to Calais (when
in the hands of the English) without a passe, for (saith he) they are very courteous and honourable
in their entertainments to strangers. And further, in their tryals with forrainers they allow them
a Jury, de Medietate Lingua. Surely then they had not lost their native gallantry at this Mon-
sieurs landing ; but for a certain the Monsieur brought a face from Madagascar, or a habit from
America, not fit to be seen without a motion or amazement, as the Spaniards are usually respected
in their country. But I see this ])oor gentleman is mighty tender, for he seems to take pet at
every tree that grows not straight, and excepts at any person that comes but neer him, much more
that doth but touch him : the very boyes give him an adventure much of Don Quixots, which
makes him view all things through inchantment ; and I wonder I hear no news of his eccho^ a
Sancho Pancho to flatter his folly into a romance.
■ " Comp,
* Ga lilts Caatratus.
147
TO THE READER.
When I first chanced upon this Severe piece, and had read it in the
language it was sent me, I was so much concern'd with the honour of
our Country, that it wias my resolution to "suppress the publication of
our shame, as conceiving it an act of great inhumanity ; but upon se-
cond and more impartial thoughts, I have been tempted to make it speak
English, and give it liberj:y, not to reproach, but to instruct our Nation,
remembering what the wise-man hath said*, '" Open rebuke is better
than secret love." The truth is, I cannot say but the particulars are
most of them very home, and which we may no way evade, ^vithout
acknowledging^ at least, that the gentleman (who ever he were) made
notable use of his time, but l)est of all by setting upon effectual redresse
of what is amiss. And though 1 doubt not but one might easily retort
in as matiy instances upon defects as great (if not greater) of that
Nation, (for he that finds fault had need be perfect,) yet were it then
fittest to do it, and to revenge this charitable office, when we shall have
first reformed ourselves. Farewell.
" Comp. 2. To see his confident host Sit down cheek by joule by bim, belching and puffing to-
bacco, and that our gentlemen do usually entertain them, and are pleased with their impertinencies.
"^This Monsieur was (I dare say) not banished France for his great head-piece; else he might
have considered himself now in a free state, where no person is shackled by prerogative, but may
be company (by way of dlvertisement) to the greatest pieqe of honour in Europe ; and if you can fit
your lacquey upon what last your humor shall frame,,why may not sometimes an iimpertinency please
your fancy, as well as the character of England doth some of your ladies > For you must know,
our people are nut an asse-Iike galled nation, who are bound by their chains to come no neerer then
an interview of Princes : but I confess my host was somewhat too bold to approach so nigh, lest he
might have had imployment for his fingers and nails all the year after.
" But I hope Monsieur you have paid your reckoning, and are now coming to London, as you
say (the metropolis of all civility.) >
" Comp. 3. You write. That you had some honour thrown upon you, as dirt, squibs, roots, nay
rams' horns, entering London.
"Seriously, Sir, 1 wonder at the last lot, how they, came to hit upon this honour for you; I
must tell you, that it was a sad and lowering constellation or ludibrium of fortune cast upoi) your
person, that in that great place of civility such ominous caresses should be ofiered, since your
deserts had been better paid you in your own country, and with your own coyn. As for the car-
men, as you say, overthrew the hell-carts, I wonder. Sir, how your company escaped, since there
was
* Proverbs, chap, xxvii. ver. 5.
CHARACTER OF ENGLAND, &c.
My Lord,
You command me to give you minute account of what I observed,
and howlpassed that little time which I lately spent in England ^; a
Country, whose character you so greatly desire to be inform'd of, in a
conjuncture (as you rightly deduce) of so strange vicissitude and won-
derful alterations ; and to whom, my Lord, should I more readily sub-
mit ? first encouraged to make this excursion by your Lp, as who had
formerly beheld and so much admir'd the splendor and magnificence of
this Court and Kingdom iu its greatest acme and lustre. But, my
Lord, I cannot imagine that you should esteem me either of years or
capacity to inform you, whose judgement is so mature, and correspon-
dence so universal!, as that there is. nothing which can escape your
cognizance, not onely in that Island, but in all the world besides. But
since you oblige me not to dip into the transactions of States, the effects
of Providence, time, notices of a superiour orbe, and in which you can-
not be instructed by so weak an instrument as your servant ; and demand
onely the little remarkes of my hasty and desultory peregrination,
was a story, that the Devil rid through our streets with some blades having none of the best feces,
" Cnmp. 4. That our city is a wooden, northern, and inartificial congestion pf houses.
" This Monsieur, I perceive, is no curious architect, for finding fault with our wooden build-
ings, which consider London, as a mercantile city, strong and beautiful, her manner of building
agreeable to the jettyes, bay-windowsi and returns'in her streets ; every part so ingaged one with
another, that though under several modes, yet like loving citizens they hold hand in hand faster'
then brick or stone can do, and by their diversity of frontings do declare a, freedome of our sub-
jects, that what they acquire by industry, may be bestowed at pleasure ; not obliged to build so'
for the will of the Princes s whereas the citizens of Paris are so forced to uniformity, that their
'-- — '— sti'uctures '
* Referring to the Diary, June 27, 1650, it will be seen that Evelyn quitted Calais, " intending'
but 'a short stay in England," and returned to France on the 13th of the following month.
149
ugli I cannot pretend to improve yoiar Lordships knowledg, yet 1
y hope to give it diversion, and an essay of my obedience.
t must be avowed that England is a sweet and fertill Country,—
Terra potens armis, atque ubere glebae ;
t the fields, the hills, and the vallies are perpetually clad with a glo-
is and agi-eeable verdure; that her provisions are plentiful!, her
)les important, and her interest very considerable, not omitting the
3t beautiful! ladies, I had almost said, of the world, but for a just
ject due to the illustrious circles of our Court, where the beauties of
versation so far transcend the tinctures of lillies and roses. But these.
Lord, are not the memoires which you demand ; I will therefore
ten to my post.
Sifter a short passage from Calais, we came on shore at Dover, where
people of the town entertain'd us with such suspicious a,nd forbidding
ntenances, whispering, and stiiF postures, that I should never have
eved so great a difference in the addresses of two nations could have
n produced in so short a trajection, and in a port continually accus-
I'd to the faces of strangers, had not the contrary liumors of our con-:
xous neighbours, the Spaniards, made it possible in so many pleasant
ances. But I was amazed, when we had taken post, and scarce out
the village, at the acclamations of the boys, running after and
ightiiig our horses, hooting, and crying out, ' French dogs, French
'&, a Mounser, Mounser 1' by a particular expression of welcome,
tures seem to be only one continued' magnificent wall loop-hol'd ; whereas variety is more
ant, if it be not so fantastick as to incommodate passage, height, or sight, as it is an undoubted
m in the opticks, that it lengthens your entertainment to a rapture • whereas in the French
the eye in an instant is glutted with an identity, so that having seen one city or street, the
j not urged to take her revels in another, all being so like to a primitiveliattern qf one
f, it choaks delight ; as ior magnificent buildings, or regalios. Monsieur forgets the Abbey ot
minster, the Royal Exchange, two such works of architecture, that for their kind and use meet
vith any parallel in. France j though, I confess, the absolute tyranny of your Kings by the
I and sweat of the insla\ed peasantry, have erected palacesas it seemeth to me works of im-
nency and leisure ; but if you view further their precordia, you will find the work like sattin
ct upon canvas, being so furnished, that you would think them the edifices of some former
»tants frighted fi-bm them, and possessed by Noihades ov Scythians, that never knew the use
150
Avhlch other people would Interpret derision; but in this triumph (tho
somewhat late e're we set out for Dover) we attain'd as far as Roche
the first night, inhere, how new a thing it appeared to me^ to see
confident host set him down cheek by joul by me, belching and puf
tobacco in my face, you may easily imagine, till I afterwards found i
be the usuall stile of this Country, and that the gentlemen who Ic
at their inns entertain themselves in their company, and are m
pleas'd at their impertinencles. Arrlv'd at the metropolis of civi
London, we put our selves in coach with some persons of quality,
came to conduct us to our lodging : but neither was this passage w
out honour done to us ; the kennel dirt, squibs, roots, and rams -hoi
being favours which were frequently cast at us by the children and
prentises without reproofe ; civilities that in Paris a gentleman as sell
meets withall, as with the contests of carmen, who in this towndoraii
in the streets, o're-throw the hell-carts (for so they name theeoach
cursing and reviling at the nobles: you would imagine yourself amoi
a legion of devils, and in the suburbs of hell. I have greatly won(
at the remisness of the magistrate, and the temper of the g6ntlen
and that the citizens, who subsist onely upon them, should permi
great a disorder, rather joyning in the affronts then at all chastizing
inhumanity. But these are the natural effects of parity, popular 11
tlnism, and Insulary manners.
I ^nd, as you told me, my Lord, London to be a town so nobly s
ated, and upon such a river as Europe certainly shews not a more us(
of such civil utensils: besidi;s, onr Kings hsive had larger theaters of Majesty then these
whereas the French King is sedentary in Paris, our Kings have been like the sun, not uonfinei
place, but enriching all places with their justice and glory: and so our palaces are be;
scattered and equally distributed to all places of the nation: no King (for the extent of e
having more i«sidencies of Majesty than our English Potentates have had ; so that if this cii
London) be considered as a mercantile city, and place of trading, and the King's Court but
issue of his favour to these merchants : you will fJnd he hath grandeurs both noble and suffii
What a charm of Majesty is there of the houses of the nobility, fronting that christal and i
nymph (the Thames ?) Besides, the city illustrated with the like in many places ; together
the stately structures belonging to citizens, that, I am confident, cannot be paralleled by the \
trade of France or Europe.
'' But I am bound to follow you, Monsieur, up and down from the tavern to the ch
151
and agreeable; but with all this a city consisting of a wooden, northera,
and inartificial congestion of houses ; some of the principal streets so
narrow, as there is nothing more deformed and unlike than the pros-
pect of it at a distance, and its asymmetrie within the walls. Their
fountains, which are the pride and grace of our streets, and plentifully
supplyed in this city, are here immur'd, to secure the waters from, I
know not what, impurities ; but, certainly, it do's greatly detract from
the beauty of the Carfours, and intercepts the view.
Amongst the pieces of modern architecture, I have never observ'd
above two which were remarkable in .this vast city ; the portico of the
Church of St. Pauls, and the Banqueting-house at Whitehall, of which
I remember to have heard your Lordship speak : but you would be
amaz'd at the genius of this age, that should suffer this goodly and ve-
nerable fabrick to be built about, and converted into raskally Ware-
houses, and so sordidly obscur'd and defac'd, that an argument of greater
avarice, malice, meanness, and deformity of mind, cannot possibly be
expressed : nothing here of ornament, nothing of magnificence, no pub-
llque and honourable works, such as render.our Paris, and other cities of
France, renowned and visited by all the world ; emulating even Italy
her self for her palaces, uniform and conspicuous structures : but O !
how loathsome a Golgotha is this Pauls ! I assure your Lordship, that
Bngland is the sole spot in all the world where, amongst Christians,
their churches are made jakes and stables, markets and tlppllng-houses,
and where there were more need of scorpions than thongs to drive out
then to the shambles, and indeede it seenjs you visited things (like. our rusticks) with a streight-
ened heart and a wide mouth, for now you hark most monstrously against our religion and
professors of it : but seriously, had you minded any thing of charity, you would not have given a
character of us in our distempers, taking the present advantage of our being sick of schisme and
division : buti find you one of those Lucian scoffers, that rather then not exercise your froth, the
gods shall not escape your animosity. I cannot like that spirit in a Frenchman, which would be
scorned in a Heathen, or like a Jew spit upon the Saviour of the world, because not their insom-
niated Messias : but Monsieur, procul hine, procul ite, prophani. Yet I seriously assure you (dear
Ladies) as touching their several worships, of these equivocal Christians, as he cals them, it is a
newly forged blasphemy against the truth, and I question not but his god-father will one day con-
gratulate his intelligence with a meritorious rewai:d.
" Well now into the tavern I must follow my Frenchman, who is my ignis fatuus, leads me in
no
152
the publicans and money-changers ; in sum, where these excellent uses
are pretended to be the markes of piety and reformation.
I had sometimes the curiosity to visit the several worships of these
equivocal Christians and enthusiasts*. But I extremely wondred to
find those whom they call Presbyterians, and that would imitate us of
the religion in France and Geneva, to have their discipline so confused
and diflferent. In this remarke, my Lord, to be somewhat more parti-
cular, vou will not be displeased ; because it was a thing you so much
recommended to my especiall notice. Form, they observe none. They
pray and read without method, and indeed, without reverence or devo-
tion. I have beheld a whole congregation sit with their hats on, at the
reading of the Psalms, and yet bare-headed when they sing them. In
divers places they read not the Scriptures at all ; but up into the pulpit,
where they make an insipid, tedious, and immethodical prayer, in
phrases and a tone so affected and mysterious, that they gi^e it the
name of canting, a term by which they do usually express the gibberish
of beggars and vagabonds ; after whichj there follows the sermon
(which, for the most part, they read out of a book) consisting (like
their prayers) of speculative and abstracted notions and things, which,
nor the people nor themselves well understand : but these they extend
to an extraordinary length and Pharisaical repetitions ; and well they
may, for their chaires are lined with prodigious velvet cushions, upon
which they loll and talk, 'till almost they sleep ; I am sure, till their
auditors do. >
no method or order ; but what sees he now ? Now a legion of adversities, as shops, smoak
coaches, sea-coal ; would not any wise man think this man mad, or tumbled lately out of some
chaos ? But his chief regret is for the sea-coal, which he faith :
" Comp. 5. That if there be any hell it is in this vulcano on a foggy day.
" You may not well question a hell, Monsieut", since in this piece of impiety and unhandsome'-
ness, if you had your reward, you might easily perceive you are in the suburbs already. Melhinks
this was as strange an adventure, as the knight errants wind-mills, and I suppose as much crazed
your body; so that I wonder at your high valour, that dared adventure that eyelet-holed invaded
body of yours, to such corroding fumes ; but peradventure you are well sheathed with brimstone-
"" and
* " It was now a rare thing to find a priest of the Church of England in a parish pulpit, most
of which were filled with Independents and Phanatics." Diary, vol. I, p. 257, 1st edit.
153
The Minister uses no habit of distinction, or gravity, but steps up in
querpo ; and when he laies by his cloak (as I have observed some of
them) he has the action rather of a thrasher than a divine. This they
call taking pains, and indeed it is so to those that hear them : but thus
they have now encouraged every pert mechanlck to invade, aflfron't, and
out-preach them; and having uncancell'd all manner of decency, pros-
tituted both their person's and function to usurpation, penury, and
derision. You may well imagine, by the manners of the people, and
their prodigious opinions, that there is no Catechism nor Sacraments
duely administred*: the religion of England is preaching and sitting stll
on Sund'aies. How they baptise I know not, because the congregation
is dismissed, and they agree in no form ; and for the other Sacraments,
no man gives or receives alike ; and it is so selddme done in remem-
brance of Christ, that in some parishes, 1 have heard, they can hardly
remember when they received it. Generally, I have no where seen
goodlier out-sides of churches ; what they are within I cannot so well
say ; for their temples are as fast as was that of Janus after the first
Punlck-war, unless it be upon Sundaies, when they blow the brazen
trumpets of sedition, not the silver ones of the tabernacle. I have dis-
cotirsed with some concerning this sealing their churches in the week-
dayes : they are ready to retort upon us in France, not considering that
our churches are solitary, and In some places many leagues distant from
the towns ; that we are under a persecution, and so necessitated to
omit the publlque Morning and Evening Sacrifice, which I remember
and butter against this infection, and you might have known, or I wonder your Lord informed
you not, that the sulphure of our combustibles is a very great enemy to any sacrifice made in favour
of Venus, her oblations being burnt upon altars in our suburbs.
" Comp. 6. But now if you will hear a loud one, mark his words well ; I have, saith he, been
in a spacious church, where I could not discern the minister for smoak.
" Ex ungue Leonem, one may judge of the rest of his narrative by this notorious untruth. Did
ever any sober man happen upon such an incounter ? Surely this gentleman's opticks were much
eclipsed, or some drunken vapours had overclowded his mind, or else he had framed in his smoaky
cranium
* " Mr. Owen, a sequester'd and learned Minister, preach 'd ,in my parlour, and gave us the
blessed Sacrament, now wholly out of use in the parish churches on which the Presbyterians and
Fanatics had usurp'd." Diary, vol. I. p. 234.
X
154
to have heard severall of our divines deplore the defect of; as of
many other decencies, which, here, they can have no pretence against :
but such of their churches as I have frequented were dammed up
with pues, every three or four of the inhabitants sitting in narrow
pounds or pulpits by themselves ; for they are all turn'd preachers now.
In short, there is nothing more unlike to our refornded churches in
France, and I think, in all Europe beside ; the apprehension of
Popery, or fondness to their own imaginations, having carried them so
far to the other extream, that they have now lost all moderation and
decorum. And Ihave been herein, my Lord, the more industrious to
inform myself of each particular; because it seems yet to be the most
publlque religion of the State. Some of their own party I have heard
deplore this confusion ; but certainly they themselves gave the first
occasion to these monstrous liberties, by a rigid and uncharitable disci-
pline, primarily (it seems) introduced by the Scots, and so refifled upon
by these, as there are few or none that will submit to the tyranny;
but every one takes his own course, and has protection for it. Some
well natur'd abused men 1 have met withall amongst them ; but if I
mistake not, for the greater ingredient, ambitious, ignorant, overween-
ing, sower and uncharitable, ne quid asperius, combining with the
interest of the times, and who, to render themselves powerfull, have rn
compliances with the spiritual pride of the mechanicks and corporations,
conniv'd at those many and prodigious schismes and heresies which are
now spawn'd under them in such numbers as give terrour to the State.
cranium such an imposture; and I wonder. Sir, you make not a recantation for such a grosse
insipid irregularity, since if our very boys read but your book, they would hoot at your naticin
indeed for your sweet-Iye-composed wonder.
" Comp. 7- There is a number of houses where they sell ale (a muddy beverage) where the
gentlemen sit and spend much of their time in drinking it.
" As for that wholesome, pleasant, restorative, noble drink, the blessed offspring of Ceres ; what
impudence dares find fault, or cast a cloud over that gift of nature ? Since that if it could be
conveyed, all the earth would court it ; witness the great esteem is had in all parts of this our
English liquor ; so that one of your countrymen doctors sailh, that there is no liquor more ih-
creaseth the radical moisture, and preserves the natural heat j these two being the pillars of our
decaying bodies. Now for any one to speak against the props of life, deserves to die, as his own
enemy, under an unlamented death. But I am sure of this, that this tipple, and the grey goose-
wing.
155
I omit to tell your Lordship that few take notice of the Lords Prayer ; it
is esteemed a kind of weakness to use it, but the Creed and theDecalogue
are not once heard of in their congregations : this is milke for babes,
and they are all giants. They do frequently solemnize their late
nationall deliverances, and some daies of Christian bloodshed with all
possible severity ; but they think it gross idolatry to joyn with the
whole Christian church of all professions under Heaven, in the anniver-
saries of our B. Saviour's Incarnation, Passion, Resurrection, and the
descent of the Holy Ghost, spirituall, eternall, and never to be forgotten
mercies *. Would your Lordship believe that this madnesse should
advance so far as to disturbe the French church there, which, you know,
do's in all places observe those signal deliverances and blessings,
both by preaching, prayer, sacraments, and exhortations apposite to the
occasion ? What think you will be the issue of this goodly Reforma-
tion ? I could tell you of the mysterious classis of the Tryers, their
ridiculous, insidiary and presumptuous questions; their unheard of ani-
mosities against their brethren of the Church of England, suffering
themselves to be rather torn in sunder by the Sectaries, Demetrius and
the Crafts-men, whilst they contend about trifles and meer shadows.
Concerning the Independents, all I can learn is, they are a refined
and apostate sort of Presbyters ; or, rather such as renounce all ordina-
tion-, as who having preached promiscuously to the people, and cun-
ningly ensnared a select number of rich and ignorant proselytes, sepa-
rate themselves into conventicles, which they name congregations.
wing, had almost torn all the feathers from the back of France ; and certainly this Monsieur had
some other reason then he produceth, to inveigh against this liquor j it may be it holds no friendly
correspondency with Venus races, or else is not commodious (by reason of its fumes) for a nation
half drunk already.
" And now he appeals to his Lord (his confident), and as a preludium (knowing my Lord was
DO enemy to the French beauties) to the prosecuting on his road of scandals. And now let all the
world consider this unheard of impudence against a sex, the whole hoast of heroes court witli
caresses due to their charms/ creatures (rather a creation) framed by the indulgent hand of the
Deity, as it were, cordials poured down from heaven in compassion to our infirmities : you, even
you (great souls) his folly hath not blusht to asperse, with the like success ; pardon the dirty
— expres-
* 1652. "Christmas day : no sermon any where, no church being permitted to be open, so
observ'd it at home." Diary, vol. I. p. 263.
156
There is nothing does more resemble this sect than om- Romish Missiona-
ries sent out in partibus infidelium; for they take all other Christians to
be Heathens. These are those pretenders to the Spirit, into whose
party do's the vilest person living no sooner adscribe himself, but he is,
ipso facto, dub'd^a saint, hallow'd and dear to God. These are the
confidents ^vho can design the minute, the place, and the means of
their conversion ; a schism full of spiritual disdain, incharity, and high
imposture, if any such there be on earth. But every alteration of
State destroying the interest of the versatile contrivers, they are as
ready to transmigrate into the next more thriving fraternity, as the
souls of Pythagoras into beasts, and may then, perhaps, assume some
other title. This is a sad, but serious truth, and no little menaces the
common Christianity, unless timely prevented. But, S"", I will no
longer tire your patience w* these monsters (the subject of every con ^
temptuous pamphlet) then with the madness of the Anabaptists,
Quakers, Fift Monarchy-men, and a cento of unheard of heresies
besides, which, at present, deform the once renowned Church of Eng-
land, and approach so little to the pretended Reformation, which we in
France have been made to believe, that there is nothing more hea-
venly wide. But 1 have dwelt too long on this remarke ; I return to
where I digressed ; for I was viewing the buildings, which are as
deformed as the minds and confusion of the people ; for if a whole street
be fired (an accident not unfrequent in this, wooden city) the magistrate
has either no power, or no care to make them build with any uniformity,
expression, as the breath of a dunghill doth the sun, wliich still shall shine as glorious as his infa-
tuated mind shall be obscured with infamy.
" Comp. 8, That our ladies suffer themselves to be treated in a tavern, and drink crowned cups.
" This is an horrid impudence indeed : survey the whole universe, as their beauties excel, so,
then these fair creatures in general, their lives ; none whose lives are modester without ignominy,
and freer without scandals^ then our English ladies,
" This gentleman eomes over with our last desultory French visitation, who had received so
much virility hiy the posting of our horses in the dayes of travel, that they (being in London) did
that thirteenth labour to Hercules twelve, purging a stable of so much filth, that our suburbs shall
sing an lo Pean to them hereafter : and truly those poor pieces of mortality bred an excellent
French trade of it, enough to keep them till the like opportunity may so seasonably court them.
And these are your Madamoseilles, who (ProteuS like) changed their shape (to ingratiate their
hire) into ladies, countesses, this beauty, and that beauty, till they had taken excise of your limbs
gave
157
which I'endef it, though a large, yet a very ugly town, pestred with
hacknfey-coaches and Insolent carre-men, shops and tavefils, noyse, and
such a cloud of sea-coal, as If there be a resemblance of hell Upon earth,
it is in this vulcano in a foggy day : this pestilent stnoak, which cor-
rodes the very yron, and spoils all the moveables, leaving a soot on all
things that it lights : and so fatally seizing on the lUngs of the inha-
bitants, that the cough and the consuittption spared no man*. I have
been in a spacious church where I could not discern the minister for
the smoak ; nor hear him for the people's barking. There is within this
city, and in all the tov^ris of England (which I havfe passed through) so
pirodigtous a number of houses where they sell a certain drink called
ale, that 1 think a good halfe of the inhabitants ihay be denominated
ale-house-keepers : these are a meaner sort of cabardts; but what is
most deplorable, where the gentlemen sit, and spend much of their
time, drinking of a muddy kind of beverage, and tobacco, which has
tmiversally besotted the nation, and at which (I hear) they have con-
sumed many noble estates. As for other taverns, London is compos'd
of them, where thdy drink Spanish wines, and other sophistica,ted
liquors, to that fury and intemperance as has often amaz'd me to con-
sider It : but thus some mean fellow, the drawer, arrives to an estate,
some of them having built fair houses, and purchased those gentlemen
Out of their possessions, who have ruined therasdves by that base and
dishonourable vice of inebriety : and that nothing may be "wanting to
the height of luxury and impiety of this abomination, they have trans-
gave as good as yoti btought, left you loose in the hilts. These Mons. are your ladies that drink
crowned healths ; these are those beauties that are so free ; to such a nation indeed it WQuId be too
great impiety for civil ladies to neglect their noble soulS) their proper persons, to court your defor-
mities and diseases.
" Comp. 9. It is the afternoon business of English Gentlemen only to drink and be drunk.
" Sutely such as was your females company, such was your males ; surely you rak'd hell for
these deboist unthrifty cadets, for otherwise I never knew this to be a custom amongst civil gen-
tlemen. You say, after they have taken their repast with the ladies they withdraw, into- another
room ; certainly. Monsieur, this is a handsome separation, for the gentlemen to carrese one with
another, having sometimes masculine interests in hand ; whereas you never separate your confused
interests,
* For a further illustration of this fact, see his " Fumifugium : or the Inconveniencie of the Aer
and Smoak of London dissipated;" reprinted in the present volume.
158
lated the organs out of the churches to set them up in taverns, chanting'
their dithrambicks, and bestiall bacchanalias to the tune of those instru-
ments, which were wont to assist them in the celebration of God's
praises, and regulate the voices of the worst singers in the world, which
are the English in their churches at present. I cannot but commend
the Reformed in Holland, who still retain their organs in the churches,
and make use of them at the Psalms, without any opinion of supersti-
tion ; and I once remembered to have heard the famous Diodati * wish
it might be introduced even at Geneva. A great errour undoubtedly in
those who sit at the helme, to permit this scandal; to suffer so many of
these taverns and occasions of intemperance, such leeches and vipers ;
to gratifie so sordid and base a sort of people with the spoile of honest
and well-natur'd men. Your L. will not believe me, that the ladies of
greatest quality suffer themselves to be treated in one of these taverns,
where a curtesan in other cities would scarcely vouchsafe, to be enter-
tained ; but you will be more astonish't when I shall assure you, that
they drink their crowned cups roundly, daunce after the fiddle, kiss
freely, ^nd tearm it an honourable treat. But all this my experience,
particular address, and habitudes with the greatest of that nation has
assur'd me, that it is not the pass-time only of the inferiour and mere-
tricious sort; since I find it a chief suppletory at all their "entertain-
ments, to drink excessively, and that in their own houses, before the
ladies and the l^cquaes. It is the afternoon's diversiori ; whether for
want of better to employ the time, or affection to the drink, I knoAv
interestSj knowing no distinction between male and female civilized interests, but only by the more
retired managements of nature; and certainly you would seem to be so fond of your Mopsa's, as
not (out of a complement) to give them time to disembogue. As for our drinking healths or
pledges, if you knew but the way to our custom, you will find it sprang from a laudable necessity
at first, and was in earnest a duty performed really (by) one friend for another. The Danes know. it.
But Monsieur, you do but fanatically trifle in all your discourse : as for our cadets that visit the
gallows so frequently (as you say), I suppose yours in France are, or ought to be, so seriously
imployed, as their proper merit; since your robberies are meerly massacres; such cowards are ve,
that ye first shoot before ye dare bid stand ;1.hey never taking purse before it is crimsond, reaking
— - hot
* Dr. John Diodati, the celebrated Italian Minister, and translator of the Holy Bible into that
language, with whom Evelyn became personally acquainted when at Geneva in 1646. See Memoirs,
vol. I. pp. 234. 226. 227.
159
not ; but I have found some persons of quality, whom one could not
safely visit after dinner vs^ithout resolving to undergo this dt'ink-ofdel,
and endure the question *. It is esteem'd a piece of wit to make a man
drunk, for which some swilling insipid client or congiarie is a frequent
and constant adjutant. Your L. may hence well imagine how heavy,
dull, and insignificant the conversation is ; loud, querulous, and imperti-
nent. 1 shall relate a story that once happened in my presence at a
gentlemans house in the countrey, where there was much company and
feasting. I fortun'd to come at dinner-time, and after the cloth was
taken away (as the manner is) they fell to their laudable exercise ; but
1, unacquainted then with their custome, was led up into a withdrawing
room, where I had the permission (with a noble person who Introduced
me) to sit and converse with the ladles who were thither retired;; the
gentleman of the house leaving us, in the mean time, to entertain his
friends below. But you may imagine how strangely I was astonish'd,
to see within an hour after, one of the company that had dined there
entering Into the room all bloody and disorder'd, to fetch a sword which
lay In one of the windowes, and three or four of his companions, whom
the fumes of the wine had Inspirited, pursuing and dragging him by the
hair, till in this confusion one of their spurs engaged into a carpet, upon
which stood a very fair looking-glass, and two noble pieces of porselain,
drew all to the ground, break the glass- and the vasas in pieces; and all
this on such an instant, that the gentleman and my self had much ado to
rescue the aflFrighted ladies from suffering in the tumult; but at last we
hot in bloud ; of such horrible actions none but base cruel-spirited bravoes could be guilty ; this
one unmanly trick might enough satyr against all the grandeurs in France. As concerning our
Gentry, I shall conclude, they come short of your follies, as much as you come short of their native
gallantry.
" Comp, 10. The Ladies of England have designs at playinj;at cards.
" Pray, Monsieur, what's the end of play but ingenious designs, products of pure fancy, and
ready managery ? and if you would dishonour them for thi3» you may as well carp at their inge-
nuity : I suppose your ladies will never prove guilty of sheWlhg so much judgment, since for to
be dextrous at play cannot possibly be the lot of French l&dies, for they want two necessary
virtues to it, silence and patience ; which at what a distance these stand with them, let all the
world judge. "Comp.
» In France they give a certain torture to malefactors, by pouHhg such a quantity of water into
their mouths, which they call giving the Question, and I (by translation) term drink-ordell.
160
prevail'd, and brought them to tearms ; the quarrel concerning an
health onely, which one of them would have shifted. I don't remem-
ber, mv Lord, ever to have known (or very rarely) a health drank in
France, no not the Kings ; and if we say, A vostre santd, Monsieur, it
neither expects pledge or ceremony. 'Tis here so the custome to drink to
every one at the table, that by the time a gentleman has done his duty to
the whole company he is ready to fall asleep, whereas with us, we salute
the whole table with a single glass onely. But, my Lord, was not
this, imagine you, an admirable scene and very extraordinary ? I con-
fess, the lady of the house, being much out of countenance at what had
hapned, profered to excuse this disorder, and I was as ready to receive
it, till several encounters confirmed me that they were but too frequent,
and that there was a sort of perfect debauches, who stile thiemselves
Hectors, that in their mad and unheard of revels pierce their veins to
quaff their own blood, which some of them have drank to that excess
that they died of the intemperance. These are a professed atheistical
order of bravos, compos'd for the most part of cadets, who, spending
beyond their pensions to supply their extravagancies, practise now and
then the high-way, where they sometimes borrow that which they often
repay at the gibbet ; an ignominious trade, unheard of amongst our gal-
lant nobless, however fortune reduce them. But I know not whether I
might not here match these valiant heroes with an avow'd society of
ladies, and some of them not the meanest for birth (1 even blush to
recount it of that fair sex), who boast of making all advantages at play,
" Comp. 11.' That our Gentlemen and Ladies are defective in courtship and addresses.
" I confess if he means our ladies want that impudence, which he cals assurance, when it is as
incompatible with modesty as the devils are with glorious angels ; or if you mean a forwardness
to court the male, to jet and garb it in company, like the Queens quondam petit-dancer, which
you call address, I confess we will not vye with you ; or if you mean by charming discourse, a bold
unlimited chattering, taking into cognizance ceremonious dissembled impertinencies, both in
affront to heaven and earth ; in these our wise ladies come short I confess j but if you mean an
address, where modesty keeps its decorum betwixt impudent gallantry and bashful rusticity, thits,
this is the address, of, our incomparable beauties, which outshine yours as the greater lights of the
firmament do the lesser. As for our gallants the gentlemen of this nation, none I am sure are
better able to manage an honourable and serious entertainment with more cordial handsome mag-
nificence of address than they, setting aside the mode of the high rope of our Frenchified English
apes.
161
and are become so dextrous at it, that seldome they make a sitting with-
out design and booty : for there is here, ray Lord, no such thing as
courtship after the decent mode of our circles ; for either being mingled
in a room, the gentlemen separate from the conversation of the ladies,
to drink, as I before related ; or else to whisper with one another, at
some corner, or bay-window, abandoning the ladies to gossip by them-
selves, which is a custome so strange to a gallant of our nation as no-
thing appears more barbarous and unbecoming ; and this in effect must
needs be the reason that those beautiful creatures can so little furnish,
that they want assurance, address, and the charming discourse of our
damoiseles, which are faculties so shining and agreeable in their sex
with us in France : and, in truth, even the gentlemen themselves are
greatly defective as to this particular, ill courtiers, unplyant, morose,
and of vulgar address, generally not so polished, free, and serene, as is
universally found even amongst the most inferiour of our nation. I am
not ignorant that they impute it to a certain levity in us ; but it is a
mistake in them, and that because they so hardly reform it without
some ridiculous affectation, as is conspicuous in their several modes and
dresses, which they vary ten times for our once, every one affecting
something particular, as having no standard .at Court which should
give laws and do countenance to the fashion. The women are much
affected with gaudry, there being nothing more frequent than to see an
ancient ladie wear colours, a thing which neither young nor old of either
sex do with us, save in the country and the camp ; but widows at no
apes. But when you shall pretend no child legitimate but your ill-faced bastards, and call that
gallantry which swims uppermost in a giddy cranium and foisted garb^ a deformed posture against
the wise product of nature, a goatish concupiscence, a salacious approach, fit only for satyrs ; if.
Monsieur, these be your addresses, the beasts of the earth, the scum of rudeness, the excrements of
nature, may discipline you in such wayes of reputed manners.
" As for our aping you,, it is confest a few loose young souls, giddy like your selves, are your
disciples ; but we may thank our alliance with you by civil contracts, which by your locust>like
swarming hath infected us at such a height,, that we shall hardly claw it off without bloud or smart.
" Comp. 12. To see th^ bals so disposed by dancing-masters, and their boldness with the
ladies.
" Monsieur, we intend not bals to make a meal of them, but as a condiment intended C& la
volleej as transient actions, only for a divertisemerit ; yet want we not a decorum and a magnifi-
Y
162
time. And yet reprove they us for these exorbitances; but I have often
disputed the case : either we do ill, or well ; if ill, why then do they ape
us ? if well, why do they reproach us ? The truth is, they have no mode-
ration, and are neither so lucky nor frugal as our ladies are in these
sumptuary expenses ; and whereof the magistrate takes so little "cogni-
sance, that it is not an easy matter to distinguish the ladie from the
chamber-maid; servants being suflFered in this brave countrey to go clad
like their mistresses, a thing neither decent nor permitted in France,
where they may wear neither lace nor silke.
I may not forget to acquaint your Lordship, that though the ladies
and the gentlemen are so shy of one another ; yet when once they grow
acquainted, it passes into expressions and compellations extreamly new
to our usages and the stile of our country. Do but imagine how it
would become our ladies to call Mons. N. Jack N. What more frequent
than this ? " Tom P. was here to day :" " I went yesterday to the
Cours* with Will. R.; and Harry M. treated me at such a tavern."
These are the particular idioms and graciefuU confidences now in use ;
introduced, I conceive at first, by some camerades one with another ;
but it is mean and rude, and such as our lacquaes would almost disdain
in Paris, where I have often observed two chimney-sweepers accost one
another in better forms and civlUer addresses. But to be confident and
clvill is not a thing so easily understood j and seems a peculiar talent of
our nation.
However the ladles are not more obliging and familiar than the lords
are difficult and Inaccessible ; . for though by reason of my birth and
quality, my I'ecommen'datlons and addresses, I found some tolerable
reception amongst them ; and yet I observ'd that they kept at such a
cency, witness those grand masques in the Kings dayes, which were thought to excel all of
this nature in Europe, as much as our playes do all your rhiming fools-babies j but your curtail'd
Intelligencer, which hath brought you provision no further then from some petty schools of chil-
dren, neither well educated nor well practised.
" But, Monsieur, I hope these answers may inform you into a recantation, or else I must leave you
scurrilous, and condemne your pamphlet to accommodate for sundry uses and purposes instead of
your Weekly Gazets, as new-lye printed and new-lye come forth."
* A place neer Paris, like Hide-parke.
163
surly distance with the gentlemen, even of a family, that methought
1 never beheld a ruder conversation ; especially, when comparing their
parts and educations, I found them generally so much inferiour, as if a
lord were indeed other than a gentleman; or. a gentleman not a fit
companion for a king^ But this must needs be the result of an ill and
haughty institution, and for that most of these great persons are in their
minority, and the age wherein they should be furnished with the noblest
impressions, taught only to converse with their servants, some syco-
phants, and under the regiment of a pedant, which imprints that scorn-
fulness and folly, and fits them with no better form when they should
produce themselves, and give testimony to others as well of their supe-
riority in vertue as in birth and dignity. But this is, my Lord, a parti-
cular which I have heard you often complain of, and which we do fre-
quently take notice of at their coming abroad into our countrey ; where
for want of address and fit persons to introduce them, they seldome
return more refined than^ they came ; else they could not but have
observed, that there is nothing which makes the distinction of Nobles
in France but the title, and that his Majesty himself do's them the
honours, which here they usurpe upon their equalls. But, my Lord,
they are sufficiently punished for it in England ; where, to me, they
appear so degenerate fpr want of this humility and free conversation,
by which, and their other vices, they grow now so' much despised, that
the gentlemen need seek no revenge ; for though (as I told you) the
gentlemen are most of. them very intemperate, yet the proverb goes,
** As drunk, as a Lord." But, my Lord, as there is no rule so generall
but it does admit of exceptions, so should I give my own experience as
well as your Lordships the contradiction, to make the censure univer-
sal! ; there being even amongst these some few, and in particular my
Lord N. and N. &c. whom I esteem to be very noble and accomplished
persons, as who have learned (by the good fortune of a better education)
how to value the conversations of worthy men, and who, indeed, do suffi-
ciently verifie all those attributes which are due to their qualities, and
therefore whom this paragraph doth no waies concern.
Nor should I be less severe and unjust, totally to exclude even some
of the ladies from the advantages of this period, whose perfections and
164
virtues claim an equal right to all that I have here spoken, out of a due
resentiment of their merits and excellencies.
It was fresquently, during the last winter, that I was carried to their
balls, aswhere indeed I hoped to see what should appear the most of gallant
and splendid amongst the ladies ; nor really did my expectations deceive
me ; for there was a confluence of very great beauties, to which the glis-
tring of their jewels (which upon these occasions they want not) could
adde nothing save their weight ; the various habits being so particular,
as if by some strange inchantment they had encountred and come out
of severe nations ; but I was astonished to see, when they were ready to
move, that a dancing-master had the boldness to take forth the greatest
ladies, and they again the dancing-master, who performed the most
part of the ball, whilst the gentlemen that were present were least con-
cerned, and stood looking on, so as it appeared to me, more like the
farce of a comedy at the Hostel de Bourgoyne*, than a ball of the
Noblesse ; and in truth their measures, when any of them were taken
out, made me somewhat ashamed to lead a lady, who did me the honor,
for fear, though my skill be very vulgar in that exercise, they should
have taken me for a dancing- master, as who had haply imploy'd my
youth so ill, as to have some advantage of the rest in that faculty. This
favour is particular to the dancing- masters in this country ; and reason
good, for they ride in their coaches, and have such ample salaries, as
maintains both their prodigality and insolence, that were insupportable
in France, where these trifling fellows do better know themselves, are
worse payed, and less f)resumptuous. Nay, so remiss are the ladies of
their respect in this instance, that they not only entertain all this, but
permit themselves likewise to be invited, and often honour these imper-
tinent fantasticks, by receiving the ball at their petty schools.
When this ceremony was ended, some of the gallants fell to other
recreations, and as far as I understood, were offering at that innocent,
yet salt and pleasant diversion, which in France we call ralliary ; but
so far were they from maintaining it within the decencies and laws
which both in that and our characters f we observe ; that in a little
* The play-house at Paris, as once ours at Blackfryers.
f A witty and a civil description of one anothers persons.
165
time, they fell so upon personal abusing one another, that there was
much ado to preserve the peace, and, as 1 heard, it was the next day the
product of a quarrel and a duell .
I did frequently in the spring accompany my Lord N. into a field
near the town, which they call Hyde-Parke ; the place not unpleasant,
and which they use, as our Course ; but with nothing that order, equi-
page, and splendor, being such an assembly of wretched jades and
hackney-coaches, as next a regiment of carre-men there is nothing
approaches the resemblance.
This Parke was (it seemes) used by the late King and Nobility for
the freshness of the air, and the goodly prospect : but it is that which
now (besides all other excises) they pay for here in England, though it
be free in all the world beside ; every coach and horse which enters
buying his mouthful, and permission of the publicane who has pur-
chased it, for which the entrance is guarded with porters and long
staves. *
The manner is, as the company returns, to alight at the Spring
Gfarden, so called in order to the Parke, as our Thuilleries is to the
Course; the inclosure not disagreeable, for the solemness of the
grove, the warbling of the birds, and as it opens into the spacious
walks at St. James's : but the company walk in it at such a rate, as
you would think all the ladieswere so many Atalantases, contending
with their wooers; and, my Lord, there was no appearance that I
should prove the Hippomenes, who could with very much ado keep
pace with them : but as fast as they run, they stay there so long, as if
they wanted not time to finish the race ; for it is usuall here to find
some of the young company till midnight ; and the thickets of the
garden seem to be contrived to all advantages of gallantry, after they
have been refreshed with the collation, which is here seldome omitted,
at a certain cabaret in the middle of this paradise, where the forbidden
fruites are certain trifling tartes, neates-tongues, salacious meates, and
bad Rhenish ; for which the gallants pay sauce, as indeed they do at all
* " April 1 1, 1653. I went to take the aire in Hide Park, wiiere every coach was made to pay a
shilling, and horse 6<1. by the sordid fellow who had purchas'd it of the state as they were eall'd."
Memoirs, vol. 1. p. 264.
166
*
jh houses throughout England ; for they think it a piece of frugality
leath them, to bargaine or accompt for what they eat in atiy place,
wever unreasonably impos'd upon : but thus those mean fellows are
5 I told; your Lordship) inriched ; begger and insult over the gen-
men.
I am assur'd that this particular host, has purchased, within a few
arsi 5000 livres * of annuall rent ; and well he may, at the rates
2se prodigalls pay ; whereas in France, a gentleman esteems it no
ninution to mannage even these expences with reason. But my
)rd, it is now late, and time to quit this Garden, and to tell you, that
think there is not a more illustrious sight in the world, than to meet
e divinities of our court marching up the long walk in the Thuille-
;s, where the pace is so stayed and grave, the encounters so regular
d decent ; and where those who feed their eyes with their beauties,
d their ears with the charming accents of their discourse and voyces,
ed not those refreshments of the other senses, finding them all to
so taken up with these.
I was curious before my return, and when I had conquer'd some diffi-
Ities of the language and customeS, to visite their judicatures ; where
sides that few of their Gown-men are to be compared to those, of
e robe in our Palais •{'for elocution, and the talent of well speaking;
neither do they at all exceed them in the forms and colours of their
eading ; but (^as before I spake of their ralliary) supply the defects of
e cause, with flat, insipide and grossely abusing one another; a thing
I trifling and misbecoming the gravity of courts (where the lawyers
ke liberty to jeast mens estates away, and yet avow their avarice) that
have much admired at the temper of the Judges, and their remisse-
;ss in reforming it; there was a young person, whom- at my being
lere, was very much cried up for his abilities, and in whom I did not
)serve that usuall intemperance which I but now reproved ; and cer-
Inly it springs either for want of those abilities which the municipall
wes of this nation (consisting most of them in customes like our
ormandy,) whose ancient dialect their books yet retain, are so little
* 500i. per ^nnum of our moneys. f Wliere they plead as at Westminster.
167
t to furnish ; or the defect of those advantages, which the more
llshed sciences afiford us, without which it is itn possible to be good
itors, and to maintaine their discourses, without diversion to that vile
pertinency.
But what is infinitely agreable in this country, are the bowling-
sens, and the races, which are really such pleasures abroad as we
ve nothing approaches them in France, and which I was extreamly
lighted in ; but the verdure of the country, and delicious downes it is
lich renders them this praeheminence, and indeed, it is to be valued,
d doth in my esteeme, very much commute for the lesse benignity of
it glorious planet which ripens our vineis in France.
The horses and the doggs, their incomparable parkes of fallow deer,
d lawes of chace, I extreamly approve of: but upon other occasions,
Englishmen ride so fast upon the road, that you would swear there
!re some enemle in the arlere ; and all the coaches in London seem
drive for midwives.
But what did much more afflict me is their ceremony at the table, where
ery man is obliged to sit till all have done eating, however their
petites differ, and to see the formality of the voider, wbich our with-
iwing roomes in France are made to prevent, and might so here, if
ey knew the use of them to be, that every man may rise when he has
I'd without the least indecency, and leave the sewers to their office.
I have now but a word to adde, and that is the tediousness of visits,
lich they make here so long that it is a very tyranny to sit to so little
rpose : if the persons be of ladies that are strangers, it is to look
on each other, as if they had never seen any of their own kinde
fore ; and here indeed the virtue of their sex is eminent ; for they are
silent and fixt as statues ; or if they do talk, it is with censure, and
[ficient confidence ; so difficult it is to entertain with a grace, or to
serve a mediocrity. ^
In summe, my Lord, I found so many particulars worthy of reproof in
those remarks which 1 have been able to make ; that to render you
rentable account of England, as it is at present I must pronounce
th the poet, — Difficile est satyram non scribere.
FINIS.
AN
APOLOGY
FOR
THE ROYAL PARTY,
WRITTEN IN
iTTER TO A PERSON OF THE LATE COUNCEL OF STATE.
BY
A LOVER OF PEACE AND OF HIS COUNTRY.
WITH
TOUCH AT THE PRETENDED "PLEA FOR THE ARMY.
ANNO DOM. MDCHX. QUARTO.
AN
APOLOGY FOR THE ROYAL PARTY*.
WRITTEN IN
A LETTER TO A PERSON OF THE LATE COUNCEL OF STATE.
Sir,
The many civilities which you are still pleased to continue to me,
and my very great desire to answer them in the worthiest testimonies of
my zeal for your service, must make my best apology for this manner
of addresse ; if out of an extream affection for your noblest interest,
I seem transported a little upon your first reflections, and am made to
despise the consequence of entertaining you with such truths as are of
the greatest danger to my self, but of no less import to your happinesSj
and which carry with them the most indelible characters of my friend-
ship. For if, as the Apostle affirms, " For a good man some would
even dare to die," why should my charity be prejudged, if, hoping to
convert you from the errour of your way, I despair not of rendring you
the person for whose preservation there will be nothing too dear for me
to expose ?
I might with reason beleeve that the first election of the party
wherein you stood engaged, proceeded from inexperience and the mistake
of your zeal; riot to say from your compliances to the passions of others;
because 1 both knew your education, and how obsequious you have
alway^s shewed your self to those who had then the direction of you :
but, when after the example of their conversion, upon discovery of the
impostures which perverted them, and the signal indignation of God
upon the several periods which your eyes have lately beheld, of the
bloudiest tyranies, and most prodigious oppressors that ever any age of
the world produced, I see you still persist in your course, and that you
* " 7th Nov. 1659, was published my bold Apology for the King in this time of danger, when
it was capital to speake or write in favour of him. It was twice printed, so universally it tooke."
Evelyn's Memoirs, vol. I. p. 306.
172
have turned about with every revolution which has hapned : when I
consider what contradictions you have swallowed, how deeply you have
ingaged, how servilely you have flatter'd, and the base and mean sub-
missions by which you have dishonour'd your self, and stained your
noble family ; not to mention the least refinement of your religion or
morality, (besides that you have still preserved a civility for me, who
am ready to acknowledge it, and never merited other from you,} I say,
when I seriously reflect upon all this, I cannot but suspect the integrity
of your procedure, deplore the sadness of your condition, and resolve
to attempt the discovery of it to you, by all the instances which an
affection perfectly touch't with a zeal for your eternall interest can pro-
duce. And who can tell but it may please Almighty God to affect you
yet by ^ weak instrument, who have resisted so many powerfull indica-
tions of his displeasure at your proceedings, by the event of things ?
For, since you are apt to recriminate, and after you have boasted of
the prosperity of your cause, and the thriving of your wickedness (an
argument farr better becoming a Muhametan then a Christian) let us
state the matter a little, and compare particulars together ; let us go
back to the sourcCj and search the very principles ; and then see if ever
any cause had like success indeed; and whether it be a just reproach
to your enemies, that the judgements of God have begun with them,
whilst you know not yet where they may determine.
First then, be pleased to look northwards upon your brethren the
Scots, (who being instigated by that crafty Cardinal [^RichlieuJ to
disturb the groth of. the incomparable Church of England, and so con-
sequently the tranquility of a nation, whose expedition at the Isle of
Ree gave terrour tq the. French,) made reformation their pretence to
gratifie their own avarice, introduce themselves and a more than Baby-
lonish tyrany, imposing on the Church and State beyond all impudence
or, example. , I say, Iqok upon what they have gotten by deceiving
their brethren, selling their King, betraying his son, and by all their
perfidle ; but a slavery more then Egyptian, and an infamy as unpa-
rallel'd, as their treason and ingratitude.
Look neerer home on those whom they had ingaged amongst us
here, and tell me if there be a person of them left that can shew me
173
his prize, unless it be that of his sacrileidg, which he or his nephews
must certainly vomite up again: what is become of this ignorant and
furious zeal, this pretence of an universall perfection in the religious
and the secular, after all that blood and treasure, rapine and injustice,
which has been exhausted, and perpetrated by these sons of thunder ?
Where is the King whom they swear to make so glorious, but meant it
in his martyrdome? Where is the classis, and the assembly, the Lay-
elder; all that geare of Scottish discipline, and the fine new trinkets of
reformation ? Were not all these taken out of their hand, while now
they were in the height of their pride and triumph ? And their dull
Generall made to serve the execution of their Soveraign, and then to
be turn'd off himself, as a property no more of use to their designes ?
Their riches and their strength, in which they trusted, and the Parlia-
ment which they even idoliz'd ; in sum, the prey they had contended
for at the expence of so much sin and damnation, seizd upon by those
very instruments which they had rais'd to serve their insatiable avarice
and prodigious disloyalty. For so it pleased God to chastise their
implacable persecution of an excellent Prince, with a slavery under
such a tyrant *, as not being contented to butcher even some upon the
scaflfold, sold divers of them for slaves, and others he exild into cruell
banishment, without pretence of law or the least commiseration; that
those who before had no mercy on others, might find none themselves ;
till, upon some hope of their repentance and future moderation, it
pleased God to put his hook into the nostrills of that proud, Leviathan,
and send him to his place, after he had thus mortified the fury of the
Presbyterians, - For unlesse God should utter his voice from Heaven,
yea, and that a mighty voice, can there any thing in the world be more
evident, then his indignation at those wretches and barefac't impostors,
who, one after another, usurped upon us, taking them oflF at the very
point of aspiring, and prsecipitating the glory and ambition of these
men before those that were but now their adorers, and that had pros-
tituted their consciences to serve their lusts? To call him the Moses,
the Man of God, the Joshua, the Saviour of Israel ; and, after all this,
* Oliver Cromwell.
174
to treat the Thing his son with addresses no lesse then blasphemous,
whose Father (as themselves confess to be the most infamous hypocrite
and proflegate Atheist of all the usurpers that ever any age produc'd)
had made them his Vassalls, and would have intaild them so to his
posterity for ever ?
But behold the scene is again changed, not by the Royal party, the
common enemy, or a foreign power ; but by the despicable rumpe of a
Parliament, which that mountebanke had formerly serv'd himself of,
and had rais'd himself- to that pitch, and investiture : but see, withall,
how soon these triflers and puppets of policy are blown away, with all
their pack of modells and childish chimaeras, nothing remaining of
them but their coffine, guarded by the souldiers at Westminster ; but
which is yet lesse empty then the heads of these politicians, which so
lately seemed to fill it.
For the rest, I despise to blot paper with a recitall of those wretched
interludes, farces, and fantasms, which appear'd in the severall inter-
valls ; because they were nothing but the effects of an extream gyddi-
ness, and unparallel'd levity. Yet these are the various despensations
and providences in your journey to that holy land of purchases and
profits, to which you have from time to time appeal'd for the justifica-
tion of your proceedings, whilst they were indeed no other then the
manifest judgements of God upon your rebellion and your ambition :
I say nothing of your hypocriticall fasts and pretended humiliations,
previous to the succeeding plots and supposititious revelations, that the
godly might fall into the hands of your captains, because they were
bugbears, and became ridiculous even to the common people.
And now Sr. if you please, let us begin to set down the product, and
survey the successe of your party ; and, after all these faces and vertigos,
tell me ingenuously, if the chastisement which is fallen upon one
afflicted man, and his loyall subjects, distressed by the common event
of war, want .of treasure, the seizure of his fleet, forcing him from his
city, and all the disadvantages that a perfidious people could imagine •
but in fine the crowning him with a glorious martyrdome for the
Church of God and the liberty of his people (for which his blood doth
yet cry aloud for vengeance) be comparable to the confusion which you
175
(that have heen the conquerours) have suffered, and the slavery which
you are like to leave to the posterities vvhich will be born but to curse
you, and to groan under the pressures which you bequeath to your
own flesh and blood? For to what a condition you have already
reduced this once florish'ing kingdom, since all has been your own, let tjie
intolerable oppressions, taxes, excises, sequestrations, confiscations, plun-
ders, customes, decimations, not to mention the plate, even to the very
thimbles and the bodkins (for even to these did your avarice descend),
and other booties, speak : all this dissipated and squandered away, to
gratifie. a few covetous and ambitious wretches, whose appetites are as
deep as hell, and as insatiable as the grave ; as if (as the wise-man
speaks) " our time here were but a market for gain."
Look then -into the churches, and, manners of the people, even
amongst your own saints ; and tell me if, since Simon Magus was
upon the earth, there was ever heard of so many schismes, and here-,
sies, of Jewes and Socinians, Quakers, Fifth- monarchy-men, Arians,
Anabaptists, Independants, and a thousand severall sorts of blasphemous
and professed Athiests, all of them spawned under your government ;
and then tell me what a reformation of religion you have effected ?
Was there ever in the whole earth (not to mention Christendom
alone) a perjury so prodigious, and yet so avowed as that by which
you have taken away the estate of my Lo. Craven *, at which the very
Infidels would blush, a Turke or Sythian stand amazd.
Under the Sun was it never heard that a man should be condemned
for transgressing no law but that which was made after the fact, and
abrogated after execution ; that the posterities to come might not be
witnesses of your horrid injustice : yet thus you proceeded against my
Ij. Strafford +. How many are those gallant persons whom after articles
* William Earl of Craven, a firm supporter of King Charles I. whose house at Caversham near
Reafling, was destroyed, and " his goodly woods" which Evelyn saw " felling by the Rebells ;" J
Diary, vol. I. 8th of June, 1654. See also Whitelock's Memorials, pp. 609, 610, 698.
f " 12th May, 1641. I beheld on Tower Hill the fatal stroke which sever'd the wisest head in
England from th^ Aoulders of (Thomas Wentyvorth) the Earle of Strafford ; whose crime coming
iaoder the cpgnizance of no human law, a new one was made, not to be a precident, but his
destrqctiqn i to such exorbitancy were things arived" Memoirs, voL I. p. 10.
+ His Town Resideace at the end of Wych-street, Drury Lane, shared the same fete.
ire
of war, you have butchered in cold-blood, violating your promises
against the lawes of all nations, civill or barbarous ; and yet you thus
dealt in the case of my Lord CapeP, Sr. John StaweP, and others.
Is not the whole nation become sullen and proud, ignorant and sus-
picious, incharitable, curst, and, in fine, the most depraved and perfidious
under heaven ? And whence does all this proceed, but from the effects
of your own exaimples, and the impunity of evill doers ?
I need not tell you how long justice has been sold by the Com-
mittees, and the Chair-men, the Sequestrators, and Symoniacall Fryers,
not to mention the late Courtiers, and a swarm of Publicans who have
eaten up the people as if they would feat bread.
Will you come now to the particular misfortunes, and the evident hand
of God upon you for these actions (for- He has not altogether left us with-
out some express witnesses of his displeasure at yoiir doings). Behold
then your Essex ^ and your Warwick ^, your Manchester ^, Browne ®,
' Arthur Lord Capel, who bravely defended Colchester ; but when the garrison was forced to
surrender, he yielded himself a prisoner, and was beheaded 9th March 1648-9, in violation of a
promise of quarter given him by General Fairfax.
' Sir John Stawell, Knight of the Bath, a loyalist who steadfastly adhered to the cause of King
Charles I. and suffered very much on that account. He was of Queen's College, Oxford; one of
the Knights for Somersetshire in the fatal Parliament of 1640, and in several subsequent Parlia-
ments ; taking up arms, with three of his sons, he raised and maintained at his own charge three
regiments of horse, and one of dragoons, and another of foot, for the service of his injured Sove-
reign : and on the reduction of Taunton in 1643, he was made governor. Sir John was engaged
with other loyalists in the defence of Exeter, which sustained a blockade and siege from October
28, 1645,'to April 9, 1646, when it surrendered to Sir Thomas Fairfax, upon articles signed by
him and the garrison, and confirmed by both Houses of Parliament. However, he was not only
debarred of the benefit of composition, but on coming to London, to reap the benefit of the capi-
tulation, was sent prisoner to Ely-house in Holborn, and deprived of his estate. He endured
tedious imprisonments in the press-yard in Newgate and other gaols, and afterwards in the Tower
of London. Though reduced to the greatest want and misery, yet by the subsistence which his
aged mother, tlie Lady Elizabeth Griffin, afforded him, he lived to see the happy Restoration, was
again elected one of the representatives for Somersetshire, and died Feb. 21, 1661, and was buried
in the church of Cotholstone, in that county, leaving a son and heir, Ralph Stawell, esq. created
Lord Stawell of Somerton, in consideration of the eminent loyalty and sufferings of his fether.
> Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, only son of the unfortunate favourite of Queen Elizabeth
and who inherited much of his popularity. He became General of the Parliament arniy, and for
a long time was victorious in their cause ; yet obliged, from the result of the memorable battle of
Edgehill, where he was routed, to retreat to Warwick Castle : and afterwards in Cornwallj he was
Fairfax^, and your Waller^ (whom once your books stiled the Lord of
Hosts), casheered, imprisoned, suspected and disgraced after all their
services. Hotham ^ and his Son came to the block : Stapleton '" had the
compelled to abandon his oyvn army, and proceed to London by sea : for which disasters, the Parlia-
ment, who so solemnly swore before to live and die with him, dispensed themselves of that oath,
and deprived him of his command. He died 14th Sept. 1646, not without suspicionof poison,
if we may credit the author of a curious tract, intituled, " The Traytors Perspective Glass," 4to.
1662. p. 10.
♦ Robert Rich, Earl of Warvvick, Lord High Admiral, died 19th April 16.58.
' Edward Montagu, Earl of JManchester, a nobleman of many good qualities, was a zealous and
able patron of liberty, but without enmity to monarchy. He was one of the avowed patriots in the
House of Peers, and was the only member of that House who was accused by Charles of high
treason, together with the five members of the House of Commons. In the civil war, he raised
an army of horse, which he commanded in person : he forced the town of Lynn to submit to the
Parliament; defeated the Earl of Newcastle's army at Horncastle; took Lincoln by storm in 1644,
and had a principal share in the victory at Marston Moor. After the battle of Newbury, he was
suspected of favouring the King's interest ; nayj even accused by Cromwell of neglect of duty, and
deprived of his commission. He heartily concuired in the restoration of Charles the Second, who
appointed him LordChamberlainof his household, and died May 5, 1671, aged 69.
* Major-general Browne, though he was then Sheriff of London, was committed to prison in
1648, with Sir John Clotworthy, Sir William Waller, Major-general Massey, and Commissary-
general Copley, " who were the most active Members in the House of the Presbyterian party, and
who had all as maliciously advanced the service of the Parliament in their several stations against
the King as any men of their rank in the kingdom, and much more than any officer of the present
army had then credit to do." Clarendon.
' Thomas Lord Fairfax, at the breaking out of the Rebellion, took a decided part against the
King, as his father, Ferdinando Lord Fairfax, also did, under whom he served till he obtained a
principal command. He contributed to the victory at Naseby; and next went into the West of
England, the whole of which he subdued. He assisted, however, in the Restoration, and retired
into Yorkshire, where he died, 1671-
" Sir William Waller, knt. was one of the most active of the Parliament Generals, and was for a
considerable time victorious, and therefore called " William the Conqueror." He was, however,
beaten by Sir Richard Greenville and Sir Nicholas Slanning at the battle of Lansdown, near Bath,
July 5, 1643 ; again at Roundway Down, near the Devizes, on the 13th of the same month; and
was defeated by the King at Croperdy Bridge, June 29th, 1644. The conqueror's fame sunk conside-
rably, but he afterwards beat his former fellow-soldier, the Lord Hopeton, at Alresford. He died
September 19, 1669. "A Vindication of his Character, and Explanation of his Conduct, in taking
up Arms against King Charles I." written by himself, was published in 1793, in 8vo, from the
original MS.
9 " A man," says Granger, " of a timid and irresolute nature, and without any firm principles
of attachment to the King or Parliament, was, by the latlter, appointed Governor of Hull, the
most considerable magazine of arras and ammunition in the Kingdom. Charles, perceiving to
what lengths the Commons were proceeding, was determined to seize this fortress ; but was pe-
remptorily refused admittance, when he appeared before it in person, by the Governor, who was
2 A
178
burial! of an asse, and was thrown iqto a totyn ditch, Brooke" and
Hamden^^ signally slain in the very apt of rebellion and sacriledg; your
Athesiastieall Dorislaw ^^, Ascam *% and the Spdomiticall Ariba ^^, whom
instantly proelainied a traitor. Though Hotham was employed, he was not trusted ; his son^ who
was much niore devoted to the Parliament, was a constant check and spy upon him. At length,
both father and son were prevailed upon to listen tp the overtures of some of the Royalists, and to
,er}ter into a correspondence with them. This quickly brought them to the. block ."->— The son was
beheaded on Tower-hill, January 1, 1645, and Sir John the following day.
'" Sir Philip Stapleton and John Hamden formed the Committee appointed by Parliament to
attend the King in Scotland. — See Clarendon,
" Robert Lqrd Brooke, a member of the Long Parliament, and a very obstinate and violent
opposer of the King, and persecutor of the Bishops and Clergy. In besieging Lichfield Cathedral,
'' being harnessed pap-a-pe," he was shot with a musket in tiie eye by a Prebendary's son from the
wall of the Close, whilst he was sitting at his chamber-window, April 1643.
" John Hampden was one of the first whO' took up arms against the King, being a Colonel of
foot, and was shot in the shoulder with a brace of bullets on the 18th of June 1643, in a skirmish
with Prince Rupert, at Chalgrove-field, near Brill, in Oxfordshire; and after suiFering much pain
and misery, he died on the 24th of that month, and was buried in the church of Great Hamden.
" Isaac Dorislaus, or Dorisjaw, was originally a school-master, and afterwards Doctor of Civil
Law, at Leyden, whence coming irtto England, he was entertained by Fulk Lord Brook, and by
him appointed to read an History Lecture in Cambridge ; but in his first lecture decrying mo-
narchy, was, upon the complaint of Dr. John Cosin, Master of Peterhouse, silenced, and about
that time m^u-rying a woman near Maiden in Kssex",. lived there for some time. Afterwards he
became Judge Advocate in the King's army, in one of his expeditions against the Scots, then Advo-
cate in the army against the King under Robert Earl of Essex, afterwards under Sir Thomas Fair-i
fax ; and April 13, 1648, was appointed oneof the Judges of the Court of Admiralty, with Doctors
Clerk and Exton; January 10th, 1648-9, he was chosen assistant in drawing up and managing the
charge against King Charles,' J. and selected by the Parliament as an Envoy to Holland to prose-
cute their designs, He arrived at the Hague in May 1649, King Charles H. heipg then there in
exile, which bold act offending certain English royalists attending his Majesty,, about twelve of
them in disguise repaired to his lodging, and finding him at supper, stabbed him in several places,
and cut his throat, whereupon one of them said; " Thus dies one of the King's Judges." His body
was conveyed to England, and buried in the Abbey Church at Westminster, which is thus alluded
to by Evelyn ia his Memoirs (vol, L p. 285) : " This night, June 14, 1649, was buried with great
pomp Dorislaus, slaine at the Hague : the villain who managed the trial of his Majesty." In Sep.
teniber 1661, his remaiAS were taken up, with the bodies of other Cromwellians, and buried in St.
Margaret's church-yard adjoining. History of King-killing, Svo. 1719.
'* Anthony Aschami memljer of the Long ParliJamen.t, and author of " The Confusions and Revo-
lutions in Governments : wherein is examined how far a Man may lawfully conforme to the Powers
%nd Commands of those who, with various Successes, hold> Kingdoms divided by Civil or Foreign
W&rs." 8vo. 1649, He was an active person against hia Sovereign, was concerned in drawing. up
the King's trial,. and, after his execution, was sent by Crpmwell in 1650 Ambassador to the Court
oft Madrid, where- he was assassinated at his lodgings by some English loyalists.
. .-}f> TheEditor, after much research, cannot find any notice of this wretched character.
though they escaped the hand of justiice,(^et vengeance would not
suffer to live. What became of Rains burro w'^-^ Ireton''^ perished of the
plague^ and Hoyle'« hanged himself; Staplie^^ died mad, add CromwelP"
in a fit. of rageing ; and if there Wefe any others wofthy the taking
notice of, I should give you a list of their n^mes'dnd of their destinies,
but it was not kndwn whenceithey came which succeeded them ; nor had
they left any memory behind them, but for their signall wickednesses,
as he that set on fire the 'Ephesian Temple to be recorded ajvillain
to- posterity. Whereas those noble souls whom your 'inhumanity (n6t
your vertue) betrayed gave iproof of their extraction, innocency, reli-
gion, and constancy, under- all their tryalls and tormentors ; and those
that died by the sword fell in the bed of honour, and did worthily for
their countrey ; their loyalty and their yehgion will be renowned in the
history of ageSj and precious to their memory when your names will
? Thomas Rainsborough, Colonel in Cromwell's army, and appointed by Fairfax to command
the troops before Pontefract Castle. He was shot in his own quarters, an inn in Doncast'er,
November 1648j,before the face of some of his soldiers, by a party of cavaliers from Pohtefract, urider
a pretence of delivering him a letter from Cromwell. Whitelock's Memorials.
" Henry Ireton was a student in the Middle Temple, but when the Rebellion broke out, he
joincid the Parliament, and signalized himself at the battle of Naseby. He was concerned with
General Lambert in drawing vtp the remonstrance of the Army to the Parliament ; and having
Bifirried Si daughter of Oliver Cromwell, he soon rose .to preferment, and became Commissary-
general. jHe sat in jtidgment upon the King, ^yhom he had previously betrayed, and in 1650
went as commander of the army in Ireland, where he died at the siege of Limerick 26th November
in the following year.
.. '* Thomas Hoyle, a merchant and alderman of York, a memberof the Long Parliament; chosen
Lord Mayor qf Yqrk, first i» 1632, and again in 1644 : " a bitter enemy against his Prince, for
which Croin,well. rewarded him with the place of Treasurer's Remembrancer in the Exchequer;
*vho on that day twelve months that fhe King lost his life, made a bonfire for joy he was belieaded;
Ijut oil the same day twelve months after,^ miserably hanged himself." Traytors Perspective Glass,
4to. 1662, p. 13.
''s Srithony Stapely, a native of Sussex, Colonel and Governor of Chichester^ tme-of the King'-s
judges, and who also signed the warrant for his execution. He died previously to the Restoration.
20 " He was cut oEF by a miserable and tormenting sickness, which caused him two ^ays before
his death to roar sp loud, and make such doleful clamours, that his Council, being informed that
many persons as they passed by his chsimber window took much notice of his crys, thought fit to
have him removed from the place where he then lay to one more private, where with extremity
of anguish, and terror of conscience, he finished his fniserable life, for he dyed mad and despairing,
September 3, 1658." The Traytors Perspective Glass, by I.T. 4to. 1662.
180
rot with your carcasses, and your remembrance be as dung upon the
face of the earth. For there is already no place of Europe where your
infamy is not spread, whilst your persecuted brethren rejoyce in their
sufferings, can abound, and can want, blush not at their actions, nor are
ashamed at their odd addresses, because they have suffered for that
which their faith and their birth, their lawes and their liberties have
celebrated with the most glorious inscriptions, and everlasting elogies.
And if fresher instances of all these particulars be required, cast out
your eye a little v^pon the Armies pretended Plea *, which came lately a
birding to beat the way before them, charm the ears of the vulgar, and
captivate the people ; that after all its pseudo-politicks and irreligious
principles, is at last constrained to acknowledg your open and prodigious
violations, " Strange and (very) illegal actions, (as in termes it con-
" fesses) of taking up armes, raising and forrairig armies against the
" King, fighting against his person, imprisoning, impeaching, arraigning,
" trying and executing him : banishing his children, abolishing Bishops,
"Deans and Chapters; taking away Kingly Government, and the
" House of Lords, breaking the crowns, selling the Jewells, plate, goods,
" houses, and lands belonging unto the Kings of this nation, erecting
" extraordinary High Courts of Justice, and therein impeac^hing, arraign-
" ing, condemning, and executing many pretended notorious enemies to
" the pubHque peace; when the lawes in being and the ordinary Courts
" of Justice could not reach them : by strange and unknown practises in
" this nation, and not at all justifiable by any known lawes and statutes +,"
but by certain diabolicall principles of late distilled into some persons
of the army, and which he would intitle to the whole, who (abating
some of their commanders that have sucked the sweet of this doctrineY
had them never so much as entred into their thoughts, nor could they
* A quarto tract of thirty pages, intituled, " The Army's Plea for their present Practice ; ten-
dered to the Consideration of all ingenuous and impartial Men. Printed and ])ublished by special
Command." 1659: which, according to a manuscript memorandum on the title-page of the copy
preserved in the British Museum, was published on the 24th of October, three days before the
date of the present answer.— A copy of this pamphlet is likewise in the Library of the London
Institution.
f The Army's Plea, p. 5.
181
h& so depraved, though they were masters only of the light of nature
to direct them. For comnion sense will tell them, that whoever are
our lawfull superiours, and invested with the supream authority, either
by their own vertue, or the peoples due election, have then a just right
to challenge submission to their precepts, and that we acquiesce in their
determinations ; since there is in nature no other expedient to preserve
us from everlasting confusion : but it is the height of all impertinency
to conceive, that those which are a part of themselves, and can in so
great a body have no other interests, should fall into such exorbitant
contradiction to their own good, as a child of four years old would not
be guilty of; and as this Phamphlete wildly suggests, in pp. 6. 11. 2J.
&c. did they steer their course by the known lawes of the land, and as
obedient subjects should do, who without the King and his Peers, are
but the carcass of a Parliament, as destitute of the soul which should
informe and give it being. But if so small a handfull of men as ap-
peared in the Palace-Yard without consent of a quarter of the English
Army, much lesse of the ten thousandth part of the free people that are
not clad in red, shall disturb and alter a Government when it thinkes
fit to set aside a few imperious officers, who plainly seek themselves,
and derive their commissions from a superiour to whom they swear
obedience, (I meane not here the Rumpe) who shall ever hope, or live
to see any government established In these miserably abused nations ?
For I dare report my self to the ingenuity of the very souldiers them-
selves if they, who have effected all these changes by your wretched insti-
gations, and blind pretences, imagine themselves the people of this
Nation, but as a very small portion of them compared to the whole,
and who are maintained by them, to recover and protect the Civil! Go-
vernment, according to the good old Laws of the Land ; not such as
they themselves shall invente from day to day, or as the interests of
some few persons may engage them.
But if the essential end of Rulers be the common peace, and their
Laws obliging as they become relative : restore us then to those under
which we lived with so much sweetness and tranquility, as no age in
the world, no government under Heaven, could ever pretend the like.
And if the people (as you declare) are to be the judges of it, summon
182
them t6gethet in a Free Parliament, according to its legal Constitution J
or make a universal balottj ^ndthen let it appear, \f Colonel Laoaberfrf^
and. half a dozen officers, with all their seduced partizans, make-jsa
much as a single cypher to the sunjme total. And this shall he enough
to answer thpse devious principles set down in the porch of that speoi^
ous edifice ; ^hich being erected upon the sand,> will (like the rest thai
has been daiibefd with' untempered inortar) sink also at the next* high
vvinde that blowes upon it. But I am glad it is at last avowed, upon
what pretexts that late pretended Parliament have pleaded on the behalf
of themselves and party, theii' discharge from all the former protesta-
tions, engagements, solenEin vows, covenants, with hands (as you say)
lift up to the most high God, as also their oaths and allegiance, &c.
because I shall not in this discdurse'be charged with slandering of
them, and that the whole world may detest the actions of such ,peri
fidious infidels, with whom nothing sacred has remained inviolable* :
But'thei*e is. yet a piece of artifice behihde, of no sless consequence
then the former, .and that is, a seeking to perswade the present armie
that they were the men ^Vho first e'ngagedthus solemnly -to ; destroy
the Goyerhment unde^ which they were born, arid reduce it to this
miserable condition : whereas it is well known by such as daily cori^verse
with them, : that there- is hardly one of ten amongst them, who was
then in arms, and that it was the zelots under Essex, Manchester.^
Waller, and the succeeding Generals, who were the persons of whpgie
perfidiousness he makes so much u.se, and' that the present army, con^
sists of a far more ingenuous spirit; and might in one moment yiiidi^
qate this aspersion, make their conditions with all advantage^ and these
nations thje most happy people upon the earth, as it. cannot be despaired
but they will one day do, when by the goodness of Almighty God,
they shall perfectly discern through the mist which youliave cast upon.
* Major-gefteral Lambert, who distinguished himself by his valour and conduct during the civil
war, was second to Cromwell iii courage, in prudence, aild capacity, but was equal to him drily in-
ambition. He, however, escaped puAishment at the Restoration, and when, brought to his trial,
behaved with more submission than the meanest, of his fellow prisoners, and was reprieved at the
bar. He was banished to the Isle of Guernsey, where he coutitiued in patient confinement for more
than thirty years.
183
their eyes, .lest they should. discover the imposture of these Egyptia
sorcerors.
And now Sir, if, after all this injustice and impiety on your part
you. have prosecuted that with the extreamest madness, which yc
deemed criminal in your enemies, viz. To arrogate the supream pow<
to a single person, condemn men without law, execfbte aTwd proscrib
them with as little : imprest for your service, violate your Parliamen
dispenses with your solemn oaths; in summe,, to mingle -Earth an
Hmven : by your unarhltrary proceedings :; all which^ not only you
p»ireted books, this pretended Plea, but your actions have abundant!
declared; have you not justified the Royal party, and ipronounced then
the oftly honest men which have appeared upon the stage, in character
as plain that he which runs may read, whilst yet you persecute them t(
the death ? *.' The'refore, thou art inexcusable, O man, that: perpetrates
these things ; for wherein thou judgest another, thou condemnest thy
self p so seeing thou that judgest doest the same things. But thinkes
thou this, O man, that thus judged them which do such things, anc
doest. the same, that thou shalt escape the vengeance of God? ]
tell ye nay, -hut, except ye repent, ye shall all likevyise perish."
Truly, 3ir, when I compare; these things together, and compare
them 'I do very often, consider the purchases which you have made,
and the damnation you have certainly adventured ; the despite you haye
dorteto the name of, Christ, the laws of common humanity which yoii
have violated, the malice and folly of your proceedings ; in fine, the
confusion which you have hrought upon (the Church, the. State, and
your selves, I adore the just and righteous judgment of God; and
^Wvvsoever -you- may possibly emerge, and recover the present rout)
had rather be a sufferer amongst those whom you have thus afflicted,
and thus censure, then ^njoy the pleasures of your .sins for that season
you are likely to possess them : for if an Angel from Heaven should
tell' me you had done your duties, I vi^ould no more believe him then
if. he should preach another Gospel then that which has been delivered
to us; because -you have blasphemed that holy profession j and done
^oknce- to that gracious Spirit by whose sacred dictates you are taught
to live in obedience to your superiours, and in charity to one another ;
184
covering yet all this hydra of Impostures with a mask of piety !
reformation, whilst you breathe nothing , but oppression, and lie
wait to deceive." "But, O God ! how long shall the adversary do i
dishonour? how long shall the enemy blaspheme thy name, for ev(
They gather them together against the soul of the righteous, and c^
demn the innocent blood. Lo ! these are the ungodly, these prospei
the world,, and these have riches in possession. : and I said, then h
I cleansed my heart in vain, and washed my hands in innocency. li
and I had almost said as they : but lo, then I should have condemi
the generation of thy children. Then thought I to understand tl
but it was too hard for me, until I went into the sanctuary of G(
then understood I the end of these men. Namely, how thou dost
them in slippery places, castest them down and destroyest them."
O how suddenly do they consume, perish, and come to a fearful end
We have seen it, indeed Sir, we have seen it, and we cannot but
knowledge it the very, finger of God, mirabile in ocy,lis nostris ; \
is that truly, which even constrains me out of charity to your soul,
well as out of a deep sense of your honour, and the friendship whic
otherwise bear you, to beseech you to re-enter into your self, to ah
don those false principles, to withdraw your self from the seducers,
repent of what you have done, and save your self from this untow
generation : there is yet a door of repentance open, do not provoke
Majestic of the great God any longer, which yet tenders a reconci
tion to you. Remember what was once said over the perishing Je
salem. " How often would I have gathered you together, as a hen d
gather her brood under her wings, and ye would not ? Behold y
house is left unto you desolate." For do not think it impossible, t
we should become the most abandon'd and barbarous of all the nati
under Heaven. You know who has said it: " he turneth a fruitful 1,
into a wildernesse, for the iniquity of them that inhabit therein." 1
truly, he that shall seriously consider the sad catastrophe of the EasJ
Empire, so flourishing in piety, policy, knowledg, literature, and
the excellencies of a happy and blessed people, would almost thin
impossible, that in so few years, and amidst so glorious a light of lea
ing and religion, so suddain and palpable a darknesse, so strange
185
horrid a barbarity should over spread them, as now we behold in all
that goodly tract of the Turkish dominions. And what was the cause
of all this, but the giddinesse of a wanton people, the schism, . and the
heresies in the Churchj and the prosperous successes of a rebellious
impostor, whose steps we have pursued in so many pregnant instances^
giving countenance to those unheard of impieties and delusions, as if
God be not infinitely merciful, must needs- involve us under the same
disaster ? For, whilst there is no order in the Church, no body of Re-
ligion agreed upon, no government established, and that every man is
abandon'd to his own deceitful heart : whilst learning is decried, and
honesty discountenanc'd, rapine defended, and vertue finds no advo-
cate ; what can we in reason expect, but the most direful expression
of the wrath of God, a universal desolation, when by the industry of
Sathan and his crafty emissaries, some desperate enthusiasme, com-
pounded (like that of Mahomet,) of Arian, Socinian, Jew, Anabaptist,
and the Impurer Gnostick, something, I say, made up of all these here-
sies shall diflFuse it self over the Nation in a universal contagion, and
nothing lesse appear then the Christian which we have so ingratefully
renounced.
"For this plague is already beginning amongst us, and there is none
to take the censer and to stand between the living and the dead, that
we be not consumed as in a moment; for there is wrath gone out from
the Lord. Let us then depart from the tents of those wicked men (who
have brought all this upon us) and touch nothing of theirs, lest we be
consumed in all their sins."
But you will say, the King is not to be trusted : judg not of others
by your selves ; did ever any man observe the least inclination of revenge
in his breast? has he not, besides the innate propensity of his own nature
to gentlenesse, the strict injunctions of a dyfng father and a martyr to
forgive even greater offenders than yoU' are ? Yes, I dare pronounce it
with confidence, and avouch it with all assurance, that there is not an
individual amongst you, whose crimes are the most crimson, whom he
will not be most rieady to pardon', and graciously receive upon their re-
pentance ; nor any thing that can be desired of him to which he would
2 B
186
not claeiBrfally accomode, for the stopping of that torrent of blood and
extream confusion which has hitherto run, and is yet imminent over us.
Do but reason a little with your self, and consider sadly whether a young
Prince, mortified by so many afflictions, disciplin'd by so much experi-
ence, and instructed by the miscarriages of others, be not the most
excellently qualified to govern and reduce a people, who have so suc-
ceslesly tried so many governments of old, impious, and crafty foxes,
that have exercis'd upon us the most intolerable tyranies that were ever
heard of.
But you object further, that he has lived amongst Papists, is vitiously
inclin'd, and has wicked men about him : what can be said more un-
justly, what more malitious ? And can you have the foreheads to tell
us he has lived amongst Papists to his prejudice, who have proscrib'd
him from Protestants, persecuted him from place to place, as a partridg
on the mountains ? You may remember who once went to Aichich the
King of Gath, and; changed his behaviour before them, and fain'd him
self mad in their hands, had many great infirmities, and was yet a man
after God's own heart. Whilst the Catholick King was your allie, you
had nothing to do with Papists, it was then no crime : God is not
mocked — away with this respect of persons. But where is it that you
would have him to be ? The Hollander dares not afford him harbour
lest you refuse them yours; the French may not give him bread for
feare of offending you ; and, unlesse he should go to the Indies, or the
Turk (where yet your malice would undoubtedly reach him), where can
he be safe from your revenge ? But suppose him in a Papist countrey,
constrained thereto by your incharity to his soul as well as body ; would
he have condescended to half so much as you have oflFered for a toleration
of the Papists, he needed not now to have made use of this apology,
or wanted the assistance of one of the most puissant Princes in Chris-
tendome to restore him, of whom he has refused such conditions as in
prudence he might have yielded to, and the people would gladly have
received ; whilst those who know with what persons you have trans-
acted, what truck you have made with the Jesuites, what secret Papists
there are amongst you, may easily divine why they have been no for-
warder to assist him, and how far distant he is from the least wavering
187
5 faith. But since you have now dieclared that you will toUerate all
ons, without exception, do not think it a sin in him to gratifie those
shall most ohlige him.
r his vertues and morality I provoak the most refined family in this
n to produce me a relation of more piety and moderation ; shew
fraternity more spotlesse in their honour, and freer from the exor-
ces of youth then these three brothers, so conspicuous to all the
1 for their temperance, magnanimity, constancy and understanding;
nd«hip and humility unparallel'd, and rarely to be found amongst
jverest persons, scarcely in a private family. It is the malice of a
black soul, and a virulent renegado (^of whom to be commended
the utmost infamy^, that has interpreted some compliances to
I persons in distress are sometimes engaged with those whom they
rse withall, to his Majesties disadvantage ; " whilst these filthy
lers defile the flesh themselves, and thinkipg it no sin to despise
lion, speak evill of dignities, and of the things which they know
But woe unto them, for they have gone in the way of Kain, and
reedily after the errour of Balaam for reward, having mens per-
n admiration because of advantage."
• the rest, I suppose the same was said of holy David, when in his
m calamity he was constrain'd to fly from Saul, " For every one
^as in distresse, and every one that was in debt, and every one that
iscontented, gathered themselves unto him, and he became Captain
hem." And to this retinue have your malice and persecution re-
this excellent Prince ; but he that preserv'd him in the wood,
elivered David out of all his troubles, shall likewise, in his ap-
d time, deliver him also out of these distresses.
ive now answered all yOur calumnies, and have but a word to add,
may yet incline you to acce|)t your best interest, and prevent that
ul ruine which your obstinacy does threaten. Is it not as per-
ns as the sun, that it lies in your power to reform his counsell,
ace your selves, make what composition you can desire, have all
:urity that mortall man can imagine, and the greatest Princes of
e to engage in the performance? This were becoming worthy
ihd honourable indeed ; this ingenuous self-denyall : and it is no
188
disgrace to reforme a mistake, but to persist in it lyes the shame. The
whole nation requires it of you, and the lawes of God command it;
you cannot, you must not deferr it. For what can you pretend to that
will not then drop into your bosomes ? The humble man will have
repose, the aspiring and ambitious, honours. The merchant will be
secure ; trades immediately recover ; alliances will be confirmed ; the
lawes re-flourish ; tender consciences consider'd ; present purchasers
satisfied; the souldier payed, maintained, and provided for; and, what's
above all this, Christianity and Charity will revive again amongst us;
" Mercy and Truth will meet together ; Righteousness and Peace shall
kiss each other."
But let us now consider, on the other side, the confusion which must
of necessity light upon us, if we persist in our rebellion and obstinacy.
We are already impoverisht, and consumed with war and the miseries
that attend it ; you have wasted our treasure, and destroyed the woods,
spoyled the trade, and shaken our properties ; a universall animosity; is in
the very bowels of the nation; the parent against the children, and.the
children against the parents, betraying one another to the death ; in summe,
if that have any truth which our B. Saviour has himself pronounced, that
*' a kingdome divided against itself cannot stand," it is impossible we
should subsist in the condition we are reduc'd to. Consider we again,
how ridiculous our late proceedings have made us to our neighbours
round about us. Their Ministers laugh at our extream giddinesse, and
we seem to mock at their addresses ; for no sooner do their credentialls
arrive but, behold, the scean is changed, and the Government is fled ;
he that now acted King left a fool in his place ; and they stand amazed
at our buffoonery and madnesse.
What then, may we imagine, will be the product of all these disad-
vantages, when the nations that deride and hate us shall be united for
our destruction, and that the harvest is ripe for the sickle of their fury ?
Shall we not certainly be a prey, to an inevitable ruine, having thus
weakned our selves by a brutish civill war, and cut off those glorious
heros, the wise and the valiant, whose courage in such an extremity we
shall in vain imploar, that would bravely have sacrificed themselves for
our delivery ? Let us remember how often we have served a forraign
189
people, and that there is nothing so confident but a provoaked God can
overthrow.
■ For my part, I tremble but to consider what may be the issue of these
things, when our iniquities are full, and that God shall make inquisition
for thebloud that has been spilt; unlesse we suddainly meet him by an
unfained repentance, and turn from all the abominations by which we
have provoaked him ; and then, it is to be hoped that He who would
have compounded with the Father of the Faithful 1, had there been but
ten righteous men in Sodom, and that spared Nineveh, that populous
and great city, will yet have mercy on us, hearken to the prayers, and
have regard to the teares, of so many millions of people, who day and
night do interceed with him: the priests and ministers of the Lord
weeping between the porch and the altar, and saying, "spare thy people,
O Lord, spare thy people, and give not thine inheritance to reproach."
And now I have said what was upon my spirit for your sake, when,
for the satisfaction of such as (through its effect upon your soule) this
addresse of mine may possibly come to, I have religiously declared, that
the person who writ it had no unworthy or sinister design of his own to
gratifie, much lesse any other party whatever ; as being neither courtier,
souldier, or churchman, but a plain country gentleman, engag'd on
neither side, who has had leisure (through the goodnfesse of God} can-
didly, and without passion, to examine the particulars which he has
touched, and expects no other reward in the successe of it then what
Christ has promised in the Gospell; the benediction of the peace maker,
and which he already feeles in the discharge of his conscience ; being,
for his own particular, long since resolv'd with himself to persist in his
religion and his loyalty to the death, come what will ; as being fully
perswaded, that all the persecutions, losses, and other accidents, which
may arrive him for it here, are not worthy to be compared to that
eternall weight of glory vi^hich is to be revealed hereafter, and to the
inexpressible consolation which it will afford on his death bed, when all
these guilded pleasures will disappear, this noise, and empty pompe ;
when God shall set all our sins in order before us, and when, it is cer-
tain, that the humble and the peaceable, the charitable and the meek,
shall not lose their reward, nor change their hopes, for all the crownes
190
and the scepters, the lawrells and the trophies, which ambitious and
self-seeking men contend for, with so much tyranie and injustice.
Let them, therefore, no longer deceive you, dear Sir, and as the guise
of these vile men is, to tell you they are the Godly party, under which,
for the present, ihey would pass, and courage themselves in their
wickedness, stopping their ears and shutting their eyes against all that
has been taught and practised by the best of Christians, and holiest of
Saints, these sixteen hundred years : *' you shall know them by their
frultes ; do men gather grapes of thornes, or figs of thistles ?" But so,
being miserably gall'd with the remembrance of their impieties, and the
steps by which they have ascended to those fearfull precepices, they seek
to allay the secret pangs of a gnawing worme, by adopting the most
prodigious of their crimes into a religion fitted for the purpose, and
versatile as their giddy interest, till at last, encourag'd by the number
of thriving proselytes and successes, they grow seared and confident,
swallowing all with ease, and passing from one heresie to another ;
whilst yet they are still pursued, and shall never be at repose; for con-
science will at last awake, and then how frightful, how deplorable, yea,
how inexpressibly sad, will that day be unto them ! " For these things
t^^ave they done, and I held my tongue (saith God), and they thought
wickedly that I am altogether such a one as themselves ; but I will re-
prove them, and set before them the things that they have done. Q
consider this, ye that forget God, least he pluck you away, anid there
be none to deliver you."
And now. Sir, you see the liberty which I have taken, and how farr
I have adventured to testifie a friendship which I have ever professed
for you ; I have indeed been very bold, but it v</a.» greatly requisite ;
and you know that, amongst all men, there are none which more
openly use the freedom of reprehension, then those who love most :
advices are not rejected by any but such as determine to pursue their
evlU courses: and the language which I use is not to offend, but to
beseech you to return. I conjure you, therefore to re-enter into your
self, and not to suffer these mean and dishonourable respects, which are
unworthy your nobler spirit, to prompt you to a course so deform'd
and altogether unworthy your education and family. Behold your
191
fi^epiis ^11 d^ploariog your misfoEtunes, and your enemies even pitie
you ; jvhilsty . to gratifie a few mean and desperate persons, you eancell
your duty to your Prince, and disband your religion, dishonour your
name, .and jbring ruine and infamy on your posterity. >-
BiUt when all this shall fail (as God forbid a tittle of it should), I
have yet this hope remaining : that when you. have been sufficiently
sate4 with this wicked course, wandered from place to place, govern-
ment to government, sect. to sect, in so universal a deluge, and find no
repose for the sole of your foot (as it is certain you never shall), you
will at last, with the peaceful dove, return to the arke from whence
you fled, to your first principles and to sober counsels ; or with the re-
penting Prodigall in the Gospel, to your Father which is in Heaven,
and to the Father of your countrey, for in so doing you shall not only
rejoice your servant, and all good men, but the very angels which are
in Heaven, and who are never said to rejoice indeed, but at the con-
version of a sinner. — JSt tu conversics, convertejratres.
This 27 Octob. 1659.
PSAL. 37.
10. Yet a little while, and the ungodly shall be clean gone, thou
shalt look after his place, and he shall be away.
36. I my self have seen the ungodly in great. power, and flourishing
like a green bay-tree.
37- I went by, and, lo ! he was gone ; I sought him, but his place
could no where be found.
38. Keep innocency, and take heed unto the thing that is right :
for that shall bring a man peace at the last.
192
I request the Reader to take notice^ that when mentioning the Pres-
byterians, I have let fall expressions somewhat relishing' of more then
usual asperity.; I do. not by any means intend it to the prejudice of
many of that judgment who were either men of peaceable spirits from
the beginning, or that have late given testimony of the sense of their
errour, whilst they were abused by those specious pretences I have re-
proved; but I do regard them with as much charity and affection as
becomes a sincere Christian and their brother.
FINIS.
THE LATE
NEWS FROM BRUSSELS UNMASKED,
AND
HIS MAJESTY VINDICATED
FBOM THE
BASE CALUMNY AND SCANDAL THEREIN FIXED ON HIM.
PRINTED IN THE YEAR 1660.
2c
This extremely rare Tract, from the pen of Evelyn, requires no apology for its intro-
duction in the present Volume. The false and virulent republican invective, to which it is
a loyal and bold reply, is also inserted as a note, that the principles and ability of Evelyn
may stand yet higher iu public estimation, when viewed in contrast with the coarseness and
malignity of his adversary.
At the time when this Letter was written, Evelyn was labouring under a severe illness,
from 17th Feb. to ]5th April, 166O, attended by three physicians, who were doubtful of
his recovery ; however, he says, in his Memoirs, " I writ and printed a Letter in defence
of his Majesty, against a wicked forged paper, pretended to be sent from Bruxells, to
defame his Majesty's person and vertues, and render him odious, now when every body
was in hope and expectation of the General and Parliament recalling him, and establish-
ing ye Government on its ancient and right basis."
THE LATE
NEWS FROM BRUSSELS UNMASKED.
The last night came to my view a paper intituled, " News from
Brussels, &c*." At the reading whereof I could not but in some
measure be astonished, to imagine, that such exquisite malice should
still have its continuance and prevalency amongst some people, against
that person who should (if they duely considered their duties) be most
dear, tender, and sacred to them ; such a vein I perceived there was of
forged and fictitious stuff, put into a most malitlous dress of drollery,
running through the whole tenor thereof, and snapping and biting all
along as it went, in that sence, as might be sure most to fix calumny
and slander upon that royal person whom it chiefly intended to
wound, that I could not but contemplate thus with my self : Is it not
enough that that innocent Piince, ever since his tender years, hath
* " l^ems from Brussels. + In a Letter from a veer Attendant on His Majesties
Person to a Person of Honour here; which casually became thus publique. Printed
in the Year, 166O. 4to.
" Honest Jack,
Tliine, by T. L. our trae post-pigeon, and (I would I could not say) only expeditious person,
was mine- before the morning; and our masters the sanae minute, who took no small delight
therein :
f This singular tract, having so immediate a reference to the foregoing piece, was one of the last
efforts of the expiring Commonwealth interest. It is a sxipposed letter from the exiled Court of
Charles to a Cavalier in London, which is calculated to press upon the key most likely to inter-
rupt the general disposition in favour of the Restoration. It represents the temper of Charles
and his little Court as exasperated by the long injuries they had sustained, and preparing them-
selves to avenge them on the present opportunity. It is calculated also to excite the terrors of
the Presbyterians, who were at this time anxious to co-operate in the Restoration, by representing
the Cavaliers as equally profligate and unforgiving. But the purpose of this stratagem was
counteracted by the public declarations of the leading royalists, that they reflected upon their past
sufferings as coming from the hand of God, and entertained no thoughts of revenge against the
immediate agents, but were satisfied to bury all past injuries in the joy of the happy restoration of
the King, Laws, and Constitution. — scott.
196
been hunted like a partridge upon the mountains from place to place,
from one nation to another people, robbed and spoyled of his large and
ample patrimony and dominions, and forced to live (as it were) upon
the alms and charity of his neighbour Princes, but his bright and shin-
ing virtues, most manifest and apparent to the whole world, mus]t still
be subject to the reproach and scandal of every lascivious, black, and
sooty quill ? Wert thou a Christian (base forger), and not a foul fiend
rather, clothed with humanity, methinks the consideration of this very
particular, should draw tears from thine eyes, or rather blood from thine
heart, then such cursed drops of mischievous malice, to issue from thy
disloyal and corrupted brain. But if thou call to mind that trandscen-
dently barbarous murder of his most glorious and martyred father,
such as no age since Adam ever paralell'd ; and the deep stain of that
sacred and royall blood (now crying under the altar), which fasten upon
thee and thy therein guilty and bespotted soul (for it is more then
guessed who thou art) ; what horrour and trembling should justly seize
thy joints, and shake the scribling instrument of such thy traitorously
invented mischief, out of thy loathed and bloody hands ? After which
contemplation, I took a more strict and wary view of the particulars in
that scandalous scrole ; and having observed what cunning subtility
this forger had shewed, and what tools he had made use of to stamp
and mint this false and counterfeit coyn, I resolved to publish it, which
I am perswaded will not be ingratefuU to any, unless such who are
of the forgers crew ; and of what sort and principles they are, it is
well known.
therein : for he read it thrice, and is resolved (and swore to boot) thou art the first shall
kneel under his sacred sword. Sir C. C. has his heart, and at first view he thought of wafting
thiiher, lest he should think his loyalty was slighted : but H. I. and I advised otherwise, and with
some adoe diverted that intent, and got him to signifie his Royall pleasure in the inclosed ;
which, instantly dispatch by Minyard way : F. H. has alwayes passage ready. Sir M. M. two hours
after brought good news from his cold country ; but Calvin smells too rank for us to venture
thither: they first betrayed his Royal Father, and after that his sacred self: nor are.our fortunes
at that low ebb, to reimbarque our all in that old leaky bottom. Prithee perswade Sam to be
silent, tell' him it is our master's pleasure. Thinkest thou none knows as well as he who first con-
jured up this divel, and cursed them that would not curse and fight against His Majesty in Meroz
name : yes, we can look through our fingers : this rebellion first bubbled up in Presbyterian
pulpits, yet it's impoUitick to say so much : we also know tis more for fear of the phanatiques
197
Fii-st, he hath prepared a number of letters, which he would
the reader think to intend the persons now about his Majesty, w
names relate to them. But see, how in ipso lumine, he bewray
own fictitious guilt; for this H. I. which he would have thoug
be the L. lermain, this person was known to be elsewhere, far dii
from Bruxels, at the time of. the date of that piece of forgery. It
next place, it is observable, that before he had wrote five lines, he
a notorious lie upon his Majesty, and chargeth him with swareinj
thing it is most manifestly known he is so free from, that all his ai
dants may be challenged to relate, if they can, whether ever
heard a profane oath to come from him, much less used upon su
ridiculous idle occasion as this forger mentions ; it being notorious
he is, and ever hath been, so reserved in bestowing those ready je
. of honour (the only treasure he is or can ,be unrob'd of), that i
not any way probable he should squander one away for a letter, and
likely that he should publickly say and swear this. Within a,
lines after, he talks of his Majesties . resolution to waft over
Ireland, for his S. C. C. he would have understood to be meant
Charles Coot ; a very probable business as he relates it. Pray,
which way should he waft (as you phrase it) ; it is a sign you 1
more skill in forgery than in geography, and the situation of pi
and nations: Next he fains news to arrive but of Scotland,. whic
the cold country he means ; but his two hours mentioned, smells
rank of brass, that it renders it, at first scent, a perfect counter]
and what must this news do ? only introduce an occasion to abuse
, then for love to us, they are now so loyal : so also it is our, necessity,. not choice,, that naali
court them. Hug them you cannot, hang at least until you can. Would Lall. had longer
I hate to shew the teeth before we bite : we choak our dogs with crusts as well as pins j no
will eat a pin alone : a blue ribbon and a starr we know will unbecome a rebel's shouldei
fishes bite at baits; he is an asse that angles and hides not his hooks : how most unhappy :
soveraign Lord, that the impatience of his friends should be as perillous to his fortunes i
pikes of his enemies ; we never yet well minded our next work ; he's a fooU that thinks whe
needle's in, the thread won't follow: set then your helping hand to this, let that alone ; pr(
the cause, and 'tis impossible to separate the effect. But he comes in on terms, and is bouni
Tush I remember that blessed line I marked in Machiavel ; he's an oafe that thinks an oal
any tedder can tame a Prince beyond his pleasure j 2eruiah's sons lived to David's great di
but 'twas but till he could kill them more conveniently: and prithee what did Shimei's pard<
198
slander his sacred Majesty, and render him odious to those of the Pres-
byterian tenets, which indeed is the whole scope and tenor of this
scurrulous doughty epistle, and to make some persons here think, that
there is such a stock of rancour and malice, and such deep thoughts of
revenge, harboured in the hearts and minds of all persons attending
the King, and in his own Royal heart likewise, that whatever pre-
tences and shews are at present made to the contrary, to compass their
ends, yet the issues and eflFects of this malice and revenge shall in due
time so appear and manifest itself, that there is not a man who hath
shewed any opposition to him self or his late Royal father, but sooner
or later shall feel their sad and direful stroke ; and this impress he hath
so Machiavelianly, and with such art and cunning, besprinkled and
scattered over the whole paper, and in such several subtle and wiley
ways, and such seeming real phrases, proper for such persons, who he
would fain to be the writer and receiver, that none but his grand tutor
and instructer, the Divel himself (and scarce he neither), could possibly
outdo him in some parts of this piece of artificial forgery. Others
there be which clearly discover the rat bv his squeaking; but above
all, that bold" and impudent lye, in representing that meeke and gentle
Prince to have no need of spurs to revenge, but rather a rein to hold
him in from it, Is such a piece of open and notoriously known fals-
hood, that it is to be wondered at, that he should escape a dart from
heaven, into his false and hollow sly heart, whilst he was staining the
paper with that most mischievous, malicious expression, it being so
known and manifest to all about him, that nothing hath ever been, or
for him but planch him up : they can't abide to see his house a Round-head hive ; 'tis true, 'tis
much that any can : are you yet to learn to make necessity a vertue ? who doubts but that C.
Borgia did his businesse better, by lulling Vitelloz asleep, than to have hazarded all by the incer-
tain chance of fortune : 'tis a romance to think revenge can sleep, but like a dog, to wake at will.
"ris true, served we a Prince that needed spurs, this humour might be cherished ; but alas, we ra-
ther use all the art and arguments we can to rein him in ; hadst thou but seen his passion when
M's. Pedigree came over, thou wouldest have said he had steel enough. . . . Seal Rob. lips, I Pray
thee, for fear it may disserve him at dinner ; 'twas, and in some degree is, too publique. There need
no record for a rival ; yet is it laid (by strict command) next Murrye's manuscript, and will one
day be reviewed ; till then Plantaginet's in pickle. But I'le retain our (most absolutely necessaiy)
discourse for thy farther satisfaction : canst fancy, that our master can forget he had a father
how he liv'd and died, how he lost both crown and life, and who the cause thereof? never.
199
is more frequent with him, in his ordinary converse then to express his
firm and constant resolution to adhere close to the advertisement of his
Royal martyred Father, who, inter voces extremas (as it were) left a
preceptory advice to the contrary. Of such sort likewise, is this
Pasquil of the Pedigree he mentions ; false fictions of a son of Belial,
which will remain in pickle to arise up against this forger at a tribu-
nal, where the oflFspring of a Plantagenet, whose most innocent blood
he hath sucked, will bring in a record beyond Murryes manuscript,
which will fright his guilty soul down to that place of horrour pre-
pared for him and his fellow Regicides, his pin, crust, and dog, dam, and
kittlings, and the concealed nuntio and all that sort of senigmatical and
ribbald (yet very significant and malitious) drollery; what is it but
the filthy foam of a black and hellish mouth, arising from a viperous
and venemous heart, industriously and maliciously set upon doing what
cursed mischief lies within the sphere of his cashiered power, in such a
conjecture of time as this, when the nations hopes are in a full and just
expectation of receiving a perfect cure of those bleeding deep wounds,
and wastful and consuming miseries, made and continued by him and
his fellow plotters, which they have so long lay panting and groaning
under?
The star and blew ribbon he speaks of, will be every way as fit for
the shoulder which hath given him and his party such a shove, and as
deservedly as a hempen halter will be for this forgers own neck : and
'tis very possible, and probable too, they may both take their difficult
eflfects in due time, though we see what art is used to thrust that
monarch yet had a memory halfe su bad : ne'r fear't, there's fire enough in his father's ashes
(though yet invisible) to bum up every adversary ; only our clamourous impatience would have all
at once : give time, he ascends most safe that does't gradatim; overstraining not onely spends the
strength too feist, but does endanger falling more : remember our dread leige Lord (if ever guilty
of an error) miscarried here j from what a hope fell he and we, for want of following S, S.
advice : all or none's a game not for a Prince to play, but a desperado, whose fortunes rise and set
with every sun. The Presbyter will give up the phanatique, a handsome bone to pick at first : I
like it better far than all at once ; excess brings surfeits : thus half the beard they shave them-
selves, let us alone with t'other : drown first the kittlings, let the dam that litter'd them alone
a little longer. They glory they are orthodox ; hear, and hold still thy head, let us alone to find
out fresh pbanatiques. We know the sectaries had a sire, and whose spurious brood they are;
even as the Puritan was the off-set of the Protestant. Spain's attach, revive as oft as well thou
200
shoulder from its due merit by such the forger subtilties. The romance
of his Waldense Dulmano, byting the lip with all the dependent
sequel of such a parcel of montebanquery, that it confutes itself in its
own relation ; as also other his so openly known falsities, insinuated by
bits in a subtle way of seeming drollery, but very saw-tpoth'd in its
sense and signification ; and the aim of all is, to catch the common
and vulgar apprehensions, and draw them again into, such amaze and
delusion, as they may yet once more (if possible) fall under the worry-
ing power of him, and such like ravenous beasts of blood, prey, and
rapine. Sir, your nets are seen, and your fallacies fail you ; the hooks
you mention are laid too visibly ; the fish you would catch are so far from
swallowing, they will not bite at all ; you were best therefore go shave
your own beard, as you have those in your letter, and your scull too ; and
if your brain prove not thence more pregnant, 'twill serve (however) to
stufFe your powch instead of what such your angels were intended
to have holpen you- to ; and I would wish you also to take this advice
from a friend ; give over your angling this way, and appear no more in
publick at the side of this pool, lest you be tumbled in overhead and
ears, and your self become both the bait and prey of those you thus
endeavour to catch and delude by such your drolling subtleties.
And now, having done with your forged calumnies, I shall upon
this just occasion desire leave to tell you, and those whom they were
intended to beguile and work upon, that the Prince and Soveraigne
(whom it is so apparent your grand aim by this designe was to wound,
though through the fictitious sides of others set up in your own fancy),
canst J 'tis a good blindj and propagates our masters interest. Wat came since my last, and
will not let our Lord alone, till he sees a lecture up in Court, and Chaplins preach before him,
X)rdained by the Presbytery : and one Waldense is come already. O Jesu, Jack ! I want an iron
hoop to kfeep my sides from splitting, to see my poor Prince bite his lips for-halfe an hour long,
while that Dulmano begs a blessing (as he calls it) as our meech-beggars do their bacon at the
farmers doors. G. got behind him yesterday and made mouths, which the puppy by an unhappy
turn of his head perceived ; but his Majesty, seeing all, prudently anticipated his complaint, and with
Royal gravity, not only rebuked G. but immediantly dismissed him his service.
We all made application to the parson to mediate to our master for G. his restoration, which
he did : and after much intreaty, his request was granted ; but not for G. his sake, but for his,
and but on future good behaviour neither. M. H. and J. were in the presence at night; but I
thought we should have split our spleens a laughing : but by these means all was healed : and
201
IS one to whom both- you and they owe a duty and allegiance, by all
the laws of God, nature, and the land. And however you for your
part have a minde to forget, and are not pleased to own it, it is
(however) not the lesse his due : and it is not altogether impossible, but
upon better and due consideration of the horrid guilt you lye under,
divine grace may hereafter be so infused into you, and you thereby be
made so sensible of your crime, that perhaps you may yet cheerfully
return to such your bounden duty, and by your future demeanour wash
oflF those stains wherewith your guilty soul is now so deeply bespotted :
which that you may the more readily do,- 1 shall truly, and as know-
ingly as I believe it is possible for any in this nation, give you.thjs
just and due character of that most virtuous and excellent Prince,
whom (whatever your thoughts are now) it is possible you may one day
esteem it your chief honour to style your dear and dread Lord and
Soveraigne ; which is truly such, that in the opinion of very many
wise and knowing men, it would put the whole Christian world upon
some difficulty to find his parallel or equal in all respects. His birth
and extraction is known to be so transcendently illustrious, that what
Prince is there upon earth that can challenge a greater or more noble
and kingly, and for longer continuance, for centuries of years; his
person so lovely, amiable and graceful, that it even captivates the eyes
of all beholders, and every where generates a noble and generous
affection, respect, and clemency, from the ohiefest enemies of his ances-
tors, and of our nation and dominions. His parts and endowments
such,- that were we free from subjection to him, by all laws, and to make
search throughout all nations and people for a complete and well
accomplished personage to rule over us, common fame and report could
■henceforward' we are commanded to be plaguy-godly. H. bid me hand his service to thee ; be
swears he hath horned 1& cuckolds within these 14 dayes. Mind the miUtiamost, talk not of dis-
banding J one pin naturally drives out another. A. B. at parting swore he would see that execra-
ble exit raced out ; whom to assist he may not suffer. Let Th. continue his caresses, and bid him
not continue such coarse jokes any more. D, F, C, and . . . court upon all occasions. If M, M,
and . . . stand right, we ask no more, city, land, and sea is our own : that reformation likes us-
rarely well, thougii we wonder he would hazard all upon such a rash adventure. Bid Phil, and's
brother both be close, they now may list and none the wiser : we dared not let the Nuntio see the
sun. We hope our friends droop still, and curse him whom most they covet.— Let not thy lady,
2d
202
not but send us to him; so meek, gentle, and sweet of behaviour; so
firm, constant, and obliging in his friendships ; so milde, modest, and
patient in his afflictions and suflferings ; yet upon occasion so full of
princely courage and magnanimity, so knowing and discerning in his
reason and judgement, and by his retirement so fitted and adapted for
moderate government. But above all, so firmly and irremoveably fixed
to the profession of the true Protestant religion, testifyed many wayes
against the cunning arts and subtle attempts and allurements of the
most inveterate enemies thereof, that it is an infamy, never to be
washed off from this nation (unless the now general vote and desire
thereof be hearkened to and take effect in such manner as may in
some sort purge the same), that such a Prince as he, so qualified in all
respects, and so innocent likewise as to the first cause of difference,
and ever since, also saving his desire, and pursuance of his just and
undoubted birth-right; a thing which the meanest of us would be
condemned for by all, even by our very selves, should we omit, or be
negligent of, were it but for a poor cottage ; I say that such a Prince
as he, together with his illustrious, heroick, and high-born brethren,
(all of them, even in this their eclipsed obscurity, the renown and
glory of our nation,) should (as is hinted before) be chased from such
an ample and splendid patrimony, and large dominions, and that by his
own native subjects, and liege people, and suffered to wander, nay, by
their means hunted from place to place, from one nation (as is premised)
to another people, and forced to live upon the almes and charity (as it
know our Italian tye, the devil can't track us if we three keep pur tongue within our teeth. Fret
not, nor afflict thyself nor friend, for we resolve the rogues that left the Rump shall feel the scourge
that loyal hearts lash rebels with, as well as others ; a Roundhead is a Roundhead j black and white
devils all alike to us. — Thinkest thou that we can breath in peace, while we see a little finger left
alive that hath been dipt in royal blood ? or his adherents ? No ! a thought of mercy more hate-
ful is than hell ; but cooks may be conquerors, and a plate perform equal execution with a pistol,
and with less report. Be quiet then, let's use all art to make them take the halter tamely, Press
the speedy raising of the City reginients.^And out the rogue at stern : what folly is't to think
we can safely ferry while the fleet's phanatique ? This done, let our cause miscarry if it can, Maz.
met Wat, and gave him sound advice. — Get arms, but buy them not in such suspicious numbers •
that if all fails, we may repair to them, and cut our passage to the throne through traitors blood.
.— Farwel.
Brussels, S. V. March 10, 1659.
gas
■were) of those who doubtlesse are not without their grand desigji^
upon him and all hi» dominions, as (it may be feared) iime will sooner
or later clearly manifest; besides the subjecting him, and that whole
royal race, by this means, to the enticements and allurements, and to
the stratagems, nets, and entanglements of those Eomish rooking
gamesters, who are ranging in all parts for their prey, and will be sure
"to leave no stone unmoved to work their wicked ends, where such a
tjuarry of royal game are to be flown at, and with such advantage (as
the case stands with them) to be attempted; that the very contempla-
tion thereof cannot, me thinks, but draw tears from the eyes, and almost
blood from the hearts of all pious, loyal Protestant Christians, who
have any sence and feeling, as they ought, of that deep dishonour and
reproach, which by these very meanes must need$ redound to the pro-
fessors of the true Protestant religion, in all parts and places whatso-
ever, and no lesse sport and pastime to the great vicar general at
Rome, and his court and conclave ; but as in the ground where gold
grows, nothing (it is said) will thrive but gold, so God hath hitherto
preserved this virtuous Prince, most firm, sound, and entire, in the
true orthodox faith, and no doubt but will so continue him,« and make
him not only in title, but really and indeed a most magnanimous de-
fender thereof, against all its adversaries.
And whereas there is either a real or seeming fear in some sort of
guilty people (and thereby the desired settlement much disturbed and
retarded), that if the old Government take place againe, and the right
Pilot come at the head and stern thereof, that there will be such rankor,
malice, and revenge put in practice, by the all along adherers to the
Royal interest, against such as any time opposed them ; and thereby
such losse, dammage, and suflferings sustained, with divers other vain
and empty fears, jealousies, and conjectures. Now, as the true cha-
racter of his sacred Majesty himselfe is before very faithfully expressed,
so surely it will not seem incongruous and impertinent upon this just
occasion likewise, to interpose this sincere and unfeigned protestation,
on the behalfe of those adherers to the Royal interest, that as their
principles are truly Christian, so they most earnestly desire to pursue
204
the due practice of them accordingly. And whatsoever is forged in
that maUcious piece, before at large spoken of that loyal party, espe-
cially the main bulk and body of them (who are only considerable in
this case, and extravagants and not to be regarded),, are so far from
any thoughts of rankor, malice, and revenge in that particular, or any
aime of making good their losses by the estates of others (a usual vogue
raised by our peace-opposers), that they do as fully and unfainedly for-
give them, and all sorts of them, as they desire of Heaven the forgive-
nesse of their own transgressions ; and do so far detest the thought of
repairing their losses, that way feared, that to see his Majesty restpred,
and thereby a firm and lasting peace settled, that so it may be conveyed
to posterity, they would not only very cheerfully sit down by all their
losses and sufferings, but many thousands of them willingly sacrifice
much of their present fortunes, and some of; them their lives too, as a
grateful offertory for such a seasonable and all-healing mercy.
F U M I F U G I U M :
OR THE INCONVENIENCIE OF THE
AER AND SMOAK OF LONDON DISSIPATED.
TOGETHER WITH SOME REMEDIES HUMBLY PROPOSED
By J. E. Esq.
TO HIS SACRED MAJESTY, AND TO THE PARLIAMENT NOW ASSEMBLED.
PUBLISHED BY HIS MAJESTIES COMMAND.
Carbondmque gravis vis, atcjue odor insinuatur
Quam facile in cerebrum ! Lucret. 1. 5,
LON^DO N:
PKINTET) BY W. GODBID, FOR GABRIEL BEDEL AND THOMAS COLLINS, AND ARE TO BE SOLD
AT THEIR SHOP AT THE MIDDLE TEMPLE GATE, NEBR TEMPLE-BAK.
M. DC.LXI.
TO THE
KINGS MOST SACRED MAJESTY*.
Sir,
It was one day, as I was walking in your Majesties palace at White-
hall (where I have sometimes the honour to refresh my self with the
sight of your illustrious presence, which is the joy of your peoples
hearts) that a presumptuous smoake issuing from one or two tunnels
neer Northumberland-house, and not far from Scotland-yard, did so
invade the court, that all the rooms, galleriesj and places about it were
fiU'd and infested with it ; and that to such a degree, as men could
hardly discern one another for the clowd, and none could support,
without manifest inconveniency. It was not this which did first sug-
gest to me what I had long since conceived against this pernicious
accident, upon frequent observation ; but it was this alone, and the
trouble that it must needs procure to your sacred Majesty, as well as
hazard to your health, which kindled this indignation of mine against
it, and was the occasion of what it has produc'd in these papers.
Your Majesty, who is a lover of noble buildings, gardens, pictures,
and all royal magnificences, must needs desire to be freed from this
* 13th Sept. 1661. " I presented my Fumifugium, dedicated to his Maty, who was pleased I
should publish it by his special commands, being much pleas'd with it". — Memoirs, vol. I. p. 326.
1 Oct. 1661. During a sailing match from Greenwich to Gravesend and back, between the
two yatchts belonging to the King and the Duke of York, for a wager of lOOZ. 3t which his Ma-
jesty was present, attended by Mr. Evelyn and divers noble persons; the King, says he, " was
pleas'd to discourse to me about my book, inveighing against the nuisance of the smoke of I^on-
don, and proposing expedients how by removing those particulars I mentioned, it might be re-
formed : commanding me to prepare a Bill against the next Session of Parliament, being, as he
said, resolv'd to have something don in it." — Idem, vol. I. p. 327.
208
prodigious annoyance ; and, which is so great an enemy to their lustre
and beauty, that where it once enters there can nothing remain long
in its native splendor and perfection : nor must I here forget that illus-
trious and divine Princesse, your Majesties only sister, the now Dutchesse
of Orleans, who at her highnesse late being in this city, did in my
hearing, complaiq, of the effects of this smoake both in her breast and
lungs, whilst she was in your Majesties palace. I cannot but greatly
apprehend, that your Majesty (who has been so long accustom'd to
the excellent aer of other countries) may be as much offended at it, in
that regard also ; especially since the evil is so epidemicall ; indangering
as well the health of your subjects, as it sullies the glory of this your
imperial seat. i
Sir, 1 prepare in this short discourse, an expedient how this perni-
cious nuisance may be reformed ; and offer at another also, by which
the aer may not only be freed from the present inconveniency, but
(that remov'd) to render not only your Majesties palace, but the whole
city likewise, one of the sweetest and most delicious habitations in the
world ; and this, with little or no expence ; but by improving those
plantations which your Majesty so laudably affects, in the moyst de-
pressed, and marshy grounds about the town, to the culture and pro-
duction of such things, as upon every gentle emission through the aer,
should so perfume the adjacent places with their breath, as if, by a
certain charm, or innocent magick, they were transferred to that part
of Arabia, which is therefore styl'd the Happy, because it is amongst
the gums and precious spices. Those who take notice of the scent of
the orange-flowers from the rivage of Genoa, and St. Pietro dell' Arena;
the blossomes of the rosemary from the Coasts of Spain, many leagues
off at sea; or the manifest, and odoriferous wafts which flow from
Fontenay and Vaugirard, even to Paris in the season of roses, with the
contrary effects of those less pleasing smells from other accidents, will
easily consent to what I suggest : and, I am able to enumerate a cata-
logue of native plants, and such as are familiar to our country and
clime, whose redolent and agreeable emissions would even ravish our
senses, as well as perfectly improve and meliorate the aer about Lon-
don ; and that, without the least prejudice to the owners and proprietors
209
of the land to be employ'd about it. But because I have treated of this
more at large in another curious and noble subject *, which I am pre-
paring to present to your Majesty, as God shall afford me leasure to
finish it, and that I give a touch of it in this discourse, I will enlarge
my addresses no farther, then to beg pardon for this presumption of
Sir,
Your Majesties ever loyal, most obedient
Subject, and Servant.
J. Evelyn.
TO THE READER.
I HAVE little here to add to implore thy good opinion and approba-
tion, after I have submitted this Essay to his Sacred Majesty : but as
it is of universal benefit that I propound it ; so I expect a civil enter-
tainment and reception. I have, I confesse, been frequently displeased
at the small advance and improvement of Public Works in this nation,
wherein it seems to be much inferiour to the countries and kingdomes
which are round about it ; especially, during these late years of our sad
confusions : but now that God has miraculously restor'd to us our prince,
a prince of so magnanimous and publick a spirit, we may promise our
selves not only a recovery of our former splender; but also whatever
any of our neighbours enjoy of more universal benefit, for health or
ornament : in summe, whatever may do honour to a nation so perfectly
Capable of all advantages.
It is in order to this, that I have presumed to ofier these few propo-
sals for the meliorating and refining the Aer of London ; being ex-
* Sylva and Terra.
2e
210
tremely amaz'd, that where there is so great an affluence of all thi
which may render the people of this vast city the most happy u
earthj the sordid and accursed avarice of some few particular pers(
should be suffered to prejudice the health and felicity of so many : i
any .profit (besides what is of absolute necessity) should render r
regardlesse of what chiefly imports them, when it may be purchs
upon so easie conditions, and with so great advantages : for it is
happiness to possesse gold, but to enjoy the effects of it, and to kr
how to live cheerfully and in health, non est vivere, sed valere v
That men whose very being is Aer, should not breath it freely wl
they may J but (as that tyrant us'd his vassals) condemn themselvei
this misery §• fumo prcefacari, is strange stupidity : yet thus we
them walk and converse in London, pursu'd and haunted by that
fernal smoake, and the funest accidents which accompany it where
ever they retire.
That this glorious and antient city, which from wood might
rendred brick, and (like another Rome) from brick made stone J
marble ; which commands the proud ocean to the Indies, and reac
to the farthest Antipodes, should wrap her stately head in clowds
smoake and sulphur, so full of stink and darknesse, I deplore with j
indignation. That the buildings should be compos'd of such a cong
tion of mishapen and extravagant houses ; that the streets should be
narrow and incommodious in the very center and busiest places of
tercourse ; that there should be so ill and uneasie a form of pav
under foot, so troublesome and malicious a disposure of the spouts i
gutters overhead, are particulars worthy of reproof and reformatic
because it is hereby rendred a labyrinth in its principal passages, an
continual wet-day after the storm is over. Add to this the deformity
so frequent wharfes and magazines of wood, coale, boards, and ot
course materials, most of them imploying the places of the nob]
aspect for the situation of palaces towards the goodly river, when tl
might with far lesse disgrace be removed to the Bank-side, and aft
wards disposed with as much facility where the consumption of th
commodities lyes; a Key in the mean time so contrived on London-side
might render it lesse sensible of the reciprocation of the waters, for i
211
and health infinitely superiour to what it now enjoys. These are the
desiderata which this great city labours under, and which we so much
deplore. But I see the dawning of a brighter day approach ; we have
a prince who is resolv'd to be a father to his country ; and a Parliament
whose decrees and resentiments take their impression from his Majesties
great genius, which studies only the publick good. It is from them,
therefore, that we augure our future happinesse j since there is nothing
which will so much perpetuate their memories, or more justly merit it.
Medails and inscriptions have heretofore preserv'd the fame of lesse
publick benefits, and for the repairing of a dilapidated bridge, a decaid
aquaeduct, the paving of a way, or draining a foggy marsh, their elo-
gies and reverses have out-lasted the tnarbles, and been transmitted to
future ages, after so many thousand revolutions : but this is the least
of that which we decree to our august Charles, and which is due to his
illustrious senators ; because they will live in our hearts, and in our
records, which are more permanent and lasting.
1 May, 1661. Farewell.
212
PREFACE TO THE EDITION OF THIS TRACT,
REPRINTED FOR B. WHITE, IN FLEET STREET, 1772.
The established reputation of Mr. Evelyn's writings would have
prevented the Editor of this very scarce Tract from adding any thing
himself, had not time made some alterations that appear worthy of
notice.
Our Author expresses himself with proper warmth and indignation
against the absurd policy of allowing brewers, dyers, soap-boilers, and
lime-burners, to intermix their noisome works amongst the dwelling-
houses in the city and suburbs : but since his time we have a great in-
crease of glass-houses, founderies, and sugar-bakers, to add to the black
catalogue,: at the head of which must be placed the fire-engines of the
water- works at London Bridge and York Buildings, which (^whilst
they are working) leave the astonished spectator at a loss to determine
whether they do not tend to poison and destroy more of the inhabitants
by their smoke and stench than they supply with their water. Our
author also complains that the gardens about London would no longer
bear fruit, and gives instances of orchards in Barbican and the Strand
that were observed to have a good crop the year in which Newcastle
was besieged (^1644), because but a small quantity of coals were brought
to London that year : by this we may observe how much the evil is in-
creased since the time this treatise was written. It would now puzzle
the most skilful gardener to keep fruit trees alive in these places : the
complaint at this time would be, not that the trees were without fruit,
but that they' would not bear even leaves.
Although the proposal of turning all the noxious trades at once out
of town may be thought impracticable, as being inconsistent with the
general liberty of the subject ; yet certainly some very beneficial regula-
tions lie within the power of the present public-spirited and active magis-
trates, to whom, with deference, the editor submits the following hints.
213
Till more efiPectual methods can take place, it would be of great ser-
vice to oblige all those trades, who make use of large fires, to carry their
chimnies much higher into the air than they are at present; this expe-
dient would frequently help to convey the smoke away above the build-
ings, and in a great measure disperse it into distant parts, without its
falling on the houses below.
Workmen should be consulted, and encouraged to make experiments,
whether a particular construction of the chimnies would not assist in
conveying off the smoke, and in sending it higher into the air before it
is dispersed.
A method of charring sea-coal, so as to divest it of its smoke, and
yet leave it serviceable for many purposes, should be made the object of
a very strict enquiry ; and premiums should be given to those that were
successful in it. Proper indulgences might be made to sucb sugar,
glass, brewhouses, &c. as should be built at the desired distance from
town : and the building of more within the city and suburbs prevented
by law. This method vigorously persisted in, would in time remove
them all.
The discernment and good sense of the present times are loudly called
on to abolish the strange custom of laying the dead to rot amongst the
living, by burying in churches and church-yards within the town : this
practice has not escaped our author's censure :-and foreigners have often
exposed the absurdity of the proceeding. But it seems to be left parti-
cularly to the magistracy and citizens of London, to set an example to
the rest of this kingdom and to Europe, by removing a nuisance which
ignorance and superstition have entailed on us hitherto ; and which,
amongst those that are not well acquainted with our religion, brings a
disgrace on Christianity itself. It will be a work of little shew or
ostentation, but the benefits arising from it will be very extensive and
considerable : in both respects it recommends itself in a particular man-
ner to an opulent and free people*.
* Amongst the remains of old Rome, the grandeur of the Commonwealth shews itself chiefly
in works that are either necessary or convenient : on the contrarjr, the magnificence of Rome,
under the Emperors, is seen principally in such works as are rather for ostentation or luxury, than,
any real usefulness or necessity. — Addison.
214
To confirm what our author has urged against the air of Lond
reader is desired to take a view of the Bills of Mortality, and t
culations made from them; and he will find that there is a w
near ten thousand people, who are drawn every year from the <
to supply the room of those that London destroys beyond what ii
Indeed the supply that the town furnishes towards keeping up i
inhabitants appeared so very small to the ablest calculator and vc
tional enquirer (Corbyn Morris) into this subject, that he owns
afraid to publish the result.
But, without the use of calculations, it is evident to every oi
looks on the yearly Bill of Mortality, ' that near half the childn
are born and bred in Uondon die under two years of age. Som
attributed this amazing destruction to luxury and spirituous Hqu
these, no doubt, are powerful assistants : but the constant and
mitting poison is communicated by the foul air, which, as the "tov
grows larger, has made regular and steady advances in its fa
fluence. "
The ancient Greeks and Romans, even in their greatest state
finement, were reconciled by habit to the custom of exposing ai
stroying young children, when parents did not choose to support
the same practice is familiar among the Chinese at this day. We
der and are shocked at the barbarity of it, but at the same tii
accustomed to read with great composure of the deaths of thousa
infants suffocated every year by smoke arid stenches, which goi
licy might in a great measure remove.
Our author, who had been very instrumental in restoring Cha
his throne, was unfortunate in recommending a work of such i
quence to so negligent and dissipated a patron. The editor is e
raged by a more promising appearance of success. He has seei
pleasure many improvements of great importance to the eleganc
welfare of this city undertaken and completed in a short time,
Magistrates of less public spirit and perseverance than our pr
would have pronounced them to have been impracticable.
London, March 16, 1772.
215
FUMIFUGIUM*:
THE INCONVENIENCY OF THE SMOAK OP LONDON DISSIPATED, &C.
PART I.
It is not without some considerable analogy, that sundry of the
philpsophers have nam'd the Aer the vehicle of the soulf, as well
as that of the earth, and, this frail vessell of ours which contains
it; since we all of us finde the benefit which we derive from it, not
onely for the necessity of common respiration and functions of the
organs; but likewise for the use of the spirits and primigene humors,
which doe most neerly approach that divine particle. But we shall not
need to insist, or refine much on this sublime subject ; and, perhaps it
miglit scandalize scrupulous persons to pursue to the height it may
possibly reach (as Diogenes and Anaximenes were wont to deifie it)
after we are past the ^therial, which is a certain aer of Plato's denomi-
nation J, as well as that of the lesse pure, more turbulent and dense,
which, for the most part we live and breathe in, and which comes here
to be examin'd as it relates to the design in hand, the City of London,
and the environs about it.
It would doubtlesse be esteem'd for a strange and extravagant para^
dox, that one should affirme, that the Aer it selfe is many times a potent
and great disposer to rebellion ; and that insulary people^ and indeed,
most of the Septentrion Tracts, where this medium is grosse and heavy,
are extremely versatile and obnoxious to change both in religious and
* The reader is referred to an excellent analysis of this Tract in the Journal of Science, Litera-
ture and the Arts. Vol. xii. 1822, pp. 343.
t Anima, quasi dve/xos. + In Timaeo.
216
secular affaires : plant the foote of your compasses on the very pole,
and extend the other limb to 50 degrees of latitude : bring it about
'till it describe the circle, and then reade the histories of those nations
inclusively and make the calculation. It must be confess'd, that the
aer of those climates, is not so pure and defecate as those which are
neerer the tropicks, where the continent is lesse ragged, and the
weather more constant and steady, as well as the inclination and temper
of the inhabitants.
But it is not here that I pretend to speculate upon these causes, or
nicely to examine the discourses of the Stoicks and Peripateticks,
whether the aer be in it self generally cold, humid, warm, or exactly
temper'd so as best conduces to a materiall principle, of which it is
accounted one of the four ; because they are altogether physicall notions,
and do not come under our cognizance as a pure and sincere elemeht ;
but as it is particularly inquinated, infected, participating of the various
accidents, and inform'd by extrinsical causes, which render it noxious
to the inhabitants, who derive and make use of it for life. Neverthe-
lesse, for distinction sake, we may yet be allow'd to repute some aers pute,
comparatively, viz. that which is cleare, open, sweetely ventilated, and
put into motion with gentle gales and breezes ; not too sharp, but of
a temperate constitution. In a word, that we pronounce for good and
pure aer, which heat not to sweat and faintnesse ; nor cooles to rigid-
nesse and trembling ; nor dries to wrinkles and hardhesse ; nor moystens
to resolution and over much softnesse. The more hot promotes indeede
the witt, but is weak and trifling; and therefore Hippocrates* speaks
the Asiatique people imbelles and effeminate, though of a more arti-
ficial and ingenious spirit. If over cold and keen, it too much abates
the heat, but renders the body robust and hardy ; as those who are
born under the northern bears, are more fierce and stupid, caused by a
certain internal antlperistasis and universal Im pulsion -f-. The drier aer
is generally the more salutary and healthy, so it be not too sweltery
and infested with heat or fuliginous vapours, which is by no means a
* Lib. de Aere, Aqu. et Locis.
-j- That is, the heat of their bodies is condensed and exercised by the coldness of the atmosphere
that surrounds them.
21f
friend to health and longaBvjty, as Avicen notes of the -ffithiops who-
seldome arived to any considerable old age. As much to be reproved
is the moyst, viz. that which is over mix'd with aquous exhalations,
equally pernicious and susciptible of putrefaction; notwithstanding
does it oftner produce faire and tender skins, and some last a long while
in it ; but commonly not so healthy as in Aer which is more dry. But
the impure and uliginous, as that which pi^oceedes from stagnated places,
is of all other, the most vile and pestilent.
Now, that through all these diversities of Aer, motes hominum Ao
corporis temperamentum sequi, is for the greater part so true an obser-
vation, that a volume of instances might be produced, if the common
notices did not sufiSciently confirme it even to a proverb* The Aer on
which we continually prey, perpetually inspiring matter to the animall
and vitall spirits, by which they become more or lesse obfuscated,
clowded, and rendered obnoxious ; and therefore that prince of phy-
sitians Hippocrates, wittily calls a sincere and pure Aer " the internunce
and interpreter of prudence *." The celestiall influences being so much
retarded or assisted, and improv'd through this omnipresent, and, as it
were, universal medium : for, though the Aer in its simple substance
cannot be vitiated; yet, in it«> prime qualities it suffers these infinite
mutations, both from superiour and inferiour causes, so as its accidentall
effects become almost innumerable, . ,
Let it be farther consider'd, what is most evident, that the, body
feedes upon meats commonly but at certain periods and stated times, be
it twice a day or oftner ; whereas, upon the Aer, or what accompanies
it Cest enim in ipso jlere occultus vitcs cibusj, it is allwaies preying,
sleeping or waking; and therefore, doubtlesse the election of this con-
stant and assiduous food, should something concefne us, I affirme, more
then even the very meat we eat, whereof, so little and indifferent
nourishes and satisfies the most temperate and best educated perspns.
Besides, Aer that is corrupt insinuates it self into the vital parts imme-p
diately; whereas the meats which we take, though never so ill con*
dition'd, require time for the concoction, by which its effects are greatly
* De Morbo Sacro.
2f
218
mitigated ; whereas the othey, passing so speedily to the lungs, and
virtually to the heart it self, is deriv'd and communicated over the
whole masse ; in a word, as the lucid and noble Aer, clarifies the hlood^i
subtilizes and excites it, cheering the spirits and promoting digestion ;
so the dark and grosse (on the contrary) perturbs the body, prohibits
rtecessary transpiration for the resolution and dissipation of ill vapours,
even to disturbance of the very rational faculties^ which the purer Aer
does so far illuminate, as to have rendred some men healthy and wise
even to a miracle. And therefore the empoysonjng of Aer was ever
esteem'd no lesse fatall then the poysoning.of water or meate it self,
and forborn even amongst barbarians; since (as is said) such, infections
become more apt to insinuate themselves, and betray the very; spirits, to
which they have so neer a cognation. Some Aers we know are held
to be alexipharmac, and even deleterious ito poy son it, self, as 'tis re-
ported of that of Ireland. In some we finde carcasses will hardly
putrifie, in others again rot and fall to pieces immediately.
! From these or the like considerations therefore, it might well proceed j
that Vitruvius, and the rest who follow that master Builder*, mention
it as a principle, for the accomplishment of their Architect, that being
skilfull in the art of Physick, amongst iotherr observations, he sedulously
examined the Aer and situation of the places where he designs to -build,:
the inclinations of the heavens, and the climats ; Sine his enim ratio-
nibus nulla saluhris habitatio fieri potest-f : there is no dwelling can be
safe or healthy without it, 'Tis true, he does likewise adde Water also,
which is but a kinde of condensed Aer ; though he might have observ'd
that element to be seldome bad, where the other is good; omitting
ortely some peculiar fountains and mineral waters, which are percolated
through mines and metalique earths less frequent, and very rarely to
be encounter'd. j,y
Now whether those who were the antient founders of our goodly metron
polis, had considered these particulars (though long before Vitruvius)
I can no waies doubt or make question of; since, having respect to the
nobleness of the situation of London, we shall: every way finde it to
* Lib. I. cap. 1. f Aeres Locorum.
219
-Jiave been consulted with all imaginable advantages, not onely in rela-
tion to profit, but to health and 1 pleasure ;^ and that, if there be any
thing which seems to- impeach .the two- last transcendencies, it will be
found to be but something extrinsecal and accidental onely, which
naturally does not concern the place at all ; hut which may very easily
be reformed, without any the least inconvenience, as in due time we
shaiU come to demonstrate.
ru>:;g,*j|>
For first, the City of London is built upon a sweet and most agreer
able eminency of ground, at the North-side of a goodly and well-con-
dition'd river, towards which it hath an, aspect by a gentle and easie
declivity, apt to be improved to all that may render her palaces, build-
ings, and avenues usefully gracefull, and: most maignificent : the fumes
which exhale from the waters and lower grounds lying South-ward, by
which means they are perpetually attracted, C;arried off, or dissipated by
the sun, as soon as they are born and ascend. , v
Adde to this, that the soil is universally, gravell, pot , onely where
the City it self is placed: but for severaU miles about the ■ countreys
which environ it : that it is plentifully and richly irrigated, and visited
with waters which christalize her fountains in every street, and may, be
conducted to them in such farther plenty, as Rome her self might not
more abound in this liquid- ornament, for the pleasure and divertise-
ment, as well as for the use and refreshment of her. inhabitants. I for-
bear to enlarge upon the rest of the conveniencies which this august and
opulent City enjoies both by sea and land, to accumulaJte h,er encomi-
ums, and render her the most considerable; that the earth has standing
upon her ample bosome; because, it belongs to the Orator and, the
Poet, and is none of my institution : but I will infer, that if this goodly
City justly challenges what is her due, and merits all that can be said
to reinforce her praises, and give her title ; she is to be jeliev'd. from
that which renders her less healthy, really offends her, and which
darkens and eclipses all her other attributes. And what is all tbisi.but
that hellish and dismall cloud of Sea-coal? which is not only perpetu-
ally imminent over her head, for as the Poet,
Conditur in tenebris altum caligine Coelum *,
* iEneid. 11.
220
0 universally mixed with the otherwise wholsome and excellent Aer,
her inhabitants breathe nothing but an impure and thick mist, accom-
ed with a fuliginous and filthy vapour, which renders them obnoxious
thousand inconveniences, corrupting the lungs, and disordering the
e habits of their bodies ; so that cathars,. phthisicks, coughs and
umptionsrage more in this one'City than in the whole earth besides,
shall not here much descant upon the nature of smoaks, and other
lations from things burnt, which have obtain'd. their severall
letes, according to the quality of the matter consumed, because
are generally accounted noxious and unwholsome, and I would
have it thought, that I doe here fumos vendere, as the word is, or
paper with insignificant remarks : it was yet haply no inept deri-
>n of that critick, who took our English, or rather Saxon appella-
from the Greek word a-f/.v^u, corrumpo, and exuro, as most agree-
to its destructive effects, especially of what we doe here so much
um against, since this is certain, that, of all the common and
liar materials which emit it, the immoderate use of, and indulgence
ea-coale alone in the City of London, exposes it to one of the
est inconveniencies and reproches, that can possibly befall so noble,
otherwise incomparable City : and that, not from the culinary fires
;h for - being weak, and lesse often fed below, is with such ease
ell'd and scatterr'd above, as it is hardly at all discernible, but
1 some few particular tunnells and issues, belonging only to brewers,
3, lime-burners, salt and sope-boylers, and some other private
es, one of whose spiracles alone does manifestly infect the Aer
e then all the chimnies of London put together besides. And that
is not the least hyperbolic, let the best of judges decide it, which
ke to be our senses : whilst these are belching It forth their sooty
5, the City of London resembles the, face rather of Mount Etna, the
■t of Vulcan, Stromboli, or the suburbs of Hell, then an assembly
itional creatures, and the imperial seat of our incomparable Monarch.
when in all other places the Aer is most serene and pure, it is here
psed with such a cloud of sulphure,. as the Sun it self, which gives
to all the world besides, is hardly able to penetrate and impart it
! ; and the weary Traveller, at many miles distance, sooner smells
221
then sees the City to which he repairs. This is that pernicious smoate
which sullyes all her glory, superinducing a sooty crust or furr upon all
that it lights, spoyling the moveables, tarnishing the plate, gildings,
and furniture, and corroding the very iron bars and hardest stones with
those piercing and acrimonious spirits which accompany its sulphure ;
and executing more in one year, then expos'd to the pure Aer of the
country it could effect in some hundreds.
piceaque gravatutn
Foedat nu,be diem * ;
It is this horrid smoake which obscures our churches, and makes our
palaces look old, which fouls our clothes, and corrupts the waters, so
as the very rain and refreshing dews which fall in the several seasons
precipitate this impure vapour, which, with its black and tenacious
quality, spots and contaminates whatsoever is expos'd to it.
' Calidoque involvitur undique fumo -|-.
It is this which scatters and strews about those black and smutty
atomes upon all things where it comes, Insinuating it self into our very
secret cabinets, and most precious repositories : finally, it is this which
diffuses and spreads a yellownesse upon our choycest pictures and hang-
ings : which does this mischief at home ; Is Avernts J to fowl, and
kills our bees and flowers abroad, suffering nothing in our gardens to
bud, display themselves, or ripen ; so as ouranemonies, and many other
choycest flowers, will by no Industry be made to blow in London, .or
the precincts of it, unlesse they be raised on a hot-bed, and govern'd
with extraordinary artifice to acceUerate their springing, imparting a
bitter and ungrateful tast to those few wretched fruits which, never
arriving to their desired maturity, seem, like the apples of Sodome,. to
fall even to dust when they are but touched. Not therefore to be for-
gotten is that which was by many observ'd, that in the year when
' * Claud.de rap. Pros, 1. 1.- f 0"^'
J, A lake in Italy; which formerly emitted such noxious fumes, that birds^ which a,ttempted to
fly over it fell in and were suffocated ; but it has lost this bad quality for many ages, and is at
present well stocked with fish and fowl.
222
New-castle was besiegM and blocked up in our late wars^ so as throug
the great dearth and scarcity of coales, those famous worjks many <
them were either left off, or spent but feW coales in cothparlsori t
what they now use : divers gardens and orchards planted even" in th
very heart of London, (as In particular my lord MarqueSse of Herl
fords * In the Strand, ihy Lord Brldgewaters f, and some others abot
Barbican,) were observed to bear such plentiful and infinite quiantltie
of fruits, as they never produced the like either before or since, t
their great astonishment : but it was by the owners rightly Imputed t
the penury of coales, and the little smoake which they took notice t
infest them that year : for there is a virtue in the Aer, to penetrate
alter, nourish, yea and to multiply plants and fruits, without whlcl
no vegetable could possibly thrive ; but as the Poet,
Aret ager : vitio moriens sitit aeris herba+ : ,
So as it was not ill said by Paracelsus, that of all things Aer onl
could be truly affirm'd to have life, seeing to all things it gave life
Argument sufficient to demonstrate how prejudicial it is to the bodle
of men ; for that can never be Aer fit for them to breath in, where no
fruits nor flowers do ripen, or come to a seasonable perfection.
I have strangely wondred, and not without some just indignation
when the south-wind has been gently breathing, to have sometime
beheld that stately house and igarden belonging to my lord of North
* Sit William Seymour, Knt. second son of Edward Earl of Hertford, who succeeded his fathe
in his titles and honours in 1618. In 1640, in consideration of his eminent services, he was cfeate
Marquess of Hertford, and living to see the restoration of King Charles H. was by a special Ac
restored to the title of Duke of Somerset. His second marriage was with Lady Prances, daughte
of Robert Earl of Essex. '
After a careful but fruitless research for the house alluded to in the text> it seems probable, frOE
the matrimonial alliance above-mentioned, that this nobleman was residing in Essex-house at th
time referred to by Evelyn.
t The Earls of Bridgewater had a house in the Barbican, called after their title. It was burn
down in 1675, and Lord Brackley, eldestsonof the then Earl, and a younger brother, ' with thei:
tutor, perished in the flames. The site is now called Bridgewater-square, or garden. Pennant.
i Peorg. 7.
223
umberland *, even as far as White-hall and Westminster, wrapped in a
horrid cloud of this ^moake, issuing from a brew-house or two con-
tiguous to that noble, palaqe : so as coming up the river, that part of
the City has ^ppqar'd a sea where no land was within ken ; the same
fre(jiJkently happens from a Lime-kelne f on the bank-side neer the
Falcon J, which when the windblQwes southern, dilates it self all over
that poynt of the Thames, and the opposite part of London, especially
about St. Paul's, poysoning the Aer with so d^rk and thick a fog, as I
■ have been, hardly able to pass through it, for the extraordinary stench
and halitus It sends forth ; and the like Is neer Fox-hall § at the farther
end of Lambeth.
Now to what funest and deadly accidents the assiduous invasion of
the smoak exposes the numerous inhabitants, I have already touch'd,
whatsoever some have fondly pretended, not considering that the con-
stant use of the same Aer (be It never so impure) may be consistent
with life and a valetudinary state ; especially, if the place be native to
us, and that we have never lived for any long time out of it; custome,
in this, as In all things else, obtaining another nature, and all putre-
faction proceeding from certain changes, It becomes^ as it were, the
form and perfection of that vvhich is contain'd In It: for so (to say
nothing of such as by assuefaction have made the rankest poysons their
* Northumberland-house still graces the Strand as a memento of the splendour of our ancient no-
bility, untouched by the devastating hands of mercenary builders, who have driven from the street
every vestige of past times.
f I doe assent, that both lime and sulphur are in some affections specifics for the lungs ; but then
they are to be so prepared, as nothing save the purest parts be received into the body (for so phy-
sicians prescribe flore sulph, &c.) and not accompanied with such gross and plainly virulent va-
pours as these fires send forth : nor are they (as accurately prepar'd as art can render them) to be
perpetually used, but at certain periods, in formes, and with due regimen.
% The Falcon Stairs were standing upon that spot from the Bank-side, Southwark, lately oc-
cupied by the South-east corner of the Albion Mills, and near them stood a very spacious building
of wood and plaster, called the Falcon Inn, which, ft-om its appearance, was probably erected long
previous to the reign of Elizabeth., : From its magnitude, and contiguity to the Bank-side Theatre,
it was possibly the resort of Shakspeare, Ben Jonson, and other constant visitants of the Globe and
Bear-garden. It was in the yard of the Falcon Inn that Sir Christopher Wren erected a house of
red bricks, for the constant viewing the progress of St. Paul's and the otlier City Churcliea, which
he was employed to re-build, and whieh could be seen from any of its windows.
§ Now known by the name of Vauxhall.
224
most, familiar diet) we read that IJpimenides continu'd fifty years in a
damp cave, the Eremites dwelt in dens, and divers live now in the
fens ; some are condemn'd to the mines, and others, that are perpe-
tually conversant about the forges, furnaces of iron, and other smoaky
works, are little concern'd with these troublesome accidents : but as it
is not (I perswade my self) out of choyce that these men affect them ;
so nor will any man, I think, commend and celebrate their manner of
living. A tabid body might possibly trail out a miserable life of seven
or eight years by a sea-coale fire, as 'tis reported the wife of a certain
famous Physician did of late by the prescription of her husband ; but
it is to be considered also, how much longer and happier she might
have survived in a better and more noble Aer ; and that old Par, who
lived in health to an hundred and fifty years of age, was not so much
concern'd with the change of diet (as some have affirm'd) as with that
of the Aer, which plainly wither'd him, and spoyl'd his digestion in a
short time after his arrival at London.
There is, I confesse, a certain idiosyncrasis* in the composition of some
persons, which may fit and dispose them to thrive better in some Aers,
then in others. But it is manifest that those who repair to London,
no sooner enter into it, but they find a universal alteration in their bo-
dies, which are either dryed up or inflam'd, the humours being exas-
perated and made apt to putrifie, their sensories and perspiration so ex-
ceedingly stopp'd, with the losse of appetite, and a kind of general stu-
pefaction, succeeded with such cathars and distillations, as do never, or
very rarely, quit them without some further symptomes of dangerous
inconveniency so long as they abide in the place ; which yet are imme-
diately restored to their former habit, so soon as they are retired to their
homes and enjoy the fresh Aer again. And here I may not omit to
mention what a most learned Physician -f' and one of the CoUedge as-
sur'd me, as I remember of a friend of his, who had so strange an an-
tipathy to the Aer of London : that though he were a Merchant, and
had frequent businesse in the City, was yet constrained to make his
* A peculiar temperament or disposition.
t Dr. Whistler, > F. R. S. and Censor of the College of Physici^s, an excellent schplar, and ac-
knowledged by Evelyn as " the most facetious man in nature."
225
dwelling some miles without it ; and when he came to the Exchange,
within an hour or two grew so extremely indispos'd, that (as if out of
his proper element) he was forced to take horse (which us'd therefore
constantly to attend him at the entrance), and ride as far for his life, till
^ he came into the fields, and was returning home again, which is an in-
stance so extraordinary, as not, it may be, to be parallel'd in any place
of Europe, save the Grotto del Carie, nere Naples, the Os Plutonium
of Srlvius, or some such subterranean habitation. For diseases proceed
not from so long a series of causes, as we are apt to conceive ; but most
times from those obvious and diespicable mischiefs, which yet we take
lesse notice of because they are familiar. But how frequently do we
hear men say (speaking of some deceased neighbour or friend) 'he went
up to London, and took a great cold, &c. which he could never after-
wards claw oflF again.'
I report my self to all those who (during these sad confusions) have been
compelled to breath the Aer of other countries for some years ; if they
do not now perceive a manifest alteration in their appetite, and elearr
ness of their spirits ; especially such as have liv'd long in France, and
the city of Paris ; where, to take off that unjust reproch, the plague as
seldome domineers as in any part of Europe, which I more impute to
the serenity and purity of the Aer about it, then to any other qualities
which are frequently assign'd for the cause of it by divers writers. But
if it be objected that the purest Aers are soonest infected, it is answered,
that they are also the soonest freed again ; and that none would there-
fore choose to live in a corrupt Aer, because of this article. . London, 'tis
confess'd, is not the only city most obnoxious to the pestilence ; but it is
yet never clear of this smoake which is a plague so many other ways, and
indeed intolerable ; because it kills not at once, but always, since still
to languish is worse than even death it self. For is there under hea-
ven such coughing and snuffing to be heard, as in the London churches
and assemblies of people, where the barking and spitting is incessant
and most importunate. What shall I say ?
Hinc hominum pecudumque Lues*. —
* Lucan.
2 G
226
And what mgiy be the cause of these troublesome effects, but the in-
spiration of this infernal vapour, accompanying the Aer, which first heats
and sollicits the aspera arteria, through one of whose conduits, partly car-
tilaginous, and partly membranous, it enters by several branches into the
very pa7'enchi/ mo, and substance of the lungs, violating, in this passage,
the larynx and epiglottis^ together with those multiform and curious
muscles, the immediate and proper instruments of the voyce, which be-
coming rough and drye, can neither be contracted or dilated for the
due modulation of the yoyce ; so as by some of my friends (studious
in Musick, whereof one is a Doctor of Physick) it has been constantly
observ'd, that coming out of the country into London, they lost three
whole notes in the compasse of their voice, which they never recover'd
again till their retreat; adeo enim animantes* (to use the Orators words)
aspiratione ^eris sustinentur, ipseque Jler nobiscum videt, nobiscum
audit, nobiscum sonat. In summe, we perform nothing withobt it.
Whether the head and the brain (as some have imagined) take in the
ambient Aer, nay the very arteries through the skin universally over the
whole body, is greatly controverted ; but if so, of what consequence the
goodnesse and purity of the Aer is, will to every one appear: sure we
are, how much the respiration is perturb'd, and concern'd, when the
lungs are prepossessed with these grosse and dense vapours, brought
along in the Aer ; which on the other side being pure and fitly quali-
fied, and so conducted to them, is there commixed with the circulating
blood, insinuating itself into the left ventricle of the heart by the ar-
teria venosa, to rarifie and subtilize that precious vehicle of the spirits
and vital , flame. The vena arteriosa, and arteria venosa, disposing
themselves into many branches through the pulmonique lobes, for its
convoy, the Aer (as we sayd) being first, brought into them out of the
bronchia (together with the returning blood) to the very heart it self ;
so as we are not at all to wonder at the suddain and prodigious effects
of a poysonous or lesse wholesome Aer, when it comes to Invade such
noble parts, vessells, spirits, and humours, as it visits and attaques,
through those subtile and curious passages. But this is not all.
What if there appear to be an arsenical vapour, as well as sulphur,
* Cic. de Niit. Deor.
227
breathing sometimes from this intemperate use of sea-cole, in great
cities? That there is, what does plainly stupifie, is evident to those
who sit long by it; and that which fortun'd to the Dutchmen who
winter'd in Nova Zembla, was by all Physicians attributed to such a
deleterious quality in the like fuell, as well as to the inspissation of the
Aer, which they thought only to have attemper'd, as is by most esteem'd
to be the reason of the same dangerous halitus of char-cole, not fully
enkendl'd. But to come neerer yet.
New Castle cole, as an expert Physician* affirms, causeth consump-
tions, phthisicks, and the indisposition of the luiTgs, not only by the
suffiDcating abundance of smoake, but also by its virulency : for all
subterrany fuel hath a kind of virulent or arsenical vapour rising from
it; which, as it speedily destroys those who dig it in the mines, so
does it by little and little, those who use it here above them. There-
fore those diseases (saith this Doctor) most afflict about London, where
the very iron is sooner consum'd by the smoake thereof, then where
this fire is not used.
And, if indeed there be such a venemous quality latent, and some-
times breathing from this fuell, we are lesse to trouble ourselves for the
finding out of the cause of those pestilential and epidemical sicknesses
(epidemiorum causa enim in ^ere, says Galen) which at divers periods
have so terribly infested and wasted us : or, that it should be so suscep-
tible of infection, all manner of diseases having so universal a vehicle
as is that of the smoake, which perpetually invests this city : but this
is also noted by the learned Sir Kenelme Digby, f in confirmation of the
doctrine of atomical effluvias and emanations, wafted, mixed and com-
municated by the Aer, where he well observes, that from the materials
of our London fires, there results a great quantity of volatile salts,
which being very sharp and dissipated by the smoakes, doth infect the
Aer, and so incorporated with it, that, though the very bodies of those
corrosive particles escape our perception, yet we soon find their effects,
by the destruction which they induce upon all things that they do but
touch ; spoyling and destroying their beautiful colours, with their fuli-
* Arnold Boetius a Boot, a Physician well versed in the Latin, Greek, Hebrew^i and Syriac lan-
guages, who died in 1653. t In his Discourse of sympathetick powder.
228
ginous qualities : yea, though a chamber be never so closely locked
up, men find at their return, all things that are in it even covered with
a black thin soot, and all the rest of the furniture as full of it, as if it
were in the house of some miller, or a bakers shop, where the flower
gets into the cupboards and boxes, though never so close and accu-
rately shut.
This coale, says Sir K. flies abroad, fowling the clothes that are
expos'd drying upon the hedges; and in the spring-time (as but now
we mentioned) besoots all the leaves, so as there is nothing free from
its universal contamination, and it is for this that the bleachers about
Harlaem prohibit by an express law (as I am told) the use of these
coles, for some miles about that town ; and how curious the diers and
weavers of dammask, and other precious silks are at Florence, of the
least ingresse of any smoaky vapour, whilst their Idomes are at work, I
shall shew upon some other occasion : but in the mean time being thus
incorporated with the very Aer which ministers to the necessary respi-
ration of our lungs, the inhabitants of London, and such as frequent
it, find it in all their expectorations; the spittle, and other excrements
which proceed from them, being for the most part of a blackish and
fuliginous colour : besides, this acrimonious soot produces another sad
effect, by rendrlng the people obnoxious to inflammations, and comes
(in time) to exulcerate the lungs, which is a mischief so incurable, that
it carries away multitudes by languishing and deep consumptions, as
the Bills of Mortality do weekly inform us. And these are those
endemii morhi, vernaculous and proper to London. So corrosive is
this smoake about the city, that if one would hang up gammons of
bacon, beefe, or other flesh to fume, and prepare it in the chimnies, as
the good house- wifes do in the country, where they make use of
sweeter fuell, it will so mummifie, drye up, waste and burn it, that it
suddainly crumbles away, consumes and comes to nothing.
The consequences then of all this is, that (as was said) almost one
half of them who perish in London, dye of phthisical and pulmonic dis-
tempers ; that the Inhabitants are never free from coughs arid importu-
nate rheumatisms, spitting of impostumated and corrupt matter : for
remedy whereof, there is none so infallible, as that, in time, the patient
229
change his Aer, and remove into the country : such as repair to Paris
(where it is excellent) and other like places, perfectly recovering of their
health ; which is a demonstration sufficient to confirm what we have
asserted concerning the perniciousnesse of that ahout this City, pro-
duced only from this exitial and intolerable accident.
But 1 hear it now objected by some, that in publishing this invective
against the smoake of London, I hazard the engaging of a whole faculty
against me, and particularly, that the Colledge of Physicians esteem it
rather a preservation against infections, then otherwise any cause of the
sad effects which I have enumerated. But as I have, upon several en-
counters, found the most able and learned amongst them, to renounce
this opinion, and heartily wish for a universal purgation of the Aer by the
expedients I propose ; so I cannot believe that any of that learned so-
ciety should think themselves so far concern'd, as to he offended with
me for that, which (as well for their sakes, as the rest who derive bene-
fit from it) I wish were at farther distance ; since it is certain, that so
many of their patients are driven away from the City, upon the least in-
disposition which attaques ,them, on this sole consideration ; as esteem-
ing it lesse dangerous to put themselves into the hands of some country
doctor or empiric, then to abide the Aer of London, with all its other
advantages. For the rest, that pretend to that honourable profession ;
if any shall find themselves Qgreev'd, and think good to contend, I shall
easily allow him as much smoake as he desires, and much good may it
do him. But it is to be suspected, and the answer is made (by as many
as have ever suggested the objection to me), that there be some whom
I must expect to plead for that which makes so much work for the
chimney-sweeper : since I am secure of the learned and ingenuous, and
whose fortunes are not built on smoake, or raised by a universal cala-
mity : such as I esteem to be the nuisances I have here reproved : I do
not hence infer, that I shall be any way impatient of a just and civil
re'ply, which I shall rather esteem for an honour done me, because I
know that a witty and a learned man is able to discourse upon any sub-
ject whatsoever ; some of them having with praise, written even of the
praise of Diseases themselves ; for so Favorinus of old, and Menapius
since, commended a quartan ague ; Pirckhemierus the gout ; Gutherius
230
celebrated blindnesse, Hiensius the louse; and to come nearer our theam^
Majoragius the nasty dirt : not, I suppose, that they affected these plea-
sant things, but, as' A. Gellius * has it, exercendi gratia ^ and to shew
their wits : for as the Poet,
Sunt etiam musis sua ludicra, mista camoenis
Otia sunt :
But to proceed, I do farther affirm, that it is not the dust and ordure
which is daily cast out of their houses, much lesse what is brought in by
the feet of men and horses ; or the want of more frequent and better
conveyances, which renders the streets of London^dirty even to a pro-
verb : but chiefly this continual smoake, which ascending in the day-
time, is, by the descending dew and cold, precipitated again at night :
and this is manifest, if a peice of clean linnen be spread all night in any
court or garden, the least infested as to appearance ; but especially if it
happen' to rain, which carries it down in greater portion, not only upon
the earth, but upon the water also, where it leaves a thin web, or pelli-
cule of dust, dancing upon the surface of it ; as those who go to bathe
in the Thames (though at some miles distance from the City) do easily
discern and bring home upon their bodies : How it sticks on the hands,
faces, and linnen of our fair ladles, and nicer dames, who reside constantly
in London (especially during winter), the prodigious wast of almond-pow-
der for the one, soap and wearing out of the other, do sufficiently manifest.
Let it be considered what a fuliginous crust is yearly contracted, and
adheres to the sides of our ordinary chymnies where this grosse fuell is
used; and then imagine, if there were a solid tentorium, or canopy
over London, what a masse of soote would then stick to it, which now
(as was said) comes down every night in the streets, on our houses, the
waters, and is taken into our bodies.
And may this much suffice concerning the causes and effects of this
evill, and to discover to all the world how pernicious this smoake is to
our inhabitants of London, to decrie it, and to introduce some happy
expedient, whereby they may for the future hope to be freed froni so
intolerable an inconvenience, if what I shall be able to produce and offer
next may in some measure contribute to it.
* De materiis infamibus quas Grsci aJofs; appellant. Noct. Att. L. 17. c. 12.
231
PART II.
We know (as the proverb commonly speaks) that, 'as there is no
smoake without fire ; so neither is there hardly any fire without smoake/
and that the axxTrm |uAa, materials which burn clear are very few, and
but comparatively so tearmed. That to talk of serving this vast City
(though Paris as great, be so supplied) with wood*, were madnesse;
and yet doubtlesse it were possible, that much larger proportions of
wood might be brought to London, and sold at easier rates, if that were
diligently observed, which both our Laws enjoyn, as faisible and prac-
tised in other places more remote, by planting and preserving of woods
and copses, and by what might by sea be brought out of the Northern
countries, where it so greatly abounds, and seems inexhaustible. But
the remedy which I would propose, has nothing in it of this difficultyj
requiring only the removal of such trades, as are manifest nuisances to
the City, which I would have placed at farther distances; especially,
such as in their works and fournaces use great quantities of sea-colej the
sole and only cause of those prodigious clouds of smoake which so uni-
versally and so fatally infest the Aer, and would in no city of Europe be
permitted, where men had either respect to health or ornament. Such
we named to be brewers, diers, sope and salt-boylers, lime-burners, and
the like : these I affirm, together with some few others of the same
classe removed at competent distance, would produce so considerable
(though but partial) a cure, as men would even be found to breath a
new life as it were, as well as London appear a new city, delivered from
that which alone renders it one of the most pernicious ' and insupport-
able abodes in the world, as subjecting her inhabitants to so infamous
an Aer, otherwise sweet and very healthful : for, (as we said) the culi-
nary fires (and which charking would greatly reform) contribute little
or nothing in comparison to these foul mouth'd issues, and curies of
smoake, which (as the Poet has it) do ccelum subtexere fumo ■{', and
* This project of supplying London with wood fires, was certainly very humane ; but, from the
destruction of the woodsy even in Evelyn's days, was as little practicable as it would be at present,
t Virgil.
232
draw a sable curtain over heaven. Let any man observe it upon a Sun-
day, or such time as these spiracles cease, that the fires are generally
extinguished, and he shall sensibly conclude, by the clearnesse of the
skie, and universal serenity of the aer about it, that all the chimnies in
London do not darken and poyson it so much as one or two of those
tunnels of smoake ; and, that, because the most imperceptible transpi-
rations which they send forth are ventilated and dispersed with the
least breath which is stirring, whereas the columns and clowds of
smoake which are belched forth from the sooty throates of those works,
are so thick and plentiful, that rushing out with great impetuosity, they
are capable even to resist the fiercest winds, and being extremely siir-
charg'd with a fuliginous body, fall down upon the City, before they can
be dissipated, as the more thin and weak is ; so as two or three of these
fumid vortices *, are able to whirle it about the whole City, rendering it
in a few moments like the picture of Troy sacked by the Greeks, or the
approches of Mount-Hecla.
I propose therefore, that by an Act of this present Parliament, this
infernal nuisance be reformed ; enjoyning, that all those works be re-
moved five or six miles distant from London below, the river of Thames ;
I say, five or six miles, or at the least so far as to stand behind that
promontory jetting out, and securing Greenwich f from the pestilent
Aer of Plumstead-marshes : because, being placed at any lesser interval
beneath the City, it would not only prodigiously infect that his Majesties
royal seat (^and as Barclay calls it) pervetusta Itegum JBritatinicorum
domus ; but during our nine months Etesians (for so we may justly
name our tedious Western-winds) utterly darken and confound one of
the most princely, and magnificent J prospects that the world has to
shew : whereas, being seated behind that mountain, and which seems
to have been thus industriously elevated ; no winds, or other accident
whatever can force it through that solid obstacle ; and I am perswaded
that the heat of these works, mixing with the too cold and uliginous
* Pliny. t Or WooUedge.
} Meinorabilis amoenitas pene citius animum quam oculos difFudit, aspectu non Britannia tan-
tum, sed fortasse tota Europa pulcherrimo, &c. Sed pulcherrimum spectaculum preebet ipsa'urbs
inter exiinias Europae celebrata, &c, Jo. Barcl. Euphor. Sat. part. 4. c. 2.
233
vapours which perpetually ascend from these fenny grounds, might be
a means of rendring that Aer far more healthy then now it is ; because
it seems to stand in need of some powerful drier ; but which London,
by reason of its excellent scituation, does not all require. And if it
shall be objected that the brakishnesse of the spring-tides, happening
hereabout at some periods, may render the waters lesse useful for some
purposes : it is an extraordinary accident, which, appearing rarely, is
cured again at the reversion of the next tide : or if it only concern the
brewer, I know no inconveniency, if even some of them were prescrib'd,
as far as any fresh-waters are found dissemboguing into the Thames ;
since the commodiousnesse of the passage may bring up their wares
with so great ease. He that considers what quantities are transported
from Dantzick, Lubeck, Hamborough, and other remote places into
Holland, cannot think this an unreasonable proposition : but if their
fondnesse to be nearer London, procure indulgence for some of them,
thetowne of Bowe, in regard of its scituation from our continual winds,
may serve for the expedient, and a partial cure : but the rest of thosfe
banish'd to the utmost extreme propounded on the river.
At least by this means thousands of able watermen may be employed
in bringing commodities into the City, to certain magazines & wharfs,
commodiously situated to dispense them by carrs or rather sleds, into
the several parts of the town ; all which may be eflfected with much faci-
lity, and small expense ; but, with such conveniency and benefit to the
inhabitants otherwise, as were altogether inestimable ; and therefore, to
be vallu'd beyond all other trifling objections of sordid and avaricious
persons whatsoever. Nor, indeed, could there at all the lest detriment
ensue upon this reformation, since, the places and houses deserted
(which commonly take up a great space of ground) might be converted
into tenements, and some of them into noble houses for use and plea-
sure, respecting the Thames to their no small advantage. Add to this,
that it would be a means to prevent the danger of fireing, those sad
calamities, for the most part, proceeding from some accident or other,
which takes beginning ' from places^ where such great and exorbitant
fires are perpetually kept going.
2 H
234
l^Joi: \vere this a tjiing yet sp extravagant, ao4 witUpiit: »U president
of former tinips ; slqpe even ithie siaa^^jse ^xl^ burning of les^e fqetid asn^
noxious fueU prodpc'd ^n inqqnveniepce so vii^iversal in po^e cQuntries
of |:his nation : not tq menjtion the complaint which I haye heard ^pme
parts even of France itself lying Sou(;h-west of England, did formerly
make of being infested with smoakes driven from o«r maritime coasts,
which injur'd their vinps jn flower % that ^t was thoughj: expedient an
Act of Parliamfipt should be pjiade purposply to reform \t, in the seventh
year of the reign of his Majesties grandfather that now is, which, to
take oflF all prgudice, X shall here rpcite, as it remains upon record.
Anno vii Jacohi liegis.
An Act against burning of Ling, and Heath, a,nd other Moar-burning
in the Counties of Yorke, Durhaip, Northumberland, Cumberland,
"Vl^estmorland, Lancaster, Darbie, Nottingham, and Leicester, at
unseasonable times of the y?ar.
Whereas, many inconveniencies are observed to happen in divers
counties of this realm, by moore-burnings, and by raising of fires in
moorish grounds and mountaneous countries, for burning of ling, heath,
hather, furres, gorsse, turflfe, fearn, whjnnes, broom, and the like, in the
spring time, and summer-times : For as much as thereby happeneth
* An elegant French writpr, since our author's time, describes the effects of pur sea-coal thus:
Aspicis effosso terris carbone Britanni ,
QUam malfe dissolvunt fiigus, quam ducitur aegrfe
Spiritus ; infesto nisi tabescentibus igne
Atpnspeliensis opetn tulerit pulmonibus aer.
*****
^gra salutifero potiatur ut aSre tepuin
Gallia, quae foculos uno carhone Britann{ini
Mqx strjiet ad ritum, lignp caritura^ gravc§que
Hauriet et fumos, et anheli semina morbi ;
Ni caveant quibus est nemorum mandata pptestas.
Jac. Vanierii Pk^d. Ru«t. 12mo, Par. 17€5, p. 33.
235
yearly a great destruction of the bifood of wild-fowle and moor-gaifitie,
and by the multitacfe of grosse va|)ours, and clouds arising from those
great fires, the Aer is so distemper'd, and such unseasonable and un-
natural storms are ingendred, as that the corn, and the fruites of
the earth are thereby in divers places blasted^; and greatly hindered in
their due course of ripening- and reaping. As also, for that sometimes
it: hath happened, that by the violence of those fires driven with the '
wind, great fields of corn growing, have been consumed, and meadbws-
spoyl'd, to the great hurt and dammage: of his Majesties subjects ;•
which moor-burnings, neverthelesse, may be used, and practised at
some other convenient times, without such, eminent dainger or prejudice.
Be it therefore enacted by our Soveraign Lord the. Kings most
excellent Miajesty, with the assent of the Lords spiritual and; temporkl,
and of the Commons in this Parliament assembled, and by the authoi->
rity of the same ; that from and after the last day of July next
ensuing the end of this present Session of Parliament, it shall; not be
lawful for any person or persons whatsoever, in the months of April,
May, June, July, August, and September, nor in any of. them.^ to
raise, kindle, or begin, or to cause or practise to be raised, kindled,
or beguni, any fires or moor-burnings in the said counties of York,
Durham, Northumberland, Cumberland, Westmorland, Lancaster,
Darby, Nottingham, and Leicester, or in any of them, for burning of
ling, heath, hather, furs, gorsse, turflFes, fearne, whinnes, broome or
the like ; neither to assist, further; nourish or continue the same ;
and that all and every person or persons which, from, and after the
said last day of July, shall offend contrary to the true intent and
meaning of this statute, the same offence being proved by confession
of the party, or by the testimonies of two sufficient witnesses upon
oath, before one or more Justices of the Peace of the same county, city,
or town corporate, where the offence shall be committed ; or the person
or persons offending, apprehended, shall be by the said Juistice or
Justices of the Peace for every such offence, committed to the common
goale of the county, city, or town corporate, where the offence shall be
committed, or the person or persons apprehended, there to remain for
the space of one month without bail or main-prise.
236
And further, be it enacted, by the authority aforesaid, that £
every person or persons, which shall be so convicted and impris(
aforesaid shall not be enlarged from their said imprison mem
shall there remain after the said month is expired, without bail oi
prise, untill such time as every such offender respectively sha
or cause to be paid to the churchwardens, or unto the overseers
poor of the parish or place where the same offence shall be comi
or the offender or offenders apprehended, or unto some of them,
use of the poor of the said parish or place where the same
shall be committed, the summe of twenty shillings for ever
offence committed or done contrary, to this Act, This Act to cc
until the end of the first Session of the next Parliament.
So far the Act. And here you see was care taken for the fo
the game, as well as for the fruits, corn, and grasse, which were i
sally incommoded by these unwholsome vapours, that distempei
Aer, * to the very raising of storms and tempests ; upon which a
sopher might amply discourse. And if such care was taken
country, where the more aereall parts predominate, and
comparison free ; how much greater ought there to be for th
where are such multitudes of inhabitants concern'd .? and surely it
of old, when (to obviate all that can be replied against it) even ]
very service of God, the sacrifices were to be burnt without the
amongst the Jews ; as (of old) amongst the Romans, hominen
tuum in urbe ne sepelito, neve urito. That men should burn c
the dead within the city walls, was expresly prohibited by a law
XII tables; and truely, I am perswaded, that the frequency of c
yards and charnel-houses contaminate the Aer in many parts (
town, as well as the pumps and waters which are any thing nea
them, so that those pipes and conveyances which passe through
(obnoxious tomany dangerous accidents) ought either to be d
some other way, or very carefully to be looked after.
We might add to these, chandlers and butchers, because ol
horrid stinks, niderous and unwholsome smells which proceed fn
* See Hipp, de Flatibus, & Gal. 1. Cib. boni & mail succi> instancing in corn and wj
son'd by ill Aer.
237
tallow and corrupted blood : at least should no cattel be kill'd within
the city (to this day observ'd in the Spanish great towns of America*)
since the flesh and candles might so easily be brought to the shambles
and shops from other places lesse remote then th^ former; by which
means also might be avoided the driving of cattel through the streets,
which is a very great inconvenience and some danger. The same might
be affirm'd of fishmongers, so-wittily perstringed by Erasmus f, per sal-
samentarios nempe, hiquinari Civitatem, infici terram, jiumina^ aerem
^ ignem, §• si quod aliud est elementum. Then for the butcher ;' that
the lex carnaria of the Romans forbad them to kill, or ^lave their
slaughter-houses within the walls ; that they had a certain station as-
sign'd them without ; we si passim vivant, totam urhem reddani pesti-
lentem. So, as were the people to choose, malunt (says he) habere
vicinos decern leriones, quam unum lanionem ; they would rather
dwell neer ten bawds, then one butcher. But this is insulsus salsa-
mentarius, a quibble of the fishmongers. I could yet wish that our
nasty prisons and common goales might bear them company ; since I
affirm they might all be remov'd to some distant places neer the river,
the situation whereof does so invite, and rarely contribute to the effect-
ing of it. But if the avarice of the men of this age, be so far deplor-
able, that we may not hope for so absolute a cure of all that is offen-
sive; at least let such vi'hose works are upon the margent of the
Thames, and which are Indeed the most Intollerable, be banished fur-
ther off, and not once dare to approach that silver channel (but at the '
distance prescrlb'd) which glides by her stately palaces, and irrigates
her welcome banks.
* This is also the custom in Paris, as will be seen in the following extract from Planta's New
Picture of Paris, 18'-22 : — " The slaughter-houses, which are considered the nuisance and, disgrace
of the English metropolis, are placed in the outskirts of Paris, and under the inspection of the
police. The slaughter-house of Montmartre, at the end of Rue Rochechouart, rivals' many of the
public buildings in its external appearance. It .is no less than 1,074 feet in length, and 384 in
depth, and is watered by sluices from the Ourcq. On entering it, the stranger perceives ho dis-
agreeable smell ; he witnesses no disgusting sight j and often he would not suspect the purpose to
which the building is devoted. The slaughter-house of Pepincourt, or Menilmontant, Rue dea
Amandiers, almost rivals that at Montmartre. The other slaughter-houses are. Abattoir de Cre-
nelle, near the Barrifere de Sfevres ; du Roule or de Mouceaux, faubourg du Roule j and de Ville
Tuif, or d'lvry, boulevard de I'Hdpital," flx^vo^ayia.
238
What a new spirit would these easie remedies create among' the
inhahitants of London ? what another genius infuse in the face of
things? and, there is none but observes, and feels: in himself the
chaaige which a serene and clear day produces ; how heavy and lesse
dispos'd to motion. Yea,, even to good humour and friendly inclinatiojiSj
we many times find ourselves when the Heavens are clowded,. and
discomposed'?/ when the south winds blow, and the humours are fluid,
for whafc we are when the skie is fair, and the aer in good temper?
And there is reason,, that we, who are compos'd of the elements;,, should'
participate of their qualities : for as the humours have their sourse
from, the elements;, so have our passions from the. hamors, and. the
soul which is united to this body of ourSj cannot but be affected with
itS( inclinations. The very dumb creatures themselves being sensible of
the alteration of the Aer,. though not by ratiocination,, yet by many-
notorious symptomes.
But I forbear to philosophise farther upon thisi subject, capable of very
large and noble reflections; having with my promis'd brevity, endea-
voured to shew the inconveniencies and the remedies of what does so
universally offend, and obscure the glory of this our renowned metro-
polis ; and which, I hope, may produce some effects toward* the re-
foirming of so-publick a nuisance. At least, let the continual sejourn of
our illustrious Charles,, who is the very breath of our nostrils, in whose
health all our happinease consists, be precious in our eyes, and make
our noble patriots, now assembled in Parliament, consult for the speedy
removal of this universal grievajicei
It is certainly of far greater concernment (however light and aery
it may appear to some) then the drayning of a fen, or beautrfying an
aqueduct, for which some have received such publick honours, statues,,
and inscriptions ; and will (if ever any thing did) deserve the like
acknowledgments both of the present and future ages. You, there-
fore, that have houses in the city, you that bring up your wives and
families from their sweet habitations in the country; that educate your
children here ; that have offices at court ; that study the laws : in fine
all that are ofAOKuwoi, 8f ad eundem fumum. degentes, bear a part in
this request of mine, which concerns the universal benefit ; and the
239
rather, for that having nerther habitation, office, nor being in the d
I 'eannot be suspected to oblige any particular. The elegant ladies j
nicer datnes ; all that are in health, and would continue so ; that are
firm or convalescent, and would be perfect ; that affect the glory of (
court and city, health or beauty, are concerned in this petition ; anc
will become our wise Senators, . and we earnestly expect it, that tl
would consult as well the state of the natural, as the politick be
of this great nation, so considerable a part whereof are inhabitants
this august city ; since, without their mtttual harmony and well-bei
there can nothing prosper, or arrive to its desired perfection.
PART la
AN OFFER AT THE IMPiaOVEMENT AND MELIORATION OF THE A!
OF LONDON, BY WAY OF PLANTATIONS, &C.
There goes a pleasant tale of a certain S"" Politick, that in the k
great plague projected, how by a vessel fraight with peel'd dnioi
which should passe along the Thames by the city, when the wind sa
in a favourable quarter, to attract the pollution of the aer, and si
away with the infection to the sea : transportation of diseases we som
times read of amongst the magnetically or rather magical cures ; b
never before of this^ way of transfretation : but, however this excelle
conceit has often afforded good mirth on the stage, and I now mei
tia^i to prevent the application to what I here propound; there is y
another expedient, which I have here to offer (were this of the pc
sonous and filthy smoak remov'd) by which the city and enviroi
about it might be rendered one of the most pleasant and agreeab
places in the world. In order to this I propose *,
* If the reader, should- find himself disposed to smile when he sees the author gravely proposi
to counteract the offensive smells of London by rows of trees, and borders of fragrant shrubs^ a
aromatic herbs ; he should remember that this scheme, visionary as it may appear, was the foil
of a writer wjiose enthusiasm for planting has proved of singular service to this kingdom j pi
ductive of noble plantations, ornamental to the country, and useful to the community.
240
That all low grounds circumjacent to the city, especially east and
south-west, be cast and contriv'd into square plots, or fields of twenty^
thirty, and forty akers, or more, separated from each other by fences of
douWe palisads, or contr'spaliars, which should enclose a plantation of
an hundred and fifty, or more, feet deep, about each field; not much
unlike to what His Majesty has already begun by the wall from old
Spring Garden to St. James's in that park ; and is somewhat resembled
in the new Spring Garden at Lambeth *. That these palisads be ele-
gantly planted, diligently kept and supply'd, with such shrubs as yield
the most fragrant and odoriferous flowers, and are aptest to tinge the
Aer upon every gentle emission at a great distance : such as are (for in-
stance amongst many others) the sweet-brier, all the periclymena's and
woodbinds ; the common white and yellow jessamine, both the syringa's
or pipe trees ; the guelder rose, the musk, and all other roses ; genista
hispanica : to these may be added the rubus odoratus, baye's, juniper,
lignum-vitae, lavender : but above all, rosemary, the flowers whereof
are credibly reported to give ^heir scent above thirty leagues oflFat sea,
upon the coasts of Spain : and at some distance towards the meadow
side, vines ; yea, hops.
— Et arbuta passim,
Et glaucas salices, casiamque crocumque rubentem, - .
• Et pinguem tiliam, & ferrugineos hyacinthos, &cf.
For there is a s^eet smelling sally J, and the blossoms of the tilia
* JM. MonconySj in bis " Voyage d'Angleterre,'' made in May 1663, has the following interesting
passage concerning these Gardens which he visited. After having seen Westihinster Abbey, he
continues — " Au sortir, nous fClraes dans un Bot de I'autre c6t^ de la Tamise voir deux Jardins,
oh tout le monde se peut aller promener, & faire collation dans des cabaret qui y font : ou dans
les cahinets/ du jardin. On les. nomme Springer Gaerden, c'est a dire, Jardins du Printemps,
dont celui qu'on nomme le Nouveau est plus beau de beaucoup que I'autre. J'y admirai la beautd
des allies de gazons, et la politesse de celles qui sont sabl&s. 11 est divis6 en une grande quan-
tity de quarrez de 20 ou 30 pas en quarr6, clos par des hayes de groselliers, et tous ces quarr^ssont
plant^s aussi de framboisiers, de rosiers et d'autres arbrisseaux, comme aussi d'herbages, et de
legumes, comme pois, feves, asperges, fraises, &c. Toutes les all&s sont bord^es ou de jonquilles,
ou de geroflges, ou de lis." P. 29. Par. 1695. 12mo.
t Virgil. + Sallow or willow.
241
or lime-tree *, are incomparably fragrant ; in brief, whatsoever is odori-
ferous and refreshing.
That the spaces or area between these palisads and fences, be em-
ploy'd in beds and bordures of pinks, carnations, cloven stock -gilly-
flower, primroses, auriculas, violets, not forgetting the white, which are
in flower twice a year, April and August : cowslips, lillies, narcissus,-
strawberries, whose very leaves as well as fruit emit a cardiaque, and
most refreshing halitus : also parietaria lutea, musk, lemnion, and mas-
tick, thyme, spike, cammomile, balm, mint, marjoram, pepapernel, and
serpillum, &c. which, upon the least pressure and cutting, breathe out
and betray their ravishing odors.
That the fields, and crofts within these closures, or invironing gar-
dens, be some of them planted with wild thyme, and others reserved
for plots of beans, pease (not cabbages, whose rotten and perishing
stalks have a very noisom and unhealthy smell, and therefore by Hyp-
pocrates utterly condemned near great cities) but such blossom-bearing
brain as send forth their virtue at farthest distance, and are all of them
marketable at London ; by which. means, the aer and winds perpetually
fann'd from so many circling and encompassing hedges, fragrant shrubs,
trees and flowers, (the amputation and prunings of whose superfluities
may in winter, on some occasions of weather and winds, be burnt, to
visit the city with a more benign smoak,} not onely all that did approach
the region which is properly design'd to be flowery ; but even the whole
City would be sensible of the sweet and ravishing varleiles of the per-
fumes, as well as of the most delightful and pleasant pbjects and places
of recreation for the inhabitants ; yielding also a prospect of a noble
and masculine majesty, by reason of the frequent plantations of trees,
and nurseries for ornament, profit, and security. The remainder of the
fields Included yielding the same, and better shelter, and pasture for
sheep and cattel then now ; that they He bleak, expos'd and abandon'd
to the winds, which perpetually invade them.
That, to this end, the gardiners (which now cultivate the upper, more
drie, and ungrateful soil,) be encouraged to begin plantations In such
* Jt has been conjectured that piobably the lime-trees in St. James's Park were planted in con-
sequence of this suggestion.
2t
242
places onely : and the farther exorbitant encrease of tenesnaents,,. poor .
and nasty cottages near the City, be prohibited, which disgrace and take
off from the sweetness and amtEnity of the environs of London^ and
are already become a great eye-sore in the grounds opposite to his
Majesty's Palace of White-hall j which being converted to this use,:
might yield a diversion inferior to none that could be imagined for
health, profit, and beauty, which are the three transcendencies that
render a place without all exception. And this is what (in short) I
had to offer, for the improvement and melioration of the Aer about
London, and with which I shall conclude this discourse.
SCULPTURA:
OR
THE HISTORY AND ART OF CHALCOGRAPHY
AND
ENGRAVING IN COPPER.
WITH AN AMPLE ENUMERATION OF THE MOST RENOWNED MASTERS, AND THEIR WORKS.
TO WHICH IS ANNEXED
A NEW MANNER OF ENGRAVING, OR MEZZO TINTO,
COMMUNICATED 5Y HIS HIGHNESS PRINCE RUPERT TO THE AUTHOR OF THIS TREATISE.
Implevi eum Spiritu Dei, Sapientia, et Intelligentia, et Scientia in omni Opere, Sic.
XXXI. EXOD. XXXV.
LONDON:
PRINTED BY J. C. FOR G. BEEDLE AND T, COLLINS, AT THE MIDDLE TRMPLE GATE, AND
J. CROOK, IN ST. PAULS CHURCH-YARD. 1662.
245
TO THE
HONOURABLE AND LEARNED GENTLEMAN,
ROBERT BOYLE*, Esa.
Sir,
Having, upon your reiterated instances ("which are ever commands
with me) prepared this treatise concerning the history of Chalcogra-
phy, &c. I thought my self engag'd to signifie- to the rest that may
possibly receive satisfaction or benefit from it, to whom they are obliged
for the publication of it. The truth is, as it respects the pains which I
have taken, it bears not the least proportion with my ambition of
serving you; but as you are pleased to judge it useful for the encou-
ragement of the gentlemen of our nation, who sometimes please them-
iselves with these innocent diversions (collections worthy of them .for
divers respects) and, especially, that such as are addicted to the more
noble Mathematical Sciences, may draw and engrave their schemes
with delight and assurance, I have been induc'd to think it more worthy
your patronage, and of my small adventure, who professe to have
ijothing so much in my desires, and which I more avow the pursuite
of, then to employ the whole remainder of the life which God shall
assigne me, and that I can redeem from its impertinencies, in con-
tributing to that great and august designe, which your illustrious and
happy genius do's prompt you to, of cultivating the sciences, and ad-
vancing of useful knowledge, emancipated from the strong contentions
and little fruit of the former ; envy, and imposture of the latter ages.
Sir, this is not in the least to flatter you, nor can I have other aime
in it, then that by your great example, I might excite such as (like
you) have parts and faculties, to things that are glorious, and worthy
of them. Your studies are so mature and universal, your travels so
* " Jan. 16, 1661. I went to the Philosophic Club, where was examined the Torricellian expe-
riment. I presented my Circle of Mechanical Trades, and had recommended to me ye publishing
what I had written of Cateog^ro;)%." — Diary, vol. I. p. 316.
" 10th June, 1662. I presented my History of Calcographie (dedicated to Mf. Boyle) to our
Hociety."— Diary, vol. I. p. 336,
246
highly improv'd, and your experience so well establish'd, that, after I
have celebrated the conversation which results from all these perfections,
it is from you alone that I might describe the character of an accom-
plish'd genius, great and worthy our emulation. But though your
modesty do's not permit me to run through all those transcendencies ;
yet the world is sufficiently instructed by what you cannot conceal,
that I say nothing of servile, and which will not abide the test ; so as
I have been often heard to exult in the felicity of this conjuncture of
ours, which (since those prodigies of virtue, the illustrious Ticho, Ba*
con, Gilbert, Harvey, Digby, Galileo, Peireske, Des Cartes, Gassendi,
Bernier, his disciple now in Persia, and the late incomparable Jacomo
Maria Favi, &c.) has produc'd us nothing which will support the
comparison with you, when I shall pronounce you (and as Indeed your
merits do challenge it) the Phoenix of this latter age.
And now that I mention'd Signor Favi, I will not conceal with what
extasle and joy I lately found his memory (which I have so much and
so often heard mention'd abroad, by such as had the happiness to
know him Intimately) consecrated by the eloquent pen of Monsieur
Sorbiere, in a discourse of his to Monsieur Vitre, concerning the utility
of great travel and forreign voyages ; because it approaches so neer to
the idea which I have propos'd, and may serve as an encouragement
and example to the gentlemen of our nation, who for the most part
wander, and spend their time abroad. In the pursuit of those vain and
lower pleasures, fruitless, and altogether intoUerable. But, Sir, I will
crowd no more into this Epistle (already too prolixe) which was only
deslgn'd to accompany this piece, and some other usefull and more
liberal diversions of this nature, which I cannot yet produce. But
every thing has Its time ; and when I would redeem it to the best ad-
vantage, it is by entertaining It with something that may best declare
to all the world how greatly I account the honour of being esteem'd
Sir, Your most humble
and most obedient Servant,
SayeS'Court, J. Evelyn.
5 4pril, 1662.
247
AN ACCOUNT OF SIGNOR GIACOMO FAVI,
BY
MONSIEUR SORBIERE.
GiAcoMo Maria Fayi, of the house of the Marescotti of Boulonia,
died above thirty-five years of age, neer fifteen years since, in the city of
Paris. It is a history worthy of record, and that all the v^^orld should take
notice of this incomparable person, as that great wit and polite philoso-
pher Monsieur Sorbiere does describe him : For as much ("saves he)
as it seems to be a very great reproch, that neither prince nor state
have hitherto had the consideration or the courage to undertake what
one particular person alone did resolve upon, for the universal benefit
and good of the publick : for it was upon this designe that he engaged
himself expressly, making the most exact observations, and collecting
the crayons, prints, designes, models and faithful copies of whatsoever
could be encountered through the whole circle of the arts and sciences,
the laws, and the customs practised, wherever he arrived. .He had
already acquired by study a thousand worthy and curious particulars ;
he design'd excellently well, understood the mathematicks, had pene-
trated into the most curious parts df medicine, and was yet so far from
the least pedantry, that he would (when so dispos'd) play the gallant
as handsomely as any man, and which indeed he was able to do, enjoy-
ing a plentiful revenue of neer three thousand pounds sterling a year,
which he ordered to be paid him by Bills of Exchange, wheresoever his
curiosity should invite him. But otherwise, truly his equipage was
very simple, and his train reduced to only one servant, which he
was wont io take in every town where he made any stay. He had
already visited Italy, Germany, Poland, Sweden, Denmarke, Holland
?ind England, from whence he came into France, to go into Spain.
Finally, he arrived at Paris in Anno 1645, with one Bourdoni, a Sculp-
tor, dwelling neer the Thuyleries, where he no sooner appear'd, but he
was immediately found out, and known by all the Virtuosi, and as soon
248
inform'd himself of all that were extraordhiary and conspicuous for all
sorts of curiosities, whereof he carefully took notice ; but especially he
made an intimate acquintance with one Monsieur Petit, a very rare and
curious- person, and indeed greatly reserabUng the genius of this noble
Gentleman, as being one who for these fifty years past, discover'd a won-
derful ardor for the sciences, and a diligence so indefatigable in the re-
search of all estimable and worthy inventions, as that it is a thousand
pities (and a thing not to be conceived indeed without infinite regret) that
this age of ours could never yet approch him. So laudable and worthy of
praise has his expenses been upon divers machines and experiments,
beyond the forces of a private person, that had he been supported (as
at first he was by the French King, and the great Cardinal de Richlieu,
under whom he enjoyed divers honourable and handsome employments,,
he had perhaps, amongst all the Arts through which he run, found out
some abridgements and perfectionv new and altogether stilpendious ;
and as indeed he has already done to admiration so far at least, as his
discretion and his afikirs would give him leave.
But to return to our new Democritus, Signor Favi ; he had made
provision of sundry huge volumes, which were no other then the de-
signes of all sorts of instruments and machines that he had seen and
perused ; besides a world more which he had sent away into Italy : For
this curious person neglected nothing, but went on collecting with a
most insuperable diligence all that the mechanics had invented for
Agriculture, Architecture, and the fabric of all sorts of works, belonging
to sports, and to cloathes, for use and for magnificence. There was
nothing so small, and to appearance trifling, which he did not cast' his
«yes upon, and which he had not some hand in, or improv'd even to
the least minutiae ; whether it were a device of some haspe, the latch of
a door, a simple lock, the cover or patin of a cup, a dress, &c. even to
a very tooth-picker* : so as he shewed no less then two hundred toyes
for children to play withall; fourty several wayes of plowing the
ground, a world of forges, and mills for various uses. He visited all the
* Let not the reader despise this condescention of so great a person, for inest sua gratia
■ parois.
249
excellent workemen and artisans, and took samples, and patterns of all
their rare inventions, and something of their making. Then for receits
and secFets, hefpossesa'd an infinite number of all kinds the most rare
andteKcellent ; some whereof he purchas'd at great prices^ and others
he procur'd by exchange. He learned the tongues wherever he came, with
extraordinary felicity ; and sometimes would frequent the recreations and
exercises of the places where hpecgournedj which he used to performe with
a facillity and address so gentile and natural, as if he had yet- been but
a very youth: For by ■ this means he found,, that he gained the easier
and more free accesse into the best companies, so extreamely noble, diss-
intereated and agreable was his fashion and manner of conversation : and
though in sundry encounters and courts of princes, he had been frequently
regal'd with, very considerable presents, yet would he never receive any
from great persons; as chains of gold, and medailles,.diaiinonds and
jewels that were offered him, unless happly it were some title of honour
and prerogative ; as the permission to bear an eagle or a fleur de lis in
his coat of armes, or the like : and when he had thus exhausted a king-
dom or a place of all that was curious, and made acquaintance with
all the persons of merit in a state, he travell'd presently into another ;
so as there was hardly a court to be found, where he had not finished
his harvest in three or four months, till he arriv'd at Paris, where indeed
he was infinitly supriz'd, and busied among such an innumerable many
of able and curious persons of all kinds. He had four lodgings in
several parts of Paris, that so he might be neer a retreat in whatsoever
quarter he should happen to be in pursuite of curiosities ; for he us'd to
go much on foot, and alone, because he would not be troubl'd nor ob-
serv'd by impertinent servants : but, in fine, purposing from hence to
travell shortly for China by means of the Portugal, he took so much
pains about describing and observing the magnificent preparations
which were made for the marriage of the Queen of Poland, that he fell
sick of a fever and dyed, to the universal regret and sorrow of all that
had ever so much as heard of him. And no sooner did this sad accident
come to the ears of the king, but he sent diligently to search out all his
four lodgings, to see if, by any means, ought of his collection could be
2k'
250
retrlev'd ; but ttiey were all immediately dispers'd, and it was never found
what became of them.
The Count Marescotti, his kinsman^ then at Paris, recover'd only that
single volume wherein was contained, the names, armes, and devises of
the hands of all the Princes of Europe, whom he had had the honour
to approach : but his intention was, as I have been credibly inform'd by
one that did often converse with him (though Monsieur Sorbiere is
silent of it) after he had travelled over all the world (for his designe was
no lesse ample) at returne into his native country, to compile, and pub-
lish a compleat Cycle and History of Trades, with whatsoever else he
should judge of use and benefit to mankind :- but this had been a charity
and a blessing too great for the world, because It do's not depart from
its vices and Impertinences, and cherish such persons, and the virtues
which should render it worthy of them;
X
251
A TABLE OF THE TITLES OF THE CHAPTERS,
AND THEIR SEVERAL CONTENTS.
CHAP. I.
OF SCULPTURE, HOW DERIV'd, AND DISTINGUISHED, WITH THE
STYLES AND INSTRUMENTS BELONGING TO IT.
THE CONTENTS.
ScoiPTUKA and Ccelatura how they differ 258
' TomiceB, Desectores what ib.
Plaistice, S5S, The Mother of Sculpture 269
Paradigmatice, what 258
Gypsochi, Colaptice, Lithoxoi, Glyphice, what ib.
Agogice, what ib.
Anaglypkice, 258, its antiquity 269
Diaglyphice, Encolaptice, what 259
Toreutice 258
Encaustic Art, how it occasioned the inven-
tion of Brass Prints ib.
Proplastic Art, Protypus, Modulus, Diatretice,
and Calices diatreti, what 259
Argentum asperum et pttMulatum • ib.
Ebur PingUe ib.
DimidicB eminentice the same with Basso Re-
lievo, and Mezzo Relievo ib.
Scalptus, Scaptus, Scalpturatus ib.
Scalpo, Sculpo, deriv'd ib.
Ccelum Topvos what, and whence deriv'd 260
Tori, ■)(pXKos 260
Ulysses shield, Anceesa Vasa, what ih.
Cavatores, what, Grapkatores, whence our
English Gravers, Sculpture defin'd 261
Instruments of Graving. Style what. Why
sometimes made of bone. Scalprum. Cce'
lum, Cceles, Cceltes. Allusions in Job 19 to
all kinds of antient Writing and Graving 262
Graphium, y\v^ls, evKoKaTrrrip, vTraytayevs,
yXapis, SfiiXri ib.
Function, Polisher, Point ib.
Graving Instruments sometimes fatal weapons ib.
Cassianus martyr'd, and Erixion slain with a
Graving Style ' ib.
Arare campum cereum, Cerei pugiliares, and
stylum vertere, what ib.
Taille douce. Burin, Intaglia, Bolino, and the
difference 'twixt Graving and Etching ib.
BovWa a conjecture of the moderne name of
a seal, xnpaoru the same with Charath ib.
CHAP. II.
OF THE ORIGINAL OP SCULPTURE.
THE CONTENTS.
Adam the first inventor of Sculpture • 263
Books written by Adam .ib.
The fall of Adam did not impair his infused
habits 264
Sculpture long before the universal Flood ib.
Of the Antediluvian Patriarchs 264
Sculpture in stone and bricic at Joppa ib^
The Celestial Sciences first engraven where,
and how'long continuing ib.
The books of Seth and Enoch ib.
252
Of Cham 264
Zoroaster, when he flourished, his learning, ,
curiosity and engraving of the Liberal Arts ib.
Picus Mirandula's pretence of the books of
Zoroaster, the Magi, &c. 265
Sculpture after the Flood ib.
Sculpture propagated by Noah. Sculpture
before Moses ib.
Objections answered 266. 268
Mercurius Trismegistus engraved in stone
many mysterious things 265
Obelisks erected by Misra 400 years before
Moses ib.
How many transported to Rome 266
The Tables of Stone engraven by the Finger
of God. Sculpture honoured by God ib.
Sculpture abus'd to Idolatry no rational pre-
judice ib.
Sculpture elder then Idolatry ib.
Teraphimand Penates, what ib.
Sculpture. preserv''d the memory of the dead ib.
Bezaleel and Aholiab Sculptors ib.
The Sacerdotal Pectoral ib.
Graving us'd by the ^Egyptians before they
invented Letters ib.
Hieroglyphics, what ib.
By whom interpreted ib.
Amongst the Danes 273
And AcadicB 275
HorapoUinis notee 266
ib.
ib.
ib.
Letters, by whom invented, and the contest
about it 266
How they were derived to the several Nations 267
Typographical art mistaken by Peter Calaber ib.
Sculpture and Letters Coevous ib.
Columns erected by Seth
Writing with ink in paper a novelty in re-
spect of Parchment
Sculpture on Marbles, Slates, writing on
Bark, Leaves, Tablets of Wood, Paper,
linnen. Wax, Ivory and Silk
Book, our English name for Liber, whence
deriv'd ib.
Laws, divine and humane how consign'd of
old 268
Hieronicce, and where preserv'd ib.
Writings before Homer's not known to the
Greeks
Tatian, when he flourished
A passage cited out of him proving the An-
tiquity of recording by Sculpture
Hesiod's Poems engraven in Lead
Grecians, when they had Sculpture first, and
where it was in its highest perfection
Achilles and Hercules shields engraven 269
The Chariot of the Sun, and Vehieula Ccelata ib.
Enoch's prophecy ib.
Rings engraven, their use and dignity ib,
Intaglias in Iron, Gold, Stones, &c. ib.
Talismans and Constellated Sculptures ib.
ib.
ib.
ib.
ib.
CHAP. 111.
OF THE REPUTATION AND PROGRESS OF SCULPTURE AMONGST THE
GREEKS AND ROMANS DOWN TO THE MIDDLE AGES; WITH SOME
PRETENTIONS TO THE INVENTION OF COPPER CUTS, AND THEIR
IMPRESSIONS.
THE CONTENTS.
Sculpture where, and when in its ascendent'270,
272
Statues, to what head-reducible 270
Sculptores Marmoris, Metal, in Gypsum, &c. ib.
Signa at Rhodes, Athens, and other places
in what prodigi(Wis> numbers ib.
Statues, almost as many as of men ib.
The contest betwixt Art and Nature, in point
of fertility jj.
Statues, improveable to a politiq, as well as
expencefull magnificency ib.
A'KO(r<j>payt&fiaTa 271
253
ib.
ib.
ib.
ib.
Pyrgoteles only permitted to engrave the
EflSgies of Alexander the Great 27 1
The Pictures of Queen Elizabeth and other
Princes, how profan'd and abus'd
Augustus would have his figure cut only by
Dioscorides, and why
Sculpture, in what materials most eminent
Dipoenus, Prometheus, Ideoeus, Eucirapus,
Lysistratus, Demophilus, Daedalus, Leo-
chares, Policarmus, Myrmecides, all fa-
mous Sculptors
Figulina vasa Ccelata, why broken by Cotys 272
HydricB engraven, and Bread ib.
Gold seldom engraven, and why ib.
Mentor, his curious works ib.
Acragus, his works ib.
Boethus's Masterpieces ib.
The works of Calamis, Antipater, Stratonicus
Tauriscus, Aristeus, Eunicus, Hecates,
Praxiteles, Posidonius, Ledus, Zopyrus,
Pytheus , ib.
Medalists, who most excellent, and in what
Emperor's times the best were cut ; when
they degenerated 273
Sculpture, when it degenerated in Greece,
and Rome ib.
And whence its decay proceeded 273
Sculpture, when it arrived at Rome 273
Sculpture and Writing when first among the
Danes and Norvegians ib.
Runic, Characters ib.
Grcef-scBx, what ih.
Vice and Avarice, the occasion why Sculp-
ture degenerated, and is not since arrived
to the perfection of the Ancients 274
By what means it may recover ih.
Alexander MagnuSj Augustus, Francis I.
Cosimo di Medices, and Charles the V.
celebrated for their affection to Arts ih.
Time and leisure required to bring a work to
perfection ib.
Sculpture and Chalcography antient in China,
on what materials, and how wrought 275
Letters in Europe first cut in wood ih.
The Ink -maker for the press dignified
amongst the Chinese with a liberal salary,
and priviledges, and not accounted a Me-
chanic ib.
Sculpture found in Mexico, and other parts
of America ib.
Typography not found out by the Greeks
and Romans to be much wondered at, and
why ib.
CHAP. IV.
OF THE INVENTION AND PROGRESSE OF CHALCOGRAPHY IN PARTICU-
LAR ; TOGETHER WITH AN AMPLE ENUMERATION OF THE MOST
RENOWNED MASTERS AND THEIR WORKS.
THE CONTENTS.
Engraving on Plates of Brass for Prints,
when first appearing ■ 276
Typography, when first produc'd in Europe ib.
Prints, in the infancy of this Art ib.
The Devil at Monochrom ib.
M. M. G. what they import ib.
What Sculptors added the year of our Lord
to theit works ib.
Who were the first Gravers of Prints
ib.
Martin Schoen -.
TheTodesco | of the first Print-gravers ib.
The Italian Gravers and their works 277
Maso Finiguerra, the first Print-graver in
Italy ib.
Enamelling gave the first hint for the engrav-
ing of Prints ib.
254
The- Graving of Prints, from how mean a
commencement, arrived to this perfection 277
Baccio Baldini, his works, and countersign ih.
Albert Durer, when he flourished, his incom-
parable works ; contest with Lucas, and
Mark Antonio, and how pretious his works ib.
Lucas Van Leyden, his works, emulation of
Durer 278
Mark Antonio, when he flourish'd, his works,
contestation with Albert, &c. ib.
For what vile prints reproved 281
Raphael Urbin, how he honoured the gravings
of M. Antonio 279
Martine of Antwerp, his works, how esteem'd
by Michael Angelo 277
R. S. what it signifies 280
Mai CO di Ravenna, his works ib.
A. V. I. what it imports ib.
Giovanni Battista Mantuano, his works 281
I. B. M. whose name it signifies 283
Sebastiano da Reggio's works ib,
Georgio Mantuano's works ib.
Etching in Aqua Fortis when first produced ib.
Damascus Symeters - ib.
Ugo da carpi, his new manner of cutting for
divers colours, and his works ib.
The works of Baldassare Peruzzi, Francisco
Parmegiano, Beccafumi, Baptista Vicen-
tino, Del Moro, Girolamo Cocu 282. 283
Giacomo del Cavaglio his works both in cop-
per and stones 283
Eneas Vico de Parma, his Medails and other
Gravings ib.
The works of Lamberto Suave, Gio Battista
de Cavaglieri ib.
The works of Antonio Lanferri, Tomaso Bar-
, lacchi, Antonio Labbaco, Titian, Giulio
Buonasoni, Battista Franco, Renato, Luca
Penni, Francisco Marcolini 283-4
The works of Gabriel Giolito, Christophero
Coriolano, Antonio Salamanca, Andrea
Mantegna, Propertia de Rossi (a sculp-
tress) 984-5
Martin Rota, Jacomo Palma, And: Mantu-
ana, Augustino and Annibal Carraeci 285
The works of Francisco Villamena 286
Giovanni Maggi, Leonardo, Isabella and
Bernardino Parasol 283
Cutting and Engraving in Wood how difficulty
and different from Chalcography ib.
The works of Antonio Tempesta, Cherubino
Alberti ib.
Horatio Borgiani, Raphael Guido, Jovanni
Batt. della Marca, Camillo Graffico, Ca-
valier Salirabene, Anna Vaiana 288
Steffano della Bella ib.
Chart and Map-gravers 309
Medaile Gravers, and Gravers in metal and
pretious stones, &c. 289
The Diamond, by whom first engraven 290
Medails, the knowledge of them how noble
and profitable, and by what means to at-
tain it effectually. Gentleman of note skil-
ful Medallists ii^
The German and Flemish Chalcographers,
and their works -ib.
The v/orks of Albert Durer 277> &c.
Aldegrave and his cypher, Hans Sibald Be-
ham his mark, 291. Jerom Cock, Francis
Floris, Cornelius Cort, 292. Justus, 5o.
jEgid, Giles and Raphael Sadelers,"292.
Herman Muller, 293. Sim. Frisius, Matr
thew Miriam, ib. Hans Holbein, Justus Am-
mannus Tigur, 294. Holtzhusen, Hans
Brossehaemer, Virgilius Solis, whose eyes
. were put out for his lewd gravings ; Hen.
Goltzins, Geor. Nouvolstell, Matt, and
Fred. Greuter, Saenredamus, Cor. Galle,
Count Goudt, Swanevelt, Pandern, Bron-
chorst, P. Brill, Mathara, Nieulant, Boeti-
us, Londerselius, Van Velde, N. de Bruyn,
^g. Coninxlogensis, 294, 295. Strada-
nus, Mallery, Bolswert, P. Pontius, Swan-
nenbourg, Nesse, Vosterman, Vorst, 296.
Clir. Jegher 297
Van Vorst, Sir Anthony Van Dyie ib.
Sir P. P. Rubens celebrated ih.
The works of P. de Jode, Collaert in steel';
Suyderhoef, Jo. Baur, Vander Thulden,
Abr. and Corn. Blomaert, Natalis, 298.
Ferdinand, Uriesse, Verdin, Winegard,
W. Hondius, Van Kessell, Caukern, Lucas
255
Eilianus, Cor. Vischerj Yovillemoht, 299.
Nolp, Lombart, Hertocks, Rembrandt,
WincesU Holiar, 300. Hevelius cele-
brated, Anna. Maria h. Schurman cele-
brated, Breughel, Ostade, Clock, Que-
borne, Gustos, Le Delfe, Dors, Falck,. .
Gerard, Moestuer, , Grebber, Geldorp,
Hopfer, Gerard, Chein, Ach, tl'Egmont,
De Vinghe, Heins, Dltmer, Cronis, Lin-
doven, Mirevel, Kager, Coccien, Mau-
bease, Venius, Firens, Pierets, Quelinus,
Stachade, Schut, Soutman, Vanulch,,
Broon, Valdet, Loggan, . Biscop, Druef-
ken, P. Van Aelst, Swart Jan Van Groen-
nighen, L. Cranach, Jos. Ammanus, Hub.
Goltzius 301, 302
The French Chalcographers and their
works: when they begaiL to be in reputa- .
tion 303 ad 309
Tiie works of P. Bernard, Nic Beatrice,
Phil. Thomasinus, Crispinus, . Magdalen, .
and Simon de Pas, 303. Claudius Melan, ,
Mauperch, La Pautre, Morin, N. Chape-
ron, Fra. Perrier, Audran, Couvay, Pe-
relle, 304. Chauveau, Poilly, Heince, Beg-
non, Huret, Bernard, Rognesson, Rousse-
let, Bellange, Richet, L'Alman, Quesnel,
Soulet, Bunel, Boucher, Briot, Boulange,
Bois, Champagne, Charpignon, Corneille, ,
Caron, CI. de Lorain, Audran, Moutier,
Rabel,. Denisot, L'Aune, De la Rame^
Hayes, Herbin, David de Bie, Villemoot,
Marot, Toutin, Grand-homrae, Cereau,
Trochel, Langot du Loir, L'Enfant, Gaul-
tier, .D'Origni,'.Prevost, De Son, Perei,
Nacret, Perret, Daret, Scalberge, Vibert,
R;agot, Boissart, Terelin, De Leu, Mau-
perch, L'Ashe, Huret 3D5
Calligraphers ib.
The works of La Hyre,. Goyrand. Colig-
non, Cochin, Isr. Sylvester, Rob. Nantg-
uil, 306. Jaq. Callot, 307. Abr. Bosse 309
Chart Gravers : Cordier Riviers, Peroni,
Bleau, Gomboust ib.
The English Chalcographers and their works,
viz. Paine, Cecil, Wright, Faithorne, Bar-
low, Gaywood, Lightfoot, Glover,- J. Fel-
lian, Switzer, 309, 310
Medaile Gravers, and for Intaglias, Simon,
Rawlins, Restrick, Johnson 310
Calligraphers, Coker, Gray, Gething, Bil-
lingly, &c. ib. ,
An Invitation to the English Chalcographers
to publish his Majesties collection ; the be-
nefit and honour of it ib.
The Landskips, Views, Palaces, of Eng-
land, ' Levantine parts, Indies, &c. toge-
ther with the Cities, Isles, Trees, Plants,
Flowers, and Animals, to be cut in Cop-
per and reformed, were a most accept-
able and useful work 31 1
Painters encouraged to set their hands to
the Graver ib.
The use of this Collection ib.
CHAP. V.
OF DRAWING, AND DESIGNE PREVIOUS TO THE ART OF CHALCOGRA-
PHY; AND OF THE USE OF PICTURES IN ORDER TO THE EDUCA-
TION OF CHILDREN.
THE CONTENTS.
Measure and proportion have Influence on
all our Actions 312
A saying of Thomas Earfe of Arundel and
Surrey »S-
Drawing, of what consequence to the Art of
Graving 313
Designe the basis of Sculpture, and of many
other free and noble Sciences ib.
256
Original Drawings esteemed, and for what 313
Antiquity, of what effect ih,
Designe and Drawing defin'd, and distin^
guish'd, its antiquity, and invention ib.
Accident and chance fruitful mothers 314
Drawing with crayon, pen, &c. the method,
and how to be performed with successe ib.
Hatching, what and how attained by imitat-
ing good Masters, and by what method ib.
Overmuch exactness and finishing, a fault in
Drawing, and why :. Polycletus's Cannon 315
Accurate Designes with the pen not esteem'd,
and why, 315. Who yet excelled in them
to admiration 316
Vander Douse, Francis and John Cleyn,
Francis Carter, &c. celebrated ib.
Colours, the production of a middle colour
wrought on two extreams ib.
Rubens, and Van Dykes first studies in Italy 317
Drawing, how necessary ib.
Academies erected for the Virtuosi, by whom ib.
For what purpose, and how furnished ib.
Greeks, and Romans, how they cherish'd and
enobled men of Art ib.
Sculptors and Painters chief of the Court
and retinue to the Emperour of Japan ib.
Courts of great Princes, how formerly com-
posed 318
How the antient and most renowned Sculp-
tors were some encouraged, and others
obscured ib.
Painters should sometimes draw with the
pen 319
What Painters made use of prints jfi.
And caused their works to be published ib.
How to express the sensation of the Re-
lievo or Extancie of objects, by the
Hatches in Graving 330
What shadows are most graceful 323
And what Artists works best to imitate ib.
Of Counter-Hatches ib.
One colour, the use, and effect of it ib.
Zeuxis used but one colour ib.
What other Painters were Monochromists,
and who introduced the rest of the co-
lours . ib.
Lights and shades, their stupendous effects 323
Colored, what it means ib.
The invention of Chevalier Woolson to Bla-
zon bearings in coate-armour by hatches
without letters ib.
Tonus, what it imports in Graving 324
Of copying after designes and painting ib.
What Prints are to be called excellent ib.
How to detect the copy of a Print from an
Original print ib.
Aqua Fortis, for what Gravings most proper 325
His Highness Prince Rupert celebrated, and
the Gravings by him published ib.
The French King an Engraver ib.
Earle of Sandwich dextrous at Graving ib.
What Emperours, Philosophers, Poets, and
other of the noble Greeks and Romans ex-
celled in painting and Graving ib.
Never any of the Antients excelled in these
Arts, but what were Gentlemen ' 326
A Slave might not be taught to Grave or
Paint, and why ib.
Graving accounted one of the Liberal Arts
by Pliny and Galen ib.
Children instructed in the Graphical arts for
what Oeconomick consideration ib,
Martia, the daughter of Varro, the Princesse
Louise, and Anna Schurman celebrated ib.
Great scholars of late skilfuU in the art of
Graving, &c. ib.
How far the art of Drawing conduces to the
Sciences Mathematical ib.
Dr. Ch. Wren, Blagrave, Hevelius, &c. ce-
lebrated 327
An Orator ought to be skilled in these Arts,
and why ib.
Of what great use and benefit the art of
Graving may be to the Education of Child-
ren, superiour to all other inventions, 326,
and how 339
The Abbot de Marolles, his singular affection
to, and prodigious collections of Prints 327
Prints more estimable than Paintings, and
why 328
What Gentlemen of quality are the greatest
collectors of prints in France H,
257
At how high rates the Prints of the most fa-
mous Masters are now sold 328
Collections of Prints recommended to Princes
and great persons, and why 329
An Hieroglyphical Grammar ib.
By whom Draughts and Prints are celebrat-
ed fqr the Institution of Youth ib.
LaMartelay taught all the Sciences by cuts alone ib.
Commenius his Orbis sensualium pictus cele-
brated 330
The Universal Language, how to be most
probably accomplished ib.
Passions expressible by the art of Designe 331
An useful caution for the Lovers of these
Arts 332
CHAP. VI.
OF THE NEW WAY OF ENGRAVING, OR MEZZO TINTO, INVENTED AND
COMMUNICATED BY HIS HIGHNESS PRINCE RUPERT, &C.
THE CONTENTS.
An advantageous Commutation for omitting
the description of the Mechanical part of
the vulgar Graving 333
A paradoxical Graving without Burin, Points
or Aqua Fortis ib.
The new Mezzo Tinto, invented by his High-
ness P. Rupert, aenigmatically described,
and why 334
*»* The additions mthin [ ] are taken from the margin of the Author s printed Copy, communicated
by Sir John Evelyn, Bart, and were prefixed to the second edition, printed in 1755 •
AUTHORS AND BOOKS WHICH HAVE BEEN CONSULTED FOR THIS T&EiATISE..
iElianus.
Alberti Leon.
Angelus Rocca.
Aquinas.
Aristotle.
S. Augustinus.
Ausonius.
L.Baptista Alberti.
Biblia Saci'a.
Bibliander.
Bosse A.
Caneparius.
Cassianug.
Cedrenus.
Cicero.
Comenius.
Crinitus.
Curtius,
Cyprianus.
Diodorus.
Diomedes.
DonatUs.
Durer, Alb.
Epiphanius.
Eusebius.
Gaffarell.
Galenus.
Gorlseus.
Guarinus.
Greuter.
Herodotus.
Hesiodus.
Homerus.
Horatius.
Josephus.
Junius F.
Juvenal is.
Kircherus.
Laet, Joh. de.
Libanius.
Licetus.
Littleton, Adam.
Livius.
Lubinus.
Lucanus.
Luitprandus.
Maimonides,
Manutius.
Marblles.
Martialis.
Mirandula Picus,
Nazianzen Greg.
Origines.
Ovidius.
Pancirollus.
Petronius.
Philo.
Pbilosteatus.
Pietro Santo.
Plato.
2 L
Plinius.
Plutarchus.
Pois, Ant. le.
Pollux, Jul.
Pomponius Laetus.
Prudentius.
Quintilianus.
Rhodiginus Csel.
Hue, Ch. de la,
Sabinus.
Salmasius.
Scaliger, Jos.
Semedo.
Seneca.
Solinus.
Statins.
Suetonius.
Suidas '
Tacitus.
T4tianusi
TertuUianUs.
Theocritus.
Trallianus.
Trismegislus.
■Thucydides.
Varenius.
Varro.
Vassari.
-Vatablus.
Vermander, Car.
Verulamius.
Virgilius. ~
Vitruviufe.
Vopiseus.
Vossitts,
Worraitis.
WottoH, Si* H.
258
SCULPT U R A;
OR
THE HISTORY AND ART OF CHALCOGRAPHY.
BOOK I.
CHAPTER I.
OF SCULPTURE, HOW DERIv'd, AND DISTINGUISh'd WITH THE
STYLES, AND INSTRUMENTS BELONGING TO IT.
Those who have most refined and criticiz'd upon Technical notions,
seem to distinguish what we commonly name Sculpture into three
seveiial arts; and to attribute specifical differences to them all: for
there is, besides Sculptura (as it relates to Chalcography) Scalptura
(so Diomiedes*) and Ccelatura ; both which, according to Quintilian f ,
differ from the first ratione materice. For to make but a brief enume-
ration only: it was'apply'd to several things; as to working in wood,
or ivory, tomice, the artists, desectores : in clay, plastice, plastce :
in playster, paradigmatice, the workmen gt/psochii In stone cutting
colaptice, the artists lithoxoi; and lastly, in metals glyphice ; which
again is two-fold ; for if wax be us'd, agogice ; if the figure be of
cast-work, chemice ; anaglyphice, when the image was prominent ;
diaglyphice, when hollow, as in scales and intaglias; encolaptice, when
lesse deep, as in plates of brasse for lawes and monumental inscrip-
tions : then the toreutice X ; and the encaustic for a kind of enamel ;
proplastice forming the future work, ex creta, or some such matter, as
* Lib. 1. t Lib. 3. c. 51. 9. J Gael. Rodig. Antiq. Lect. 1. 29. c. 34.
259
ihe protypus was of wax for efformation, and the modulus of wood ;
not to omit the antient diatretice, which seems to have been a work
upon chrystal, and the calices diatreti (of which somewhere the Poet
Martial) * whether emboss'd or engraven, as now with the point of a
diamond, &c. ; for I can onely name them briefly : the field would be
too luxurious to discourse upon them severally ; and as they rather con-
cern the statuary art, fusile and plastic head, which would serve better
to adorne some designe of architecture, or merit an expresse treatise,
then become the present, which does only touch the metalls, and such
other materials as had not the figure finished through all its dimen-
sions ; though we might yet safely I think admit some of the Greek
anaglyptics : argentum asperum et pustulatum, and, as the Latines
terme it, ebur pingue : for so the Voet, Ewpositumque alt^ pingue
poposcit ebur, 8j-c. f Manutius calls them dimidice eminentice, and the
Italians do well interpret by basso and mezzo-relievo; hence the figure
is said stare, or exstare : for so Mart, stat caper, and Juvenal, stantem
extra pocula caprum. As from the similitude and perfection of the
work, vivere, spirare, calere, it seemed to breath, and be living, as
Virgil expresses it,
Excudent alii spirantia moUius aera. — ^n. vi. 848.
And Horace,
Et ungues
Exprimet, Sc poUes imitabitur sere capillos. — Ars Poet. 32.
Ludit Acidalio, sed non manus aspera, nodo
Candida n,on tacita respondet imagine Lygdos, — Martial, l. 6. 13.
For in this manner they us'd to celebrate those rare pieces of art,
distinct from the diagliphice and encolaptice, more properly according
with our purpose; and which may happly be as well express'd by cce-
laturd,- and from the signification made a derivative dm t5 (rKaTrrnv to
dig, or make incision. I think Varro may have scaptus ioT ccelatus;
as Cicero scalptus, and Plinie scalpturatus ; yet we rather follow them
who derive scalpo, scuVpo, ivova ykojpta and yKxx^ta', because the best
origination is to preserve the foundation in the antienter languages, if
the mutation of letters be warranted, as here in y^oL^u scriho. The
* Lib. xiv, Epig. 94. edit. Schrevelii, L. Bat. 1670. t Mart. Epig. Lib, ix.60.
260
word in the Holy tongue WlD, which imports an opening (because the
plate, stone, or whatever else material they vised, aperitur aiiqua sui
parte, somewhere opened when any thing is engraven upon it) attests
rather to the former etymon and signification, then to any other mate-*
rial affinity; besides that 'tis also transferable to those who carve with
the chissel, or work in bosse with the puntion, as our statuaries, gold-
smiths and repairers do. In the glosse we meet with ccelum ro^vog, &c.
which though some admit not so freely in this sence ; yet Martial,*
speaking of emboss'd cups, more then once calls them toreumata.
Miratus fueris cum prisca toreumata multum.
And why may not the tori, brawn, or coUops of fat be expressed by
these raised figures, and they torosce, plump, and (as the French has it)
en bon point, as well as fusil and fictile ones? some round chissel or
lathe perhaps it was; but we dare only conjecture. Others ccelum, a
ctBdo, which is to beat, strike, cut or dig; but by what parallel autho-
rity of such a derivative we know not : Varro -f" yet e coelo heaven it
self, reaching its original from the very stars. XoTKog is another, more
consonant and harmonious with the antient vhp halangh, which
imports to excavate and make hollow, as it is frequently interpreted,
particularly 1 Reg. 6. 32, 35, where, what the vulgar Latine renders
sculpsit, Vatablus makes ceelavit, and Junius incidit, best of all cor-
responding with our purpose; and so in the famous wrought shield
which Ulysses .purchased by his eloquence, Quintilian J applies the
word, In ccelatura clypei jdchillis et lites sunt et actiones : for so it
seems to have been much used on their harnesse. Livy reports of two
famous armies so represented § : or as more allusive yet to our plate,
where 'tis said, ccelatura rumpit tenuem lajninam, if the question be
not rather, whether these works, like the anccesa vasa, were not rais'd
and emboss'd, those expressions of Plinie so much favouring their emi-
nency, where he tells us, speaking of this very art, ita exolevit, ut sola
Jam vetmtate censeatur, usque adeo attritis ccelaturis, ne Jigura dis-
cerni possit, time and age had so greatly defac'd them.
But this may suffice for the division and denomination of the art in
* Lib. viii. 6. f Varro 1. 4. de Ling. Lat. J Lib. 2. c. 18. § Liv. hist. 1. 9.
261
geoferal; since the title which we have niade choice of is universally
applicable : for so loquendi Gonmetudine, in ordinary discourse, Scvdp^
tura and Scalptura import but one and the same thing, as Salmasius has
well noted on Solinus ; and therefore those who wrought any of these
hollow cut-woriss were by some eall'd Caz7a^ore5 and Gmphatpr^, sayes
that learned person, whence doubtless our Gravers may have deriv'd
their appellation.
By this then it will not be difficult for any to define what the art it
self is ; whether consider'd in the most general and comprehensive
acceptation ; or, as it concernes that of Chalcography chiefly, and such
as have most affinity with it; since (as well as the rest) it may be
describ'd to be an art which takes away all that is superfluous of the
subject matter, reducing it to that forme or body which was design'd
in the idea of the artist: and this, as sufficiently universal; unless in
favour of the plastic (which yet does not come under our cognizance)
we will rather receive the distinction which Michael Anfi-elo was us'd
to observe between them, that this last was made by apposition, which
is quite the contrary. But indeed neither the paradigmatic, agogic, or
any of the plastic, can genuinely, and in propriety of speech be call'd
Sculpture, without a catachresis and some violence ; since, nullum simi-
le est idem, whether applied to the matter or the tools. And now we
speak of instruments we shall find that there has been little less
controversie amongst the grammarians, touching them also, then con-
cerning the very art itself : as whether the yXvquov stylus, or scalprum,
is to be call'd ccelum, cmles, or ceeltes; noted by the critics from that
text in 19 Job. Quis mihi det, ut exarentur in libro stylo ferreo, aut
plumbi hmrnm, vel ccelte sculpantur in silice ? (where by the way,
'tis observ'd, that this verse comprehends and alludes to almost all the
sorts of ancient writing and engraving : books, plates, stone, and stile,)
and from an old inscription out of Aldus and Gruter. Martial, Auso-
nius, and the poet Statius use ccelum frequently.
— — Laberiferi vivant quae raarmora caelo
' Praxitelis, &c. *
But we will be sparing. rXoipij, yXixpuov, yKv^uyov, as Junius : also
* Sylv. lib. 4. vi. 26.
262
eyKoXxTTT^o, v'ffayuysug,Xa,^svT'^piov, as much as (ri^^iov XtOov^yw* ', so is yXa^i^
and XeTov in Pollux. Scalprum is KOTrevg, ^ua-T'^p ; with the same Junius
grapMum. Lastly, stylus ypa<p6tov, (TTvXog-, a-fjtiXiii ; in Suidas ; lyxevT^)?; thfe
same Pollux. Call them point, stile, graver, punction, polisher, or what
else you please, we will contend no farther about it ; for these instru-
ments (as despicable as they appear} have sometimes proved fatal and
dangerous weapons; as the blessed Cassianus found by sad experience,
whose cruel martyrdom with these stiles is gloriously celebrated by
Prudentius, crept <rTe(pecyuv, Hymn. ix. And thus was also Erixion slain,
for his unnatural affection, by the enraged people, with other examples
to be produc'd out of Seneca, Plutarch, Suetonius, and others: for
when, upon several of those disorders, cnSi^^opopeTv (or the carrying about
them any weapons of iron) was made capital, they did mischief with
these instruments, till, like children's knives, they were converted into
bone, which did only serve them to write withall, and arare campum
cereum, to ploiagh up their superinduced tables, and cerei pugillares ;
not much unlike to our etching with points and needles on the vernish,
in shape and use resembling them, save where the obtuser end was
made more delitive, apt to put out, and obliterate, when they would
stylum vertere, which our burnisher (another tool us'd by Chalcogra-
phers) and polisher performes. But to descend to the modern names
both of the art and instrument : the French call it in particular ia«7fc
fZoMce, sweet, or tender cut; whither wrought with the burin ((or so
they tearm the instrument which we the graver) or with aqua fortis ;
the Italians, intaglia, or stamp, without adjunct, and Ao/mo, which is
doubtless the more antient and warantable, as prondpting the use both
of the point, needle, and etching in aqua fortis, by some so happily
executed, as hardly to be discern'd from the holio or graver it self : but
the main difference is this, that with the hurine one cuts the peice all
at once out of the plate, immediately; whereas, with the point or stile,
we only cut the varnish, razing, and scalping as it were, the superficies
of the plate a little, which afterwards the aqua fortis corrodes and
finishes: a rare invention, new, expeditious, and wholly unknown to
the past antiquity. JBunwe then from holino; and why not? yea
(doubtless, this from BouXXa, the modern name of a seal, and instru-
* Theocr. Thucyd.
263
ment of making seals. To this we might also add tain cheret : and we
find charasch and eharath of the same import with ^aaatrarw and %«p«ttw
in the Greek, as Mr. Adam Littleton has acutely observ'd, in his com-
plexion of roots. But least too much of this stufFe should, as Theocritus
(on another occasion) stiles it, y>A)<poao\} v^oa-To^eiv smell of the.Burine,
we will here make an end of hard names .(the pedantrie and various
acceptions of the words), and in the chapters following endeavour to
investigate the original of the art it self, and discourse somewhat of
the progress it has made to arrive at this perfection ; for it is not to
shew how diligently we have weeded the Calepines and Lexicons
(amongst all which there is none over fertill upon these arts, or so well
furnish'd as we could have wish'd,) but the result of much diligent col-
lection, produc'd out of sundry Authors to meet in this chapter, for
the ease and instruction of such as may possibly encounter with diffi-
culties ip the course of their reading such books as treat of the me-
chanical or more liberal subjects ; and, that there might be nothing of
deficient as to our institution, seeing it behoov'd him that would deduce
an history ab origine, to let nothing escape that was in the least or
useful], or instructive.
CHAP. II.
OP THE ORIGINAL OP SCULPTUEE IN GENERAL.
We shall not, with Epigenes in Pliny*, depose that this art had its
being from eternity, because it is not sence, and would contradict its
invention ; but, if that may passe which St. Augustine affirmes, that
the protoplast our father Adamf, or (as others) his good genius the
angel Raziel, were the first inventor of letters. Sculpture may derive
its' pedigree from the infancy of the world, and contend for its pre-
eminence with most of the antiquities which it so much celebrates.
For, that there went several books about (some whereof had been long
since read in the Primitive Church) bearing his venerable name, as
that which Epiphanius andothers cite, ex libroBehu^de PcsnitentiaAdce,
* L. 7. c, 6, t L. 18. Civit. Dei. c. 3.
264
ice Revelatio, Sfc. we have no reason to contradict : and Tho.
[uinas, in his Treatise de Ente et Essentia, speaks of a volume of
mts described by Adam ; and there are traditions of a whole Natural
story, with several other works of this most learned of all men living,
Suidas doubts not to call him ; nor do we think that his unhappy
1 did so much concern his rare and infus'd habits, as not to leave him
; most accomplished, and perfectly instructed in all those arts which
re so highly necessary, arid therefore thus early invented ; though
lether these books of his were so miraculously found but and preserv'd
the renowned Trismegistus, we leave to the more credulous. But that
tters, and consequently Sculpture, was long before the Flood, we
ike no scruple of. Suidas, whom but now we mention'd, is perem-
y, ascribing (as was affirm'd) both Letters, and all the rest of the
lences, to Adam, tovtou tcmito, etj^^fAara, &c. We shall not add hereunto
lat the Rabbins assert he compos'd of the prsecepts giyen him in
radise, with the like trash ; but pass from these conjectures to others
the Antediluvian Patriarchs mention'd by Josephus, Cedrenus, and
ue other authors, concerning the Sculptures in stone and brick
cted at Joppa, containing (as some depose) the sideral and celestial
ences, proofe against the two most devouring and subverting ele-
nts, and lasting some thousands of years after the Universal Cata-
sm. The ^^thiopians are said at this day to glory much in pos-
sing the books of Seth and Enoch, as those who have lately written
the Abyssines relate. Origen, St. Augustine, and Hierom have
jwise made honourable mention of them; and TertuUian plainly
roves those who (in his time) thought they could not be preserved*,
ah being himself one of the great nephews of Seth ; and the pro-
»ility that these antient men of renoun would transmit to posterity
glorious actions and atchievements which they had perform'd ;
ecially Cham (that is Zoroaster), a spirit so universally curious, and
irishing above an hundred years before this publick calamity. But
apply this to the honour now of Chalcography, and justifie our
ign. The Author of the Scholastical History upon Genesis speaks
* Turtul. de habit, mulicr.
265
of this Zproaster's engraving the Libefel Arts on fotirteen columns,
seven whereof he affirms to haVe been of brasse, and the rest of brick ;
the sslme is also reported by Serenus*, where he adds diversorufn
metallonvm laminis, together with some other inscriptions thus pre*-
servedj, and which the noble and lea r tied Earl of Mirandula, in a'certaia
Epistle of his to Marsilius Ficinus,*boaSts to have the possession of :
his words are these, Chaldaijci hi tihri sunt, si lihri sunt, et non
thesauri : jdudi inseriptiones : Patris Ezrce, Zoroastris, et Melchdor
Magormn Oracula ; in guibus et ilia quoque quc$ apud Grcecos
mendosa et mutila cireumferuntur, leguntur integra et absoluta, 8fe.
The books (saith PIcus), if books it be lawful to call them, and not
rather most inestimable treasures, are all in the Chaldy tdngue : observe
their titles : The Oracles of those famous Magi, Ezra, Zoroaster, and
Melchior ; in which those particulars also which have been carried
about by the Greeks, maim'd and miserably corrupted, are here to be
read perfect and intire.
Concerning the Art of Sculpture immediately after the Flood, there
are few we suppose make any considerable question, as that it might
not be propagated hy Noah to his postferity ; though some there be
that indeed admit of none before Moses ; but what then shall we think
of that Book of the Warres of the Lord, which this sacred Author
mentions Num. 21 ? not to insist upon the 88 and 109 Psalmes, hy
many ascrib'd to some of the Patriarchs his predecessours. The above
mention'd Mercurius Trismegistus, three hundred years after the Flood,
and long before Moses engrav'd his secret and mysterious things in
stone, as himself reports, -reforming what had been depraved by the
wicked Cham ; some in letters, some in figures and enigmatical
characters; such happly as were those contain'd in the magnificent
and stupendous obelisks er-eeted hy Misra, the firfet JEgypfciart Pharoah,
which being at least four hundred years before Moses (as ithe most
indefatigable Kircher has computed), does greatly presage their. antiquity
to have been before that holy prophetf. But not to put too much stresse
upon superannuated tradition, this we are sure is of faith, and without
* Apud Cassianum. t Obeliscus Phamphilius.
2 M
266
controversy ; that in Moses we have the tables of stone engraven by
the finger of God himself: where the commandement is expresse,
even against the abuse of this very Art, as well as an instance of the
antiquity of Idolatry attesting that of Sculpture : thou shalt not
MAKE TO THYSELF ANY GRAVEN IMAGE*. But this which is indeed
the first writing that we have Scripture to vouch for, does yet presup-
pose Engraving to have been of much greater antiquity. What else
were the Teraphim ? What the Penates of Laban stolen by Rachel ?
The Idols of Terah ? or the Egyptian ? &c. But we forbear to expatiate,
onely that which is by Ben. Syrac somewhere in Ecclesiasticus f deliver-
ed, that the original of Idolatry was from images to preserve the memory
of the dead J, as in processe of time by the flatterers of great men it
was turn'd to be an object of adoration, plainly inferrs, Graving to
have been elder then Idolatry.
But now to recover its esteem again beyond all prejudice (how ever
by others abus'd, as indeed many of the best things have been,) it was,
we know, imputed for a spiritual talent in Bezaleel and Aholiah^, who
made Intaglias to adorne the High Priests pectoral. And we have said
how the Egyptians reverenced it, as seeming to have us'd it before
letters ; or rather their hieroglyphics (importing sacred Sculpture) were
those elements by which they transmitted to posterity what they
esteem'd most worthy of record ; and not (as some have imagin'd) wrap-
ped up in those enigmatical figures, the secrets of their arts both divine
and secular : For
Nondum Flumineas Memphis contexere biblos
Noverat ; et Saxis tantum volucrisque ferseque,
Sculptaque servabant magicas animalia Linguas ||.
Whence Tacitus calls them Antiquissima monumenta memorice humance
impressa Saxis. Such as were also the Horapollinis notee, and all
those other venerable antiquities of this nature, transported to Rome
out of ^gypt, in no less then two and forty prodigious obelisks, of late
interpreted by the industrious Kircher before cited. Suidas attributes
the invention to the Father of the Faithful ; others tp Theut or Hermes,
*Eicod. XX. tc. xiv. + Sc.Sap. c. 16. { 31 Exod. U Lucanus, lib. 3.
267
some to Cadmus and the Phoenicians. Bibliander will have Letters and
Sculpture from Adam ; Josephus from Henoch ; Philo from Abraham ;
Eusebius from Moses ; Cyprian from Saturne, where, by the way, be-
cause 'tis said he did Litteras imprimere^ Peter Calaber (who much
affects to call himself Pomponius LcetiisJ foolishly deduces, that even
the Typographical Art* was known in the age of this hero ; but thence,
as we said, it descended to the Egyptians by Misraim, and so was
communicated to the Persians, Medes, and Assyrians, thence to the
Greeks, and finally to the Romans, from whom it was deriv'd to us, as
Peter Crinitus in his 17th book ■j', de Honestd DiscipUnd, out of a very
antient MS. Bibliothecce SeptimianeBf seems to deduce, and thus
summe them up together.
Moyses primus Hebraicas exaravit Literas.
Mente Phoenices sagaci condiderunt Atticas.
Quas Latini scriptitamus, edidit Nicostrata.
Abraham Syras, & idem repperit Chaldaicas.
Isis arte non minore protulit iEgyptiacas.
Gulfila promsit Getarum quas videmus Literas.
Now, should all this but relate to the several characters only, it shall
yet serve our purpose ; since whoever was the inventor of Letters, was
also doubtless the father of Sculpture, as is apparent, if not by the for-
mer columns erected by Seth (one whereof Angelus Roccha in his
JBibliotheca Vaticana presumes to have been of brasse), by several other
instances; the writing with ink, on paper or parchment, being al-
together a novelty in comparison to the more antient formes and
materials, such as were the slitstones, or slates which succeeded the
stately marbles, and preceded the thinner leaves of bark, and tab-
lets of wood, which, from the German hucher, signifying i\ie fagus
or beech-tree, (whose fruit does still with us retain the name of
huch-mastj were called books, to whatever voluble or folding mat-
ter applyed : for before the invention of paper, they us'd the leaves
of Palmes, as Yoxro de Sibylla; then the rinds of trees; afterwards
sheets of lead, linnen, wax, and ivory, as PJInie and Vopiscus tell us.
They writ in silk amongst the Persians and Chineses ; and lastly, were
* Vossius in Art. Hist. t Cap. 1.
'268
invented parchmerit and paper. But whether in all these, or whatever
the subject were (some few latter excepted), it was still by insculping,
scarrifying, and making a kind of incision into it: especially intending
to consign to posterity their lawes, divine and humane, Roman, -^Egyp-
tian, or Hebrew : for so of old
^ verba miliiantia fixo
^re ligabantur *,
according to the Poet. Thus were the Hieronicse preserv'd in the
temple of Olympian Jove, and the Roman Consuls in the Capitol ; and
as by those innumerable inscriptions of irrefragable and undeniable an-
tiquitie does appear.
We have already computed how probable it is that Sculpture was in
use in ^gypt somewhat before, or at least as soon as the Patriarch
Abraham set his foot there : but the lesse discerning Greeks who re-
ceiv'd it from the Egyptians, could tell us of no writings of theirs ex-
tant before Homer, if we will give ear to Josephus, before that of
Tatian (a learned Assyrian, and contemporary with Justin Martyr)
where he affirmes, ovx, tuv 'Of^yi^ov f/uowv TS-^ecr[3uT.Bt^ogeirTiv, oVLovcn^s en ^ tou
•jffpo auTOU (ruyypu(ptuv, Aivov, (piXafn^uvoq, QetfMjoiOOS, ' AfjL<piuvoi fLO\j(r.oi,io\i., 'Op(pBea,g,
AwoSoKov, ^vjiAiov, l,iS,v7Q^g:,'E7ri[A£vi^au Tou'K^iiirog, ha-ng ei; ti^v l,7rcepTiiiv a(piKBTo
^oKTrea. tou VpoKornvjcnou rou tx 'AptiJ-uirma avYypai\/ciU)TQ5., 'A(rj3oXov re ro\i Kev-
Ttxhaov^ v.oii 'lo'aT/^o? Apv[Ji.mo5 re kxi 'Ev[ir,Xou tou KuTrgtou, kui £laou tw .Sa^/ou
Koci Upoa-TuvTi^ou TOO 'Ao-flTji/ai'oLi, &c. Where we have no lesse then seven-
teen Graecians nam'd elder then Homer. There are also enumerated
the names of twenty Argive Kings from Inachus to Agamemnon,
which strongly infers the means of recording by Sculpture and Writing
to have been very antient. For so we read that the poems of Hesiod
were eng-i'aven in lead. Aristotle mentions Daphne, a certain devotresse
of Apollo; Sabinus and Diodorus many others. But when, or who-
ever it were, thence (as we said) it travelled into Greece, that theater
of the Arts, where it soon arriv'd to the supreamest height of perfection,
when being applied to the forming of Inures, it was celebrated by all
the witty men of those, and the succeeding ages. Homer tells us of
* Ovidj Metam. 1.
269
the engraving in the shield of Achilles *; Hesiod that of Hercules ; not
to mention the Sculptures upon the charriot of the Sun, described by
the Poet, because it is fictitious, though extreamly ingenious, arid
whence happly they might have their Vehicula, CJcelata meijtion'd by
Q. Curtius \, But whether now these antient and famous pieces were
hollow, like those of our burine, or the work of our chissel and repair'd
embossments, might seem a difficulty to resolve, from the frequent in-
terpretations we attributed to the verbe in the former chapter ; if what
we have here attested concerning the antiquity of letters, and conse-
quently of flat incisions, pronounce not for its preheminence, however
this may appear to the more judicious. Add to it, that both Plasiica,
(whatever others may fancy) unless we will ascend to the divine figura-
tion of the first breathing Statue that was ever form'd (and with Pliny,
derive it to be before, and the Mother of Sculpture), and the Anaglyptic
Art, (not prpduc'd in the world 'till about the time of Belus, and the
jbeginning of Gentilisme). were not 'till long after the use of letters ; if
Enoch's prophesy were not preserved by unwritten tradition, and the
former apocryphal monuments have other foundation then the wit of
the Rabbins, which we can by no means assent to in the general!. Be-
sides, if we apply it to intaglias in stone, seals, and the like, for having
been almost coevoiis vvith rings, (what was else the signet which Judah
left with his daughter Tamar J ?) it questionless derives its original be-
fore any history at present extant in the world, divine or humane, was
committed to writing. Of which he who has a thirst to satisfie his cu-
riosity farther, may consult >Gorlseus, or Fortun. 'L<icetus de ulnnulis
jdntiquorum; where also concerning their -Sculpture, first in iron, then
in gold, other metals and stones ; and of which might very much be
SKlded, both touching their dignity, signification, and how they came at
length to' be worne so universally. Something we might here likewise
insert of their constellated figures, or talismans, long since engraven
upon certain instants and periods of the sun's ingresse into such and
such partieular signes of the Zodiac, treated of by Francis Rueus the
physitian, Tralianus, and, instar omnium, by the learned Gafiarel at
large ; but we hasten to that which followes.
* Iliad, 3. Metam. 1. 3. t L. 3. c. 3. J Gen. xxxviii. 18.
270
CHAP. III.
or THE REPUTATION AND PROGRESSE OF SCULPTURE AMONGST THE
GREEKS AND ROMANS, DOWN TO THE MIDDLE-AGES; WITH SOME
PRETENSIONS TO THE INVENTION OF COPPER-CUTS, AND THEIR
IMPRESSIONS.
We have now done with the original, and will next endeavour to
investigate what progress it has made amongst those glorious and uni-
versal monarchs, when Sculpture and all other noble arts Were in their
ascei^dent and highest reputation ; I mean the Greeks and the Romans ;
for to the first does Herodotus appropriate the perfection of this art, not
admitting it to have arriv'd at the latter till about the time of Spurius
Cassius, when Baptist Alberti ascribes it to his countrymen the Tuscans.
Those who have well surveied the natural history of Pliny, will easily
commute for the omission, if, out of pure indulgence to their eyes only
we forbear the transcribing of at least three or four intire chapters, in-
dustriously baulking those ample and luxurious fields of statues, as under
the fusile and plaistic head *; because it suites not with our present design
and institution : for to passe over the figures in metal, those of gypsum
and other materials, the Sculptores Marmoris were so many, and the
Greeks so extravagantly fond of their works, that at Rhodes alone, that
small island, were no less than 73,000 signa ; nor were there fewer at
Athens, Olympia, Delphi, and several other cities, whereof whole armies
of them were transferred to Rome, after Achaia had been conquered by
L. Mummius, at which period the Greek arts began to rise, and be in
such reputation amongst them ; and this to so high an excesse, as Pliny
records of his age, that there were almost as many statues as men, by a
kind of noble contention (saves Sr. H. Wottonf) in point of fertility 'twixt
art and nature, and which he and my Lord Bacon improves to a politique
as well as altogether an expenceful magnlficency. It shall then suflBce
that we be sparing in these instances, and keep ourselves to those vvorkes
and intaglias only, which do nearest approach our design; of which sort
* 1. 33. c. 8. 1. 34. c. 13. 1. 36. c. 6. f Element. Architect. Instaurat. Scient
271
may be esteemed those uTTOT^^etyia'fMtTct mentioned by Pliny, in which art
that famous Pyrgoteles did so excell, as made Alexander the Great or-
dain that none should presume to carve his effigies save him only ; to
paint or cast him, besides Apelles and Lysippus,
Edicto vetuit, ne quis se, praeter Apellem,
Pingeret, aut alius Lysippo duceret aera
Fortis Alexandri vultum simulantia*.
Had Queen Elizabeth been thus circumspect, there had not been so
many vile copies multiplyed from an ill painting ; as being called in, and
brought to Essex-house*!*, did for several years furnish the pastry-men
with peels for the use of their ovens.
We wish the same might please his Majesty, and that none save such
as for their excellent tallent had particular indulgence, might any more
dare to represent his sacred person in painting or carving, then in his
coyne and royal signature ; for it is seriously a reproachfull thing only
to behold how it is profan'd by the hand of so many vile and wretched
bunglers (they deserve not the name of workmen) as blush not daily to
expose their own shame, in so precious and rever'd a subject ; and that
the heads of kings and heroes should be permitted to hang for signes,
among cats and owles, dogs and asses, at the pleasure of every tavern
and tippling-house, we have frequently stood in admiration of. But so
did not that of Alexander, as we noted ; nor would Augustus make
himself cheaper then that great master of his time, Dioscorides, pleas'd,
whom he particularly chose to preserve and derive his divine effigies to
the after ages, and to the honour of his memory, by what he left in those
signets and other stones which he cut for that renown'd Emperour. Thus
Sculpture began to be most eminent in stones and gemms, auro, argento,
tBre,ferrOfligno, ehore,marmore, vitro, Sec. as this author affirms, where,
discoursing of the famous works which were left by the masters of note
upon record in his time, he seems to ascribe the invention to one DIpoenus
and Scyllis ; for we shall not here ascend so high as Prometheus, or
speak much of Ideocus, Eucirapus, Lysistratus, Demophilus, Dedalusj
Leochares, Policarmus, Myrmecides, and innumerable others. It would
* Hor. E. Epist 2. t Where my L. of Leicester then lived.
272
Aiehis (as we said) to transcribe the names biit of the peiees only of all
! retibwried men \<?hom he there celebrates' for their engravings oti
uTj eupsi rings, glass j even to the very Figulina, Vasa coelaiaj such as
s brake of purpose, lest some other unexpected accident or mischance
it put him into passion, as Plutarch tells the story*. Hydrice and
r-pots were thus wrought, and Pliny speaks of the engraving even
'ead. 'Tis yet observable, that very few were found who took any
ure to engrave in gold (as we conceive), being too soft a met&ll : hut
itudes that wrought insilVeri ^Specially the famous Mentor, of whose
. Varro affirmes he had a pieqe in his possession, which he infinitely
id ; for, it seems, he had never finished above eighty which \vere
of them lost. Two more of his cups had L. Crassus the orator,
i at C. HS.-f- Confessus est tamen se nunquafn his uti, propter
"Undidm ausum ; so richy it seems, and magnificent they were^, that
this great person professed he never durst make use of them out of
modefsty, and to avoid the censure of being thought too luxurious,
ial describes another, where a lizard was so lively represented,, men
afraid it Wbuld bite.
Inserta Phialae Mentoris manu ducta
Lacerta vivit, et timetur argentum.
2xt to Mentor was Acragus, Boethus-, and Mys, whose master-
was expos'd at Rhddes ; especially those glorious vasas and goblets
e Bacchanalia, engraven by the forefflention'd Acragus, and of
ige, chases, and hunting. Famous also were Calamis, Antipater,
StratonicUs, who engraved the Satyr sleeping, a stupendous piece
t. Then th^rei flourlshfed Taurisdus, ofCizicum; Aristus and Eumcjus,
of them Mityleniarts ; likewise Hecates, and the renowned Praxi-
, about the titne of Pompey ; Posidonius of Eph^Sus, and Ledus,
lus for representing of battails, &c. To be brief (for their works are
5ss), Zdpirus whoengrav'd the dotir^; of the Areopagi in a cup, and
rial of Orestes. After him lived PytheUs, and sfeveral othei-s too long
to recite. Nor werfe all these Gravers in flat, but, as w6 said, in
vo some of them, and more approaching to the Statuary. Besides
Plut. in Apotheg. f " An hundred sesterces, about 8001."
. .•'■273
* such as were excellent medaillists, from Augustus, Caligula, Claudius,
Nero, Galba, &c. down to the reigns of Coiftmodiis and Pertinax; for
from Severus it greatly decay'd, and the • most toUerable engravings of
the former lasted but to Nerva, the best being those whibh were cut and
stamped in the time of Caligula, Claudius, and Nero, about which period
Sculpture beginning to degenerate in Greece, it travell'd and came to
Rome, now opulent and victorious. But after these, andthe formerly
recorded by Pliny, there were not many who left either^ name or work
famous to posterity; for, besides that the monarchy was soon broken
and disorder'd, the later Emperors became less curious, rich, and magni-
ficent; so as even in the time of the Great Constantine it self, arts began
manifestly to degenerate : but, when afterwards the Goths and Saracens
had broken in Upon the Roman empire,- and made those horrid devas-
tations, they were in a manner utterly lost, as the reliques which they
left in Statuary, Sculpture, Architecture, Letters, and all other good
axts, do yet testifie. It is true, that the ruder Danes and Nbrvegians
had in these times their Runic writings, or engraven letters, as in their
Rimstoc or Primstaf, some square or long piece of board, or staflF, having
an almanac carved on it. So they engrav'd their letters on bones, either
whole or sliced, and bound up together, like our tallies; also upon
ja;,w-bones of the greater fishes taken on their coasts; and PFbrmim
in Fasti Danici L. 1. cAttjo. 18. mentions Danish hieroglyphics, on the
tombs of their old heroes ; lyons, bears, horses, dogs, dragons, snakes,
&c. wrought on the hardest rocks, together with Runic characters ; so
as these nations seldom travell'd without their g-r-eef, Qxgrcef*s&x:,aVvt\d,
of point or stiletto, with which they us'd to carve out letters and other
figures upc^n occasion ; but it was yet so rude, and their gusto so deprav'd,
that they demolisb'd and ruin'd all those goodly fabricks and excellent
works wherever they became masters, introducing their lame and
wretched manner in all those arts which they pretended to restore, even
when now they became a little more civiliz'd by the conversation of the
more polish'd and flourishing countries ; for it was not any general add
imaginary decay, which some have conceited to be difFus'd upon the
universal face of nature, that the succeeding periods did not emerge or
attain to the excellency of the former ages, antient masters, and renowned
2 N
274
wprkes ; b^t to th^ universal decgy of n<xblQ aiid heroic genius's t-Q
enpoMirjigft ihism. . JPriscis enim temporibus, (saies Petronius)* cum
<i!^h/uc Mtda virhts placeret, vigehant unites ingenuce^ sjfmmumqtjLe
^(^t^wen int^f homines eraty ne gui4 profaturum sceculis diu lateret.
J[t0q^e,I^ercules! herharum omnium iSMccp^s Deippcritus expressif; et, ne
KLpidmn vi9;gultariimque vis lateret, eetatemin^r mperimenta consump^
sit : Eudoxus quidem in cacuntiT^ excelsissimi miosis consenuit, ut astrof
X^m ccelique mopus deprehenderet : p/ GljJ'ysiippus utad i;n,pentvonem s%^<-
fpQeret, ter helj^lhoro ani^m?n detfr^it. Verum, ut adpiastas qonvertar,
(which coroejs ppa^esjl; our instance) Lysippo^, ^tt^t^a^ unius li;neam€^n
^^ inhcBventem, inppia ex.tinxit ; et Myron, qui pcene J^or^inum animas,
ferarumque, cer,e comprekendit, nan invenit heredem. At nos, vino
sportisque d^mersi, ne paratas quidem q.rMs aud&mus eognoscere ; sed,
accusatores antiquitatis, vitia tantum doqemus et discimus, Sfc. He
conchidesj ^plito ergo mirariy si pictfira deficit, cum qnenihus d%is
hominibusque formosior videatur massa awi, quam quicquid Apelles,
Phidiasue, Grcefmli deliranfes,J'eeerunt.
And if thus, even in the greatest height and perfection of the
sciences, the eloquent satyrjst could find just reason to deplore their
decadence, and censure the vices of that agej wh^t shall we say of
purs, so miserably declining, and prodigioijsly degenerate ? We want
Alexanders, Augustus's, such as Francis the 1. Cpsimp di Medices,
Charles the V. ; those fathers an4i Mecsenas's of the arts, who by thpir
liberality and affection to virtue na^y stimulate and provoke men to
gallant exploits; and that being, thereby once at their ease from the
penurie and necessities which depresse the noblest mindes, they might
work for glory, and not for those trifling and iUiberal re war<ls which
hardly would find them bread, should they employ but half that time
upon their studies, which were requisite to bring their labours to the
supremest perfection ; since, according to that saying, ou^ilv tuv fji.fya\av
Hpu ymrou ; nothing which is great can be done without leasure. If a
quarter of that which is thrown away upon cards, dice, dogs, mistresses,
base and vitious gallanteries, arid impertinent follies, were employ'd to
* Petronii Arb. Satyrieon. Cap. 88.
275
the encouragement of arts, and promotion of Science,: how iikstflous
and magnificent wrndd that age be ; how glorious and itifiiiiteiy happy ?
We complain of the times presewt, 'tis we that make them had ; we
admire the formed, *tis the efi^ct of our ignorance only ; and which is
yet more criminal, in that we have had their examples to instruct, and
have made them to reproch «s. Pardon this indignation of ours, O ye
that love vertue and cultivate the sciences !
To returne to our institution again : Sculpture and Chalcography
seem to have been of much antienter date in China then with us ;
where all their writings and printed records were engraven either on
copper plates or cut in tablets' of wood, of which some we possesse, and
have seen more, representing (in ill pictures) landskips, stories, and
the likci Josephus Scaliger affirmes that our first letters' in Europe
were thus cut upon vt'ood, beftw^ they invented the ti/pck ceneos ;
instancing in a certain Horologium JB. Matties^* which he sayes he
had seen printed upon parchment a great while since : but Semedo
Would make the world believe that the foremention'd Chinezes have
been possess'd of this invention about sixteen hundred years, some
others affirme SJ^OO. However, that they were really masters of it
Jong before uis, is universally agreed Upon ; and is yet in such esteeiit
stmongst them^ that the very artisan wh»> compounds this ink for thie
piidsse,- is not accounted amongst the mechanic professors ; but is dig-
Eaf;^d with' a liberal salary, and particular priviledges. They also
engrave uponi stone, and imprint with it ; but with this difference in
the worfcing-off, that the p£^er being black the Sculpture remains white.
More admirable is that whiehthey attest was fouiid in Mexico and other
places of the new Worldj where they hieroglyphiz'd both their thoughtis,
histories, and inventions to posterity,,nbt much unlike to the Egyptians,
though in lesse durable and permanent maiterf: the same likewise Jo.
Laet afiBrmes of the Sculpture among the Acadise, and those of Nova
Firancia ; so natural!(it seems) and useful was this art, everi to the least
civilized amongst the Heath^isi. And there is indeed nothing at which
* Hist. Chin, part. 1. cap. 7-
t Several curious specimens -are engraved in the " Voyage de Humboldt et Bonpland." Folio.
Paras, 1810.
276
we more admire, and deplorej then that this facile and obvious inven-
tion ; and which would have transmitted to us so many rare and admir-
able things, was never hit upon among the Greeks and inventive
B.omans, who engrav'd so many inscriptions both in brasse and marble ;
impressed and publish'd so many thousands of medails and coynes as
are in the hands and collections of the virtuosi, and the bowels of the
earth, wherever their conquests extended themselves, or eagles dis-
play'd their wings.
CHAP. IV.
OF THE INVENTION AND PROGRESSE OF CHALCOGRAPHY IN PAR-
TICULAR, TOGETHER WITH AN AMPLE ENUMERATION OF THE
MOST RENOWNED MASTERS, AND THEIR WORKES. ^ ...
The Art of Engraving and working off from plates of copper,
which we call Prints, was not yet appearing or born with us till about
the year 1490, which was near upon, 50, years after Typography had
been found out by John Guittemberg ; or whoever that lucky person
were (for 'tis exceedingly controverted)^ that first produc'd the inven-
tion. There is a collection of antient Offices adorned with several
Sculptures (if so we may terme those wretched Gravings in the infancy
of this Art) where the Devil is but one great blot (as indeed he is the
foulest of the Creation) and the rest of the figures monochroms as
ridiculous and extravagant ; though still as, the invention grew older,
refining and improving upon it. One of the antientest Gravings which
we have seew, to which any mark is oppos'd, hath M. 3. and M. C. in
one of the corners of the plates; and it was long that they used the
initial letters of their names only,- and sometimes but one, as in those
of Lucas. Albert Durer did frequently add the year of the Lord, and
his own age from ten to fourteen, &c. performing such things as might
shame most of the best masters, for the true and steady design,' the
incomparable proportion, and stroke of his graver. But Israel, Martin
Schoen, and the Todesco (who is by some sirnamed the Master of the
Qandlestick, because of tlie foulnesse of his ink) were of the very first,
as far as we can collect, who published any works of this kind under
277
tfeeir. names, wrought off by the roUing-presse, and whose slender
attempts gave encouragement to those who have succeeded.
George Vasari, who has been exceedingly curious in this enquiry,
attributes the first invention of this art to one Maso Finiguerra, a Flbr-^
entine, about anno 1460, which exceeds our former computation .by
thirty years ; but then we are to consider by what progresse and degrees,
for it was first only in silver, to fill with a certain encaustic or black
enamel, which it seems gave him the first hint how to improve it in
plates of brass, which having engraved, he did onely fume, taking off
the impression with a moyst paper and a rolling pin. This mean com^
mencement was yet afterwards pursu'd by Baccio Baldini, a Goldsmith,
his countryrman, whose works coming to the sight of Andrea Mantegna
in Rome, invited that great painter to give him some deslgnes of his
own for his encouragement ; and from thence it travell'd into Flanders
to one Martine of Antwerp, whose works (as we observ'd} were usually
countersign'd with M. the first whereof were the Five wise and Jive
foolish VirginSf and a Crucifix, which was so well cut that Gerardo, a
Florentine Painter, would needs copy it. After this he published his
Four Fvangelists ; our Saviour and the Twelve Apostles ; a Veronica,
S. George; Christ before Pilate, a.uA\Assumption of the JB. Virgin,
one of the rarest that ever he did ; besides that St. Anthonies Tempr
tation, which was so well performed that Michael Angelo (exceed >-
ingly ravished with it) would needs wash it over with his own hands.
The next that > appeared of note was the formerly , mention'd and
renowned Albert Durer, who flourished about the year 1503, and who
had performed wonders both in copper and wood, had he once fortun'd
upon the least notion of that excellent manner which came afterwards
to be in vogue, of giving things their natural distances and agreeable
sweetnesse, the defect of which SirH. Wotton does worthily perstringe
both in him and some others*. But to proceed ; Albert being very
young, set forth Our Lady ; mme designes oi JSorses after the life;
the Prodigal i S. Sebastian, in little; & Nymph ravished by a Mon^^
ster ; a Woman on Horseback; Diana chastising a. Nymph whofties
* Elements of Architecture. 4to. 1624.
2/8
to a Sutler for protection^ In which he discovered his admirable talent
and skill in expressing nudities ; a Countiyman and Woman playing
on bagpipes, with Poultry y &^c. about diem ; Venus or the Temptation
of the Stove ; his two St. Christophers, rare cuts. After that, he
engraved several stamps in wpo^j proof whereof he gave in the decol-
lation of St. Jo. Baptist with Herodias ; Pope Sixtus ; St. Stephem;
Lazarus ; St. George ; a Passion in great ; the La>st Swpiper ; Christ's
apprehension in the Garden ; Descent into Limbo, and Resurrections i
with eight ,more prints of this subjject, which are held to be spurious.
All th^e he published anno 1510. The year following he set forth the
Life of Our Lady, in twenty sheets, rarely conducted ; the ^pocalyps
in fifteen sheets, of which the Painters have made sufficient use j Chrisi
hem&anvng our sins. Then applying himself to grave in copper again,
he published his Mehnc^oMa, three different Mmdonas, with, thirty
pieces besides concerning the Passiom;. aijd which being afterwards
imitated by that rare Artist Marca Antonio (who had. procuu'd them ai
Venice) and published for originals (so exactly it seems they were per-
form'd) did so insense Albert, that he made a journey to Venice ex-
presly to complain, of the injury to the Senate, and obtain'd at laist, that
M. Antonio should no more be permittedi to set his mark or plagia^
which was all he could procure of them. Another emulator of Albert's
was Lucas van Leyden, whom at his returne into Germany, he found
had well neer overtaken him for the sweetnesse of his burine, though
something inferiour of deagn : such were a Christ heamng the Crosse,
and another of his Crucificaion ; Sampson; David, on a Hor&e ; Mar-
tyrdome of S. Peter,; Saul and David; the Slhughter of Goliah;
the Famous- Piper ; Virgil's, and some other heads; all which works
did so inflame his antagonist Alberty. that in a laudable re v^ige he
^\ih]ish.'dhiBjirm'd CaViulier, or Dream, in which the brightnesse and
lustre of the armour and horse is rarely conducted. Then in the year
1512 he set forth- siss- other small stories of tha Posmon, which Lucas
also imitated, though hardly reach'd J Then a. /S. George; Solomon's
Idolatry ; ike Baptisme of our Lord; Pyramws andThisMe; Aha<-
suerus afnd Hester, ^-e. These again incited Albert- to publish- that
Temperantia, whom he elevates above the clouds, S. Eustathius and
279
the Hart, a most incomparable cu*; his Death' » Head in a ScutcheoHi
ajftd several German Cmtes full of rare «iau»tli«gs affld invention. Also
S, Mi^ram, a Christ and twelve Aposties in small : anno 1523, many
heads, as that of Erasmus, Co^rdmed <A]^ti the Imperial Mlector^s^
and his own, with divers other.
Lucas again, i-n emulation ©f these, set f<»rth his Jbs^h and four
Mvangelists ; the Angels aip^eanng to Jj^raham; Susanna; David
fraying I Mmdeccly triumphmg ; Lot; the Creation ^ Adam and
Eve ; the StOry of Cwm and Abel, anna 1529. But what procur'd
him immortal glory was bis great Crucifm; Mece Homo, and Conver-
sion Q^ SoMii Pmd; in whaich he exceeded himself b®th for the work
and ordonance ; the distances, being better e'cmdlicted then Albert's,
and indeed so well observ'd, as ga^ve light even to some of the best
painters that succeeded him ; so much are they oblig'd to this art, and
to this rare worfemfwi. He graved also several Madonas, our blessed
Saviowr^nA Apostles ; together with divers Saints, Armes and Mant-,
Vmgs, a Mountebanc, and many more.
But to returne now into Italy, from Vvhence we first sallied. In the
time of Raphael Urblne flourished die renouned Marco Antonio, who
gTaved after those incomparible pieces, of that famous painter to whom
he was so dear, that the honour he has done him to posterity will ap-
pear as long as that School of Raphael remains in the Pope's chamber
at the Vatican, or any memorial of it lasts; though, to speak truth,
even. of this rare graver, the pieces which he hath published seem to be
more estimable yet for the choice and imitation, then for any other ,
perfection of the burine; as forming most of his figures and touches of
too equal force, and by no means well observing the distances, according
to the rules of perspective, that tehdernesse and, as the Italians terme
it, Morbidezza in the hatchings, which is absolutely requisite to render
apiece accomplish'd and without reproch.
We have recited above what he coppied aftei: Albert Durer ; but being
at Rome, and applying himself to Raphael, he cut that rare Lucretia
of his, which he perform 'd so miich to satisfaction, that divers excellent
painters desir'd him to publish many of their works. This produc'd
CJrbine's Judgmei^t of Pmris, at which the city was so ravish'dj that
280
they decreed the golden apple to Antonio before the fair goddesse'
Then he set forth the Slaughter of the Innocents^ Neptune, the Bape
of Helena, all of them of Raphael's designing : ^Iso the Martyrdoms
of St. Felix in the hoyling oyl, which purchas'd him so much fame and
credit; but this excellent painter would alwayes frona that time for-
wards have one of his servants to attend only M. Antonio's rolling-
press, arid to work oflF his plates, which then begian to be marked with
R. S. for Raphael Sancio, which was the name of Urbine, and with
M. F. for Marco Fecit. Of these there is a Venus design'd by Raphael,
Abraham and his Handmaid. After this he graved all those rounii
designes painted in the Vatican by the same hand ; likewise the Ga-
liope, Providentia, Jiistitia,' the Muses, Apollo, Parnassus^ the Poets,
JEneas and Anchises, the famous Galatea, all of- them after Raphael :
also the three Theological Per'tues and four Moral, Poor, Christ and
the Twelve ; several Madonas, St. Hierome, Tobit, St. John Baptist,
and divers other saints ; besides many prints after the Cartoons of Ra-
phael, which had been design'd to be wrought in tapestry and arras ; as
the stories of St. Peter, Paul, Stephen^ John, St. Catharine, and sun-
dry heads to the life, &c. especially that incomparable one of Pietro
Aretino the poet. Some things likewise being sent by Albert Durer out of
Germany to Raphael, were, upon his recommendation, afterwards cut by
M. Antonio, together with the Innocents, a Ccenaculum, and St. Ceci-
lia's Martyrdom of Raphael's invention : then he publish'd his Twelve
Apostles in little, and divers Saints for the help of painters, as St.
. Hierome ; the naked Woman and the Lion, after Raphael ; Aurora,
and from ^e antique the Three Graces.
, Marco di Ravenna was one of Antonio's sehollars, who had also, to-
gether with Augustino Venetiano, the honour to dignifie his gravings
with Raphael's cypher ; though the latter often Us'd A. V.I. his own
initial letters ; of both their cutting are a Madond, with a Christus
mortuus; and in a large sheet the B. Virgin praying, and a Nativity
in great also : 'the Metamorphoses of Lycaon ; a Perfumer ; Alexan-
der^ magnus and Boxana ; a Ceena Domini; the Annuntiation, all
design'd by Raphael. Besides these were set forth two stories of the
Marriage of Psyche; and indeed there was hardly any thing which
281
ever Raphael either painted or design'd, but what were graven by one
or both of these workmen; besides divers other things after Julio
Romano, viz. all that he painted in Raphael's Lodge, or gallery 6f the
Vatican ; some whereof are signed with M. R. and others with A. V.
to shew they had been imitated by others, as was the Creation ; the
'Sacrifice of Cain and Ahel; Noah ; Abraham ; the Passage over the
■Med Sea; ^e Promulgation of the Law ; the Fall of Manna ; David
and Goliahi which also M. Antonio had published before; as likewise
the Temple of Solomon ; his Judgment on the Harlots ; the Queen of
Sheba's Visit, and many other histories collected Out of the Old Testa-
ment, all of which were published before , Raphael's decease : for after
that Augustino wrought with Baccio Bahdinelli> a sculptor of Florence,
.who caus'd him to grave his Antonitis and Cleopatra, very rare things,
with divers other designs ;- as the Slaughter of the Innocents, divers
Nudities, 2ixi^ Clad Figures ; not to omit those excellent and incom-
parable drawings and paintings of Andrea del Sarto, after which he
graved ; though In the Christo mortuo not altogether succeeding so
well as had been vsdshed.
But to come again to Marco Antonio, because there is not a paper of
his to be lost. After Raphael's death did Julio Romano publish, some
of his own deslghes in print. I say after his death, for before, though
he were an excellent painter, yet durst he never take the boldness upon
him. Such were the Duel of Horses ; a Venus, which he had formerly
painted ; the Penance of Mary Magdalen ; the Four Evangelists; and
some bassi relievi, with many things that Raphael had design'd for the
Corridor of the Vatican, and which were afterwards retouched by Tomaso
Barlacchi. We will not contaminate this discourse with those twenty
vile designes of Jiillo, cut by M. Antonio, and celebrated with the Im-
pure verses of Peter Aretino, by which he so dishonour'd this excellent
art, as well as himself, because it deserved a severer animadversion and
chastisement then was indicted upon him for it ; though to commute for
this extravagancy, he publish'd the Martyrdom of St. Laurence, in
which he also reformed those designes of Baccio Bandlnelli to the great
reputation of the art of Chalcography.
About the same time flourlsh'd GiouannI Battista Mantuano, disciple
2o
282
of Julio Romano, who published a Madona, his armed Mars and
Venus ; the Burning of Troy, an extraordinary piece (his prints are
usually sign'd LB. M.); also his three sheets of BdttaUs, cut by some
other hand, a Physitian applying of Cupping-glasses to a JVoman ;
Christ's Journey into JEgypt ; Romulus and Rhefnus; the Stories of
Pluto, Jupiter and Neptune; the Miseries of Imprisonment ; Int^r^
view of the Armies of Scipio and Hannibal ; St. John Baptist's Na-
tivity, cut by Sebastiano de Reggio, all after Julio Romano.
Giorgio Mantuano set forth the Facciata of the Pope's chappel ; M.
Angelo's Judgement ; St. Peter's Martyrdome ; the Conversion of St.
Paul, &c. ; and some plates were sent abroad about the year 1530,
eaten with aqua fortis after Parmesano ; for, as ah cere, deventum ad
Tabular ceratas in writing, the use of, the Palimpsestus, table books,
plumhce lamellce and the like ; so happened it also in this art of Chal-
cography ; and etching with corrosive waters began by some to be
attempted with laudable success, as in this recital we shall frequently
have occasion to remember: but whether those symeters and blades
brought us from Damascus, and out of Syria, and wrought with these
strong waters, might giv6 any light to this expeditious and useful in-
vention, we are not yet inform'd ; and the effect was suflScientlv ob-
vious after that of the burine had been well considered.
Ugo da Carpi did things in stamp which appear'd as tender as any
drawings, and in a new way of chiaro-scuro, or mezzo-tinto, by the help
of two plates, exactly conter-calked, one serving for the shadow, the
other for the heightning ; and of this he publish'd a Sybilla after Ra-
phael, which succeeded so rarely well, that he improv'd the curiosity to
three colours ; as his JEneas and Anchises, Descent from the Cross,
story of Symon Magus, a David after the same Urbin, and a Venus, do
testifie. This occasioned many others to imitate him, as in particular,
Baldassare Peruzzi, who graved the Hercules, Parnassus, and the
Muses; and Francisco Parmegiano, who having set out Diogenes in
this guise, a very rare print, instructed Antonio di Trento in the art,
who published his Peter and Paul in chiaro-obscuro, the Tyburtine
Syhill, and a Madona; but none was there who exceeded those of Bee-
283
cafumi, especially his two Apostles in wood, and the Alchemist \n
aqua fortis.
Fran. Parmegiano (whom we already mentioned) may be esteemed for
one of the first that brought the use of aqua-fortis into reputation ; so
tender and gracefull were some of his etchings, as appears in that rare
Descent of the Cross, Nativity, and several other pieces.
Baptista Vicentino and Del Moro set forth many curious landskips,
Girolamo Cocu, the Liberal Sciences, &c.
Giacomo del Cavaglio cut many things after Rosso Fiorentino, as the
Metamorphosis of Saturn into a Horse ; the Rape of Proserpine ;
Antcminus and the Swan ; some of the Herculean Labours ; a book of
the Gods and their Transformations, whereof part are after Perino del
Vaga ; also the Rape of the Sabines, an incomparable print, had it
been perfect ; but the city of Rome happening at that time to be in some
disorder, the plates were lost. He graved likewise for Parmegiano the
Espousals of our Lady, and a rare Nativity after Titian ; not to conceal
his admirable talent in cutting of onixes, chrlstals, and other estimable
stones.
Eneas Vico de Parma engraved the Rape of Helena after old Rosso ;
a Vulcan with some Cupids about him ; Leda after Mich. Arigelo ; the
Annuntiation designed by Titian ; the story of Judith, the portrait of
Cosimo di Medices, &c. ; also the Contest 'twixt Cupid and Apollo
before the Gods ; the Conversion of St. Paul in great, a very rare
stamp ; the head of Jovanni dij\fedici, Charles the V. and some rare
medails whjch are extant in the hands of the curious. He also published
St. George ; several Habits of Countries ; the Stemmata, or trees of
the JEmperours, and divers other famous pedigrees.
Lamberto Suave set forth 13 prints of Christ and his Disciples, far
better graved than design'd ; also the Resurrection of Lazarus, and a
St. Paul, which are skilfully and very laudably handled.
Gio. Battista de Cavaglieri has cut the Descent from, the Cross, a
Madona, and many others.
Antonio Lanferri and Tomaso Barlacchi graved divers things after
Michael Angelo, and procured so many as were almost numberlesse :
but what they publish'd of better use were divers grotescos, antiquities.
284
and pieces serving to architecture, taken out of the old buildings an4
ruines yet extant ; which afterwards Sebastiano Serlio refining upon,
compos'd the better part of that excellent book of his : and of this nature
are the things published by Antonio Labbaco and Barozzo da Vrgnola,
The famous Titian himself left some rare things graven with his own
hand in wood, besides his Pharo in the great Cartoons, divers Land-
sJcips, a Nativity, St. Hiej'om, St. Francis:; and in copper, a Tanta-
lus, jddonis ; also in box, the Triumph of Faith, Patriarchs, Sybills,
Innocents, j^postles, Marty res, with our Saviour borne up in a Chariot
by the four Evomgelists, Doctors, and Confessors ; also the^. Virgin^
a St. Anna, which he first painted in chiaro-oscuro on the sepulcher
of Luigi Trivisano, in St. Giovanni e paola at Venice ; Samson and
Dallila ; some Shepheards and Animals; three ^erifMccj sitting, and
encompassed with serpents like the Ldocoon ; not to mention what were
published by Giulio Buonasoni, and those which were cut after Raphael,
Giulo Romano, Parmegiano, and several othersi
Baptista Franco, a Venetian painter, has shewed both his dexterity
in the graver and aqua-fortis also ; by the Nativity, Adoration of the
the Magi, Predication of St. Pete?; some Acts of the Apostles, His-
tories of the Old Testament, after several excellent masters.
Renato did divers rare things after Rosso, as in that of Francis the
First his passing to the Temple of Jupiter ; the Salutation of the B^
Virgin ; and a Dance of Ten TVomen, with several others.
Luca Penni published his two Satyrs whipping of Bacchus ; a
Leda, Susanna, and some things after Primaticcio : also the Judge-
ment of Paris; Isaac iipon the Altar ; a Christ ; a Madona espousing
of St. Catharine; the Metamorphosis of Calista, Concilium Deorum,
Penelope, and some others in wood. Who does not with admiration
and even extasie behold the works of Francesco MarcolinI ? especially
his Garden of Thoughts; Fate, Envy, Calamity, Ftar, Praise, so
incomparably cut in wood.
Nor lesse worthy of commendation are the gravingsof Gabrielle Giolito,
in the Orlando of Ariosto ; as also those eleven pieces of Anatomic made
for Andrea Vessalino, design'd by Calcare the Fleming, an excellent
painter, and which Were afterwards engraven in copper by Valverde in little.
285
• Christophero Coriolano graved the heads in Vasari's Lives of the
Painters, being after the designes of the same Vasari ; they are in Wood,.
and rarely done.
Antonio Salamanca did put forth some very good things.
Andrea Mantegna, that admirable painter, engraved (from the paint-
ings now at Hampton Court) his Triumphs ofi Ccesar with great art ;
as likewise Baccanalias, and Sea- Gods ; a Christ tahen from the Cross,
his Burial, and Resurrection ; which being done both in brass and
wood, were conducted with that skill, as for the softness and tendernesse
of the lights, they appeared as if they had been painted in miniature.
Nor may we here omit to celebrate, for the glory of the sex, Propertia
de Rossi, a Florentine sculptress, who having cut stupendous things in
marble, put forth also some rare things in .Stampi to he encountred
amongst the collections of the curious.
And about this age, or a little after, flourished Martin Rota, famous for
his Judgment after Michael Ahgelo in a small volume, much to be pre-
ferred to that which is commonly sold at Rome in so many sheets; likewise
his St.yjinthfxny, and divers more. Jacomo Palma has, besides his ex-p
cellent book of drawing, set forth many rare pieces, very much esteemed.
Andrea Mantuana graved both in wood and copper : of his were the
Triumph of our Saviour, after Titian, and some things, in chiaro-oscuro
after Gio : di Bologna and Domenico Beccafumi, whom but now we
mentioned ; also the Roman Triumphs in imitation of Mantegna ; a
Christus mortuus after Alexand. Casolini, &c.
Finally, towards the. end of this century appeared Augustino and
Annibal Carracci, most rare Painters and exquisite Engravers; for, in-
deed, when these two arts go together, then it is, and then only, that
we may expect to see the utmost efforts and excellency of the JBolino.
Amongst the famous pieces communicated to us by these masters, we -
may esteem the Monellif JEneas of Barrochio's invention, and St.
Hierom. After Tintoret, the large and famous Crucifix of three sheets
in S. Rocco's school, which so ravished the painter ; Mercury and the
Graces; Sapientia ; Pax ; jibundantia chasing Mars away ; the .£'cce
jyomo of Correggio ; St. Francis oi CqmsWqv Vanni; a Venus in littlci,
with a Satyr, and some other Nudities, with something a too luxurious
286
;raver ; S. Glustina's Martyrdom of Paulo Veroneze ; St. Catharine ;
nd that renown'd St. Hierom of Corregglo : also in aqua-fortis his
rother Annibal etched another Venus ; the Woman of Samaria at the
Veil; a Christ in little j and a Madona with the Bambino, and St.
^ohn; the famous St. Roch; and the spiteful Coronation with Thornes;
he Christus mortuus bewailed by the devout sex, the original painting
i^hereof hangs in the D. of Parma's palace at Caprarvola, and is in the
ut one of the tenderest and rarest things that can be imagined,
bating the vileness of the plate, which was most unfortunately chosen,
hough through that accident rendered inimitable, and never to be
ounterfeited. There is likewise his Magdalen, and a Landskip,
ouch'd with the graver a little ; likewise a Sylenus, all of them incom-
larably design'dj nor, indeed, did any of the fore-celebrated artists
xceed the Carracci, especially Annibal, for the noblenesse and freedom
f his postures, bodies, and linibs, which he express'd in greatest per-
ejction. We may not omit the Purification which he grav'd ; and Vil-
amena, made in large; nor the St. Anthony, the original whereof is in
he palace of Signior Francisco della Vigna, at Venice ; nor, lastly, the
Resurrection, and the two Ccenaculce.
In the time of Sixtus Quintus, and since, lived Francisco Villamena,
. rare workman, whether consider'd for the equality of his hatches,
vhich he conducted with a liberty and agreeableness suitable to the per-
ection of his design (as is sufficiently apparent in that famous plate
vhich he engrav'd after. Paulo Veroneze, representing Christ in the
Temple), or in those things after the Vatican paintings by Raphael,
ome whereof being never finished, came into a private hand. The
Triumphant Veniison the Sea; Moses; some 'cuts aft^ Frederick Bar-
occio in aqua-fortis ; divers Catafalcos of excellent architecture ; Igna-
ius Loyola ; the story of Psyche, containing, many sheets ; a Combate
f Men casting stones at one another ; and, lastly, that laborious and
isefull book, comprehending the Historical Columne of Trajan, de-
iign'd by Julio Romano and Girolamo Mutiano, which at my being at
iome (then quite out of print) I procur'd of his widow, who was then
iving, but would not part with the plates out of her sight.
Giovanni Maggi was an excellent painter and etcher, as he has suffi-
1287
ciently discovered in his rare Perspectives] Landskips, and his Roma
in the larger Cartoon ; likewise in the Nine priviledg'd and stationary
Churches; with the three Jfog-?, who oflfer presents to our >SiamoMr, in
allusion to his name.
Leonardo, Isabella, and Bernardino Parasol, that we may furnish all
the sorts of art in this kind, cut exquisitively in wood, which is a graving
much more difficult, because all the work is to be abated and cut hol-
low, which is to appear white ; so that (by a seeming paradox) as the
matter diminishes the forme increases ; as one wastes, the other grbwes
pdiffect. These all flourished about the year 1560, and left us three
little histories of the Salutation, Visitation, and St. John Baptist : also
Christ's Washing his Disciples Jeet ; and the cuts to Castor Durante's
Herbal. Isabella, who was his (Leonardo's) wife, publlsh'd a book
of all the sorts of Points, Laces, and Embroderies, with other curious
works for the ladies, being all of her own invention (except the frontis-
piece only, which is Vilamena's), and the Plants in the Herbal of the
Prince Gesi d'Aquasporte, a learned person of that age. Lastly, the
son did also put forth some few things of his work ; but was a far better
painter in fresco.
Antonio Tempesta was a most exact and rare designer, for which his
works are much more estimable then for the excellency of his points and
needles. He has left us of his essayes in aqiia-fortis, the Histories of
the Fathers ; the Twelve Moneths of the Year ; Roma, in a very large
volume ; an incomparable book of Horses, another of Hunting, the
plates now worn out and retouch'd with the JBolino ; St. Hierom, and
a Judgement : the PFars of Charles the Fifth, rarely perform'd ; the
Metamorphoses of Ovid; the Bdttails of the Jewes, especially that
of the Amalakitesm great; the Crea^zowand Old Testament; Torquato
Tasso's Jerusalemma Liberata; the Birds and Falconry in Pietro
Gliha's book ; with divers others well known, and much esteemed by
the Virtuosi.
Cherubino Albert! has celebrated his incomparable graver in that Pre-
sentation of our Lord in the Temple; the Adam expulsed out of Para-
dise : in the Puti, divers Fasas, and other pieces; which he wrought
288
after Polydoro de Caravagglo and Michael Angelo, commonly sold at
Rome, and universally collected.
Horatio Borgiani cut the History of the Bible in the Peristyle of
Raphael at the Vatican, so often made mention of, and out of- which,
as from a school of the noblest science, most of the great painters of the
world have since taken forth their lessons. He likewise published some
things in chiar-oscuro, which were rarely heightned.
Raphael Guido, a Tuscane, engraved many pieces after Cavalier
Arpino, as the Flagellation, Romulus, Icarus, the Angelus Custos,
Ceres, Bacchus, a Christus mortuuSj, and St. Andrew the Apostle,
after Barrocio.
Jovanni Baptista della Marca put forth many devices of Shields, Ar-
mours, Busts, and Trophies cut in wood.
To these we might add those excellent things of Camillo GrafBco, and
Cavalier Salimbene, Anna Vaiana, with innumerable more ; but we have
yet other fruitful countries to visit, to whose praises we must be just ; only
we may not forget the incomparable Stephano Delia Bella, a Florentine
painter now or lately living, whose intire collection in aqua-fortis is de-
servedly admir'd, and here in particular to be celebrated by mCj in
acknowledgement of some obligation I have for his civilities abroad ;
iand of this artist's works, flowing and most luxurious for invention, are
those things which in imitation of Callot he did in little, being yet veiy
young ; as the Scenes a.nd Dances of the Horses at the Marriage of
the Duke of Tuscany ; Compartimenti, Cartells, Ornaments and Ca-
pricios for carvers and embroiderers; a book of Gobbi, and divers
Pasas, Landskips in rounds and others ; a book of Beasts^ done ex-
ceedingly to the natural ; the principles of Designe, Heads, and other
touches, very rare and full of spirit ; several pieces of our Lady, Christ,
St. Joseph, &c. ; Jacob's Descent into Egypt ; the Procession and
JExposure of the Sacrament, where there is an altar of curious architec*
ture enriched with festival ornaments ; the Cavalcado of the Polonian
Embassadour into Borne, with divers other proceedings, pieces of Po-
lonians, Persians, and Moores on Horseback, breathing a rich and
noble fancy : also Sieges, Engines for war, with Skirmishes, Land
289
andSeaMghtS; the Metamorphdses 6f Ovid; the Sultana and her
Son taken hy the Knights of Malta; and, to conclnde (for there is no
end of his indwatry), the Prospect of the Pont Neuf at Parisf than
which there is not certatnly extant a more Kvely representation of the
basie genius of that m-ercuriail natron; nor & piece of greatesr variety, as
to all encounters and aeeideuts- which one can imagine may happen
amongst so numerotis a people and concourse of mankind.
Lastly (for they were likewise some of them gxavers in copjjer and
very rare chalcographers), we msust mot omit to make honourable men-
tion here of those incomparable sculptors and cuttets of medails, whether
in gems or metals; such as were (besides those we touch'd in the foTmejf
chapter) Vittor, Gambelloy Giovanni dal Cavino the Fadouan, and a
son of his ; Benevento Cellini, Leone Aretino, Jacopo da Tresso, Fred.
Bonza;gna ; and, above all, Gio. Jacopo, who have almost exceeded, at
least approach'd, the antients. To these may we add Giovanni da Gastel
Bolognese, Matteo dal Nasaro, Giovanni dal Cornivole, Dbmsenica
Milaneze, Pietro Mairia de Pescia, Marraaita, and Ludovico his son,
Valeria Vincentino, who had been in England, in the time of Queen
Elizabeth, and left a sardonix which he cut |^which Jerome Lennier
shewed me, and:, I think, is now in his Majesty's cabinet]-, representing
the head of that famous heroine, inferiour to none of the antients. There
was Kkewise M^chelino, who, with the afcove-named Ludovico and
Vincentino, had so accurately counterfeited the antient medails, that
the most knowing antiquaries were often at a loss toi distinguish them.
Such were also Luigi Arichini, Alessaimdro Ceesari, caUed the Greek,
so much celebrated for that stupendous medalionof Paul the Thitd, and
the head of Photius the Athenian, which he cut in an onix, comparable,
by the universal suffrages, to any of the antients. We could reckon up
the works also of many of the re8t,.but it is not requisite,, after we have
given this tasite, and would merit an express treatise. Likewise those
of Antonio de Rossij Cosimo da Trezzo, Philip'po; Negaroloi Gaspar
and Girolamo Misuroni, Pietro Paulo Galcotto, Pastorino da: Sieniia^
not omitting that famous Pharoddxus of Milan, Fran. Furnius, and
Severus of Ravenna, &c. whose works were in ^Id, silver, copper,
steel, achates, cornelians, onixes, christal, jasper, heliotrope, lazuli,
2 p
290
amethysts, &c. ; yea, and to shew how much some of those modern
masters exceeded the antients, even the diamond, that hitherto insu-
perable gemme, was subdu'd by the famous Treccia of Milan, who,
with stupendous successe cutting the King of Spain's armes in a noble
table, was the first that ever engrav'd or made impression into that
obdurate stone. It will become such to be well acquainted with these
masters labours, and their manner, who aspire to be knowing, and to
improve their judgment in medaills and intaglias, that necessary, orna-
mental, and noble piece of learning; and not only to be v;ell skill'd in
their way of design, but to be able also to perform something in the art
themselves : for such were those ingenious and illustrious spirits, Geo.
Battista Sozini of Sienna, and Rosso de Giugni of Florence, gentlemen
of note ; and such, with us, is our noble and worthy friend, Elias Ash-
mole, Esq.* whose learning and other excellent qualities deserve a more
glorious inscription.
Finally, that excellent medalist Mounsieur Roti, now entertain'd by
his Majesty for the Mint, and a rare workman as well for IntagHas in
stone, as metal, is not to be here omitted.
We shall speak in the next of those Germans and Flemmings who
excell'd in the art of Chalcography, not that they have exceeded some
of the French, but, because they were before them, and universally
admired; of these, the aniesignani, were the fore-mentlon'd Albert
Durer ; that prodigie of science, whose works we have already recount-
ed upon occasion of Marco Antonio, and therefore shall here forbear the
repetition ; as also those of Lucas ; whose works (consisting in all of
about Ixx sheets, and which I have known sold for near an hundred
pounds sterling, to one \ that as well understood the value of money,
as of that rare collection, he being one of the greatest merchants of
books in Europe) are to be taken blind fold as they say; provided the
impressions be black, well conserved, of equal force, and not counterfeit,
as there are several of them which be discernable only by the curious
and accurately skllfull ; for such (amongst others of Durers) are the
* Founder of the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, and author of the " Institution, Laws, and
Ceremonies of the most Noble Order of the Garter," folio, 1672 ; also " Antiquities of Berkshire,"
3 vols. 8vo. 1719. f Master Bleau, of Amsterdam.
291
Jreaiion of Adam ; the Storiji of Lot ; Siisanna ; The Crucifix, which he
at in a small round plate of gold for theEmperours sword, and is fixed
n the pummel, not before mention'd ; his armed Cavalier and Satyre ;
nd, indeed, almost all that ever he or Lucas graved and set forth.
The works of Aldegrave, who came verv near Albert, and flourish'd
bout the same age, are worthy the collection. His pieces are distin-
;uish'd by the cypher of his initial letters A in imitation of Durer,
s likewise the author of the Septem opera misericordice, stories of the
3ook of the Kings, Artemisia^ &c. whose gravings are counter-
ign'd with G. P. J. B. publish'd the Four Evangelists, Adam, a
'Country Fellow, a Bishop, a Cardinal, Satyrs, Sfc. M. the Prodigal
Son, the Evangelists, &c. some whereof are copies after Albert, and
nost of their works done in small plates.
Hans Sibald B^me [Beham] hath done wonders in those small
Igures, stories, and nakeds, which he publish'd ; it shall not be re-
juisite to recite here the catalogue, because his mark H.S.B. (BB) is fixed
:o most of his works, though now and then profan'd by the hands of
sthers.
Jerome Cock, a Flemming, cut a Mioses, 32 sheets of the story of
Psyche, design'd by one Michael a painter of the same country, very
rarely conducted : also Dalila and Samson ; the J)esti'Uction of the
Philistines ; the Creation of Adam, 8fc. ; 27 stories of the Old Testa-
ment, nobly. design'd by Martino, and as well graved : also the His-
tory of Susanna ; another book of the Old and New Testament ; the
Triumph of Patience, a rare cut; the Heart on the anvile, and divers
EmMems full of curious figures; many sacred Triumphs; Fraud;
Avarice; q. Bacchanalia ; and a Moses, after Bronzini, in emulation
whereof Gio. Mantuano publish'd \\\^ Nativity, an incomparable print;
after which Jerome graved for the inventor, twelve great sheets of
Sorceresses, the Battails of Charles the V. ; and for Uries, a painter,
the Perspectives which pass under his name, with 20 leaves of several
buildings ; besides the St. Martine in a book full of devils. For Girol.
Bos, the Alchemist, the Seven deadly Sins ; the last Judgment; a
Carnival; and after Francis Floris, ten pieces of Hercules' Jjabours ;
the J)uel of the Horatii and Curatii ; the Comhate of the Pigmies
292
and Hercules ; Cain q,nd Abel ; Ahrahan^, ; the Decision of Solomori
between the two Harlots ; and, in summe, all the actions of human
life.
And now that we mention'd Francis Floris of Antwerp, the rare
things which he publish'd in stamp, purchas'd him the name of the
Flemroish Michael Angelp.
Of the same country was that incomparable Cornelius Cort. We
will commence with the Judgment of Michael Angelo which he cut in
little : most of his things were after Frederic Zucchero, and some few
of Raphael's, besides his landskips and other gravings, after Girolamo
Mutiano, which are very excellent : also John the Baptist, St.
Ilierom, Stt Francis, Mary Magdalen, St. Eustachius, the Lapida-
tion of S. Stephen design'd by Marco Venusto the Mantuan ; a Nati-
vity after Thadeo Zucchero, St. Anne, 8fc. ; also a Nativity in great,
aft0r Polydore ; the Transjigaration ; the School at Athens ; the Bat-
tail of Elephants ; some gravings after Don Julio Clovio, and Titian,
which, had they been acqompanled with that tenderness and due obser-
vation of the distances that accomplish'd the succeeding gravers, had
render'd him immortal, so sweet, even, and bold, was his work and
design in all other considerations. We mention'd Titian ; for about
1,570, Cor. Cort did use tq work in that famous painter's house, and
graved for him thsi.t Paradise he made for the Emperour ; St. J^azarics's
Martyrdom ; Calista and the Nymphs ;. Prometheus ; Andromeda,
the for^-nam'd Magdalen in the desart, and St. Hierom, all of them of
Titian's invention.
We come novv to Justus, John, ^gidius (Giles), and Ralph Sade-
lers, who lived in the time of the Emperour Rodulphus, and publish'd
their almost numberless labours ; we can therefore instance but in some
of the most rare ; such as were that book divided into three parts ; 1.
Imago bonitatis -, 2. Boni et mali seientice ; 3. Bonoriim et malorum
Consensio, design d by Martin de Vos ; the Vestigia of Rome, ten-
derly and finely touch'd, in fifty sheets : the Twelve Roman Emperours
^nd Mmpr^SSfiS stfter Titian, rarely graved by Giles ; a Madona, with
our Saviour and Sf. Joseph, after Raphael ; Christus Flagellatus ; and
the Head of Rodulphus //. with various capriccios and inventions about
293
it ; as also that of the Emperour Mathim, adorn'd with the chaplet of
Medails ; the calling of S. Andrew, by John fand Giles in brotherly
emulation ; four books of Eremites admirably (Conducted by Raphael ; a
Ceena Domini after Tintoret ; and another Flagellation of Arpino's ; di*
vers Landskips ; the Twelve Monet ks ; the great Hall at Prague i the
Effigies of Martin de Vos, by ^gidius ; the Emperour and Empress
in their robes of State ; an Adoration of the Mdgi after Zucchero ;
Adonis and Venus after Titian ; a Crucifix after Jac. Palma ; a HeSUr^
rection in great ; the rich Epulo ; St. Stephens Lapidation, the origi-
nal whereof is at Friuli ; a S. Sebastian ; these by Giles. John engrav'd
after M, de Vos, a scholar of Tintoret's already mentioned, the Crea^
tion, and many Histories out of Genesis ; Ralph cut also the Life of
Christ, and the Cr^edo, by way of embleme. In summe (for their whole
collection is not to be crouded into this catalogue) they have all of them
published such incomparable gravings, that 'tis the greatest pitty in the
world they had not flourished in the time of the great Raphael, and the
good masters ; for they were not only accurate and punctual imitators,
but gave to their works that softnesse, life, and colore (as artists terme
it}, which accomplishes all the rest ; especially John and Raphael, in
what they graved after Mich, de VoSj Bassano, and others, whose rusti-
cities they set forth : those of ^gidius in great, being a Descent from
the Crosse, of Barroccio's invention, the other a Magellation, design'd
by Josepho Pin [q. Gioseppino }~\ can never be suflBciently celebrated.
After the Sadelers, appeared Herman Muller with a very bbld bulino,
and likewise Janus, who graved many things after Sprangers, worse exe-
cuted (for the convulsive and even demoniac postures) then ehosen.
But the imitations of the graver by Simon Frisius the Hollander, who
wrought with the aqua-fortis of the refiners, are altogether admirable
and inimitable, the stroke and conduct consider'd, had the design (ex-
cepting- those of his birds, which are indeed without reproach,) contri-
buted in any proportion to his dexterity.
After him came the Swisse Matthew Miriam, who, had he perform'd
his heightnings with more tendernesse, and come sweetly off with the
extremities of his hatchings, had proved an excellent master ; his works
are useful and Innumerable in Towns, Landskips^ Battails (those espe-
294
daily fought by the great Gustavus), &c. The soft vernish and sepa-
rating aqua-fortis was the instrument he used.
We have seen some few things cut in wood by the incomparable Hans
Holbein, but they are rare, and exceedingly difficult to come by ; as his
Licentiousnesse of the Friers and Nuns; Erasmus; [Morice enco-
mium ; the Trial and Crucifixion of Christ f] the Daunce Macchabree,
the Mortis imago, which he painted in great, in the church at Basil,
and afterwards graved with no lesse art, and some few others. But there
is extant a book of several figures done in the same material by one Jus-
tus Ammannus Tigur, mdlxxviii, which are incomparably design'd
and cut. In the epistle whereof, one Holtzhusen, a gentleman of
Frankfort, is commended for his universal knowledge, and particularly
his rare talent in this art, which it is there said he shewed by wonder-
ful contrivances at the celebration of Martin Luther's nuptials, and
therefore worthy to be taken iiotice of.
Hans Brossehaemer, besides several other things, ha;th cut in wood
u4 triumph of the Emperour Maximilian into Neuremherge.
Virgilius Solis graved also in wood the Story of the Mible, and the
Mechanic A7'ts in little ; but for imitating those vile postures of Aretine,
had his eyes put out by the sentence of the Magistrate.
Henry Goltzius was a Hollander, and wanted only a good and judi-
cious choice to have render'd him comparable to the profoundest mas-
ters that ever handled the burin, for never did any exceed this rare
workman : witnesse those things of his after Gasparo Celio, the Gala-
tea of Raphael Santio, and divers other pieces after Polydore da Carra-
vaggio, a Hierom ; Nativity ; and what he did of the Acts of the Apos-
tles, with Ph. Galle, &c. ; but he was likewise an excellent painter.
George Nouvolstell was of Mentz, in Germany, an admirable graver
in wood. He publish'd that ^neas in little, and some historical parts
of the Bible very well perform'd ; also divers of the Fathers after Tem-
pesta, besides the Jerusalemma Liherata of Bernardino Castelli in
quarto, with many Cartels of Armes and Harnesses, and some pictures
to a Breviary, &c.
Matthew Greuter publish'd a curious Book of Letters, the City of
Home in an ample forme, and a large Map of Italy ; the Old and
295
New Testament ; the Church of Strasburge ; an Harmony *twixt the
Decalogue and the Lords Prayer, very ingeniously represented in pic-
ture, with several other things laudably performed.
But his son Frederic did infinitely exceed the father, as may be seen
by those many curious gravings which he has cut after Pietro Beretin
Cortona, and the famous Andrea Sacchi, egregious painters.
Saenredamus did publish many excellent cuts, especially those which
he copied after Lucas van Leiden, of which we have formerly given a
hintj^ for their sakes who are collectors of these curiosities, and may not
happly be yet arriv'd to the judgment of being able to discerne them
from the originals ; also some things after Goltzius.
Cornelius Galle, in his St. Prison's Bapti^mf Papenheim's and other
heads after Vandyke, has shew'd what he was able to perform ; not to
mention abundance of Frontispieces and other lesse considerable of his
workes.
But the Count Goudt, a knight of the Palatinate, has publish'd,
though very few, yet some stupendous things, especially that of our
JB. Saviours flight into JEgypt by night ; the Stoiy of Tobit, and
about three or four more worthy of all admiration.
Swanevelt's History of St. John, with divers Landships.
Pandern's Descent from, the Cross ; Matham's Christ and St. John ;
a Venus after Rotenhamer, Pope Innocent X. 8fc.
Bronchorst's rare etching^, especially those Huines and Anticalia^ of
Rome ; and superiour to all, the incomparable Landskips set forth by
Paul Brill (some of which have been etched in aqua-fortis by Nieu-
lant) do extreamly well merit to be placed in this our theater : for to
be brief, because we can only recite the most remarkable and worthy the
collection. Matham is famous for fruits ; Boetius, or Adam Bolswert,
for his rusticks after Blomaert ; Londerselius has taken excessive pains
in his landskips ; and so has Van Velde in some few ; but above all,
Nicholas de Bruyn (after ^gidius Coninxlogensis) is wonderful for
Boscage, and the industry of his undertaking works of that large vo-
lume which Theodore de Bry (resembling him in name) has been as
famous for contracting ; though both of them of a Dutch heavy spirit,
and perfectly suiting with the times and places : notwithstanding has
^96
tbU latter perfari«,'cl some, things in little, very laudably. Nor with lease
ingratitude, Eimangst others, may we forget the Novareperta of Sir&-
danus by Theodore Galle ; who also published the whole Proeesse. of
making Silk of the Worm, and Qertain other works in Maimfactwe,
9II of them represented in Sculpture.
Mallery, in his Peccati fo.me& after Mic?h. de Vos, has perform'd
wonders as to the subtilty and imperceptible duetm of the graver.
Bolswert set forth the Sacra Mremus udsceticarum, after Blomart
and others ; but above all is he to be celebrated for those rare heads, and
other stories grav'd after the paintings of Reubens, and Van Dyke, which,
for their sakes who are diligent eolleetors of the renouned persons of the
late age, we shall not think amiss to mention. Such were the
JJlutchesse of OrUam, A7:eh-J)uke Albert, Justu& JJ^sius, and others
after Van Dyke ;, Lessius and 3ellarmine, jesuites, after Diepenbeck.
After the same hands did Paulas Pontius grave the head of Sigismund,
King of Poland, C@U7it Pimentelo,, Sec; after Reubens, Z>on Phil,
de Gusman ; Don Alvarez Buzan, an incomparable cut ; Don Carolus
cfer CohmV'O' } Rubens' picture bare-'headed',_ for there is another in. a
hat ; Gasp, de Grayer ; Simon d'e Vbs ; Maria, de Medices ; Cassar
Aleocand. ScdgUm.; Const. Huygens, the learned father of our most in-
genious friend Monsieur Zuylichen, so worthily celebrated for his dis-
coveries of the annulus about Saturne, thje" pendule clocks, and universal
mathematical genius,; Gasper Garartius^ the lawyer ; Gasp-. Mevestyn ;
Gustavus j^dolpjms. King of Sweden ; Jacobus de JBreueh ; the Prin-
cesse of JB^ohonson; that rare head of Frederic Hsnmc Prince of
Orange, and his own, with; many more after Van Dyke ;. besides the
Jesuit Canisius, Ji, Urbin,. painter, and others whom he grav'd after
Diepenbeck, ^c. ; and since we mentipn'd Sir Peter Paul Rubens, we
may not pretermit those many exeellent things of that great polititian, a
learned and extraordinary person, set forth in so many incomparable
gravings by the admirable works of Swanenbourg,the above-named Pon*
tius and !Polswert, Nesse, Vosterman, Vorst, and other rare masters,in this
art; such are (to instance in some only) his Battail of the Amazons,
St. S^ch, ourB. Sfiviow composed to Burial, t\ie,Mg.ht of Lions, his
great Crucifiifi,^ Conversion of St. Paul, St.. Peter in the Ship^ a
297
Nativity^ the Magi; the hloody, Catastv&phe of Cyrus; Solomon's
Jirst Sentence ; St. Catharine's Espousals '; the Tribute demanded of
our Lord; Susanna and the Elders ; St. Laurence martyred; the Pa-
laces of Genoa, with divers othei's to be encountr'd amongst the mer-
chants of prints, who frequently vend the copies for the originals to the
lesse wary chapmen. Chr. Jegher has cut the Temptation of our
Saviour in wood, very rarely perform'd after this great master.
Besides the former mention'd, Lucas Vosterman and Vorst are never
to be forgotten so long as the memory of his (Rabens's) scholar, Sir
Ant. Van Dyke, is famous, for the heads of the Marquesse Spitiola,
Char, de Mattery, Horatius Gentilescus, Jo. Count of Nassau, Van
Milder, P. Stevens, and Cor. Sachtleven, which he engrav'd after a
new way of etching it first, and then pointing it (as it were) with the
burine afterwards, which' renders those latter works of his as tender as
miniature ; and such are the heads of Van Dyke himself, Jo. Elevens,
Car. Schut, Corn, de Vos, Deodato Delmont, I/ucas Vanuden,- Jo-
docus de Momper, Wencesl. Koeherger, painters ; Count de Ossono^
Duke of Bavaria, the Arch-Dutchesse Clara, the last Duke of Or-
leans, j^nton. Connebison, P. Stevens, and many others ; together
with those other pieces of history, viz. the Sepulture of Christ, and St.
George^ after Raphael ;. Magdalene under the Ci'oss ; our B. Saviour
in his :Agony, after Carracche ; the Susanna, St. Laurence, and what
but now we mention'd after Rubens, divers -heads after Holbein, as that
o{Erdsm,us^ the D. of Norfolk, and others of the Arundellan collection.
Van Vorst, competitor with Vosterman, has likewise graven a number
of heads after Van Dyke. I shall only name the learned Sr.Kenelme
Digby in a philosophical habit ; oiir famous architect Inigo Jones, and
those two incomparable figures of Charles the Martyr, and his royal
consort the Q. Mother, now living : and to shew what honour was
done this art by the best of painters, Sr. Ant. Van Dyke did himself
etch divers things in aqua-fortis ; especially > a il/atZowcr, Ecce Homo,
Titian and his Mistress, Erasmus Moterodamus ; and touched several
of the heads before mentioned to have been grav'd by Vosterman.
After this great master s paintings, did Peter de Jode grave the
eflfigies of Genovefa, widow to Car. Alex. Duke of Croi; Paulus Hel-
2 Q
298
matius; the learned Puteanus; the Bishop of Gendt, the face whereof
is thought to be etched by V. Dyke himself : he graved Jo. Snellinx,
a painter ; besides a book of designing very rare ; and the many other
prints after his master Goltzius (whose disciple he was), which both
Peter, and his son of the same name, have engraved for Monsieur Bon
Enfant of Paris, &c.
CoUaert graved some things rarely in steel. Suyderhoef has engraven
the heads of most of the learned Dutch, after several painters, with
good success ; as those of Heinsius, Grotius, JBarleus, &c. ; not for-
getting that stupendous Lady Anna Maria a Schureman, &c.
Jo. Baur has deslgn'd his Battails with a fine spirit, but without
care in the etching.
Vander Thulden published the whole History of Ulysses, being the
work of the famous Primatlcclo, at Fontaln Bleau, etched also in aqua-
fortis, and so designed, as few pretenders to this art did ever exceed
him : and so, as we but lately mention'd, are the papers of the inimita-
ble Suanebourge, which strike a ravishing effect In all that behold them,
for the admirable tenderness and rare conduct of the hatches; especially
those which he cut after the drawings of Abraham Blomaert and
Rubens.
But now that we mention Blomaert, whose works we have celebrated
in general, because they smell something of a Dutch spirit, though
otherwise well engraven, there is at Rome (If we mistake not) a son of
his named Cornelius, who in that St. Francis after' Guldo Reni, and
those other pieces after the design of those great masters, Monsieur
Poussln, Pletro Cortona, &c. to be seen in the books set forth by the
Jesuit Ferrarius, his Hesperides, Flora, JFides JBarberini, &cv hath
given ample testimony how great his abilities are; for, certainly, he
has In some of these stamps arrived to the utmost perfection of the So-
lino, though some workmen will hardly allow him this elogle. But
those things of the- Incomparable Natalis a Ligeois (and therefore
reckoned here amongst the Germans), pass without the least contradic-
tion for the utmost eflfort of that instrument. Such are that of St. Ca'-
tharines Espousalls after Bourdon, which seems to be a very piece of
painting ; the Two Madonas in contest with Poilly ; the Thesis ; and
299
.f
the Chapter of the Carthusians, all after the life and his own design,
a stupendous work : also the heads of Jacob Catz :' one of the States
of Holl, and painted hy Dubordieu ; and some few things more, as the
exactness and curiosity of what he undertakes requires, sufficient to
discover the admirable perfection of this great artist : for we do not
mention several frontispieces which he has likewise engraven, with
equal industry.
Ferdinand has, besides many others, graved after the same Bourdon,
the story of Ulysses and Andromache.
Uriesse and Verden are famous for their perspectives.
Winegard his Roman Vestigia, Sec.
William Hondius, besides those things which adorn his Mapps,
which are the largest planispheres, has very rarelv engraven his own
head after a painting of Vandyke : nor with less art has Vankessell
done that of Charles the Fifth after Titian : Clovet and Car. Scribo-
nius the Jesuits.
Caukern has graven the story of that Pious Daughter, who gave
suck to her imprison'd father ; a Fight of Boores ; with divers others
after Rubens and Vandyke, &c. ; besides those which are extant in Mr.
Qgilbye's Homer, Bible, my Lord of New Castles Cavalerizzo, 8fd.
design'd by Deipenbec, whose rare talent, that Theatre or Temple of the
■Muses, published by that curiously learned and universal collector of
prints, the Abbot of Villoin (of whoni we shall have occasion to dis-
course in the next chapter), does sufficiently illustrate.
Lucas Kilianus has rarely graved the Murther of the Innocents;
the Miracles of the Fish ; Annuntiation ; Circumcision ; iand some
plates in the Hortus Eystettensis, &c.
Vischer, viz. Cornelius (for there is another who has published divers
landskips} hath most rarely etched a certain Dutch Kitchen, where
there is an old man taking Tobacco, whilst his wife is frying of pan-
cakes ; also a Fiddler accompanied with boyes and girles, painted by
Ostade ; but above all, admirable is the Descent, or Christus Mortuus,
after Tintoret, both graved and etch'd, as indeed I should have said of
the rest.
Vovillemont has etched our Saviour chasing the sacrilegious Mer-
300
chants out of the> Temple, after the same Tiiitoret ;- which ia vqiy rare,
Nolp, the Twelve Moneths, especially the boystrous March,
Lomhart, many plates for Mr. Oglebyes Virgil; as likewise that
industrious interpreters .picture after our famous Mr. Lilly, in which he
has performed laudably : nor must I here forget Mr. flertpcks, who has
grav'd the frontispiece for EIKXIN BAS. in fol. and. [for my parallel of
Architecture better then] that of this treatise, with many other, .
To these we may add the incomparable Reimbrandt, whose etchings
and gravings are of a particular spirit ; especially the Old Woman, in
thefurr; the Good Samaritane ; the Angels appearing to the, Shep-
herds ; divers Landskips- and Heads to the life ; St. Hi^rom, of which
there is one very rarely graven with the burine ; but above all his Ecce
Homo ; Descent fr-om the Cross in, large ; Philip and the Eunuch, &c.
Winceslaus Hollar, a gentleman of Bohemia, comes in the next place,
not that he is not before.most of the rest for his choyce and great indus-
try (for we rank them very promiscuously both as to time and pre-emi-
nence) but to bring up the rear of the Germans with a deserving per-
son^ whose indefatigable works in aqua-fortis do infinitely recommend
themselves by the excellent choyce which he hath made of the .rare'
things furnish'd out of the Arundelian Collection ; and from most of
the best hands and designs; for such were those of Leonardo da Vinci,
Fr. Parmensis, Titian, Jul. Komano, A. Mantegna, Corregio, Perino
del Vago, A. Urbin, Seb. del Piombo, Palma, Alb. Durer, Hans . Hol-
bein, Vandike, Rubens., Breughel, Bassan, jElsheinaer, Brower, Artois,
and divers other masters of, prime note, whose, drawings and paintings
he hath faithfully copied ; besides several bpoks of Landships^ Townes,
Solemnities, Histories, Heads, JBeasts, Fouls,. Insects, Pessels, a^d
other signal pieces^ not omitting what he hath etched after De Clyne,
Mr. Streter, and, Dankert, for Sir Rob. Stapletpn's Juvenal, Mr, Ross
his Silius, Polyglotta Biblia, the Monasticon, first and second part,
Mr. Dugdales Paules, and Survey of Warwickshire, £Mr. Ashmolefs
Garter] with other .innumerable frontispieces, and things by him pub-
lished and done aifter.the life ; and to be feo nominej more valued, and
Esteemed, then where there has been more curiosity about Chimcertis
ind. things which are not in nature; so that of Mr, Hollars works we
301
may justly pronounce, there is not a more useful ,and instructive col-
lection to be made.
Th© learned Hevellus lias shewed his admirable dexterity in this
art, by the several Phases and other Ichonisms which adorn his SelenO'-
graphy, and is therefore one of the noblest instances of the extraordi-
nary use of this talent, for men of letters, and that would be accurate
in the 'Diagramms which they publish in their works.
The? no lesse knowing Anna Maria kSchurman is likewise skilled in
this art, with innumerable others, even to a prodigy of her sex. For
the rest, we shall only call over their names, after we have celebrated
the extravagant fancies of both the Breughels ; as those of the Seven
deadly Sins; So-tyrical pieces against the Nuns and Friers ; with
divers Histories, Drolleries, Landskips, fantastic Grylles and Grotesques
of these too rare Rhyparographs ; i not farther to tire our reader with the
particulars and several works of Ostade, Cornelius Clock, Queborne,
Gustos, [Dominicus Custos, and Wolfangus Kilian, from the paintings
of Wiokgram and others, the Effigies of the Duke of Bavaria, with
the rest in his jfltrium, Heroicum, for all the famous persons of that
century, both of Europe and Asia,] Le Delfe, (who has put forth the
portraits of many learned persons) Dors, Falck, Gerard, Bens, Moes-
tuer, Grebber, Geldorp,- Hopfer, Gerard, Bens, Chein, Achi d' Egmont,
de Vinghe, Heins, Ditmer, Cronis, Lindoven, Mirevel, Kager, Coccien,
Maubease, Venius, Firens, Pierets, Quelinus, Stachade, Sehut, Soutman
Vanulch, Broon, Valdet, Loggari, whom we expresly omit, because
we have introduc'd a sufficient number, and that this chapter is already
too prolix. •
Only we would not pass Min Here Biscop, a learned advocate now of
Holland, who for his story of Joseph and;Benjamin, where the cup
is found in his sack, and those other few cuts among the hands of the
curious^ must not be passed over in oblivion ; as we had like to have
done some of , the old and best masters, by having hitherto omitted.-
Druefken his King of the Boors in Hungarimr eaten alive by the
Rebels whom he seduced ; with some other cuts in wood, known by his
mark, which was commonly a cluster of grapes.
302
Pleter Van Aelst, his Cavalcade of the Grand Signior to Sancta
Sophia, and several Turkish Habits, on which subject also
Swart Jan Van Groennighen has set forth many remarkable things,
Caravanns, Pilgrimages to Mecca, &c.
Lucas Cranach, Tiltings, Huntings, German Habits, and the por-
traits of all the Dukes of Saxony to his time.
Joos Ammanus, of whom we already mention'd, divers of the mecha-
nic arts ; not omitting all those excellent wood-cuts of Hans Schinflyn
and Adam AUorf, especially this last,' known by the two capital AA
of the Gothick forme, including one within the other, as the D is in
that of Albert Durers.
Hubert Goltzius has cut in wood a book of the Roman Empe-
rours in two colours. This name recals to mind an omission of ours
in some of those excellent Chalcographers already recorded, and in
particular the incomparable imitations of Henry Goltzius after X<ucas
Van Leyden in the Passion, the Christus mortuus or Pieta; and
those other six pieces, in each of which he so accurately pursues
Durer, Lucas, and some others of the old masters, as makes it almost
impossible to discerne the ingenious fraud.
We did not speak of the heads of the famous men in the Court of
the Emperor, set forth by ^gidius Sadeler ; as Raphael (his brother)
had the JBavaria Sancta, representing all the saints of that pious
country.
Albert Durer's Tewrdannekhs, or romantic description of the Amours
of Maximilian and Maria de Burgundy : the book is in high
Dutch : * he has likewise cut Petrarch's Utriusque Fortunes Remedia,
which admirable treatise being translated into the German language,
is adorn'd with, the gravings of Hans Sibald Behem, Ammanus, Aide-
grave, and most of the rare masters of that age. Finally, he has cut
the Stories of ^puleius his golden Asse ; and sprinkled divers pretty
inventions and capriccios in an old impression of Cicero's Epistles :
and with this recollection of what we had omitted in the foregoing
* It is written in Teutonic Verse by Mel. Pfintzing, and published in folio at Nuremburg, 1519.
303
paragraphs (to which they are reducible) we will take leave of the
Dutch Sculptors, and passe on to
The French, who challenge the next place in this recension ; for
their gravlngs in laille Douce, which began to be In reputation after
Rosso, the Florentine painter, had been invited and caress'd by that
worthy and illustrious Meccenas of ithe arts, Francis the First : about
which time Petit Bernard of Lyons publish'd the stories for the JBible
of St. Hierom, performing such things In little, for the design and
ordinance as are worthy of* Imitation : so greatly he apprOach'd the
antique in the garb of his figures, distances, architecture, and other
accessories of the storle. We have some of these engraven by this
artist, and printed long since at Lyons, with the argument under each
cut, in the English verse of those times^ which appears to have been
done about the beginning of the Reformation, when. It seems, men
were not so iliuch scandallz'd at holy representations.
Nicholas Beatricius k Loraneze graved his Horse Conflicts, and
several books of Animals and Wildheasts ; the TViddowe's son raised
to Liife ; the Annuntiation, after M. Angelo ; the Ark of the Catholick
Church, after that rare table of Mosaic In S. Peter's of Giotto, &c.
Phillppus Thomaslnus's labours are worthy of eternity, so excellent
was his choice, so accurate his graver ; witnesse the Fall of Lucifer ;
the Universal Judgment ; the Ship we but now mentlon'd ; the Seven
fVorks of Mercy ; JB. Felix ; the Miracles of the Capucin<es ; the
Statues of Home In little ; the labours of many famous persons ; the
JBaptisme of our Saviour, after Salviatl; St. John the Evangelist in
the boyling Oyle ; St. Stephens Lapidation, after Ant. Pomarancio j
the Magi of Zuccharo ; Mary presented in the Temple, of Barrop:-
clo ; the Ijife of St. Catharine ; Fama, divers Sea Monsters after
Bernardino Passero ; and some things of VannI ; not to omit his
Camea, collected from several curious Achates and other precious
stones ; besides shields, trophies, gordlan knots, with variety of Instru-
ments and other works too long here to recite minutely.
Chrlsplnus de Pas and his sister Magdalen (whether French or
Dutch) have engraven many excellent things after Breughel ; espe-
cially Landskips; the Persecution of the Prophets and Apostles;
304
with several more : but that Liberum Belgium, by Simon de Pas his
Father, or Brother (1 know not whether), dedicated to Prinise Maurice
of Nassau, is a very rare cut.
Who has not beheld with admiration the incomparablei burine of
Claudius Melan, celebrated by the great Gassendus,. and employed by
the most noble and learned Perieskius* The Sudarium of St. Vero-
nica, where he has formed a head as big as the life it self with one only
line beginning at the point of the nose, and so by a spiral turning of
the graver finishing at the utmost hair, is a prodigy of his rare art
and invention; because it is wholly new, and perform'd with admira-
ble dexterity : nor has he less merited for his St. Francis, St. Bruno,
the Pointed Magdalen, Pope Urbane the VIII. and divers others to the
life, especially those of the illustrious Justiniani, Perieskius, and the
several frontispieces to those truly Royal works, Poets, and other
authors, printed at the Louvre.
Mauperch has published some pretty landskips ; La Pautre many
most usefull varieties and ornaments for Architects and other work-
men ; florid, and full of fansie ; especially the Ceremonies at the Gbro-
nation of the present French King,
Morin has left us a St. Bernard, s. Scull, his great Crucifix, some
rare Heads; especially that representing our B. Saviour, and other
things in aqua-fortis, perform'd with singular art and tendernesse ; as
also some rare Landskips and Ruines, after Polemburch and others.
N. Chaperon has etched the Xystus or Gallery of Raphael in the
Vatican, with incomparable successe, as to the true draught ; and so has
that excellent painter the late
Francis Perrier those statues and bass-relievos of Rome, preferable to
any that are yet extant.
Audran's St. Gathariim, after Titian, who is not ravish'd with ?
Couvay has engraven the Three devout captive Knights and what may
appear very extraordinary, ut qucB celant nomina ccelatura aperiak, the.
first part of Despauterius' s Grammar in picture or hieroglyphic for
the Duke of Anjou, the now Monsieur.
Perelle has discovered a particular talent for landskips, if not a little
305
exceeded in the darknesse of his shades : but his Ruines of Home are
very rare. He has likewise a son that graves.
The excellency of invention in the romances and histories adorn'd by
the hand of Chauveau is not to be passed by ; especially those things
which he has done in the Entretienne de Beaux Msprits of Monsieur
De Marests, and in several others.
But the pieces which Poilly has set forth may be ranked (as they
truly merit) amongst the greatest masters we have hitherto celebrated :
such as (for instance in a few) that admirable Theses, with the portrait
of Cardinal Richlieu; and in enumeration with the formerly warned
Natalis (besides the St. Catharine of Sourdo7i), those things which
he hath graved after Mignard, which are really incompat-able ; also
divers Histories after Le Brun, &c.
But we should never have done- with the artists of this fruitful and
inventive country, as Heince, Begnon, Huret, Bernard, Rognesson,
Rousselet, a rare workman, witrtesse his Frontispiece to the French
Polyglott bible, design'd by Bourdon and lately put forth ; Belknge,
Richet, I'Alman, Quesnel, Soulet, Bunel, the laudable Boucher, Bfiot,
Boulange, Bois, Champagne, Charpignon, Cornelllej Caron, Claude de
liorain, Audran, Moutier, Rabel, Denisot, L'Aune, De la Ram^, Hayes,
Herbin, David de Bie, Villemont, Marot, excellent: for his buildings
and Architecture ; Toutin, Grand-hommej Cereau, Trochel, Langot du
Loir, L'Erifant, disciple of Melan, Gaultierj D'Origni, Prevost, De Son,
Perei, Nacret, Perret, Daret, Scalberge, Vibert, Ragot, who has graved
some things well after Rubens^ Boissart, Terelin, De Leu ; besides
Mauperche for histories, L'Asne who has grav'd above 300 portraits
to the life, and is a rare artist j Huret, fall of rich invention, Hot oniit-
ting the famous Gravers of letters and Calli^aphers, such as are Le
Gagneur, Lucas Materot, Erisius, Duret, Pauce, Le Beaugran, Beau-
lieu, Gougenot, Moulin, Raveneau, Jea, Jaques de His, Moreau, Li-
mosin. La Be, Vignon, Barbe d'Or, and a world of others, whose
works we have not had the fortune to see. For as heretofore, so espe-
cially at present, there is no country of Europe which may contend with
France for the numbers of such as it daily produces, that excell in the
art of Chalcography, and triumph with the burine.
2 R
306
La Hy re has etched many things after the antique, as Bacchanalias^
and several other.
Goyrand is second to none for those towns and ruines which he has
publish'd, especially what he has performed in JEdibus Barherini.
Colignon, no lesse excellent in his gravings after Lincler.
And Cochin in those large Charts and sieges of townes after the
engineer Beaulieu : But
Israel Sylvester is the Hollar of France, for there is hardly a town,
castle, nobleman's house, garden, or prospect, in all that vast and
goodly Kingdom which he has not set forth in aqua-fortis, besides
divers parts and views of Italy ; above all in those which are etched
after the designes of Monsieur Lincler, (whilst he lived, my worthy
friend !) as the City of Rome in profile ; a morcel of St. Peter's by
it self; and that Prospect of the Louvre, which last doth far trans-
cend the rest of his works, and may be esteem'd one of the best of that
kind which the world has extant, for the many perfections that assem-
ble in it.
There is at present Robert Nanteuil, an ingenious person, and my par-
ticular friend, whose burine renders him famous through the world, I
have had the happinesse to have my portrait * engraven by his rare
burine ; and it is therefore estimable, though unworthy of the honour
of being placed amongst the rest of those illustrious persons whom
his hand has rendered immortal. For such are the French king, the
Queens of Poland and Sweden, Cardinal Mazarine, whose effigies he
has graven no less then nine times to the life ; the Duke of Longueville,
D. of Boullion, Mantua, Marishal Turenne, President Jeannin, MoUjB,
Teller, Ormesson, the Archbishop of Tours, Bishop of S. Malo, L'Abb^
Fouquet, and divers others of the long robe ; also Monsieur Hesselin,
* Florent Le Comte, in his Singuliaritez d' Architecture, &c. gives a catalogue of the works of
Nanteuilj in which he mentions my effigy graven by this rare sculptor, with this impertinent mis-
take : " YvELiN, (lit, le petit mi. Lord Anglois, ou le portrait Grec, parcequ'il y adu Grec au has;
ou est ecrit aussi, Meliora retinete : il est en oval. yvELiti, called the little English lord, or the
Greek portrait, because there is a Greek inscription at bottom ; where likewise is written, retain
the best ; it is in oval." This print was .prefixed to the folio editions of our Author's Sylva, and
was subsequently inserted in the first volume of his Memoirs, p. 241,
307
;nage, Scuderi, Chaplain, MaroUesj and the reist of the wits ; in
nme, almost all the great persons of note in France.
But that we may conclude this recension with such as have most
:eird in this art, and give the utmost reputation it is capable of,
[jues Callot, a Gentleman of Lorrain, (if ever any) attain'd to its
alimity, and beyond which it seems not possible for human industry
reach, especially for figures in little; though he hath likewise
blished some in great, as boldly and masterly perform'd as can possi-
f be imagin'd. What a losse it has been to the virtuosi, that he did
t more delight in those of a greater volume, such as he once graved
Florence do sufficiently testifie, and which likewise have exalted his
comparable talent to the supreamest point. It might not seem requi-
e to minute the works which he has published, because they are so
iversally excellent that a curious person should have the whole eol-
;tion, (and be carefull that he be riot impos'd upon by the copies
lich are frequently vended under his name, especially those which
onsieur Bosse has published, and which nearest approach him,) were
not highly injurious to his merit not to mention some of the princi-
1; such are his St. Paul; JEcce homo; the Demoniac cured, after
idrea BoscoH ; a Madona, after Andrea del Sarto ; the four Come-
ins; all these of the larger volume, and some of them with the
rine ; also thfe Passage of the Israelites ; St. Luke's Fair, dedi-
ted to Cosmo di Medices, a most stupendous work consider'd in all
circumstances and encounters ; so full of spirit and invention, that
lon several attempts to do the like, it is said, he could never approach
; so much (it seems) he did in that piece exceed even himself.
This is also well copied. The History of the B. Virgin, in 14
ives ; the jlpostles in great ; the Murder of the holy Innocents, an
comparable work, and almost exceeding our description, as to the
jalluess, life, perfection and multitude of figures expressed in it. The
ory of the Prodigal; the Life and Death of our Saviour, in 20 small
als very rarely perform'd. The Martyrdom of the Apostles, in 16
ives, worthy of admiration ; the Passion of our Saviour, in 7 larger
ts; St. Anthonitis Temptation, prodigious for the fancy and inven-
n ; St. Mansuetus raising a dead Prince;: a Bishop preaching in a
308
wood; divers Boohs of Landships and Sea pieces \ especially those
admirable cuts of his in a book intituled Trattato di terra Santa,
wherein most of the religious places of Jerusalem, temples, prospects,
j&c. about the Holy Laqd are graved to the life by the hand of this
excellent master; the book is very rare and never to be encountred
amongst the collection of his prints. The Duke of Lorrain'a Palace
and Garden at Nancy; also another paper of a Tournament there,
both of them most rare things; Military exercises ; the Miseries of
War, in 18 leaves very choice; the Battail of Theseus; Combat at
the Barriere ; Entrance of the Great Duke, vs^ith all the scenes and
representations at the Duke of Florence's nuptials; the Catqfalco
erected at the Emp. Matthias's death ; the famous Seige at Rochelle, a
very large print ; also the Night piece of the Cheats and Wenches at
Play; Mascarades, Gohbi, Beggars, Gypsyes, Balli and Dances,
Fantasies, Capriccios, Juhilatio Triumphi B. Virgvnis, which was,
it seems, grav'd for a Thesis [the Seige of la Bochelle in large] ; and,
finally, the Cabaret, or meeting of Debauchees, which (being the last
plate that ever he grav'd) had not the aqua-fortis given it till after his
decease., And thus we have in brief posted over the stupendous works of
this inimitable master, whose point and manner of etching was nothing
inferlour, nay sometimes even exceeded, the most skilful burine. But at
length sit pudor et finis, I desist, and ahall- here conclude the recital of
the French Chalcographers so many for their immhers, laborious in their
works, and luxurious of their inventions, after we have done reason to
Monsieur Bosse, who has made him self so well known by his most accur-
rate imitation of Callot, beside the many rare things he. has himself pub-
lished. It were altogether unpardonable that such as would accom-
plish themselves in etching, should be destitute of his entire work ;
especially those of his latter manner perform'd in single and masterly
atroaks, without decussations and cross hatchings, in emulation of the
Graver, Those Ftgnets, Fleurons, Capital letters, Puti and Comr
partiments, made to adorn the royal impressions at the Louvre, are
worthy of celebration, because it is impossible for the neatest burine
to excell his points and eschoppes ; and for that it is to him that we
have been chiefly obliged for a treatise, which we had prepared of the
309
practical and mechanical part of this art of Chalcography, whereof I
have already given accompt elsewhere. It is to the same Monsieur du
Bosse that the world is beholden for his ingenuity in publishing many
other rare and usefuU arts assistant to architecture, dyalling, squaring
of stoness, and encountering the difficulties of the Free-mason, besides,
those excellent treatises of perspective^ which, from the dictates of Mon-
sieur des Argues, he has so laudably communicated. This,: and much
more, we owe to this hon^t man's fame and particuliar friendship.
And^ lastly, the excellent chart-gravers may not be totally excluded of
this Catalogue ; because it is a particular address, and, of late, infinitely
improv'd by the care of Tavernier, Sanson, the Jesuit Briets, de la Rue,
du Val, graven by Cordier, Riviers, Peroni, and others ; not forgetting
the most industrious Bleaus of Amsterdam, who have published the
atlasses, and other pieces which celebrate their names to posterity, and
such an undertaking has the ingeneere [engineer] Gomboust per-
form'd in his Ichnographieal plan of Paris, lately set forth, being the
result of near a five years continual labour of measuring, plotting, and
observing, to render it the most accomplish'd, and testifie to what use
and perfection this noble art is arriv'd. This we the more readily men-
tion, that thereby we may stimulate and encourage the lovers of their
country freely to contribute to the like attempt of the above mention'd
Mr. Hollar,^ and enable him to proceed with what is now under his
liaiad, for the honour of our imperial city.
And now it is certainly time that we should think of home a little,
and celebrate likewise some of our own country-men, who have worthily
merited with their graver^ And although we may not yet boast of
such multitudes by reason of the late unhappy differences which have
disturb'dthe whole nation, endeavouring to level Princes, and lay the
Mecaenas's of this and all other arts in the dxist j yet had we a Paine
for a- ship, some heads to the life, especially that of Dr. Alabaster, Sir
Ben. Rudyard, and several other things ; a Csecil and a Wright, little
inferiour to any we have enumerated for the excellency of their burins
and happy design j as at present we have Mr. Faithorne, Mr. Barlow,
Gaywood, and others, who have don© excellently both with the graver
and in aqua-fortis, especially in those birds and beasts which adorne the
310
apologues of iEsope published by Mr. Ogleble; and of Mr. Faithorne, we
have that Christ after Raphael from some excellent master, as big as the
life; a Madona, Christ, Joseph and a Lamb after La Hyre, a very good
painter; the eflBgies of my Lord Viscount Morddunt, Sir W. Paston
and his lady, with several others after Van dyke, Honiman, &c.
Lightfoot hath a very curious graver, and special talent for the neat-
nesse of his stroak, little inferiour to Weirx, and has published twd or
three Madonas with much applause ; also Glover divers heads ; as at
present J. Fellian, disciple of Mr. Faithorne, who is a hopeful young
man ; lastly, for medails and intaglias we have Mr. Symonds []Tho,
Simon], Rawlins, Restrick, Johnson, and some others, whose works in
that kind have hardly been exceeded in these later times ; not omitting
the industrious Mr. Coker, Geryj Gething, Billingly, &c. who, in what
they have published for letters and flourishes, are comparable to any of
those masters whom we have so much celebrated amongst the Italians
and French for Calligraphy and fair writing ; we have likewise Switzer
for cutting in wood, the son of a father who sufficiently discover'd his
dexterity in the herbals set forth by Mr. Parkinson, Lobel, and divers
other works with due commendation, not to mention the rest, as yet
unknown to us by their names, from whose industry we are yet to hope
for excellent progresse.
We do therefore here make it our suite to them, as what would, ex-
treamly gratifie the curious, and virtuosi universally, that they would
endeavour to publish such excellent things as both his Majesty fthe
Duke of Norfolk] and divers of the noblesse of this nation have in their
possession ; and to which there is no ingenious person that will be
deny'd access ; since, if their collections were well engraven and dis-
pers'd about the world, it would not only exceedingly advance . their
profit and reputation, but bring them likewise into a good manner of
designing, which is the very life of this art; and render our nation
famous abroad, for the many excellent things which it has once again
(by the blessing of God and the genius of our most illustrious Prince)
recover'd ; especially, if, joyned to this, such as exceed in the talent
would entertain us with more landskips and views of the environs, ap-
proches, and prospects of our nobly situated metropolis, Greenwich,
311
Windsor, and other parts upon the goodly Thames ; and in which (as
we said) Mr. Hollar has so worthily merited, and other countries
abound with, to the immense refreshment of the curious, and honour
of the industrious artist : and such, we farther wish, might now and
then be encourag'd to travail into the Levantine parts ; Indies East and
West; from whose hands we might hope to receive innumerable and
true designes, drawn after the life, of those surprising landskips, me-
morable places, cities, isles, trees, plants, flowers, and animals, &c.
which are now so lamely, and so wretchedly presented, and obtruded
upon us by the ignorant, and for want of abilities to reforme them.
And thus we have (as briefly as the subject would admit) finished
what we had to offer concerning the original and progress of this noble
art ; not, but that there may have been many excellent masters omitted
by us whose names were worthy of record, but because they did not
occur at the writing hereof, and that we have already introduc'd a
competent and sufiicient number to give reputation to the art, and
verifie our institution. For the rest, if we have somewhat exceeded the
limits of a Chapter (comparing it with those which did precede) it has
not been without prospect had to the benefit of such as will be glad of
instruction how to direct their choice in collecting of what is curious,
worthy their procuring, and, as the Italian calls them, di buon gusto ;
for we are far from opining with those who fly at all without judge-
ment or election. In summe, it were to be wished that all our good
painters would enrich our collections with more of their studies and or-
donances, and not despise the putting of their hands now and then to
the graver : we have given instances of great masters who excell'd in
both, and the draught, if it be good, does sufliciently commute for the
other defects, or what it may seem to want in the neatnesse and accur
rate conducting of the hatches ; since by this means we should be
stored with many rare designes, touches, and inventions, which, for being
only in crayone, are casual, and more obnoxious to accidents; and can
be communicated but to those few who have the good fortune to ob-
tain their papers ; and (which is yet more rare) the happinesse to under-
stand as well as to talk of them.
312
CHAP. V.
OF DRAWING AND DESIGN, PREVIOUS TO THE ART OF CHALCOGRAJPHY;
AND OF THE USE OF PICTURES IN ORDER TO THE EDUCATION OF
CHILDREN.
As the rules of measure and proportion have an universal influence
upon all the actions of our lives, it was a memorable and noble saying
of a great person of our nation*, discoursing to us once concerning the
dignity of painting, and the arts which attend it, " that one who could
not designe a little, would never make an honest man :" how that ob-
servation succeeds in the general, we have not made it much our obser-
vation ; but this we are bold to pronounce, " That he shall never attain
" to the excellency of a good Chalcographer, who is not more then
" ordinarily skill'd in the faculty and art of drawing;" a thing so highly
necessary, that Donatellus was wont to tell his disciples (discoursing
sometimes concerning the accomplishment of this art), " That, to de*
" liver it in a single word, he would say, Designe ; because it was the
" very basis and foundation, not only of this, but even of all those free
"and noble sciences of Fortification, Architecture, Perspective, and
" whatsoever also pretended to any affinity with the Mathematicks, as
" really leading the van, and perfective of them all."
But to treat methodically of this, or as we have already enlarged in
the history and progresse of Chalcography, and the surviving labours
of the most renowned masters, would require no lesse time and pains.
It were indeed a noble, curious, and useful work, but almost impossible
to accomplish ; because the original drawings of the great masters
being dispersed amongst the hands of the greatest princes and men of
science only, are preserved with jealousie, and esteem'd as so many
jewels of greater value then those of pearles and diamonds ; for some
of them being the very last workes, though but imperfect draughts of
* Thomas Earl of Arundel, Earl Marshal of England, ancestor to the present Duke of Norfolk.
313
so excellent artists, they have for the most part been in greater esteem
then even those of larger bulk and more finished, as Pliny instances in
the Iris of Aristidfes, the Medea of Timomachus, and some others;
because (as he there speaks) such touches did even expresse the very
thoughts and prime -conception of the workman, as well as the lineaments
which he presents us ; and that there is a certain compassion in our na-
tures which indears them to us, so as we cannot but love and desire the
hands which perished in the midst of such famous pieces. Add to this,
their inimitable -antiquity, then which (according to Quintilian, Inst,
c. 3.) nothing' does more recommend things to us, from a certain autho-
rity which it universally carries with it ; so as we seem to review what
they did of old in this kind as if (with Libanius) the Gods had imparted'
something of extraordinary to the masters of the ages past, which the
nature of man is not now capable of attaining.
Y These diflBculties therefore consider'd, it will not be required of us in
this chapter, which pretends to celebrate the art of Drawing and Designe,
only as it has relation and is an absolute requisite to that of Chalcogra-
phy, and to prescribe some directions and encouragements, which may
prepare and fit the hand with a competent addresse therein.'
Whether Design was the production of chance or excogitation,^
we determine not ; certain it is that practice and experience was
its nurse and perficient ; by some thus defin'd to be A visible ex-
pression of the hand resembling the conception of the mind: by which
definition there are who distinguish it from Drawing both as to its ori-
ginal and formality ; for Design (say they) is of things not yet appear-
ing, being but the picture of ideas only; whereas Drawing relates more
to copies and things already extant. In sum, as the historian differs
from the poet, and Horace has well express'd it,'
, Pictoribus atque Poetis
Quidlibet audendi semper fuit aequa potestas.*
We could easily admit this art to have been the most antient; and,
with PhilostratuSj^oyyei'so-TaToi/ t? <pv(ret, " of kin even to Nature her self."
But to take it some what lower, there goes a tradition that some inge-
* De Arte Poet.
2 S
314
shepheard was the inventor of it, who, espying the shadow of one
3 sheep on the ground (interpos'd between him and the culminating
jclining sun), did, with the end of his crook, trace out the profile
the dust : and truly some such vulgar accident (for chance has
a fruitful mother) might first probably introduce it; however after-
s subtiliz'd upon and cultivated, till it at length arriv'd to that degree
cellency and esteem, which it has happily gained, and so long con-
d.
it to quit these nicer investigations, and proceed ta some thing of
as it concerns the title of this chapter : the first and principal man-
ff Drawing is that with the pen j the next with crayon, whether
;, white, red, or any of the intermedial colours, upon paper either
3 or coloured. We will not say much concerning washing with the
11, or rubbing in the shades with pastills and dry compositions ;
ise it is not till our disciple be a consummate artist that he can be
d with designes of this nature, and, after which, they are of excel-
ase and effect.
le pen is, therefore, both the first and best instructor, and has then
11 the other kinds) attain'd its desired end when it so deceives the
ly the magic and innocent witch-craft of lights and shades, that
ited and solid bodies in nature may seem swelling, and to be em-
id in Piano, by art.
» arrive at this, you must first draw the exact lineaments and pro-
ons of the subject you would expresse in profile, contours, and single
only ; and afterwards, by more frequent and tender hatches in the
er places, strong, bold, or cross in the deeper.
r haiching is understood a continual series or succession of many
, shorter or longer, close or more separate, oblique or direct, ac-
ng as the work requires, to render it more or lesse enlightened ;
is attain'd by practise with a swift, even, and dextrous hand,
gh sometimes also by the help of the rule and compass ; every man
r not an Apelles or Pyrgoteles to work without them. Now the
expedient to gain a mastery in this address, will be to imitate suc^
:s and cuts as are most celebrated for this perfection : such (amongst
ty of others) are those of Henry Goltzius, the Sadelers, Harman,
315
Sanredam, Vosterman, and, above all, that rare book of Jacomo Palma,
graven by Odoardo Fiaktti : of the more modern, the incomparable
Natalis, Nanteuil, Poilly, and Cornelius Blomaert. These for the burin ;
for etching, Callot, Morine, and Bosse ; especially in those his latter
pieces, which have so nearly approach'd the graver. After these, let
our learner design the several members of bodies apart, and then united,
with intire figures and stories, till he be able to compose something of
his own, which may support the examination of qualified judges.
But the ir^x''^pay[Mi or first draughts of these should not be with too
great curiosity, and the several minutice that appear in many copies ; but
with a certain free and judicious negligence, rather aiming at the origi-
nal, than paining of yourself with overmuch exactness ; for noc&re scepe
•nimiam diligentiam, was an old observation ; and therefore the antient
painters (&-ays Philostratus) more esteem'd a certain true and liberal
draught then the neatness of the figure, as he expresses it in Am/ghia-
ravs's Horse, sweating' after the Comfiict ; since drawings and designes
are not to be like Polycletus's Canon, which took its several parts fi-om
as many perfect bodies, bv a studied and most accurate symmetrie. It
shall suffice that the prime conceptions of our artist be perform'd with
less constraint : a coal or pensil of black-lead will serve the turn, re-
serving the stronger and deeper touches for a second pass of the hand
over your work j and last of all, penning the contours and outlines with
a more even and acute touch, neatly finishing the hatches with a reso-
lute, constant, and flowing hand, especially as it approaches to the fainter
shadows, terminating them in lost and misty extreams, and thwarted
(if you will counter-hatch) at equal and uniform intervals (but not till
the first be dry), or, if with single stroaks (which to us renders the
most natural and agreeable efiects), with full, deep hatches, and their
due diminishings.
But it would haply be objected, that these accurate designes of the pen
were never esteemed among the nobler parts of Drawing, as for the most
part appearing too finical, stiff, and constrain'd. To this we reply, that
the remark is not impertinent, as commonly we find by experience ; but it
has not proceeded from the least defect in the instrument, but from that
of the artist, whose aptitude is not yet arriv'd to that perfection which is
316
requisite, and does infallibly confirme and dispose the hand to whatever
it addresses ; affording so great a delight and satisfaction to some excel-
lent workmen, as that they never desir'd to advance further then this
triumph of the pen, wliich has celebrated their names, and equaliz'd
their renown with that of the most famous painters. For such were (in
this nature) the incomparable drawings of Don Giulio Clovio, Albert
Durer, Passarotto, yea Titian himself, when the fancy took him ; the
foremention'd Goltzius, especially for his Diana sleeping, drawn with a
pen on a cloth prim'd in oyl, which was sometimes sold at Amsterdam
for 200 pounds ; and that laborious and most stupendous work of hisj
now part of his Majesties collection, where he has drawn with the pen,
upon a^ heightning of oyl, a Venus, Cupid, Sat^r,, and some other
figures, as big as the life it self, with a boldness and dexterity incom-
parable : and such are some things which we have seen done^by Slgnlor
Thomaso, a Florentine, and our ingenious friend Mr. Vart^er Douse
(descended of that noble Janus Dousa, whose learning and courage the
great Scaliger and Grotius have so worthily celebrated), now in the
court of England. To these we add Robert Nanteull, at Paris; and of
our own country- men, those eight or ten drawings by the pen of Francis
and John Cleyn (two hopefull, but now deceas'd, brothers), after those
^rea.t Cartoons of Raphael, containing the stories of the Acts of the Apos-
tles, vjh^re. In a fraternal emulation, they ,haye done such work as was
never yet exceeded by mortal men, either of the former or present age j and
worthy they are of the honour which his Majesty, has don^e their memo-
ries, by having purchased these excellent things out of Germany, whi-
ther they had been transported, or dt least Intended. There is likewise
one Mr. Francis Carter (now In Italy), not to be forgotten amongst
those whose pens deserve to be celebrated. But it is not here that we
are to expatiate far on this particular, as designing a chapter only, much
less shall we have leisure to proceed to black and white chalke (as they
call it) upon coloured paper, in which those many Incomparable and
original drawings of the old and great masters are yet extant, wherein a
middle colour, wrought upon two extreams, produces (on an Instant)
that wonderfull and stupendous roundness and extancy, which the pen
Is so long in doing, though so infallible a guide to Its well doing, that
317
having once attain'd the command of that instrument, all other drawings
whatsoever will seem most easie and delightfull. Neither shall it then
be requisite to continue that exactness, since all drawing is but an
hand-maid and attendant to what you would either grave or paint
But by this perfection and dexterity at first, did even those renouned
masters, Julio, Parmegiano, and sometimes Polydore himself, (not to
insist on Rubens and Vandyke) proceed, whose drawings in this kind,
when first they made their studies in Italy, were exceedingly curious and
finished ; though in all their more recent and maturer- desigues, rather
judicious then exact, because of that time which such minute finishingis
did usually take up; and that, when all is done, it is still but a drawing,
which indeed conduces to the making of profitable things, but is it self
none. ^ ^
Yet so highly necessary is this of Drawing to all who pretend to
these noble and refined arts, that for the securing of this foundation,
and the promotion and encouragement of it, the greatest Princes of
Europe have erected academies, furnished with all conveniencies for the
exercise and improvement of the Virtuosi. Such illustrious and noble
geniuses were Cosmo di Medices, Francis the First, Carlo Borromeo,
and others, who built or appointed for them stately apartments even in
their own palaces, and under the same roofe; procuring models, and
endowing them with charters, enfranchisements, and ample honoraries ;
by which they attracted to their courts and countries most of the refin'd
and extraordinary spirits in all the arts and sciences that were then cele-
brated throughout the world. '
., Nor it seems has it been the sole glory of those illustrious Princes to
cherish and enoble men of art : the Greek and Roman of old had them
in special veneration ; but in none of their courts were men of science
caressed to that degree as in that we have read of the Emperor of Japan
at present, who does not only entertain and nobly accommodate them,
but never stirs abroad without their company. These great men, says
my authour,* (meaning physitians, painters, sculptors, musitians, &c.
quos propria nomine appellant Contubernium . Ccesaris,^ march before
* Descrip. Reg. Japaniae Bern. Varenii.
318
the King whether he go forth in litter or on horseback; and being
elected of persons of the greatest birth in his dominions, they always
continue at his court, richly appointed with sallaries ; but otherwise, to
bear no office whatsoever which may in the least importune them, eo
solum elecH, ut Imperatori ad voluptatem et delectationem consortium
preBstent, as being therefore only chosen to recreate and divert the Prince
with their excellent conversation. These being men of the rarest parts
and endowments in his empire, have pre-eminence in all places next the
King; then come the guards in the reare, which consist of a more infe-
riour nobility : thus far the historian. We know not how this instance
Ujay in these days be interpreted ; but certainly the courts of Princes
were in former ages composed of men of the greatest virtue and talents
above the rest, and such as possess'd something of extraordinary (besides
the wearing of fine cloaths, and making the bone mine) to recommend
them. We insist not on Sculptors and Painters only, especiaJly as such
men are now for the most part vitious, or else of poor and mechanick
spirits ; but as those antient and noble geniuses were heretofore accom-
plish'd, and such as of late were Raphael, Durer, Leon Alberti, Da
Vinci, Rubens ; and at present, Cavalier Bernini, &e. persons of most
excellent endowments, and universally learned, which rendred their fau-
tors and protectors iamous, by leaving such marks of their admired virtue
as did eternize their merits to after ages.
Thus it was that Myron, Polycletus, Phydias, Lysippus, and others of
the antients, procured such lasting names by their divine labours. Thet
wrought for Kings, great cities, and noble citizens ; whereas others, on
the contrary, (men haply of no lesse industry and science,) had little or na
notice taken of them, because they received no such encouragement,
were poor and neglected, which did utterly eclipse and suppress their
fame ; such as those whereof Vitruvius does in the Preface to his thii*d
book make mention, where he speaks of Chiron the Corinthian, Hellas of
Athens, Myagrus of Phocia, Pharax the Ephesian, besides Aristomenes,
Polycles, Nichomachus, and several others, who being excellent masters
and rarely endowed, perished in obscurity, and without any regard from
the unequal hand and distribution of fortune, and for want of being che-
rished by Princes and great men. But to return :
319
Iti these places they had books of drawings of all the old and re-
nowned masters, rounds, busts, Relievos, and entire figures, cast off from
the best of the antique statues and monuments, Greek and Roman.
There was to be seen the Laocoon, Cleopatra, Antinons, Flora, Her-
cules, Comtmdus, Venus, Melec^er, Niobe, Sfc; whereof the originals
are still extant at Rome. There were likewise divers rare and excellent
statues, both of brass and marble ; modells and divers fragments of
bases, columns, capitals, freezes, cornices, and other pieces, moulded
from the most authentique remains of the antient famous buildings ;
besides a universal collection of medaills, things artificial and natural.
But to recover our drawing again, as it concernes the art of Chal-
cography, we have already mentioned such of the most accomplish'd
gravers, whose labours and works were proposed for exemplars and
imitation ; nor let the most supercilious painter despise what we have
here alledged, or imagine it any diminution to his art, that he now
and then put his hand to the pen, and draw even after some of those
masters we have so much celebrated : what Andrea del Sarto has taken
out of the prints of Albert Durer, improving and reducing them to
his manner (not for want of invention, and plagiary like, as all that
have any knowledge of his works can justifie) has no way eclipsed^ hat
rather augDsented his glory ; as on the other aide, that divine piece of
his, the Chris tus mortmis, which he gave to be cut by Augustino Ve-
netlano ; the Trmmphs, Vasas, and Anatomies of old Rosso, by whom-
soever engraven, and those other things of his after Oomenico Bar-
bieri ; Paulo Veroneze did much study the prints of Durer, and that
incomparable painter Antonio Vassalacci (call'd otherwise Aliense)
made notable use of that his prodigious collection of stamps of the most
rare hands ; not to recapitulate what were published by Raphael him*
self, and infinite otliers, by which they have suffictently made appear
the value they attributed to this art, by desiring (as much as in them
lay)- to rendeir their works famous to posterity, by thus communicating
them to the worid, though many times through the hands but of very
vulgar and ordinary gravers.
And here we should have put a period to this essay, and the present
chapter, as having abundaady vindicated the necessity and worthiness
320
of deslgne and drawing, as it is previous and introductory to the art of
Chalcography, had not one curiosity .more prevented us; which be-
cause it so much concernes the conducting of hatches and strOaks, whi-
ther with pen, point, or graver, pretending (at least very ingeniously
hinting) to a method how, by a constant and regular certitude, one
may express to the eye the sensation of the relievo, or extancie of ob-
jects, be it by one or more hatches, cross and counter, we think not
impertinent here to recite as briefly as the demonstration will permit.
The principal end of a graver that would copy a design or piece com-
pos'd of one or more objects is, to render it correct both in relation to
the draught, contours, and other particularities, as to the lights and
shades on the front, flying or turning in bold or faint touches so as
may best express the reliefe, in which gravers have hitherto, for the
most part, rather imitated one another then improved or refined upon
nature ; some with more, some with fewer stroaks : having never yet
found out a certain and uniforme guide to follow in this work, so as to
carry their stroaks with assurance, as knowing where they are to de-
termine, without manifestly offending the due rules of perspective.
If, in truth, nakeds and other polite bodies were so formed as that
we might detect the course and inclination of the threads, fibres, and
grain, so as we perceive it In stuff^s, cloth, linnen, and other draperies,
nothing would. appear more facile; for let them assume what ply they
will, it does not at all concern the tissue, tenor, or range of -the. threads
and wailes (as they call them) which is easily imitated, both as to their
inclinations ;and distances from the point of sight.
But since we are much at a loss, and can perceive no such direction
or clue in nudities and other smooth surfaces, it were haply worth the
while to . find out some expedient which should assist the imagination
in this affair, and that might encounter the difficulty upon other terse
and even objects, by forming such stroaks, and directors upon them In
our Imagination ; observing, that there are some parts in them com-
monly to be distinguished from the mass in gross ; for example, the
hairs in men, eyes, teeth, nails, &c. that as one would conceive such
lines or hatches on those masses, others may likewise be as well fancied
upon those lesser and more delicate members :
321
To effect this, the annexed Iconlsme is thus explained.
Suppose, in the uppermost figure of this plate, the object CQ) to be
the representation in perspective of the portion of a bowle, expos'd to
the beams of the Sun ; and the letters c. s. r. t. a frame, or square of
wood barr'd and strung in even and straight lines, parallel inter se.
- Then another thread, viz. m. n. crossing them in perpendicular. The
frame in the mean time suppos'd to incline towards the Bowie O. be-
tixt it and the Sun, which represents to you all these threads project-
ing their shadowes upon the Bowie, and the surface where it is situate.
Suppose now the same upon the relievo or mass it self; it is evident,
that these threads, in whatever manner you interpose the said frame
betwixt the Bowie and the Sun, that they will perpetually cast their
shadowes parallel inter se, cutting it, as it were, into several plains,
uniforme and parallel also.
You see likewise in this very figure, that the oblique and direct
shades o u x y are caused by the cathetus m t n, and the pointed curved
lines upon the Bowie O, viz. o z n 1,2, &c. are formed by the parallels
which intersect the perpendicular.
But the same frame posited between the Sun and a Head in Relievo
of white marble, or the like (as in the inferiour example) will not ren-
der the shadow of the threads alike upon all the parts parallel inter se
(as in the former), though the same were suppos'd to be cut by like
plane and mutual parallels as was the Bowie O. However, so shall
they appear, as to hint the tracing of parallels on the relievo, or assist
the imagination of them there, and consequently, how to deslgne them
upon objects made after the same ordonance in perspective parallel, as
one may conceive them upon the relievo of an ordonance in geometrical
•parallel, viz. as in the figure O, or to speak more distinctly, suppo&ing
them the same on the irregular as on the regular.
Consider then upon the head, the concourse of those imaginary
parallels in perspective, shaded with the pointed lines ; and how the
intercurrent hatches, which they comprehend, pursue the same course
and tenor, or perspective parallelisme.
From these instances now, it will not be difficult how to apply the
same upon all the sorts of bodies representable by gra;ving, and to com-
2t
322
prehend in one's imagination, the concurrency and uniforme tenor of
the particles, as we may so call them ; only, there is this particular to
be observed, that the projecture of the threads will not appear alike
perspicuous in the deep and shady parts of relievos as upon the illu-
minated, being lost in the dark : but this is easily supplyed by the
imagination, or by holding a loose thread parallel to the shaded, near
to the body of the figure ; by which the course of the rest may be well
conceived. And this may serve to give great light to him that shall
either grave in copper, or draw with the pen ; for the symmetrically
conducting of his hatches, determinatively, and with certitude, by thus
imagining them to be geometrically marked upon the relievo or em-
bossement of the natural, wherever he^ encounter it, and after this con-
ception, to trace them out upon his plate or draught in perspective. -
And indeed, that which is chiefly considerable and ingenious in thisj
is, that of their Perspective ; since the shades of the lines (in the fore-
mention'd example) which were upon the parts more or lesse turn'd,
appear to our eye accordingly, with more or less force, which renders
clear a different effect, as to the swelling and extancies of the parts,
then we find it in works where this method has not been observed ; so
as truly this may seem to be the most certain expedient of expressing
by hatches the relievo of objects, whether with the pen or burine. And
this is the sense of a much larger discourse, which Monsieur du Bosse
has proposed, treating of the practise of Perspective upon irregular sur-
faces, and we have thought fit to insert into this Chapter ; not only
because it is new and pretty ; but for that (to us) it appears to be of
good use, and as may be seen in some of the late heads graven by the
incomparable Nantueil, who had been the sole occasion of this ingenious
consideration, about the time of our last being at Paris.
But if this (like the diligence of Mechopanes, which Pliny affirmes
none was able to understand but an artist only) seem to be a disquisi- '
tion more refin'd then useful, for that few of our gravers work off from
the round, upon which alone the observation is practicable ; yet shall
it be necessary to admonish, that shadowes over dark, too deep and
suddain, are not commendable in these works, as seldom so appearing
in the life ; and therefore hatchings express'd by single stroaks are ever
323
most graceful and natural ; tliough of greater difficulty to execute,
cialy being any wayes oblique ; because they will require to be
e broader and fuller iii the middle, then either at their entrance, or
; an addresse much more easie with the burin and the pen then
I the point; though Monsieur Bosse's invention of the esc/ioppe
render the making of this Sulcus much more facile : but to attain
masterly, and with assurance of hand, our workmen may do well
nitate the gravings of the Sadelers, Villamena, Suanneburg, Gaul-
; but especially Claudius Mellan, Natalis, Poilly, Nantueil, Corne-
Blomart, H. Goltzius : and for the letchers in aqua fortis, Callot
Du Bosse, in some of their last cuts especially. Though even the
iter hatchings also, coming tenderly off, and well conducted, (so as
to be seen in some of the prints of M. i^ntonio's, C. Cort. Aug.
racip and other masters) render both an admirable and stupendous
;t : for it is in this well placing of white and black, wherein all this
and even that of painting does consist: thus Aglaphontes used but
colour, no more did Nitia the Athenian painter; and it was this
jvo also for which the famous Zeiixis became so renoun'd : not to
3t on Hieredices the Corinthian, and Thelophanes the Sicyonian,
( were both of them but Monochromists ; and, ""till Cleophanes came
»ngst them, no dissemblers, as owning no other colours but those
nent contraries ; that is, the lights and the shades,; in the true
laging whereof so many wonders are to be produc'd by this art,
even a certain splendor, and beauty in the touches of the burin, so
he very union and colouring it self may be conceiv'd without any
e upon the imagination, as we have before observed in these excel-
: gravings of Natalis, Rousselet, and Poilly, after Bourdon, and in
it Greuter, Blomart, and some others have done after Monsieur
issin, Guido Reni, Cortbna, &c.
5nt here, by the way, let no man think we mean by this color^e (as
■f term it) in drawing and graving, such a position of the hatches
he Chevalier Wolsori has invented, and Pletro Santo the Jesuite has
3w'd, to distinguish their blazons by*: but a certain admirable
* Theatre d'honneur. Tessera Gentil, *
324
eflFect emerging from the former union of lights and shadowes ; su(
the antients would expresse by tonus, or the Pythagoreans in
proportions, and imitated in this art, where the shades of the hal
intend and remit, to the best resembling of painting, the commisi
of the light and dark parts, imperceptibly united, or at least so sw
conducted, as that the alteration could no more certainly be de
then the semi-tones, or harmoge in musick, which though in
diflFering, yet it is so gentle and so agreeable, as even ravishes our s(
by a secret kind of charme not to be expressed in words, or disce
by the ignorant. And this it is which has rendered it so difficult to
after d6signes and painting, and to give the true heightnings w
there are no hatchings to express them, unless he that copies, d«
perfectly himself, and possess more then the ordinary talent and ju
ment of gravers, or can himself manage the pencil.
But to return to prints again. We are to understand, that wha
artists do many times call excellent does not alwayes signlfie tc
advantage of the graver ; but more freqiiently the design consistir
the lineaments, proportion and ordonance, if these be well a,nd mas
perform'd, and for which we have so recommended the practise of
art to our English painters in chap. iv. ; though to speak of an aci
plish'd piece indeed, it is the result of integral causes only, and w
they universally encounter.
We do farther add, that for this reason, copies are in prints n
more easily detected then in paintings, and by consequence more f
also to imitate, as using all one kind of instrument, and fewer w
of expression. But if there be a difficulty in it, those which are et
in aqua fortis make it most conspicuous; both because the natu
the plates, and quality of the waters, and their operations, may s(
times fall out to be so very unlike : but to discern an oriffinal
from a copy print (not to speak of such plates as have been retou
and therefore of little value) is a knack very easily attain'd ; bee
'tis almost impossible to imitate every hatch, and to make the stroa
exact and equal dimensions, where every the least defect or flaw ii
copper itself, is sufficient to detect and betray the imposture as in
little Vescentjrom the Cross of Annibale Caracci (already mention
325
perspicuous, and which it were absolutely impossible to counterfeit. In
the mean time, such as are profound and well knowing, do establish
their judgments upon other particulars of the art, and the very handling
itself.
Lastly, that aqua fortis gives a tenderness to landskips, trees, and
buildings, superiour to that of the burlne (^though that exceed infinitely
in figures) may be seen in that of Israel's View of the Louvre, before
recited, and in some other works where there is an industrious and
studied mixture, as. in that second manner of Vosterman's, which did
so much please Rubens and Vandyke, even in the portraits which that
excellent graver published after those great mens paintings.
It was in the former chapter that we made rehearsal of the most
renowned gravers and their workes ; not that we had no more to add to
that number,' but because we would not mingle these illustrious names
and qualities there, which we purposely reserved for the crown of this
discourse, we did therefore forbear to mention of what his Highness
Prince Rupert's own hands have contributed to the dignity of that art ;
performing things in graving (of which some enrich our collection)
comparable to the greatest masters. Such a spirit and address there
appears in all that he touches, and especially in that of the mezzo
tinto, of which we shall speak hereafter more at large, having first
enumerated. those incomparable gravings of that his new and inimita-
ble stile, in both the great and little decollations of St. John the
JBaptist ; i\\e Souldier holding a spear and leaning his hand on a
shield; the two Mary Magdalens ; the Old Mans Head: that of
Titian, &c. after the same Titian, Georgione^ and others. We have
also seen a plate etched by the present French King, and other great
persons; the Right Honourable the Earl of Sandwich sometimes (as
we are told) diverting himself with the burine, and herein imitating
those antient and renown'd heroes, whose names are loud in the
trumpet of Fame for their skill and particular affection to these arts.
For such of old were Lucius Manilius, and Fabius, noble Romans :
Pacuvius the tra^ck poet, nephew to Ennius ; Socrates, the wisest of
men, and Plato himself. Metrodorus, and Pyrrhus the philosopher did
both design and paint j and so did Valentinian, Adrian, and Severus,
326
Emperors : so as the great Paulus ^milius esteem'd it of such high'-
importance, that he would needs have his son to be instructed in it, as in
one of the most worthy and excellent accomplishments belonging to a
Prince. For the art of graving, Quintihan likewise celebrates Euphra-
nor, a polite and rarely endow'd person ; and Pliny, in that chapter
where he treats of the same art, observes, that there was never any one
famous in it, but who was by birth or education a gentleman : therefore
he and Galen in their recension of the liberal arts, mention that of
graving in particular amongst the most permanent; and in the same
catalogue numbers it with rhetorick, geometry, logic, astronomic, yea
grammar itself; because there is in these arts, say they, more of fancy
and invention then strength of hand ; more of the spirit then of the
body. Hence Aristotle * informes us that the Grecians did universally
institute their children in the art of painting and drawing, for an
oeconomique reason there signified, as well as to produce proportions in
the mind, Varro makes it part of the ladies education, that they might
have the better skill in the works of embroidery, &c. and for this caiise
is his daughter Martia celebrated amongst those of her fair sex. We
have already mentioned the learned Anna Schurman ; but the Princess
Louise -j" has done wonders of this kind, and is famous throughout
Europe for the many pieces which enrich our cabinets, examples suffici-
ent to vindicate its dignitv, and the value that has been set upon it;
since both emperours, kings ttnd philosophers, the great and the wise,
have not disdained to cultivate and cherish this honourable quality, of
old so nobly reputed, that amongst the Greeks, a slave might not be
taught it. How passionately does Pereskius, that admirable and univer-
sal genius, deplore his want of dexterity in this art ! Baptista Alberti,
Aldus, Pomponius Guaricus, Durer, and Rubens were politely learned
and knowing men : and it is hardly to be imagin'd of how great use
and conducible, a competent address in this art of drawing and designing
is to the several advantages which occur ; and especially to the more
noble mathematical sciences, as we have already instanced in the lunary
* Polit. 1. 8. c. 3. t Daughter of Frederic King of Bohemia, and niece to K. Charles I. " Her
paintings, " says Granger, " are highly esteemed by the curious ; not only for their rarity, but their
merit ; and are to be seen in foreign cabinets with the works of the greatest masters."
327
IR'orks of Hevelius^ and are no less obliged to celebrate some of our own
countrymen famous for their dexterity in this incomparable art ; such
was that Blagrave, who himself cut those Diagramms in his Mathema-
tical Jewel; and such at present is that rare and early prodigy of uni-
versal science, Dr. Chr. Wren, our worthy and accomplish'd friend.
For, if the study of Eloquence and Rhetorick were cultivated by the
greatest genius's and heroic persons which the world has produc'd, and
that by the suflFrage of the most knowing, to be a perfect orator, a man
ought to be universally instructed, a quality so becoming and usefull
should never be neglected. Omnium enim jdrtium peritus erit Orator,
side Omnibus ei dicendum est.* He that would speak well upon all
subjects should be ignorant of none. It was Cicero that taught Quin-
tilian the importance of it, where he tells us that, in his opinion, no
man could pretend to be Omni laude cumulatus Orator,f a perfect and
accomplish'd orator indeed, nisi erit omnium rerum magnarum atque
jlrtium scientiam consecutus. It is the sentence of that great man;
and therefore to be embraced by us, especially on this occasion : because
it was immediately after he had expressly instanc'd in Ccelatura et
Sculptura, that of cutting and engraving ; for it is worth the observa-
tion, that the ages which did most excell in eloquence, did also flourish
most In these arts, as in the time of Demosthenes and the same Gicero.
and as they appear'd, so they commonly vanish'd together; and this
remark is universal.
But now for close of all, and toverifie the admirable use which may be
derlv'd from this incomparable art above the rest, let us hear what the
learned Abbot of Villeloin, Monsieur de MaroUes, has left upon record
in the Memoires of his own life, anno 1644, after he had made a very
handsome discourse (which we recommend to all good Roman Catho-
liques) concerning images, upon occasion of a superstitious frequenting
of a certain renowned shrine, pretended to have done miracles at Paris,
but was detected to be an imposture. The passage Is thus,
Dieu m'a fait la grace, &c.
" I am (saith he) greatly obliged to God, that though I have ever had
* Quint. Inst. 1. 2. ' t De Orat. 1.
328
a singular aiFection to images, I was never in my life superstitious
have yet made a collection so prodigious, that they amount to no
than seventy thousand (he adds afterwards ten thousand more),
they are all copper-cuts and engravings of all sorts of subjects imagi
hie. I began to be addicted to this kind of curiosity -but sincethe y
1641 ; but have so cherish'd the humour, that I may truly affirm, wi
out the least exaggeration, that I have some prints of all the masi
that are any where to be found, as well Gra.vers as Designers and
ventors, to the number of above four hundred ; and these are rangec
books of Charts and Maps, Calligraphy, Architecture, Fortificati
TacticJcs, Sieges, Circuinvallations,,Sattails, Single- Combats, Na
Fights, Mai'itime Pieces, Landships, Townes, Castles, Seas, Rivi
Fountains, Vasas, Gardening, Flowers, JRuines,' Perspective, Clot
Watches, Machines, Goldsmiths TVdrTcs, Joyners, and Workers
Iron, Copper, Embroydering, Laces, Grotesque, Animals', Habits
several Countries, Anatomies, Pdrtraictures, Cartouches and Comp
timents, Antiques, Bas-relievos, Statues, Cataphalcos, Tombs,: M
taphss Funeral Pomps, Entries, Cavalcados, Devises, Medaills, J5
blems. Ships, Cabinet Pieces, Trees, Fruits, Stones, Dances, Corned
Bacchanalias, Huntings, Armories, Tournaments, Massacres, Egce
tions. Torments, Sports, Heroic and Moral Fables, Histories, Lives
Saints and Martyrs, Pieces of the Bible, Religious Orders, Thet
and above ten thousand Portraits of renowned persons ; without counti
(amongst these) above six score volumes of masters whose names
there enumerates alphabetically. This curiosity (says he); I affec
from my youth, but did not much cultivate till of late years, preferrin|
even before paintings themselves (for which yet'I have infinite esteer
not only for that they are more proportionable to my purse, but becai
they better become our libraries ; so that had we a dozeij only, tl
were curious of these collections in France, especially amongst pers(
of condition (such as Monsieur de I'Orme, the late Monsieur de la IV
chinier, &c. Taille-Douces would come -to be extraordinary rariti(
and the works of Lucas, Durer, Mark Antonio, and the polite mast
which are now sold at four or five hundred crownes a-piece, would
then valued at three times as much; a, thing incredible, did not exi
329
rlence convince us of it. Those \vho are touch'd with this kind of affec-
tion hardly ever abandon it, so full of charmes, variety, and instruction
it is. Truly, methinks, that all Princes especially and great men
should be stored with these works, preferable to a world of other trifling
collections, and less fruitfuU, as comprehending so many considerable,
remarkable things, and notices of almost all sorts of subjects imaginable."
Thus far the learned Abbot.
But it leads us yet farther, when we seriously reflect how capable this
art is above all other whatsoever to insinuate all sorts of notions and
things into children, and be made an instrument of education superiour to
all those abstrjicted termes and secondary intentions ivherewith masters
commonly torment and weary their tender and weak capacities : and this
we have discover'd by much experience, and could here produce examples
beyond belief in a child at present not six years old, who does both
know and perfectly comprehend such things and actions as hardly any
at sixteen, some at twenty, have yet attained, who pursue the common
methods of our Grammar Schools, without these aids and advantages ;
for, since nihil est in intellectu, quod non prius fuit in sensu ; * and
that, as the Poet had well observ'd,
Segnius irritant animos demissa per Aurem
Quam quae sunt Oculis subjecta fidelibus.'f'
What can there be more likely to Inform and delight them, dum ani-
mus majora non capit, then the pictures and representations of those
things which they are to learn ? We did mention before the Hiero-
glyphical Grammar, published by Dr. Couvay ; and it is well known
how Ellhardus Lublnus, in an JEpistle to the Duke of Stetin, has cele-
brated and contrlv'd an Institution of youth by this art. Such as was also
the design of that prodigie of a man. La Martelay, who had already col-
lected and digested such a choice number of cuts, and so unlversall, as
by which he more then pretended (for he really effected it) to tedch all
the sciences by them alone, and that with as much certitude, and infi-
nitely more expedition, then by the most accurate method that was ever
yet produced. What a specimen of this, Jo. Amos. Commenlus, in his
* Aristotle. + Horat, Ars. Poet. 1. 180.
2 u
330
Orbis sensualium pictus, gives us in a nomenclator of all the funda-
mental things and actions of men in the whole world, is publick ; and I
do boldly afiBrm it to be a piece of such excellent use, as that the like was
never extant, however it comes not yet to be perceived. A thousand
pitties it is, that in the edition published by Mr. Hoole, the cuts were so
wretchedly engraven. I do therefore heartily wish that this might ex-
cite some gallant and publick minded person to augment and proceed
farther upon that most usefull design, vl'hich yet comes greatly short of
the perfection it is capable of, were some additions made, and the prints
reformed and improved to the utmost by the skillfull hand of some rare
artist. In the mean time, what a treasury of excellent things might by this
expedient be conveyed and impressed into the waxen tables and imagina-
tions of children ; seeing there is nothing more preposterous then to force
those things into the ear which are visible and the proper objects of the eye;
for picture is a kind of universal language, how diverse soever jthe tongues
and vocal expressions of the several nations which speak them may appear.
Solet enim pictura tacens loqui, maximeque prodesse, as Nazianzen has it.
So as, if ever, by this is that long sought for art most likely to be accom-
pllsh'd. Nor can any words whatever hope to reach those descriptions
which, in a numberlesse sort of things, picture does immediately, and as it
were at one glance, interpret to the meanest of capacities. For instance, in
our Herbals, books oi Insects, Mirds, JBeasts, Fishes, JBuildings, Monu-
ments, and the rest which make up the cycle of the learned Abbot,
some of them haply never seen before, or so much as heard of, as Julian
does upon occasion ingenuously acknowledge. And what do we find
more in request amongst the antient, then the images of their heros and
and illustrious predecessors ? such as Atticus and Marcus Varro col-
lected ; all which consider'd, we do not doubt to affirm, that by the
application of this art alone, not only children, but even striplings well
advanced in age, might receive incredible advantages, preparatory, to
their entrance into the schoole intellectual, by an universal and choice
collection of prints and cuts well design'd, engraven, and dispos'd, much
after the manner and method of the above-nam'd Villeloin, which should
contain, as it were, a kind of Encyclopaedia of all intelligible and me-
morable things that either are or have ever been in rerum Natura. It
331
is not to be conceived of what advantage this would prove for the in-
stitution of Princes and noble persons, who are not to be treated with
the ruder difficulties of the vulgar Grammar Schooles only, and abstruser
notions of things in the rest of the sciences, without these auxiliaries ;
but to be allur'd and courted into knowledge and the love of it, by all
such subsidiaries and helps as may best represent it to them in picture,
nomenclator, and the most pleasing descriptions of sensual objects,
which naturally slide into their fluid and tender apprehensions, speedily
possessing their memories, and with infinite delight preparing them for
the more profound and solid studies.
Seneca, indeed, seems to refuse the graphical sciences those advan-
tages which others of the philosophers have given to them amongst the
most liberal, as reckoning them somewhat too voluptuary for his stoical
humour ; yet did Socrates learn this very art of carving of his father ;
Diogenes drew the picture of Plato ; and the orator Messalla commends
it most highly. But what more concernes our present instance is, that
it was by the approbation of the great Augustus himself, that Q. Podius
the mute should be diligently taught it. We could tell you of a person
of good birth in England, who (labouring under the same imperfection)
does express many of his conceptions by this art of drawing and design-
ing. And if (as 'tis observ'd)~ it furnish us with maximes to discern of
general defects and vices, especially in what relates to the proportions of
human bodies, it is certainly not to be esteemed so inconsiderable as by
many it is. Polygnotus could express the passions, and Aristides the
very interiour motions of the soul, if we will believe what is recorded.
But whether it advance to that prerogative, this we read of for certain
(as to our pretence for the education of children), that when L. Paulus
demanded of the conquered Athenians a philosopher to instruct his little
ones, they prefer'd one Metrodorus, an excellent painter, before any of
the rest. What Quintillan sayes of Euphranor is sufficiently known ;
and if some great Princes have not disdain'd to take the pencil in the
same hand in which they sway'd the scepter and the sword, and that the
knowledge of this divine art was usefull even to the preservation of the
life of an Emperor* (for such was that Constantinus Porphyrogenitus), it
* Xiuitpraadi. Rerum Gest. per Europ.
332
is not without examples sufficient to support the dignity of these arts,
that we have with so much zeal recommended them to Princes and illus-
trious persons.
And now we have but one thing more to add before we conclude this
Chapter, and it is for caution to those who shall make these collections
for curiosity and ornament only ; that where we have said all that we
can of this or any other particular art, which may recommend it to the
favour and endearment of great persons, our intention is not that it
should so far engage them in its pursuit as to take from the nobler
parts of life, for which there are more sublime and worthy objects; but
that, with this (as with the rest which are commendable, innocent, and
excellent company) they would fill up all such spaces and opportuni-
ties as too often lye open, expose, and betray them to mean comply-
ances, and lesse significant diversions ; for these was Aratus a great
collector, nor less knowing in the judgement of pictures ; so was Vindex
and many others.
Namque haec quoties Chelyn exuit ille
Desidia est, hie Aoniis amor avocat antris *.
He allowes himself these relaxations only when he is tyred with the
more weighty affairs and concernments : finally, that they would uni-
versally contend to do some great thing, as who should most merit of
the sciences, by setting their hands to the promotement of experimen-
tal and usefuU knowledge, for the universal benefit and good of man-
kind. '
This, this alone, would render them, deservedly honorable indeed ;
and add a lustre to their memories beyond that of their painted titles,
which (without some solid virtue) render but their defects the more
conspicuous to those who know how to make a right estimate of things,
and, by whose tongues and pens only their trophies and elogies can
ever hope to surmount and out-last the vicissitudes of fortune.
* Statius, Hercules Epitrapezios Nonii Vindicis, 1. 30.
• --»;>. ■ S'^s\3^ -"""':'■ ■■'■.'---v.;.
•IF
Mm. VI
':^5VlJKTl|t-.
:.tl k.
it^Wi,
:'^ aa:i fisepst ^l«i^;n' . .t. platts) . A<>u?u ^ Jiere Ae fe^-M ■.■
Mc, and the most ex|>cdittotis ^ that. o« ui*- :.,ti»ter|, 'ifcv r^rb^-
: He Jft this tlif^ most h-horicya^, and ;,et perfem*d x^lth the | .-:;-" •■. ^
r' f 4liat„ wlirit appears to_l>e effected with m little cioto^sjy ^h<M4
aoj^tti^* rcsi'mb'.. - ■{>£, !^ gejia-^ily esteem 'd ifet v*^av t,'.:.ftu:*t:
'*^'*» **' ,,--*.. ■,■, .;'-..;4|, »*rt»<*. -|ll«|»rt s-'he^''d I*'; -V^ij •■■,^ tfwat-vsiftt,* .- ,■„
333
CHAP. VI.
OF THE NEW WAY OP ENGRAVING, OR MEZZO TINTO,* INVENTED, AND
COMMUNICATED BY HIS HIGHNESSE PRINCE RUPERT, COUNT PALA-
TINE OF RHYNE, &C.
We have already advertis'd the Reader in one of our prseliminaries,
why we did omit what had been by us prepar'd for the accomplishment
of the more mechanical part of the Chalcographical art ; but it was
not out of the least design to abuse him in the title at the frontispiece &f
this History ; since we believed he would most readily commute for the
defect of a mystery so vulgar, to be gratified with another altogether
rare, extraordinary, universally approv'd of, admired by all which have
consider'd the eflFects of it, and, which (as yet) has |by none been ever
published;
Nor may I without extraordinary ingratitude conceal that illustrious
name which did communicate it to me, nor the obligation which the
curious have to that heroic person whp was pleas'd to impart it to the
world, though by so incompetent and unworthy an instrument.
It would appear a paradox to discourse to you of a graving without a
graver, burin, point, or aqua-fortis ; and yet is this perform'd without
the assistance of either : that what gives our most perite and dextrous
artists the greatest trouble, and is longest finishing (for such are the
hatches and deepest shadowes in plates), should be here the least con-
siderable, and the most expeditious ; that, on the contrary, the lights
should be in this the most laboriou?, and yet perform'd with the greatest
facility ; that what appears to be effected with so little curiosity should
yet so accurately resemble what is generally esteem'd the very greatest;
* \3th March, 1661,— This afternoon Prince Rupert shew'd me with his owne hands ye new
way of graving, call'd Mexzo Tinto, which afterwards, by his permission, I published in my His-
tory of Chalcography, This set so many artists on worlie, that they soone arriv'd at yt perfection
it is since come to, emulating the tenderest miniatures.— Memoirs, vol, I, p, 318.
334
viz. that a print should emulate even the best of drawings, chiaro
oscuro, or (as the Italians term it) pieces of the Mezzo Tinto, so as
nothing either of Vago da Carpi, or any of those other masters who
pursu'd his attempt, and whose works we have already celebrated, have
exceeded, or indeed approach'd; especially, for that of portraits, figures,
tender landskips, and history, &c. to which it seems most appropriate
and applicable *.
This obligation, then, we have to his Highness Prince Rupert, Count
Palatine of Rhine, &c. who has been pleas'd to cause the instruments
to be expressly fitted, to shew me with his own hands f how to manage
and conduct them on the plate, that it might produce the effects I have
so much magnified and am here ready to shew the world, in a piece of
his own illustrious touching, which he was pleas'd to honour this work
withall, not as a venal addition to the price of the book (though for
which alone it is most valuable), but a particular grace, as a specimen
of what we have alledged, and to adorn this present Chapter.
It is likewise to be acknowledged, that his Highness did indulge me
the liberty of publishing the whole manner and address of this new
way of engraving with a freedome perfectly generous and obliging;
but, when 1 had well consider'd it (so much having been already ex-
pressed which may suffice to give the hint to all ingenious persons how
it is to be perform'd), I did not think it necessary that an art so curious,
and (as yet) so little vulgar (and which indeed does not succeed where
the workman is not an accomplished designer, and has competent talent
in painting likewise,) was to be prostituted at so cheap a rate as the
more naked describing of it here would too soon have expos'd it to.
Upon these considerations then it is that we leave it thus senigma-
tical ; and yet that this may appear no dissiugenous rodomontade in me,
* [This art, since the publishing of this (first) edition, is arrived to the utmost curiosity and
accurateness even of the rarest miniatures, in black and white, and takes in all subjects. The only
defect is, that the plates last not so long under the roUing-press.]
t [MoNiER, a painter of the French King's, has published the History of Painting, Sculpture,
Architecture, and Graving, in three books ; which is translated into English, and printed in London
1699. In the last Chapter of the third Book, c. 22, he treats of Taille-iouce, but little which is
not already in mine.]
335
or invidious excuse, I profess my self to be alwayes most ready (sub
sigillo, and by his Highnesse's permission) to gratifie any curious and
worthy person with as full and perfect a demonstration of the entire art
as my talent and addresse will reach to if what I am now preparing
to be reserv'd in the Archives of the Royal Society concerning it, be not
sufficiently instructive.
AN ADVERTISEMENT.
Theke is a Treatise of Monsieur du Bosse in French, concerning
etching in aqua-fortis, construction of the rolling press, &c. which
(with some improvement of the method) I did long since interpret and
deliver to the Royal Society, in obedience to their commands : it was
my intention to have added it to this History of mine, as what would
have render'd it a more accomplish'd piece ; but, understanding it to
be also the design of Mr. Faithorn, who had (it seems) translated the
first part of it, and is himself by profession a Graver, and an excellent
Artist ; that I might neither anticipate the world's expectation, nor
the workman's pains, to their prejudice, I desisted from printing my
copy, and subjoyning it to this discourse. In the mean time it is to
be acknowledged, that the Author thereof has discover'd his skill so
honestly and intlrely, that there seems nothing more desirable as to
that particular ; and I could wish, with all my heart, that more of our
workmen would (in imitation of his laudable example) impart to us
what they know of their several trades and manufactures with as much
candor and integrity as Monsieur Bosse has done. For what could so
much conduce to their profit and emolument ? when their several mys-
336
s being subjected to the most accurate inspection and examen of
more polite and enquiring spirits, they should return to their Au-
s again so greatly refin'd and improved, and when (through this
ns also) Philosophy her self might hope to attain so considerable a
jress towards her ultimate perfection.
THE
EPISTLES DEDICATORY
PREFIXED TO THE TRANSLATION OF THE
PARALLEL,
BETWEEN
ANTIENT AND MODERN ARCHITECTURE,"
ORIGINALLY WRITTEN IN FKENCH,
BY ROLAND FREART, SIEUR DE CHAMBRAY.
First Printed in English in 1664.' Folio.
2 X
339
TO THE MOST SERENE MAJESTY OF
CHARLES THE SECOND.*
Since the great Augustus vouchsafed to patronize a Work of this
nature which was dedicated to him by Vitruvius, I had no reason to
apprehend your Majesty would reprove these addresses of mine, if, in
presenting you with those Antiquities on which that excellent master
fprm'd his studies, I intituled your Majesty to a Work so little inferiour
to it, and so worthy to go in pai-agon with it. And indeed to whom
could I more aptly inscribe it, a Discourse upon Building; than to so
Royal a Builder, whose august attempts have already given so great a
splendor to our imperial city, and so illustrious an example to the nation ?
It is from this contemplation. Sir, that after I had (by the commands
of the Royal Society) endeavour'd the Improvement of Timber and
the Planting of Trees, I have advanced to that of Building, as its proper
and natural consequent. Not with a presumption to incite or instruct
your Majesty, which were a vanity unpardonable ; but by it to take
occasion of celebrating your Majesties great example, who use your
empire and authority so vi^orthily, as Fortune seems to have consulted
hier reason when she poured her favours upon you ; so as I never cast
ray eyes on that generous designation in the Epigram,f
■ Ut donem. Pastor, et aedificem.
without immediate reflections on your Majesty, who seems only to value
those royal advantages you have above others, but that you may oblige.
* 26 Oct. 1664. " Being casually in the privy gallery at Whitehall, his Majesty gave me thanks
before divers lords and noblemen for my Book of Architecture, and again for my Sylva, saying
they were the best design'd and useful for the matter and subject, ye best printed and designed
(meaning the taille-douces of the Paralel of Architecture) that he had scene."
Memoirs, vol. i. p, 353.
t Credis ab hoc me. Pastor, opes fortasse rogare.
Propter quod vulgus, crassaque turba rogat ? &c.
Est nihil ex istis : superos, ac sidera testor.
Ergo quid ? Ut donem. Pastor, et aedificem.
Mart. Ep. Lib. 9.— xxiii.
340
and that you may build. And certainly, Sir, your Majesty has con-
sulted the noblest way of establishing your greatness, and of perpetuat-
ing your memory ; since, whilst stones can preserve inscriptions, your
name will be famous to posterity ; and when those materials fail, thie
benefits that are engraven on our hearts will outlast those of marble.
It would be no paradox, but a truth, to affirm, that your Majesty has
already built and repair'd more in three or four years (notwithstanding
the difficulties, and the necessi-ty of an extraordinary oeconomy for the
publick concernment,) than all your enemies have destroyed in twenty ;
nay than all your Majesties predecessors have advanc'd in an hundred,
as I can easily make Out, not only by what your Majesty has so magni-
ficently designed and carried on at your antient honour of Greenwich,
under the conduct of your most industrious and worthy Surveyor, but in
those splendid apartments, and other useful reformations for security
and delight, about your Majesties Palace at White-Hall; the chargeable
covering, first paving, and reformation of Westminster-Hall ; care and
preparation for St. Paul's, by the impiety and iniquity of the late confu-
sions almost dilapidated ; with what her Majesty the Queen Mother has
added to her Palace at Somerset-House, in a structure becoming her
royal grandeur, and the due veneration of all your Majesties subjects for
the honour she has done both this your native city and the whole nation.
Nor may I here omit (what I so much desire to transmit to posterity)
those noble and profitable amsenities of your Majesties Plantations,
wherein you most resemble the Divine Architect, because your Majesty
has proposed in it such a pattern to your subjects as merit their imitation
and profoundest acknowledgements, in one of the most worthy and
kingly improvements that nature is capable of. I know not what they
talk of former ages, and of the now contemporary Princes with your
Majesty : these things are visible ; and should 1 here descend to more
particulars, which yet were not foreign to the subject of this discourse,
I would provoke the whole world to produce me an exampje parallel
with your Majesty, for your exact judgment and marvellous ability in
all that belongs to the Naval Architecture, both as to its proper terms
and more solid use ; in which your Majesty is master of one of the most
noble and profitable arts that can be wished in a Prince, to whom God
341
has designed the dominion of the Ocisati, which rendefs your Majesties
empire universal ; when by exercising your royal talent and knowledge
that wayi you can bring even the Antipodes to ' meet, and the Poles to
kiss each other; for so likewise (not in a metaphorical but natural
sense) yoar equal and prudent government of this nation has made it
good, whilst your Majesty has so prosperously guided this giddy bark
thn)ugh such a storm, as no hand save your Majesties could touch the
helm, but at the price of their temerity. But to return to that of Archi-
tecture again (for it is hard not to slide into the panegyrick when once
one begins to speak of your Majesty), I am witness not only how perti-
nently you discourse of tbe art, but how judiciously you contrive ; and
as in all other princely and magnificent things your notices are extraor-
dinary, so I cannot but augure of their effects, and that your Majesty
was designed of God for a blessing to this nation in all that can render
it happy, if we can have the grace but to discern it, and be thankful for it.
This is. Sir, the glorious idea which I have conceiv'd of your Serene
Majesty, and which I propose for as emulous an example as any age has
hitherto produc'd ; nor can there any thing be added more but that
permanency which the rest of your virtues do promise us. If such
were those glorious heros of old, who first brought men out of wilder-
nesses into walled and well-built cities, that chased barbarity, intro-
duced civility, gave laws to Republicks, and to whose rare examples and
industry we are accomptable for all that we possess of usefuU in the
arts, and that we enjoy of benefit to the Publick : how much cause
have we in these nations to rejoyce, that whilst your Majesty pursues
these laudable undertakings, that race of demy-gods is not altogether
extinct ! And if, after the support of Religion and the establishment of
Laws, the perfection of Sciences be the next in order to the well-being
of a State, this of Architecture (as one of the most beneficial and useful
to mankind) owes her renascency amongst us to your Majesties encou-
ragements, and to as many of those illustrious persons as by their large
and magnificent structures transcribe your royal example ; in parti-
cular, my Lord High Chancellor of England,* my Lord High Trea-
■ * Sir Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon : alluding to his splendid mansion, which he erected
on the spot where Albemarle-street is now built, and which was taken down in 16S3. — See
Evelyn's Diary, 4to. vol. i. p. 380, 519, *c.
342
surer*, and my Lord the Earl of St. Albansf, whose memories deser
this consecration.
I have now but one thing more to speak, Sir, and that is for the r
putation of the Piece I present to your Serene Majesty. It is indeed
translation, but it is withal the marrow and very substance of no le
than ten judicious]authors, (viz. Palladio, Scamozzi, Serlio,.Vignola, 1
Barbaro, Catanco, L. B. Alberti, Viola, Bullant, and De Lorme ;) ai
of almost twice as many the most noble Antiquities now extant up<
the bosom of the earth ; 'twere else a difficult province to conceive ho
one should entertain your Majesty without a spirit and a subject wort!
your application. There is something yet of addition to it, which is ne\
and of mine own, the defects whereof do supplicate your Majesty's pa
don ; to say nothing of the difficulty of rendering a Work of this natu
intelligible to the vulgar, and not unworthy the stile of a gentlemai
seeing it is not the talent of every one who understands the languag
unless he also understand the art. But these may seem to defer to n;
own glory, which is conspicuous in nothing so much as in laying it i
your Majesty's feet, and the permission of that sacred name to protec
Sir, your Majesties ever loyal, most obedient, and faithful subject,
. , J. EVELY]
Sai/s-Court, 20 Aug. 1664.
* Thomas Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton, who was at this time (1664) building a nob
house in Bloomsbury, which was afterwards called Bedford-House, and taken down in 1800. — S
Diary, vol. i. p..355.
f Henry Jermyn, Earl of St. Albans, had a house where Jermyn and St. Albans streets nc
stand. St. James's Church is likewise erected on part of the ground belonging to it.
343
SECOND DEDICATION ATTACHED TO THE SAME WORK.
TO SIR JOHN DENHAM,
KNIGHT OF THE HONOUBABLE OKDER OF THE BATH, SUPERINTENDANT AND
SURVEYOR OF HIS MAJESTIES BUILDINGS AND WORKS.
Sir,
It is now some ten years since, that to gratifie a friend of mine in
the country, I began to interpret this " Parallel" (which I think I first
brought out of France) ; but other things intervening it was laid £iside,
and had so continued without thought of re-assumption, had not the
passion of my worthy friend, Mr. Hugh May *, to oblige the publick,
and in commiseration of the few assistances which our workmen have
of this nature (compared to what are> extant in other countries) found
out an expedient, and by procuring a most accurate edition of the
plates, encourage me to finish what I had begun ; and to^make a will-
ing present of my labour, and of whatever else I was able to contribute
to so generous a design.
Sir, I am not to instruct you in the merits and use of this excellent"
piece ; but it is from your approbation and particular influence, that our
workmen ought to esteem it, and believe me too when I aflBrm it, that
the ten authors in this assembly, which compose both so many, and
(for not being vulgar) unintelligible volume, will neither afford them
so full instructions in the art, nor so well inable them to judge and pro-
nounce concerning the true rules and maxims of it, as this one little
but incomparable collection. You well know, that all the mischiefs
and absurdities in the modern structures proceed chiefly from our busie
and Gothick .triflings in the composition of the Five Orders ; and that
an able workman, who is master of his art, and has a true relish in-
deed, carries on all his undertakings with applause and satisfaction :
» Architect, and afterwards one of the Commissioners for repairing St. Paul's Church, previously
to the great fire. — See Diary, vol. i. p. 371.
344
that there is not, in the whole catalogue of authors who have wril
on this subject, a more safe, expedite, and perfect guide than
" Parallel ;" where, from the noblest remains of antiquity accura
measur'd and perspicuously demonstrated, the rules are laid down ;
from a solid, judicious, and mature comparison of modern examp
their errours are detected ; so that were but a little more pains ta
by our young architects and their subsidiaries, about the easier prii
pies of geometry, the rudiments of perspective, and a ready address
well designing, we might, by the conversation of this Author al(
promise our country, and the age to come, a miraculous improveir
of their buildings in a short time. Nor would this be in the leas<
the augmentation of their expenses ; since there is nothing costs dea
and displeases more, than our undigested contrivances, and those
tollerable defects which we have enumerated. It is from the asymi
try of our buildings, want of decorum and proportion in our hou
that the irregularity of our humours and affections may be shrew
discerned : but it is from his Majesties great genius, and the choice
has made of such an instrument, that we may hope to see it all
form'd ; it being in so worthy an imitation of that magnificent Empe
that, touch'd with the like indignation at the encroachments and de
mities of the publick edifices and ways, caused a like reformation a]
so as we may now affirme of London, as the poet once of Rome,
Nunc Roma est, nuper magna taberna fuit * j'
* Abstulerat totam. temfirarius iustitor urbem,
Inque suo nullum limine limen erat.
Jussisti tenues, Germanice, crescere vicos j
£t modo quae fuerat semita, facta via est.
Nulla catenatis pila est praecincta lagenis ;
Nee Praetor medio cogitur ire luto.
Stringitur in deusa nee caeca novacula turba:
Occupat aut totas nigra popina vias.
Tonsor, CaupOj Coquus, Lanius sua limina servant.
Nunc Roma est, nuper magna taberna fuit.
Mart. lib. vii. epig. 61.
The particulars of that reformation in Rome so njuch resemble what his Majesty has
manded for the cleansing and enlarging the streets, the demolition of bulks, and other obst
that the whole epigram merits the application.
345
that it now begins to have the face of a City indeed. And truly it is
an imprbvemient so extraordinary which it has receiv'd since his Ma-
jesties gracious influence upon it, that should: I have been silent in his
praises, I might justly apprehend mox lapides cldmaturos, that the very
stones would cry out and become vocal ; but neither here must I forget
what is alone due to you Sir, for the reformation of a thousand defor-
mities in the streets, as by your introducing that incomparable form of
paving, to an incredible advantage of the publick ; when that which is
begun in Holbourn shall become universal, for the saving of wheels
and carriages, the cure of noysom gutters, the destruction of encounters,
the dispatch of business, the cleanness of the way, the beauty of the
object, the ease of the infirm, and the preserving of both the mother
and the babe ; so many of the fair-sex and their oif-spring having
perished by mischances ("as I am credibly inform'd) from the rugged-
ness of the unequal streets, &c *.
But I know not. Sir, how these instances may be relished and valu'd
amongst the vulgar, nor am I much solicitous ; sure I am, that more
has been done for the ornament and benefit of the publick in two years
time that your self, with the commissioners who undertook the inspec-
tion, have acted, then in five hundred before. They" were not a foolish
or impolitick people, who from the very principles of humanity destin'd
for the ease of their subjects so many spacious ways, cool fountains,
shady walks, refreshing gardens, and places of publick recreation, as
well as stately temples, and Giurts of Justice, that religion and the
laws might be published with the more pomp and veneration ; and if
his Majesty, with your pains and industry, hath contributed to some-
thing of all this, it is that for which the whole nation becomes obliged ;
as the promoting of such publick and useful works (and especially that
of building), a certain indication of a prudent government, of a flourish-
ing and happy people : so that if there remain but one thing more to
be desired in order to the consummation of its perfect felicity, how in-
finitely were it to be wished, that whilst the beauty and benefit of the
city increased in one part, the deformity and apparent ruin of it might
* These directions were printed two years- before the conflagration.
2y
346
cease on the other ; but this we are to hope for when, to bring this
monstrous body into shape, and scatter these ungovernable enormities,
either the restraint of building irregularly shall polish the suburbs, or
(which I rather could wish) some royal purchase contract and demolish
them. But, Sir, I have done, and I know you will pardon this zeal,
and accept of this expression of my profound respects from,
Sir,
Your most humble Servant,
J. Evelyn.
347
AMICO OPTIMO ET CHARISSIMO
JOHANNI EVELYN O, Armig.
E. SOCIET. KEGALI LOND. ETC.
JO. BEALE, S.P.D.
IN ARCHITECTURAM AB IPSO ANGLICE REDDITAM ET GRAPHICE EXORNATAM.
Sic, ubi de Coelo quondam primordia rerum
Effulsere, chaos discutiente Deo,
Hortus erat primus : tunc tecta, et moenia, et urbes :
Tandem et Pyramidum nobile surgit opus.
His aliquis molenj subjungit: in aere pendet
Hortus ; et unde venit, quaerere jure licet.
Nee satis est vitam ducamus in arce beatam
Qualem agit aetherea Juppiter ipse domo ;
Sed talis superesse juvat post funera longa,
(Quamvis hie cineres urnula parva capit)
Mausolaea ex in coelos tactura sepulchra
Inscriptum Herois nomen ad astra vehunt.
Stat quoque, si.favit victoria, grande tropoeura ;
A-ttoU^nsque apicem tunc obeliscus ovat.
Mox spirare trucem poteris jurare colossum,
Sic movet, ut trepidant, et mihi membra labent.
Sunt quibus excidium laudi est, et lata ruina ;
Atqui exornandi gratia major erit.
Parcite mortales, famam prohibete Nepotes j
Ni scelus in causa deteriore cadit.
Sunt quoque Taenariis quibus est sufFulta columnis
Alta et larga nimis, sed minus apta domus :
Sumptibus Mc turgent operosa palatia vanis ;
Materia exsuperat ; splendor, et ordo deest.
Ecce Avibus nidos, Apibus compingere cordi est,
Pastor Aristeus quos stupet ipse, favos.
348
Aurea sic textrix subter laquearia Arachne
Divini artificis provocat ingenium.
Hospitium sibi quxque parant animalcula gratutn ;
Solus homo impensis plectitur ipse suis.
Machina quid praestet Thuscis tractanda peritis,
Angligeriae ut discant, dare Evelyne, facis.
Nee tantum debent Volsaeo pristina saecla,
Quantum debebunt posterioratibi.
Creditur AmphioH; molimina saxea quondam
Thebarum in muros concinuisse Lyra :
Tu Saxa et Silvas (nam sic decet Qrphea) plectro
Aurato in Regnum Tecta coire doces.
AN
ACCOUNT
OF
CHITECTS AND ARCHITECTURE;
TOGETHER WITH
,N HISTORICAL, ETYMOLOGICAL EXPLANATION OF CERTAIN TERMS,
J^acticularl!? affected bp arcijitectsJ.
MUCH INLAUGD AND IMPROV D SINCE THE FORMER IMPRESSION.
By JOHN EVELYN, Esq.
FELLOW OF THE KOYAL SOCIETY.
351
To my most honoured Friend, Sir Christopher Wren, Kt.
Surveyor of His Majesties Buildings and Works.
Sir,
That I take the boldness to adorn this little work with the name c
the Master of the Works (whose patronage alone can give it reputa
tion) I have no excuse for, but an ambition of publickly declaring th
great esteem I have ever had of your virtues and accomplishments, no
only in the art of building, but thro' all the learned cycle of the mos
usefull knowledge and abstruser sciences, as well as of the most polit
and shining, all which is so justly to be allow'd you, that you nee
no panegyric or other history to eternize them, than the greatest cit
of the universe, which you have rebuilt and beautified, and are stil
improving ; witness the Churches, the Royal Courts, Stately Halls
Magazines, Palaces, and other public structures; besides what yoi
have built of great and magnificent in both the Universities, at Chelsey
and in the country; and are now advancing of the Royal Marim
Hospital at Greenwich, &c. AH of them so many- trophies of you
skill and industry, and conducted with that success, that if the who!
art of building were lost, it might be recover'd and found again in St
Pauls, the Historical Pillar, and those other monuments of your happ^
talent and extraordinary genius.
I have named St. Pauls, and truly not without admiration, as oft a
I recall to mind (as frequently I do) the sad and deplorable condition i
was in, when (after it had been made a stable of horses and a den o
thieves) you, with other gentlemen, and myself, were by the iat<
King Charles nam'd Commissioners to survey the dilapidations, and t(
make report to his Majesty, in order to a speedy reparation. You wil
not I am sure, forget the struggle we had with some who were fo;
patching it up any how, (so the Steeple might stand) instead of nev
building, which it altogether needed ; when (to put an end to thi
contest) five days after, that dreadful conflagration happen'd * out o
*See Diary, 27 Aug; and 2 Sept. 1666.
352
whose ashes this Phoenix is risen, and was by providence design'd for
you : the circumstance is too remarkable, that I could not pass it over
without notice. I will now add do more, but beg your pardon for this
confidence of mine ; after I have acquainted you, that the Parallel (to
which this was annex'd) being out of print, I was importun'd by the
book-seller, to add something to a new impression, but to which I was
no way inclin'd, till not long since, going to St. Pauls, to contemplate
that august pile and the progress you have made, some of your chief
workmen gratefully acknowledging the assistance it had afforded'them ;
I took this opportunity of doing myself this honour, who am.
Sir,
Wotton, 21 Feb. 1696-7. Your most humble Servant,
J. JEvELYlf.
353
TO THE READER.
The author of the " Parallel of the Ancient Architecture with the
Modern" (which many years since I made English) had at the end of his
Treatise begun to explain a few of the hard words, technical terms be-
longing to the art, the etymologies whereof he thought necessary to
interpret ; and, as I said, they are but a few indeed, compared to those
which remain, about a dozen at the most ; nor was it necessary he
should exceed that number, in a country where workmen are generally
more intelligent in the proper expressions of the terms of the arts unto
which they addict themselves, than ours for the most part are ; and
therefore, if, waving the formal translation of that page (for it exceeds
very little more), I have, in lieu thereof, considerably enlarg'd upon this
occasion by a more finish'd and compleat enumeration of the several
parts and members of the orders, as they gradually succeed orie another
in work, illustrated with more full and exact definitions (than by any
has yet been attempted for the benefit of our countrymen), I hope my
adventure may find both pardon and acceptance. Nor let any man
imagine we do at all obscure this design by adorning it with now and
then a refin'd and philological research ; since, whilst I seek to gratify
the politer students of this magnificent art, I am not in the least dis-
dainful of the lowest condescentions to the capacities of the most vulgar
understandings ; as far at least as the defects and narrowness of our
language will extend, which rather grows and abounds in comple-
mental and impertinent phrases, and such froth (as Sir H. Wotton well
observes from Gualterus Rivius's incomparable version of Vitruvim in
the German tongue, and is now so far out-done by the learned Perrdult),
than in the solid improvements of it ; by either preserving or intro-
ducing what were truly needful. And really, those who are a little
conversant in the Saxon writers clearly discovered, by what they find
innovated or now grown obsolete, that we have lost more than we
2z
354
have gain'd; and as to terms of useful arts in particular, forgot-
ten and lost a world of most apt and proper expressions which our
forefathers made use of, without being oblig'd to other Nations;
and what care the French have taken upon this account only, may
in part be judged from that pretty though brief Essay des Merveilles
de Nature, et des plus Nobles Artifices, 8j-c. ; but especially by the
late Dictionaries, wherein the proper terms of the most vulgar as
well as more polish'd arts are industriously delivered, whilst (to speak
ingenuously) I find very little improvement in the most pretending
Lexicons and Nomenclators yet extant, that of Bernardinus Baldus only
upon FiVrMmW excepted ; which yet is neither after my method, nor
fot our Workmens turn, being a book of price, and written in the most
learned tongue. It is a very great deficient indeed, and to be deplor'd,
that those industrious compilers did make it no more their business to
gratifie" the world with the interpretation of the terms of so many useful
arts^I mean the mechanical. Adrianus Junius has deserved well on
this occasion, to his great commendation ; and much it were to be
wished; that some universal and practical genius would consummate
what he has so happily begun, and that not only in the arts illiberal
(as they are distinguished) and things artificial, but furnish us likewise
with more exact notices of the several and distinct species of natural
things ; such as are the true names of birds, fishes, insects, stones, co-
lours, &c. in which divers worthy members of the Royal Society *
have already made so considerable a progress ; since it is then, and not
till then, our Lexicons will have arrived to their desired perfection, and
that men will be taught to speak (like orators indeed)- properly on all
subjects, and obliged to celebrate their labours.
J. Evelyn.
* Francis Willughbie, D. D., Merel, Charleton, Waller, Ray, &t. ; and Mr. Harris in his late
most useful Lexicon Technicum.
355
AN ACCOUNT
ARCHITECTS AND ARCHITECTURE.
The knowledge of this sumptuous, magnificent, and useful art, for
having been first deriv'd to us from the Greeks, we should not without
infinite ingratitude either slight, or innovate those terms which it has
pleased them to impose upon the particular members and ornaments
belonging to the several orders ; and that as well for the veneration
which is due to aivtiquity, as that, by comprehending the signification
of them, we may with the, more facility' and address attain to the intel-
ligence and genuine meaning of what the masters in this profession
have deliverd to us in their several writings and works ; not to insist
upon (what is yet not to be despis'd) the decorum of speaking properly
in an art which the greatest Princes and Potentates of the earth have
vouchsafed to honour by so many signal and illustrious monuments, as
do to this day consecrate their memories to posterity.
Since the agent does always precede the action, and the person or
workman is by natural order before his work, we are by an Architect *
to understand, a person skilful in the art of building: the word is
'A|);;j;<t£xt«v, a compound in the original, and signifies Fabntm preefectiis,
or, if you will, informdtor, which the president, superintendent, or sur-
veyor of the works does fully express ; his 'Apxv being relative to the
fabri that are under him, as the opei'ce, or labourers, are subservient to
them.
Budseus calls him structorum princeps ; and such a person as is
capable of rendring a rational and satisfactory accompt of what he takes
* Architcotus.
356
n hand. Ratiocinatio autem est, quce 7'es fahricatas solertia, ac ra-
ione proportionis demonstrare atque explicare potest. Vitruv. 1. 1. c. i.
>o our master ; and such a one it seems was that Philo the Athenian ar-
ihitect, of whom the orator, Neque eninif siPhihnem ilium Architectum,
fui Atheniensibus armamentarium fecit, constat perdiserte populo
'ationem operis sui reddidisse, existimandum est .Architecti potius
irtificio disertum, quctm Oratoris, fuisse.* Seeing his knowledge
ind ability in this faculty did not at all eclipse and diminish his
iloquence and other excellent parts, but rather added to them ; and
his I urge to shew that it was no mean thing for a man to arrive to
he talents of an accomplished architect, as he that shall take his cha-
acter out of Vitruvius will easily conclude ; itaque Architecti (says he)
mi sine Uteris contenderunt, ut manibus essent exercitati, non poiuerant
fficere ut haberent pro laboribus authoritatem ; as if hands could do
ittle in this art for their credit without letters : nay, so universal will
his great dictator have him, that in those duodecim necessaria, he
ums up no less than twelve rare qualities which he would have him
arnish'd withal ; itaque eum et ingeniosum, &c. I will but only
3uch them : 1. He must be docil and ingenious. 2. He must be lite-
ite. 3. Skilful in designing and drawing. 4. In geometry. 5, Op-
cks. 6. Arithmetick. 7- History. 8. Philosophy. 9. Musick. 10. Me-
icine. 11. Nay, in Law; and 12. Astrology; and really, when (as in
tie following Chapter) he there assembles his reasons for all this, you
^ill be both satisfied with them, and justify his curiosity. Not that an
Lrchitect is obliged to be an accurate Aristarchus in grammar, or an
Lristoxenus in musick, an Appelles or a Raphael for designing; in
am an exact professor in all these faculties, sed in his non imperitus :
iifficient it is he be not totally a stranger to them ; since without let-
;rs he cannot consult with authors ; without geometry and the gra-
hical arts, he will never be able to measure out, and cast the area,
raw the plot and make the scale ; being ignorant of the opticks he
an never well understand the due placing of his lights, distance,
lagnitude, and dimensions of ornaments ; by the assistance of arith-
* Cicerp de Orat. lib. 1.
357
metick he calculates the proportions of the several orders, sums up his
accompts, and makes an estimate of the charge. Being read in history,
he comes to discourse of the reasons and original of many particular
members and decorations, the height, improvement, and decay of this
art; why the Greeks instituted the order of the Caryatides^ and the Per-
sian entablatures were supported by slaves ; how the Corinthian capitals
came to be adorn'd with foliage, the lonique with a matron-like voluta,
&c. By the study of philosophy* he arrives to the knowledge of natural
things, and is able to discern the quality of the elements, and the mate-
rials which he makes use of. From soihe insight in medicine, he can
reason of the temperature and salubrity of the air and situation. Musick
will assist him in contriving how in churches, tribunals, and publick
theatres, men may with best advantage hear the preachers, magistrates,
and actors voices. Without some tincture in the laws, he cannot be se-
cure of his title ; and being wholly ignorant of astrology, position, and
influences of the celestial bodies, the days, winds, weather, equinoxes*
and course of the heavenly orbs (as to bruites) pass over without ob-
servations, benefit, or prevention of their effects. To this purpose (though
much more at large) Vitruvius. But by this you may see how neces-
sary it is that an accomplish'd Master-builder should be furnish'd beyond
the vulgar ; and I have been the longer in the repetition, not only that
I may advance his reputation, and for endouragement, but to shew that
in the proper notion (and as the great Plato has somewhere design'd
him) Nullus ArcMtectus utitur manuum operd, sed uteniibus prceest.*
An Architect is not to be taken for the commonly illiterate Mechanick
(which may bring it into contempt), but for the person who superin-
tends, and presides over him with so many advantages. Yet neither is
this to the dishonour of those excellent workmen who make use of their
hands and tools in the. grosser materials, since God himself, and Nature,
the universal builders, are by translation truly styl'd architects, both as to
what they have excogitated so wisely, and wrought so artificially.
Be this then spoken of the Superintendent in particular, whom, for
distinction sake and the character assign'd him, we may name Archi-
* Dial, de Regno. See also his Philebus.
. 358
t
tectus Ingenio : for since to the perfection of an accomplish'd building
there were three transcendencies required, 1. strength; 2. utiHty; and
3, beauty, for the apt distribution, decor and fitness, symtnetrie and pro-
portion, there was hkewise necessary as many capacities ; and that be-
sides the judicious head, there should be a skilful hand ; to which let us
add, Architectus Sumptuarius, a full and overflowing purse : since he
who bears this mayjustly be also stiled a builder, and that a master one
too, as being the person at whose charge and for whose benefit the fa-
brick is erected ; and it is indeed the primum inohile which both
begins and consummates all designs of this nature; for if that ingre-
dient come once to fall short, men build their monuments instead
of their houses, and leave marks of dishonour for tables of renown,*
Homo iste ccepit cedifi,care, et neqicivit perficere, *■' This man began to
build, and was not able to finish." Yet thus I have known some excellent
persons abus'd, who, trusting to the computation of either dishonest or
unskilful artists, have been forc'd to desist, sit down by the loss, and
submit to the reproach. But so it seems would not the Greeks suffer
themselves to be over-reach'd, when those great builders of Ephesiansf
(^who knew sufficiently what a mischief it was to the publick, as well as
private men,) ordain'd it for a law, that if a clerk undertook a work, and
spent more than by his calculation it amounted to, he should be obliged
to make it good out of his own estate ; whilst they most liberally and
honourably rewarded him, if either he came within what was first de-
sign'd, or did not much exceed it. And this was esteem'd so reasonable
(upon consideration how many noble persons had been undone, and
magnificent structures left imperfect), that Vltruvius, J writing to the
great Augustus concerning this subject, wishes the same constitution
were in force at Rome also. But thus I .have done with our Architecius
Sumptuarius. I come to the
Manuarius, the third and last, but not the least of our subsidiaries;
for in him I comprehend the several artizans and workmen, as masons,
stone-cutters, quarry-men, sculptors, plasterers, painters, carpenters,
joyners, smiths, glaziers, and as many as are necessary for carrying on
* See 31 . Eccles. 8. f Vitr. in Praef. lib. 10. + 2. Reg. 22. 7.
359
of a building till it be arriv-d to the perfection of its first idea. But tho'
it is not (as I said) exjpected that these should trouble themselves with
much learning, or have any thing to do with the accomplishments of our
Master Superintendent, yet, since an exact and irreproachable piece of
architecture should be koXo^uv totms Mathesetas, the flower and crown as
it were of aU the sciences mathematical, it were infinitely desirable that
even every vulgar workman, whose calling is conversant about building,
had attain'd to some degree of competent knowledge in the moi'e easy
ajid useful principles of those lineary arts, before they were admitted to
their freedom, or employed in designs of moment. And truely, if a
thorough insight of all these (as undoubtedly they are) be necessary to
a good artist, I know no reason but such a person (however it hath
pleased our Universities to employ and decree their chaires) might with
very just reason be also numbred inter liberalium discipUnarum Pro-
fessoreSy and not thrust out as purely mechanical, inter opifices, a
conversation hitherto only admitted them ; as if talking, speculation, and
theories, were comparable to useful demonstrations and experimental
knowledge. In a word, the very name import's an excellency above
other sciences ; so as when the orator* would expresis a superiority above
them, for its vast extent and comprehension, he mentions Architecture
with the first, distinct from the illiberal. Great pity then I say it is,
tha:t amOngst the professors of humanity (as they call it) there should
not be some lectures and schools endowed and furnished with books,
instruments, plots, types and modells of the most excellent fabricks both
in- Givil- and Military Architecture, where these most noble and neces-
sary arts might be taught in the English and vulgar tongue, retriev'd to
their proper and genuine significations ; and it Is to be hoped, that when
his Majesty shall perfect his royal Palace of White-Hall according to
the design, he will, in emulation of those heroes, Francis the First,
Henry the Fourth, Cosimo de Medices, the Dukes of Urbin, Richelieu,
and other munificent spirits, destine some apartments for the ease and
encouragement of the ablest workmen in this as in all other useful,
princely, and sumptuous arts : I mean for Printers, Painters, Sculptors,
* Gic. de Offic, 1. 2,
360
Architects, &c. by such liberal honoraries as may dra^w them ;frqm all
parts of the world to celebrate his Majesty, by their works, to posterity,
and to improve the nation. From such a bounty and provision as this
it appears to have been, which made Vitruvius* to leave us those his in-
comparable books, that we have now enjoy'd for so many ages ; for so he
acknowledges it to the great Augustus, Cum erigo eo benejicifx essem
ohligatuSi ut ad exitum vitce non haherem inopice timorem, &c.
I might upon this occasion speak something here concerning the
matter and form of buildings, which, after the persons who undertake
them, are their most solid and internal principles ; but I purposely pass
them over at present, because they do not properly belong to this Dis-
course, but to some more intire Treatise of the whole art than is yet extant
amongst us, and to be delivered by some industrious person who shall
oblige the nation with a thorough examination of what has already been
written by Vitruvius, 1. 2. c. 3. ad 9. ; Palladio 1. c. 2. ; I^eon Alberti
1. 2. c. 45. 46.; Don Barbaro, 1. 11. SirH. Wotton, in his concise and
useful Theorems ; Desgodetz, D'Avilder, Perrault, Blondel, and others ;
and in what shall be found most beneficial for our climat. It were,
I ^ay, becoming our great needs that some ingenious person did take this
in hand, and advance upon the principles already ^establish'd, and not so
acquiesce in them as if there were a non ultra engraven upon our cor
lumns like those of Hercules, after which there remained no more to be
discovered ; at least in the apprehension of our vulgar workmen, who,
for want of some more solid directions, faithful and easy rules in this
nature, fill as well whole cities as private dwellings with rubbish and a
thousand infirmities, as by their want of skill in the profession, with the
most shameful incongruities and inconveniences in all they take in
hand ; and all this for want of canons to proceed by, and humility to
learn, there being hardly a nation under heaven more conceited of their
understanding? and abilities, and more impatient of direction, than our
ordinary mechanicks : for let one find never so just a fault with a work-
man, be the same of what mistery soever, immediately he shall reply,
" Sir, I do not come hither to be taught my trade ; I have serv'd'an ap-
* Vitruv. in Prsef. ad Lib. 1.
361
prenticeship, and have wrought e're now with gentlemen that have been
satisfied virith my work;" and sometimes not without language of re-
proach, or casting down his tools, and going away in wrath, for such I
have frequently met withal. I do not speak this to diminish in the least
from the capacity and apprehension of pur nation who addict themselves
to any of the most polite and ingenious professions, but to court them to
more civility, and to humble the ignorant ;. for v/e daily find that wh^n
once they arrive to a thorough inspection and address in their trade,s,
they paragon, if not exceed, even the most exquisite of other countries,
as we may see in that late reformation and improvement, of our lock-
smiths-work, joyners, cabinet-makers, and the like, who from very^ vul-
gar and pitiful artists, are now come to produce works as curious for the
filing, and admirable for their dexterity in contriving, as any we meet
with abroad ; and in particular to our smiths and joyners, they, excell all
other nations whatsoever.
But as little supportable are another, so.rt of workmen, who, from a
good conceit of. their abilities, and some lucky jobb. (as they call it), do
generally ingross all the work they can hear of, while in the mean time
they disdain almost to put their own hands to the tool, but fpr the most
part employ their apprentices, or some other ignorant journey-men; as
if the fame of their masters abilities did any thing contribute to the well
performance of work undertaken ; whilst in the interim he hardly
appears himself till all the faults be slubber'd over, the remedy either
impossible or expensive, and our master ready to receive his money,
which such gentlemen mechanicks commonly consume on ease and
bravery, being puffed up with an empty, conceit of their own abilities,
which (God knows) is very indiflFerent, and the less for want of exer-
cise and humility ; a practice contrary to the usage of all other nations,
that even such as by their knowledge in this kind have meritoriously
attained to the titles of military dignity, have notwithstanding pursued
their employments and callings in personal cares and assiduous labours,
to their eternal fame so long as one stone shall lie upon another in this
-world, as I could abundantly exemplifie in the works of Cavalieri Fon-
tane, Bramanti, Sansovino, Baglione, Bernini, Fiamingo, &c. whose
egregious labours, both before and since the accumulation of their hq-
3 A
362
nours, do sufficiently justify what I report concerning them. And that
all such may know I reproach no man out of spleen or the least animo-
sity to their persons (for such as are not guilty will never be offended at
my plainness, or take this for a satyr), I cannot but exceedingly regret
the want of more acquaintance in these so necessary and becoming arts,
even in most of our nobility and gentry, vifho either imagine the study
of Architecture to be an absolute non-necessary, or, forsooth, a diminution
to the rest of their education, from whence proceeds that miserable loss
of so many irrecoverable advantages during their travels in other coun-
tries, as appears at their return ; whereas, if they were truly considered,
there is nothing which does more properly concern them, as it contri-
butes to their external honour, than the effects of this illustrious art.
Besides, these being persons of better parts, are most likely to be fur-
nished with the best abilities to learn, and so consequently enabl'd to
examine, and direct such as they shall set on work, without reproach
either to their conveniency or expence when they at any time build, not
forgetting the ornament and lustre which by this means rich and opulent
structures do add to the commonwealth; there remaining at this day no
one particular for which Egypt, Syria, Greece, nay Rome herself, (beheld
in all their state, wisdom, and splendor,) have been more admir'd and
celebrated, than for the glory, strength, and magnificence of their incom-
parable buildings. And even at present, the most noble youth of Italy
are generally so well furnish'd with instructions touching this laudable
art, that the knowledge of Architecture (and to speak properly in its
terms, &c.) is universal, and so cherish'd, even in men of obscure ex-
traction, that (as is already instanc'd) Architects (I mean the manuary
as well as ingeniary) have been, and are yet often rewarded with knight^
hood, and the art profess'd as a most becoming and necessary accomplish-
ment in divers of their academies. Add to this, the examples of so
many great and illustrious persons, as (without mentioning those our
master has recorded in the Preface to his seventh Book) I might here
bring upon this theatre, famous for their skill and encouragement of this
sumptuous art : Emperours, Kings, Popes, Cardinals and Princes innu-
merable, who have all of them left us the permanent monuments of it
in the several places of their dominions, besides the infinite advantage
363
of well managing of great and publick expenees, as well as the most
private and oeconomical, an handsom and well-contriv'd house being
built at a far less charge than commonly those irregular congestions,
rude and brutish inventions, which generally so deform and incommode
the several habitations of our gentry both in city and country.
But I have done, and I hope all that love and cherish these arts, and
particularly that of Architecture, will not be offended at this zeal of mine
in bespeaking their esteem of it; since, if I have said any thing in reproof
of the errors either of the persons who pretend to it, or of the works
which they do to its disgrace, I have only spoken it that both may be re-
formed and made the better. But least whilst I thus discourse of the ac-
complishments of our artists, and defects of the pretenders, I my self
be found Logodsedalus, and as they sayj Architectus verhorum only, I
proceed from the person to the thing.
Architecture, consider'd as an art, was doubtless (as all others were)
very inean and imperfect at first; when from dark caverns, hollow trees,
despicable and sorry hovells and cabanes, made with their rude trunks,
^over'd with sods of turf or sedge, to protect themselves from the inju-
ries of the weather, and wild beasts (as at present savage people do),
men liv'd not much better iaccommodated than beasts themselves, wan-
dering from place to place, either to hunt, and in quest of food, or to find
pasture ; where like the Nom^des, with little care or labour, they make
them huts again, to shelter them selves as before; till coming into some more
fertile and fruitful country* and finding no more necessity of straying
farther, or removing so often, they then 'tis likely begun to build more
substantially and commodiously ; and as plenty, their families, and civi-
lity increas'd, began to inlarge, and make their habitations as well less
rudely, as more convenient ; proceeding in tract of time to great polite-
ness, and to that height of splendor and magnificence, as at last inge-
nious men, from long experience still advancing in improvements, began
to frame such rules and precepts for building, as should answer to all
those perfections desirable in a building namely, solidity, use, and
beauty ; and this art was called
Architectura,a. term deriv'd from the Greek substantive 'ApxtremovTifAec,
and which is by some taken for the art it self, by others for the work,
364
cedificio ipso et opera (hj us for both'), is thus defin'd : scientia pluri*
bus disciplinis et variis eruditionibus ornata, cujijls judicio probantur
omnia, quce a cceteris artibus perficiuntur, opera. Architecture (says
our master Vitruvius) is a science qualified with sundry other arts, and
adorn'd with variety of learning, to whose judgment and approbation
all other works of art submit themselves. Or rather, in short, and
as effectual, citfus prceceptis diriguntur, et judicio probantxi^, ^Ci
for so it seems to be more explicite; since in a geometrical problem
there are both the construction or direction, operis faciendi, which
these Prcecepta define ; and also the demonstration, or probation, ope-
ris jam facti, which is specified by the judicium in the Vitruvian defi-
nition. I conceive, therefore, the first part to be the more essential and
inseparable ; the latter to be but the result of the former, and no more
ingredient into the art, than the image of ones face in a glass is consti-
tutive of the man.
But to forbear any farther gloss, you see what a large dominion it has,
and I might go on : Ea nascitur ex fabrica et ratioeinatione, to shexy
that she is the daughter of Building and Demonstration. Then (for so
I aifect to render it) that building is the result of an assiduous and ma-
nual practice or operation upon apt materials, according to the model
propounded ; and, lastly, that our ratiocination is an ability of explicating
what we have done by an account of the just proportions. In a word, it
is the art of building weill, which (taken in the large sense) compre-
hends all the sorts and kinds of buildings whatsoever, of which there are
more especially three, which, though differing in their application, de-
sign, and purpose, are yet of neere relation to one another, and therefore
not improperly under the same denomination with their respective ad-
juncts of distinction. For instance^ the building of ships, and other
vessels for sailing, war, and commerce, &c. is called Naval Architecture ;
the art of fortification and defence of places. Military Architecture ;
which, tho' under the same rules and general principles whereby to work
and proceed (but indeed making use of different terms of art), yet pass
they under the same general name of Architecture. Now for as much
as there's only one of these which properly concerns the present subject
(as bdng indeed the most eminent, and first in order), we are here to
365
understand by Architecture, the art and skill of civil building for dwel-
ling-houses; commodious habitations, and more publick edifices.
What pretence this part of Architecture has to both the other kinds,
namely, the Naval and Military, the foundation and building of cities,
walls, towers, magazines, bridges, ports, moles, and havens, abundantly
shew ; together with what our great master Vitruvius has taught in the
construction of divers machines' and warlike engines, as well for oflFence
as defence; and to shew how reconcileable all these diiFerent sorts of
buildings are to one another, we have a modern, but an illustrious in-
stance, in that surprizingly magnificent piece of art, the Pentagonal
Palace erected for Cardinal Alexander Furneze at Gaprarola (within
twenty miles of Rome), by that excellent and skilful architect Vignola,
one of the first rank and class of artists in the foregoing Parallel.
With reason therefore, as well as right, has the Surveyor of his Majes-
ties works and buildings, both the Military as well as Civil Architec-
ture properly under his intendency and inspection, by a grant (as I have
heard) of many hundred years past. But
To enlarge on the several heads. of Civil Architecture (of which there
are verv many), would be to extend this discourse to a length not so
proportionable to that which is designed. Let it then suffice to take no-
tice, that it is the ancient Greek and Roman Architecture only which is
here intended, as most entirely answering all those perfections required
in a faultless and accomplish'd building ; such as for so many ages were
so renowned and reputed by the universal suffrages of the civiliz'd world,
and would doubtless have still subsisted, and made good their claim,
and what is recorded of them, had not the Goths, Vandals, and other
barbarous nations, subverted and demolish'd them, together with that
glorious empire, where those stately and pompous monuments stood ;
introducing in their stead a certain fantastical and licencious manner of
building, which we have since call'd Modern (or Gothic rather), cbn-
gestions of heavy, dark, melsLncholy, and monkish piles, witl^out any just
proportion, use, or beauty, compar'd with the truly Antient. So as
when we meet with the greatest industry, and expensive carving, full of
fret and lamentable imagery, sparing neither of pains nor cost, a judicious
spectator is rather distracted and quite confounded, than tajjch'd with
366
that admiration which results from the true and just symmelrie, regular
proportion, union and disposition, great and noble manner, which those
august and glorious fabrics of the ancients still produce.
It was after the irruption and swarmes of those truculent people from
the North, the Moors and Arabs from the South and East, over-running
the civiliz'd world, that wherever they fix'd themselves, they soon beg-an
to debauch this noble and useful art ; when, instead of those beautiful
orders, so majestical and proper for their stations, becoming variety, and
other ornamental accessories, they set up those slender and misquine
pillars, or rather bundles of staves, and other incongruous props, to sup-
port incumbent weights, and pondrous arched roofs, without entabla-
ture ; and tho* not without great industry (as M. D' A viler well ob-
serves), nor altogether nakedof gaudy sculpture, trite and busy carvings,
'tis such as rather gluts the eye than gratifies and pleases it with any
reasonable satisfaction. For proof of this (without travelling far abroad)^
I dare report my self to any man of judgment, and that has the least
taste of order and magnificence, if, after he has look'd awhile upon King
Henry the Vllth's Chappel at Westminster, gaz'd on its sharp angles,
jetties, narrow lights, lame statues, lace and other cut- work, and crinkle
crankle, and shall then turn his eyes on the Banqueting-House built
at White-Hall by Inigo Jones after the antient manner ; or on what his
Majesties present Surveyor, Sir Christopher Wren, has lately advanc'd
at St. Paul's, and consider what a glorious object the desigu'd cupola,
portico, colonnades, and other (yet unfinish'd) parts, will then present
the beholder : or compare the Schools and Library at Oxford with the
Theatre there ; or what he has lately tuilt at Trinity College in Cam-
bridge, and since all these at Greenwich and other places (by which
time our home traveller will begin to have a just idea of the antient and
modern Architecture) ; I say, let him well consider, and compare them
judiciously, without partiality and prejudice, and then pronounce which
of the two manners strikes the understanding as well as the eye with
the more majesty and solemn greatness ; tho' in so much a plainer and
simple dress, conforme to the respective orders and entablature, and ac-
cordingly determine to whom the preference is due. Not, as we said,
that there is not something of solid, and odly artificial too, after a sort ;
367
but then the universal and unreasonable thic]kness of the walls, clumsy
buttresses, towersj sharp pointed a^rches, doors, and other apertures,
^vithout proportion ; nonsensical insertions of various marbles imperti-
nently plac'd, turrets and pinnacles thick set with monkies and chimseras
(and abundance of buisy work and other incongruities), dissipate and
break the angles of the sight, and so confound it, that one cannot consi-
der it with any steadinesSj where to begin or end ; taking off from that
noble air and graudure, bold and graceful manner, which the antients
had so well and judiciously established. But in this sort have they, and
their followers ever since, fill'd not all Europe alone, but Asia and
Aft'ica besides, with mountains of stone, vast and gygantic buildings in-
deed, but not worthy the name of Architecture. Witness (besides fre-
quent erections in these kingdoms, inferior to none for their utmost
performances) what are yet standing at Westminster, Canterbury, Salis-
bury, Peterborow, Ely, Wells, Beverly, Lincoln, Gloucester, York,
Durham, and other cathedrals and minsters ; what at Utrecht, Har-
lem, Antwerp, Strasburg, Basil, in the lower and upper Germany ;
at Amiens, Paris, Rouen, Tours, Lyons, &c. in France; at Milan, Ve-
nice, Florence, nay in Rome herself; in Spain, at Barges, and Seville,
with what the Moors have left in Athambrant, Granada, the Santa So-.
phia at Constantinople, that of the Temple of the Sepulchre at Jerusalem
(at the decadence at least of the art) ; the Zerifs Palace at Morocco, &c. ;
besides the innumerable monasteries and gloomy cells, built in all these
places by the Christians, Greeks, Latines, Armenians, Moors, and others,
since the ruin of the empire ; and compare them (almost numberless as
they are) with one St. Peter's at Rome only, which, with the rest of
those venerable churches, superb and stately palaces there and ait Naples,
Florence, Genoa, Escurial, Paris, Amsterdam, &c. were yet all but soi'ry
buildings, till Bramante, Raphael, Mich. Angelo, Palladio, Bernini,
and other heroes and masters of our Parallel, recover'd and even raised
this art to life again, and restor'd her to her pristine splendor and mag-
nificence, after so tedious and dismal a night of ignorance and supersti-
tion, in which Architecture had lain buried in rubbish, and sadly de-
form'd for so many ages. The same may likewise be affirm'd of all those
other arts attendant upon her, Sculpture and Painting especially, and
368
indeed of I«etters, and all good learning too, which had about this time
their resuscitation also. In a word, and after all that has been said of
Architecture, ancient or modern, 'tis not we see enough to build for
strength alone (for so those Gothic piles we find stand their ground^, and
the Pyrainids of ^gypt have out-lasted all that art and labour have to
shew), or indeed for bare accommodation only, without due proportion,
order, and beauty, and those other agreements and genuine characters of
a perfect and consummate buildipg ; and therefore an art not so easily
attain'd by every pretender, nor in truth at all, without a more than. or-
dinary disposition, accompanied withjudgmentj industry, and application,
due instruction, and the rales of art subservient to it. Thus accom-
plish'd, an Architect is perfectly qualified to answer all the transcenden-
cies of this noble art, which is to build handsomly, solidly, and usefully.
We have already spoken of workmen, and manuary assistants, in the
foregoing paragraphs; without whose more than ordinqj?:y skill and
diligence, the learned'st architect mistakes the shadow for substance,
umbram non rem consecutus videtur, and may serve to rear a tabernacle,
not build a temple, there being as much difference between speculation
and practice in this art, as there is between a shadow and a substance.
But with what advantages those persons proceed who both know and can
apply, I have already demonstrated; and when, we consider that the
whole art consists in the most, exact and elegant order imaginable, it is
not to be wondered there have been so few able men of the profession.
Sir H. Wotton, who reckons those two parts for one, that is, the fixing
of the model to a full expression of the first idea, passes (with our master)
to the species or kinds of this disposition.
Taxis, or, as Architects call it, Ordonance, as defined by our master to
be that which gives to every part of a building the just dimension relating
to its uses, Mr. Perrault supposes neither so explicit, nor as the thing
it self requires, or answerable to the intention, which he takes to consist
in the division of the plan or spot of ground on which one intends to
build, so to be apportioned and laid out (as to the dimension of the re-
spective parts, referring to their use) as consists with the proportion of
the whole and intire fabric, which in fewer wor^s, I conceive diflFers little
from the determinate measures of what's assigned to compose the several
369
rtments j to ^hich some add, that which givies the utmost perfection
11 the parts and members of the building. But (to proceed with
[earned commentator) 'tis the judicious contrivance of the plan or
el, which he means by ordonance here : as when, for instance, the
t, the hall, lodgings, and other rooms, are neither too large nor too little;
that the court afford convenient light to the appartments about it,
be large enough for usual access ; that the hall be of fit capacity to
ive company ; the bed-chambers for persons of quality, and others ;
Ise when these divisions are either too great or too small, with re-
it to the place, as a very large court would be to a little house, or a
e chamber in a great and noble palace ; whereas diathesis, disposi-
, is where all the parts and members of a building are assign'd their
and proper places, according to their quality, nature, office, rank,
genuine collocation, without regard to the dimension or quantity,
ch is another consideratio^i, as parts of Architecture, tho' still with
tion to its perfection. Thus the vestibule or porch should precede
hall ; the hall the parlor, next the withdrawing-room, which are of
smonie, I speak (as with us in England) where the first floore is
imonly so composed of; the anti-chambers, bed-chambers, cabinets,
leries, and rooms of parade and state in the second stage, suitable to
expense and dignity of the owner. I say nothing of the height, and
sr dimensions, because there are establish'd rules ; but it is what I
e generally observ'd gentlemen (who are many times at considerable
rges in otherwise handsome and convenient houses) most of all to
in ; not allowing decent pitch to the respective roomes and appart-
its, which I find they constantly repent when "tis too late. One
uld seldom therefore allow less than fourteen feet to the- first floore,
Ive or thirteen to the second, in a dwelling-house of any considerable
ility ; to greater fabrics, and such as approach to palaces, 16, 18, 20,
with regard to other capacities. Nor let the less benign temper of
clime (compared with other countries) be any longer the pretence ;
le if the building and finishing be stanch, the floors well lay'd, ap-
tures of doors and windows close, that objection is answered. The
le rules as to the consequence of rooms and oeconomie is to be ob-
red in the distribution of the other oflices, even the most inferior, in
3 B
370
which the curious consult their health above all conveniency, by design-
ing their best lodging-chambers towards the sun-rising ; and so libraries,
cabinets of curiosities, and galleries, more to the north, affording the
less glazing and fittest light of all other to pictures, &c. unless where
some unavoidable inconvenience forbid it. Another great mistake, I
likewise have observ'd to be the cause of many errors as incurable,
namely, a fond, avaritious, or obstinate resolution of many, who, having
choice of situations, for the sparing of an old kitchen, out-house, lodge,
or vulgar office, nav and sometimes of an antient wall, a fine quick -set
hedge, particular tree or two, or tiie like, continue to place the new
building upon the old foundation, tho' never so much awry and out of all
square, and (as often I have seen) neere some bank of earth which
cannot be mov'd ; pleas'd with front or gaudy out-side, whilst all is
gloomy and melancholy within, and gives occasion of censure to the
judicious, and reproach to others ; in a word, I have very rarely or as
seldom found a new building joyn'd with any tolerable decency or advan-
tage to an old one, as a young and beautiful virgin to an old, decay'd,
and doating husband. I might almost affirm as much concerning re-
paires, where there are great dilapidations ; since by that time they have
calculated all expences of pulling down and patching up, they might
have built intirely new from the ground with the same, and oftentimes
with less charge, but with abundance more beauty and conveniency.
Frequent instances of like nature might I produce, and of such as have
too late repented j but I am to beg pardon for this transcursion, for
which I have no other apology than that since another edition of this
piece is never likely to come under my hand again, I have taken the
liberty of this to speake my thoughts the more freely ; not without hope
that some may be edified by it, and have cause to thank me for it.
To return therefore whence I diverted, I now proceed to the proper
argument and design of this discourse, which concerns the terms of Ar-
chitecture, with such improvements as fall in with the subject; not that
our politer workmen do not understand them well, but for the benefit
and Instruction of the less knowing, or such who, tho' learn'd, and
knowing in other arts, may haply not have much consider'd this : and the
first is.
371
lehno^aphy, hy which we are to understand the very first design aiKl
ordinance of a work or edifice, together with every partition and open-
ing drawn by rule and compass upon the area or floor, by artists often
call'd the geometrical plan or plat-forme, as in our reddition of the Pa-
rallel. The Greeks would name it J^couj •y§ei(f>^, vestigii description or
rather vestigium operis, the superficial efl^ormation of the future work,
which our ground-plot does fully interpret. This is properly the talent
and work of the chief Architect or Surveyor himself (and indeed the
most abstruse and difficult), by which he expresses his conception and
idea for the judicious collocation, idoneous and apt disposition, right
casting and contrivement of the several parts and rooms, according to
their distinct offices and uses ; for as ordonation imports the quantity,
so does this the quality of the building: but of this already. To this
succeeds
Orthography, or the erect elevation of the same in face or front, de-
scrib'd in measure upon the former idea, where all the horizontal lines
are parallels. Some do by this comprehend the sides likewise (but so
will not I) to be seen as well within as without the model. It is in
truth but the simple representation of that part opposite to the eye of
the beholder, and thence by Italian I'^lzato, or VImpiedi Facciata, and
frontispiece, without shadows or other deceptions, and the second species
of disposition. The last is
Scenography, or, as some, Sciography, which is the same object ele-
vated upon the same draught and centre in all its optical flexures, dimi-
nutions and shadows, together with a fbre-shortning of a third side, so
as the whole solid of the edifice becomes visible in perspective, as th^
say, because compos'd of the three principal lines used in that art,^ viz.
that of the plan or plot, belonging to the first idea ; that of the horizon
or eye-line, which denotes the second ; and the line of distance, which
makesthe t bird, with all its adumbrations and shadowings, which dis-
tinguishes it from what they call the profile, signified by the edging
stroaks, by some call'd out-lines, and contours only, without any of this
solid finishing; From all which it appears, that not the bare idea, or
species (as the term is in Vitruvius), or as others, the various kinds of
disposition is to be understood, but the several designs and representa-
372
tlons of the division. Seeing, in truth, these three draughts upon pa]
belong as much to the ordonance as the disposition, shewing and (
scribing the measures and dimensions of the inspeetive parts, order, 2
position. From these three ideas then it is that same Eurythmia, n
jestic and Venusta species ^difidi does result, which creates tl
agreeable harmony between the several dimensions, so as nothing see
disproportionate, too long for this, or too broad for that, but correspoi
in a just and regular symmetry and consent of the parts with the who!
for symmetry is the parity and equality between the parts opposite,
as one be not bigger, higher, longer, sViorter, closer, or wider than 1
other. Suppose a column swelling more at one side than the other, a
not a? those who thought it to consist in the proportion of some princi]
part or member only, capital^ or cornice, grosser or projecting fartl
than the order permits, which seem two different things ; whilst pi
portion among Architects consists in such an agreement and' consent
we find in every well limb'd and compos'd living animal, of whate^
species or kind soever, where the due make of each member of the bo
denominates the compleatness of the figure, be it statue, or the life; a
the same in building, and the parts thereof; in a wordj where con^
nience, strength, and beauty meet, and render it accompllsh'd. Lasti
Decor, which is not only where the inhabitant and habitation su
seeing that is many times accidental, but where a building, and partic
larly the ornaments thereof, become the station and occasion, as Viti
vius expressly shews in appropriating the several orders to their natu;
affections ; so as he would not have set a Corinthian column at the e
trance of a prison, nor a Tuscan before the portico of a church, as soi
have done amoBg us, with no great regard to the decorum. Here, thesi
fore, it is that the judgment of an Architect ought to be consulted ; sir
even in the disposition of the offices of our most private houses, we fii
no where greater absurdities committed, whilst we many times find t
kitchen where the parlour should have been ; and that in the first a
best story, which should have been consigned to the lowermost and t
worst.
Philander seems to, be in some doubt whither the Architect did af
all this make a model of his future work, but at last resolves it in t
37S
affirmative for many reasons, Ua enim futura deprehenduntur errata^
et minimo impend/iof rmlhque mcommodoi Sec. ; for so (says he) future
errors may be timely prevented, with little cost, and virithout atiy trou-
ble, before the remedy proves incorrigible. Ndw tho' perhaps an ac-i
compUsh'd Architect needs it not, yet as there is nothing eertahily spar'd
to less purpose, and more to the detriment of builders than the small
expence of making this prototype, so it has been known that some ex-
cellent masters have without reproach, caused several to be made of th€
same building, and for the better, and whifch should be fram'd with all
its orders and dimensibns, by the assistance of some skilful joyner, or
other ingenious artist in some slight material, which may be to remove;
uncover, and take in pieces, for the intuition of every contignation, par-
tition, passage, and aperture, without other adulteration by painting or
gaudy artifice, but in the most simple manner as Sir H. Wotton pru-
dently advises, for reasons most material aiid unanswerable ; this is by
some supplied with a perpendicular section of the orthographical eleva-
tion, which lets the eye into the rOotns in front only ; the model intb
the whole ; but from all which we may deduce how absolutely necesaary
it is that an Architect have more than a vulvar dexterity in the art of
designing and drawing, quee autem confeVant, into, quce sint architectd
penitljis necessarid ex artibus, hcec sunt, picturct et mathematica ; in
cceteris doctusne sif, non lahoro : so the Patriarch, lib. 9, upon that of
our master, lib. 1. c. 1. Peritus Graphi(J<is, &c. and then concludes,
necessariu igitur est architectb Grdphidis (i. e.J designationis ut Itali
dicwnt peritia, as being a thing altogether indispensable ; but of this
already, for by the method of a complete course or body of Architecture,
one should proceed ta the more particular distributions of this art, whi-
ther in respect to private or publick buildings ; but I leave it for some
perfect edition of what remaifis of the incomparable Palladio ; when
either by the same it is begun, or by some other charitable hand j that,
or our master, Vitruvius himself, as p'ublish'd by the learned Perrault
shall be taught to speak English ; and the title of this discoursifr, which
minds me of a thorough explanation of the more difficult terms of this
art, for being principally if not only conversant about the five orders
374
?ind their ornaments (the subject of our learned Parallel) calls. me bacic
to a distuict survey of them, and I will begin at the foundation.
Now tho' all that is buried in the ground to the area be so call'd, yet
properly foundation is the very cofer or ground-bed search' d ad solidum
et in solido, as our master advises, and upon which a vi-ise man would
only build and raise the proto substruction, or first beginning of his
wall, and ought commonly to be double the thickness of the superstruc-
tion. This the Greeks call'd,
Stereobata, trrepeo^dT'^s, solidum fulcimentum, for Its artificial firmness,
as Immediately succeeding the underfilling of Ttie former (for so we
name those dry materials upon the surface} to be the basis of the whole
edifice. I am not ignorant that some contend about this ofiice, con-
founding It with the stylobata and pedestals of columns, assigning them
a regular thickness of half as much more as the Orders they support ;
and then the Italians call It the zoccolo, pillow, or die (because of its cu-
bique and solid figure ; hut I rather take It for the basamento of the whole
which I would therefore rather augment than contract to that stinted di-
mension. The Reverend Daniel Barbaro *, c. 8. 1. 2, describes us all the
kinds of them, and calls this In particular (and which confirms this di-
vision) the concealed part, or Jundatio in imo : and then by this ele-
gant distinction Ae^nes structicra to be that of fronts; instruction, that
of the middle parts ; and substruction^ of the lower ; though this last
notion does likewise many times Import some vast and magnificent
building; for so Baldus has cited that passage In Liv. 1. 6, where he
names the stately capital a substruction only, and other authors sub'
structiones insanas, for such vast and enormous fabrlcks. But that we
may not omit the pedestal (though of rarer use amongst the ancients)
1 come next to the
Stylobata ; for our pedestal is vox hybrida (a very mungrill) not
a stylo, as some imagine, but a stando, and is taken for that solid cube
or square which we already mentioned to be that to the column im-
posed which the superstructure Is to t\i\s, fulcimentum columnce. It is
likewise call'd truncus, the trunk, (though more properly taken for the
* A learned Venetian, born 1513, who published, in 1567, an Italian translation of Vitruvius,
with annotations ; and died 1570.
375
shaft or body of an order) contained between tbe cornice and base (iot
pedestals have likewise those ornaments inseparably) ; also abacus, dado,
zocco, &c. which is sometimes carv'd with bass-relievo in historical
emblems, as that of Trajan's at Rome, and ours on Fish -street hill;
but as it was rarely used among the antients, so they were all square
alike to all the orders, till from good examples, by later Architects,
(and especially Palladio) reduc'd to proportion, and very graceful. Those
which are more large than high, are called double pedestals supporting
double columns, and some which are continu'd thro' the whole building.
Also poggio, from its office of supporting, and then 'tis constantly
adbm'd with a cornice consisting of a cymatium on a corona with lists,,
and sometimes scotia or shallow cavities, and an addition of an upper
zocco or plinth of a smaller hollow and part of the cymatium, upon
which the scamilli impares Vitruviani were set, if design'd for statues ^
or, if without, for columns. The base has likewise an ornament of a
c^ma^mm inverted upon a plinth, as may be seen in the Corinthian Sty-
lohata. The general rule is to divide the whole into 1 9 parts ; the pe-
destal shall have four, the entablature three ; but if a column be without
pedestal, divide the height but into five equal parts, four to the column,
and to the entablature one -, but, as we affirm'd, the ancients did seldom
use pedestals at ally unless where railes and balusters were requisite^
and parapet walls for meniana, pergolas, and balconies, and where they
serv'd for podia or posaries of a leaning height, for which they had a
slight cornice asslgn'd them ; and this minds me of the a-Tvikai among the
Greeks, as indeed seeming to have been deriv'd from the Eastern ■|^"'2i*
used, and to the Jews (we read) enjoyn'd upon their flat-roofed houses,
these balusters being in truth but a kind of petty, columns under the
railes or architrave between pedestal and pedestal, for that moral reason,
the security of the walkers, especially at what time they used to spread
tents upon them, as frequently they did. But if (as we said) for the
better eminence of figures, then with the imposition of
Scamilli impares, of which there is so much contention amongst our
hypercritical Architects, though in fine they prove to be but certain
henches, %occos, or blocks, elevating the rest of the members of an order^
column, signum, or statue, from being drowned or lost to the eye, which
376
may chance to be pkc'd below their horizon ; that is, beneath the pro-
jecturea of the stT/lobata cornices and other saillies, by an agreeable
reconciliation of geometry with the opticks. In a word, the pedestals of
statues do well express them, and those half-round elevations, or other
unequal eminences upon the stylobata, be they one or more plinths, like
so many steps succeeding one another for the advantage of what stands
upon them. In the mean time, we find no proportions or form assign'd
for the placing statues, busts, or other figures, which seems to be left
arbitrary, with regard to the subject ; the lower pedestals best suiting
with the higher, contrary to busts, or where more than one together, as
groups sittings and cumbent figures, which require longer, &c. with
such ornament and decoration as best becomes them ; as to nymphs,
tritons, sea-gods., esealop -shells, &c. to Deesses, the more delicate; to
satyrs, rustic work, &c. But to proceed to the orders and their several
members, as they naturally rise in work.
The Base, derived from the, Greek verb B»fvetv, Imports the sustent,
prop, or foot of a thing, and is in architecture taken not for the lower-
most member of an order, but for all the several ornaments and mould-
ings from the apophyg^s, or rising of the columns shaft, to the plinth.
Sometimes also for the spire, which, lying on the plinth like the coile of
a cable, derives thence its name, though something improperly, me-
thlnks, considering these members do not run spiral, but obliquely rather
awA in orbem ; In sum, the basis Is to the column and Its entablature
what the stylobata Is to the basis, and the stereobata to the pede&tal.
Here note, that when a cornice is added to a base, it becomes a pedestal
and that to the Corinthian or Composlta the A,ttlc base ; and though
fairest of all, and us'd In other orders, by no means so properly. It is
often enrlch'd with sculpture, especially in the Composlta : for bases
(Jlffer according to the order. Tuscan has a torus only ; the Doric, an
astragal more, by some esteem'd a modern addition. The Ionic's torus
Is larger, on a double seotia, betwixt which are two astragals. The
Composlta an astragal fewer than the Corinthian. The Attic base (or as
some, the j:lttic curgij consists of a plinth, two torus's and seotia, pro-
perly pl^c'd under the Ionic and Composlta, and indec^d, as was said, to
all, Tuscan excepted, which has its peculiar base. But to proceed to.
other particulars.
, 377-
The Plinth is the first and very lowest member of. the base; The,
word denotes a brick or square tyle, of which happly they were usually
made, but rather for the resemblance, because of the weight it was to
bear, and therefore more probably of something more solid to preserve
the foot of the column from rotting, when first pillars were made but of,
the tapering bodies of trees, as we shall shew hereafter. Plinth is like-
wise taken for a like member about the capital, but then always with its
adjunct, the plinth of the capital, &c. because placed just above the
Echinus, as in the Doric, Ovoloov quarter round in the other orders.
The -Italians familiarly name it Orlo^ which, importing a round welt,
hem, or brim, methinks is not so properly applied to it. By plinth is
also. to be understood any flat, thick moulding in. the fore- walls pf any
building, ranging like a broad list with the several floors or stages. The;
next is,
ZoTMSithe third member of the base (of which there is superior and
inferior in the bases.of all the orders, the Tuscan excepted), comes from.
Topog, denoting the roundness and smoothness of it; Torus, enim quic-
quid rotundum ; or rather as Scaliger, quod artijicialiter elahoratur et
tometur, because artificially made so ; but why not from its swelling
and. brawniness ? It much resembles the shape of a round cushion,
torques, or, wreath, thence a-rt^ag, and the imposed, weight makes it seem
to swell out as if indeed it were stuffed, and that with reason, say the
critics, for the more easy and safe position of the
Trochile, from t/)s%w or,T/)o%a, arundle or pully- wheel, W;hich it much
resembles, and is that cavity appearing next to the torus. The Italians
name it Bastone,ov more properly CavettOi and Cornice, tanquam baculi'
cortex, the hollow rind of a tree, as Barbaro., Our workmen retain the
ancient Scotia, from Xkotm, its obscurity proceeding from the shade of
the hollowness.; but more vulgarly they call it the Casement, and it is
ever the cavitys between the former tor,us's, and also beneath the.Doriq
cornice separated from the plain margin or regula call'd mentum and
corona by- a small cymatium, or sometimes a list only, The capital letter
C is almost a perfect resemblance of this mouldings and it is indeed fre-
quently bordured or rather shut in with lists. Lastly,
The jistragal, which, besides divers other things (as the Septem
3 c
378
spince vertebr'cs neer the neck) has here its analogy from that bone a
little above the heel, whence the French name it the talon, or heel it self
(as our author of the Parallel), nor improperly ; but by the Italians, il
tondino, being a kind of half torus, sometimes wrought in the richer
orders like an over-cast hem or hedge to the larger tore, which frequently
is plac'd between, as in the Ionic base with two scotias, and sometimes
(though rarely) just about the plinth of the base, as some marshal it.
Otherwhiles again it is taken for the hoop, cincture or collar next the
hypotrachelium and diminution of a column listed on both edges, and it
runs also under the echinus of the Ionic. Our Englisher of Hans
Bloome names it a boltell, or fillet in any part of a pillar ; but I take a
fillet to be more flat, this more swelling and (as I say) torus-like. More-
over, we sometimes find it dividing the fascia of the Corinthian archi-
trave where it is wrought in chapletts and beads, olives or berries ; and
finally in two places, both above and beneath the lists joyning imme-
diately to the square or die of a pedestal where stylobata is introduced :
and so we have done with the ornaments and mouldings of the base.
We come now to the column itself.
iZxog, nakedly, and strictly taken, is that part of an order only which
is the prop or columen, placed to support something superior to it, and is
here properly that round and long cylinder diversly named by authors
scapus, vivo, tige, shaft, fust, trunke, &c. containing the body thereof
from -the spire of the base, or lately mentioned astragal, to the capital;
sometimes for the substance and thickness of the bottom of the pillar, and
in authors for the checks of a door, secundum cardines ef antepagmenta,
of which consult the learned Baldus, de Signif. Vocab. Vitruv. in the
word i2epZMW,also the perpendicular post of a winding staires; but for the
most part for that solid of a column which being divided into three parts,
has (as some delight to form them, but without any reason or good
authority) an entasis or swelling, and under the collerine or cimba of
the capital, a contracture and comely diminution, by workmen call'd the
breaking of the pillar ; which, in imitation of the natural tapering! of trees
is sometimes too much contracted, in others excessively swell'd. The
manner of operation by applying a thin flat flexible rule, of the length
of the whole column, divided inta three equal parts, beginning at the
379
endicular of the lowest, is so well known, that I need say nothing
; of it, than that there is hardly any sensible swelling to be per-
d in the best examples, and therefore to be sparingly us'd, and with
etion, if at all : or as Desgodet and some aflFect, tapering very in-
ibly all the way. Monsieur Perrault prescribes another method foi.'
diminution (speaking of Nicomedes's first Conchoid in his learned
iment, 1. 3. cap. 2d.) But (returning to where we left) the primary
5 or rise of the shaft next the astragal or neather cincture is called
Apophyges, from the Greek word 'k^7ro\)y^ ; because in that part
:olumn taking as it were a rise, seems to emerge and fly from the
s like the processus of a bone in a man's leg ; and so it is now and
applied to the square of pedestals likewise. In short, 'tis no more
an imitation of the rings' or feruls heretofore used at the extremities
ooden pillars, when formerly they were made of that material, to
2rve them from splitting, afterward imitated in stone-work as an
iarable part thereof, and thence doubtless it is they tpok their origi-
jontraction; such trees as grew in the most upright tenor and comely
nution being chosen for this employment.
hese being resembled in stone (that is of one entire one) by solidce
I distinguish'd from the structiles, or were such pillars as were com-
ided of many.
ut it is not here only that these rings have place, but next the above
[ib'd astragal likewise, and where-ever encounter'd by the- names of
ilus, cincta, cimbia, listello, fillets, regula, &c. broader or more
3w, as best suits with the consecutive member, like those very small
llos or annulets under the echinus of the Doric capital, by the Ita^
called gradettif degrees, and by the interpreters of P. Lomazsso,
s ; and so in like manner the cimbia beneath the astragal imme-
ly above the contraction. But regulse and fillets are somewhat
jr in places where they edge and shut in the cymatium of a corrrice,
as, or voluta. Moreover, I note, that listello and cincta are broader
annulets, which I take to be the very least of all the mouldings in
der.
le capital, with its ornaments, comes now to be the next colljective
ber.
380
We have already ^hew'd what we are to understand by a column,
which, nakedly considered, does not assume the name of order till it be
dressed and habited with its distinguishing ornaments, the capit'alj, &c.
For tho' by ornament Architects in one word signifie architrave, frieze,
and cornice, which ever accompany and compleat the order, yet 'tis the
capital only which gives it its' distinction and denomination ; and albeit
their diflferences may indeed be also taken from the height, shape and
substance, yet hardly without their heads, as the lonicae and Corinthian.
We proceed therefore to the second member towards the upper part or
diminution of a column (which is always the less abatied if very tall,
because the distance eiFects that in them, which art produces in the
lower,) the
Ui/potraehelium, which from the Greek UTror^xx^^^tov cblli pars infra
eerviceniy denotes the neck of the column, being that part of scapus be-
low the astragal : it is as it were the freeze of the capital, and so by
some term'd; as also the collar and gorgerin, where the pillar is most
contracted, and seems as if it were strangled, and may well be taken for
a part of the capital it self, having both in the Tuscan and Doric another
annulus or cinCta about it next to the
Echinus, a bottle cut with an edge, as in our Blonie'lis rudely ex-
plained. It is indeed a quarter round, and sometimes more, swelling
above the cinctures, and commonly next to the abacus, carv'd with ovals
and darts (by our workmen call'd eggs and ankers as little pbjitely),
which is frequently shut up with a smaller ovolo of beacis and cbaplets,,
or like ornament : but so adorn'd,. it commonly runs under the Ionic
voluta and that of the Composlta, and next the Doric abacus ; as in that
singular-example of the Trajan Column it creeps under the plinth of the
capital. Such as pretend to etymologies for every thing they hear will
have it I^h/o? ira^a to e^ewj or '<rvv£y(j£tuiaajTov, because of a kind of self con-
traction; others more rationally, from the resemblance and roughness in
the carving £;:(jH/ouT^a%JTe|jo?, as bristling with its darts like a hedge-bog,
or rather the thorny husk of a chest-nutj which being open'd discovers
a kind of oval figur'd kernell which dented a little at the top, the Latins
call decacuminata ova. Under this, as we said, is a smaller bracelet
again^ which incircles the capital under the voluta in the Coijaposita,
38i
taken for the fuserole ; and so likewise in the other orders where the
bvolo or echinus properly enter, having a small moulding beneath it, by
Palladio wBiia d. gradetto ; but of this already. In the Corinthian, an
echinus frequently comes in betwixt the corona and dentilli.
The Voluta, or as we terra it, properly enough, the scroul, is not the
derivative of any Greek word, but the Latin, valuta, h volvendo, for that
it indeed seems to be roll'^ upon an axis or staflF. Alberti calls them
snails-shells from their spiral turn. It is the principal and onlv appro-
priate member of the Ionic capital, which has four in imitation of
a female ornament, as both our master Vitruvius and the author of the
Parallel have learnedly illustrated. The face of it is called Jrons, the
fore-hfead, a little hoUow'd between the edge or list, and the return, pul-
vin or pillow betwixt the abacus and echinus, resembles the side-plaited
tresses of womens hair, to defend as it were the ovolo from the weight
of the abacus (over which the voluta hangs) and superior members,
for the same reason as was intimated in the torus of the base.
There are alst) volutas in the Corinthian and compounded capitals,
whereof the first hath eight, which are angular, the rest consisting
rather of certain large stalkes after a more grotesco design, as may be
gathered from those rams horns in the capital of the columns taken
out of the bathes of Dioclesian ; and in truth they are only the pretty
flexures and scrowlings of Vitici, like the tendrells of vines, whereof the
four larger ones bend under the horns or corners of the abacus, the other
four of lesser size, just under the middle of the arch thereof, beneath the
flower : then the bottom or foot of the calatbus or panier (for that's
divided into three equal parts, as will hereafter appear) shows in front
two entire leaves, and as many half ones, viz. at the angles, and betwixt
those again two stalkes, which, with a tall one in the middle (that
touches the midst of the arch, as we said, it puts forth a flower upon
the brim of the abacus) make in all sixteen in number. To be yet as
accurate as may be in so nice and florid an ornament, these leaves did of
old resemble either the acanthus (though a little more indented and
disguised), from the inventor Callimachus, or (as some) the olive and
paime, for so it is warranted hy VillalpanduS, from that capital of his
descriptionstdndingin the Temple of Solomon. At the extrearaes of
382
these leaves do issue the caules, and codds breaking with the helices,
the rest of the stalkes adorn'd and furnish'd with buds and tender foliage
by the discretion and invention of the ingenious carver. But the domi-
neering tendrells and flexures consist of greater or smaller volutas,
emerging from between the abacus and echinus in smaller ' leaves and
stalks, middling and inferior foliage, as they are distinguish'd by work-
men in the three above-nam'd divisions of the calathus ; but instead
of those helices, at our Corinthian horns, the Composita has her voluta
much more resembling the lonica, and in lieu of those, divers capricious
fantaisies, as horses heads, eagles, and the like ; sed ea doctis non pro-
bantuVf they are rejected by all good Architects, says Philander. Voluta
is likewise among the ornaments of mutuli, curtouses, &c.
Now the center or eye of the Ionic voluta is made by artists with a
Cathetus, which (not over nicely to distinguish from perpendicular,
because the operation of them proceeds from distinct terms)* is meant by
a line let down from above, intersecting the line of the collar (as 'tis
demonstrated in chap. 24 of the "Parallel," with the history of its in-
vestigation) and that small circle at this point of intersection, is meta-
phorically oculus, the eye, from whence the perfect turning of the voluta
has been after an exquisite manner (tho' by few observ'd and practis'd)
found out ; it being here indeed that our workman will be put to the
exercise of his arithmetic, as appears by that accurate calculation in
Nicholas Goldmanus's Restitution of this becoming ornament. Lastly,
The jdhacus (from a6«| or d^ctKiov, which signifies a square trencher
or table) is that quadrangular piece commonly accompanied with a
cymatium (except in the Tuscan), and serving instead of a corona or
drip to the capital, whereof it is the plinth and superior, as has already
been noted. This it is which supports the neather face of the archi-
trave, and whole trabeation. In the Corinthian and Composita the
corners of it are nam'd the horns, and are somewhat blunted and hol-
lowed ; the intermedial sweep and curvature with the arch, has com-
monly a rose or some pretty flower carv'd in the middle of it.
Thus we have finished that head of our column, which being taken in
general for all these members together, is commonly distinguish'd by
the name of capital (an essential member of every order :) taken, I say.
383
for the intire ornament from the astragal and first cincture of it, to th
plinth which bears up the architrave. But it is not to be omitted, thj
the main body of the Corinthian chapiter, of which we have given
large description under the title of Fbluta, consists of a bell, or bask<
rather, \diich is that plain and solid part under the cauliculi and stalki
and out of which they are carved with helices, tendrells, and flowei
already mentioned, and which, in order to their triple series of foliag
(which seems to include and shadow the body of it as 'tis represente
in that curious design of Callimachus's invention), is divided intothre
equal parts : but of this hereafter. There is likewise another capita'
or rather a diminutive of it, by the Greeks called Kt^otkihov^ which doe
not only signifie (as sometimes) the former calathus and basket, bu
more properly that braid or list above the triglyph in the freeze.
Moreover, to the bodies or shafts of some columns appertain
Striges, which (not to insist upon what the learned Vossius and othe
critics have contended) are those excavated channels,, by our workmei
called flutings and groeves. These are particularly alFected to the Ioni(
order (rarely the Doric) uti stolarum rugce^ in imitation of the plait
<rf womens robes, as our master resembles them ; and some of thesi
diannels we find to go winding about pillars, &c. but it is not approved
Between these are the Striee, we may properly English them raies o
lists ; which, being twenty in the Ooric, in the Ionic 24 in number, an
those plain spaces between the flutings in the Ionic, Doric, Corinthian
and Composed Orders, which ornament the three last have (with som<
small difference) borrow'd from the Ionic; and in' some of those (as Ir
that Dioclesian J)oric example) they are so made, as to reduce the rays
to a sharp edge only, by their contiguity without any spaces at all. Bui
sometimes we find the striges to be fill'd up with a swelling, athirdparf
from the base, and these we may call stav'd, or cabled columns ; for so
I think fit to interpret the French embastone, and Alberti's rudem.
Thus we find some Corinthian pillars often treated ; the stria being
commonlv a third or fourth part of the wideness of thp flutings, (in the
Doric not top deep) and diminishing with the contraction of the scapiis,
unless the shaft be very high, in which case the distance does it without
384
the aid of the workman; sometimes also we have seen them totally
fiU'd, and sometimes wrought, but better plain. Note, that where the;^
exceed twenty or twenty-four, they make the columns appear gouty,
We should now come to the Entablature, but a word of
Pillasters, or square columns, call'd by the Greeks (if standing
single) Parastatce, or by the Italians Memhretti. Observing the same
module and ornament in base and capital, if alone, with that of the intire
column ; but so they do not for. their promlnencie, which being to gain
room and to strengthen works (for.tlfie and uphold capacious vaults]
reduces them sometimes to the square, whereof one of the sides is fre-
quently applied to walls, by which alone some will only have them. to
differ from columns themselves ; but that ought to, be understood oi
such as have no imposts and arches, upon which occasions the lights
they let in do much govern their proportions, as Palladio has judiciously
shew'd in 1. 1. c. 13. &c. Likewise, where they happen to he at angles,
and according to the surcharg'd weight; and therefore a rustic super-
ficies, as Sir H. Wotton has discreetly observ'd, does best become them,
as. well as a greater latitude, for so they have sometimes been inlarged to
almost a whole vacuity ; unless where, for their better fortifying, w€
find half, and sometimes whole columns applied to them. As to, the
extancy, engaged In the thickness of the walls, for so we must suppose
them to be, they sometimes shew above a fourth, fifth,, or sixth part oi
their, square ; but this is regulated according to the nature and difference
of the work, which not seldom reduces it to an eight, without any ma
regards to what were requisite if they stood alone, seeing they are ofter
destin'd to stations which require the most substantial props. For thi
rest, they carry the same proportion with their respective orders, anc
are very rarely contracted, unless where they are plac'd behind whol<
columns : if fluted, with not above seven or nine at most. Be this als<
observed ; that as in the fronts of large and noble buildings they shev
very gracefully, being plac'd one over the other before the first and se
cond stories : so In lesser fronts and houses they look but poorly
Lastly, be. this farther noted : tjiat tho' we find the Doric plllaster witl
trlgylph and metop placed about the cupola, 'tis, by no means to b
385
in any sort, to humor the angle of an upright wall, tho' there
t to be a cornice above it, as we frequently find, allowing half to
e, and as much to the other,
isters are likewise smaller or shorter applied to balconies, &c.
ow and then bases, plinth and capital, and so in rails upon stairs,
lents, &c, They also do properly and handsomely, where they
to support cornices. and freezes in wainscoted rooms, provided
ae proportion be observed, without those ridiculous disguisements
sstals and idle fancies commonly wrought about them. They
ill adorn door-cases, chimney-pieces, gallerle-fronts, and other
whence they are called
e, not improperly (as Mons. Perault shews} from the Latin antce,
ir being plac'd before the ancient Temple walls, and colnes stand-
: to secure them, and so at the sides of doors. In short they are
lly own'd among pilasters, observing the same rule in advancing
the work, as columns themselves also do ; otherwise (as was
ilasters us'd to appear very little beyond the perpendicular of the
• work, where there happen'd to be no ornament above, which
' farther, in which case the projecture of both ought to be alike,
er comply with that of the pilaster.
Imposts (by Vltruvius call'd Incumbce) which I mentioned, are
5 but their capitals, or more 'protuberant heads, upon which rest
ds of the arches, which also must conform to their orders ; so as
scan has a plinth only, the Doric two faces around, the Ionic a
re or cavity betwixt the two faces, with now and then carved
ngs, as has likewise the Corinthian and Composita a freeze ; so as
lies of the Imposts exceed not the body of the pilaster. Sometimes
the entablature of the order serves for the Impost of the arch, which
stately, as we see in divers Churches, to which the height exceed-
ontrlbutes, where the projecture is suitable; in the meantime
they exceeded the square and regular thickness, they were nam'd
B, and their quadras or tables (as we yet see them in antier^t altars
onuments) were employ'd for inscriptions; but if shorter and
lassy, they serve for the arches of bridges, for buttresses, and
tentatlon of more solid works, as indeed they need to be, stand-
3d
386
ing in tl|? water, and gradually built as far as its level.; nor ought their
breadth to be less than a sixth part of the wideness of the arch, nor
more than a fourth. They were sometimes made half circular ; but the
antients prefer'd the pointed fit right angles, as better to resist the im-
petuous current, before the more acute and sharper.
Arches or vaults, consisting generally of simple half circles, and now
and then of some lesser point, of all other, require the conduct of an
able Architect well skill'd in geometry. I shall not need to criticize on
the several species of fornices and cradle works, as of late subdivided
into more than we find among the antients, which were not above three
or four ; the simple fornix, or hemicircular, straite or turning ; the tes-
tudo or more circular, and that which by the French is call'd Cul-de-Four
and oven-like ; and the concha, which like a trumpet grows wider as it
lengthens, &c. Of these some are single, some double, cross, diagonal,
horizontally on the plaine ; others ascending and descending, angular,
oblique, pendent; some that sallie out suspending an incumbent burden,
of which there are both concave and convex, as for the giving passage
under upon occasion. But of whatever form or portion of the circle, care
must he had that where they cross the reins or branches springing from
the same point, and their moulding alike, they neither crowd too neere
one another, nor entangle confusedly ; but meeting from angle to angle,
unite at the key-stone, which is commonly carv'd with a rose or some
other ornament ; it being in this disposition of the nerves and branches
wherein consists the artist's great address, and that the concamerated
spaces be exceeding close joynted, needing no pegs, or fillings up with
mortar ; and above all, that the butments he substantial. As now in
cellars, churches, &c. vault and arch, work in warmer climates, both in
the first and second stories, not without frequent and costly sculpture,
various fretts and compartments, of which we have examples antient
aiid modern, far more rich, grave, and stately, than those Gothic sofiits,
gross and heavy, or miserably trifling. Another gre^t address in vaults
work is, to render them light and cheerful, where they are rais'd above
ground, as well as solid ; especially where there is occasion to contrive
them as flat as possible ; such as are to be seen in many bridges, espe-
cially at Pisa over the Arno, so flat as the curviture is hardly discern-
387
able ; and tho' it consists of three arches, yet they are very large, and
there are many at Venice, but not neere of that length. That of thfe
famous Rialto^ over the Grand Canale, is more exalted, being in the base
neere 200 foot, the chord muqh less than half the diameter, arches being
ever strongest as they approach the half circle. The masonry at the
front of these, being cut by a peculiar slope of the stone, is cali'd pen-
nanted till it come to joyn with th'e
Jk[ensulai which, quasi ^tiva, seems to be locked to the pennants in
guize of a wedge, and therefore by our artists nam'd the key-stone:
we have shewed their use where two arches intersect, which is the
strongest manner of cameration. Under the title of arch-work, may
not improperly come in those Scalce Cochlides, spiral, annular, oval,
^nd of whatsoever shape, pensile, and as it were, hanging with or with-
out column, receiving sight from above; all of them requiring the
skiUfiil geometrician, as well as a inaster-mason ; stairs in general being
one of the most usefull and absolutely necessary parts of an house, and
therefore to be contrived with good judgment, whither of stone or
timber ; and so as with ease and cheerfulness one may be led to all the
upper rooms. With ease I mean, that the flights be not too long,
before one arrives to the reposes and landings, without criticizing con-
cerning the number of steps (which tHe antients made to be odd) pro-
vided they exceed not 5 inches in height^ or be less than 15 in breadth,
one foot being scarcely tolerable ; and albeit the length cannot so posi-
tively be determin'd, but should answer the quality and capacity of the
building; it ought not to be shorter than five and an half, or six foot,
that two persons may commodiously ascend together. I speak not of
those (Scalce occult ce) back stayers, which Sometimes require much
contraction (and are more obnoxious to winding steps) but a noble and
ample hovtse may extend even from 8 to 12 foot ito length. And here
I think not amiss to note, that the antients very seldom made use of
arched doors or windows, unless at the entrance of castles, cittys, and
triumphal intercolumnations for the more commodious ingress of horse-
men arm'd with spears, and ensigns, &d. This barbarity, therefore, we
may Idok upon as purely Gothique, who, considering nothing with rea-
son, have intrjBduc'd it Into private houses, and been imitated but by io6
many of our late Architects also, to the no small diminution of the rest,
388
which is better conducted. By intercolumnatioiis I do likewise com-
priehend all terraced and cloister'd buildings, porticos, galleries, attria's,
&c. as before, contiguous to, or standing out from, the body of edi-
fices, in -which cases they' are becomingly proper. And this does natu-
rally lead me to our pillars again, and to consider the spaces between
them.
Inter columnation (antiently much the same in all the orders withoiJt
arches, where spaces may be wider than betwixt single columns) signi-
fies the distance or void between pillar and pillar ; but this not suffi-
ciently explaining the various distance of the several orders in work,
renders it, even in divers of our English authors where they treat of
this art, of sundry denominations. For thus it was usually call'd
Jnsulata Columna, where a pillar stood alone like an island or rock
in the Sea, the one inviron'd with air as the other with water.
jlreostylos belonging chiefly to the Tuscan order, was where the inter-
columnatibn Is very wide, as at the entrance of great cities, forts, &c.
upon which occasions at the least four or five modules (taken for the
whole diameter) may be allowed, and commonly requires a timber archi-
trave. Others almost contrary, when they stand at only a moderate
distance.
JDeaslfyZo*, though sometimes improperly taken for any intercolumna-
tion, is most natural to the Doric, and may have three or four diameters,
nay sometimes more in the' Ionic, as fittest for gates, galleries, and
porches of Pallaces or lesser buildings, and thence were call'd tetras-
tylos and hexastylos.
The JSystylos -nam'd also Pycnostylos (as much as to say thick of
pillars, because seldom allow'd above a module and an half, though
some distinguish the first by an half module more for the Corinthian),
belongs chiefly to the Composita, and it was us'd before temples and
other public and magnificent works of that nature : as at present in the
peristyle of St. Peter's at Rome, consisting of neere 300 columns ; and
as yet remain of the antients among the late discover'd ruins of Pal-
myra. But where in such structures the intercolumnation did not ex-
ceed two diameters, or very little more, (as in the Corinthian, and espe-
/cially the Ionic,) the proportion of distance was so esteemed for its
38Si
Beauty and other petfections, that it was by a particular eminence termed'
eustylos, as being of all other the most graceful. But it is not now so
frequent as of old, to be at that vast, charge, as the number and multi-
tude of columns (which were usually of one entire stone, exceeding all
the other pairts and ornaments of building,) would ingage the most
opulent Prince. Whilst we find those enormous structures of temples,
amphitheaters, naumachia, circus, baths, porches, tribuna,ls, courts,
and other places of public convention, were built and advanced not
only by the general contribution of the people, or out of the^^cA and
charge ■ of the state ; but very often by the munificence of Emperors,
who, glorying in nothing more than in that of beautifying and adorn-
ing of the most famous cities in the several provinces, us'd to imploy'
thousands of their slaves to hew and work in the quarrys, abounding
tvith all sorts of the richest marbles, or with serpentins, ophites, por-'
phyris, and -such as for hardness and difficulty of polishing, our tobl^-
wilt now hardly enter ; and when the pillars (and attire about them)
were finish'd, to send and bestow them gratis towards the encourage-
ment and advancement of those public works, &c. But after this Con-
stantine the Great, meditating the translation of the Imperial Seat,
(from the West to the East) took another course (tho'' by no means so-
laudable), causing many of the most magnificent buildings to bedepriv'd
of their columns, - statues, inscriptions, and noblest antiquities, to be
taken away and caryed to Byzantium (now Constantinople), to adorn-
his new City with the spoyks of Rome; whilst what ruins and frag-
ments were left (and had escap'd the savage Goths and Vandals), were
stripp'd of all that yet remained of venerable and useful antiquity, by
the succeeding Pontiflfe, for the building of stately palaces, villas^ and
country-houses of the upstart Nepotismcj as are standing both ait pre-
sent in the cltys, and the sweetest and most dehcious parts of the coun-
try about it; proud of what yet stood of the miserable 'demoHtion of
temples, arches, mausoleas, &c. so justly perstring'd in that sarcasme,
Quodnonfecerunt barbari, fecerunt Barharini : and indeed, the su-
perb Palaces of Card. Antonio, Panfilio,&c. nephews to Pope Urban
the VIII. and his successors, are instances of this : so ias I hardly can^
tell of any one antient structure (not excepting the Pantheon) but what
390
has suflFer'd such ignominious marks and disguises, as that the learned
author of the "Paralell," together with all the asSiembly of the most skil-
ful artists (which he has brought together), have hardly been able (with
infinite pains, charge, and industry,) to recover the just proportions and
necessary adjuncts of the antient orders. But to return where we left
speaking of columns : we are not there obliged to reckon any of them
as meaning different orders, kinds, or species of building (as in the fol-
lowing enumeration), but as relating to the several dispositions of them,
agreeable to their interoolumnation. For where the sides had ranges of
columns^ as in those large xystas, temples, porticos, atrias and ves-
tibula of the Greeks and Romans, (which were certain arched or plainly
architrav'd buildings in form of cloysters and galleries, commonly stand-
ing out from the rest of the edifice, and now and then alone, and within
also^) the antients named no fewer than seven, according as they were-
applied to the several species, disposition, or comiposition of the fabric,
or more plainly, such as were more proper for a temple, according; as it
was built and plac'd designedly for more or fewer ranks of columns, at
the entrance only, on every side about it, without or within ; not regard-;
ing their proportion or ornament, which ' is a different consideration (for
so I think Vitruvius may be taken) of these. The first is
1. :Antes, of which we have already spoken.
2. The Prostyle^ whose station being at the front, consisted of only
four columns. '
3. Amfhyprastyle, where the building had a double ^ronao* or porch,
consisted but of four at each.
4. Periptere, where the columns range quite about the building,
six in front ; the intercolumnation two diameters of whatever order it
consist, the pillars standing downward.
5. Pseudodiptere (bastard or imperfect), as consisting of a single
rank only, yet of eight columns in front at two diameters distance ; so
as left space enough for another row from the main building. Whereas
the
6. Diptere has a double row of as many quite about, and octostyle
in front also, at the distance of emtyle, that is, two diameters artd a
391
quarter. This made as it were a double portico, which we call Isles.
Lastly, the .
. 7- £fypethre, consists of two ranks of columns all about, with ten at
each face of the building, and n peristyle within of single columns;
the rest being ex pos'd to the air, that is, not walled in (and plac'd as the
^cnostyle closer to one another), we have call'd peristyle, which tho'
importing a colonade or series of columns ranging quite about, yet are
not all which are so plac'd, ■to be call'd so, unless standing within the
walls, which is essential to. their denomination ; since otherwisie, as well
the periptere as monoptere (both consisting but of a single range or
wing a piece) should then be peristyles, which they are not: besides,
the monoptere is only where a roof is supported without any wall or
closure whatsoever, as in that example of Vitruvius, lib. 4. cap. 7. all
which I have only mention' d for the benefit of our country workmen,
who do frequently even amongst our English translators of Architecto-
nical Treatises, meet with those hard names without their interpreta-
tion, when they discourse of these open and airy ornaments, whether
adjoyning to and supporting more contignations and stories, or invi-,
roning them, and prominent from them ; and because it is for this that
our master Vitruvius so passionately wishes that his Architect should
be (as of old they styl'd Callimachus) Phllotechnos, an industrious
searcher of the sciences, which is the same that a good Philologer is
amongst our literati.
Moreover, instead of columns the antients (as how the modern but
too often) used to place the whole figures of men and women to sup-
port and bear up intire cornices, and even huge masses of buildings;
but of this at large in, Gap. 22, 23, of the Parallel, Part I. These they
also nam'd Telamones or Atlas's, the French Consoles, where they
usually set them to sustain the architrave, which for being the next
member in order to the capital we come next to explain.
The Greeks nam'd that epistilium, which we from a mungril com-
pound of two languages d^x't-trabs (as much as to say the principal beam
and summer or rather from arcus and trabs,) call architrave ; Ut velint
irabem hrnipArcus vices sustinere qui ct columna ad columnam sinuari
solet, as Baldus, with reason, from its position upon the column, or rather
392
indeed the abacus of the capital. It is the very first member of that
which we call entablature in our translation of the Parallel ; and for-
merly in the Tuscan ordei', framed for the most part of timber in. regard
of the distant intercolumnation. It is also frequently broken into 'two
or three divisions, call'd by artists
Fascias, or rather, plain fasces, a little prominent, the lowest
being ever the narrowest. These breaks arriving sometimes to 1/,
sometimes to 18 minutes in breadth, some rather choose to call faces
than fascias, swathes, fillets, or bands, by which they are usually dis-
tlnguish'd into first, second, and third, especially in the three latter
orders; Yor in the Tuscan and Doric they do not so properly enter,
though our Parallel yield us two approv'd examples. These are fre-
quently, and indeed for the most part, separated with a small astragal
cut into heads, or some such slight carving ; the fascias of the archi-
trave likewise curiously wrought, as in that wonderful instance of a
Gbrinthlan entablature taken out of Dioclesian's bathes. Fascia, in
the notion I would rather take it, should be for that narrower band
about the Tuscan and other basis as some call it ; or rather the square list
under the superior forM5 in some pedestals nam' d supercilium,: and not
properly the to7-us it self, as in divers English profiles- they erroneously
make it ; for supercilium seems to be a kind of corona or drip to the
subjacent members. In chimneys the architrave is the mantle ; and
over the antepagmenta or jambs of doors, and llntells of windows, the
Aj/joer^Aj/r-on, which the Italians call sopprafrontale, and our carpenters
the king-piece, immediately under the corona as a large table to supply
the freeze, especially in the Doric order,, and chiefly over porticos and
doors; whilst,- as to the precise rule for the fillet of the architrave, the
Tuscan challenges one; the Doric and Composita two ; the Corinthian
three; -sometimes interrupted to let in a table for an inscription.
The uppermost fascia of the architrave for the most part is, and
Indeed always should be (the Tuscan only excepted), adorn'd with a
Lysis, -br
Cymatium m\evted,\v\nch is no more than a wrought or plain
o-gee as our workmen barbarously name it; the term is KujttaT-'ov undiilu,
dnd -signifies a rolling wave to the resemblance whereof it is moulded.
393
•By some it is call'd the tkroat, as from the Italian and French, gi
geule, or doucine, and of these there are two kinds ; the first s
principal hath always its cavity above, and doth constantly jett over
ctmena or drip like a wave i?eady to fall, and then is properly ea
sima ; the other has its hollow below, and is nam'd irwersa, the (
convex, the other concave : the letters /thus placed do reasonably \
express these kind of mouldings, which not only enter into the mem
of the architrave where 'tis ever inverted, but (as we said) perpetm
above the corona, where they do frequently encounter and meet toget
with a small Fegaila between them, whichj as it were, separate the ps
as the freeze from the cornice and the like ; but then the neather is
Lesbyan ever reversed, and very narrow ; though ofttimes both of th
carv'd and adoxn'd with foliage, &c. In the Doric order the upm
c^maitium of the entablature is somewhat different, consisting
of a single hollow only under the list : in the mean time, there is
small nicety among Architects, about this necessary ornament, both
to the name and placing ; giving to the Itirger the name of i^mati
revers'd, or doucine; to the smaller., that of simus or flat-nos
commonly placed beneath the other, under a ^mall fillet; yetJaol
essentially, but that it has been supplied by the astragal ; however,
most natural place of the great cymativm is upon the superior corr
where our master gives it the name of epictheates, and should c
cover the sloping sides oi Jrontoons or tynvpanum.
Cymatium is also about the heads of modilions, and constitutes |
of them, as likewise it enters into abacus, and on pedestals as in st^
batee corona, and the base thereof, where we find them both inverti
though I remember sto have seen the upmost with the recta also in
cornice abovemention'd. But instead of cymatium separating the arc
trave and freeze, teeida oftentimes supplies tlie room.
Tcmia is properly Diadema, a bandlet or small fillet with ivhich tl
used to bind the head ; and rather those Lemnisci and rubans which
see carv'd and dangling at the ends of gyrlands. The interpre
«f Hans Bloome names it the top of a pillar but very insolent
it being indeed the small fescia part of the Doric architrave (oi
Perault, strictly belonging to the cornice alone) sometimes, but seld<
3e
394
with a narrow "cymatium or regula under it, as that runs under the
triglyphis as a kind of base : some ciall it the neather Taenia (as
Philander frequently) to distinguish it from the bandage which com-
poses the tapitelli of the triglyphs, and continues between them over
the metops, and hot seldom under a cavetto or small cymatium with
which Suidas iand bther learned critics many times confound it. In a
Word 'tis that in the Doric architrave which cymatium is in the other
order, and separates the epistylium or architrave from the
Freeze, the word in Gi'eek is Z'uo<po^og and does genuinely import the
imaginary circle of the zodiac depicted with the twelve signs ; but by
tour Architects 'tis taken for the second division of the entablature above
the columns,, being like a. fair iand ample table between the former
teniae, and which though oftentimes plain should he pulvinatus, pillow'd,
or swelling in the Ionic order ; but in the Doric enrich'd with the
triglyph and metops, and with a thousand Historical, Symbolic, Gro-
tesque and other florid inventions in the rest of the orders (Tuscan
excepted), especially the Corinthian and Composita, and sometimes with
inscriptions. Our term is deriv'd either from the Latin phij/gia a
border, or from the Italian freggio, which denotes any fring'd or
embroider'd belt. Philander says a. phrygionibiis, not from the Phryges,
a people of the Minor Asia^ as some erroneously, but phrygionejs, a
certain broidery or flowr'd needle work, as one should say Troy-stitch,
whence haply our true-stitch) in imitation whereof they wrought flowfers
and compartments upon the freeze; which is commonly no broader
than the architrave : in the Ionic if plain, a fourth part less ; if wrought
a fourth part larger, of which see more where we spake of ornaments.
Besides this bf the entablature, the capitals of both Tuscan and
Doric have the freeze likewise commonly adorn'd with four roses and
as many smaller flowers, for which cause 'tis called the freeze of the
capital also, as we noted, tc* distinguish it from the other ; likewise
hypotracheliunij from its posture between the astragal and the regula,
or annulus of the echinus : this Tuscan freeze is plain and very simple \
but in the rest of -the orders it is ertipldyed with the echinus, as in the
lonica, and the capital cauhculi or stalkes in thef other two; theses
3m
roses are also sometimes insculped under the prominent horns or an^es
of the Doric abacus.
The Triglt/phs^ which I afl5rm'd to be charged on the Doric freeze,
is a most inseparable ornament of it. The word T^/yXui^oj in Greek
imports a three sculptur'd piece, quasi tres habens glyphas. By their
triangular furrows, or gutters rather, they seem to me as if they were
meant to convey the guttae or drops which hang a little under them ;
though there are who fancy them to have been made in imitation of
Apollo's lyre, because first put in work (as they affirm) at the Delphic
temple. You are to note that the two angular hollows are but half
chanell'd, whence they are call'd sermcanaliculce, to distinguish them
from the canaliculi whose flutings are perfect, and make up the three
with their interstices or spaces, being as many flat and slender shanks,
for so we may. interpret the Latineyemora : one of these is ever plac'd
'twixt two columns, and should be about the breadth of half its diameter
below. The Italians name them pianetti, small plains, and so do we ;
and they constantly reach the whole diameter of the freeze, being
crown'd with the formerly mention'd capital, part of the upper taenia,
and determining with th« neather, where it intercepts them from the
prominent*
GuttcB, or Drops. It is certainly the most conspicuous part of the
Doric freeze, supposed to- have been at first so carved upon boards, only
that had been clap'd on the extremities of the cantherii, joists or
rafters ends, which bore upon the upper fascia of the architrave, to take
oflp from, the deformity, as also were the triglyphs.. How indispensably
necessary they are both to be placed in a just and due square from each
other, and perpendicularly over their columns, the author of the ''Paral-
lel" has ahew'd, chap. 2, part 1 ; as in that of the temple of Solomon,
according to Villalpandus's design, how they have been admitted into the
Qprinthian freeze but vyithout the guttce and so in the Persique* These
gultcei are, as I said;, those six appendant drops or tears- affected only^ to
the Doric order, seeming as it were to trickle- down- and, flow- from the
dhannels and shanks of the triglyphs through the neather taenia., and
small reglet or moulding under it.
Gutice' are sometimes made in shape of flat triangles, sometimes
3^6
swelling like the section of a cone or bell (but isquare at the botto
and therefore so call'd by the French Architects. They are also vtt
the planton and the modilions which support the cornice, eighteer
number, dxaetly over the triglyphs, as in that most conspicuous eleval
of the profile after the stately relitjue at Albano near Rome, than wh
nothing can be iraagln'd more noble and magnificent. Albert! c
these ^uttae clavos, as conceiving them to be in resemblance of na
but without any reason for his conjecture.
JMeiopee are the next in order, and are nothing else save those em
spaces in the freeze 'twlxt the triglyphs in the Doric order, either pz<
and plain, or figur'd, for that is not necessary always, to the great e
of Architects, who oftentimes find it so difficuflt to place them at j
distances, that, except in church-works, they frequently leave them o
The word is derlv'd of fiera ottij^ which is foramen, intervallum in
Seidpturce cava, or if you. will, Inter tignium, as importing here rati
the forenamed spaces, than what those pretend who will fetch it fr
the MsTUTTov, or forehead of the beasts whose sculls (remaining after I
sacrifices) were usually carved in these intervals ; because in these '
Guitles were the passages for the ends of the joysts, timbers and raft
which rested upon the architrave, and were to fill up that deformii
they usually made it up with some such ornaments, suppose of skul
dishes, and other vessels; nay sometimes with Jupiter's squib or thund
bolt, targets, battle-axes, roses, and such other trophies, as were fou
most apposite to the occasion, and not preposterously fillM them (as c
workmen too often do) without any relation to the subject ; so as I he
frequently seen oxes heads carved on the freeze of an house of pleasi
in a garden, where roses and flowers would have been more prop
There are sundry other ornaments likewise belonging to the freeze, su
as encarpa, festoons, and frutages, tyed to the horns of the skulls w:
taeniae and ribbands tenderly flowing about this member, and sometin
carried by little Pm^z, boys, cupids, and a thousand other rich inventic
to be found in good, examples. But we are now arriv'd to the thmk a
last member of the entablatwre^ separated from the freeze by the super
taenia, the cornice.
The Cornice, Coronis^ or as it is cdHectively taken for its se\(?eral a
397
distinct mouldings and ornaments, eompTebends 1. regula ; 2. cymatiium;
S.dentelli; 4. ovob or echinus; 5. modiltons or bedding-mouldings
which support the corona; 6. sima recta and mversa (rarely a cavette);
7. and lastly, another regula, which concludes the whole order. We
will begin with the first, being sometimes a small scotia consisting of an
half or quarter Poun<i, that now and then also both in the Tuscan and
Dori<j divides th« freeze from the cornice in pl<ace of the taenia, as does
the cymatiura in the rest of the orders. The
Ovolo is next in the plainer orders ; but it is inrich'd in the Corin-
thian like the echinus, which (if you please) you may take for the same
thing in an Italian dress, some like eggs, some like hearts with darts
sy?mbolizing love, &c. In the Tuscan and Doric 'tis turn'd like a scima
or cymatium, and is substituted for support of the corona; but in the
last 'tis usually accompanied with a slender regula above it, and in the
Corinthian both above and beneath, where it is likewise frequently
carv'd and adorn'd with a broad welt like a plinth.
Dentelli, are the teeth (a member of the cornice)- Immediately above
the cymatium of the freeze, by some named also assert from their square
fo^m; I say in the Corinthian and Ionic, &c. for in the Doric order
they were not antiently admitted, or rather not properly, according to
the opinion of our master^ though we must needs acknowledge to have
found them in the most authentic pieces extant. As for their dimen-
sions, they kept to no certain rule, but made them sometimes thicker,
sometimes thinner, squam,, or long, and more in number ; but commonly
the spaces less by an half, sometimes by a third part than the
teeth, which were themselves twice as high as their breadth, and fre-
quently (especially in the more polite orders) beginning with the cone
(rf a pine, pendent at the vevy point over the angular column. Loma-
tius is yet more precise in this particular, and gives them as much height;
a& the middle fascia of the architrave, prcg^cture, equal (somewhat too
much) front twice the breadth of their height, and a third part less than
their breadth for vacuity. The dentelli have oftentimes a small uegufe',
and now and then more than one, as usually in the lonica, where it has
likewise an o vote or echinus for the bedding o^ the corona ^ but if in-
riched, and that two o^them encounter, one shipuld*be simple and' plain.
398
as where it happens to, be be inserted beniCath. it. Next to. this superior
echinus are the modilions; but instead of them dentelU are thpught to
have been, first instituted, and for that reason superfluously Joyn'd where
inu,t.ules are; and therefore where, we find taenia under modilions, it is
not properly divided into teeth, nor is it rashly to be imitated, though
we have some great examples to countenance it. That of the Pantheo.n.
may safely guide us herein, where it is left plain for this very cause, and
that the reason of the thing does not in truth allow it. However, it,
must be acknovyledged, nothing has been more grossly, abused even
amongst our most renowned masters.
Modilions, being certain supports in form of corhells, cortouzes, and
mutules, are a kind of bragets to the corona, and in those orders whe^e
they enter, supply the part of the bedding-moulding,, as our workmen
style the ovolo in this place; for so they, frequently do in the Doric. apd
Ionic, but then without. any other ornament than a slight Gymatium. to
hedge them, and to be always placed over the triglyphs. In, the Corin-
thian and Composita, (which is their true place) they are enriched with
all the delicateness and curiosity imaginable (^especially in the Corin-^
thian) capp'd, as 1 said, with a curiously carv'd small cymatium,. where
they are contiguous to ihe plancere or roof of the corona. Our ordinary
workmen make some distinction between modilions and those other sorts
of bragets whlcK they call cartells and mutules^ usually carv'd like, the
handels of vessels, scroul'd, flow'rd, and. sometimes sculptur'd with the.
triglyph : and such were the ancones amongst the Greeks ; and such
are often found supporting little tables for inscriptions, the stools of
windows, which jetty out, and, shields, and compartments for coats, of.
arras, &c. That there should be no guttce under mutules, or dentelli
under modilllons, is the opinion of divers, learn'd Architects, though
(a? was said) we frequently find them chanell'd like the triglyph, and that
in authentick examples, Philander is forit, and pronounces them more
proper than eveu under the purest triglyph, fojr signifying (says he) Canie-,
riorum Capita, undestillicidium fieri certurn est, drgps.agd icicles, com-,
monly hanging at the ends pf our rafters upon every weeping shower,
whereas triglyphi import only the projectures of the beams and tim-
berSj pothing so much exposed : but this I leave to the more judicious ;.
399
whilst as to their shape, they should be square under the corona at double
their breadth the interval, and just over the middle of the columns: how
otherwise us'd, see in Tympanum, Mutules.
Mutules, quasi fiuriXog (a kind of modilions also, or rather the same
under an Italian term) have their name from their defect, as being made
thinner and more abated below than above, and therefore naturally and
discreetly destin'd to places where they are but little burthen'd with
weight, as here under that little remainder of the cornice, are to bear up
little statues, busts, vasas, &c. ; and so where they are set under the peda-
ments and lintels of doors and windows. Most preposterous, there-
fore, and improper is our frequent assigning such weak supporters
to isuch monstrous jetties and excessive superstructures as we
many times find under balconies, bay-windows, and long galle-
ries ; where instead of mutules the antients would have plac'd some
stout order of columns. But by these unreasonable projectures (ob-
scuring the lights of the rooms under them) it comes to pass, that in
time our strongest houses are destroyed, and drawn to their irrecoverable
ruin. For the proportion of mutules, I commonly find them a fourth
jjart higher than their breadth, their intervals being as wide as two ;
but neither do I find these so constantly regular, only that there be ever
one plac'd at the corners and returns of the corona ; and then if they
interchangeably diflfer as to the spaces, and as the rafters direct, there
are examples abundant for their justification. And after all, they little
differ from modilions, save that they are most proper td the Doric cor-
nice, representing and covering the ends of the rafters; whereas modilion
serves for any order.
I shall not need to define what is meant by Projectures, ,when I have
said it is the same our English authors call the sailings over and out-jet-
tings of any moulding beyond the upright wall. The Italians name
them sporti, the Greeks ecphoras, and for the same reason all margins
whatsoever which hang over beyond the scapus of a column are Projec-
tures ; and for a general rule it should be equal to the breadth of what
projects, relation being discreetly had to the height, which best deter-
mines it.
Corona, is next the last considerable member remaining of the intire
400
^ntaWatm-e, and (tho' bat a part only of the cornice) seems indeed to
set the crown upon the whole work. I say considerable, because being
regularly plac'd so near the uppermost ovolo or mutules, it serves to de-
fend all the rest of the edifice from the rain and injuries of the weather,
and therefore has its prefectures accordingly, and should be one of the
strongest square members of the cornice. It is sometimes taken for the
inftire cornix or cornice with all its ornaments, but strictly, for that part
^f it above the modilions, ovolo, echinus or ogee, by a turn under the
plunceere. We find the corona omitted and quite left out of that stately
ji^rco di Leoni, but it is worthily reproved by our author of the Pa-
rallel, as being a member of indispensable use. Corona is by some call'd
supercilium, but rather I conceive stillicidium the drip (Corona el/v-
colata vite), and with more reason; so the French '/ar'm^er•, gocciola-
toio and ventalehy the Italians, to denote its double office of protecting
both from water and wind. For this reason likewise have our ILatin
authors nam'd this broad plinth mentum, a chin ; because it carries off
the wet from falling on the rest of the entablature, as the prominency
of that part in mens faces keeps the sweat of the brows and other liquid
distillations from trickling into the neck ; and in imitation hereof, the
antient potters invented the brimming of their vessels, by turning over
some of the ductile matter when the work was on the wheel. Some-
times there have been two coronas in a cornice, as in that Corinthian
instance of the Rotunda ; and so it is frequently used in the stxflobatie
under g^Za inversa; and truly it may be justly repeated, as the expo-
sure and occasion requires it (so it be not too near one another), all
projectures being but a kind of corona to the subjacent members ; and
therrfore their projectures are accordingly to be assign'd, and by no
means to be cut and divided to let in windows and tables. Coroim is
also taken for the interior and exterior curvature of an arch or vault.
The under part of the roofs of coronas (which are oomaionly wrought
hollow, by sometimes, as we said^ making part of the cymatium) are
by our Artists call'd planceeres, and those the cqfers^ wherein are cut
the roses, pomgranades, flowers or fretts which adorn the spaces betwixt
the heads of the modilions and mutules. This ceiling the Italians name
mffito, and it signifies not only "that part of the corona which sallies
401
over, but the lacunar, lacus, or plain of all other roofs made of- tabu-
lations and boards appsarlng between the joysts, and which (as now,
especially in other countries) were also formerly gilded, carv'd, and most
magnificently emboss'd with fretts of wonderful relievo ; nay sometimes
to the excess of inlayings with ivory, mosaique and other rich and charge-
able works. Pliny, 1. 35. cap. 11. tells us of one Pamphilius, the master
of Apelles, to have been the first which brought this roof-painting into
vogue. But I refer the reader who thirsts after more of this, to the
learned Salmasiuis on Solinus, p. 1215. Nor is yet the corona perpe-
tually plain as we commonly see it; sometimes (though rarely indeed)
I find it carv'd also, as in that incomparable Composita of Titus's Arch,
jind that of Dioclesian's Baths in the Corinthian order, and as is indeed
every individual member of that entire entablature to the utmost excess
of art; but how far this may be imitable, consult the judicious *' Parallel;"
while 'tis yet considerable that it is there but with a kind of Sulcus or
channel, in imitation of triglyph, or a short fluting rather, being indeed
more proper for carrying off the water than any other work could liave
been devised. .Corona has over it a small regula, or an inrichment of
some sleight chaplet in the Corinthian, &c. after which cymatium, as in
that of Titus's Arch before rehearsed ; sometimes likewise with an ovolo
or echinus cut with ovals and darts-(or as we call them eggs and ankers)
as in that example of Nero's Frontispiece^ and upon this again the double
cymatium, whereof the first is inverted, and over the neathermost and
most narrow, the other recta, very large and prominent, being now and
then adorn'd with lyons heads plac'd just opposite to the modilions (of
which see that curious research ofthe learned Dr. Brown in his Vulgar
Mrrors)y though sometimes they are adorn'd with foliage only. Lastly,
for a final sTrtd'nxn or super-imposition (if I may be indulg'd so to
name it), w€ are now climb'd to the most supream projecture, and ulti-
mate part of the whole cornice, namely, the
Hegula, which some make a part of the sima or gula recta, by
Palladio the intavolato, and which I think to be the sole member which I
never remember to have seen anywhere carv'd, but always plain, though
in some of the orders of near eight minutes In breadth. It is very true, that
fcotia (which I now and then call eavetto or small hollow) does in some
3 F
402
l^wdjwhle exiampks 9uppP¥t this me»ber iastead of cymatium, but not so
frequeaitly; and that the Tuscan cornice terminates in a cymatium
without this regula, or rather in an ovolo, as iu those examples after
Sebastian Serlio, &c, ; but it is not after a true gusto, and the fancy is
particul^t. Regwhy call'd also* U&telia, cincta, &c. (of which some-
thipg akeady hath been spoken) is always that sup^eiU'Um or superior
member of the. cornice, though it b® likewise taken for that which is by
some call'd quadrdi being those two lists commonly call'd seotia, as we
find it ia the lojiic spira both, above and beneath. Sometimes also it
signifies the rings or small ferub, begirting the scapus of a column near
the apophyges, or the plinth ©fa pedestal : therefore I distinguish them,
though yet they may h^ accounted the same, seeing they usually import
any small plain fillet dividing greater members ; for so Philander calls
almost all simiple parts broader or narrower, which like fillets encompass
the rest; or rather as sycis separates the members from contiguity,
both for variety and distinction, as in the Doric trabeation, regula,
sima, cymatium, ^c. ; in the capital, regula, cymatium, plinthus; in
the cornice of the stylpbata, also regula, cymatium, astragalus : but
vjfhere it is no less conspicuous, is in that part of the triglyph which
jetts out under the tgenia^ and from which the guttse depend, where it
seems to be a part of the very architrave, it self. Lastly, before I alto-
gether leave the cornice (which is indeed the top of all, and may be
called the crown of th^ corona it self), it may rot be amiss to add this
short note, for joyners and such as make cornices of wainscot, or fret-
work, concerning the projectures, which having relation to the height,
an inch allow'd toe very foot suffice for a room of 15 foot pitch, which is
one foot three inches, where there is freeze and cornice ; if much higher,
and that there be the whole entablature, each shall require a tenth part.
To conclude, the very meanest building, farm, or out-house, deserves a
moulding, cornice with a quarter round or ovolo, a cymatium and fillet.
And may thus much suffice to have been spoken of the cornice or
upper memlier of the tra>beatioo, which we mean by the entablature,
for both these terms sigoifie but one and the same thing, viz. the archi-
trave, freeze, and cornice ; which 1 therefore the more precisely note,
because some writers apply it only to the very cover and upmost top of
403
ihe orders; but so does not our country-iflan John Shute, whose book
being printed anno 1584,* (and one of the first that was published of
-Ai-ehitecture iii the English tongue) keeps rathei" to the antient terms
than by mixing them with such barbarous ones as were aftferwai'ds intro-
duc'd, indanger the confusion of young students, and siiich as applied
themselves to the art. Finally, to reform another riii^tialtfe I think good
to note that where we find coronix in otki* authorsj it is- rath«r meant
for all that moulding projecting over the dye or square of the pedestal
(by some call'd cimd) then this conclusive superior member of the en-
tablature which we name the cornicei But I have done, nor needs
there more be added for the perfect intfellig&rice of the most minute
member, and ornament mentioned in this PctralM', or I ctniceive in any
other author whatsoever treating concfertiing this Art, aiid naturally ap-
plicable to the order, by which we are all along to- understand certain
rules and members agreed on for the proportions and differences of co-
lumns, the characters, figures and ornd.aiehts belonging to every part
and memjber, whether bigger or lesser, plain or ittrich'd : or as others,
a regular arrangement of the principal and constituent parts of a co-
lumn, from whence there insults that cortiposition which gives it useful-
ness, with grace and beauty. This for cdfisisting then of the Several
shapes and measures, obliges us to say soinething rtiorfe of proportion, as
being indeed the very foundation of Architecture it self, rising, as We
shew, from the representation of natural things ; noi'ife it in thife Art
only applicable to the dispositions and kinds of thofee edifices (which we
have already spoken of), but to eVefy individual meihbei' of an orffer,
which Vitruvius will have t&k^n from the rcgtilar' dimensions arid prd-
portions of the parts of the humane body, in relatiott to any one moderate
measure of the same body, diflFereiltly multiplied iti several parts : as for
instance, the head for an eighth part of the whole ; twice from tliie point
of one shoulder to the other extream, &c. ; thiice in the arm, four times
from the hip downwards, &c. ; or, as Albert Durer, by multiplyirig; the
• In folio, and entitled, " The first and chief Grounds of Architecture vsed in all the auncient
and famous Monyments; with a farther and more ample Discourse vpon the same than hitherto
hath been set out by any other." 1 563, and reprinted in 1584.
404
face from the. bottom of the chin to the upper part of the forehead,
reckons the whole length to be ten, et sic de cceteris ; according to which
the diameter of a column shall be ten times in the height of the Corin-
thian ; the intercolumniation eustyle, two and a quarter, &c. of which
let the curious consult our master learned interpreter^ lib. _ 3. cap. 1.
where he discourses of positive and unalterable establishments ; whilst
that which we mean by proportion here, is the scale by which all the
parts are regujated as to their just measures and projectures, and this
has by Artists been call'd the
Moduli or as Vitruvius (and some will Have it) ordonation ; ex-
plained by modica commoditas, to be taken for the parts or quantities
by which the several members of an order are calculated and adjusted in
their composition. In the mean time, to avoid all uncertainties and per-
plexity of measures differing in most countries, some dividing into more,
others into fewer parts, to the great ease of both Architect* and Work^
men, by Modtds* is to be understood the diameter or semi-diameter ofa
column of whatever order, taken from the rise of the shaft or superior
member of the base, namely, at the thickest and most inferior part of
the cylinder ; from whence Monsieur de Chambray (following Palladio
and Scamozzi), taking the semi -diameter divided into 30 equal parts or
minutes, make it to be the universal scale. Now tho' Architects gene-
rally measure by the whole diameter (excepting only in the Doric,
which they reckon by the half,) it makes no alteration here, so as the
workman may take which he pleases. We proceed next to the orders ,
thetpse^yes ; nor let it be thought a needless repetition, if having given
the learner (for to such I only speak) so minute and full a description of
all those parts and members whereof the several orders are compos'd
and distinguish'd, I go on to shew how they are put together in work,
by what they have in common, or peculiar to denominate the species,
and bring the hitherto scattered and dispersed limbs into their respective
bodys.
We have already shew'd (speaking of capitals) that a column, which
is strictly the naked post or cylinder only, does not assume the name
* Note, that to distinguish it from Modell/by which is signified the type (or geometrical i'epre-
sentation ofa building) this is to be read with the fifth vowel, that by the second.
40S
and dignity of any drderj till compleatly qualified with those parts antJ
accessaries which give it name, pre-eminence and rank ; but being sd
distinguish'd, they are to Architects what the several Modes are in
Mixsic^ and carminum genere among the Poets: all buildings whatso-
ever coming properly under the regiment of some one or other of them,
or at least ought to do, and they are five (according to the vulgar ac-
count), namely, Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Composita. But
since the first and last of these are not admitted by our great niasters, as
legitimate orders (to which indeed the antient Greeks claim only title),
we might with Vitruvius, and our author of the "Parallel," leave them
to bring up the rear; did not custom, as we said, and common use suflB-
ciently justify our assigning this place for the
Tjisean, Rustic, or by whatever name dignified, or disgrac'd : for
being seldom found in the antient fabrics of the Romans themselves,
•by which name it is also call'd, it seems yet to challenge some regard
from its resemblance to those plain and simple rudiments of those primi-
tive buildings, where they laid a beam on the top of two forked posts,
newly cut and brought out of the forest, to support that which gave
covering and shade to the first Architects, such as they were, and we
have descrlb'd; till time and experience, which mature arid perfect all
things, brought it into better form and shape ; when the Asiatic, Ly-
dians, who are said first to have peopled Italy, brought it into that part of
it call'd Tuscany. Nor let it altogether be despis'd because of its native
plainness, which rarely admits it into buildings where ornament is ex-
pected ; since besides its strength and suflSciency (which might com-
mute for its want of other beauty, and give place at the ports and en-
trances of great cities, munitions, magazines, amphitheatres, bridges,:
prisons, &c. that require strength and solidity), we find It capable also
of such illustrious and majestic decorations, as may challenge all the
Grecian orders to shew any thing approaching to it, so long as those
three famous Columns, those of Trajan and Antoninus's at Rome, and a
third of Theodosius's at Constantinople, stand yet triumphant, and
braving so many thousands of the other orders, which lie prostrate, bu-
ried in their dust and ruins. Nor is this the first example (as some
pretend) as appears by that antient Pillar erected to Valerius Maxlmus,
406
sirnam'd Gorvinus, on which was plac'd a raven, in memory of what
happen'd in the famous duel between that hero and the gygantic Gaule.
Thus whilst the rest of the orders are assisted to support their charge
and heavy burdens by their £eIlo\vs, and a conjugation- of entablature
not allow'd to this, the Tuscan stands alone like an island, steady and as
immoveable as a rock.
This column, with its base and capital, is in length seven diameters,
taken at the thickest part of the shaft below ; the pedestal one ; the
base one module or half diameter, which divided into two equal parts,
one shall be the plinth, the other for the torus and cincture, which being
but a fourth part of the breadth in this order only, makes a part of the base
("peculiar to it self alone), as in the other it does of the shaft it self.
The capital is one module, which divided into three equal parts, one
shall be for the abacus, the other the ovolo, the third parted into seven,
whereof one is the list, and the remaining six for the column. The lower
astragal is double the height of the list under the ovolo* Note, that
Vitruvius makes no difference 'twixt the capital of this order' from the
Doric, as to proportions, tho' Artists dispute it, who (as was said) allovV
it a semi-diameter.
Now, tho' they have not granted it any fixt and certain entablature,
but chosen what they, thought fit out of other orders, yet they seldom
give it less than a fourth part of the height of the shaft, like the DoriCj
which commonly, and very properly, supplies the place of the Tuscan,
and that with a great deal of more grace, where they stand in'consort, as
in.arfihes, and the like. The distance or intercolumniation of this order,
sometimes amounting, to four diameters, sometimes requires an architrave
of timber; or if of stone, to be plac'd much nearer, unless (^as we said)
in vaulting- and underground work, to which some almost wholly con-
demn it.
The Doric, so nam'd from Dorus King pf Achasis, reported to have
been the first who at Argos built and; dedicated a temple to Juno of this
order, is esteem'd one of the most noble, as well as the first of the
Greeks, for its masculine, and, as Scamozzi calls it, Herculiean aspect,
not for its height and stature, but its excellent proportion, which fits it
in all respects, and with advantage, for any work wherein the Tuscan is
made use of, and renders that column (among the learned) a supernu-
merary, as well as the Composita.
The Doric, base and capital, challenges eight diameters set alone ;
but not so many by one, in porticos and mural woi-k.
The capital, ahe module, with its abacus, ovolo, andulets, hypotra-
chelium, astragal, and list beneath the capital, making a part of the shaft
or column.
The entablature being more substantial tlian the rest of the Greek
orders, requires a fourth part of the height of the columns ; whereas the
others have commonly but a fifth.
The architrave one module, compos'd but of a single fascia, as best
approved, (tho' the modern sometimes add a Second) with a taenia or
band which crowns it.
The freeze with its list, which separates it from the cornice, is 1 modi. ^.
The cornice holds the same proportion, with this note, that when the
column is above 7 diameters, both freeze and architrave have their regu-
lated measure, one being of a single module, the other being three
quarters, and the remainder being a fourth part of the column is cast
into the cornice.
This order had of old no pedestal at all, and indeed stands handsomely
without it ; but where it is us'd, Palladio allows it two diameters and a
third of the column, and is often plac'd upon the attic- base, for antiently
it had none. We find it sometimes fluted with a short edge without
interstice, as there is in other orders ; but that which is indeed the proper
and genuine character of the Doricj is (with very moderate enrichment
besides) the triglyph and metop in the freeze, with guttse in the archi-
trave beneath ; the due collocation and placing of whieh> often objects
our Architects to more difficulty than any other accessary in the other
orders ; because of the intercolumniation, which obliges them to leave
such a space 'twixt two columns, as may not be less than for one triglyph
to five, counting what falls just on the head of the columns ; which if
plac'd at the entrance of a, building, the distance must be for three, which
to adjust is not very easy, seeing the intercolumniation ought to coiTespond
with the distance of the spaces of the triglyphs and metops ; which point
408
of critlcistne is the cause we often find them quite left out in this ordef,
which suits so well in the pycnostyle and acrostyle,
: The /omc, invented orintroduc'd by. Ion, sent by those of Athens
with a colony into that part of Greece bearing his name, (and where he
erected a temple to Diana,) consists of proportions between the solid
and manly Doric, the delicf^te and more feminine Corinthian, from which
it but little differs, save in the matron-like capital ; it contains eighteen
modules or nine diaiheters (tho' by one less at first), together with j:he
capital and base, which last was added to give.it stature,
The entablature is allowed a fifth part of the height of the column of
which the base takes one module, (with sometimes a small moulding of
twenty minutes,) the. capital very little exceeding a third ; but its dis-
tinguishing characteristic is the voluta, concerning which sundry Archi-
tects have recommended their peculiar methods for the tracing, and
turning that ornament, especially Vignola and Goldman. , The famous
Mich. Angelo had one after his own mode, and so others ; but that
which has been chiefly folld^ed, is wliat Philibert de Lorme contends
to be of his own invention.
This column is fluted with four and twenty plaits; the spaces or in-
terstices not sharp and edg'd like the Doric (which is allowed but
twenty,) tho' of the same depth and hollow to about a third part down-
ward, where they are convexly staved, and thence nam'd radiant, by
sonae r«c?en^, tho' of old we find them fluted the whole length. Thus
as the capital resembled the modest tresses of. a matron, so did the
fluting, the folds and plaits of their garments.
The pedestal is of two diameters and as many thirds. Several othet^
observations pretend to this order, to render it elegant, which are left to
the curious, but these, are the more essential.
The Corinthian had her hirth from that luxurious city ; trick'd up and
adorn*d like the wanton sex,, and is the pride and top of all. the ord^ris :
for the rest it agrees with the proportion of the Ionic, excepting only in
the capital ; in a word, it takes with its base nine diameters and three
quarters, and sometimes ten. If fluted, with as many as the Ionic, half
as deep as, large; the listel or space between the groves, a third of the
<tepth ; yfet not so precisely, bufe that according to the compass and sta^-
t\m of the column, the fctes may be Augmented to thirty and above.
Ourmodern Architects', foil the taost part, allow but on6 fifth of the
height of this cohitun to the entablature, com^irehending ba^e and capi-
tal :■ I say for the most part, but in the noblest and most intire exam-
ples of antiquity, which is that of the Romaw Pantheon, the etiteblafttire
is indeed somewhat deeper ; bu* with thiis circumspection to be imitated,
*hat the fabric to which it is- applied, be great and magnificent as that
famous^temple is, and whkh will depend on the* judgment of the Ar^
chitect.
• The Capital is of one diatneter, or two modules in height; the abacus
a si^i^th or seventh part of the diameter taken at the bigger end of tfete
column, which is universally to be understood in the measure of all the
orders. The rest shall be divided into three equal parts: one for the first
feotder or toure of leaves; the other for a second ; the third* part divided in
two; and of that which is next the abacus, thevolutas are fbrm'd. Of
the; other, the cauliculi, the bell or btirTs* under the feaves, resemblmg
€allimachus's basket, under which they are carv'd, fall exactly with the
hollow of the flutings. In the mean time there is no small inquiry
about the foliage, of what i^peeies of thistle- the antients fornj'd^ this florid
ornament, which is generally attributed to the Branchce Ursmce, but
of a tender, more indented and' flexible kind, than the wild and' prickly,
which we see us'd in the Gothic buiMiftgsf; whilst the Cbmposita capi-
tals stuck it with laurel arid olive leaves, emerging ou't of the vessel,
with the voluta above the echinus, and as Palladio' would ha.ve'it (espe-
cially of the olive) the sprigs plac'd from five to five like the filagers of
one's hand, as becoming it better than four, and commends some capitals
h& had seen whose cauliculi were fac'd #ith^ oaken leaves. Note, that
th« scrolls seeming to be form'd out of the cauliculi, the rostes in the
middle of the abacus, was sometimes by the antients of the satite^brtadtll,
which' since they make to bend on the middle voluta.
The Base of this order is fift?een minutes of a module. Thcf Pedestal
requires a fourth part of the height of the columns, and shall be
divided into eights parts! ^ ©ne to the c^tn^ium, two for the base J
(yhich is the Attic), the rest for the zoccol^ or die ; and thus do the
3 G
410
thre6 Greek ordera represent those three species of buildings the ^olid,
the modest-meafi, and the delicate, between the siniple plain, the gay,
arid wanton, which are the I^atin extreams ; whilst the Gothic is risen
from the corruption of them all; for after all, there's none has been
more grossly abused, than this flourishing and noble order, by such as
with their impertinence have sometimes rendered it neither Corinthian
nor Comppsita, which is the fifth and last.
The Composita being the junior of all the rest, and foreigner to the
Greek, is of a Roman extraction, arid therefore by some called Italian ;
and tho' not without sufficient insolence, taking place of the Corinthian,
between whom and the Ionic she's but a spawn and mungrell, as well as
the Tuscan, and so reckoned among judicious Architects, and by our master
himself not so much as own'd an order, as not thinking it possible to
invent a more noble and compleat than the Corinthian. They would
fain, it seems^ have one to bear the country's name, and that, as they
insulted Over and brav'd the rest of the world, should sit triumphant
over the rest of the orders, from whom they have pluch'd their, fine and
galwdy pltimage, priding it over the Corinthian, "from whom and the
Ionic she only differs one diameter more in height. i
"The Capitals, four angular scrolls, take up all that space which in
the Corinthian is partly fiU'd with the cauliculi and stalks,' and now and
then an eagld or griffon is found to nestle among the foliage, of which,
it has a series of two i-ows, and under "the ovolo the. Ionic neck-lace;
'v?'hilst others affirm, that the variety of the capital changes not the
species, which consists (as Perrault will have it) in the length of the
shaft only ; so as no body is to wonder at the prodigious licentiousness
which some we find have run into, to gratify their ambition. The
French (of all the nations under Heaven, beirig the fondest of their own
inventions, how extravagant soever, and to imposie them on all the world
beside) call it, forsooth, the Gallic order, and with a confidence peculiar
to themselves, to alter and change what for almost two thousand years,
none has" been so bold to attempt with that exhorbitance ; for they hdve
gafnish'd this-capital with tocks -feathers and cocks-combs too among
the flower-de-luces, ridiculously enough ; hanging the leaves arid stalks
about with the chains arid ribbons of the orders of the St. Esprit arid
411
St. Michael, with its dangling coekle-shells> in imitation doubtless of
Xerxes's tying the scarfs and garters of his concubine and misses-
among the boughs of the famous platan; whilst one would think we
might be content with what the Romans have already set for a pattern
on those antient columns of this order ; as I am sure the judicious au-
thor of the 'f Parallel" would have been^ who, contrary to the genius of
his country-men, had the greatest aversion td the least innovation in
this profession ; what (as we said) the Romans have left us being abuur-
dantly more graceful, and rather in excess. Wherefore, by another nice
distinction, this learned commentator calls that the Composita which
keeps to its fix*d rules and stated proportions ; and, that which others
every day invent, the de composit, or as his term is, compo-composit,
and so sets it up for a sixth order. But to proceed.
The Entablature has by some been allow'd a fourth part of the
column, but by Palladio only five, as to the Corinthian.
The £ase is as the jlttic, or a compound of it and the Ionic.
The Pedestal has a third of the height of the shaft : not but that any
of these proportions so establish'd (as sometimes, and upon just occa-
sion) may be varied according to the quality aqd grandeur of the build-
ing, as to the inlarging or diminishing of a member, if the judicious
Architect see cause, and to be more graceful, which is a good f ule in
all such cases in the other orders, and for which Vitruvius gives excel-
lent precepts, as he likewise does to their number and placing in single
or double ranks, with their diflFerent application, as whether close to
the wall or to the angle and extremes, wh^re, if irisulat and without
touching, more thickness is allowable ; since, being surrounded by the
air only, it is made to appear so much the slenderer, as that some
which have been found but of seven diameters only, have become their
stations better than if they had held their intire dimensions. There
now remains the
Caryatides, of which, and of the Persian, we have an ample account in
the "Parallel" out of Vitruvius, introduced as a mark of triumph over
the Caryans of Peloponnesus, whom the Greeks, having vanquish'd
vnth their confederates, caus'd the images and resemblances of both
sexes and nations (as Slaves, Atlantes and Talamones,) to be plat'd
and st^nd ^(jl^r massie weight aiul supers^uejlxir^ ii^stead of ccdumiail,
thj^ wqmeQ to signifie those of Gary a, whonn they only spared ; and the
njenj as captive Persians, which gave denomination to the order, if at
least tbey may he caU'd so for distinction sake only ; since they differ
in nothing either of height, suhstancq, orsntahlament from the feminine
Ionic, and mascujine Doric; but how, oj where they had originally
heen employed in any remarkable ^building, is not so perspic»ous from
any antient tje^i^^^g-ia ,at present remaining; hut as they seem most pro-r
perly to ;be plac'd at entrances, and before arches and porticos, instead
^f pillasters, so doubtless they ,gave occasion to many Gothic absurdi-
ties,, and extravagant postures of men, monkeys, satyrs, &c. for the bear'
ing up of cornices, in place of mutuls and cartousqg, to that shampfuf
impudence as we see them not seldom in our very i(3hi*rche^,.
There remain yet of columns divers other sorts, (to mejotion jpply
the duilian, rostrad, mural, obsidional, futiehral, astronomial, and other
symbolical jnonuments, which may upon some particular occasions
have their places,) but no more that can honestly derive a legitimiate
pedegree ; for some are wfeath'd, others spiral and the like : hut as w^e
meet th^m not In any approved author, or antient fabric, so are they
very sparingly to be made use of, if at all. Indeed the famous Archir
tect, Gayalier Bernini, has cast a set of these torsed coluimis of a vast
Wjght, twisted about again with branches, among whidi are JRuM,
little Angels, Pope Urhan's BeeSj, and other embossed Sculptures, all
of gilded copper, to sustain the bal(iacchmo, or sacred canopy, over ithe
high altar under the cupola at St. Peter's, ti^hich are exceedingly mag-
nificent ; blit it does not always succeed so Well where it is praictic'd.
'Tis yet reported that there was an antient wreath'd column found some-
wherie, wound about with a serpent, (as painters represent the tree in
Paradise) taking nothing away from the straightness of the shaft; for
so the antients prefer'd the solid and substantial in all their works,
admitting nothing to bear any weight that should seem in the least to
plie, yiel4, or shrink under it, as those sorts of columns appear to do : but
as the gr^t masters, and such as Mich. Angelo, &c. invented certain new
corhells, scrolls, and modilions, which were brought into use, so their
foUQwers, animated by their exam,ple (but with much less judgment).
4113
keive ptesuna'd to introcl^ioe siuidry baubles astid trifling <d!eeovatioia|s
they fancy) in tl^ir works, aaibitious saf being tfeought inventors,
the ^^reat reproach of this noble study ; so dangerous a thimg it h
innovate eidier in art or go^erament, vi»hefi opoe the laws and n
are prudently sefttl'd and establish'd, withoat ^glieat coiasideration ^
necessity : and, therefore, l^o' such devices and inventions may s«
pretty in cabiiaet-work, mblies, &am<ss, and other |oyMe»8 'work,
Va«riety, to place ehina-disihes upon, one would by no means encomi
err admit them m gr-ea^ and noble buildings. Lastly,
As to the placing of the orders and stations of <;olumns in woi
the 'simpjlest, strongest, and most •stthstantlal, are ever to be assign'(
support the weaker. The Romans indeed 'somethnes set the Compo
above the 'GoiMtMan, but it was riot appro/d of by the judicious,
in ^ruth should they appear together in the same building. ■Genera
then, the rule is this, to place the highest and ri(^est order over
more solid and plain ; especially where -they are to decore the face <
fronts of buildings, consls^rng of two or three stages : but whether
all, or not, their proportions should be chang'd or abated, is ni(
disputed by our Architects, of which see Monsieur Perrault 0*1 Vitmi
lib. vii. cap. 7- speaking of scenes ; condluding, that it ought to
done very sparingly, and with great consideration. In the mean tii
columns plac'd Over arches produce this inconvenience, that the arc
of any of the €ve orders, if well proportion'd (suppose, for instar
Doric), it will become defective in the Ionic and Corinthian, 4sy rea
of the 5nte*columnation ; the distance hindering their collocation
exactly over one another as become them. There is after all a les
sort of column than any we have «sp6ken of, which now and then
find piac*d over a much greater, next the *oof, or rather a kind of j
fester after the Attic mode. To conclude.
The position of double columns upon the same |»edestal, I find qi
condemned by M. Blondell as intolliefrable, accounting it licentious e
ajnong the antients ; which (as great artists do not always agn
Monsieur Perrault as learnedly defends and vindicates ; and that ont
not so precisely oblig'd to piles and examples, but that in some ca
they may safely be dteparted from for the better ; since it were to ]
414
a stop to the improvements of all arts and inventions whatsoever, none
o£ which were consummately perfect at the first ; besides that, there i9
nothing positive in the case : however, as to this particular, the antients
did frequently use to join columns, two and two very near to one
another upon the same pedestal, leaving a distance of two intercplum-
nations in one ; which, tho' Perrault, holds to be a little Gothic and
much aflFected by his country-men the French (as they do all novelties),
so they would have it pass for a peculiar manner of disposition : the
Pseudo style is yet we find made use of by great Architects, ancl
therefore to be referr'd to able judges.
Notwithstanding, inasmuch as there do yet happen some superstruc-
tures which both in works and books of this magnificent science have
likewise names of doubtful signification, and to satisfie all that may be
farther desir'd for the rendering of this undertaking more useful and
instructive, I will in brief proceed to what is used to appear further in
buildings, where they did not flatten the roofs and cover of edifices, and
which tho' certainly of all other the most graceful, is of necessity
alterable according to the climate.
Those roofs which exalted themselves above the cornices had usually
in face a, triangular plain or gabel within the mouldings (that when our
workmen make not so acute and pointed they call a pediment) which
the antients nam'd
Tympanum ; but this is to be taken now and then for the whole
frontispiece from the cornice to the upmost part of the fastigium or
superior angle of it, and is commonly circumscrib'd with the same
corniqe, that the subjacent order is of. It is properly plac'd at the
front and entrance, and over the porches, windovi^s, niches, &c. to
protect them from the injuries of the weather ; and therefore, very
impertinently broken or flatted by some, which exposes all that is under
to many inconveniences ; nor should it be at all allowed, save where an
absolute necessity of setting in sight (not otherwise to be had) pleads
for it : now, tho' they are commonly made triangular, we frequently
find them semi-circular (or of some other section) whereof the base is
the diameter. Some again have a double tympanum, as in that Tuscan
example describ'd by Perrault, Vitr. I. 3. where the standing out of
415
the porch frona the rest of the main wall of a temple of that order
requires it. I say before a temple, since they were never made In the
fronts of any other buildings ; the ancients dwelling-houses being
generally flat at the top, Julius Caesar being the first whom they
indulg'd to raise his Palace in this fastigious manner, as Salmasius tells
us in Solin. I need not add, that the die of a pedestal, and other flat
and naked parts in out-side work and pannels of wainscot, is sometimes
call'd tympana, since it may be to better purpose, to give some direc-
tions about the proportion and accessaries belonging to it, it being
much disputed; Vitruvius allowing neither of dentelli, or modillion,
but a simple cornice onely ; tho' we find them both very ornamentally
applied ; some affecting to place them according to the slope, others
perpendicular to the horizon, and not to the cornice which they seem
to support, as well as beautifie ; or rather to the posture of the rafter
ends, which they represent. We sometimes find dentelli under the
modillion, but by none approv'd ; a single row of teeth, or a plain list
only, more becoming on those occasions, as well as for the height of
the drum or tympan (by which some distinguish the round from the
pointed, which they name frontons,) which some noble statue or bass
relieve may require a more than ordinary elevation of. In the mean
time, D' Aviler's figure following may give some direction to workmen .
Divide the line a h (which suppose the kypothermse of the base) into
two equal parts at the point c, let down the perpendicular /e </ indefi-
nite, in which e rf being equal to ab from d as the centre, describe the
arch a eh, and where it intersects the perpendicular, as at e, there shall
be iH^iefastigium or point of the tympane.
There are other methods in Serlio, and the masters: some isoceZe,
whose angles opposite to the base are more obtuse ; others yet lower,
416
arid higher even to a full .diai»eitQr,.as were those Plyiy call'd plg^ee f<*r
statues and taller figures, as also ^t the cicoa or point, aad at ^ch^ajo^or
there stood of thos^ smaller pedeslals we^pakej of for, the placing of
s.tatues, busts-, Urnes, lamps of fire, pine cones,. bowl,€s> or the li^e
ornaments, aind these styhbffta were call'd
j^^roteria, from mpov summa pars', we may properly name them pin-
aeles, for so pmntB. and battlements were mad^ sometimes more sharp,
kwwring, or spiry, as pleased the workman. Where they S'tood in ranges,
(as not unfrequently), with rail and balausters upon flat buildings, they^
still retain'd. their name, with this only difference, that such as were
plkc'd between the angular points were (like ranges of pillars) styl'd
the medium or mti^le aerotevia: for the most part a small die withoat
any basey in proportioni soraaewhat less than the breadth of the neck of
the column (if there stand any directly under it), and equal in height to
the' middle of the middle tympane and that at the veryfastigmm may
be allow'd an eightk pirt more.
They did-^ likewise cover (especially temples, and such magnificextt-.
and sacred buildings), with a CMjoofe, which is that dome or hemisphe-
rical concave made in^ resemblance of the heavens, and admitting the
light at the top centre or navil only, without any lantern, as is to be
seen in that incomparable piece of the Pantheon yet extant : this is
much in vogue yet in Italy, and of late in France, espefcially at Rome
and Florence, but it is commonly 'svith the lantern and other apertures
to let in day without exposure to the weather, as appears by that on the
summit of Saint Peters ; but it takes- away, in my poor judgment,
something from the solemness and; natural resemblance of the other,
which yet are happly better to be endur'd in the more eastern countries
where the weather Is constant; as we see It practic'd In what the pious
Helena erected in the Holy Land, and her son Gonstantine the Great,,
or rather, that at present, by the Emperor Justinian-, (one Anthemius of
Trales, and Isador the Miletan being the Architects,) upon that magjai-
ficent structure of Santa Sophia yet remaining at Constantinople, and
to this day imitated by the Turks for the covering qf their Mosques .
and that it was an oriental covering and invention, the QaXos of the
Gtreeks was doubtless deriv'd from the Hebrew '^HTri MaZaj signify ing t<
suspend or hang as it were in the air;; but the Italian name seems tc
eome from cuppa a. cvue or great washing-bowl, which it much resem-
bles. As to the name dome, whether from the Greek Sufia, a covering,
as Du Cange, or as Vossius, domus, I am not concern'd (^but when
they call it dome, it ever signifies the cathedral); 'tis commonly erected
over the middle of the building where the isles cross, and ought to be in
he^ht half the diameter of the church, meaning the cuppa otfly (by
some nam'd the pyramis), and not the lantern or flos, by Architects so
call'd, from some flower, or like ornament which was placed upon, it
In; the mean time, we find some of these coverings in other shapes, and
multangular, not exceeding eight ; but they are nothing so graceful as
the dome-spheroid : sometimes also they are made to let in greatei
light by a sort of lucar windows ; by which are meant those suht'egu-
Idrian windows that appear in our roofs above the cornices, of which
some are square with pediments,, others round or oval and oxe^yed as
they term them, most accommodate to the cupola, and had need have
twice and an half the height of breadth, by reason of the distance,
with circular frontoons, whilst windows in upright walls ought not to
be above a fifth part less wide- than those beneath them, which are ever
to be even with the cornices of the ceiling. Antiently, windows were
open to the very floor, or only clos'd with a ballustre and raile, much
safer, and as commodious- altogether to look into streets,, or enjoy the
prospect as our late meniana and balconies are, which jette out,, and
rest only upon scrolls and mutules. For reasons already mention'd
arched vaults in cellars should have arched apertures and windows.
Other accessories and ornaments are also used in buildings which I
will onlv touch.
Niches, quasi nidi, nests, of old concha, are a kind of Plateus or
smaller tribunals (as they are yet called in Italy) wherein statues are
placed to protect them from the down right injuries of the weather, as
well as for ornament to plain and simple walls : as to their regular
sections (tho', as we.have already noted, there be nothing determin'd) one
may allow them double, half, or quarter more of their breadth, and
half for the cavitie,. whether circular or square ; the rest suitable to the
3 H
418
character of the main buildiug, and proportion of the statue designM,
and therefore in placing an Hercules, Commodus, or larger figure, a
rustic, or Doric work and ornament would become them better than
the Corinthian or Composit delicacy j fitter for the less robust and
more effeminate, whether naked as the Greek statues, or clad as were
the Roman : and so in respect to situation, if low, or even to the area,
or much higher, the statelier and taller figures should be plac'd in the
lower niches ; the shorter over those, and their niches thrice the height
of the breadth, tho' the figure exceed not that of the imposts. Square
niches have a third of their largeness in depth, and twice the height :
when there happens a very large peere or square (as sometimes between
the windows), they should observe the proportion of the aperture both
for height and breadth, with suitable decoration : but between columns
or pillasters standing one upon the other, niches are not so proper,
because they fill the spaces too much ; and where more than one is
plac'd, the interval should be equal to their breadth ; and never to admit
them at the coines of a building, as frequently we see them abroad to
inshrine some Saint, that the image may be seen in several streets ; in
a word, the too thick and frequent niches become no building, and are
unsufferable where a cornice is broken to let them into groups and
assemblies of more figures, as the action may require. The niche is to
be suited, and should begin at the floor or pavement with plinth or
pedestal, higher than for a standing figure, which is ever to be allow'd
the first ; and if plac'd in a spacious court or garden, the pedestal
should be higher, so as the statue may be viewed round about : as to
farther decoration, it were absurd to carve a mask, satyr's or lyon's head,
as we sometimes see them upon the key-stone, least standers by take the
statue for some two headed monster ; nothing more becoming it withinj
than the usual esculop, whether wrought in the stone, or plaster : indeed
niches shew best without much ornament," columns, or pillasters, unless
plac'd at the end of some long gallery, portic, Vestibule of church,
exchange, or courts of justice, &c, Oval niches do handsomely for
busts and vases, if not set in too deep ; and therefore may be allow'd to
stand on a scroll or mutule : lastly, when niches are made very much
larger and higher, beginning from the pavement, they were call'd
419
Tribunals, as of old it seems applied to all high and eminent places^
where the Tribunes of the people us'd to sit as judges. We have a no-
ble resemblance of this in that magnificent throne described J Reg. 10.
19. built by Solomon, which seems to me to have been such an ample
niche, in which a principal person might sit, as it were, half canopied over
within the thickness of the wall.
In walls likewise did they insert many noble and most exquisite sculp-
tures and historical fables, half wrought up, emboss'd, and swelUng, and
sometimes more than half, which eminencies they now call in Italy by
the name of basse, and mezzo relievo. These were sometimes wrought
in marble, as in that famous abacus and stylobata, yet extant, of Trajan's
Pillar. Their ordinary placing was in the fronts of edifices, as is yet to
be seen in divers palaces at Rome, and especially in their villas and re-
tirements of pleasure, which are frequently incrusted with them, but
vilely imitated in our exposed fretworks about London, to the reproach
of Sculpture, especially where it pretends to figures on the out sides of
our citizens houses. I well remember there was in one of the courts of
Nonsuch,* several large squares of historical relieue moulded off, or
wrought in stucco by no ill artist (I think Italian), which upon the de-
molition of that royal fabrick, I hear, have been translated, and most
ornamently plac'd by the late most Honourable Earl of Berkeley, at his
delicious villa, Durdens in Surry, not far from Nonsuch, which is thus
describ'd by Camden, (as lately publish'd by the very learn'd Mr. Gib-
son,)-|" where, speaking of that kingly palace, he calls it " magnificent to
so high a pitch of ostentation, as one would think the whole art of Ar-
chitects were crowded into this simple work :" and then as to the rielieuo
(which appears to have stood expos'd there ever since the reign of Henry
VIII. who built the house), " so many images to the life, upon the walls
thereof; so many wonders of an accomplish'd workmanship, as even vie
with the remains of Roman antiquity." Indeed, this sort of decoration
* "At the extremity of the town (of Epsom) stands DurcIaTU, formerly belonging to the Earl
of Berkeley, and built out of the materials of Nonsuch, a palace erected by King Hen. VIIl. not
ferfrom hence, and given by K. Charles II. to the Dutcliess of Cleveland, who pulled it down, and
sold these materials. It is built a la Modeme: the front to the downs, and the other to the garden,
are very regular and noble."— rAubrey's Nat. Hist, of Surrey, 8vo. vol. ii. p. 218.
t Afterwards Bishop of London.
420
has of late been supplied by painting in fcesco, and that by very able
hands, especially Signior Verrio, &c. as it is frequently In Italy by the
most famous masters; which I wish the inclemency of our severer cli-
mate were as favourable to as the work deserves.
Ornaments, however gayandfinetheyappear to the eye,andarein many
cases very laudable and necessary, there is yet no small judgment required,
how and when to place them appositely, so as they do not rather de-
tract from the beauty of the work than at all contribute to it. Now by
ornament we understand whatsoever of Sculpture and Carving is not of
constant use, or absolutely necessary in all members ; such as frutages,
festoons, chaplets, wreaths, and other coronary works ; frets, guilloches,
modillons, mutuls, chartoches, dentelli, metops, triglyphs, ovola, pine-
cones, niches, statues, busts, relievos, urns, &c.:; in a word, all
sorts of mouldings. Vitruvius, under the name of ornament, reck'ning
the whole entablature, in which the frieze seems to be the'most proper
field for decoration, as the most conspicuous place, and where, tho' the
Sculptor shew*d his address and invention, the antlents (who spared
nothing which might accomplish the publick buildings) were not all so
lavish, in over frequent and unnecessary gayities. Their temples, am-
phitheatres, circus's, courts of justice, fora, ports and entries of cities,
prisons, bridges, basilica, royal palaces and other buildings of state,
were grave and solid structures, void of those little membrets, trifling
mouldings, and superfluous carvings, which take away from that
majestic and grand maniere that most becomes them ; reserving those
richer accessories and costly finishings for theatres, triumphal arches,
historical columns, and other ostentatious pomps : nor even in these did
they use them profusely, but with great judgment, symbolical to the
subject and occasion. And therefore those antlent ornaments would not
suit so properly with the ages since, and may I conceive lawfully.be
chang'd, without presumption or injury to any essential member ; as if
(for instance) instead of sphinxes and griffons plac'd before the Pagan
Temples (guardians of treasure which was kept in those sacred build-
ings), angels should be set before our churches; and In the Doric
friezes, instead of ox-sculls, the priests secespita, guttce, acerra, sim-
pula, and other sacrificing utensils, we chang'd them in our churches
421
(where that jorder best beseems them) into cherubs, flaming hearts, book?
laid open, the patin, chalice, mitre, crosier, &e. The frontons of maga-
zines and public munitions had the sculps of antique casks, targets,
battle-axes, thunderbolts, the battering-ram, catapults, &c. which we
may answer with our modern artillery of cannon, bombs, mortars, drums,
trumpets, and other warlike engines; and to their rostra, rudders, anchors,
tridents, scalops,&c. the wonder-working nautic-box, with whatever else
of useful and conspicuous has improv'd our navigation. The tympan
before courts of justice may become her statue, sitting on a cube, with
fasces, axes, and other emblems of magistracy.
Therm<s were adorn'd with jarrs, ampullae, strigils in the friezes ; the
Mausolea, urns, lamps, and smoaking tapers ; Hippodroms, Circus's,
had the statues of horses on the fronts, metae, obohses,.&c. The publick
Fountains were seldom without the river-gods. Nymphs, Naides, Tritons,
Hipoppotoms, Crocodiles, &c. Theatres were set out with mascara, satyrs
heads, Mercury's caduceus, the statues of Apollo, Pegasus, the Muses,
little Cupids, and Genii, laureat busts, &c. Arches triumphal with relievo
of the conqueror's expedition, trophies, spoiles and harness, palms and
. crowns. And where Tables for inscriptions were inserted to continue, or
but only for a shorter time, as to celebrate some solemn entrie, a Princes
coronation, royal nuptials, adorn'd with devises, and compartments, for
pomp and show, the contrivance was under the direction of the archi'
tectum scenicusy arid requir'd a particular talent and address, poetic and
inventive. In sum, all ornaments and decorations in 'general should be
agreeable to the subject, with due and just regard to the order, which
the antients .religiously observ'd ; tho' where (as we said) it was not
absolutely essential, leaving out or putting in as they thought conve-
nient; for excepting the dress and tire. of the Ionic,. Corinthian, and
Gomposita capitals, they were not obliged to charge. the other members
with costly ornaments ; so as they frequently left out the metors and
triglyph in the friezes of the first (as we have already^ noted), the den-
telli, ovolo, and quarter round, in the grand cornice of the latter, plain
and without carving; neither did they often fill the pedestals with relieuo,
nor the staves in the flutings ; and rarely ever allow the corona any en-
richment at all, or so much as rounded ; and were free to leave the Doric
422
phncere naked, or with simple guttse only. They were careful not to
multiply larger mouldings, which sometimes they alter'd, and now and
then would separate them with a smaller list or simple 611et ; some-
times using the carved astragal, and at another the plain; always leaving
the list of the superior cornice flat, to shew us that the safest rule to go
by is to follow the character of each respective order ; and indeed how
oddly would the Tuscan or Doric become the Corinthian coifure, or the
spruce and florid Corinthian a Tuscan entablature. The same is to be
considered in the key-stone of arches ; plain in the Tuscan and Doric,
with a moderate projecture. The Ionic scroll, serving as a prothi/rides,
on such occasions may be richly flower'd and carv'd in a Corinthian or
Cbmposit entrance, and where they support tables and mensulee for
some inscription. Roses, lyons-heads, escalops, and other decorations^
are allowable under the corona with this rule, that whether here, or un-
der any roof or cieling interlacing fretts, be ever made as fight angles.
Lastly, as to poclice, rails and balusters, so to humour the order, that
the Tuscan be plain, but not too gouty, or too close to one another, or
far assunder, that is, not exceeding twice the diameter of the necks; nor
are they oblig'd to a constant shape, for some swell below, others above,
and some are made like termes, all of them having their peculiar grace
and beauty. What is said of Tuscan, Is to be understood of the rest; so
as the Corinthian and Composita may be carv'd and enrich'd without any
scrupule, for any thing that appears to the contrary among the antients,
or our ablest masters. To conclude, not only the roofs of houses and
their fronts had their adornments, but the floors also were inlaid with
pavements of the most precious materials, as of several coloured stones
and woods, and this they call'd
Emblema, continued to this day by the Italians in their Pietra Co-
messa; of which the most magnificent and stupendious chappel of Saint
Laurence at Florence, Paul the First at Sancta Maria Maggiore in
Rome, are particular and amazing instances, where not only the pave-
ment, but likewise all the walls, are most richly incrusted with all sorts
of precious marbles, serpentine, porphirie, ophitis, achat, rants, coral,
cornelian, lazuli, &c. of which one may number nearly thirty sorts, cut
and laid into a fonds or ground of black-marble, (as our Cabinet-makers
423
do their variegated woods,) in the shape of birds, flowers, landskips,
grotesks, and other compartiments most admirably polished, a glorious
and everlasting magnificence. But where it is made of lesser stones, or
rather morsels of them, assisted with small squares of thick glass, of
which some are gilded or cemented in the stuc or plaster, it is call'd
Mosaic- work, opus musivum^ and it does naturally represent the most
curious and accurate sort of painting, even to the life, nor less durable
than the former, as is most conspicuous in that front of St. Mark's Church
at Venice, the nave or ship of Giotto under the cupola of Saint Peter's
at Rome, and the altar-piece of Saint Michael near it. These are the
tesselata and vermiculata, or pavimenta osar'ota of the antients, which
no age or exposure impairs, but of which I do not remember to have
seen any publick work in our country. In the mean time, not to be
forgotten are the.floorings of wood which her Majesty the Queen Mo-
ther has first brought into use in England at her Palace of Somerset-
House, the like whereof I directed to be made in a bed-chamber at Ber-
keley-House. The French call it parquetage, a kind of segmenlatum
opus, and which has some resemblance to these magnificencies, because
it is exceeding beautiful, and very lasting. And this puts me in mind
of that most useful Appendix joyn'd to Mr. Richards' late Translation of
the first Book of Palladio, and those other Pieces of La Muet the French
Architect, wherein, besides what he has publish'd concerning these kinds
of timber-floors, &c. you have at the conclusion of that Treatise a most
accurate account of their contignations and timberings of all sorts of
stories, roofings, and other erections, with their use, scantlings, and
proper names, which, for being so perspicuously describ'd, deserves
our commendation and encouragement.
May this then suffice, not only for the interpretation of the terms af-
fected to this noble art, but to justifie the title, and in some measure also
for the instruction and aid of divers builders, on some occasions wherein
they not seldom fail ; especially in the country (where, for the saving a
little charge, they seldom consult an experienc'd Artist, besides the
neighbour Brick-layer and Carpenter,) till some more dextrous and
able hand, and at greater leisure, oblige the publick and our countrymen
424
with such a body and course of Architecture, as with others, Monsieur
Blondel, D'Avilar and, instar omnium, the learned Perrault (by his
version and useful comments on Vitruvius), have done for theirs.
Eura Architectum oportet usu esse peritum & solertem, qui demere ^
aut adjicere praescriptiis velit.
J. E.
.■:*.
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4
i^^^P
KALENDARIUM HORTENSE ;
OR
CJe ([^atDner'si ^Imanatfe;
DIBECTING
WHAT HE IS TO DO MONTHLY THROUGHOUT THE YEAR;
AND WHAT FRUITS AND FLOWERS ARE IN PRIME.
By JOHN EVELYN, Esq.
FELLOW OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY.
■ Labor actus in orbem, Virg. Geor. 2.
Satis admirari oequeo, quod prima scriptidrum meorum exordio jure conquestus sum : Cieterarum Ariium minus vitse
necessariarum repertos Antistites, Agrieutturis neq. Discipulos, neq. Fraeceptores inventos.
CoLUMELL. Lib. ix. cap. l ■
LONDON:
PRINTED FOK JOHN MARTIN, PRINTER TO THE ROYAL SOCIETY, 1664.
TENTH EDITION :
PRINTED FOR ROB. SCOT, RIC. C^ISWELt, GEORGE SAWBKIDGB, AND BEN. TOOKE. 1706.
3 I
427
This Tract originally appeared in 8vo. in 1664. A second edition,
with many useful additions, was printed in 1666, dedicated to Evelyn's
" worthy friend " Abraham Giwley. Several additions were likewise
added to the " Sylva," in folio ; it wias again reprinted in octavo in 1699 ;
and for the tenth time in 1^06, in 12mo. In a letter to Lady Sunder-
land, dated 4th August, 1690, the Author says, " As for the Kalendar
your Ladyship mentions, whatever assistance it may be to some novice
gardener, sure I am his Lp will find nothing in it worth his notice but an
old inclination to an innocent diversion, and the acceptance it found with
my deare and (while he lived) worthy friend Mr. Cowley, upon whose
reputation only it has survived seaven impressions, and is now entering
the eighth, with some considerable improvements, more agreeable to the
present curiosity. ^Tis now, Mad"*, almost fourty yeares since first I
writ it, when Horticulture was not much advanc'd in England, and neere
thirty since first "'twas publish'd, which consideration will, I hope, excuse
its many defects."
The Kalendarium Hortense cannot fail of being highly interesting
to the Horticulturist, since it is the foundation on which all our best
books on Gardening have been erected ; and no better plan can be
adopted for the amateur gardener, than that of giving directions under
the head of each month. It is also valuable, as forming a Catalogue of
the Fruits and Flowers, as well as the Culinary Vegetables, of the day in
which the Author lived.
429
TO ABRAHAM COWLEY, Esq.
Sir,
This Hortulan Kalendar is yours, mindful of the honour once con-
"err'd on It, when you were pleas'd to suspend your nobler raptures, and
:hink it worthy your transcribing. It appears now with some advan-
lages which it then wanted ; because it had not that of publishing to
:he world, how infinitely I magnifie your contempt of (not to say.re-
i^enge upon) it ; whilst you still continue in the possession of your self,
ind of that repose which few men understand, in exchange for those
pretty miseries you have essay'd. O the sweet evenings and mornings,
md all the day besides which are yours !
.... while Cowley's made
The happy tenant of the shade !
And the sun in his garden gives him all he desires, and all that he would
enjoy ; the purity of visible objects and of true Nature, before she was
vitiated by imposture or luxury !
.... Books, wise discourse, gardens and fields.
And all the joys that unmixt Nature yields.
Misc.
You gather the first roses of the spring, and apples of autumn ; and as
the philosopher in Seneca desir'd only bread and herbs to dispute felicity
with Jupiter, you vie happiness in a thousand easy and sweet diver-
sions ; not forgetting the innocent toils which you cultivate, the lei-
sure and the liberty, the books, the meditations, and, above all, the
learned and choice friendships that you enjoy. Who would not, like
you, cacher sa vie t 'Twas the wise impress of Balzac, and of Plutarch
liefore him ; you give it lustre and interpretation. I assure you. Sir, it
is what in the world 1 most inwardly breathe after and pursue, not ta
say that I envy your felicity, deliver'd from the gilded impertinences of
lifei to enjoy the moments of a solid and pure contentment ; since those
who know how usefully you employ this glorious recess, must needs be
forced either to imitate, or, as I do, to celebrate your example.
J. Evelyn.
430
INTRODUCTION TO THE KALENDAR.
f^s Paradise (though of God's own planting) was no longer Para-
e, than the man put into it continued to dress it and to keep it*, so,
• will our Gardens (as near as we can contrive them to the resemblance
that blessed abode) remain long in their perfection, unless they are
0 continually cultivated. For when we have so much celebrated the
1 and felicity of an excellent Gard'ner, as to think it preferable to all
ler diversions whatsoever ; it is not because of the leisure whibh he
oys above other men ; ease and opportunity which ministers to vain
1 insignificant delights ; such as fools derive from sensual objects :
dare boldly pronounce it, there is not amongst men a more labori-
I life than is that of a good Gard'ner ; but because a labour full of
aquillity and satisfaction, natural and instructive, and such as (if
(') contributes to piety and contemplation, experience, health, and
gevity, munera nondum intellecta Dedm : in sum, a condition it is,
nished with the most innocent, laudable, and purest of earthly felici-
5, and such as does certainly make the nearest approaches to that
ssed state, where only they enjoy all things without pains ; so as
»se who were led only by the light of nature, because they could fancy
le more glorious, thought it worthy of entertaining the souls of their
>arted heroes, and most illustrious of mortals.
But to return to the labour, because there is nothing excellent which
to be attained without it. A Gard'nerS work is never at an end ; it
rins with the year, and continues to the next : he prepares the
>und, and then he sows it ; after that he plants, and then he gathers
; fruits ; but in all the intermedial spaces he is careful to dress it ; so as
* Gen. c. ii. 15.
431
Columella, speaking of this continual assiduity, tells us *, " A Gard'ner
is not only to reckon upon the loss of bare twelve hours, but of an whole
year, unless he perform what is at the present requisite in its due
period; and therefore is such a monthly notice of his task as depends
upon the signs and seasons highly necessary f."
Gard'ners had need each star as well to know,
The Kid, the Dragon, and Arcturus too,
As seamen, who through dismal storms are wont
To pass the oyster-breeding Hellespont X-
All which duly weighed, how precious the time is, how precipitous the
occasion, how many things to be done in their just season, and how
intolerable a confusion will succeed the smallest neglect, after once a
ground is in order, we thought we should not attempt an unacceptable
work, if here we endeavour to present our Gard'ners with a compleat
cycle of what is requisite to be done throughout every month of the
year : we say each month, because by dividing it into parts so dis-
* Praetermissas duodecim horas, sed annum periisse, nisi sua quaque quod instat effecerit : quare
necessaria est menstrui cuj usque o£Scii monitio ea qus pendet ex ratione Syderum Oieli, &c.
Columella de Re Rust. 1. ix.
f This observation, which may appear like superstition to us who reside in an irregular climate,
is. highly necessary to the inhabitants of mor^ settled skies, where the rains generally set in or the
sun shines with greater force at stated seasons, which are marked by astronomical observations :
" Beneath what star fair flow'rs first shew their heads."
The directions which Columella gave to the Romans of his own day, are equally applicable to the
Italians of the present age.
" Now, when the thirsty Dog-star shall have drank
Full draughts of Ocean's streams j and when his orb
With equal hours bright Titan shall have pois'd.
And Autumn, glutted with all sorts of fruit.
Shaking his hoary head^ with apples deck'd.
And all his garments wet and stain'd with must.
Shall from ripe grapes the foaming liquor squeeze r
Then let the lowly ground,- with streng^th of spades
Well arm'd with iron, be turned upside down." — Book X.
X " tam sunt Arcturi sidera nobis
Haedordmque dies servandi, et lucidus Anguis,
Quam quibus in patriam ventosa per tequora vectis
Pontus, et Ostriferi fauces tentantur Abydi."— Geor. I.
432
tinct, the order in which they shall find each particular to be disposed
may not only render the work more facile and delightful, but redeem it
from that extreme perplexity, which, for want of a constant and uniform
method, we find does so universally district the vulgar sort of them :
they know not (for the most part) the seasons when things are to be
done * ; and when at any time they come to know, there often falls out
so many things to be done on the sudden, that some of them must of
necessity be neglected for that whole year, which is the greatest detri-
ment to this mystery, and frequently irrecoverable.
We are yet far from imposing (by any thing we have here alledged
concerning these menstrual periods) those nice and hypercritical punc-
tilios which some astrologers, and such as pursue their rules, seem to
oblige our Gard'ners to ; as if, forsooth, all were lost, and our pains to
no purpose, unless the sowing and the planting, the cutting and the
pruning, were performed in such and such an exact minute of the
moon : In hac autem ruris disciplina non desideratur ejusmodi scrupu-
lositasf. There ai'e indeed some certain seasons, and suspecta tempora,
which the prudent Gard'ner ought carefully (as much as in him lies) to
prevent : but as to the rest, let it suffice, that he diligently follow the
observations which (by great industry) we have collected together, and
here present him, as so many Synoptical Tables, calculated for his
monthly use, to the end he may pretermit nothing which is under his
inspection, and is necessary, or distract his thoughts and employment
before the seasons require it.
And now, however this may seem but a trifle to some who esteem
books by the bulk, not the benefit ; let them forbear yet to despise
these few ensuing pages, for never was any thing of this pretence more
fully and ingenuously imparted, 1 shall not say to the regret of all our
mercenary Gard'ners, because I have much obligation to some above
that epithete : Mr. Rose J, Gard'ner to his Majesty, and lately at Essex-
* Quia caput est in omni negotio, nosse quid agendum sit, &c. Columella de Re Rust. 1. i. c. 1.
f Columella.
J Mr. Rose raised the first pine-apple that was grown in England. In ^ picture at Kensington
Palace he is represented presenting a pine-apple to King Charles j and the Earl of Waldegrave has
a similar picture at Strawberry-hill, Twickenham, which is supposed to have been painted by
Daneker. A print in the line manner has recently been engraven from the former picture by
Mr. Graves.
433
le to her Grace the Duchess of Somerset ; and Mr. Turner*, formerly
i^lmbledon in Surry, who, being certainly amongst the most expert
leir profession in England, are no less to be celebrated, for their free
munications to the publick, by divers observations of theirs, which
'. furnished to this design. And it is from the result of very much
;rience, and an extiaordinary inclination tp cherish so innocent and
able a diversion, and! to incite an affection in the Nobles of this
an towards it, that I begin to open to them so many of the interior
2tSj. and. most precious rules of this mysterious art, without impos-
, or invidious reserve. The very Catalogue of Fruits and Flowers,
he Orchard and the Parterre, will gratifte the most innocent of the
es, and whoever else shall be. to seek a rare and universal choice for
)lantation.
ouching the method, it is so obvious, that there needs no farther
:tion ; and the consequent will prove so certain, that a work of the
est pains is by this, little instrument rendered the most, facile and
eable, as by which you shall continually preserve your Garden in that
action of beauty and lustre, without confusion or prejudice ; nor
ed could we think of a more comprehensive expedient, whereby to
it the frail and torpent memory through so multifarious and nume-
an employment (the daily subject of a Gard'ners care), than by the
lomy and discipline which we have here consigned it to, and which
industrious Gard'ner may himself be continually improving from
own observations and experience. In the mean time, we have, at
instance of very many persons, who have been pleased to acknow-
e the effects of a former less perfect impression, thought good to
ish an Edition in a smaller volume, that as an Enchiridion it may
le more ready and useful ; but the Kalendar might be considerably
nented, and recommend itself to more universal use, by taking in
ilr. Turner was an apothecary m London, and Herbarist to James the First and Charles the
His work, entitled "Paridisi in Sole Paradisus Terrestris," was dedicated to Henrietta
I, Queen of Charles the First, in the year 1629. In 1640 Parkinson published his "Thea-
Botanicum," a valuable work. It appears that Parkinson had the superintendence of the
Gardens at Wimbledon, which were broken up and sold by order of the Parliament in 1649.
3 K
434
the monthly employments of all the parts of agriculture, as tl
been begun to us in Columella, * Palladius, de Serres, Augustin
Vincenzo Tanara, Herrera, our Tusserf, Markham, and others
cially if well and judiciously applied to the climate and several c<
But it were here besides our institution, nor would the pages
them ; what is yet found vacant has been purposely left, that oui
ner may supply as he finds cause ; for which reason like'
have rang'd both the Fruits and Flowers in prime after some
promiscuous order ; and not after the letters of the alphabet,
method might be pursued with the least disorder. Lastly,
The Fruits and Flowers in prime are to be as well considered
tion to their lasting and continuance, as to their maturity and b
J. Evi
*** The references to the " Discourse on Earth," are only to hefour^
Third Edition folio, printed with" Sylva" and " Pomona" S^c, 1'
* Col. de R. R. lib. 11, c. 11. Pall. lib. 1. Tit. 1.
t Tusser's " Five Hundred points of good Husbandry," which was first published i:
1557, may still be perused with benefit to the reader, being full of useful hints, as well i
an interesting picture of the agricultural progress of those days.
435
THE GARDEN.*
To John Evelyn, Esq.
I never had any other desire so strong, and so like to covetuousness
as y* one, w^*" I have had always, y* I might bee master at last, of
a small Hous and larg Garden, w''^ very moderat conveniences joyned
to them, and there dedicat the remainder of my life, onely to the
culture of them, & study of Nature,
And there, with no design beyond my wall,
Whole, and entire to lye,
In no unactive Eas, and no unglorious Poverty
Or, as Virgil has said, shorter and better for mee that I might there
studiis Jiorere ignobilis otti, (though! could wish, meethinks, y* he
had rather said, nobilis otiif when hee spoke of his own,) but severall
accidents of my ill fortune have disappointed mee hitherto, and still do,
of y* fselicitie ; for though I have made the first and hardest step to it,
by abandonning all ambitions and hopes in this world, and by retiring
from the nois of all busines, and almost company, yet I stick still in
the Inne of a hired Hous and Garden, amoung weeds and .rubbish ; and
w*''out y* pleasantest work of human industry, y^ improvement of some-
thing, w"'' wee call (not very properly, but yet wee call) our own. I am
gon out from Sodom, but I am not arrived yet at my little Zoar. Oh
let mee escape thither, (is it not a little one .?) and my Soul shall live.
I do not look back yet, but I have ben forced to stop and make too
many halts. You may wonder. Sir, (for this seems a little too extra-
vagant and Pindarical for prose) what I mean by all this preface ; it is
to let you know, y* though I have mist, like a chymist, my main end,
yet I account my affections and endeavours well rewarded by something
w"^ I have gotten by y* by, w"*" is, that they have procured to mee some
part in y' kindnes and esteem, and thereby the honour of haveing my
name so advantageously recommended to posterity by y^ Epistle you
* Carefully corrected by the original manuscript in the hand-writing of Abraham Cowley, now
in the possession of W. Upcott, and to whom it was kindly presented by the late Lady Evelyn.
436
are pleased to prefix to the most useful! book y* has ben writtt
kind, and w'=^ is to last as long as Months and Years. Cum
Lund Tu quoq; semper eris.
Amoung many other arts and excellencies w'^'^ you enioy, 1 i
to find this favourite of mine the most prsedominant ; that yo
this for y' Wife though you have, like Solomon, hundreds of ot
for your Concubines. Though you know them, and beget sonn
them all Cto w'^*' you are rich enough to allow great legacies)
Issue of this seems to bee designed by you to y^ main of the
You have taken most pleasure in it, and bestowed most charg
its education; and I doubt not to see y* Book, w'^'' you are pie
promise to the world, and of w"^ you have given us a larg earne
Calendar, as accomplished as any thing can bee expected from ar
ordinary Witt, and no ordinary expences, and a long experie
know no body y* possesses more private happines then" you
y^ Garden, and yet no man who makes his hajppines more publ
a free communication of y^ art and knowledg of it to others
w'='' I myself am able yet to do, is onely to recommend to n
the search of y* faelicity w"^ you instruct them how to find
enjoy.
. I.
Happy art Thou whom God does bless
W* ye full choice of thine own happiness !
And happier yet, becaus thou'rt blest
W* prudence how to choos the best !
In Books and Gardens thou hast plae'd aright
(Things w'='' thou well dost understand,
And both dost make w**? thy laborious hand)
Thy noble, innocent delight :
And in thy virtuous Wife, where thou again dost meet
Both pleasures more refin'd arid sweet :
The fairest garden in her looks.
And in her mind the wisest books.
Oh who would change theis soft, yet solid joys.
For empty shows and senceless noise,
And all w*^^ rank Ambition breeds,
W"'' seem such beauteous flowers, and are such poisonous weed
437
II.
When God did Man to his own Kkenes make,
As much as Clay/though of the purest kind,
By the great Potters art refin'd,
Could the Divine impression take :
Hee thought it fit to place him where
A kind of Heav'enrtoo did appear,
As far as Earth could such a likenes bear :
That man no happines might want,
W"*" earth to her first master could afford ;
He did a garden for him plant"
By y^ quick hand of his omnipotent word.
As y* cheif hplp and joy of human life,
ee gave him y* first gift, first, even before a Wife.
III.
For God, the universale Architect,
'T had ben as i^asy to erect
A Louvre, or Escuriall, or a Tower
That might with Heaven communication hold.
As Babel vainly thought to do of old :
Hee wanted not the skill or power,
In the world's fabrick those were shown.
And the materials were all his own.
But well hee knew what place would best agree
With innocence arid with faslicitie :
And wee elsewhere still seek for them in vain,
If any part of ether still remain ;
If any part of ether'wee expect.
This may our judgment in y'' search direct ;
God the first garden made, and the first city, Cain.
IV.
Oh blessed shades ! oh, gentle cool retreat,
From all th' immoderat heat
In w"*" the frantick world does burn and sweat !
This, does y- Lion-star, Ambitions rage ;
This Avarice, the dog-stars thirst assuage ;
Every where els their fatall power wee see,
They make and rule mans wretched destinie :
They nether set, nor disappear.
But tyrannize ore all y^ year ;
Whil'st wee ne're feel their flame or influence here.
438
The birds y* dance from bough to boagh.
And sing above in every tree.
Are not from fears and cares more free
Then wee who ly, or sit, or walk below.
And should by right bee singers too.
What princes quire of musick can excel
(That w*^^ w'Mn this shade does dwel ?
For w"^ wee nothing pay or give.
They like all other poets live
Without reward or thanks for their obliging pains ;
'Tis well if they become not prey ) :
The whistling winds add their less artfuU straines.
And a grave base the murmuring fountains play ;
Nature does all this harmony bestow,
But to our plants, arts, musick too.
The pipe, theorbo, and guitarr wee owe ;
The lute itself, w'^^ once was green and mute.
When Orpheus strook th' inspired lute,
The trees danc'd round, and und-erstood
By sympathy the voice of wood.
V.
Theis are the spels w°^ to kind sleep invite.
And nothing does within resistance make :
W'^^' yet wee moderately take ;
Who would not choos to bee awake.
While hee's encompasst round with such delight.
To th' ear, the nose, the touch, the tast, and sight ?
When Venus would her dear Ascanius keep
A pris'oner in the downy bands of sleep.
She odorous herbs and flowers, about him spred.
As the most soft and sweetest bed ;
Not her own lap would more have charm'd his head.
Who y* has reason, and his smel.
Would not amoungst roses and jasmin dwel,
Rather then all his spirits choak
With exhalations of dirt and smoak ?
And all th' uncleannes which does drown
In pestilentiall clowds a populous town ?
439
The earth it self breaths better perfumes here,
Then all the female men or women there,
(Not without cause 'tis thought) about them bear.
VI.
When Epicurus to the world had taught
That pleasure was the chiefest good,
(And was perhaps i'th'right, if rightly understood,)
His life hee to his doctrine brought,
And in a gardens shade y* sovereign pleasure sought.
Whoever a true Epicure would be6,
May there find cheap and virtuous luxurie.
Vitellius his Table, w'^ did hold
As many creatures as the Ark of old.
That Fiscal Table, to w'^ every day
All countries did a constant Tribute pay, •
Could nothing more delicious affoord,
Then Natures liberality,
Helpt by a little art and industry.
Allows the meanest gard'ners board.
The wanton tast no fish or fowl can choos,
For w'^'' the grape or melon shee would loos.
Though all th' inhabitants of sea and air
Bee listed in the gluttons bill of fare ;
Yet still the fruits of earth wee see
Plac'd the third story high in all his luxurie.
VII.
But with no sense the garden does comply ;
; None courts or flatters, as it does the eye :
When the greSat Hebrew King did almost strain
The wound'rous treasures of his wealth and brain,
His royal southern guest to entertain ;
Though shee on silver floores did tread,
With bright Assyrian carpets on them spred,
To hide the metals poverty :
Though shee lookt up to roofs of gold,
And nought around her could behold
But sUk, and rich embrodery,
And Babylonian tapestry.
440
And wealthy Hirams princely dye,
Though Ophirs starry stones met every where her eye ;
Though shee herself, and her gay host were drest
In all the shining glories of the east ;
When lavish art her costly work had done,
The honour and the prize of bravery,
Was by y^ garden from y^ palace wonne ;
And every rose and lilly there did stand
Better attir'd by Natures hand :
The case thus judg'd against the king wee see.
By one who not bee so rich, though wiser far than hee.
VIII.
Nor does this happy place onely dispense
Such various pleasures to the sense ;
Here health it self does live,
That salt of life wbich does to all a relish give ;
Its standing pleasure, and intrinsick wealth,
The bodies virtu, and the souls good fortune, health.
The tree of life when it in Eden stood.
Did its immortal head to heaven rear ;
It lasted a tall cedar till the flood ;
Now a small thorny shrub it does appear ;
Nor will it thrive too every where :
It here is always freshesf seen ;
'Tis only here an ever-green.
If through the strong and beauteous fence
Of temperance and innocence,
And wholesome labours, and a quiet mind,
Any diseases passage find,
They must not think here to assail
A land unarmed or without a guard ;
They must fight for it, and dispute it hard.
Before they can prevail :
Scarce any plant is growing here
Which against Death some weapon does not bear.
Let cities boast y* they provide
For life the ornaments of pride ;
But 'tis the Garden and y« Feild,
That furnish it with staff and sheild.
441
IX.
Where do y^ wisdome and y^ power divine
In a more bright and sweet reflextioh shine ?
Where do wee finer strokes and colours see
Of the Creators real poetrie.
Then when wee w**" attention look
Upon y^ third days volume of the book ?
If wee could open and intend our eye.
We all, like Moses, should espy
Ev'n in a bush the radiant Deity.
But wee despise theis his inferior ways,
(Though no less full of miracle and praise)
Upon y* flowers of heaven wee gaze ;
The stars of earth no wonder in us raise,
Though theis perhaps do more then they,
The life of mankind sway.
Although no part of inighty natuirej bee
More stored with beauty, power, and inysterie ;
Yet to encourage human Industrie, ^
God has so ordered y* no other part
Such space and such dominion leaves for Art.
X.
Wee no where Art do so triumphant; see.
As when it grafts or buds the tree ;
In other things wee count it to excell,
If it a docile scholar can appear
To Nature, and but imitate her well ;
It over- rules, and is her master here.
It imitates her makers power divine,
And changes her sometimes, and sometimes does refine :
It does, like grace, the fallen tree restore
To iits blest state of Paradise before :
Who would not joy to see his conquering hand
Oe'r all the vegetable world command ?
And the wild gyants of the wood receive
What law hee's pleas'd to give ?
3l
442
Hee bids th' ill-natur'4 cfab produce
The gentler apples winy juice ;
The golden fruit y* worthy is
Of Galatea's purple kiss }
Hee does the savage hawthorn teach
To bear the Medlar and y« Pear ;
Hee bids the rustique Plum to rear
A nobler trunck, and bee a Peach,
Even Daphnes coyness hee does mock,
And weds the Cherry to her stock ;
Though shee refus'd ApoUos suit ;
Ev'n she, the chast and virgin tree,
Now wonders at her self, to see
That shee's a mother made, and blushes in her fruit.
XI.
Meethinks I see great, Dioelesian walk
In the Salonian gardens noble shade,
W"** by his own Imperial hands was made :
I see him smile, meethinks, as hee does talk
W*^> the Arabassadours who come in vain
T'entice him to a throne again :
If I, my friends (said hee) should to you show
All the contents which in this garden grow,
'Tis likelier much y* you should with mee stay,
Then 'tis y* you should carry mee away :
And trust mee not, my friends, if every day,
I walk not here with more delight.
Than ever, after the most happy fight.
In triumph to the Capitol I rod,
To thank y^ Gods, and to bee thought, my self almost a God.
A. Cowley.
Chertsea, Jug. l6 1666.
KALENDARIUM HORTENSE.
^ JANUARY
Hath xxxi days — long, 8h am, gun rises S^ 0™ — sets 4h om. *
To be done in the Orchard and Olitory Garden.
'eench the ground, and make it ready for the Spring : prepare also
, and use it where you hav,e occasion; for which purpose make
itiful provision of neats, horse, and sheeps dung especially, that
may have some of two years preparation, by now and then stirring
opening it to the air, and lastly, screening it, reserve it for use
iome hard-bottom'd shady place, a little excavated, that the rain
h not away the vertue of it : suffer no weeds to grow on it ; have
e heaps of sweet under-pasture natural mould, and fine loam, to
gle with your dung, as occasion requires.
[ote, that the dung of pigeons and poultry, mix'd with mould, is
illent for the fig-tree (io which I now advise you to lay it), aspara-
strawberries, &c. but then it must have pass'd its first heat, lest,
y'd before, it burn the plant.
[orse-dung, if not exceedingly rotted, will infect the ground with
:-grass, the very worst of garden-weeds j and is therefore onlv
ler for moist and cold grounds, and to be us'd for the hot-bed.
bricots and peaches require rather a natural, rich, and mellow soil,
much dung.
ress yoiir sweet-herb beds rather with a new moulding everv-
id vear, than with over-dunging or rank soil.
or the rising and setting of the sun, and length of the days, I compute from the first of
nonth, London lat.
444
Mould made of the rotting of weeds, &c. Is apt to produce the same
weeds *.
Dig borders, &c. Uncover, as yet, roots of trees, where ablaquea-
tion Is requisite f.
Plant quick-sets, and transplant fruit-trees, if not finish'd : set
vines;};, and begin to prune the old; prune the branches of orchard
fruit-trees, especially the long planted, and that towards the decrease; but
for such as are newly planted, they need not be disbranched till the
sap begins to stir, that is, not till March ; that so the wound may be
healed, with the scar, and stub, which our frosts do frequently leave :
besides, one then best discerns the fruit- buds. In this work cut off all
the shoot of August, unless the nakedness of the place incline you to
spare it : consult my French Gard'ner, Part I. Sect. 3 §. For this Is a
most material address, towards which these short directions may.
contribute.
Learn first to know and distinguish the bearing and fruit-buds from
the leaf-buds : the fruit-buds are always fuller and more .turgid : these
you are carefully to spare, and what you prune from the rest cut off
slanting above the bud, with a very sharp knife, leaving no rags.
In taking off a whole branch, or limb, cut close to the stem, that
the bark may cover it the sooner.
Those buds which either put forth just between the stem and wjall
(in mural-trees only), or opposite to them, are to be rubbed off as soon
as they appear, sparing only the collateral branches.
Keep^'our wall and palisade-trees from mounting too hastily, that
they may form beautiful and spreading branches, shap'd like a ladies
fann, and close to the ground.
Take the water-boughs quite away, which are those that on
standards being shaded, and drip'd upon, remain smooth and naked
without buds.
Where you desire mural fruit-trees should spread, garnish, and
bear, cut smoothly off the next unbearing branch.
* Vide "Discourse of Earth," p. 21.
\ See the Directions in my Treatise of Earth, p. 24, folio edit.
X See Mr. Rose's Vineyard vindicated, c. v. J " Pomona," c. 8.
445
Forbear pruning wall-fruit that is tender, till February.
Where branches are so thick and intangl'd that they gall one an-
other, or exclude the sun and air, thin the place at discretion.
You may now begin to nail and trim your wall-fruit and espaliers.
Cleanse trees of moss, &c. the weather moist.
Gather cyons for graflPs before the buds sprout; and about the latter
end grafF them in the stock, pears, cherries, and plums; and remember
this for a special rule, that you always take the cyon from some goodly
and plentifully bearing tree : for if it be from a young tree, or one which
has not yet born fruit (tho' of never so excellent a kind), it will be a
long time e'er your graff produce any fruits considerable.
Now also remove your kernel-stocks to more commodious distances
in your nursery, cutting off the top root *. Set beans, pease, &c.
Sow also (if you please) for early cauly-flowers.
Sow chervil f, lettuce, radish, and other (more delicate) salletings, if
you will raise in the hot-bed.
In over- wet, or hard weather, cleanse, mend, sharpen, and prepare
garden-tools ij;.
Turn up your bee-hives, and sprinkle them with a little warm and
sweet wort ; do it dexterously.
Fruits in prime, and yet lasting.
Apples. — Kentish pippin, russet pippin, golden pippin, french pippin,
kirton pippin, holland pippin, john-apple, winter queening, marigold,
harvey-apple, pomewater, pome-roy, golden doucet, apis, reineting,
Lones pear-main, winter pear-main, &c.
Peaks. — Winter musk (bakes well), winter Norwich (excellently
baked), winter bergamot, winter bon-crestlen (both mural), vergoules,
the great surrein, &c.
* Vide March.
f Scandix cerefolium. This plant, so celebrated by the ancients, has nearly disappeai'ed in the
English kitchen-garden, nor is it any longer regarded in our salads, or admitted into modei'n
practice, although it still holds a considerable rank in all these situations on the Continent.
J This is a part of the gardener's duty which has been most lamentably neglected in modern
times.
446
To he done in the Parterre and Flower Garden.
Set up your traps for vermine ; especially in your nurseries of kernels
and stones, and amongst your bulbous roots ; which will now be in dan-
ger. A paste made of coarse honey, wherein is mingled green-glass
beaten, with copperas, may be laid near their haunts. About the mid-
dle of this month, plant now your anemony roots, and ranunculus's,
which you will be secure of without covering, or farther trouble. Pre-
serve from too great and continuing rains (if they happen), snow, and
frost, your choicest anemonies and ranunculus's sow'd in September or
October for earlier flowers : also your carnations, and such seeds as are
in peril of being wash'd out, or over-chilled and frozen, covering them
under shelter, and striking ofiF the snow where it lies too weighty ; for it
certainly rots and bursts your early-set anemonies and ranunculus's, &c.
unless planted now in the hot-beds ; for now is the season, and they will
flower even in London. Towards the end, earth-up with fresh and
light mould the roots of those auricula's which the frost may have un-
cover'd, filling up the chinks about the sides of the pots where your
choicest are set, but they need riot be hous'd : it is a hardy plant.
Flowers in prime, or yet lasting.
Winter aconite, some anemonies, winter cyclamen, black hellebor,
brumal hyacinth, oriental jacinth, levantine, narcissus, hepatica, prim-
roses, laurus-tinus, mezereon, prsecoce tulips, &c. especially if raised in
the hot-bed. Note,
That both these fruits and flowers are more early or tardy, both as to
their prime seasons for eating, and perfection of blowing, according as
the soil and situation are qualify'd by nature or accident. Note also,
That in this recension of monthly flowers, it is to be understood for
the whole period that any flower continues, from its first appearing to
its final withering.
447
K FEBRUARY
Hath xxviii days — long, ogh 24">. Sun rises 7^ 13'". — Sets 04h 45m.
To be done in the Orchard and Olitoty Garden.
Prune fruit-trees and vines as yet; for now is your season to bind,
plash, nail, and dress, without danger of frost : this to be understood of
the most tender and delicate wall-fruit, not finish'd before ; do this be-
fore the buds and bearers grow turgid ; and yet in the nectarine and
like delicate mural-fruit, the later your pruning the better, whatever has
been and still is the contrary custom.
And let your gard'ner endeavour to apply the collateral branches of
his wall-fruits, as near as possible he can (without violation and unna-
tural bending and reverting) to the earth or borders ; so as the fruit
(when grown) may almost touch the ground : the rest of the branches
following the same order will display the tree like a ladies fan, and
repress the common exuberance of the leading and middle shoots, which
usually make too hasty an advance. A gard'ner expert in this and the
right art of pruning, may call himself a workman sans reproch.
Remove graflfs of former years graflBng. Cut and lay quick-sets ; and
trim up your palisade hedges and espaliers. Plant vines as yet, other
shrubs, hops, &c.
Set all sorts of kernels and stony seeds, which field-mice will cer-
tainly ruine before they sprout, unless prevented: also sow beans,
pease, rounsevaJs, corn-sallet, marigold, anniseeds, radish, parsenips,
carrots, onions, garlick, &c. And plant potatoes* in your worst ground.
Now is your season for circumposition by tubs or baskets of earth, and
* ''The potatoe first became an object of national impoitance in 1662-3^ as appears by the
record of the RoyafSociety held March 18th in that year ; when a letter was read from Mr. Buck-
land, a Somerset gentleman, recommending the planting of potatoes in all parts of the Kingdom,
to prevent famine. This was referred to a Committee, and, in consequence of their report, Mr.
Buckland had the thanks of the Society : such members as had lands were entreated to plant
them with potatoes ; and Mr. Evelyn was desired to mention the proposals at the close of his
Sylva."— Phillips's Hist, of Cultivated Vegetables, vol. H. p. 87.
448
for laying of branches to take root. You may plant forth your cab-
bage-plants.
Rub moss off your trees after a soaking rain, and scrape and cleanse
them of cankers, &c. draining away the wet (if need require) from the
too much moistned roots, and earth up those roots of your fruit-trees, if
any were uncover'd. Continue to dig and manure, if weather permit.
-Cut oflF the webs of caterpillars, &c. from the tops of twigs and trees to
.burn. Ga,thei* worms in the evenings after rain.
Kitchin-garden herbs may now be planted, as parsly, spinage, onions,
leeks, and other hardy pot-herbs. Towards the middle or latter end of
this month, till the sap rises briskly, grafFin the cleft, and so continue
till the last of March : they will hold apples, pears, cherries, plums, &c.
The new moon and the old wood is best. Now also plant out j^our
caulyflowers to have early ; and begin to make your hot-beds for the
first melons and cucumbers to be sow'd in the full ; but trtist not alto-
gether to them. You may all this month, and the former, have early
sallets on the hot -bed, and under glass frames and bells. Sow aspa-
ragus. . Lastly,
Half open your passages for the bees, or a little before (if weather in-
vite), hut continue to feed weak stocks, &c.
Fruits in prime, or yet lasting.
Apples. — Kentish, kirton, russet, hoUand pippins; deux-ans, win-
ter queening, harvy sometimes, pome-water, pome-roy, golden doucet,
reineting, Lones pearmain, winter pearmain, &c.
Pears. — Bon-chrestien of winter, winter poppering, little dago-
bert, &c.
To be done in the Parterre and Flower Garden.
Continue baits, vermine^traps, &c. Sow alaternus seeds in cases, or
open beds ; cover them with thorns, that the poultry scratch them not
out. Sow also lark-spurs, &c.
Now and then air your hous'd carnations, in warm days especially,
and mild showers ; but if like to prove cold, set them in again at night.
Furnish (now towards the end) your aviaries with birds before they
449
couple, &c. and hang up materials for them to build their nests with.
Note, That such birds as feed not on seeds alone should be separati
by a. partition of wyre from those who feed on bruised seeds, paste
fleshy or pulpy mixtures ; as the sky-lark, wood-lark, throstle, robii
redbreast, &c.
Flowers in prime, or yet lasting.
Winter aconite, single atiemonies, and some double, tulips prsecoc
hyacinthus, stellatus, vernal crocus, black hellebore, single hepatic
persian iris, leucoium bulbosum, dens caninus three leav'd, vernal c^
clamen white and red, mezereon, ornithogal. max. alb. Yellow viole
with large leaves, early daffodils, &g.
r MARCH
Hath xxxi days — long, \V^ 22". -Sunrises 6l> ID" — sets 5l> 41°>.
To be done in the Orchard and Olitory Garden.
Yet stercoration is seasonable, and you may plant what trees are ],ef
tho' it be something of the latest, unless in very backward or moi
places.
Now is your chiefest and best time for raising on the hot-bed melon
cucumbers, gourds, &c. which about the sixth, eighth, or tenth da;
will be ready for the seeds ; and eight days after prick them forth !
distances, according to the Method, &c.
If you will have them later, begin again in ten or twelve days aft
the first ; and so a third time, to make experiments. Remember i
preserve the hot-bed as much as possible from rain ; for cool it yc
may easily, if too violent, but not give it a competent heat, if it I
spent, without new-making *.
Now is the best time for pruning young murals, and, indeed, oth
wall-trees. See the reason in January.
GraflF all this month, beginning with pears, and ending with apple
unless the spring prove extraordinary forwards -j-.
* See " Discourse of Earth," &c. f See our " Pomona/', c. 3.
3 M
450
Now also plant peaches and nectarines, but cut not off the top-roots,
as you do of other trees ; for it will much prejudice them. Prune last
years graflFs, and cut oflFthe heads of your budded stocks. Take off the
littier from your kernel-beds (see Octob.), or you may forbear till April.
Stir your new-planted ground, as directed in " Disc, of Earth," p. 14,
and for the nursery, p. 15.
You may as yet cut quick-sets, and cover such tree roots as you laid
bare in autumn.
It were profitable now also to top your rose-trees (which always bear
on the fresh sprouts of the same spring) a little with your knife near a
leaf-bud, and to prune off the dead and withered branches, keeping, them
lower than the custom is, and to a single stem. Cut away some
branches of the monthly rose-tree close, after the first bearing.
Slip and set sage, rosemary, lavender, thyme, &c.
Note, that rosemary thrives better by cutting off the sprigs, than by
ragged slips, which leaves an incurable scar on the old plant. Cut
them, therefore at a little distance from the stem, and this so soon as
it flowers, which is commonly in this month.
Where the soil is clay, or over moist, mingle it plentifully with
brick-dust;
Sow in the beginning endive, succory, leeks, radish, beets, chard-
beet, scorzonera, parsnips, skirrets. Sow skirrets in rich, mellow, fresh
earth, and moist, and when about a finger long ; plant but one single
root in a hole, at a foot distance. Sow also parsly, sorrel, bugloss,
borage, chervil, sampier (to re-plant in May), sellery, smallage,
alisanders, &c. Several of which continue many years without renew-
ing, and are most of them to be blanch'd by laying them under littier,
and earthing up.
Sow also lettuce, onions, garlick, orack, purslain, turnips, (to have
early) monthly pease, i&c. these annually. Begin to tie up some
lettuce.
Transplant the beet-chard which you sow'd in August, to have most
ample chards.
Sow also carrots, cabbages, cresses, nasturtium, fennel, majoran,
basil, tobacco, &c. and transplant any sort of medicinal herbs.
451
Whatsoever you now sow or plant of this sort, water not over hastily,
nor with too great a stream, for it hardens the ground, without pene-
trating; rather endeavour to imitate the natural shower; but spare not
water if necessary.
Never cast water on things newly planted, nor on flowers, but at
convenient distance, so as rather to moisten the ground, without
sobbing the leaves of the plant, which ends in scorching.
Mid-March dress up (with a little fresh manure) and string your
strawberry-beds, clipping away all their runners till they blossom.
And note, that you can hardly over-water your strawberry -beds in a
dry season ; yet better not water at all than too sparingly. Uncover
your asparagus, spreading and loosning the mould about them, for
their more easy penetrating ; flourishing the beds thinly with a little
fine fresh manure. Also may you now transplant asparagus roots to
make new beds *. Uncover also artichoaks cautiously, and by degrees.
The like your fig-trees, cutting ofi" the dead wood.
By this time your bees sit ; keep them close night and morning, if
the weather prove unkind.
Turn your fruit in the room where it lies, but open not yet the
windows.
Fruits in prime, or yet lasting.
Apples. — Golden ducket [doucet], peplns, reineting, Lones pear-
main, winter pearmain, winter bon-cretienne, john-apple, &c.
Pears.— Later bon-chrestieni double blossom pear.
To be done in the Parterre and Mower Garden.
Stake and bind up your weakest plants and flowers against the winds,
before they come too fiercely, and in a moment prostrate a whole year's
labour.
Plant box, &c. in parterres. Sow pinks, sweet-williams, and car-
nations, from the middle to the end of this month. Sow pine-kernels,
firr-seeds, bays, alaternus, phillyrea, and most perennial greens, &c. ;
or you may stay till somewhat later In the month. Sow auricula-seeds,
* See " Discourse of Earth," p. 38.
452
in pots or cases, in fine willow earth, a little loamy, and place what
you sow'd in September (which is the more proper season) now in the
shade, and water it.
Plant some anemony-roots, to bear late and successively, especially
in and about London, where the smoak is any thing tolerable ; and, if
the season be very dry, water them well once in two or three days ; as
likewise ranunculus's. Fibrous roots may be transplanted about the
middle of this month; such as hepaticas, primroses, auriculas, cam-
momile, narcissus, tuberose, matricaria, gentianella, hellebore, and
other summer flowers. Set leucoium ; slip the keris, or wall-flower ;
and, towards the end, lupines, convolvolus's, Spanish or ordinary
jasmine. You may now, a little after the iEquinox, prune pine and fir
trees. See September.
Towards the middle or latter end of March sow on the hot-beds
such plants as are late bearing flowers or fruit in our climate ; as
balsamine, and balsamum mas, pomum amoris, datura, ^SEthiopic
apples, some choice amaranthus, dactyls, geraniums, hedysarum clypea-
tum, humble and sensitive plants, lentiscus, myrtle-berries (steep'd
awhile), capsicum indicum, canna indica, flos africanus, mirabile
peruian. nasturtium ind. indlan phaseoli, volubilis, myrrh, carrobs,
marcoc, sive flos passionis, and the like rare and exotic plants, which
are brought us from hot countries. Note, that the nasturtium ind.
african marygolds, volubilis, and some others, will come (though not
altogether so forwards) in the cold- bed, without art : but the rest require
much and constant heat, and therefore several hot-beds, till the common
earth be very warm by the advance of the sun, to bring them to a due
stature, and perfect their seeds : therefore, your choicest amaranthus
being risen pretty high, remove them into another temperate hot-bed ;
the same you may do with your African and sensitive plants, especially,
which always keep under glasses *.
About the expiration, of this month carry into the shade such auri-
culas, seedlings, or plants, as are for their choiceness reserved in pots.
Transplant also carnation seedlings, giving your layers fresh earth,
and setting them in the shade for a week ; then likewise cut off all
* See " Discourse of Earth," pp. 4G, 41.
453
the sick and infected leaves, for now you may set your choice ones out
of covert, as directed in February.
Now do the farewell frosts and easterly winds prejudice your choicest
tulips, and spot them; therefore cover such with mats, or canvas, to
prevent freckles, and sometimes destruction. The same care have of
your most precious anemonies, auriculas, chamae-iris, brumal jacynths,
early cyclamen, &e. Wrap your shorn cypress tops with straw wisps,
if the Eastern blasts prove Very tedious, and forget not to cover with
dry straw, or pease hame, your young exposed evergreens, as yet
seedlings, such as firr, pine, phillyrea, bays, cypress. Sec. 'till they
have pass'd two or three years in the nursery, and are fit to be trans-
planted ; for the sharp Easterly and Northerly winds transpierce and
dry them up. Let this also caution you upon all such extremities of
the weather during the whole winter ; but be mindful to uncover them
in all benign and tolerable seasons and intermissions ; it being these
acute winds, and seldom or never the hardests frosts or snows, which
do the mischief. About the end, uncover even your choicest plants,
but with caution, for the tail of the frosts yet continuing, and sharp
winds, with the sudden darting heat of the sun, scorch and destroy
them in a moment : and in sUch weather neither sow nor transplant.
Sow stock-gillyflower seeds in the full, to produce" double flowers.
In the mean time, let gentlemen and ladies who are curious, trust
little by mangonisme, insuccations, or medecine, to alter the species,
or indeed the forms and shapes of flowers considerably, that is, to
render that double which nature produces but single, &c. but by
frequent transplanting, removing, &c. inriching the mould, to multiply
and double ; and by sterving and hardning the earth, and consequently
taking from the roots the freer nourishment, for variation and change-
Make much of this document.
Now you may set your oranges, lemmons, myrtles, oleanders, lentisci,
datesj aloes, amomums, and like tender trees and plants, in the portico,
or with the windows and doors of the green-houses and conservatories
dpen, for eight or ten days before April, or earHer, if the season invite
(that is, if the sharp winds be past), to acquaint them gradually with
the air; I say gradually and carefully, for this change is the most
454
critical of the whole year ; trust not, therefore, the nights too confidently,
unless the weather be thorowly settled. Now is also your season to
raise stocks to bud oranges and lemmons on, by sowing the seeds early
this month, in such mould as is mentioned in May. Let the seeds be
of the Sevil orange, half a dozen in a pot is enough, plunging it in the
hot-bed ; renew'd some time in May. Thus they will have shot near a
foot before winter, and at the end of three years be fit for inoculation ;
which you may now also bud at the end of this month, placing two
buds opposite to each other, within an inch of the earth. Make much
of this direction. ' ' ''
Some of the hardiest evergreens may now be transplanted, especially
if the weather be moist and temperate. Lastly,
Bring in materials for the birds in the aviary to build their nests
withal.
Mowers in prime, and yet lasting.
Anemonies, spring cyclamen, winter aconite, crocus, bellis, white
and black hellebore, single and double hepatica, leucoion, chamse-iris of
all colours, dens caninus, violets, fritillaria, chelidonium (small with
double flowers), hermodactyls, tuberous iris, hyacinth zeboin, brumal,
oriental, &c. junquills, great chalic'd, dutch mezereon, persian iris,
auriculas, narcissus with large tufts, common, double, and single
primroses, praecoce tulips, Spanish trumpets or junquils, violets, yellow
dutch violets, ornithogalum max. alb. crown imperial, grape flowers,
almonds and peach blossoms, rubus odoratus, arbor judae, &c.
0 APRIL
Hath XXX days — long, \3>^ 23m. . Sun rises 5^ ISm — sets 6^ 42".
To be done in the Orchard and Olitory Garden.
Sow sweet marjorum, |jyssop, basil*, thyme, winter savory, scurvy-
grass, and all fine and tender seeds that require the hot-bed. >
Note, that sweet herbs should be stirr'd up, and new moulded, to
make them strike fresh roots.
* This excellent herb is but little regarded at present, notwithstanding the introduction of
French cookery into this country.
455
Sow also lettuce, purslan, caulyflower, radish, leeks, &c.
One may sow radish and carrots together In the same bed, so as the
first may be drawn, whilst the other Is ready. Sow radish, lettuce,
purslan, sampler, parsnips, carrots, on the same ground, gathering
each kind In their seasons, leaving the parsnips to winter : but It were
good to change the ground for carrots and parsnips now and then.
Remember to weed them when they are about two Inches high, and
a little after to thin them with a small haugh.
Plant artichoak-slips, &c.
Set French-beans, &c. And sow turnips, to have them early.
You may yet slip lavendar, thyme, penny-royal, sage, rosemary, &c.
and the oftener you clip and cut them the more will they thrive. Sage
so dress'd at the spring and autumn will cause It to continue long and
fair, without re-planting.
To have excellent salleting all the year round, sow turnip-seed,
radish, lettuce, purslan, borrage, tarragon, and all other kinds, in very
rich ground, and in winter and spring on the hot-bed, cover'd, &c.
dirawing them root and all as soon as they open a leaf as broad as a
threepenny piece, and so repeat sowing monthly.
Geld and prune strawberries. Now also wall-trees, especially the
peach, should have a second pruning, shortning the branches just
ajbove the knit fruit.
-Towards the middle of this month begin to plant forth your melons
and cucumbers, and so to the latter end, your rjdges well prepared.
Gather up worms and snails after evening showers; continue this
after all summer rains.
Soot-ashes, refuse sweepings of tobacco-stalks, made Into a fine
powder or dust, and strewed half an Inch in thickness at the foot of
trees, and now and then renewed, prevents pismires, and other crawling
insects, from Invading the fruit, &c.
Weed and haugh betimes. (See July.) In such bordures as you
plant wall-fruit, or espaliers, (which bordures *should be, at the least,
four or five foot in breadth,) plant neither herbs nor flowers, that you
may be continually stirring the mould with the spade, and (as need Is;)
456
recreating it with composts. This may be instead (and far better) of
hand-weeding ; only you may adorn the outward verge with an edging
of pink, limon, thyme, veronica, &c. renewing them when you perceive
them to grow sticky and leave gaps ; and you pnay sprinkle the rest of
the surface with lettuce, radish, turnip-seeds, for tender salleting,. so
you be sure to pull them up root and all by that time they are an
inch high, and shew a leaf no broader than a three-pence.
Open now your bee- hives, for now they hatch; look carefully to
them, and prepare your hives, &c.
Fruit in prime, or yet lasting.
jApples. — Pippins, deux-ans, west-berry apple, russeting, july-
flowers, flat reinet, &c.
Pears. — Later bon-crestien, oak-pear, &c. double blossom, &c.
To be done in the Parterre and Flower Garden.
Sow divers annuals to have flowers all summer; as double marigolds,
digitalis, delphinium, cyanus of all sorts, candy-tufts, garden pansy,
muscipula, scabius, scorpoides medica, holyhocks, columbines, bell-
videre, which renew every five or six years, else they will degenerate, &c.
Continue new and fresh hot-beds to entertain suxjh exotic plants as
arrive not to their perfection without them, till the air and common
earth be qualified with sufficient warmth to preserve them abroad. A
catalffgue of these you have in the former month.
Transplant such fibrous roots as you had not finish'd in March (for
this is the better season), as violets, hepatica, primroses, hellebore,
matricaria, &c. Place auricula seedlings in the shade.
Sow pinks, carnations, which you may continue to trim up, and
cleanse from dead and rotten leaves, viz. your old roots. Sow sweet-
williams, &c. to flower next year : this after rain. Set lupines, &c.
Sow leucoium in full moon, sprinkle it thin, frequently remove them,
and replant in moist weather the foUowing spring.
Sow also yet pine-kernels, fir-seede, phillyrea, alaternus, and most
perennial greens. Vide September.
457
Now take out your Indian tuberoses *, parting the oflF-sets (but with
care, lest you break their fangs, for it is from ofF-sets only that you
may expect flowers in due time, and not from the mother" bulb), then
pot them in natural f (not forc'd) earth ; a layer of rich mould beneath
and about this natural earth, to nourish the fibres, but not so as to
touch the bulbs : then plunge your pots in a hot -bed temperately
warm, and give them no water till they spring, and then set them
under a South wall : in dry weather water them freely, and expect an
incomparable flower in August. Thus likewise treat the narcissus of
japan, or guernsey lilly, mingling the earth with sea sand, for a later
flower; although that nice curiosity, set only in a warm corner,
expos'd to the South, without any removal at all for many years, has
sometimes prospered better. Sea sand mingled with the mould more
plentifully towards the surface, exceedingly contributes to the flourishing
of this rare exotick. The protuberant fangs of the yuca are to be
treated like the tuberoses. Make much of this precious direction.
Set out and expose flos cardinalis. Slip and set marums. Water
anemonies, ranunculus's especially, and plants in pots and cases once in
two or three days, if drought require it.
Note, that even anemonies, and flowers of that class, should be dis-
creetly prun'd, where they mat too thick j as also gillyflowers and
carnations, to produce fair flowers.
But carefully protect from violent storms of rain, hail, tails of the
frosts, and the too parching darts of the sun, your pennach'd tulips,
ranunculus's, anemonies, auriculas, covering them with matrasses sup-
ported on cradles of hoops, which have now in readiness. Now is the
season for you to bring the choice and tender shrubs, &c. out of the
conservatory, such as you durst not adventure forth in March ; let it be
in a fair day; only your orange-trees may remain in the house till
May (see the caution there), to prevent all danger. Yet if the weather
prove benign you may adventure, about the middle of this month,
giving a refreshment of water, not too cold : about four gallons of
» This beautiful flower has been much neglected of late years. t See May.
3 N
458
heated water to twenty, will render it blood-warm, which is the fittest
temper on all occasions throughout the year. Above all things, beware
both of cold spring, pump, or stagnant shaded waters; that of the
river is best, but of rain incomparable. In heat of summer, let the
water stand in the sun till it grow tepid. Cold applications, and all
extrearas, are pernicious.
Now is the season (about the beginning of this month) to prune
and cut off the tops of such trees as have shot above four or five inches.
You may now graff these tender shrubs, &c. by approach, viz.
oranges, lemmons, pomegranads, jasmines, &c.
Now, towards the end of April, you may transplant and remove
your tender shrubs, &c. as Spanish jasmines, myrtles, oleanders, young
oranges, cyclamen, pomegranads, &c. ; but first let them begin to sprout,
placing them a fortnight in the shade. But about Xiondon it may be
better to defer this work till mid-August. Vide also May, from whence
take directions how to refresh and trim them. Prune now your
Spanish jasmine within an inch or two of the stock ; but first see it
begin to shoot. Mow carpet-walks, and ply weeding, &c. Be
diligent In ridding this work before they run to seed and grow downy,
and speedily to rake away what you pull or haugh up, lest they take
root and fasten again, and infect the ground.
Note, that an half-spit deep stirring and turning up of the earth
about your bordures of mural trees, &c. is to be preferred to hand-
weeding, and more expeditious.
Towards the end (if the cold winds are past), and especially after
showets, clip phillyrea, alaternus, cypress, box, myrtles, barba jovis, and
other tonsile shrubs, &c.
, Here, to take off a reproach which box may lie under, (otherwise a
most beautiful and useful shrub, for edgings, knots, and other ornaments
of the coronary-garden,) because its scent is not agreeable to many, if
immediately upon clipping (when only it is most offensive) you water
it, the smell vanishes, and is no more considerable.
Flowers in prime, or yel lasting.
Anemonies, ranunculus's, arricula ursi, chamae-iris, crown imperial.
459
caprifollum, cyclamen, bell-flower, dens canlhus, fritillaria, gentianella'
hypericum frutex, double hepatlca's, jacinth starry, double dasies,
florence iris, tufted narcissus, white, double, and common, English
double, primrose, cowslips, pulsatilla, ladies smock, tulips medias,
ranunculus's of Tripoly, white violets, musk grape-flower, geranium,'
radix cava, caltha palustris, parietaria lutea, leucoium, persian lilies^
peonies, double jonquils, muscaria reversed, cochlearia, persian jas-
mine, acanthus, lilac, rosemary, cherries, wall-pears, almonds, abricots,
peaches, white thorn, arbor Judae * blossoming, &c.
n MAY
Hath xxxi days —long, 15* 9"". Sun rises at 4» 25" —sets 7* 42''.
In the Orchard and Olitory Garden.
Sow sweet marjoran, basil, thyme, hot and aromatick herbs and
plants, which are the most tender. Transplant sampler to some very
warm exposure, as under a South wall. You cannot provide too much
of this excellent ingredient to all crude sallads.
Sow purslan, to have young ; lettuce, large-sided cabbage, painted
beans, &c. Plant out cabbages and caully-flowers, nasturces, bete-
chard, sellery.
Look carefully to your melons ; and towards the end of this month
forbear to cover them any longer on ridges, either with straw or
matrasses, &c.
Prune fig-trees.
You may now give a third pruning to peach-trees, taking away and
pinching oflF unblossoming branches.
Break and pull ofi^ all crumpl'd dry'd leaves and wither'd branches of
mural trees, and cleanse them from snails, caterpillars, &c. every where.
Fig-trees may be graffed by inarching.
Ply the laboratory, and .distil plants for waters, spirits, &c.
• This early-flowering tree has never become common in this country
460
Continue weeding before they run to seeds ; carefully observing the
directions of April and July, as of extraordinary importance both for
saving charge, improvement of the fruit, and the neat maintaining of
your garden.
Now set your bees at full liberty, look out ofteji, and expect
swarms, &c.
Fruits in prime, or yet lasting.
Apples. — Pippins, deux-ans, or john-apples, west-berry apples,
russettings, gilly-flower apples, the maligar, &c. codling.
Pears. — Great kairville, winter bon-chrestien, black pear of Worces-
ter Surrein, double-blossom pear, &c.
Cherries, &c. — ^The May- cherry*, strawberries, &c.
To be done in the Parterre and Flower Garden.
Now forasmuch as gentlemen are very inquisitive when were the best
and securest season for exposing their orange-trees f, and more tender
curiosities, I give them this for a rule the most infallible : that they
observe the mulberry-tree, when it begins to put forth and open the
leaves (be it earlier or later), bring your oranges, &c. boldly out of the
conservatory; 'tis your only season to transplant and remove them.
Let this be done with care, if the tree be too ponderous to be lifted
perpendicularly by the hand alone, by applying a triangle and puUy,
and so with a rope, and a broad horse-girth at the end, lapped about
the stem- (to prevent galling), draw out the tree, with competent
mould adhering to it, having before loosned it from the sides of the
case, and so with ease transfer it into another. Let the cases be
filled with natural earth (such as is taken the first half spit from
* Have we lost an early variety of this fruit, or is our season later ?
t Orange-trees virere the principal ornament of the English greenhouse in Evelyn's time, as they
still continue to be of those on the Continent.
The Queen of Charles the First had an orange-house and orange-garden at Wimbledon, in
Surrey, which were sold by order of the Parliament in 1649; when 42 orange- trees were valued
at ^420, and one lemon-tree at sg20 j and 18 orange-trees, that had not borne fruit, sold for
£90. See Phillips's Pomarium Britannicura.
461
just under the turf of the best pasture-ground *, in a place that has been
well fother'd on), mixing it with one part of rotten cow-dung, (some
prefer horse-dung,) or very mellow soil, screen'd and prepar'd some
time before. If this be too stiff, sift a little lime discreetly with it, or
rather sea-coal ashes, or the rotten sticks and stuff found in hollow
willows ; and if it want binding, a little loamy earth. Then cutting
the too thick and extravagant roots a little, especially at bottom, set
your plant, but not too deep ; rather let some of the roots appear. If
you see cause to form the heads of your trees, by cutting off any consi-
derable branch, cover the wound or amputation with a mixture of bees-
wax, rosin, and turpentine ; of the wax and turpentine each one ounce,
of rosin two ; some add a little tallow. Lastly, settle it with tem-
perately enriched water (such as is impregnated with neat and sheeps
dung especially, set and stirr'd in the sun some few days before, but
be careful not to drench them too much at first, but giving it by degrees
day after day, without wetting the stem or leaves), having before put
some rubbish of lime-stones, pebbles, shells, faggot-spray, or the like,
at the bottom of the cases, to make the moisture passage, and keep the
earth loose, for fear of rotting the fibres. See November. Then set
them in the shade for a fortnight, and afterwards expose them to the
sun ; vet not where it is too scorching by the reflection of walls, but
rather where they may have the gentle shade of distant trees, or a
palisade thin hedge or curtain drawn before them, which may now and
then be sprinkl'd with water, as seamen do their sails. The morning
sun, till about three in the afternoon, is best. Be not yet over-hasty in
giving them the full sun ; for in your discreet acqainting them with
this change consists their prosperity during all the summer after ■[•.
Give now also your hous'd plants (such as you do not think requisite
to take out) fresh earth at the surface, in place of some of the old earth
(a hand depth or so), and loosning the rest with a fork, without
wounding the roots. Let this be of excellent rich soil J, such as is
* See " Discourse of Earth," pp. 40, 41. f Ibid, p; 41. J Vide July.
462
throughly consum'd, and will sift, that it may wash in the vertue, and
comfort the plant. Brush and cleanse them likewise from the dust
contracted during their enclosure. If you do not transplant or remove
them about the middle of the month, take off the surface-earth about
an inch or two deep, and put cow-dung of the last year's preparation in
place of it, covering it over with the same mould. (See July.) But now
for a compendium, and to gratifie gentlemen with what is most effec-
tual, as well as easie. Let them always be provided with a plentiful
stock of old neats'-dung, well air'd and stirr'd for two years. Then
with three parts of this, and one of the bottom of the tanner's pit (with
some addition of a light under-turf mould), they will be provided with
an incomparable composition, not only for their orange-trees, but for
all other sorts of verdures. But after all, where there is to be found a
natural earth, with an eye of loam in it (such as is proper for most
flowers, carnations especially), mixing it with well-consumed horse-
dung, and something of a drying nature, such as is the ashes of sea-
coal, in due proportion, to keep it loose and from clogging, you need
seek for nothing more. Neither shall they need* much to trim the
roots (unless they find them exceedingly matted and straggling), or put
so much loose trash at the bottom of their cases ; but it were good to
change them once in three or four years into larger ones, if they prosper;
The least size of cases ought to be of sixteen inches, the middle sort of
two foot, and the largest near a yard diameter, supported from the-
ground with knobs or feet, four inches.
These last directions have till now been kept as considerable secrets
amongst our gard'ners. (Vide August and September.)
Shade your carnations and gilly-flowers after mid-day about this
season. You may likewise sow clove gilly-flowers, new-moon. Sow
also your stock -gilly-flowers in beds, full- moon.
Continue watering ranunculus's. Transplant forth your amaranthus's
where you would have them stand. Sow antirrinum; or you may
set it.
Gather what anemony-seed you find ripe, and that is worth saving ;
preserve it very dry. You may plant single anemonies. Prune jasmine
close, within half an inch.
463
Cut likewise the stalks of such bulbous flowers as you find dry.
Towards the end take up those tulips which are dry'd in the stalk ;
covering what you find to lie bare from the sun and showers. And if
you find any to be canker'd, bury them immediately in the ea^th again,
before they be dry ; 'tis the best cure.
Flowers in prime, or yet lasting.
Late set anemonles and ranunculus omn. gen. anapodophylon, blat-
taria, chamse-iris, augustifol. cyanus, cytisus, maranthe, cyclamen,
helleborine, columbines, caltha palustris, double cotyledon, digitalis,
fraxinella, gladiolus, geranium, hormlnum creticum, yellow hemero-
callis, strip'd jacinth, early bulbous iris, asphodel, yellow, lillies, lychnis,
jacea, bellis double, white and red, millefolium luteum, phalangium
orchis, lilium convallium, span, pinks, deptford pinks, rosa common,
cinnamon, guelder, and centifol. &c. oleaster, cherry-bay, trachelium,
cowslips, hesperis, antirrhinum, syringas, sedums, tulips serotin,. &c.
valerian, veronica double and single, musk violets, ladies slipper, stock-
glUy-flowers, spanilh nut, star-flower, chalcedons, ordinary crowfoot,
red martagon, bee-flowers, campanellas (white and blue), persian lilly,
honey-suckles, buglos, homer's moly, and the white of dioscorides,
pansis, prunella, purple thalictrum, sisymbrium (double and simple},
leucoium bulbosum serotinum, peonies, sambucus, rosemary, stsechas,
sea-narcissus, barba jovis, laurus, satyrion, oxyacanthus, tamariscus,
apple blossoms, &c.
s JUNE
Hath XXX days —long, le?- 17"". Sun rises S"" SI" — sets 8" 9":
2oL be done in the Orchard and Olitory Garden.
Sow lettuce, chervil, radish, &c; to have young and tender salleting.
About the midst of June you may inoculate pea!ches, abricots, cher-
ries, plums, apples, pears, &c. On \yhat stocks, see November.
You jnay now also (or in May before) cleanse vines of exuberant
branches and tendrels, cropping (not cutting) and stopping the second
464
joint, or immediately before the fruit, and some of the under branches
which bear no fruit ; especially in young vineyards, when they first
begin to bear, and thence forwards, binding up the rest to props. More
ample directions for the nursery this month's beginning, see " Discourse
of Earth," p. 15.
Gather herbs in the full to keep dry. They keep and retain their:
vertue and sweet smell, provided you take, the same care as you do in
hay, that you expose them not in too thin but competent heaps, which
you may turn and move till they be reasonably dry, not brittle, and the
sooner it be dispatch'd the better. The gard'ner therefore should
attend it himself; for theire is very great difference in the vertue of
plants, according as they are dry'd.
To preserve the colour of flowers or herbs, they should be dry'd in
the shade ; but they will be apt to contract mustiness unless shewed to
the sun a little.
Now is your season to distill aromatidk plants, &c.
Water lately planted trees, and put moist and half-rotten fearn, &c.
about the foot of their stems, having first clear'd them of weeds, and a
little stirr'd the earth.
Now because the excessive scorchings of this and the two following
months (and not seldom the winters also), do frequently indanger the
untimely falling both of blossom and fruit before their maturity, place
a vessel of impregnated water near the stem of the tree, and lap a rea-
sonable long piece of flannel, or other woollen or linnen clout about it
letting one end thereof hang in the water, by which the moisture
ascending will be suck'd thro' the very bark, and consequently nourish
and invigorate the tree to re-produce its former verdure. The water is
to be supply'd as you find it convenient, and no longer, lest it sob your
stem too much. This manner of refreshing is more to be preferr'd than
by suffering it to drop only upon the earth (which yet in other occa-
sions is profitable) per lingulam; which, if too plentifully, endangers
the chilling and rotting of the fibres.
Note, that sick trees, as orange,i&c. frequently impair'd by removes,
carriage, ill handling, and other accidents, are many times recover'd by
a milk diet; that is, diluting it with a portion of water discreetly
465
admlnlster'd, as you find amendment. Sometimes also by plunging
them in the hot-bed ; or by letting the tree down into a pit of four or
five foot depth, covering the head, and the rest pf the tree above, with
a glaz'd frame. Either of these remedies projSt according as the plant
is affected, wanting warmth or nourishment.
Ply weeding as in the former month.
Look to your bees for swarms and casts ; and begin to destroy insects
with hoofs, canes, and tempting baits, &c. Gather snails after rain, &c.
Fruits in primes or yet lasting.
Apples. — Juniting (first ripe), pippins, john-apples, robillard, red
Fennouil, &c. French.
Pears. — The maudlin (first ripe), madeira, green-royal, St. Lawrence
pear, &c.
Cherries, &c. — Duke, flanders, heart (black, red, white), luke-
ward, early flanders, the common cherry, Spanish black, naples
cherries, &c.
Rasberries, corinths *, strawberries, melons, &c.
To be done in the Parterre and Flower Garden.
Transplant autumnal cyclamens now, if you would change their
place ; otherwise let them stand. Take up iris chalcedon.
Gather the ripe seeds of flowers worth the saving, as of choicest
oriental jacinth, narcissus (the two lesser, pale, spurious daffodils, of a
whitish green, often produces varieties), a^iculas, ranunculus's, &c.
and preserve them dry. Shade your carnations from the afternoon sun.
You may now begin to lay your gilly-flowersf . Sow some annuals to
flower in the later months.
* Currants were formerly considered to be a species of the gooseberryj and had no other name
until they were called CorinthSj from their similitude to the small Z&Dte grapes (the currants of
the grocers), which grew in great abundance about Corinth, and which now bear also the cor-
rapted name of currants.
f This alludes to the clove gilly-flower, Dianthus Cary&phyllm. The name of gillyflower was
common to several plants, as the stock-gillyflower, and the wall-gillyflower. Our great Lexicogra-
3o
466
Take up your rarest anemonies and ranunculus's after rain (if it
come seasonable, not before), the stalk wither'd, and dry the roots well.
This about the end of the month. In naid-June inoculate jasmine,
roses, and some other rare shrubs. Sow now also some anemony seeds.
Take up your tulip bulbs, burying such immediately as you find naked
upon your beds, or else plant them in some cooler place ; and refresh
over-parch'd beds with water. Water your pots of narcissus of Japan
(that precious flower), &c. Stop some of your scabious's from running
to seed the first year, by now removing them, and next year they will
produce excellent flowers. Also you may now take up all such plants
and flower-roots as endure not well out of the ground, and replant
them again immediately; such as the early cyclamen, jacinth oriental,
and other bulbous jacinths, iris, fritillaria, crown imperial, martagon,
muscaris, dens caninus, &c. The slips of myrtle set in some cool and
moist place, do now frequently take root. Also cytisus lunatus will be
multiplied by slips in a damp place, such as are an handful long of that
spring, but neither by seeds nor layers. Look now to your aviary ; for
now the birds grow sick of their feathers ; therefore assist them with
emulsions of the cooler seeds bruised in their water, as melons, cucum-
bers, &c. Also give them succory, beets, groundsel, chickweed, fresh
gravel, and earth, &c.
Flowers in prime, or yet lasting.
Amaranthus, anemonies single, antirrhinum, asphodel, campanula,
convolvolus, cyclamen, clematis panonica, cyannus, blattaria, digitalis,
gladiolus, hedysarum, geranium, horminum creticum, hieracium, hes-
peris, bulbous iris, and divers others, lychnis var. generum, martagon
(white and red), millefolium (white and yellow), nasturtium indicum.
pher concludes that the word is corrupted from July flower, because Lord Bacon says, " in July
come gillyflowers of all varieties ;" and Mortimer is also quoted, who writes, " Gillyflowers, or
rather July flowers, are called from the month they blow in;" or, says Johnson, " from GixoJUe,
of the French." It is evidently not derived from July, since Chaucer, who frequently uses French
words, spells it gilofre. The learned Dr. Turner, in his History of Plants of 1568, calls it gelouer.
Gerard, who succeeded Turijer, and after him" Parkinson, call it gilloflower, and thus it travelled
from its original orthography, until it was called July-flower. Flora Historica, vol. II.
467
nigella, aster atticus, hellebore, alb. gentlana, trachelium, ficus indica,
fraxinella, shrub nightshade, jasmines, honey-suckles, genista hisp.
carnations, pinks, armerius, ornithogalum, pansy, phalangium virgini-
anum, larksheel (early), philosella, roses, thlaspi creticum, &c. vero-
nica, viola pentaphyl. campions or sultans, mountain lillies (white,
red), double poppies, palm christi, stock -gilly-flowers, corn-flag, holly-
hock, muscaria, serpillum citratum, phalangium allobrogicum, oranges,
rosemary, gelder, and cynomon roses, tuber-rose, lentiscus, pomgranade,
the lime-tree, &c.
SI JULY
Hath xxxi days — long, IS"- 69<°. Sun rises 4'' 0" — sets 8" 1».
To he done in the Orchard and Olitory Garden.
Sow lettuce, raddish, &c. to have tender salleting.
Sow later pease, to be ripe six weeks after Michaelmas.
Water young planted trees, and layers, &c. and re-prune now abri-
cots and peaches, saving as many of the young likeliest shoots as are
well placed ; for the now bearers commonly perish, the new ones suc-
ceeding. Cut close and even, purging your wall-fruit of superfluous
leaves, which hinder from the sun, but do it discreetly ; as also vines.
It were now fit (and especially when the fruit is either forming or
requires filling, and before if. the season be very dry), to give plentiful
refreshments to your mural fruit-trees, pouring it leisurely into holes
made with a wooden-pointed stake, at competent distance from the
stem,' and so as not to touch or wound any of the roots. You may
leave the short stakes in the holes for a while, or fill them with mould
again. Thus may you feed your vines with blood, sweet, and mingled
with water, &c. But this, and all pther summer refreshings, is only
to be done early in the morning, or late in the evenings.
You may now also begin to inoculate.
Let such olitory-herbs run to seed as you would save.
468
Towards the latter end, visit your vineyards* again, &c. and stop the
exuberant shoots at the second joint above the fruit (if not finish'd
before), but not so as to expose it to the sun, without some umbrage.
Remove long-sided cabbages planted in May, to head in autumn ; 'tis
the best cabbage in the world. Remember to cut away all rotten and
putrify'd leaves from your cabbages, which el^e will infect both earth
and air.
Now begin to streightfen the entrance of your bees a little, and help
them to kill their drones, if you observe too many : setting the new-
invented cucurbit-glasses of beer mingled with honey, to entice the
wasps, flies, &c. which waste your store. Also hang bottles of the
same mixture near your red roman nectarines, and other tempting
fruits and flowers, for their destruction ; else they many times invade
your best fruit. Set therefore up hoofs of neats'-feet for the earwigs,
and remember to cleanse and shake them out at noon, when they con-
stantly repair for the shade. They are cursed devourers; nor ought
vou to be less diligent to prevent the ants, which above all invade the
orange-flower, by casting scalding brine on their hills and other
receptacles.
Look no'iy also diligently under the leaves of mural-trees for the
snails ; they stick commonly somewhat above the fruit. Pull not off"
what is bitten, for then they will certainly begin afresh.
Have still an eye to the weeding and cleansing part. Begin the
work of hau'ghing as soon as ever they begin to peep ; you will rid
more in a few hours than afterwards in a whole day ; whereas, neglect-
ing it till they are ready to sow themselves, you do but stir and pnepare
for a more numerous crop of these garden-sins : I cannot too often
inculcate and repeat it.
Fruits in primes or yet lasting.
ApPLES.-^-Deux-ans, pippins, winter russeting, iandrew apples, cin-
namon-apple, red and white juneting, the margaret-apple, &c.
* Vineyards were common in England in the time of Evelyn. See " Pomarium Britannicum,"
.3d edit. p. 185.
469
Pears.— The primat, russet pears, summer pears, green chesil pears,
orange pear, cuisse madame, pearl pear, &c.
Cherries. — Carnations, morella, great-bearer, morocco cherry, the
egriot, bigarreux, &c.
Peaches. — Nutmeg, isobella, persian, newington, violet, muscat,
rambouillet.
PruMs, &c. — Primordial, myrobalan, the red, blue, and amber
violets, damasc. denny damasc. pear-plum, damasc. violet, or cheson
plum, abricot-plum, cinnamon plum, the king's plum, Spanish, mo-
rocco-plum, lady Eliz. plum, tawny, damascene, &c. figgs.
Rasberries, gooseberries, corinths, strawberries, melons, &c.
To be done in the Parterre and Flower Garden.
Slip stocks, and other lignous plants and flowers. From henceforth
to Michaelmas you may also lay gilly-flowers and carnations for in-
crease, leaving not above two or three spindles for flowers, and nipping
off superfluous buds, with supports, cradles, canes, or hoofs, to establish
them against winds, and destroy earwigs.
The layers will (in a month or six weeks) strike root, being planted
in a light loamy earth, mixed with excellent rotten soil, and sifted.
Plant six or eight in a pot to save room in winter. Keep them well
from too much rains ; yet water them in drought, sparing the leaves.
If it prove too wet, lay your pots side-long ; but shade those which
blow from the afternoon sun, as in the former month-
Yet also you may lay myrtles, laurels, and other curious greens.
Water young planted shrubs and layers, &c. as orange-trees, myrtles,
granades *, amonlum especially, which shrub you can hardly refresh
too often, and it requii'es abundant compost ; as do like\vise both the
myrtle and granade-trees ; therefore, whenever you trim their roots,
or change their earth, apply the richest soil (so it be sweet and well
consum'd) you can to them, &c. Clip box, &c. in parterres, knots,
and compartiments, if need be, and that it grow out of order : do it
after rain.
* Note, that the granade flourishes best in earth not over-rich.
470
Graff by approach, inarch, and inoculate jasmines, oranges, and
other your choicest shrubs.
Take up your early autumnal cyclamen, tulips, and bulbs (if you
will remove them, &c.) before mentioned ; transplanting them imme-
diately, or a month after, if you please, and then cutting off and trim-
ming the fibres, spread them to air in some dry place. But separate
not the off-sets of tulips, &c. until the mother bulb be fully dry.
Gather tulip-seed, if you please ; but let it lie in the pods.
Gather now also your early cyclamen-seed, and sow it presently in,
pots.
Remove seedling crocus's sow'd in September constantly at this
season, placing them at wider intervals till they begin to bear.
Likewise you may take up some anemonies, ranunculus's, crocus,
crown imperial, persian iris, fritillaria, and colchicums ; but plant the
three last as soon as you have taken them up, as you did the.cyclamens ;
or you may stay till August or September ere you take them up,
and replant colchicums.
Remove now dens caninus, &c.
Take up your gladiolus now yearly, the blades being dry, or else
their off-sets will poison the ground.
Latter end of July, treat your orange-trees, &c. as directed in Mav,
by refreshing the surface of the cases, to nourish and keep the fruit
cool and in vigour. Sift your beds for off-sets of tulips, and all bulbous
roots ; also for anemonies ranunculus's, &c. which will prepare for re-
planting with such things as you have already in pots, to plunge or set
in the naked earth till the next season ; as amaranths, canna ind. mira-
bile peruv. capsicum ind. nasturtium ind. &c. that they may not lie
empty and disfurnished.
You may sow some anemonies, keeping them temperately moist.
Continue to cut off the wither'd stalks of your lower flowers, &c. and
all others, covering with, earth the bared roots, &c.
Now (in the driest season) with lime, brine, pot-ashes (which is the
very best of all, because being cast on fine turf it destroys the worms,
and improves the grass, which most other applications mortify), and
water, or a decoction of tobacco refuse, water your gravel-walks, &c.
471
to destroy both worms and weeds, of which it will cure them for some
years.
Flowers in primes or yet lasting.
Amaranthus, asphodel, antirrhinum, campanula, clematis, cyanus,
convolvolus, sultana, veronica purple and odoriferous, digitalis, eryn-
gium planum ind. phaseolus, geranium triste, nocte olens, and creti-
cum, gladiolus, gentiana, hiesperis, nigella, hedysarum, fraxinella,
lychnis chalcedon, jacea (white and double), nasturt. ind. millefolium,
musk-rose, flos africanus, thlaspi creticum, veronica mag. et parva,
volubilis, balsam-apple, holy-hoc, corn-flower, alkekengi, lupines, scor-
pion-grass, caryophyllata omn. gen. stock-gilly-flower, scabiosa, mirab.
peru, spartum hispan. monthly rose, jasmine, indian tuberous jacinth,
limonium, linaria cretica, pansies, prunella, delphinium, phalanglum,
periploca virgin, flos passionis, flos cardinalis, yucca, oranges, amomum
plinii, oleanders (red and white), agnus castus, arbutus, olive,
ligustrum, tilia, &c.
m AUGUST
Hath xxxi days — long, 14'' SS". ■: Sun rises, 4"' 43"' — sets 7l» 17m.
To be done in the Orchard and Olitory Garden.
Inoculate now early, if before you began not, and gather your bud
of that year. Let this work be done before you remove the stocks.
Prune off yet also superfluous branches and shoots of this second
spring; but be careful not to expose the fruit without leaves sufficient
to screen it from the sun, furnishing and nailing up what you will
spare to cover the defects of your walls. Continue yet to cleanse your
vines from exuberant branches that too much hinder the sun. Do this
discreetly, lest the fruit shrivel, being too much expos'd.
Pull up the suckers.
Clip roses now done bearing.
Sow radish, especially the black, to prevent running up to seed, pale
tender cabbages, cauly-flowers for winter plants, corn sallet, marigolds,
472
lettuce, carrots, parsnips, turnips, spinage, onions ; also curl'd endive,
angelica, scurvy-grass, &c.
Strip or tread down onions, and strip the leaves of beets, carrots,
parsnips, &c. to improve the roots.
Note, that if plants run up to seed over-hastily (as they will be apt
to do, being early sown, and the weather hot), pull their roots a little
out of the ground, and lay them along in it somewhat slanting, and
clap some mould about them.
Cauly-flowers over-speeding to pome and head (before they have
quite perfected their heads) should be quite eradicated, and may be
buried in a cellar, or some cool place, both root and stalk up to the
very head, and so they will furnish goodly heads, without sun or
exposure abroad.
Likewise now pull up ripe onions and garlick, &c.
Towards the end sow purslan, chard-beet, chervil, &c.
Transplant such lettuce as you will have abide all winter.
Gather your olitory-seeds, and clip and cut all such herbs and plants
within one handful of the ground before the full. Lastly,
Unbind and release the buds you inoculated, if taken, &c. ; likewise
stop and prune them.
Pluck up strawberry runners, extirpate the tall stalks, and purge the
old tufts and leaves.
Now vindeniiate, and take your bees towards the expiration of this
month, uidess you see cause (by reason of the weather or season) to
defer it till mid-September ; but, if your stocks be very light and weajs,
begin the earlier.
Make your summer perry and cider. See " Discourse of Cider," at
the end of our "Pomona."
Fruits in prime, and yet lasting.
Apples. — The ladies longing, the kirkham apple, johji-^pple, the
seaming apple, cushion apple, spicing, may-flower, sheeps snout.
Pears. — Windsor, sovereign, orange, bergamot, slipper pear, red
Catherine, king Catherine, denny pear, prussia pear, summer peppering,
sugar pear, lording pear, &c.
473
Peaches and Abricots. — Roman peach, man peach, quince peach,
rambouillet, musk peach, grand carnation, portugal peach, crown peach,
bourdeaux peach, lavar peach, maudlen, minion peach, the peach des
pot, savoy malacoton, which lasts till Michaelmas.
Nectarines. — ^The muroy nectarine, tawny, red roman, little green
nectarine, cluster nectarine, yellow nectarine.
Plums.— Imperial, blue, white dates, yellow pear-plum, black pear-
plum, white nutmeg, late pear-plum, great anthony, turkey-plum, the
jane- plum.
Other Fruit.— Cluster-grape, muscadine, corinths, cornelians *,
mulberries, figs, filberts, melons, &c.
To be done in the Parterre and Flower Garden.
Now (and not till now, if you expect success) is the just season for
the budding of the orange-tree. Inoculate, therefore, at the commence-
ment of this month, upon seedling stocks of four years growth. And
to have excellent buds, cut off the head of some very old orange-tree of
a good kind, which making large shoots, will furnish the best.
Now likewise take up your bulbous iris ; or you may sow their seeds,
as also those of larks-^heel, candy-tufts, columbines, iron-colour'd fox-
gloves, holly-hocks, and such plants as endure winter, and the approach-
ing seasons.
Plant some anemony roots to have flowers all winter, if the roots
escape, and take up your seedlings of last year, which now transplant
for bearing. Also plant dens caninus, autumnal crocus, and colchicums.
Note, that English saflPron may be suflfered to stand for increase to the
third or fourth year without removing.
You may now sow narcissus and oriental jacinths, and re-plant such
* This fruit is no longer seen in our orchards or at our tables. Phillips says, in his " Sylva
Florifera," "The cornelian cherry, carnvs mascula, is now removed from the orchard to the
shrubbery; but in this latter situation it is at present so seldom seen, that many persons do not
even know that this beautifully-transparent fruit exists, which flourished in the earliest English
gatdens, graced the desserts of our forefathers, and furnished their dames with fruit for tarts, rob,
and marmalade." Vol. I. p. 185.
3 p
474.
as will not do well out of the earth ; as fritlUaria, hyacinths, martagon,
dens caninus, lillies.
GlUy-flowers may yet be slipp'd.
Continue your taking up of bulbs, dry them, and lay them up;
lillies, &c. of which before.
Gather from day to day your alaternus seed as it grows black and
ripe, and spread it to sweat and dry before you put it up ; therefore
move it sometimes with a broom or whisk, that the seeds clog not
together, unless you will separate It from the mucilage ; for then you
must a little bruise it wet : wash and dry them in a cloth.
Water well your balsamine fcem.
Most other seeds may now likewise be gather'd from shrubs, as you
find them ripen.
About mid-August transplant auriculas, dividing old and lusty roots ;
also prick out your seedlings. They best Jike a loamy sand, or light
moist earth, yet, rich and shaded. You may likewise sow auricula.
Now, towards the latter end, you may sow anemony seeds, ranun-
culus's, &c. lightly cover'd with fit mould in cases, shaded, and fre-
quently refreshed. Also cyclamen, jacinths, iris, hepatica, primroses,
fritillaria, martagon, fraxinella, tulips, &c. but with patience, for some
of them, because they flower not till three, four, five, six, and seven
years after, especially the tulips, unless you sow the seeds so shallow
that they cannot penetrate or sink above an inch or two ; which is a
secret. Therefore disturb not their beds (but hand-weed them), and
let them be under some warm place, shaded yet, till the heats are past,
lest the seeds dry; only the hepaticas and primroses may be sow'd in
some less expos'd beds.
Now, about Bartholomew-tide, is the only, secure season for removing
and laying your perennial, greens, oranges, lemons, myrtles, phillyreas,
oleanders, jasmines, arbutus, and other rare shrubs, as pomegranads,
monthly roses, and whatever is most obnoxious to frosts ; taking the
shoots and branches of the past spring, and pegging them down in
very rich earth, and soil perfectly consum'd, watering them upon all
occasions during the summer ; and by this time twelventionth they will
be ready to remove, transplanted In fit earth, set in the shade, and kept
475
moderately moist, not over- wet, lest the young fibres rot': after three
weeks set them in some more airy place, but not in the sun till fifteen
days more. Vide our observations in April and May, for the rest of
these choice directions.
Flowers in prime, or yet lasting.
Amaranthus, anagallis, lusitanica, aster atticus, blattaria, Spanish
bells, belvedere, carnations, campanula, clematis, cyclamen verhum,
datura turcica, eliochryson, eryngium planum et amethystinum, gera-
nium creticum, and triste. Yellow stocks, hieracion minus alpestre,
tuberose hyacinth, limonium, linaria cretica, lychnis, mirabile peruvian,
yellow millefolium, nastur. ind. yellow mountain hearts-ease, maracoc,
africanus flos, convolvolus's, scabious, asphodils, delphinium, lupines,
colchicum, leucoion, autumnal hyacinth, holly-hock, starwort, heliotrop,
french marigold, daisies, geranium nocte olens, common pansies, larks-
heels of all colours, nigella, helleborus, balsamin. fcem. Lobels catch-
fly, thlaspi creticum, rosemary, musk rose, monthly rose, oleanders,
Spanish jasmine, yellow Indian jasmine, myrtles, oranges, pomegranads
(double and single flowers), shrub spiraea, agn us castus, the virginian
martagon, malva arborescens, &c.
^ SEPTEMBER
Hath XXX days — long, 12li 37™. Sun rises 5li 4ini — sets 6^ 19™.
To be done in the Orchard and Olitory Garden.
Gather now (if ripe) your winter-fruits, as apples, pears, plums, &c.
to prevent their falling by the great winds. Also gather your wind-
falls from day to day. Do this work in dry weather.
Release inoculated buds, or sooner, if they pinch. You may yet
inoculate peaches.
Sow lettuce, radish, splnage, chervil, parsnips, skirrets, &c. cauly-
flowers, cabbages, onions, &c. scurvy-grass, anniseeds, &c. And fill
your vacant beds with sallading, this month and the next.
476
Now you may transplant most sorts of esculent or physical plants, &c.
Also artichoaks and asparagus -roots *.
Sow also winter herbs and roots, and plant strawberries out of the
woods. Set them a foot or more asunder.
Bind up and blanch sellery, chardon, &c. but tie not up in wet
weather.
Towards the end, earth up your winter-plants and sallet-herbs, and
plant forth your caulyflowers and nursery-cabbages under shelter, for
winter store, which were sown in August. Prepare compost (see
January) ; and for trenching and preparing the earth, see " Discourse
of Earth," p. 14.
No longer now defer the taking of your bees, streightening the
entrances of such hives as you leave to a small passage, and continue
still your hostility against wasps, and other robbing insects.
Cider-making continues.
Fruits in prime, or yet lasting.
Apples. — ^The belle-bonne, the william, summer pear-main, lording-
apple, pear-apple, quince-apple, red-greening ribb'd, bloody pippin,
harvy, violet-apple, &c.
Pears. — Hamden's bergamot (first ripe), summer bon-chrestien,
norwich, black Worcester (baking), greenfield, orange, bergamot, the
queen hedge-pear, lewis-pear (to dry excellent), frith-pear, arundel
pear (also to bake), brunswick-pear, butter-pear, winter poppering,
bing's-pear, bishop's pear (baking), diego, eraperor's-pear, cluster-
pear, messire jean, rowling-pear, balsam-pear, bezy d'hery, pear
Evelyn, &c.
Peaches, &c. — ^Violet peach, admirable, purple peach, malacoton,
and some others, if the year prove backwards.
Almonds, &c. Quinces. Figs perfectly ripe.
* See " Discourse of Earth," p. 38.
477
Litde blue grape, nmacadine-grape, frontiniac, p^rsly, great blue
grape, the verjuice grape, excellent for sauce, &c.
Barberries, &c. Melons as yet.
To he done in the Parterre and Flower Garden.
Plant some of all the sorts of anemonies in good, rich, natural earth,
especially the latifol. after the first rains, if you will have flowers very
forward ; but it is surer to attend till October, or the month aft^r, lest
the over moisture of the autumnal seasons give you cause to repent.
Now is the most proper season to sow auricula-seeds, setting the
cases in the sun till April. (See April.)
Begin now also to plant some tulips, unless you will stay till the
latter end of October, to prevent all hazard of rotting the bulbs. Plant
daffodils and colohicum.
All fibrous plants, such as hepatica, hellebore, camomile, &c. also
the capillaries, matricaria, violets, primroses, &c. may now be trans-
planted: as likewise iris chalcedon, cyclamen, &c.
Now you may also continue to sow alaternus, phillyrea (or you may
forbear till the spring), irig, crown imperial, martagon, tulips, del-
phinium, nigella, candy-tufts, poppy; and generally all the annuals
which are not impaired by the frosts.
Sow primroses likewise. Remove seedling digitalis, and plant the
slips of lychnis at the beginning.
Your tuberoses will not endure the wet of this season, therefore set
the pots (having laid them side-long to drain) into your conserve, and
keep them very dry. It is best to take them out pf the pots about the
beginning of this month, and either to preserve them in dry sand, or
wrap them up in papers, and so put them in a box near the chimney.
Bind now up your autumnal flowers and plants to stakes, to prevent
sudden gusts, which will else prostrate all you have so industriously
raised.
Now you may take off gilly-flower-layers with earth and all, and
plant them in pots or borders shaded.
Crocus will now be rais'd of seeds.
478
You may yet transplant evergreens, and other rare shrubs of the last
month.
Prune pines and firs a little after this Equinox, if you omitted it in
March (much the better season). Vide March.
About Michaelmas, sooner or later, as the season directs, the
weather fair, and by no means foggy, retire your choice greens and
rarest plants (being dry), as oranges, lemons, indian and Spanish jas-
mine, oleanders, barba jovis, amomum plin. cytisus lunatus, chamelsea
tricoccos, cistus ledon clusii. dates, aloes, sedums, &c.* into your con-
servatory ; ordering them with fresh mould, as you were taught in May
and July, viz. taking away some of the upmost exhausted earth, and
stirring up the rest, fill the cases with rich and well-consumed soil, to
wash in and nourish the roots during winter ; but as yet leaving the
doors and windows open, and giving them free air, so the winds be not
sharp and high, nor weather foggy ; do thus till the cold *being more
intense, advertise you to inclose them altogether. Myrtles will endure
abroad near a month longei".
The cold now advancing, set such plants as will not endure the
house into the earth ; the pots two or three inches lower that the
surface of some bed under a Southern exposure. Then cover them
with glasses, having cloathed them first with sweet and dry moss; but
upon all warm and benign emissions of the sun, and sweet showers,
give them air, by taking off all that covers them. Thus you shall pre-
serve your costly and precious marum syriacum, cistus's, geranium
nocte olens, flos cardinalis, marcocs, seedling arbutus's (a very hardy
plant when greater), choicest ranunculus's and anemonies, acacia,
aegypt, &c. Thus governing them till April. Secrets not till now
divulged.
Note, that cats will eat and destroy your marum syriacum, if they
can come at it ; therefore guard it with a furse or holly-branch.
Flowers in prime, or yet lasting.
Amaranthus tricolor (and others), anagallis of portugal, antirrhi-
* This contains a catalogue of nearly all the green-house plants of the day in which the Author
lived.
479
nam, afrlcan flo. amomum pllnii, aster atticus, belvedere, bellis, cam-
panula's, colchlcum, autumnal cyclamen, clematis, chrysanthemum
angustlfol. eupatorium of Canada, sun-flower, stock gll. flower, geranium
creticum and nocte olens, gentianella annual,. hieracion minus alpestre,
tuberous indian jacinth ,( linaria cretica, lychnis, constant, (single and
double), limonium, indian lilly, narciss. pomum aureum, amoris, et
spinosum ind. marvel of peru, millefolium (yellow), moly monspeliens.
nasturtium indicum, persian autumnal narcissus, Virginian phalangium,
indian phaseolus, scarlet , beans, convolvolus divers, gen. candy-tufts,
veronica, purple volubilis, asphodil, crocus, or english safiron, garnsey
lilly, or narcissus of japan, poppy of all colours, single and double,
malvse arborescens, indian pinks, aethiopick apples, capsicum ind. gilly-
flowers, passion flower, datura (double and single), portugal ranuncu-
lus's, Spanish jasmine, rhododendron (white and red), oranges, myrtles,
balaustia, musk rose, and monthly rose, &c.
iri OCTOBER
Hath xxxi day — long, 10'' 47°!. — Sun rises 6^ 38™ — sets 5'' 22™.
To be done in the Orchard and Olitory Garden.
Trench grounds for orcharding and the kitchen -garden, to lie for a
winter mellowing *. Finish what you begun the last month.
Plant dry trees: 1. Fruit of all sorts, standard, mural, or shrubs
which lose their leaf, and that so soon as it falls; but be sure you
chuse no trees for the wall of above two years grafting at the most,
sound and smooth -j".
Now is the time for ablaqueation, and laying bare the roots of old,
unthriving, and over-hastily blooming trees; stirring up new planted
grounds, as directed in March.
Moon now decreasing, gather winter-fruit that remains, weather
dry ; take heed of bruising ; lay them up clean, lest they taint. Cut
and prune roses yearly, reducing them to a standard not over tall.
* See "Discourse of Earth," p. 13. t Ibid, p. 39; and "Pomona," cap. 6.
480
To prevent bruising by windfalls and gusts, now usually hapning,
lay some sweet straw under your fruit-trees.
Plant and plash quick-sets.
Remove graffs after the second year, unless dwarfs, which you may
let stand till the third.
Save and sow all stotty and hard kernels and seeds, such as black
cherry, morellos, black heart, all good ; pear-plum, peaches, almond-
stones, &c. Also nuts, haws, ashen, sycamore, and maple keys ;
acorns, beech-mast, apple, pear, and crab kernels, for stocks ; or you
may defer it till the next month, towards the latter end, keeping them
drv and free from mustiness, remembering to cover the beds with littler.
See Directions in our " Sylva for Forest Trees," and " Pomofrta," c. 1.
You may yet sow genoa lettuce, which will last all the winter*,
radish, &c. Make winter cider and perry. Towards the latter end
plant abricots, cherries, plums, vines, winter pears, &c.
Fruits in prime, or yet lasting.
Apples. — Belle -et-bonne, william, costard, lording, parsley-apples,
pearmain, pear-apple, honey-meal, apis, &c.
Pears. — The caw-pear (baking), green-butter-pear, thorn-pear,
clove-pear, roussel-pear, winter bon-chrestien, town -pear, lombart-pear,
russet-pear, saffron- pear, and some of the former month, violet-pear,
petworth-pear, otherwise called the winter-windsor, lansac, bearn-
pear, admirable, violet peach, rambouUet, paves, &c.
BuUis, and divers of the September plums, the chasselas, and other
grapes, pines, arbutus-f, &c.
To he done in the Parterre and Flower Garden.
Now your narcissus tuberose, not enduring the wet, must be set
into the house, and preserved very dry till April. (See September.)
* Especially under glass bells, or frames, with a little straw over them, when the hard frosts
come ; but then touch them not till they thaw, lest you break the glasses.
t The arbutus, or strawberry-tree, was rare in Evelyn's time. This fruit has never been held
in estimation in England, although it frequently ripens well in this country. It is common in the
markets of Constantinople.
481
Continue sowing, what you did in September, if you please. Like
wise cypress may be sown, but take heed of the frost; thetrefore forbea
much clipping. (Vide March.) Also,
You may plant some anemonies *, :eispecially the tenuifolias, -am
ranunculus's in fresh sandish earth, taken from under the turf, but la
richer movild at the bottom of the bed, which the fibres may reach, bu
not to" touch the main roots, which are to be cover'd with the natura
earth two inches deep ; and so soon as they appear secure them wit]
mats or dry straw from the winds and frosts, giving them air in al
benign intervals, if possible once a day.
Plant also ranunculus's of Tripoly, vernal crocus's, &c. Remov
seedling hollyhocks, or others.
Plant now. your choice tulips, &c. which you fear'd to interr at th
beginning of .September ; they will be more securfej and forward enough
but plant them in natural earth somewhat impoverish'd with ver
fine sand, else they will soon loose their variegations i some more ricl
earth may lie at the bottom, within reach of the fibres (as above). No\
have a care your carnations catch not too mudi wet ; therefore retir
thena to covert, where they may be keptirom the rain, not the air, o
lay them on their sides, trimming them wiith fresh mould.
AH sorts of bulbous roots may now alsfr be safely btaried; likewis
iris's, &c.
. You may yet sow alatemus and phillyrea seeds. It will now b
good to beat, roll, and mow carpet walks and camomile ; for now th
grQundbkisiupple, and it will even all inequalities. Finish your las
weeding, &c.
Sweep and cleanse your walks, and all Other places, from autumna
leaves fallen, lest the worms draw them into their holes, and foul you
gai^ens, &c.
t^lowefs in prime, or yet lasting.
Amaranthus tricolor, &cv; aster attieuSj amomums, antirrhinum
* The observations on planting anemonies, ranunculuses, and tulips, have not been improve
upon since the Author's time; and were they more generally attended to, we should see thes
flowers in greater beauty than the generality of modern gardens present them.
3q
482
colchicum, saiFron, cyclamen, clematis, heliotrops, stock -gilly-flowqr,
geranium triste, ind. tuberose, jacinth, limonium, lychnis (white and
double), pomum amorls and "aethiop. marvel of peru, miilefol. luteam,
autumnal narciss. pansies, aleppo narciss. sphserical narciss. nasturt.
persicum, gillyfl. virgin phalangium, pilosella, violets, veronica, arbu-
tus, span, jasmine, and yellow ind. jasmine, monthly rose, oranges,
myrtks, balaustor, pomegranade.
f NOVEMBER
Hath XXX days — long, 8h S?". Sun rises 7^ 34m — sets 4h Sem,
To be done in the Orchard and Olitory Garden.
Carry compost out of your melon-ground, or turn and mingle it with
the earth, and lay it in ridges ready for the spring. Also trench, and
fit grounds for artichoaks, &c. *
The hot-bed must now supply for sallets, young lettuce, cresses,
chervil, &c. and trust not to the accidental -mildness of the weather,
so as to neglect timely cover to your tender olitorles. Shelter fig-trees^
Plant also gooseberries, raspis, corinths, and other shrub fruit.
Note, that the leaves fallen in the. woods may supply for long-dung,
laid about artichoaks and other things, even to the end of March. '
Continue your setting and transplanting of trees ; lose, no time, hard
frosts come on apace. Yet you may lay bare old roots ^.
Remember in all transplantings to observe the former aspects and
quarter of the compass, as of much importance, whatever some fancy.
Nor set any deeper than it stood, establishing it against winds. You
cannot plant too early in autumn, wind South or West.
To sow moderately dry, plant inoist, a general rule ; but cover not
too thick with earth what you sow, for nature covers nothing. You
cannot sow too shallow, so you preserve the seeds from, birds.
Plant.young trees, standards, or mural J.
* See " Discourse of Eartli," p. 38. f Ibid. p. 39. + Ibid. p. 39.
483
Furnish your nursery with stocks to grafF on the following year.
Prepare now stocks for all sorts of fruit. The proper ones are, the
€rab-stock for standards. For dwarfs, stocks of the paradise or sweet
apple-kernel, which are likewise to be had from layers and suckers.
Pears, on the pear-kernel stock or sucker. Dwarfs, on the suckers of
the Portugal quince.
Cherry standards, on the black cherry-stone stock. Dwarfs for walls
or palisades, on the morello stock, black heart, or small, bitter, early
cherry-stock.
Peaches, inoculate on the peach or plum-stock. If you bud upon
the almond, let it be on a stock which has never been removed, and so
continue. But the best way to prepare these stocks, see in M. de la
Quintinye's Gompleat Gard'ner, vol. ii. part vi. p. I72, too long here
to be inserted.
Nectarines, on peach, or pear-plum stock. Abricots, oq the white
pear-plum stocks.
Plums, on plum-stocks. The white and black pear-plum stock are
best, and from the stones of damsons, and may all be gotten also from .
their suckers.
Graff the medlar on the white-thorn or quince stock, near the
ground, it vi^ill bear the second year.
Figs and mulberries will be propagated by their suckers, cuttings,
and layers; of all which see our Treatise of Earth, for their culture in
the nursery.
Sow and set early beans and pease till Shrovetide ; and now lay up
in your cellars for spending, and for seed, to be transplanted at spring,
carrots, parsnips, turnips, cabbages, caulyflowers, &c.
Cut off the tops and stalks of asparagus, and cover it with long dung,
or make beds to plant in spring, &c.
Now, in a dry day, gather your last orchard-fruits.
Take up your potatoes for winter spending ; there will enough remain
for stock, tho' never so exactly gathered *.
Ablaqueation now profitable, and to visit the roots of old trees, purge
* This shows how little the eultivation of this excellent root was understood.
484
the sickly, and apply fresh mould. Cover also your most delicate
stone-fruit and murals, skreening them with straw-hurdles, as long as
the East and Northern winds continue, even to the end of March, to be
sure of fruit. Stand therefore not so much u-pon, the beauty, as for its
preservation and production.
Fruits in prime, or yet lasting.
Apples. — ^The belle -bonne,, the william, summer pearmain, lording-
apple, pear-apple, cardinal, winter chestnut, calvil, shortstart, &c, and
some other of the former two last months.
Pears. — Messire jean, lord-pear, long bergamot, warden (to bake)*,
burnt-cat, sugar-pear, lady-pear, amadot, ambret, ice-pear, dove-pear,
virgoule, deadman's pear, winter bergamot, bell-pear, &c.
Arbutus, bullis, medlars, services.
«
To be done in the Parterre and Flower Garden.
Sow auricula seeds thus : prepare very rich earth, more than half
dung ; upon that sift some very light sandy mould, and the earth
gotten out of old hollow willow trees, and then sow. Set your cases
or pans in the sun till March or April.
Cover your peeping ranunculus's, &g. And see the advice in March
for evergreen seedlings, especially if . long snows and bitter winds be
feared: prepare, therefore, store of coverings.
Now is your best season (the weather open) to, plant your fairest
tulips in places of shelter, and under espaliers; but let not your earth
be too rich. (Vide October.) Transplant ordinary jasmine, &c.
About the middle of this month (or sooner if weather require) quite
enclose your tender , plants, and perennial greens, shrubs, &c> in your
conservatory, secluding all entrance of cold, and especially sharp winds ;
and if the plants become exceeding dry, and that it do not actually
freeze, refresh them sparingly (see April) with qualified water mingled
with a little sheep's or cow-dung. If the season prove exceeding
* The fifteenth Plate of P. Tempest's "Cryes of the City of London, drawne after the Life,"^
and publfahed in the seventeenth century, represents a female carrying a covered vessel on her
head, with these words subjoined, " flb« 6aO Wardens Aqa."
485
piercing,, (whieh yoa may know by tfeie freezing of a dish of water
or moistned cloth, set foe that purpose in your greenhouse,) kindle
some charcoals, and when they have done smoaking, put them in a hole
s«nk a little into the floor, about the, middle of it;; unless your green-
house have a subterranean! stove*,, which moderately and withjudgment
temper'd, is much to be preferr'd. In the mean, time, I could wish, that
some curious person would make trial of what we have described at
the end of this Kalendar. At all other times,; when it does not
actually freeze, or the weather not raiay or misty,, and that the air is
warm'd by' the beams of a fine day,, (and the sun darts full upon the
house, vwthout the least wind stirring, shew them the light through
the glass windows, (for light is half their nourishment, philosophically
consider'd,) but inclose them again before the sun be gone ofl', if it be
inclin'd to frost, otherwise keep open housejall ni^tlong.
Note, that when, thro' continuance of hard and sharp weather, housed
trees grow tainted with mustiness, make fire in your stove, and open
all the windows from ten in the morning till three in; the afternoon.
Then closing the double-shuts, (or chasses rather^) continue a gentle
heat, renewing the fire at night t)nly..
Note, that you must never give your aloes or sedums one drop of
water during the whole winter; and indeed you, can hardly be too
sparing of water to your hous'd plants (orange- trees especially).; the
not observing of this^ destroys more plants than all the rudenesses of the
season. To know when they want refreshing, consider the leaves : if
they shrivel and fold up, give them drink; if pale and whitish, they
have already too much, and the defect is at the roots, which are in
peril ©f rotting, and require larger cases. Take also^ this; for a rule,
that you are not much to regard the surface mould alone, which will
oftentimes be dust, when the earth about the roots is sufficiently
* The heating of greenhouses by means of stoves was not understood at this period, but in the
year 1685 this method is noticed by Evelyn, who writes thus in his Diary, 7th AugfiSt of that date :
"I wentttjsee Mr. Wats, keeper of the i^ottoecariBs" Gatxlen of Simples, at Chelsea, where.there
is a coUection of innumerable rarities of that sort particularly, besides. many rare annuals, the tree
bearing Jesuits bark, which had don such wonders in quartan agues. What was very ingenious,
was the subterranean heate conveyed by a stove under the conservatory, all vaulted with brick, so
as he has the doores and windowes open in the hardest frosts, secluding only the snow."
486
moist ; search it, therefore, by thrusting down your hand, and as you
find it, govern the watering, for in this secret of seasonably refreshing,
consists the health, and even life, of all your hous'd curiosities.
Note, that water made over-rich with dung, and too frequently us'd,
is apt to infect the orange-leaves, and those of other rare plants, with a
black smut, which must be wip'd off.
If your aloes grow manifestly too dry, expose them a while to the
air, when clear, 'twill immediately recover them ; but give them not a
drop of water, how dry soever their pots be.
House your choicest carnations, or rather set them under a penthouse
against a South wall, so as a covering being thrown over them to pre-
serve them in extremity of weather, they may yet enjoy the freer air at
all other times.
Prepare also matrasses, boxes, cases, pots, &c. for shelter to your
tender plants and seedlings newly sown, if the weather prove very
bitter.
Plant roses, althea frutex, lalac, syringas, cytisus, pseonies, &c.
Plant also fibrous roots specified in the precedent month.
Sow also stony seeds mentioned in October.
Plant all forest-trees for walks, avenues, and groves.
Note, that you may transplant not only any fruit trees, but remove
almost any of the foresters, even in the midst of summer, if taking the
trees up with some mould about the roots, you immediately plunge
them into earth made into a pap like mortar, keeping it fresh and
under shade, and not suffering the ground quite to dry up and harden
till rain comes down.
Sweep and cleanse your garden walks, and all other places, from
autumnal leaves, the last time.
Flowers in prime, or yet lasting.
Anemonies, meadow saffron, antirrhinum, stock -gilly-flowers, bellis
clematis, pansies, some carnations, double violets, veronica, Spanish and
indian jasmine, myrtles, musk rose, &c.
487
H DECEMBER
Hath xxxi days —long, 7^ 40m. Sun rises 8n lom— sets 3I1 SO™.
To be done in the Orchard and Olitory Garden.
Prune and nail wall-fruit (which yet you may better defer a month
or two longer), and standard trees that are hardy.
You may now plant vines, &c. * Also stocks for graffing, &c.
Sow, as yet, pomace of cideT-pressings to raise nurseries; and set all
sorts of kernels, stones, &c.
Sow for early beans and pease, but take heed of the frosts ; therefore
surest to defer it till after Christmas, unless the winter promise very
moderate.
Expect no fresh sallet but from your hot-bed f.
All this month you may continue to trench ground, and dung it, to
be ready for borders, or the planting of fruit-trees, &c (See the note
, in January.)
Either late in this month or in January, prune and cut ofF all your
vine shoots to the very root, save one or two of the stoutest, to be left
with three or four eyes of yOung wood. This for the vineyard.
Now feed your weak stocks.
Turn and refresh your autumnal fruit, lest It taint, and open the
windows where it lies, in a clear and serene day.
Fruits in prime, or yet lasting.
Apples.^ — Roiisseting, pippins, leather-coat, winter reed, chestnut
apple, apis, fennel apple, great-belly, the go-no-further, or catshead,
with some of the precedent month.
Peahs. — -The squib pear, spindle pear, doyonere^ virgin, gascogne
bergomot, scarlet pear, stopple pear, vergbules, portail, white, red, and
french wardens (to bake or roast), the dead-man's, pear, excellent, &c.
* See " Discourse of Earth/' pp. 14, 26. '
t See how to majke it, and to force asparagus, in M. de la Quintinye, vol. ii. part vi. pp. 169, 181.
488.
To be done in the Parterre and Flower Garden.
As in January, continue your hostility against vermine.
Preserve from too much rain and frost your choicest anemonles,
ranunculus's, carnations, &c.
Be careful now to keep the doors, and windows of your conservatories
well matted and guarded from th« piercing air; f^f your oranges, &c.
are now put to the test. Temper the eoJd with a few charcoal,
governed as direetefd in November ; but never accustom your plants to
it, unless the utmost severity of the season require; therefore, if the
pjlace be exquisitely close, they wiU even then ihardly require it.
:Set bayberries, &c. dropping lipe.
Look to your fountain-pipes, and cover them with fresh and warm
littier out of the stable, a good thickness, lest the frosts crack them :
remember it in time, and the advice m\\\ save you both itrouble and
charge *.
Flowers in prime, or yet lasting.
Anemonies'(some), ipersiau and common wihiter cyclamen, antirrhi-
num, black hellebore, laurus-tinus, single primroses, stock-giUy-flo.
iris clusii, snow;flawers or drops,. yucca, &c.
sFoKiby such a Kalendar it is that a Royal Garden or Plantation
may be contrived according to my Lord Verulam's design, pro singulis
anni mensihus, for every month of the year.
But, because it is in this cold season that our gard'ner is chiefly
diiigenfc'jabfiatt pr^erving his more tender, rare, exotic, and costly
shrubs, plants, and; flowers, w^ have thought fit to add the Catalogue
as it is (^much after this sort) collected to our hands, by tbejearned and
industrious J>Qctor jSbajriiods. (thaa' with some refonnation and improve-
meat) of all such as^ according to. their different natupes, do require
more or 'ies;s indulgence. And: these we have distributed likewise into
the ihrea foUowin^ classes.
* This was one of the expensive and principal ornaments of the- pleasure-gardefls of Evelyn's
dap, and we cannot but regret that it has so nearly disappeared in this country, since it might fre-
quently be introduced so as to add to the charms of the grove, and to the benefit of the parterre.
489
» I. CliASSE.
Beirtg hast patient of cold, and therefore to be first set into the
, Conservatory, or other ways defended.
Acacia aegyptiaca, aloe american. amaranthus tricolor, aspalathus
cret. balsamum, helichryson, chamelsea tricoccos, nasturtium indicum,
indian narcissus, ornithogalum arab. ind. phaseol. capsicum ind, pomum
aethiop. aureum spinosum, summer sweet ibajoran, the two marums
syriac, &c. dactyls, pistacio's, the great indian fig, lilac flo. alb.
lavendula multif. clus. cistus ragusaeus flo. alb. colutea odorata, cretica,
narcissus tuberosus, styrax arbor, &c.
II. CLASSE.
Enduring the second degree of Cold, and accordingly to he secured
in the Conservatory.
Amomum plinii, carob. chamela alpestris, cistus ledon. clus. citron,
vernal cyclamen, summer purple cyclamen, digitalis, hispan. geranium
triste, hedysarum clypeatum, aspalathus creticus, Spanish jasmine, virgin,
jasmine, suza iris, jacobsea marina, alexandrian laurel, oleanders, limo-
nium elegans, myrtles, oranges, lentiscus, levantine tufted narcissus,
-gill. flo. and choicest carnations, phalangium creticum, asiatic double
and single ranunculus's, narcissus of japan, cytisus rub. canna indica,
thymus capitatus, verbena nodi flo. cretica, &c.
III. CLASSE.
TVhich, not perishing hut in excessive Colds, are therefore to he last
set in, or rather protected under mattrasses, and slighter coverings,
ahroad in the earth, cases, boxes, or pots, §"<?,
Abrotanum mas. fcem. winter aconite, adianthum verum, bellis hispan.
calceolus mariae, capparis, cineraria, cneorum matthioli, cytisus maran-
thse, rub. lunatus, eryngium planum totum cseruleum, fritillaria
mont. genista hispan. flo. alb. pomegranads, orient, jacinth, bulbous
iris, laurels, cherry laurel, lychnis (double white), matricaria (double
flo.) olives, pancratium, papaver spinosiss. marcoc, rosemary, sisyri-
chium, tupentine tree, teuchriummag tithyraal. myrtifol. veronica
3 R
490
double flo.), single violets, lavender, serpentaria trifol. &c. ornithoga-
um arab. (white and doub.}, narcissus of Constantinople, late pine
ipplee, moly, persian jasmine, opuntia, or the smaller indian fig, jticca,
eseli sethiop, agnus castus, medva arborescens, cistus mas. althaea
iutex, sarsaparilla, cupressus, crithmum marinum, &c.
For to these might innumerable others be added ; but we conceive
hem sufficient, and more than (we fear) some envious and mercenary
prd'ners will thank us for; but they deserve not the name of that com-
nunicative and noble profession. However, this as a specimen of our
iffection to the publick, and to gratify divers honourable and industri-
ms persons, whose inclination to this innocent toil has made them spare
lo treasure nor pains for the furniture of their parterres with variety ;
he miscarriage whereof being sometimes universal to the curious, has
nade us the more freely to impart both what we have experimentally
earned from our own observations, and from others of undoubted
andor and ingenuity.
A NEW CONSERVATORY, OR GREEN-HOUSE.
'Tis now after many severe winters observation, both whilst they made
ise of the ordinary iron stoves, and other inventions, to moderate the
harp air in the Green-house (as they call it), and even since the sub-
erranean caliducts have been introduc'd, I often took notice, that tho'
he most tender and nicer plants, such as commonly are brought in out
)f the air, for their preservation (during the rigid frosts and piercing
vinds), did out-live and escape those rigorous seasons for the most
)art, and some of them make considerable advance, producing and
Maintaining both fruit and flowers ; yet, that even the hardiest among
;hem very rarely pass'd their confinements without sickness, a certain
angour or taint, discoverable by their complexions : many of their
eaves parch'd about their edges, or falling, dry, and depriv'd of their
latural verdure, with other symptoms, which can proceed from no other
;^so likely) cause, as their being kept from breathing (as I presume to
491
call it) the pure and genuine air, impregnated with its nitrous pabulum,
which is not only the nourishment and life of animals, but of all plants
and vegetables whatsoever,
This, whilst I could not but impute to the consumption of that
inspiring balsamick nouriture, by reason of dry heat emitted from the
common stoves, pans of charcoal, and other included heaters, which
continually prey'd upon, wasted, and vitiated the stagnant and pent-in
air, without any due and wholsom succession of a more vital and fresh
supply : it came into my thoughts, that there might haply be found
out some contrivance whereby to remedy this inconvenience, with con-
siderable improvement, and no great charge or difficulty ; if, instead of
that imprison'd and effaete air within the green- house, there might a
constant stream of fresh and untainted be let in and issue out as freely,
and that so qualified in its intermediate composition (which is another
consideration I suspend the mentioning at present) as should be very
agreeable to the nature and constitution of the several plants that were
to pass their hybernation in the green-house.
Communicating these thoughts to some of the Royal Society * (not
only approving but concurring with the proposal), it produced the fol-
lowing Scheme, which I recommend to the curious at adventure, the
speculation being, I think, so very rational, and (by some experiments
on that element demonstrated) the practice so little chargeable, and the
benefit of so great concernment to our gard'ner.
In describing this, I shall not need to say any thing concerning the
necessary dimensions or ornaments of the structure : every experienc'd
gardener will consider, that of whatsoever length his green-house be,
the depth should not much exceed twelve or thirteen feet (tho' as our
stove is, and may be contriv'd, it may be of much greater capacity),
nor the height above ten or eleven at most. That being placed at the
most advantageous exposure to the sun, that side be made to open with
large and ample windows or chasses (for light itself, next to air, is of
wonderful importance), the joints and glazing accurately fitted arid
cemented. And (to the end that having occasion at any time to go into
* Sir Christopher Wren, and Mr. Hooke.
492
the house, no crude air rush in) I add, that it were convenient a porch
were so made that the door of it may shut very close after the gard'ner,
before he open the green-house door, which he is to shut again at his
going out, before he open the door of the porch at which he entred
from abroad. And this may be contriv'd to a small wicket, at the end
of the green-house, without being oblig'd to open any of the larger
valves and double doors without necessity. This work of the doors,
windows, and porch requiring good season'd stuflF, aind a skilful work-
man, I pass to the explanation of the following Table.
At one of the ends of the conservatory or green-house ('tis not
material whether the East or West) erect on the outside wall your
stove, be it of brick, or (which I prefer) of Rygate-stone, built square,
of the ordinary size of a plain single furnace, (such as chymists use in
their laboratories for common operations,) consisting of a fire-hearth
and an ash-hole only; which need not take up above two feet from out
to out. Let it be yet so built that the fire-grate stand about three feet
higher than the floor or area of the house. The flue, shaft, fire, and
ash-hole, to be without, tho' joining close to the end wall, as in
Figure I. which represents the conservatories inside, with the South
side quite open, and stove abroad in the air.
Note, that in the following Plate or Perspective of the Green-house,
Fig. I. D. the stove-pipes at 3 are plac'd a little too low and near the
grate ; and somewhat too high from it in Fig. 3. c c c \ easily
reform'd in the structure of the furnace.
^93
FIGURES 1. AND 3.
'The whole Green-house and Furnace in Perspective.
A. The roof, whether round or
flat withinr
B. The North blind wall.
C. The area, or floor within.
D. The stove or furnace.
1. The ash-hole. >Themouths
2. The fire-hearth. J of both to
be fitted with doors or plugs, for
regulating of the heat.
3. The extremities of certain
pipes, passing thorow the brickwork
and furnace, and projecting both
without and within the house.
4. The funnel or shaft applied to
the wall without, which carries up
both the smoke pf the fuel and ex-
hausted air of the green-house, tho-
row the air-pipe, &c.
5. The air ground-pipe, laid, the whole length of the green-house,
in the middle of the floor, a little under the ground or pavement
thereof, and 'reaching from end to end.
6. The hole, or opening at the end of the ground pipe, opposite to
the stove end; which hole is to be left open, or govern'd with its
register, to attemper the air, which entring by the furnace-pipes,
circulates thro' this to the grate of the stove, and blowing the fire,
issues out of the funnel.
7- The thermometer hanging over the nose of the ground-pipe, by
which to govern the heat.
F. Represents the whole stove, or furnace.
a. The ash-hole.
b. The fire-grate.
c c c. The projection of the air-pipes which pass thorow the furnace
and green-house end wall into the house.
494
d d. The air-pipes to be seen as tbey pass thro' the furnace,
e. The funnel, or shaft.
ff. Part of the end wall of the green-house, thorow which the air-
pipes pass, and project their noses.
^i9^- Fig. 2. — E. Represents the furnace air-pipes, and how
they are plac'd to pass thro' the fire and brickwork, with
'^^the projecture of their noses, to take fresh air from with-
out, and carry it into the house.
a. The frame, or square of brickwork, on which they lie horizon-
tally to receive the heat of the fire.
b b b. The air-pipes.
c c c. The noses of the pipes projecting beyond the brickwork both
without and within.
j^4 jTjQ 4 — Q Represents the ash.
1^^^ hearth.
a. The ash-hole.
b b. One of the ends of the floor-
pipe, turning up, and inserted into
the ash hearth, within a little of the
grate.
c c cc. The ground, or floor pipe, communicating with the inserted
pipe b b.
d d. The fire-grate.
e. The register at the other end of the ground-pipe.
Thus the fresh air entring perpetually thorow the heated earthen
pipes into the conservatory, and as constantly circulating thorow the
orifice of the floor pipe, will give continual supply of qualified air and
nutrition to the plants, as far as concerns that element j and as they
are placed nearer or farther from the noses of the stove-pipes, enjoy the
several climates and 'degrees of warmth which shall be found most
natural and agreeable to them.
The best pipes, and only proper for this purpose, are such as are made
of the best crucible-earth ; for should they be of the best cast iron, a
too intense heat of seacoal or charcoal fire would indanger their melting.
Let, therefore, the fire be rather constant than vehement.
mm^^
495
I doubt not but one single- pipe of competent bore would be as
effectual as three or four, which should not be of above inch and half
bore.
Note, that any sort of fuel whatsoever may be used safely in this stove.
I conclude all with a Catalogue of such excellent Fruit-trees, as may
direct gentlemen to the choice of that which is good, and store sufficient
for a moderate plantation. Species and curiosities being otherwise
boundless, and without end.
[^Note, that (M) signifies mural, or wall fruit ; (S) standard ; (D)
dwarf.]
Apples. — Kentish, russet, holland, golden (S), and golden russet
pippin, pearmain, Loane's permain, hervy-apple, reinet flat (S_), deux-
ans, or John, passe-pome, pome apis, cour pendue, calvile of all sorts
golden mundi (excellent), July -flower, queen, marigold, winter queening,
leather-coat, chesnut, kirkham, cats-head, juniting (red and white,
first ripe), codling (Kentish, &c.) red strakes and genet moyle (cider).
Peaks.— Bonne Chrestienne (M) summer and winter, bergamot
(ordinary), bergamot de .busy, vergoleuse (excellent), poire a double
fleure, windsor sovraigne, green-field, boeurie du roy, ambret, chessom,
espine d'yever, petit muscat, petit blanquet, blanquet musque (S),
orange bergamot, petit rouslet (excellent), cuisse madame, boudin
mpsque, mouille en bouehe, brute e bonne, king pear^ lewes, bezy
d'hery, rouslet de rhemes, vert longue, cussolet, rousslet carapagne, petit
topin, messire jean, amadot, french king, jargonelle, st. andrew (D),
ambrosia, vermilian, lunsac, elias rose, calliot rosat, swans egg, musque
robin, golden de xaintonge, poire sans pepin, popering, rolling pear of
lewes, madera, hampdens bergamot (S), norwich, Worcester, arundel,
lewes warden (best without compare), dove, squib, stopple, deadmans
(S), winter musque, chesil, Catherine (red, king), sugar, lording; red
squash, bosbery, and watford (for perry).
Quinces. — Portugal, brunswick, barbery.
Peaches and Nectarins.— rAdmirable (M), alberge. Sir H.
Capels, alberge (small yellow), almond violet, bourdin, belle cheuv-
reuse, elrage nectarin (excellent), maudlin, mignon, inorella, musque
496 '
violet, murry nectarin, red roman nectarin, nutmeg (white, red), man
peach, newington (excellent), persique, rambuUion, syoii (excellent),
Orleans, savoy mala cotton, &c.
Abricots.— Musk abricot, bishop of london, fulham (excellent) (M),
orange, great bearer, or ordinary.
PliUMS. — Perdrigon (white, blue), primordial, reine claud (S), and
mirabel, white nutmeg (M), pear-plum (white, black), peasecod,
prune de I'isle vert, damasq. violet date, Catharine, date (S) white,
damazeene, damson (white, black), muscle, chessom, imperial, jane,
saint Julian, queen-mother, morocco, bullas (white, black).
Figs. — Scio (M) white and purple, blue (D), yellow, dwarf.
Cherries. — Carnation (D), Hartlib, duke flander (S), and kentish,
black cherry of Sir William Temple (M), black heart (true),' black
Orleans, great bearer, duke, luke ward, morocco, prince royal, petworth
amber, croone, bleeding heart, may cherry, begareux, egriot, guynnes,
cluster, cologne, Darking wild cherry for wine, excellent. .
ViNES.-r—Ambpise, frontinac (grizlin excellent, white excellent,. blue),
burgundian grape, early blue, muscatell (black, white excellent),
morillon, chasS^ela, cluster grape, parsley, raisin, bursarobe, burlet,
corinth, large verjuice (excellent for sauces and salleting).
Gooseberries. — Crystal, amber great, early red, englisb and great
yellow.
CoRiNTHS. — White and red (English, Dutch), black (medicinal).
Raspis. — White and red (large), black (wild).
MuLiBERRiES. — Black or red, white Virginia, for the silkworm.
Berberries. — Great berberry, berberry, without stones.
Strawberries. — Common wood, englisb garden, american or Vir-
ginian, polonian, white coped, long red, the green strawberry, scar-
let, &c.
Medlars. — The great dutch, neapolitan, and one without stones.
Services*. — Wild, pear sorb, azerole.
* This fruit, which is a native of England, is now as little known, and as rare in the London
market, as the fruits of the most distant parts of the world ; and the service-berry tree is now so
thinly scattered over the country, that many farmers do not even know its existence.
497-
Walnuts. — The early, great double, tender scull and hard, bird-nut.
Filberts. — White and red avelans, large hasel, long, thin, and
great round nuts.
CoRNELiONS. — White, red, &c.
Most of which, and innumerable more, dispers'd (for most part)
after the several months in the foregoing Kalendar, were here recited
for such as will be contented with a confin'd and choice furniture for
their plantations. And such as would not be impos'd upon, will find
the best ware and dealing at Brampton Park near Chelsey, cultivated
by Mr. Wise, and the joint direction of that excellent gard'ner Mr.
London, worthy of his royal title.
^ Letter from Sir Dudley Cullum * to John Evelyn, Esq. con-
cerning the lately invented Stove for the Preservation of tender
Plants and Trees in the Green-house during Winter ; formerly
published in the Phil. Trans. Vol. xviii. No. 212. p. 191.
Sir,
I cannot but think my self oblig'd in gratitude to give you an
account how well your lately invented Stove for a Green-house succeeds
(by the experiment I have had of it), which certainly has more perfec-
tion than ever yet art was before master of. Sir, I have pursu'd your
directions in laying my pipes (made of crucible earth), not too near the
* Eldest son of Sir Thomas Cullum, Bart, of Hawsted, co. Suffolk. He was educated at Bury
school, from whence he removed to St. John's College, Cambridge in 1675. On the death of his
father, he resided chiefly at his family seat, being remarkably fond of his garden, into which he
introduced most of the curious exotics then known in England ; and speaks in particular, in
1694, of his orange-trees, which were then much less common here than at present, as thriving
in the most luxuriant manner. His gi-een-house was 58 feet long, 14 feet wide, and 10 feet high.
He corresponded with the philosophic gardener and planter, Mr. Evelyn, who directed his botani-
cal pursuits, and whose stove for the preservation of green-house plants he adopted. He died
without issue in 1720. See the Rev. Sir John CuUum's Hist, and Antiq. of Hawsted and Hardwick,"
4to. 1813.
3s
498
fire-grate, which Is nigh lipon or better than sixteen Inches ; and by
making a trench the whole length of my house, under the paving (for
the air to Issue out and blow the fire), of a convenient breadth and
depth (that Is, eighteen Inches both ways, cover'd with an arch of
bricks), and at the other end of the trench, having a square Iron plate
answerable to that of my paving (which is eighteen Inches), to take off
and put on, with a round hole at the corner, of about three Inches
diameter, with a lid to slide open and shut, upon every end of them, as
you may have seen upon some porridge-pot covers; so that by opening
any of these holes, or all of them, more or less, or taking off the whole
plate, I can release such a quantity of air out of the house to blow the
fire, so, as to Increase or diminish thp blasts; and, as you were pleas'd
by letter to inform me concerning dlstrlbiitlng the air at its admission
more equally thro' the houSe, I have Inserted my pipes Into a channel
all along the wall, at the end of the house, with those several overtures
you mention'd. All which. Sir, I assure you, prove most admirably
well ; and by which free and generous communication of yours, you
have most highly oblig'd all the lovers of this hortulan curiosity and
recreation, as well as, Sir,
Your most faithful and humble Servant,
D. CXJLLUM,
499
DEDICATORY EPISTLE TO THE MYSTERY OF JESUITISM.
The following dedicatory Epistle is attached to a presentation copy
of the " Mysterion tou Anomias, or another Part of the Mystery" of
Jesuitism," Lo'nd. 1664, 12mo. preserved in the British Museum, and
to which the following manuscript note is prefixed on a fly-leaf, bv
which Evelyn's connection with the work is suflBciently identified:
" For my most honor'd friend the hon^|^ S-^ Hen. Herbert, from his
most humble servant, J. Euelyn."
To my most honour' d Friend from whom I received the Copy.
Sir, — I transmit you here the French Copy which you were pleased to
consign to me, and with it the best effects of your injunction that my weak
talent was able to reach to ; but with a zeal so much the more propense,
as I judged the publication might concern the world of those miserably-
abused persons who resign themselves to the conduct of those bold impos-
tors, and who may indeed be said to be what the Athenians mistook St. Paul
for, Sivtav AatiJioviuv KuTuyyEXeTg, Setters forth 6f strange Gods*, as well as
of strange and unheard-of doctrines, whilst they take upon them thus to
attribute as much to Dominus Deus Papaf, their Lord God the Pope,
as to God Almighty himself. I stand amaz'd that a Church which pre-
tends so much to puritie, and that is so furious against the least dissenters
to her novelties amongst Protestants, should suffer such swarms of
impure insects amongst themselves ; lest these cancerous members (in-
stead of edifying the Church and conducting consciences) eat out, in
fine, the very heart and vitals of the common Christianity. For my
part, after I have seen what Mr. White has lately publish'd J concern-
ing the method of the Roman Court in her decrees, and of her rare
* 17 Acts xviii, t Gloss, in Extr. Jo. c. 22. de verborum signif.
J Extasis sive Tho. Albii Purgatio.
/
500
ability to discern as he there afFords us the prospect, I have no great
reason to hope for any redress of these enormities : and then to what a
monstrous growth this head is like to arrive, let all the world com-
pute by the strange pretences of these audacious sycophants. Nor let
any man wonder how those other errors are crept into their religion,
who in a day of so universal light permit such pernicious doctrines to
be publickly asserted, to the dishonour of our B. Lord, the scandal of
his beloved Spouse, and the hinderance of that glorious Unity,
which none do more earnestly breathe after then he who subscribes
himself, Sir, your most humblfe and most obedient Servant.
21 Sept. 1664.
1665. 2d Jan. This day was publish'd that part of "The Mysterie of
Jesuitism*" translated and collected by me, tho' without my name,
containing the imaginarie heresy, with 4 Letters, and other pieces.
25th Jan* This night being at Whitehall, his Ma*y came to me
standing in the withdrawing roome, and gave me thanks for publishing
"the Mysterie of Jesuitism," which he said he had carried two days in
his pocket, read it, and encouraged me, at which I did not a little,
wonder : 1 suppose Sir Robert Morray had given it to him. Sfee
Memoirs, vol. I. pp. 354^ 355 ; and vol. II. p. 100.
Also, 1 March, 1666, we find the following notice : Gave his
Ma*y my book, intitl'd, "The pernicious Consequences of the new
Heresy of the Jesuits against Kings and States."
* In the library at Wotton there are three volumes, in duodecimo, upon this subject, uni-
formly bound in morocco, viz.
1. "LesProvinciales, or the Mystery of Jesuitisme, discovered in certain Letters vfrritten upon
occasion of the present difference at Sorbonne between the Jansenists and the Molinists, displaying
the pernicious maxims of the late Casuists." Second Edition, 1658.
2. The volume to which the foregoing Dedication is affixed is entitled, " Mtirrnfiov tjj; 'Avo^jiaf
that is. Another Part of the Mystery of Jesuitism, or the new Heresie of the Jesuites, publickly
maintained at Paris, in the College of Clermont, the xii of December, 1661, declared to all the
Bishops of France, 1664." In a Letter to Lord Cornbury, dated 9th Feb. 1664, Mr. Evelyn
states ihat he undertook the translation of this second part, by command of his Lordship and his
father, the Chancellor (Clarendon).
3. " The Mqral Practice of the Jesuites, demonstrated by many remarkable Histories of their
Actions in all Parts of the World : collected either from books of the greatest authority, or most
certain and unquestionable records and memorials.'" This volume was translated by Dr. Tongue
for Mr. Evelyn, and was printed in 1670.
PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT,
AND
AN ACTIVE LIFE, WITH ALL ITS APPANAGES,
M>\icii ai $amt, CommatiD, ^ititt^, €on1aec^atitin, $c.
PREFER' D TO SOLITUDE;
IN REPLY TO A LATE INGENIOUS ESSAY OF A CONTRARY TITLE.
By J. E. Esq. S.R.S.
"AvBpiiinos S&ov voXiTixdv' Arist. 1. PoLIT.
Excute istos, qui quae cupiere deplofant, et de earum rerum loqnuntur lagi quibus carere non possunt : videbis
voluatariam esse illis in eo moram, quod segrfe ferre ipsos et tniser^ loquuntur. Sen, £p. xxii.
LONDON:
pniNTED BY J. M. FOR 11. HERRINGMAN, AT THE SIGN OF THE BLEW ANCHOR,
IN THE LOWER WALK OF THE NEW EXCHANGE.
1667.
The volume to which the following reprint is an answer, was the production of Sir.
George Mackenzie, of Rosehaugh, King's Advocate for Scotland, whose numerous works
were published with his life at Edinburgh in 1716 — 1722, in two volumes folio, and was
entitled " a Moral Essay upon Solitude, preferring it to Publick Employment and all its
Appendages, such as Fame, Command, Riches, Pleasures, Conversation, &c." Edinb.
1665, 8vo. reprinted in London 1685 and 1693, 12mo.
503
Notwithstanding the . asperity which is usually supposed to be
attached to literary and philosophical disputes ; and although the
ensuing Tract is not deficient of good-humoured and gentlemanly
satire, yet the annexed Letters, now first printed from the originals in
the Editor's possession, which passed between Sir George Mackenzie
and his amiable opponent, shew how little of the spirit of angry dispu-
tation was to be found within the breast of either.
Sir George Mackenzie to John Evelyn.
Sir, 5 Mart. I667.
IflF yee had not bryb'd mee with too much compliment (wherby I am
becom incapable to be a judge of these your abilities, which wer for-
merlie too great to be subject to my censure), I had assur'd you that
your book is rarely weel writ, and yet yee have shew'd more kyndnesse
to morall philosophie, In Introducing this civill way of replying, then I
have in pleading for these recesses to which philosophie is so oblidg'd.
It is strange for ane opposit to shew no passion bot that of kyndnesse,
and yee compliment mee to such ane excesse beyond my merit, that I
begin to be jealouse that yee magnifie mee only to shew how easilie yee
canne vanquish such as deserve praise, and that yee thus attire mee in
these titles as the Romans did ther prisoners with riche robbes, that
therby they might adorne so much the more these ther triumphs, to
which they were destinat as trophees. But, Sir, without enquyring too
superstitluslie into your designs, I shall resolve to returne you no other
answer besyds this ; and to evidence how much I am prbselited by your
booke, I resolve to continue in employment, but I hope not so longe as
I shall in the resolution of bearing the name and inclinations of
Deare Sir,
Your most humble Servant,
Geo. Mackenzie.
For my honoured friend Master Eveline.
Thus endorsed by J. Evelyn : " S' Geo. Mackenzie, 5 Mar. I667,
Edenburg, vpon my reply to his booke."
504
J. Evelyn's Anstver.
I had often repented me of the faults you have forgiuen, that is, of
my whole booke, 'til this most ciuil lett', which I now receiu'd from you
by the favour of S' R. Muray : because I find, but for that attempt, I
had not receiv'd the honour you have don me, by the notice you are
pleased to take of y' servant, nor ben so fully assur'd that my hand did
not erre, when to describe y"" character it assembled all those perfections
which make up a consum'ate vertue. S% upon y"^ acc'pt, I do justifie a
victory, and a triumph too, w* no vulgar ambition : but it is to see the
acc|uisition I have made, and to assure you that I will use it with all
the modesty and deference which becomes me to a person so infinitely
obliging as you are to, S%
Y-,&c, , '
' . Land. 15 Mar. ^ ^v^ly^.
7.
505
TO THE
HON. SIR RICHARD BROWNE, Kt. and Bart.
LATE RESIDENT AT "THE COURT OF FRANCE FOR THEIR MAJESTIES OF GREAT
BRITAIN, CHARLES I. AND II., GENTLEMAN OF THE PRIVY-CHAMBER, AND ONE
OF THE CLERKS OF HIS MAJESTIES MOST HONOURABLE PRIVY-COUNCIL, MY
MOST HONOURED FATHER-IN-LAW.
Sir,
I AM bold to present this liberal discourse with the greater confidence
to you, becausej you alone being witness with how little application I
have been able to frame it (importuned as I was by several avocations'),
it may with the better grace presume upon your indulgence ; there is
this only which I have infinite cause to regret, that the tenuity of the
oblation bears so little proportion to the duty, and the service which I
owe you ; but, though I might happily have oppressed you with a
larger volume, I could not with a more illustrious and becoming argu-
ment ; nor indeed, made choice of a fitter arbiter than yourself to deter-
mine- between us, who have passed so much of your time in the public
service of your Prince and Country, and in a period when a less steady
virtue must have succumbed under your temptations. With what fide-
lity and success you discharged that Ministry, and how honourably you
supported the change during the nineteen years space of your honour-
able character abroad, I leave others to report, and to the great and
most illustrious persons of this nation, whose loyalties mingle their glori-
ous misfortunes with yours : I say nothing of your hospitality, and of
the civility of your house, which cannot but be gratefully recounted by
as many as have made any stay at Paris, and that shall consider the
circumstances of those lessning times : and your modesty since your
Royal Master's most signal Restauration, has made it appear, that you
served him without designe, as esteeming your whole fortune a sacrifice
too cheap, to preserve the dignity of a charge in which his Majesties
3t
506
reputation was concerned. I might here mention the constant asylum
whiqh the persecuted Clergy found within your walls upon all occasions,
because I have seen the instances, and have heard them frequently ac-
knowledged both to yourself, and to your most excellent lady, when
your Chappel was the Church of England in her most glorious estate,
at least in the account of Heaven ; for she was then the most perse-
cuted Church in the world ; but this is already recorded by better * pens.
Shall I descend to your other noble and more personal qualifications ?
That amidst your busie employments for the concern of States, and the
interest of Kingdomes, you still held correspondence with the Muses,
and conversation w"" letters; so as what others know but at a great
distance, and by reflection only, you derive from the fountaines them-
selves, and have beheld what has pass'd in thfe world from the very summit
of Olympus: thus Xenophon, Thycidides, Bolybius, Caesar, and Taci-
tus, conceal nothing from you who are a critic both in the Greek and the
Latine tongues, as well as in all the modern languages : to these I might
add the sweetness and comity f of your disposition, the te(iiper of your
customes, the sedatenesse of your mind, your infinite contempt of vanity
and gilded appearances ; and, in short, all those perfections which are the
result of a consunimate experience, a prudent and just estimation of th^
vicissitude of things : but I am first to beg' pardon for this attempt on
your modesty, or rather indeed for this imperfect description of your
virtues: but, Sir, I pretend not to oblige you by your character, but the
* Sir, the benediction the Doctor gives to you and yours, in allusion to that which issued from
the Ark to Obed. Edoms house, I have a particular obligation to sufFrage in, &c. '
The publick exercise of our Liturgy, is the antitype we reflect upon, which, by God's singular
indulgence to you, hath, when chaced out of the Temple took refuge in your house j so that we
have been forced many times to argue from your oratory for a visibility of our Church ; your easie
admission of me to oiliciate in it for some moneths, and your endeavours to have such an esta-
blishment for me, as whereby, in the most difficult of times, I might have had a comfortable sub-
sistence, and a safe protection under your sacred roof, beside the other graces and civilities I had
from you, exact this open retribution of my thanks, &c. to you, whose name and memory must
be ever venerable to the English Clergy, as your person hath been most obliging to many pf
us, &c. See.Richard Watson, in his Epist. Dedicat. before Dr. Basiers Treatise of the Antient Liberty
of the Britannick Church, and exemption thereof from the Roman Patriarchate, &c. Printed Lend.
1661.
■ t Courtesy, civility, good breeding, from the Latin comi<as.
507
publiek by yoar example; and if that have beeri the chief design of
thislittle piece to declare it id thfe -Wttrld, I dttain my purpose. Yoii
haye obliged me with toany signal kindnesses, with a continu'd affec-
tion, a prdlitable and noble conveiisation, and in a wofd, with all these
in Qne, with an excellent wife, to make this just acknowledgement, aiid
to subscribe myself. Sir,
Your most obedient htimble servant, and Son-in-Law,
Says-Court, J. EvelyjSt.
Feb. 5, 1666-7.
TO THE READER.
I HAVE this request to make, and this account to give of the ensuing
Discourse ; that, as it was but the effects of a very few hours, a cursory
pen, and almost but of a sitting, the Reader will be favourable in his
suffrage,, and not hastily pronounce against the merits of the cause. I do
not speak this tojusti6e my .discretion, that being conscious of my defects,
I would presume to engage : let me be looli't on but as the forelorn, who
though resign'd for lost, do service in, the day of battel; and lead on
the rest : I dare assure the most instructed for fight, that it will be no
disgrace to be o'erthrown by such an hero ; who, if I discern rightly of
his spirit by that o;f his style, is too generous to insult over tlie van-
quish'd; and it will be, no shame, to resigne our arms.
I ingenuously acknowledge, that amongst so many pens as the writ-
ers of this age employ,. J find not many that are better cut. On the
other side, it.must.be granted, that he has all the topics and discourses
of almost all the Philosophers who ever writ; and that, whilst he de-
clares for solitude, I am forc'd to tread the most unfreqi^ented and soli-
tary paths; an4 if for. that reason I jjia,vp not ablig'd myself to the
exactest method, ^^ have yet pursu'dmy antagonist, rightly paraff'dand
compar'd, who has himself laid down and resum'd as pleas'd him; nor
in these prolusive and oratorious. contentions, Jsthe_liberty. without good
example : but that which wo^ld best of all justifie me, and the seeming
508
incohereticies of some parts of my discburse, would be the noble authors
piece it self, because of the antithesis and the forms of his applications.
But, as I said, I do not pretend to laurels and palms, but to provoke
some -stronger party to undertake our aggressor. The war is innocent,
and I would be glad this way of velitation * and short discourses upon
all arguments, in which other languages greatly outdo us, might exercise
our reasons, and improve the English style, which yet wants the culture
of our more Southern neighbours, and to be redeem'd from the province,
without wholly resigning it to the pulpits and the theatre, to the neglect
of those other advantages which made the Romans as famous for their
eloquence as for their armes, and enabl'd them to subdue more with
their tongues then with their swords. Let us consider It was but their
native language, which they familiarly us'd, and brought to that per-
fection ; and that there is nothing so course and stubborn but is polished
by art.
This ingenious stranger for some expressions and some words (yet
apt, and well inserted), perswade me he is so (though a subject of his
Majesties), will justifie what I aim at; and the felicity which we have
of gracefully adopting so many languages and idioms into our own,
frustrates all pretences of not infinitely improving it. This was once
the design of the Royal Society ; and as it was worthy their thoughts,
so I hope they will resume it. I add not this, as presuming my self to
have attain'd the most vulgar talent of this kind; my business has been
only the vindication of an oppress'd subject, and to do honour to em-
ployment. In the mean time, 'twere pretty, if at last it should appear
that a public person has all this while contended for solitude, as it
is certain a private has done for action ; but as I perswade myself
if it be so, he has power to retreat from business ; I protest I have
not the least inclination to it, though for want of a better, I have
undertaken this.
The gentleman is pleas'd to call his book but an Essay ; mine hardly
pretends to so much ; which makes me presume he will not judge
me uncivil, nor take any thing I have said in ill part, the nature of this
Quarrelling or disputing with Vvords, from the Latin veliiaiio.
509
der'd. But if he shall esteem it so important, and think fit to
so far promise to assert his cause, and the just conceptions I
is rare abilities, that though I would willingly incite some bet-
[) wait on him, that I may still enjoy the diversion and benefit
icpurses, I will for ever be silent my self, and after all I, have
to the contrary, prefer his Solitude.
J. E.
5ia
PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT, &c.
PkEt'ERR'D TO SOLITUM*.
It was an ill omen to the success of his argument, that in ipso limine,
the very threshold of his Essay, he should think to establish it upon so
wide a mistake as what is derived from the sense of an impious poet,
and the sentences of a few philosophers ; insinuating, by the uncon-
cerned and inactive life of Him who gives life and activity to all beings,
that to resemble God (wherein consists our greatest perfection) we
should sit still and do nothing. Dissolvitur autem religio, si credamus
JEpicuro ilia dicentif. Be this our faith, says Lactantius, and farewell
religion : and if Memmius be persuaded to gratifie his ease by being
made to believe that the supreme Arbiters of our actions would take
little notice of them, it was no conclusion to the more illuminated
Christian, that, to approach the tranquillity of the Deity, men should
pursue their ease, or hide their talents in a napkin. God is always so
full of employment, that the most accurate definers of him stile him to
be actus purus, to denote his eternal and incomprehensible activity,
creating, preserving, and governing; alwaies doing justice and giving
laws, rewarding the virtuous, and defending the innocent. For what
Cicero affirms of the philosophic life, relates to their science, not their
solitude ; and so, indeed, the conscience of our duty, joined with our
performance of it, renders us like our Maker, and therefore rightly in-
ferred by Plutarch, that the lives of great persons should resemble that
of the gods, who delight in such actions as proceed from beneficence,
and doing good to others ; since the contemplation of it alone was supe-
rior to all other satisfactions. But what if the same Cicero tell us in
another place, that those who do nothing considerable in this world are
* "Feb. 1667. My 'Answer to Sir George Mackenzie on Solitude' was published, intitled,
' Public Employment, and an active Life, with all its Appanages, preferred to Solitude'." Diary,
yol. I. 381.
In a Letter to A. Cowley, dated 12th March 1666, printed in the second volume of Memoirs,
p. S??'. he apologizes for becoming an advocate for that life which he had joined with Mr. Cowley
in so much admiring, assuring him he neither was nor could be serious.
t De ira Dei, c. 8.
m
o be reputed but ^a so mny dead m^n in it ? MiM enim qui nihil
igit, esse omnino nonvidetur, s^ys Ije*; and what is yet more remark-
ible, as it is opp9§ed to ^hat he seepos, to press from the lazy deity pf
Epicurus : certainly God that would nof permit th? world it self to
•emain in idea only, but published aqd brought it forth to lighjt,; by thp
^ery noblest of all his actions (for such was its educing out of nothing),
md that of seven whole days ^nd nights f reposed but one himself, and
m been ever since preserving and governing what he made, shews us
)y this, and by the continual motion of tlje stars, and: revolutions of the
leavenly bodies, that to respmhle him (whjch is the sum of felicity) we
ihould alwaies be in action, and that there is no<;hing more agreeable to
lis nature. If we have recourse to the mystic theology pf the antients,
ve shall find there also, that even Minerva could not conceive without
he operations of Vulcan, which signifies labour and the a<?]tive life, no
nore than Jupiter himself; and that Hercules was not admitted into
he coelestial courts, 'till he had first produc'd the tiophies of his heroic
itchievements. To all tlijs the mythology of the heathens refer; an^
herefore, doubtless, if beatitude be our summiim bonum (as all consent it
o be), 'twas y<ell said of the philosopher, evSoii[^ovici ^ft^l'ff Utiv, that besatir,
ude was action J, and that action, by way of transcendency, was proper
•nly to man.
But to pursrue the method of our ingenious author. Whilst he is
hus eloquently declaiming against public employment, fame, command,
Iches, pleasure, conversation, and all the topics of his frontispiece, and
should perswade us wholly to retire from the active world, why js he at
11 concern'd with the empty breath of fame, and so very fond of it,
hat vi^ithout remembering the, known saying, Nemo eodeni tempore
ssequi potest i^agnam famam, §• magnam quietem, would have men
elebrated for doing nothing ? Verily, there is more of ainbition, and
mpty glory in some solitudes, and aflFected retreats, tl^ap in the mo;st
xp^psed and conspicuous actions whatsoever, ^mbitjon, i^ no|; only in
ublic places, and pompous circumstances, but at home, and in the
iterior life ; heremlts themselves are not recluse enough to seclude that
* Cicero de Nat. Deorum, Lib-. 2. t Gen. ch. 2. verse 2.
% Arist. 7- de Repub. c. 3. Ethic. 1. 1. c. 12.
512
subtle spirit — vanity * : Gloriari otio iners amhitio est : 'tis a most
idle ambition to vaunt of idleness, and but a meer boast to lie concealed
too apparently, since it does but proclaim a desire of being observed.
Wouldst tbou be indeed retir'd, says the philosopher, let no man know
it. Ambition is never buried ; repress'd it may be, not extinguish'd.
Neocles, brother to Epicurus, as Suidas tells us, veas the father of
that wary expression, Latenter esse vivendum, whence Balzac assumed
it. What says Plutarch ? Even he that said it, said it that he might
be known. I will not add how severely he pursues it (because our
author may be concern'd, that a second impression has, I'm told, trans-
mitted us his name), but if it be the property of those who are exces-
sively ambitious themselves to redargue f the glory and dignity of their
corrivals, that they alone may possess it, the resemblance was not inept,
which compar'd those decriers of public employment to the slaves in
gallies J, whose faces are averse from the place to which they tend, and
advance forward whilst they seem to go backwards. That which ren-
ders public employment culpable is, that many affect gi'eatness, few
virtue, for which honours are alone desirable ; be good and you cannot
be too popular, community makes it better ; for permit me to affirm,
that there is an honourable and noble ambition, and nothing, I think,
which more distinguishes man from brutes, their low and useless ape-
tites ; whilest this |MwpoiI/u%/«, this despising of glory, is the mother of
sloth, and of all unworthy actions ; well, therefore, did the philosopher
assign its contrary, magnanimity §, and even some sort of ambition too,
a kind of rank amongst the virtues; and we know contemptus Jamee,
contemni virtutes, and that even life it self (if the circumstances be
handsome) will be parted withal to preserve It.
But let us suppose the motives why men pursue greatness to be some
of the particulars here enumerated; may we not as well affirm Celador
flies It for the appendant burthen, and because 'tis expensive, out of
closeness and avarice, humour, or want of ability ? Some grow sullen
and peevish that they be not advanc'd ; others are naturally bypocon-
* Sen. Ep. 78. f To refute, from the Latin redarguo.
* Plut, § fityaXo^vxix, Eth. ad Eud. c. 5.
513
driacs and saturnine, tempers of the basest aloy. But when opulent
and great persons (says he) undertake publick charges, the very rabble
have so much of prudence as to condemn them for mad ; when philo-
sophers, they serve their country, not their inclinations, &c. None,
indeed, but the rabble make that judgment ; for, being commonly mad,
they think all other! like themselves ; and when philosophers pretend
it, it seems by him they cease to be philosophers, and then 'tis no matter
what they say. The truth is, men then begin to praise retirement,
when either no longer vigorous and capable to act, that their spirits
and bodies fail, through age, infirmity, and decay of senses, or when
they cannot otherwise attain to what they aspire; which sufficiently
justifies the preference of employment, since to be thus happy they
must first begin to dote. Nor does the merchant traffick so dearly for
solitude, but for his ease, and the difference is wide between them. If
to be owner of a stately house, to be bravely furnish'd, to have a fair
lady, a rich coach, and noble retinue ; if to eat good meat, drink the
most generous wine, and make more noise amidst his jolly friends than
ever he did either at sea or the camp, be a merchants or a souldiers soli-
tude, who would not desire the pretty retreat which he describes ? For
this (I take it) 'tis that both merchants plow the seas, that lawyers
break their brains, and souldiers fight battels ; in sum, to live at ease
and splendidly, who before, and whitest employ'd, were the pillars and
ornaments of their country. When Caesar is brought for an instance,
aliquando licehit mihi vivere, were it possible to wrest it to the sense
of this argument, it ought yet so far to disswade us from the pursuit of
his example, as 'tis perfectly opposite to an evangelical, as well as moral
position. No man (saith St. Paul) liveth to himself*. No man, says
Cicero is born for himself. Certainly the great Augustus had learn'd
that lesson too well to aflFect repose for himself only, or with an inten-
tion to relax the excellent government which rendred that age of his so
happy above others. He knew justice and fortitude were active vertues,
and that princes are shepherds, whose function 'tis not to play all day on
the pipe, and make love to Amarillis, but to attend to the good of their
* Rom. xiv. 7,
3 u
514
flock. Nor, indeed, ghould they trifle their hours in giving audience to
bouflFoons, or sport with apes. Would it become an Emperor, who
should march before legions, and give laws to kingdoms, to play with
cockle-shells, or be stabbing flyes when Ambassadors are attending him,
as Domitian did ? For what can this mihi vivere less signifie in a
Prince, whose greatest glory proceeds from adions, profitable and
publick, and to live for others, such as renown'd the memory of this
gallant hero ? whilest the rest, abandoning themselves to ease, effemi-
nacy, and phantastique pleasures (like Tiberius in his Caprit^J, became
the pity of their age, and the subjects of tragedy and satyr. Caesar,
then, breath'd after retirement for relaxation only, and that he might
revert to his charge with the more courage and vigour. Thus Scipid
and Lselius went apart, thus Cicero and Varro, and not to sing verses
to the forests and rocks, and dialogize with echoes, the entertainments
of solitude. Neither does he less erre in preferring it to publick busi-
ness in respect of dignity, seeing that which takes care for the being of
so many societies, is infinitely more honourable than what has only re-
gard to it self; and if his logic hold, quod efficit tale, est magis tale,
those are most to be reputed happy who render others so, since God and
nature come under the consideration. Could his happy man remain in
that desirable estate without the active lives of others to protect him
from rapine, feed and supply him with bread, cloaths, and decent neces-
saries ? For 'tis a grand mistake to conceive that none are employ'd
but such as are all day on horse-back, fighting battels, or sitting in
tribunals. What, think you of plowmen and artificers? nay, the
labours of the brain, that excogitates new arts, and produce so many
useful things for humane society, opposed to our gentleman-hawker and
hunter, who rises so early, and takes so much pains toso little purpose?
A good architect may, without ^eat motion, operate more than all the
inferior workmen who toil in the quarries, and dip their hands in mortar.
And when the historian had summ'd up a world of* gallant persons
who fought braively for their country, he did not esteem those to be less
honourably employed who serv'd it by their counsel. The commonwealth
* EJtij Jt» •yvuiins iim<ri tiv»?j ^te Jt 0!r^«v. £lian.
515
is an assembly regulated by active laws, maintain'd by commerce, dis-
ciphn d by vertue, cultivated by arts, which would fall to universal con-
tusion and solitude indeed, without continual care and publickinten-
dency ; and he that governs as he ought, is master of a good trade, in
the best of poets sense as well as mine :
Strive, thou, brave Roman, how to govern well,
Be these the arts in which thou dost exceil ;
Subjects to spare, and the bold rebels quell *.
For when Epicurus (who chose the private life above all) discourses of
publick ministers, he is forc'd to acknowledge that to be at helme is better
than lying along in the ship; not as 'tis indeed, more honourable and
conspicuous alone, but because *tis more noble benejicium dare quhm
UQcipere; and the sentence is of God as well as man; for so the
Apostlef, it is more blessed to give than to receive. But 'tis not for
nothing that patron of the idle does now and then so much, celebrate
action, and public employment; since unless salva Jit respublicq^ the
commonwealth be secure, even the slothful man himself cannot enjoy his
sloth.
We may with more justice condemn: the ambition of jPyrrhus than
derive any advantage from his reply. For my part I think we are
obliged to those glorious conquerors for the repose, knowledge, and
morality they have imparted to us ; when, hut for their atchievenients
and heroic actions, more than half the world had still remained barba-
rous, and the universe but one vast solitude indeed. The activity of men
does best cover their frailties : arts and industry having supplyed that
which nature had denyed us ; and if felicity consist in perfection, cer-
tainly whatever makes us to approch it neerest, renders us most happy.
But his wise-rmans wit consists, it seems, in repute only. I had rather
be wise than so r^fmted; and then this is no more advantage to Soli-
tude than the melancholy and silence he speaks of; . the onie being tlie
basest of humors, and the other the most averse from instruction, which,
is the parent of virtue ; whilst felicity in this .article appears the result of
* ^n. 6. Tu regere imperio popu|os f Acts xx. 35.
516
cheat and imposture, and in making men seem what indeed they are
not ; whereas active persons produce themselves to the world, and are
sooner to be judged what they are by what they do, according to that
well known test, officium indicat virum. As therefore truth. is prefer-
able to hypocrisie, so is employment before this solitude. Had he
affirm'd peace was better than war, he had gain'd my suffrage almost
to an unjust one ; but whilst his antitheta are Solitude and Employment
to state the period of felicity, he as widely mistakes, ias one that should
affirm from the text, that the milk and honey of Canaan dropp'd into
the mouths of the Israelites without a stroke for it; whilst it cost so
many years travels in the desert, and bloody battels, and that the wisest
and happiest men in it, were the most active and the most employed.
To instance in the passion of statesmen breathing after self-enjoy-
ment, and that to possess it a moment, they are even ready to disoblige
their dearest interest, is not certainly to commend retirement*, but declaim
against it. Had David been well employed, fair Bathsheba had washed
in her garden securely, and poor Uriah outlived many a hard siege. Tis
an old saying and a true one. Quern Diaholus non invenit occupdtum,
ipse occupat, the Devil never leaves the idle unbusied ; but if nature, in-
clination, and pleasure vote (as is pretended) for Solitude, even the most
contemplative men will tell us, as well as philosophers and divines, that
nature is deprav'd, inclination prepense to evil ; and pleasure itself, ; if
not simply evil, no moral virtue. PubHck employment is not unnatural
in its ascent, for there are degrees and methods to it ; but if ambitious
men will needs leap when they may safely walk, or run themselves out
of breath when they may take time and consider, the fault is not, in the
steps but in the intemperance of the person. Those who indeed arrive to
greatness by their vices, sit in slippery places, whilst virtue only is able
to secure her favourites; and in these sublunar orbs, if men continue
humble and govern their passions amidst the temptations of pride and
insolence ; if they remain generous, chast, and patient against all the
assaults of avarice, dissolution, and the importunity of clients ; how does
such a person's example improve the world, illustrate and adorn his
station? how infinitely exceed the miser's diampnd and all his tinsell,
which shines indeed, but is lock'd up in the dark, and like a candle is set
517
under a bushell ? Men of parts should produce their talents, and not
enclosing themselves as conjurors within their circles, raise a thousand
melancholy devils that pervert their abilities, and render them, if not
dangerous, useless to their generation. Anaxagoras was a wary person,
yet he conversed with Pericles ; Plato with Dion ; Panetius with Scipio ;
Gato with Athenodorus, and Pythagoras with all the world. Would
Philosophers be more active and Socratical, Princes and great men
would become philosophers, and states consummately happy ; you know
who said it. The truth is, ' a wise man is a perpetual magistrate *,' and
never a private person ; not one city or place, but the world is his domi-
nion ; whilst those who introduce the example of Dioclesian and the
Fifth Charles, to justifie the honour and delices of Retirement, take
for the one a proscribed Prince, whose former tyrannies had deiprived
him of a kingdom, and his fears of a resumption ; and for the other a
decrepid old Emperor, whose hands were so unable to manage a scepter,
that, as one tells us, he had not strength enough to open a letter ; not
to insist on his other infirmities and suspicion which induc'd the more
impartial historians to write ; he did it plainly to prevent an ungrateful
violence ; or (as others) out of indignation to see himself so far out-
done by our English Harry •}•. Whatever motive it were (for there are
more assign' d), so far was this felicity from smiling on those who acted
the scene, that the very grimaces of fortune alone so affrighted them
from society and the publick, as to unking themselves whilst they were
living. I will say nothing of another pageantry resembling this, wliich
has happened in our own times; because the frailty of the sex carries
more of excuse with it. But it seems no retreat can secure greatness
from the censures and revenge of those they have once injured ; and'
therefore even Solitude it self is not the asylum pretended. But that
which can best protect us Is, and that certainly is, grandeur, as more
out of reach, and neerest to Olympus top. Mleas, the king of Scythia,
was wont to say ingenuously, that whilst he was doing nothing, he
* Plato.
t Los degno di veder si soprafar dal Re Arrigo, & altri che esso havea voluto a questo modo
schifare la fortuna aversa, &c. See more in Lodovico Dolci's Vita di Carlo V.
518
differed nothing from his groom ; and Plutarch exceedingly reproves
this shameful abdication of Princes without cause. What a dishonour
(says he) had it been for Agesilaus, Numa, Darius, Pericles, Solon, or
Cato to have cast off their diadems, torn their purple, and broken their
scepters in pieces for the despondency of a Dioclesian ; or to have given
place to proud and aspiring boys ? How was Caius Gracchus reproch'd
but for retiring from his charge a little, though on the death of his own
brother ? If ever such retreat be justifiable, 'tis when tyrants are at
the helm, and the commonwealth in the power of cruel persons. When
the wicked (says Solomon) rise, men hide themselves * ; then, hene
vixit, bene quilatuit, if it were not infinitely more laudable, with Demos-^
thenes, even then to be most active, and endeavour its rescue ; for things
can never arrive at that pass, ut nuUi actioni honestcesit locus ; 'tis
Seneca's inference from the bravery of Socrates, who resisted no less
than thirty of those Athenian monsters together ; and how many thirtys
more our glorious Prince did not desist to oppose, we have Ilv'd to see
in the fruits of our present felicity ; and to the eternal renown of that
illustrious Duke, who so resolutely unnestled the late juncto of iniquity,
Turpe est cedere oneri, 'tis a weakness to truckle under a burthen, and
be weary of what we have with good advice undertaken ; he is neither
worthy nor valiant that flies business, but whose spirit advances in
courage with the pressure and difficulties of his charge. Were it not
gallant advice (says Plutarch) to dissuade Epaminondas from taking
care of the army ? bid Lycurgus enact no more wholesome laws ? and
Socrates to teach wisdom no longer ? Would you bring vertue into
oblivion ? should not arts improve ? becomes it doctors to be silent ?
This were taking light out of the world, and pulHng the sun from his
glorious orbe ; would dissolve laws, humane sciences, and even govern-
ment itself. But he proceeds : had Themistocles never been known of
the Athenians, Greece had never given Xerxes a repulse ; had the
Romans still slighted Camillus, where had that renowned city been ?
if Plato had not known Dion, Sicily had yet groan'd under tyranny.
But as the light not only makes us known to each other, but also ren-
* Prov. xxviii. 38.
519
' ders us mutually useful ; so the being public and conspicuous to i
tvorld, does not only acquire glory, but presents us with the means
illustrating our virtues ; whilst those who through sloth or diffidei
never exercise themselves, though they possibly may have godd in the
yet they do none. •- ! i.
". Indeed tKe Petalism in Sicily caused the most able statesmen
retire themselves ; becaiise they would not' be subject to the aspiri
humour of those pragmatical spirits who affected a rotation In the pu
lick affairs ; by which means experienced persons 'being laid aside, th(
pretenders to the politics had in a short time so confounded thin
together, that the very people who assisted to the change, were the fi
that courted them to resume their power ; abrogating that foolish h
which themselves had more foolishly enacted. To the like conditi
had the Athenian Ostracisme neer reduced that once glorious republi
and what had like to be the catastrophe even of this our nation, up
the same model (when every man forsooth would be a magistrate) s
has been the experience. Men may be employed, though not all as sen
tors and kings ; every wheel in a watch has its operation in the mov
ment without being all of them springs. Let every man (says Ef
curus} well examine his own genius, and pursue that kind of life whli
he is best furnished for : If he be. of a slothful nature, he is not f
action f if active, he will never become a good private man ; for as
the one rest is business, and action labour ; so to the other otium
labour, and activity the most desirable repose.
• I am now arrived to the second period, which commiences with tl
anxiety of great and public persons, upon the least subtraction of .the
jjast enj(^ments. To this I rejoin, that we can produce so many prej
nant instances of the contrary, even in this age of ours, as all antiquii
can Iiardly parallel. Never was adverse fortune' encountred with greatc
fortitude and gallantry, than when so many brave men suffered patient]
the spoiling of their goods, sequestring their estates, dissipating the
substance, imprisoning their bodies, exiling their relations, and all thi
can be named calamity, to preserve their loyalty and religion. In sun
when our Princes submitted to the axe, and our heroes to the haltai
whilst we beheld people of meaner fortunes and private condition, lovei
520
of solitiide and ease, repining at every inconsiderable loss, prostitute
both their honour and conscience to preserve or recover what they but
feared the loss of, and this elogy is due to thousands of them yet surviv-
ing. I acknowledge that the ambitious person is in his sense a bottom-
less pit, and that ingratitude and treason are too often pay'd for favour
and good offices. Though I have likewise asserted in what circumstances
even anfcibition itself is laudable and maybe stiled a vertue ; but have pri-
vate men no thoughts of amplifying their fortunes, and of purchasing the
next lordship ? Marrying, not to say sacrificing, their children to the
next rich heir, and marketing for the portion ? Is there not in the best
governed families of country gentlemen, as much purloyning, ingrati-
tude, and infidelity amongst their few servants and small retinue (not
to naention ungracious and disobedient children), as in the greater eco-
nomy of a commonwealth, proportionably speaking ? Where is there
more emulation, contention, and canvasing, than in the remoter vil-
lages, or the next good towns ? They sell us repose too dearly (says
Plutarch *) which we must purchase at the rate of idleness ; ■ and adds a
pretty instance. If, says he, those who least meddle in publick em-
ployment, enjoy the greatest serenity of mind, then should, doubtless,
women be of all other the quietest lambs in the world, and far exceed
men in peaceableness and tranquillity, since they seldom stir out of their
houses ; yet we find the contrary so notorious, and this gentle sex
(whom so much as the wind dares not blow on) as full of envy, anger,
anxiety, jealousie, and pride, as those who most of. all converse in
publick, and are men of business. And therefore we are not to mea-
sure felicity and repose from the multitude and number of affairs, but
from the temper and vertue of the subject ; besides that, 'tis often as
criminal to omit the doing well as to commit evil, and some wise states
have accounted them alike. Indeed If all the world inhabited the
desarts, and could propagate like plants \vithout a fair companion ; had
we goods In common, and the primitive fervour of those new made prose-?
litesf; were we to be governed by Instinct ; In a word,, were all the uni-
verse one ample con vent, we might all be contented, and all be happy; but
* De tranq. animi. f Acts ii. 44.
521
this is an idea no where existant on this side Heaven ; and the hand may
as well say, I have no need of the feet *, and the ears I have no need of
the eye, as the world he governed without these necessary subordina-
tions. Men must be prohibited all rational conversation, and so come
under the category of brutes, to have no appetites besides eating and
drinking ; no passions save the sensual. I have known as great animo-
sities among the vulgar sort, as much bitterness of spirit, partiality,
sense of injury, and revenge upon trifling occasions and suggestions, as
ever I observed in the greater and more busied world ; 'twas evident that
the Lacedemonians were more proud of their mean apparel at the
Olympic courses, than the most splendid Rhodians in all their bravery
SLudciinquant ; and Socrates soon espied the insolence of a slovenly phi-
losopher through his tatter'd mantle. The Cynic in his tub currishly
flouted the Eastern Monarch, and despised his.purple that secluded him
from the common beamsof the sun. He ought to be a wise and good
man indeed that dares trust himself alone ; for ambition and malice, lust
and superstition, are in solitude as in their kingdom : Peritstulto, says
Seneca : recess is lost to a fool, or an ill man ; and how many weak
heads are there in the world for one discreet person ? It was Crates,
the disciple of Stilpo, that bid the morose walker take heed he talked
not with a fool. Some men, says Epictetus, like unskilful! musitians,
sing no where tolerably but in consort ; and 'tis noted, that he must
have an excellent voice that can charm the ear alone, which renders
them so difficult to be entreated. There are few plants that can nourish
themselves with their own juice ; every man grinds indeed, but the mill
that has no corn in it grinds either chaffs, or sets fire on it self.
But he declaraes only against the most conspicuous vices ; and every
defect in the brightest luminaries is observed, whilest the lewd recesses
of Tvberius eclipsed none of his prodigious debaucheries. So true is
that of the philosopher f , wherever men abscond themselves, humane
miseries or their Tices find them out and attaque them. Malta intus,
says he ; many tilings within enslave us even in the midst of solitude, v
Were not the greatest philosophers, nay the very^ fathers of them.
* 1 Cor. xii. 21. t Sen. Ep. 82.
3 X
522
severely taxed for the lowest pleasures, and sins not fit to be named ?
Seneca himself escaped not the censure of covetous and ambition ; Pliny
of excess of curiosity ; Epicurus of riot ; Socrates of psederastie ; The-
mistocles of morosity; all of them of vanity, contempt, and fastidi-
ousness.
To the instance of great men's submissions to the commands of
Princes, be they just or unjust, it holds well, had the discourse con cern'd
tyrants only and barbarians ; but to produce that example of Parmenio
and Oleander, is to quit the subject, and borrow the extravagance of a
mad-man and a drunkard, to decry princes and statesmen who are the
most conspicuous examples of temperance. But I proceed to the maxime.
If nothing be good which labours of the least defect, then so long as
his Celador is not an angel, he does no more come within the first part
of the definition, than the greatest and most employ'd person living ;
and if he insist upon degrees, I answer, he lyes not under the same
temptation, and therefore neither can he pretend to approch his merit ;
but if I prove the most diabolical arts and cursed machinations to have
been forg'd by persons of the most obscure condition, and hatch'd by
the sons of night, recluse, and little conversant in affairs, I shall infi-
nitely distress that opinion of its virtue or advantage ; for being either
happy in it self, or rendering others so. The monkeshave been so dex-
trous at the knife, and other arts of mischief, that they have not
trembled to make the holy and salutary Eucharist the vehicle of
destruction, when they had any kings to dispatch and, put out of the
way ; and have made such havoc of the French Henrys, that but for
these solitary birds, those princes might have survived all their sad mis-
fortunes. It was not for nothing that Jeroboham withdrew- so long
into ^gypt (that kingdom of darkness *) when he contriv'd the defection
of no less than ten whole tribes at a clap ; and how much mischief, sin,
and bloodshed it caus'd, the sacred story has accurately recorded. The
blackest treasons have been forged in the closets and gloomy recesses ;
who is not amaz'd at the very image and thought of the Gun^powder
Conspiracy ? carried on and excogitated by the devil, and a pack of these
* 1 Kings, chap xii.
523
solitary spirits ! 'Twas but an Arian Monk and an obscure Jew who
first encouraged and instructed that mighty Impostor, occasioning
more evil in the Christian church and state than was ever done by all
the tyrants since it began ; for it spawn'd not only an heresy but blas-
phemy : razing the Christian name out of almost half the world ; and
the issues of the cell are to this day conspicuous in the fire and the
sword which has destroyed not cities only, but whole empires, and made
more fatherless and widows, more desolation and confusion, and done
more harm to letters, than can be recounted ; nor did the uttermost
machination of the greatest person in employment, ever approch what
one monk set on foot out of his holy den, that ever I could read in
story ; and what are all our truculent champions of the Fift-Monarchy
amongst us at this day, but so many persons who seem to be the most
self-denying people, and the highest affected with solitude and devout
enthusiasme, despising honours and public charges, whilst they breathe
nothing save ruine and destruction ? They are the close, stagnate, and
covered waters which stink most, and are fullest of mud and ordure,
how calm and peaceable soever they seem upon the surface ; whilst men
of action and publick spirits, descending as from the highest rocks and
eminences, though they sometimes make a noise, have no leisure to
corrupt, but run pure and without mixture. There is an heavy woe
denounced, in Scripture to those who thus settle on their lees *. Physi-
cians tell us the body is no longer in health than the bloud is in motion
and duely circulates, action is the salt of life, and diligence the life of
action"! All things in Heaven are in motion, and though 'tis there only
that we can promise repose to our selves ; yet neither dare I say, we shall
do nothing there, since the admiration of the beatifical vision will certainly
take up and employ all our faculties, and set them in operation ; nor
whilst we shall there be in perpetual ecstasie, shall we live tbour selves,
but to God alone. There is then, doubtless, no such thing as rest
(unless it be that from earthly toil, anxieties, and the works of sin,
which is that repose mentioned by the Apostle) ; since action is so
essential to our Hves f that it constitutes our being ; and even in all
* Zeph. i. 12. t Hebrews, iv. 9.
524
theory and contemplation it self, there is a kind of action, as philoso-
phers do universally agree.
Let it be confess'd, the Court is a stage of continual masquerade, and
where most men walk incognito ; where the art of dissimulation (which
Donna Olympia has named the Keys of the Vatican) is avow'd; yet it
cannot be deny'd but there are some in that warm climate too, as per-
fectly sincere as in the country ; and where virtue shines with as much
lustre as in the closest retirement, where, if it givie any light, it is but in
a dark-lanthorn ; and to -be innocent there, where there is so much
temptation, is so much the greater merit. Believe it, to conserve one-
self in Court is to become an absolute hero ; and what place more be-
coming heros than the Courts of Princes ? for not only to vanquish
armies in the field, defend our country, and free the oppressed, are the
glorious actions of those demi-gods ; but to conflict with the regnant
vices, and overcome our selves, greater exploits than the winning of
enchanted castles and killing of gyants ; for what violence must be
apply'd to be humble in the midst of so much flattery ; chast amongst
such licence, where there is so much fire, and so much tinder,
and not to look towards the fruit which in that Paradise is so glorious
to the eye and so delicious to the taste ? What a disposition to purity
to come forth white from the region of smoke, and where even the star%
themselves are not without their spots ! In sum, not to fall into the
nets which the noon-day Devils spread under our feet, above our heads,
and- about us ; and who pursue those that flye, and bear down those who
resist. But, as I said, if the difficulties be so great, how much greater
the glory ? Whilst pretending to no such temptation in his solitude,
there is less exercise for his virtue ; it being rather a privation from
evil, than any real habit to good. Certainly, there is not in the
country that admirable slmplielty pretended, nor do they altogether
transact with that integrity. For is there not among them as much ini-
quity in buying and selling ? as much over-reaching in the purchase of
a cow, or a score of sheep ? as much contention about the encrochment
of a dirty fence ? as much regreatlng with the farmer, keeping up the
prlce-of corn, when the pOor are starving ? How ma«y oaths and exe-
crations are spent to put off" a diseas'd horse ? Have we not seen as
525
much ambition and state where the country Justices convene on the
market-days at the petty towns, to have the caps land the knees of the
bumkins? as much canvassing for suffrages and voices ? not to insist on
the prodigious debauches, drinkings, emulation, and perjuries at elections;
and even greater pride, deadly feud, railing, and traducing, amongst
the she-Pharisees, or little things of the neighbourhoodj for the upmost
place in the church pew, Or at a gossiping-meeting, as at court,
and in the city, between the ladies of the best quality ? and all this
while we grow weary of the publick, and resolve against employment,
and the sound of affairs, repenting of the lost moments that are past in
conversation; and yet, in every cave and every cottage there is a chair
for ambition, and a bed for luxury, and a table for not, though Hell be
raining out of Heaven. And it may be observ'd, that we do not hear
the least evil of Lot, or the virtue of his daughters, whilst they liv'd
in the midst of Sodom* it self, 'till abandoning even his little Zoar to
his more solitary and cavernous recess, he fell into those prodigious
crimes of ebriety and incest. Verily, that is truly great to retire from
our vices, not from cities or conversations. If you be virtuous, let your
example profit ; if vitious, repent and amend. Striye not so much to
conceal your passions as to reform them ; for little do solitary persons
profit, without a mind adapted for it ; wise men only enjoy themselves,
not the voluptuous or morose ; and I have seen some live discontented
even in houses of pleasure, and so in their solitudes, as if none were
more full of business.
When he celebrates recess for the little it wants, he gratifies the
Cinick ; he could attribute as much to his tub, and the treen disji that
he drank in, which was all the house and furniture we read of; and an
owl and a pelican want as little as the philosopher; but he does not
say by this that solitude is fertile ; it is not from the abundance that it
supplies them, but from its sterility and defects, which, if it be a com-
mendation to that, is so to nothing else in nature.
He proceeds again to the passions of great men, which are, indeed,
more conspicuous, as lightning and thunder are amongst the meteors,
* Gen. xix. 32.
526
and in the air ; but we do not take notice of the corruscations, conflicts,
and emotions, which are every day in the bowels of the earth. How
impatient and unjust are some of your country gentlemen to their
domestics ? how griping to their tenants ? how unnatural to their chil-
dren, and uncivil to their wives ? Pardon me these reflections, he has
compell'd me ; and it is for your justification (O ye great ones !) that I
find my self obliged to produce these odious comparisons ; whilest I
could give Celador's friend such an example in our first Charles, of
blessed memory, Philip the Second of Spain, Alphonso of Arragon,
and divers of the later Emperors, for acts of the highest patience, forti-
tude, dfevotion, constancy, and humanity, as would shame all the pre-
tenders to moral vertues, in his so celebrated retirements and private
persons. With what constancy, spirit, and resignation, did our royal
Martyr unjustly suff'er from the machinations of the most insolent and
implacable of his vassals, is not certainly to be parallel'd by any thing
posterity has recorded, save that grand exemplar, our blessed Saviourj
who was a King too, but more than man ; from whose emulous pattern
he has transmitted to us, not only all the perfections of the most inno-
cent private persons, but the vertues of the most eminent Saints. He
was imprison'd and revil'd, spit on and injuriously accused; he was
arraign'd, and, by a barbarous contradiction, condemn'd and despoil'd
of three kingdoms, by the most nefarious parricide that ever the sun
beheld, and that before his own very palace. Tell me yet, you admirers
of solitude, in what corner of your recesses dwelt there a more excellent
soul, abstracted from all the circumstances of his birth and sacred cha-
racter, and considered only as a private person ? Where was there a
more sincere man in his actions ? a more constant devotee to his religion ?
more faithful husband to his wife ? and a more pious father to his chil-
dren ? In a word, a more consummate Christian ? Look on him then
as a King, to be superlatively all this, and all that a good and a most
vertuous Prince can be to his subjects, and you have the portralcture of
our Charles opposed to all the petty images of your solitary gentlemen,
and decryers of publick employment. One day that Philip the Second
had been penning a tedious dispatch, Importing some high afiair of
state, which employed almost the whole day, he bid the secretary that
527
waited by him to throw some dust on the paper ; he, instead of the
sand, snatching up the ink-bottle, poured it on all tlie letters; the
Kmg, taking a large sheet of clean paper, wrote it verbatim over again,
and when he had finished, calmly delivering it to the confounded secre-
tary, bid him dry it : but, says the Prince, take notice that this is the
ink, and this the sand-box ; which was all the reproof he gave him.
I instance in this (because of the rest of those vertues I have enumerated
there are such volumes of examples) to, put to silence all that can be
produc'd upon the account of that passion which is so frequently charg'd
on great persons, but which, indeed, upon the most trifling occasions,
use to discompose the most retired persons. And what if amongst
these, besides many others, I should instance in S. Hierome himself,
and other fathers of the church, as recluse and private as they were known
to be religious,
As to the comparative exemption of solitude from vice for the want
of opportunity, the advantage is very slender, since (with what I have
already furnish'd to evince it) it implies only what monsters it would
else produce ; and indeed the most formidable that were ever hatch'd
have thence had their original, as I have abundantly prov'd by the dark
and infernal machinations of solitary persons; so as his happy man
seems at best to, be but a starv'd or chained lyon, who would do mischief
enough had he liberty, and a power eqiial to his will. 'Tis iristanc'd in
the madness of some few heathen Emperors; but he passes by the
salutary laws promulg'd by them for the universal good. Nor were
there so many debauch'd and vicious of the Roman heretofore, but I
can name you as many Christian Princes, religious to miracle, and
without reproach, if what is already said be not suflficiently irreplicable.
As for the rest, whatever they might once have been in their ascent, it
was said of Caesar, that either he should never have aspir'd to dominion,
or, having once attaiii'd it, been immortal; so j list, sO equal, and so
merciful, was his successive reign. Never was it pronounc'd of any
private person, that he was a man after God's own heart ; but we may
know it was so of a King, and that from the Almighty himself. And
not to mention Hezekias, Josias, Jehosaphat, and many others recorded
in holy writ, I durst oppose an Augustus, a TituS, a Trajan, Antoninus,
528
Aurelius ; to omit Constantine, Theodosios, Jastinian, Charles the
Great, S. Edward, S. Lewes, both the Alphonsos, and divers more of
the crowned heads, before any or all he can produce. It's true they ail
dyed not in their beds ; no more do all in his solitude ; for they often
hang themselves, linger in consumptions, break their necks in hunting,
inflame themselves with tipling, perish of the unactive scorbut, country
agues, and catharrs. And if he speak it out who they were that stabb'd
the two Henrys, and our gallant Buckingham whom he mentions, it
must be avow'd they were all murther'd by private persons. But whikt
he is thus exact in recording all the vices of ill princes, because the
spots in the sun are so easily discern'd by his optic, he takes no notice
of the light it universally diffuses, and is silent of the virtues of the
good and the beneficent, who have both in all ages rewarded, cherished^
and protected, gallant men. But when he shall have passed through
all the examples of the great ones who are come to ruine and*destruction,
he does not examine how many private men, gentlemen and others,
remain in any one country, whose patrimonial estates are not'impair'd
by as trifling contests, neglects, prodigality, and ill husbandry, as any
he charges upon those eminent persons.
If solitude be assistant to religion and devotion, how much more is
society ? " Where two or three are assembled together in my name
there am I in the midst of them*." I know no text where acts of religion
are commended for being solitary. It is true, our blessed Saviour went
apart into desart places ■f to avoid the importunities of a malicious and
incredulous people, but he was tempted there J ; and though he some-
times retired to pray, and which was commonly in the night §, when
conversation with the world was less seasonable, he was all day teaching
in the temple, or continually going about doing good ||, and healing all
manner of diseases among the people^, giving counsel to and instructing
his disciples, whom he dispersed over the world to evangelize his holy
doctrine **. We are indeed bid to oflFer up our prayers to our Heavenly
Father in secret, and to do our almes without a trumpet ++, not because
* Matt, xviii. 20. f Luke, ix. 10. J Matt. iv. 1. § Luke, vi. 1%
II Luke, xxi. 37. i[ Matt. iv. 23. ** Mark, xvi. 15. ff Matt. vi. 2, 6.
529
it adds to the dignity of the service, but to avoid the temptation of
hypocrisie, and because we have infirmities ; whilest vi^e are yet in ano-
ther place commanded to render our works so illustrious, that both men
may see them, and God may have the glory*. Certainly the most
instructive motives to religion are from our imitation of others, and the
incentives of devout congregations, as they approach the neerest resem-
blance to the church catholick militant here on earth, so doubtless do
they to the communion of Saints triumphant in Heaven, Is there,
then, no devotion save in conventicles and cells ? and yet even the most
recluse Carthusians spend eight hours of the twelve in divine offices
together. The commendation of a true Christian consists in doing, not
in meditating- only ; and it were doubtless an admirable compendium of
all our notional disputes In religion, if less were believed and more were
practised. 'Tis true, Mary's sitting at the feet of our Saviour, and
hiearkening to his instructions, was preferr'd before busie Martha's em-
ployment ; but the man who laid up his master's talent, and actively
improv'd it not f , did worse ; she was gently reprov'd, he severely con-
demn'd.
, But he adds, that most temptations are in solitude dlsarm'd of the
chains which render them formidable to us In publick, as there wanting
the presence of an inflaming object, &c. But what. If I sustain that
absence does oftentimes augment the passion he speaks of, and that our
fansles operate more eagerly when alone, than when we are possess'd
of the object ?
Nor is there half so warm a fire
In fruition as desire ;
When we have got the fruit of pain,
Possession makes us poor again ;
Sense is too niggardly for bliss.
And pays as dully with what is :
Whilst Phancy's liberal and gives, all
That can within her largeness fall, &c.
Thus we are ever the most Inquisitive after mysteries and hidden
* Matt. V. 16. t Luke xix. 20. and Matt. xxv. 26, 30.
3 Y
530
things, whilest those we enjoy, we neglect or grow weary of. But I
proceed. The most superstitious of men have been the greatest Eremites,
and besides the little good they do by their example, there is not in the
world a life more repugnant to nature, and the opportunities of doing
our duty; since even the strongest faith without works will not save us.
For how can he that's immur'd perform those acts of misericord, which
shall be so severely exacted of us at the last judgment ; to feed the
hungry, visit the sick, cloath the naked *, unless it be in the mock
sense of St. James — "depart in peace,. be you warmed and filled -f","
whilst they give neither meat nor cloaths to refresh the miserable?
But I am altogether astonished at his instance in David again, as
prompted to his lust and murther by the ill fate of hispublick character;
when 'tis evident had he been employ'd, or but in good company/he
had never fallen into so sad a crime. Let it be remembered that he was
alone upon the battlements of his palace, and then all ^the water in
Bathsheba's fountain was^not cold enough to extinguish his desires J; so
mighty, a protective is society from that particular temptation, that even
the presence of a child has frustrated an opportunity of being wanton.
If it were God's own verdict, that to be alone was an evil state §, how
come we to have Adam's society blam'd .^ for even Adam, he says,
could not live innocent a day. in it. But, besides that the short dura-
tion, of his felicity is but a conjecture, I have some where read, that
but for Eve's curiosity, which prompted her to stray from the company
and presence of her husband, the serpeftt (as subtle as he was) had
never found an opportunity to tempt her. He was indeed too easily
enticed by her example, and no marvel God had forsaken his sweet
associate, and then the first effects of both their shame and disobedience
was their dark retirement ||. Doubtless there are many heinous sins
which company preserves us from ; for it is a shame to speak of some
things which are done by men in secret.
I suppose it was no widow (as he speaks her to be) who so hospita-
bly entertained the great Elisha, but a married lady, and of an ample
* Matt. XXV. 35, 36, f Ja. ii. 16. + 2 Sam. xi. 2.
§ Gen. ii. IS. || Gen.iii. 10.
531
;ne; for the text* calls her a great woman; and we find her
king to her husband in another place, concerning the building and
iture of the prophet's chamber ; nor does the answer she return'd
at all imply her wants, she plainly needed nothing that the court
i confer upon her, only an heir she wanted to inherit ; she lived
ngst her people, and had company enough ; and verily we shall
the solitude of the same prophet to be the effect of a persecution,
of his preferring it before society ; and we meet the holy man
h oftner at court, in the camp, at the colledge, and perpetually
loy'd, than either in the mountains or in the wilderness. But let
rant that some devotions are best performed in our closets, yet does
life of a christian consist only in wearing the marble with our knees ?
ave already shew'd that there are works of charity that can no
re be so well performed as in company ; nor can I assent that the
g alone contributes half so much to our zeal as the examples of
rersation. How frequently does David repeat his ardent affections,
address to the tabernacle and the great congregation -f* ? and
igh the countrv round about Sinai were a howling desart J, yet
it at one time in it no " less than six hundred thousand fighting
I together §, whereof the most devout were the most publickly em-
fed ; witness Moses, Aaron, Joshua, Caleb, Phineas, &c. which
ig but in the minority and pupillage of the churchy were all this
le but preparing for God's publick worship, and the constitution of
!ople in the world the most busie and employed,
^o the text in Hosea ii. 14, where God says he will " comfort his
rch in the wilderness," I oppose his innumerable sweet compellations
er the type of the daughter of Zion, which was a great and mdst
nent part of that populous city, and that glorious accession of the
itiles described by Isaiah ||. The tabernacle was indeed for a time
he wilderness ; but neither did that, nor the extraordinary presence
jod in it, restrain a rebellious people from committing more crimes and
ilences in it in forty years, than in four hnndred before, when they
2 Reff. viii. 1. t Psalm xxii. 22. xxxv. 18. ix. H. J Deut. xxxU. 10.
Numb. i. 46. II Chap. Ix. 3.
532
dwelt in the cities of iEgypt ; for (as the Psalm) " Lust came upon
them in the wilderness, and they tempted God in the desart *." It is
well known that the first occasion of the monastical life, was because
men could no longer live quietly in the more frequented places, by
reason of the heat of persecution, and yet even in their remotest re-
cesses, he that looks into St. Hieroms description of itf shall find
that they were so near to one another, that they were almost perpe-
tually in company ; nor does any, I think, consider the stories of
Onuphrus, Anthony, Simon Stylites, and the rest of that spirit, but as
hypocondriacs, singular persons and authors of much superstition and
unprofitable severity. The invasion of the Gotbes on the Roman
Ernpire, drove multitudes of those holy persons to these Latehrce, and
the present distress (to use St. Paul's expression J) might sometimes
be a sufficient argument to recommend, if not prefer the coelibate be-
fore the conjugal estate, and the barbarity of that age to the extraor-
dinary mode of living which, from compulsion and a certain cruel
necessity, became afterwards to be of choice and a voluntary obliga-
tion. But does he think to derive any force to his darling solitude,^
from the servile and busie occupations which none, save Heathens and
Mahometans teach, shall be among infernal torments ? Turks and
scoffing Lucians may possibly broach those fancies of the impertinent
employments of Alexander and Csesar in the other world ; but I pre-
sume he takes them but for the dreams of that philosophical drol, and
to have no solid foundation besides their scoffing and Atheistical wits.
He is now pleased again to imagine that there is nothing which does
more prevail with men to affect grandure, than what he thinks due
only to phantasms and ghosts ; though Fame be indeed a bubble in the
estimation of those who are not much concerned for the future, I find
yet how impossible it was for him to secure any praise to solitude it self
by the neglect of it; whilest he so carefully has consecrated to pos-
terity the names and elogies of so many as seemingly despis'd it, on
purpose to obtain it; but this stratagem, is very thin and transparent;
* Psalm cvi. 14. f Passim in Epist. + i Cor. vii. 96.
533
for sack as he mentions not, I presume never were, and those he does
J-ecord, have purchas'd more by that artifice than if they, had continu'd
men of the busiest employment. Chiles the Fifth and the rest he
enumerates, being more celebrated for their supposed voluntary abdica-
tion (whatever the true motives were) than for all the most glorious
passages of their former reigns ; but however these great men are
beholden to their patron, I confess the pedants (as he calls them) and
the poets are not less obliged to him for the power he attributes to
them of bemg able to make great whomsoever theyplease; but those
persons, I should think, to have little merited of posterity, whose me-
mory has no other dependance than their ayrie suffrages; when it is
from the sober pens, and the veritable memoires of grave and faithful
historians, that the heroick lives of deserving men receive life and im-
mortality after death. Let the pedants and the poets then celebrate
the soft and weakest circumstances of the reignes of those princes they
^ould justifie ; the pens of great and illustrious authors shall eternize
those who persever'd in their grandure, and publick charges to the end ;
for such were Xenophon, Polybius, Tacitus, Livy, and even Caesar
himself, besides many others, as well of antient as modern times, from
whose writings we have received the noblest characters of their virtues;
and if it be retorted, that whilst they actually writ, they were retired,
I grant it; but if men had not done things worthy writing, where had
been either the use or fame of what they so bravely acted and trans-
mitted to posterity ? In the mean time I acknowledge, that the
greatest empire is to command one's self, and that the courts of princes
have alwaies had this of ungrateful to generous souls, that they but
too frequently subject galJant men to caparison'd asses; gay, but
vitious or insipid. Princes are not always happy in their choice of
favourites; but it is not universally so, and that it is in the breast of
the same prince to turn them off, or lay by the counters, to advance
good men, and bring virtue into reputation ; these external submissions
may the better be supported, for wise men do not bend the kijee to
the beast (we have the example of Mordecai*) but to the shrine it bears
* Esther iii. 2.
534
as those who adored Isis upon the back of the animal that carried it,
and so the sunne may shine upon a dung-hill unpolluted, and thus it
shall be done to the man whom the king is pleas'd to honour ; which
though it denotes obedience in the observer, does no real dignity to the
recipient, nor can they themselves but believe it, with some useful re-
flection, as oft as they see a respect paid them, which they must needs
be conscious to themselves they do not deserve. I cannot, therefore,
accuse the deferent of so much adulation, as praise him for his obedi-
ence, so long as he offers no divine or consumptive oblations to the
idol, and offends not God ; for there is certainly no man, meerly by
being a courtier, obliged to imitate their vices, or subject themselves
to the unworthy cotnplyances he would insinuate ; since in that ease, a
fair retreat is alwaies In one's power ; and if on that score, or the expe-
rience of his personal frailty, he be prompted to it, how infinitely more
glorious will be the example of his quitting those specious advantages,
which can neither be conserved or attain'd without succumbing under
a temptation ? And when he discourses of society, instancing In the
trifling conversation of idle persons and knights of the carpet, who
consume their precious moments at the feet of some insipid female, or
in the pursuit of the pleasures of the lower belly, I heartily assent.
There are a sort of bouffoons and parasites which are the very excre-
ments of conversation, as well In country as courts ; and to be there-
fore treated as such, wip'd off, and east from us ; and there are wor-
thier diversions for men of refin'd sense, when they feel themselves
exhausted with business, and weary of action. Certainly, those who
either know the value of themselves or their imployments, may find useful
entertainments, without retiring Into wildernesses immuring themselves,
renouncing the world and deserting publick affairs ; and wheti ever you
see a great person abandon'd to these dirty and mean familiarities, he
Is an object of. pity, arid has but a little soul ; nothing being more true^
Noscitwr ex socio y qui non cognoscitur ex 5e; but, God be thanked
the age is not yet so barren of ingenuous spirits, but that man rnay
find virtue with facetiousnesse and worthy conversation, without mo-
roslty to entertain the time with ; he has else been strangely unhappy
in his acquisitions, who is to seek for good company to pass an hour
535
with, if ever he sought one of the sweetest condiments of life: and
doubtlesse, did great persons but once taste the diflFerence which Is
between the refined conversation of some virtuous men, who can be
injfinitely witty, and yet inoflFensive ; they would send some of their
f?imiUars with a dog- whip .out of .'their companies; because a "man
of honour (to use Job's expression *) would disdain to set them with
the dogs of his flock ;" for after their prostituted and slavish sense
and contrivances are spent upon the praise or acquisition of some fair
sinner, or the derision of what is more excellent then themselves, to sup-
ply their want of furniture, fill their emptinesse, and keep up a worthy
and truely recreative and profitable conversation, they degenerate into
flatness and shame, and are objects rather of pity then envy. Men of
businesse do not sell their moments to these triflers ; conversation
should whet and adorn our .good parts, and the most excellent endow-
ments both of nature, industry, and grade, would grow dull and effete
without culture and exercise ; let men chuse their company as they
ought, and let them keep as much as they please ; it is but to sit on a
bright place, and the camelion it self is all shining ; men will contract
both colour and perfume from the qualities of their associates ; this
made Moses's face to glister, and the conversation of good men as well
as bad, is alike contagious.
But 'tis objected, that "familiarity creates contempt." 1 reply, it
was never seen, amongst those who know truly what it signified : 'tis one
thing to be civil and affable, useful, and accessible, without being im-
pudent, rus tick, or cheap in our addresses. They skill little of the
pleasure and delices of a worthy, friendship, who know not how to enjoy
or preserve it without satiety.; that's left to the meaner sort, and was
indeed not to have been instanc'd in so generous a discourse. There is
no better means to preserve our esteem with others, then by setting a
value on our selves.
To what's alledg'd of the variety private persons enjoy in their own
eogitationsj and the reading of other men's books, so much superior to
conversation, and the reading of men; one of the greatest bookrwriters
* Job XXX. 1.
536
in the world will tell you *, that should a man ascend as high as Heaven
it self, not by contemplation only but ocular intuition, and survey all
the beauty and goodly motions of the starrs ; it would be little delight
or satisfaction to him, unlesse he had some Body to communicate his
speculations to — Sic natura solitarium nihil amat ; whence he nobly
infers, how highly necessary conversation is to friendship ; and that he
must certainly be of no good nature/ who does not prefer it before all
other enjoyments of life whatsoever. We know who it is has pro-
nounced the vce soli, and how necessary God has found the conjugations
of mankind f, without which nor had the earth been inhabited with
men, nor heaven fill'd with saints. Solomon says, " Two are better than
one, and a threefold cord is not easily broken J;" and Plutarch tells us,
that of old they were wont to call men Phota, which imports light ; not
only for the vehement desire which there is in him to know and to be
known ; but (as I would add) for it's universal communication ; there
being few of whom it may be affirm'd, as 'twas of Scipio, that he was
never Fesse idle than when alone, and which, as the Oratour has it, do in
Otio de negotiis cogitare, 8f in solitudine secum loqui. But thus did
those great persons neither affect nor use it, other than as the greater
vessels and beaten ships after a storme, who go aside to trim and
repair, and pass out again : so he, tanquam inportum, and therefore by
that master of eloquence, infinitely preferr'd to those who quite retir'd
out of business for ease and self-indulgence only. Seneca, in his book
De Otio Sapientis, totally condemns this cogitative virtue, as a life
without action, an imperfect and languishing good ; and in the same
chapter, why does a wise man retire himself but as a bow is unbent,
ut cessanda majora ; instancing the recess of Zeno and Chrysippus,
whose vei-y repose was, it seems, more busie than other men's actions ;
but let us hear him speak : what, says he ! " Solitude makes us love
our selves, conversation others; the one to comfort, the other to heal;
the one allays, the other whets and adds new vigour : nothing pleases
alwaies ;" and therefore God who has built us for labour, provides us
* Cic. de Amicit. -I- Eccles. iv. 10.
X Eccles. iv. 9. 12.
537
also with refreshment. Socrates himself was not ashamed to play the
child with children ; severe Cato took sometimes a chirping cup ; and
Asinius PoUio diverted himself after pleading ; and the wisest I^egisla-
tbrs ordain'd holy-daysj and some grave men took their pastime at dinner,
or walking in their gardens, and among their facetious friends, when the
greatest persons laid off their state, constraint, and other circumstances
which their characters obliged them to personate ; but they did never
grow angry with business, and depose themselves, for multum interest,
remittas aliquid an solvas, there's a wide difference 'twixt relaxation
and absolute relinquishing ; and to imagine that great persons have
little repose, when 'twixt every stroke of the anvil the very smith has
leisure to breathe, is an egregious mistake. The compas which moves
in the largest circle has a limb of it fix'd to the center ; and do we think
that honour, victory, and riches (which render all things supportable,
besides the benefits which it is in the power of great ones to place on
worthy persons,) are not pleasures equal to all other refreishments of the
spirits ? For my part, I believe the capacity of being able to do good
to deserving men so excessive a delight, that as 'tis neerest to the life
of God himself, so no earthly felicity approches it. Wherefore wisely
(says Plutarch) did the ancients impose those names upon the Graces,
to shew that the joy of him that does a kindness, exceeds that of the
beneficiary.; many (says he) blushing when they receive favours, but
never when they bestow them.
As for books, I acknowledge with the philosopher, Otiufn sine
Uteris*, to be the greatest infelicity in the world ; but on the other
side, not to read men, and converse with livitig libraries, is to deprive
ourselves of the most useful and profitable of studies. This is that de-
plorable defect which universally renders our bookish -men so pedantically
morose and impolish'd, and in a word, so very ridiculous ; for, believe
it. Sir, the wisest men are not made in chambers and closets crowded
with shelves, but by habitudes and active conversations. There is nothing
more stupid than some of these jjLova-oireiTcai.Toi, letter-struck men ; fpr
Toafiftctru. fAeiOetv JeT xai (luBovTa. vqvv emv; learning should not do men ill
* Seneca.
3z
sag
offices. Action is the proper fruit of science, and therefore they should
quit the education of the coUedge when fit to appear in btisineiss, and
take Seneca's advice, Tamdiu istis immorandwm, quamdiu nihil agere
animus majus potest; rudimenta sunt nostra, non opera; and lam able
to prove, that persons of the most pubHck note for great affairs, have stored
the world with the most of what it knows, even out of books them-
selves ; for such were Csesar, Cicero, Seneca, both the Piinys, Aristotle,
^schylus, Sophocles, Plato, Xenophon, Polybius, not to omit those of
•later ages, and reaching even to our own doors, in our Sidney, Verulam,
Raleigh, the Count of Mirandula, Scaliger the father, Ticho Bralie,
Thuanus, Grotius, &c. profound men of letters, and so active in their
lives, as we shall find them to have managed the greatest of publick
charges, not only of their native countries, but some of them of the
world it self, ^lian has employed two entire chapters expressly to
vindicate philosophers from the prejudices and aspersions of those (who
like our antagonist) deem'd the study of it inconsistent with their admi-
nistration of publick affairs. There he shews us that Zaleucus both
constituted and reformed the Locrian Republick * ; Charondas that of
Catana, and after his exile that of Rhegium ; the Tarentine was exceed-
ingly improv'd by Archytas ; Solon governed the Athenians ; Bias and
Thales much benefited Ionia, Chilo the Lacedemonians, and Pittacus
that of Mitylena ; the Rhodians Cleobulus ; and Anaximander planted
a colony at ApoUonia from Miletus ; Xenophon was renowned for his
military exploits, and approv'd himself the greatest captain amongst all
the Greeks in the expedition of Cyrus, who with many others perish'd ; for
when they were in a strait for want of one to make good their retreat^ he
alone undertook and effected it ; Plato, the son of Ariston, brought back
Dio into Sicily, instructing him how he should subvert the tyranny of
Dionysius ; only Socrates indeed deserted the care of the Athenian
Democracy, for that it more resembled a tyranny, and therefore refused
to give his suffrage for the condemning those ten gallant commanders,
nor would he by any means countenance the thirty tyrants in any of
their flagitious actions ;. but when his dear country lay at stake, then he
* Van Hist. 1,3, c. 17,
539
cheerfully took up arms, and fought bravely againBt.Delium, Amphi-
polls, and Potidea ; Aristotle, when his country was not only reduc'd to
a very low ebb, but almost Utterly ruin'd, restored her again ; Deme-
trius Phalarius govern'd Athens with extraordinary renown till their
wonted malice expell'd him; and yet, after that, he enacted many
wholesome laws, whilst he sojourn'd with KIngPtolomy in ^gypt. Who
will deny Pericles the son of Xanthippus to have been a most profound
philosopher ? or Epaminoiidas, Phocion, Aristides and Ephialtes the
sons of Polymnes, Phocus, Lysander, and Sophonidas, and some time
after Carnedas and Critolaus ? Who were eoiploy'd Embassadours to
Rome, and obtain'd a peace, prevailing so far by their eloquence and
discreet behaviour, as that they us'd to say, the Athenians had sent
Embassadors hot to perswade them to what they pleased, but to compel
them. Nor can we omit Perseus his knowledge in politics, who
instructed Antigdnus ; nor that of the great Aristotle, who instituted the
young, but afterward great Alexander in the study of letters ; Lysis, the
disciple of Pythagoras, instructed Epaniinondas. I shall not need to
importune you with more recitals (^though he resumes the same in-
stances in the 14th chapter of his 7th book) to celebrate the renown of
learned men for their knowledge and success in armies, as well as in
civil government, where he tells us of Plato's exploit at Tanagra, and
many other great scholars; but shew you rather how he concludes:
He (says ^lian, for it seems there were some adniirers'of solitude
before our days,) that shall affirm philosophers to be dv^dxrpus, unfit for
publick employment and businesse, talks childishly *, and like an igno-
rant : and,Seneca-|' gives so harsh a term to those who pretended that
publick affairs did hinder the progresse of letters and the enjoyment of
our selves, that the language would be hardly sufferable from any save a
stoic: Mentiuntur, says he : " Wise men do not.subject themselves to the
employments they undertake, but accommodate and lend themselves to
them only." So as our antagonist could not have chosen a topic lesse
to the advantage of SoHtude, or the humour of his happy Celador, whilst
being confin'd to speculation and books alone, he deprives himself of
* 'Af,%. ' ' t Ep. 62.
540
that pleasing variety which he contends for. These great men were
men of action, and men of knowledge too, and so may persons of the
busiest employments, were they as careful to improve their time and
opportunities as those glorious heroes were ; which puts me in mind of
what I have heard solemnly reported, that 'tis an ordinary thing at
Amsterdam to find the same merchant, who in the morning was the
busiest man in the world at Exchange-tinje, to be reading Plato or
Xenophon in Greek, or some other of the learnedst authors and poets,
at home in the afternoon. And there is no man (says my Lord Bacon)
can be so straitned and oppress'd with businesse and an active course of
life, bat he may reserve many vacant times of leasure (if he be diligent to
observe it, and how much he gives to play, insignificant discourses, and
other impertinences,) whilst he expects the returns and tides of affairs ;
and his own example has sufficiently illustrated what he writes, those
studies and productions have been so obliging to the learned world, as
have deservedly immortafe'd his name to posterity.
But he proceeds, and indeed ingenuously acknowledges, that men of
letters are in constraint when they speak before great persons and in
company : and can you praise solitude for this virtue ? Oh prodigious
effect of learning, that those who have studied all their lives-time to
speak, should then be mute, when they have most occasion to speak !
Loquere ut te videam, said the philosopher ; but he would have men
dumb and invisible to«; the truth is, 'tis the only reproch of men of
letters, that, for want of liberal conversation, some of them appear in
the world like so many fantasmes in black, and by declining a season-
able exerting of themselves, and their handsome talentsj which use and
conversation would cultivate and infinitely adorn, they leave occasion
for so many insipid and empty fopps to usurp their rights, and dash
them out of countenance.
Francis the First, that great and incomparahle prince (as Sleidan
calls him), was never brought up to letters, yet by the reading of
good trans^lations, the delight he took to hear learned discourses, and
his inviting of scholai^s to converse freely with him upon all subjects
and occasions, he became not only very eloquent, but singularly know-
541
ing ; for this doubtless it was, that Plutarch composM that express
treatise amongst his morals, PhiloSophandum esse cum Principibus,
where he produces us several rich examples of these profitable eflFects •,
and indeed (says one) a philosopher ought not to be blam'd for being a
courtier, and that we now and then find them in the company of great
and opulent persons ; nor imports it that you seldom see their visits
return'd, since 'tis a mark he knows what he wants of accomplishments,
and of their ignorance, who are so indifferent for the advantages they
may derive from their conversations. But I might proceed and shew youj
not only what makes our learned book-worm^ come forth of their cells
with so ill a grace into company, but present you. likewise with some of
the most specious fruits of their so celebrated recesses ; were it not
better to receive what I would say from the lively character whicb
Seneca has long since given us of them. In earnest, marvellous is the
pains which some of them take after an empty criticism, to have all the
points of Martial and Juvenal ad unguem, the scraps of the ancient
poets to produce upon occasion. Some are for roots, genealogies,
and blazons; can tell you who married whb, what his great grand-
father was, and the portion that came by his aunt. This was of old
(says Seneca *) the epidemical disease for men to crack their brains to
discover how many oars Ulysses gaily carried ; whether it were first
written Ilias or Odyssea ; and a profound student amongst the learned
Romans would recount to you who was the first victor at sea ; when
elephants came into use at triumphs ; and wonderful is the concern
about Caudex, for the derivation of Codices, Caudicarius, &c, ; Gellius
or Agellius, Vergilius or Virgilius ; with the like trifles that make men
idly busie indeed, not better ; yet are these amongst the most consider-
able effects and rare productions of recess, solitude, and books, and
some have grown old in the learning, and been greatly admired for it;
but what says our philosopher to it ? " Cujus isti errores minuent ?
cuj'us cupiditates prement, quern fortiorem, quern justiorems, quern
liberaliorem facient ? " Who's the better^ less covetous, more valiant,
* De Brevitate Vitae.
542
justj or liberal, for them ? I tell you Fabianus preferr'd ignorance be^
fore this unprofitable science; and certainly therefore useful and pub-
lic employment is infinitely superior to it ; if need we will be learned
out of books only, let it be in something more useful; qui fructuosa,
non qui multa scit, sapit ; for 'tis no paradox to affirm a man may be
learned and know but little, and the greatest clerks are not alwales the
wisest men. The Greek orator* gives us this description of usefully
knowing men. " Reckon not those (says' he) for philosophers, whom
you find to be accurate disputants, and that can contest about every
minute scruple ; but those who discourse pertinently of the most im-
po'-tant affairs, who do not entertain men about a felicity to which they
can never arrive; but such as speak modestly of themselves, and nei-
ther want courage nor address on all emergencies, that are not in the
least discomposed with the common accidents of life, but that stand
unshaken amidst all vicissitudes, and can with moderation support both
good and adverse fortune; in sum, those who are fit for action, not
discouraged, or meditating retreat upon every cross adventure;" to this
purpose the orator: but neither would I by this be thought to dis-
countenance even this kind of erudition, which, more than any other, is
the effect- of solitude and very great leisure, not to call it pedanti'y,
much less bookish and studious persons, who would prove the most
dear to princes and great men of all other conversations, had they such
generous encouragements as might sometimes invite them to leave their
beloved recesses, as did those great philosophers whom we have brought
on the stage ; but we bestow more now-a-days in painting of a scene,
and the expense of a ridiculous farce, than in rewarding of the poet or a
good historian, whose laurels no longer thrive and are verdant, than
they are irriguous and under showers of gold, and the constellations of
crowns, for which they give immortality even to crowns themselves.
For what would there remain of so many, pyramids and obelises of
marble, so many amphitheaters, circi, colosses, and enormous pomps,
if books and bookmen, cere perenniores, did not preserve them to
posterity ? If under Heaven then, there be any thing great that ap-
* Isocrates.
543
*^ pK)aches eternity, it is from their hands who have managed the pen.
Tis from their labours (ye great ones) that you seek to live, and are
not forgotten as the dust you He mingledwith. Never had we heard
of: Achilles hut for poor Homer; never of the exploits of thousands
more, but from the books and writings of learned men, who have it in
their power to give more lustre to their heroes than their crown and
puxple ; and can with one dash of the pen, kill more dead, then a stab
with a stiletto.
There is no man alive that affects a country life more than my self ;
no man it may be, who has more experienc'd the dellces of it; but
even those without action were intoUerable, You will say it is not
publick. If it contribute and tend to it, what wants it but the name
and. the sound ? for he does not mean by business to reside only in
lanes or courts; since without that of the country, there would be
neither court nor city; but if he would have this life spent only in
theory and fancy, extasie and abstractions, 'twere fitter for bedlam, and
a potion of hellebor, then for sober men, whose lives and healths, wits
and understanding were given them for action, and not to sit with their
arms acrosse, and converse with shadows; whilst the fates of rPytha-^
goras, Archimedes and Pliny, whose curiosity cost them their lives,
may well be ranked amongst those whom he ils pleas'd to name the
nobly senselesse, as far indeed transported beyond themselves, as they
had transported themselves beyond the world ; but
It is after he has celebrated the pedant for being inchanted at > the
story of Pompey, that he again introduces the Country Gentlemen,
whose easie and insignificant life is preferr'd before that of the happiest
favourite ; and can be as well pleased with a few bawling currs, or
what he calls an happy chase, as with the acquisition of the most use-
ful office In the state. But does he call this solitude and recesse } • 'Tis
exceedingly pretty what Seneca* observes of -Servillus Vatia, who, it
seems, had long retired himself to the most pleasant part of the Baise :
•there it was' (says he) that this gentletoan pass'd his time, and had
never been known but from his famous solitude : no man eat nor drank
r T * Ep. 55.
544
better: he had rare fish-ponds and parks (1 suppose he kept good
hawks and excellent dogs), in sum, he was thought the only happy
man; for arrive what wpuld, as to change in the Commonwealth, Vatia
still enjoy'd himself; and O Vatia (they us'd to say) tu solus scis vi-
vere : for my part (adds my author) I never pass'd by his house, but I
cry'd Fatia hie situs est; " Here lies Vatia," esteeming him as dead
and buried, whom others thought the only man alive : but he proceeds ;
There are a number* (says he) who seem to have abandon'd the world,
that are as full of businesse in their villas and rural retirements as other
men who live in towns and cities, and trouble themselves extreamly in
their very solitude : though there be no body with them, yet are they
never in repose : of these we must not say their life is idle, but an idle
occupation. Do you fancy him retired that goes a madding after me-
dals and curiosities, and spends his time in raking a tinker's shop for a
rusty piece of copper ? or that is dieting and breathing his jockies for
the next running match ? or that consumes his time trifling amongst
barbers, razing and sprucing himself, powdering, combing, and sum-
moning a council upon every hair ; raging like an Hector at a slip of the
scissars, or a lock out of curl ; and of which sort of wretches are some
who had rather see the cotiimon wealth out of order than one of, their
hairs : call you these retir'd and at rest, who are so eternally inter pec-
tinem speculumque occupati ? or those who are alwaies humming or
whistling of a tune as they go about ? These persons (says Seneca) are
not in repose, but impertinently active. If at any time they make a
feast, there's nothing more pretty than to observe, but the grave con-
sultations about plaiting of the nappery, ordering the plate and glasses,
and setting out the services : O how sollicitous shall you have them,
that the courses come up in time ; that the fowl be skilfully carv'd, and
the isauces exquisitely miade ! and all this forsooth that men may say,
such a one knows how to treat, lives handsomely, and at his ease, &c.
when, God knows, all this while they are of all other in the most mise-
rable anxiety. There were of these soft and retir'd gentlemen, that had
their officers to mind them, when 'twas time to go to supper, and aban-
* De Brevitate Vitae, c. 11, 12.
545
doned themselves so prbdigiously to their ease, that they hardly knew
when they were ,'hungry. I read of one of them, who when he was lifted
out of his bath, and put on his cushion^ asked his attendant whether he
sate or stood, and was so buried in sloth that he could riot tell it with-
out witnesses. Such another we have in Stobseus, that was wont to
demand of his men if he had wash'd, arid whether he had din'd or no ?
'Twere endless to proceed with the like instances of retir'd persons^ and
who seem to be so full of self-enjoyment, and yet whose very pleasures
are of the lowest and sordid'st actions of our life. What shall we then
say of our lazy Gamesters, who sit long at the cards, the wine, and the
smoke, without a grain of sense from dinner to midnight ? because they
are all of them slothful diversions, inactive, and opposed to publick em-
ployment ; since those who are qualified with business, and have any
thing to do in the worlds cannot part with such portions of their time
to so little purpose : by all which we see, that ease and solitude presents
us ,with some pleasures that are not altogether so fit for our recreation,
and as little suitable to our reason and stoical indifferency ; nor seldom
less dangerous and ridiculous in their objects than the most publick em-
ployment : for I find that one of the chief prerogatives of our happy-man
('and whom by a contradiction to his argument, he thinks ill defiri'd by
being termed a little world) is by the advantage of his recess to mould
ideas of a thousand species, never yet in being ; and, to use his own ex-
pression, produces more monsters than Africa itself; more novelties
than: America; to fancy building navies, courts, cities, and castles in
the air. '
On the other side, do we think that men of business never vacate to
admire the works of Nature, because they possess so many works of Art ?
I have sufficiently she w'd how competent philosophy is with pdblick
empjoyment; and instanc'd In as great persons as ever the world pro-
duct; and yet I said nothing of Moses, learn'd in all that .^Sgypt
knew * ; nor of Solomon, to whom God gave wisdom f and understand-
ing, exceediiig much ; that spake of trees and plants ; of beasts, fowls,
fishes, and reptiles ;. those fruitful subjects of natural experience; and
* Acts vii. 2a. t 1 Reg- iv- 29—33.
4 A
546
as to that of Astrology, and those other parts of Mathematics which he
mentions, we have deriv'd to us more science from princes^ Chaldeanj
Arabian, and Egyptians, than from all the world besides. The great
Caesar was so skilful, that with admirable success he reformed the year,
when to perfect that sublime knowledge he was wont (even when his
army lay in the field) to spend so much of his time in studious pernoc-^
tations.
media inter praelia semper
Stellarura, Cqelique plagis, superisque vacarit. — Lucan.
Alphonsus, the tenth King of Spain was author of those tables which
adorn his memory to this day: and Charles "the Second, Emperor of
Germany, was both a profound astronomer and great . mathematician ;
arts which have been so conspicuous and lucky in princes and men of
the most public employment ; as if those high and lofty studies did in-
deed only appertain to the highest, and most sublime of men.
But if the unmeasurable pursuit of riches have plung'd so many great
ones into vices, and frequently become their ruine; we may find more
private persons, who neither built, feasted, nor gam'd, as greedy and
oppressive; -defrauding even their own belliesy and living in steeples,
squalid cottages, and sordid corners, -to gratifie an unsatiable avarice; and
■that have no other testimony to prove they have liv'd long, besides their
ease, their avarice, and the number of their years. None to appearance
more wise and- religious than these wretches, whose apology is commonly
their declining of power, and contempt of worldly vanities. The sole
diflference which seems to be between them is, that the great rich man
disposes of his estate in building some august fabrick or public work,
which cultivates art, and employs a world of poor men that earn their
bread ; and that the other unprofitably hoards it up : besides, that co-
vetousness seldom goes unaccompanied with other secret and extermi-
nating vices. But the wisest of men has said so much, and so well con*-
earning this evil under the sun, that I shall only need address yott to
his book of Vanities. As for the recreative part of solitude, which he
again resolves here into hunting, hawking, angling, and the like,, would
any man think it in earnest, when he undertakes to oppose them to an
useful and active life ? But even as to these also, who is fit more to
B47
enjoy them than those that can best support them ? whereas they are
pleasures which for the most part undo private persons, and draw
expences along with them, to the ruine of some no inconsiderable
families.
For the rest which he mentions as sinful and of so ill report, I cannot
suppose that all great men aflFect them, because I know of many who
detest them ; nor that all private persons use them not, because I know
of too many which do.
The greatest persons of employment are frequently the simplest and
plainest in their apparel, and enjoy that prerogative above the meaner
sort, that they can make their ease the mode, and can adopt it into
fashion without any note of singularity. Herein, therefore, I suppose
they are worthy of imitation ; for I suppose he will not rank the gallanta
of the antit^chsambers and Hectors of the town amongst the garbati
and men of fashion in the sense of his essay. For my part, I take no
more notice of these gay things than of so many feathers and painted
kites that the giddy air tosses about^ and therefore cannot so much as
consider them in a paragraph. The same may I affirm of food as of
cloaths ; for though great men keep noble tables (or at least should do),
yet no man constrains them to intemperance, and if they be persons of
real employment indeed, they will procure as good an appetite to their-
meat as those who thrash, and do the most laborious exei'cise ; and th6
affairs of many are so methodical and regular, that there is nothing
more admirable than their excellent oeconomy, besides the honour of
their hospitality, which 1 take to be an evangelical and shining virtue*;
not to praetermit the benefit which even a whole country receives by
liberal tables, for so the grazier and the farmer are made able to pay
their rents, assist the publick, and support their families.
So that when he has done all, and run through all the topics of his
promising frontispiece, turn'd it to all sides and lights,, he is at last, I
find^ oblig'd to acknowledge, that publick employment and an active
life is at least necessary, nay, preferable, even in his own estimation
of it. For if (as he says) it be the object of our duty, it is un>-
* Rom. arii. la. 1 Tim. iii. 2. Tit. i. 8. 1 Pet. iv. 9.
548
doubtedlv to . be preferr'd before our choice, since the depravedness of
our nature renders that (for the most part) amiss. We seldom elect
the best.
He would have men in employment, only he would have them drawn
to it (like bears to the stake), or never to serve their country till it were
sinking; as if a statesman or a pilot could be made on an instant, aind
emerge a politician, a Secretary of State, or a souldier, like Gincinriatus'
from the plough ; but no man certainly is made an artificer so soon.
Nemo repent^, says the proverb, and* I suppose there is required as
much dexterity, at least to the making of a statesman,' as to the making
of a shooe, and yet no man sets up that mystery without an apprentice-
ship. The truth is, and I confess, this petulant and hasty pretending
of men to places of charge in the comraonwealthj without a natural
aptitude, a previous and solid disposition to business^ is the baiie of
states. Men should not immoderately press into eraployihent ; 'tis a
sacred thing, and concerns the well-being of so great a bodyj as nothing
can be more pi'ejudicial to it than the ignorant experiments of stat6
emperics and new counsellors, though I do not deny that some young
persons are of early hopes, and have in all ages been admitted to no
mean degrees of access. Augustus, Tyberius, and Nero, enter'd very
young into affairs, and Pompey we know triumphed bptimes. Let men
be early great on God's name if men be early fit for it; they shallhave
my vote. And 'twas very wittily said of one of the Scipios (who was
another young gentleman of early maturity), se sat annoruni habiturum,
si P. Mo. voluerit, that he should soon be' old enough if the 1 people
pleas'd; and accordingly the people thought fit to send him general
into Spain, which he reduc'd into a Roman province by his valour and
discretion, when so many older men refus'd the charge, for the difficulty
„ of the enterprise and the miscarriage of their predecessors. Great
men, therefore,, should not, like overgrown trees, too much shade the
sujbnascent plants and young imps, who would grow modestly under
their influence; but receive, protect, and encourage them, by inductive
opportunities and favourable entrances, to inform and produce their good
parts, preserving the more arduous difficulties to the aged and more
experienc'd. This noble and worthy comity of great men in place,
549
tarch has much commended in that excellent discourse of his, An
\ gerenda sit Repub. But, as I said, it became not every one to
ire; so I carmot but pronounce it glorious to those who are accom-
h'd for it, and can be useful to their generation in the most important
.irs, and alleviation of the common burthen. But if all wise persons
0 have qualified genius's, cannot attain to be (as it were) Intelligences
these sublimer orbs of publick administration, let them gratifie theoi-;;
^es yet with this, that (as the philosopher says) every virtuous, man*
L magistrate,' and that Seneca, Zeno, Chrysippus, and infinite otheriS,:
^e done as much for the publick by their writings and conversation
y, as the greatest politicians of their times ; and withal consider,
iv difiBcult a province he assumes who ddes at all engage himself in
blick business : since if he govern ill he shall displease God, if well,
! people. At least call to mind the prudent answer of Antisthenes^
lO, being demanded quomodo ad JRefnpuh. accedendum, how he should
Iress himself to publick affairs, reply 'd as to the fire : neither too neer,
fear of scorching, nor yet too far off, lest he be starv'd with 'cold,
id I confess the suffrage is so axiomatical with me, that I know no
diocrity I would sooner recommend to a*person whom I lov'd ; whitest
to an absolute and final retreat, though it appear indeed great in story,
jvided the resignation be not of compulsion, I should in, few cases
prove the action ; 'tis (as Seneca has it) ex vivorum numero eodre
tequam morieris, to die even before death, and as aftecward he adds,
imum malorum. Counsel is with the gray head * ; and for the man
lom experience in publick affairs has ripen'd and consummated to
thdraw aside, prsesages ill. With' reverence be it spoken, no man
tting his. hand to that plow, and looking back, is fit for so high a
■vice -j".
1 know not whose advice it is, that since governors of states and men
action, favourites and prime ministers, cannot always ; secure them-
ves of envy and competition J, they should so order circumstances as
netimes to hold the people in a kind of appetite for them, by letting
;m a little feel the want of their influence and addresses to solve
1 dispatch the weighty and knotty affairs of state. For, thus did the
Job. xii. 13. t Luke, ix. 62. j: Platarch prsec. de Repub. regend.
550
African Scipo retire into the country to allay his emulous delators,
and some others have more voluntarily receded, but freiquently without
success ; for as envy never makes holiday, so nor does distance of place
protect men from her malignity ; and therefore Seneca * does some where
describe with what flying colours men of business (even in the greatest
infelicities of times, and when, it may be, there is a kind of necessity
of more caution) should manage their retreat from action. But in the
mean time, let those who desire to take their turns attend, in the name
of God, till it fairly invites them. I am not for this prseposterous
rbtation suggested in our essay ; 'twas born to Oceana, and I hope shall
never manage the Scepter, save in her romantick commonwealth ; since,
should great men foresee their employments were sure to determine in
so short a space, the temptation to rapine and injustice (which he there
instances in) would prove infinitely more prejudicial. Frequent changes
of officers are but like so many thirsty spunges, which affect only to be
fill'd, and invite to be squeez'd ; and therefore 'twas wittily insinuated
by the apologue, that the fox would not suffer the hedge- hog to chase
away the flies and ticks that sucked him, lest when those were replete,
more hungry ones should sudfceied in their places. But the rest is clos'd
with a florid apology for ease (not to give it a less tender adjunct), in
the specious pretences of contemplation and philosophy, oppos'd to
those little indifferent circumstances, which the vainer people, who yet
converse with the world without any considerable design, are obnoxious
to ; whilst there's no notice taken of the vanity of some men's contem-
plations, the dangers and temptations of solitude, which has no other
occupation superior to that of animals, but that it thinks more and acts
less, and cannot in his estimate be wise or happy without being morose
and uncivil. Doubtless action is the enamel of virtue; and if any
instance produc'd in that large paragraph' merit the consideration, it is
when it exerts itself in something profitable to others; since those who
have derived knowledge the most nicely, according to the philosophy
he so amply pleads for, to degrade man of his most political capacityf
(ranking him beneath bees, ants, and pigeons, who affect not company
more passionately than man), allow him society as one of the main
• De Tranq. c. 3. f i Eth. c. 2.
551
ingredients of his definition ; and 'tis plain immanity, says Cicero, to
flie the congress and conversation of others, even when Timon was not
able to endure himself alone ; no, though man had all that nature could
aflPord him to render him happy, society only deny'd him, quis tarn esset
ferus ? who could have the heart to support it ? solitude alofte would
embitter the fruits of all his satisfactions. And verily solitude i$
repugnant to nature ; and whilst we abandon the society of others, we
many times converse with the worst of men — our selves. But neither
is the life and employment of our sociable creature taken up (as has
sufficiently been shew'd) in those empty impertinencies he reckons, nor
as a Christian in ideas only, but in useful practice; and wisdom is the
result of experience, experience of repeated acts.
Let us therefore rather celebrate public employment and an active
life, which renders us so nearly ally'd to virtue, defines and maintains
our being, supports society, preserves kingdoms in peace, protects them
in war; has discover'd new worlds, planted the Gospel, encreases
knowledge, cultivates arts, relieves the afflicted ; and in sum, without
which, tlie whole universe it self had still been but a rude and indi-
gested chaos. Or If (to vie landskips with our Celador) you had rather see
it represented in picture, behold here a Sovereign sitting in his august
assembly of Parliament enacting wholesome laws ; next him ray Lord
Chancellor and the rest of the reverend Judges and Magistrates dis-
pensing them for the good of the people ; figure to yourself a. Secretary
of State, making his dispatches and receiving intelligence ; a Statesman
countermining some pernicious plot against the commonwealth,; here a
General bravely embattailing his forces and vanquishing an enemy;
there a colony planting an island, and a barbarous and solitary nation
reduc'd to. civility ; cities, houses, forts, ships, building for society,
shelter, defence, and commerce. In another table, the poor relieved
and set to work, the naked clad, the oppress'd deliver'd, the malefactor
punish'd, the labourer busied, and the whole world employed for the
benefit of mankind. In a word, behold him in the neerest resemblance
to his Almighty Maker, always in action, and always doing good.
On the reverse, now represent to yourself, the goodliest piece of the
creation, sitting on a cushion picking his teeth ; his country-gentle-
man taking tobacco, and sleeping after a gorgeous meal ; there walks a
552
contemplator, like a ghost in a church-yard, or sits poring on a book
whiles his family starves ; here lies a gallant at the feet of his pretty
female, sighing and looking babies in her eyes, whilst she is reading the
last npw romance, and laughs at his folly ; on yonder rock an ancho-
rite at his beads ; there one picking daisies, another playing at push-
pin, and abroad the young potcher with his dog and kite, breaking his
neighbours', hedges or trampling o're his corn for a bird not worth six-
pence: this sits basking himself in the sun, that quivering in the cold;
here one drinks poyson, another hangs himself; for all these, and a
thousand more, seem to prefer solitude and an inactive life as the most
happy and eligible state of it. And thus have you land-skip for your
land-skip.
The result; of all is, solitude produces ignorance, renders us barbarous,
feeds revenge, disposes to envy, creates witches, dispeojples the world,
renders it a desart, and would soon dissolve it : and if after all this, yet
he admit not an active life to be by infinite degrees more noble ; let the
Gentleman whose first contemplative piece* he produces to establish
his discourse, confute him by his example ; since I am confident, there
lives not a person In the world whose moments are more employed than
Mr. Boyle's, and that more confirms his contemplations by his actions
and experience ; and if it be objected, that his employments are not
publick, I can assure him, there is nothing more publick than the good
he's always doing.
How happy in the mean time were it for this ingenious adventurer,
could it produce us more such examples, were they but such as himself;
for I cannot imagine, but that he who writes so well, must act well ; and
]that he who declaimes against Publick Employment in Essay, would
refuse to essay a Publick Employment that were ^worthy of him. These
, notices are not the result of inactive contemplation only, but of a pub-
lick, refin'd, and generous spirit ; or if in truth I be mistaken, 1 wish him
store, of proselytes, and that we had more such solitary gentlemen that
could render an account of their retlrments, and whilst they argue against
conversation (which is the last of the appanages he disputes against),
prove the sweetest conversation in the world.
* Seraphic Love j or, some Motives and Incentives to the Love of God, By the Hon. Robert
Boyle. 8vo. 1660.
AN
IDEA OF THE PERFECTION OF PAINTING,
DEMONSTRATED FROM THE PRINCIPLES OF ART, ■ '
AND BY
EXAMPLES CONFORMABLE TO THE OBSERVATIONS WHICH PLINY AND QUINTIUAN HAVE
MADE UPON THE MOST CELEBRATED PIECES OF THE ANCIENT PAINTERS,
TARAILEl'd with SOMiE WORKS OP THE flioST FAMOUS MODERN PAINTERS,
LEONARDO DA VINCI, RAPHAEL, JULIO ROMANO, AND N. PQUSSIN.
WRITTEN IN FRENCH BY ROLAND FREART, SIEUR DE CAMBRAY,
AND RENDERED ENGLISH
-By J. E. EsQuiBE, Fellow^ of the Royal Society.
IN THE SAVOY :
PRINTED FOR HENRY HEKRINGMAN, AT THE SIGN OF THE ANCHOR,
IN THE LOWER WALK OF THE NEW EXCHANGE,
1668. — Octavo, pp. 174.
4 B
" 28 Aug. 1668, Published my book of ' The Perfection of Painting," dedicated to Mr.
jward." The foregoing was Evelyn's own notice of his Translation of M, Freart's French
ict ; but the only original article added by him, was the Dedication, which follows the pre-
it note,
" This excellent ' Idea,' very lately come out of the London press, in thin 8vo, is drawn in that
mner, as that 'tis demonstrated from the principles of art, and by examples conformable to the
servations which Pliny and jQuintillian have made upon the most celebrated pieces of the an-
nt painters ; parallel'd with some works of the most famous modern painters, Leonardo da Vinci,
iphael Urbino, Julio Romano, and N. Poussin,
"Those principles of art, constantly observed by the antients in this work, are here enumerated
be five: — 1. Invention, or the History. 2. Proportion, or Symmetry. 3, Colour (as herein is
ntained the just dispensation of lights and shades). 4. Motion, in which are expressed the ac-
ns and passions. 5. The regular position of the figures of the whole workj of which the in-
ition and. expression are more spiritual and refined ; the proportion, colouring, and perspective,
i more mechanical part of this art.
"The works made use of among those of our most eminent painters, for applying those princi-
!S unto, are, 1, The Judgment of Paris. 2. "The Massacre of the Innocents, 3, Our Lord's De-
!nt from the Cross, all three by Raphael. 4. The Last Judgment of Michael Angelo. 5. The
ipresentation of a vast Cyclop, in a narrow table by Timanthes. 6, Imitation of the same kind,
Julio Romano. 7, The Gymnasium, or Academy of the Athenian Philosophers, by Raphael.
The Seven Sacraments, by Poussin, the real parallel of that famous master-piece of Timanthes
on the sacrifice of Iphigenia,
"All this is now represented in English with so much perspicuity, and rendered so weighty by
sry period of the excellent interpreter's addition, that it justly deserves high recommendation,
d will, doubtless, animate many among us to acquire a perfection in pictures, draughts, and
alcography, equal to our growth in all sorts of optical aydes, and to the fulness of our modern
icoveries. Painting and Sculpture are the politest and noblest of antient arts, true, ingenuous,
d claiming the resemblance of Life, the emulation of all beauties, the fairest record of all appear-
ces, whether celestial or sublunary, whether angelical, divine, or humane. And what art can be
3re helpful, or more pleasing to a philosophical traveller, an architect, and every ingenious ine-
anician ? All which must be lame without it." — Phil. Trans, vol. iii. No. 39, p. 784.
555
TO THE ILLUSTRIOUS
HENRY HOWARD, OF NORFOLK,
HEIR- APPARENT TO THAT DUKEDOM.
Sir,
There is no man who has heard of the house of Norfolk, and espe-
cially of that of Arundel and Surrey, but will justifie the resolution I
have taken to inscribe your name in the front of this piece ; since the
names of Painting and Sculpture (two of the most celebrated and re-
nowned arts that ever appear'd in the world) had scarce been known
amongst us in England, but for your illustrious Grandfather,*, who
brought into and adorn'd this nation with more polite and useful things
than it had received for some ages before, and who continu'd a Mecae-
nas and protector of all the sublimer spirits, as long as this island was
vvorthy of him, which was as long as it remained loyal.
I have great reason to consecrate thus his memory, of whose more
particular favours I have so frequently tasted both at home and abroad ;
especially in Italy, where I had the honor to be cherish'd by him, and
from whence I afterward receiv'd one of the last letters that ever he writ,
which I reserve by me amongst the choicest of my treasures.
From him, through a most illustrious Father, this aflPection to great
and noble things is deriv'd to you. Witness, the asylum which the
Royal Society found in your own palace, when the most fierce and mer-
ciless of the elements subverted her first abodes ; and now (besides other
accumulations) your free and glorious donation of a fonds upon your
own ground ; to establish her on for ever, and fix her at your very
threshold, by which you not only oblige the most grateful and useful
Assembly that any age has produc'd ; but do honor likewise to his
* Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel, justly celebrated for his large collection of Sculpture,
Design, and Painting. He died at Padua in 1646.
556
Majesty, our founder, by signifying your respect so eminently to his
Royal Institution *.
But, Sir, I have something yet to add, and the very stones would even
exclaim against me, should I omit your never-to-be foi'gotten munifi-
cence to the University of Oxford ; because it was upon my first, and sole
suggestion (for instigation, the generosity of your nature needs not,)
that you were pleas'd to inrich that renowned seat of the Muses with a
greater gift, than all the world, can present it, because the world cannot
shew such a Collection of Antiquities ; and this great thing you did.
* About the year 1645, several ingenious men, wlio resided in London, and were interested in
tiie progress of niathematics and natural philosophy, agreed to meet once a week io discourse
upon subjects connected with these sciences. The meetings were held sometimes in Dr. God-
dard's lodgings, in Wood-street, because he kept in his house an operator for grinding glasses for
telescopes ; sometimes in Cheapside ; and sometimes in Sir Thomas Gresham's house, which stood
on the East side of Winchester-street, fronting to Bishopsgate-street. In 1648 and 1649,. several
of these gentlemen being appointed to situations in the University of Oxford, institiited a similar
society in that . City, in conjunction with several eminent men already established there. The
greatest part of these Oxford gentlemen coming to London in 1659, held their meetings twice a
week in Gresham College, in New Broad-street, by permission of the Professors of the founda-
tion of Sir Thomas Gresham, and on the 15th July 1662 were incorporated by Royal Charter.
About the beginning of 1667, Mr. Henry Howard, afterwards Duke of Norfolk, at the instigation
of John Evelyn, made the Society a present of the Arundel Library, which had been purchased by
his grandfather, during an embassy to Vienna. It had formerly been part of the library of Mat-
thew Corvinus, King of Hungary, erected by him at Buda, in 1485, and after his death, in 1490,
it came into the possession of Biiibaldus Pirckeimerus, of Nuremburg, who died in 1530. At
the same time, Mr. Howard gave the Society convenient apartments in Arundel House in the
Strand, where, according to Evelyn (see " Diary," vol. I. p. 380), they held theii- first meeting 9th
January 166?', and to which they removed, because Gresham College had been rendered unfit for
that purpose in consequence of the Fire of London. In 1673 they were invited back to Gresham
College, by a deputation of the Professors and of the Mercers' Company ; and were induced to
accept the oflFer because their apparatus and collection of curiosities were deposited there and
because Mr. Hooke, their operator, resided in that building. A grant of old Chelsea College had
been given them by King Charles II. and they formed the project of converting it into a house
proper for their meetings. Lord Henry Howard had likewise made them a present of a pi^ce of
ground near Arundel House (alluded to by Evelyn in this Dedication), upon which they resolved
to build convenient apartments by subscription. But neither of these designs was put into execu-
tion. They at last purchased a very convenient house in Crane-court, Eleet-street, in which they
continued to hold their meetings, till the British Government, about forty years ago, furnished them
with apartments in Somerset House, where their meetings have ever since been held, and their
library and apparatus deposited. See Thomson's History of the Royal Society, 4to. 1812 ; and
Pennant's London.
55T
\vhen you plae'd the Marmora Arundeliana there * '> First, the Greek,
and then the Latlne Inscriptions; by- which you not only nobly cbn^
Suited the most la'stitig way to perpetuate your name in the learned world,
and gav« eternity to those (almost) obliterated titles, by transferring
them to a less corrosive ayr; but did likewise a piece of justice, and
piety too, in restoring that to the daughter, which came from the mo-
ther, and consigning those antiquities to Oxford, which were taken away
from Athens.
- Sir, m my Letter to you into Surrey (now about a year since) con-
cerning this largesse, I cannot forbear to repeat a line or two, which was
to move your honor in one particular more ; and that is, that you Would
one day cause the choicest of your statues, basse relievos, arid other
noble pieces of Sculpture, standing in" your galleries at Ariindel-house,
to be exquisitely design'd by some sure hand, and engraven in copper,
as the late Justiniano set forth those of Romef , and since him (and seve-
ral others) Monsieur de Lion-Court, by the draughts of Perrier|, as for-
merly that incomparable historical Column of the Emperor Trajan, was
cut by Villamena, with the notes of divers learned men upon them : be-
cause by this means, the world might be inform'd in whose possession
those rarities are ; and that it would so much contribute to the glory of
the countrey, their illustrious owner, and his family; as it has formerly,
and yet does, to those noble Italians, and great persons beyond the Alps,
who have not been able to produce such a collection as you are furnish'd
with, but who are honor'd and celebrated for it all the world over, by
this virtuous and yet no very expenseful stratagem.
I was the rather incited to mention this here, because I understand
there are some learned persons now at Oxford, adorning a new impres-
sion of the Marmora §, in which such a work could not pass without due
]f_ ^^_
* See Diary, Sept. 19, 1667, vol. 1. p. 388.
f Galleria March. Giustiniana, 2 vol. Rom. 1631.
J Statuae Antiquae, Rom. 1 638, folio.
§ Of the publications to which J. Evelyn excites the Duke of Norfolk, there were four separate
editions, bearing the following titles :
I. Marmora Arundeliana: sive Saxa Graecfe incisa ex venerandis priscae Orieritis Glorise Ruderi-
bus, auspiciis et impensis Herois Illustrissimi Thoraae Comitis Arundelliae et Surriae, Comitis IVIares-
calli Anglise, pridem vindicata et in ^dibus ejus Hortisque cognominibus, ad Thamesis Ripam,
558
veneration, and would prove a considerable ornament to the deslgne j
and, indeed, because the argument of the discourse I am entertaining
your honour with (dedicated lately to the French king's onely brother)
does prompt me to it, as my very great obligations, to subscribe myselfe,
Illustrious Sir,
your most obedient, and most humble servant,
Says-Court, J. Evelyn.
June 24, 1668.
dikposita: publicavit et Comtneutariolos adjecit Joannes Seldenus, I.C. Lond. 1629, 4to; re-printed
by'H. Prideauxj with additions, folio, Oxford, 1676.
2. Marmorum Arwndellianorum, Seldenianorum, aliorumque, Academiee Oxoniensi donatorum :
cum variis Ck)mmentariis et Indice M. Maittaire. Lond. 1732, folio, with 19 plates on the letter-
press.
3. Marmora Oxoniensia : edidit R. Chandler. Folio, Oxon. 1763, 76 plates.
4. Marmorum Oxoniensium Inscriptiones Graecae ad Chandler! exempla edit«e, curanti Gul.
Roberts, A. M. Octavo, Oxon. 1791. 268 pages.
559
TO THE READER.
I DID once think, and absolutely resolve, that I had for ever don
with the drudgery of translating of books (though I am still of the opi
nion, that it were a far better and more profitable work to be still dig
ging in that mine, than to multiply the number of ill ones by produc
tions of my own) ; but this small piece coming casually to my hands
and from an author whose knowledge of the most polite and useful art
has celebrated him abroad ; and upon a subject I had formerly bestowe
some reflections on; partly, in that "Parallel of Architecture " (whic
from the same hand, I not long since publish'd for the assistance an
encouragement of Builders), and partly in my " History of Sculpture ;
I did believe I might do some service, not only to Architects and Sculp
tors, but to our Painters also, by presenting them with this curious tree
tise, which does, I think, perfectly consummate that deslgne of mine, c
recommending to our countrey, and especially to the nobless, those thre
illustrious and magnificent arts, which are so dependent upon eac
other, that they can no more be separated than the very Graces them
selves, who are always represented to us holding hand in hand, and mu
tually regarding one another.
The Reader will find in this discourse (though somewhat verbost
according to the style of this overflowing nation) divers useful remarks
especially, where he treats of costume, which we have interpreted de
corum, as the nearest expression our language will bear to it; and
was glad our author had reprov'd it in so many instances ; because i
not only grows daily more licentious, but even ridiculous and intollera
ble. But it is hop'd this may universally be reform'd, when on
modern workmen shall consider, that neither the exactness of the!
designe, nor skilfulness in colouring, has been able to defend thei
greatest predecessors from just reproaches, who have been faulty i
this particular. I could exemplifie in many others whom our authc
has omitted; and there is none but takes notice what injury it ha
done the fame of some of our best reputed painters ; and how in
560
decorous it is to introduce circumstances wholly improper to the usages
and genius of the places where our histories are suppos'd to have been
acted. This was not only the fault of BassSnO, \yho would be ever
bringing in his wife, children, and servants, his dog and his cat, and very
kitchin stuff, after the Padualn mode; but of the great Titian himselfe,
Giorgiorie, Tintoret, and the rest; as Paolo Veronese is observ'd also to
have done, in his story of Pharaoh's diaughter drawing Moses out of the
river, attended with a guard of Swisses. This puts me in mind of that
piece of Mabugius in his majesties gallery at Whitehall, which not only
represents our first parents with navils upon their bellya, but has plac'd
an artificial stone-fountain carv'd with imagerys in the midst of pai
radise*. Nor does that excellent and learned: painter Rubens, escape
without being perstring'd, not onely for making most of his figures of
the shapes of brawny Flemmings, but for other sphalmata and circum*
stances of the like nature; though in some he has acquitted himself
to admiration' in the diie observation of costume, particularly In his
crucifixes, &c. as I might largely exempllfie. Raphael Urbino was
doubtless one of 'the first who reform'd these inadvertencys ; but it was
more conspicuous In his latter, thari in his former piec?.
As for Michael Ang^lo, though I heartily consent with our critic in
reproving that almost idolatrous veneration of his works, who had cer-
tainly prodigiously abus'd the art, not only in the Table this discourse
arraigns him for, but several more which I have seen ; yet I conceive
he might have omitted some of those imbitterr'd reproaches he has
revll'd him with, who doubtless was one of the greatest masters of his
time; arid (howevfer he might succeed as to the decorum) was hardly
exceeded for what he perform'd In sculpture and the statuary art by
many even of the antlents theiliselves, arid happ'ly by none of the
moderns'; witness his Moses, Christo in gremio, and several other
figures at Rome ; to say nothing of his talent in architecture, and the
obligation the world has to his memory, for recovering many of its
* This painting is described in Vertue'^ Catalogue of King Charles's Colleetion as " a defaced
old picture at length, being Adam and E,ve,_ intire figures, being little less than the life, painted
upon a board, in an old defaced gilded frame." It is stated in a MS note to the copy 5n the Editor's
possession to be at-this time iii the Palace of St. James.
561
piost useful ornaments and n^embers, put of the neglected fragments
which lay so long buried ; and for vindicating that antique and mag-
nificent manner of building, from the trifling of Goths and Barbarians.
The next usual reproach of painting, has been the want of judge-
ment in perspective, and bringing more into history then is justifiable
upon one aspect, without turning the eye to each figure in particular,
and multiplying the points of sight j which is an error into which, our
very author (for all the pains he has taken to magnifie that celebrated
decision of Paris) has fail'd in ; for the knowing in that art do easily
perceive, that even Kaphael himself has not so exactly ohserv'd it;
since instead of one (as Monsieur de Cambray takes it to be, and as
indeed it ought to have been), there are no less than four or five, as
Du Bosse has well consider'd in his late Treatise of the Converted
'Painter ; where by the way also, he judiciously numbers amongst the
faults against costume, those landskips, grotesques, figures, &c. which
we frequently find (abroad especially, for in our countrey we have few
or none of those graceful supplements of steeples) painted horizontally,
or vertically on the vaults and cielings of cupolas ; since we have no
examples for it from the antients, who allow'd no more than a frett to
the most magnificent and costly ones which they erected.
But would you know from whence this universal caution in most of
their works proceeded, and that the best of our modern painters and
architects have succeeded better than others of that profession: ; it must
be consider'd that they were learned men, good historians, and gene-
rally skill'd in the best antiquities. Such were Raphael, and doubtless
his scholar Julio ; and if Polydqre arriv'd not to the glory of letters,
he yet attain'd to a rare habit of the ancient Gusto, as may be inter-
preted from most of his designs and -paintings : Leon Baptist Alberti
was skill'd in all the politer parts of learning to a prodigy, and has
written divers curious things in the Latine tongue. We know that of
later times Rubens was a person universally studied, as may be seen in
several Latine epistles of his to the most famous scholars of his age : and
Nicholas Poussin, the Frenchman, who is so much celebrated, and so
deservedly, did, it seems, arrive to this culture by his indefatigable in-
dustry ; as the present famous statuary Bernini, now living, has done to
4 c
562
so universal a mastery ; that not many years since, he is reported to have
built a theatre at Rome, for the adornment. whereof he not only cut the
figui'eSj and painted the scenes, but writ the play, and compos'd the
musick which was all in recitativo. And I am perswaded that all this
is not yet by farre so much as that miracle and ornament of our age
and countrey, Dr. Christopher Wren, were able to perform if he were
so dispos'd, and so encouraged ; because he is master of so many admir-
able advantages beyond them.
I alledge these examples partly to incite, and partly to shew the dig-
nity and vast comprehension of this rare art ; and that for a man to
arrive to its utmost perfection, he "should be almost as universal as the
orator in Cicero, and the architect in Vitruvius : but certainly some tinc-
ture in history, the optics, and anatomy, are absolutely requisite, and
more (in the opinion of our author) than to be a steady designer, and
skill'd in the tempering and applying of colours, which, anfongst most
of our modern workmen, go now for the onely accomplishments of a
painter.
I had once thoughts to have added the stamps and prints themselves,
which our author does so critically discourse upon ; but then considering
that as this piece is of most use to the virtuosi, and that such as are curi-
ous must needs already be furnish'd with them ; and that it had been
doubtless impossible to have procur'd originEils sufficient to adorn this
impression, and would have immensely exalted its price(I myself having
been ofFer'd twenty shillings but for one of them), I soon laid those in-
tentions aside : besides that our author has also publish'd his book with-
out them, and to have gotten them well copied, had been equally dif-
ficult.
J. Evelyn.
THE
HISTORY
OF THE
THREE LATE FAMOUS IMPOSTORS;
PADRE OTTOMANO, MAHOMED BEI, AND SABATAI SEVI.
TU£ ONE,
PRETENDED SON AND HEIR TO THE LATE GRAND SIGNIOR;
THE OTHER,
A PRINCE OF THE OTTOMAN FAMILY, BUT, IN TRUTH, A VALACHIAN COUNTERFEIT;
AND THE LAST,
THE SUPPOSED MESSIAH OF THE JEWS, IN THE YEAR OF THE TRUE MESSIAH, 1666.
WITH
A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF THE GROUND AND OCCASION
O; THE
PRESENT WAR BETWEEN THE TURK AND THE VENETIAN.
TOGETHER WITH THE CAUSE OF THE FINAL EXTIRPATION, DESTRUCTION, AND BXILE OF
THE JEWS OUT OF THE EMPIRE OF PERSIA.
IN THE SAVOY:
PRINTED FOR HENRY HERRINGMAN, AT THE SIGN OF THE ANCHOR,
IN THE XOWER WALK OF THE NEW EXCHANGE.
1669.
565
TO THE
Right Honourable HENRY LORD ARLINGTON, &c.
PRINCIPAL SECRETARY OF STATE.
My Lord,
These ensuing Discourses intitle their original to the noble industry
and affection to truth of an illustrious person, and to the great and
worthy ingenuity of a Persian stranger lately amongst us *, from whose
mouth I have received the two following first narrations, and from
whom I have been abundantly satisfied, that the particulars are of un-
doubted verity. For the third and last, which concerns the story of
that impudent Jew, it will need little apology; since it proceeds not
onely from an eye-witness, but from the hand of a person who has
already gratified the publique with the fruit of many rare and excellent
observations, and which becomes due to your Lordship upon a just
claim ; so as your Lordship having been so pleased with the first rela-
tion, cannot be less with the following, though I should never have
presum'd to be their deferent in this unpolish'd dress had I not received
some assurances of your pardon.
It will doubtless appear very strange, that impostures of this magni-
tude should so long abuse the world, were there no other interest in it
than the vanity of the persons who assume to themselves the titles:
whatever the reason of it be, here we have matter of fact ; and it was
more than time the world should at last be disabus'd which has been so
long impos'd on, and even labour'd under the common mistake, that
the cause of this obstinate war and quarrel 'twixt the Turk and the
Venetian was grounded onely upon the taking of Sultan Osmon and his
mother (pretended son and wife of Sultan Ibrahim} by the gallies of
Malta. This was, my Lord, the believed report at my being at Venice
the very year this action fortun'd ; and it has since gain'd credit, and
* Signer Pietro Cisij, See Diary, vol. I. p, 394.
566
fill'd our ears, and all the histories of this age, as a thing unquestion-
able, but with what pretence of truth these papers will both inform
your Lordship, and give day to some other passages worthy the notice
of inquisitive men, and of a conjuncture so seasonable for it, while the
eyes and thoughts of all Europe are intent upon the success of Candia.
What concerns the Va:lachian vagrant will be a service both to his
Majesty and other Christian princes whom this bold Impostor has had
the front to abuse ; but, eripitur persona — the mask is now off; and
I have no more to add, than that pf being,
My Lord,
Your Honors most obedient, ,
obliged, and humble servant,
J. E.
567
TO THE READER.
The great Scaliger was wont commonly to say, omnis historia bona,
that all history was good ; meaning, that it was worthy of notice so it
were true and matter of fact, though the subject of it were never so
trivial. This, though but a pamphlet in bulke, is very considerable for
the matter it containes, and for that it endeavours to informe and dis-
abuse the world of a current error, which has mingled and spread it
selfe into divers grave relations that have been printed, and confidently
published many yeares without suspition.
How I came to be enlightened for these pieces, I have in part declared
in my dedicatory addresses ; and if I forbear to publish the name of
that intelligent stranger, and that other person, from whom I receiv'd
my informations, you are to know that it is not out of fear of being
detected of impostures, whil'st we declare against it, and which cannot
serve any interest of the relators, but because, being strangers, or itine-
rants, and one of them upon his return into his native country (which
may possibly engage them to passe by Malta, and other Levantine parts
obnoxious to these Discourses), it would appear but ingrateful in us to
expose them to an inconvenience. Let it suffice, to assure you, that
they are persons of no mean parts, ingenuity, and candor; well ac-
quainted with the Eastern countrevs and afiaires, and that have them-
selves been witnesses of most of these transactions.
It were to be wish'd that our Christian Monarchs had alwayes near
them some dextrous person of this gentlemans abilities, were it but to
discover such cheates, as frequently appearing under the disguise of dis-
tressed princes, merchants, &c. are, in truth, but spies and bold impos-
tors, and whom otherwise 'tis almost impossible to detect, not to sug-
gest the many other good offices, as to the Eastern commerce and
affaires, they might be useful in : but this is more than I have commis-
sion to say, from those who have no other design in what they relate
than their affection to truth. It is not yet a full year since there went a
crafty varlet about the countrey, who pretended himself to be the brother
568
of the famous Peter Serini (whose brave and heroick actions had so
celebrated him against the Turkes), and related a story by his feign'd
interpreter, how he fortun'd to be cast on shore on the West of Eng-
land, as he was conducting supplies from abroad. This he perform'd
with a confidence and success so happily, as caus'd him to be receiv'd,
presented, and assisted (like another Mahomed Bei) by divers persons
of quality, and some of them my nearest acquaintance, in his pretended
journey to court ; but being at last discover'd in a tipling house on the
rode, where, un-mindful of his part and character, he call'd for a pot of
ale in too good English, and a more natural tone than became so great
a stranger, and the person he put on, we heard no more of the game-
ster. I wish our Fin-land spirit, who is of late dropt out of the clouds
amongst us, prove not one of his disciples, for the age is very fertile,
and I am told that our Mahomed having receiv'd his Adjuda de Costo
from the bounty and charity of a great person of more easie belief, is
slipt aside for fear of the porters-lodge ; and yet 'tis possible you may
hear more of him before his ramble be quite at a period.
You have at the end of the last Impostor an account of the Jews exile
out of that vast empire of Persia, happening but the other day ; which,
together with the miscarriage of their late Messiah (the twenty-fifth
pretender of it, as I am crfedibly inform'd it stands in their own records),
it might, one would think, at last open the eyes, and turne the hearts of
that obstinate and miserable people : but whil'st the time is not yet
accomplish'd, I could wish bur modern enthusiasts, and other prodigious
sects amongst us, who dreame of the like carnal expectations, and a
temporal monarchy, might seriously weigh how dearly their characters
approach the style and design of these deluded wretches, least they fall
into the same condemnation, and the snare of the devil.
569
THE HISTORY OF PADRE OTTOMANO,
THE FIRST IMPOSTOR *.
Sultan Ibrahim began his reign In the year 1049, according to the
Turkish Hegira pr period, which was of our style anno 1640. He was
about nine years Emperorj and had born to him (after the first three
years) a son nam'd Mahomed, who Is the present Grand Signlor now
swaying the Ottoman scepter : the HasakI or Great Sultana, his mother
("for by that adjunct of Great she is distinguished from the rest of that
high title), being extreamly weak after her delivery, necessitated them
to seek out and provide a fitting nurse for the new-born Infant. But,
before we can proceed In the event of that, some other circumstances
require the readers attention.
It fortun'd that from the year 1640 to 1644 there llv'd In Constanti-
nople one Giovanni Jacobo Cesli, native pf Persia, but descended from a
noble family In Rome, who, being by profession a merchant, did use to
traflBque not onely In this port, but held commerce likewise In divers
other places of the Levant ; so as being a man of more than .ordinary
note, he came at last to be particularly favour'd by the Grand Signlors
chief eunuch, whose name was Jumbel Aga, otherwise called Kuslir
AgasI, a great minion of Sultan Murad, who deceasing a while after,
his following successor confirm'd to him his former charge, which was ta
take care of the ladles, who were kept In the seraglio, and superintended
the women (for so the name Imports), nor Is the dignity of less esteem
than that of the vizier himself, within the precincts of the seraglio;
since it intitules him to the same access to the emperor his lord and
master, whom he serves as pimp of honour, if there be any true honour
in so vile an employment.
* 13 Feb. 1669. I presented his Majesty with my " Historie of the Foure (Three) Impusters j'-
he told me of other like cheates. I gave my bboke to Lord Arlington, to whom I dedicated it. — '
It was now that he began to tempt me about writing " The Dutch War." , " Diaiy," vql. I. p. 397.
This narrative is reprinted almost verbatim in Knolles's History of the Turks, edited by Sir P.
Rycaut^ folio, vol. II. p. 55.
4 D
570
This Kuslir Aga, eunuch as he was, would for all this be thought a
lover of women, because it is the style of the countrey, and a mark of
good breeding and courtly grandeur.
It was upon this occasion that he one day sent for Jacobo Cesii, and
desir'd that he would search out and purchase for him the most elegant
and handsome wench he could possibly light upon amongst such slaves
as are daily expos'd to sale in the Turkish donj'inions. The merchant
was not long; ere he happen'd upon a very beautiful creaturE, of a. mo-
dest countenance, and> as near as could be guess'd;, a virgin. He bought
her, and brought her to the Aga, who being extreamly taken with her
shape and mien, pay'd hini for her 450 dollars, which was the price she
was valued at. But this pretty girle had, for all .her simpering and
innocent demieanour, been corrupted, it seems, before she came to the
eunuch; and after some time that she had been with him (for he kept
her in a house bf his own, ahd not in the seraglio) was suspected to
be vsath child. Her lord was wonderfully importunate to sift out. who
it was that tnight be the father of the offspring; but she wouldf by'no
means be induc'd to discover it, which so incensed him, that the Aga
forthwith causes her to be turn'd out of doores ; and thus: for some time
she remained in disgrace, though in the house of his major domo, tq
whom he had given her to be disposed of, till she was at last brought to
bed of a goodly boy. n. . ~;,'
Some time after the child was born, the Aga, whether mov'd with
compassion or curiosity, we need not enquire, begins, to discpver a most
passionate desire to sfee the little bastard, which was no sooner brought
to him, but, being exceedingly pleas'd with the babe, he immediately
orders it a rich vest, and' other fine things to wear, though it was then
not above eight or nine moneths old; commanding that it, should still
be kept in his stewards house, where it was born.
It fortun'd, that not long after was the birth of the present Turkish
emperor; and the Great Sultana (as we said) being indisposed, the
grand Aga was sent for to provide a nurse for the young prince,; that
care belonging likewise particularly to his charge : immediately tjhe Aga
reflects upon his disgrac'd slave, whom he speedily sent for to him, and
brought to court (together with her pretty by-blow, the present Padre
571
Ottomano)i recommending her for a nurse to the =royal infant ; upon
which account she stay'd near two whole years in the seraglio. Sultan
Ibrahim (father of the yoiing prince) during this time grew so taken
with. the nurses boy, as being much a lovelier child than his own, that
he became infinitely foiider of him, which so inraged and displeas'd the
Great Sultana'i who being now no longier able to dissemble her resent'
rnent,; grew in Wroth with Ibrahim, and gave a second and more
cruel exilement to the unfortunate nurse and her darling child, whom
she banish'd out of the seraglio, and could never after abide the Aga
that introduc'd them.
This violent action of the Sultana madej you may imagine, a foul
house in the court, and it grew at last to that height that the Emperour
(who took it greatly to heart, his pretty favourite should be thus thrown
out of the seraglio)j running one day to the Sultana, he snatches his son
out of her arms, and threw him into a piscina, oriarge fountain, which
was near them, where he had like to have been drown'd. This pas-
sionate and unnatural action of Ibrahim inrag'd the Sultana now more
then ever against the Aga, so as she sought all occasions possible to
put him to death, as imputing the ill-nature of her lord the emperor to
some wicked impressions of his favorite ; - but chiefly, for his bringing
the fair slave and her bastard into the sieraglio.
The continual hatred and machinations of the G. Sultana caused the
Aga to consult his safety; and besides, he was not a little apprehensive
of the capricious a:nd unconstant humour of Ibrahim, who .being of a
weak complexion and understanding, he feared might in time be wrought
upon by the Sultana to destroy him; and therefore makes suit to the
Emperour that he would permit him to go on pilgrimage to Mech a, since
absence might possibly mitigate her fury ; And for that he was now
grown aged, and less. capable of doing him service in his charge, which
he desired he would give him leave to resign.
But Ibrahim, finding him by long experience to be a discreet person,
and one that had faithfully served the EmperOul" his brother, would by
no means hearken to his request, or permit him to go from him ; since,
as the constitution of the seraglio stands, that had been for ever to have
depriv'd him of a servant whom he so deaHy loved. For you are to
572
understand, that whoever obtains leave to go that holy pilgrimage is
ipso facto made free: no eunuch belonging to the seraglio (being slaves
of honour to the Grand Signior) can obtain his liberty but by the
Emperours especial grace ; which also entitles him to a certain annual
pension, arising from the revenue of Grand CairOj set apart for suqh
rewards. And for this reason it was, that Ibrahim was very unwilling
to part with his eunuch : however, being vanquish'd at last with his
continual importunity, and for that it was upon condition, that notwith-
standing the custome and style of the seraglio in such cases, he should
go but as his slave, and, having perform'd his devotion, return to him
again, and to the office which he would have resign'd ; he grants him
his request. Upon this stipulation he dismisses his favourite, and the
eunuch prepares for his journey in the caravan of Alexandria, the Grand
Signior having at that time never a man of war in the port.
The whole fleet consisted of but eight vessels, whereof Giafer com-
manded the first ; Mahumedj the second ; Arab Ogli, the third, (this
Arab Ogli was partner with the above-named Gio. Jacobo Cesii) ; Cura
Mahumed commanded the fourth; Memi, the fifth; Bodur, the sixth;
Nicola, a Christian, the seventh ; and Jani, another Christian captain,
the eighth, who brought up the rear. These being ready to set saile,
the Aga embarkes with his family^ and whole equipage (amongst
which was his beautiful slave and her little son), in the first ship,
whereof, as we said, Giafer wasrcommander. And now directing their
course towards Alexandria, they, touch'd a while at Scio (an island in
the Archipelago), where lingering some little time, they. happen'd to
meet with a certain Dominican fryar (well beloved of the chief of the
country), whom, for a former prevarication with them In matter of reli-
gion, they would needs have constrained to abjure his faith, and become
a Turke ; which the religious man refusing to do, the cruel eunuch
caus'd him to be immediately burnt alive. This was in the year 1644.
Loosing from Scio, they were surpriz'd with a dismal tempest, which
caus'd them to put in at Rhodes^ where they were likewise forc'd to
continue for some days ere they durst adventure out ; but at last pur-
suing their intended voyage from thence (being now about 15 leagues
distant from Rhodes), they discover six gallies. It fortun'd to be a
great calme, and yet they were hardly within ken, so as to distinguish
what they were; yet supposing they might be the gallies of Bailo
(who are certain Turkish guardians of the Archipelago) that were
making towards them, they seem'd not to be so much concern'd ; but
when a little after they came to find their mistake, and that they be-
longed to Malta, they were strangely surpriz'd, and in great confusion
what to resolve on, for divers vessels of their company were so dis-
pers'd, by reason of the calme, that they could not possibly joyn them
for want of wind. This happen'd upon the tenth of May, in the year
1644.
Well,, for all this, the Aga resumes courage, prepares for the conflict,
and, upon their approach, begins bravely to defend himself. The fight
continues for some time very fiercely on either part, and not without
mutual loss, till by an unlucky broad-side from one of the Malta -rgallies
the eunuch receives a cannonade on his breast, which dash'd him into
the sea; and at that same instant fallen dead the fair Sciabas (for so was
that female slave nam'd, a Russe by nation, and mother of our Padre
Ottomano), without any mark or wound, or so much as the least bruise
to be found, which made divers believe she dy'd of very fright and ap-
prehension ; and with these perish'd likewise divers others in that vessel,
upon which the rest immediately struck saile, and submitted tq mercy.
The Maltezes now boarding their prizes,, and seeing so many women,
eunuchs, and other passengers (for, as we recounted, one of these ves-
sels was wholly taken up by the Aga and his domestlcks), asked, what
pretty child that was ? The distracted peoplcj partly out of terror,
and haply, uponliope of better quarter, tell them, that he was the son
of Sultan Ibrahim, going to Mecca to be circumcis'd. Greatly pleas'd
with their success, they set saile immediately for Malta, where the
hopes of their fancied prize had so far exalted them, that they soon
noys'd it over all Christenddme, that they had taken the Grand Signiprs
son, and the Sultana his mother, with many like stories that pass'd
about the world for current, and it gain'd credit, and was indeed gene-
rally bellev'd by themselves : nay, the whole CoUedge and Religious of
Malta were so elated and possessed with the conceit of it, that they
began seriously to consult of proposing an exchange for Rhodes, which
574
had been their antient seat, and which they almbst made themselves as
good' as sure of.
The Great Master and the Grand Croci were absolutely of this (Opi-
nion, and did thereupon write letters to Constantinople, to Smyrna, and
to several other places and correspondences, to certifie where they might
find their young prince, and his mother, provided they would come up
to their conditions. For though she were dead in the coin bate, yet it
seems they had either drest up a property to personate her amongst the
she-slaves that were taken, or willing to have it belicA^ed so, and both
her own and the portrait of her young son were painted to the life, ahd
familiarly ^old in Italy and France, for, the better confirmation of this
bellefe ; but after long expectations, receiving ilo answer to their satis-
faction, they begin to be in some doubt, and could not well divine what
to make of it, and whether they were not all this while deluded of their
boast, and entertain'd in suspense to abuse them ; for so it appears they
were to the very year 1649. But how far this contributed to the quar-
rel with the Venetians, whom they unexpectedly surpriz!d soon afterj
will be made appear by the sequel.
It was in this year that the person who gives us this information
returning from Rome, where he hiad finish'd his studies in the Colledge
de propagandu Fide, into his native country of Persia, happeii'd in his
journey to arrive at Malta, where making some stay, he came to be
known to divers of the Order, and principal persons there; as, namely,
to the Treasurer, several of the Grand Croci, to the Great Master him-
self, the Commahdator, the General of the gallies, and most of the no-
bility. The Grand Master was then Joharnles Lascaris, the Grand
Commandatori Monsieur de la Helle, the General, Monsieur de Beau-
champ, &c. to omit the rest. These enter into a solemn consultation,
what was to be done to sift out the truth and value of their prize ; that
is, to know whether the child were indeed Sultan Ibrahims son or not;
and finding this person, as they conceiv'dj a fit instrument for their pur-
pose, being well experienc'd in the Turkish language', and the cus-
tomes of their country, and for some other relations of his at the Porte,
and one who had given them good marks of his capacity and faithfulness,
they resolve to dispatch him forthwith to Constantinople, accompanyed
575
onely with three or four Turkish slaves, who had redeem'd themselves,
and with instructions to their Envoye how the design was tq* -be managed!
Signior Pietrq (for so we will now call him) sailes from Malta; arrives
at, Constantinople j makes friends in the Seraglio ; enquires with all the
sedulity imaginable, whether any child of the Grand Signiors were
missing : and whether it were true, that the Hasaki, or Great Sultana,
had some years since been lost, or takpn by the Malteze in her pilgrim-
age towards Mecha, &c. But after all the diligence he could possibly
make, he could never discover any likelihood, or so much as shadow of
it. In sum, he finds there, was not a syllable of it true; and that the
Religion * of Malta had all the while but abused themselves in their cre-
dulity, apd all Christendom in the report of it. Pietro writes back to
the Beligion, and assures them by many indubitable evidences, nay
oathes and aflBdavits, which he had procur'd, and several other effects
of his diligence, that it was all imposture, and that they ought to give
credit to the romance no longer, or hope for the least advantage by it.
This was in the year 1650 ; for. so long, and somewhat longer it was,
ere they would, be dis-abus'd. And now at last they begin to defide
themselves, and by little and little to let their boasting dye, andto neg-
lect any farther ceremony to their pretended royal captive; in short,;
they now grew very cold, hardly made anymore account of him; yet
so, that having for a long time abus'd the world, as asham'd at their
credulity, and to prevent repyoach^ they continually endeavour'd to have
it still thought true ; and therefore gave the boy the title of Ottomano,
which he weares to this day, non per dignita (sayes our ingenious in-
former) ma per la vanita.
This is the true and real history of the so much talk'd-of Padre Ot-
tomano, and consequently of that groundless and vulgar opinion which
has been spread so long about, that this accident alone was the onely
source. and cause -of the Grand Signiors quarrel with the Venetians, but
of -which there is so little appearance; the interest of that republick
being so different from that of the Malteze, who are sworn never to be
at peace with those miscreants; whil!st the Venetians^ on the contrary,
were in a profound and un -interrupted league with them.
' * Viz. of the Knights of Malta.
576
It is indeed commonly pretended, that, contrary to a stipulation with
the Grand Signior, the Venetians had protected the Knights of Malta,
after this exploit of surprizing the Sultana and her son, going with an
infinite treasure to Mechq, ; but the truth is, finding no occasion to com-
mence the war upon this suggestion, they give out another, and which
is believed was the more real ground of it.
In the reign of Sultan Amurat, there were destroy'd and burnt by the
Venetians no less than five and twenty Fusti Harbaresche, or Barbarv
gallies, who were rovers and pyrates upon those seas, and greatly infested
the commerce ; these they attaqu'd in the Port of Avelona, demolishing
withal their castle. Complaint hereof being made to Morat (or Amurat),
he was provok'd to declare war against them as the first aggressors ;
though in truth this had been no violation of any article between them.
However, upon their earnest instigation, Amurat seems highly to resent
the afii'ont, as done against his allies. Hereupon the Venetians offer
to give ihevaivfo galeasses in satisfaction, and to pay for all the losse
which they had sustain'd. But in this interim the Grand Signior in-
gag'd in the war at Babylon, dyes soon after his return, and leaves the
quarrel to his brother Ibrahim ; who, insensed also somewhat more for
the vessels that were destroy'd, upon the neck as it were of this, by the
Malteze, when Padre Ottomano was taken by them, and his favorite
Aga slain (his design, which was first against the Malteze failing),
without the least pretence of reiiewing his predecessors quarrel with the
Venetians, or declaring any formal war, with a fleet of near 500 saile,
he lands an army of threescore thousand men near the city Canea, and
in little time became master of that, and of the whole kingdome be-
side ; Candia the metropolis. Spina Longa, Carbusa, Suda, and some
very few posts more excepted, and leaves the pursuit of this war to his
son Mahomed, who has continued it to this present day. By what ac-
cident the Malteze contributed to the fatal rousing of this immane lyon
we have seen, but without the least appearance of intituling it to the
merit of this supposititious child and his mother, upon which yet it is
so vulgarly and so weakly founded.
But what may farther elucidate the utter impossibility of Padre Otto-
mano's title, as heir to that family, 'tis notoriously, known, that the last
5ff
Eimperor of the Turks (father to the Sultan now reigning) never had
but three sons ; that the present Grand Sigriior was always the eldest ;
and that the other two (by an extraordinary eflFect of their brothers
good-nature, or address of the present Valadir or dowager) are still
Ijving in the seraglio, out of whose precincts they are never allow'd to
stir abroad, but in company of the Grand Signior, and under the strict-
est guard. Next, that no prince of the Ottoman blood, or the Sultana
herself, does ever travel to any place whatsoever out of the palace, but
when the Emperor goes himself in person. ■ This being so, hpw proba-
ble and likely it is he should hazard the Great Sultana, and the heir of
the crown in a weak and ordinary caravan, with, so small aq equipagp,
arid so little concernment for their losse as never so much as totreate
about their release, &g. let any Tatiohal man determine upon mature con-
sideration, and. prospect of the circumstances.
Besides, as our intelligence airgues, and assures us, those of Malta are
so insatiably covetous, that if they could sell even the very Malteze
themselves, they would not stick jto make money of them ; and that it is
familiar with these holy CorSaires to spoil all the Oriental Christians
without distinction^ who come in their way; neither regarding their
faith nor their iprofession : so as when ever they surprize any miserable
slaves, who for the dread of torment have been forc'd to turne renega-
does, but would now most chearfuUy revert to their faith again ; the
Malteze will not hearken to them, but sell them a second time to the
Turkes, to satisfie their prodigious avarice. How much more then (as
our informer concluded) had it been to their advantage, to have sold this
pretended royal boy, being a natural Turke, than to have sufier'd him
to become a Christian ? But they reserv'd him upon future hopes, and
when they perceiv'd that fail them, to rid their hands of the expense of
the mock-state, they had so long been at, and yet tq preserve their re-
putation, make out their boast, and credit their religion ; they find, a
pretence of sending him to be bred in Italy, and now suffer him to be
made a Dominican Fryar forsooth, under the pompous title of " Padre
Ottoiriano."
4 E
578
THE STORY OF MAHOMED BEI,
WHO CALLS HIMSELF,
JOHANNES MICHAEL CIGALA ;
BEING AT THE WRITING HEREOF IN THE COURT OF ENGLAND, WHERE THIS SECOWD
IMPOSTOR WAS FIRST DETECTED.
The better to acquaint our reader with the successful impudence of
this famous impostor, he is to understand, that this rodomontade has
lately publish'd a book, at his being not long since in France, to which
he has procur'd the French Kings licence, with all the formalities of it,
which he intitles, " The History of Mahomet Bei, or John Michel de
Cigala, Prince of the Imperial Blood of the Ottomans ;" to which he
annexes other his dignities, Bassa and Soveraign Plenipotentiary of
Jerusalem, and of the kingdome of Cyprus, Trebizond, &c. Dedicated
to the French King, with a front of Steele*.
In this treatise, or rather romance of his knight-errantry, he sums
up the antiquity of the family of Cigala, which he extracts out of seve-
ral grave and sober authors ; intituling it to most of the royal houses
and crown'd-heads of Europe ; making himself at last to be descended
from Scipio, son of the famous Vicount de Cigala, who was taken pri--
soner by the Turkes, anno 1561, after that signal battel and victory of
the great Andrea d'Oria. This Scipio being now a captive with his
father, and perswaded to renounce the faith, was, as he pretends, ad-
vanc'd to the dignity and charge of Grand Visier, by Solyman tlie
Magnificent, under the new name of Sinan Bassa ; after that honour,
he was made prime Aga, or Generalissimo of the Janizaries ; then
Seraschieror General of the whole army ; sometimes higher, and some-
times lower ; and at last again First Vizier, and Second Bassa of the
Porte, and had, above all this, preferred to him in marriage several great
ladies, whom he narnes, and among the rest, Canou Salie Sultana,
* Originally printed in 12mo, in 1 668, viz. " Histoire de Mahomet Bei auiourd'huy nomin^ lean
Michel de Cigala, Prince du Sang Imperial des Ottomans." See Mor6ri, Dictionnaire Historique j
also, Les Impostures Insignes, par 1. B. de Roeoles, 12mo, Amst. 1683, and published in English
in 1686, octavo.
579
daughter of Sultan Achmetj sister of Osman, and Sultan Amurad (wha
took Babylon), and of Ibrahim, father to the Emperour now reigning.
From this illustrious mother our Bei deriving himself, he goes on to
relate the story of his princely education under the Mufti, and of the
strange and prodigious accidents that advanc'd him first to Tephlici or
Vice-roy of the Holy-land, where we have the miraculous dream, and
vision, and the assistance of the good hermite, and his own Christian
physitian, by which he became converted to the faith, and diverted from
his sacrilegious purpose of plundering thechappel of the Holy Sepulchre
in Jerusalem of the silver lamps, and other sacred treasure, which h^
reports to be there in great abundance ; but that still dissembling his
profession, he got to be advanc'd to the government of Cyprus, &c.
Hene he acquaints the reader how he came to be made absolute com-
mander of all the forces design'd against Candy; and that being of the
first who entred that city, he privately heard, and assisted at mass, de^
liver'd many Christian slaves, &c. Hence, after two years gallantry,
and notorious exploits (which no man ever heard of but himself) the
succeeding Emperor constituted him Soveraign of Babylon, Caramania,
Magnesia, and divers other ample territories. In his journey about
these governments another miracle confirms him at Iconium, by the
wonderful luster of an inclosed Host, in which a splendid child appear'd
through the chest or cabinet of a certain Christian woman that had
procur'd and lock'd up a consecrated wafer, for fear of her jealous and
unbelieving husband ; to this adding the phenomenon of no less than
nine ex^traordinary and refulgent stars, which appear'd for divers nights
over a place where certain Christians had lately been martyr'd. Coming
back from Iconium to Candy a second time, he communicates his reso-.
lution of openly declaring his conversion, and consequently of quitting
his high employments : but the poor Jesuit (his ghostly father) unhap-*
pily dies before it could be accomplished, and so, as fate would have it,
does that other intimate confident of his designs, Lazaro Moccenigo,
the Venetian General. Upon this disaster our illustrious Bei conveys
himself again to Constantinople, where hie is made Vice-roy of Trabi-
sond, and Generalissimo of the Black Sea, in order to his purpos'd
retreat.^ Upon the confines of this it was, that he trusts a vast treasure
580
©f jewels, &c. to a great person whom he had redeemed out of slkvery
from the Tartars, and dispatch'd before him into Moldavia, which was
the rendezvous, agreed upon, and where he had appointed to meet him
upon the first opportunity of totally renouncing the Grand Signiors ser-
vice, to declare himself the Christian, which he had hitherto but dis-
guised. Chamonsi (Tor so was this confidents name), in stead of receiv-
ing his friend and benefactor, at the place design'd, plotted with the
Governour of Moldavia to have perfidiously surpriz'd and slain him;
but our Don Herchio Bei^ after wondrous proofs of his valour, and
giving death to almost all that oppos'd him, escapes their hands, though
extreamly wounded : in this plight, he meets with a poor shepherd,
with whom he changes his princely robes for the shepherds gray coat,
and travels on his ten-toes a tedious and unknown way for many days
together. In this unfortunate encounter it was that he lost his faithful
counsellour, another Jesuite, and all his glorious retinue^ who were
evei'y one of them kill'd upon the spot, save one poor honest Jew, and
in this lamentable condition came our devout prince on foot, and in the
snow to the Cossaque army, then in hostility against the Muscovite,
amongst whom he found three souldiers that he had formerly freed froni
Turkish captivity. These were the first who made his quality known
to their chief, by whom he was civilly treated, arid perswaded to honour
Muscovy with his intended baptism : but our prince designing from the
beginning to make his solemn profession at Rome, and receive that
sacrament from his Holiness's own hands, the captain beirig, it seems,
a schismatick, and of another church, neglects and des^pises him, whom
he had hitherto so generously treated. Upon this the Prince steals se-
cretly away from the Cossaques, and by the assistance of another vir-
tuous Jew (who likewise knew him) he at last got safe into Poland
where the then Queen, Lovize de Gonzagues, hearing the report of his
approach, and illustrious quality, receives him (as himself relates it)
with infinite respect; ^nd, in fine, prevails with him to honotir the
cathedral of Warsovia with his baptism, which is perform'd by the
Archbishop of the place, the Queen her self standing at the font, and
giving the name of John, to our cousen gerikian of the Ottoman Empe-
rour. Here we have a relation of the extraordinary pomp of that cere-
581
laome, as well as of that of his confirmation, which dignified him with
another name.
Taking now leave of Warsovia, he travels towards Lauretto in pilgf i-
mage to our Lady; fronfv thence he goes to Rome; at first incognito,
making himself known onely to his sanctity, with a brief recajiitulatlon
ofiiis adventures. This was to Alexander the Vllth, whose benediction
receiv'd, he returns into Poland again to visit and pay his duty to his
royal god-mother. In this joutney he was.know^n to divers great per-
sons travelling through Germany, especially to the famous N. Serini *,
and this being at a time when the Eniperour was at difference with the
Tiirk, our^Jaero could not but shew some marks of his courage, and
affection to the cause he had espoused, which he now signalizes; in not
onely ofiering himself a voluntier, but by fighting hand to hand with
the Turkish General himself, whom he kill'd upon the spot before both
the armies, performing other stupendous lexploits, which would have
seem'd incredible had not himself related it.
For this, and other his egregious services, his Imperial Majestie after
fi thousand caresses and presents of infitiite value, creates him Captain
Gaardian of his artillery^, and 'tis a wonder how he escap'd the golden
fleece. But nothing of all this would prevail with him to stay, longer
at Vienna. For the peace being now conclujded, he returns incognito
to Lauretto again, thence makes an excursion into Sicily to visit some
alliances and great kindred, which he had living there. Excessive are
the complements and presents that he received from the great princes
of Germany and Italy in this progress. Arriv'd in SicUy, Don Pedro
d'Arragon receives and treats him iii his palace, and the whole city of
Messina meet and attend him, acknowledging him of the illustriouis
house of the Cigala's, fr6m which that Country had, it seems, received
many great benefits. From Sicily he passes through Calabria towards
Rome again, visiting divers of his friends and kindred in the way, and
arriving at Naples has. done him the same honors of. the Vice-roy and
nobility there, and so by sea inabaJrks for Rorne, into which he now
makes his publike entry, and obtain'd audience accordingly of Clement
* See Mor^ri, Diet Hlstorique, torn. IX. p. 364,
682
the IX*"", before whom, in a bravado, he draws and flourishes his dres
ful cimeter, in token of his defiance of the enemies of the Church- H«
it is you have him received, and presented by the Pope, the nephew, t
Cardinals, Ambassadors, and in summe by all the nobility of this m
tress of the world ; till resolving to bless France with his present
touching a little at Venice and Turino, he at last arrives at Paris, wK«
he was received . of that great monarch, who no sooner hears of 1
arrival, but he forthwith commands the Duke of St. Agnan, with coacl
and an equipage suitable to this princely guest, to introduce thisgloric
Stranger*. The King receives him according ^' to his higb qualify,
nearly related to his antient allie the Tut'k ; and so does Monsieur t
Dauphin, his Vitesse-royal, and all the grandees of that Court, not f(
getting the Grand Prior, and to be sure, the Knights of Malta, &c.
palace being assign'd him, and at last a present made him, no less th
two chains of gold (they should have been doubtless something els
with the King and Queens effigies medalized, at his taking leave
that kingdom.
Thus far goes the printed relation of our Errant, I had almost sa
recreant Knight, with the elogies Latine and French, which prepj
the reader for the wonders and adventures of his JL*}fe.
But now, if upori examination of all this geer and enormous rha
sody, we take the boldness to deplume our gallant of his, mutuatitic
and borrow'd feathers ; and that our Ottoman Prince, who has brav'd
so long, and so successfully Amongst the birds of feather, shall prove
last but a jack-daw.
Spectatum admissi risum teneatisj amici ?
This Impudent vagabond then, and pretended Mahomed Bei, that 1
indeed abused the French King, and believ'd he should have done t
same to his Majestic of England, Is in fine a native of Walachia, be
of Christian parents in the city of Trdgovisti. They were formerly v<
opulent and'well to pass, and his father In good esteem with the Prir
Matthias Vaivoda of Moldavia. His father dying, our pretended Cigi
was taken into the service of the Prince, as his father had been befi
him, and sent in the retinue of his resident to Constantinople ab(
twenty years since 5 after some time spent there, he returns into]
583
teountrey, where he grew intimately acquainted with a married priest
(as in that place they are permitted to be), and made love to his wife ;
but the woman, the better to colour and conceal the familiarity and
courtship that was between them, makes her husband believe he had
a kindness for her daughter, and in so honourable and decent a way,
that the simple man believes her, and entertaining him more like a
domestique now than a lover, suffers him even to govern his little
family. But it seems our rampant Amoroso could not so govern him-
self, but the priest began to suspect and discover his villany'; for either
he did, or would have lain with both mother and daughter.
Upon this he is complained of to the Vaivoda, who sought all means
possible to have apprehended and executed him according to their law ;
and that not only for this his inhospitable crime, but for sundry other
most notorious delicts and misdemeanors, of which he had been for-
merly convicted. But it seems, having timely notice of it, he gets
away again, to Constantinople, where he remained till the decease of
Prince Matthias, after which he came back impudently into Walachia
again, thinking all had been now forgotten, and that by some address
or other he might procure to be receiv'd amongst the great men of his
countrey ; but when upon some attempts that he made, he perceived
they had discovered who he was, and would have laid hold on him,
and chastiz'd him for his former insolencies ; to Constantinople he
retires a third time, where, despairing after awhile of his designs at
home, he makes himself Turk, and turns perfect renegado.
Since these exploits he has rang'd from place to place about Chris-
tendom, and in countries where he was wholly unknown, with that
specious story, or rather monstrous imposture, of his being so nearly
related to the present Grand Signior, and the dignities' and charges he
has quitted for the love of Christ ; by which he has roam'd about the
world, been caress'd and really presented by divers great persons, and
especially by the French king, &c. With this confidence and expecta-
tion he came lately into England, had the fore-head to present him-
self and the legend of his life to his Majestie; frequented the court
in his Ottoman garb and Eastern mode, 'till a person of great quality,
who bad seen him the last year at Vienna in Austria (where he durst
584
Fetend to nothing of all this), defeated the iniposture, and a Persian
entleman, lately a stranger, and by meer accident here at that time,
)nfirms this relation of him, from whose mouth ive receiVd it, to-
ether with this account of the illustrious family of the Cicala,' which,
ith a few reflections upon some passages of the pamphlet we riien-
on'd (which does abundantly discover this audacious hypocrite), shall
ispatch this second impostor.
SiNEN Bassa, otherwise called Cigala, had but two sons, grand-*
lildren of Sultan Soliman. The eldest son of Sinen was named Alii,
le second Mahomed. Alii deceas'd after his father Sinen, a little
(ice, and the second remained alive. This Mahomed married the
3ters daughter of Sultan Mahomed about the year of their Hegira
)03, and of our sera 1594, of which daughter he had born a son,
lied also Mahomed, after the name of his father. Tiiis youth was
a singular good disposition, ingenious, and of a sprit-full wit, with-
it great ambition, or affecting of command, but addicted rather t'b
e softer pleasures of life, and was in sum me the darliiig both of
dtan Mahomet and Achmet, and indeed of all that succeeded in the
apire to the reign of Sultan Mahomed Han, the present Grand
gnior, who called him Giovan Capuci Pasha, a title the Eniperor
ually bestows on those who are dignified with the office of ' secret
irters of the Seraglio, and whose charge it is to attend upon all extra-
dinary occasions, and that are sometimes dispatch'd to cut off the
:ad of a Visier or Bassa, and such signal executions.
This Capuci Pasha we find afterward made general in Candia,'and
' degrees, ascended to be Grand Visier, but he enjoys not that honor
Qg, for he died in that war about fifteen or sixteen years since.
This is what we can yet discover concerning Sinen, otherwise Cigala!
it there is, indeed, besides this, another very noble fa rail v of the
gal^s about Scio ; who are, 'tis believed, a branch of the race of the
anoveses, and who are at present called at Scio, Cigal Ogli, which
ports as much as to say, as son of Cigali, or sons of Meni Pasha
gala.
This Meni Pasha had two sons that arriv'd both to be Bassas arid
585
3 of galHes ; one of which was called Beker Pasha^ the other
Bassa. Beker died some while since, and Hol'ein is yet, I sup-
iving; it is not to be believed that our impostor Mdhomed
brother to Holein, as he somewhere boasts himself, because it
1st all appearance of truth; neither is it probable, that though
F the Cigali might be merchants, - that therefore any of them
go into Christendom to change their religion, and renounce a
ment so great and glorious, as that of being sole Moderator of
ole Ottoman empire (for to no less>does this impostor pretend),
t that ever we should hear of it but from his own trumpet. - If
ure may be admitted in this case, how this braggadocio comes
me the name of Cigala, 'tis possible his fathers name may be
:o have been Cigo ; which sounding near that of Cigala', might
:! him' to usurp the title of that illustrious house. *
re are innumerable instances throughout his legend which fall
the same suspicion ; some whereof are notorious falsities, divers
m incongruous and contradictory; and if there were no other
lat of his egregious ignorance in the Turkish language, (which
tends to be his maternal tongue, but blatters very iinperfectly,)
i his gross unskilfulness in the Ottoman court and 'Oriental
it were sufficient to disabuse the world, and to brand him. for a
Mpudent impostor. . i
Some Passages out of his Book animadverted.
e 14. That the Viscount Cigala dying in Constantinople in the
F his captivity, his funeral was openly solemniz'd by permission
yman ; his corps publiquely carried through the town with the
nd holy water, followed and accompanied by all the ambassadors
istian Princes then at the Porte, and all the religious orders of the
) the church of St. Francis, where he was interred according to
ms of Christian burial ; almost every particular of which carries a
lus confutation, as all who understand any thing of that time and
lo well know.
e 1. Selim made Cipio Cigala Visier, and second Bassa of the
Consider if this were likely, that being a descent ; and
4f
586
F-age 21."! Whether to be Gaptaip BjSssa be a greater honor than to
be Prime Vizier ?
Pagis 45. Whether the Grdad Sigtiior uses to permit any oflScer to
suspend execution^ or use ceremony in decollation^ when he is the high^
est 'incensed ?
Page 58i Whether there be any such, treasures of plate, &c; and
other precious things among the poor Friers >at the. Holy.' Sepuldhrei in
Jerusalem*
Page 86s Whethesr the Turks make use ofttay Christian physicians }
:i Page 9O4) Whether f the war with the Venetian was onely for .the
suj!prisi(Hg : of Ibrahims eldest 'Son, by. the Knights of Malta:^ with the
Siiiltana -hisKmotherj as shewent to> hayehim eirouBioised: at Mecca.?
which we have already confuted.
Page 112. 'T*s- to. be*, considered, how^timiely he makes- hisi two
Jesuits and Maccenigo die, the cshief and onely tacEthentique; testimonies
,ef his conversion and rpreteffldedfea^loits*
• Page 150, ■? That> thrisi: bappcBa to be know« by none «ave. two or
three poor slaves, and as many Je way -neither of which appear with him*
(. Page 167< That he^i produces not his story 'till after the; death of
both"tli)B Qiueen of Poland his god'-mother, .and^ I suppose,. the Arch-
bishop too, who he pretends to have baptiz'd him.
Page I67. The Captain Guardianship of the Emperor's aridUeryj
is (as we are informed) no more than Master of the Carriages; which
is all he had to produce here for his gi^hd diploma-, without a word of
any thing, elise to the purpose of 4;he rest of his high pretences. '
587
THE
HISTOR-K OF SABATAI 'SEVI,
THE PRETENDED MESSIAH OF THE JEWES, IN THE YEAR OF OUR LORD, 1666.
THE THIRD II^jPQSTOR.
'. According to the predactionsof severai Ghn«tiaJ:i writers, especially ©f
;such ; wkoi convment on the Apocaly ps, of ReVelatioHS j 'this year of 1566
was to! prove a year of woiidieTs,' of strange revelutions in the worldj ^and
particularly of. blessing to fcbe Jewess ieitheii? in respect of th«ir. conversion
to the Christian; faith, or jof their restoration to their temporal ■king'-
.doXBe ; ithis Qpiaian was sa^ dilated,. and fixt-in thecountreys of* the re--
formed religion^aHdin the hfia^siof fanatical enthusiasts^ whodreanaed
pf a fift monardhy, the idownfall ; of ( jthe, Sope^ i and Antiohristy aiwl the
greatnesa of the Jewes ; in so much, that this subt-le people jimdgedi this
year the time tor stir, and to fit their motion,' a«cordifflg« to the season' of
the modern prophesies ;> whereupon.strangei reports flew from. place to
place, of the march ;of multitudesirf. people from- unknown p»Tts> into
the jremote . desarts of Arabia, supposed to be the Ten Tribes and halfe,
Jipsteifor so juanytages. That a ship was arrived in'Jthe nopfchern* parte
pf Scotland with hec sails; aaad>oewlage of silke^ navigsited by niprioers
who:iSpake nothing but Hebrew; 'with this motto on- their sails,* th<e
Twelve ;Tribes. of Israel. ; These reportes agreeing thus 'near to, for-
mer predictions, ipiui the wild sort of the world into an expectation of
strange accidentsjibis year should produce in reference to the Jewish
monarchy.
: In this majnner .millions of people were ipossessed^whenSabataiSevi
first appear'd at Smyrna, and published himself to the Jewes for their
jVIessiah, ^elating the greatness of their approaching jkingdome, the
strong. hand whereby. God was about to deliver them ir&m bondage,
and-ggther them from all partes of the world, It was strange to see
hpw the fancy tookj and how fast the report of ^Sabatai and his doctrine
fiew^thFOUghall partes where Turkes and Jews inhabited ; the latter of
w\mh were, so deeply pos»essied^witiiiabeliefe.of. their newkingdome^
588
and riches, and many of them with promotion to offices of government,
renown, and greatness, that in all parts from Constantinople to Buda
(which it was ray fortune that year to travel) I perceiv'd a strange trans-
port in the Jewes, none of them attending to any business unless to
winde up former negotiations, and to prepare themselves and families
for a journey to Jerusalem. All their discourses, their dreames, and
disposal of their affaires, tended to no other design but a re-establishment
in the, land of promise, to greatness, glory, wisdome, and doctrine of the
Messiah, whose original, birth, and education are first to be recounted.
Sabatai Sevi was son of Mordechai Sevi, an inhabitant and natural
of Smyrna, who gained his livelihood by being- broker to an English
marchant in that place; a person, who before his death was very decre-
pit in his body, and full of the goute, and other infirmities ; but his son j
Sabatai Sevi, addicting himself to study, became a notable proficient in
ihe Hebrew and raetaphysicks, and arrived to that point of sophistry in
divinity and metaphysicks, that he vented a new doctrine in the law,
drawing to the profession of it so many disciples as raised one day a
tumult in the synagogue, for which afterwards he was by a censure of
the ohochams (who are expounders of the law) banished the city.
During the time of his exile he travelled to.Thessalonica, now called
Salonica, where he iharryed a very handsom'e woman; but either not
having that part of oeconomy as to govern a wife, or being impotent
towards women, as was pretended, or that she found not. favour in his
eyes, .she was divorc'd from him. Again, he took a second wife, more
beautiful than the former, but the same causes of discontent raising a
difference between them, he obtained another divorce from this wife
also. And being now free from the incumbrances of a family, his wan-
dring head mov'd him to travel through the Morea, thence to Tripoli
in Syria, Gaza, and Jerusalem ; and by the way picked up a Ligerhese
lady, whom he made his third wife, the daughter of some Polonian or
German, her original and parentage not being verv well known. And
being now at Jerusalem, he began to reforme the law of the Jewes
and abolish the Fast of Tamuz (which they keep in the moneth of
June) ; and there meeting with a certain Jew called Nathan, a proper
instrument to promote, his design, he communicated to him his condi^
589
, his course of life, and intentions to proelaime himselfe Messiah of
world, so long expected' and desired by the Jewes. This diesigrf
: wonderfully with Nathan, and because it was thought necessaW,
>rding to Scripture and antient prophesies, that Elias was to pre-
: the Messiah, as St. John Baptist was the fore-runner of .Christ,
han thought no man so proper to act the part of the prophet as
self; and so no sooner had Sabatai declared himself the Messiah,'
a Nathan discovers himself to be his prophet, forbiditig all the fasts
;he Jewes in Jerusalem, and declaring, that the bridegroom being
»e, nothing but joy) and triumph ought to dwell in their habitatityns,
ting to all the assemblies of the Jewes to perswade them to the
le beliefe. :
Lnd now the schisme being begun, and many Jewes really believing
it they so much desired, Nathan took the courage and boldness to
phesie, that one year from the 27th of Kislen (which is the moneth
Tune) the Messiah shall appear before the Grand Signor, and take
n him his crown,. and lead him in chaines like a captive,
mbatai also at Gaza preached repentHnce to the Jewes, and obe-
nce to himself and doctrine, for that the coming of the Messiah was at
id : which novelties so affected the Jewish inhabitants of those
tes, that jthey gave up themsejves wholly to their prayers, almes,
1 devotions ; and to confirme this beliefe thei more, it happen'd that
the same time that newes thereof, with all perticulars, were dis-
ched from Gaza, to acquaint the brethren in foreign partes^ the
lour of the Messiah, hath flown so swift, and gained such reception,
t intelligence came from all partes and countreys where the Jewes
abit, by letters to, Gaza and Jerusalem, congratulating the happiness
:heir deliverance, and expiration of the time of their servitude, by the
tearance of the Messiah. To which they adjoyned other prophe-
i relating to that dominion the Messiah was to have over all the
rid: that for nine moneths after he was to disappeare, during which
e the Jewes were to suffer, and many of them to undergoe martyr-
n; but then,. returning againy mounted on a celestial lyon, with his
lie made of serpents with seven heads, accompanyed with his bre-
en the Jewes who inhabited on the other side of the river Sabation,
■J
I
mo
he should be acknowledged .for the solemotwaKch of the univepse,
then, the Holy Temple should descend from Heavien^ akeafdy< b
framed, and beautlfied^wherein they should offisr sacrifi<sei for ever.
And here I leave you tocoRsider how istriangeJy this dfeceivedpec
was. amttsedy when these, eonfijientaied vain xeports and dreamer os^po
and kingdom^s had wholly transported thera; frotti the oEdinafyeoi
of their trade and interest.
This noise and rumour of the Messiah havingibegura toifillall plai
Sabatai Sev.i. resolved to- travel towards Smyrna^ the country of his n
vity, and; thence to Constantinople, :the : leaipltal city^wherethe prii
pal work of preaching was to have heen perfiaEoaed.^' Nathan) thou
it not fit to be long after him, and therefore travels by the wayjof 0
mascus, where, resolving to continue) some. timeifor (better pro^aga^
of this new, doctrine, in . the meane while wrJJtes .^his' letter to Sabi
Sevi, as followetb :
22. Kesjianiof'this yem
To the Kingj,, our King, Jjord of our Lordisii. who gathers ihe i
perspd of Israel, who redeems our captivity, the man elevated- to
height of all sublimity, the Messiah of the God of Jaenb, the true M
siah,* the Coelestial Lyon, Sabatai Sevi,; whose honour be iexalted,;
his dominion raised in a short time, and for ever, Amen. ; '. -After hav
kissed your hands, and, swept the dust frflm your feet, as my duty i:
the King of Kings,- whose majesty be exalted, and his enupire enlarg
these are to make known to the supreme iexcellency of; that/ plaeej wh
is adorned with the: beauty of your sanctity, ithat i the word of the Ki
and of his law, hath enlightened our faces :; thaticlay.'hajth ibeen a sole
day unto Israel,, and a day of light unto our rulers, for immediately
applyed our selves to performe your commands^ as our duty is. J
though we have: heard of many strange things, yet: we are courag-it
and our heart is as the heart of a lyon 5 nor ought we to inquire « 1
son of your doings, for your workes: are anaTweUousii and past find
out : and we are confirmed in our fidelity without :all exception, resi
irig up our very souk for the holiness of your name j And now we
come as fer as Damascus, intending shortly to proceed in our joiir
to Scanderone; according as ^jou have command^ us ; that so we r
591
vrid see the face of Godin-ligkt^ a» the light* of th€ face d^f the
life: and wej-servants of your^s^vaatSf shall cleanse the dost
ar feet, beseeching the majesty of your excellency and glory to
le from your habitation to have a care of us, and help us with
i of your right hand of strength^ and shorten our way which is
s : and we have our eyes towards Jah, Jah, who will make
ielp;US, and save us, that the children of iniquity shall not hurt
towards whom our hearts paijt, and are consumed within us;
11 give us tallons of iron to.be worthy to stand under the shadow
asse. These are the words of the servant '.of yoiir servants j who
^himself to be trod on by the.,soles of your feet,
Nathan Benjamine.
;hat he might publish this doctrine of himself and th&^^s^iah
linlyj he wrote from Damascus this following letter to the Jewes
)o, and parts' thereabouts :
the residue or remnant of the Israelites, peace without end.
J my words are, to give you notice,. how that I am arrived in
t Damascus, and behold I go tq meet, the face of our Lord,
lajesty be: exalted ; .for he is. the sovereign of the King of Kings,
mpire be enlarged. According as he liath commanded us and
ribes to elect unto him 12 men, so.-have we done* : and we now
^inderone by: iiis command,<to shew our faceS' together, with
the principal, of those particular friends, to whom he bath 'given
to assemble in. that same place. And now I come to make
into you, that though you have heard strange things of our
3t let not your hearts faint, or fear j but rather forti fie your selves
faith, because aUiiis actionsare miraculous and secret, which
ttB^derstanding cannot comprehend, and who cannot penetrate
h;of them. In a shonfc.time all things shall be manifested to you
n their purity ; and you ; shall know, and shall consider, and be
id. by the inventor hjmselfji blessed is he who can expect, and
* Subatai-wrote-a letter to elect one. man out of everytf'Jbe,
592
arrive to the salvation of the true Messiah, who will speedily publish
his authority and empire over lis, now and for ever.
, . Natitan. ■
. And now all the cities of Turky where the Jewes inhabited were full
of the expectation of the Messiah ; no trade nor course of gaine was fol-
lowed : every one ifnagin'd that dayly provisions;, riches, hon outs, and
government,, were to descend upon them by some unknown and mira-
culous manner; an^example of which is most observable in the Jewes at
Thessalonica, who now, full of assurance that the restoration of their
kingdome, arid the accomplishment of the time for the coming of the
Messiah was at hand, judged themselves obliged to double their devo-
tions, and purifie their conscienciss from all sins and enormities which
might be obvious to the scrutiny of him who was now come to pene-
trate into the very thoughts and imaginations of mankinde. In which
work certain chochams were appointed to direct the people how to regu-
late their prayers, fasts, and other acts of devotion. But so forward was
every one now in his acts of penance, that they stay'd not for the sen-
tence of the chocham, or prescription of any rules, but apply'd them-
selves immediately to, fasting: and some in that manner beyond the
.abilities of nature, that having for the space ■ of seven dayes taken no
sustenance, were famished to death. Others buried themselves in their
'gardens/ covering their naked bodies with earth, their heads onely ex-
cepted, remained in their beds of dirt until tbeir bodies were stifned
with the cold and moisture : others would endeavour to have melted Avax
•dropped upon their shoulders; others to rowle themselves in sriow, and
throw their bodies in the coldest season of winter into the sea, or frozen
-waters. But the most common way of mortification was fir^t to prick
their backs and sides with thornes;? and theli to give thbmselves thirty
nine lashes. All business was laid aside ; none worked or opened shop,
unless to clear his. warehouse of merchandize at any price; who had
'Superfluity in hoUsehdld-stuffe sold it for what be could, but yet not to
Jewes, for they were interdicted from bargaines- or sales, on the pain of
excommunication, pecuniary mulcts, or corporal punishments ; for all
business and employment was esteemed the test and touchstone of their
593
feith. It being thq general teneiit, that in thedayes that the Messiah
peares, the Jewes shall; become masters of the estates and inheritanci
the infidels, until when they are tQ Content themselves with matters or
necessary to maijitiain and support life. But because every one was
master of so much, fortune and provision as to live without dayly labc
therefore to quiet the clataours of the poor, and prevent the enorm
lives of some who upon these occasions vvould becpme vagabonds :
desert their, cities, due order was taken to mate collections, which w
so liberally bestow'd, that in Thessalonica onely 400 poore were si
ported by the meer charity of the richer. And as they indeayour'd
purge their consciences of sin, and to apply themselves to good wort
that the Messiah might find the city prepared for his reception;
least he should accuse them of any omission in the law, and parti(
larly in their neglect of that antient precept of increase and multip
they marryed together children of ten yeares of age, and some und
without respect to riches or poverty, condition or quality ; but, bei
promiscuously jpyned, to the number of 6 or 700 couple, upon bet
and cooler thoughts, .after the deceipt of the false ^ Messiah was dis(
vered, or the expectation of his coming grew cold, were divorced, or
consent separated from each other.
In the heat of all this talk and rumour comes Sabatai Sevi to Smyri
the pity of his nativity, infinitely desir'd there by the common Jew<
but by the chpchams, or doctors of the law, who gave little or no ci
dence to vyhat he pretended, was iU receiv'd, not knowing what misch
or ruine this doctrine and prophesie of a new kingdome might produ
Yet Sabatai bringing with him testimonials -of his sanctity, holy li
wisdom, and gift of prophesie, so deeply fixed himself in the heart
the generality, both as being holy and wise, that thereupon he to
courage and boldness to enter into dispute with the Grand Chochs
(who is the head and chief expositor; of the law, and superintendent
their will and government), between whom the arguments grew so big
and language so hot, that the Jewes who favoured the doctrine of Sab
tai, and feared the authority of the Chocham, doubtful what might
the issue of the contest, appear'd in great numbers before the Cadi
Smyrna, in justification of their new prophet, before so much as ai
4 G
594
accusation came against him. The Cadi, according to the custom of
the Turkes, swallows money on both sides, and afterwards remits them
to the determination of their own justice. In this manner Sabatai
gaines ground dayly; and the Grand Chocham, with his party, losing
both the affection and obedience of his ^eoplte^ is displaced from his
office, and another constituted, more affectionate and agreeable to the
liew prophet, whose power daily increased by those confident reports,
that his enemies were struck with phrensies and madness, until being
restdr'd to their former temper and wits by him, became his friends,
admirers^ and disciples. No invitation was now made in Smyrna by
the Jewes, nor marriage or circumcision solemnized, where Sabatai was
not present, accompahyed with a multitude of his followers, and the
streets cover'd with carpits or fine cloath for him to tread on ; but the
humility of this Pharisee appeared such, that he would stoop and turne
them aside, and so pass. And having thus fixed himself in the opinion
and admiration of the people, he began to take on himself the title of
Messiah, and the Son of God; and to make this foUovi^ing decjaration
to all the nations of the Jewes, which being wrote originally in Hebrew,
was translated for me faithfully into Italian, in this manner :
L' unico figliolo, e primogenito d' Dio, Sabatai Sevi, il Messiah, e
Sedvatore d' Israel, eletti di Dio pace essendo che seta fatti degni di veder
quel grangiorno della deliberatione e salvatione d' Israel, e consumma-
tione delle parole di Dio, promessa per gli sur profeti, e padri nostri, per
il suo diletto figlio d' Israel, ogni vestra amaritudine si converta in alle-
grezza, e li vestri digjuni facino feste, per che non piangerete, O miei
figliole d' Israel havendovi, dati Iddio la consolatione inenarrabile, feste-
giate cbntimpani e musiche, ringratiando quello chi ha adempitb il pro-
messo dalli secoli, facendo ogni giorno quelle cose che solete fare nelle
callende, e quel gierno dedicato all' afflictione e mestitia, convertite lo
in giorno giocondo per la mia comparsa, e non spaventate niente, per
che haverete Dominio sopra le genti, non solamente di quelle, che si
vedodono in terra, ma quelle che sono in fondi del mare, il tutto pro
vestra consolatione & allegrez^aii
Which, translated into English, runs thus :
595
The onely and firat^born Son of God, Sabatai Sevi, the Messiah and
Saviour of Israel, to all the sons of Israel, peace. Since that you are made
worthy to see that great day of ' deliverance and sdlvation unto Israel,
and accomplishment of the word of God, promised. by his prophets, and
our fore-fathers, and by his beloved 3on of' Israel, let your bitter sor-
rowes be turned into joy, and your fasts into festivals, for you shall
weep no more, O my sons of Israel, for God ha^i^iijg given you this un-
speakable comfort, rejoyce with drums, organs, and musick, giving
thanks to him for'performing his promise from aUages; doing that every
day, which is usual for you to do upon the new-moons ; and, that day de-
dicated to affliction and sorrow convert you into a day of mirth for my
appearance j and fear you nothings for you shall have dominion over
the nations^ and not onely over those who are on earth, but over those
creatures also' which are in the depth of the sea. All which is for your
consolation and rejoycing.
Sabatai Sevi.
Notwithstanding the disciples of Sabatai Sevi were not so numerous,
but many opposed his doctrine, publiquely avpuching that he was an
imposter and deceiver of the people, amongst which was one Samuel
Pennia, a man of a good estate and ireputation in Smyrna, who arguing
in the synagogue that the present signs of the coming of the Messiah
were not apparent, either according to Scripture, or the doctrine of the
Rabbins, raised sucha sedition, and tumult among the Jews as not onely
prevailed against arguments, put had also against his life, had he not
timely conveyed himself out of the synagogue, and thereby escaped the
hands of the multitude^ who now could more easily endure blasphemy
against the law of Moses, and the prophanation of the Sanctuary, than
contradiction or misbelief of the doctrine of Sabatai. But, howsoever, \t
fell out, Pennia in a short time becomes a convert, and preaches up Saba-
tai for the Son of God and deliverer of the Jews: and not onely he, but
his whole family; his daughters prophesie, and fall into strange extasies;
and not onely his house, but four hundred men and women prophecie of
the growing kingdom of Sabatai ; and young infants, who could scarce
stammer out a syllable to their mothers, repeat and pronounce plainly the
596
name of Sabatai, the Messiah and Son of God. For thus far had God
permitted the devil to delude this people, that their very children were
fpr a time possessed, and voices heard to sound from their stoHiach and
intrails. Those of riper years fell first into a trance, foamed at the
mouth, and recounted the future prosperitie and deliverance of the Isra-
elites, their visions of the Lion of Judah, and the triumphs of Sabatai,
all which were certainly true, being eflfects of diabolical delusions, as
the Jews themselves since have confessed' unto me. '
With these concomitant accidents and successes, Sabatai Sevi, grow-
ing more presumptuous, that he might correspond with the prophesies of
greatness and dominion of the Messiah, proceeds to an election of those
princes which were to govern the Israelites in their march towards the
Holy Land, and to dispense judgement and justice over their restora-
tion. The names of them were these which follow, men well known at
Smyrna, who never (God knows) had ambition to aspire to the title of
princes, until a strange spirit of deceit and delusion had moved them,
not onely to hope it as possible but to expect it as certain :
Isaac Silvera, King David.
Saloman Lagnado, was Salomon.
Salom.Lagnado,jun. named Zovah.
Joseph Cohen, Uzziah.
Moses Galente, Josaphat.
Daniel Pinto, Hilkiah.
Abraham Scandale, Jotham.
Mokiah Gaspar, Zedekiah.
Abraham Leon, Achas.
Ephraim Arditi, Joram.
Salam Carmona, Achab.
Matassia Aschenesi, Asa.
Meir Alcaira, Hehoboam.
Jacob Loxas, Ammon.
Mordecai Jesserun, Jehoachim.
Chaim Inegna, Jeroboam.
Joseph Scavillo, Abia.
Conor Nehemias, was Zarobabel.
Joseph del Calre, named Joas.
Elcukin Schavit, Amasia.
Abraham Rubio, Joslah.
iCing of the King of Kings.
Elias Sevi had the title of the
Elias Azar, his Vice-king, or Vizier,
Joseph Sevi, the King of the Kings of Judah.
Joseph lernuch, his Vice-king.
In this manner things ran to a strange height of madness amongst
597
the Jews at Smyrna, where appear'd such pageantry of greatness^ that
no comedy- could equal the mock-shews they represented, aiid though
none durst openly profess any scruple or doubt of this common receiv'd
belief, yet for confirmation of the Jews in their faith, and astonishment
pf the Gentiles, it was judged no less than necessary that Sabatai should
shew, some miracles whereby to evince to all the world that he was the
true Messiah ; and as the present occasion seemed to require an evi-
dence infallible of this truth, so it was daily expected by the vulgar,
with an impatience sutable to humours disposed to noveltie, who out of
every action and motion of their prophet began to fancy something ex-
traordinary and supernatural. Sabatai was now horribly puzzled for a
miracle, though the imagination of the people was so vitiated that any
legerdemaine or slight of hand would have passed more easily with
them for a wonder than Moses striking the rock for water, or dividing
the Red Sea. • And occasion happening that Sabatai was, in behalf of
his subjects, to appear before the Cadi, or judge of the citie, to demand
ease and relief of some oppressions which aggrieved them, it was
thought necessary a miracle should now be wrought or never ; when
Sabatai appearing with a formal and pharisaical gravitie, which he had
starcht on, some on a sudden avouched to see a pillar' of fire between
him and the Cadi, which report presently was heard through the whole
room, filled with Jews that accompanied Sabatai, some of wht)my who
strongly fancied it, vow'd and swore they saw it; others in the outward
yard, or that could not come near to hear or see for the crowd, as
speedily took the alarm, and the rumour ran, and belief receiv'd by the
women and children at home in a moment, so that Sabatai Sevi returned
to his house triumphant, fixed in the hearts of his people, who now
needed no further miracles to confirm them in their faith. And thus was
Sabatai exalted, when no man was thought worthy of communication
who did not believe him to be the Messiah: others were called kophrOn^
infidels or heretics, liable to the censure of excomnmuication, with whom
it was not lawful so much as to eat: every man produc'd his treasure, his
goldj and jewels, ojBfering them at the feet of Sabatai, so that he could
have commanded all the wealth of Smyrna, but he was too subtil to
accept their money, . least he should render his design suspected by any
598
act of covetousness. Sabatai Sevi having thu^ fully fixed himself in
Smyrna, and filled other places with rumors of his fame, declared that
he was called by God to visit Constantinople, where the greatest part
of his work was to be accdmplisht ; in order whereunto he privately ships
himself, with some few attendants, in a Turkish' saick^ "in the mbneth of
January 1666, least the crowd of his disciples,' and such who would
press to follow him, should endanger him in the eyes of the Turks, who
already began to be scandalized at the reports and prophecies concern-
ing his person. But though Sabatai took few into the vessel" to him,
yet a multitude of Jews travell'd overland to meet him again at Con-
stantinople, on whom all their eyes and expectations were intent. The
wind proving northernly, as comtnonly it is in the Hellespont ajid Pro-
pontis, Sabatai was thirty nine days in his voyage, and yet the vessel
not arriv'd, so little power had this Messiah over the sea atid winds, in
which time news being come to Constantinople that the Jews Messiah
was near, all that people prepared to receive him with the same joy and
impatience as was exprestin other parts where he arrived. The great
Vizier (then also at Gonstantinopley being not yet departed on his
expedition- for Candaa) having heard some rumors of this man, and
the disorder and madness he had raised amongst the Jews, sent two
boats, whil'stfthe saick was detained by contrary winds, with com-
mands to bring him up prisoner to the Porte ; where accoi:dihgly Sabatai
being come, was committed to the most loathlsom and darkest dungeon
in the town, there to remain in farther expectation of the Viziers- sen-
tence. The Jews were not at all discotffaged at this ill treatment of
their prophet,; but rather confirmed in their belief of him, as being the
accomplishment of the 'prophefeie of those things which ought to pre-
cede his glory and dominion ; which consideration induc'd the chiefest
persons amongst. the Jews to make their visits and addresses to him
with the same ceremony dnd respect in the dungeon as they would have
done had herthen satfexalted oh the throne of Israel. Severeil of them,
with one Anacago by name, a man of great esteem amongst the Jews,
attended a whole day before him. With their eyes cast down, their
bodies bending forward, and hands crost' before them (which are pos-
tures of humility and service ita'^the Eastern cduntreys), the undecency
599
of the place, and present subjection, not having in the least abated
their high thoughts and reverence towards his person. The Jews in
Constantinople were now become as mad and distracted as they were in
other places, all trade and traffique forbidden^ and those who owed mo-
ney in no manner careful how to satisfie it; amongst which wild crew
some were indebted to our merchants at Galata^ who not knowing the
way to receive their money, partly for their interest, and partly for curi-
osity, thought fit to visit this Sabatai, complayning that such particular
Jews, upon his coming, took upon them the boldness to defraud them
of their right, desired he would be pleased to signifie to these his sub-
jects his pleasure to have satisfaction given ; whereupon Sabatai with
much affectation took pen and paper, and wrote to this effect :
" To you of the nation of the Jews, who expect the appearance of the
Messiah, and the salvation of Israel, peace without end. Whereas we
are informed that you are indebted to several of the English nation, it
seemeth right to us to enorder you to make satisfaction to these your
just debts ; which if you refuse to do, and not obey us herein, know
you, that then you are not to enter with us into our joys and dominions."
In this manner Sabatai Sevi remained a prisoner at Constantinople
for the space of two moneths ; at the end of which, the Vizier having
designed his expedition for Candia, and considering the rumour and dis-
turbance the presence of Sabatai had made already at Constantinople,
thought it not secure to suffer him to remain in the' Imperial citie,
whil'st both the Grand Signior and himself were absent, and therefore
changes his prison to the Dardanelli, otherwise called the Castle of
Abydos, being on the Europe side of the Helespont, opposite to Sestos,
places famous in Greek poetrie. This removal of Sabatai from a worse
prison to one of a better air, confirmed the Jews with greater confidence
of his being the Messiah, supposing that had it been in the power of
the Vizier, or other officers of the Turks, to have destroyed his person,
they would never have permitted him to have lived to that time, in
regard th^ir maximes enforce them tp quit all jealousies and suspitions
of ruine to their state by the death of the party fearedj which much
600
rather they ought to execute on Sabatai, who had not onely declared
himself the King of Israel, but also published prophesies fatal to the
Grand Signior and his Kingdoms.
With this consideration, and others preceding, the Jews flock in great
numbers to the castle where he was imprisoned, not onely from the
neighbouring partsi, but also from Poland, Germanie, Legorne, Venice,
Amsterdam, and other places where the Jews reside ; on all whom, as
a reward of the expence and labours of their pilgrimage, Sabatai be-
stowed plenty of his benedictions, promising increase of their store^ and
enlargetttent of their possessions in the Holy Land. And so great was
the confluence of the Jews to this place, that the Turks thought it
requisite to make their advantage thereof, and so not only raised the
price of their provision, lodgings, and other necessaries, but also denied
to admit any to the presence of Sabatai unless for money, setting the
price, sometimes at five, sometimes at ten doUers, or more or less, ac-
cording as they guessed at their abilities or zeal of the person, by which
gain and advantage to the Turks no complaints or advices were carried
to Adrianople, either of the concourse of people, or arguments amongst
the Jews in that place, but rather all civilities and libertie indulged unto
them, which served as a farther argument to ensnare this poor people
in the belief of their Messiah.
During this time of confinement, Sabatai had leisure to compose and
institute a new method of worship for the Jews, and principally the
manner of the celebration of the day of his nativity, which he prescribed
in this manner:,
" Brethren, and my people, men of religion inhabiting the city of
Smyrna the renowned, where live men, and women, and families, peace
be unto you, from the Lord of Peace, and from me his beloved Son, King
Salomon. I command you that the . ninth day of the moneth of Ab
(which according to our account answered that year to the moneth of
June) next to come, you make a day of invitation and of great joy, ce-
lebrating it with choice meats and pleasing drinks, with many candles
and lamps, with musick and songs, because it is the day of the birth
of Sabatai Sevi, the high King above all the Kings of the earth. And
601
as to matters of labour, and other things of like nature, do, as becomes
you, upon a day of festival, adorned with your finest garments. As to
your prayers, let the same order be used as upon festivals. To converse
with Christians on that day is unlawful, though your discourse be of
matters indiflferent; all labour is forbidden, but to sound instruments is
lawful. This shall be the method and substance of your prayers on this
day of festival : After you have said, ' Blessed be thou, O holy God ! '
then proceed arid say, ' Thou hast chosen us before all people, and hast
loved us, and hast been delighted with us, and hast humbled us more
than all other nations, and hast sanctified us with thy precepts, and hast
brought us near to thy service, and the service of our King. Thy holy,
great, and terrible name thou hast published amongst us; and hast given
us, O Lord God, according to thy love, time of joy, of festivals, and
times of mirth, and this day of consolation for a solemn convocation
of holiness, for the, birth of our King the Messiah, Sabatai Sevi, thy
servant and first-born son in love, through whom we commemorate our
coming out of Egypt. ' And then you shall read for your lesson the 1,
2, and 3 chapters of Deut. to the 1/ verse, appointing for the reading
thereof five men, in a perfect and uncorrupted Bible, adding thereunto
the Blessings of the morning, as are prescribed for days of festival ; and
for the lesson out of the Prophets usually read in the synagogue every
Sabbath, you shall read the 31 chapt. of Jeremiah. To your prayer
called mussaf (used in the synagogue every Sabbath and solemn festi-
val) you shall adjoyn that of the present festival ; in stead of the sacri-
fice of Addition, of the returning of the Bible to its place, you shall
read with an audible voice and clear sound, the Psalm 95. And at the
first Praises in the morning, after you have sang Psalm 91, and just be-
fore you sing Psalm 98, you shall repeate Psalm 132; but in the last
verse, where it is said, as for his enemies I shall cloath them with
shame, hut upon himself shall his crown flourish, in the place of {upon
himself) you shall read, upon the most high; after which shall follow
the 126 Psalm, and then the 113 to the 119.
At the consecration of the winp upon the vigil, or even, you shall
make mention of the Feast of Consolation, which is the day of the birth
of our King the Messiah, Sabatai Sevi, thy servant and first-born son,
4 H
602
giving the blessing, as followeth : ' Blessed be thou, our God, king of the
world, who hast made us to live, and hast maintain'd us, and hast kept
us alive unto this time.' Upon the eve of this day you shall read also
the 81 Psalm, as also the 132 and 126 Psalmes, which are appointed
for the morning praises. And this day shall be unto you for the remem-
branee of a solemn day unto eternal ages, and a perpetual testimony
between me and the sons of Israel."
Audita audiendo & manducate bonam.
Besides which order and method of prayers for solemnization of his
birth, he prescribed other rules for divine service, and particularly pub-
lished the same indulgence and privilege to every one who should pray
at the tomb of his mother, as if he had taken on him a pilgrimage to
pray and sacrifice at Jerusalem.
The devotion of the Jews toward this pretended Messiah increased
still more and more, so that not onely the chief of the city went to
attend and proffer their service toward him in the time of his imprison-
ment, but likewise decked their synagogue with S. S. in letters of gold,
making for him on the wall a crown, in the circle of which was wrote
the 91 Psalm at length, in faire and legible characters ; attributing the
same titles to Sabatai, and expounding the Scriptures in the same man-
ner in favour of his appearance, as we do of our Saviour. However,
some of the Jews remained in their wits all this time, amongst which
was a certain Choqham at Smyrna, one zealous of his law, and of the
good and safety of his nation : and observing in what a wilde manner
the whole people of the Jewes was transported with the groundless be-
Uefe of a Messiah, leaving not onely their trade and course of living,
but publishing prophesies of a speedy kingdom?, of rescue from the
tyranny of the Turk, and leading the Grand Signior himself captive in
chaines ; matters so dangerous and obnoxious to the state wherein they
lived, as mightjustly convict them of treason and rebellion, and leave
them to the mercy of that justice which on the least jealoilsie and sus-
picion of matters of this nature used to extirpate families, and subvert the
martsion-houses of th^ir own people, much rather of the Jewes, on whom
the Turkes would gladly take occasion to dispoile them of their estates.
603
and condemn the whole nation to perpetual slavery. And indeed it
would have been a greater wonder than ever Sabatai shewed, that the
Turkes took no advantaige from all these extravagances, to draine the
Jewes of a considerable sum of money, and set their whole race in
Turkey at a ransome, had not these passages yielded them matter of
pastime, and been the subject of the Turkes laughter and scorne, sup-
posing it a disparagement to the greatness of the Ottoman empire, to be
concerned for the rumours and combustions of this dispersed people.
With these considerations, this Cocham, that he might clear himself of
the blood and guilt of his countrey-men, and concern'd in the common
destruction, goes before the Cadi, and there protests against the present
doctrine, declaring that he liad no hand in setting up of Sabatai, but
was an enemy both to him and to his whole sect. This freedome of the
Cocham so enraged and scandalized the Jewes, that they judged no
condemnation or punishment too severe against such an offender and
blasphemer of their law and holiness of the Messiah ; and therefore with
money and presents to the Cadi, accusing him as disobedient in a capi-
tal nature to their government, obtain'd sentence agaitist him, to have
his beard shaved, and to be condemn'd to the gallies. There wanted
nothing now to the appearance of the Messiah, and the solemnity of
his coming, but the presence of Elias, whom the Jews began to expect
hourely, and with that attention and earnestness, that every dreame or
phantasme to a weak head was judged to be Elias, it being taught, and
averred, that he was seen in divers formes and shapes, not to be cer-
tainly discovered or known, before the coming of the Messiah ; for this
superstition is so far fixed amongst them, that generally in *heir fami-
lies they spread a table for Elias the prophet, to which they make an
invitation of poor people, leaving the chief place for the Lord Elias,
whom they believe to be invisibly present at the entertainment, and
there to eate and drink, without diminution either of the dishes or of
the cup. One person amongst the Jewes commanded his wife, after a
supper of this kind, to leave the eup filled with wine, and the meat
standing all night, for Elias to feast and rejoyce alone ; and in the
morning arising early, affirmed, that EHas took this banquet so kindly,
that in token of gratitude and acceptance he had repleni^h'd the cup
.604
oyle in stead of wine. It is a certaine custome amongst the Jewes
he evening of the Sabbath to repeat certain praises of God (called
Ula), which signifies a distinction or separation of the Sabbath from
prophane dayes (as they call them), which praises they observe to
3rme in this manner. One takes a cup filled with wine, and drops
rough the whole house, saying, " Elias the prophet, Elias the pro-
:, Elias the prophet, come quickly to us with the Messiah, the son
rod and David ;" and this they affirme" to be so acceptable to Elias,
he never failes to preserve that family so devoted to him, and aug-
t it with the blessings of increase. Many other things the Jews
ich of Elias, so ridiculous as are not fit to be declar'd, amongst which
one is not far from our purpose ; that at the circumcision there is
lyes a chair set for Elias. And Sabatai Sevi being once invited at
rna to the circuincision of the first'-borne son of one Abraham Gu-
, a kinsman of Sabatai, and all things ready for the» ceremony,
itai Sevi exhorted the parents of the child to expect a while until
farther order. After a good halfe hour, Sabatai order'd them to
eed and'cut the prepuce of the child, which was instantly perform'd
I all joy and satisfaction to the parents : and being afterwards de-
ded the reason why he retarded the performance of that function,
inswer was, that Elias had not as yet taken his seat, whom, as soon
e saw placed, lie ordered them to proceed ; and that now shortly
s would discover himself openly, and proclaime the news of the
;ral redemption. -;
his being the common opinion amongst the Jevves, and that Sabatai
was the Messiah, being become an article of faith, it was nbt hard
erswade them, that Elias was cpme already, that they met him in
r dishes, in the darke, in their bed-chambers, or any where else in-
ile, in thfe same manner as our common' people in England believe
lobgbblins and fairies. For so it was, when Solomon Cremona, an
ibitant of Sinyr'na, making a great feast, to which the principal
s of the city were invited, after they had eaten and drank freely, one
lem starts from his seat,' and avouches that he saw Elias upon the
, and with that bowes to him, and complements him with allreve-
e and humility. Some others having in like manner their fancies
605
prepossessed, and their eyes with the fume of wine ill prepared to di
tinguish shadowes, immediately agreed upon the object, and then the
was not one in the company who would say he did not see him :
which surprize every one was struck with reverence and awe ; and tl
most eloquent amongst them, having their tongues loosed with joy ai
wine, directed orations, encomiums, and acts of thankfulness to EHe
courting and complimenting him as distracted lovers doe thfe suppos
presence of their mistresses. Another Jew at Constantinople report€
that he met EHas in the streets, habited likeaTurke, with whom he h
a long communication, and that he enjoyn'd the observation of many ne
lected ceremonies, and particularly the Zezlt (Numb. 15, v. 38): "Spe
unto the children of Israel, and bid them that they ra&kQ fringes in t
borders of their garments throughout their generation, and that they p
upon the fringe of the border a ribbon of blue." Also the Peos (Levit. 1
V. 27) : "Ye shall not round the corners of your heads, neither shalt th
marr the corners of thy beard." This apparition of Elias being believed
soon as published, every one began to obey the vision, by fringing thi
garments; and for their heads, though alwayes shaved, according to t
Turkish and Eastern fashion, and that the suffering hair to grow, to m
not accustomed, was heavy, and incommodious to the healths and head
yet to begin again to renew, as far as was possible, the antient ceretr
nies, every one nourished a lock of hair on each side, which might
visible beneath their caps : which soon after began to be a sign of d
tinction between the believers and Jcophrims, a name of dishonour, si
jiifying as much as unbelievers or hereticks, given to those who co
fessed not Sabatai to be the Messiah; which particulars, if not observe
it was declared, as a menace of Elias, that the people of the Jewes w
come from the river Euphrates, as is specified in the second book of Esdr:
chap. 13, shall take vengeance of those who are guilty of these omissioi
But to return again -to Sabatai Sevi himself, we find him still remai
ing a prisoner in the Castle of Abydos upon the Hellespont, admii
and ador'd by his brethren with more honour then before, and visit
by pilgrimes from all parts where the fame of the coming of the Mt
siah had arriv'd ; amongst which one from Poland, named Nehemi
Cohen, was of special note and renown, learned in the Hebrew, Syriac
and ChaWee, and versed in the doctrine and Ara&qZa of the rabines as
welias Sabatai himself, one of whom it was said, had not this Sevi anti-
cipated the design, esteemed himself as able a fellow to act the part of
a Messiah as the other : howsoever, it being now toolate to publish any
su(>h pretence, Sabatai having now eleven points of the law by posses-
sion of the office, and with that the hearts and belief of the Jewes,
N&hemiah was contented with some small appendage, or relation to the
Messiah ; and therefore, to lay his design the better, desired a private
conference with Sabatai. These two great Rabines being together, a
hot dispute arose between them ; for Cohen alledged that according to
Scripture, and exposition of the learned thereupon, there were to be two
Messiahs, one called Ben Ephraim, and the other Ben David : the first
was to be a preacher of the law, poor and despised, and a servant of the
secpjid,. and his fore-runner; the other was to be great and rich, to re-
store the Jewes to Jerusalem, to sit upon the throne of David, and to
performe and act all those triumphs and conquests which were expected
froin Sabatai, Nehemiah was contented tobe Ben Ephraim, the afflicted
and poor Messiah ; and Sabatai (for any thing I hear) was well enough
contented he should be so : but that Nehemiah accused him for being
too forward in publishing himself the latter Messiah, before Ben
Ephraim had first been known unto the world. Sabatai took this re-
prehension, so ill, either out of pride, and thoughts of his own infallibi-
lity, or that he suspected Nehemiah, being once admitted for Ben
Ephraim, would quickly (being a subtile and learned person) perswade
the world that he was Ben David, would by no means understand or
admit of this doctrine, or of Ben Ephraim for a iiecessary officer : and
thereupon the dispute grew so hot, and the. controversie so irreconcile-
able, as \yas taken notice of by the Jewes, and controverted amongst
them, as every, one fancy'd : but Sabatai being of greater authority, his
sentence prevall'd, and Nehemiah was rejected as schismatical, and an
enemy tp the Messiah, which afterward proved the ruine and downfal
of this impostor.
For Nehemiah being thus baffled, and being a person of authority,
and a haughty spirit, meditated nothing but revenge ; to execute which
to the full, he takes a journey to Adrianople, and there informes the
607
chief ministers of state and officers of the courts who (by reason of the
gain the Turks made of their prisoner at the castle on the Hellespont)
heard nothing of all this concourse of people, and prophesies of the re-
volt (^ the Jews from their obedience to the Grand Signior; and taking
likewise to his counsel some certain discontented and unbelieving Cho-
chams, who being zealous for their nation, and jealous of the ill- con-
sequences of this long-continued and increasing madness, took liberty
to inforrae the Chimacham (who was deputy of the Great Vizier then at
Candia) that the Jew, prisoner at the castle, called Sabatai Sevi, was a
Jewd person, and one who endeavoured to debauch the mindes of the
Jewes, and divert them from their honest course of livelihood and obe-
dience to the Grand Signior ; and that therefore it was necessary to
dear the world of so dangerous and factious a spirit. The Chimacham,
being thus informed,, could do no less then acquaint the Grand Signior
with all the particulars of this man's condition, course of life, and doc-
trine ; which were no sooner understood,. but a Chiaux, or messenger,
was immediately dispatched to bring up Sabatai Sevi to Adrianople.
The Chiaux executed this commission after the Turkish fashion in haste,
and brought Sabatai in a few days to Adrianople, without further ex-
cuse or ceremony ; not affording him an hours space to take a solemn
farewell of his friends, his followers and adorerSj who now were come to
the vertical point of all their hopes and expectations.
The Grand Signior having by this time received divers informations
of the madness of the Jews, and the pretences of Sabatai, grew big \vith
desire and expectation to see him; so that he no sooner arriv'd at Adria-
nople, but the same hour he was brought before the Grand Sigiiior.
Sabatai appeared much dejected, and failing of that courage which he
shewed in the synagogue, and being demanded several questions in
Turkish by the Grand Signior, he would not trust so farr to the vertue
of his Messiahship as to deliver himself in the Turkish language, but
desired a doctor of physick (who had from a Jew turned Turk) to be
his interpreter, which was granted to him, but not without reflection of
the standers by, that had he been the Messiah and Son of God, as he
fornjerly pretended, his tongue would have flown with varietie as well
as with the perfection of languages! But the Grand Signior would not
608
be put off without a miracle, and it must be one of his own choice,
which was, that Sabatai should be stript naked, and set as a mark to his
dexterous archers; if the arrows passed not his body, but that his flesh
and skin was proof like armour, then he would believe him to be the
Messiah, and the person whom God had design'd to those dominions
and greatnesses he pretended. But now Sabatai, not having faith
enough to stand to so sharp a trial, renounced all his title to kingdoms
and governments, alledging that he was an ordinary Chocham, and a
poor Jew, as others were, and had nothing of priviledge or vertue above
the rest. The Grand Slgnlor, notwithstanding, not wholly satisfied
with this plain confession, declared, that having given publlque scandal
to the professors of the Mahometan religion, and done dishonour to his
soveraign authoritie, by pretending to draw such a considerable portion
from him as the Land of Palestine ; his treason and crime was not to be
expiated by any other means then by a conversion to the Mahometan
faith, which if he refus'd to do, the stake was ready at the gate of the
seraglio to empale him. Sabatai being now reduced to extremltie of his
latter game, not being the least doubtful what to do (for to die for
what he was assured was false was against nature, and the death of a
ipad man), replyed with much chearfulness, that he was contented to
turn Turk, and that It was not of force, but of choice, having been a
long time desirous of so glorious a profession ; he esteemed himself
much honoured that he had opportunity to own it first in the presence
of the Grand Slgnlor. And here was the non plus ultra of all the
bluster and noise of this vain impostor. And now the reader may be
pleased to pause a while, and contemplate the strange point of conster-
*natlon, shame, and silence to which the Jews were reduc't, when they
understood how speedily their hopes were vanished, and how poorly and
ignomlnlously all their fancies and promises of a new kingdom, their
pageantry, and offices of devotion, were past like a tale, or a midnights
dream. And all this was concluded, and the Jews sunk on a sudden,
and fallen flat In their hopes, without so much as a line of comfort or
excuse from Sabatai, more than in general to all the brethren, that now
they should apply themselves to their callings and services of God, as
formerly, for that matters relating unto him were finished, and the sen-
609
tence past. The news that Sabatai was turned Turk, and the Messiah
to a Mahumetan, quickly filled all parts of Turkey. The Jews were
strangely surprised at it, and ashamed of their easie belief, of the argu-.
ments with which they had persuaded one the other, and of the prose-
lytes they had made in their own families. Abroad they became the
common derision of the towns where they inhabited : the boys houted
after them, coyning a new word at Smyrna (^poAftai) which every one
seeing a Jew, with a finger pointed out, would pronounce with scorn
and contempt; so that this deceived people for a long time after remained
with confusion, silence, and dejection of spirit. And yet most of them
affirm that Sabatai is not turned Turk, but his shadow onejy remains
on earth, and walks with a white head, and in the habit of a Mahome-
tan ; but that his natural body and soul are taken into Heaven, there to
reside until the time appointed for accomplishment of these wonders.
And this opinion began so commonly to take place, as if this people
resolved never to be undeceived, using the forms and rules for devotion
prescribed them by their Mahumetan Messiah ; insomuch, that the
Chocharos of Constantinople, fearing the danger of this error might
creep up, and equal the former, condemned the belief of Sabatai being
Messiah as damnable, and enjoyned them to return to the antient me-
thod and service of God upon pain of excommunication. The style and
tenor of them was as followeth :
To you who have the power of priesthood, and are the knowing, learned,
and magnanimous Governours and Princes, residing in the citie of
Smyrna, may the Almighty God protect you. Amen : for so is his will.
These our letters, which we send in the midst of your habitations,
are upon occasion of certain rumors and tumults come to our ears from
that citie of your holiness. For there is a sort of men amongst you who
fortifie themselves in their error, and say, let such a one, our King,
live, and bless him in their publique synagogue every Sabbath day ;
and also adjoyn psalms and hymns invented by that man for certain
days, with rules and methods for prayer, which ought not to be done,
and yet they will still remain obstinate therein ; and now behold it is
4i
610
known unto you, how many swelling waters have passed over our souls
for his sake, for had it not been for the mercies of God, which are with-
out end, and the merit of our forefathers, which hath assisted us, the
foot of Israel* had been razed out by their enemies. And yet you
continue obstinate in things which do not help, but rather do mischief,
which God avert. Turn you therefore, for this is not the true way, but
restore the crown to the antient custom and use of your forefathers, and
the law, and from thence do not move. We command you, that with
your authoritie, under pain of excommunication, and other penalties,
that all those ordinances and prayers, as well those delivered by the
mouth of that man, as those which he enjoyned by the mouth of others,
be all abolished and made void, and to be found no more, and that they
never enter more into your hearts, but judge according to the antient
commandment of your forefathers, repeating the same lessons and
prayers every Sabbath as hath been accustomary, as also collects for
kings, potentates, and anointed, &c. ; and jjless the King, Sultan Ma-
homet, for in his days hath great salvation been wrought for Israel,
and become not rebels to his kingdom, which God forbid. For after
all this, which is past, the least motion will be a cause pf jealousie, and
you will bring ruine upon your own persons, and upon all which is near
and dear to you, wherefore abstain from the thoughts of this man, and
let not so much as his name proceed out of your mouths. For know,
if you will not obey us herein, which will be known who and what those
men are vyho refuse to conform unto us, we are resolved to prosecute
them, as our duty is. He that doth hear, and obey us, may the blessing
of God rest upon him. These are the words of those who seek your
peace and good, having in Constantinople, on Sunday the fifth of the
moneth Sevat, underwrote their names.
JoAM ToB, son of Chananiah Ben Jacar.
Isaac Alnacagna. Eliezer Castie.
Joseph Kazabi. Eliezer Gherson.
Manasseh Barneo. Joseph Accohen.
Kalib, son of Samuel. Eliezer Alupf,
* The" Jews scruple to say, the head of Israel.
611
During the time of all these^transactions and passages at Constanti-
nople, Smyrna, Abydos, iipon the Hellespont, and Adrianople, the
Jews leaving their merchantlie course, and advices, what prizes com-
modities bear and matters of traffique, stuffed their letters for Italy
and other parts, with nothing hut wonders and miracles wrought by
their false Messiah : as that when the Grand Signior sent to take
him, he caused all the messengers immediately to die; upon which
other Janizaries being again sent, they all fell dead with a word
only from his mouth; and being desir'd to revive them again, he
immediately recall'd them to life, but of them only such who were
true Turks, and not those who had denied that faith iri which they
were born and had profest. After this they added, that he went
voluntarily to prison, and though the gates were barr'd and shut with
strong locks of iron, yet that Sabatai was seen to walk through the
streets with a numerous attendance, and when they laid shades on his
neck and feet, they not onely fell from him, but were converted into
gold, with which he gratified his true and faithful believers and disci-
ples. Some miracles also were reported of Nathan, that bnely at read-
ing the name of any particular man or woman, he would immediately
recount the story of his or her life, their sins or defaults, and accord-
ingly impose just correction and penance for them. These strong
reports coming thus confidently into Italy and all parts, the Jews of
Casel di Monferrato resolved to send three persons in behalf of their
society, in the nature of extraordinary legates, to Smyrna, to make
inquiry after the truth of all these rumours, who accordingly arriving in
Smyrna, full of expectation and hopes, intending to present themselves
with great humility and submission before the Messiah and his prophet
Nathan, were entertain'd with the sad news that Sabatai was turned
Turk, by which information the character of their embassy in a manner
ceasing; every one of them laying aside the formalities of his function, en*
deavoured to lodge himself best to his own convenience. But that they
might return to their brethren at home, with the certain particulars bf
the success of the affairs, they made a visit to the brother of Sabatai,
who still continued to perswade them that Sabatai was notwithstanding
the true Messiah ; that it was not he who had taken on him the habit
612
aild form of a Turk, but his angel or spirit, his body being ascended
into Heaven, until Gpd shall again see the season and time to restore it,
adding further, that an effect hereof they should see by the prophet Na-
than certified, now every day expected, who, having wrought miracles in
many places, would also for their consolation reveal hidden secrets unto
them, with which they should not onely remain satisfied but astonished.
With this onely hope of Nathan, these legates were a little comforted,
resolving to attend his arrival, in regard they had a letter to consign
into his hands, and, according to their instructions, were to demand of
him the grounds he had for his prophesies, and what assurance he had
that he was divinely inspir'd, and how these things were reveal'd unto
him which he had committed to paper, and dispersed to all parts of
the world. At length Nathan arrives near Smyrna, on Friday the third
of March, towards the evening, and on Sunday these legates made
their visit to him. But Nathan, upon news of the success of his be-
loved Messiah, began to grow sullen and reserved, so that the legates
could scarce procure admittance to him ; all that they could do was to
inform him, that they had a letter to him from the brother-hood of
Italy, and commission to conferr with him concerning the foundation
and authority he had for his prophesies; but Nathan refused to take the
letter, ordering Kain Abolafio, a Chocham of the city of Smyrna, to
receive it; so that the legates returned ill contented, but yet with hopes
of Nathan's arrival at Smyrna to receive better; satisfaction. . .
But whir st Nathan intended to enter into Smyrna, the Chochams of
Constantinople, being before advised of his resolution to take. a journey
into their parts, not knowing by which way he .might come, sent their
letters and orders to Smyrna, Prussia, and every way round, to hinder
his passage, and interrupt his journey, fearing that things beginning
now to compose, the Turks appeas'd for the former disorders, and the
minds of the Jews in some manner settled, might be moved, and com-
bustions burst out afresh by the appearance of this new impostor, and
therefore dispatched this letter as followeth :
613
To you who are the shepherds of Israel, and rulers, who reside for the
great God of the whole world in the city of Smyrna, which is mother
in Israel, to her princes, her priests, her judges, and especially to the
perfect wise men, and of great experience, may the Lord God cause
you to live before him, and delight in the multitude of peace, Ame|i ;
so be the will of the Lord.
These our letters are dispatched unto you, to let you understand, that
in the place of your holiness we have heard that the learned man which
was in Gaza, called Nathan Benjamin, hath published vaine doctrines,
and made the world tremble at his words and inventions ; and that at
this time we have receiv'd advice, that this man some dayes since de-
parted from Gaza, and took his journey by the way of Scanderone,
intending there to imbarke for Smyrna, and thence to go to Constanti-
nople or Adrianople : and though it seem a strange thing unto us, that
any man should have a desire to throw himself into a place of flames
and fire, and into the sparkes of hell, notwithstanding we ought to
fear and suspect it, fw ihefeehof man dlwayes guide him to the ivorst :
wherefore we under-written do advertise you, that this man coming
within the compass of your jurisdiction, you give a stop to his journey,
and not suffer him to proceed farther, but presently to return back. For
-We would have you know, that at his coming he will again begiti to
move those tumults which have been caused through the imaginations
.of a new kingdome, and that miracles are not to be wrought every day.
God forbid that by his coming the people of God should be destroy'd
in all places where they are, of which he will be the firstj whose blood
be upon his own head ; for in this conjuncture every little error or fault
is made capital. You may remember the rdanger of the first combus-
tion ; and it is very probable that he will be an occasion of greater,
which the tongue is not able to express with wprds. And therefore,
by vertue of ours and your own authorityj you are to hinder him frpm
proceeding farther in his journey, upon paine of all those excommuni-
cations which our law can impose, and to force him to return back again,
both he and his company. But if he shall in any manner oppose you,
6U
and rebel iagaioist your word, your indeavours and law are sufficient to
hinder him, for it will be well for him and all Israel.
For the love of God, let these words enter into your eares, since they
are not vain things ; for the lives of all the Jewes, and his also, consist
therein. And the Lord God behold from Heaven, and have pitty upon
his people Israel, Amen. So be his holy will. Written by those who
seek your peace.
JoAM TOB, son of Cha- Caleb, son of Chocham
nania Jacar. Samuel, deceased.
MoisE Benveniste. Moise Barndo.
Isaac Alcenacagne. Elihezer Aluff.
Joseph Kazabi. Jehoshuah Raphaei*
Samuel Acaz sine* BenVeniste,
By these meanes Nathan being disappointed of his wandring pro-
gress, and partly ashamed of the event of things, contrary to his pro-
phesie, was resolved, without entring Smyrna, to returne again : howso-
ever, he obtained leave to visit the sepulchre of his mother, and there
to receive pardon of his sins (according to the institution of Sabatai
before mentioned), but first washed himself in the sea, in manner of
purification, and said his tephilld, or prayers, at the fountain, called by
us the fountain Sancta Veneranda, which is near to the cymeterie of the
Jewes, and then departed for Xio, with two companions, a servant, and
three Turks to conduct him, without admitting the legates to audience,
or answering the letter which was sent him from all the communities
of the Jewes in Italy. And thus the embassy of these legates was con-
bluded, and they returned from the place from whence they came, and
the Jewes again to their wits, following their trade of merchandize and
brbkage as formerly, with more quiet and advantage then the meanes of
regaining their possesisioris in the Land of Promise. And thus ended
this ritiad phrensie amongst the Jewes, which might have cost them
dear, had not Sabatai renounc'd his Messiah-ship at the feet of Mahomet.
ei5
THE HISTORY
OF THE
LATE FINAL EXTIRPATION AND EXILEMENT OF THE JEWES
OUT OF
THE EMPIRE OF PERSIA.
You have heard in the foregoing 9tory from what glorious expectar
tions i the whole nation of the Jewes were precipitated by the itnpogtQ-
rious but improsperous villany of their late pretended Messiah: you
will in this Relation perceive farther, how signally the hand of Almighty
God (about the same time) wept out to their yet greater shame and
extermination : and if any thing were capable to reduce that miserably
deluded people, certainly one would think these continu'd frownes and
accents of his displeasure against all their enterprises, as it ought to
confirme the truth of the Christian profession, so it should even con-
straine them to hasten to it, for the wrath is come upon then^ to the
uttermost.
In the reign of the famous Abas, Sophy of Persia, and grand-father,
to the present Emperour, the nation being, low, and somewhat exhausted
of inhabitants, it entred iiito the mind of this prince (a wise and prudent
man, and one who exceedingly studied the benefit of his subjects) tq
seek some expedient for the revival and improvement of trade, and by
all manner of priviledges and immunities to encourage other contiguous
nations to negotiate and trade ampngst them ; and this project he forti-
fied with so many immunities, and used them so well who came, that
repiairing from all partem to his cquntrey, in a short time the whole
kingdome was filled with multitudes of the most industrious people and
strangers that any way bordered on him.
It happened, that amongst those who came, innumerable flocks of
Jewes ran thither from all their dispersions in the East^ attracted by the
gaine which they universally make where ever they set footing, by
their, innate craft, sacred avarice, and the excessive extortions which
616
they continually practice. And it was not many yeares but by this
meanes they had so impoverished the rest, and especially the natural
subjects of Persia, that the clamor of it reached to the eares of the Em-
perour; and indeed it was intollerable, for even his own exchequer
began to be sensible of it, as well as his peoples purses and estates,
which they had almost devoured.
How to repress this inormity, and remedy this inconvenience, without
giving umbrage to the rest of those profitable strangers now settled in
his dominions, by falling severely upon the Jewes on the sudden, he
long consulted ; and for that end call'd to his advice his chief ministers
of state, the Mufti, and expounders of the law. After much dispute
'twas at last found, that the Jewes had already long since forfeited theii;
lives by the very text of the Alcoran, where it is express'd, that if
within six hundred yeares from the promulgation of that religion they
did not universally come in and profess the Mahumetan 'faith, they
should be d.estroy'd. The zealous Emperor would immediately have
put this edict into execution ; but, by the intercession of the Mufti, and
the rest of the doctorsj 'twas thought fit to suspend it for the present :
but that these growing evils might in time have a period, his majesty
commanded that all the Chochammi, Rabbins, and chiefe among the
JeweS, should immediately appear before his tribunal, and make answer
to some objections that were to be propounded to them.
The Jewes being accordingly conven'd, the Sophy examines them
about several passages of their law, and particularly concerning the
prbphet MoySes, and those rites of his which seem'd to have been so
long annihilated amongst them, since the coming of Isai (for so they
call Jesus), after whom they pretended their Mahomet was to take place,
and all other predictions to determine.
The Jewes, much terrified with the manner of these interrogatories,
and dubious what the meaning and drift of them might signifie, told the
Emperor, that for Christ they did not believe in him, but that they
expected a Messiah of their own to come, who should by his miraculous
power deliver them from their oppressors, and subdue all the world to
his obedience.
At this reply the Sophy appear'd to be much incens'd. How ! sayes
ei7
he; do you not then believe Christ, of whom our very Alcoran makes
so honourable mention? as that he was the spirit of God, sent down
from himy and returning to him ? If we believe him, why do not
you ? What say you for your selves, you incredulous wretches ? The
confounded Jewes, perceiving the Emperor thus provoked, immediately
prostrated themselves on the ground, humbly supplicating him to take
piity on his -slaves, who acknowledged themselves altogether unable to
dispute with his Majesty ; that for the Christians they seem'd indeed to
them to be gross idolaters, men who did not worship God, but a cruci-
fied malefactor, and a deceiver ; which still the more displeased the
Sophy, not induring they should so blaspheme a person for whom their
Alcoran had so great a reverence. However, for the presenthe dissem-
bles his resentment. " 'Tis well," sayes he, " you do not believe the God
of the Christians : but, tell me, what think you of our great prophet
Mahomet ?" This demand exceedingly perplexed them, not knowing
what to reply : and Indeed it was contriv'd on purpose, that convincing
them of blasphemy (as they esteem'd it) against their prophet, the
Sophy might find a specious and legal pretence to ruine and destroy
them, without giving any jealousie or suspition to the rest of the
strangers, who were traficking in his country, of several other religions,
but who were not in the least obnoxious to his displeasure.
After a long pause, and secret conference with one another, it was at
last resolved atnong them, that though they had deny'd Christ, they
would yet say nothing positively against Mahomet ; therefore they told
the Emperour, that though their reHgion forbad them to believe any
prophet save Moses, &c. yet they did not hold Mahomet for a false
prophet, in as much as he was descended of Ismael the son of Abraham;
and that they desii-ed to remaine his Majesties humble vassals and slaves,
and cirav'd his pity on them.
The Sophy, easily perceiving the cunning and wary subterfuge of
their reply, told them, this should not serve their turne ; that they
were a people of dissolute principles, and that under pretence of their
long expected Messiah they persisted in a false religion, and, kept off
from proselyting to the true bellefe, and therefore required of them to
set a positive time When their Messiah was to appear, for that he
4 K
618
would support them no longer, who had impos'd on the world, ar
cheated his people now so many yeares; but, withal assuring them, thi
he would both pardon and protect them for the time they should assigi
provided they did not go about to abuse him by any incompetent ptt
crastinations, but assign the year precisely of his coming, when, if a<
cordingly he did not appear, they were sons of death, and should all (
them either renounce their faith, or be certainly destroyed, and the
estates confiscated.
The poor Jewes, though infinitely confounded with this unexpecte
demand and resolution of the Sophy, after a second consultation amon
themselves (which the Emperor granted), contriv'd to give him thi
answer. That according to their books and prophesies their Messia
should infallibly appear within seventy yeares ; prudently (as the
thought) believing, that either the Emperor or they should be all c
them dead before that time, and that, in the interim, such alteration
might emerge, as all this would be forgotten or averted, and that, s
the worst, a good summe of money would reverse the sentence; buttha
something was of necessity to be promis'd to satisfie his present humc
rous zeal.
The Emperor accepts of the answer, and immediately causes it to b
recorded in form of a solemn stipulation between them ; that in cas
there were no news of their Messiah within the Seventy years asslgn'i
(to which of grace he added five more), they should either turn Mahu
metans, or their whole nation utterly be destroyed throughout Persia
and their substance confiscated : but with this clause also inserted ; tha
if their Messiah did appear within that period, the Emperor wouli
himself be obliged to become a Jew, and make all his subjects so witl
him. This, drawn (as we said) in form of instrument, was reciprocal!
sign'd and seal'd on both parts, and the Jews for the present dis
miss'd ; with the payment yet of no less than two millions of gold (a
my author affirms) for the favour of this long indulgence.
Since the time of this: Emperor Abas, to the present Sophy nov
reigning, there are not only these seventy yeares past, but one hundrei
and fifteen expir'd ; during which the, Persians have been so moleste(
by the Turks, and by continual war in the East Indias, &c. that th
619
succeeding princes no more minded this stipulation of their predecessors,
'till Jjy a wonderful accident in the reign of the second Abas (father of
him who now governs), a person extreamly curious of antiquities,
searching one day amongst the records of his palace, there was fouud
this -writing in the journal of his father, intimating what had so so-
lemnly pass'd between him and the chiefs of the Jews in the name of
their whple nation.
Upon this, the Sophy instantly summons a council, produces the in-
strument before them, and requires their advice, what was to be done;
and the rather, for that there began now to be great whispers, and some
letters had been written to them from merchants out of Turkey, of the
motions of a pretended Messiah, which was the famous Sabatai. This
so wrought with the Emperor and his council, that with one voice, and
without longer pause, they immediately conclude upon the destruction
of the Jews, and that this wicked generation of impostors and oppressors
of his people were no longer to be indured upon the earth.
In order to this resolution proclamations are issu'd out and published
to the people, and to all that were strangers and inhabitants amongst
them, impowering them to fall immediately upon the Jews in all the
Persian dominions, and to put to the sword man, woman, and child,
but such as should forthwith turn to the Mahumetan belief, and to seize
on their goods and estates without any remorse or pity.
This cruel and bloody arrest was accordingly put in execution first at
Ispahan, and suddenly afterwards in all the rest of the cities and towns
of Persia. Happy was he that could escape the fury of the inraged
people, who by vertue of the public sentence, grounded upon the de-
clared stipulation, and now more encouraged by the dwindling of their
pretended Messiah, had no commiseration on them, but slew and made
havock of them, where-ever they could find a Jew through all the vast
territories, falling upon the spoil, and continuing the carnage to their
utter extermination. Nor did the persecution cease for several years,
beginning from about sixty-three till sixty-six, at Ispahan, the cities and
countries of Seyra, Ghelan, Humadan, Ardan, Tauris, and, in summe,
through the whole empire, without sparing either sex or .age, excepting
(as was said) such as turned Mahumetans, or escaped through the
620
deserts into Turkey, India, and other farr distant regions, and tha
without hopes of ever re-establishing themselves for the future in Per'
sia, the hatred of that people being so deadly and irreconcilable agains
them. And, in truth, this late action and miscarriage of their pre-
tended Messiah has rendred them so universally despicable, that nothing
but a determined obstinacy, and an evident and judicial maledictior
from Heaven, could possibly continue them in that prodigious blind-
ness, out of which yet, God, of his infinite mercy, one day delivei
them, that they may at last see and believe in him whom they have
pierced ; and that so both Jew and Gentile may make one flock under
that one shepherd and bishop of our souls, Jesus Christ the true Mes-
siah. Amen.
621
A LETTER OF JOHN EVELYN, Esq.
TO THE
LORD VISCOUNT BROUNCKER, P. R. S.
CONCERNING THE SPANISH SEMBRADOR, OR NEW ENGINE FOR PLOUGHING, EQUAL
, SOWING, AND HARROWING AT ONCE*.
My Lord,
I CANNOT devise better how to express my great respects to you
Lordship, than by my utmost endeavours to promote the interest of tha
Society over which you hav6 so long, with so much ability and aiFec
tion, and so faithfully presided. Tfpis, therefore, will plead my excus
with your Lordship, if in some confidence of gratifying the generou
designes of that noble assembly, I communicate to them, through yQU
hands, ;not only the instrument (which 1 herewith present them), bu
the description of the use and beri^fit of it from such a deferent, as I an
sure they will very highly value. -My Lord, it is now almost two year
since, ;that (by somewhat an odd accident), lighting upon a paper lateh
printed in Spanish, I found a short passage in it, giving notice of a cer
ta^nplougM newly brought out o^ Germany into Spain; in both whicl
places it had, upon tryal, so generally obtain'd, as (besides the roya
priviledge.yw\i\ch. was granted to the investor) to procure the universa
approbation. Upon this hint, I took the boldness to write to iny Lore
Ambassador, intreating his Excellency, that, as his more weighty affairs
would give him leave, he would not disdaih to inform himself mort
particularly concerning it. This his Lordship was not only pleas'd tc
do, but so highly obliging as to transmit to me the engine itself, toge-
ther with a full description of it and its use; -all of it written with his
own noble hand, which I do here consecrate to the Royal Society, to b€
inserted among their precious cimelia.
* A description of the contrivance and use of this instrument, by Don Joseph Lucatelo,Knighl
of the Province of Corinthea, a subject of the House of Austria, inventor of the engine, accom-
panies this dedication, with an engraving, by which a great quantity of seed corn is saved, and g
rich increase yearly gained. Phil. Trans. June 1670. No. 60. vol. V. p. 1056.
622
My Lord, being not so happy as to wait on you myself with it at
your publick assembly this day, I desire your Lordship will cause these
papers to be read there, and expose the instrument to their examina-
tion and tryal. There are many gentlemen who will not he offended
with these rusticities, and who know how highly such inventions, and
even attempts, have been valued by the greatest and best of men.
Something, 'tis possible, may happen to be out of order, by reason of
the long journey it hath passed; but their ingenious Curator* will soon
be able to reform, and, if need be, improve it. ^
My Lord of Sandwich is that illustrious person to whom the Society
is obliged for this, and many other favors and productions of his own
more consummate genius, which enrich their registers. But, let me
tell them, his Lordship hath made, and brought home with him, such
other polite notices and particulars of Spain and other forrain parts, as
I know no person of the most refined mind and publick spirit who hath
approached him, besides your Lordship ; an emulous and worthy ex-
ample, certainly, to the rest of our Noblemen and Ministers of State
abroad, who may travel with so many advantages to inform themselves
above others : and it is to me a shining instance of both your Lordship's
happy talents and great comprehension, that in the throng of so many
and so weighty employments, you can think of cultivating the arts, and
of doubly obliging your country. How do such persons enamel their
characters, and adorne their titles with lasting and permanent honors !
This testimony of my just veneration to both your Lordships I could
not, upon this occasion, but superadd, who am,
My Lord,
Your Lordship's most humble, most devoted,
and most obedient servant, ,
J. Evelyn.
Says Court, 23 Feb. \6%.
* Robert Hooker, a man of great mechanical genius^ elected Curator, by office, to the Royal
Society January 11, 1664-5. He died in 1702.
623
DEDICATION TO RENATUS RAPINUS OF GARDENS;
IN FOUR BOOKS :
ORIGINALLY WRITTEN IN LATIN E VERSE, AND MADE ENGLISH
By JOHN EVELYN*.
M-
TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE
HENRY EARL OF ARLINGTON, VISCOUNT THETFORD, &c.
HIS MAJESTIES PRINCIPAL SECRETARY OF STATE, OF HIS MOST HONOURABLE PRIVY
COUNCIL, AND KNIGHT OF THE MOST NOBLE ORDER OF THE GARTER, &c.
My Lord,
'Tis become the mode of this writing age to trouble persons of the
highest rank, not only with the real productions of wit, but (if so I
may be allowed to speak) with the trifles an3 follyes of it : hardly does
an ill play come forth without a dedication to some great Lady, or man
of Honour; and all think themselves sufficiently secure, If they can ob-
tain but the least pretence of authority to cover their imperfections.
My Lord, I am sensible of mine ; but they concern only my self, and
* London, printed by T.R. & N.T. for Thomas Collins and John Ford, at the Middle-Templq
Gate, and Benjamin Tooke, at the Ship in St. Pauls Church Yard, lf)73. Octavo, 276 pages.
Although the transposition of a Latin poem into English has usually a considerable degree of on-.
ginality in itself, yet the prose Dedication of this tract only is printed, because, in general, the
verses of Evelyn were far from being in the first rank of merit ; and on the same account also, his
translation of the first book of Lucretius, printed in 1656, and his " Panegyric at his Majesty K.
Charles [I. his Coronation," 1661, are omitted in the present collection of his minor pieces.
624
can never lessen the dignity of a subject which the best of poets, and
perhaps the greatest wits too, have celebrated with just applause.
I know not how, my Lord, I may have succeeded with this adven-
ture, in an age so nice and refined ; but the die is cast, and I had rather
expose my self to the fortune of it, then loose an occasion of acknow-
ledging your Lordship's favours, which, as they have oblig'd the father,
so ought they to command the gratitude of the son : nor must I forget
to acquaint your Lordship, that the author of this Poem addressed it to
one of the most eminent persons in France* ; and it were unhappy should
it not meet with the same good fortune in England. I am sure the
original deserves it, which, though it may have lost much of its lustre
by my translation, will yet recover its credit with advantage, by having
found in your Lordship so illustrious a patron. Great men have in all
ages bin favourable to the Muses, and done them honour ; and your
Lordship, who is the true model of virtue and greatness, cannot but
have the same inclinations for the delights which adorn those titles,
especially when they are innocent, and useful, and excellent, as this
poem is pronounced to be by the suffrages of the most discerning. I
had else, my Lord, suppress'd my ambition of being in print, and set-
ting up for a poet, which is neither my talent nor design. But, my
Lord, to importune you no further, this piece presumes not to in-
trude into your cabinet, but to wait upon you in your garden at _Em5^ow,
where, if, when your Lordship's more weighty affairs give leave, you
vouchsafe to divert your self with the first blossoms of my youth, they
may, by the influence of your Lordship's favour, one day produce fruits
of more maturity, and worthy the oblation of.
My Lord,
Your Lordship's most dutiful
and most obedient servant,
J. Evelyn.
* William de Lamoignon, Marquis de Baville, First President of the Parliament of Paris, born
23 Oct. 1617, and died 10th Dec. 1677-
NAVIGATION AND COMMERCE,
THEIR ORIGINAL AND PROGRESS.
CONTAINING
A SUCCINCT ACCOUNT OF TRAFFICK IN GENERAL; ITS BENEFITS AND IMPROVEMENTS:
SDf ^cotieiie0, saSars, anS Conflirta at Sea, &am tf)z ottQtnal of Babieation to t^is Das j
WITH SPECIAL REGARD TO THE ENGLISH NATION ;
THEIR SEVERAL VOYAGES AND EXPEDITIONS, TO THE BEGINNING OF OUR
LATE DIFFERENCES WITH HOLLAND;
IN WHICH HIS MAJESTIES TITIE TO THE DOMINION OF THE SEA IS ASSERTED,
AGAINST THE NOVEL AND LATER PRETENDERS.
By JOHN EVELYN, Esq. S. R. S.
Qui mare teneat, eum necesse est Reram potiri. Cicero ad Attic. L. 1 0, £p. 8.
LONDON:
PKINTED BY T. K. FOR BENJ. TOOKE,
AT THE SIGN OF THE SHIP IN ST. PAUI.'s CHURCH-YAfiD.
1674.
4 L
'.' )
TO THE KING.
Sir,
That I take the boldness to Inscribe your Majesties name on the front
of this little history, is to pay a tribute, the most due, and the most
becoming my relation to your Majesties service of any that I could<
devise ; since your Majesty has been plieas'd, among so many noble arid
illustrious persons, to name me of the Councel of your Commerce, and
Plantations : and if it may afford your Majesty some diversion, to
behold, as in a table, the course, and importance of what your Majesty
is the most absolute arbiter of any potentate on earth, arid, excite in
your loyal subjects a courage and an industry becoming the advantages
which God and Nature have put into their hatlds, I shall have reach'd
my humble ambition, and Your Majesty will riot reprdve these expres-
sions of it in,
Sir,
Your Majestie's most dutiful, most obedient,
and ever loyal subject, and servant,
J. Evelyn.
628
NAVIGATION AND COMMERCE,
THEIR ORIGINAL AND PROGRESS.*
1. Whosoever shall with serious attention contemplate the divine
fabrick of this inferiour orb, the various and admirable furniture which
fills and adorns It; the constitution of the elements about It; and,
above all, the nature of man (for whom they were created), he must
* Navigation and Commerce, their Originial and Progress, &c. By J. Evelyn, Esq. F. R. S.
1674. 8vo.
"Inthis elegant discourse, besides the largeness of the historical collections, the worthy author
eKcites England, and adviseth the most advantageous preparations for our future defence, and for
aggrandising our Trade and Commerce : vrhich ought to be our care, whilst we have the oppor-
tunity, and whilst we are less concern'd spectators of the wars round about us." — Phil. Trans.
Vol, IX. June 1674.- No. 104. p. 88.
" 18 June 1670.. My Lord Arlington carried me from Whitehall to Goring House, with the
Marquis of Worcester: there we found Lord Sandwich, Viscount Stafford (since beheaded), the
Lieutenant of the Tower, and others. After dinner my Lord communicated to me his Matys desire
that I would undertake to write the History of our" late War with the Hollanders, which I had
hitherto declined: this, 1 found,, was ill-taken, and that I should disoblige his Maty, who had made
choice of me to do him this service ; and if I would undertake it, I should have all the assistance
the Secretary's office and others could give me, with other encouragements, which I could not
decently refuse." Diary, vol. L p. 403.
" 19th Aug. 1674. ' His Majesty (Charles H.) told me how exceedingly the Dutch were dis-
pleased at my treatise of " The Historic of Commerce," that the Holland Ambassador had com-
plained to him of what I had touched of the Flags and Fishery, &c. and desired the booke might
be called in; whilst- on the other side he assured me he was exceedingly pleas'd with what I had
done, and gave me many thanks. However, it being just upon the conclusion of the Treaty of
Breda (indeed, it was designed to have been published some moneths before, and when we were
at defiance), his Maty told me he must recall it formally, but gave order that what copies should be
publiqly seiz'd to pacific the Ambassador, should immediately be restored to the printer, and that
neither he nor the vendor should be molested. The truth is, that which touch'd the Hollander was
much lesse then what the King himselfe furnished me with, and oblig'd me to publish, having
caus'd it to be read to him before it went to the presse ; but the error was, it should have been
publish'd before the peace was proclaim'd. The noise of this book's suppression made it presently
be bought up, and turn'd much to the Stationer's advantage. It was no other- than the Preface
prepared to be prefixed to my History of the whole warr, which I now pursu'd no further.'' Diary
vol. L p. 444.
In the Index attached to the Diary and Letters, under the article " Dutch War," will be found
629
needs acknowledge, that there is nothing more agreeable to reason,
than that they were all of them ordain'd for mutual use and communi-
cation. • t, a t- , ,
.^2. The earth, and every prospect of her superficies, presents us with a
thousand objects 0f. utility and delight, in which consists the perfection-
of 'all sublunary things: and though, through her rugged and dissever'd
parts, rocks, sieasj and. remoter islands, she seem at first to chsck our
addpesses ; yet, when we ag'en behold in what ample baies,. creeks,
trending-shores, : inviting harbours and stations, she appears spreading
her arms upon. the bordures of the ocean ; whiles the rivers, who re-pay:
their), (ributies to it, glide not in direct and praecipitate courses from
their conceil'd and- distant heads, but in various flexures and, meanders
(as:well to temper, the rapidity of their streams, as to water and refresh
the fruitful plains), niethinks she seems, from the very beginning, to
have:been dispos'd for trafick and commerce, and even courts us to visit.
her most solitary recesses. <
3. This meditation sometimes affecting my thoughts, did exce,edingly
confirm, and not a little surprize me ; when reflecting^ on the situation
of the Mediterranean sea (so aptly contriv'd for inter-course to so vJast
apart of the wofld}, I coriclud'ed, that if the Hollanders: themselves)
(who of-all the inhabitants in it, are the best skill'd in making canalesi
and'trenches, and to derive waters) hadjoyn'd in consultation, how the
scattered- parts of the earth might be rendred most accessible, and easie'
for Coinmerce, they could not have contriv'd where to have made the
in-let-, with so much . advantage as ; .'God and Nature have dOne it for*
us ; since 'by means of this sea we have admission to no less than three
parts of the habitable worldy and there seems nothing, left (in this
regard) to humane industry, which could render it more consummate ;
so impious was the saying of! Alphonsus * (not worthy the name of
several references to the various circumstances connected with this subject. Evelyn, from his own
account of his proceedings, appears to have used considerable labour in the composition of his
work, as In the reading of the numerous oificial papers which were sent him for the purpose ; but
when he had only planned the History, finding his intentions unsupported, he resigned them with
fidmething like disgust, and the ensuing fragment is all th^t remains of them.
* Roderigo de Toledo, lib. I.e. 6.
630
Prince) that had be been of counsel with the Creator when he made the
universe, he could have fram'd it better.
4. If we cast our eyes on the plains and the mountains, behold them
naturally furnish'd with goodly trees ; of which some there are which
ffFow as it were spontaneously into vessels and canoes, wanting nothing
but the launching to render them useful : but when the heart of man,
or of God rather (for it was he who first instructed him to build), con-
spires, and that he but sets his divine genius on work, the same earth
ftirnishes materials to equip and perfect the most beautiful, useful, and
stupendious creature (so let us be permitted to call her) the whole world
has to shew : and if the winds and elements prove auspicious (which
was the third instance of our contemplation), this enormous machine
(as if inspir'd with life too) is ready for every motion ; and to brave all
encounters and adventures undertakes to fathom the world itself;
to visit strange and distant lands; to people, cultivate, and civilize
uninhabited and barbarous regions ; and to proclaim to the universe
the wonders of the architect, the skill of the pilot, and, above all, the
benefits of Commerce.
5. So great and unspeakable were the blessings which mankind re-
ceived by his yet infant adventures, that it is no wonder to see how
every nation contended who should surpass each other in the art of
Navigation, and apply the means of Commerce to promote and derive
it to -themselves ; God-Almighty (as we have shew'd) in the consti-
tution of the world, prompting us to awaken our industry for the supply
of our necessities : for man only being obliged to live politickly, and in
society, for mutual assistance, found it would not be accomplish'd
without labour and industry. Nature, which ordains all things necessary,
for other creatures, in the place where she produces them, did not so
for man ; but ennobling him with a superiour faculty, supply'd him with
all things his needs could require. Wheresoever therefore men are
born (unless wanting to themselves), they have it in their power to
exalt themselves, even in these regards, above the other creatures ; and
the lilUes which spin not, and are yet so splendidly clad, are npt in this
respect so happy as ^n industrious and prudent. man; because they
have neither knowledge nor sense of their being and perfections : and
631
though few things indeed are necessary for the animal life, yet has it
no prerogative by that alone ahove the more rational, which man onely
enjoys, and for whom the world was made; seeing the variety of
blessings that were ordained to serve himj proclaims his dominion, and
the vastness of his nature ; nor had the great Creator himself been so
glorified, without an intellectual being, that could contemplate and
make use of them. We are therefore rather tO admire that stupendious
mixture of plenty and want, which we find disseminated throughout
the creation ; what St. Paul afiirms of the members of the little world
being so applicable to those of the greater, and no one place, or country
able to say, * I have no need of another,' considered not onely as to con-
summate perfections, but even divers things, if not absolutely necessary,
at least convenient.
6. To demonstrate this in a most conspicuous instance, we need look
no farther than Holland, of which fertile (shall we say) or inchanted
spot 'tis hard to decide, whether its wants or abundance are really
greater than any other countries under Heaven ; since by the quality
and other circumstances of situation (though otherwise productive
enough), it affords neither grain, wine, oyle, timber, mettal, stone,
wool, hemp, pitch, nor almost any other commodity of use ; and yet
we find there is hardly a nation in the world which enjoyes all these
things in greater affluence ; and all this from commerce alone, and the
effects of industry, to which not onely the neighbouring parts of Europe
contribute, but the Indies, and Antipodes : so as the whole world (as vast
as it appears to others) seems but a farm, scarce another province' to them ;
and indeed it is that alone which has built and peopled goodly cities,
where nothing but rushes grew j cultivated an heavy genius with all
the politer arts ; enlarged and secured their boundaries, and made them-
a name in the world, who> within less* than an age, were hardly con-
sider'd in it,
7. What fame and riches the Venetians acquir'd whilsl they were
true to their spouse, the sea (and in adsJQowledgment whereof they
still repeat and celebrate the nuptials), histories are loud of: but this,
no longer continu'd thaa whUst they had fegard to their fleets and their
traffick, the proper business, and the most genuine to their situation.
632
From hence they founded a glorious city, fixt upon a few muddy and
scatter'd islands; and thence distributed over Europe the product of
the eastern world, 'till, changing this industry into ambition, and applyr
ing it to the inlarging of their territories in Italy, they lost their
interests and acquists in the Mediterranean, which were infinitely more
considerable. Nor in this recension of the advantages of Cpmmerce
is her neighbour Genoa to be forgotten ; whose narrow dominions (not
exceeding some private lordships in England) have grown to a consi-
derable state ;' , and from a barren rock to a proud city, emulous for
wealth and magnificence, with the stateliest emporiums" of the world.
' 8. The Easterlings arid Anseati.ck towns (famous for early traffick)
had perhaps never been heard "of,. but for courting this mistress; no
more than those vaster tracts of Sweden, Norway, Muscovy, &c. which .,
the 'late industry of our own people has rendred considerable. The
Danes, 'tis confess'd, ,had long signaliz'd themselves by. their importu-
nate descents on this island, , and universal piracies, whilst negligent of
oilr advantages at sea, we often became obnoxious to them; but, when;
once we set-up our moving fortresses, and grew numerous in shipping,-
we liv'd in profound tranquillity, grew opulent and formidable to our
enemies. • ,
9.' It was Comtnerce and Navigation (the daughter of peace - and
good intelligence) that gave reputation to the most noble of our. native
staples. Wool, exceedingly improv'd by forreigriers ; especially since :.the'
reigns of Edward the Second, and Third; and has been the principal*
occasion of instituting and establishing our merchant adventurers, and
other worthy fraternities ; to mention onely the esteem of our horses,"
corn, tin, lead, iron, saffron, fullers-earth, hid^s^ wax, fish, and other
natural and artificial commodities, most of which are^ indigene and
domestick, others imported, and brought from forraign countries. . Thus^
Asia refreshes us with spices, recreates us with perfumes, cures us with!
drougs, and adorns us with jewels ; Africa sends us ivory and • gold ;
America,, silver, , isugar, and cotton ; France, Spain, and Italy; giveus
wine, oyl, and silk; Russia warms us in furrs ; Sweden supplies us
with copper; Denmark and the Northern tracts, with masts an^ mate-
rials for shipping, withoutvwhich all this .were nothing. : It is Com-*
633
merce and Navigation that breeds and accomplishes that^most honour-
able and useful race of men (the pillars of all magnificence) to skUl in
the exportation of superfluities, importation of necessaries; to settle
Staples with regard to the public stock : what 'tis fit to keep at horae,
and what to send abroad ; to be^ vigilant over the oours^e of exchange ;
to employ hands for regulated salaries; and by their dexterity to mode-
rate all this by a true and solid interest of state, which, without, this
mystery, cannot long subsist, as not alwaies admitting permanent and
immutable rules : in a word, the sea (which covers half the. patrimony
of man, renders the whole world a stranger to it self and the inhabitants
for whom 'twas made, as rude as Canibals) becomes but one family by
the miracles of Commerce, and yet we have said nothing of the most
illustrious product of it; that It has taught us religion, instructed us
in polity, cultivated our manners, and furnish'd us with all the delica-
cies of virtuous and happy living,
10. Whether the first author of. traffick were the Tyrians, Trojans,
Lydians, those of Carthage, or (as Josephus* will) the mercurial spirits
soon after the flood, to repair and supply the ruines of that universal
overthrow, we are not solicitous : that it entered with the earliest and
best dales of thef restored world we shall prove hereafter, by the. timely
applications of industrious men to inlarge and improve their condition.
The Romans, indeed, were not of a good while, favourable to merchan-
dizing; for the patricians, senators, and great men might not be
owners, in particular, of any considerable vessel, besides small barks,
and pleasure boats; and the most illustrious nations have esteem'd the
gain by traflSck and commerce ineompatible with nobhs&e.; not for being
enemies tO trade, but because they esteem'd it an ignoble way of gain
CqutEstus omnis indecorus patribus, sales Livy), and were all for , con-
quest and the sword; for, otherwise, they so encourag'd this, industry, that
the Latins § (whom for a long time they held under such servitude that
they might not devise their estates when they dyed)i^if any. one of them
came to be able to build an handsome ship, fit for burthen and traflick,
* Antiq.l. ].
■ f .Latini multis modis consequuntur civitatem Rotnanam ; ut, si navem eedificaverint duorum.
millium modiorum capacenij &c. Ulpian. In'stit. Tit. Latinis, N. 6.
4 M
, 634
he was libertate donatus, anA obtained his freedom, with power to
make his testament, and capable of hearing office. And one would won-
der that traffick being so profitable, Lycurgus (that great law- giver
amongst the Lacedemonians) should prohibit it : some believe it was
for its being so obnoxious to corruption, and the luxury introduc'd
amongst the people by commerce with strangers ; the lying and deceit,
perjury and theft, in buying, selling, and making bargains; for which
reason Plato design'd the towns of his common-wealth to be built far
distant from the sea; and our Saviour scourg'd the money-changers out
of the temple; so difficult a thing it is for those who deal much to
preserve their hands clean. But 'tis said Plato chang'd his mind; and
we all know that as the Romans themselves grew wiser, so they dig-
nified it, and took off that ill-understood reproach, as the Orator has
himself told us, when (condemning the pedlary and sordid * vices of
retailers) he acknowledges, that where staple and useful commodities
can be brought in to supply the needs of whole countries, 'tis a com-
mendable service, videturque Jure optimo, posse laudari; nay, shew'd
by their own example, that for the greatest men to turn merchants did
less taint their blood than their sloth and effeminacy; and upon this
account the wisest of the heathens (for such were Thales, Solon, Hip-
pocrates, and even Plato himself,) have honour'd merchandize, and, of
latter times, many kings and princes ; and then indeed does traffick rise
to its ascendent, when 'tis dignified by their example, and defended by
their power. This the Dukes of Florence and other potentates have
long since understood, and now, at last, the French King: witness the
repair of his ports, building of ships, cutting new channels, instituting
companies, planting of colonies, and universal encouragement of manu-
factures, by cherishing and ennobling of sedulous and industrious per-
sons. But, more yet than all this, or, rather, all this in more perfect
tion, his Majesty (our glorious monarch), by whose influences alone
(after all the combinations of his late powerful enemies) such a trade
has been reviv'd and carried on, and such a fleet and strength at sea to
* Cicero de Offic. lib. i. cap. 43. Mercatura autem, si tenuis est, sordida putanda est. Nihil
enim proficient, nisi admodum mentiantur.
635
, as never this nation had a greater, nor any other of the past
approach'd ; witness, you three mighty neighbours, at once,
submit to him ! For the blessings of navigation and visiting
imes does not stop at traffick only; but (since 'tis no less per-
keep than obtain a good) it enables us likewise with means to
lat our honest industry has gotten, and, if necessity and jus-
re, with inlarging our dominions too, vindicating our rights,
injuries, protecting the oppress'd, and with all the offices of
' and good nature; in a word, justice, and the right of na-
i the objects of commerce; it maintains society, disposes to
nd communicates the graces and riches which God has va-
mparted : from all which considerations 'tis evident that a
commerce, and strength at sea to protect it, are the most cer-
ks of the greatness of empire, deduced from an undeniable
hat whoever commands the ocean, commands the trade of the
id whoever commands the trade of the world, commands the
the world, and whoever is master of that, commands the world
as had the Spaniard treble his wealth, he could neither be rich
vith his prodigious sloth; since, whilst he has been sitting still,
ather nations have driven the. trade of the East Indies with
ire of the West, and, uniting, as it were, extreams, made the
kiss. They are not therefore small matters, you see, which
□auch contend about, when they strive to improve commerce,
Bgrees promote the art of navigation, and set their empire in
from whence they have found to flow such notable advantages.
I of this we might add in abundance; and that it is not the
3f territory, but the convenience of situation; nor the multitude
)ut their address and industry, which improve a nation. Cosmo
es would often say, that the prince who had not the sea for his
as but half a prince; and this Charles the Fifth had well con-
irhen he gave it for a maxime to his son Philip, that if ever he
quiet at home, and advance his affairs abroad, he should be
sep up his reputation on the waters. The truth is, this great
had neglected his interest at sea, and it laid the foundation of
ion of his Low Country subjects agairist his successor. To
636
pretend to universal monarchy without fleets, was long since looked on
as a Dolitick chymaera, and was wittily insinuated* to Antigonus by
Patroclus, when (being a commander under Ptolemy Lagus's son) he
sent him a present of fish and green figgs, intimating that unless he
had the sea in his power, he had as good sit at home and trifle; it was
but labour in vain. And this was the sense of another as great a cap-
tain, when reckoning up the infinite prerogatives which the sea afforded.
Xenophon f seems to despise the advantages of the land in comparison.
Truly, the Romans themselves were longer in struggling for a little earth
in Italy only, than in subduing ,the whole world after once their eagles
had taken flight towards the sea, and urg'd their fortune on the, deep.
When once they subdu'd Agrigentum J, Carthagfe was no longer im-
pregnable ; and after they had pass'd Gades and the Herculean Streight,
nothing was too hard for them; they went whither they would, and
cruiz'd asfar as Thule. *
11. We shall not adventure to divine who the hardy person was who
first resolv'd fo trust himself to a plank, within an inch of death, §, to
compel the woods to descend into the waters, and to back the most im-
petuous and unconstant element ; though probably, and for many rea-
sons, some-body long before the deluge ; isti sunt potentes (6. Gen. 4).
Grotius, on the place, will have the navigationis repertores piratce, such
as in succeeding ages were Jupiter Gretensis, Minos, &c. since it is
not imaginable the world, that must needs be so populous^ and was so
curious, should have continu'd so many ages without adventures by sea:
but the first vessel which we read of, was made by divine instinct and
direction, and whilst the prototype lasted (which, histories tell us, was
many hundred years), doubtless they built many strong and goodly
ships. But, as all things are in continual flux and vicissitude, so the
art in time impair'd, and men began anew to contrive for their safety
or necessity in rafts and hollow trees; nay^ paper, reeds, twigs, and lea-
ther (for of such were the rude beginnings of the finish'd pieces we now
admire); till, advancing the art, by making use of more durable mate-
* Athenaeus Deipnosoph. 1. S. f In Repub. Athen. % Polybius.
§ Illi robur & ass triplex circa pectus , Hor.
Digitis k morte remotus quatuor.
637
rials, they then began to build like ship-wrights, when Pyrrhon the
Lydlan invented the bending of planks by fire, and made boats of several
eontignations ; nor contented with the same model, the Platenses,
Mysians, Trojans, and other nations, contended for the various shapes.
Thus to Sesostrls is ascribed the long-ship fitted for expedition : Hippus
the Tyrian devis'd carricks and onierary vessels of prodigious bulk, for
traffick or offence : Athenseus speaks of some that for their enormous struc-
ture had been taken for mountains and floating islands ; such was that of
Hiero describ'd by the Deipnosophist *, a moving palace,' adorn'd with
gardens of the choicest fruit, and trees for shade : Hippagines -j- is said
to have transported the first horses in larger boats ; others ascribe it to
Darius, when he retir'd into Thrace; though we think them rather of
antienter date, for what else means the ferrying over King David's goods
and carriages, mention'd in the second book of Samuel J? Thus.far
,the keel ; for to the divers parts of vessels, for better speed and govern-
ment, several were the pretender^. The Thasii added decks ; Piseeus
ihe rostrum, or beak-head ; Tiphys the rudder ; Epalamius compleated
the anker, which was at first but of one flook ; but before all these was
the use of oars, which from the Bireme §, invented by the Erythrsei,
came at last to no less than fpurty ordines, or banks (for so many had
Ptolomy Philopater's gaily ||), which,' how to reconcile with possible
(though that famous vessel were built for pomp and ostentation only,
and therefore with a double prow), together with those monstrous ships
of war set forth by Demetrius, which had in thena 4000 rowers, let; the
curious consult the most learned Palmerius, in his Diatriba' upon a
fragment of Memnon % ; and for portentous and costly vessels, the late
Vendosme built by Lewis the Xlllth of France, the Swedish Maga-
leza, the Venetian Bucentoro, not to omit those carricks which the
Spaniard emploies yearly to his Indies. But, neither did all these helps
suffice, 'till they added wings too : they attribute indeed the invention
of masts and cross-yards to those of Greete; but to Thesetis, Icarus,
* Oneraria cerealis Siracusia, ^. ,
t Vide Plin. Hist. Nat. lib. vii. cap. 57. edit. I. G. Franzio. Lips. 1779. vol. III. p. 303, note s,
+ 2 Sam. xix. 18. § Biremis pistrix, vallata turrita, &c.
II Plutarch, in Demet. Athenaeus, lib. c. 9. IT Phoc. 717.
638
andDedalus the application of sails, which, 'tis said, Proteus first skill'd
to manage, and shift with that dexterity, as he was fain'd to turn
himself into all shapes ; and it was, doubtless, no little wonder to see
that a piece of cloth (or, as Pliny, wittily, a despicable seed, for so he
calls that of hemp, of which sails were made,) should be contriv'd to
stir such a bulk, and carry it with that incredible celerity from one ex-
tream of the earth to the other. Of that esteem was this ingenious
invention, that, besides Prometheus and the rest we nam'd, whole coun-
tries challeng'd it, and the Rhodians, lonians, CorinthianSj those of Ty-
rus, Mgypt, JEgineta, Boetia, with innumerable other, vaunt themselves
masters of the science ; nor is there any end of their names. It were a
thing impossible to investigate by whom the several riggings of vessels
and compleat equipments were brought into use : the skill of pilotage
has aids from mathematics and astronomy*; and that of governing
ships in fight is another and a different talent. These, and many more,
were the daughters of time, necessity, and accident ; so as even to our
daies there is ever something adding or still wanting to the complement
of this incomparable art. Of the magnet we shall speak hereafter, nor
are we to despair in the perfecting of longitudes, dies diem docet, and
whilst many pass, science shall be still improv'd. We shall onely ob-
serve, concerning men of war, fleets, and armadas for battel, that Minos
was reported to be the author, which shews that manner of desperate
combat on the waters to be neer as antient as men themselves, since the
Deluge: indeed, to this prince do some attribute the first knowledge of
Navigation f , and that he disputed the empire of the seas with Neptune
himself, who, for his power on the watry element, was esteem'd a god.
But however these particulars may be uncertain, we are able to make
proof, that the first fregats were built by the English, and, generally,
the best and most commodious vessels for all sort of uses in the world ;
and, as the ships, so those who man them acknowledg'd for the most
expert arid couragious in it. But,
12,' From the building of ships we pass to the most celebrlous expe-
ditions that have been made in them. The Gentiles (who doubtless
* Consult Vegetiusj Pollux, Laz. Bayfius, CrescentiuSj &c. f Diodorus, 1. 6 ; Strabp, 1. 10.
639
took Saturn for Noah, and his sons for other of the deities,) naagnifie
sundry of their adventures by sea : and, if from the immediate off-
spring of that ancient patriarch, Shem and Japhet, the Asiatick-Iles,
and those at remoter distances in the Mediterranean and European seas,
were peopl'd (^whilst the Continent, and less dissever'd Africk, was left
to Cham), we have a certain epoch e for the earliest expeditions, and
shall less need to insist on those of the mythical a!rid heroic age ; the
exploits of Osiris, Hercules, Cadmus J the wandrings of Ulysses, and
the leaders that expugn'd Troy. To touch but a few of these : Bacchus,
whose dominion lay about the Gulph of Persia, made of the first adven-
tures, when from him (after the rape of Ariadne) the Tyrrian pirates
learn'd the art of navigation, or rather to become more skillful rovers ;
if at least they were not of the first for antiquity in this art ; since the
Phoenicians (whether expell'd by Joshua, or transported by their curio-
sity,) having spread their name in the Mediterranean, were admir'd as
gods for their boldness on the waters, and esteera'd among the first that
navigated, according to that of the Poet,
Prima ratem ventis credere docta Tyros*.
That Cadmus sail'd into Greece, peopl'd those iles in the ^gean, taught
them letters and sciences, as he had learn'd them from the Hebrews,
we have undoubted testimony. Some affirm that the Phoenicians circl'd
the world long since ; and Herodotus has something to that purpose,
where in his Melpomene he speaks of those whom King Necus caus'd
to embark from the Red Sea, and that ten years after return'd home by
the Columns of Hercules through the Streights : however, that they
penetrated far beyond the Western Ocean, and the shores of Africk, the
expedition of Hanno, in a navy of lx ships, makes out by grave writers ;
so their coming as far as our Britain, the pillars which they fixt at
Gades and Tingis f , to which some report they were crept in early daies :
and as towards the West, so Eastward, taking colonies from Elana and
the Persian-Gulph. As to what they might be for merchants, illus-
trious is the proof out of Esay J, where Tyrus is call'd " the crowning
* Tibullus, lib, i. eleg. vii. + Procopius. t Isaiah, jcxiii. S.
640
ciVj/y whose merchants are princes, whose traffickers are the honourabl&sf
the earth ;" when, under the pretence of transporting commodities into
Greece, they carried away lo, daughter of Inaqhus, which the Cretans
requited, when shortly after their amorous god sail'd away with the
fair Europa in the White-Bull ; for so was the vessel call'd, which gave
occasion to the fable, and serves to prove howantient is the giving
names and badges.*. Indeed, so expert were those of Crete in sea-aflFairs,
and so numerous in shipping, as, by the suffrage of ancient times, there
were none durst contend with them for sovereignty. Let us hear the
tragedian : , .
O Magna vasti Cr eta dominatrixfreti, .
Cujus per omne littus innumerae rates
; Tenuere pontum, quidquid Assyria tenus
Tellure Nereus pervium rostris secat-j~.
13. The Colchick exploit in the famous , Argo (so call'd i from , her
nimble sailing) was perform'd by above 50 gallants, of which nine
were chief under Jason, and Glaucus his experienc'd pilot : but, whe-;
ther they went to those countries about the Euxine shores in hopes of
golden mines (shadow'd by the fleece), or in expectation of the philoso-
pher's stone (said to be in possession of King JEta), we leave to the
romancers. There is in Homer a list of heros, and ships under their
command, mention'd lo be set out by the n«ya%a/o<, or States-General of
those provinces, reported to have been no less than a thousand :
Non anni domu^re decern, non mille Carinaet.
And that this number is not fictitious, not only the wondrous exactness of
the poet in describing the commanders by name, but the nun^ber of ships
under each flag, as the learned Mr. Stanley shews vis, makes it good
beyond exception in his excellent notes upon ^schylus, and we propose
the instance, because it is so very remarkable for its aiitiquity.
14. But, to quit these dark and less certain memorials, and mingle
that of commerce with martial undertakings. The first for whorn we
* Vide Valer. Flaccum Argonaut, 1. 8. Herodot. Hesychium, Suidam, Senecam, Lucianum, Stra-
bonem. Amongst the Poets, Virgil, Persius, Statius, &c,
t Senec. Trag. in Hippolyto, act. 1. + Jliad. 2^. *
641
have divine and infallible recqrd, is of the greatest and the wisest pr
that ever sway'd a scepter: for though it appear the Phoenicians had
the sea before, and perhaps were the first* merchants in the world s
the deluge, yet it was Solomon doubtless who open'd the passage to
South ; when, animated by his directions, and now leaving-off t
Tkfts, and improving their adventures in ships and stouter vessels, <
assay'd to penetrate the farthest Indies, and visit an unknown hemisph
or, if haply they prevented him, yet were now glad to joyn with this |
rious monarch, because of those advantagious ports his father had ta
from the Idiimeans, which might otherwise interrupt their expedite
What a mass of gold and other precious things (the peculiar treasur
princes) this fleet of his brought home the succeeding story relatesf . 1
there is farther notice of mariners, whose trading was for spices
curiosities ; and the voyage to Tarshish (which by some is interpre
the Ocean, as indeed it signifies in the Chaldean language, but do'u
less means Tartessus in Spain), is again repeated. Jehosaphat, a
Solomon, neglected riot these prosperous beginnings, though not v,
' equal success ; for the ships were broken at Esion-Geber. We si
onely remark, upon the account of cohjmerce, that Solomon had no ]
than two fleets destin'd for traffick, of which one went to Ophir (p
haps Sophra, Taprobana, or Ceilon) in the East Indies, and the othei
Tarsis, that is (Tartessus) Cales ; which being then and long after
teem'd the utmost confine of the world, had its name from the Phce
cians, as well as divers other places, and ports of Europe (even as fai
Italy, France, and Brltanny it self), which both they and- we reserve
this day in no obscure footsteps : and that Spain abounded in plenty
gold too (whatever some superficial searchers think) we learn fn
Strabo, Diodorus, Mela, Pliny, and several grave authors J, whose atti
tation may be of good weight, the Tyrians and Phoenicians frequen
sailing into those parts. But, though we had yet no print of this fn
the sacred volumes, it is not to be devls'd how the isles of the Gentll
and other places of inaccessible distance, could be planted and furnisl
u' •■ —
* IIjaTOj o £jiMrojf»i5 a%t,SU-.0(; l/jivvircano, Dionvs, Tlifiny,
f 2 Chron ix. 21. J See Doehartus Phaleg. 1. 3. c. 7. Canaan, 1. I.e. 34.
4 N '
642
without those early intercourses by sea, which by degrees, (as in part is
shew'd) accomplish'd the dominions of warlike men and states, and
encourag/'d some to stupendious attempts. sn
=- 15: To proceed to instances of unquestionable credit,: we, have those
of the Persians and Greeks, both before and since the Peloponnesiack
war :. and, indeed, the Greeks were the first of the heathens "that joyn'd
learning with arms, that did both do and write what was worthy to
be remembred ; and that small parcel qf ground, whose greatness was
then onely valu'd by the vertue of the inhabitants, planted Trapizond
in the East, and divers other cities in Asia the Less, the protection
of whose liberties was the first cause of war between them and the
Persians. As to exploits, the Athenians, and smaller islands of the
JEgean, excdediogly amplified their bounds vpith their naval-power; so
as -Thucydides enumerates their annual descents upion Peloponnesus,
•during that quarrel. But the feploits. of Alcibiades, both when so
ungratefully exil'd from his country and after he was again restor'd to
it, werecelebratied in story, as well as those of 'Conon*, under whom
we first hear of a treasurer of themavy, for. the, better paying of the'
sea-men, even in those early daies: but these conflicts did many of
-thera concern the Persian by Tissaphernes under Darius, Artaxerxes,
and others : the differences also with the' Megarences, where Pisistratus
obtain'd the Victory, and the iexploits of Themistocles ; but especially
that decretory battle in which Xerxes's fleet of 1500 men of War, was
vanquish'd by less than 400, which gave the absolute dominion of the
sea to one city, and so inrich'd it that the Lacedemonians (envious at
her prosperity) maintain'd a war against it, to the almost ruine of both.
See the effects of avarice ! But this was indeed before the Peloponne-
sian war, between the xxxx and i^xxxi v Olympiad, and first com-
menc'd against strangers, and then the Lacedemonians, Gorcyreans,
and other their neighbours, for the space of. seven years continu-
ance, till by the courage and good conduct of Lysander, a peace was
at last concluded, with the destruction of Athens, as it usually happens
to the first who give the occasion, and are the a^ressors. She was yet
* Justini, Hist. PhilippicBe, lib, 5.
643
set-up once again, by that gillant exile whom we nam'd, under the.
banner of Artaxerxes*; but so to the desok'tion'of poor Greece (weakn'd-
by her many conflicts) that King. Philip, and \u& son Alexander, soon
took their advantage, to make themselves first masters: at sea, and then:
of the world; for they. are infallible consequents. And here.we mi^ht
speak: something of Corinth^ a city (if ever any) emulous' of the
highest praises for trafiSct and exploits at sea; but we involve, her
amongst the Grecians, and pass over to the opposite shpar; , where,
upon division of the Macedonian empire, we find the Carthaginians
(a people originally: from Tyrus) of the earliest famefor Gommerce,
and so well appointed for the sea, as gave terrour to Rdmei herself:
nor do we forget the Syracusans, reriown'd for their many glorious
actions at sea, which continu'd to the very Punick War, the most obsti-
nate that history has recorded. . . <
16. It was 49iJ years from the foundation of the city, before they had
atchieved any thing considerable on the waters ; when finding the
wonted progi-ess of their victories obstructed •- by those of Carthage
(then lords at sea), they fell in earnest to the building of ships of war,
and devising engines of offence, which before they hardly thought of.
Their first expedition' by sea was under Appius GlaudiuSj against the
Sicilians, which made those of, Africa look about them, and gave rise to
the Punick War under GajusDuillius, and his coUegue, with an .hun-
dred rostrated vessels^* and seventy-five gallies : but the most memo-
rable for number was when the two admirals M. Regulus and L. Manlius,;
with above an hundred thousand men (In ships that had every one
three hundred at the oar), were encounter'd with a yet more prodigious
force in the battle at Heraclea, unfortunate to the Carthaginians : but,
neither did it so determine: for, when Hannibal (returning out of
Spain) invaded Italy, the Romans ,found no better expedient to divert
him, than by dispatching Scipio, witha fleet into Africa. The third and
last contest (after a little repose) deteririin'd not till the utter ruineand-
subversion of that emulous neighbour. These several conflicts with
this hostile^ city (which Jasted near twenty years) are^admitably de-
scrlb'd by Polybius ; especially; that, of M. Regulus, who with that
unequal power fought three battels in one day ; and in another.
644
^milius (with about the same number of ships) took and sunk abov©
an hundred more, and slew near forty thousand of the enemy, though;
by the terrible and unfortunate wrack which afterwards surpriz'd hiniy
such another victory had undone them. They made war, after this,'
with the Achaians, Balearians, Cilicians, Sertorlans, and those of Crete ;
indeed, wheresoever they found rji^^istance, diffident yet at first of this
unaccustom'd manner of combate, and which for sometime cans'd them
to lay it by ; but they quickly resum'd it, and overcoming all difficul-
ties, then onely might be said to speed conquerours of the world when
they had conquer'd the sea, and subdu'd the waters.
17. The Piratick- War of Pompey we find celebrated by Tully, pro
lege Manilia: he inyaded the Cyclades, won Corcyra, got Athens,.
Pontus, and Bithynia*, and cleared the seas with that wonderful dili-.
gence, that in forty daies time he left not a rover in all the Mediterra-
nean, though grown to that power and number as to give terrour to
the Gommon-wealth. We forbear to speak of Sextus, his. unfortunate
son, vanquish'd by the treachery of his liibertus Menodorusf, and
pass, to the great Augiistus, who in many sea conflicts signaliz'd his
courage; especially in that decretory battail at Actium, where the
contest was de summa rerum, and the world by sea, first subdu'd to
the empire of a single person. What discoveries this niighty prince
made, did as far exceed his praedecessours,' as the frozen north and
horrid coasts of Cimbria tlie milder clime of our Britain, which was
yet in those daies esteem'd another world, and her boundaries as much
unknown as those of Virginia to us; 't was call'd -^^Zfer Orhis ; arid
grave authors J, who speak of the unpassibleness of the ocean, mention
the worlds that lay beyond it : Morinorum gentem ultimam, esse mor-
taliumy says Ptolomy; and the prince of poets,
Extremique hominum Morini.
For it appears no late fancy, that all was hot discover*d long before
Gblumbus ; though those who took the heavens for a kind of hollow
* Florusand Plutarch. t Call'd also Menas by Horace, lj!pod. on Ode IV.
J Especially Clem. Komanus. See also Josephus, Die, Eutronius,,Scaliger, &c.
645
arch, covering orrely what was then delected, little jdream'd of A
pddes. 'Tis famous yet what .the prophetick tragaedian* has pffer'd
and a thing beyond dispute, that the antients had the same notion
our country as of America : but to leave these enquiries , at pre:
(till we come more particularly to speak of our country in the foil
ing- series), we shall onely, as to the Romans, give the curious a.ti
what care these wise people had of their naval preparations, when c
(as we have shew'd) they found the importance of it, and, after 1
prudent a method they dlspos'd it.
18. Augustus had in his military establishment one squadron of r
of war at Ravenna, as a constant guard of the Adriatic ; and anol
riding at Misenum f , to scowr the Tyrrhen-Sea, together with a brig
(»f foot-souldiers at either port, to clap on. board upon any sud
occasion. The Misenian fleet lay conveniently for France, Sp,
Morocco, Africk, ^gypt, Sardinia, and Sicily J ; that at Ravenna,
Eplrus, Macedon, Achaia, Propontls, Pontus ; the Levantine pa
Creete, Rhodes, and Cyprus, &c. § So as by the number of tl
vessels and arms they made a bridge (as it were) to; all their p
vlnces and vast dominions, at what distance soever || : and mi
of these particulars we could farther illustrate by medals and nc
ifiscriptions to be gather'd out of good records, did we need
ostentation of any farther researches ^ : we shall only observe, t
they had their prcetorio prtBfectus, who Inspected all this. ]\
■rlne laws and customes they also had : vyhence was it else that
corn fleet was still from Alexandriato make Puteoli, as it were
coquet bound ; so the ships of that port: SeeActs xxvlll. 11, 12,
Whence else was it that onely the same corn fleet as being of
absolute necessity for the sustenance of the imperial city, had the j
vlledge to come into harbour with top and top gallant; unless the r
did supparum dimere, or strike sail to the ports of the empire ?
early was the claim to the flag, and the ceremonies of naval-hon<
stated. Yet higher; their rostrate crowns*, and that pretty ipsolei
» Senec. in Med. \ Sueton. in Aug. c. 49. } Vegetius. § Notitia Imperii.
IJ MIL. CL. P. R. AR. Miles Clnssis Pratoria Ravennatis.
^ PRiETOR. MAR. ET. CL. M. R MilUus Ravennatis. ** See Tiilly de Senec
64fi
by act of senate allow'd to C. Duilllus, after having won the Romans
their first victory at sea, that he. should, all his life after, be brought to
the publick entertainments in the Town-Hall with a pipe playing
before him, and flambeaux on each side*; that column too, whose
fragments yet preserv'd, exhibit with the memory of that illustrious
action perhaps the ancientest piece of Latin now extant, at least in the
originals. All these allegations do abundantly testifie with what trans-
ports of joy that aspiring people receiv'd the accession of power by sea.
They also had their Demrice fabi^onim JRhavennatiumy master shvp-
wrights of the dock at Rhavenna ; and we fiiid fire-ships mention'd in
Frontinusf ; stinkTpots, nay snake-pots, and false-colours ; for such
we read were usM by Cassius, Scipio, Annibal, M. Fortius, Iphicrates,
Pisistratu.Sj and others. And if the Trajan port at Ostia were now
extant, we might see such a pattern of a mole, Jantern, magazine for
ships, and accommodation for merchants goods, as was never- before in
the world, and would put to shame all modern industry of that nature;
to shew the care they had, and the. prodigious expences they made, for
this so important and necessary a work : but these things hapning in
her early and best daies, the fervour quickly abated ; for from the death
of Augustus, and some few of the succeeding em perours (as in that
decline J, by the conduct of' Behsarius, Artabanes, and some of the
later captains) the Romans, as powerful by land as they were, performed-
not much at sea : those glorious actions were the consequents of a
frugal and vigilant people; but, when softness and prodigality took
off their minds from the great and noble enterprizes of their ances-
tors and the defence of their country was discompos'd by factions
among themselves, the Goths, Vandales, Lombards, and Saracens
broke in upon them, to the utter ruine and subversion of that renowned
empire.
■ 19. But the business of Navigation and Commerce (which could not
long: be eclips'd, so soon as a magnanimous prince appear'd) was again
reviv'd under Charles the Great ; about whose time it were not hard to
* Grutei's Inscripiions. t Front. Stratagem, 1. 4. c. 7.
+ Vide Piocopium, 1. 3. Paulus Diaconus, 1. 14.
647
find out the original of almost all the naval- offices, a.nd thalassiarchia
or admiralty, to this day continuing; as appears in both the Notitiee
Imperii Qcddentalis Sp Ch'ientalis, wherein there octur divers notable
particulars concerning them, even till the loss of Gonstantinople and
the imperial seat itself: but to trace this great article from its source,
arid shew the progress it has made in the ages past, we have but to look
over the catalogue which Eusebius* has given us, adjusted to the
epoche in which they had successive dominion of the sea : namely, the
LydiansXvhom (as appearing the most conspicuous) he sets in the van :
then the Pelasgi, Thrac^s, Rh'odians, Phrygians, Phoenicians, the Egypt-
ians, Milesians, those of Caria, Lesbia, the Phocenses, Naxli, Eretrlen-
ses, JEginetae, and others -too long to recite: let us lookback to the
JEgyptians, who we read were so addicted to''"traffick as they essayed to
joyn the Mediterranean with the Red-Sea, and "thereby open a passage
to the Commerce of Arabia, Ethiopia, and the shears of India : which
attempt (unsuccessful as it prov'd) did not yet impeach the " Alexan-
drian staple, from whence Rome of old, the Genoezes, Venetians, and
others of later datte, have inricht themselves : for the eastern scale being
in Caesars time at Coptos, arid afterwards remov'd to Alexandria ;
when the Arabs and Goths overran the world (a,nd the Indian trade
interrupted), was convey'd to Trebezdnd upon the Euxine, and from
thence by caravan to Aleppo, thence again recover'd to the Red-Sea,
and Alexandria by the Sultan, who then possessed Cairo^ where it was
long monopoliz'd by the Venetians, of whom we give a more .particular
account. What immense treasure the Romans received out of Asia
and Syria; out of Afiica from Egypt, and by the Nile; the Persian
Gulf, and from India, we are told out of Strabof. This merchandize
was first convey'd over-land from Berenice, by Philadelphus (to avoid
the perils of navigating the Red-Sea (to Popta on the Nilus ; and
thence (with the stream) to Alexandria, though many ships adventur'd
to pass from Muris (or the Berenice above-men tion'd) even to the very
Indies ; by which means there came yearly to Rome no less than 1000
tuns of gold, besides other precious commodities. But, whfin the
* In Thesaurus Tetoporum. t Lib. 17.
648
empire fell to decay, the Venetians (as we noted) took their advantage,
till then a few scatter'd cottages of poor fisher-men and others, fugitives
from the Gotic Inundation, and setling by degrees upon a cluster of
divers muddy and almost inaccessible islands : see what Commerce can
effect ! But these industrious people assay'd another way, namely, from
Ganges through Baclria, and the River Oxus, and so by the Caspian
Lake, Astracan, and the Volga ; thence to Tanais by the Euxine, and so
to Venice ; trulv an immense circle, and which soon wearied them out,
when even of later times the negoce of India was supplied from
Tripoly, and Alexandretta (cities of Syria), and from Aleppo by cara-
van, to which scale merchants came from Armenia, Arabia, ^gypt,
Persia, and generally from all the oriental countries. From Alepjx)
again they return'd to Bir near the Euphrates ; thence to Badaget, or
Ophram in Media ; Balsara, and the gulph all down the stream : to
this Balsara is yet brought all sorts of Indian commodities, as far as
-Ethiopia, and the islands of that oeean ; where, being charg'd on
smaller vessels, they are tow'd-up against the Euphrates to Bagdet ;
in which passage being now and then interrupted by the thievish
Arabs (especially at the frontiers), in,telligence is familiarly convey'd by
the inter-nunce of pidgeons trained up for the purpose, that is, carried
in open cages from the dove-houses, and freed with their letters of
advice (contriv'd in narrow scrowls- about their bodies, and under the
wing), whiclr they bring with wonderful expedition : as they likewise
practise it from Scanderoon to Aleppo upon the coming in of ships, and
other occasions. These were the later intercourses from Venice to and
from the oriental parts, till in the year 149/ that the famous Vasco
de Gama (that fortunate Portugueze, and whom we may truly call the
restorer of Navigation,) found out a nearer way, by going farther about :
for Henry, the third son of John the First of Portugal*, hearing that
Bethencourt, a Norman,,had detected certain islands in the Atlantick
Ocean some years before f, sent two ships in search' of the Africa shoars
southwards : ten years after this, Gonsalves Zargo and Tristan Vaz
made discovery of Madera J, and certain Genoezes had sail'd as far as
* mO- t 1344. + Detected before by one Machin, an English man.
649
,^lerra Leonai wjthjn eight degress of tlie Equator ; after which, there
was little advance till the reign of Alphonsus the Second, in whose
time the Portuguezes coasted as far as the promontory of St. Katherine,
jander the second degree of southern latitude ; but John the Second
sending men by the old way of Alexandria, and the Midland-Sea to
Goa, Peter Covilan, an active spirit amongst them, hearing of a
famous cape, which extending itself far into the sea, and that being
doubl'd, did open a passage into the east, brought news of It to King
Emianuel (then reigning), who thereupon employ'd the two brothers
Vasques (whom we nam'd) and Paulo, with four vessels and 1 60 men,
with that -success, as to discover a passage to the Indies bv Loi^-Sea,
to the almost utter ruine of Venice ; and, in a short time after, to the
total interruption of that tedious circle by land, rivers, and lakes,
which we have been describing; nor are we to forget Petrus Alvarez,
Alriieida, and others : and in this manner for divers years (at least till
the reign of John the Third) did the Portugals and Spaniards carry the
trade of the world, from the rest of the world, till the Hollanders
(bding prohibited all intercourse with the ports belonging to the
Gatholick-Kings) attempted the same discovery, and in short time so
out-did the former, that by the year 1595 they had establish'd a
company for the East-Indies, and within a while after, another for the
West*, which has subduM the best part of Brazile, and in the year
rl628 fought and took the ^Spanish Plate-fleet to their immense
inrichment: but in what manner they have setled themselves and
factories in those parts, and by what arts maintain'd it, will require a
fuller discovery. ;
20. We hot long-since mention'd the Goths and Vandals, and who
almost has taken notice of the ancient port of Wisby, formerly a
receptacle of ships, and famous emporium in those parts ? when even
the laws and ordinances of Wisby tjook place, like those of Oleron,
frorn Muscovy, to the streights of Gibraltar; and though both Olaus
Magnus, Herbestan, and others, have exceedingly celebrated this city,
and haven ; yet we cannot learn how it came to be deserted, unless by
* 1624.
4 o
650
luxury and dlssentions of the inhabitants ; by none (that we can find
recorded : but that it was once in so flourishing a state, testifie the ye
remaining heaps, the columns of marble, jasper, and porphyrie ; th(
gates of brass and iron, exquisitely wrought, and other foot-steps o
august foundations. Albertus the Swedish King endeavour'd by grea
privileges to have (it seems) establish'd again, and restor'd it to it
ancient splendour, but it did not succeed : nevertheless, the laws W(
mention'd (written in the old Theutonick language, and without date)
obtain'd amongst the Germans, Danes, Flemmings, and almost all th(
northern people ; we mention the instance to shew, that as some places
have Tset-up and thriven by their industry, so others have lost whai
they once possess'd ; and that this vicissitude is unavoidable, Tyrus, anc
Carthage, and Corinth, and Syracuse (that in their turns contendec
with all the world for Navigation and Commerce), are pregnant exam-
ples. The famous Brundusium (whence the great Pompey fled frona
the fortune of Caesar) is now quite choak'd-up : Joppa is no more, and
Tinjis, which of old deriv'd its name from Commerce, and was a
renown'd emporium near three hundred years before Carthage was a
city, was lately the desolate Tangiers ; though now again, by the influ-
ence of our glorious monarch, raising its aged head with fresh vigour.
But what's become of hundreds we might name ; Spina near Ravenna,
Luna in Etruria, Lesbss, and even Athens her self*? When nearer
home, and at our own doors, Stavernen in Friezland, anciently a famous
port, now desolate ; Antwerp (lately the staple for the- spice and riches
of the East, and that sold more in one month than Venice did in four
and twenty) lies abandoned. The stately Genoa (which once employ'd
twice-twenty thousand hands in the silken manufacture) is now, with
her-elder-sister Venice, ebbing apace ; Venice, I say, the belov'd of the
sea, seems now forlorne, compar'd to what she was, and from how
small a principle she had spread !
21. The Bretons and Normans (especially against the Saracens), those
of Province, Marseilles, Narbonne, &c. had long since been famous at
We say long since, for the ancient Gaules had great commerce with
* Strabo, Dionys. Halicainas. See Isaiah, chap, xxiii.
651
those of Carthage (as appears out of Polybyus and Livy), but the
French in general have of later dales, and since the reign of Charles
the Eighth, performed little considerable. Francis the First (that
magnificent Prince,- who had made the famous Andrea, Dorla his admi-
ral) built indeed no less than fifty gallies for the Italick-War, and had
some conflicts with our king his neighbour; but Henry the Fourth
seem'd wholly negligent of sea-afiPairs, relying upon the generosity
of Queen Elizabeth, in whose dales neither he nor any other poten-
tate about her, durst pretend to shipping, or such fleets as might give
jealousie to their allies ; which, had this incomparable Princess, or
rather her peaceful successor, as well observ'd with the Hollanders in
point of Commerce and Trade too, the ages to come, as well as present,
had been doubly oblig'cl to their memory. But the scene is now chang'd,
as well with them as with France; since Cardinal de Richelieu, in the
reign of Lewis the Thirteenth, instituting a colledge and fraternity of
merchants about thirty years since ; and by opening, enlarging, and im-
proving their ports and magazines, has put the present Monarch into
such a condition, as has exceedingly advanc'd his Commerce, and given
principle to no inconsiderable navy ; and if Claud. Pat. Sesellius *, the
Bishop of Marseilles' prophecies succeed (who writ about the time of
Lewis the Twelfth), the northern world is like to have an importunate
neighbour within few years to come, from his growing power, even upon
the ocean,
22. The Danes and more northern people were formidable (especially
to this island) under the conduct of their brave Canute, Ubbo the Fri-
zian, and other captains ; making frequent descents upon us in mighty
fleets, encounter'd by the Saxons : but all these living more by brigandize
and piracy than by traffick, gave place to the Spaniard and Portugals,
whose successful expeditions and discoveries have rendred them deserved-
ly more worthy for these last six or seven hundred years, than any we have
hitherto mention'd, for their shedding of blood and invasions. Nor with
less glory, and timely application of themselves to sea-affairs, did the for-
merly-mention'd Genoezes, and others of the Ligurian coast, signalize
* De Repub. Galli2e, I. 2.
652
their courage, as well as their dexterity in traffick, especially i
the Saracens; since which they did exceedingly flourish, till the
of Tuscany, by better policy, and the direction of Count Dudle
tended Duke of Northumberland), raising its neighbour Ligorn
despicable and neglected place to a free and well-defended p(
well nigh ruin it ; for by this means the greatest merchants for
in the world (namely, those of Genoa) are become the greate
sordidst usurers in it ; as having otherwise little means to empl
riches which they formerly got by a more honest and natural
trade. But as the opening of Marseilles may in time endanger
Ligorn, whilst the French King is courting all the world with i
lization, and other popular immunities ; other princes are ins
how to render themselves considerable, who are blest with any
tagious post upon the bordures of the ocean ; and of this. Got
(not to mention Villa-Franca, and some other ports,) is now a
instance, which till of late was hardly known beyond its i
suburbs, though it must be acknowledg'd that both the Dan
Sweeds had perform'd notable exploits ; the former from Hei
Third, by the conduct of Ubbo the Frisian (not to insist o
heavy impositions on this island), and the latter from Gustavus thi
who serv'd himself of gallies even upon the Northern Seas, bi
him by the Venetians, and set out that enormous ship we men
which carryed thirteen hundred men. What conquests the lati
Adolphus made, with an armada of two hundred ships, is knowr
amazement of Europe.
23. We have more than once shew'd from how humble a rise
had exalted her head, and spread the fame of her conquests, as
Navigation, over Asia, -^gypt, Syria, Pontus, Greece, and othei
tries bordering upon the ocean : she war'd against the Istrians, ai
quish'd the Saracens. In the Holy-land they won Smyrna, d
all the Phoenician shpars, especially under Dominico Michael
with two hundred vessels, having rais'd the siege of Joppa, took
Samos, Lesbos ; to omit their successes against the Genoezes e
of their growth, but never to forget the former, and of late sti
resistance against the Turk ; especially in that signal battle of L
653
and what their famous general Capello did at Tunis and Algiers fjf
later time, and the building, furniture, and oeconomy of their arsenal
and magazines celebrated throughout the world ; when (before the
lucky Portuguezes had doubl'd the Cape of Bon-Esperanza) the sweet
of the Levantine Commerce (transfer'd from this port onely) invited
men to build not ships alone, but houses and palaces in the very bosom
of Neptune, with a stupendious expence, and almost miraculous. The
government of their maritime affairs, care of their forrests, victualling,
courage and Industry of their greatest noble-men, \vho are frequently
made captains of single gallies, and sometimes arriving to be chief
admirals, come near a dictatorship ; are things worthy of praise, and
of the name they have obtain'd. Genoa (whom we mentlon'd) had
signaliz'd It self against the Saracens, the Republic of Pisa, and even
Venice it self, especially under Paganus Doria In the year 1352, near
the Bosphorus strelght ; and with the Island of Tenldos had been hir'd
by the young Andronlcus to come into his assistance. From the time
of Cosmo dl Medices, and Sylvius PIccolomlnl their Admiral, the Flo-
rentines gave proof of their valour In Africa, and of their care for sea
affairs, the Arsenal at Pisa gives a commendable instance.
24. The Rhodans (to whom some attribute even the invention of
Navigation, and whose constitutions were universally recelv'd,) obtain'd
a mighty repute at sea ; and the courageous exploits of the Maltezes
and other military orders against the common enemy, the Turk, are
renown'd over the world ; vvltness ten thousand which they slew, and
half as many that they took In the year 1308, with hundred thousands .
of those miscreants destroy'd by them since their removal to Malta ;
especially when joyn'd with the gallies of Venice and Genoa, in the
years 1601, 1625, 1638, and other slaughters Innumerable. We name
the Turk, and they give us cause to remember them, by what the
Christian Pale has too often felt, when, more by their numbers than
their courage, they took from It Cyprus, Rhodes, and the never to be
forgotten Candla, besides their conquests and incursions on the rest of
Europe and Asia ; they are not, 'tis confess'd, of any name for much
Commerce, but for the disturbance of It, which calls aloud upon the
Christian world to put a timely period to their insolence, before It be
654
incorrigible, and to pursue the bold and brave exploits of our Blakes,
Lawsonsj and Sprags, against the Moores and Barbares, and by example
of our heroic prince, to restore that security to trade, which can oaelv
make it re-flourish.
25. The Ethiopians, Persians, Indians, and .Chinezes (for those of
Tartary present or ancient Scyths come hardly into this account), may
be reckon'd among the nations of traffic ; especially the last nam'd, as
who are by some thought to have had knowledge of the magnet before
the Europeans ; nay, so addicted were they to sailing, that they in-
vented veliferous chariots, and to sail upon the land : it was long since
that they had intercourse with those of Madagascar, and came some-
times as far as the Red-Sea with their wares ; and for vessels have to
this day about Nankin, jonks of such prodigious size, as seem like cities
rather than ships, built full of houses, and replenish'd with whole fami-
lies : in short, there is hardly a nation so rude, but who in some degree
cultivate navigation, and are charm'd with the advantages of commerce.
But it would cost an immense volume to discourse at large of these
things in particular, and to mention onely the brave men who have in
all ages signalized themselves at sea for their arras, or more peaceful
arts ; to count the names of the famous captains and adventures of later
times, whose expeditions have been war-like, and for invasion, and
many for discoveries and commerce. Here then we contract our sails,
and shall direct our course nearer home, from whence we have been so
long diverted.
26. The first that presents itself to our second consideration, are the
Spaniards and Castilians, who (upon the success of their neighbours the
Portugals), making use of that fortunate stranger Columbus, prompted
by a magnanimous genius and a little philosophy, discover'd to us a
new world. This great man being furnish'd out by Ferdinand and
Isabella of Castile, in four voyages, which he made from the year 1492
to 1502, detected the Antillias, Cuba, Jamaica, &c. with some of
the Terra jirma ; though, to let pass Zeno (a noble Venetian, reported
to have discover'd the North-east part of America above an hundred
years before *), there be who tells us, that a certain obscure mariner
» 1390.
655
(Alphonso Zanches de Huelva by name) had the first sight of this
goodly prospect eight years before this glorious Genoeze (for Columljus
was of that city), or any of the pretenders. This poor sea- man, hurried
upon those unknown coasts by tempests, which continu'd for almost a
full month, was carried as far as St. Domingo in Hispaniola : how be
return'd is not Said ; but that from the observations of this adventure
Christophero receiv'd the first notices of what he afterwards improv'd,
being at that time in the Maderas, where Zanches arriving, died not
long after, and bequeath'd him all his charts and papers. There are per-
sons likewise who affirm, that some mean Biscayers (losing themselves in
pursuit of whale-fishing) had fall'n upon some of the American Islands,
above an hundred years before either of the former ; but, since of this
we have no authentic proofs : certain it is that Columbus, taking his
conjectures from the spiring of certain winds from the Western points,
by strong impulse, concluded that there must needs be some continent
towards those quarters. Upon this confidence, he offers first his service
to John King of Portugal, and then to our Henry the Seventh of Eng-
land, by both which princes rejected for a rbmantlc dream, he repairs to
the Court of Spain, where, partly by his importunity, and much by the
favour of Isabella, he was with great difficulty set out at last ; when to
equip him, the royal lady was fain to pawn some of her jewels : but it
was well repaid, when for the value of 17>000 crowns he not long after
return'd her almost as many tuns of treasure, and within eight of nine
years, to the Kings sole use, above 1,500,000 of silver, and 360 tuns
of gold*. See the reward of, faith, and of things not seen! These
fortunate beginnings were pursu'd by Americus Vesputius (a Floren-
tine, and a stranger too), who being sent by Emanuel of Portugal to,
the Molucca Islands (five years after), hapning to be driven upon the
same coast, carried away the name, though not the honour, from all the
former, though there be who upon^good proof affirm that John Chabot,
a Venetian, and his son Sebastian (born with us at Bristol), had disco-
ver'd Florida, and the shoars of Virginia, with that whole tract as far as
New-found-land, before the bold Genoeze ; nay, that Thorn and Eliot
Cboth countrymen of ours) detected this New-world before Columbus
* 1497.
656
ever set foot upon it; for we will say nothing of the famous Owen Gwy-
nedd, whose adventures are of yet greater antiquity, and might serve
to give reputation to that noble enterprize, if we had a mind to be con-
tentious for it. But,
27- That indeed the most shining exploits of this age of discoveries
were chiefly due to the several heros of this island, we have but to call
over the names of Drake, Hawkins, Cavendish, Frobisher, Davis, Hud-
son, Raleigh, and others of no less merit : for Impossible it was that
the English should not share in dangers with the most renowned in so
glorious an enterprize; our Drake being the first of any mortal to whom
God vouchsafed the stupendious atchievement of encompassing not this
New-World alone, but New and Old together; both of them twice em-
brac'd by this demi-god ; for Magellan, being slain at the Manlllias,
was interrupted in his intended course *, and left the exploit to Sebas-
tian Camus his colleague.
28. This voyage of Drake was first to Nombre de Dios; where coming
to a sight of the South-Seas, with tears of joy in his eyes, his mind was
never in repose till he had gotten into it, as in five years after he accom-
plish'd it, when passing through the Magellan Streight towards the
other Indies, and doubling the famous promontory, he circumnavigated
the whole earth, and taking from the Spaniard, St. Jago, Domingo,
Cartagena, and other signal places, crown'd in the name of his mistress
the Queen, at Nova Albion, he return'd to his country, and to a crown
of immortal honour. This gallant man was leader to Cavendish, an-
other countryman of ours, of no less resolution ; for these brave persons,
scorning any longer to creep by shoars, and be oblig'd to uncertain
constellations, plow'd-up unfathomable abysses, without ken of earth
or heaven, and really accomplish'd actions beyond all that the poets of
old, or any former record, fruitful in wonders, could invent or relate.
29. And now every nation, stimulated by these adventures, daily
, added new things to the accomplishment of the art ; things, I say, un-
known to former ages. And herein were the Portugals very prosperous,
one of whose princes brought first into use the astrolabe, and tables of
declination, with other arithmetical and astronomical rules applicable to
* 1528,
657
navigation ; besides what several others had from time to time invented :
but neither were these to be compar'd to the nautic box and feats
of the magnet, before which the science was so imperfect, and mari-
ners so terrified at long voyages, that there were laws to prohibit sail-
ing, even upon the Mediterranean, during the winter season ; and,
however great things have been reported of Plato's Atlantic, the dis-
coveries of Hanno, Eudoxius, and others of old time, from the Per-
sian Gulph, as far as Cales : it was still with sneaking by the shoar, in
continual sight of land, or by chance, which indeed has been a fruit-
ful mother in these and most other discoveries, that men might learn
humility, and not sacrifice to their own uncertain reasonings. In that
memorable expedition* of the French to invade our country, there
was hardly a pilot to be found who durst adventure twenty leagues
into the main; and those who had been the most assur'd did hardly
reach within many degrees of the ^Equinoctial. The Azores were
first stumbl'd upon by a roaming pirat, surpriz'd by storm: all the
Asiatic Indian seas, and some of Africa, lay almost as much in the dark
as the Hyperboreans and horrid North. And though this defect was
encounter'd more than two ages past ■j', by that ever to be renown'd
Italian, Flavio of Mel phi (for we pass what is reported of the ancient
Arabs, Paulus Venetus, and others), yet was it near fourscore years after
ere it came so far North as these countries of ours, to which his needles
continually pointed. But it was now when the fullness of time was
come, that bv this means the Western Indies should be no longer a
secret and what have been the incomparable advantages which this
despicable stone has produc'd (the property whereof is ever to have Its
poles converted to the poles of the world, and its axes directed parallel
to the axes of the world). Is argument of admiration : but that by virtue
of this dull pebble such a continent of land, such myriads of people,
such inexhaustible treasures, and so many wonders should be brought to
light, plainly astonishes, and may instruct the proudest of us all not to
contemn small things, since so it oftentimes pleases the Almighty to
humble the loftiness of men, and to choose the base things of the world
to confound the things that are mighty. And less than this we could
* 1305. t 1465. ^
4p
658
not say concerning that inestimable jewel by whose aid and direction^
the coniBaerce and jtraffick of ^he. world has receiv'd such advantages. :
30. We have now dispatcli'd the JRortugals and the Spaniards : there
remain the English and the Hollanders, who, courting the good graces
of the same mistress, the trade of the world, divide the world between
them. Deservedly thpn wCr, celebrate the industry of the Batavians :
they must really be look'd upon as a wqnderful people; nor do we di-
minish our selves whilst we magrjifie any Worthy actions of theirs, since
it capnipt but redound to our glory, who have been the occasion pf it,
and.thatasi. often as they have. forgotten it, we have been able to chas-
tize them for it : it is, I say, a. miracle, that a people (who have no
principle of trade among theijiselves): should in so short a space become
such masters of it : their growth ('tis confess' d) is admirable ; and if -it
prove as solid and permanent- as it has been speedy, Rome must her self
submit to the comparisoi^ : but we know who has calculated her nati-
vity *, and that violent things are not alwaies lasting.; We will yet give
them their due; they are gyants for stature, fierce in beard and counte-
nance, full of goodly towns, strong- in munition, numerous; in shipping ;
in a word, highland n;iighty states, and all this the product of commerce
and navigation ; but by w^hat just arts equally and in all parts improv'd,
we may hereafter enquire, as well as to whose kindness they have been
the most obliged and the most ingratefiul. We omit to speak here of
their discoveries and plantations, which the curious may find in the
journals of Heem^kerk, Oliver Vander-Nordt, Spilberg, Le Maire (wfeo
went six degrees farther South than Magellan himself, and found a
shorter passage into those seas) ; to these we may add L'Eremite, the
late compilers of their Atlasses, and others, which many volumes would
hardly comprehend, because they are generally known. Tacitus, and
other famous authorjs, have celebrated their early exploits at sea;
and, of later times f, Fredric Barburossa did bravely against the Sara-
cens at Pelusium in ^gypt. The Frisians greatly infested the Danes
and those of Flanders, especially under William the son of John Count
pf Holland, and in the time of Philip the good Duke of Burgundy.
They were the first that wore the broome, when, anno 1438, they had
* Bentivoglio, Guerra di Fiandra. -f 1219.
659
clear'd the Levantine seas, subdu'd the Geribezes, and vanqulsh'd the
French about an bundred years after*: how they plagu'd the Spaniard and
Portugals, from the year 1572 to almost this day, there is'no body igno-
rant of ; and for that of their discoveries, (^eei)ero i^rioM ntariUni U-
tora^quasvedesinentis mundi oras scrutata noii est Belgar^umndiiticdf}
was justly due to -them from Strada; and the truth is, they hkve merited
of fame for mapy vertues, and shew'd from what small and despJcabk
rudiments great things have emerged; and that trafEck alone, which at
the first raised, has hitherto supported this grandure against a most
puissant toonarch for almost an age intire : but; their admission of'for-
reigners, increase of hands, encouraging manufactures, free and open
ports, low customes, toUeration of Teligions,' natural frugality, and in-
defat^able industry, could^ indeed, portend no less. We conblude then
with England, which, though last in order, was not the last in our de-
sign; whet)', upon refleetibn on our late differences with our neighbours
of Holland^ \ve thought it not unsuitable to preface something concern-
ing the progress of that commerce which has been the subject of so
many conflicts between us. • , .. i' . ,
31. To the little which has been hithertb said of the great things
which our nation hasperform'd by sea in the latfer ages,' we might super-
add the gallantry and brave adventures of former'; since from no obscure
authors we learn J, 'the Britains to have accompanied the CImbrians
and Graulsin their meniorable expedition into Greebe, long before the
Incarnation of our Lord, and whilst they were yet strangers to the Ro-
man ^ world; not to insist on the C^asslterides^ known to thie Phceniciansj
and wItb;sovmuch judgment vindicated by a learned author § in that his
exceUent and useful Institution. In 'all events we resort to the greateist
captain, and, .without dispute, the purest bf ancient writfers: the descrip-
tion which Caesar II makes of the supplies' this island afforded the Gauls
(and which miade him think it worth his while to brifig bver his legions
hither)-, will Inform us, that the structure of their vessels was not altp-
* V. Pont, Heuterus Austr. 1. 13. ■'
f Stradae de Bello Belgico, Decas. 1. lib. 1, pa^. 18. folio, Rom. 1632.
+ Camden ; Strabo, 1. 3.
§ W. Howell, Institution of Gen. Hbt, — Bocharti Canaan, 1. 1. c. 39. & 1. 3. c. 9.
II DefielloGall.lib. 3.
660
gether of twigs and oxes-hides ; and the Veneti, it seems, had then
navy of no less than 200 sail, built of goodly oak, tall, and so brave
equipped for war, and to endure the sea, as that great general ackno\
ledg'd the Romans themselves had nothing approach'd it : which v
mention, because divers grave authors believe the British vessels (se
sometime as auxiliaries) were thought to be like them. And the slend
experience which the Gauls (or, in truth, any other neighbour of their
had of the opposite shoars, when the Britains were thus instructed boi
for defence and commerce (and at that time permitted certain me
chants onely to frequent their coasts), is a fair praescription how ear
she intituled her self to the dominion of the seas; which, if at any tin
interrupted by barbarous surprise or invasion (as in the ages followin
it seem'd to be), yet neither did that continue any longer than till tl
prevalent force was established, which soon asserting the title, as lord
and in right of England^ raaintain'd her prserogative from time imme
morial. I know not why, therefore, a solitary writer or two should g
about to deprive this nation of more than twelve hundred years at onci
because an heroick prince has had the misfortune to have his mighl
actions reported by some weak and less accurate pens ; yet such as tl
times wherein they liv'd could furnish, especially too, since this hi
been the fate of as brave men as any wh,om history has recorded : bu
by this pretence, some there are who would take from us the renowne
Arthur, who is reported to have led his squadrons as far as Ice-land ^
and brought the Northern people under his flag, planting the confint
of the British Ocean as far as the Russian tracts ; and this (togeth<
with all the Northern and Eastern isles) to be, de Jure, appendice
unto this kingdom, we may find in the leges Edwardi, confirm'd by tli
Norman Conquerour, for so it had been left to the famous Edgar (<
mention onely Egbert, Alfred, Ethelred, &c. princes all of them sig
nally meritorious for their care of the sea), who, soon finding by expt
rience what benefit and protection his country receiv'd by the extraord
nary vigilancy on the coasts, and the vindicating of his dominions o
the waters, cover'd them at once with no less than four thousand sail
* See 'APXAIONOMIA, sive, de Priscis Anglorum Legibus, written by Lambard, and publishf
by Mr. Wheelock,
661
nor, it seems, without cause (the time consider'd), since we lay so ex-
pos'd to a barbarous enemy. Alfred (whom we mention'd) found it so
in his daies (a sober and well-consulted prince), and therefore provided
him self of the same expedient against the troublesome Danes, whom he
not seldome humbl'd; but this maxime, as often neglected, did as cer-
tainly expose the nation to prey and contempt, as not long after it, to
the Norman power*, and may so again to a greater, when through a fatal
supineness we shall either remit of our wonted vigilance and due provi-
sions, or suffer our upstart neighbours to incroach upon us ; so true is
that saying, hy what means any thing is acquir'd, by the same 'tispj'e-
serv'd. Did this island wisely consider the happiness of not needing
many frontiers to protect her from hourly alarms, or inland fortresses
to check the suddain and rude incursions to which all continents are ob^
noxious, she would not think her bounty to her Prince a burthen, who,
by maintaining a glorious and formidable navy at sea, not onely renders
her inhabitants secure at home, without multiplying of governours and
guarnisons (which are ever jealous to a free and loyal people), but, un-
less wanting to themselves, repairs their layings-out with immense
advantages ; and by securing and improving that trade and commerce
which onely can render a nation flourishing, and which , has hitherto
given us the ascendant over the rest of the world : so true is another
axiom. Qui mare teneat, eum necesse est rerum potiri-\\ but without
which 'tis in vain to talk of sovereignty.
32. By these politicks King John was enabl'd to pass the seas into
Ii:eland with a fleet of 500 sail, imperiously commanding whatever ves-
sels they should meet withal about the eight circumfluent seas, to arrest
them, and bring them to understand their duty : but our third Edward
(to whom the house of Burgundy ow'd so much) equipp'd above a
thousand tall ships upon another occasion, with gin handful whereof he
defeated a prodigious navy of the French and Spaniard that were gotten
together ; and we have seen a perfect and undoubted list of no fewer
than 700 men of war which this Prince brought before Calais, though
* Nimis multa exstare documenta Britanniae esse dominos qui assent maris. Grotii, Annales
et Hist. Belgicis, lib. 13.
t Cic. ad Attic. 1. 10. ep. 8.
662
he made use of but 200 of them, to vanquish a fleet consisting of moi
than double the number, with the loss of thirty thousand French ; whic
had such an infliience on his neighbours, that whereas till then ther
had been some remisness in the nation, and a declension of sea-affair;
the bravest and greatest men in the land began greedily to eimbrac
maritime empl®yments, and the title of Admiral*, introduc'd in h'
prsedecessors time, was now held in the highest esteem.
33. We inention'd the house of Burgundy, and it had reason to n
member us and our wool, which was the fairest flower of that duc£
coronet^ and, as some good antiquaries remark, really gave institutio
to their goldeti fleece : however it were, this wise prince, represehtio,
to the Flemings their miserable posture (at that time obnoxious to th
French, as of late they have likewise been), and inhibiting the imports
tionof forraign cloths, the serene and quiet condition of this happ
island invited them over to settle here, erect their manufacture amongs
us, and joyn their art to our nature.
34. We pass by the exploits and glorious atchievments perform'd b
our Kings against the Saraicens in the Holy- War, which charg'd th
shields of the ancient nobless, and of which all Asia resounded. Her
our Edwards, Henries, and Richards, did memorable things ; in parti
cular, Richard the Second took tif the French almost an hundred ship
at once, of which some were vessels of great burthen, richly fraite ; an
an Earl of Arundel (bearing this Princes name) beat, took, and destroy'
226 ships, deep laden^ with 13,000 tuns of wine, coming from La Ro
chelle, after an obstinate encounter, and many brave exploits. To these w
might' add, the gallant preparations of Henry the Fifth^ and of seven
more, had we a design or any need to accumulate instances of our puis
sance and successes at sea, so thickly;sown in forreign as well as dbmesti
histories : but he that would be instructed for a more ample discourse
may take notice of the League made between Charles the Great and on
Mercian Offa (now more' than 700 years since), as he may find it in a
epistle of the learned Albinus, or the learned Alcuin ('tis all one), an
consult our countrymen Walsingham, (William of) Malmesbury, ani
* Thalassiarcha. See Vossius de Vitiis Sermonis et Glossematis Lat. 1. 2. It is deriv'd froj
EmiT, or Amir Prcefectus, in Arab.
663
other writers, where he will see In what higL repute ihis nation has been,
both for its riumerous shipping and the, flourishing coajnierce it wain-
tain'd: in the most known parts of the \<^orld ; and .which we may farther
confirm by the several autfienticstatutes.and immunities, yet extant, not
omittingthe;3QZic3/ of keeping the sea, f^qetio^isly, yet solidly set forth in
the good old prologue, intituled. The Process of the Libel, written more
than 200 years past, not unworthy our deepest reflexions : and -verily,
it were a madness in us to neglect the care of tho^e causes from wbenqe
(as by a series of them will yet appear) the effects of all our temporal
blessings spring, and by vertue whereof they can only be maintain'd.
- 35. Henry the Seventh, and his magiiificent successor, were both of
them powerful at sea, though the too weak faith of. the former deprlv'd
him of the.most glorious accession that was ever offer'd to. mortal ma©.
This he endeavour'd to have repair'd by the famous Cahott, whom he
afterwards employ'd to seek adventures ; and, though the success were
not equal, it was yet highly laudable, and (as we hayg shew'd) notako-
gether without fruit;
36. Henry the Eighth, his son, had divers qonflicts with the Freneh^*,
triumphing sometimes in sails of cloth-of-gold, ' and cordfige of silk:
but that which indeed ;repair'd the remissness of the one and profusion
of the other, and gave a demo^nstration of how absolute concern traflSc
and strength at seaiare to this island, was the care which Queen Eliaa*
beth took, when, by her address alone, she not only secur'd her king-
doms from the formidable power of Spain, but reap'd the harvest too ofi
thait opulent monarch^ and brought his Indies into her own Exchequer ^
whilst that mighty prince had onely the trouble to conquer the New-
World, and prepare the treasure for her : ^nd this she did fey her influ»»
ence on navigation, and by the courage and conduct of- those renowned'
heros who made her reign so famous. '
■ 37. This glorious Princess had 130 sail of fair ships, when^ she sent
over for the Island voyages, of; whiqh 60 were stout men of War ; andi
with' these (besides mpiy other exploits) she defended Holland^ defied-'
* Lord Herbert of Cherbnry, Hist. Hen. VHI. See also that rare piece of Hans Holbein's in his
Majesty's Gallery at Whitehall.
664
Parma, and ' aw'd the whole power of Spain : with an handful of the
(comparatively) she defeated the invincible Armada in 1588, encou
ter'd and took gallions and other vessels of prodigious strength ai
bulk ; and what havock was made at Cales, by yet a smaller niimbe
her enemies to this day feel. Grotius *, speaking of this actio
tells us, that the wealth gotten there by the Earl of Essex was nev
any where parallel'd with the like naval success ; and that if these b
ginnings had been pursu'd (as with ease they might, had the bra
man's counsel been follow'd), it had prov'd one of the most glorious ei
terprises that history has recorded : however, besides the immense sp(
and treasure they took, and the marks they left of their fortitude (
the loss of 12.00 great guns of the enemies, irreparable in those daies
the Spaniard was not so redoubted abroad - as they left him miserab
weakn'd at home. To these we may number the trophies won by part
cular adventurers : Sir Francis Drake having, with four ships onel
taken from the Spaniard a million and 189,200 ducats in one eJcped
tion, anno 158/ ; in a single bottom, 25,000 pezos of the most refine
gold; and after, with a squadron of five and twenty sail, terrifying tl
whole ocean, he sack'd St. Jago, Domingo, and Cartagena (as befo:
mention'd), and carried away with him, besides other incredible boot
240 pieces of artillery, which was a prodigious spoil in those early daie
and when those instruments of destruction were not in such plenty ;
now they are. What, shall we say of John Oxenham, one of the Argc
nauts with Drake ? who, in a slender bark, near Nombre-de-Dio
having drawn up his vesselto land, and cover'd it with a few bough
marched with his small crew over unknown paths, till arriv'd at a certai
river, and there building a pinnace with the timber which they felF
upon the spot, he boldly launches into the South Sea, and, at the Islan
of Pearls, took from the Spaniard 60,000 lb. weight of massie-gold, an
200,000 in silver ! though lost in his return with it, by the perfidy t
his associates. Such an exploit is hardly to be parallel'd in any ston
Sir;Richard Grinvill, in another voyage to Cadiz, with but 180 soul
diers (of which 90 were sick and useless) in the ship Revenge, main
* Annal. I. 5.
665
^\nd a conflict for 24 hours against 50 Spanish galllons, sinking four of
their best vessels. Than this, what have we more ! what can be
greater \ In sum, so universal was the reputation of our countrymen
in those dales for their strenuous exploits at sea, that even those who
took all occasions to depress and extenuate them, are forc'd here to
acknowledge, and that from the pen of an author whose word goes
far " That the Greeks and Romdns, who of old made good all their
mighty actions by naval victories, were at this time equal'd by the for-
titude and courage of the English *."
38. 'Twas in her dales they dlscover'd far Into the North-east, and
North-west, Catbaian, and China passages, by the indefatigable dili-
gence of Willoughby, Burrough, Chancelor, Button, Baffin, Froblsher,
James, Middleton, Gilbert, Cumberland, and others f , worthy to be con-
sign'd to fame : in her brother's, the Sixth Edward's reign, the formerly-
mentlon'd Chabott had six times attempted the North-\test tracts to the
Indies ; and long before these, a bold prince of ours essay'd to pass the
Moluccas by the same course, entred the streights of Anlan, and is by
some intituled to the first discovery of the Canaries. The Summer-
Islands, and the goodly continent of Virginia, were first detected, and
then planted by the English ; among whom we may not pass by the in-
dustry of Captain Jones, Smith, and other late adventurers, whose great
exploits (as romantic as they appear) were the steady effects of their cou-
rage and good fortune. We have said yet nothing of Pool, who began
the whale-fishing; nor of Captain Bennet, who dlscover'd Cherry-
Island ; Pet and Jackman, that pass'd the Vaigates, Scythian Ices,
and the river Ob, as far as Nova Zembla ; of John Davis, who had per-
netrated to 86 degrees of latitude, and almost set his foot upon the
Northern Pole : here let us also remember Captain Gillan, to the last-
ing honour of his highness Prince Rupert, and the rest of those illus-
trious adventurers; nor forget to celebrate the heroic Inclination of his
sacred Majesty, our great Charles, under whose auspices Sir John Nai^-
* Graiorum Romanorumque gloriee, qui res oHm suas navales per acies asseruerunt, non dubite
tunc Anglorum & fortuna, & virtus respondit. Grptii, Annales et Hist. Belg.
t See Hakluyf s Ctollection of Voyages, folio, 1599.
4q
666
borough has lately pass'd and repass'd the Magellan Streight, by whi
that modest and industrious man has notonely performed what w
never done before, but has also made way for a prospect of immen
improvement. Finally,
39. It was Queen Elizabeth who began and establlsh'd the trade
Muscovy, Turky, Barbary, and even that of the East Indies too, ho\
ever of late interrupted by ungrateful neighbours : nor less was si
vigilant at land than at sea ; mustering at once no fewer than oi
hundred and twenty thousand fighting-men of her own vassals, not 1
uncertain computation, but effectually fit for war. And indeed, hi
for the extraordinary virtue of this brave virago, not England alon
but even France and Holland, had truckl'd under the weight of Spaii
whose ambition was then upon its highest pinnacle : in one won
Navigation and Commerqe were in her days in so prosperous a conditio]
that they seem to have ever since subsisted but upon the reputation <
it ; and the success of our countrymen in their attempts at sea was 5
far superiour to other nations, as by the suffrage of the most learnt
strangers (and to shew it was universal) they could but acknov
ledge. Omnibus hodie gentibus Navigandi industrid 8f peritid, sup(
riores esse Anglos, 8f post Anglos, Hollandos * ; for we do not fear i
give, even our greatest enemies their dues, when they deserve it..
40. We now arrive to King James and Charles the First (Princes «
immortal memory) ; and for the former, there was in his time bui
(besides many others) those two gallant ships, the Trades-Increase, an
the Prince; the one for encouragement of Commerce, and th
other a Man of War; and though upon different accounts, and e
different times, they both unhappily miscarried, yet they serv'd to tes
tifie that neither defence nor trade were neglected, since as to that c
the first, Sir Walter Raleigh doubts not to affirm, that the shipping
of this nation, with a squadron of the Navy-Royal, was in this Prince
time able, in despight of Europe, to command the ocean, much more t
bring the Nether-Lands to due obedience : but says he, as I shall neve
think him a lover of his country or Prince who shall perswade hi
Majesty from cultivating their amity, so would I counsel them t(
* Keckermanni, Systema Politicum, Svo, 1635.
femefnber arid consider it ; that seeing their intercourse lies so much
through the British seas that there is no part of France, from Cakia
to Flushing, capable of succouring. them; that, frequently, out- wards
by Western-winds, and ordinarily, home-wards, both from the Indies,
Straites, and Spain, all Southerly-winds '(the breezes of our climate)
thrust them of necessity Into his Majesties harbours ; how much his
Majesties favour does import them. For if (as themselves confess)
they subsist by Commerce onely, the disturbance of that (and which
Bngland alone can disturb) will also disturb their subsistence. I omit
the rest ; because I can never doubt either their gratitude or their
prudence. But this brave man was, it seems, no prophet to foresee
how soon they would forget themselves : they began in his days to be
hardly warm in comparison, and indeed it is not (as observes the same
person) much beyOnd a century, that either the French, Spanish, or
Hollander, had any proper fleets belonging to them as kingdoms or
states ; the Venetians, Genoezes, and Portugals, being then (as we have
noted) the only competitors both for strength and traffick; the Dutch
little considerable, since within these fifty years, the Spanish and
Portugals employ'd many more ships at sea than the Hollander (their
fishing-busses excepted), who, 'til furnish'd with our artillery, were
iVery contemptible, as may be made out by undeniable evidence : inso-
much that the formerly-mention'd Raleigh affirms, one lusty ship of
his Majesties would have made forty Hollanders strike sail, and come
to an anchor : they did not then (says he) dispute de Mari Libera.
But will you know in a word from him, what It was that has exalted
them to this monstrous pitch ? It was the employing their own people
in the fishery upon our coasts ; by which they infinitely Inrich'd them,
selves; 2. Their entertaining of auxllliaries in their difficult land-
services, by which they preserved their own vassals ; 3. The fidelity of
the house of Nassaw, from which they had a wise and experienc'd
general ; 4. The frequent excursions of the Duke of Parma into
France, hindring the prosecution of his growing successes ; 5. The
imbargo of their ships in Spain, and interdicting them free trade with
that nation, which first set them upon their Indian adventures ; 6. And,
above all, the kindness of Queen Elizabeth. But the case is (it seems)
668
much alter'd since that worthy Knight made his observationsj and took
his leave of the Prince of Orange at Antwerp ; when (after Leicester's
return) he pray'd him to say to her Majesty, Suh umbra alarum tuarum
protegimur; for that they had wither'd in the bud without her assist-
ance.
41. We have yet but only mention'd the inherent right of the crown of
England to the dominion of the seas, because the legality and the
reason of it have been asserted by so many able and famous pens, from
which we learn that it doth of justice appertain to the Kings of Great
Britain *, not only as far as protection extends (though there were no
other argument to favour us), but of sacred and immemorial royalty :
but 'tis pretended by those great names ■j' who have of late disputed
this subject, and endeavoured to depose our Princes of this empire Jure
naturce §• gentium, that the sea is Fluxile elementum, §■ quod nun-
quam idem possideri non posse ; that 'tis always in succession, and,
that one can never anchor on the same billow ; that water is as free as
the air ; and that the sea terminates empires which have no bounds ;
and therefore that no empire can terminate that which acknowledges
none; and though all this were nothing; that his Majesties father
had tamely lost it to the late usurpers, which is an insolent scofF of
Marisotus's, triumphing over a fetter'd lion ; whilst for all this, to
patch up a wretched pretence, he descends to take hold of a certain
obsolete and foeudatarie complement, sometime since passing between
the two Kings ; as if a ceremonious acknowledgment for a province or
two in France (which is an usual deference among Princes upon certain
tenures) gave sufficient title and investiture to all that the Kings of
England possess in the world besides. But in this sort do the parti-
zans of aspiring monarchs manage their egregious flatteries,, whilst to
silence all the world, we can shew it prescription so far beyond the
present race of Kings, that even the name of their Pharamond was not
known J when the empire on the sea set limits to the coasts of Gaul,
and said^ " hitherto shall ye come."^ — Nor to that alone, but even as far
• * Seldenij Mare Clausum, folio, 1635. f Grotius. Is. Pontanus. Moriscoti oibis
Maritimii fol. 1643. Cleirac Coustuiiqes de la Mer, 4to, 1647. + Mela.
669
as Spain it self; for to what pretence could those Princes have to thb
dominion, whose very monarchy is but of yesterday, in respect to the
goodly extent which now they call France? and especially wh«n the
only maritime provinces were shread into so many fragments and
cantons, under their petty Princes ; for so were N^rhonne, Bretayne,
Aquitaine, and even Normandy it self (portions belonging then to our
Kings), nor had they 'till of later days so much as the office of admiral
belonging to the sea, that is, till their expedition into the Holy-Land,
when yet they were fain to make use of the Genoezes to transpbrt
them, as we have it confess'd by their own authors*. As to their
other arguments, we need not spend much breath to dilute those
pittiful cavils of the instability and fluctuation of the waves, &c. ;
which could not be there without a channel and a bottom to contain
them, as if we contended for the drops of the sea, and not for its
situation, and the bed of those waters ; and since rivers and streams
have the same reason on their side to exempt them from being in com-
mon, and at every man's disposure.
, And these things I have only touch'd to repress the pruriency of
some late flatterers, who not only injure a truth as resplendent as the
sun, but the justice of a great Prince, whom by these false colours
they would provoke to unrighteous, disputes; whilst we pretend to
nothing but what carries with it the strongest eviction a thing of this
nature is capable of.-
. 42. Needless it would be to amuse the reader with recounting to him
at large how, in the ancient division of things, the sea having been
assign'd over with the land, there sprung up from the same original a
private dominion ; but undoubtedly, when God gave to man the sove-
raignty of the ocean, by intitl'ing him to the fish which were produced
in the bowels of it, (that is, to the thing itself by its use and enjoy?
meat,) by the same grant he passed over to him, and consign'd to his
disposure the distribution of it, and introduction of a separate and
peculiar jurisdiction. There is nothing more perspicuous than our case,
and as to his Majesties claim (the reasons for it rightly consider'd) from
* Jo. Tilius de Rep. Gall. 1. 2.
6;o
nany royal predecessours, and so long a tract of years, who for
arlty of Navigation and Commerce between their neighbours and
es were at such vast expences to equip and set forth great ships and
ies; and that upon the intreaty and solicitation of those who recurr'd
:heir protection, and might themselves justifie the prescribing rules
I boundaries to such as should pass the seas, and receive such recog-
ons and emoluments as were peculiar and within their circle, both for
ir honour and maintenance.
The deduction shall be very short, considering how vast an ocean of
tter lies before us ; but it shall be full.
13. Caesar, ere he had invaded Britain*, summoning the Gallic mer-
ints to inform him of the shores and situation of our ports, could it
ms learn nothing from them ; for, says he, not a man ^ of them
juented that rivage without licence ; and when Claudius had subdu'd
: more Southern parts of the nation, the British Sea following the fate
the whole island, came with the same privileges to be annex'd to
empire, and did never loose them through all the revolutions which
jpen'd ; but that as soon as the prevalent power came to he settl'd,
sy immediately asserted their dominion on the sea. * That of very
le extent this nation had peculiars of its own, the consternation of
: Calldonians evince f, when in the time of Domitian, Agricola
ling round the island, they were in such perplexity to see him in
nr chambers, for so they called those northern streams. But not
iger to insist on these early beginnings, and what the Romans did
len the frame of that empire was chang'd about the time of the
;at Constantine J, the Comitesof the Saxon shore (substitutes to him
lo commanded the West) had their jurisdiction over all the sea, from
; borders of that shoar, and West part of Denmark, to the Western
lUia all along the other side.
44. There are who put some stress here upon ancient inscriptions,
jecially that mentioned by Gruter of a prsefect of a British fleet ;
d on the ornaments and ensigns of dominion found in several medals
A antiquities to be met withal in the collections of learned men ;
De Bello Gall. lib. 4. t Tacit, in Vit. Agric. ; Notitia Imp. Occid.
671
vindicating the peculiar we contend for, and continu'd from Edward the
Third in several fair stamps, nor are they to be rejected. It suffices
us, that whatever the government were, still the dominion of the sea
return 'd with that of the land to the nation * ; as when the Britaina
rejected the Roman yoak, which now extended when it came under the
power of the English Saxon Kings and Danes, is known to all the
world, as well as with what mighty navies Edgar, Canute, and others,
asserted and protected it, under no lower style than that of King,
Supreme Lord and Governour of the Ocean lying round about
.Britain ; for so runs the settlement of certain revenues given by King
Edgar to the Cathedral of Worcester, says Mr. Selden.
45. Since the Norman conquest, the government of the several
provinces or sheriffs exercised jurisdiction on the sea as far as their
countys extended. Henry the Third constituted captain guardians,
and our first Edward distributed this guard to three admirals ; so did
the second of that name ; and the form of our ancient commissions to
the several admiralties, mention the dominion of our Kings upon the
sea, nor did any other nation whatsoever contest it as having little or
nothing on the opposite shoars j whilst 'tis evident the English Mo-,
narchs possess'd their right in its intire latitude for more than a thou-
sand years under one intire empire, and an uninterrupted enjoyment of
the sea as an appendant,
46. To this we might add the pass-ports sued for by forreigners from
the reign of Henry the Fourth, and so down to Queen Elizabeth, who
during her war with Spain soinetimes gave leave to the Swedes, Danes,
and Ansiatic Towns, and sometimes prohibited them petitioning for
passes to sail through her seas ; nay more, she caus'd to be taken and
brought into her harbours laden ships of those nations transgressing
her orders, as far as the streights of Lisbon, which she could never
havejustify'd had she not been acknowledged Sovereign of the seas
through which they were to pass. And though her successor King
James appointed certain hmits on the English coast bjr imaginary
lines drawn from point to point round the island, in which he some-
* Zosimus, lib. 6. Vide Claiidiani de Laudibus StilichOriiS, lib. %
.672
nes extended them far. into the sea; it was not to circumscribe a
nsdiction (a thing which he most industriously caution'd his Minis-
rs never to yield * so much as in discourse) beyond which he did not
etend, but in relation only to acts of hostility between the two great
itagonists, the Spaniard and the Hollander, declaring himself both
ard and Moderator of the British seas from his royal predecessors.
47. In several commissions -j* given to sea commanders by Edward
e Third, the words are, " Our progenitors the Kings of England have
fore these times been lords of the British seas on every side ;" and in
certain bill prefer'd in Parliament J to the same Prince, 'tis said that
e English were ever in the ages past so renown'd for navies and sea
fairs, that the countries about them usually esteem'd and call'd them
(veraigns of the. sea ; and from the same parliamentary testimony in
e reign of Henry the Fifth we learn that the Estates in that august
sembly, did with one consent affirm it as a thing unquestionable that
e Kings of England were lords of the sea§, and that that sea was ^11
tiich flow'd between the streata on both sides, and made no doubt but
tribute might be impos'd by authority of parliament upon all stran-
srs passing through them, as we shall find Richard the Second to
ive done long before.
48. In thfe reign of Edward the Second ||, Robert Earl of Flanders,
•mplaining of injuries done his subjects at sea, alledges that the King
England is bound in right to do him justice, for that he was Lord of
le sea. But there cannot in the world be a more pregnant instance
r the vindication of this dominion, and the silencing all objections)
;an the famous complaint against the Genoeze Grimbaldi, who, during.
;e war between the French and those of Flanders, infesting the seas
id disturbing Commerce, occasion'd all the nations of Europe border-
g on the sea, to have recourse and appeal to the kings of England.;
hom from time to time and by right immemorial they acknowledged to
; in peaceable possession of the sovereign lordship and dominion of
le seas of England, and islands of the same ; this libel or complaint
*: Rot. Pat. 2 Jac. part 32. t ^ot. Scot. 10 Ed. Meiubran. 16.
X Rot. Pat. 46 Ed. III. n. 2. § Rot. Pat. 8 Hen, V, Mem. 3. Art. 6.
II Rot. Pat. 14 Edw. II. p. 2. m. 26. in dorso.
673
was exhibited" In the time of Edward the First, almost three hundred
■years since, and is still extant in the archives of the Tower.
49. And thus we have seen how the sea is not only a distinct pro-
vince, capable of propriety, limits, and other just circumstances of
peculiar dominion, as a bound, not bounding his Majesties empire, but
as Dounded by it in another respect ; and that this was never violated so
much as by syllogism 'till some mercenary pens were set on work against
Spain, through whose tender sides, at that time, and with great arti-
fice, the Bafnevelt faction endeavour'd to transfix us*. Soon it was per-
ceiv'd, and as soon encounter'd ; in the mean time that one would smile
to find their mighty champion then fairly acknowledge upon another oc-
casion, and when it seems he resolv'd to speak out, — Anglice Regina
oceani imperium •j', that the Queen of England was dominat'rix of the
sea. So great is the truth, and will prevail. In a word, if the premier
occupant be a legal and just plea to the right of other possessions, the
Kings and Queens of England, descending from or succeeding to them
who first asserted the title are still invested with it : sure we are, this
argument w^s held good and illustrated by the first and best foundation
of empire, when the state of Venice {^claiming the Adriatic by no other)
held that famous controversie with Ferdinand of Friuli, by their advo-
cate Rapicio and Chizzola, commissioners being mutually chosen to de-
termine it ; and how far antiquity is on our side, the Greeks, Romans,
Tyrians, Phoenicians, and others, have abundantly declar'd, arid with
what caution they interdicted strangers ' here with us, till the Claudian
expedition annex'd it, with the dominion of all Britain, to that glorious
empire, which to protect against the piratical Saxons (then not seldom
infesting our coasts) the comites maritimi tractus were by the Praefeci:
establish'd, as we have already shew'd;.and so it continu'd for near
five hundred years after, when the Saxons, taking greater advantage of
the Roman remissness (distracted as they grew by intestine troubles)),
made their descent upon us, and with the fortune of conquest carried
that likewise of the sea.
50. We have but menjtion'd King Edgar, whose survey is so famous
* 1509. Treaty with Spain, concerning trade to the Indies. f 1570. Grot. Anna), lib. 2.
4 R
i, *' '
story, when with more than four thousand vessels he destln'd a qua-
nlon to every sea, which annually circl'd this Isle, and, as a' monu-
:nt of their submission, was sometime row'd in his royal gaily by the
nds of eight kings. This signal action becoming the reverse of a
:dail, was by a" like device illustrated in the rose -noble, in which we
ve represented the figure of a king invested with his regalia, standing
the middle of a ship, as in his proper and most resplendent throne ;
' the same reason likewise (as some interpret) did Henry the Eight
i the portcluse to his current money, as a character of his peculiar title
this ditlon, exclusive to all others.
51. We have spoken of the Danes and Normans, and their successive
im, and of the custodes maritimi, more antient than that of Admiral,
now constituted, which indeed began with the Edwards, when the
ench, at war with Flanders, but pretending to usurp that dignity,
re fain to abolish their nevv office, and, acknowledging they had no
;ht, pay the damages of the depredations they made, as appears by
»t famous record in the Tower mention'd by Sir John Burroughs, in
lich the title of our Kings is asserted from immemorial prescription ;
y, when at this time he had not all the opposite shoar to friend.
52. The constitution of our Cinque-Ports give another noble testi-
my to this claim, and the addition of two more Admirals by our Third
Iward, guarding as many seas as tKere were superiour officers of this
lomination, not omitting the title of Lords of both Shoars, anciently
d from hence to Henry the Fifth ; nay, when Edward renounc'd his
im to Normandy (as at the treaty of Charters *), the French them-
ves acknowledg'd this right, and therefore neither here, nor at the
lurt of Delegates in France, did they claim any pretence to the Islands
interfluent seas. But what need we a more pregnant instance than
It universal deference to the laws of Oleron (an island of Aquitania
Ml belonging to this Crown), published after the B-hodan had been
)g antiquated, which obtain'd over all the Christian world. And to
is we might add the Dane-gelt (in plain English, a ship-nioney tax),
pos'd as well on strangers as'denisons that practic'd commerce upon
* 1166.
675
oor coasts and seas East and North, where the great intercursus was ;
norexpir'd it here, but continu'd customary, as appears by innumerable
records for enabling the King to protect the seas, and to obstruct or
open them as he saw convenient, with title to all royal fishes, wracks,
and goods found floating in alto-mari, as we can prove by several com-
missions and instruments, and confirm by precedents, not of our muni-
cipal constitutions alone, but such as have been binding, and accepted for
such, of the nations about us ; witness that famous accord made between
our Edward the First and the French King, Philip the Fair, calling
him to account for the piracies we have mention'd. And,
53. To this we might produce the spontaneous submission of the Fle-
mings in open Parliament, in Edward the Second's reign, and the honour,
or rather duty of the flag, which King John, with his Peers, had many
ages since challeng'd upon the custom ordain'd at Hastings*, decreed to
take place universally, not barely as a civility, but as a right of import-
ance for the making out and confirmation*of our title to the dominion we
have been vindicating ; and that this has been claim'd and paid cum debitd
reverentid (to use the express words of those old commissions which had
been long since given by William and Maurice Princes of Orange) to
all rtie sea commanders in those daysj we have for almost this whole
later century seen the matter of fact testified not only by continiial
claims, orders, commissions, and instructions, but by searching divers
authentick journals, which have noted the particulars in a thousand
instances: nor has this been paid to whole fleets only, bearing the royal
pavillion, but to single vessels, and those of the smaller craft (as they
are stifd) wearing his Majesties cognizance, to whom this homage has
been cli>ne, even by the greatest navies, meeting them in any of the Bri-
tish seas in their utmost latitudes. Nor has this been so much as ques-
tioned (1672), till that arch rebel, for ends of his own, would once have be-
trayed itf, and that the late demagogue De Witt, with no less insolenc,,
would have perverted his countrymen, by entring into an injurious dis-,
(juisition in justification- of the wrong he would have made us swallow;
* 1200. MS, Commen. de Rebus Admir. fol. 28.
t Oliver Cromwell. See his letter to the Ambassador at London.
6fi5
but his Majesty was not so to be hectot'd oiit of his right, |asap|tears by-
the honourable provision he ha||iii»arfe to secure it, in the late treaty
with the Dutch, and what all the world has^paid us, which puts it out
of dispute. In the mdan time it Was necessOT^^ and no way impropef
to the* scope of this Treatise, that after what has been so newly pre-
tended, to the prejudice of the title we have asserlfed, some thing should
be said to abate the confidence of impertinent men, and to let the world'
know that our Princes (to whom God and Nature has imparted such
prerogatives) will not be baffl'd out of them by the sentences and sophisms
of lawyers, much less .by sycophants, and such as cai'ry not the least sha-
dow of 'reason. But it would fill many volumes to exemplifie the forms
of our ancient comniissions, from titne to time,- investing our Admirals
with the exercise of this soveraign power ; as well as that of safe con-
ducts, writts of seizure and arrests, the copies of giiahts and permission
to fish (of which in the riext period) obtain'd of our Kings by petition,
(&c. to be found at large in oifr books, Parliament Rolls, and Mother au-
tlientick pieces too long for this tract : but, if any will be contentious,
because they are some of them of ancient date, we have, and shall yet
shew instances sufficient, and eoc ahunddnti, for this last age, to which
our antagonists have from time to time submitted, not only in the wide
and ample sea, or at our own coasts, but in the very ports and harbouirs
of strangers, where they looked for protection ; that all the world may
blush at the weak and unreasonable contentions which would invalidate
this claim, if at least there be in the world any such thing as right, pre-
scription, deference, or other evidence, which, amongst sober men, is
agreed to be law for the clearing of a. title. To sum up all, then, .if
right or prescription, succession of Inheritance, continual claim, matter
of fact, consent of history, and confessions even from the mouths and
pens of adversaries, be of any moment to the gaining of a cause,, we
may bespeak our nation, as he did King James upoil another occasion
and as justly transfer it to his glorious successor, — Quels dai jura
mart, Sfc. * ;,4»
And with this I should conclude, did not the fishery, which Is an-.
* Grot. Sylva, 1. 2.
6f^
other irrefragable proof of his Majesties 4Bni»nions, require a little survey
before we shi;t up this jdispour;se,
(1^4. How far this royal jufisdictioii has ext«in4ed may best be gathei:'4
out of the reverend Gauiden, speaking of King James the Sixth of Scot^
land, and of Qijeen Elizabeth of England *, who, fipt discovering the
whale-fishing, had consequently title to those seas, as far as Green 'land
!^orthward; and wh^t it was to, the South the proclamation of our
Third Edvu^a^d (yet extant) abundantly makes appear. This, confirm'd
by the Fourth of that name, guards and convoys were appointed to pre-
serve the rights, inviolable; as was likewise continued by the three suc-
ceeding Henrys, Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh, and their des/;endents, who
impos'.d a certain tribute upqn all forreiners, in recognition of their in-
dulgence to them "I".: Witness the French, the Dukes of BrJtai%of
Burgundy (especially Philip), and those of Flanders, who never pre-
sum'd to cast a net. without permission, and a formal instrument first
obtained, the originals whereof are yet to be seen, and may be collected
out of both the French and Burgundian stories ; and, as it doth indeed
to this day appear, by his Majesties neighbourly civility, -granted to,th6
French King for the provision of his own table, and to the town of
Bruges in Flanders, by a late concession J, the number and size of
boats and other circumstances being limited, upon transgression whereof
the offenders have been imprison'd, and otherwise mulcted.
55. And as the French, so the Spaniards did always sue to our Princes
for the like privlledge and kindness., King Phillip the Second (as- nearly
^elated as he was to Queen Mary his wife), finding a. proviso in an act
pf Parliament §, that no forreiner should fish In those seas without per-
mission, paid into the Exchequer no less than, an annual rent of one
thousand pounds, for leave to fish upon the North of Ireland for the
supply pf his dominions in Flanders. Now for the Dutch.
56. That famous record pro hominibus HoUandice (so the title runs)
poini^s to us as far as our First Edward ||, not only how obsequious then
they were in acknowledging the King's dominion on the sea, but his
*~* Annates Rerum Ang. regnante Eliz. et Britannia.
^ 14^9, X Rot. Franc. 38 Memb. 9 et 14 Hen. VI.
J Stat. Hib. Ed. IV. cap. 6.— iJacob. Proclam. 6 Mar. || 1295.
67.8
C ■
protection and permission to fish on the environs of it*: and his Spc-
cessor, Edward the Third, as he gave leave to the Counts of Holland
(who always petition'd for it), so he prescribed laws and orders concerning
the burden of the vessels to be employ'd aliout it. The like did Henry
the Sixth to the French and others f, with the season, place, and ifiethod
to be observ'd, which are all of main importance in the cause: and this
was so religiously inspected in former times, that Edward the Fourth
constituted a triumvirat power to guard both the seas and the fishery
against all pretenders whatsoever, as had Richard the Second long be-
fore him,' who impos'd. a tribute on every individual ship that pass'd
through the Northern Admiralty, for the maintenance of that sea-guard,
amounting to six-pence a tun upon every fishing vessel weekly, as ap^,
pears by a most authentick record, and the opinion of the most eminent
judges at that early day ; who, upon consideration that none but a sove-
reign power could impose such a payment, gave it in as their opinion
that this right and dominion was a branch of the royal patrimony, and
inseparable. Nay, that wise Prince, Henry the Seventh, thought it so
infinitely considerable, that (upon deeply weighing the great advan-
tages) he was setting up a trade, or staple of fish, in preference (say
some) to that of wool itself, and all other commerce of his dominions;
which being long before the Low-Countries had a name for merchants,
they had still perhaps neglected, if some renegados of our own (Violet
and Stephens by name) had not encourag'd the Dutch of Enchusen
(with other mal-contented persons of the craft, deserting their country
and their loyalty,) to molest his Majesties streams upon the accompt of
these men, since which they and others have continu'd their presump-
tions even to insolence.
57. Neither was less the care of King James J to vindicate this in-
comparable prerogative than any of his predecessors §, who, having de-
riv'd that accession of the Shetland Islands by marriage with a daugh-
ter of Denmark ||, publish'd his proclamations immediately after his
coming into England : for it must be acknowledg'd that Queen Eliza-
* Rot. Pat. 23 Ed. I. memb. 5. f Rot. Pat. 22 Ed. IV. mem. 2.
t 1606. k 145S. ^ II 1609.
670
l)eth did not, so nicely and warily look after this jealous article as had
been wish'd, diverted by her extraordinary pityahd abundant indulgence
to .the, distressed States. But this Prince roundly asserts his patrimony,
upon many prudent reasons of state*, and especially for encouragement
of the maritime towns, fallen much to decay, and plainly succumbing
under the injurious dealing of such as took: the fish from before their
dore^, and renew'd his commands, that none should for the future pre-
sume so much as to hover about, much less abide on our coasts, without
permission first obtain'd under the Great Seal of England, and upon
which the Hollanders petition'd for leave, and acknowledg'd the limits
appointed them as formerly they had done. Let us hear the historian
describe it, and blush. ; : :
" The Hollanders (says, he -}-) taking infinite plenty, of herring upon
this coast, and thereby making a most gainful trade, were first to procure
leave (by antient custom) out of Scarborow-Castle, for the English to
permit them to fish ; reserving indeed the honour to themselves, but re-
signing the benefit to strangers, to their incredible inrichihg,' &c." What
could be said noiore to our purpose, or to oiir reproach ? This was that
which King James endeavour'd to bring into a better method, whfen,
taking notice of the daily incroachment of our neighbours, he enjoyn'd
his ^bassador (who was then Sir Dudley Carleton J) to expostulate it
with the States, as may be seen in that sharp letter of Mr. Secretaries^
dated.thetwenty-first of December 1618^ in, which he tells them, "That
unless they sought leave from his Majesty, and acknowledg his right,
as other Princes had done and did, it might well come to pass, that
they who would; needs bear all the world before them by their- mare
Uberum, might soon fendanger their having neither terrain, nee solum^
nee rempublicam Uberam." I do only recite the passage as I find it
publish'd, and take notice how prophetick it had lately like to have been.
' 58. This happy Prince, taking umbrage at the war between the
Hollander and the Spaniard, did fix limits by commission and survey,
nearer than which (though as moderator he ofier'd equal protectiom to
» See copy of a letter in Sir Robert Cotton's library, and the credentials given to Sir Henry
^yotton. t Camden's Britannia. t 1618.
680
bodi) no eneniy to another state might commit any ho&tile act*, dird
producing his reasons for it, asserted his right so to do j not as if those
boundaries circumscrib'd his dominions, but as being sufficient for the
vindication of his due in that great article. And their not observing
this, incited King Charles the First, of blessed memory, to animadvert
upon it, when in the year 1639 our good friends behaved themselves
with so little respect in that memorable conflict with the Spaniard ; and
when approaching too near our shaaiis, they were check'd for their irre^
verence in his Majesties imperial chambers, indeed, for the first (but
seeming) affront, that this nation did ever receive upon it.
59. And now it will not be amiss, nor inconsistent with our title, 4o
let the world see the immense advantages of the trade which has been
driven upon the sole account of the fishery, by the prodigious emd'lu-
ment which it has (to our cost and reproach) afforded our more indtis-
trious neighbours, the foundation of whose greatness has been laid in,
the bottom of our seas, which has yielded them more treasure than the
mines of Potosi, or both Indies to Spain.
. Who would believe that this people raise yearly by the herring and
other fisheries a million of pounds sterling, and that Holland and Zea>
land alone (whose utmost verge doth hardly exceed many English
shires) should' from a few despicable boats be able to set forth above
twenty thosand vessels of all sorts, fit for the rude seas, and of which
more than 7000 are yearly employ'd upon this occasion ? 'Tis evident
that by this particular trade they are able to breed above fourty thousand
fisher-men, and one hundred and sixteen thousand mariners (as the cen-
sus has been accurately calculated), and the gain of' it is so universal,
that there's hardly a beggar, nor an hatld in their country which doth
not earn its bread. This is literally true, and the consideration of it
seem'd so important, that even in the days of Charles the Fifth, tliat
great monarch is reported to have sometimes visited the tomb of Buec-
keld (where he had been above two hundred years interr'd) in solemn
recognition of his merit, for having, as 'tis said, been the inventor of
pickling and curing herrings : in a word, so immense is the advantage
* Seldenus, 1. 2. c. 22. f 1639.
681
which this article aldne brings the state, that a very favourable rent,
still in arrear to his Majesties Exchequer, for permission to fish (as
should be prescribed and appointed them), amounts to more than half a
million of pounds, and the custom only at home of what they take,
with the tenth fish for waftage, to near five hundred thousand pounds
more ; but the quantities which they sell abroad, to a sum almost not to
he reckon'd. Then,. let it be computed, the hands employ 'd for spinning
of yarn, weaving of nets, and making other necessaries for the salting,
curing, packing, and barrelling, building of vessels, and fitting them
out to sea : it is certain the shipping (which is more than all Europe
can assemble besides), sea- men, commerce, towns, harbours, power,
publick-wealth, and affluence of all other things, is sprung from this
source ; and that in barter for fish (without exportation of coin) they
receive from Spain, Italj', Germany, &c. oil, wine, fruit, corn, honey-,
wax, allum, salt-, wool, flax, hemp, pitch, tarr, sope-ashes, iron, copper,
steel, claw-boards, timber, masts, dollars, armour, glass, mill-stones,
plate, tapestry, munition, and all things that a country (which has no
■one material of these of proper growth), can need to render it consum-
mately happy. The Indies and farthest regions of the earth participate
of this industry ; and, to our shame be it spoken, we blush not to buy our
own fish of them, and purchase that of strangers which God and Nature
has made our own, inriching others to our destruction by a detestable
sloath ; whilst to encourage us we have timber, victuals^ havens, men,
and all that at our dores which these people adventure for in remoter
seas, and at excessive charges. And thus the prize is put into our
bands, whilst we have not the hearts to use it ; nor do we produce any
reasons why we are thus uncoricern'd, that ever I could find were solid * :
some objections, indeed, are presented, but they appear-d to me so dilute
and insignificant, that 'tis not possible to compose one's indignation at
the hearing of them, and see a kingdom growing every day thinner of
people, and fuller of indigence, without some extraordinary emotion :
to see with what numerous and insulting fleets our neighbours have
* See Roger L'Estrange's late Discourse of the Fishery, 4to, 1674, and 8vo, 1695.
4s
682
been often prepar'd to dispute our title to theseadvantages^sby thebene-
fit.and supply of that which we. neglect and cpndernn. as unpracticable.
If thisrbe not enough to raise in us some worthy resentments, letJthe
confession of the Dutch themselves incite, us to it, who (in a proclama-
tion publish'd near fifty years since*) have. stil'd their fishing trade, the
golden mines of their provinces, and stimiilated an industrious and emu*
lous people with all the topicks of encouragement.. Were this alone
well consider'd and briskly pursu'd, there would need no. great magick
to reduce our bold .supplanters, to a more neighbourly temper : the sub-
jects of this nation have no more to do than apply themselves to the
fishery to recover at once their losses, and as infallibly advance the pras-?
perity of the kingdom as 'tis evident it has enabled our late antagonists
to.humble Spain, and from little of tjiemselves, tograpple with the most
puissant monarch of Europe, andbring him. to the. ground. For my
part, I do not see how we can .be abje to answer this prodigious sloath
of ours any longer, and especially since 'tis evident it will cost iis but a
laudable industry, and (in regard of our situation and very many advan-
tages above, them) much less trouble and charge : or suppose a consir
derable part of our forrein less-needful. expences were diverted to this
work, what were the disadvantages ? We talk .npiuch of France (and
perhaps with reason) ; but are we. so safe from our dear friend, upon this
composure, as never to apprehend any future, unkiridness? For my own
part, I wish it with my soul : but of this I am sure, we may prevent or
encounter open defiance ; but whilst we are thus undermin'd, we .suffer a
continual hostility,' since the effects of .it ruine our commerce', and by
consequence the nation. Nor speak I here of our neighbours the Hol-
landers only, but of those of Hamborough, Lubec, Embden, and other
interlopers, who grow exceedingly opulent whilst we sit still and pet-
rishi whose advantages for takmg, curing, uttering, and employing of
hands (were the expedients mention'd put in .practice, or the ruinous
.numbers, of our men daily flocking to the American, plantations, and
from whence so few return, prudently stated, and acts of naturalization
promoted,) are so infinitely superiour to theirs; but so our cursed neg.-
* 1634.
683
llgehce will yet have it, not for want of all royal encouragement; but a
fatality plainly insuperable.
60. We have said little yet of our American fishery, and the loss we
make of a vast treasure on the coasts of Virginia, Grfeen-land, Barmu-
das, &c. sacrificing infinite wealth, both at home and abroad, to the
Spaniards, French, those of Portugal, and Biscay. 'Tis well known
that Green-land was first detected by the English about the latter end
of Queen Elizabeth's reign, and afterwards tlje royal standard erected
there, in token of dominion, by the name of King James's New-land,
his Majesty asserting his just rights by many acts of state, as more par-
ticularly on the tenth of January 1613, when he signified his pleasure
by Sir Noel Carbon, then in Holland, in vindication of his title both to
the Island fishery, and all other emoluments whatsoever y^re dominii,
as first discoverer, and to prohiblte strangers interposing and fishing in
his seas without permission *. For this effect, commissioners were esta-
bhsh'd f at Loiidon to grant Hcences, yearly renewable, for such as
would fish on the English coast; atEdehbrough on the Northern, and
by proclamation X ihterdlctlng all un-licericed practices, the Duke of
Lennox (as Admiral of Scotland) being order'd to assert the right of
the assize-herring, which was paid.
61. The following years § what Interruptions happen'd, upon our
neighbours desires of coming to an a;djustment for the Indulgences they
bad', found, is universally known, 'till the year 1635, when, to prevent
some incroachments and disorders of those who fished under his protec-
tion, the late King Charles of blessed memory issu'd out his proclama-
tioris, and gave instructions to his ministers abroad (|, signifying that no
strangers should presume' to fish in the British seas without his Majes-
ties licence ; and that those who desired them might be protected, he
thought fit to equip and set forth such a fleet as became his care and
vigllancy for the good and safety of his people, and the honour of the
nation. This was the year and the occasion of building^ several consi-
derable ships, and, amongst others, that famous vessel the Royal Sove-
* 1608. t 1609. ^ % 1616. § I6I7.
II See Mr. Secretary Cook's lettef, .April 16, 1635, to his Majesty's Resident at the Hague.
684
raign, which to this day bears our triumphant Edgar for its badge and
cognizance, and to raind the world of his undoubted right to the domi-
nion of the seas, which he had by this time asserted and secur'd beyond
danger of dispute, had not a deluded people (as to their own highest
concern, glory, and interest,) and the fatality of the times disturh'd the
project of an easie tax as an imaginary invasion of their liberties, which
that blessed Prince design'd only to protect them : it is fresh in memory
what were the opinions of Attourny Noy, many learned civilians, and
near a jury of grave Judges upon this conjuncture ; and the instances of
King Etheldreds having levy'd it many hundred years before, shew'd it
to be no such innovation ; nor could there be a more pressing occasion
than when all our neighbours around us were (as now) in a state of hos-
tility. But I list not here to interrupt my reader upon this chapter,
which has already sufFer'd so many sore digladiations and contests ; only
as to matter of fact, and as concern'd the navigation and improvement of
commerce, I touch it briefly, and pass to what followed, which was the
setting out no less than sixty tall ships, first under the Earl of Lind-
sey *, and afterwards Northumberland f , by the account of whose accu-
rate journal, it appears how readily our neighbour fishermen (though
under convoy of fleets superiour to ours in number) sued for and took
licences to the value of fifteen hundred pounds fifteen shillings and
two pence, as I have perus'd the particulars. I do only mention the
licences which were also taken and accepted at land, and they not a
few, distributed by Sir William Boswell at the Hague itself, upon which
his Majesties Minister then at Bruxelles advertis'd the Infanta, that
the Dunkerkers should take care not to molest such of the Hollanders
(though at that time in actual hostility with them) as had his Majesties
permission, and accordingly the Cardinal did grant them passes, which
they took without scruple ; so as we find it was not for nothing that
they came under protection, but receiv'd a realbenefit. Nor was this a
novel imposition, but familiar and customary, as appears by the many
precedents which we have recited ; to which we may add that of the
Scotch fishery under King James the First, 1424, 21 Act of the first
* 1635. * t 1636.
685
Parliament, having already spoken of what concern'd our own Princes, ,
especially what Richard the Second impos'd, Henry I. V. VI. VII.
Queen Mary, &c. with that of Edward the First pro hpminibus Hol-
landieB, Sec. which protection Is yet extant, and granted frequently hy
treaties, as a priviledg only during the subsistance of such treaties, and
no farther, totally rescinding and abolishing the pretences grounded by
some upon the intereursus magnus made with the Dukes of Bur-
gundy*: so as to summ up all that has been produc'd to fortlfie our do-
mestlck evidences, we have many Acts of Parliament, we have the seve-
ral successours of our Princes granting licences to strangers, we have
the assiduous instances made by King James by his Ambassadours and
Secretaries of State, we have the acknowledgments actuallv and already
paid and accounted for to the Exchequer, and have seen the occasion of
the late interruptions of it, and the Invalidity of mens pretences ; and if
these be not evidences sufficient to subvert the sophisms of a few merce-
nary pens, and dismount the confidence of unreasonable, people, it is
because there is so little vigour in our resolutions at home, and so little
justice in the vi^orld abroad., Nor has this been arrogated, by the mo-
narchs of this nation, but a right establish'd upon just reason, namely,
that thev might be enabled to clear the seas of rovers and pirates, and
protect such as foUow'd their lawful affairs : and for this effect the Kings
of England did not only take care to defend their own subjects, but to
convoy and secure all strangers, sometimes (as we have seen) by pro-,
clamation, soirietimes by fleets and men of war, where they fish'd by
agreement, upon treaty, or leave obtain'd, yet restraining them to cer- .
tain limits, retaining the dominion of the, neighbouring seas, as in the
reign of Henry the Fourth, where we find an accord made between him
and the French Kingf, that the subjects of either nation migUt.,fish in
one part of the seas and not in another; the possession of all privileges
of this nature ever accompanying the royal licence, and strangers having,
either special indulgences, or being under protection of special officers,
appointed in former times J for the safe guarding of the fishery, who
were so impower'd by patent, and had certain dues appointed for that
* 1495. t Rot. Fra. Hen. IV. 29. J Edw. IV, Rich. III. Hen. VH.
686
tteivdance, vt^hich they levied upon all forrelilefs, with the express dl-
^ction(In the reign of Henry, the' Seventh) that the acknowledgment
?as to be so levied, nbtwithstianding any letter' of safe-conduct vs^hich
ti'anger fishiermen might pretend from any' king, prince, or government
whatsoever: so as by all the arguments of right, claim, and prescrip-
ion, the title is firm ; all other pretSilces of right or possession inter-
apted, arrogated, and precarious, or else extinguish'd by infractions of
reaties, never since reviv'd by aiiy subsequent act.
62. We might here mention the toll paid the King of Denmark at
tie Sundt, and the respect which strangers shew to his castle at Cron-
enberg, acCoi'ding to a treaty made between them arid the Dutch * ; and
3 the Swedish King, whom they acknowledg soveraign of the Baltick
nd Northern tracts to an immense extent, where he receives tribute,
S well as those of Denmark and Poland, by impositions at Dantzick
nd the Pillau, where they orily enjoy for it a cold arid hungry* passage,
?hil^t with us we give them ndt only passiage, harbours and protection
brough a dangerous sea, but an eniolunient accompanying it, which
iriches our neighbours with one of the most' inestimable treasures arid
dvantagious cbmrilerce under heaveri.' To this we also might add what
as obtain'd the suffrages not orily of our own countrynien of the long
obe, and othefs, but of almost all the disinterested learned persons who
lave discussed tbis subject, universally agreeing, that as to a peculiar and
estrictive right, fisheries may and' ought to be apipropriated, and that as
/ell in the high-seas (as the lawyers term them) as in lakes and rivers,
nd narrower confinements, and as the Republick of Genoa does at this
lay let to farm their fishery for Thunnies in their neighbouring seas ; and
he contract between Queen Elizabeth arid Denmark about the like
iberty"upon thb coast of Norway, arid the prohibitions made, and the
icences given by that crown at this present, do abundantly evince,
tamely, that the Dane is, and hath of long time been in possession upon
he coasts we have mention'd, and of as much as we assert to be due
0 his Majesty in the British seas.
16497
6^7
MR. EVELYN'S LETTER TO MR. AUBREY*.
Sir,
With incredible satisfaction I have perus'd ypur Natural History of
Swrey, &c. and greatly admire both your industry in undertaking so
profitable a work, and your judgment in the (several observations which
you hftve made. It is so useful a piece, and so obliging, that I cannot
suflSciently applaud it. Something I would contribute to it if it were
possible ; but your Spicelegium is so accurate, that ypu have jeft no-
thing almost for tho&e who shall come after.you. Surrey is the country
of my birth, and my delight; but my education has b^en so little Jn it,
by reason of several accidents, that I am asham'd to discover how
ignorant I am of a thousand of those excellent remarks which I find
you have taken notice of to my reproach. *"
You have been pleas'd to mention Wotton (the, seat pf my brother),
invirori'd as it is with wood (from whence it takes its denomination)
arid water, and that from diflPerent sources, capable of furnishing all the
amcEuities of a villa sand garden aft^rthe Italian manner, as running
fifty foot higher than the area of the first parterre. That which I
would observe to you from the wood is, that where goodly oaks grew and
were cut down-by my grand-father almost a hundred years since, are
now altogether beech ; and where my brother has extirpated .the beech
there rises birch : under the beech spring up innumerable hollies, which,
growing thick and close together in one of the. woods next the meadow,
is a viretum all the year 'long, which is a very beautiful sight when the
leaves of the taller trees are fallen. *
It is in my Sylva where I give the dimensions of a plank of prodi-
gious amplitude, cut from an oak growing in one of the parks there
about or near that house, which holds almost six foot in breadth, and
about ten in length, half a foot in thickness, as it remains supported on
a frame of brick-work f. There are in the skirts of this parish (which
* Extracted from his History of Surrey, 1719, 8vo, vol. I.
t The table to which Evelyn alludes is still preserved in the family house at Wotton ; it is
shortened in its length, andJbut 5 feet 2 inches in diametei:, %
688
extends almost as far as the wild of Sussex) certain pits out of which
they dig jeate. The stone ahout the grounds in other parts is the rag,
and what you call iron-stone, of which there lies abundance loose
in the sands, and about certain sugar-loaf mountains South-west of
Wotton ; which, with the boscage upon them, and little torrents
between, make such a solitude as I have never seen any' place more
-horridly agreeable and romantick. In the church-yard at Wotton,
digging to enlarge the vault where our family lies interr'd, was found an
entire skeleton of gigantic stature; it is not yet twenty years since ;
but after the workmen and labourers , had done wondering at it, and
taken measure of divers of the boneSj &c. (^which tho' I have- iipt at
present, I can recover from an ingenious servant of my brothers) with-
out farther curiosity they flung into the foundation they were digging,
and superstructed upon them. '
In this parish upon Whlre-d'Owri, (which is contiguous to that tract
of hills which runs from Darking towards Guildford, and so to Ports-
mouth,) in the Chalk-delves is frequently foutod cockle-shells, peri-
winkles, &c. andjn the cart-roats where the rains have guH'd, thstt
: kind of pyrites which the country-people call thunder-stones. It is
incredible what goodly beeches grow upon that hill, expos'd as they are
'to the most impetuous winds, and with a very little earth, and that
'.extreamly loose adhering: to their roots. From hence is one of the
latgest prospects in England ; but superior to this is another about two
mjles South of my brothers house*, from the summit whereof in a clear
day may be seen (besides the whole vale or wild of Sussex, and much
of Kent) part of eleven other shires ';' so as for the extent and circum-
ference of Vista, I take it to be much beyond that from the Keepe'at
Windsor, or any that I have ever observ'd either in England or else-
where. The ascent to it is yet northward, almost upon an even line
from the foot of Whiterdowne. The brow from whence this prospect
is beheld with little acclivity (caused by the sliding some parts of it
into the grounds below, either by its own weight or some earthquake^)
goes descending nine or ten miles, almost as far as Horseham in
* Leith Hill, the highest ground ia this.county.
689
Sussex ; and the bare places from whence the earth Is slid, I have seen
as far as Lewes, thirty miles from it. I
Somewhat below this rising is the famous Roman way, call'd now
Stpne-street Causeway, which had been very well worth your taking
notiqe of, both for the length, breadth, and materials of it, to have
continu'd so firm in so rotten and deep a country for so many years ;
but it is now interrupted by divers inclosures which would be search'd
by some diligent person. Not far from my brothers house, upon the
streams and ponds- since fill'd up and drain'd, stood formerly many
powder-mills, erected by my ancestors, who were the very first who'
brought that invention into England ; before which we had all our
powder out of Flanders. , My grand-father transferr'd his patent to
the late Sir John Evelyns grand-father, of Godstone in the same
county ; in whose family it continu'd 'till the late Civil Wars. That
which I would remark upon this occasion' i%, the breaking of a huge'
beam of fifteen or sixteen inches diameter in my brothers house (and*
since crampt with adeg of iron) ; upon the blowing up of one of those
mills, without doing any other mischief that I can learn; but another
standing below towards Shire, shot a piece of timber thro' a cottage,
which took oflF a poor womans head as she was spinning.
The barren hills formerly cover'd with a fine carpet of turf have
within these forty years been exceedingly improv'd by Devonshirlng,
as we call it, that is by paring off, drying, burning, and spreading the
swarth. ForiiAerly they 'were full of sheep feeding among the wild
thyme j now they are sown with corn, and m&intairi'd in heart with
liming and other manuring. The mutton is small, but very sweet.
Wheat-ears do often frequent these downs. ,
In this parish were set up the first brass-mills for the casting; ham-
mering into plates, cutting, and drawing it into wire, that were in
England: first they dreW the wyre by men sitting harness'd in certain
swings, taking hold of the brass thongs fitted to the holes, with pincers
fasten'd to a girdle which went about them ; and then with stretching
forth their feet against a stump, they shot their bodies from it,^ closing
with the plate again ; but afterwards this was quite left off, and the
effect performed by an /wgrem'o brought out of Sweden; which I sup-
4 T
690
pose liieyi still coritmtie : but the 'nailis ai-e ireto'ov'd to feifhet dfetahi*
from my brothers house. . -"i'li.. i -
There was- likewise a fulling-mill Upofi the sdrne stream, n6W de-
molished ; ibut the him'met for iron remainSv These I rnentiitfn because
I do not remember to have seen such variety of mill^i iind Works "upon
so narrow a brook, and in so little a compass ; there belrJg mills for
corn, cloth, brass,- iron, powder^ &c. -v;
These streams are naturally full of trouts, • but they grow to no
bigness, by reason of the frequent di'aming 6f the waters to irrigate-
their lands, i c
You well observe the number. of ponds and little lakes in this coun-
try : one of my brothers (now deceas'd) had at a place call'd Baynafds,
within- his park, a pond of sixty acres. The house was honourably
built ty Sir George Moore, many years past Lieutenattt of the Tower.
The soil is so. addicted to oaks, that to tell of their prodigious growth
within fifty years would astonish those who should measure the timber
now growing. It is a sour loamy ground. '•
1 do not find you have yet made your thordUgh journey about Ban-
stead, where was tKe famous Woodcbt of which you shall find mention'
in Mr. Burtons notes upon Antoninus's Itinerary. There are to this
day Roman coins, urns and bricks, &c. dug up by the rusticks.
At Ashted near Ebisham (belonging to the Right Honourable the'
Earl Marshal) are found a certain huge aiid fleshy snail, which the
Italians call bavoli or drivelers brought out of Italy, propagnted here '
and had in delicm by his grand-father Thomas Earl of Arundel, &c.
.. In the^ sandy banks about Al bury do breed the trogladytic niartines,
who make their boroughs in the earth. ■-■ .
- I' know not whether you took notice of the smoke-jack in mv
brothers kitchen-chimney, which has been there I have heard near a^
hundred years, and has seldom stood still from its first setting up, night
or day; it makes very little noise, needs no winding up, and for that
preferable to the more noisy inventions. I am -told Mr-. Smith of
Michams spits are turn'd by the Water, which indeed runs thro' his
house. It is indeed the most chrystal stream We have in our country, and-'
comes by Bedington, which I do not find you have yej visited, no more
mi
than Wlmbleton, Nonsuch, Richmond, Oatlands, Coomb, Roehampton,
Cammerwell, Lambeth, Battersey, Kingston, Ditton, Southward, and
divers other observable places, whkfc I douSt not but , you reserve for
another perambulation *.
Sir, I beseech you to accept or pardon these trifling interpolations,
wKifh.l have presum'drto send you; not thast they can a^d any thipg
to yoiir wort, but testify the disposition I have to serve you, if it lay in
the power of, ; i ; Sir,.
Your most faithful Servantj
Feb. 8. 1 675-6. J. Evelyn.
;\ Sir,
My :hasty writing will require your pardon ; I have set things dowft
tum«ltuarily as they came into my sudden-thoughts.
Mr. Aubrey afterwards visited these places, anrio 1692.
692
AN ABSTRACT
OF A
LETTER FROM THE WORSHIPFUL JOHN EVELYN, Esq.
SENT TO ONE OF THE SECRETARIES OF THE R. SOCIETY CONCERNING THE DAMMAGE
DONE TO HIS GARDENS BY THE PRECEDING WINTER*.
Sir,
I SHOULD be altogether inexcusable for not having been to wait upon
the Society of late if my health had permitted, with some other unex-
pected occasions, before I remov'd from Lbnd. which I could not de-
cently avoid. This was, I assure you, a sensible affliction to me ; and
now I am come into the country, have beheld the havock which a rude
season has made in my poor gardens, and receiv'd your letter, wherein
you acquaint me that the Society expects an account of my sufferings.
I must begin with the Poet — -juhes renovare dolorem: in a word, the
past winter has been so severe in my territories, and where it could ex-
pugne the more defensible, and such as were inclosed ; it has ravaged all
that lay open and were abroad without any mercy.
As to timber trees. I have not many here of any considerable age
oj stature, except a few elms, which (having been decaying many years)^
one cannot well find to have receiv'd any fresh wounds distinguishable
from old cracks and hoUownesses ; and indeed I am told by divers, that
elms have not sufFer'd as the great oaks have done ; nor do I find
amongst innumerable of that species (elmsj which I have planted, and
that are now about 25 and 30 years standing, any of them touched.
The same I observe of limes, wall-nuts, ash, beech, horne-beams, birch,
chesnut, and other foresters. But, as I said, mine are young compara-
tively ; and yet one would think that should less protect them, because
more tender: so as it seems the rifting so much complain'd of has hap-
* See Philosophical Transactions, No. 158, 1684, p. 559 j and Evelyn's Diary, vol. I. p. 533.
693
'petVd chiefly among the over-grown trees, especially oaks. My Lord
Weymouth made his lamentations to me, and so has the Earl of Chester-
field, Lord Ferrars, Sir William Fermor, and others concern'd in the same
calamity, which I mention hecause of their distaiit habitations. But, if
rightly I remember^ one of these noble persons lately told me, that
since the thaw, the trees which were exceedingly, split, were come toge-
■ther and clos'd again, and I easily believ'd it; but that they are really as
solid as before, 1 doubt will not appear when they shall come to be exa-
jmin'd by the axe, and converted to use : nor has this accident happen'd
only to standing timber, but to that which has been fell'd and season'd,
as Mr. Shish *, the master builder in his Majesties ship yard here, in-
form'd me. So much for our indigince. < .
As for exotics^ I fear my cork-trees will hardly recover: but the
spring is yet so very backwardj even in this warm and dry spot of minei
that I cannot pronounce any thing positively, especially of such whose
bark is very thick and rugged, such as is the cork, enzina, and divers
of the resinous trees. The Constantinopolitan, or horse-chesnut, is
turgid with buds, and ready to explain its leaf. My cedars y\ think^
are lost ; the ilex and scarlet oak not so ; the arhwtus doubtful, and so
are hays, but some will escape, and most of them repuUulate and spring
afresh, if cut down near the earth at the latter end of the month. The
Scotch fir, spruce, and white Spanish (which last uses to suffer in their
tender buds by the spring frosts) have receiv'dno dammage this winter :
I cannot say the same of the pine, which bears the greater cone, but
other Norway s waA pinasters are fresh. iawreZ is only discoloured,
and some of the woody branches mortified, which being cut to, the quick
\vill soon put forth again, it being a succulent, plant. Amongst our
shrubs, rosemary is entirely, lost, and to my great sorrow, because I had
not only beautiful hedges of it, but sufficient to afford me flowers for the
making a very considerable quantity of the Queen of Hungaries cele-
brated water : so universal, I fear, is the destruction of this excellent
plant, not only over England, but our neighbour countries more South-
ward, that we must raise our next hopes from the seed. Halimus, or
* An account of this ingenious man may be seen in Evelyn's Diary, voU I, p. 488,
694
arseslan, of which I had a pretty hedgej is also perish'dj arid sq
er of '^renchjurses; the cypress are all of them scorch'd, and
to death, especially such as were kept shorn in pyramids; but
gst great numbers there will divers escape, after they,, are well
ts'd, that is, with a tough hazel or other wand to beat.oflF thejr
and dusty leaves, which, growing much closer than other shrubs;,
r the air and dews from refreshing the intjej'ipr parts.. This disci*-
I use to all niy tonsile shrubs vi^ith good success,, as oft as a winr
irches.them. The berry l>earing savine, which, if well understp.od
ultivated, were the only, best succedaneum to cypress, has not suf-
jn the least; it perfectly resembles the cypress, and grows very
id thick. I think the arbor thuya is alive, and so, is the Amerir
7dci(i, acanthus, paliurxis, and poniegranad. My ^lawustii],us lopks
:iously; some large and oldalaturrius's are kill'd, esj)ecially suclj
re more expos'd to the sun, whereas those that grow in the shade
i I the reason of which I conjecture to be from the reciprocations
ng somewhat relax'd every day, and then in^de rigid and stifiF again
^ht, which hepding and unbending so often, opening and closing
li-tfe, does exceedingly moj-tifie them, and ajl other tender plants
t, growing in shady: places, undergo but one thaw and change. Most
ise yet will, revive again at the root, being. cut close to the ground>
phillyreas angusti aviA' serratif olio's (both of them incomparahlv
;st for ornamental bedgeis of any the perennial greens I know) have
f been sensible of the least impression,, more than tarnishing of
leaves; no more have the Spanish ja^wiienes, and; Pema^2.; and I
erate these particulars^ihe more minutely, that gentlemen who ar^
IS may take i notice what plants they may trusit to abroad in aU
s,. for I speak only of such as are exposed. As for the choicer
;s which are set in for hyematlonj they certainly escapet, or are im-
1 accordingly as they are treated by the more or less experienced and
trious gardener, or commodiotisness of the conservatory. But to
hat may be added on this- subject would require a large chapter^
letter: I would in the mean time advise such as have suffer'd de^
nt in the green houses not to despair when they see the leaves of
rm/rtks, oranges, oleanders, Jasmines, apd other preqious shrubs,
'695
rsisset, or ai together sBrlvell'd and falling; but to cut them to ffie,qui»V,
plaster the wounds, and plunge their cases and pots^ trimra'd with fresh
mould, &c. in a warm bed/carefully refresh'd, shaded, air'd and treated
as sick patients, and as the prudent gardener best knows how; but,
above all, that he be sure not to ^expose them 'till these Eastern winds
(which I call our English ete^z'aw*, and which makes our springs so un-
comfortable, when we think winter and all danger past) be qualifiedi
for they are deadly to all our plants abroad, and frequently do us more
'prejudice than the most churlish winters, as commonly finishing the de»
structibn of what the frosts have spared. Nor are we to be flatter'd
\vilh a warm day or two, which: are apt. to tempt gardners to set out
their plants before the end of April, or that we find the' wise malherry
put "forth, which' is certainly the most faithftfl monitor; hor\shoHld we
indeed cut or transplant any of the 'perennials 'till of themselves they
begin to sprout. ■
' I need say nothing of %ally, yew^ bode, juniper, &c. hardy and sponta-
Tieous to our country ; and yet, to my grief again, I find an holly stan-
dard, of near 100 years old, drooping and of doubtful aspect.; and a very
beautiful hedge, tho' indeed much younger, being clipp'd about MichaeLr
mas, is mortified near a foot beneath the top, and in some places to the
Very groijnd ; so as there's nothing seems proof against such a winter
which is late cut and expos'd. This hedge does also grow against the
South, and is very russet, whilst the contrary side is as, fresh and green
•as ever; amtin all Other places of my plantations that are shaded, the
unshorn hollies maintain their verdure, and ar^, I judge, impregnable
against all assajults of weather. • ' t '
Among the fruit trees and murals, none seem to have suffer'd, save
Jicrs; but they, being cut down, will spring again at the root. The
vines have escaped ; and of the esculent plants and sallads most, except
artichokes, which are universally lost, and (what I prefer before any
sallad eaten raw when young) my sampier'ih all rotted to the very. root.
How to repair my loss I know not, for I could never make any of the
seed which came from the rock sampire, though mine were of the very
kind to grow.
The arborescent, and other sedums, aloes, &c. tho' hous'd, perished
696
with me; hut the i/ucca and opuntia escap'd. Tulips, many are lost ;
and so the Constantinojle narcissus, and such tuberoscB as were not
kept in the chimney corner where was continual fire : some anemojiies
appear, but I believe many are rotted ; but I have made no great search
in the flowery parterre, only I find that most capillaries spring, and
other humble and repent plants, notwithstanding all this rigorous
season.
My tortoise, which, by his constant burying himself in the earth at
approach of winter, I look upon as a kind oi plant -animal, happning to
be obstructed by a vine-root from mining to the depth he was usually
wont to interr, is found stark dead, after having many years escaped the
severest winter. Of ^sA I have lost very few ; and the nightingales,
which, for being a short wing'd bird, and so exceeding fat at the time
of the year, we commonly suppose them to change the climate
(whereas indeed they are hardly able to flee an hundred yards), are as
brisk and froUic as ever ; nor do 1 think they alter their summer stations,
whatever becoriie of them all winter. I know not yet of any body wh^o
has given tolerable satisfaction in this pa!rticular amongst our ornitho-
logists.
Thus, Sir, I have sent you a rhapsody of such obsecvations as I haye
been able to make since my return home, and I wish they may prove pf
any importance to the Society, to whicTi, arid to yourself,
I am. Sir,
a most devoted and obedient servant. -
Says Court, Deptford,
April 14, 1684.
OR,
THE LADIES DRESSING-ROOM UNLOCK'D,
AND
HER TOILETTE SPREAD.
IN BURLESQUE.
TOGETHER WITH
THE F O P-D I CT I O N A R Y,
COMPILED fOR THE USE OF THE FAIR BEX.
' Tanquemfavms discrimen agatur,
jjut ammis :. taTda est q-U(srendi cura decoris. Juvenal, Sat. 6.
Such care for a becoming dress they take,
As if their life and honour were at stake.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR R. BENTLEY, IN RUSSEL-STREET, IN COVENT-GARDEN.
1690.
Quarto, 30 pages, including the title-page.
4 u
lu the Diary, 10th March 1685, when delineating the character and accomplishments of his
scellent daughter Mary, who died of the small-pox on the 14th of the same mpnth, J. Eve-
n has a slight reference to this Poenj, at that time five years previous to its publication ;
id from the manner in which he mentions it, the tract would almost seem to have been of
er own composition, illustrated by his notes. The passage alluded to states that " she could
impose happily, and put in pretty symbols, as in the Mundus Muliehris, wherein is an
numeration of the immense variety of the modes and ornaments belonging to the sex."
699
PREFACE.
as
This paper was not to come abroad without a Preface, as well
Gomment for instruction of our young master, who, newly launch'd
from the University (where he has lost a year or two), is not yet tra-
vell'd, or if haply he has made le petit tour (with the formall thing his
governour *), having never read Tully's Offices through since he came
from school, sets up for a beau^ and equipp'd for the town at his return,
comes to seek adventures in an ocean full of rocks and shelves, and wants
a skilful pilot to steer him as much as any vessel that goes to the Indies;
and oftentimes returns home leaky, and as poorly freighted as those
who have been near shipwreck'd, or lost their voyage.
It is for direction of such as are setting out towards this great and
famous emporium (whether the design be for miss or marriage), what
cargo he must provide ; not as merchants do for America, glass-beads
and baubles in exchange for gold and pearl, but gold and pearl, and all
that's precious, for that which is of less value than knives and childrens
rattles.
You see, squires, what you are to prepare for as adventurers, or by
way of barter, if you think to traffick here and to carry the fair one,
especially if she be at her own disposal, or (being come some consider-
able time out of the country) has been initiated into the conversation of
the town. The refined lady expects her servants and humble admirers
should couch her in the forms and decencies of making love in fashion ;
in order to this, you must often treat her at the play, the parJc, and the
musick; present her at the raffle; follow her to Tunhridge at tbe season
of drinking of waters, though you have no need of them your self : you
must improve all occasions of celebrating her shape, and how well the
mode becomes her, though it be ne'er so fantastical and ridiculous; that
she sings like an angel, dances like a goddess, and that you are charmed
with her wit and beauty ; above all, you must be sure to find some fault
* Whom the French call, mattre des ours, a bearward.
700
or imperfection in all other ladies of the town, and to laugh at the fopps
like yourself. With this, a little practice will qualifie you for the con-
versation and mistery of the ruelle ; and if the whole morning be spent
between the glass and the comb, that your perruque fit well, and cravat-
strings be adjusted, as things of importance; with these and the like
accomplishments you'll emerge a consummate i&eerM,^ng-?/C(^ a cox-
comb. But the dancing-master will still be necessary to preservis your
good meen, and fit you for the winter-ball.
Thus you see, young sparlis, how the stile and met"hod of wooing -is
quite changed, as well as the language, since the days of our fore-fathers
(of unhappy memory, simple and plain men as they were), who courted
and chose their wives for their modesty., frugality, keeping at hdine,
good-housewifery, and other oeconomical virtues then in reputation :
and when the young damsels were taught all these in the country, and at
their parents houses, the portion they brought was more in virtue than
money, and she was a richer match than one who could have brought a
million, and nothing else to commend her. The presents which were
made when all was concluded were a ring, a necklace of pearls, and per-
haps another fair jewel, the bona paraphernalia of her prudent mother,
whose nuptial kirtle, gown, and petticoat, lasted as many anniversaries
as the happy couple liv'd together, and were at last beq'ueath'd, with a
purse of old gold, rose-nobles, spur-rroyals, and spankees, as an house-
loom to her grand -daughter.
They had cupboards of ancient useful plate, whole chests of damask
for the table, and store of fine Holland sheets (white as the driven snow),
and fragrant of rose and lavender, for the bed ; and the sturdy oaken bed-
stead, and furniture of the house, lasted one whole century ; the shovel-
board, and other long tables^ both in hall and parlour, were as fixed as
the freehold ; nothing was moveable save joynt-stools, the blackjacks,
silver tankards, and bowls: apd though many things fell out between
the cup and the lip, when happy ale, March beer, metheglin, malmesey,
and old sherry, got the ascendant amongst the blew-coats and badges,
they sung Old /S^won and Cheviot- Chase, and danc'd JSrctiye Arthur ^
and were able to draw a bow that made the proud Monsieur tremble at
the vvhizze of the grey-goose-feather. 'Twas then ancient hospitality
701^
vvaskeptfup iii town and^cqiintry^ by whiah the tenaqts were enabled,
to: pay their landlords at punctual day; the, poor were relieved bouatin)
fuUyj and charity, w&s as warm as the kitchen, where the fire was per-,
PetUa}. , ; , . ,
In those happy days. Sure-foot, the grave and steady mare, carried
the good knijght, and hiscpurteous lady behind him, to church and;to
viiS^t {the neighbourhood, vvithout so many hell-carts, ratling; coaches,
^d. a crue of Zacsyt/qy*, which a grave livery servant or two supply'd,
who rid before and made- way 'for his worship. -^ ..
Things of use were natural, plain, and wholesome ; nothing was su-
perfluous, ijiothing' necessary \yanting; and naen of estate, studied the;
publick good, and gave examples of true piety, loyalty, justice, sobriety,;
oharity,. and the good neighbourhood ? compd^'d most differences; per-
jury^ suborning witnesses, alimony, avowed adulteries, and misses (pub-j
li<?kly own'd), were prodigies in those days, and laws^were reason, no^
crafty when mens titles ^were' secure, and t|iey served their gene^atioa
with honour, leftth^ir patrimonial estates improv'd to an hopeful -heir,,
whoj passing from the free-sphool to the college, and thence to the inns,
of court, acquaititing himself with a dpmpeteht tincture of the laws of
hm country^ followed the example of his worthy ancestors, and if he
travell'd abroad, it was riot to count steeples, and bring home feather
and ribbon, and the sins of other nations, but to gain such experience as
rendred him useful to his prince and his country upon occasion, and
confirm'd him in the love of both of 'em above any other.
The virgins and young ladies of that golden age* qucesierunt lanam
^ linum, put their hands to the spindle, nor disdain'd they the needle ;
ivere obsequious and helpful to their parents, instructed in the managery
jf the family, and gave presages of making excellent wives. Nor then did
:hey read so many romances, see so many plays and smutty farces ; set
ip for visits, and have their days oi audience, and idle pass-time : honest
rleek, ruff, and horumrs, diverted the ladies at Christmas, and they knew
Jot so much as the names of ombre, comet, and basset. Their retire-
nents were devout and religious books, and their recreations in the dis-
* Prov. ch. xxxi. vei'ses 13. 19.
702
tillatory, the knowledge of plants and their virtues, for the coinfc
their poor neighbours and use of the family^ which whalesome
dyet and kitchen physick preserved 'in perfect health. In those
the scurvy, spleen, &c. were scarce heard of, till forreigii drink:
mixtures were wantonly introduc'd. Nor were the young gentlewmr
universally afflicted with hysterical fits, nor, though extremely modt
all melancholy, or less gay and in good humour : they could touc
lute and virginal, sing like to the damask rose, and their breath v,
sweet as their voices : they danc'd the Canarys, Spanish Pavan
Selengers Round, upon sippets, with as much grace and lovelini
any Isaac, Monsieur, or Italian of them all, can teach with his fo]
and apish postures.
To shew you then how the world is alter'd among us, since for
manners, the luxury (more than Asiatick, which was the final rui
the greatest, wisest, and most noble monarchy upon earth) has ur
sally obtained among us, corrupting ancient simplicity ;. and in
extravagant forms the young gallant we describ'd is to court the
and make his addresses (whether his expedition be for marriage or
tresse), it has been thought good by some charitable hands that
contributed to this catalogue, to present him with an enumerati(
particulars, and computation of the charges of the adventurer, as fol
703
A VOYAGE TO MARRYLAND;
OR, THE LADIES DRESSING-ROOM.
Negotii sibi qui volet vim parere,
Navem St muUerem, heec duo comparato.
Nam nulla magis res duee plus negotii
Habent, forte si occeperis exomare.
Neque unquam satis hce dues res ornantur,
Neque eis ulla omandi satis satietas est.
Plaut. PtENULUs, Act. 1. SceH. 2.
Whoever has a mind to abundance of trouble.
Let him furnish himself with a ship and a woman ;
For no two things will find you more employment.
If once you begin to rig them out with all their streamers,
Nor are they ever sufficiently adorned.
Or satisfy'd, that you have done enough to set them forth *.
He that will needs to Marry-Iand
Adventure, first must understand
For 's bark what tackle to prepare,
Gainst wind and weather, wear and tare :
Of point d'Espagne a rich cornet.
Two night-rails, and a scarf beset
With a great lace, a coUeret :
One black gown of rich silk, which odd is
Without one colour'd, embroider'd boddice :
Four petticoats for page to hold up.
Four short ones nearer to the crup :
Three manteaus, nor can madam less
Provision have for due und.ress ;
Nor demy sultane, spagnolet,
Nor fringe to sweep the Mall forget:
" The man that wants employment in abundance.
Let him procure a woman and a ship ;
For no two things can furnish you more business :
Especially when you begin to rig them.
These two things are never rig'd enough ;
Nor is there any end of 't, they so love it."
Thornton's Translation.
ro4
Of under bodice three neat pair
Embroider'd, and of shoos as fair :
Short under petticoats pure fine,
Someof Japan stuff, some of Chine,. -
With knee-high galoon bottomed ;
Another quilted white and red ;
With a broad F|anders lace below :
Four pair of has de soy shot through
With silver, diamond buckles too,
For garters, and as rich for shoo :
Twice twelve day smocks of Holland fine
With cambric sleeves, rich point to joyn
(For she 'despises Colbertine);
Twelve more for night, all Flanders lac'd.
Or else she '11 think her self disgra,c'd ;
The same her night-gown, must adorn.
With two point wastcoats for the morn :
Of pocket mouchoirs nose to drain,
A dozen lac'd, a dozen plain :
Three night-gowns of rich Indian stuff j'
Four cushioii-cloths are scarce enough,.
Of point and Flanders, not forget
Slippers embroider'd on velvet :
A manteau girdle, ruby buckle.
And brilliant diamond rings for knuckle :
Fans painted and perfumed three :
Three muffs of sable, ermine, grey;
Nor reckon it among the baubles,
A palatine al^so of sables.
A saphire bodkin for the hair,
Or sparkling facet diamond there :
Three turquois," ruby, emerauld rings
For fingers, and such pretty things.
As diamond pendants for the ears.
Must needs be had ; or two pearl pears.
Pearl necklace, large and Oriental,
And diamond, and of amber pale ; ^ .n,.
For oranges bears every bush, ■ ' ',
Nor values she cheiip things a rush.
705
Then bracelets for her wrists bespeak
(Unless her heart-strings you will break)>
With diamond croche for breast and — — ,
Till to hang more on there 's no room.
Besides these jewels, you must get
Cuff buckles, and an handsome set
Of tags for palatine, a curious hasp
The manteau 'bout her neck to clasp :
Nor may she want a ruby locket.
Nor the fine sweet quilted pocket;
To play at ombre, or basset.
She a rich pulvil purse must get,
With guineas fiU'd, on cards to lay.
With which she fancies most to play :
Nor is she troubled at ill fortune.
For should the bank be so iipportune
To rob her of the glittering store.
The amorous fop will furnish more.
Pensive and mute, behind her shoulder
He stands, till by her loss grown bolder,
Into her lap rouleau conveys,
Th€ Softest thing a lover says :
She grasps it in her greedy hands.
Then best his passion understands ;
When tedious languishing has fail'd.
Rouleau has constantly prevail'd.
But to go on where we left off,
Though you may think what 's said enough ;
This is not half that does belong
To the fantastic female throng:
In pin-up ruffles now she flaunts.
About her sleeves are engageants ;
Of ribbon various echelles.
Gloves trimm'd, and lac'd as fine as Nell's *.
Twelve dozen Martial^ whole and half,
Of jonquil, tuberose (don't laugh),
Frangissan, orange, violett.
Narcissus, jassamin, ambrett :
» Eleanor Gwynn, better knovm by the familiar name of Nell, one of the ipistresses of Charles II.
4 X
706
And some of chicken skin for night,
To keep her hands plump, soft, and white
Mouches for pushe?, to be, sure.
From, Paris the tnds^ne procure.
And Spanish paper, lip, and cheek.
With spittle swe^Jy to belick :
Nor therjBfore spare in the next place.
The pocket sprmMng lookitig-glass :
Calembuc combs in pulvil case
To set aud trim the hair and face::
And that the cheeks ijiay both agree,
Plumpers Jto fill the cavity.
The set^^e, cup^e, place aright,
Frelcmge^fontange, favorite ;
Montd la haute, and palisade,
Sorti,Jlandan (great helps to trade),
Bourgoig^e,jardihS, cornett,
Frilal next upper painer set.
Round which it does our ladies please,
Tq\spread the hood .called rayonn^s :
Behind the npddle every baggage
Wears bundle choux, in English cabbage :
Nor cruches she, nor vor^fidetits.
Nor passages, nor bergers wants:;
And when this grace Nature denies.
An artificial tour supplies ;
All which with meurtriers^unite,
And creve cceurs silly fops to smite.
Or take in toil at park or play,
Nor holy Church is safe, they say.
Where decent veil was wont to hide
The modest sex religious pride :
Lest these yet prove too great a load,
Tis all corapris'd in the commode ;
Pins tipt with diamond point and head.
By which the curls are fastened.
In radiant firmament set-out,
And over all the hood sur-tout :
707
Thus face that erst near head was plac'd,
Imagine now- about the wast,-;!
For tQur on tour, and tire on tire,
Like steeple Bow, or Grauthiiin spire, ;
Or Septizonium, once atKome, • < i
(But does nft'half so welLbecome
Fair ladies head), you. here hehold
Beauty by tyrknt inode controlHd.
The graceful oval, and the rounds,
This ho^setbedoeslquite coiifoiibd;
And ears like satyr, large ajad raw,'>^i.\ '
And bony face, and bdBow j aw ;
This monstrous dre^ does now reveal,
Whiph well-plac'd curls did once conceal,
Besides all these, 'tis always meant
You furnish her apartment .
With Moreclacktapestry, damask bed,
Or velvet richly embroidered :
Branches, btinsserd, c4s$oleU,
A cofre-Jhrt, and cabinets,
Vasas of silver, porcelan, store
To set, and range about the floor :
The chimney furniture of plate.
(For iron 's now quite out of date) j ,
Tea-table, skreens, trunks, and stand.
Large looking-glass> richly japa.nn'd ; 4.>
An hanging shelf, to which belongs^ ■>"/
Romances, plays, and amorous songs ; '
Repeating clocks the hour to show
When to the play 'tis time to; go.
In pompous coach, or else sedan'd
With equipage along this Strand,
And with her new beau fopling mann'd.
A new scene to us next presents.
The dressing-room and implements.
Of toilet plate, gilt and emboss'd.
And several other things of cost .
The table miroir, one glue pot,
One/or pomatuma, and what not ?
708
Of washes, unguents, and cosmeticks ;
A pair of silver-candlesticks ;
Snuffers and snuff-dish ; boxes more,
For powders, patches, waters store.
In silver flasks, or bottles, cups
Cover'd, or open, to wash chaps ;
Nor may Hungarian Queens be wanting.
Nor store of spirits against fainting ;
Of other waters, rich and sweet.
To sprinkle'handkerchief is meet ;
D'ange, orange, mill-Jleur, myrtle,
Whole quarts the chamber to bequirtle :
Of essence rare, and7e meillure.
From Rome, from Florence, Montpellieri
In filgran casset to repel
When scent of gousset does, rebel,
Though powder'd alum be as good.
Well strew'd on, and well understood;
For vapours that offend the lass
Of sal-ammoniack a glass :
Nor brush for gown, nor oval salver.
Nor pincushion, nor box of silver.
Baskets of fil'gran, long and round.
Or if Japonian to be found,
And the whole town so many yield,
Calembuc combs by dozens fill'd
You must present, and a world more,
She 's a poor miss can count her store.
The working apron, too, from France,
With all its trim apurtenance ;
Loo masks, and whole, as winds do blow.
And miss abroad 's dispos'd to go:
Hoods by whole dozens, white and black,
And store of coiffs she must not lack,
Nor velvet scarfs about her back.
To keep her warm ; all these at least
In amber'd skins, or quilted chest
Richly p^rfum'd, she lays, and rare
Powders for garments, some for hair.
709
Of Cyprus, and of Corduba,
And the rich polvil of Goa :
Nor here omit the bob of gold
"Which a pomander ball does hold ;
This to her side she does attach
With gold crochet, or French pennache,
More useful far than ferula
For any saucy coxcomb's jaw ;
A graceful swing to this belongs,
Which he returns in cringe and songs,
And languishing to kiss the hand.
That can perfumed blows command.
All these, and more, in order set,
A- large rich cloth of gold toilet
Does cover, and, to put up rags.
Two high embroidered sweet bags.
Or a large perfum'd Spanish skin.
To wrap up all these trinkets in :
But I had almost quite forgot
A tea and (likewise) chocolate pot,
With molionet and caudle cup.
Restoring breakfast to sup up ;
Porcelan saucers, spoons of gold.
Dishes that refin'd sugars hold ;
Pastillos di Bocca we
In box of beaten gold do see,
Inchas'd with diamonds, and tweeze
As rich and costly as all these.
To which a bunch of onyxes
And many a golden seal there dangles.
Mysterious cyphers,, and new fangles.
Gold is her toothpick, gold her watch is,
And gold is every, thing she touches :
But, tir'd with numbers^ I give o'er ;
Arithmetick can add no more.
Thus rigg'd the vessel, and equipp'd.
She is for all adventures shipp'd,
Andfortion, 'ere the year goes round,
Does with her vanity confound.
710
THE FOP -DICTIONARY,
OH,
AN ALPHABETICAL CATALOGUE OF THE HARD AND FOREIGN NAMES
AND TERMS OF THE ART COSMETICK, &c.
TOGETHER WITH
THEIR INTERPRETATIONS, FOR INSTRUCTIoiH OF THE UNLEARNED*.
Attache. Kivj thing which fastens to another, &c.
Bas de soye shot through. Silk stockings, with gold or silver threac
wove into the clock.
Berger. A plain small lock fd, la sheperdesse) turn'd up with a puflf
Bourgoigne. The first part of the dress for the head next the hair.
Branches. Hanging candlesticks, like those used in churches.
Brasiere. A large vessel, or moving-hearth of silver, for coals, tranS'
portable into any room, much used in Spain.
Calumbuc. A certain precious wood, of an agreeable scent, brough
from the Indies.
Campaine. A kind of narrow picked lace.
Casset. A dressing-box.
Cassolet. Perfuming pot, or censer.
Chouoc. The great round boss or bundle, tesembling a cabbage, fron
whence the French give it that name. •
Cofre-fort. A strong box of some precious or hard wood, &c. bouni
with gilded ribs.
Colhertine. A lace resembling net-work, of the fabrick of Monsieu
Colbert, superintendent of the French King's manufactures.
Collaret. A sort of gorget,
Commode. A frame of wire, cover'd with silk, on which the whol
head-attire is adjusted at once upon a bust, or property of wood carve(
to the breasts, like that which perruque-makers set upon their stalls
Confidants. Smaller curies near the eares.
, Cornet. The upper pinner, dangling about the cheeks like hounds ears
* London: Printed for R. Bentley, in RusselUstreet, in Covent-garden. 1690.
711;
raeticks. Here used for any eflFeminate ornament; also, artificial
)mplections and perfumes.
ve-coeur. Heart-breakers, the two small curl'd locks at the nape of
le neck.
chet. The hook to which are chain'd the ladies watch, seals, and
ther intaglias, &c.
',ches. Certain smaller curies, placed on the forehead.
ip^e. A kind of pinner.
helles. A pectoral, or stomacher, lac'd with ribbon, like the rounds
f a ladder.
pageants. Deep double ruffles, hanging down to the wrists.
lorites. Locks dangling on the temples.
•ula. An instrument of wood us'd for correction of lighter faults,
aore sensibly known to school-boys than to ladies.
-grain' d. Dressing- boxes, baskets, or whatever else is made of
ilver wire-work.
indan. A kind of pinner joyning with the bonnet.
•mantent. Diamonds, or other precious stones heading the pins,
vhich they stick in the tour and hair, like stars.
"ilan. Bonnet and pinner together.
%t-jln,ge. The top-knot, so call'd from Mademoiselle de Fontange,
)ne of the French Kings mistresses, who first wore it.
is. The grey furr of squirrels bellies.
oonian. Any thing varnished with laccar, or China polishing, or
:hat is old or fantastical.
^din^e. That single pinner next the Bourgogne.
o Mash. An half mask.
irtial. The name of a famous French perfumer, emulating the Fran-
ripani of Rome.
roir. In general, any looking-glass ; but here, for the table, toilet,
jocket sprunJcing glass.
dionet. The instrument us'd to mingle chocolate with the water.
mte la haui. Certain degrees of wire to raise the dress.
mchoire. It were rude, vulgar, and unseemly to call it handkerchief.
mches. Flies, or black patches, by the vulgar.
712
Meurtrieres. Murderers ; a certain knot in the hair, which ties and
unites the curls.
Palatine. Formerly called Sables, or Tippet, because made of the tails
of that animal.
Palisade. A wire sustaining the hair next to the dutchess, or first knot.
Passagere. A curl'd lock next the temples.
Pastillo di Bocpa. Perfum'd lozenges to improve the breath.
Pennache. Any bunch or tassel of small ribbon.
Plumpers. Certain very thin, round, and light balls, to plump out
and fill up the cavities of the cheeks, much us'd by old Court-Coun-
tesses.
Polvil. The Portugal term for the most exquisite powders and perfumes.
JRaggs. A compendious name generally us'd for all sorts of point, lace,
&c. whence the women who bring them to ladies chambers are call'd
ragg women, but whilst in their shops, Exchange women.
Rare, les meilleures. Best, and most excellent; but in language de beau,
rare 8f la meilleure, happily rhyming with Montpellier.
Rayonnd. Upper hood, pinn'd in circle, like the sun-beams.
Rouleau. Is forty nine guineas, made up in a paper roll, which Mon-
sieur F , Sir J , and Father B , lend to losing gamesters
that are good men, and have fifty in return.
Rttffles. By our fore-fathers call'd cuJfFs.
Settle. The double pinner.
Sorti. A little knot of small ribbon, peeping out between the pinner
and bonnet.
Septizonium. A very high tower in Rome, built by the Emperor Seve-
rus, of seven ranks of pillars, set one upon the other, and diminishing
to the top, like the ladies new dress for their heads, which was the
mode among the Roman dames, and is exactly describ'd by Juvenal
in his 6th Satyr :
Tot premit ordinibus, tot adhuc compagibus altum
JEdificat caput. Andromachen a fronts videbis :
Post minor est :
Such rows of curies press'd on each other lye,
She builds her head so many stories high.
713
That look on her before, and you would swear
Hector's tall wife Andromache she were,
Behind a pigmy— r
panish Paper. A beautiful red colour, which the ladies, &c. in Spain
paint their faces withal.
pagnolet. A kind of narrow-sleev'd gown, a la Spagnole.
prunking. A Dutch term for pruning, tiffing, trimming, and letting
out, by the glass or pocket miroir.
uUane. A gown trimm'd with buttons and loops.
urtout. A night-hood covering the entire dress.
oilet. Corruptly call'd the twilight, but originally signifying a little
cloth.
bur. An artificial dress of hair on the forehead, &c.
res fine. Langage de beau; extremely fine and delicate : cum muU
tis aliis.
or, besides these, there are a world more ; as assassin, or venez a may,
a. certain breast-knot, as much as to say, Come to me,. Sir, ,&c.,:
Diichesse,.^ knot next the hair, immediately above the; tqur, .&c.
with innumerable others now obsolete, and for the present out of use;
but we confine ourselves to those in vogue.
3, conclude, those who haVe the curiosity, by comparing these terms
with the ancients, thereby, to inform themselves how this elegant
science is improv'd, especially since we have submitted to and still
continue under the empire of the French (for want of some royal or
illustrious ladies invention and courage to give the law of the mode
to her own country, and to vindicg.te it from foreign tyranny), may
for divine history consult Isaiah, ch. iii. Ver. 16, &c. ; and for pro-
phane, read Plautus his Poenulus, act i. seen. 2. and his Aulularia,
act iii. seen. 5.
4 Y
714
ADVERTISEMENT TO THE "COMPLEAT GAEDENER*,"
BY MONS. DE LA QUINTINYE,
CHIEF DIRECTOR OF ALL THE GARDENS OF THE FRENCH KINGS
MAIliE ENGLISH BY JOHN EVELYN. ESQ.
I cannot conceive but it must needs be a very acceptable Advertise-
ment, and of universal concern to all noble-inen and persons of quality,
lovers of gardens, and improvers of plantations, of all diversions and
employments the most natural^ usefull, innocent and agreeable (at
what distance soever) from a place of so easy and speedy correspon-
dence, and which is so nere this great city to give this notice.
That of all I have hitherto seen, either at home or abroad^ or found
by reading many books publish'd on this subject, pretending -to speak
of nurseries and plantations for store and variety; directions for the
designing (or as they term it) the skillful making, plottiiag, laying-out,
and disposing of a ground to the best advantage j f n a word for what-
soever were desireable for the furniture of such a ground, with the
most^ excellent and warantable fruit (I say warantable, because it is
peculiarly due to their honest industry, and so rarely to be met with
elsewhere) and' other accessories to gardens of all denominations, as in
that vast and' ample collection which I- have lately seen, and well
considered at Brompton Park near Kensington -j? ; the very sight of
* " Or, Directions for cultiv^ing and right ordering of Fruit Gardens and Kitchen Gardens ;
with divers Reflection^ on several Parts of Hingbaudry. In Six Books. By the famous Mons' De
La. (Quiptinye, Cfeief Pirector of all the Gardens of the French King, To which is added, his
Treatise of Orange Trees, with the Raising of Melons, omitted in the French Editions. Made
Englisli by John Evelyn, Esq. With Plates. London: Printed for Matthew ^llyflower, at the
Spread Eagle in Westminster Hall, and James Partridge, at the Post-houge at Ch^^ing Cjcoss.
1693." Folio, 518 pages.
t April 24, 1694. " 1 went to visit Mr. Waller, an extraordinary young gentleman of greate
accomplishments, an excellent botanist, a rare ingraver on brass, writer in Latin, and a poet. I
carried him to see Brompiori Park, where he was in admiration at the store of rare plants, and
the method he found in that noble nursery, and how well it was cultivated>'" Diary, 4to. vol. ii. p. 4 1 ,
" Brompton Park garden, belonging to Mr. London and Mr. Wise, has a large long green-house,
the front all glass and board, the north side brick. Here the King's greens, which were in sum-
715
which alone gives an idea of something that is greater than I can well
express, without an enumeration of particulars ; and of the exceeding
industry, method, and address of those who have undertaken and culti-
vated it for publick use ; I mean Mr. George London (chief gardner
to their Majesties^ and his associate Mr. Henry Wise^ For I have
long observ'd (from the daily practice and effects of the laudable industry
of these two partners) that they have not made gain the only mark of
their pains ; but with extraordinary and rare industry endeavour'd to
improve themselves in the mysteries of their profession, from the great
advantages, and now long experience they have had, in being employed
in most of the celebrated gardens and plantations which this nation
abounds in ;- besides what they have learn 'd abroady and where horti-
culture is in highest reputation *.
I find they not only understand the nature and genius of the several
soils, but their usual infirmities, proper remedies, composts and applica-
tions to re-invigorate exhausted mould, sweeten the foul and tainted,
and reduce the sower, harsh, stubborn and dry^ or over moist and dilu-
ted earth to its genuine temper and constitution; and what aspects and
situations are proper for the several sorts of mural, standard, dwarf,
and other fruit trees.
iner at Kensington, are placed, but they take but little room in comparison of their own. Their
garden is chiefly a nursery for all sorts of plants, of which tliey are very full." See Account of
several Gardens near London upon a view of them in December 1691, by li Giyon, Archaeolbgia,
vol. xii. p. 189,
* Tliese distinguished nurserymen were the most eminent in their profession at the end of the
seventeenth and beginning of the eighteenth century. George Ldndon was apprentice to Rose, the
royal gardener, often mentioned by Evelyn, and sent by him to France to study- the beauties of
Versailles. On his return he was made head-gardener to Dr. Compton, Bishop of London, and at
the beginning of the revolution was appointed superintendant of the royal gardens, at a salary of
200/. a year, and Page of the Back-Stairs to jQueen Mary, In connection with Cooke (gardener to
Lord Essex), Lucre, and Field (gardeners to the Earl of Bedford), he established the Brompton
Nursery. The first place they laid out was Lord Weymouth's (now the Marquess of Bath). at Long-
leat, where each partner staid a month. Switzer, in his " Gardener's Recreation," says that Lon-
don might have been called director-general of the gardens of England, most of which he visited
once or twice each year, riding generally fifty or sixty mites a day. Two of the partners di^d, arid
a third selling his share to Wise, the whole fell to London and Wise, and was then worth from 30
to 40,000/. perhaps, says Switzer, as much as that of all the nurseries of France put together.
London's last work was Edger in Essex. Me died in 1713.
Of Wise little is known, excepting that he laid out grounds; and in p&rticul&r Blenheim.
716
Fhey have made observations, and given me a specimen of that long,
: hitherto waqting particular, of discriminating the several kinds of
its by their characterisiical notes, from a long and critical observa-
a :of the ' leafe, taste, colour, and other ' distinguishiiig qualities ;
as one shall not be impos'd upon with fruits of several names ; when
truth there is but one due to them. For instance, in peares albne^, a
itlemen in the country sends to the nurseries for the liver hla^ch',
fAigny de chouille, rattan blanc, &c. ; the English St. Gilbert,
anboiirn pears, and several other names; when all this while they are
o'ther than the well known cadillac. The same also hap'ning in
aches, apples, plums, cherris and other fruit ; for want of an accurate
amination (by comparing of their taste, and those other indications
bave mentioned), for which gentlemen compliain, and not without
ise, ; that the nursery-men abuse them ; when 'tis their ignorance, or
5 exotic name of which they are so fond.
I find they have likewise apply'd themselves to attain a sufficient
iste'ry in lines and figures for general design, and expeditious methods
■ casting and levelling of grounds ; and to bring them into the most
t form they are capable of ; which requires a particular address ; and
determine the best proportions of walks and avenues, starrs, centres,
;. suitable to the lengths ; and how, and with what materials, whe-
er gravel, carpet, &c. to be layed.
They have a numerous collection of the best designs, and I perceive
e able of themselves to draw and contrive others applicable to the
aces, when busie works and parterres of imbroidery for the coronary
d flower gardens are proper or desired. And where fountains,
itues, vases, dials, and other decorations of magnificence are to be
ac'd with most advantage.
To this add a plentiful aiid choice collection of orange trees, lemon,
ertil, baies, jassminesj arid all other rarities and exotics requiring the
inservatpry ; after they have embellish 'd their proper stations abroad
iring the Summer, and for continuing a no less ornament in the green
3use during Winter. ^ ^
They have a very brave and noble assembly of the flowery and other
ees : perennial and variegated ever greens and shrubs, hardy and fittest
717
for our climate ; and understand what best to plant the humble bos-
cage, wilderness, or taller groves with ; where and how to dispose and
govern them, according as ground and situation of the place requires,
both for shelter and ornament. For which purpose (and for walks and
avenues) they have store of elms, limes, platans, Constantinople-ches-
nuts, black cherry-trees, &c.
Nor are they, I perceive, less knowing in that most useful, though less
pompous part of horticulture, the potagere, meloniere, cullnarie gar-
den : where they should most properly be plac'd for the use of the
family ; how to be planted, furnish'd and cultivated so as to afford
gresat pleasure to the eye, as well as profit to the master. And they
have, also seeds, bulbs, roots, slips for the flower garden, and shew
How they ought to be order'd and maintain'd.
Lastly, I might super-add the great number of grounds and gardens
of nobW-men and persons of quality which they have made and
planted a& origine, arid' are still ubder their care and inspection,
though at considerable distances, and how exceedingly they prosper, to
justifie what I hear freely said in their behalf.
And as for the nursery part in voucher, and to make good what I
have said on that particular, one needs no more than take a, walk to
Brompton Park upon a fair morning, to behold and admire what a
magazine these Industrious men have provided, fit for age and choice in
their several classes, and all within one inclosure : such an assembly I
believe, as is no where else to be met with in this kingdom, nor in any
other that I know of.
I cannot therefore forbear to publish (after all the encomiums of
this great work of Monsr. de la Quintinye which I confess are very
just) what we can and are able to perform in this part of agriculture ;
and have some amoenities and advantages peculiar to our own, which
neither France nor any other country can attain to ; and is much due to
the industry of Mr. London and Mr. Wise, and to such as shall imitate
their laudable undertakings.
Be this then for their encouragement, and to gratifie such as may
need or require their assistance.
J. Evelyn.
718
ADVERTISEMENT BY J. EVELYN,
PREFIXED TO
M. DE LA QUINTINYES DIRECTIONS CONCERNrNG MELONS.
It is now more than twenty years since Monsieur de la Quintinye,
being in England, that receiving the honour of a visit from him at my
house*, and falling Into discourse of gardens, he afterwards, on my
request, sent me some directions from Paris concerning the ordering of
melons ; it being in effect the same, though somewhat more ample,
which was about that time published by Mr. Oldenburg. It may not
perhaps be unwelcome to our gard'ner, or improperly an nex'd to this
useful part of horticulture, especially coming from the most experlenc'd,
(^Trans. Royal Soc.) in relation to this delicious fruit : however (and for
what reason I enquire not) omitted as to any particular and full
Instructions In this long expected work of his.
I give It therefore in the method I long since cast It for some friends
of mine.
J. Evelyn.
AN ADVERTISEMENT TO THE CURIOUS,
iPREFIXED TO
M. DE LA QUINTINYES TREATISE OF ORANGE TREES.
" — ♦—
It were to be wish'd that the author (whom I had the honour to
know) had llv'd to put his last hand to this whole work, and added to
his potagere the culture of melons, in which he was the most exquisite
master, hut has In a manner quite omitted it. Not that what he has
obliged the world withal, is not the most perfect and consummate piece
* When Quintinye came to England to visit Evelyn, King Charles the Second offered him a pen-
sion to stay and superintend the royal gardens here, but this he declined, and returned to serve his
own master.
719
that was ever I believe publi&h'd on this agreeable subject, but because
tis said, he did himself intend it, and perhaps to have abbreviated some
periods and repetitions which now and then occur to the translator, but
which he cannot honestly pretermit to justifie the version. As to what
imports this little treatise in which I have been concern'd out of my
affection to this sweet and innocent toil, and to prevent mistakea and
needles circumlocution; (had I over-nicely followed the text), let the
reader take notice that, I use the word Gx«e indifferently for the box,
table, or other vessel, in which these . choice trees are commonly
planted. ^
Ori^mtf for the gard'ner pretending to the culture of orange trees.
Casing or In-easing,, for the action, or putting the trees into the
case or yessel.
Un- easing ySor the taking them, out. of the case or vessel.
Me-Casing, for the planting them again into the same, or some other
case or vessel.
Gr^^nrhouseyiov the place or conservatory where the trees are in-
closed and silfcutup during the winter.
Ctod (or WXotJi for that earth, sod, or whole mass of mould adhering
to the roots : the rest are obvious.
As to what the author has mention'd in chap. ix. speaking to the
prejudice of using fire, and supplying it with lighted flambeaux and
lamps ; besides that he no where says how the smoak is to be convey'd
out of so verv close a place, nor any thing of the number of lights and
lamps, if the house be large and ample, which would be a considerable
charge if maintain'd with wax, or oyl-olive (for such it ought to be, to
avoid the intoUerable smell anAfuligos of gross and cheaper materials),
it gives me an opportunity of adding something to the justification and
melioration of what I lately publish'd in the last edition of my Horten-
sial Kalender. It is certain that a naked or stov'd fire, pent up within
the house without any exit or succession of external, fresh, and unex-
hausted vital air, must needs be extreamly noxious and pernicious to
these delicate and tender plants. But that which answers all the ends
and operations of natural air, and the objections against the use of fire,
any other way save by lamps and flambeaux, I conceive is preferable to
720"
them. I acknowledge to have seen by experrence, that the naked fire made
too near the pipes is intolerable, melting even cast iron itself: but as I
no where recommend that metal, but that the pipes be made of crucible
earth, and propose the whole but as a laudable experiment; so I do not
question but if such pipes were contriv'd to be placed at farther distance
from the fire, or that there were a** reasonable thick fire-stone laid flat
or rather arch-wise (on which there might be strew'd a bath or bed of
sand) between the naked fire and the pipes, to intercept and moderate
the intenser heat (with due regard to register and govern the blast},
but that a gentle and benign warmth would ensue, and such as should
only recreate, without the least inconvenience' to our nicest exotics : add
to this, and for the more equal distribution of this genuine temper, that
the noses of the pipes might easily be inserted into a larger pipe of
laton, which should be applied either to the blind wall the whole length
of the house within, or in the middle, which being pierced with
frequent small holes, would breathe it more equally through the conser-
vatory. There might also be placed a vessel or kettle upon the fire-
stone-diaphragma, to be at any time fiU'd and supplied by a tunnel
from without with water, the vapour of which would exceedingly
temper the pipes, and contribute to the perfection of this experiment.
Facile est inventis addere.
J. Evelyn,
A DISCOURSE OF SALLETS.
By J. E. S. R. S.
AUTHOR OF THE KALENDARIUM,
Oil vavTos avSpoi eariv aprvaat KaXZs.
Crat. in Glauc.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR B. TOOKE, AT THE MIDDLE TEMPLE GATE
IN FLEET STREET.
1699.
4z
As this tract was the last, and at the same time one of the most singular of Evelyn's publica-
tions, it is probably entitled to a more particular notice than most of the preceding, ^ince it was
written at a very advanced period of his life^ he being then upon the verge of eighty. His in-
dustry and his abilities were however still unimpaired : but notwithstanding the matured judg-
ment and the agreeable vivacity of language which this tract evinces, it had not the same rapi-
dity of sale that marked some of his former productions. In 1706 it was re-published with a
new title-page only, printed upon paper of a lighter colour, professing to be a second edition,
but as a proof that it was nbt so, the same list of errata is attached to it as appeared to the first
edition of 1699. Mr. Evelyn presented this book to the Chancellor Sommers, to whom it was
dedicated, 21st October 1699, and received his Lordship's thanks in a letter of extraordinary
civility (see Diary, vol. II. p. 66).
In a letter to Dr, Beale, dated 11th July 1679, he says, " I have sometimes thought of pub-
lishing a treatise oi Acetaria, which (though but one of the chapters oi Elysium Britannicum*)
would make a competent volume, accompanied with other necessaries, according to my man-
ner ; but whilst I as often think of performing my so long since promised, more universal, hor-
tulan work, I know not how to take that chapter out, and single it for the presse, without, some
blemish to the rest. When again I consider into what an ocean I am plunged, how much I have
written and collected for above these twenty years, upon this fruitful and inexhaustible subject
(I mean of horticulture), not yet fully digested to my mind, and what insuperable paines it will
require to insert the dayly increasirig particulars into what I have already in some measure pre-
pared, and which must of necessitie be don by my owne hand, I am almpst out of hope that I
shall ever have strength and leisure to bring it to maturity, having for the last ten years of my
life been in perpetual motion, and hardly two moneths in a yeare at my owne habitation, or con-
versant with my family." — Ibid. p. 106.
* Never completed : but amongst the MSS. at Wotton there are parts of a projected work
bearing this title, consisting of miscellaneous observations on a variety of subjects, but nothing
digested.
723
TO THE BIGHT HONOURABLE
LORD JOHN SOMERS, OF EVESHAM,
LORD HIGH CHANCELLOR OF ENGLAND, AND PRESIDENT OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY.
My Lord,
The idea and plan of the Royal Society having been first conceiv'd
and delineated by a great and learned Chancellor, which high office
youf Lordship deservedly bears, not as an acquisition of fortune but
your intellectual endovyments ; conspicuous (among other excellencies)
by the inclination your Lordship discovers to promote natural know-
ledge; as it justifies the discernment of that assembly to pitch upon
your Lordship for their President, so does it no less discover the can-
dor, yea, I presume to say, the sublimity of your mind, in so generously
honoring them with your acceptance of the choice they have made.
A Chancellor, and a very learned Lord *, was the first who honoured
the chair ; and a no less honorable and learned Chancellor f resigns it to
your Lordship : so as after all the difficulties and hardships the Society
has hitherto gone through, it has thro' the favour and protection of its
Presidents not only preserv'd its reputation from the malevolence of ene-
mies and detractors, but gone on culminating, and now triumphantly in
your Lordship, under whose propitious influence, I am perswaded, it
may promise it self that which indeed has hitherto been wanting to jus-
tifie the glorious title it bears of a Royal Society. The emancipating
it from some remaining and discouraging circumstances,, which it as yet ■
* Lord Viscount Brouncker, Chancellor to the late Queen Consort Henrietta-Maria, now Dow-
ager. His Lordship sat as President from 1698, in which year he was elected a Fellow, to 1703,
and died of an apoplexy April 26, 1716.
f The Right Honourable Charles Montague, Chancellor of the Exchequer ; created Earl of
Halifax at the accession of. George L He is also known as one of the authors of the poem enti-
tled "The Oty Mouse and Country Mouse," a burlesque of Dryden's " Hind and Panther," which
he wrote in conjunction with Prior. He was the son of George Montague, a younger son of the
Earl of Manchester, was born at Horton in Northatnptonshire April 16, 1661, and died May 19,
1715.
724 ;
labours under ; among which, that of a precarious and unsteady abode is
not the least.
This honor was reserv'd for your LordshipVand an honor, permit me
to call it, not at all unworthy the owning of the greatest person living,
namely, the establishing and promoting real knowledge ; and (next to
what is divine)^ truly so called; as far, at least, as humane nature extends
towards the knowledge of nature, by enlarging her empire beyond the
land of spectres, forms, intentional species, vacuum, occult "qualities,
and other inadaequate notions, which by their obstreperous and noisy
disputes affrighting, and (till of late) deterring men from adventuring
on further discoveries, confin'd them in a lazy acquiescence, and to be
fed with fantasms and fruitless speculations, which signifie nothing
to the specifick nature of things, solid and useful knowledge j by the
investigation of causes, principles, energies, powers, and effects of bo.-
diesand things visible; and to improve them for the good and benefit
of mankind.
My Lord, that which the Royal Society needs to accomplish an en-
tire freedom, and (by rendering their circumstances more easie) capable
to subsist with honor, and to reach indeed the glorious ends of its insti-
tution, is an establishment in a more settl'd, appropriate, and commo-
dious place * ; having hitherto (like the Tabernacle In the Wilderness)
been only ambulatory for almost forty years : but Solomon built the first
temple; arid what forbids us to hope that as great a prince may build
Solomon's house, as that great Chancellor (one of your Lordship*s
learned predecessors) had design'd the plan f, there being nothing in
that august and noble model impossible, or beyon^d the power of nature
and learned industry.
Thus, whilst King Solomon's temple was consecrated to the God of
nature and his true worship, this may be dedicated and set apart for the
works of nature, deliver'd from those illusions and impostors that are
still endeavouring to cloud and depress the true and substantial philo-
phy; a shallow and superficial insight wherein (as that incomparable
person rightly observes) having made so many atheists, whilst a pro-
* See the note, p. 556. t Verulamil Atlantis.
725
found and thorow penetration into her recesses (which Is the business of
the Royal Society) would lead men to the knowledge and admiration of
the glorious Author.
And now, my Lord, I expect some will wonder what my meaning is,
ta usher in a trifle with so much magnificence, and end at last in a fine
receipt for the dressing of a sallet with an handful of pot-herbs ! But
yet, my Lord, this subject, as low and despicable as it appears, chal-
lenges a part of natural history ; and the greatest princes have thought
it no disgrace, not only to make it their diversion but their care, and to
promote and encourage it in the midst of their weightiest affairs : he
who wrote of the cedar of Llbanus wrote also of the hysop which grows
upon the wall.
To verlfie this, how much might I say of gardens and rural employ-
ments, preferrable to the pomp and grandeur of other secular business,
and that in the estimate of as great men as any age has produc'd ! And
it is of such great souls we have it recorded, that after they had per-
form'd the noblest exploits for the publick, they sometimes changed
their scepters fof the spade, apd their purple for the gardiner's apron.
And of these, some, my Lord, were emperors, kings, consuls, dictators,
and wise statesmen, who amidst the most important affairs, both in
peace and war, have quitted all their pomp and dignity in exchange of
this learned pleasure ; nor that of the most refin'd part of agriculture
(the philosophy of the garden and parterre only), but of herbs and
wholesome sallets, and other, plain and useful parts of geoponicks, and
wrote books of tillage and husbandry, and took the plough-tackle for
their banner, and their names from the grain and pulse they sow'd, as
the marks and characters of the highest honour.
But I proceed no farther on a topick so well known to your Lordship;
nor urge I examples of such illustrious persons laying aside their gran-
deur, and even of deserting their stations (which would Infinitely preju-
dice the publick, when worthy men are in place and at the helm), but
to shew how consistent the diversions of the garden and villa were with
the highest and busiest employment of the commonwealth, and never
thought a reproch, or the least. diminution to the gravity and veneiation
due to their persons and the noble rank they held.
726
Will your Lordship give me leave to repeat what is said of the younger
Pliny, nephew to the naturalist, and whom I think we may parallel
with the greatest of his time, and perhaps of any since, under the wor-
thiest Emperor the Roman world ever had ? A person of vast abilities,
rich, and high in his master's favour, that so husbanded his time, as in
the midst of the weightiest ajBPairs to have answered, and by his example^
made good, what I have said on this occasion. The ancient and best
magistrates of Rome allow'd but the ninth day for the city and publick
business ; the rest for the country and the sallet garden. There were
then fewer causes indeed. at the bar, but never greater justice, nor bet-
ter judges and advocates. And 'tis hence observed, that we hardly find
a ^reat and wise man among the ancients, qui nullos habuit hortos, ex-
cepting only Pomponius Atticus ; whilst his dear Cicero professes, that
he never laid out his money more readily than in the purchasing of gar-
dens, and those sweet retirements, for which he so often left the rostra
(and court of the greatest and most flourishing state of the world), to
visit, prune, and water them with his own hands.
But, my Lord, I forget with whom I am talking thus ; and a gardlner
ought not to be so bold. The present I humbly make your Lordship
is indeed but a sallet of crude herbs : but there is among them that
which was a prize at the Isthmian games; and your Lordship knows
who it was both accepted and rewarded as despicable an oblation of this
kind. The favor I humbly beg is your Lordship's pardon for this pre-
sumption. The subject is mean, and requires it, and my reputation in
danger, should your Lordship hence suspect that one could never write
so much of dressing sallets, who minded any thing serious, besides the
gratifying a sensual appetite with a voluptuary Apician art.
Truly, my Lord, 1 am so far from designing to promote those sup-
plicia luosurice (as Seneca calls them) by what I have here written, that
were it in my power I would recall the world, if not altogether to their
pristine diet, yet to a much more wholesome and temperate than is now.
* Si quid teaiporis k civilibus negotiis, quibus totum jam intenderat animum, sufFuraii potuit,
colendis agris, priscos illos Romanos Numam Pompilium,- Cincinnatum, Catonem, Fabios, Cice-
I'ones, aliosque virtute claros viros imitare ; qui in inagno honore eonstituti, vit^s putare, stereo-
rare agros, et irrigare requaquam turpe et inhonestum putarunt. In Vit, Plin. 2.
727
fashion : and what if they find me like to some who are eager after
nting and other field-sports, which are laborious exercises; and fish-
^, which is indeed a lazy one ? who, after all their pains and fatigue,
ver eat what they take and catch in either: for some such I have
own ; and tho' I cannot affirm so of my self (when a well drest and
cellent sallet is before me), I am yet a very moderate eater of them.
I as to this book -luxury, I can affirm, and that truly, what the Poet
ys of himself (on a less innocent occasion), Lascwa pagina, vita
oba. God forbid, that after all 1 have advanc'd in praise of -sallets,
should be thought to plead for the vice 1 censure, and chuse that of
picurus for my lemma; in hac arte consenui; or to have spent my
ne in nothing else. The plan annext to these papers, and the appa-
tus made to superstruct upon it, would acquit me of having bent all
y contemplations on sallets only. What I humbly oflFer your Lord-
ip is (as 1 said) part of natural history, the product of horticulture and
e field, dignified by the most illustrious, and sometimes tilled laureato
\mere; which, as it concerns a part of philosophy, I may (without
iulty) be allow'd to have taken some pains in cultivating, as an infe-
3r member of the Royal Society.
But, my Lord, whilst you read on (If at least you vouchsafe me that
jnor to read at all), I am conscious I rob the publick of its most pre-
ous moments. ' '
1 therefore humbly again implore your Lordship's pardon ; nor in-
;ed needed I to have said half this to kindle in your breast that which
aljeady shining there (your Lordship's esteem of the Royal Society),
ter what you were pleas'd to express in such an obliging manner,
hen it was lately to wait upon your Lordship, among whom I had the
jnor to be a witness of your' generous and favourable acceptance of
leir addresses, who am,
My Lord,
Your Lordship's most humble
and most obedient servant,
J. Evelyn.
728
THE PREFACE.
The favourable entertainment which the " Kalendar " has found,
encouraging the bookseller to adventure upon a ninth impression, I
could not refuse his request of my revising and giving it the best im-
provement I was capable, to an inexhaustible subject, as it regards a
part of horticulture, and oflfer some little aid to such as love a diversion
so innocent and laudable. There are those of late who have arrogated,
and given the glorious title of " Compleat and Accomplish'd Gardiners "
to what they have publish'd, as if there were nothing wanting, nothing
more remaining, or farther to be expected from the field; and that
Nature had been quite emptied of all her fertile store; whilst those who
thus magnifie their discoveries have, after all, penetrated but a very
little way into this vast, ample, and as yet unknown territory, . who see
not that it would still require the revolution of many ages, deep and
long experience, for any man to emerge that perfect and accomplish'd
artist gardiner they boast themselves to be. Nor do I think men will
ever reach the end and far extended limits of the vegetable kingdom ; so
incomprehensible is the variety it every day produces, of the most useful
and admirable of all the aspectable works of God; since almost all we
see, and touch, and taste, and smell, eat and drink, are clad with and
defended (from the greatest prince to the meanest peasant), is furnished
from that gi-eat and universal plantation, epitomiz'd in our gardens,
highly worth the contemplation of the most profound divine and deepest
philosopher.
I should be asham'd to acknowledge how little I have advanc'd, could
I find that ever any mortal man from Adam, Noah, Solomon, Aristotle,
Theophrastus, Dioscorides, and the rest of Nature's interpreters, had ever
arriv'd to the perfect knowledge of any one plant or vulgar weed what-
soever : but this perhaps may yet possibly be reserv'd for another state
of things, and a longer day * ; that is, when time shall be no more, but
knowledge shall be encreas'd.
* Ut hujusmodi Historiam vix dum inchaatum, non ante absolvendatn putem,
Exitio terras quam dabit una dies. Joan. Raius Preefat. Hist. Plantarum, fol. 1686.
729
We have heard of one who studied and contemplated the nature of
bees only, for sixty years ; after which, you will not wonder, that a per-
son of my acquaintance shoUld have spent almost forty in gathering and
amassing materials for an hortulan design, to so enormous an heap, as
to fill some thousand pages, and yet be comprehended within two or
three acres of ground; nay, within the square of less than one (skilfully
planted and cultivated) sufficient to furnish and entertain his time and
thoughts all his life long, with a most innocent, agreeable, and useful
employment. But you may justly wonder, and condemn the vanity of
it too, with that reproach, « This man began to build, but was not able
to finish * ! This has been the fate of that undertaking, and, I dare
promise, will be of whosoever imagines, (without the circumstances of
extraordinary assistance, and no ordinary expence) to pursue the plan,
erect, and finish the fabrick as it ought to be.
But this is that which abortives the perfection of the most glorious
and useful undertakings ; the unsatiable coveting to exhaust all that
should or can be said upon every head. If such a one have any thing
else to mind or do in the world, let me tell him, he thinks of building
too late ; and rarely find we any who care to superstruct upon the foun-
dation of another, and whose ideas are alike. There ought therefore
to be as many hands and subsidiaries to such a design (and those mas-
ters too) as there are distinct parts of the whole (according to the sub-
sequent table), that those who have the means and courage may (tho'
they do not underitake the whole) finish a part at least, and in time
unite their labours into one intire, compleat, and consummate work
indeed. -.^
Of one or two of these, I attempted only a specimen in my " Sylva "
and the "Kalendar;" imperfect, I say, because they are both capable
of great improvements : it is not therefore to be expected. Let me use the
words of an old and experienc'd gardinerf, " Cuncta me dicturum,
quae vastitas ejus scientise contineret, sed plurima ; nam illud in unius
hominis prudentiam cadere non poterat. Neque enim est ulla disciplina
lut ars, quae singulari consummata sit ingenio.
* Luke, ch. xiv, v. 30, t Columella, de Re Rustic a, lib. 5. cap. 1.
5 A
730
May it then suflSce aiiquatn partem tradidisse, and that I have done
my endeavour.
'— Inutilis olim
Ne videar vixisse.
Much more might I add upon this charming artd fruitful subject (I
mean, concerning gardening). But this is not the place to expatiate,
deterr'dj as I have long since beeri, from so bold an enterprise as the
fabrick I mention'd. I content my self then vi^ith an humble cottage,
and a simple potagere, appendaltit to the Kalendar ; which, treating only,
and that briefly, of the culture of moderate gardens, nothing seems to
me shou'd be more welcome atod agreeable, than whilst the product of
them is come into more request and use amongst us than heretofore (be-
side what we call and distinguish by the name of fruit), I did annex
some particular directions concerning Sallets.
THE PLAN OF A ROYAL GARDEN,
Describing and shewing the Amplitude and Extent of that Part of Georgicks which belongs
to Horticulture. — In Three Books.
BOOK I.
Chap. I. Of principles and elements in general.
Chap. II. Of the four (vulgarly reputed) elements; fire, air, watfer, earth.
Chap. III. Of the celestial influences, and particularly of the sun, moon
and of the climates.
Chap. IV. Of the four annual seisons.
Chap. V. Of the natural mould and soil of a garden.
Chap. VI. Of composts, and stercoration, repastination, dressing and stir-
ring the earth and mould of a garden.
BOOK II.
Chap. I. A garden deriv'd and defin'd ; its dignity, distinction, and sorts.
Chap. II. Of a gardiner, how to be qualify'd, regarded, and rewarded ; his
habitation, cloathing, diet, under-workmen and assistants.
Chap. III. Of the instruments belonging to a gardiner-; their various uses,
and mechanical powers.
731
HAP. IV. Of the terms us'd and aiFected by gardiners.
HAP. V. Of enclosing, fencing, platting, and disposing of the ground ;
and of terraces, walks, allies, malls, bowling-greens, &g.
HAP. VI. Of a seminary, nurseries ; and of propagating trees, plants, and
flowers, planting and transplanting, &c.
HAP. VII. Of knots, parterres, compartiments, borders, banks, and em-
bossments.
HAP. VIII. Of groves, labyrinths, dedals, cabinets, cradles, close-walks,
galleries, pavilions, porticos, lanterns, and other relievos ; of topiary
and hortulan architecture.
HAP. IX. Of fountains, jettos, cascades, rivulets, piscinas^ canals, baths,
and other natural and artificial water-works.
HAP. X. Of rocks, grotts, cryptse, mounts, precipices, ventiducts, conser-
vatories, of ice and snow, and other hortulan refreshments.
HAP. XI. Of statues, busts, obelisks, .columns, inscriptions, dials, vasas,
perspectives, paintings, and other ornaments.
HAP. XII. Of Gazon-theatres, amphitheatres, artificial echos, automata,
and hydraulic musick.
HAP. XIII. Of aviaries, apiaries, vivaries, insects, &c.
HAP. XIV. Of verdures, perennial greens, and perpetual springs.
HAP. XV. Of orangeries, oporothecas, hybernacula, stoves, and conserva-
tories of tender plants and fruits, and how to order them.
HAP. XVI. Of the coronary garden ; flowers and rare plants, how they are
to be raised, governed, and improved ; and how the gardiner is to keep
his register.
HAP. XVII. Of the philosophical medical garden.
HAP. XVIII. Of stupendous and wonderful plants.
HAP. XIX. Of the hort-yard and potagere; and what fruit-trees, olitory
and esculent plants, may be admitted into a garden of pleasure.
HAP. XX. Of sallets.
HAP. XXI. Of a vineyard, and directions concerning the making of wine
and other vinous liquors, and of teas.
HAP. XXII. Of watering, pruning, plashing, pallisading, nailing, clipping,
mowing, rowling, weeding, cleansing, &c.
HAP. XXIII. Of the enemies and infirmities to which gardens are ob-
noxious, together with the remedies.
HAP. XXIV. Of the gardiner s^almanack, or halendarium hortense, direct-
ing what he is to do monthly, and what fruits and flowers are in prime.
732
BOOK III.
Chap. I. Of conserving, properating, retarding, multiplying, transmuting,
and altering the species, forms,' and (reputed) substantial qualities of
plants, fruits, and flowers.
Chap. II. Of the hortulan elaboratory ; and of distilling and extracting of
waters, spirits, essences, salts, colours, resuscitation of plants, with other
rare experiments, and an account of their virtues.
Chap. III. Of composing the hortus hyemalis, and making books, of natu-
ral, arid plants and flowers, with several ways of preserving them in
their beauty.
Chap. IV. Of painting of flowers, flowers enamell'd, silk, calicos, paper,
wax, gums, pastes, horns, glass, shells, feathers, moss, pietra comessa,
inlayings, embroyderies, carvings, and other artificial representations
of them. ' .
Chap. V. Of crowns, chaplets, garlands, festootfs, encarpa, flowerrpots,
nosegays, poesies, deckings, and other flowery pomps.
Chap. VI. Of hortulan laws and privileges.
Chap. VII. Of the hortulan study, and of a library, authors, and books as-
sistant to it.
Chap. VIII. Of hortulan entertainments, natural, divine, moral, and politi-
cal ; with divers historical passages, and solemnities, to shew the riches,
beauty, wonder, plenty, delight, and universal use of gardens.
Chap, IX. Of garden burial.
Chap. X. Of Paradise, and of the most famous gardens in the world, an-
cient and modern.
Chap. XI. The description of a villa.
Chap. XII. The corollary and conclusion.
— '■ — Laudato ingentia rura,
Exiguum colito.
733
AGETARI A.
Sallets in general consist of certain esculent plants and herbs, Im-
prov'd by culture, industry, and art of the gard'ner ; or, as others say,
they are a composition of edule plants andi»roots of several kinds,' to be
eatenraw or green, blanch'd or candied; simple and ;jer se, or inter-
mingl'd with others according to the season. The boil'd, bak'd, pickl'd,
or otherwise disguis'd, variously accommodated by the skilful cooks, to
render them grateful to the more feminine palate, or herbs rather for the
pot, &c. challenge not the name of sallet so properly here, tho' some-
times mention'd j and therefore.
Those who criticize not so nicely upon the word, seem to distinguish
the olera*, which were never eaten raw, from acetaria, which' were
never boil'd ; and so they derive the etymology of olus from olla,i\\Q
pot. But others deduce it from o>ios, comprehending the universal genus
of the vegetable kingdom, as from irSiv pdnis, esteeming that he who
had bread and herbs f was suflSciently bless'd with all a frugal man
could need or desire : others again will have it ah olendo, i. e. crescendo,
from its continual growth and springing up : so the younger Scaliger
on Varro. But his father Julius extends it not so generally to all
plants as to all the esculents, according to the text. " We call those
olera (says Theophrastus J) which are commonly eaten ;"^ in which sense
it may be taken to include both boil'd and raw. Last of all, ab alendo'.
* Olera k frigidis distinct. See Spartianus in Pescennio. Salmas. in Jul. Capitolin.
,f Panis erat § primis virides mortalibus herbae j
Qu&a tellus nullo sollicitante dabat.
£t modo carpebant vivaci cespite gramen ;
Nunc epulse tenera fronde cacumen erant.
Ovid. Fastor. lib. iv. 395.
} KaXoD/iE» y»f Xa'^ava ra itp^.nt iJftfTBjav, pt?*^""; Theophrasti Plant. 1. vii. cap. 7.
§ Quoted incorrectly ; the original beginning, " Messis erant."
734
as having been the original and genuine food of all mankind from the
creation *•
A great deal mofe of this learned stuff were to be pick'd up from the
cumini sectores, atid impertinently curious ; whilst as it concerns the
business in hand, we are by sallet to understand a particular composition
of certain crude and fresh herbs, such as usually are, or may safely be
eaten with some acetous juice, oyl, salt, (&C. to give them a grateful gust
and vehicle, exclusive of the ipf^f"*^ rpu'Tre^ai f, eaten without their due
correctives, which the learned Salmasius J, and, indeed generally, the
old physicians § affirm (and that truly) all crude and raw T^d^ocva require
to render them wholsome ; so as probably they were from hence, as
Phny thinks II , call'd acetaria, and not (as Hermolaus and some others)
<icceptarw ab accipiendo, nor from accecfere, though so ready ^ at hand,
and easily dress'd, requiring neither fire, cost, nor attendance, to boil,
roast, and prepare them, as did flesh and other provisions ; from which,
and other prerogatives, they were always in use. ^nd hence indeed
the more frugal Italians and French, to this day, accept and gather qgni
verdura, any thing almost that is green and tender, to the very tops of
nettles ; so as every hedge affiprds a sallet (not unagreeable), season'd
with its proper oa;y;6fl|pAow of virjegar, salt, pyl, &c, which doubtless
gives it both the relish and name of salad, eTz^flj^ac?®,**, as with us of
sallet, from the sapidity, which renders not plants and herbs alone,
but men themselves, and their conversations, pleasant and agreeable.
But of this enough, and perhaps too much ; least, while I write of salt
and sallet, I appear myself insipid. I pass therefore to the ingredients,
which we will call
TURT^ITURE AND MATERIALS.
The materials of sallets, whibh, together with the grosser olera, con-
sist of roots, stalks, leaves, buds, flovvers, &;c. fruits (belonging to a.no-
* Gen. ch. i. v. 29. f Plutarch Sytnpos.
X Salmas. in Solin, contra Hieron. Mercurialis.
§ Galen. 2 R. Aliment, cap. I. et Simp. Medic. Averroes, lib. v. coilo'c.
II Plin. lib. xix. c. 4. ^ Convictus facilis, sine arte mensa. Mart. ep. 74.
** "Awujov Tpo^ijy, which Suidas calls T^xa^a, olera quse cruda sumuntur ex aceto. Harduin.
in loco.
735
ler class) would require a much ampler volume than would suit our
^akndar (to which this pretends to be an Appendix only), should we
stend the folio wittg catalogue further than to a brief enumeration only
f such herbaceous plants, oluscula, and smaller esculents, as are chiefly
sed in cold sallets, of whose culture we have treated there ; and as we
ather them from the mother and genial bed, with a touch only of their
Ualities, for reasons hereafter given.
1. Alexanders, hipposelinum i S. Smi/rnium vulgare (much o£ the
lature of persly) is moderately hot, and of a cleansing faculty, deeb-
tructing, nourishing, and comforting the stomach. The gentle fresh
proutsj buds, and tops are to be chosen, and the stalks eaten in the
pring; and when blanch'd, in winter likewise, with oyl, pepper, salt,
fcc. by themselves, or in composition. They ina?ke also an excellent
rernal pottage.
2. Artichaux, cinara^ (eardaus satwusj^ hot and dry. The beads
>eing slit in quarters first, eaten raw, with oyl, a little vinegar, sait, and
jepper, gratefully recommend a. glass of wine^ Dr. MufFet says, at tfe$
;nd of tneals.
They are likewise, whilst teBder*aHd small, fried in foesH butter with
aersley : 'but then become a most delicate and excellent restorative, when
■"ull grown: they are boil'd the common way. The bottoms are also
jak''dirn pies, with rdarrow, dates, and other rich ingredient-s. In Italy
they sometimes broil them, and as the scaly leaves open, baste them with
iresh and sweet oyl, but with care extraordinary, for if a drop fall upon
the coals, all is marr'd ; that hazard escap'd, they eat them with the
juice of orange and sugar.
The stalk is blanch'd in autumn, and the pith eaten raw or bpil'd.
The way of preserving them fresh all winter, is by separating the bot-
toms from the leaves, and after parboiling, allowing to every bottom a
small earthen glaz'd pot, burying it all over in fresh melted butter, as
they do wild fowl, &c.; or if more than one, in a larger pot, in the same
ied and covering, layer upon layer.
They are also pfeserv'd by stringing them on -pack-thread, a clean
paper being put between every bottom, to hiiider them from touching
3ne another, and so hung up in a dry place. They are likewise pickl'd.
736
'TIs not very long since this noble thistle came first into Italy, im-
prov'd to this magnitude by culture; and so rare in. England, that they
were commonly sold for crowns a piece : but what Carthage yearly spent
in them (as Pliny computes the sum) amounted to sestertia sena millia,
30,000/. sterling.
Note, That the Spanish cardon, a wild and smaller artichoak, with
sharp-pointed leaves, and lesser head; the stalks being blanch'd.and ten-
der, are serv'd up a la poiverade (that is, with oyl, pepper, &c.), as the
French term is.
3. Basil, ocimum (as haulm), imparts a grateful flavour, if not too
strong, somewhat offensive to the eyes ; and therefore the tender tops
to be very sparingly us'd in our sallet.
4. Baulm, melissa, baum, hot and dry, cordial and exhilarating, sove-
reign for the brain, strengthening the memory, and powerfully chasing
away melancholy. The tender leaves are us'd in composition with other
herbs; and the sprigs fresh gather'd, put into wine, or other drinks,
during the heat of summer, give it a marvellous quickness. This noble
plant yields an incomparable wine, made as is that of cowslip-flowers.
Beet, beta; of which there is both red, black, and white. The costa,
or rib of the white beet (by the French call'd the chard), being boll'd,
melts, and eats like marrow. And the roots, especially of the jed, cut
into thin slices, boil'd, when cold, is of itself a grateful winter sallet ; or
being mingl'd with other oluscula, oyl, vinegar, salt, &c.> 'Tis of qua-
lity cold and moist, and naturally somewhat laxative: but however
by the epigrammatist stil'd foolish and insipid, as innocentior quam olus
(for so the learned Harduin* reads the place), 'tis by Diphilus of old,
and others since, preferr'd before cabbage, as of better nourishment. Mar-
tial (not unlearn'd in the art of sallet) commends it with wine and pep-
per : he narafts \t m^e&A fabi'orum prandia\, for its being so vulgar^
But eaten with oyl and vinegar, as usually it is, no despicable sallet.
There is a beet growing near the sea, which is the most delicate of alL
The roots of the red beet, pared into thin slices and circles, are bv the
French and Italians contriv'd into curious figures to adorn their sallets.
* Plin. Hist. Nat. lib.xix. cap. 8. f Epjg lib. xiii. 13.
737
' 6. Elite, htiturki English Mercury, or (as our country house-wives
call it) all-good. The gentle turiones and tops may be eaten as spara-
^s, or sodden in pottage. There is both a white and red, much us'd in
Spain and Italy; but besides its humidity and detersive nature, 'tis insi-
pid enough.
7. Borrage, borrago (gaudia semper ago), hot, and kindly moist,
purifying the blood, is an exhilarating cordial, of a pleasant flavour :
The tender lekves^ and flowers especially, may be eaten in composition ;
but above all, the sprigs in wine, like those of baiim, are of known
vertue to revive the hypochondriac, and chear the hard student. See
Bugloss.
8. , Brooklime, anagallis aquatica ; moAev^^te\y hot and moist, preva-
lent in the scorbute and stone.
9. Bugloss, huglossum; in nature much like borrage, yet something
more asjtringent. The, flowers of both, with the intire plant, greatly
restorative, being conserved : and for the rest, so much commended by
Averroes, that for its effects, cherishing the spirits, justly call'd euphro-
synum. Nay, some will have it the nepenthes of Homer. But, indeed,
what we now call bugloss was not that of the ancients, but rather bor-
rage, for the like virtue named corrago.
Burnet. See Pimpinella.
10. ~R\JiAs, gemmee^ turiones; the fir^t rudiments and tops of most
sallet-plants, preferrable to all other less tender parts; such as ashen-
Jieys, broom-buds, hot and dry, retaining the vertue of capers, esteem'd
to be very opening, and prevalent against the spleen and scurvy ; and
being pickl'd, are sprinkl'd among the sallets, or eaten by themsielves.
11. Cabbage, bra&sica (and its several kinds), Pompey's beloved
dish, so highly celebrated by old Cato*, Pythagoras, and Chrysippus
the physician (as the only panacea), is not so generally magnify'd by
the rest of doctors, as affording but a crass and melancholy juice; yet
loosening if but moderately boil'd ; if over-much, astringent, according
to C. Celsus; and therefore seldom eaten raw, excepting by the Dutch.
The cynKB, or sprouts rather, of the cole are very delicate, so boil'd as to
'* De Re Rustica, cap. clvii.
5 B
738
retain their verdure and green colour. In raising this plant great care
is to be had of the seed. The best comes from Denmark and Russia,
especially the cauly-flower (anciently unknown), or from Aleppo. Of
the French, the pancalikre a la large costd, the white, large, and pon-
derous are to be chosen ; and so the cauly-flower. After boiling, some
steep them in milk, and seethe them again in beef- broth : of old tbey
added a little nitre. The broccoli from Naples, perhaps the halmerida
of Pliny (or Athenaeus rather), capitata marina Sfjlorida, our sea-keele
(the ancient erambej, and growing on our coast, are very delicate ; as
are the savoys, commended for being not so rank, but agreeable to most
palates, arid of better nourishment. In general, cabbages are thought
to allay fumes, and prevent intoxication. But some will have them
noxious to the sight ; others impute it to the cauly-flower rather : but
whilst the learned are not agreed about it, Theophrastus affirms the
contrary, and Pliny commends the juice raw, with a little hon^, for the
moist and weeping eye, not the dry or dull. But, after all, cabbage
('tis confess'd) is greatly accus'd for lying undigested in the stomach,
and provoking eructations; which makes me wonder at the veneration
we read the ancients had for them, calling them divine, and swearing
per hrassicam. 'Tis scarce an hundred years since we first had cabbages
out of Holland, Sir Anth. Ashley*, of Wiburg St. Giles in Dorsetshire,
being (as I am told) the first who planted them in England.
12. Cardon. See artichaux.
13. Carrots, dauci, or pastinaca sativa ; temperately warm and dry,
spicy ; the best are yellow, very nourishing. Let them be rais'd in
ground naturally rich, but not too heavy.
14. Chervile, chcBrophyllum,myrrhis ; the sweet aromatick Spanish
chervile, moderately hot and dry. The tender cimce, and tops, with
other herbs, are never to be wanting in our sallets (as long as they may
be had), being exceedingly wholsome and chearing the spirits : the roots
* Ancestor of the Earls of Shaftesbury. He sat in several Parliaments, and was distinguished
by the favour of Queen Elizabeth, who appointed him Secretary to her Council of War. He was
knighted for his valour at the taking of Cadiz 1597. and sent home to give the Queen a relation
of it. He died January 13, 16'28.
739
re also boil'd and eaten cold ; much commended for aged persons. This
as likewise spinach) is us'd in tarts, and serves alone for divers sauces.
Cibbols.\
p- YY'ide onions, schoenoprasum.
15. Clary, horminum, when tender not to be rejected, and in omlets,
aade up with cream, fried in sweet butter, and are eaten with sugar,
uice of orange, or limpn.
16. Cleavers, aparine; the tender winders, with young nettle-tops,
re us'd in Lenten pottages.
17- Corn-sallet, valerianella ; loos'ning and refreshing. The tops
ind leaves are a sallet of themselves, seasonably eaten with other sallet-
ng, the whole winter long, and early spring. The French call them
alad de prefer, for their being generally eaten in Lent.
18. Cowslips, paralysis. See flowers.
19. Cresses, nasturtium, garden cresses ; to be monthly sown : but
ibove all the Indian, moderately hot and aromatick, quicken the torpid
ipirits, and purge the brain, and are of singular effect against the scor-
)ute. Both the tender leaves, calices, capuchin capers, and flowers, are
audably mixed with the colder plants. The buds, being candy'd, are
ikewise us'd in strewings all winter. There is the nastur. hyberni-
rum commended also, and the vulgar water-cress, proper in the spring,
ill of the same nature, tho' of different degrees, and best for raw and
:old stomachs, but nourish little.
2Q. Cucumber, cucumis; tho' very cold and moist, the most approved
sallet alone, or in composition, of all the vinaigrets, to sharpen the ap-
petite, and cool the liver*, &c. if rightly prepar'd ; that is, by rectifying
;he vulgar mistake of altogether extracting the juice, in which it should
•ather be soak'd. Nor ought it to be over oyl'd, too much abating of
ts grateful acidity, and palling the taste, from a contrariety, of particles.
Let them therefore be pared, and cut into thin slices, with a clove or two
)f onion to correct the crudity, macerated in the juice, often turn'd, and
noderately drain'd. Others prepare them, by shaking the slices be-
;ween two dishes, and dress them with very little oyl, well beaten, and
* 'E$9o;, Joo-wi/oj, a-TToiKoi, aKyovrof, ol/'flTixoj. Athen.
740
mingled with the juice of liraon, orange, or vinegar, salt, and pepper.,
Some again, arid indeed the most approv'd, eat them as soon as they are
cut, retaining their liquor, which being exhausted (by the former me-
thod) have nothing remaining in them to help the concoction. Of old
they boil'd * the cucumber, and paring oflF the rind, eat them with oy],
vinegar, and honey, sugar not being so well known. Lastly, the pulp
in broth is greatly refreshing, and may be mingl'd in most sallets, with-
out the least damage, contrary to the common opinion; it not being long
since cucumber, however dress'H, was thought fit to be thrown away,
being accounted little better thao poyson. Tavernier tells us, that in
the Levant, if a child cry for something to eat, they give it a raw cu-
cumber instead of bread. The yoUngones may be boil'd in white wine.
The smaller sort (known by the name of gerckems), muriated with the
seeds of dill, and the mango pickle, .are for the winter. .?i
21. Daisy, bwpthalmum, ox-eye, or hellis-major. The youn^ roots are
frequently eaten by the Spaniards and Italians all the spring till June.
22. Dandelion, dens lisonis, condrilla ; macerated in several waters, to
extract the bitterness, tho' somewhat opening, is very wholesome, and
little inferior to succory, endive, &c. The French country-people eat
"the roots-; and 'twas with this homely sallet the good-wife Hecate en-
tertain'd Theseus. See Sowthistle.
23. Dock, ootylapd,thu7n, or sharp-pointed dock ; emollient, and tha'
otherwise not for our sallet, the roots brewed in ale or beer, are excellent
for the scorbute.
Earth-nuts, bulbo castanum (found in divers places of Surry, near
Kingston, and other parts), the rind par'd off, are eaten crude by rus-
tics, with a little pepper ; but are best boil'd like other roots, or in pot-
tage rather, and are sweet and nourishing.
24. Elder, sambucus ; the flowers infus'd in vinegar, grateful both to
the stomach and taste ; attenuate thick and viscid humours ; and tho'
the leaves are somewhat' rank of smell, and so not commgndaBle in sal-
let, they are otherwise (as indeed is the intire shrub) of the most sove-
Teign vertue; and the spring buds and tender leaves, excellently whol-
some in pottage at that season of the year. See Flowers
* Cucumis elixus delicatior, innocentior. Athenseus.
741^
25. Endive, endivium, intybum sativum; the largest, whitest, and
teuderest leaves best boll'd, and less crude. It is naturally, cold, profit-
able for hot stomachs; incisive, and opening obstructions of the liver*
The curled is more delicate, being eaten alone, or in composition, with
the usual intinctus. It is also excellent, being boil'd ; the middle part
of the blanch'd-stalk separated, eats firm, and the ampler leaves, by
many preferr'd before lettuce. See Succory.
Eschalot. See Onions,
26, VQimt\,fosniculum; the sweetest of Bolognia; aromatick^ hot,
and dry ; expels wind, sharpens the sight, and recreates the braini;. espe-;
cially the tender umbella and seed-pods. The stalks are ia be peel'd
when young, and then dress'd like sellery. The tender tufts and leaves
emerging, being minc'dy are eaten alone with vinegar, or oyl, and pepr
per, and, to correct the colder materials, enter properly into composi-
tion. The Italians eat the blanch'd stalk (which they call cartucci) all
winter long. There is a very small green- worm which sometimes lodges
in the stem of this plant, which is to be taken out, as the.. red- one in
that of sellery. .
27- Flowers, ^07*65 ; chiefly of the aromatick esculents and plants are
preferable, as generally enddw'd with the vertues of their simples, in a
more intense degree, and may therefore be^ eaten alone in their proper
vehicles, or composition with other sal leting, sprinkl'd among' them ;
but give a more palatable relish, being infused in vinegar; especially
those of the clove-gillyflower, elder, orange, cowslip, rose-mary, arch-
angel, sage, nasturtium infiicum, &c. Some of them are pickl'd, and
divers of them make also very pleasant and wholsome theas, as do like-
wise the wild time, bugloss, mint, &c.
28. Garlick, allium; dry towards excess; and tho' both by Spaniards
and Italians, and the more southern people, familiarly eaten, with
almost every thing, and esteem'd of such singular vertue to help con-
coction, and thought a charm against all infection and poyson (by which
it has obtain'd the name of the country-man's theriacle), we yet think
it more proper for our northern rustics, especially living in uliginous
and moist places, or such as use the sea; whilst we absolutely forbid it
entrance into our sallets bv reason of its intolerable rankness, and which
742
made it so detested of old, that the eating of it was (as we read) part
of the punishment for such as had committed the horridest crimes. To
be sure, 'tis not for ladies palats, nor those who court them, farther than
to permit a light touch on the dish, with a clove thereof, much better
supply'd by the gentler roccombo.
Note, That in Spain they sometimes eat it boil'd, which taming its
fierceness, turns it into nourishment, or rather medicine.
Ginny-pepper, capsicum. See Pepper.
29. Goats-beard, tragopogon. The root is excellent even in sallet,
and very nutritive, exceeding profitable for the. breast, and may be
stew'd and dress'd as scornozera.
30. Hops, lupulus; hot and moist, rather medicinal than fit for sallet,
the buds and young tendrels excepted, which may be eaten raw, but
more conveniently being boil'd, and cold like asparagus. They, are diu-
retic ; depurate the blood, and open obstructions. *
31. Hyssop, hyssopiis ; thymus capitatus creticus, majoran, mary-^
gold, &c. as all hot spicy aromatics (commonly growing in kitchin-,
gardens) are of faculty to comfort and strengthen ; prevalent against
melancholy and phlegm. Plants, like these, going under the name of
pot-herbs, are much more proper for broths and decoctions than the ten-
der sallet : yet the top^ and flowers, reduc'd to powder, are by some
reserv'd for strewings upon the colder ingredients, communicating no
ungrateful fragrancy.
32. Jack-by-the-hedge, aZ/ia»'ia, or sauce-alone; has many medicinal
properties, and is eaten as other sallgts, especially by country people,-
growing wild under their banks and hedges. ,
33. Leeks, and cibbols, porum ; hot, and of vertue prolifick ; since
Latona, the mother of Apollo, long'd after them. The Welch, who eat
them much, are observ'd to be very fruitful. They are also friendly to
the lungs and stomach, being sod in milk ; a few therefore of the slender
and green summities, a little shred, do not amiss in composition. See
Onions.
34. Lettuce, lactuca ; tho' by metaphor call'd mortuorum cibi * (to
* Eubulus.
743
say nothing of Adonis* and, his sad mistriss), by reason of Its soporife-
rous quality, ever was, and still continues the principal foundation of the
universal tribe of sallets, which is to cool and refresh, besides its other
properties ; and therefore in such high esteem with the ancients, that
divers of the Valerian family dignify'd and enobled their name with that
of lactucinii.
It is indeed of nature more cold and moist than any of the rest ; yet
less astringent, and so harmless that it may safely be eaten raw in fevers ;
for it allays heat, bridles choler, extinguishes thirst, excites appetite,
kindly nourishes, and, above all, represses vapours, conciliates sleep,
mitigates paiii ; besides the effect it has upon the morals, temperance,
and chastity. Galen (whose beloved sallet it was), from its pinguid,
subdulcid, and agreeable nature, says it breeds the most laudable blood.,
No marvel then that they were by the ancients called sana, by way of
eminency, and so highly valu'd by the great Augustus f, that attributing
his recovery of a dangerous sickness to them, 'tis reported he erected a
statue and built an altar to this noble plant. And that the most abste-
mious and excellent Emperor Tacitus J (spending almost nothing at his
frugal table in other dainties) was yet so great a friend to lettuce, that
he was us'd to say of his prodigality, somnum se mercari ilia sumptiis
effti^ione. How it was celebrated by Galen we have heard ; how he
us'd it he tells himself, namely, beginning with lettuce in his younger
days, and concluding with it when he grew old, and that to his great
advantage. In a word^ we meet with nothing among all our crude ma-
terials and sallet store so proper to mingle with any of the rest, nor so
vvholsome to be eaten alone, or in composition, moderately, and with the
usual oxelseum of vinegar, pepper, and oyl, which last does not so per-
fectly agree with the alphange, to which the juice, of orange, or llmon
and sugar, is more desirable. Aristoxenus is reported to have irrigated
his lettuce-beds with an oinomelite, or mixture of Wine and honey:
* In lactuca occultatum ^ Venere Adonin cecinit CalUmachus, quod allegoric^ interpretalus
Athenaeus illuc referendnin putat, quod in Venerem hebetlores fint lactucis vescentes assidue.
t Apud Sueton.
• Vopiscus Tacir. For the rest, both of the kinds and vertues of lettuce, see Vlin. H, Nat. 1. xix.
c. 8. and xx. c, 7. Fernel, &c.
744
aricl certainly 'tis not for nothing that our garden-lovers and brothers of
the sallet have been so exceedingly industrious to cultivate this noble
plant, and multiply its species; for, to name a few in present use, we
have the alphange of , Montpelier (crisp and delicate), the Arabic, A^-
bervelleres, Belgrade, cabbage, Capuchin, coss-lettuce, curl'd, the Ge-
noa (lasting all the winter), the imperial, Iambs or agnine,,and lobbs or
lop-lettuces, the French minion (a dwarf kind), the oak-leaf, passion,
Roman, shell, and Silesian (hard and crimp), esteemed of the best and
rarest, with divers more. And here let it be noted, that besides three
or four sorts of this plant, and some few of the rest, there was within
our remembrance rarely any other salletting serv'd up to th,e best tables ;
with unblanch'd endive, succory, purselan (and indeed little . other
variety), sugar and vinegar being the constant vehicles, without oyl ;
but now sugar is almost wholly banishM from all, except the more effe-
minate palates, as too much palling, and taking from the grateful acid
now in use, tho' otherwise not totally to be reproved. Lettuce, hoil'd
and cohdited, is sometimes spoken of.
35. Uimon, limonia, citrea mala ; exceedingly refreshing, cordial,
&c. ; the pulp being blended with the juice, secluding the over-sweet or
bitter. See Orange.
36. Mallow, malva; the curl'd^ emqllifent and friendly to the. ventri-
cle, and so mther medicinal : yet may the topsj well boil'd, he admitted,
and the rest (tho' out of use at present) was taken by the poets for all
sallets in general. Pythagoras held malvce folium sanctissimum ; and
we find Epimenides in Plato* at his mallows and asphodel; and indeed
it was of old the first dish at table. The. Romans had it ailso in deliciis,
Malvce saluhres CQr'por.i\, approved by Galen J and Disoscorides § ;
namely, the garden-mallow, by others the wild ; but I think both proper
rather for the pot than sallet. Nonius supposes the tall rosea, arbores-
cent holi-hocks, that bears the broad flower, for the best, and yery laxa-
tive II ; but, by reason of their clamminess and lentor, banished from our
* De Leglb. f Hor. epod. U . J De Simp. Medic. 1. vii. § Lib. ii. cap 3.
■ II Exoneraturas veatretn mihi villica- tnalvas
Attulit, et varias, (juas liabet hortusj opes. — Mart. lib. x. 48.
745
sallet, tho' by some commended and eaten with oyl and vinegar, and
some with butter.
Mercury, bonus Henricus^ English mercury, or lapathum unctuosum.
See BHtum.
37. Melon, melo,' to have been reckon'd rather among fruits; and
tho' an usual ingredient in our sallet, yet for its transcendent delicacy aiid
flavor, cooling and exhilarating nature (if sweet, dry, weighty, and well-
fed), not only superior to all the gottrd-kind, but paragon with the no-
blest productions of the garden. Jos. Scaliger and Casaubon think our
melon unknown to the ancients (which others contradict), as yet Under
the name of cucumbers : but he who reads how artificially they were
cultivated, rais'd under glasses, and expos'd to the hot sun (for Tibe-
rius), cannot well doubt of their being the same with ours.
There is also a winter-melon, large, and with black seeds, exceedingly
cooling, brought us from abroad, and the hotter climates, where they
drink water after eating melons; but in the colder (after all dispute)
wine is judg'd the better. That it has indeed by some been accus'd as
apt to corrupt in the. stomach (as do all things else eaten in excess) is
not deny'd ; but a perfect good melon is certainly as harmless a fruit as
any whatsoever, and may safely be mingled with sallet, in pulp or slices,
or more properly eaten by it self, with a little salt and pepper ; for a
melon which requires sugar to commend it wants of perfection.
• Note, That this fruit was very rarely cultivated in England so as to
bring it to maturity till Sir George Gardner came out of Spain, I my
self remembering when an ordinary melon would have been sold for five
or six shillings. The small unripe fruit, when the others are past, may
be pickl'd with mango, and are very delicate.
38. Mint, mentha; the angmtjfolia spicata, spear-mint; dry and
warm, very fragrant, a little press'd, is friendly to the weak stomach,
and powerful against all nervous crudities. The gentler tops of the
And our sweet Poet ; ' *
. Nulla est humanior herba.
Nulla magis suavi commoditate bona est.
Omnia tam placidfe regerat, blandfeque relaxat,
EmoUitque vias, nee sinit esse rudes. — Cowley, Plan. 1. 4.
5c
746
ye-mlut enter well into our composition, or are grateful alone (as
Iso the other sorts"), with the juice of orange and a little sugar.
'. MushfQoms, jft^wg-z! ; by the orator* call'd terrce, by Porphyry
umjilii, without seed (as produc'd by the midwifry pf autumnal
der-storms, portending the mischief they cause) ; by the French
ipignom, with all the species of the boletus, Sec. for being, as some
, neither root, herb, flower, nor fruit, nor to be eaten crude, should
lerefore banish'd entry into our sallet, were I to order the composi-
however so highly jcdntended for by many, as the very principal
:op of all the rest; whilst I think them tolerable only (at least in
climate), if, being fresh and skilfully chosen, they, are accommo-
l with the nicest care and circumspection ; generally reported to
something malignant and noxious in them : nor without cause,
the many sad examples, frequent mischiefs, and funest accidents
have produc'd, not only to particular persons, but to whole fami-
Ex;alted indeed they were to the second course of the Caesarian
S, with .the noble title jS^wjwa 6buk, a dainty fit for the gods alone ; to
n they sent the Emperor Claudius -f, as they have many since, to
other world. But he that reads how Seneca J deplores his lost
d, that brave commander Annseus Serenus, and several other gal-
persons with him, who all of them perish'd at the same repast,
d be apt to ask with the naturalist § (speaking of this suspicious
ty), QucB voluptas tanta ancipitis (dbi? And who indeed would ba-
it, so true is that of the Poet,- — ^Hethat eats mushrooms many times
impUus edit, eats no more perhaps all his life after. What other
[•ring epithets are given for our caution, jGa^i? TruiyqEvra (jlukvituv, heavy
choaking (Athenaeus reporting of the Poet Euripides finding a
lan an,d her three children strangl'd by eating of them), one would
k sufficient warning.
mong these comes in the fungus reticularis, to be found about
don, as at Fulham and other, places; whilst at no small charge wei
1 for them into France : as we also do for trufles, pig-nuts, and other
* Cic. ad Attic. t Sueton. in Vit. Claudian.
X Sen. Ep. Ixiii. § Plin. Nat. Hiat;.l, xxii. c. 23.
subterraneous tubera, which in Italy they fry in oyl, and eat with pep-
per. They are commonly discovered by a Nasute swine, purposely
brought up; being of a chesnut colour, and heady smell, and not seldom
found in England, particularly in a park of my Lord Cullen's, at Rush-
ton in Northamptonshire *, and doubtless in other places too, were they
sought after. How these rank and provocative excrescences are to be
treated ^ (of themselves insipid enough, and only famous for their
kindly taking any pickle or conditure), that they may do the less mis-
chief, we might here set down. But since there be so many ways of
dressing them, that I can encourage none to use them, for reasons given
(besides that they do not at all concern our safer and innocent sallet fur-
nitui'e), I forbear it; and refer those who long after this beloved ragout,
and other voluptuaria venena (as Seneca calls them), to what our
learned Dr. Martin Lister says "^ of the many venomous insects har-
bouring and corrupting in a new found-out species of mushroms had
lately in deliciis. Those, in the mean time, which are esteemed best,
and less pernicious (of which see the Appendix), are such as rise in rich,
airy, and dry pasture-grounds §, growing on the staff or pedicule of
about an inch thick and high ; moderately swelling (target-like), round
and firm, being underneath of a pale, saffronish hue, curiously radiated
in parallel lines and edges, which becoming either yellow, orange, or
blac;k, are to be rejected,. But besides what the harvestrmonths pro-
duce, they are likewise rais'd artificially ||; as at Naples, in their wine-
cellars, upon an heap of rank, earth, heaped upon a certain supposed
stone, but in truth (as the curious and noble Peiresk^ tells us he found
to be) nothing but an heap of old fungus's, reduc'd and compacted to a
stony hardness, upon which they lay earth, and sprinkle it with warm
water in which mushroms have been steeped : and in France, by making
* See Philos. Trans, vol. xvii. num. 202. art. 4, by Tancred Robinson, M. D.
f Apitius, lib, vii. cap. 13. J Philos. Transact, vol. vii. num. 89. p. 5U6".
§ — ' Pratensibus optima fungis
Natura est : aliis male creditur. — Hor. Sat. lib. ii. sat. '4.
II Lord Bacon's Nat. Hist. cent. vii. 547, 548, &c.
^ Gassendus, in Life of Peiresk, book iv. octavo, 1657, translated from the Latin by Wm.
Rand, and dedicated " to the ingenious and learned gentleman, the worshipful John Evelyn, es-
quire." Raderus Mart. lib. iii. epig'. 60. in ponticum, says, within four days.
748
an hot bed of asses dung, and when the heat is hi temper, water
(as above) well impregnated with the parings and oflFals of refus(
gus's ; and such a bed will last two or three years ; and sometim*
common melon-beds afford them, besides other experiments.
40. Mustard, sinapi; exceeding hot and mordicant, not only i
seed but leaf also ; especially in seedling young plants, like the
radishes (newly peeping out of the bed), is of incomparable effe
quicken and revive the spirits ; strengthening the memory, exp(
heaviness, preventing the vertiginous palsie, and is a laudable ceph
Besides, it is an approv'd antiscorbutick ; aids concoction, cuts an<
sipates phlegmatick humours. In short 'tis the most noble embar
and so necessary an ingredient to all cold and raw salleting, that
very rarely, if at all, to be left out. In Italy, in making mustard,
mingle limon and orange peel with the seeds. How the best is t
see hereafter.
Nasturtium Indlcum. See Cresses.
41. Nettles, wr^zca; hot, dry, diuretic, solvent; purifies the b
The buds, and very tender cimse, a little bruised, are by some eaten
by others boil'd, especially in spring-pottage, with other herbs.
42. Onion, cepa, porrum; the best are such as are brought us c
Spain, whence they of St. Omers had them, and some that have wei
eight pounds. Choose therefore the large, round, and thin ski
Being eaten crude and alone, with oyl, vinegar, and pepper, we
them in sallet not so hot as garlick, nor at all so rank : boil'd, they
a kindly relish, raise appetite,. corroborate the stomach, cut phlegm,
profit the asthmatical ; but eaten in excess, are said to oflPend the
and eyes, unless edulcorated with a gentle maceration. In the i
time, as to their being noxious to the sight, is imputable only t(
vapour rising from the raw onion, when peeled, which some comr
for its purging and quickning that sense. How they are us'd in
tage, boil'd in milk, stew'd, &c. concerns the kitchin. In our cold
let we supply them with the porrum sectile to)ps of leeks, and esch
(ascaloniaj, of gust more exalted, yet not to the degree of garlick
(by what of later use is much preferr'd) with a seed or two of raccoi
of a yet milder and delicate nature, which, by rubbing the dish (
749
imparts its vertue agreeably enough. In Italy they frequently make k
sallet of scalllons, cives, and chibbols only, season'd with oyl and pep-
per; and an honest, laborious country-nian, with good bread, salt, and
a little parsley, will make a contented meal with a roasted onion. How
ibis noble bulb was deified in Egypt * we are told, and that whilst they
were building the pyramids there was spent in this rootf ninety tun of
gold among the workmen. So luscious and tempting It seems thej^
were, that as whole nations have subsisted on them alone, so the Israel-
ites were ready to return to slavery and brick- making for the love of
them. Indeed, Hecamedes we find presents them to Patroclus,In Ho-
mer, as a regalo ; but certainly we are either mistaken in the species
(which some will have to be melons), or use poetick licence when we
so highly magnify them.
43. Orach, atriplex; is cooling, and allays ihepztuit humor. Being set
over the fire, neither this, nor lettuce, needs any other water than their
own moisture to l)oil them in, without expression. The tender leaves
are mingl'd with other cold salletting, l^ut 'tis better In pottage. See
Blitum.
44. Orange, arantice (malum mreumj; moderately dry, cooling;
and incisive; sharpens appetite, exc^dingly refreshes, and resists putre-
faction : we speak of the sub-acid, the sweet and bitter orange being of
no use in our sallet. The limon is somewhat more acute, cooling aud
extinguishing thirst, of all the o|u/3«(pathe best succedaneum to vinegar.
The very spoils and rinds of orange and limon, being shred and
sprlnkl'd among the other herbs, correct the acrimony. But they are
the tender seedlings from the hot-bed which impart an aromatic exceed-
ingly grateful to the stomach. Vide I^Imon/
45. Varsnep,pastinaca, carrot ; first boll'd, being cold, is of it self a
wlnter-sallet, eaten with oyl, vinegar, &c. and having something'lof
Spicy, is by some thought more nourishing than the turnep, - • >
46. Pease, pisum ; the pod of the sugaf^ease, when first begmnihg
* O sanctas gentes, quibus hsec nascuntur in hortis
Numina. — Juv; Sat. 15.
■\ Herodotus.
750
to appear, with the husk and tendrels, affording a pretty acid, enter into
the composition, as do those of hops and the vine.
47. Pepper, piper ; hot and dry in a high degree; of approv'd vertue
against all flatulency proceeding from Cold and phlegrtiatic constitutions,
and generally all crudities whatsoever ; and therefore for being of tuii-
versal use to correct and temper the cooler herbs, and such as abound in
moisture, it is a never to be omitted ipgredlent of our sallets, provided it
be not too minutely beaten (as oft we find it) to an almost impalpable
dust, which is very pernicious, and frequently adheres and sticks in the
folds of the stomach, where, instead of promoting concoction, it often
causes a cq,rdialgium, ajnd fires the blood. It should therefore be grosly
contus'd only. '
Indian capsicum, superlatively hot and burning, is yet by the Africans
eaten with salt and vinegg.r by it self, as an usual condiment ; but would
be of dangerous consequence with us, being so much more of ,an acri^
monious and terribly biting quality, which by art and mixturie is not-
withstanding render'd not only safe, but very agreeable in our sallet.
Take the pods, and dry them well in a pan ; and when they are be-
come sufficiently hard, cut them into small pieces, and stamp them in a
mortar to di^st ; to. each ounce of which add a pound of wheat-flour,
fermented with a little levain : kneed and make them into cakes or loaves
cut. long-wise, in shape of Naples-biscuit. These re-bake a second
time, till they are stone-hard : pound theoi again as before j and serce it
through a fine sieve, for a very proper seasoning, Instead of vulgar pep-
per. The mordlcancy thus allay'd, be sure to make the mortar very clean,
after haying beaten Indian capsicum, before you stamp any thing in it
else. The green husks, or first peeping buds of the walnut-tree, dry'd
to powder, serve for pepper in some places, and so do myrtle-berries.
48. Persley, petroselinum, or apium hortense ; being hot and dry,
opens obstructions, is very diuretic, yet- nourishing, edulcorated in
shifted warm water (the rpoits especially), but of less vertue than alex-
anders ; nor so convenlentSn our crude sallet, as when decocted on a
medicinal account Some few tops of the tender leaves may yet be ad-
mitted ; tho' it was of old, we read, never brought to table at all, as sa-
cred to oblivium and the defunct. In the mean time, there being no-
751
thing more proper for stuffing (farces), and other sauces, we consign it
to the olitories. Note, That persley is not so hurtful to the eyes as is
reported. See Sellery.
49. Pimpernel, pimpinella ; eaten hy the French and Italians, is our
common burnet ; of so chearing and exhilarating a quaUty, and so ge-
nerally commended, as (giving it admittance into all sallets) 'tis pass'd
into a proverb :
L'insalata non h buon, ne bella,
Ove non h. la pimpinella.
But a fresh sprig in vv^ine recommends it to us as its most genuine ele-
ment,
50. Furslain, portulaca; especially the golden whilst tender, next the
seed-leaves, with the young stalks, being eminently moist and cooling?
quickens appetite, asswages thirst, and is very profitable for hot and bi-
lious tempers, as well as sanguine, and generally entertain'd in all our
sallets, mingled with the hotter herbs. 'Tis likewise familiarly eaten
alone with oyl and vinegar, but with moderation, as having been some-
times found to corrupt in the stomach, which, being pickl'd, 'tis not so
apt to do. Some eat it cold, after it has been boil'd, which Dr. MufFett
would^ have in wine, for nourishment.
The shrub halimus is a sort of sea-purslain. The newly peeping
leaves (tho' rarely us'd) aflFord a no unpleasant acidulce, even, during
winter, if it prove not too severe.
Purslain is accus'd for being hurtful to the teeth, if too much eaten.
51. Radish, ro,phanus; albeit rather medicinal, than so commendably
accompanying our sallets (wherein they often slice the larger roots), are
tnuch inferior to the young seedling leaves and roots, raised on the
monthly hot-bed*, almost the whole year rounds affording a very grate-
ful mordacity, and sufficiently attempers the cooler ingredients. The
bio-ger ^oots (so much desir'd) should be such as being transparent, eat
short and quick, without stringiness, and not too biting. These are
eaten alone with salt only, as carrying their pepper in them ; and were
indeed by Dioscorides and Pliny celebrated above all roots whatsoever,
* Xlm^a TO ^aSlu; (paina^M, quia tertio ^ satu die apipareat.^
752
insomuch as in the Delphic temple there was raphanus ex nuro dicaiu^,
a radish of solid gold ; and 'tis said of Moschius, that he wrote a whole
volume in their praise. Notwithstanding all which, I am sure, the
great Hippocrates * ' utterly condemns them, as vitiosoe, mnatantes ac
^a-re concoctiles. And the Naturalist callsit cibus illiheralis, fitter for
rustics than gentlemens tables. And indeed (besides that they decay
the teeth), experience tells us, that as the prince of physicians writes,
it is hard of digestion, inimicous to the stomach, causing nauseous eruc-
tations, and sometimes vomiting, tho' otherwise diuretic, and thought to
repel the vapours of wine, when the wits were at their genial club.
Dioscorldes and Galen f differ about their eating: one prescribes it be-
fore meals ; the latter, after. Some macerate the young roots in warm
milk, to render them more nourishing.
There is a raphanus rusticanuSf the Spanish black horse-radish, of a
hotter quality, and not so friendly to the head, but a notable antiscor-
butic, which may be all the winter, and on that account an excellent
ingredient in the composition of mustard ; as are also the thin shavings,
mingled with our cold herbs. And now, before I have done with this'
root, for an excellent and universal condiment : Take horse-radish,
whilst newly drawn out of the earth, otherwise laid to steep in water a
competent time ; then grate it on a grater which has no bottom, that so
it may pass thro', like a mucilage, into a dish of earthen ware : this tem-
per'd with vinegar, in which a little sugar has been dlssolv'd, you have
a sauce supplying mustard to the sallet, and serving likewise for any
dish beside.
52. Rampion, I'apunculus, or the esculent campanula; the tender
roots eaten in the spring, like those of radishes, but much more nou-
rishine;.
53. Rocket, eruca, Spanish ; hot and dry, to be qualified with lettuce,
purcelaln, and the rest, &c. See Tarragon.
Roccombo. See Onions.
54. Rosemary, rosmarinus ; soverainly cephalic, and for the memory,
sight, and nerves, incomparable. And tho' not us'd in the leaf with our
* De Diseta, liU ii. cap. 25. f De Aliment. Faciilt. lib. ii.
753
sallet furniture, yet the flowers, a little bitter, are always welcome i
vinegar; but, above all, a fresh sprig or two in A glass of wine. Se
Flowers.
. 55. Sage, salvia; hot and dry. The tops of the red, well pick'd an
wash'd (being often defile4 with venomous slime, and almost impercep
tible insects), with the flowers, retain all the noble properties of th
other hot plants, more especially for the head, memory, eyes, and a
paralytical affections. In short, 'tis a plant endu'd with so many an
wonderful properties, as that the assiduous use of it is said to reude
men immortal. We cannot therefore but allow the tender summities (
the young leaves, but principally the flowers in our cold sallet, yet s
.as not to domineer.
Salsifax, scorzonera. See Viper-grass.
• 56. Sampier, critji'muin; that growing on the sea-clifFs (asaboi
Dover, &c.), not only pickl'd, bu,t crude and cold, when young and ten
der (and such as we may cultivate arid have in our kitchin -garden
almost the year round), is, in my opinion, for its aromatic and other ex
cellent vertues and effects against the spleen, cleansing the bassages
sharpning appetite, &c. so far preferable to most of our hotter herb
and sallet ingrediepts, that I have often wonder'd it has not been Ion
since propagated in the potajgere, as it is in France, from whence I hav
frequently receiv'd the seeds, which have prosper'd better and more kindl
with me than what comes from our own coasts : it does not indee
pickle so well, as being of a more tender stalk and leaf; but, in all othe
respects for composing sallets, it has nothing like it. '
57. Scalions, ascaloriia, cepte; the French call them appetites, whic
it ' notably quickens' and stirs up, corrects crudities, and promotes con
coction. The Italians steep them in water, mince, and eat them cold
with oyl, vinegar, salt, &c. *
58. Scurvy-grass, cochledria, of the garden, but especially that of th
sea, is sharp, biting, and niot; of nature like nasturtium, pi-evalent i
the scorbute. ' A few of the tender leaves may be admitted in our com
poisition. See Nasturtium Indicum.
59. Sellery, apium Italicum (and of thepetroseline family), was for
merjy a stranger with us (nor very long since in Italy), is an hot an
5 D
754
more generous sort of Macedonian persley, or smallage. The tender
leaves of the blanched stalk do well in our sallet, as likewise the slices of
the whiten'd stems, which being crimp and short, first peel'd and slit
long wise, are eaten with oyl, vinegar, salt, and pepper; and for its high
and grateful taste is ever plac'd in the middje of the grand sallet at out-
great mens tables and praetors feasts, as the grace of the whole board.
Caution is to be given of a small red worm, often lurking in these stalks,
as does the green in fennil.
Shallots. See Onion.
60. Skirrets, sisarum; hot and moist, corroborating and good for the
stomach, exceedingly nourishing, wholsome, and delicate ; of all the
root kind, not subject to be windy, and so valued by the Emperor Tibei-
rius, that he accepted them for tribute.
This excellent root is seldom eaten raw ; but being boil'd, stew'd,
roasted under the embers, bak'd in pies, whole, sliced, or in pulp, is
very acceptable to all palates. 'Tis reported they were heretofore some-
thing bitter. See what culture and education eflpects !
61. Sorrel, acetosa ; of which there are divers kinds : the French
acetocella, with the round leaf, growing plentifully in the North of Eng--
land ; Roman oxalis ; the broad German, &c. ; but the best is of Green-
land," by nature cold, abstersive, acid, sharpning appetite, asswages
heat, cools the liver, strengthens the heart, is an antiscorbutic, resisting
putrefaction, and imparting so grateful a quickness to the rest, as sup-
plies the want of orange, limon, and other omphacia, and therefore
never to be excluded. Vide Wood -sorrel.
62. Sow-thistle, sonchus ; of the intybus kind. Galen was us'd to
eat it as lettuce ; exceedingly welcome to the late Morocco ambassador
and his retinue.
63. Sparagus, asparagus Cab asperitate) ; temperately hot and
moist, cordial, diuretic, easie of digestion, and next to flesh, nothing
more nourishing, as Sim. Sethius, an excellent physician, holds. They
are sometimes, but very seldom, eaten raw, with oyl and vinegar; but
with more delicacy (the bitterness first exhausted), being so speedllj^
boil'd as not to lose the verdure and agreeable tenderness, which is done
by letting the water boil before you put them in. I do not esteem the
^55
tch great and larger sort (especially l-ais'd fey the rankness of the
s) so sweet and agreeable as those of a moderate size.
'4. Spinach, spinachia ; of old not us'd in sallets, and the oftiier
t out the better: I speak of the crude. But being boil'd to a pulp,
without other water than its own moisture, is a most excellent coh-
lent with butter, vinegar, or limon, for almost all sorts of boiled flesh,
I may accompany a sick man's diet. 'Tis laxative and emollient,
I therefore profitable for the aged, and (tho' by original a Spaniard)
y be had at almost any season, and in all places,
itone-crop, sedum minus. See Trick-madame.
35. Succory, cichorium^ intyhus ; erratic and wild, with a narrow
k leaf, different from the sative, tho' probably by culture only ; and
being very bitter, a little edulcorated with sugiir and vinegar, is by
ae eaten in the summer, and more grateful to the stomach than' the
ate. See Endive. '
36. Tansy, tanacetum ; hot and cleansing ; but in regard of its db-
aeering relish, sparingly mixt with our cold sallet, and much fitter
lo' in very small quantity) for the pan, being qualified with the juices
other fresh herbs, spinach, green corn, violet, primrose-leaves, &c.
entrance of the spring, and then fried brownish, is eaten hot, with
! juice of orange and sugar, as one of the most agreeable of all the
I'd herbaceous dishes. '^
67- Tarragon, draeo herha; of Spanish extraction^ hot and spicy:
; tops and young shoots, like those of rochet, never to be secluded our
nposition, especially where there is much lettuce. 'Tis highly cordial
1 friendly to the head, heart, liver, correcting the weakness of the
itricle, &c. •
68. Thistle, carduus Marice ; our Lady's milky or da;pprd thistle,
arm'd of its prickles, is worth esteem. The young stalk, about May,
ing peel'd and soak'd in water, to extract the bitterness, boil'd or
V, is a very wholsome sallet, eaten with oyl, salt, and pepper: some
: them sodden in proper broatb, or bak'd in pies, like the artichoak :
t the tender stalk boil'd or fry'd some preferr; both nourishing and
itorative.
69. Trick-madame, sedum minus, stone-crop j is cooling and moist.
75&
grateful to the stomach. The cim'ata and tops, when young and ten-
der, dress'd as purselane, is a frequent ingredient in our cold sallet.
70. Turnep, rapum; moderately hot and moist : napus ; the long
navet is certainly the most delicate of them, and best nourishing. Pliny
speaks of no fewer than six sorts, and of several colours,' some of which
were suspected to be artificially tinged. But with us, the yellow is pre-
ferr'd; by others the red Bohemian. But of whatever kind, being
sown upon the hot-bed, and no bigger than seedling radish, they do ex-
cellently in composition ; as do also the stalks of the common turnep,
when first beginning to bud.
And here should not be forgotten, that wholsome, as well as agree-
able sort of bread we are taught* to make, and of which we have eaten
at the greatest persons tables, hardly to be distinguish'd from the best
of wheat.
Let the turneps first be peel'd, and boil'd in water till soft and ten-
der; then strongly pressing out the juice, mix them together, and when
dry (beaten or pounded very fine), with their weight of wheat-meal,
season it as you do other bread, and knead it up; then letting the dough
remain a little to ferment, fashion the paste into loaves, and bake it like
common bread.
Some roast turneps in a paper under the embers> and eat them with
sugar and butter.
71. Vine, vitis ; the capreols, tendrels, and claspers (like those of the
hop, &c.), whilst very young, have an agreeable acid, which may be '
eaten alone, or, with other sallet.
72. Viper-grass, tragopogon^ scorzonera, salsifex, &c. ; tho* medici-
nal, and excellent against the palpitation of the heart, faintings, ob-
struction of the bowels, &c. are besides a very sweet and pleasant sallet ;
being laid to soak out the bitterness, then peel'd, may be eaten raw, or
condited ; but best of all stew'd with marrow, spice, wine, &c. as arti-
choak, skirrets, &c. sliced or whole. They likewise may bake, fry, or
boil them; a moi'e excellent root there is hardly growing.
73. Wood-sorrel, trifoUum acetosum, Or lujuld, of the nature of
other sorrels.
* Philos. Trans, vol. xvK. num. 205^ p. 970.
To all which might we add sundry more, foriiierly had in delicm,\
since grown ohsolete or quite neglected with us; as amongst the noblest
bulbs that of the tulip, a root of which has been valued not to eat, but
for the flbwer (aiid yet eaten by mistake), at more than an hundred
pounds. The young fresh bulbs are sweet and high of taste. ■■, n
The asphodil, or daffodil; a sallet so rare in Hesiod's days, that Label
thinks it the parsnep; tho' not at all like it; however, it was (with the *
mallow) taken anciently for any edule-root.
The ornitholdgum roasted, as they do chestnuts, is eaten by the
Italians, the wild yellow especially, with oyl, vinegar, and pepper. And'
so the small tuberous roots oi gramen amygdahsum, which they also
roast, and make an emulsion of, to use in broaths, as a great restorative.
The oasylapathum,ua'd of old, in the time of Galen was eaten frequently;
As also dracontium, with the mordicant arum THeophrasti, which
Dodonaeus teaches how to dress. Nay, divers of the satyaions,' which
some condited with sugar, others boil'd in milk for a great nourisher,'
now discarded. But what think we of the cicuia, which there are who
reckon among sallet herbs? But whatever it is in any other country,
'tis certainly'^ mortiferous in ours. To these add the viola matronalisy
radix lunaria, &c. nay, the green popy, by most accounted among the
deadly poysons. How cautious then ought our sallet-gatherers to be
in reading ancient authors, lest they happen to be impos'd on, where
they treat of plants that are familiarly eaten in other countries, and
among other nations and people of more robust and strong constitu-
tions; besides the hazard of being mistaken in the names of divers sim-
ples, not as yet fully agreed upon among the learned in botany.
There are besides several remaining; which, tho' abdicated here with
us, find entertainment still in foreign countries; as the large heliotrope
and sun-flower (ere it comes to expand and shew its golden face),
which, being dress'd as the artichoak, is eaten for a dainty. This I add
as a new discovery. I once made macaroons with the ripe blanch'd
seeds, but the*turpentine did so domineer over all, that it did not answer
expectation. The radix personata, mounting with their young heads,
lu^machia siliquo&a glabra minora when fresh and tender, begins to
coipe into the sallet-tribe. The pale whiter popy is eaten by the Gef-
758
Douese : by the Spaniards, the tops of wormwood, with oyl alon^y and
without so much as bread ; profitable indeed to the stomach, but oflFen-
sive to the head : as is. also coriander; and rue, which Galen was accus-
tom'd to eat raw, and by it self, with oyl and salt, as exceedingly grate-
ful, as well as wholsome, and of great vertue against infection. Pliny,
I remember, reports it to be of such effect for the preservation of sight,
that the painters of his time us'd to devour a great quantity of it. And
it is still by the Italians frequently mingled among their sallets. The
lapathn personata (^common burdock) comes now and then to the best
tables about April,, and, when young, before the burrs and clots appear,
being strip'd, and the bitterness soaked out, treated as the chardoon, is
eaten in poiverade; some also boil them. More might here be reckon'd
up, but these may suffice ; since as we find some are left off", and gone
out, so-pthers be introduc'd, and come in their room, and that in much
greater plenty and variety than was ever known by our ancestors. The
cucumber it self, how so universally eaten, being accounted little better
than poyson, even within our memory, as already noted.
To conclude, and after all. that has been said ,of plants and salletting,
formerly in great esteem (but since obsolete and quite rejected), what if
the exalted juice of the ancient silphium should come in, and challenge
the precedency ? It is a plant* formerly so highly priz'd and rare,
for the richness of its taste and other vertues, that as it was dedicated to
Apollo, and hung up in his temple at Delphi, so we read of one single
root brought to the Emperor Nero for an extraordinary present, and the
drug so esteem'd, that the Romans had long before amassfd a quantity
of It, and kept it in the treasury, till Julius Caesar robb'd it, and took this
away, as a thing of mighty value: in a word, it was of that account'that
as a sacred plant those of the Cyrenaic Africa hpnour'd the very figure of,
it, by stamping it on the reverse of their coin f; and when they would com-
mend a thing for its worth to the skies, ^cUttou ariXcpiov grew into a proverb,
Battus having been the founder of the city Cyrene, near which it only
* Plin. Hist. Nat. lib. xix. cap. 3. et xx. c. 22. See Jo. Tzetzes Chiliadas. lib. vi. cap. 4S. at
lib. xvii. cap. 119.
t Spanheim, de Usu et Praest. Numis. Dissert. 4to. It was sometimes also the reverse of Jupiter
HammoD.
759
grew. Tls indeed contested among the learned botano-sopbists, whe-
ther this plant was not the same with laserpitium, and the laser it yields
the odoriferous hen%oin*} But doubtless, had we the true and genuine
silphium (for it appears to have been often sophisticated, and a spurious
sort brought into Italy), it would soon recover its pristine reputation,
and that it was not so celebrated for nothing extraordinary ; since, be-
sides its medicinal vertue, it was a wonderful corroborator of the sto-
mach, a restorer of lost appetite and masculine vigour, and that they
made use of it almost in every thing they eat-
But should we now really tell the world that this precious juice is by
many thought to be no other than the foetid assa f , our nicer sallet>
eaters (who yet bestow as odious an epithet on the vulgar garlick) would
cry out upon it as intolerable), and perhaps hardly believe it : but as
Aristophanes has brought it in, and sufficiently describ'd it, so the Scho-
liast upon the place puts it out of controversy; and that they made use
both of the leaves, stalks, and extract especially, as we now do garlick,,
and other haut-gouts, as altogether nauseous. In the mean time. Gar-
cius, Bontius, and others, assure us, that the Indians at this day uni-
versally sauce their viands with it; and the Bramins, who eat no flesh at
all, inrich their sallets by constantly rubbing the dishes with it. Nor
are some of our own skilful cooks ignorant how to condite and use it,
with the applause of those who^ ignorant of the secret, have admir'd the
richness of the gust it has imparted, when it has been substituted inr
stead of all our cipollati and other seasonings of that nature.
And thus have we done with the various species of all such esculents
as may properly enter the composition of our acetaria and cold sallet>
And if I have briefly touch'd upon their nature, degrees, and primary
qualities, which intend or remit, as to the scale of heat, cold, dryness,
moisture, &c. (which is to be understood according to the diflFerent tex-
* —— — Oi?o' at Et Stini y I'*"*
Toy ir\ovToy »i/tq» «»1 to Bwttou o-iK^iot, — Arjstoph. in Pluto. act. iv. sc. 3. .
j- Of which some would have it a coarser sort inamceni odoris, as the same Comedian names it
in his Equites, pp. 239 and 340, edit. Basil. See likewise this discuss'd, together with its proper-
ties, most copiously, in Jo. Budaeus a Stapu). Comment in Theophrast. lib. vi. cap. I. and Bauhin.
Hist. Plant. lib. xxvii. cap. 53.
^60
turei of their component particles), it has not been without what t
thought necessary for the instruction of the gatherer and sallet-dresser,
how he ought to choose, sort, and mingle his materials and ingredients
together.
What care and circumspection should attend the choice and collec-
tion of sallet herbs has been partly shew'd., I can therefore by no
means approve of that extravagant fancy of some, who tell us, that a
fool is as fit to be the. gatherer of a sallet as a wiser man ; because, Sa^
they, one can hardly choose amiss, provided the plants be green, young,
and tender, where-ever they meet with them. But sad experience shews
how many fatal mistakes have been committed by those who took the
deadly cicutce, hemlocks, aconits, &c. for garden persley and parsneps;
the myrrhis si/lvestris, or cow- weed, for choerophilium (chervil); thapsia
for fennel; the wild cAowdfnY/a for succory ; dogs-mercury instead ;of spi-
nach ; papaver corniculatum lutewn, and horn'd poppy, for eringo ;
iknantheaquatica iovi\\Q palustral apium, and a world more, whose dire
effects have been many times sudden death, and the cause of mortal acci-
dents to those who have eaten of them unwittingly. But supposing
some of those wild and unknown plants should not prove so deleterious
and unwholsome * ; yet may others of them annoy the head, brain, and
genus nervosum, weaken the eyes, offend the stomachy affect the livery
torment the bowels, and discover their malignity in dangerous and
dreadful symptoms : and therefore, such plants as are rather medicinal
than nourishing and refreshing are studiously to be rejected. So highly
necessary it is, that what we sometimes find in old books concern ing
edules of other countries and climates (frequently call'd by the namies
of such as are wholsome in ours, and among us), mislead not the un-
skilful gatherer; to prevent which we read of divers Popes and Emperors
that had sometimes learned physicians for their master-cooks. I cannot
therefore but exceedingly approve of that charitable advice of Mr. Ray-j*,
who thinks it the interest of mankind, that all persons should be cau-
tion'd of adventuring upon unknown herbs and plants to their prejudice.
* Vide Cardanum, de usu Cibi. * Philos, Trans, vol. xx, numb. 238.
761
Of such I say, with our excellent Poet * (a little chang'd),
Happy from such conceal'd, if still do lie,
Of roots and herbs the unyv'holsome luxury. . '
The illustrious and learned Columna has, by observing whatinsec
did usually feed on, make conjectures of the nature of the plants.
I should not so readily adventure upon it on that account, as to
wholsomness : for tho' indeed one may safely eat of a peach or abri(
after a snail has been taster, I question whether it might be so -of
other fruits and herbs attack'd by other insects; nor would one cohcli
the hyoscyamus harmless, because the cimeic feeds upon it, as the lean
Dr. Lister has discover'd. Notice should therefore be taken what-ej
of insects are found adhering to the leaves of sallet-herbs, and \
quently cleave so firmly to them as not easily to be wash'd off, and
not being taken notice of, passing for accidental and harmless sp
only, may yet produce very ill effects.
Gpillus, who according to the doctrine of transmigration (as Plutai
tells us) had in his turn been a beast ; discourses how much better
fed and liv'd than when he was turn'd to nian again, as knowing th
what plants were best and most proper for him : whilst men, sarcopl
gists (flesh eaters), in all this time were yet to seek. And 'tis inde
very evident that cattle and other '7ra,v(pa,yot and herbaceous animals' Whi
feed on plants are directed by their smell, and iaccordingly make electi
of their food ; but men (besides the smell and taste) have, or shoi
have I'eason, experience, and the aids of natural philosophy to be th
guides in this matter. We have heard of plants that (like the Basilis
kill and infect by looking on them only J; and some by the touc
The truth is, there's need of all the senses to determine analdgical
concerning the vertues and properties even of the leaves alone of mai
* Cowley.
Ov^' ciray h fUiXcix^ te ko,] ar^oSeTuii lily' ovEisg
Kpu'it'*''"; yotp e;^ouo-» 6eo\ Sim avSjaiffoio-i. — Hesiod. Opera et Dies. Vi 1 1,
t Concerning this of insects, see Mr. Ray's Hist. Plant, lib, i. cap. 24. "
} The poyson'd weeds. " I have seen a man who was so poyson'd with it, that the skin pee
off hie fece, and yet he never touch'd it, onely looked on it as he pass'd by." Mr. Stafford, Phi]
Transact, vol. III. num. xl. p. 794.
5 £
762
edule plants. The most eminent principles of near the whole tribe of
sallet vegetables inclining rather to acid and sowre than to any other
quality, especially salt, sweet or luscious. There is therefore skill and
judgment required how to suit and mingle our sallet ingredients so as
may best agree with the constitution of the (vulgarly reputed) humors
of. those who either stand in need of, or affect these refreshments, and
by so adjusting them, that as nothing should besufFer'd to domineer, so
should none of them lose their genuine gijst, savour, or vertue. To
this end,
The cooler, and moderately refreshing, should be chosen to extinguish
t^hirst, attemper the blood, repress vapours, &c.
. The hot, dry, -aromatic, cordial and friendly to the brain, may be qua-
lify'd by the cold and moist : the bitter and Sitpmachical, with the sub-
acid and gentler herbs: the mordicant and pungent, and such as repress
^r discuss flatulency, revive the spii^its, and aid concoction, with such as
abate and take off the keenness, mollify and reconcile the more harsh
and churlish : the mild and insipid, animated w^t^i piquaqt and brisk :
the astringent and binders, with such, as are laxative and deobstruct ;
the over-sluggish, raw, and unactive, with those that q.re eupeptic and
promote concoction. There are peqtoral^ for the breast aijd bowels.
Those of middle nature, according as they appear to be more or less
specific, and as their characters (tho' briefly) are describ'd in our fore-
going catalogue j for notwithstanding it seem in general that raw sal-
lets and herbs have experiroeptaHy been found to be the mo^t soveraign
diet in that endemial (and indeed with us epidemical and almost uni-
versal) contagion the scorbute, to which we of this nation, and most
other islanders, are obnoxious ; yet, since the nasturtia are singly, and
alone as it were, the most effectual and powerful agents in conquering
and expugning that cruel enemy, it were enough to give the sallet-
dresser direction how to choose, mingle, and proportion his ingredients,
as well as to shew what remedies there are contain'd in our magazine of
sallet-plants upon all occasions, rightly marshal'd and skilfiilly apply'd.
So as (with our sweet Cowley *),
* Cowley's Garden, stanza 8, somewhat altered by Evelyn.
763
If thro' the strong and beauteous fence
Of temperance and of innocence,
And wholsome labours, and a quiet mind,
Diseases passage find ;
They must not think here to assail
A land unarm'd, or without guard,
They must fight for it, and dispute it hard,
Before they can prevail ;
Scarce any plant is used here
Which 'gainst some aile a weapon does not bear.
We have said how necessary it is, that in the composure of a sallet
every plant should come in to bear its part, without being-overpower'd
by some herb of a stronger taste, so as to endanger the native sapor and
vertue of the rest, but fall into their places, like the notes in music, iri
which there should be nothing harsh or grating: and tho' admitting
some discords (to distinguish and illustrate the rest) striking in the
more sprightly, and sometimes gentler notes, reconcile all dissonancies,
and melt them into an agreeable composition. Thus the comical mas-
ter-cook, introduc'd by Damoxenus, when asked wSg e<rriv aCrois avu(povia,
(what harmony there was in meats ?) the very same (says he) that a
diatessaron, dic^ente, and diapason have one to another in a consert of
music; and that there was as great care requir'd not to mingle sapores
minime consentientes *, jarring and repugnant tastes, looking upon him
as a lamentable ignorant who should be no better vers'd in Democritus,
The whole scene is very diverting, as Athenseus presents it ; and to the
same sense Macrobius, Saturn, lib. 1, cap. 1. In short, the main skill
of the artist lies in this :
* Sapores minime consentientes k«,\ <TU]ji,irXix.oitims oux^ <rvii.(puiaui; a^it: hftc despicere ingeniosi
est artificis : neither did the artist mingle his provisions without extraordinary study and conside-
ration : 'Axx»^ /iJfaj vavra Katd <nfi.^'mlat. Horum singulis seorsum assumptis, tu expedito : sic
ego tanquam oraculo jubeo. Itaque literarum ignarum coqUum, tu cum videris, & qui Demo-
criti scripta omnia non perlegerit, vel potius, impromptu non habeat, eum deride ut futilem : ac
ilium mercede conducito, qui Epicuri canonem usu plane- didicerit, &c. as it follows in the Gastro-
nomia of Archestratus^ Athen. lib. xxiii. Such another braggadocio cook Horace describes^
Nee sibi coenarum quivis temerb arroget artem,
Non prius exacts tenui ratione saporum. — Sat. lib. ii. sat. 4.
764
What choice to choose, for delicacy best ;
What order, so contriv'd as not to mix
Tastes not well j bin' d, inelegant, but bring
Taste after taste, upheld by kindliest change.
As our Paradisian Bard * introduces Eve, dressing of a sallet for her
angelical guest.
Thus, by the discreet choice and mixture of the oxoleou (oyl, vine^
gar, salt, &c.) the composition is perfect, so as neithef the prodigal,
niggard, nor insipid, should (according to the Italian rule) prescribe, in
my opinion; since one maybe too profuse, the other over-saving f, and
the third (like himself) give it no relish at all : it may be too sharp, if
it exceed a grateful acid; too ins;ulse and flat, if the profusion be ex-
tream. From all which it appears, that a. wise man is the proper com-
poser of an excelleiit sallet, arid, how many transcendencies belong to an
aceomplish'd sallet-dresser, so as to emerge an exact critic indfeed. He
should be skill'd in the degrees, terms, and various species of tastes, ac-
cording to the scheme set us down in the. tables of .the learned Dr.
Grew J, to which I refer the. curious. . ,
'Tis moreover to be consider'd,. that edule plants are not in all their
tastes and yertues alike : for as Providence has made us to consist of
diflferent parts ancl members, both internal and external, so require they
different juices to, nourish and supply them: wherefore, the foirce and
activity of ^oxne plants lie in the root ; and even the leaves of some bit-
ter roots are sweet, and ^ contra: of others in. the stem, leaves,. buds,
flowers, &c. Some exert their vigour without decoction ; others, being
a little press'd or contus'd ; others again, raw, and best in consort ;
some alone, and per se, without any (rxsvourici, preparation, or mixture at
all. ~ Care, therefore, must be taken by the collector, that ,what he ga-
thers answer to these qualities,, and that as near as he can, they consist
(I speak of the cruder salleting) of the oluscula, and exfoliis pubescen-
* Milton's Paradise Lost, book v. 1. 333,
t —Qui
Tingat olus siccum muri^ vafer in calice empt&.
Ipse sacrum irrorans piper. — Pers. sat. vi.
J Dr. Grew, Lecture vi. chap. 3, 3, read before the Royal Society.
765
ibm, or (as Martial calls them) prototomi rudes*, and very teuclerest
arts, ^erms, young buds, and even first rudiments of their several
ilants ; such as we sometimes find in the craws of the wood-culver,
tock-dove, partridge,' pheasants, and other upland fowl, where we have
natural sallet, pick'd, arid almost dress'd to our hands.
I. Preparatory to the dressing therefore, let your herby ingredients
le exquisitely cull'd, and cleans'd of all worm-eaten, slimy, canker'd,
ry, spotted, or any ways vitiated leaves. And then, that they be rather
iscreetly sprinkl'd, than over-much soaked with sprhig- water, especially
ittuce, whicli Dr. Muffet^ thinks impairs their vertue"; but this, I sup-
ose he means of the cabbage-kind, whose heads are sufiiciently pro-
2cted by the outer leaves which cover it.' After washing, let them re-
aain a while in the cullender, to drain the superfluous moisture : and
istly, swing them altogether gently in a clean course napkin, and so
tiey will be in perfect condition to receive the intinctus following. '
II. That the oyl, an ingredient so indispensib'y and highly necessary
s to have obtain'd the name of ciharium (and with us of sallet-oyl) be
ery clean, not high-coldur'd, nor yellow, but' with an eye rather of ,e^
allid olive greien, without smell, or the least touch of rancid, or indeed
f any other sensible taste or scent at, all; but smooth, light, and plea-
int upon the tongue, such as the genuine bmphacine, and native Lucca
lives afford, fit to allay the tartness of vinegar and other acids,- yet
ently to warm and humectate where it passes. Some who have an
*rersion to oyl substitute fresh butter in its stead; but 'tis so' exceedingly
logging to the stomach as by no means to be allpw'd.
III. That the vinegar, and other liquid iacids, perfectly clear, nei-
ler sowre, vapid, or spent, be of the best wine vinegar, whether dia-
ll'd, or otherwise aromatiz'd, and impregnated with the infusion of
love-gillyflowers, elder, roses, rosemary, nasturtium, &c. inrich'd with
levertues of the plant.
A verjuice not unfit for sallet is made by a grape of that name, or the
reen immatur6'clusters of most othier grapes, press'd, and put into a
nail vessel to ferment.
* Epigram, lib. x. 48. ver. 17. , , t Muffet, de Diteta^ c. 23.
766
IV. That the salt (aliorum condimentorum condimentum, as Plu-
tarch calls it), detersive, penetrating, quickning (and so great a re-
sister of putrefaction, and universal use, as to have sometitti€# merited
divine epithets), be of the brightest bay-salt, moderately dried and con-
tus'd, as being the least corrosive : but of this, as of sugar also, which
some mingle with the salt (as warming without heating), if perfectly
refin'd, there would be no great difficulty, provided none, save ladies,
were of the mess ; whilst the perfection of sallets, and that which gives
them the name, consists in the grateful saline acid point, temper'd as is
directed, and which we find to be most esteem'd by judicious palates.
Some, in the mean time, have been so nice and luxuriously curious as
for the heightning, and (as they aflFect to speak) giving the utmost
poignant and relevde, in lieu of our vulgar salt, to recommend and cry
up the essential salts and spirits of the mdst sanative vegetables, or such
of the alcalizate and fixt, extracted from the cakination of haulm, rose-
mary, Wormwood, scurvy-»grass, &c. affirming, that without the gross
plant we"' might have healing, cooling, generous, and refreshing cordials,
and all the materia medica, out of tVie salt-cellar only. But, to say no
more of this impertinence as to salt of vegetables, many indeed there be
who reckon them not much unlike in operation, however different in
taste, crystals, and figure ; it being a question whether they at all retain
the virtues and faculties of their simples, unless they could be made
without calcination. Franciscus Redi gives us his opinion of this, in a
process how they are to be prepar'd ; and so does our learned Doctor *
(whom we lately nam'd), whether lixivial, essential, marine, or other
factitious salts of plants, with their qualities, and how they differ. But
since 'tis thought all fixed salts, made the common way, are little bettei:
than our common salt, let it suffice, that our sallet-salt be of the best
ordinary bay-salt, clean, bright, dry, and without clamminess.
Of sugar (by some call'd Indian salt), as it is rarely us'd in sallet, it
should be of the best refined, white, hard, close, yet light and sweet as
the Madeiras ; nourishing, preserving, cleansing, delighting the taste,
and preferable.to honey for most uses. — ^Note, That both this, salt, and
* Dr. Grew, Anat. Plant, lib. 1. sect. iv. cap. 1, &c. See also Phil. Transact, num. 107. vol. ix.
7Q7
vinegar, are to be proportipn'd to the constitution, as well as what is
said of the plants themselves ; the one fof cold, the other forhotsto-
machs.
V. That the mustard (another i. noble, ingredient) be of the best
Tewksbury, or else compos'd of the soundest and weightiest Yorkshire
seed, exquisitely sifted, winnow'd, and freed from the husks, a little, not
over-much) dry'd by the fire, temper'd to the consistence of a pap with
vinegar, in which shavings of the horse-radish have been steep'd ; then,
cutting an onion, and putting it into a small earthen gally^pot, or some
thick glass of that shape, pour the mustard over it, and close it very
well with a cork. There be who preserve the flower and dust of the<
bruised seed in a well-stopped glass, to temper, and have it fresh when
they please. But what is yet by some esteem'd beyond all these is
compos'd of the dried seeds of the Indian nasturtium, reduc'd to powder,
fi,nely bolted, and mixt with a little levain, and so from time to time
made fresh, as indeed all other mustard should be.
Note, That the seeds are pounded in a mortar, or bruis'd with a po-
lish'd cannon "bullet, in a large wooden bowl-dishj or, which is most
preferr'd, ground in a quern contriv'd for this purpose only.
VI. That the pepper (white or black) be not bruis'd to too small
a dust, which, as we caution'd, is very prejudicial. And here let
me mention the root of the minor pimpinella, or small burnet saxifrage,
which, being dried, is by some extpU'd beyond all other peppers, and
more wholsom.
Of other strewings and aromatizers which may likewise be admitted
to inrich our sallet we have already spoken, where we mention orange
and limon peel ; to which may also be added, Jamaica-pepper, juniper-
berries, &c. as of singular vertue.
Nor here should I omit (the mentioning at least of) s^flfron, which
the German housewives have a way of forming into balls, by mingling it
with a little honey, which, throughly dried, they reduce to powder, and
sprinkle it over their sallets for a noble cordial. Those of Spain and
Italy, we know, generally make use of this flower, mingling its golden
tincture with almost every thing they eat ; but its being so apt to preyail
above every thing with which 'tis blended, we little incourage its ad-
mittance into our sallet. ^
768
VII. That there be the yolks of fresh and new-laid eggs, boil'd
derate] y hard, to be mingl'd and mash'd with the mustarc^,;; oyl,
vinegar; and part to cut into quarters, and eat with the herbs.
VIII. That the knife with which the sallet herbs are cut, ace
ing to the super-curious. (^especially oranges, limons, &c.), be of si]
and by no means of steel, which all acids are apt to corrode, and re
a metalic relish of.
IX. Ninthly and lastly, that the saladiere (sallet-dishes), be of
celane, or of the Holland delft- ware ; neither too deep nor shalloWj
cording to the quantity of the sallet ingredients ; pewter, or even si]
not at all so well agreeing with oyl and vinegar, which leave their s
ral tinctures. And note, that there ought to be one of this dishe
which to beat and mingle the liquid vehicles ; and a second to rec
the crude herbs in, upon v^hich they are to be pour'd ;..and then wi
fork and spoon kept continually stirr'd, till all the furniture be eqt
moisten'd. Some, who are husbands of their oyl, pour at first the
alone, as more apt to communicate and diffuse its slipperiness, \
when it is mingled and beaten with the acids, which, they pour on las
all ; and 'tis incredible how small a quantity of oyl (in this quality
the gilding of wyer) is sufficient to imbue a very plentiful assembl;
sallet-herbs. . . '
The sallet;-gatherer likewise should be provided with a light and ne
made withy Dutch basket, divided into several partitions.
Thus instructed and knowing in the apparatus, the species, pro]
tions, and manner of dressing, according to the several seasons,
have in the following table.
It being one of the inquiries of the noble Mr. Boyle *, whfit h
were proper and fit to make sallets with, and how best to order th<
we have here (by the assistance of Mr. London, his Majesty's princ
gardtier) reduc'd them to a competent number, not exceeding thi
five, but which may be vary'd and inlarg'd, by taking-in, or leaving
any other sallet-plant mention'd in the foregoing list, under these tl
or four heads.
* Philosoph. Transact, vol. Ill, num. xl. p. 799.
769
But all these sorts are not to be had at the very same time, and there-
fore we have divided them into the Quarterly Seasons, each containing
and lasting three months.
Note, That by parts is to be understood a pugil; which is no more
than one does usually take up between the thumb and the two next fin-
gers, ^y fascicule a reasonable full grip, or hatidful.
Species.
Ordering and Culture.
Blanch' d.
Tied-up to blanch.
1. Endive,
2. Cichoi-y,
3. Sellery;
4. Sweet-1
5. Rampi( — , _ , , ,
6. Roman -\ /■ Tied-up to blanch.
a SiTesLi fLettuce, ^ xied closfe np.
9. Cabbage J \.pome and blanch of themselves.
^fennel, \ Earth'd-up.
ions, J
Green Unblanch'd.
10. Lob-lettuce,
H. Corn-Sallet,
J 2. Purslane,
13. Cresses, broad,
14. Spinach, curl'd,
15. Sorrel, French,
16. Sorrel, Greenland,
17. Radish,
18. Cresses,
19. Turnep,^
20. Mustard,
21. Scurvy-grass,
22. Chervil,
23. Burnet,
24. Rocket, Spanish,
25. Persly,
26. Tarragon,
27. Mints,
28. Sampler,
29. Balm,
30. Sage, Red,
31. Shalots,
32. Cives and Onion,
33; Nasturtium, Indian,
34.' Rampion, Belgrade,
35. Trip-madame,
> Leaves, all of a middling size.
J Seed-leaves, and the next to them.
7 The fine young leaves only, with the first
3 shoots.
Only the tender young leaves.
The seed-leaves, and those only next them.
}
}
The seed-leaves only.
The young leaves immfediately after the
seedlings.
I The tender shoots and tops.
>The young tender leaves and shoots,
i?The tender young leaves.
The flowrers and bud-flowers.
? The seed-leaves and young tops.
5 F
770
onth.
Ordering
and
Culture.
Species.
Proportion.
Month.
Ordering
and
Culture.
Species. *
Proportior
an.
•eb.
fRampions,
_, , , , Endive,
Blanch d, J g^^^^^
as before. > — -■'
nd
arch.
Green
and un- «
blanch'd,"
ri'O
I 2
< 5
Fennel, sweet, | 10
Sellery,
"Lamb-lettuce,
Lob-lettuce,
Radish,
Cresses,
Turneps,
Mustard Seed
lings.
Scurvy-grass,
Spinach,
Sorrel, Green-'
land.
Sorrel, French,
Chervill,sweet,
Burnet,
Rocket,
Roots in
number.
j-Apugilofeach
[•.Three parts ea
■}
Of each one
part.
Two parts.
!>One part of ea.
Tarragon,
Balm,
Mint,
Sampler,
Shalots,
Gives,
{Twenty large
leaves.
I One small part
J of each.
> Very few.
Cahhap-P Win- f^'^" P"Sils or
Cabbage, Wm- I ^^^^^ ^^^^
^^'' \ fuls.
pril.
Jay,
nd
rLop»
Silesian
Blanch'd •( winter
E.oman
winter
Radishes,
Cresses,
. Green
"^ herbs un
blanch'd.
Note,
That the
Lyoung
}{
^ i Of each a
( pugil.
■^ Purselan,
Sorrel, French,
.Sampler,
{■
Three parts.
Two parts,
fasciat, or
pretty full
gripe.
Two parts.
One part.
June.
"seedling,
leaves of
Orange &
Limon
. may all
"^ these
monthsbe
mingled
with the
LSallet.
"Onions, young, Six parts.
Sage-tops, red. Two parts
Persley, T
Cressesjlndian
Lettuce, Bel-
grade,
Trip-madame,
Chervil, sweet
Burnet,
Of each oi
part.
Two parts.
July,
Aug.
and
Sept.
"Blanch'd,
and may
be eaten
by them-
selves with
some Nas-
turtium- •
flowers.
Green
herbs by ■<
them-
selves, or
mingl'd
with the
.blanch'd.
"1 One whole L
I tuce.
}
Two parts.
"Silesian Let-
tuce,
Roman LiCt-
tuce.
Cress,
.Cabbage,
"Cresses,
Nasturtium,
Purslane,
Lop-lettuce,
Belgrade, or
Crumpen-let
tuce.
Tarragon, One part.
Sorrel, French,"! Two parts
Burnet, J each.
.Trip-madame, One part.
Four parts,
1 *
> Two parts.
l One part.
-}
Two parts.
Oct.
Nov.
and
Decem.
Blanch'd
fTwo if larj
Endive,
Sellery,
Green <
four if sm£
stalk and p
of the roc
and tender
L leaves.
Lop-lettuce, •> An handful
Lambs-lettuce, J each.
Radish, Three parts.
_Cresses, Two partg.
Turneps, "j
Mustard Seed- >One part of i
lings, - J
j Cresses, broad,"! Two parts i
LSpinach, J each.
771
FURTHER DIRECTIONS CONCERNING THE PROPER SEASONS FOR THE
GATHERING, COMPOSING, AND DRESSING OF A SALLET.
And first, as to the season, both plants and roots are then properly
to be gather'd, and in prime when most they abound with juice and in
vigour. Some in the spring, or a little anticipating it before they
blossom, or are in full flower. Some in the autumnal months ; which
later season many preferr, the sap of the herb, tho' not in such exu-
berance, yet as being then better concocted, and so render'd fit for sal-
leting, 'till the spring begins afresh to put forth new and tender shoots
and leaves.
This, indeed, as to the root, newly taken out of the ground is true ;
and therefore should such have their germination stopt the sooner. The
approaching and prevailing cold, both maturing and impregnating them;
as does heat the contrary, which now would but exhaust them. But
for those other esculents and herbs imploy'd in our composition of sal-
lets, the early spring, and ensuing months (till they begin to mount,
and prepare to seed) is certainly the most natural, and kindly season to
collect and accommodate them for the table. Let none then consult
Culpeper, or the Jigure-Jlingers, to inform them when the governing
planet is in its exaltation ; but look upon the plants themselves, and
judge of their vertues by their own complexions.
Moreover, in gathering, respect is to" be had to their proportions, as
provided for in the Table under that head, be the quality whatsoever.
For tho' there is, indeed, nothing more wholsome than lettuce and
mustard for the head and eyes ; yet either of them eaten in excess, were
highly prejudicial to them both. Too much of the first extreamly de-
bilitating and weakning the ventricle, and hastning the further decay
of sickly te6th : and of the secpnd, the optic nerves, and sight itself;
the like may be said of all the rest. I conceive, therefore, a prudent
person, well acquainted with the nature and properties of sallet-herbs,
&c. to be both the fittest gatherer and composer too ; which yet will
772
require no great cunning, after once he is acquainted with our table and
catalogue.
We purposely, and in transitu only, take notice here of the pickl'd,
muriated, or otherwise prepared herbs ; excepting some such plants,
and proportions of them, as are of hard digestion, and not fit to be eaten
altogether crude (of which in the Appendix), and among which I reckon
ash-keys, broom-buds and pods, haricos, gutkems, olives, capers, the
buds and seeds of nasturtia, young wall-nuts, pine-apples, eringo, cher-
ries, cornelians, berberries, &c. together with several stalks, roots, and
fruits ; ordinary pot-herbs, anis, cistus hortorum, horminum, pulegium,
Satureia, thyme ; the intire family of pulse and legumena ; or other
sauces, pies, tarts, omlets, tansie, farces, &e. condites and preserves
with sugar, by the hand of ladies ; tho' they are all of them the genuine
production of the garden, and mention'd in our kalendar, together with
their culture ; whilst we confine our selves to such plants and esculeuta
as we find at hand ; delight our selves to gather, and are easily prepar'd
for an extemporary collation, or to usher in and accompany other (more
solid tho' haply not more agreeable) dishes, is the custom.
But there now starts up a question, whether it were better, or more
proper, to begin with sallets, or end and conclude with them ? Some
think the harder meats should first be eaten for better concoction;
others, those of easiest digestion, to make way and prevent obstruction ;
and this makes for our sallets, horarii, and fugaces fructus (as they
call 'em), to be eaten first of all, as agreeable to the generaL opinion of
the great Hippocrates, and Galen, and of Celsus before him. And
therefore the French do well to begin with their herbaceous pottage,
and for the cruder, a reason is given :
Prima tibi dabitur ventri lactuca movendo
Utilis, & Poris fila resecta suis *.
And tho' this custom came in about Domltlan's tlme-f-, o fji.ev dmtoCioi,
they anciently did quite the contrary,
Gratdque nobilium lactuca ciborum :}:.
* Mart. Epig. lib, xi. 39.
f Athen. 1. 2. Of which change of diet, see Plut. iv. Sympoa, 9. Plinii, Epist, 1. ad Eretrium.
X Virg. Moreta
But of later times, they were constant at the ante-coenia, eating plen-
tifully of sallet, especially of lettuce, and more refrigerating herbs. Nor
without cause. For drinking liberally, they were found to expell and
allay the fumes and vapors of the genial compotation, the spirituous
liquor gently conciliating sleep. Besides, that being of a crude nature,
more dispos'd and apt to fluctuate, corrupt, and disturb a surcharg'd
stomach, they thought convenient to begin with sallets, and innovate
the ancient usage.
Nam lactuca innatat acri
Post vinum stomacho *
For if on drinking wine you lettuce eat,
It floats upon the stomach
The Spaniards, notwithstanding, eat but sparingly of herbs at dinner,
especially lettuce, beginning with fruit, even before the olio and hot-
meats come to the table ; drinking their wine pure, and eating the best
bread in the world ; so as it seems the question still remains undecided
with them,
Claudere quse ccenas lactuca solebat avorum,
Die mihi, cur nostras inchoat ilia dapes? "I-
The sallet, which of old came in at last.
Why now with it begin we our repast ?
And now since we mention'd fruit, there rises another scruple :
Whether apples, pears, abricots, cherries, plums, and other tree, and
ort-yard-fruit, are to be reckon'd among salleting ; and when likewise
most seasonably to be eaten ? But as none of these do properly belong
to our catalogue of herbs and plants, to which this discourse is confin'd
(besides what we may occasionally speak of hereafter), there is a very
useful treatise J on that subject already publish'd. We hasten then in
the next place to the dressing and composing of our sallet. For by this
* Hor. Sat. lib. ii. Sat. 4. t Mart. Epigr. lib. xiii. Ep. 14.
+ Concerning the use of fruit (besides many others) whether best to be eaten before or after
meals? published by a physician of Rochelle, and render'd out of French into English. Printed
by T. Basnet, in Fleet-street,
■//4
time, our scholar may long to see the rules reduc'd to practice, and re-
fresh himself with what he finds growing among his own lactuceta, and
other beds of the kitchin-garden.
DRESSING.
I am not ambitious of being thought an excellent cook, or of those
who set up and value themselves for their skill in sauces ; such as was
Mithacus a culinary philosopher, and other erudites gulce, who read
lectures of hautgouts, like the Archestratus in Athenseus. Tho' after
what we find the heroes did of old, and see them chining out the slaugh-
ter'd ox, dressing the meat, and do the offices of both cook and butcher,
(for so Homer * represents Achilles himself, and the rest of those illus-
trious Greeks} I say, after this, let none reproach our sallet-dresser, or
disdain so clean, innocent, sweet, and natural a quality ; compar'd with
the shambles, filth, and nidor, blood and cruelty; whilst all the world
were eaters and composers of sallets in Its best and brightest age.
The ingredients therefore gather'd and proportion'd, as above ; let
the endive have all its outside leaves stripp'd off, slicing in the white.
In like manner the sellery is also to have the hollow green stem or stalk
trimm'd and divided ; slicing in the blanched part, and cutting tne root
into four equal parts.
Lettuce, cresses, radish, &c. (as was directed) must be exquisitely
pick'd, cleans'd, wash'd, and put into the strainer ; swing'd, and shaken
gently, and, if you please, separately, or all together ; because some like
not so well the blanch'd and bitter herbs, if eaten with the rest. Others
mingle endive succory, and ramplons, without distinction, and generally
eat sellery by it self, as also sweet fennel.
From April till September (and during all the hot months) may
Gulnny-pepper and horse-radish be left out ; and therefore we only men-
tion them in the dressing, which should be in this manner :
Your herbs being handsomly parcell'd, and spread on a clean napkin
before you, are to be mingl'd together in one of the earthen glaz'd dishes.
Then, for the Oxoleon ; take of clear, and perfectly good oyl-oHve, three
* Achilles, Fatroclus, Automedon. Iliad ix. et alibi.
parts ; of sharpest vinegar (sweetest of all condiments *), limon, or
juice of orange, one part ; and therein let steep some slices of horse-
radish, with a little salt. Some in a separate vinegar, gently bruise a
pod of Guinny-pepper, straining both the vinegars apart, to make use of
either, or one alone, or of both, as they best like ; then add as much
Tewkesbury, or other dry mustard grated, as will lie upon an half-crown
piece. Beat and mingle all these very well together; but pour not on
the oyl and vinegar 'till immediately before the sallet is ready to be
eaten ; and then with the yolk of two new-laid eggs (boyl'd and pre-
par'd,. as before is taught) squash and bruise them all into mash with a
spoon ; and lastly, pour it all upon the herbs, stirring and mingling
them 'till they are well and throughly imbib'd ; not forgetting the
sprinkling of aromaticks, and such flowers as we have already men-
tioned, if you think fit, and garnishing the dish with the thin slices of
horse-radish, red beet, berberries, &c.
Note, That the liquids may he made more or less acid, as is most
agreeable to your taste.
These rules and prescriptions duly observ'd, you have a sallet (for
a table of six or eight persons) dress'd and accommodated, se-
cundum artem. For, as the -j- proverb has it,
'Ou "sruvTog uv^pog Iqtv apTU<ra< TcaXug.
Non est cujusvis rect^ condire.
And now, after all we have advanc'd in favour of the herbaceous
diet, there still emerges a third inquiry ; namely. Whether the use of
crude herbs and plants are so wholesom as is pretended ?
What opinion the prince of physicians had of them, we shall see
hereafter ; as also what the sacred Records of elder times seem to^, infer,
before there were any flesh-shambles in the world ; together with the
reports of such as are often conversant among many nations and people,
who to this day, living on herbs and roots, arrive to incredible age, in
* For so some pronounce it. V. Athenaeum, Deip. Lib. ii. cap. ?6. i'Joj quasi d'SuVjuk, perhaps
for that it incites appetite, and causes hunger, which is the best sauce,
t Gratinus in Glauco.
7tQ
constant health and vigour : which, whether attributable to the air and
cUmate, custom, constitution, &c. should be inquir'd into ; especially,
when we compare the antediluvians mention'd. Gen. i. 29. — the whole
fifth and ninth chapters, ver. 3. confining them to fruit and wholesom
sallets. I deny not that both the air and earth might then be less hu-
mid and clammy, and consequently plants and herbs better fermented,
concocted, and less rheumatick, than since, and presently after; to say
nothing of the infinite numbers of putrid carcasses of dead animals,
perishing in the Flood (of which I find few, if any, have taken notice),
which needs must have corrupted the air. Those who live in marshes
and uliginous places (like the Hundreds of Essex) being more obnoxi-
ous to fevers, agues, pleurisies, and generally unhealthful. The earth
also then a very bog, compar'd with what it likely was before that de-
structive cataclysm, when men breath'd the pure Paradisian air, sucking
in a more sethereal, nourishing, and baulmy pabulum, so foully vitiated
now, thro' the intemperance, luxury, and softer education and effeminacy
of the ages since.
Custom and constitution come next to be examin'd, together with the
qualities and vertue of the food ; and I confess, the two first, especially
that of constitution, seems to me the more likely cause of health, and
consequently of long-life ; which induc'd me "to consider of what quality
the usual sallet furniture did more eminently consist, that so it might
become more safely applicable to the temper, humour, and disposition of
our bodies ; according to which, the various mixtures might be regu-
lated and proportion'd. There's no doubt, but those whose constitu-
tions are cold and moist, are naturally affected with things which are
hot and dry ; as on the contrary, hot and dry complexions, with such as
cool and refrigerate ; which perhaps made the junior Gordlan (and
others like him) prefer \\\efrigidce mensce (as of old they call'd sallets)
which, according to Cornelius Celsus, is the fittest diet for obese and
corpulent persons, as not so nutritive, and apt to pamper. And conse-
quently, that for the cold, lean, and emaciated, such herby Ingredients
should be made choice of as warm and cherish the natural heat, depure
the blood, breed a laudable juice, and revive the spirits ; and therefore
777
iqrd Bacon* shevvfi what are best raw," what boil'd, and what parts
ints fittest to ilourish. Galen, indeed,'*seems to exclude them all,
s well accompanied with their due correctivesj, of which we have
care. Notwithstanding, yet^ that even the most crude and herby,
lly cold and weak, may potentially be hot and sfrengjthningi as we
n the liiost vigorous animals, <whos^ food is only grass. , 'Tis true,
tl, nature lias providentially mingl'd and dressl'd a sallet for them
;ry field, besides what they distinguish by smell ; nor question I,
lan at first knew what plants and fruits weregood, before the fall,
i natural sagacity, and not' experience ; which since, by art ^nd
and long observation of their properties and effects, thev hardly
jr. But in all events, supposing with Cardan f, that plants nou-
ittle, they hurt as little. Nay, experience tells , us that they not
lurt not at all, but exceedingly benefit those who use them; in-
is they are with such admii'able properties as they every, day disco-
For some plants not only nourish laudably, but induce a manifest
holesome change ; as onions, garlick, rochet, &c. which are both
ive and warm; lettuce, purselan, the intybs, &c. and indeed most
olera, refresh and cool. And as their respective juices being con-
. into the substances of' our bodies,! they become aliment; so in
I of their fchange and alteration, we may allow them medicinal ;
ally the greater numbers, ' among' which we all this* while have
lut of very few (not only in the' vegetable' kingdom^ but; in the
Materia Medical which may be justly call'd infallible specifics,
3on whose performance we may as safely depend, as we may on
s we familiarly use for a crude herb-sallet, discreetly chosen, mingl'd
ess'd accordingly. Not but that many of them may be iraprov'd
nder'd better in .broths and decoctions, tlian in oyl, vinegar, and
iquidsand ingredients : but as this holds not In all, nay, perhaps
comparatively (provided, as I said, the choice, mixtui-e, constitu-
. Hist. cent. vii. 630. See Arist. Prob.- sect. xx. qusest. 36. Why some fruits and plants
aw, otiiers boil'd, roasteilj.&c. as becbining sweeter ; but the crude more sapid, and grateful.
1, Contradicent. Med. 1. iv. Cant. IS. Diphilus not at all. Athenseus.
5 G
778
tion and season rightly understood) we stand up iri defence iand Vihdtca-
tion of our sallet against all attacks iand opposers whoever.
We have mentioned season, and with the gffeaf Hippocrates proribuHde
tKem more proper for the summer than the winttir,' and when those
parts of plants us'd in sallet are yet tender, delicatei, and impregnated
with the'vertue of the spring, to cool, refresh, and allay th6 heat arid
drought of the hot and bilious, young and' over-sanguine, cold, pitiiit,
and melancholy ; in a word, for persons of all ages, humours, and' con-
stitutions whatsoever.
. To this of the annual seasons We add that of culture also,' as' of very
great importance.^' And this is often discOver'd in the taste, and conse-
quently in the "goodness of such plants and salletirig as are rais'd and
brought us fresh out of the country, compar'd with those which the
avarice of the gardiner, or luxury rather Of the age, tempts them to
force and resuscitate of the most desirable, and delicious plants.
It is certain, says- a learned jier'son *, thatabout populous cities, where
(grounds are'over-forc'd for fruit and early isalletingi nothing is more
unwholsomei' Men in the country look so much more healthy and fresh ;
•arrd commonly are longef liv'd than those who dwe'Il in the middle and
skirts of vast' and crowded cities, inviron'd with rotten dung, loathsome
:and common lay-stalls; whose noisome ^teata's, 'wsifted 'by the wind,
poison and infect the ambient air and tital' spirits, with those pernicious
exhalations and materials, of which they make the hot* beds for the rais-
ing those prsecoces indeed, and forward plants and 'roots for the wantoh
palate; hut which being corrupt in the' original, cannot but produce
malignant and ill effects to those who ffeed upon thein;- And the saime
was well observed by the editor of our famous Roger Bacon's treatise
concerning the Cure of Old Age, and Preservation of Youth. There
being nothing so proper for sallet herbs and other edule plants, as the
genial and natural mould, impregnated and eiirich'd with well-digested
compost (^when requisite) without any mixture of garbage, odious car-
rion, and other filthy ordure, not half consum'd and ven'tilated, and in-
deed reduc'd to the next disposition of earth it self, as it should be ; and
* Sir Thomas Brown's Miscellaneous Tracts, folio.
hatiiHiSweetj rising ^^ aery ^ and mode;^lyp^cflatile grounds; where
lot only plants but. men- do .last, and live much, longer. Nor doubt I,
)ut th%t every body would prefer corn and^ other grain rais'd from marie,
:halk,/lime^:and.'Other sweet spil and amendments, before that which is
irodu&'d from ihe. dunghill only, i Besides, experience shews, that the
■ankness'of .dung i^ frequently the cause of blasts and smuttiness ; as if
:he.liord of the Universe, -by an act of visible providence would check
IS, to take heed of all unnatural sordidness and mixtures. We sensibly
ind this diflference in cattle and. their pasture;' but most powerfully in
jowl,ifrom suchas, arenourish'd with. corn, sweet and dry food. And
IS. of, vegetable ,m.eats, so of . drinks, 'tis observ'd, • that the same vine,
iccording to the soil,, produces a wine twice as heady as in the same and
i less forc'd ground; and the like I believe of all otherfruit, not to de-
termine any. thing of the peach, said to be poison in Persia, because 'tis
1 jVidgar error.
,Nowj :beeause among other th.ings^ nothing more betrays its unclean
ind / spurious , jijirth. thari -what, is so impatiently longed after> as early
^paragus, &c. Dr. .Lister (according to his communicative and oblig-
ing nature) has taught us how to, raise such as our gardiners cover with
oasty litter during the winter, by rather laying of clean and sweet wheat-
jtraw upon the beds;, ^superrseminating and over-strowing them thick
with: the. powder of Jbruisedjoyster-shells, &c. to produce that most ten-
der and delicious sallet. . In the mean while, if Hfothing will satisfie save
what is. rais'd ea; iewjaorcy and by miracles of art so long before the
[lime ; let them study (^like the Adepti) as did a very ingenious gentle-
man whom I knew; that having some friends o^ his accidentally come
to dine with him, and wandng an early sallet, before they sate down to
bable.^ sowed lettuce and some other seeds in a certain composition of
mould be had prepared ; which, within the space' of two hours, being
risen near two inches high, presented them with a deUcate and tender
sallet; and this,. without making use of any nauseous or fulsotoe mix-
ture; but of ingredients not, altogether so cheap perhaps. Honoratus
Faber(nomean philosopher) shews us another method, by sowing the
* Caule suburbano, qui siccis crevit in agris,
Dulcior.— Hor. Sat. lib. 2, eel. 4.
780
seeds^ steep'd in vinegar, casting on it a good quantity of bean~she!
?ishes, irrigating them with spirit of wine, and keeping the beds we'
cover'd under dry matts. Such another process for the raising earl
peas and beans, &c. we have the like accounts of. But were they prac
ticable and certain, Iconfess I shoiild not be fonder of them than of sue
as the honest industrious country-man's field, and good-wife's garder
s'eiisonably produce, where they are legitimately born in just time, an
without forcing nature.
But to return again to health and long life, and the wholesoraness c
the herby diet. John Beverovicius *, a learn'd physician (out of Pete
Mdxa, a Spaniard), treating of the extream age which those of Americ
usually arrive to, asserts in behalf of crude and natural herbs. Dlphilu
of old, as Athenseus tells us-f-, was on the other side, against all th
tribe of olera in general ; and Cardan of late, as already noted, no grea
friend to them ; affirming flesh-eaters to be much wiser and more saga
cious. But this his learned antagonist J utterly denies. Whole nations
flesh- devourers (such as the farthest northern) becoming heavy, dull
unactive, and much more stupid than the southern ; and such as feei
much on plants, are more acute, subtil, and of deeper penetration ; wit
ness the Chaldseans, Assyrians, Egyptians, &g. And further argue
from the short lives of most carnivorous animals, compared with gras
feeders, and the ruminating kind, as the hart, camel, and the longsevou
elephant, and other feeders on roots and vegetables.
1 know not what is pretended of our bodies being composed of dissi
milar parts, and so requiring variety of food. Nor do I reject the opinior
keeping to the same species: of which there is infinitely more variet
in the herby family than in all nature besides : but the danger is in th
generical difference of flesh, fish, fruit, &c. with other made dishes ani
exotic sauces, which a wanton and expensive luxury has introduc'd, de
baiichlng the stomach, and sharpening it to devour things of such diffi
cult concoction, with those of more easie digestion, and of contrary sub
stances, more than it can well dispose oi , otherwise foqd of the sam
* Thesaur. Sanit. c. 2. f As Delcampius interprets the place. J Scaliger ad Can
Exercit. 213.
781
cind would do' us little hurt. So true is that of Celsus, Mduntur faci-
mSf ad concactionem autem materiee, genus et modus pertineat. They
ire (says he) easily eaten and taken in : but regard should be had to
heir digestion, nature, quantity, and quality of the matter. As to that
)f dissimilar parts, requiring this contended for variety; if we may judge
3y other animals (as I know not why we may not) there is (aifter all the
ate contests about comparative anatomy) so little difference in the
structure, as to the use of those parts and vessels destin'd to serve the
jffices of concoction, nutrition, and other separations for supply of life,
that it does not appear why there should need any difference at all of
rood; of which the most simple has ever been esteem'd the best and
most Avholsome, according to that' of the naturalist*, hominis cibus
utilissimus simplex. And that so it is in other animajs, we find bv
their being so seldom afflicted with mens distempers, deriv'd from the
causes aboye-mentioned. And if the manv diseases of horses seem to
contradict itf, I am apt to think it much imputable to the, rack and
manger, the dry and wither'd stable commons, which they tpust eat or
starve, however qualified; being restrained from their natural and spon-
taneous choice, which nature and instinct directs them. to. To these a(Jd
the closeness of the air, standing in an almost continu'd posture ; be-
sides the fulsome drenches, unseasonable waterings, and other practices
of ignorant horse- quacks and surly grooms. The tyranny and cruel
usage of their masters in tiring journeys, hard labouring, and unmerciful
treatment, heats, colds, &c. which wear out and destroy so many of
those useful and generous creatures before the time. Such as have been
better us'd, and some whom their mpre gentle and good-natur'd patrons
have in recompence of their long and faithful service, dismissed, and
sent to pasture for the rest of tljeir lives (as the Grand-Seignior does.his
Meccha-camel) have been known to live forty, fifty, nay (says Aristo-
tle J) no fewer than sixty-five years. When once Old Par came to
* Plin. TVal. Hist. 1. iii; c. 12.
t Hanc brevitatem vitae (speaking of horses) fortasse homini debet. Verul. Hist. Vit. & Mort.
See this throughly controverted, Macrob. Saturn. 1. vii. c. v.
J Arist. Hist. Animal. 1. v. c. 14.
783
change his simple homely dietj tp that of the Court and Arundel house,
he quickly sunk and dropt away: for, as we have shew'dj, the >stonjach
easily concocts plain and familiar food;? but finds it aa hard arid. diflSjcult
task to vanquieh and overcome meats of dijSferent substances *. Whence
we so often see temperate, and abstemious persons of a jcoUegiate .-.diet,
very healthy ; husbancjmen and laborious people. more robust and lawyer
liv'd than others of an. uncertain extravagant diet.
Nam varise res
Ut Hoceant homini, eredas, memor ilHus^escas,
Quae, simplex olim tibi sederit "f-
For different meats do hurt ; remerabdr how
When to one dish confin'd, thou healthier wast than now :
was Osellus's memorandum in the poet.
Not that variety (which God has certainly ordain'd to delight and
assist our appetite) is unnecessary, nor any thing more grateful,*;refresh-
ing, and proper, for those especially who lead sedentary and studious
lives ; men of deep thought, and such as are btherwise distUrb'd with,
secular cares and businesses, which hinder the function of the stomach
and other organs : whilst those who have their minds free, use much
exercise, and are more active, create themselves a natural appetite,
which needs little or no variety to quicken arid content it.
And here might we attest the patriarchal vyorld, nay, and many per-
sons since, who, living very temperately, came not much short of the
post-diluvians themselves, counting from Abraham to this day; and
some exceeding them, who liv'd in pure air, a constant, though course
and simple diet ; wholsome and uncompounded drink ; that never tasted
brandy nor exotic spirits; but us'd moderate exercise, and observ'd good
hours. For such a one a curious missionary tells us of in Persia, who
had attaiu'd the age of four hundred years (a full centufy beyond the
famous Johannes de Temporibus), and was living annb 1636, and so
may be still for ought we know. But taour sallet.
Certain it is, Almighty God ordaining herbs J, and fruit for -thC: food
* 'AvojMta ra^ta^^u. f Hor; Sat. lib. ii. sat. 2. Macr. Sat. lib. vii.
i Gen. ch. ix. ver. 3 and 4,
783
of Itten, speaks> not a word concerning flesh for two thousand years.
And when after, by the Mosaic constitution, there were distinctions and
prtthibitions about ;the legdl? uneleanness of animals; plantsj.of what
kind soever, were left free and indifferent for every one to choose what
best he lik'd. And what, if it was held; undecent and unbecoiping the
excellency of man's nature, before sin entred, and grew, enormously
wieked, that any creature should be put to death and pain for him who
had!su<ih infinite store of the most delicious and nourishing fruit to de-
light, and the=tree of life to sustain him ? Doubtless there was no need
of it. ;' Infants sought the mother's nipple as soon as born ; and when
grown,' and able to feed themselves, run naturally to fruit, and still will
choose to eat it rather than flesh, and certainly might so persist to do,
did not 'Custom prevail, even against the very dictates of nature. Nor
.question I, but that' what the heathen poets ^ recount of the happiness
of the Golden Age, sprung from some tradition they had received of the
Paradisian fare, their innocent and healthful lives in that delightful
gaitden. Let it suffice, that Adam, and his yet innocent spouse, fed on
vegetables and other hortulan productions before the fatal Japse; which,
by i:he way, many learned men will hardly allow to have fallen 'out so
soon as those imagine who scarcely grant them a single day; nay, not
half a one, for their continuance in the state of original perfection ;
whilst the sending him into the' garden ; instructions how he should
k^p and cultivate it; edict and prohibition concerning the sacramental
trees ; the imposition of names -j-, so"apposite to the nature of such kn
infinity of living creatures (requiring'deep inspection) the* formation of
Eve, a meet companion to relieve his solitude; the solemnity of their
marriage ; the 'dialogues and success of the crafty tempter, whom we
cannot reasonably think made but one assault; and that they should so
quickly forget the injunction of their Maker and Benefactor; break their
faith and fast, and all other their obligations in so few moments. I say,
all these .particukrs consider'd, can it be supposed they were so soon
trarisacted as those do fancy, who take their measure from the summary
* Ovid, Metam. 1. fab. iii. and xv. t Gen. eh. xi. ver. 19.
784
Moses gives us, who did not write to gratifie ' mens curiosity, bu
transmit what was necessary and sufficient for us to know.
This then premis'd (as I see no reason why It should not), and
during all this space they liv'd on fruits and sallets ; 'tis little probE
that after their transgression, and that they had forfeited their domi:
over the creature (and were sentenc'd and exU'd to a life of sweat
labour on a cursed and ungrateful soil), the offended God. should re
them with pampering flesh, or so much as suffer them to slay the i
Innocent animal. Or, that if at any time they had permission, it
;for any thing save skins to cloath them, or in way of adoration
holocaust for expiation, of which nothing of the flesh was to be ea
Nor did the brutes themselves subsist by prey (tho' pleas'd perhaps \
bunting, without destroying their fellow creatures), as may be presu
from their long seclusion of the most carnivorous among them
the ark..
Thus then, for two thousand years the universal food was herbs
plants ; whicn abundantly recompens'd the want of flesh and o
liixurlous meats, which shortened their lives so many hundred ye
the [/,uK^.ol3foTviTci * of the patriarchs, which was an emblem of eternit
it .were (after the new concession) beginning to dwindle to a little s]
a nothing in comparison.
On the other side, examine we the present usages of several o
heathen nations, particularly (besides the Egyptian priests of old)
Indian Bramins, relicts of the ancient Gymnpsophists, to this day
serving the institutions of their founder. Flesh, we know was banii
the Platonic tables, as well as from those of Pythagoras, (seePorphyi
and their disciples) tho' on different accounts. Among others of
philosophers., from ,Xenocrates, Polemon, &c. we hear of many,
like we find . in. Clement Alexand. ^ Eusebius § names more. Zi
Archinomus, Phraartes, Chiron, and others, whom Laertius reckons
In short, so very many, especially of the Christian profession, that so
even of the ancient Fathers || themselves, have almost thought that
* Gen. ix. f Poi'phyr. de Abstin. Proclum, Jambleum, &c. J Strom, vi.
§ Prsep. Ev. passim. || Tertul. de Jejun. cap. iv. Hieron, advers. Jovin.
785
permission of eating flesh to Noah and his sons, was granted them no
otherwise than repudiation of wives was to the Jews, namely, for the
hardness of their hearts, and to satisfie a murmuring generation that a
little after loathed manna it self, and bread from Heaven. So difficult
a thmg it is to subdue an unruly appetite ; which, notwithstanding,
Seneca * thinks not so hard a task ; where speaking- of the philosopher
Sextms, and Socion's (abhorring cruelty and intemperance), he cele-
brates the advantages of the herby and sallet diet, as physical and na-
tural advancers of health and other blessings ; whilst abstinence from
flesh deprives men of nothing but what lions, vultures, beasts and birds
of prey, blood and gorge themselves withal. The whole epistle deserves
the reading, for the excellent advice he gives on this and other subjects ;
and how from many troublesome and slavish impertinencies, grown into
habit and custom (old as he was) he had emancipated and freed him-
self. Be this apply'd to our present excessive drinkers of foreign and
exotic liquors. And now
I am sufficiently sensible how far, and to how little purpose I am
gone on this topic. The ply is long since taken, and our raw sallet, deckt
in its best trim, is never like to invite men who once have tasted flesh
to quit and abdicate a custom which has now so long obtain'd. Nor
truly do I think conscience at all concern'd in the matter, upon any
account of distinction of pure and impure ; tho' seriously consider'd (as
Sextius held) rationi magis congrua, as it regards the cruel butcheries
of so many harmless creatures ; some of which we put to merciless and
needless torment, to accommodate them for exquisite and uncommon
epicurism. There lies else nq positive prohibition ; discrimination of
meats being condemn'df as the doctrine of devils. Nor do meats com-
mend us to God, One eats quid vult (of every thing) ; another olera,
and of sallets only. But this is not my business, further than to shew
how possible it is by so many instances and examples to live on whol-
jome vegetables, both long and happily : for so,
The Golden Age with this provision blest.
Such a grand Sallet made, and was a feast.
* Sen, Epist. 108. f 1 Cor. ch. viii. ver. 8, 1 Tim. eh. iv. Rom. ii, 3.
5h
786
• • The demi-gpds, with bodies large and -sound^.
Commended then the product of the ground.
Fraud then, nor force were known, nor filthy lust,.
Which over-heating and intemp'rance hurst :
Be their vile names in execration held,
Who with foul gluttony first thd world defil'd i
Parent of vice, and a:ll diseases since,
"With ghastly death sprung up alone fram thence.
Ah ! from such reeklngj bloody tables fly,
"Which death for our destruction does supply.
In health, if sallet herbs you can't endure ;
Sick, you'll desire them ; or for food, or cure*.
■ As to the other part of the controversie, which concerns us, -dtf^otror
(pd-yoi, and Occidental Blood^eaters-; some grave and learn'd men of late
seem to scruple the present usage, whilst they see the. prohilMtion ap-
pearingj and to carry such a face of antiquity. Scripture, .councils,
canons, fathers, imperial constitutions, and universal practice, unless.- it
be among us of these tracts of Europe, whither, with other barbarities,
that of eating the blood and animal life of creatures first was brought;
and. by our mixtures with the Goths,: Vandals, and other spawn of
Pagan Scythians, grown a custom, and since which I am persuaded
more blood has been shed between Christians than there ever was before
the water of the Flood ■ covered this corner of the world.- Not that I
impute it only to our eating blood, but sometimes wonder .how it hapned
* Has epiilas habuit t^neii gens aurea mundi,^
Et ccense ingentis tunc caput ipsa fui.
Semidetiinque meo creverunt corpora pucco,
Materiam tanti sanguinis rile dedit.
Tunc neque fraus nota est, neque vis, nequefgeda libido;'
Hbbc nimii proles seeva caloris erat.
Sit sacrum illorum, sit detestabile noinen,
Qui primi servae regna dedere gate.
Hinc vitiis patefacta ^iajest, morbisque secntis
Se lethi fades exerufere novae.
Ah ! fuge crudeles Animantum sanguine mensas,
Qu^que tibi opsonat mors inimica dapes.
Posces tandem ffiger, si sanus negligis, herbas.
Esse cibus >nequeunt ? at medicamen erunt. — Coiileii Plant. ]|b. i.^Lacluca.
787
that so strict, so solemn, and famous a sanetiony not upon a ceremonial
account, but (as some affirm) a moral and perpetual from Noah, to
whom the concession of eating flesh was granted, and that of blood for-
bidden (nor to this day once revok'd)^ and whilst there also seems to lie
fairer proofs than for most other controversies agitated among Christians,
should be so generally forgotten, and give place to so many other im-
pertinent disputes and cavils about other superstitious fopperies, which
frequently ended in blood, and cutting of throats.
As to the reason of this prohibition, its savouring of cruelty excepted,
(and that by Galen, and other experienc'd. physicians, the eating blood
is condemn'd as unwholsome, causing indigestion and obstructions) if a
positive command of Almighty God were not enough, it seems suffi-
ciently intimated ; because blood was the vehicle of the life and animal
soul of the creature. For what other mysterious cause, as haply its
being always dedicated. to expiatory sacrifices, &c. it is not for us to en-
quire. 'Tis said that Justin Martyr, being asked why the Christians
of. his time were permitted, the eating flesh and not the blood ? readily
answer'dy that God might distinguish them from beasts, which eat them
both together*. 'Tis likewise urg'd, that by the Apostolical Synod
(when the rest of the Jewish: ceremonies and types were abolish'd) this
prohibition was mention'd as a thing necessary f, and. rank'd with ido-
latry, which was not to be local or temporary, but universally injoyn'd
to converted (strangers and proselytes, as well as Jews. Nor could the
scandal of neglecting tp observe it concern them alone, after so many
ages as it was and still is in continual use ; and those who transgress'd
^o severely punish'd, as by an imperjal law to be scourg'd to blood and
bone. Indeed, so terrihle was the interdiction, that, idolatry excepted
(which was also moral and perpetual), nothing in Scripture seems to be
more express. In the mean time, to. relieve all other scruples, it does
not, they say, extend to that dxpifieta. of those few diluted drops of ex-
travasated blciod which might happen to tinge the juice and gravy of
the flesh (which were indeed to strain at a gnat) but to those who de-
vour the venal and arterial blood separately, and in quantity, as a choice
ingredient of their luxurious prreparations^nd Apician tables.
* Qusest. et Kesp. ad'Orthod. - Tiiomas Bartholinus, de usu-^anguinis. f Acts xv. 20, 29.
788
But this and all the rest will, I fear, seem but oleribus verba facere,
and (as the proverb goes) be labour-in-vain to think of preaching down
hogs-puddings, and usurp the chair of Rabby-busy. And therefore
what is advanc'd in countenance of the antediluvian diet, we leave to be
ventilated by the learned, and such as Curcellaeus, who has borrow'd of
all the ancient fathers, from Tertullian, Hierom, S. Chrysostom, &c. to
the later Doctors and Divines, Lyra, Tostatus, Dionysius Carthusianus,
Pererius, amongst the Pontificians ; of Peter Martyr^ Zanchy, Aretius,
Jac. Capellus, Hiddiger, Cocceius, Bochartus, &c. amongst the Pro-
testants ; and instar omnium, by Salmasius, Grotius, Vossius, Blundel.
In a word, by the learn'd of both persuasions, favourable enough to
these opinions, Cajetan and Calvin only excepted, who hold, that as to
abstinence from flesh, there was no positive command or imposition con-
cerning it ; but that the use of herbs and fruit was recommended rather
fortemperance sake, and the prolongation of life. Upon which score I
am inclin'd to believe that the ancient ^e^aTrevTcn, and other devout and
contemplative sects, distinguish'd themselves; whose course of life we
have at large describ'd in Philo* (who liv'd and taught much in gar-
dens), with others of the abstemious Christians; among whom, Clemens
brings in St. Mark the Evangelist himself, James our. Lord's brother,
St. John, &c. and with several of the devout sex, the famous Diaconesse
Olympias, mention'd by Palladius (not to name the rest), who, abstain-
ing from flesh, betook themselves to herbs and sallets upon the account
of temperance, and the vertues accompanying it ; and concerning which
the incomparable Grotius declares ingenuously his opinion to be far
from censuring, not only those who forbear the eating flesh and blood,
experime,nti causd, and for discipline sake ; but such as forbear ex opi'
nione, and (because it has been the ancient custom) provided they
blam'd none who freely us'd their liberty; and I think he's in the
right.
But leaving this controversie (h^ nimium extra oleasj it has often been:,
objected, that fruit and plants, and all other things, nay, since the be-
ginning, and as the world grows older, have universally become effcete,
* Philo de Vit. Contemp. Joseph, Antiq. lib. xiii. cap. 9,
789
inapair'd and divested of those nutritious and transcendent vertues they
were at first iendow'd withal. But as this is begging the question, and
to which we have already spoken ; so all are not agreed that there is
any, the least decay in nature, where equal industry and skill's apply'd.
'Tis true, indeed, that the ordo foliatorum Feuillantines (a late order of
Ascetic nuns) amongst other mortifications, made trial upon the Jeaves
of plants alone, to which they would needs confine themselves, but were
not able to go through that thin and meagre diet, But then it would
be enqulr'd, whether they had not first, and from their very childhood,
been fed and brought up with flesh and better sustenance till they en-
ter'd the cloyster ; and what the vegetables, and the preparation of them,
were allow'd by their institution ? Wherefore this is nothing to our mo-
dern use of sallets, or its disparagement. In the mean time, that we
still think it not only possible, but likely, and with no great art or
charge (taking roots and fruit into the basket) substantially to maintain
mens lives in health and vigour. For to this, and less than this, we
have the suflFrage of the great Hippocrates* himself, who thinks, ah
initio etiam hominum (as well as other animals) tali victu usum esse,
and needed no other food. Nor is it an inconsiderable speculation, that
since all flesh is grass (not in a figurative, but natural and real sense),
man himself, who lives on flesh, and I think upon no earthly animal
whatsoever, but such as feed on grass, is nourish'd with them still ; and
so becoming an incarnate herb, and innocent canibal, may truly be said
to devour himself.
We have said nothing of the Lotophagi, and such as (like St. John
the Baptist, and other religious ascetics) were feeders on the summities
and tops of plants. But as divers of those, and others we have men-
tion'd, were much in times of streights, persecutions, and other circum-
stances, which did not in the least make it a pretence, exempting them
from labour, and other humane oflices, by ensnaring obligations and
vows (never to be useful to the publick in whatever exigency), so I can-
not but take notice of what a learned critic, speaking of mens neglect-
ing plain and essential duties, under colour of exercising themselves in
* Hippoc. de Vet- Medicin4, cap. 6.
'> I-
790
a more sublime course of piety, and being righteous above whatsis coi
manded (as those who seclude themselves in monasteries^, that they rr
nifestly discover excessive pride, hatred of- their neighbour^ impatience
injuries; to which add, melancholy plots and machinations; and tl:
he must be- either stupid or infected with thesame vice himself^ who a
mires thlsldBXoTre^tua-ToQ^a-Keioi, or thinks they were for that cause the m(
pleasing ,to God. This being so, what may we then think of- su
armies of hermits, monks, and friars, who, pretending to -justifie a-^m
taken zeal and meritorious 'abstinence ; not only by a peculiar diet a
distinction of meats (which God without distinction has made the m
derate use of common and indifferent* among Christians)^, but by oth
sordid usages and unnecessary hardships, wilfully prejudice their heal
and constitution ? and through a singular manner of living, dark a:
Saturnine, whilst they would seem to abdicate and forsake the- world* (
imitation, as they pretend, of the ancient Eremites), take care to sett:
and; build their warm and stately nests in the most populous cities, a
places of resort^ ambitious doubtless of the peoplee veneration and oj
nion of an- extraordinary sanctity, and therefore flying the de&artsy whe
there is indeed no use of them, and flocking to the towns and citi
where there is less, indeed none at all, atid therefore lio marvel that t
Emperour Valentin Ian banished them the cities, and'Gonstantine Copr
nymus, findingthem seditious, oblig'dthem to-marryj to leave their Gel
and live .as did others. For of these, some there are who seldom spea
and therefore edifie none ; sleep little, and lie hard, are clad nastily, ai
eat meanly (and oftentimes that which is unwholsom), and therefo
benefit none.- Not because they might not, both for their own, and tl
good of others, and the publick, but because they will not ; custom,^ at
a prodigious •j' sloth accompanying it ; -which renders it* so far f*o
penance, and the mortification pretended, that they know not how
live, or spend their time otherwise. This, as I have often- consider'd, i
was I glad to find it justly perstring'd, and taken notice of by a learn(
person J, amongst others of his useful remarks abroad.
* 1 Tim. ch. iv. ver. 3.
f 'This, with their prodigious ignorance, see Mabillon des Etudes Monast. Part ii. c. 17.
X Dr. Lister's Journey to Paris, See L'Apocalyps de Meliton, ou Revelation des Mysteres Cen
bitiques.
791
*' Th6se,''^says -be,* " wiilingljs renouncing the innocent eomforts of
ife, plainly shew It to proceed more from a chagrin and morose humouri
;han from any true and serious principle of sound religion, which teaches
nentob.e useful in their generation, sociable and communicative, un-
iflPected,and by no means singular and fantastic in garb and habit, as
ire -these, forsooth, feithers (as they affect to be call'd), spending their
Jay? in idle and fruitless forms and tedious repetitions ; and thereby
ihinking to merit the reward of those ancient and truly- pious solitariesy
ivho, , God knows, were driven from their countries and repose by the
ncursions of barbarous nations (whilst these have no such cause), and
jompell'd to austerities, not of their own chusing and making, but the
publick calamity ; and to labour with their hands for their own and
jthers necessary support, as well as with their prayers and holy lives,
jxamoles .to all tbe world. And some of these, indeedj ("besides tl^e
Solitaries of the Thebaid, who wrought for abundance of poor Chrifrtians,
sick, and in captivity,) I might bring in, as such who deserv'd to bave
Lheir names preserved; not for their rigorous fare and uncouth disguises,
but for teaebing that the grace of temperance and other verfcues, con-
sisted in a cheerful, innocent, and profitable conversation."
And now to reqapitulate What other prerogatives the Hortulan Pro-
krision has been celebrated for, besides its antiquity, health and longer,
v^ity. of the antediluvians; -that temperance, frugality, leisure, ease, and
Innumerable, other vertueis and advantages, which accompany it, are no
less attributable to it. Let us hear our excellent botanist, Mr* Ray *.
" The use of plants," says he, " is all our life long of that universal
Importance and concern, that we can neither live nor subsist in any
plenty with decency or conveniency, or be said to live indeed at all with -
[»ut them. Whatsoever food is necessary to sustain us, whatsoever con?
* Plantarum usus latissimb patet, et in omni vitae parte bccurriti Sine itlis kutfe, sine illis com-
nodfe non vivitur, at nee vivitur omnmb. QuBECUnque ad victuia' necessaria sunt, quaecunque ad
lelicias feciunt, fe locupletissitno suo penu abunde subministrant. Quantb ex iis mensa innocen-
ior mundior, salubiior, quhm ex animalium caede et Laniena ? Homo certfe nature animal carni-
^orum non est, nuUis ad prsedam et rapinaifi armis instructum, non de^tibus exertis et serratis,
ion unguibus aduncis. Manus ad fnictus colligendoiS, dentes rid iharidendos comparati. Nee legi-
nus ei ante diluvium carnes ad esum concessas, &c — Raii Hist. Plant. Lib. i. cap. '24.
792
tributes to delight and refresh us, are supply'd and brought forth out of
that plentiful and abundant store : and ah, how much more innocent,
sweet, and healthful, is a table cover'd with these, than with all the
reeking flesh of butcher'd and slaughter'd animals ! Certairily, man by
nature was never made to be a carnivorous creature ; nor is he arm'd at
all for prey and rapin, with gag'd and pointed teeth and crooked claws,
sharpned to rend and tear; but with gentle hands to gather fruit and
vegetables, and with teeth to chew and eat them. Nor do we so much
as read the use of flesh for food, was at all permitted him, till after the
universal Deluge, &c.
To this might we add that transporting consideration, becoming
both our veneration and admiration of the infinitely wise and glorious
Author of Nature, who has given to plants such astonishing properties ;
such fiery heat in some to warm and cherish, such coolness in others to
temper and refresh, such pinguid juice to nourish and feed the body,
such quickening acids to compel the appetite, and grateful vehicles to
court the obedience of the palate, such vigour to renew and support our
natural strength, such ravishing flavour and perfumes to recreate and
delight us. In short, such spirituous and active force to animate and
revive every faculty and part, to all the kinds of human, and I had
almost said, heavenly capacity too. What shall we add more ? our gar-
dens present us with them all ; and whilst the shambles are cover'd with
gore and stench, our sallets scape the insults of the summer fly, purifies
and warms the blood aga:inst winter rage. Nor wants there variety In
more abundance than any of the former ages could shew.
Survey we their bills of fare, and numbers of courses serv'd up by
Athenseus, drest with all the garnish of Nicander and other Grecian
wits. What has the Roman Grand Sallet worth the naming ? Parat
convivium, the guests are nam'd Indeed, and we are told,
~ Varias, quas habet hortus opes.
How richly the garden's stor'd ! *
In qiiibus est luctuca sedens, et tonsile porrum.
Nee deest ructatrix Mentha, nee herba salax, &c.
A goodly sallet !
* Mart, lib. x, epig. 48.
793
• Lettuce, leeks, mint, rocket, dole wort- tops, with oyl and eggs, and
mch an hotch-pot" following (as the cook in Plautus would deservedly
laugh at). But how infinitely out-done in this age of ours, by the va-
riety* of so many rare edules unknown to the ancients, that there's no
room forth^ comparison. And, for magnificence, let the sallet d rest by
the lady for an entertainment made by Jacobus Catsius (described by the
poetvBarlseus *) shew ; not at all yet out-doing what we every day
almost find at bur Lord Mayor's table, and other great persons, lovers
of the gardens ; that sort of elegant cookery being capable of such won-
derful variety; tho' no^ altogether wanting of old, if that be true which
is related' to us of Nicomedes -j-, a certain king of Bithynia, whose cook
made him a pilchard (a fish he exceedingly long'd for) of a well dissem-
bl'd turnip, carved in its shape, and drest with byl, salt, and pepper,
that so deceiv'd, and yet pleas'd the prince, that he commended it for
the best fish he had ever eaten. Nor does all this exceed what every in-
dustrious gardiner may innocently enjoy, as well as the greatest potent-
ate on earth i
Vitellius his table, to which every day
All Countries did a constant tribute pay.
Could nothing more delicious afford
Than nature's liberality.
Help*d with a little art and industry,
Allows the meanest gard'ners board.
The wanton taste no fish, or fowl can chuse, . : •.
, For which the grape or melon she would lose.
' Tho' all th' inhabitants of sea and air
Be listed in the glutton's bill pf fare ;
Yet still the fruits of earth we see
Plac'd the third story high in all her luxury.
So the sweet poet ^, whom I can never part with for his love to this
delicious toil, and the honour he bas done me.
Verily, the infinite plenty and abundance, with which the benign and
bountiful Author of Nature has stor'd the whole terrestrial- world more
* Barl. Eleg, lib. iii. t Af hen. Deip. 1. 1 . t Cowley, Garden, stanz. <J.
5 I
794:
with plants and vegetables than with any other prpvisioh '{Whatsoever ;
and the variety not only equal, but by far exeeeding.the pleasure and
delight of; taste (above all the art of the kitchen, than ever .Apicius*
^new) seems loudly to call, and kindly invite, all her living inhabitants
(none excepted) who are of gentle nature and most useful, to the same
hospitable and common board, which first she furnish'd with plants and
fruit, as to their natural and genuine pasture ; nay, and of the most wild,
and savage too, ah origine. ; As in Paradise, where, as the evangelical
prophet Isaiah adumbrating the future glory of the Catholick Church,
-(of which that happy gardea was the antitype), the wolf and the lamb,
the angry and furious lion, should eat grass and herbs together with the
px. But after all, latet unguis in hei'ha, there's a snake in the grass ;
luxury, and excess in our most innocent fruitions. There was a time
indeed when the garden furnish'd entertainments for the mostrenown'd
herpes, virtuous and excellent persons ; till the blood-thirsty and ambi-
tious, over-running the nations, and by murders and rapine rifl'd the
world, to transplant its luxury to its new mistress, Rome* Those whom
heretofore \ two acres of land would have satisfied and plentifully main-
tain'd, had afterwards their very kitchens almost as large as their
first territories. Nor was that enough. Entire '^ forests and parks,
warrens and fish-ponds, and ample lakes to furnish their tables, so as
men could not live by one another without ' oppression. Nay, and to
shew how the best and most innocent things may be perverted, they
chang'd those frugal and inemptas dopes of their ancestors, to that,
height and profusion, that we read of edicts § and sumptuary laws en-
acted to restrain even the pride and excess of sallets. But so it was not
when the pease-field spread a table for the conquerors of the world, and
* Hence in Macrobius, Sat. lib. vii. c, 5. we find Eupolis the comedian, in his .ffiges,, bringing in
goats boasting the variety of their food, Bos-KojiiES' uXus a?rq n-avToJairiif, Ix.»tii{, &c. After which fol-
lows a banquet of innumerable sorts;
; t Bina tunc jugera populo Romano satis erant, nullique^majorem mcdum attiibuit : quo servos
paulo ante principis Neronis, contemptis hujus spatii viridariis, piscinas juvat habere majores;
gr'atli'mque,' si non aliquem et culinas. — Plin. Hist. Nat. lib, xviii. c. 2.
-^ Intereagustuselementa per omnia quserunt. Juv Sat. xi. 1. 14.
§ Cicero, Epist. lib. vii. ep. 26. Coniplainipg of a costly sallet, that had almost cost him his life.
'79o
their grounds were cultivatefd mmere laureato et iriumphaU aratore.
The greatest princes took the spade and the plough-stafF in the samb
hand they held the sbeptre; and the npblest families* thbdght it no
dishonour to derive -their names from plants and sallet-herbs. They
arriv'd, I say, to that pitch of ingrossing all that was but green, and
could be vary'd by the cook C^eu quhm prodiga ventris !) that, as Pliny
tells us (hon sine pudore, not without blushing), a poor man could
hardly find a thistle to dress for his supper; or what his hungry assf
would not touch, for fear of pricking his lips.
Verily the luxury of the East ruin'd the greatest monarchies ; first
the Persian, then the Grecian, and afterwads Rome her self. By what
steps, see elegantly described in old Gratius the Faliscian, deploring
his own age compar'd with the former :
O quantum et quoties decoris frustrata paterni !
At quails nostria, qu^m simplex mensa Camillis !
Qui tibi ciiltus eratposttot, Serrane, triumphos?
Ergo illi ex habitu, virtutisque indole priscse,
Imposuere orbi Romam caput ; — - ^
Neighb'ring excesses being made thine own,
How art thou fall'n from thine old renown !
But our Caniilli did but plainly fare, , . ,
No port did oft triumphant Serran bear : ,,^.
< Therefore such hardship, and their heart so great,
Gave Rome to be the world's imperial seat.
But as these were the sensual and voluptuous, who abus'd their plenty,
spent their fortunes and shortned their lives by their debauches ; so
never did they taste the delicaces and true satisfaction of a sober repast,
and the infinite conveniences of what a well-stor'd garden aflFords; so
• Valeriana, that of Leetucini, Achilleia, Lysimachia., Fabius, Cicero, Lentulus, Piso, &c. k
Fabis, Cicere, Lente, Pisis bene serendis dicti. Plin. ,
f Miruui asset non licere pecori Carduis vesci, non licet plebeij &p. And in another plape,
Quoniam portenta quoque terrarum in ganeam vertimus, etiam ea quae refugiunt quadrupedes con-
iciffi. Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. xix. c. 19—43.
+ Gratii Falisc. Cynegeticon^ k Wase. See concerning this excess, Macr. Sat. lib.ii. c. 9. et sequ.
"^96
elegantly describ'd by the naturalist *, as costing neither fuel nor fiiie to
boil, pains or time to gather and prepare, res eocpedita et parata semper.
All was so near at hand, readily drest, and of so easie digestion, as nei-
ther to offend the brain, or dull the senses ; and in the greatest deaa-th of
corn, a little bread suffic'd. In all events,
Panis ematUr, olus, vini sextarius ; adde
puts humana sibi doleat natura negatis ■jf.,
Bread, wine, and whdlsome sallets you may buy, ^
What nature adds besides, is luxury.
They could then make an honest meal, and dine upon a sallet, with-
out so much as a grain of exotic spice ; and thp potagere was in such
reputation, that she who neglected her kitchen-garden (for that was
still the good woman's province) was never reputed a tolerable huswife.
Si vespertinus subitb te oppresserit hospes, she was never surpriz'd, had
all (as we said) at hand, and could in a trice set forth an handsome
sallet. And if this was happiness, convictus J'acilis sine arte mensa (as
the poet reckons), it was here in perfeqtion. In a word, so universal
was the sallet, that the un-bloodyj shambles (as Pliny calls them)
yielded the Roman § state a more considerable custom (when there was
little more than honest cabbage and worts) than almost any thing be-
sides brought to market.
They spent not then'so much precious time as afterwards they did,
gorging themselves with flesh and fish, so as hardly able to rise, with-
out reeking and reeling from table :
* Horti maximb . placebarit, quia non egerent igni, parcer^ntque ligno, expedita res et parata
semper : unde et Acetaria appellantur, facilia concoqui, nee oneratura sensum cibo, et quae minjin^
accenderent desiderium panis. Plin. Hist. Nat. lib. xix. c. 19. And of this exceeding frugality of the
Romans, till after the Mithridatic war, see Athenseus, Deip. lib. vi. cap. 21.
t Horat. Serm. Lib. i. Sat. 1. 74.
X Nequam esse in donio matrem familias (etenim h?ec cura feminee dicebatur) ubi indiljgens.
esset hortus. Plin. Hist. Nat. lib. xix, cap. 19.
§ Alteram succidium. Cic. in Catone.
Tiberias had a tribute of skirits paid him.
797
3o r- -. v:"- yidds, ut pallidus omnis
GcEna desurgat dubia ? quin corpus onustum ,
Hesternis vitiis animum quoque praegravat unk,
Atque adfligit hiimo divinae particulam aurae*.
See but how pale they look, how wretchedly.
With yesterday's surcharge disturbed they be ! ,
Nor body only sufFring, but the mind,
That nobler part, dull'd and depress'd we find.
Drowsie and unapt for business, and other nobler parts of life.
Time was before men in those golden days : their spirits were brisk
and lively.
■ Ubi dicto citius .curata sopori ,
Membra dedit, vegetus praescripta ad munera surgit.,
With shorter, but much sweeter sleep content,- ■
Vigorous and fresh, about their business went.
\nd men had their wits about them ; their appetites were natural, their
\}ee^ molli sub arhore, sound, sweet, and kindly. That excellent Ein-
)erour (M. Claudius) Tacitus being us^d to say of lettuce, that he did
omnum se mercari, when he eat of them, and call'd it a sumptuous
least, with asallet and a single pullet, which was usually all the fle&h-
aeat that sober prince eat of; whilst Maximinus (a profess'd enemy
o sallet) is reported to have scarce been satisfied with sixty pounds of
iesh, and drink proportionaible. ■'
There was then also far less expensive grandure, but far more true
tate; when Consuls, great statesmen (and jBuch as atchiev'd the most
enown'd actions), supp'd in their gardens ; not under ..costly, gilded,
nd inlaid roofs, but the spreading platan ; and drank of the chrystal
rook, and by .temperance and healthy frugality, maintain'd the glory
f sallets, ah, quanta innocentiore victu / with what content and satig-
iction ! Nor, as we said, wanted there variety ; for so in the most
* Hor. Sat. lib. ii. 3. 76. Vix prae vino sustinet palpebras^ eunti in consilium^ &c. See the ora-
m of C, Titius de Leg. Fan, Macr. Sat. lib. ii. c. 12.
*
79S
blissful place and innocent state of nature, see how the first empress
the world regales her celestial guest :
With sav'ry fruits, of Taste to please
True appetite, and brings
Whatever earth, all-bearing mother, yields
Fruit of all kinds, in cpat
Rough, or smooth rind,-r-or bearded husk, or shell.
Heaps with unsparing hand : for drink the grape
She crushes, inoffensive must, and meathes
From many a berry, and from sweet kernels prest,
She tempers dulcet creams *. — — •
Then for the board,
Rais'd of grassy turf
Their table was, and mossy seats had round ;
And on her ample square from side to side.
All autumn pil'd -f" ; ah innocence
Deserving Paradise!
Thus the Hortulan provision of the Golden Age J fitted all plac
times, and persons ; and when man is restor'd to that state again, it v
be as it was in the beginning.
But now after all (and for close of all), let none yet imagine, tl
whilst we justifie our present subject through all the topics of panegyj
we would in favour of the sallet, drest with, all its pomp and advanta,
turn mankind to grass again ; which were ungratefully to neglect
bounty of Heaven, as well as his health jand comfort. But by th
noble instances and examples, to reproach the luxury of the present ,a£
and by shewing the infinite blessing and eflFects of temperance, and i
vertues accompanying it ; with how little nature, and a civil § appei
* Milton's Paradise Lost, Book v. ver. 304, &c. f Id. line 391, &c.
* At vetus ilia aetas, cui fecimns Aurea. nomen,
Fcetibus arboreis, et, quas humus educat, herbis
Fortunata fuit Ovid. Met. xv. 1. 96.
§ Behe moratus venter.
7^9
may be happy, contented with moderate things, and within a little com-
pass, reserving the rest to the nobler parts of life. And thus of old.
Hoc erat in votis, modus agri non ita magnus, &c.
He that was possess'd of a little spot of ground, and well-cultivated
garden, with other moderate circumstances, had hceredium. All that
a modest man could well desire. Then,
Happy the man, whotn, from ambition freed,
A little field and little garden feed.
The field gives frugal nature what's requir'd ;
, The garden, what's luxuriously desir'd ;
The specious evils of an anxious life.
He leaves to fools to be their endless strife *.
O fortunatos nimium bona si sua norint
Horticulos !
* Foelix, quern mLser^ procul ambitione remotum.
Parvus ager placid^, parvus et hortus, alit.
Frsebet ager quicquid frugi natura requirit,
Hortus habet, quicquid luxuriosa petit,
Csetera sollicitse speciosa incommoda vitae,
Permittit stultis quaerere, habere malis. Couleiii PI. lib. iv.
800
APPENDIX.
Tho' it was far from our first intention lo qharge this small volume and
discourse concerning, crude sallets, with any of the following receipts; yet
having since received them frpm an experienc'd housewife ; and that they
may possibly be useful to correct, preserve, and improve our Acetaria, we
have allow'd them place as an appendant variety upon occasion ; nor ac-
count we it the least dishonour to our former treatise, that we Mndly enter-
tain'd them ; since (besides divers learned physicians, and siuch as have ex
professo written de Re Cibaria) we have the examples of many other noble
and illustrious persons *, both among the ancient and modern.
1. AaTicHOAK.-r-Clear it of the leaves, and cut the bottoms in pretty thin
slices or quarters ; then fry them in fresh butter with some parsley, till it
is crisp, and the slices tender ; and so dish them with other fresh melted
butter. , . ^
How a Poiverade is made, and the bottoms preserved all the winter, see
Acetaria, p. 735.
Ashen-keys — Asparagus — Beets — Broom — Buds— Capers. See Pickle.
Carrot. See Pudding.
Champignon. See Mushrom.
2. Chessnut. — Roasted under the embers, or dry fryed, till they shell
and quit their husks, ipay be slit, the juice of orange squeezed on a lump of
hard sugar dissolv'd ; to which add some claret wine.
COLLYFLOWER CuCUMBER — ElDER-FLOWERS™FlOWERS— GiLLY-FLOWERS.
See Pickle.
Herbs. See Pudding and Tart.
LiMON. See Pickle.
* Pliny, Athenseus, Macrobius,- Bacon, Boyle, Digby, &c.
801
3. MusHROM. — Chuse the small, firm, and white, buttons, growing upon
^et pasture .grounds, neither under nor about any trees ; strip off the upper
:m, and pare away all the black spungy bottom part ; then slice them in
larters, and cast them in water a while to cleanse ; then boil them in fresh
ater, and a little sweet butter (some boil them a quarter of an hour first) ;
id then taking them out, dry them in a cloth, pressing out the water, and
hilst hot, add the butter ; and then boiling a full hour {to exhaust *he
alignity) shift them in another clean water, with butter as befove, till
ley become sufficiently tender. Being taken out, pour upon them as
uch strong mutton {or other) broth as will cover thema with six spoonsful
' white wine, twelve cloves, as many pepper-corns, ibur small young
lions, half an handful of persley bound up with two or three sprjggs of
yme, an anchovy, oysters raw or pickled, a little salt, sweet butter ; and
let them stew. See Acetar. p. 73^5.
Anotfier. — Prepar'd and cleans'd as above, and cast into fountain-water,
preserve them from growing black ; boil them in fresh water and salt, and
lilst on the fire, cast in the mushrooms, letting them toil tilF they become
nder ; then stew them leisurely between two dishes (the water being draijied
)m them) in a third part of white wine, and butter, and a small bundle
sweet herbs at discretion. To these add broth as before, with cloves,
ice, nutmeg, anchovies (one is sufficient), oysters, &e. a small onion, with
B green stem chopt small ; and lastly, some mutton-gravy, rubbing the
ih gently with a clove of garlick, or some rocombo seeds in its stead.
me beat the yolk of a fresh egg with vinegar, and butter, and a little
pper.
In France, some (more compendiously being peel'd and prepared) cast
;m into a pipkin, where, with the sweet herbs, spice, and an onion, they
w them in their own juice, without any other water or liquor at ;all, and
;n taking out the herbs and onion, thicken it with a little butter, and so
them,
[n Polverade. — The large mushrooms well cleansed, being cut into quar-
s, and strewed with pepper and salt, are broil'd on the grid-iron, and eaten
h fresh butter.
;n Powder.~~-Be'mg fresh gathered, cleans'd, and cut in pieces, stew
m in water and salt; and being taken forth, dry them with a cloth, then
ting them into an earth-glazed pot, set them into the oven after the
ad is drawn ; repeat this till they are perfectly dry ; and reserve them in
ers to crumble into what sauce you please. For the rest, see Pickle.
5 K
802
4; Mustard. — Procure the best and weightiest seed, cast it into wa
two or three times, till no more of the hiisk arise ; then taking out the soi
(which will sink to. the bottom) rub it very dry in warm coarse cloths, shi
ing it also a little to the fire in a dish or pan; then stamp it as small
to pass through a fine -tiffany sieve; slice. some horse-radish, and la;
to soak in strong vinegar, with a. small lump of hard sugar (which so
leave out) to temper the flower withj being drained from the radish, and
pot it all in a glaz'd mug, with an onion, and keep it well stop'd with a C(
upon a bladder, which is the more cleanly ;' but this receit is improv'd
instead of vinegar, water only, or the broth of powder'd beef be made i
of. And to some of this mustard adding verjuice, sugar, claret-wine, a
juice of limon, you have an excellent sauce to any sort of flesh or fish..
Note, that a pint of good seed is enough to make at one time, and
keep fresh a competent while. "What part of it does not pass the sarse, m
be beaten again ; and you may reserve the flower in a well closed glass, a
make fresh mustard when you please. See Acetaria, p. 748. •
Nasturtium. Fide Pickle.
Orange. See Limon, in Pickles.
5. Parsnip. — Take the large roots, boil them, and strip the skin; th
slit them long- ways into pretty thin slices, flower and fry them in frt
butter till they look brown. The sauce is other sweet butter melted. Soi
strow sugar and cinamon upon them. Thus you may accommodate otl
roots.
There is made a mash or pomate of this root, being boiled very tenc
with a little fresh cream ; and being heated again, put to it some butter
little sugar, and juice of limon, dish it upon sippets ; sometimes a few <
rinths are added.
Penny-royal. See Pudding.
PICKLES.
6. Pickled Artichoaks. See Acetaria, p. 735.
7- Ashen- keys. — Gather them young, and boil them in three or fo
waters to extract the bitterness ; and when they feel tender, prepare a syr
of sharp white-wine vinegar, sugar, and a little water. Then boil them or
very quick fire, and they will become of a green colour, fit to be potted
soon as cold.
803
8. Asparagus.— Break off the hard ends, and put them in white-wine
vinegar and salt, well covered with it; and so let them remain for six
weeks. ■ Then taking them out, boil the liquour or pickle, and scum it care-
fully. If need be, renew the vinegar and salt ; and when 'tis cold, pot them
up again. Thus may one keep them the whole year.
9. Beans. — Take such as are young and^ fresh, and approaching their full
growth. Put them into a strong brine of white-wine vinegar and salt able to
bear an egg. Cover them very close, and so will they be preserved twelve
months; but a month before you use them, take out what quantity you
think sufficient for your spending a quarter of a year (for so long the second
pickle will keep them sound) and boil them in a skillet of fresh water till
they begin to look green, as they soon will do. Then placing them one by
one (to drain upon a clean coarse napkin) range them row by row in a jarr,
and cover them with vinegar, and what spice you please; some weight
being laid upon them to keep them under the pickle. Thus you may pre-
serve French-beans, haricos, &c. the whole year about.
10. Broom-buds and PODS. — Make a strong pickle as above, stir it very
well, till the salt be quite dissolved, clearing off the dregs and scum. The
next day pour it from the bottom; and having rubbed the buds dry,
pot them up in a pickle glass, which should be frequently shaken, till they
sink under it, and keep it well stopt and covered.
Thus may you pickle any other buds ; or as follows :
11. Of Elder. — Take the largest buds, and boil them in a skillet with
salt and water^ sufficient only to scald them ; and so (being taken off the
fire) let them remain covered till green ; and then pot them with vinegar
and salt, which has had one boil up to cleanse it.
12. CoLLYFLOWERS. — Boil them till they fall in pieces. With some of
the stalk, and worst of the flower, boil it in a part of the liquor till pretty
strong. Being taken off, strain it; and wheii settled, clear it from the
bottom. Then with dill, gross pepper, a pretty quantity of salt, when cold,
add as much vinegar as will make it sharp, and pour all upon the colly-
flower; and so as to keep them from touching one another; which is pre-
vented by putting paper close to them.
Cornelians are pickled like Olives.
804
1^. Cowslips. — Pickt very clean ; to each pound of flowers allow abaut
one pound of loaf sugar, and one pint of white-wine vinegar, which boil to
a syrup-, and cover it scalding hot. Thus you may pickle clove-gilly-floWers^
elder, and other flowers, which being eaten alone, make a very agreeable
salletine.
14. Cucumbers. T — Take the gerkems, or smaller cucumbers ; put them
into rape-vinegar, and boyl and cover them so close, as none of the. vapour
rnay issue forth; and also let them stand till the next day or longer. Then
boil them in fresh white-Wine vinegar, with large mace, nutmeg, ginger, white
pepper and a little salt (according to discretion), straining the former liquor
from the cucumbers; and so place them in a jarr, or wide mouthed glass,
laying a little dill and fennel between each rank ; and covering all with the
fresh scalding-hot pickle : keep all close, and repeat it daily till you find
them sufficiently green.
In the same sort cucumbers of the latge&t size, being peel'd and cut into
thin slices, are very delicate. Note. That the cucumbers and the gerkems are
not to be boiled in either of the vinegars, but poured scalding hot upon them.
Another. -^"^'vprng them clean, put them in a very strong brine of water
and salt, to soak two or three hours or longer, if you see cause. Then range
them in the jarr or barrellet with herbs and spice as usual ; and cover them
with hot liquor, made of two parts beer-vinegar, and one of white-wine vine-
gar. Let allbe very well closed. A fortnight after scald the pickle again, and
repeat it, as above. Thus they will keep longer, and from being so soon
sharp, eat crimp and well tasted, tho' not altogether so green. You may
add a walnut-leaf, hysop, costmary, &c. ; and as some da, strow on them a
little powder of roch-allom, which makes them firm and eatable within a
month or six weeks after.
Mango of Cucumbers. Take the biggest cucumbers (and most of the
mango size) that look green. Open them on the top or side, and scooping
out the seeds, supply their place with a small clove of garlick, or some
roccombo seeds. Then put them into an earthen glazed jarr, or wide
mouth'd glass, with as much white-wine vinegar as will cOver them. Boil
them in the vinegar with pepper, cloves, mace, &c. and when off the fire,
as much salt as Will make a gentle brin« ; and so pour all boyling hot on the
cucumbers, covering them close till the next day. Then put them with a
little dill and pickle into a large skillet, and giving them a boyl or two, -
return them into the vessel again ; and when all is cold, add a good spoon-
805
fill of the best mustard, keeping it from the air, and so yom have an excellent
ittango. When you have occasion to take any out, make use of a spoon,
and not ycfu^ fingers.
Elder. 5'ee Buds.
Flowers. <See Cowslips, and for other flowei's. ,
15. LiMON. — Take slices of the thick rind limon, bodl and shift thejati in
several waters, till they are pretty tender. Then drain and wipe them dry
with a clean doth ; and make a pickle with a little white-wine vinegar, one
part to two of fair water, and a little sUgar, carefully scuna'd. When all i^
cald, pour it on the peel'd rind, and- cover it all close in a convenient glass
farr. Some make a syrup of vinegar, white-wine, and sugar, not too thick,
and pour it on hot.
16. Melon. — The abortive and after-fruit of Melons being pickled as
cucumber, make an excellent sallet.
17' MusHROM.-^Take a quart of the best white-wine vinegar, as much
of white-wine, cloves, mace, nutmeg a pretty quantity, beaten together ; let
the spice boil therein to the consumption of half ; then taken off, and being
cold, pour the liquour on the mushroms, but leave out the boiled spice, and
cast in of the same sort of spice whole, the nutmeg only slit in quarters, with
some limon-peel, white pepper, and, if you please, a whole raw onion^ which
take out again when it begins to perish.
Another. — The mushroms peel'd, &c. throw them into water, and theii
jlto a sauce-pan, with some long pepper, cloVes, mace, a quarter'd nutmeg,
vith an onion, shallot, or roccombo-seed, and a little salt. Let them all boil
I quarter of an hour on a very quick fire. Then take out, and cold, with a .
jretty quantity of the former spice, boil them in some white-wine, which
being cold) cast upon the mushroms, and fill up the pot with the best
vhite-wine, a bay-leaf or two, and an handful of salt : afterwards cover them
vith the liqubur; and if for long keeping, pour sallet- oil over all, tho'
hey will be preserved a year without it. , .
They are sometimes boil'd in salt and water, with some milk, and laying
hem in the colender to drain, till cold, and wiped dry, cast them into the
>ickle with the white- wirie, vinegar and salt, grated nutmeg, ginger bruised,
loves, mace, white jJepper and limon-peel ; pour the liquor on them cold
without boiling.
806
Nasturtium Indicum. — Gather the buds before they open to flower ;
lem in the shade three or four hours, and putting them into an earthen
d vessel, pour good vinegar on them, and cover it with a board. Thus
stand for eight or ten days. Being taken out, and gently press'd, cast
into fresh vinegar, and let them so remain as long as before. Repeat
L third time, and barrel them up with vinegar and a little salt.
:ange. See Limon.
. Potato. — The small green fruit (when about the size of the wild
y) being pickled, is an agreeable sallet. But the root being roasted
r the embers, or otherwise, open'd with a knife, the pulp is butter'd in
kin, of which it will take up a good quantity, and is seasoned with a
salt and pepper. Some eat them with sugar together in the skin,
I has a pleasant crimpness. They are also stew'd and bak'd in pyes, &c.
, PuRSELAN. — Lay the stalks in an earthen pan. Cover them with
vinegar, and water, keeping them down with a competent weight to
>e, three days. Being taken out, put them into a pot with as much
!-wine vinegar as will cover them again ; and close the lid with paste to
in the steam ; then set them on the fire for three or four hours, often
ng and stirring them. Open the cover, and turn and remove' those
3 which lie at the bottom to the top, and boil them as before, till they
II of a colour. When all is cold, pot them with fresh white-wine vine-
md so you may preserve them the whole year round.
, Radish. — The seed-pods of this root being pickl'd are a pretty sallet.
. Sampier. — Let it be gathered about Michaelmas (or the spring) and
wo or three hours into a brine of water and salt ; then into a clean tin'd
pot, with three parts of strong white-wine vinegar, and one part, of
r and salt, or as much as will cover the sampler, keeping the vapour from
ig out, by pasting down the pot-lidj and so hang it over the fire for half
3ur only. Being taken ofi', let it remain cover'd till it be cold ; and
put it up into small barrels or jars, with the liquor, and some fresh
jar, water, and salt ; and thus it will keep very green. If you be near
ea, that water will supply the place of brine. This is the Dover receipt.
. "Walnuts. — Gather the nuts young, before they begin to harden^but
807
lot before the kernel is pretty white. Steep them in as much water as will
nore than cover them. Set them on the fire, and when the water boils, and
frows black, pour it off, and supply it with fresh, boiling it as before, and
sontinuing to shift it till it becomes clear, and the nuts pretty tender. Let
hem be put into clean spring water for two days, chattging it as before with
resh, two or three times within this space. Lay them to drain, and dry on
I clean coarse cloth, and put them up in a glass jar, with a few walnut leaves,
iill, cloves, pepper, whole mace, and salt ; strowing them under every layer
)f nuts, till the vessel be three quarters full ; and, lastly, replenishing it with
;he best vinegar, keep it well covered ; and so they will be fit to spend within
;hree months.
To make a Mango with them.— The green nuts prepared as before, cover
ihe bottom of the jar with some dill, an handful of bay-salt, &c. and then a
jed of nuts ; and so stratum upon stratum, as above, adding to the spice
some roccombo-seeds ; and filling the rest of the jar with the best white-
svine .vinegar mingled with the best mustard; and so let them remain close
:overed during two or three months time. And ,thus have you a more agree-
ible mango than what is brought us from abroad ; which you may use in any
sauce, and is of it self a rich condiment.
Thus far Pickles.
25. PoTAGE Maigre. — ^Take four quarts of spring-water, two or three
anions stuck with some cloves, two or three slices of limon-peel, salt, whole
tvhite pepper, mace, a raze or two of ginger, tied up in a fine cloth (lawn or
tiffany), and make all boil for half an hour ; then having spinage, sorrel, white
beet- chard, a little cabbage, a few small tops of cives, wash'd and pick'd
:;iean, shred them well, and cast them into the liquor, with ,a pint of blue
pease boil'd soft and strain'd, with a bunch of sweet herbs, the top and botr
tom of a French roll ; and so suffer it to boil during three hours ; and then
Jish it with another small French roll, and slices about the dish. Some cut
3read in slices, and frying them brown (hieing dried) put them into the ppt-
;age just as it is going to be eaten.
The same herbs, clean wash'd, broken and pulled, asunder only, being put
n a close cover'd pipkin, without any other water or liquor, will stew in
;heir own juice and moisture. Some add an whole onion, which after a while
ihould be taken out, remembring to season it with salt and spicCj and serve
t up with bread and a piece of fresh butter.
808
^6. Pudding of Carrot. — Pare off the crust and tougher part of a
two-penny white loaf, grating the rest ; as also half as much of the root.
Then take half a pint of fresh cream or new milk, half ^a pound of
fresh butter, six new laid €ggs (taking out three of the whites), mash and
mingle them well with the cream and butter. Put in the grated bread and
fcarrot, with near half a pound of sugar, and a little salt, some grated nutmeg
and beaten spice ; and pour all into a convenient dish or pan, butter'd, to
keep the ingredients from sticking and burning; set it in a quick oven for
about an hour, and so have you a composition for any root-pudding.
27. Penny-royal. — The cream, eggs, spice, &c. as above, but not so much
sugar and -salt. Take a pretty quantity of penny-royal and marigold flower,
k6. 'very weU 'shred, and mingle with the cream, eggs, Sec, four spoonfuls of
sack ; half a pint more of cream, and almost a pound of beef-suet chopt very
small, the gratings of a two-penny loaf, and stirring all well together, put it
into a bag flower'd, and tie it fast. It will be boil'd within an hour. Or
may be bak'd in i3ie pan like the carrot-pudding. The sauce is for both, a
little rose-water, less vinegar, with butter, beaten together and poured on it,
sweetened with the sugar caster.
Of this plant discreetly dried, is made a most wholsom and excellent tea.
28. Of Spinage. — Take a sufficient quantity of spinach, stamp and strain
out the juice ; put to it grated manchet, the yolk of as many eggs as in the
former composition of the carrot-pudding ; some marrow shi'ed small, nut-
meg, sugar, some corinths (if you please), a few carroways, rose, or orange-
flower water (as you best like J, to make it grateful. Mingle all with a little
boiled cream, and set the dish or pan in the oven, with a garnish of puff-
paste. It will require but very moderate baking. Thus have you receipts
for herb-puddiugs.
29. Skirret-milk. — Is made by boiling the roots tender, and the pulp
strained out, put into cream or new milk boiled, with three or four yolks of
eggs, sugar, large mace, and other spice, &c. And thus is composed any
other root-milk. See Acetari^, p. 754).
30. Tansie. — Take the gratings or slices of three Naples-biscuits, put
them into half a pint of cream, with twelve fresh eggs, four of the whites
809
cast out, straih the rest, and break them with two spoonsfull of rose-water, a
little salt and sugar, half a grated njitmeg. And wheU ready for the pan,
put almost a pint of the juice of spinach, cleaver, beets, corn-sallet, green
corn, violet, or primrose tender leaves (for of any of these you may take
your choiice), with a very small sprig of tarisie, and let it be fried so as to look
green in the dish, with a strew of sugar, and store of the juicg of orange.
"Some affect to have it fryed a little brown and crisp.
31. Tart of HERBs.T*-An herb-tart is mjade thijs: Boil fresh cream or
milk, with a little grated bread or NapleS'biscuit (which is better) to thicken
it ; a pretty quantity of chervile, spinach, beete (or what other herb you
please) being first par-boil' d and chop'^d. Then add macaron, or almonds
beaten to a paste, a little sweet butter, the yolk of five eggs, three of the
whites rejected. To these some add corinths plurap'd in milk, or boil'd
therein, sugar, spice at discretion, and stirring it all together over the fire,
bake it in the tart-pan.
3Q. Thistle.— Take the long stalks of the middle leaf of the milky-thistle,
about May, when they are young and tender : wash and scrape them, and
boil them in water, with a little salt, till they are very soft, and so let them
lie to drain. They are eaten with fresh butter melted, not too liiin, and is
a delicate and wholsome dish. Other stalks of ihe same kind may so be
treated, as the bur, being tender and disarmed of its prickles, &c.
33. Trufles, and other Tubers, and Boletj, are roasted whole in the
embers ; then slic'd and stew'd in strong broth with spice, &c. as mushroms
are. Vide Acetaria, p. 801 and 805. •
34. TuRNEP. — ^Take their stalks (when they begin to run up to seed) as
far as they will easily break downwards : peel and tie them in bundles.
Then boiling them as they do sparagus, are to be eaten with melted butter.
^Lastly, . ., .
35. MiNc'p, or Sallet-all-sorts.— Take almopds blanch'd in cold water,
cut them round and thin, and so leave l^em in the water ; then have pickl'd
cucumbers, olives, cornelians, capers, berberries, redrbeet, buds of nastur-
4;ium, broom, &c. purslan-stalk, sampier, ash-keys, walnuts, mushrooms, (and
almost of all the pickl'd furniture,) with raisins of the sun ston'd, citron and
5 L
810
orange-peel, corinths (well cleahSed .and dried), &c. mince them severally
(exqept the corinths), or all together ; and strew them over with any. candy'd
flowers, and so dispose of them in the same dish both mixt, and by them-
selves. To these add roasted maroons, pistachios, pine-kernels, and qf air
monds four times as much as of the rest, with some rose-water. Here also
come in the pickled flowers and vinegar in little china dishes. And thus have
you an universal winter-sallet, or an all-sort in compendium, fitted for a city
feast, and distinguished from the grand-sallet, which shou'd consist of the
green, blanch'd, and unpickled, under a stately pennash of sellery, adorn'd
with buds and flowers. . ' ; . : v ,- .
... i . ' .
. And thus have we presented you a taste of. our English Garden House-
wifry in the matter of Sallets. And though some of them may be vulgar (as
are most of the best things), yet she was willing to impart them, to shew
the plenty, riches, and variety of the sallet-garden. And to justifie what has
been asserted of the possibility of living (not unhapily) on herbs and plants,
according to original aud Divine institution, improved by time and long
experience. And if we have admitted mushroms among the rest (contrary
to our intention, and for reasons given, Aceteria, p. 746), since many will
by no means abandon them, we have endeavoured to preserve : them from
those pernicious effects which are attributed to, and really in them; i We
cannot tell, indeed, whether they were so treated and accommodated for the
most luxurioiis of the Caesarean tables, when that monarchy was in its
highest strain of epicurism, and ingross'd this haut-gout for their second
course ; whilst this we know, that 'tis but what nature affords all her vaga-
bonds under every hedge.
And now, that our sallets may not want a glass of generous wine of the
same growth with the rest of the garden to recommend it, let us have your
opinion of the following:
CowsLiP-wiNE. To every gallon of water put two pounds of sugar ; boil
it an hour, and set it to cool. Then spread a good brown toast on both sides
with yeast. But before you make use of it, beat some syrop of citron with
it, an ounce and half of syrup to each gallon of liquor. Then put in the
toast whilst hot, to assist its fermentation, which will cease in two days ;
during which time cast in the cowslip-flowers (a little bruised, but not much
stamp'd) to the quantity of half a bushel to ten gallons (or rather three pecks)
four limons slic'd, with the rinds and all. Lastly, one pottle of white or
811
thenish wine ; and then, after two days, tun it up in a sweet cask. Some
jave out all the syrup.
And here, before we conclude, since there is nothing of more constant
ise than good vinegar ; or that has so near an affinity to all our Acetaria, we
hink it not amiss to add the following (much approved) receipt :
Vinegar. To every gallon of spring water let there be allowed three
founds .of Malaga-raisins. Put them in an earthen jar, and place them
^here they may have the hottest sun, from May till Michaelmas. Then
(ressing them' well, tun the liquor up in a very strong iron-hoop'd vessel to
irevent its bursting. It will appear very thick and muddy when newly
iress'd, but will refine in the vessel, and be as clear as wine. Thus let it re-
aain untouched for three months before it be drawn off, and it will prove
ixcellent vinegar.
Butter. Butter being likewise so frequent and necessary an ingredient
o divers of the foregoing appendants ; it should be carefully melted, that
t turn not to an oyl ; which is prevented by melting it leisurely, with a little
air water at the bottom of the dish or pan ; and by continual shaking and
tirring, kept from boiling or over-heating, which makes it rank.
Other rare and exquisite liquors and teas (products of our gardens only)
ve might superadd, which we leave to our lady housewives, whose province,
ndeed, all this while it is.
GENERAL INDEX.
Where the letter n is attached to a figure, the particulars will be found in a Note upon the page referred to.
A. A., by whom used as a cypher, 30^.
Abacus, derivation and description of the, 382.
Abbas, King of Persia, his plan for recruiting his
kingdom, 615. his examination of the Jewish
faith, 616, 617. his covenant with the Jews,
618 ; discovery of ditto by Abbas II. and his
proceedings thereon, 619.
Abdication of kings and princes censured, 517,
518.
Academies of art instituted, 317> 319.
Acadiae, sculpture used by the, 275.
Acids for salads, directions for, 765.
Acetafia, a Discourse of Sallets, 1 699, notice of
the work, xx. reprint of, 721 ; notice of the
editions of, 722. defence of its subject, 725,
726, 727.
Acetaria, what plants are signified by the name,
733, 734.
Acroteria, derivation and description of, 416.
Act of Parliament against Moor-burning, 234.
Action, the exi|pnce of God, 510; blessedness
of, 511 ; blessings produced by, 551.
Actions, ever to be consecrated, 115, 139.
Activity productive ofTiappiness, 515, 516.
Adam, said to have invented sculpture, 263, 267;
books said to have written by, ib. 264 ; so-
ciety not the cause of his fall, 530.
Addison, Joseph, his observation concerning the
buildings of Rome, 213 n.
Admiral, of France, his rank and office, 75. in-
stitution and derivation of the title, 662 and n.
Admiralty Court, of France, 74. office Of the,' by
whom instituted, 647.
Adolphus, Gustavus, II. king of Sweden, his na-
val victories, 652.
Adoxous, explanation of the word, 230.
Adversity met with fortitude during the civil
wars in England, 519.
Advocates General in the Parliamentary Courts
of France, 72.
.ffileas. King of Scythia, his saying concerning
inactivity, 517.
yEIianus, ClaUdus, his praise of patriotic council-
lors, 514. his list of philosophers and scholars
in public employment, 538, 539.
Aelst, Peter Van, engravings executed by, 302.
^milius, Paulus, causes his son to be taught en-
graving, 326.
.^mylius, his naval victory, 644.
Aeragus, beautiful carvings of, 272.
iEsculapius, sacrifices of hair made to, 138.
Africa, discovered by Cham/ 639.
A. G. by whom used as a mark, 291.
Agathias, reference to concerning the Roman
philosophers, 19.
Aglaphontes used but one colour in his paintings,
323.
Agogice, metal figures cast with wax, 258.
Aides of France, when instituted and what, 66/
Air, names and nature of, 215. character of the
most pure, 216. ditto of hot, cold, and dry,
ib. continual food of the body, 217. danger
of corrupting it, 218. how it circulates
through the body, 226. how damaged by
smoke, 235, 236. effect of upon the passions,
238.
of London, smoky nature of, 210. 219. Fide
London.
of Paris, dry and healthy nature of the, 94,
95.
Alaturnus, destruction of by the winter of 1683,
694. seeds of, directions for gathering, &c.
474.
Alban's, St. Henry Jermyn, Earl of, notice of his
mansion, 342 n.
Alberti, Cherubino, his engravings, 287.
Leon Baptista, his term for the Volute
381. do. for Guttae, 396. his learning and
publications, 561.
Aldegrever, Henry, his mark and engravings,
291.
Alexander the Great, his ungraceful carriage, 30.
flattery of by Nicesius and Anaxander, 33. hlis
rejection of flattery, 37. his order concernihg
his effigy, 271-
Alexanders, their Latin names and nature as
herbs, 735.
Alexandria, merchant fleet to, 572. extensive
commerce of, 647. '
Alfred, King of England, naval power of, 661.
Almoner, Great, of France, head of the French
ecclesiastics, 61,
814
GENERAL, INDEX.
Alms bestowed by the Jews in expectation of a
Messiah^ 593.
AloSs, general directions for, 484, 485.
Alphonso, King of Castile, his impious saying
concerning the world, 629. ' '
Ambition, to be found in solitude, 511. cannot
be extinguished, 512. virtue afld vice of con-
sidered, 520.
America, butchers removed from the Spanish
towns in, 2^7. sculptures found in various
parts of, 275. several claims to the discovery
of, 654, 655.
Ammanus, Jost, or Justus, his book of trades en-
graved on wood, 294. 302.
Amphiprostyle, its nature and number of co-
. lumns, 390.
Ampoulle, Sainte, or Holy Phial, legend of, 54.
Amsterdam, learning of the merchants at, 540.
Anaglyphice, casting of embossed metal images,
258i more modern than sculpture, 269.
^naxagoras, resigns his patrimony for freedom,
26. .
Anaxander, his flattery of Alexander, 33.
Anaximines, his belief that air was the cause of all
things, 215.
Aiicaesa Vasa, notice of the, 260.
Anchors, first invention and improvement of,
637.
Anemonies, directions for planting, 48 1.
Angels, their struggles after liberty, 9.
Anger, seat of in the human body, 128. how to
be governed in youth, 129, 130.
Anjou, Mons.,the E>uke of, his character, 55.
Annates, a source of the French revenue, 66.
Ante Pilasters, or Antes, what they are, 385, 390.
Antinous, relation of his apotheosis, 30.
Antisthenes, his reply on public employment,,
549.
Antonio, Marco, copies the engravings of Albert
Durer, 278. praised and employed by Raf-
faeile, 279. character of his engravings and
notice of his other works, ib. 280. marks in-
serted on his plates, 280. recommended to
Albert Durer, ib. designs of J. Romano and
B. Bandinelli, engraved by; 281.
Antonius Pius, his maxim concerning natural af-
fections, 21.
Apelles, his picture of Alexander, 37. 271-
Apicius Cselius, his methods of dressing mush-
' rooms referred to, 747 n.
Apollo, sacrifices of hair made to, 138»
ApoUonins, his objection to hunting, 9.
Apoiogyfor the Roynl Parly, 1659, notice of the
work, X. reprint of, 169 — 192. the author's
intent in wrhuig it, 189.
Apophyges, what is meant by the, 376, 379.
Apogphragismata, Pliny's notice of the, 271.
Apothecaries Garden at Chelsea, heating of the
greenhouse at, 485 n.
Appanages, a source of wealth to the crown of
France, 63.
Appius Claudius, naval expedition under, 643.
Apples, names of those in prime »nd lasting in
January, 445 ; do. in February, 448 j do. in
March, 451 ; do. in April, 456 j do. in May,
460 ; do. in June, 465 ; do. in July, 468 ; do.
in August, 472 ; do. in September, 476 ; do.
in October, 480 ; do. in November, 484 ; do.
in December, 437. catalogue of the best, 495.
Applientlceship in France, a diminiUtion of ho-
nour, 81.
Apricots, catalogue of the best, 496,
April, length of the days, &c. in, 454. work to
be done in the orchard and kitchen-garden,
ib. fruits in prime and lasting in, 456. work to
be done in the parterre and flower garden, ib.
flowers in prime and lasting in, 458,
Aquinas, St. Thomas, reference to concerning
the fallen angels, 9. his mention of the
writings of Adam, 264.
Arabia, why called the Happy, 208.
Arare campum cereum, cleaning of a W9xen ta-
blet, 262.
Arahceologia, notice of Brompton Park Gardetif
in the, 714 n.
Archbishop of Paris, his jurisdiction, 94.
Archbishops of France^ their number and nature,
78.
Archers of the Royal Guard of France, described,
63. . :
Arches, or Vaults, various kinds of described, 386,
387. triumphal ornaments and figures anciently
, used for, 421.
Architects, to be more perfect in geometry, per-
spective, and design, 344.373. qualities re-
quired in, 356, 357. excellence and rank of,
359. should be gifted by sch^ls and lectures,
ib. knighted in Italy, 362.
Architects and Architecture, an Account of, notice"
of the work, xvi. reprint of, 349 — 424. its use
to the workmen at St. Paul's, 352. origin of
. the book, 353. derivation and extent of the
word Architect, 353 — 358. matter and form of
buildings not treated of, and why, 360. styles of
architecture intended to be spoken of, 365.
terms used by : Taxis and Ordonance, 368 ;
tiathesis, 369 ; Ichnography, Orthography,
Seenography, 371 ; Eurythmia, Decor, 372j
Foundation, Stereobata, Stylobata, 374 j orna-
ments and members of the latter, 375 ; Sca-
milli impares, ib. ; the Base and its parts, 376 •
the Plinth, Torus, Trochile, and Astragal, 377,;
Sulos, 378; Capital, 379, 380— 382 ; Striges,
383 ; Pilasters, 384 ; Imposts and Pilse, 385 j
Arches, 386 ; Mensula, 387 5 Intercolumnia-
tlon, 388; Areostylos, Diastylos, Systylos,,ib. •
Species of Columns, 390, 391 j Architrave,
391; Facias, Cymaticum, 392, 393; Taenia,
.393; Frieze, 394; Trlglyphs, Guttse, 395 j
Metopae, Cornice, 396 ; Ovolo, Dentelli, 397 ;
Modilions, 398 : Mutules, Projectures, Corona,
399 ; Regula, 401 j Module, 404 ; Orders of.
GENERAL INDEX,
815
described : Tuscan, 405 ; Doric, 406 ; Ionic,
Corinthian, 408; Composite, 410; Caryatides,
411 i Columns of various species, 419; Tym-
panum, 414 ; Acroteria, Cupola, 416} Dome,
Windows, Niches, 417; Tribunals, Relievos,
419 J Ornaments, 4';20; how appropriated to
various buildings^ 421; Emblema, 422; Mo-
saic and Tessellations, 423 ; conclusion, ib. 424.
Architecture, derived of the Greeks, 355. not
cultivated in England, but greatly encouraged
in Italy, 362. rude originals of, 363, etymon
of the word, ib, extensive meaning of, 364.
connection between military and civil, 365,
Greek and Roman the roost perfect kinds, ib.
monastic style of, censured, ib, 366. by^hom
corrupted, 366. names of its chief revivers,
367. numerous requisites of, 368. its con-
nection with painting and sculpture, 559,
Arctutectus Ingenio, what is intended by, 358,
■ Sumptuarius, do. 358,
Manuarius, 358.
Architrave, its derivation and meaning, 391, in
the Doric Order, 407.
Areostylos, what it signifies in Architecture, 388.
Argentum aspenim et pustulatum, rough and
embossed silver, 259.
Aristippus the elder, his boast of free speaking, 21.
Aristophanes, passage from concerning the Sil-
phium, 759 u.
Aristotle, various quotations from and references
to, 21. 326. 329. 501. 51 1. 777 n. 781.
Aristoxenus, his moisture for Lettuce-beds, 743.
Arlington, Henry Earl of. Dedications addressed
to, 565, 623. requests Evelyn to write a His-
tory of the Dutch War, 628 n.
Armada, Naval, of France, account of the, 76.
Armies of France, numbers of the standing, 76.
auxiliaries serving in the, SO. '
Army of England, its monopoly of power in the
Civil Wars, 182. deception of the, by the Par-
liament, ib.
Army's plea for their present practice, 1659. ex-
tracts and animadversions on, 180, 181, par-
ticulars concerning the, ISOn.
Arrests, or Acts of the Parliament of France de-
clared, 72.
Arrian, reference to concerning the Stoical doc-
trine of Vice, 15. his Manual of the Stoic
Morality, and discourses of Epictetus, 24.
Arthur, King of Britain, his naval expeditions, 660.
Artichokes, Latin names and methods of dressing
and preserving, 735. 800. introduction of, to
England, and ancient price of, 736.
Artillerie, Grand Mailre de 1', in France, 75.
Artillery, at Havre de Grace, Motto on the, 58,
excellent stores of in France, 86.
Artists, encouragement of in all ages and places,
317. intellectual endowments requisite to, 318.
names of such as used but two colours, 323.
Arts, decay of the, in Greece and Rome, 273.
lamentation for the, by Petronius, 274. means
of recovering in England; ib. 275.310.311.
eulogy on the Patrons of the, 290. 317. aca-
demies of, as instituted by Princes, 317. 319.
terms of various, preserved by the French, 354,
Arundel,. Thomas Earl of, his saying concerning
Drawing, 312. eulogium on, and notice of,
555. Evelyn's notice of his Library, 556 n.
marbles belonging to, presented to Oxford and
published, 557 n.
Ascham, Anthony, notice of, 178 n. '
Ashen-keys, directions for preserving, 802.
Ashley, Sir Anthony, Cabbages brought into £ng>
land by, 738. biographical notice of him, ib. n.
Ashmole, Elias, notice, of him, 290 n.
Asia, discovered by Shem and Japhet, 639.
Asiatics, eflfects of the air on the, 216.
Asparagus, qualities of, and method of dressing,
754. Dr. Lister's method of forcing, 779. do.
for potting, 803.
Assafoetida, historical notices of, 759 and note.
Astragal, its derivatioa and meaning in Architect
ture, 377, 378.
Astronomy, great importance of to Gardeners,
431.
Astyages, King of Media, anecdoteof his cnielty, 33 .
Athanasius, St. his mention of sacrificing hair, 138,
Athenxus, various references to and quotations
from, 30. 33. 636. 637. 739, 740 n. 746. 763,
and note. 772 n. 774, 775 n. 777 n, 780. 793 n,
796 n.
Athenians, consequences of their abandoning
their Kings, 52. their naval engagements and
fall, 642. 643.
Attic base, how it is formed, 376.
Attila, King of the Huns, his rejection of flat-
tery, 37.
A. V. signification of the mark, 281.
Aubrey, John, his notice of Nonesuch and Dur-
dans Palaces. 419 n. Letter of Evelyn to. from
his History of Surrey, 687. additions to ditto,
691 n.
Audran, Charles, hi§ print of St. Catherine. 304.
Avernus. Lake of. notice concerning the, 221 n.
August, length of the days, &c. in. 471. work
to be done in, in the orchard and kitchen gar-
den, ib. fruits in prime and lasting in, 472.
work to be done in the parterre and flower gar-
den in, 473. flowers in prime and lasting in,
. 475.
Augustine, St. D. Aurelius, reference to concern-
ing servitude, 11. his admiration of Epictetus,
24. his praise of his son, 107. his sorrow for
him. 111. calls Adam the inventor of sculp*
ture, 263.
Augustinoi Venetiano, his engravings and cypher,
280. employed by fi. Baldinelli, ib. . '
Augustus Octavianus Csesar, Emperor of Rome>
appoints Dioscorides his Sculptor, 271. com-
mands Poditis to be taught drawing, 330. ac-
816
GENERAL INDEX;
tive viftiCes of, celebrated, 513. his naval dis-
coveries and conquests, 644. his fleets and
squadrotis enumerated, 645. his praise of let-
tuce, 743.
A. V. I. explanation of the mark, 280.
Aviaries, various directions concerning, 448. 454-
466.
Avicenna, his remark concerning the Ethiops, 217.
B.
Bacchus, his discoveries and instruction in navi-
gation, 639.
Bacon, Sir Francis, Lord Verulam, various refe-
rences to, and quotations from, xxi. 540. 747-
777, 781 n.
Bainein, signification of the word, 376.
Baldini, Baccio, his engraving and printing, 277.
BalduSj Bernardinus, his Lexicon ta Vitruvius,
354. his term for a capital, 374. explanation
of Sulos, 378. observation on the architrave,
391.
Balls, style of the English defended, 161. de-
scription aiid censure of one, 164.
Ballusters, general rules concerning, 422.
Balm, its nature as an herb, and method of using,
736.
Bandinelli, Baccio, A. Venetiano employed by,
281. his designs engraved by M. Antonio, ib.
Bankside, notice of buildings on the, 223.
Banquets of England, tedious formality of, 167-
Barbaro, Daniel, his description of foundations,
373. notice of him ib. note, his derivation of
the Italian word Cortice, 377-
Barbarini, Rome despoiled of its architecture by
the family of, 389.
Barberries, catalogue of the best sorts of, 496.
Barclay, John, his praise of Greenwich Palace,
232, and note.
Bark, anciently used for writing on, 267.
Barlacchi, Tomaso, his engravings after Michel
Angelo, &c. 283, 284.
Barlseus, Gaspard, salad described by, 793.
Barlow, Francis, his engravings to Ogilby's ^sop,
310.
Barristers of England, their inferiority to those
of France, 166.
Bas-de-Soie shot through, what they were, 710.
Bases, ornaments of, 375. their derivation, mean-
ing, and parts, 376. various kinds of, ib. of
the Tuscan Order, 406. of the Doric ditto,
407. of the Ionic ditto, 408. of the Corin-
thian ditto, 409. of the Composite ditto, 411.
Basil, its nature as a sallad, 736.
Bassano, Giacomo da Ponte, fault committed by,
in his pictures, 560.
Bastone, the Italian name for the Trochile, 377.
Baur, John William, Battles etched by, 298.
Beale, John, his Latin verses to Evelyn on his
book of architecture, 347.
Beans, directions for pickling, 803.
Beatrice, Nicole, engravings executed by, 303.
Beccafumi, Domenlco, engravings by, 283.
Bees, various directions concerning, 445. 448. 45l.
456. 460. 465. 468. 472. 476.
Beet, different kinds of, their nature and metHod
of dressing, 736.
Beham, Hans Sebald, his mark and works, 291.
Belial, import of his name, 10.
Bella, Stephano della, his excellent collection of
etchings, 288.
Berkeley, the Earl of, notice of his villa, at Dur-
dans> 419, and note.
■ House, inlaid floor at, 423.
Bernard, Solomon, the Little, excellence of Tiis
small engravings, 303.
Bernini, Caivalier, his wreathed and enlibossed
columns, 412, extensive abilities of, 561.
Beverovicius, John, vegetable diet defended by,
780.
Bibliander, Theodore, his idea of the origin of
letters and sculpture, 267.
Bindley, James, Esq. his MS. note in Evelyn's
tract on Liberty and Servitude, 3. his copy of
the First Edition of the^French Gardiner, 97 n.
his MS. note iin Evelyn's Translation of St
Chrysostom's Golden Book, 1 12 n.
Bischop, John de, an Advocate and Engraver, 301,.
Bishops of France, their number, 78.
Blagrave, Joseph, his engraved diagrams, 327.
Blazons, Heraldic, expressed by lines, 323.
Bleau, 'Willianj Jansen, his observation concern*
ing Durer's prints, 290.
Blite, its names, kinds, and manner of dressing,
737.
Bloemart, Abraham and Cornelius, their engrav-
ings, 298.
Blood, eating of considered and censured, 786,
787.
Bochart, Samuel, various references to, 641 ij.
659 n.
Body, vliberty of the, 10. continually feeding, on
air, 217. how the air enters it, 226. archi-
tectural proportion derived from the, 403.
Boetius a Boot, Arnold, his sentiments on New-
castle coal, 227. notice of him, ib. n.
Bolino, Bblio, an Italian graving tool, '262.
Bolswert, Adam, his rustics after Bloemart, 295.
portraits and other plates by, 296.
Boltel, a name for the Astragal, 378.
Bonasoni, Giulio, engravings by, 284.
Borgiani, Horatio, his engravings in Raffaelle's
Bible, 288.
Borrage, its nature and mode of using, 737.
Borromeo, Cardinal St. Charles, his admiratiqri qf
the Discourses of Epictetus, 24.
Bosse, Abraham du, his excellent copies after Cal-
lot, 307. peculiar style of his engravings, 308.
small ornamental plates by, and his work on
engraving, ib. 335. his remarks on the per-
spective of irregular surfeces, 322. his inven-
tion for executing single hatchings, 323. his
censure of errors in costume, &c, 561.
GEJifERAL INPEX.
817
Boulla, import of tbe word, 362,
Bourbon, House of, how descended, 53.
. Louis de. Prince of Cond^, his descent
and character, 55, 56. Grand Maitre de France,
60. a Member of the Conseil d'en haut, 67.
, Armand de, Prince of Contv, chaiacter
of, 56.
Bourdeaux, Chambre Miparties established in, 72.
Bow,' proposal for removing the t.ondon Brewers
to, 233. ,
Bowling-greens of England, delightful, 167.
Box, how to remove its offensive smell, 458.
Boyle, Hon. Robert, Dedication of the Sculptura
to, 243. eulogy on, and work of referred to,
552 and note, his queries concerning Sallads,
768.
Brass plates used for engraving, 277.
wire, mills for the drawing of first built in
Surrey, 689.
Bread, engraving of, mentioned by Pliny, ' 272.
made of Turnips, recipe for, 756.
Breast, supposed to be the seat of anger, 128.
Breughels, subjects engraved by the, 301.
Brewers of London, proposal for settling them
at Bow, 233.
Bridges with extraordinary arches, 386.
Bridgewater, the Earl of, his house and gardens
in Barbican, 222. notice of the family, ib. n.
Brill, Paul, his engraved landscapes, 295.
Britain, ancient unknown state of, 644.
Britons, early naval exploits of the, 659.
lordship of the sea exhibited, 670. 673.
Brocoli, historical mention of, 738.
Bromptojti Park Nursery-gardens, 714 and note.
715,716,717. recommended, 497.
Bronchorst, John VE(n, his excellent etchings, 295.
Brooke, Robert, Lord, death of, 178 n,
Brooklime, nature and qualities of the herb, 737.
Broom-pods and buds, directions for pickling, 803.
Brossehaemer, Hans, his Triumph of Maximilian,
294.
Brotihcker, Lord Viscount, Letter to on the Spa-
nish Sembrador, 1669-70,621. notice of, 723 n.
Browne, Sir Richard, Dedication addressed to,
505. his shelter of the loyalists and clergy, in
the civil wars recorded, 506 and note.
_, Sir Thomas, reference to his tracts, 778 n.
J Major General, particulars concerning
thfcir
him, 177 «•
Brussels, the late news from, unmasked, 1660, notice,
of,xi. reprint of, 193 — 204. reprint of the tract
itself, 195n. — 202 n. notice concerning them
194. character of the tract answered by Eve--
lyn, xi. 195 n. vide Charles II.
Bruyh, Nicholas de, his engir^ved wodd scenery,
295.
Bry, Theodore de, his illustrated voyages 295.
Bucher, Buch-mast, analogy of with books, 267.
Buckland, Mr. hrs recommendation of the culture
of potatoes in England, 447 n.
.S M
Budaeus, Gulielmus, his definition of architect
355. '
Buds of herbs, their qualities and use, 737.
Bugloss, its qualities,»'737.
Buildings, requisites wanted for the constructiqm
of, 358. their matter and form, why not
treated of, 360. rude origihais of, 363. various
kinds of, all called architecture, 364. of Rome,
how erected and despoiled, 389.
Buonarroti, Michel Angelo, his. distinction con-
cerning sculpture, 261. retouches an engrav-
ing by Martin of Antwerp, 2"7. engravings
after, ib. 283. 285. defence of his works, 560.
Burdock, its use as a sallad, 758.
Bureaux, signification of, 65.
Burials, ancient laws concerning, 236.
Burine, the French graver, 262.
Butchers should be removed from cities, 236, 237,
Butter, directions for preparing for sallad, 811,
C.
Cabbage, historical remarks on, nature and me-
thod of dressing, 737, 738.
Cadmus, his colonies and inventions, 639.
Caelatura, different kinds of work signified by,
259,260.
Caelum, Caeles, Caeltes, names for a style, 261.
Caelum Tornos, embossed metal cups, 260.
Caesar, C. Julius, various references to, and quo-
tations from, 88. 415. 513, 659! 670.
Caesari, Alessandro, fine medals executed by, 389,,
Calaber, Peter, his mistake concerning printing,
267.
Calathus in a Corinthian capital, 381.
Calcar, or Kalcker, John Van, his anatomical
designsj 284.
Cales, or Cadiz, expedition of the Earl of Essex
to, 664.
Calices Diatreti, mentioned by Martial, 259.
Caligulii, C. Emperor of Rome, his endeavour to<
tempt Demetrius, 25.
Calligraphers, names of eminent French, 305.
do. of English, 3 10.
Callimachus, the inventor of the flowery volute,
381.383.
Callot, Jacques, eulogium on, 307. principal en-
gravings ,of, ib. 3Q8. . , ,
Cambyses, King of Persia, anecdote of his cruelty,
33.
Camden, William, Clarenceux King of Arms,
various references to, 419. 677, 679.
Camp, Maitres de, in France, 75.
Cape of Good Hope, passage to India by the, 649.
Capel, Arthur Richj Lord, his • defence of Col--
Chester, and fate, 176 n,
Gapitaine de la Porte in France, his guard, 61.
Capital of a column, 379. and its parts, ,3807-
382. determines its Order, 405. of the Tus-
can Order, 406. of the Doric do. 407. of the
818
GENERAL INDEX.
. Ionic do. 408. of the Corinthian, do; 409.
of the Composite do. ib. 410.
Capitolinus, Julius, reference to concerning Anto-
nius Pius, 21. *
Capsicum, Indian, nature and method of prepar-
ing the, 75o;
Cardanus, Jerome, his remarks on wild plants,
> -760n.' vegetable diet rejected by, 777,.
Cards, skill of the English females in playing at
defended, 159 n. their advantages at play, 160,
161.
Carew, Sir George, his relation of the state of
France, ix.
Carmen, extreme rudeness of the, in England,
150.
Carpi, Ugo da, his engravings in Chiaro-scuro,
282.
Carracci, Annibale, print of, impossible to coun-
terfeit, 324.
, Augustine and Annibal, their engravings,
285, 286.
Carrots, Latin names of, and method of raising,
738. directions for making a pudding of, 808.
Carter, Francis, an eminent artist with the pen,
316.
Carthaginians, their ancient commerce and naval
povper, 643. frequent sea-fights with the Ro-
mans, ib.
Carthusians, Order of the, their social prayer, 529.
Caryatides, 357. historical account of and use,
411,412.
Gassianus, notice of his martyrdom, 262.
Gathetus in the Ionic volute, 382.
Catholics, Roman, of France, their character, 82.
Gato, Marcus Fortius, the Cgnsor, reference to
his commendations of cabbage, 737.
Catsius, Jacobus, his sallad, 793.
Cavaglieri, Giovanni Battista, his engravings, 2S3.
Cavaglio, Giacomo del, his works and abilities,
283,
Cavalry of France, regiments of, 76. excellence
of, 85.
Gavatores, engravers anciently so called, 261.
Caverns, subterranean, mortality- of, 225.
Gaukerken, or Caukern, Cornelius Van, his en-
gravings, 299.
Cauliflowers^ to secure good heads of, 472. his-'
torical mention of, 738. directions for pick-
• ling, 803.
Ceilings first painted, 401.
Celery, 753. domestic use of; for a sallad, 754. "
Celsus, Aurelianua Cornelius, impiety of, con-
cerning Epictetus, 24. his rule concerning
■foods, 781.
Cerei Pugillares, hand-tables of- wax, 262.
Cesij, Giovanni Jacopo, account of him, 569.
commissioned to procure a slave for Jumbel
- Aga, 570.
Chabot, John and Sebastian, discoveries attributied
- to, 655.
Chalk, excellency' of drawingtipon colouried paper
with, 316.-
Cham, his exploits, 264. sculptured columns of,
. 265. parts of the earth discovered by, -639.
Chamberlain, High, of France, his duties and
officers,. 60.
Ghambre^ La Grand, of France, its officers and
duties, 7l.
Chancellor of France, office and ceremonies of
the, 69. peculiarities of his dress, 70.
Chaperon, Nicholas,' his engravings after Raf-
faelle, 304.
Character of England, 1659, 141 — 167. vide
England.
Character of France, 1659, notice of, 143 n.
Characters, a satirical game so called, 164 n.
Charasch, Charasao, Carath, Charatto, their con-
I uection and signification, 263.
Chardoon, the Spanish, method of dressing, 736.
Charlemagne, Emperor, his' institution of naval
offices, 646, 547.
Charles' V. Emperor of Germany, his abdication
censured, 577- his visits to the tomb of Buec-^
: keld; 680. his maxim concerning the sea, 635.
Charles I. King of England, eulegium on his
virtuous' suffering, vii.522r his proclamations,
&c. on the British fisheries and fleet for guard-
ing them, 683,684.
Charles II. King of England, his restoration, xi.
adopts the Eastern costume, xiii. his enquiry
into the state of English timber, xiv. pre-
sented with the first pine-apple raised in Eng-
land, loin. 432 n. > vindication of, from the
charge of revenge, 185. 195, 196. 198. 203,
from popery, 186. 203. eulogy on him and
his brothers, 187- 201.202,203. pretended
calumnious letter concerning, 195 n. — 202 n.
his virtuous conversation vindicated, 197. as-
sertion of his intentions of vengeance, 199 n,
202 n, his [)retended courtesy to the Presby-
terians, 200 n. Dedications addressed to, 207.
339. 627. his encouragement of Evelyn's
' Fumifugium, 207 n. his buildings, planta-
tions, &c. celebrated, 340, 341. 345. his char-
ter and grant of Chelsea College to the Royal
Society, 556. his encouragement of com-
merce, 634. his encouragement of naval dis-
coveries, 665.
Chart and Map engravers of France, &c. 309.
ehast''ity of Youth, importance and means of pre-
serving, 132. to be preserved by an early mar-
riage, 134. ...
Chaucer, Geoffrey; his orthography of Gilly-flower,
466 n. . •
Chauveau, Francis, his . invention and. engravings,
305.
Chaulmes, the Duchess of, immense value of her
bed plumes, 81. >
Cheerfulness of the people of France, 92.
Chemice, casting of. liietal figures, 258.
GENERAL INDEX.
819
Cheret) Explanation and connection of the word,
263.,
Cheffies, .in prime and lasting in May, 460.
ditto in June, 465. ditto in July, 469. Ca-
talogue of the.bestkinds of, 496.
Chervil, or Scandix Cerefolium, its variety in the
kitchen garden, 445 n. Latin names and cha-
racter of as asEjllad, 738. .
Chesnut, directions for dressing, 800.
Chiaro-scuro, first engravings in, 283.
Children (vide Youth), of France, the character
and disposition of, 90. St. Chrysostom's book
on the education of, 103 — 140. how sorrow for
their deaths should be mitigated, 105, 106.
anxiety of fathers to clothe them richly, 113.
their manners to be early and carefully cul-
tured to virtue, 114, 115. advice for the go-
vernment of the speech of, 115, 116, 117. 119.
ditto for their correction, 118. ditto for guard-
ing their sense of hearing, 119. examples for
introducing them to the knowledge of the
Scriptures, 120. 122. 126, 127, 128. and the
duties of religion, 122. repetitions of Scrip-
ture stories to be made by, 122. 124. advice
for naming them, 124. their smelling to be
kept , from . perfumes, 126. sight of to be
guarded, 127. means of doing it, ib. their
touch to be carefully preserved, 128. how their
anger should be governed, 129. duties of
vyards their domestics, 130,. 131, 132. ' of Lon-
don, great mortality of, 214. exposure of in
heathen countries, ib. importance of teaching
them by pictures, 329,330.
Chimnies, means of improving those in the works
in London, 213..
China, early use of sculpture and chalcography,
274, 275. pretended antiquity of the Chinese
printing, .275.
Chinese, their strangely-built ships, 654.
Choice of mankind generally erroneous, 548.
Christ, cause of his seeking retirement, 528.
Chrysippus, his praise of Dion, 17.
Chrygostom, St. John (vide Children), Evelyn's
translation of the Golden Book of, 1659, x.
103 — ■,140. reasons for its publication, 106. dis-
covery of the manuscript of, 112. . concluding
blessing of, 137. notfes to,: 138. his Marriage
Homily referred to, 140. allusion to another
work by him on the education of children, ib.
Chrysostom, Dion, reference to, 8.
Chrystal, ancient name for graving on, 259.
Church of France, notice of, 78. possessions of
the, 87.
of England, desolate state of in the civil
wars, 153 n. # -
Churches, censure of the English during the civil
wars, 154. organs taken from the, and set up
in taverns, 157. ornaments and figures pro--
per for, 421.
Church-yards should be removed from tha city,
213. 236.
Cicero^ Marcus T., various references to and .quo-
tations from, 226, 327. 356. 510, 511. 5131
.536. 551; 625. 634. 644, 645. 661. 726. 746.
794 n. 796 n. , *
Cigala, Jbhannes Michael, a pretended Ottoman
, prince, vide Mahomed Bei, 578 — ,586. his
pretended descent, 576.
, Scipio, his capture, -profession, of Ma-
hometanism, and advancement in Turkey, 578.
, Sinen Bassa, his real issue, 584.'
, account of the families of, 585.
, Mahomed, notice of him, 584.
■, Meni Pasha, his issue, 585.
Viscount, false account of his burial.
585.
Circuses, ancient ornaments, and figure^ of, 421.
Cisij, Signor Pietro, his account of two impos-
tors, 565..
Cities, importance of their improvement and de-
coration, 345. their neighbourhood un&vor-
able to vegetables, 778..
Cities of France, , having parliaments, 72. in
what they differ from that of Paris, ib.
Civil wars, dreadful state of religion in England
during the, 152,153. miseries of, the, 172,'
173, 174. 185. I
City, parallel between, the government of a, .and
the mind of a child, 115, 116. 128. the gates
of allegorized, 116, 117- 119. 126, 127, 128,
vide London.
Clarendon, Sir Edward Hyde, Earl of, notice of
his mansion, 341 n.
Clary, method of dressing, 739.
Claversi how used as a sallad, 739- ,
Claudian, various references to and quotations
from, 6. 48,49. 221.
Claudius, Emperor of Rome, poisoned by. eating
mushrooms, .746.
Clement of Alexandria, his name for the Egyptian
priests, 43.
Cleophanes, cblours introduced by, 323. ,,.
Cleyn, Francis and John, their astonishingiflraw-
ings with the pen, 316. ,
Coal, the rarity of in ■ London of benefit to the
gardens and orchards, 212, 222.
, sea, desirable to be freed from smoke, 213.
immoderate use of in London, 220. danger of
to the air, 227, 228. 230.
Coasts of France, their fortifications, 87.
Cochin, Nicholas, his engravings after, Beaulieu,
306.
Cock, Jerome, engravings executed by, 291. . ' ,
Cocu, Girolamo, engravings by,~283.
Cohen, Nehemiah, notice of him, 605. di^pytes
with Sabatai Sevi, 606. his revenge, ibid. 607-
Colaptice, carving or cutting in stone, 528.
Colchis, Argonautic expedition to, 640.
Cold, : names of plants bearing different degrees
of, 489.
Colignon, Francis, his engravings,, 306.
Collaert, Adrian, his engravings on steel, 298.
820
GENERAL INDEX.
Colours used by the ancient artiste, 323. first
use of, il).
Columella, L. Junius Moderatus, various quota-
tions from and references to, 425. 431 and
note, 432 n. 434 n. 729.
Columbus, Christopher, his maritime discoveries,
654, 655.
Colurhns, proportions of and propriety in using,
372. 375. Sulos, the name for, 378. their
increase and diminution considered, ib. 379.
striges in, 383. spaces or intercolumniations,
388. various dispositions of named and consi-
dered, 390, 413. human figures anciently
used for, 391. 411, 412. of the Tuscan' order,
406. of the Ionic order, 408. various other
kinds of described, 412. wreathed ones, when
used, ib. notice of double ones, 413.
Columna, Fabius, his discovery of the nature of
plants by the insects feeding on them, 761.
Combabus, his sacrifice, 31.
Combefis, Padre Francesco, his discovery of the
original MS. of St. Chrysostom's Golden Book,
112. his translation of St. Chrysostom referred
to, 140.
Comines, Philip de, his commendation of English
manners; 146 n.
Commenius, John Amos, his Orbis Sensualium
Pictus, 329, 330.
Commerce, opulence of many nations caused by,
632. its origin and progress considered, 633,
634. vast utility and importance of, 635.
earliest memorials of noticed, 641. notice of
the Hebrew, Phenician, &c. ib. of the Ro-
man, 645, 646, 647- improvement of under
Charlemagne, 647. account of the Egyptian, ib.
of the Venetian and Portuguese, 648. of the
Dutch and Northern nations, 649. 651. decay
of in several eminent ports, 650. notice of the
French, ib. of the Genoese, 652. of the
Dutch, 658, 659, 681. of England, e«rly flou-
rishing state of, 663.
Comtiiode, meaning of the word, 710.
Commons of France, their misery and litigious
nature, 80. passions and manners of the, 91.
Commonwealth, importance of pubUc oHicers in
the, 515. '
Company, trifling and virtuous described, 534,535.
Compo-Composite Order, what it is, 411,
Composite Order, how its base is formedi 376.
echinus in the, 380. volute in the, 381. aba-
cus in the, 382. striges in the, 383. impost
in the, 385. intercolumniation of the, 388.
architrave and fascias in the, 392. modilions
of the, 398. account and parts of the, 410.
Compts, Chambre d^s, receipts and officers of, 73.
Maitres and Auditors des, their number,
73.
Comte, Florent le, his mention of Nanteuil's por-
trait of Evelyn, 306 n.
Coninxlogerisis, ,ffigidius, his excellent wood
scenery, 295.
Connestable of France, rank and office of thfe, 74.
Conquerors, good eflects produced by, 515.
Conseil I'Etat et Priv^, account of, 67. objects
of the, 68.
Conseil d'en haut, account of, 67.
Conseil des Parties, objects of the, 68.
Conservatory (vide Green-house) stove, new plan
for one, 490 — 495. engraved views of it, 493.
Consoles, figures supporting; an architrave, 391.
Constantine, Empej-or of Rome, despoils Rome of
its architecture, 389.
Constantine the Great, checks the flattery of a
priest, 33.
Constantinople, imprisonment there of the pre-
tended Messiah, 598. conduct of the JeXvs
there regarding him, 599. order published' in
concerning Sabatai Sevi, 609. second letter of
theChochams of, to the Jews of Smyrna, 6 12,613.
Continent, advantageous situation of the, 83.
Continental Travel, advice for, viii. 45.
Conversation, worthless condemned, 534,
CoOte, Sir Charles, republicain slander of, 196 n.
197.
Copper-plate engraving and printing, when first
known, 276. '
Corinth, why used as a name' for the currant,
465 n.
Corinthian Order, capital of the, 357. how its
base js formed, 376. astragal in the, 378.
echinus in the, 381. volute in the, ib, 382.
abacus in the, ib. striges in the, 383. impost
in the, 385. intercolumniations of the, 388.
architrave and fascias in the, 392. ovolo and
dentelli in the, 397. modilions of the, 398^
corona ofthe, 401. height of a column in
the, 404. historical account and measurement
of the, 408. parts, &c. of the, 409.
Corn Fleet of the Romans, its laws and privileges,
645.
Corntelian Cherry, historical notice of the, 437 n.
list of the best sorts of the, 497.
Cornice, its name and parts, 397, 398. 402.
Coriolano, Christophero, his portraits of the
painters, 285.
Corona, its architectural description, use and ex-
amples of, 399, 400, 401.
Coronation, duties of the French peers at a, 59.
Coronix, what it signifies in architecture, 403.
Corporations of France, cause of their unimport-
ance, 81.
Cort, Cornelius, engravings by, 292.
Cortice, why the Trochile is so called, 377,
Corvinus, Matthew, King of Hungary, notice of
his library, 556 n.
Cosmo de Medicis, Duke of Florence, his maxim
concerning the sea, 635.
Cosroes, Kin^ of Persia, his protection of the
Roman philosophers, 19,
Costume, carelessness of by eminent painters, 559,
Cotys, the embossed Figulian vase destroyed by,
272.
GENERAL INDEX.
821
Covilan, Peter, his discovery of a new passage to
India, 649.
Councils of France, 67.
Council of Direction, objects of the, 68.
Council of War, of France, 76.
Country, vices in persons residing in the, 590.
624, 525, 526 n. life in the, often mistaken,
. 543.
Cours in Paris, notice of the, 162 n. 165.
Court, the servitude of considered, 27. the con-
tinual disguise and confinement of, 31. offi-
cers of the French, 60, superior splendour of
English, 61. virtue and vice of the, consi-
dered, 524.
Court of Peers, the title of the French parlia-
ment, 73.
Courtiers, unhappiness of their pursuit, 28. an-
cient instances of the complaisance of, 30.
their persons in continual servitude, 31. often-
times worthless men, 533.
Courts of France, manner of proceeding in the,
68. parliamentary ditto, and their officers,
71, 72.
■I of Justice, ornaments and figures proper
for, 421.
Courtships, descriptive account of ancient ones,
700.
Couvay, John, engravings by, 304.
-: Dr. his hieroglyphical grammar, 329.
Cowley, Abraham, his connection with Evelyn's
Kakndarium Hortense, 427. dedication of
that work to him, 429. his letter and poem
to Evelyn, called the Garden, xvi. 435, 436.
Evelyn's letter to, referring to his tract against
solitude, 510 n. poetical quotations from,
xvi, 745 n. 761. 763. 793. 799.
Cowslips, directions for pickling, 804. ditto for
makirfg wine of ditto, S 10.
Cranach, Lucas, nature of his engravings, 302.
Crassus, L. Licinius, his richly engraven clips, 272.
Crates, his advice to the morose man, 521.
Craven, William Earl of, destruction of his houses
during the civil wars, 175 and note.
Crayon, drawing with the, described, 314.
Creation, excellence, beauty, and use of, 628,
630,
Cremona, Solomon, his false vision of Elias, 604.
Cresses, various kinds and qualities of, 739.
Cretans, their invention of masts and yards, 637.
their great skill in navigation, 640.
Crinitus, Peter, verses quoted by on the origin of
letters, 267-
Cromwell, Oliver, excessive tyranny of his go-
vernment, 173., particulars of his terrific
death, 179 n. his treason to the English flag,
675.
Cucumber, various methods of dressing, 739, 740.
diiections for pickling, 804.
Cullum, Sir Dudley, his letter to Evelyn on the
, new green-house stove, 497. account of him
and his green-house, ib. note.
Cullutti, Rev. Sir John, reference to his History of
Hawsted, 497 n.
Cupplas, description and examples of, 416. de-
rivation of the word, 4i7.
Cups, account of ancient engraved ones, 272.
Currants, historical notice concerning, 465 ji.
catalogue of the best sorts of, 496.
Gustos, Dominic, portraits engraved by him, 301.
Cymatium, derivation and description of, 392.
various names and places of the, 393.
Cypress, destruction of by the winter of 1683,
694.
Cyprian, Thascius Caecilius, his idea concerning
letters and sculpture, 267.
D.
Daedalus, sails invented by, 638.
Daffodil, formerly eaten as a sallad, 757.
Daisy, Latin names and use of the, 740.
Damascus, wrought scimetai's brought from pro-
bably the first hint for etching, 282.
Damoxenus, cook described by, 763. ■
Dancing-masters in England,' their rudeness, 164.
Dandelion, Latin, names and uses of, 740.
Dane-Gelt, a proof of English naval sovereignty,
674.
Danes and Norwegians, Runic writing of the, 273.
Danes, their ravages and piracies stopped by the
commerce of England, 632. character of their
navigation, 651, 652. tribute paid to the, by
Holland, €86.
Darius King of Persia, ferry-boats used by, 637-
Dates and marks, when first used on copper-
plates, 276.
Daughters of France, how disposed of, 56.
Daughters, notice concerning their education, 137.
Dauphin of France, notice of his title, 54.
David, evil produced by his want of employment
- and solitude, 516, 530. his desire of social
worship, 531.
D'Aviler, Mons. his remark on Gothic ^hitec-
ture, 366. his diagram for constructing a
tympanum, 415.
December, length of the days, &c. in, 487. work
to be done in, in the orchard and kitchen gar-
den, ib. fruits in prime and lasting in, ib.
work to be done in the parterre and flower
garden in, 488. flowers in prime and lasting
in, ib.
Decks to vessels, by whom invented, 637.
Declaration of the pretended Messiah in Italian,
594. ditto in English, 595.
Decor, in architecture, explained, 372.
Decuriae Fabrorum Rhavennatium, what he was,
646.
Delices de la Campagne, notice of the work so
called, 100.
Demetrius Phalerus, his contempt of wealth, 25.
— Poliorcetes, flattery of at Athens, 33.
his immense ships of war, 637.
822
GENERAL INDEX.
■Demosthenes, recommends exertion even, in a
Corrupt state, 518.
Denham, Sir John, dedication to of the Parallel of
Architecture, 343.
Denis, St. deposed fibni -being the patron saint of
France, 53. often the frontier of France, 94.
])rivileges of the abbot of in the French par-
liament, 73.
Dentelli in architecture, 397-
Dephilus, vegetable diet rejected by, 777 n. 780.
Desectores, carvers in ivory, 258.
Desgodetz, Anthony, his rule for the increase of
columns, 379.
Design, great and universal importance of, 312.
-definition of, and its dilFerehce from drawing,
. 313.
Devotion, summary of the duties of, 528, 529.
Diaglyphice, hollow carving in metals, 258.
Diamond, when first engraven on, 290.
Diastylos, what it signifies in architecture, 388.
Diathesis, in architecture, explained, 369.
Diatretice, a work on chrystaj, 259.
Digby, Sir Kenelm, his observations on the pes-
■tilent nature of the air of London, 227. and
of coal, 228.
Dijon, difference between its parliament and that
of Paris, 72.
Dimidiae Emmentiae, explanation of the term, 259.
Dioclesian, Cains Valerius .^ovius, -Emperor of
Rome, his maxim concerning a gardener, 98.
instances of Volutes taken from his Baths,
381. his delight in a garden, 442. his abdi-
cation censured, 517-
Diodati, John, his wish concerning church musicj
158. noticeof him, 15Sn.
Diodorus Siculus, illustration from concerning
slaves, 11., attributes to Minos the earliest na-
vigation, 638. .
Diogenes, his. saying when a slave, 22. contempt
of imperial favorj, 26. saying concerning Cal-
listhienes, ib. deification of the air by, 215.
hispude treatment of Alexander, 521.
Diomedes, his orthography of the word sculptura,
258.
Dionysius, jun. King of Sicily, 'complaisance of
bis courtiers to, 30.
Djoseordes, Pedacius, his praise of mallows, 744.
his mention of radish, 751, 753.
Dioscori^es, engraver to the Emperor Augustus,
271.
Diptere, columns and measurements of, 390.
Discoveries made by, the earliest -navigators, 639.
made by sea in Elizabeth's reign, 665.
Diseases commended in sport, 229.
Divines of France, character'of ,the, 89.
Dock, botanical name and use of, 740.
Dolci, Ludovico, passage from concerning Charles
V. 517 n.
Dome, its derivation and meaning, 417.
Domestic Officers of the Court of France, 60.
Domestics of Children. to be carefully selected.
118, 119. and, watched, 126. to assist in
their education, 129.
Dominican FHar burned by the Turks, 572.
Domitian, .Titus Flavins, idle leisure of, 514.
Donatellus, his eulogy on design, 312. -
Doric Order, plinth and trochile in the, 377.
striges in the, 383. pilaster -of the, 384. im-
post of the, 385. intercolumniation in the,
388, 407. architrave in the, 392. cymatiurh
in the, 393, frieze of the, 394. roses on thfe
abacus of the, 395. trjglyphs of the, ib. guttae
of the, ib. metopae in the, 396. regula, ovtolo,
and dentelli of the, 397. ; modilions of the> 398.
mutules for the, 399. measurement used in
. the, 404. historical description of the, 406.
parts and proportions of the, 407. '
Doiislaws, Isaac, biographical account of, 178 n.
Double Columns considered, 413, 414.
Double Pedestal, what it is, 374.
Doucine, vide Cymatium, 393.
Douse, Mr. Vander, an eminent artist for pen
.drawings, 316.
- Drake, Sir Francis, his circumnavigatory voyages,
656. his valiant actions against the Spaniards,
664.
Drawing, nature .and definition . of, 313. sup*-
posed invention of by a shepherd, 314. with
the crayon and pen, described, ib. directions
concerning the outline in, 315. eminent artists
in pen drawing, 316. in chalk, excellent effect
of, ib. great and general importance of, 317.
326. use of to the dumb, 33 1 .
Drawings,, the original ones of the old- masters
widely scattered and carefully kept, 312. dif-
ferently executed at various peridds, 317-
Dress, expensive, the folly and danger of, 113,
1 14. not the folly of the. greatest persons, 547.
poem descriptive of ancient female, 703—709.
dictionary of terms relating to, 710. references
to ancient accounts of, 713.
Drink-Ordel of France, explained, 159 n.
Droit d'Aubaincj nature of the, 66.
Druef ken, engravings of, 301.
Duillius, Caius Nepos, Roman naval expedition
, under, 643. naval triumph allowed to, 646. • -
Durdens, Villa of, ornamented from the materials
of Nonesuch House, 419.
Durer, Albert, his manner of marking his plates^
276. engravings executed by, 277,' 278. 281.
his contests with M. Antonio, and L. Van Ley-
den, 278. his designs engraved by the former}
280. great value of his works, 290. his vvo6d-
cuts to the Tewrdanhckks, 302. ' to Petrarch's
Utriusque Fortunae Remedia, ib. to Apuleius'
GoldenAss,and.Cicero's Epistles, ib., his prints
copied by painters, 319. his measurements of
the human body, 404. • '
Dutch, character of their travels, 47. their early
. establishment of -India. Corapanies,^649. cha-'
racter of their commerce, navigation, and naval
exploits, 658, 659. inferiority of their navy<to
GENERAL INDEX.
823
that of the English, 667. causes of their na-
tional success, ib, 'their petition to Queen
Elizabeth, 668. dispute the claim of the Eng-
lish to naval sovereignty, 673. ' respect paid to
the British flag by, 675. privilege of fishing
granted to the by England, 677i' 684. their
molestation of the British fisheries, 678. free
fishing of interrupted, 679. ' their insolence
checked by Kings James and Charles I. ib,
680. naval power of the, derived from the
- herring fishery, 680. rent due from the, to
England for the use of ditto, 681.
Dutch Ambassador, his complaint of Evelyn's
' tract on Navigation, 628 n.
Dutch war, notice of Evelyn's intended history of
the, 628 n, 629 n.
E.
Earth Nuts, method of dressing, 740,
Ease, laboured for more than retirement, 513.
examples of slothful and luxurious, 544, 54S.
E^t, ancient circuitous routes of communication
with the, 648.
Eastern Nations, their navigation and ships, 654;
Eaux, La cour de les, et les For&ts, 74..
Ebur pingue„unpolished ivory, 259.
Ecclesiastical ofiBces of the French Court, 61.
. — ^— '■ Peers of France, 59.
State of France, 78.
Ecclesiastics of France, dues paid by, 66. free of
taxes, ib. their seats in the French Parliament^
73.
Ecclesiasticus, references to the Book of, 34. 358 n.
Echinus, in architecture, its meaning and deriva-
tion, 380.
Edgar, King of England, his sovereignty over the
sea commemorated, 673.
Edict, Chambre. de 1", of France, a Court for
. French Protestants, 71.
Education, St. John Chrysostom's book on, 103.
140. assisted by the use of engravings, 329.
Edward I. King of England, his institution of ad-
mirals, 671.
II. . his sovereignty over
the seas, 672.
III.
— . ■ his extensive naval
force, 661. his sovereignty over the seas, 672.
grants the Dutch a privilege of fishing, 678.
Eggs, use of in sallads, 768.
Egypt, immense use of onions in, 749.
Egyptians, mysteries and learning of the, 43. an-
cientand extensive commerce of the, 647.
Elder, ■ botanical name and nature of, 740. di-
rections for potting, 803.
Elias, impostor representing, 589. preparations
for by the Jews,, 603. ceremonies in honour of,
604. supposed revelations of, ib. 605.
Elisha, the condition of his entertainer consi-
dered, 530.
■Eh/sium Brilannicum, notice of Evelyn's unfinished
work so called, xx. 722.
Elizabeth, Queen of England, her policy regard-
ing Spain, S8,_ numerous bad pictures of, 271.
her policy and naval forces, 663, her maritime
exploits and discoveries, 664, 665, 666. her
sovereignty over; the seas, 671.
Emblema, description and use of in architecture,
423.
Empedocles, refuses sovereignty, 26.
Employment, public, preferred to solitude, 1667,
notice of, xvii. reprint of, 501 — '552. great-
ness afiected in more than virtue, 512.- rea-
sons for its being shunned by many, ib. 513,
general views of such as accept it, 513. not
all alike, 514. value and importance of, 515,
to be entered gradually, 516. ' riot the fcause of
evil passions, 520, scholars and philosophers
engaged in, 538. not inconsistent with the
love of nature or learning, ^545. should not
be forced upon men, 548. %ould be entered
into in youth, ib. general advice concerning,
549. descriptive sketch of, 551.
Enamelling, the first hint of printing engraved
plates, 277.
Encaustic art, explanation of the, 258. occa-
sioned the invention of brass prints, ib. vari-
ous parts of, 259.
Encolaptice, explanation of the word, 258.
Endive, botanical names and qualities of, 741.
England, defrauded of rule in France, by the pre-
tended Salique Law, 54. splendour of its
court preferred to that of France, 61. nobi-
lity of less advantage here than in France, 66.
disproportion between the revenues of and
those of France, 67. may probably keep
France in awe, 88. balance of, witb regard to
France and Spain, ib. singular decay (vide
London) of vineyards in, 102;'' and of timber,_
ib. reprint of the tract entitled A Character of,
1659.141 — 167. notice of ditto, ix. Letter in
vindication of ditto, 143 — 146. satire contained
in it of great use, and qXioted in a sermon, 144.
the author of it vilified, 144 n, 145 n. satirical
examination of it, 146 n. — 162 n. vide Galtus
Casiratus. address to the reader prefixed to,
147. opening compliments of the work, 148.
fertility and beauty of England and its inhabit-
ants, 149. suspicion and rude manners in, ib,
150.. 167. vide church, civil wars, London,
Paul's, St, Presbyterians, Parliamentarians,
Royalists, numerous residences of the kings"
of, 150 n, fanatical religious sects in, 156,
beauty of the country and parks of, 167. rapi-
dity of riding and driving -in, ib. tedious for-
mality of the banquets and visits of, ib. miser-
. able state of in the civil wars, 173, 174, 175.
180. 184, 185. 188. their probable effects to,
188, 189. notice of the principal engravers of,
and their works, 309, 310. means for improv-
. ing the art of engraving in, 310, 311. con-
824
GENERAL INDEX.
ceited and idle nature of the workmen of, 360,
3(S1. the study of architecture recommended
to, 362. the importance of commerce to, 632.
dominion of the sea belonging to, 668. 674.
respect paid to the flag of at sea, 675. kings
.. , ^i, Iprds of the pce.an,jf71 . 674, 675, .676. ex-
tent of the naval sovereigiity of, 677- curious
. description of a,ncient manners and house-keepf
' ing in, 700, 70li 702.
English, their youth- compared with tjiose of
•the JFrench, 91. rude familiarity of the, il).
hatred and' contempt o! the, French for
the, ^2. suspicion and rudeness of the,. 1^9,
150. attempted defence of it, 146 n. .147 n.
. their a.bilities in any prpfeggion,. 361. , first
builders of frigates, 633. . maritime diseo-
' veries made by ,the, 656. early navigation
of the," 659. and excellent navies of . the,, 660.
^heir ancient discoveriejs and maritime forces,
ib. importance of the sea and navy to. the,
661. naval forces under John and Edward III.,
ib. ditto, under Richard II. and Henry V.,
662. ditto, under Henry VII. and VIII, and
Elizabeth, 663, 664, 665, 666. celebration of
their numerous naval discoveries, 665, their
naval strength and exploits under James I.,. 666,
667. their claims to the dominion of the sea
exhibited, 670—679. 685. their attention to
fisheries important, 681, 682, 683.
English tongue, decay of from the Saxon, 3,53.
Engravers, their ancient manner of marking their
plates, 276. not to make their shadows too
dark, 322. of Italy, their names and principal
works, 279 — 289, of Germany and Flanders,
do. 277, 278. ^90—302. of France, do. 303—
309. of England, do^ 301, 302.
JEjigraving, instruments for, various ancient names
' for, 262. vide Sculptura, 243—335. on silver,
272. when first used on copper })l,ateSj 276.
supposed inventor of, 277. , on plates how first
printed, ib. means for improving the art of in
England, 310. recommended to be practised
by painters, 311. .lights and shades, stuffs,
&c. how they are expressed in, 320, plate and
illustration of the manner, 321., a mixture of
the kinds of, most excellent, 325. practised by
eminent characters, ib. 326. flourished most
in the most eloquent ages, 327, " new method
of, invented by Prince Rupert, 333,
Eiioch, books said V have been written -by, 264,
supposed inventor of letters, 267 .
Enqufets, Chambres des, of France, officers of, 71.
Entablature of the Tuscan Order, 406. of the
Doric do. 407. of the Ionic do. '408. .of the
Corinthian do. 409. 0/ the Composite, 411.
Entasis or swelling of columns, 378..
Epalamius, his improvement of the anchor, 637,
ilpaptroditus, anecdote of, 24.
Ephesians, their law concerning buildings, 358.
Epibateriupi, derivation of the word, 49.
JEpicurus, his limitation of freedom, 19, his
pleasure in gardens, 439. his idea of the in-
activity, of the gods, 510, his praise;Of public
minister^, ,513, his , observation on tKe :dispo-
positions of men, 519. . .1
Epictetus, his derisioq of the Nicopolitans> 16,
his absolute, independence of spirit, 23, cha-
jact^ and anecdote of, 24- . immense price
given for his earthen lamp, 25,. his obsierva-
tipnspn society, 521.
Epictheates, vide .CymatJKm, 393.
Epigenes, his remark on the antiquity of sculp-
ture', 263.
Epigingsko, rpal signification of the word, 140,
Epfmenides, his unhealthy residence, 224,
Epiphanias, , Bishop of S^il^mis,. his quotation of
the Books of Adam, 263. ... .v. ...
Epistilium, the Greek name of the Architrave, 391.
Epitaph on Richard Evelyn, jun. 112.
Erasmus, Desiderius, his satire on butchers and
fishmongers, 237.
Erixion, notice of his death, 26,2.
Erythrsei, oars invented by the, 637.
Eschevins of Paris, nature of their office, 94.
Escuyer, Grand, of France, his duties and officers,
61.
— ^ , Premier, , his duties and officers,
61.
Esprit, St., order of knighthood of, institution
and ceremonies of the, 77.
Essex, Robert Devereux, Earl of,, biographical
notice of, 176 n, 177 n! his successful expe-
dition to Cadiz. 664.
Essex House, London, particulars of its scite, &c.
101 n. pictures of Queen Elizabeth destroyed
at, 271.
Etching with Aqua Fortis, fisst used, 282.
Ethiops, effect of the air on the life of, 217. said
to have the books of Seth andEnocb, 264.
Eubulus, his term for lettuces, 742.
Eve, solitude the cause of her temptation, 530.
Evelyn, John, his early custom of journal-
ising, vii. notices of his literary productions,
vii — xxii. his endeavours to gain Colonel
.Morley to the royal cause, x. his mention of
Charles II. entering London, xi. his letter toDr.
Godolphin on his translation of Naud^, xii n.
engaged to write an account of English forest
trees, xiv. his letter to Cowley concerning so-
litude, xviii. his Scheme for a Lay Monastery,
and public labours of, ib. sqlicits the engrav-
ing of the Arundel Marbles, xix. his notions
concerning gardens, xxi. scheme for a general
history of trades, ib, works of in manuscripit,
ib. his love for Wotton, ib. summary of his
worth and writings, xxii, his first literary un-
dertaking, vii. 3, 4. ■ commendatory poem ad-
dressed to, 6. reference to his Sylva, 102 n.
his grief for his son's death, 105. (vide Evelyn,
Richard), supposed to be the translator of .<#
Character of England, and author of the letter
in vindication of it, ix. 143 n. Jiotice of his.
GEffERAL INDEX.
€25
portrait engraved ty Nanteuil, 306, and note,
his translation of Du Bosses work on En-
graving, 33.^. Latin verses addressed to on
his book of Architecture, 347. extract from a
letter by, on his Kalendarium Hortense, 4<27.
■ letter and poem called the Garden, addressed
to him by Cowley, 435, 436. his books rela-
ting to the Jesuits, 500, and note, his an-
swer to Sir G. Mackenzie concerning his Tract
on Public Employment, xvii. xviii. 504. his
account of his translation of Freart's idea of the
perfection of painting, 554. his letter to Lord
Brounckev on the Spanish Sembrador, 621.
notice concerning his poetical works, ix. 623 n.
requested to write the history of the Diitch
war, 628 n. notice of ditto, xix, xx. his
letter to Mr. Aubrey concerning an oak at
Wotton, &c. 687. his letter to the Royal So-
ciety on the damage done to his gardens> in
1683, 692. his last publication, 722. notice
of his Elysium Britannicuni, xx. 722. allusions
■ to his Hortulan Kalendar, 729. his plan for
a royal garden, 730, 731. 732. translation of
Gassendus' Life of Peiresk, dedicated to, 747 n.
various references to, and quotations from his
Memoirs and Diary, xiii. lo5 n. 112 n. 113 n.
143 n. 152 n, 153 n. 155 n. 1.58 n. 165 n. 171 n.
175 n, 194. 207 n. 243 n. 333 n. 339 n. 341 n.
342 n. 343 n. 351 n. 485 n. 500. 510. 554.
.556 n. 557 n. 569 n. 628 n. 692 n. 693 n. 698.
714 n. . dedications, prefaces, and addresses by,
5. 97. 99, 100, 101. 10.5. 112. 207—209. 212.
243. 337. 343.351. 353. 429.499. 505. .507.
■ 555—558, 559—562. 565. 567. 623. 627. 714.
723. 728. various references and quotations
from his otherworks, vii. — xxii. 157 n.209. 339.
427. 434. 444 n. 449 n. 450, 451 n. 452 n.
461 n. 464. 472. 476. 480. 483. 487 n. 6'87.
Evelyn, George, Esq. dedications addressed to, 5.
105.
"i , Mary, supposed author of the Muridns
Muliebris, xx. 698.
. , powder mills brought to England bylthe
family of, 689. damage done by their explo-
sions, ib.
. , Richard, juii. son to John, his early
death, 105. precocious abilities of, 107.- 108.
piety of, 109, 110. blessedness of his death,
111. Latin epitaph on, 112.
-, Richard, Esq.dedication addressed to, 1 OS.
Europa, fable of explained, 640.
Burythmia, harmony and proportion in architec-
ture, 372.
Eusebius, Bishop of Caesarea, reference to his life
of Constaiitine, 33. his account of the origin
and progress of commerce, 647.
Eusebius, Paoiphilus, his idea of the invention of
letters and sculpture, 267.
Eustylos, an intercolumr|iation so called, 389.
Exchequer of France, offices of the, 73.
Exotics destroyed at Says Court in 1^83, 693, .694.
F.
Faber, Honoratus, his method for rapidly raising
sal lad, 780..
Fable, a Persian one concerning court favourites,
35.
Fairfax, Thomasj Lord, particulars of, 177 n.
Faithorne, William, excellent engravings by, 310.
work on engravings byj 335.
Falcon Inn, curious particulars concerning the,
223 and note.
Fame, not due to inactivity, 511. the love of ex-
cites to virtue, 512.
Familiarity and rudeness of the English censured,
91. 149, 150. 162. definition of worthy, 535.
Fascias, dimensions and description of, 392.
Fasting days recommended to youth, 132.
, Fathers, their solicitude for richly clothing their
children censured, 113. compared to kings
and gaverriors ■ of cities, 115, il6'. improved
by the education of their children, 130. gene-
. ral concluding directions to, 137. the ancient
christian, refrained from eating flesh, 784,
■788.-
Fauconnier, Grand, of France, 62.
Favi, SignOr' Giacomo Maria, eulogy on, 246.
account of him by M. Sorbiere, 247. curious
collections of art made by, 248. his great ge-
nius and travels, 249. his remains and in-
tended publication, 250.
.Favorihus, his servility, 34, commended a Quar-
tan Ague, 229.
Favourites of kings too often courted, 34, 35.
, February, length of days, &c. in, 447. worl$ to
be done in, in the orchard and kitchen garden,
r ib. fruits' in prime and lasting in, 448. work
to be in the flower garden in, ib. '
. Fellian^ J., a pupil of Faithorne, 310.
. FemaleSj no succession of in the royal family of
France, 54. allowed peerages in France, 59.
should not be allowed to approach youthi 126,
128. their vanity censured by St. Chrysosfom
and Juvenal, 139. comparison between those
of England and France, 161
Fennel, medicinal qualities of, in Sallad, 741.
Ferdinand, King of Spain, his encouragement of
Columbus rewarded, 655.
. Ferry-boats, by whom invented, 637.
Feuillantines, their vegetable diet, 789.
Fifth-Monarchy-men, of whom they were com-
posed, 523.
FigS, catalogue of the best, 496.
Figulina Vasa Effilata, anecdote of the, 272.
Figures, pedestals proper for various,. 376. an-
ciently used for Columns, 391: for acroteria,
. . 416. to correspond with their Niches, 418.
appropriate one placed on public buildings,
421. . i
Filberds, catalogue of the best sorts of, 497.
Fillet, a name of the. astragal, 378.
5 N
826
GENERAL INDEX.
finances of France, superintendant of, his duties
and officers, 64.
— : ; — , Conlroller General of, 65.
Finigiierra, Maso, supposed inventor of engraving,
277. „
■Finisliing, not the most important part of draw-
ing, 315.
Fisheries, right of the English to the, 677, 678,
679. 683, 684. 636. their importance to Eng-
land,. 681, 682, 683. licenses granted for using
. the, 683, 684. ■
Fishmongers, Erasmus' satire bn, 237.
Flag, duty of 'they ancient English claim of, 675,
Flattery, remarkable instances of, 32, 33, 37.
Flemish engravers and their works, notices of,
277,278.290—302.
Flemings, their settlement in England, 662.
Flesh, the eating of productive of heaviness, 780.
the use of first permitted to man,' 783, 784,
785.
Floors, of inlaid wood, 423. works on the con-
struction of, ib.
Flora Historica, notice of the Gilly flower from
the, 466 n.
Florence, weavers of guarded against coal smoke,
227.
Flo'ris, Francis, the Flemish Micliel Angelo, 292.
Florus, L. Annaeus Lucian, his account of Pom-
pey's pirate wars, 644. '
Flower-garden, directions for working in the, in
January, 446. do. for February, 448. do., in
March, 451 . do. for April, 456. do. for May,
460. do. for June, 465. do. for July, 469.
do. for August, 473. do. for September, 477.
do. for October, 460.- do. for November, 484.
do. for December, 488.
Flowers proper for planting near London, 240,
241. , ■
Flowers, in prime and lasting in January, 446.
do. in February, 449. do. in March, 454. do.
in April, 458. do. in May, 461. do. in June,
466. do. in July, 471 • do. in August, 475.
do. in September, 478. do. in October, 481.
do. in November, 486. do. in December, 488.
classed list of tender and hardy, 489. taking
up of, directions for, 463. 466. 470. 473, 474.
damage done to by the winter of 1683, 695,
696. what sorts of are used in sallad, 741.
Foliage of the Corinthian capital considered, 409.
Food, the use of various kinds considered, 780,
781, 782, 783.
Fop Dictionary, 1690, reprint 710 — 713.
Forces of France, account of, 76. S3, 84, 85.
Forest Trees, destruction of, and Evelyn's work
on, xiv.
Fojindation, what it is, and its parts, 374.
Fountains, ancient figures and ornaments of, 421.
their pipes to be covered in the winter, 488.
France, (vide Paris,) tract on the state of,- under
Louis XIF. viii." 39 — 95. excuse for writing
of, 41. 51. • intent of, 42. use of residing in.
50, 51.. importance of the Empire of, -52.
Machiavelli's saying of, ib. King of, absolute,
53. its patron Saint changed, ib. founda-
tion and races of its monarchy, ib. pretended
Salique Law. of, 54. ancient legend of, ib.
titles and births of the Kings and Princes of,
ib. characters of the Royal Family of, 55.
daughters of, how disposed of, 56. lata King of,
without illegitimate issue, ib. how the King be-
came absolute, ib. 57, 58. Parliament of, only a
name, 57. Princes and Peers of, nature of their
estates, 58. names and number of thePeers
of, 59. officers belonging to the Crown, of,
60 — 62. ceremony at the dgaith of the King of,
60. - household and officers of the Queens of,
62. Royal guard of, 62 — 64. increase of the
revenues of, by King Pepin. 65, 66; domain
of, cannot be alienated, , 66. Nobility and
Clergy free from taxes, ib. the King of, - his
gabels ofi salt, ib. 67- do. his immense reve-
nue, 67.- officers and councils of State in, ib.
manner of propeeding in them, 68. officers
of justice of France, 69. Secretaries of State
of, 70. other officers of, ib. officers of the
Parliament of, ib. 71. cities of, ivvhich have
Parliaments, 72 . difference between them and
that of. Paris, ib.^ Exchequer Offices of, 73.
great military officers of, 74. officers of the
Crown of, 75. Grand Prieur de, his rank and
office, 76, military andnaval forces pf, ib.:83,
84, 85. orders of Knighthood iri, 77. eccle-
siastical members and church of,. 78. 87'' pre-
sent Government of, 78. various ranks of, 79,
rebellions not prosperous in, 80, Commons
and farmers of, ib. auxiliaries to the armies
of, ib. mechanics of, ib. 90. merchants ot^
81. Nobility of, their- dress and manner of
living, ib. ^ learning much pretended to in, ib.
ecclesiastical state of, 82. Catholics of, .ib.
Protestants of, ib. 88. sects of, 83. .advan-
tageous scite of, ib. abundance of its popula-
tion and provision, 86. state of its armsj &c.
ib. ancient and modern acquisitions of, 87.
fortifications of,, ib. present exalted state of,
ib. nature and genius of the inhabitants of,
88, learned men iu, 89. ° physicians and sur-
geons of, ib. youth and" women of, 90;i91.
passions and character .of the people of, 91.
the King reverenced in, ib. dislike pf ; the
English in, 92. persons and temper of the
people of, ib. . its frequent changes, 95. no-
tice of the tract entitled Jl Character of France
1659, 143 n. character of the Roysll , Palaces
in, 149 n.. Protestants in, their customs, ] 53.
satire on the gallants and females of, -156 n.
157 n; 158n.."i59n. 160 n. 161 n. manners
in, preferable, to those of England, 162, 163.
odoriferous atmosphere of some towns in, 208.
excellence of the air in, .225. vines of injured
by the smoke from England, 234. , notices of
the principal engravers of, and their works.
GENERAL INDEX.
827
303 — 309. eminent print collectors in, 328.
encouragement of navigation in, 634, absur-
dity of its claim to naval dominion. 669. •
Francis I. King of France, his intention to call
in the Turks censured, 84. good effects of his
love for learning, 32. how he, became learned
540, his naval wars, 651.
Franco, Baptista, engravings executed by, 284.
Freart, Roland, Sieur de Chambray, Epistles De-
dicatory attached to Evelyn's Translation of
the Parallel of Architecture, 337. authors
cited in, 342. excellence of the work, 343.
> Latin verses in praise of, 347. various refer-
ences to do. XV. 382. 391. 395. 404. 411. in-
troductory epistles attached to Evelyn's Trans-
lation of his Idea of the Perfection of Paint,
ing, &53 — 562. Evelyn's account of'do. xix,
554. and character of, 559,
Freggio, what is signified by, 394.
French, their vanity in altering the Composite
order, 410. rise and progi-ess of their navigation
and commerce, 650. their acknowledgements
of British naval sovereignty, 674, 675. pri-
vilege of fishing granted to, by the English,
677. acknowledge the English claim to the
fisheries, 635.
French Gardiner, 1658. 1669, Epistles Dedica-
tory to the, 98, 99. account of the editions
of the, xi. 97 n. various references to, the, 444.
Frieze, in Architecture, description and nature of
a, 394. in the Doric Order, 407-
Frigates, the first attributed to the English, 638.
Frisius, Simon, his etchings, 293.
Frontiers of France, fortifications of the, 87.
Frontinus, Sextus Julius, Roman marine stores
mentioned by, 646.
Frosts, cautions relating to, 453. 474. 487.
Fruit, various directions for preserving, 451.475.
479. 483. remarks concerning the eating of,
773 and note.
Fruits, exquisite nature of, 439. vide Orchard.,
names of those in prime and lasting in Janu-
ary, 445. do. in February, 448. do. in March,
451. do. in April, 456. do. in May, 460.
do. in June, 46.^. do. in July, 468. do. in
August, 472. do. in September, 476. do. in
October, 480. do. in November, 484. do. for
December, 487.
Fruit-trees, directions for preserving the moisture
■ in, 564. do. for feeding of, 467. catalogue
of the best, 495. damage done to, by the
winter of 1683, 695.
Fumifugium, 1662, notice of, xii. reprint of, 20,5
— 242. preface to the reprint of 1772,212.
Analysis of the tract referred to, 215 n.
Fungus Reticularis, its place of growth and par-
ticulars of the, 746, 747.
Furnace, vide Stove.
Furniture, list of old English, used by females,
707, 70s.
G.
Gabels paid upon salt, in France, 66. immense
pro&t and rigorous exaction of, 67.
Gaffarel, Jacques, his account of Talismans, 269.
Galenas, Claudius, various referencesto, and quo-
tations from, 227. 236. 734 n. 743, 744 n. 752.
754.757,758.777.787.
Galdres, G^n^ral des, his rank and office, 75. '
Gallants of England, intemperate and unpolished -
customs of the, 157. 159. 160. 163. their in-
feriority to those of France, 161. some ex-
ceptions to this, 1 63. advice to, on entering*
upon the town, 699.
Galle, Cornelius, notice of his works, 295.
~ Theodore, his engraved works, 296,
Galli Insubres, C8esar's Saying concerning the, 88.
Galius Castratus, an answer to the Character of
England, 1659, notice of, ix. reprint of the,
143 n. — 162 n. author of it censured, 14.3,
144, 145, 146. opening address of, to the
ladies of England, 144 n. censure of the au-
thor of the Character of England, -ih.^ 145 n.
151 n. 152 n. scurrilous examination of that
work, 146n.-^liS2n.
Gauia, Vasco di,* discoveries in Asia made by, 648,
Game and wild-fowl destroyed by moor-burning,
235. i^ , ;
Gamesters, debasing nature of their pleasures, 545.
Garden, The, letter and poem by Cowley so called,
xvi. 435, 436.
plan for a royal one," 730, 731, 732.
Garden-tools to be kept in order, 445. 1.
Gardens, list of the luxuries attached to ancient,
98. and orchards of London, damaged by .the
smoke, 212. 221. improvement of, during the
siege of Newcastle, 222. proposal for plant-
ing, near London, '240. poem in, praise of,
436. the enjoyments of, 429. 437, 438. 440.
• first made by God, 437. .the Creator to be
seen in, 441. vide Flower-garden,^ Olitory, Or-
chard, Parterre. " notice of ,the Apothecaries at
Chelsea, 485 n. of Says Court, damage done
to the, in 1683, 692— 696.
Gardener, excellence and industry of the. life of
a good one, 430. should be acquainted with
Astronomy, 43 1 .
Gardener's Almanack, vide Kalendarium.
Gardeners, plan for the encouragement and bene-
fit of, near London, 241, 242.
Gardening, anciently- encouraged at Rome, 726
and note, extensive nature of the study of/
728, 729.
Garlick, qualities, character of, and manner of
dressing, 741, 742, ■• , , i
Gassendus, Peter, translation of his Life of Pei-
resk dedicated to Evelyn, 747 n, ...
Gassion,-Mareschar de, preserves Paris from the
Spanish, 94. . • .
8^8
QSNBRAL; INDEX..
Gates of a city allegorised, 116, lir. 119. 126,
127, 128.
Gellius, Aulus, his mention of the adoxous of
the GrfeekS, 230, and opt?.
Gems, sculptures used on, 271. name? of emi-
nent artists in, 289.
Generals of the English Parliament, instances of
their fall, and biographical notices of, 176 — 179
and notes.
GeneraUies;bf France explained, 65..
Genoa, odoriferous atmosphere of, 208. com-
merce the caiise of its, wealth, 632. Tunny-
fishery formed by, 686.
Genoese, their trade and navigation, 652. naval
exploits of the, 653.
Gens d'Armes of France, notice of, 64.
Gentry of England, their ignorance of architec-
ture lamented, 362.
Gerkins, or Gerekems,. method of preserving, 740,
German language, excellent use pi the, 50.
Geraiajiy, account of the principal engravers of,
and their works, 277- 290— 3Q2.
Giolito, Gabrielle, his engrayipgs for Ariosto, 284.
Gilly-flower, varieties of the, 465 n, etymology
of the.name,.446ji..
Glasses moulded into form by laboi^r, 139.
Globe, the doctrine of shadows illustrated , by a,
321. . , .
Gloves, list of those anciently worn by fenifiles,
705.
Gluttony, how to guard agaiiist it in children,
124.
Glyphice, sculptors of metals, 258.
Glyphion, Stylus, notice concerning, .261.
Goar, James, reference to, concerning the sacri-
fice of the hair, 138.
Goats" -heard, medicinal qualities of, 742.
Gold, the power of, in courtship, 705..
Goldman, Nicholas, reference to his Treatise on
Architecture, 382.
Goltzius, Henry, his excellent engravings, 294.
his imitations of Lucas Van Leyden, 302. his
singular drawings with a pen .and oil, .3.16.
, Hubert, his heads pf the Roman Empe-
rors on wood, 302.
Gombousf, Mons. his plan of Paris, 309.
Gooseberries, catalogue of the best kinds of, 496.
Gorlaeus, .Abraham, his account of ancient engraved
rings and seals, 269.
Goths, their invasion destroyed the Roman arts,
273. invasion of the, the origin of Monachism,
532. and Vandals, their navigation, 649.
Goudt, Count, plates by .him,.29,5, ...
Government, modern of France, 78. character
of ditto, 79. of Paris described, 94.
Governors of Provinces in France, their rank and
commission, 76.
G. P. I. B. by whom used as a mark, 291.
Gracchus, Caius, censured for. retiring from his
duty, 518.
Gradetti, their meaning and place on eoJamns,
' 379. 38 J .
Graef'sex, of the Danes and Norwegians explained,
•273.', .
Grafting, the wonderful nature of. celebrated by
Cowley, 441. various directions concerning,
. 447. 449. 483,
Grand Conseil of France, nature and office of the;
.. 63,69.
Granger, Rev.. J^nies, his, character of -Sir John
Hothatb, 177 n. his notice of the Princess! of
Bohemia, 326 ri. ,
Grapes in prime and lasting in September, 477.
. ditto in October, 480.
Graphatores, engravers, 261.
Gratius, Faliscus, verses from, 795.
Grave, Robert, his engravings from a curious pic-
ture at Strawberry-hill, 101 n. 432 'n.
Greatness, why some persons shun it, 512. how
it should be achieved and secured, 516. the
, ,best defence against censure, &c. 517.
Greeks, their tradition concerning slaves, 10.
, their custom of sacrificing their hair, 138.
earliest writings known to, 268. when they
received and perfected sculpture^ ibid. 270.
drawing, &c. cultivated by, 326. architecture
derived from the, 355. -
, their naval exploits and discoveries, 742.
fall of the, 643.
Greffier en Chef, Clerk of the Parliament of
France, his office, and pension, 72.
Green-houses and green-house-plants, various di-
rections concerning, 453. 478. 484. 4S8. me-
thods of warming, 485. 492, 493, 494. 497,
f 498. vide Conservatory, errors of (he com-
mon green-house, 490, 491. proper measure-
ments, &c. for-, 491. notice of Sir Dudley Cul-
lum's, 497n.
Greenland, its discovery and appropriation to
England, 683.
Greenwich Palace, Barclay's praise of>.232.
Grenoble, Chambre Miparties established in, 72.
Grenville, Sir Richard, his valiant engagement
with the Spaniards, 664.
Gresham College, meetings of the Royal Society
at, 556 n.
Greuter, Matthew, his engraved works, 294.
, Frederick, plates by, 295.
Grew, Dr. Nehemiah, his tables of the tastes of
plants, 764 and note, his mention of vegeta-
ble salts, 766.
Groennighen, Swart Jan Van, character of his
engravings, 302.
Grotius, Hugo, various references to, and qnota-
tions from, 1,11. 636. 661. 664, 665. 673 and
note, 788.
Gruter, Janus, various references to and quota-
tions from, 646 n. 670.
Gryllus, his transmigration, 761.
Guard of the French King described, 63.
PKNBRAL INDEX*
829
Guernsey lily^ direction for the planting of, &c.
457.
Guido, Rafiaellej^ notice of his engravings, 388.
Gustavus I. King of Sweden, immense ship built
byi 652.
Gunpowder Plot, contrived by a recluse, 522.
Guttae or drops- in architecture, 395.
Gut-temberg, John, the supposed inventor of
printing, 276.
Gymnastic exercises and academies of the French,,
i 85.
Gypsochi, workers in plast-er, 258.
H.
Hadrianus, Emperor of Rome, his love for Anti-
. nous, 30,
Hair, ancient sacrifices of, and method of wearing
. it, 1 13. 13S. technical words for the dressing
of it, &C.710, 711,712.
Hakluvt, Rev. Richard, his collection of voyages,
665n.
Halifax, Charles Montague, Earl of, notice of,
. 723 n.
Hampden, John, notice of his death, 178 n.
Harlaem, City of; bleachers of the, prohibit the
use of coal, 228.
Harmony and proportion in architecture, 372.
Harpagus, cruel treatment of by Astyages, 33.
Harrington, James, allusion to the coarseness of
language in his Oceana, 145- notice of him^
ibid. n.
{latching;, in drawing, what it is, 314, 315. in
engraving, directions and plate illustrative of
the various effects produced by, 320, 321, 322.
single opes recommended 322. counter hatch-
ings sometimes of good effect, 323.
Havens of France, vessels riding in the, 84.
Havre de Grace, motto on the artillery of, 58.
Head, examples of shadows falling on one, 321.
Head-dresses, anciently worn by ladies in Eng-
land, 706, 707. terms used in, 710, 711,
'.' 712.
Health-drinking in France, uncompulsive nature
of, 160. defence of. the custom, 158 n.
Hearing, advice for guarding the sense of in chil-
dren, 119.
Heart, supposed to be the seat of anger, 128.
Heaven, not a place of indolence, 523.
Heathens, their custom of sacrificing their hair,
138.
Heliodorus, Bishop of Tricca, amiable disposition
of, 109.
Hemicircular arch, 386.
Henrietta-Maria, Queen of Charles I, her orange-
trees and orange-garden sold, 460 n.
Henry III. King of England, his institution of
naval commanders, 671.
V . , his sovereignty over
the seas, 672.
Henry VII. King of England, his naval forces, 663:
his increase of the fisheries, 67S.
VIII. , his naval forces,. 663.
emblem used on his coin, 674.
Henry III. King of France, effects of hip example,
32. institutes the Order "of St. Esprit, 77.
Henshaw, Thomas, Esq. epistles- dedicatory to,
97. 99. account of, 97 n.
Heraclea, naval battle at, 643.
Herbs, directions for 'gathering and drying, 464.
directions for makings tart of,_809.
Hercules, Hesiod's account of his shield, 269.
Heraclitus, his contempt of worldly power, 26.
Herbert, Lord Edward, of Cherbury, reference to
his History of Henry VIII., 663 n.
Hermits, their unhealthy abodes, 224. their
superstitious and useless lives of, 530. notice
concerning the early ones, 532, ' . ,
Herodotus Halicarnassensis, various references to
and quotations from, 22; 33.2/0. 639.749., :.
Herring fishery, amazing extent and produce of
the, 680. 682; rent idue for th^ to England
from the Dutch, 681.
Hertford, Sir William Seymour, Marquess of, his
. house and gardens in the Strand, 222. notice
of him, ibid:^,
Hertocks, A. plates engraved by, 300.
Hesiod various references to and quotE(tions from,
268,269.761.
Hesychius, reference to concerning the impiety of
Tribonius, 33.
Hevelius or Hevelke, John, plates in his^ Seleno^
graphia, 1647,301.
Heuter, Pontus, his mention of the naval exploits
of the Dutch, 659 n.
Hexastylos, signification of in architecture, 388.
Hills of Surrey, various particulars concerning the
688, 689.
Hiensius, his eulogy on vermin, 230.
Hiero, hi? floating palace, 637.
Hieroglyphics, what they were, 266. of the
Danes, notice of, 273. of the^ Mexicans, 275.
Hieronicae, vvhere preserved, 268.
Hippagines, ferry-boats invented by, 637.
Hippocrates, various references to and illustra.-,
tions from, 216, 217. 236. 241. 752. 778. 789.
Hippodromes, ancient ornaments and figures of,
421.
Hippus, large vessels invented by, 637.
Historians, fame given by the best' only, 533.
their rewards neglected, 542,
Holbein, Hans, rarity of his engravings on wood,
294. old English sea-fight painted by, 663 n.
Holborn, ancient improvements in, 345.
Holland, its wants and abundance equally great,
631. wealth of arising from the herring
fishery, 681, 682.
Hollar, Wenceslaus, multitude and excellence of
his etchings; 300. plates relating to London,
309. his views round London, &c. 31 1.
830
GENERAL INDEX.
Holly, fine one destroyed at Says Court, 695.
Holthlizen, his skill in engraving On wood, '294,
Homer, vaiiOus reFerences to, and illustrations
from, IS. 43. 268, 269. 640. 749. 774 n.
Hondius, William, his maps and other engravings,
299.
Hooker, Robert, notice of, 622 n.
Hoole, Charles, bad plates to his edition of Com-
roenius, 330.
Hops, how to be used and dressed, 742.
Hciquencourt, Mareschal de. Grand Prev&t of
France, 62.
HorapoUinis Notae, hieroglyphical obelisks, 266.
Horatius Flaccus, Quintus, various references to,
and quotations from, 139. 259. 271. 313. 329.
636. 644 n. 744. 747 n. 763 n. 773 n. 778 n.
782 and note. 796 n, 797.
Horologium Beatse Mariie, earliest European let-
ters in, 275. ' -
llorsemanship, natural excellence of the French
in, 85.
Horse, Master of the in France, his officers, 61.
Horse-Radish, Spanish black, method of pre-
■ paring, 752.
Horses, causes of their many diseases, 781. occa-
sional longevity of, ib.
Hosts of taverns in London, amazing success of,
157. 166.
Hot-beds, various directions concerning, 449.
452. 456.
H6tel de Bourgoigne, a theatre in Paris, 164 n.
Hotham, Sir John, his character by Granger,
177 n. execution of him and his son, I78 n.
Housekeeping, descriptive account of old English,
700, 701.
Houses, general order and heights of rooms in,
369. bad situations often selected for, 370.
continual repairs of, costly, ib. flat-roofed ones
of the Jews, 375.
Howard, Henry, of Norfolk, dedication to, 555.
his jirotection and encouragement of the Royal
Society, ib. 556 n.
Howel, James, his Instructions for Forreine Tra-
vel, viii.
, Dr. William, his defence of early British
navigation, 659 and note.
Hoyle, Thomas, biographical particulars of, 179 n.
H. S. B. by whom used as a mark, 291.
'Humboldt, Frederick Baron Von, his specimen of
Mexican Hieroglyphics, 275 n.
Humours of children to be irequentTy crossed,
129.
Hundred gentlemen of thfe Guard of France, 62.
Hunter, Dr. Andrew, his edition of Evelyn's Sylva,
1772, xiv. editions of Evelyn's other works by,
note, XV.
Hyde Park, ancient description of, 165. a toll on
entering it, 165 n.
Hydriae, or water pots engraven, 272.
Hypethre, how it is formed, 391.
Hypotrachelium,! in architecture, its derivatipn
and meatiing, 380.
Hyssop, medicinal virtues of, 742.
J.
•laek-by-the-Hedge, its vegetable uses, 742.
Jamblichus,; reference to concerning • Pythagoras,
18.
James I. King of England, his act against Moor
burning, 234! fine ships built by, 666. his
sovereignty over the seas, 671. his proclama-
tion concerning his sovereignty of the seas and
fisheries, 678, 679. limits the seas round Eng-
land, 679. prohibits' fishing in the island
fishery, 683.
Jansen, Cornelius, Bishop of Ypres, his sect in
france, 83. notice of him, ib. n.
January, length of days in, 443. work to be
done in, in the orchard and kitchen-garden, ib.'
fruits in prime and lasting in, 445. work for
the parterre and flower-garden in, 446. flow-
€fs in prime and lasting in, ib.
Japan, encouragement of artists by the Emperor
of, SI7.
J. B. M. signification of the mark, 282,
Ibrahim, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, his de-
scent, 569. becomes attached to a slave's
child, 571. nearly drowns his son, ib. per-
mits his Aga to go to Mecca^ 572. his war
with the Venetians, 576, his issue particu-
larized, 577.
Ichnography in architecture, derivation and ex-
planation of, '371.
Idolatry, the origin of, 266.
Jegher, Christopher, his wood-cut of Rubens'
Temptation of Christ, 297,
Jermaiii, Lord H. Republican calumny of, 195 n
197.
Jerome, St. reference io concerning the fallen
angels, 10. concerning travel, 44. passage
from his epitaph on Marcellus, 107 n. • his cha-
riicter of Heliodorus, 109. his account of the
early hermits, 533 n.
Jesuitism, the Mystery of, notice of Evelyn's trans-
lation of 1664, xvii.
Jesuits of Spain, their endeavours to alienate the
people of France, 88. infamous conduct of the,
499. volumes relative to the in the library at
Wotton, 500 n.
Jewels, list'of anciently used by females in Eng-
land, 704, 705f 709. 711.
Jews, their flat-roofed houses, 375, their ex-
jaectations of a Messiah, 587, 588, 589. 592.
letter to the from the false Elias, 59 1, their
penance, alms, &c. in expectation of the Mes-
siah, 592, 593. his declaration to the, 59^4;
595. fictitious princes appointed' over the,
596. their constancy to the false Messiahy 598.'
conduct of those at Constantinopleitahira, 599.
GENERAL INDEX.
831
their visitations to ditto. 600. 605. form oF
- prayer appointed, fotthe, bydittb, ib. 601. theif
honours to him, 602. disbelief of some con-
cerning him, ib. their revenge, against such,
603. their preparations, &c. for Elias, ib. 604,
.' 605. their distress and'derision of, on discover-
ing the imposture of Sabatai Sevi, 608, 609.
their assertion . concerning him, ib. orders re-
lating to hiin sent tothe, ib. miracles attri-
buted, by; the Jews to him, 6U.. some still
believe on him and Nathan, ib. letter to the,
. against Nathan Benjamin, 612,613. .history
of their extirpation from Persia, 615. — 620.
their settlement in ditto, 615. their usuryand
danger in ditto, 616. exam.ination of the, by
the Sophy, ib. 617. assign a jJeriOd for the
Messiah's coming, '618. cause of their terrible
destruction throughout Persia, 619.
Jmpostorg, history of the three late famous, 1669,
notice of, xix. reprint of, 563 — 620. vide
Mahomed, Ottomano, Sabatai, Turks, Venetians.
Imposts in Architecture explained, 385.
Inactivity, not the life of the Almighty,-510. Ci-
cero's censure of, 511. not deserving of fame,
ib. nor vyorthy of ambition, 512.
Incurhbee, vide Imposts.
Independence, the. sum of liberty, 12.
Independents in England- during the. civil wars,
155. their miserable character, 156.
India, ancient marts' for its merchandise, and
circuitous modes of trading to, 648. new
passage to, discovered by the Portugese, 649.
Indies, East and West, views, &c. of, recom-
mended to be engraven, 311.
Infanterie de la France, Colonel of, his lucrative
office, 75. compared ■ with the Spanish, S5.
Machiavel's saying concerning the, ib. im-r
proving state of the, 86.
Inferior, officers of the French Court, 61.
Ink-maker in China, his privileges, 275.
Insects, various'directibns for removing, 455. 466.
468. 476. feeding on herbs indicative of their
nature, 761. their eggs to be removed from
sallads; ib. •
Insulata Columna, what it signifies in architec-
ture, 388.
Intaglia, an Italian seal, 262. very ancient use of,
• 269.
Intemperance, not the vice of the greatest per-
sons, 547.
Intercolumniation, what. it signifies in Architec-
ture, 388. • '
Intoxication, common in England, and fatal ef-
fects of it, 159. .
Jode, Peter de, his engraving* after Vandyke, 297.
and other works, 298.
John, Kirig of England, great naval force of, 661,
Duty of the Flag claimed by, 675.
Johnson; Dr. ; Siamwel, his authorities for the
derivation of. Gilliflower, 466 n.
Jones, Inigo, his . banquetting house compared
with Henry the Sevenths chapel, 366.
Ionic. Order, capital of tlie, 357. how its base Is
formed, 376. sitiiatian of the Astragal in the,
. 378, Volute in the,. 382. Striges in the, 383.
Intercolumniation in the, 388. . Dentelli in the
397.' Modillipns of the, 398. historical ac-
count, description, and parts of the, 408.
Joppa, astronomical sculptures erected at, 264.
Jose[)hus, Flavius, his notion'of the origin of let-
ters, 267. his, idea of the oldest Greek writ-
ings, 268. his idea of the origin of commerce,
633,
Journal of Science, Literature, and the Arts, analy*
sis of Evelyn's Fumifiigium in the, 315 n.
Ireland, dangerous air of, 218.
Iron weapons, the. carrying of, made a capital
offence, 202.. ,. ;
Irefeon, Henry, biographical particulars of, 1*9 n.
Isabella of Castile, her encouragement of Colutn-
bus lewarded, 655.
Isles, a double portico, 391. ^
Isocrates, his praise of men usefully learned,
542. ';.' <
Israel Van Mechlin, one of the earliest copper-
( plate engravers, 276.
Italians, their phrase for the hope of a Courtier,
28. :■
Italy, excuse for not fully • treating of; 51. ac-
count of the principal engravers of, and their
works, 279 — 289. architects and architecture
encouraged in, 362. seasons in, to be care-
fully observed by gardeners, 431. - •
July, length of the days in &c. 467. work to be
in, in the orchard and kitchen garden, ib.
fruits in prime and lasting in, 463. work to
be;done in, in the parterre and flower garden,
469. flowersin prime arid lasting in, 471.
Jumbel Aga, Chief Eunuch of the Seraglio, 569.
a slave bought for him, 570. brings up hei'
natural child, ib. incurs the Sultana's'^ hatred,
ib. vainly tries to resign his office, 571.' but
at length departs for Mecca, 572. Dominican
Friar burned by, ib. storm on his voyage ib.
his fight with Maltese vessels and death, 573.
June, length of the days in, &c. 463. work to
be done in, in the orchard and kitchen garden,
ib, fruits in prime and lasting in, 465. work
to be done in the parterre and flower garden
in, ib. flowers in prime and lasting in, 466.
Junius,' Francis, praise of his Lexicon, 354. his
his translation of a passage in Kings, 260.
his names for the style, 261i 262." .,
Justice, officers of, in France, 69.
Justin Martyr, his assertion concerning Socrates,
26. his account of Greek navigation referred ,
to, 642 n.
Justinian, Emperor, Tribonius' flattery of, 33.
Justihus, M. Junianus, his history of the Greek
wars, 642 and note.
Juvenal, Decius Junius, various references to and
quotations from, 138, 139. 259; 697- 712. 749.
Ivory, ancient names for gravers and carvers in,
258.
832
GENERAL INDEX;
Kalendarium Hortense, 1664, notice of, xvi. re-
, print of do. 425-i-498. bibliographical note on
the editions, &c. of the,, 4S7. introduction to
the, 430. importance of the monthly direc-
tions and hiethod pursued in, 431, 432, 433.
notice of the authors consulted for, 434. let-
ter and poem addressed to Evelyn on this work,
435, 436. vide the respective months.
Keckermann, Dr. Bartholomew, his praise of the
English navigation, 666.
Kephalidion, what it signifies, 383.
Key-storte, its'use, 386, 387. general rule for or-
namenting the, 422.
Kilianus, Lucas, engravings executed by,, 299.
King-kitting, History pf, 1719. particulars of the
life of Dorislaus from the, 178 n.
Kings, servittide of, 14. wise nien called so by
the kStoics, 17. modesty to be observed in the
presence of, 34. their love of extensive power,
ib, the source of honour, 3.5. the servants of
vanity, 38. effects of the government of > pow^
erful and prudent sovereigns, 52, 53. evil con-
- sequences from forsaking of,' 52. of France,
absolute, 53. 56, 57- titles of do. 54. of
,' France, ceremony at their death, 60. do.
their guard, 62. do. ancient revenue of, 65,
66.. " do. amount Of their present revenue, 67.
do.' his "affability and the reverence he expe-
riences, 91. their abdication censured, 517.
- examples of excellent, 526, 527. deaths of by
recluses, 52S. their power of dismissing bad
' cofurtiers and advancing good men, 533. learn-
ing greatly derived from, 546. should be at-
tended by an eastern minister, 567.
Kings of England, their sovereignty over the
seas, 672. their rights on the seas, 675. ex-
tent of their sovereignty on do. 677. 685.
Kircher, Athanasius, his mention of the obelisks
of Misra, &c. 265, 266.
Kitchen-garden, vide Olitory.
Knighthood, Orders of in France, 77.
Labacco, Antonio, his book of architecture, 284.
Lacedemonians, their pride, 521. .. .
(Lactantius, God's inactivity rejected by, 510.
Ladles of England, their free, and intemperate
customs, 158.. 160. . defended; from thosei as-
sertions, 155 n. 156 n. 159 n. 160 n. their
. skill in card playing, 160, 161. inferiority of
their treatment to that customary iii France,
161. censure of their dress and mannersy 162.
some exceptions to this, 163. conduct of in
Hyde Park, 165.: their 'expectations ;Qf, their
admirers, 699. mannei-s of the old English,
■ 701, 702. poetical description of the ,dress and
dressing rooms of, 703 — 709,
, LaeJ, , John, his. mention, of. Acadian. sculpture,
275.
L'Alzato, what it signifies in architecture, 37L
Lambard,'. William, early British navigation men-
tioned by, 660 n. -
Lambert, Major General, John, character and no-
tice of, 182 n. . .
Lambeth, notice of the spring gardens ats 240,
and note.
Lamoignon, Guillaume de, notice of, 624 n.
Land forces of France, excellence of, 84i 85.
Lanferri, Antonio, his engravings after Michel
Angelo, &c. 283, 284.
L'Asne, Michael, numerous portraits engraved by,
305. , . ■
Latins, commercial privileges permitted the, 633.
Layers of . Gilliflowers and Carnations, directions
concerning, 469.
Laws ever to be enforced, 1 16, 139.'
Lead, Hesiod's poems engraven on, 268.
Learnipg, state of in France, 89. much derived
from princes and public men, 546.
Lfidus, his sculptured battles, 272. ,
Leeks, their medicinal qualities, 742.
Leisure to be improved, not idle, 514.
Leith-hill, beautiful and. extensive prospect from,
688 and note.
Lemons, botanical names and qualities of, 744.
directions for pickling, 805.
L'Estrange, Sir Roger, his Discourse of the Fishery,
681 n.
Letters, high antiquity of, 263, 264. dispute
concerning their invention, 266. earliest in
Europe, 275. names of French engravers of, '
305.
Letters from the pretended Elias to the false Mes-
siah, 590. fiom do. to the Jews, 59 h of de-
claration to do. from the false Messiah, 595,
599, 600. from the Chochams of Constanti-
nople to the Jews of Smyrna, 609. 612.
Lettuce, Genoa, direction for preserving, 480 n.-
Lettuces,. historical notice of, and method of
dressing, 742, 743. various kinds of, 744.
Lex Julia de AduUeriis, reference to Horace con-
I cerning the, 139.
Lexicons, defective in terms of arts, 354.
-Libanius, his supposition that the powers of mars
are lost, 313.
.Liberty,, enjoyed by few, but contended for by
many, 8. the gift of nature, ib. essential to
-'i allrexistence, 9. . struggles after, by the angels,
ib. 10. in what it consists, 10. .of the body,
ib. of.the mind, 11. * independence of action,
the sum of, 12. philosophical notions of, 13.
-. 17, 18. 21. vice an'. enemy to, 15. by
whom enjoyed, 16. important limitations to,
19. dangers of unrestrained, 20. reason, the
bestower of, ib. where it most probably exists,
. 23. extreme rarity of, 27. not enjoyed by
any, 38. i
Liber.ty and Servitude, notice of Evelyn's tract on
1649, vii. reprint of do. -1 — 38.
Licetusi Fortunius,. his book of antique rings,
269..
GENERAL INDEX.
833
J^ghtfoot, William, his character as an engraver,
.310.
Light Horse of France, 76.
Lights .and shades, how produced in drawing with
tJie pen, 314. and in what manner expressed
in engraving, 320.
Lime and sulphur, how beneficial to the lungs,
2^3 n.
Lime-kiln on Bankside, notice of, 223.
Lime-trees in St. James's Park, first planting of
the, 241.
L'lmpiedi Facciata, what it signifies in architec-
ture, 371.
(Lines in engraving, rules for laying of the, 321.
their perspective, 322. used for heraldic bla-
zons, 323.
Lister, Dr. Martin, his paper on mushrooms re-
fen-ed to, 747. his notices of insects feeding
on plants, 761. his- method for forcing aspa-
ragus, 779. his censure of religious recluses,
790 n, 79U ...
Litboxoi, sculptors in stone, 258.
Literary men, their diffidence on speaking, 540.
reason for do. 541.
Literature, consistent with public employment,
538, 539, 540. fri'vqlaus pursuits of, 541.
Littleton, Adam, Hebrew Etymons mentioned by,
. 263.
Livius, Titus, journeys made to hear liis elo-
quence, 44, his mention of embossed plate,
260. bis mention of the Roman contempt for
; commerce, 633.
Loadstone, eulogy on the discoveries produced by
the, 657.
Lomatius, Giovanni Paolo, his rule concerning
, Dentelli, 397.
Lombart, Peter, excellent engravings by, 300.
Londerselius, his engraved landscapes, 295.
London,, vide St. Paul's, scheme for removing the
smoke of, xiii. difficulty of comparing it with
Paris, 83. continual revelry of, 95. rudeness
of the common people in to foreigners, 150.
fine situation, 218, 219. and poor appearance
of, 151. lop. 210. defence of, 148 n. 149 h.
praise of, 150 n. smoke and foggy atmo-
sphere, of, 219, 220, 221. and taverns in, 167-
intemperance common in, 158, 159. smoke of
assails the Court, 207^ how to improve the air
' «/, 208. 213. improvements required in, 210.
" and the probability of their taking place, 211.
unwholesome and coarse trades and works of
, on the river banks, 207. 210.212. 22a 231.
gardens, pf, damaged by the smoke of, 212. 221.
means for removing the smoky works of, 213.
church-yards should be removed from, ib.
' mortality of its air, 214. 220; soil of, 219.
pestilent nature of its coal smoke, 220, 221.
223.225.227,228.230. diseases, induced by
the air of, 224, 225, 226. 228. scheme for re-
' moving the smoky works of, 232. and for sup-
plying i* with their commodities, 23?.. import-
5 o
ance of t>urifying its altmbsphet-e, 238. ahd
improvement of by way Of plantations, 239.
spring-gardens in, noti<^ df, 240, and note,
ancient city of, 484 n. improvements and
building of palaces and churches in, executed
under Charles II. 34a 344. notices of noble-
men's houses anciently in, 341 n, 342n. ancient
improvements in, 344. 351.
London, Mr. George, his garden near Chelsegt re-
commended, 497. account of him and his
. garden, 7 14, 715 and notes, 716, 717.
Longevity, remarkable instance of, 782.
Losses, how they should be borne by youth, 132.
Louis XI. King of France, his saying of the
French Kings, 53. his institution of the Order
of St. Michael, 77. consequence of his disarm-
■ ing the Commons of France, 86.
— — XIII. -■ — — 1 his peculiarities in
large vessels built by.
selecting his guard, 63.
637.
— XIV.
Court, 36. state of France under, 39 — 95
panegyric
on his
de-
scent of, 54. his birth, education, and rela-
tions, ib. 55.
Louise Princess of Bohemia, paintings of, 326.
Lufoinus, Eilhardus, his method of education by
prints, 329.
Lucan,M.Anneeus, quotations from, 225, 226. 546.
Lucas Van Leyden, his manner of marking Ms
engravings, 276. his copies of Albert Durer's
plates, 278. other engravings by, 279.
Lucatelo, Don Joseph, his account of the Spanisti
Sembrador, 621 n.
Lucian, his anecdote of Combabus, 31. do. of
Alexander, 37. sacrifice of hair mentioned by,
136. his mention of Alcxaiider and Cssar in
another world, 532.
Lucretius, Carus T. character of Evelyn's trans-
lation of into verse, ix. motto from on a
smoky atmosphere, 205.
Lycurgus, did not encourage commerce, and why,
634.
Lysippus, his effigy of Alexander, 37.
M.
Mabugius, John, historical error of in one pf
his pictures, 560. notice of the painting, ib.
note; <»
Machiavelli, Njeolo,!his saying concerning France,
52. do. on the French Infantry, 85. do. on
, the geiiius of the people of Flrance, 88, 89. on
the oaths of princes, 197 n.
Mackenzie, Sir George, his Essaif on Solitude, and
Evelyn's answer to do. xvii. 503, 504. notice
of him and his works, 502;
Maerobius, Aurelius, various references to, 794 n,
795 n. 797.
Madeira, discovery of the island of, 648.
JMagaseines, ornaments and figures proper for, 42 1 .
3({aggi, Giovanni, his engravings, 286, 287.
834
GENERAX INDEX.
•Magi,. pretended Chaldean books of the, 265. >
Mahomed, Han, Sultaun of the Ottoman Empire,
his descent, 569. is nearly drowned, .571. his
war with the Venetians, .576. i
Mahomed Bei, the second Impostor, his story and
pretensions, 578 — 586. his history published in
France, 578 and note, his descent, and bring-
ing up, 578, 579. his adventures and near
•.conversion in Palestine, 579. loss of his trea-
sure and consequent travels, 580. is baptized
at Warsaw, ib, pilgrimage and travels of, 581.
his imposture spread,, ib. and encouragement
of him at various courts, ib. 582. his reception
in France, 582.,. his real descent, ib. infamous
amours of, and departure from hi§, native coun-
try, 583. his wanderings and impostures, ib,
discovery of in England, ib. 58^. probable
fainily of, 585. remarks on the pamphlet con-
cernitig, ib, his .ignorance and errors in his
pamphlet, 585. proofs of his deceit and falsity
in do. 586.
Mahometanism invented by recluses, 523.
Majoragius, Mark Anthony, his commendation of
dirt, 230.
Maltre,, Grand, of France, his duties and offices, 60.
Malleiy, Charles de, excellence of his works, 296.
Mallows, medicinal qualities and historical notices
of, 744.
Malta, island of, value of the mastership of its re-
ligion, 7'6.
Maltese, spread the error of Sultaun Ibrahim's
son;. 573, 574. examine the identity of Padre
Ottoniano, 574. and send a messenger to Con-
stantinople for that purpose, ib. the imposturfe
discovered to them, 575. instances of their
covetousness, 5,77. naval exploits of the, 653.
Man, his greatest excellence in action and society,
550, '551. prudence and industry required foi"
.. his support, 630.
Manch, Gard de la, vide Archers, 63.
Manchester, Edward Montagu Earl of, biogra--
phical notice of, 177 n.
Mangos, directions for pickling, S04.
^Manners, curious description of Old English, 700,
701,702.
Mantegna, Andrea, designed for Eaccio Baldini,
277- engravings by, 285.
Mantuana, Andrea, engravings by, 285.
Mantuano, Giorgio, plates engraved by, 282.
— ^- '—, Giovanni Battista, 281, , plates en-
graved by, 282.
Manure; various directions concerning in gardens
and orchards, 443, 448, 461. 482.
Manutius, Aldus, his explanation of a passage in
Martial, 259,
Map Engravers, eminent foreign ones, 309.
Marbre, Table de, an admiralty court of France,74.
Marca, Giovanni Battista, his engravings, 288.
March, length of the days, &c. in, 449.' work to
: . be done in, in the orchard and kitchen garden,
ib. . fruits in prime and lasting in, 451. work
,: to be done in, in the parteri'e and fldwer gar-
den, ib. flowers in prime and lasting in, 454.
Marco di Ravenna, his works, 280.
Marcolini, Francesco, his engravings, 284.
Mareschals of France, offices and rank of, 74.
Maritime forces of France, improving state of
, the, .84.
Marmora Arundeliana, &c. list of editions of,
557 n,
Marriage, hovv to be spoken of to youth, 128. to
be early with secular youth, 134, 135.
•Marriages of the Jews in expectation of the Mes-
siah, 593.
Marryland, a Voyage to, reprint of the poem so
called, 703—709.
Martelay, M. de la, his collection of prints for
teaching all sciences, 329.
Martens found in Surrey, 690. •
Martial, Marcus Valerius^ various quotations from,
and references .to, 7. 138. 259, 260. 272. 339 n.
344 n. 734 n. 736. 744. 747. 765. 772 n, 773 n.
792.
Martin of Antwerp, engravings executed by, 277.
Martyr, Justin, his reasons why blood should not
be eaten, 787. '
Mary, the blessed Virgin, made the patron saint
of France, 53. '
Masts and yards, to whoin their invention is attri-
buted, 637.
Matbam, James, his engraved fruits, 295,
Mauperche, 'Henri, his landscapes, 304,
Mausolea, ornaments and figures anciently used
for, 421.
Maximinus, Caius JuliusVerus, Emperor of Rome,
gluttony of, 797.
May, length of the days, &c. in, 459. work to be
done in, in the orchard and kitchen garden, ib.
fruits in prime and lasting in, 460. work to be
done in, in the parterre and flower garden, ib.
flowers in prime and lasting in, 463.
May, Hugh, notice of him, 343 and note.
Mazarine, Cardinal Julius, dedication addressed
to, 4. his office and character, 78.
Measurements .in architecture, 404.
Mechanics and tradesmen of France, character of
the, 80. excellence of the former, 90.
Mecca, privilege of making a pilgrimage to, 572.
Medallists, of Rome, times of their excellence,
273. names of eminent modern Italian, 289.
of eminent English, 310.
Medicine in France, miserable state of, 90.
Mediterranean Sea, excellence of its situation, 629.
Medlars, catalogue of the best kinds of, 496,
Megalopsuchia, magnanimity, 512.,
Mela, Pomponius, empire of the Sea mentioned
by, 668 and note. .
Mellan, Claude, his singular engraving of St. Ve-
ronica's napkin, 304.
Melon, its nature and various particulars of the,
745. directions for pickling, 805.
Membretti, an Italian name for pilasters, 384.
GENERAl.' INDEX.
835
Memmius, his belief that the gods were inactive,
510.
Menapius; Gul. Insulanus, his commendation of
a quartan ague, 229.
Men of War, supposed to have been first built by
Minos, 638.
Mensula: or Iseystone, its use, 386, 387.
Mentor, his richly-wrought ctips, 272.
Mentum, origin of tliat term in Architecture,
400.
Merchants, their value in a state, 633. ancient
splendour and exploits of, 639, 640. notice of
the earliest, 641.
Merchants of France, character of the, 81,
Mercurius Trisn^egistus, his mystical engravings,
265.
Mercury, English, 745.
Messiah, vide Sabatai, numerous pretenders to be
the, 568. prophecies concerning a pretended
one, 589, 590. two expected by the JewS, 606.
ideas of the Jews concerning the, 616. yeaC
of his coming assigned by the Jews, 618.
Metals, ancient names for casting figures and,
carving in, 258.
Metopae, meaning, derivation, and ornaments of
the, 396.
Metropolis, the best map of a country, 92.
Metz, diflFerence between its parliament and that
of Paris, 72.
Meurtrieres, what is meant by the term, 712
Mexico, hieroglyphical sculptures found in, 275.
Mezzo-tinto Engraving, enigmatical account of,
333,334. increased perfection of, 334 n.
M. F. explanation of the mark, 280.
Michael, St. Order of Knighthood, notice of, 77.
Michelino, his imitation of ancient medals,
289.-
Migades, nature of the word explained, 139.
Mikropsuchia, despising of gloi'y, 512.
MiUtary and civil architecture, how connected,
365.
Milton, John, harmony of edible plants mentioned
by, 764. 798.
Mills in Wotton, for powder and brass wire, 689.
fulling do. 690.
Minced Sallad, directions for making, 809.
Mind, liberty of the, 11. wholly enslaved at
court, 32.
Ministers of state, their value, 515. why they
should sometimes retire, 549. evils of their
serving by rotation, 550.
Mint, Latin names and qualities of, 745.
Minos, Kiiig- of Crete, the inventor of ships of
war, 638. :,
Miparties, Chambres des, members of, and why
established, 72, 73.
Miracles, related by Mahomed Bei, 579. falsely
attributed to the pretended Messiah, 697. 611.
Mirandula, Giovanni Picus, earl of, his possession
of the books of the Magi, 265.
Miriam, Matthew, Jiis etchings, 293.
Misra, king of Egypt, sculptured obelisk erected
by, 265,
M. M 3. M.C. marks of early engravers, 276, 277.
Model in architecture recommended, 368. 373^
Modilions, description of, and rules for, 398.
Modules, intention, and quantity of, 404.
Modulus, use of the, 259.
Monarchy of France, when founded, 53 . male ra-
ces of ditto, ib. how it became absolute, 56, 57,
numerous guards a sign of the French, 64.
Monconys, Balthasar, his notice of the spring gar-
dens at Lambeth, 240 n.
iVIonier, P. his work oh engraving, 334 n.
Monkish aichitecture, censure of, 365, 366, j nu-
merous specimens of extant, 366.
Monks, frequent crimes (jf, 522. notice of the
early ones, 532, censure of their idle and un-
wholesome lives, 790, 791.
Monnoyes, Cour des, its officers and duties, 74.
Monochromists, painters who used but one colour
in their works, 323.
Monthly advice to gardeners, great importance
of, 431.
Monument of London, its carved pedestal, 375.
Moor-burning, act of parliament against, 234.
penalties for, 235, 236.
Moors and. Arabs the corruptors of architecture,
365.
Mor^ri, Louis, his account of Mahomed Bei re-
ferred to, 578 n. of N. Serini, 581 n.
Mdrin, John,. notice of his engravings, 304.
Morisot, Claude Bartholomew, opposes the British
claim to the dominion of the Sea, 668. '
Moro, Giovanni Battista d'Angeli del, 283.
Morris, Corbyh, his enquiry into the mortality of
London, 214. . . ,
Mortality, Bills of, increase of from the atmos«
phere of London, 214.
Mortier, President au, his office and habit, 7L
Mosaic- work, nature and examples of, 423.
Moses, sculpture existing before his time, 265.
sculpture mentioned by, 266. supposed .inven-
» tor of letters, 267. ;
Mother, how she should assist in the education
of a child, 118. 121, 122. 137.
Motto on the artillery at Havre de Grace, 58.
Mould, various directions concerning in gardens
arid, orchards, 443, 444. 450. 452. 469. 486,
Mouhn, Peter du, his sect in France, 83. notice
of him, ib. n. . . -
M. R. signification of the mark, 231 , ;
Muffet, Dr. Thomas, his directions concerning
sallads,,765. '
Mulberries, list of the best sorts of, 49C.
Muller, Herman, his engravings, 293.
Mundus Muliebris, 1690, notice of, xx, reprint
of the, 697— 713.
Murat, Ottoman Sultaun, his war with the Vene-
tians, 576*
Museum, the British, presentation copy of the
Mystery of Jesuitism there, 499.
836
GENEUAL INDEX.
Mushrooms, various historical and other paxticu-
Jars of, 746, 747. directions for gathering,
. dressing, and preserving, 801. 805.
Musquetiers of the royal guard of France, .62.
Mustard, medicinal qualities and use of, 74S. di-
rections for making and using in sallads, 767.
directions for making, 802.
Mutules, architectural use of, 399.
Mys, his excellent works in sculptm-ed metals, 272.
Mystery of Jesuitism, notice of' a presentation co-
py of the, 499. dedicatory epistle to the, I664<,
lb. editions of in the Wotton library, 500 n.
Mythology, actiife life celebrated in the heathen,
511.
N
Naming of children, .pious advice for the, 124.
Nanteuil, Robert, Evelyn's portrait engraved by>
306, and note, other works of, lb. 307. his
drawing with a pen, 316.
Nasturtium. Vide Cresses; various kinds and qua-
lities of, 739. directions for pickling,. 806.
Natalis, Michael, his engravings, 298, 299.
Nathan, Benjamin, a Jew perscnating Elias, 589.
letter written by do, to the prjetended Messiah,
590. his. letter to tha Jews, .5ai. miracles
attributed to him, 611. his imposture still
supported, 612. .is opposed by the Chochams
of Constantinople, ib. . letter addressed to the
Jews concerning, him, 612, 613. conclusion
of his imposture, 614.
Naval Architecture, king Charles the Second's
knowledge and encouragement of,. 340.
Naud^, Gabriel, Evelyn's translation of his VKork
concerning libraries, x.
Nasigation, eulogium on its utility and power,
635. the,invention of claimed by several coun-
tries, 638. numerous improvements in, ib.
notice of the Hebrew and Pheniqian, 64.1. of
the Persian and Greek, 642. of the Roman,
643. its improvement under Charlemagne,
646. notice of the Egyptian, 647. of the Ve-
netian and Portuguese, 648. of the, Dutch,
649.658. of the. Goths, and Vandals, 649. of
the French, 650. of the Danes, &c. 651, 652. of
the Genoese and Swedes, 652, 653.' of the
Rhodians, Maltese, and 'Turks, 653. of the
Eastern Countries and Spaniards,. 654. of the
English, 656. 658. Portuguese inventions in
aid of, 656. early and imperfect state of, 657.
success and increase of, under Elizabeth, 665..
Navigation and Commerce, their Original and Pro-
gress, 1674, notice of, xix. reprint of, 625--
686. publication of, suppressed, 628 n.
Navigators, the earliest noticed, 636.
Navy, superiority of the English, under James I.
666, 667. . . , ,
Nazianzen, St. Gregory, his praise of pictures, 330.
Nectariijes, names of those in .prime and lasting
in August, 473. catalogue of the best, 495.
Needham, :Marbhmont, his News fronc 'Brussels',
1659, and Evelyn's answer to, xi.
Netherlands, importance of travelling in the, 50i
excuse for not speaking of, at full, 51. danger
to England in their accession to France,'88.
Nettles, qualities and use of, 748.
Newcastle, siege of, how of benefit to London,
212. 222. coal of, diseases induced by, 227.
Niceisius, his gross flatteiy of Alexander, 33.
Niches, general account of, and rules for, 417,
: 418. ' ■
Nieias, used but one colour in painting, 323.
Nicomedes King of Bithynia, deceit of his cook,
793.
Nicolas, Mons. first president of the Chambre des
Compts, 73.
Nieulant, William Van, his etchings after Paid
Brill, 295.
Nightingales, their existence through the winter,
696.
Nobility of England, their ignorance of architec-
ture lamented, 362 <
Nobility of France, free of taxes, 66. nature of
the, 79. their service to the king, ib. arms and
chivalry their profession,- ib. 84. their garb
and manner of living, 81. magnificence' of,
ib'. great pretenders to learning, ib. their
contempt of law and medicine, 82.
Nolpe, Peter, engravings by, 300.
Nonesuch House, materials of, used by the earl of
Berkeley, 419 and note.
Nonius, Louis, reference to his commentary on
Martial, 744.
Northern Countries, singular effect of the air on
the, 215, 216. navigation of the, 650, 651.
Northumberland House obscured bythe smoke of
London, 223. yet remaining in perfection,
ibid. n.
Norwegians, Runic writing of the, 273.
Nova Francia, Hieroglyphics in,. 275. ■ >
Nova Zembla, deleterious nature of its fuel,"2B7.
November, length of the days, &c. in, 4.S2. work
to be done in, in the orchard and. kitchen garden
■ ib. ■ fruits in p)rime and lasting in, 484. work
to be done in, in the parterre and flower garden,
ib. Sowers in prime and lasting, in, 426>
Nouvolstell, George, his engravings, 294.
Numismata, a Discourse of Medals, 1697, notice- of
Evelyn's work so called, xx.
O
Oak at Wotton Park,, immense size of .one, 687.
destruction of, in 1683, 693.
Oars, first invention and increase of, 637.
October, length of the days, &c. in, 479. work to
be done in, in the orchard and kitchen garden^
ib.. . fruits in prime and lasting in, 480. work
to be done in, in the parterre and flower garden,
ib. flowers in prime and lasting in, 481. .
Octostyle in architecture, 390.
G^ENERAJt JNDEX^
837
O^a.l^i^g ofJMeifcia, hi$ league with Charlemagne,
Officers of t^e crown of France, their, duties and
assistants, 60 — 62.
Offices iiiFrance may descend to widows, €5.
Oil, directions for using in sallads, 765.
Qle^ra, lyhat |)l%nts are sigmfied by the name, 73^-
Oleron, laws of, referred tp, ,674.
Olitory or kitchen garden, directions for work it*
the, in January, 443. do. in February, 447.
do. in March, 449. do. in April, 454. do. in
May, 459. do. in June, 463, do. in July, 467.
do. in Augustj 470. do. in September, 475.
do. in October, 479. do. in November, 482.
do. in Oecember, 487.-'
Onions, methods of dressing and medicinal quali-
. ties of, 748. historical notices of, 749.
Orach, nature and use of, 749-
Oratfiges, directions for planting, &c.- 454. 457;
460. 470. 473. nature and use of, 749.
Oi<ftnge-trees, various, directions concerning, 719.
sold by the parliament, 460 n.
Qrators to be instructed in all aits, 327,
Orchards, directions for work in the, in January,
, 443. do. ia February, 447. do, in March, 449.
do. in April, 454. do. in May, 459. do. in
June, 463. 4o. in July, 467. do. in August,
470. do. in September, 475. do. in October,
479. do. in November, 482. do. in December,
i 4S7. catalogue of fruit trees for a moderate*
sized one, 495.
Orders of Architecture determined by capitals,
405. names and descriptions of the, ib. - Tus-
can, ib. Doric, 406. Ionic, Corinthian, 408.
what they represent, 410. the Composite, ib.
Orders of; Knighthood in France, 77.
Ordonance in Architecture, what it is, 368.
Ordonation, vide Module, 404.
Organs taken from the English Churches, put up
in taverns, 157.
Origen, Adamantius, his censure of the blasphe-
my of Ceisus, 54. •
Orleans, Gaston Jean Baptist, duke of, his offices
and character, 55. a member of the Conseil
d'en haut, 67. holds the office of Constable
of Frwce, 74 chief of the French council of
war, 76. . . , ,^ ,
., Duchess of, her complamt or the smoke
of London, 208.
-, Anne Marie of, her character, 55.
Orlo, an Italian name for a plinth, 377.
Ornaments in architecture, their nature and use,
420. how tliey were adapted to ancient pub-
lic buildings, 42 1 . general rules for their use,
423. . ' '
Ornithogalums, formerly eaten as sallads, 757-
Orthography, in architecturej explanation of, Sfl.
Ostia, excellence of the ancient Trajan port at,
646.
Ostracism, fatal efifect of, in Athens, 519.
Ottomano, Padre, the first Impostor; his history
and . {wetensiojQs, !569''-577'- his birth, S70.
his mother's death, 573. first called the son
of Ibrahim,^ib. the imposture spread byfhe
Maltese, ib. 574. . his identity first eji;amined,
574. and the imposture discovered, 575. be-
comes a dominican friar, 577. "
Ottomans, their power fpom supporting their so-
vereigns, 53.
Ovidius Naso, P. quotations fjom, 221. 268, 783
note.-78Sn. 798 n.
Ovolo, its description in architecture, 397-
Outline in drawing not to be too precise, 315.
. directions for making and finishing, ib.
Owen, Rev. Mr. preaches in Evelyn's house du-
ring the Civil Wars, 1.53 n.
Oxenham, John, his valiant expedition against
the Spaniards, 664. '
Oxford, University of, Arundel marbles presented
to the, 557.
p. ,
Painters, parallel between them and the guardians
of a child; 115. . recommended -to practise en-
graving, 311. recommended to draw with the
pen, 319. names of some who used but one
colour, 323. passions expressed by the artcient
ones, 33 1. careless of costume, 557. - sipgular
errors o£in their pictures> 560. their inatten*
tion to perspective, 561. such as were learned '
the best skUled in costume, ib. extensive
knowledge required in, 562. •
Painting, principles of the perfection of, by M.
Freart, 554. pictures used in treating of ditto,
ib. its close connection with architecture and
sculpture, 559.
Paintings, difficulty of copying byengravings,S24.
Palladio, Andrea, reference to his comments on
Vitruvius, 373i regulated the proportions of
. pedestals, 375. his rule concerning pilasters,
383 . ditto for the Doric pedestal, 407. ditto
for the Corinthian ditto, 409. - •
Palma, Giacomo, his graphical works, 285.
Pamphilius, the first decorator of ceilings, 401.
Panderen^ Egbert Van, engravings by, 295.
Paper, materials for writing on used befoi''e its
. invention, 267- -■ ' •
Paracelsus, P. A. T. his observation on air, 222.
Paradigmatice, explanation of the art, 258.
Paradise, vegetable food used in, 783, 784, time
of man's fall from, consideredj 783.
Parallel of Ancient and Modern^ Architecture,
1664, Evelyn's translation of, xv. other edi-
tions of, xvi.
Parasol, Lionardo,^ Isabella, and Bernardino, their
engravings and works, 287. - ■
Parastatae, a Greek name for pilasters, 383.
Parents, how to excite in children a reverence for
them, 123.
Paris,- recommended for a traveller's residence,
50,. the archbishop of,. 94. his privilege in
B28
GENERAL INDEX.
the French parliament, 73. excellent scite and
buildings of, 92. immense crowds in the
Streets and houses of, 93. houses of the qua-
lity In, ib. difficulty of comparison of with
London, ib. increase and beauty of the new
buildings in, ib. government of, 94. nightly
disorders of, ib. its strength not equal to a
siege, ib. excellence of the air of> ib. plaster
of, a repeller of the plague, 95. superior to
London in its appearance,- 15 L vulgar ■ attack
upon,' 149 n. cours in, what, 162 n. Hotel de
Bourgoigne there, 164 n. comparison between
the course in and Hyde Park, 165. slaughter-
houses banished from, 237 n.
Parkinson, John, notice of him and his works,
433 h.
Parliament of France, a name only, 57. charac-
ter of, 70. established by Philip the Fair, 71.
' courts and officers of, ib. tlieir habits, ib.
arrests or acts of declared, ib. names of the
French cities possessing one, 72. how it differs
from that, of Paris, ib. prerogative title of the
French, 73. duties of ditto, and manner of
pleading iii, ib. how ecclesiastics sit in it, ib.
^, Act of the English against moor burn-
■ ing,234.
-, Rump, political change produced by
the, 174.
Parliamentarians, their coveteousness and cruelty,
175, 176. 180. instances of their fall, ib. and n.
detestable conduct of the, 183, 184. their dan-
gerous state, 184, 185.
Parmegiano,' Francesco, his engravings in chiaro-
scuro, 282. one of the first who engraved with
aquafortis, 283.
Parr, Old, his change of health in London, 224.
change of diet the cause of his death, 782.
Parsley, its qualities and use, 750, 751.
Parsnips, method of dressing, 749, 802.
Parterre, directions for working in the, in Ja-
nuary, 446. ditto for February, 44S. ditto
for March, 451. ditto for April, 456. ditto
for May, 460. ditto for June, 465. ditto for
July, 469- ditto for August, 473. ditto for
September, 477. ditto for October, 480. ditto
for November, 484. ditto for December, 488.
Passe, Crispin and Magdalen, excellent engravings
by, 303.
Passions, instances of servitude to the, 15. men
' generally governed by some of them, 22. sup-
posed seats of in the human body, 128, 129.
how they are to be moderated in children, 129.
of great men, conspicuous, 525.
Patent Rolls, various references to the, concern-
ing the British sovereignty of the seas, 672 ns
677 n. 680 n. 685 n.
Patriarchs, causes of their long life, 782.
Patroclus, his present to Antigonus, 636.
Paulet, La, explanation of, 65.
Paul's, St. Cathedral Church of, profanation of
during the civil wars, 151. 351. the neigh-
■ bourhood of infested with smoke, 223. in-
tended reparation of, 351.
Pautre, John Le, his engravings of ornaments
and ceremonies, 304.
Payne, John, his abilities as an engraver, 309.
Peaches, names of those in prime and lasting in
July, 469. ditto in August, 473. ditto in
September, 476. catalogue of the best, 495.
Pearls," popular belief concerning the formation
of, 115. 139.
Pears, names of those in prime and lasting ' in
- January, 445. ditto in February, -448.; ditto
in March, 451. ditto in April, 456. ditto in
May, 460. ditto in June, 465. ditto in July,
468. ditto in August, 472. ditto in Septem-
ber, 476. ditto in October, 480. ditto in No-
vember, 484. ditto in December, 487.' cata-
logue of the best, "495.
Peas, Sugar, their use in sallad, 749.
Pedantry of some French professors, 89.
Pedestal, various pans and names of a, 374, 375,
376. instances of historically-carved ones, 375.
where most generally used, ib. what kinds
were used for various figures, 37^. of the
Doric order, 407. of the Ionic, 40S. of the
Corinthian, 409. of thfe Composite ditto,- 411,
Peers of France,- their origin and number, 58.
immunities and privileges of, 59. Court of, a
title of the French parliament, 73. ■
Peiresk, Nieh; CI. Fabricius, Lord of, artificial
method of raising mushrooms described by,
747 and note.
Pen, art of drawing with the, 314, 315. objec-
tions to it, 315. names of masters who ex-
celled with it, 316, 319.
Penance performed by the Jews respecting a pre-
tended Messiah, 592.
Pennant, Thomas, reference to concerning Bridge-
. water House, 222 n.
Penni, Luca, engravings executed by, 284.
Pennia, Samuel, his conversion to the false Mes*
siah in Smyrna, 595.
Pennyroyal-pudding, directions for making, 8O8.
Pepper, medicinal qualities and various kinds of,
750. use of in sallads, 767.
Pepin, King of France, increases the possessions
of the crown, 65.
Parelle,' Gabriel, his engraved landscapes and
views, 304. ' ' ■■ ■■
Periptere, arrangement and number of columns
in the, 390. -
Peristyle, what it is, 391.
Perrault, Claude, his explanation of taxis in archi-
tecture, 368. of diathesis, 369. his rule for
the diminution of columns, 379. observation
on ante-prlasters, 385." place of the taenia
mentioned by, 393. his idea of the Composite
order, 410. dispositions of columns considered
by, 413. double tympanum mentioned by, 414.
Perrier, Fraticis, his engravings of antique Roman
sculpture, 304, 557
GENERAL INDEX.
839
Persia, settlement oE the Jews'in.l615.
Persians, their naval engagjements and discoveries,
642.
Persius Flaccus, Avilus, quotations from, 139.
764 n.
Perspective of -lines, treated of by Du Bosse, 322.
inattention of painters to,..561.
Penizzi, Baldassare, his engravings in chiaro-
scuro, 282.
Petalism, fatal effects of in Sicily, 519. .
Peter's, St. at Rome, number of columns in the
peristyle of, 388. cupola on, 416.
Petit, Mons.-some account of, 248.
Petronius Arbiter, his lamentation of the decay
of art and virtue, 274.
Philander, William, his argument in favour of a
model in architecture, 373. his distinction
concerning the taenia, 394. his derivation of
the frieze, ib. ditto of modilions, 398.
Philip H. King of Macedoh, complaisance of his
courtiers to, 30.
King of Spain, anecdote of his mildness
and patience, 526. his payment to England
for' thfe privilege Sof fishing, 677-
Phillips, ,. : . , particulars. from, on the planting
of the potatoe in England, 447 n. ancient
prices of orange trees from, 460 n. historical
notice of the Cornelian cherry by, 473 n.
Philo, his treatise on virtuous liberty, 17-
Philo Judaeus, his notion af the origin of letters
and sculpture, 267- '
Philosophers, their giving liberty to confined ani-
mals, 9. Indian ditto, prohibit the use qf
servants, 11. their ideas concerning liberty,
13.17, 18.21. their retirement into Persia,
19. boldness and confidence of, 21. difiBculty
Of finding their free man, 22. instances of
such as refused kingdoms for freedom, 26. tra-
vels of in search of knowledge, 43. their ex-
pression for air, 215. diawing, &e. practised
by^the, 331. their action and conversation, 617.
crimes charged upon the, 522. their relaxa-
tion, 537. much in public employment, 538.
not unfitted for business by study, 539. re-
frained from eating flesh, 784. 788.
Philosophical Liberty, nature of, 17-
Philosophical Transactions, various quotations
from and references to the, 497 n. 554. 621 n,
628 n. 692 n. 747 n. 756. 760 n, 761 n. 766 n.
768 n.
Philostratus, illustration from concerning natural
liberty, 9. his expression for design, 313.
freedom in copying mentioned by, 315, 445.
Phoenicians, supposed the oldest navigators and
- mefchahts, 639,'641,
Phrygiones, its true signification, 394.
Physicians of France, character of the, 89.
_ of Englknd, their desire to purify the
air of London, 228.
Pickles, various directions for making, -802 —807.
Pictures, eminent collections of in England open
to engravers, 310. the collecting of, a relax-
ation from business, 332.
Pietro, Signor, his labours to discover the im-
posture of Padre Ottomano,.574, 575. .
Pigeons Used by merchants as letter carriers, 648.
Pite in Architecture explained, 385.
Pilasters, their nature described, 384 — 385.
Pimpernel, general use of, in sallids, 751.
Pine-apple, first one raised in England presented
to Charles IL 101 n. 432 n.
Pinto,' Ferdinand Mendez, Chinese act of devo-
tion related by, 9.
Pipes for green-houses, of what material they
should be made, 494.
Pirckhemierus, Billbaldus, his commendation of
the gout, 229. notice of his library, 556 ni
Pisa, extraordinary arches in the bridge at, 386.
Pisaeus, his improvements in ships,- 637. • '
Pius, II. Pope, reference to his mismes of Courts,
29.
Plague, not always to be found in Paris, 95. sel-
dom in France, 225. singular scheme for re-
moving the, 239. '
Planceres, what is signified by,. 400.
Planta, Edward, his account of the French slaugh-
terrhouses, 237.
Plantations round London, scheme for making,
240.
Plants, vide Vegetables, classed list of tender
and hardy, 489. damaged by Winter how to
recover, 694,' 695. wild and unknown ones
to be avoided, 760.
Plaster of Paris a probable repeller of the plague,
95.
Plastice, explanation of, 258. more modern than
sculpture, 269.
Plato, various quotations from and references to,
10. 19. 106. 215. 357. 517. 634. 744.
Plautus, his satire upon ships and women, 703.
Plebeians of France, their misery, 79.
Plinth, what it is, and its parts, 377.
Pliny, C. Cselius Secundus, various references to
and quotations from, 43. 232, 259, 260. 263.
267. 270, !271, 272. 313. 326. 401. 637, 638.
• 726 and note. 734. 736. 738. 743 n. 746, 758.
781 and note, 794 n, 795 n, 796 n.
Plumpers, ancient use of them, 712.
Plums, names of those in prime and lasting in
July, 469. do. in August, 473. do. in .Octo-
ber, 480. catalogue of the best, 496.
Plumstead Marshes, remedy for the foul air. of,
^32.
Plutarch, various references to, and quotations
from, 17. 43. 138. 272.510.518. 520. 536, 537.
541. 549. 644. 734. 761, 772 n.
Podius, Q. a mute who was taught drawing, 331.
Poetry in English and Latin, various pieces and
fragments of, 48, 49. 53, 138, 139. 234. 267.
271. 339 n. 344. 347. 431 n. 436. 515. .529. 763,
764, 785j 786 and note, 793. 795, 796,797,
798, 799.
840
GENERAL. INDEX.
Poets, their rewajfds neglected, 542.
Poilly, Nicholas, his portrait of Cardinal Richelieu,
305,
Poisonous plants, wonderful power of, 761 and n.
. Pollux, his. names for engraving instruments, 262.
Polybius, his mention of the Roman conquests
by sea, 636. his account of the Roman naval
battles with the Carthaginians, 643,
Pdycletus, exactness of a statue sculptured by,
315.
Poinpey, Cneus Magnus, his pirate wars5'644.
Pontius, Paul, portraits and other prints engraved
by, 296.
Pope, blasphemous title given to the, 499.
Poppy, used as a sallad, 757.
Porphyry, his title for mushrooms, 746.
Portraits of eminent persons abused as signs, 271.
Ports, decay of ancient eminent, 650.
Portuguese, idolatrous request of one, 19. disco-
veries made by the at sea, 648, 649. their in-
ventions in aid of navigation, 656.
Potage/maigre, directions for making, 807.
Potatoes, notice concerning the planting of, in
England, 447 n. directions for dressing and
pickling, 806.
Pot-herbs, for what they are most proper, 742.
Powder Mills, by whom first brought to England,
689.
Prayer, to be early cultivated by youth, 134. why
ordered to be secret, 528. form of, established
by the false Messiah, 600, 601.
Prayers of the Church neglected during the civil
wars in England, 155.
Preachers, irreverent habits of, during the civil
wars, 153.
Presbyterians, irreverent devotions of during the
civil wars, 152, 153. their character and cus-
toms, 154, 155. qualification of the censure
of the, 192. the origin of the civil wars in
England, 196 n. pretended courtesy of Charles
II. to the, 200 n.
Presidents, &c. over the Parhamentary Courts of
France, 71.
Prevosts of Merchands in Paris, 94.
Prev6t, Grand, of France, his office and power, 62.
Prieur, Grand, of France, his rank and revenue,76'.
Primstaf of the Danes and Norwegians, what, 273.
Princes of France, nature of their estates, 58.
Princes, fictitious Israelitish made by the -pre-
tended Messiah, 596.
Printing, earliest instances of in Europe, 275.
very ancient use of in China, ib. unknown to
the Greeks and Romans, 276. doubt concern-
ing its production, ib.
Prints, account of some of the most ancient, 276.
proper for learning of hatching from, in draw-
ing, 314, 315. names of painters who copied
from, 319. copies in, most easily detected, 324.
astonishing collection of, of the Abb6 Marolles,
328. value of some mentioned by, ib. excel-
lent use of, in the education of chMren, 329.
Procaccia, an Italian Guide, 49.
Process of the Libel, reference to the book «o
called, 663.
Procharagraphia, the first draught or outline, 31 5.
Procopius, anecdote of Tribonius cited J&om, 33.
his mention Of the early navigations of the
Phoenicians, .639.
Proctors of France, their number, 7S. how they
plead in Parliament, 73.
ProjectureS in Architecture, names and nature of,
, 399.
Prophecies concerning the year 1666, 587. of
the pretended Messiah, 589. 596.
Proplaatic'e, what explained, 258. materials of
the Proplastic art, 259.
Proportion in Architecture exemplified, 372. de-
rived of the human figure, 403,
Prostyle, number of columns used in the, 390.
Protestants of France, doctrine and feeble state of,
82. unanimity of, 83. praise of the, 155.
Proteus, his skilful management of sails, &c. 638.
ProtogeneS, his excellent effigies, 271.
Prototypus, use of the, 259.
Proverbs, various, 14. 27. 139. 231. 274. 312.
315.389. 511, 512. 516. 540,543. 544.746.
751. 758.
Provinces of France, rank of the Governors of, 76.
Prudence how to inspire youth with, 136.
Prudentius, Aurelius Clemens, his mention of
ancient styles, 262.
Pruning, various directions for, 444. 447. 449,
450. 455. 459. 467. 471. 487.
Pseudo-diptere, arrangement and number of co-
lumns in the, 390.
Ptolemy, King of Egypt, sends the youth, of his
Country to travel, 43.
Ptolemy Philopater, number of oars in his galley,
637.
Puddings of carrot, penny-royal, spinage, and
tansie, directions for making, 808.
Purslain, qualities and mode of preparing, 751.
directions for potting, 806.
Pycnostylos, what it signifies in Architecture, 388.
Pyrrhon, his invention of bended |danks, 637.
Pyrrhus, his reply concerning wisdom, 515.
Pythagoras, various references to, 43, 44. 744. '■
Pythagoreans, gave liberty to confined animals,
9. custom of the concerning rings, 11. their
ideasof' liberty, 18>.
Q-
Queens of France, their household and officerSj 62.
Quinces, catalogue of the best, 495.
Quintenye, Mons. John de la, method of prepar-
ing stocks in his Complete Gardener, 482. do.
of forcing sallad and asparagus, 487 n. his
Complete Gardener, 714 and note, his Direc-
tions concerning Melons tend Oranges, 716.
Quintilian, Marcus FabiUs, various references to,
258. 260. 313. 326, 327. 331.
©ENEBA.L INBE36.
641
Quiaf us CurtioaRufus^Ms mention of the Yihi-
, cula Gaelata, ^69.
R.
sRadJsh, medical.qualities and domestic use of, 751.
historical notices of the, 752.
Rafi^elle Sanzio, d' Urbino, his praise of M. Anto-
nio, 279. his care In hajing the plates of his
works printed and marked, 280. recommends
M. lAntQhio to Albert Durer, ib. works of his
engraven, 279, 280, 281, 282. his bible, 288.
his cartoons copied with S pen, 316. his im-
provement of costume, 560.
Rag-women, what they were, 712.
Rainsborough, Colonel Thomas, particulars of,
179 n. '
Raleigh, Sir Walter, his praise of the English
navy under King James I. 666, 667.
Rampion, its use as a sallad„752.
Rapinas, Renatus, Evelyn's translation of his
Latia poem Ongardens, 623 n.
Raspberries,, list of the best sorts o£, 496.
Ray, Dr. John, passage quoted from his Historia
■ Plantarum, 728 n. his paper on heiTjlock re-
terfed to, 760. his notices of insects feeding
on plants, 761 and note, his defence of plants
as a diet, 791 and note, 792.
Raziel the Angel, said to have invented sculpture.
Reason, true liberty in the government of, 20.
Rebellions in France not prosperous, 80.
Recluses, many crimes devised by, 522 . fre-
quently impatient, 527. misfortunes of, 528.
vices and miseries of, 54,6. descriptive cha-
racters of do. 551, 552. . religious, censured,
790 and notes, 791.
Reformation, great persons in France inclined to
one, 83.
Reggio, Sebastiano del, plates engraved by, 2S'2.
Regiment des Gardes de la France, notice of, 63.
Rdgula ia architecture, what, 397, 401.
Regulus,.M. Attilius, his, naval battle. at Hefaclea,
643,
Relaxation, importance of to public men, 537. .
Relievo, 'Basso and Mezzo, 259. their nature and
situations, 419.
Religion; servitude occasioned by the want of it,
16. of France, divisions of the, 82. indif-
, ference of the French to, 91. children to be
early instructed in, 114. 122. not assisted by
solitude, 528.
Rembrandt Van Rhyn, his admirable etchings,
300; .
Renato, engravings by, 284.
Requ^ts^ Malttes des, iln France, 68. their num-
ber and duties, 70.
«—- ri— rdu Paiak, Chambres des, nature of, 73.
Restoration, calumnious and forged letter con-
cerning the,, 195 h.i-202 n.
Resurrection, manner of. giving an idea of the to
a child^ 121.
5 p
Retirement, when men prai?e it, 513, how it
' should be employed, 514. wh^n it is justifiable,
518, should- be universal . t;o be good, 520^
lost on wickedness and folly, 521, no defence
against vice, &c. ib. 625. 527, • not productifte
of wise men, 537. occupations and feelings of
idle men in, 543, 544, sloth and debasing
pleasures of, 545. its sjlvan sports qei»side«ed,
546.
Revenge, instances of lawful cited, 130.
Reveqje of France, uncertain nature, and oflScers
of, 64, ancient increase of, .65, 66,
Rheims, difference between its parliament and
-that of Paris,, 72,
Rhodians, navigation of the, 653.
Rialto, Arch of the at Venice, 387.
Richard II. King of England,, his naval vifltory
over the French, 662. his tribute .on thp
fisheries, 678.
Richards, his translation of Palladio, 423.
Richelieu, Armand du Plessis, Cardinal de, im-
moral saying of, 56. his subtilty. in rendewng
the Kii^ of France absolute, 57, hisinerease
of the French King's Revenue,. 67, infringes
the privileges of the French. Parliament, 73.
his augmentation of thje office of Admiral of
, France,, 75, seducer of the Scots in t^e civil
wars, 172, his encouragement of navigation,
• 651. , ■
Rirastoc of thp Danes and Norwegians, what,
273.
Rings with engraved seals, use and dignity of
269.
Rings round pillars, various names, places, and
proportions of, 379.
Robinson, Dr. Tancred, his paper on mushrooms
referred to, 747 n.
Roccha, Angelas, his mention of the columns of
■ Seth, 267.
Rocket, its use as a sallad, 752.
Rocoles, J. B. his Impostures Insignes, 1683, 578.
Roman way in Surrey, notice of the, 68.9.
Roman remains found in Surrey, 690.
Romans, evil consequences of their forsaking their
kings', 52. their custom concerning burials,
236. invasion of the Goths, destroyed their
arts, 273. their contempt for commerce, 633. .
their great successes by sea, 636. their early
naval expeditions, 643,. 644, 645. frequent
sea-fights with the Carthagipians, ib. their
naval triumphs, 646, and stores for maritime
war, ib. decline of their power at sea, ib.
their extensive commerce, 647.
Romano, Julio, engravings after his works, 2S1,
282.
Rom^ character of its buildings, 213 n. its de-
formiti.es.!and reformation celebrated by Martial,
344, the sumptuous buildings of, how erected
and despoiled, 389. gardeuiQganciently much
practised in, 726 ^nd note, excess of food in,
794,795,796,797.
842
GENERAL INDEX.
Robfs, various kinds of, 414.
Rooms, order of arranging in a house, 369. and
general dimensions of, ib. proper situations
for, 370.
Rose, John, publication of his English Vineyard
Vindicated, 1669, 97 n. 101. various refe-
rences to, 444 n. painting of his presenting
the first English pine-apple to Charles 11.
101 n. 432 n.
Rosemary, general destruction of in 1683, 693.
medicinal use of, 752. *
Ross, Alexander, Hexastichon by, addressed to
John Evelyn, 6.
Propertia di, her works in sculpture and
engraving, 285.
Rota, Martin, engravings executed by, 285.
Roti, Mons. praise of as a medalist, 290.
Rouen, difference between its parliament and that
of Paris, 72.
JJoussellet, Giles, his frontispiece to the Polyglot
- Bible, 305.
Royal Society, Evelyn's Sculptura presented to
the, 245 n. culture of potatoes recommended
by the, 447 n. Evelyn's Sylva, written at, the
desire of the, 339. Technical Lexicon \mder-
taken by the, 354. historical account of, 556 n.
its encouragement from Lords Chancellors,
723. its frequent removals, 724.
Royalists of England, their sufferings during the
. civil wars, 174. 179. 1 83, 184. had no thoughts
of vengeance, 195 n. 204.
R. S. signification of, 280.
Rubens, Sir Peter Paul, engravings after his
works, 296. his attention to costume, 560.
Rudder, by whom invented, 637.
Rueus, Francis, his account of Talismans, 269.
Runic writings of the Danes and Norwegians, ac-
count of, 273.
Rupert, Prince, his excellent engravings and
etchings, 324. his new invented -kind of en-
graving, 333, 334. his encouragement of
naval discoveries, 665.
S.
•Sabatai Sevi, pretended Messiah of the Jews, his
story and impostures, 587 — 614. state of af-
fairs at his first appearance, 587- his real de-
scent and education, 588. banished from
Smyrna and married, ib. travels and reforms
the Jewish law, ib. and commences his impos-
ture, 589. spread of do. ib. letter to do. 590.
his directions to the Jews, 591. his arrival at,
and disputations in Smyrna, 593. his recep-
tion and declaration of his office there, 594.
amazing spread of his imposture, 595. delu-
" sions of, and Jewish Princes made by^ 596.
his false Miracle, 597. departs to Constanti-
nople, and his imprisonment there, 598. ad-
dress to the Jews there, 599. his prison
-changed, ib. visitations of the Jews to, 600.
605. aVid a new form of prayer established by,
600^ 601. honours paid to by the Jews, 602.
his announcement of "Elias, 604. his dispute
with Nehemiah Cohen, 606. imposture of,
discovered to the Turks, 607- is carried to
the Grand Signor, ib. announces his imposition
and becomes a Turk, 608. assertion of the
Jews concerning him, 609. order published iq
Smyrna relating to, ib. farther miracles attri-
buted to him, 611. his imposture still sup-
ported, ib. 612.
Sacraments, neglected in England during the civil
wars, 153.
Sacrifice, ancient place of with the Jews, 236.
Sadeler, Justus, John, .^gidius, and Ralph, their
engravings, 292. 302.
Saenredamus, John, notice of his works, 295,
Saffron, use of in sallad, 767.
Sage, nature and use of, 753.
Sails, by whom invented and manoeuvred, 638;
Salamanca, Antonio, engravings by, 285.
Salique law of FrancCj deceitful intent of, 54.
Sallad, rapid means of raising, 779, 780. com-
mon nature of the Roman, 792, 793. 795, 796.
i dishes, directions concerning, 768.
■ — gatherers, basket for, 768.
Sallad-all-Sorts, directions for composing, 809.
Sallads, vide Acetaria. general signification of,
733, 734. furniture and materials of, 734,
, easily procured in France and Italy, ib.
names of several sorts anciently used, 744. 757,
758. remarks on the gatherers of, 760. skill
required in the selecting and dressing of, 761.
general physical qualities pf, 762. 764. con-
geniality in ' the composing of, '^63, 764. di-
rections for the dressing of, 765. 768. list of
herbs for making of, "68, 769. tables of their
species, ordering, and culture, 769, 770. di-
rections on the seasons for gathering, com-
posing, and dressing, 771, 772. .774, 775, 776.
times for eating considered, 772, 773. ,'
Sallow or Sally, a name for the willow, 240.
Salmasius, Claude, his notice of Cavatores, &c'.
261. do. of painted ceilings, 401.' his direc-
tion concerning sallads, 734.
Salt, French duty paid upon, 66, immense profits
and arbitrary exaction of, do. 67. directions
for using in sallads, 766.
Samphire, qualities and growth of, 753. direc-
tions for pickling,i 806.
Sandwich, the Earl of, a practiser of engraving,
325.
SartOi Andrea del, his copies from the prints of
A. Durer, 31i9.
Satire, useful for the improvement of a nation,
144. 147.
Savile, Sir Henry, his edition of Si. Chrysostom's
works, 1610-12, 140.
Says Court, damage done to the garden of in
1683, 692,
Scalse Cochlides, winding stairs, 387.
Scalae Ocultae, bapk stairsi 387; ■
Scaliger, Julius Caesar, and Josfephus Justus,
GENERAL INDEX.
843
various references to, 49. 275. 377. 567. 733-
780 and note.
Scallions, use of as sallads, 753.
Scalprum what, 261, 262.
Scamilli impares Vitruviani, considered and ex-
plained, 375, 376.
Sceaux, Garde de, office of the in France. 69.
Scenography and sciography, their signification
in architecture, 371.
Schoen, Martin, one of the earliest copper-plate
engravers, 276.
Schurmann, Anna Maria k, an engraver, 301.
Sciabas, bought as a virgin; slave, 570. her
natural son, ibid, introduced to the sultana
who persecutes her, 571. leaves Cairo for
Mecca, 572. her death, 573.
Scipio, his active retirement, 536. his early em-
ployment for, Rome, 548,
Scotia of pedestals, what they were, 375. 377.
Scots, base conduct of the in the civil wars reca-
pitulated, 172. civil, wars first engendered by
the, i96n.- defence of the, 197.
Scottish archers of t"rance described, 63.
Scriptural books, ancient writing and authors of,
265. ,
Scriptures,' Samples for introducing the histo-
ries of, the to a child, 120. 122. when the
terrors of the should be taught to children, 126.
Scriptures, vii^rious allusions and references to, and
illustrations from the, 6. ,11. 19, 20. 34„ 35.
105.110. 113, 114. 117.120. 122. 125. 130,
13f. 133. 139. 140, 147. 171. 17'4.' 183, 184,
185. 187, lS8i 189,, 190, 191. 197, 198. 236.
243. 260, 261. 265, 266. 358., 419. 430. 499.
506n. 511 n. 513 n. 515 n. 517 n. 520 n, 521 n,
522 n, 523 n. 525 n. 528 n, 529 n, 530 n, 531 n,
.532 n, 533 n. 535 n, 536 n. 545 n. 547 n. 549 n.
601, 602. 604. 631. 634. 636, 637. 639. 641.
645. 650. 713. 724, 725. 729. 734. 776. 782 n,
783 n, 7 84 n, 785 n . 787 n . 794.
Sculptores Marmoris, multitudes of, 270.
Sculptors, names of eminent preserved by Pliny,
271, 272.
Sculplura, 1662, notice of Evelyn's work so
called, XV. xxi. re-print of, 242— :336. vide
table of contents and table of titles, 251 — 257.
notice concerning the additions to, 257 n. a
diflference between it, scalptura, and cselatura,
258, 259. numerous arts signified by, ib. 261.
Sculpture, its derivation and distinguishing names
instruments, &c 258— 262. definition of, 261.
account of its original, 263—269. on brazen
and brick columns, 265. existence of after the
flood, ib. mention of it by Moses, 266. older
than idolatry, ib. more ancient than modelling,
269. time and place of its perfection, 270.
used on gems, 271. its existence and decay in
Greece and Rome, 273. of the Danes, ib. of
the Chinese, 275. at Nonesuch and .Durdans,
419. its close connection with architecture
and painting, 559.
Scurvy.grass, its nature and use, 753,
Sea, importance of its command to a sovereign,
635, notice of the most ancient voyages, on
the, 639. disputes concerning the dominion
of the, 668. ancient property of noticed, 669.
claims of the English. to its dominion exhi-
bited, 670—679. 685. government of after
the Norman Conquest,. 671,
Sea-kail, historical mention of, 738.
Seal of France, ,the great, kept by the Chancellor,
69. .days and manner of "sealing with, ibid.
Seals, ancient name and etymons of, 262, 263.
Secretaries of the King's-chamber and cabinet in
France, 61. , ; ' ■
Sects during the civil vyars in England, 1 75.
Seine, river of Fra,nce, notice of the, 93. ,
Selden, John, his Mare clausurn referred to, 668 n.
his mention of the Kings of England being
lords of the sea, 671.
Self-denial, how to be taught to youth, 132.
Sembrador, a Spanish machine for ploughing,
sowing, and harrowing, notice of, 621.
Semedo, .Alvarez, attributes an immense antiquity
to the Chinese printing,, 275.
Seneca, Lucius Annseus, various references to and
quotations from, 15. 17. 20, 21. 23. 25, 26, 27.
34. 331. 501. 512. 518. 520, 521. 537. 539. 541.
543, 544. 549, 550. .640. 645. 726.' 746.- 7.85.
September, length of the days, ; &c. in, 475.
work to be done in, in the orchard and kitchen-
garden, ib. fruits in prime and lasting; in, 476.
work to be done in, in the parterre and flower-
garden, 477. flowers in prime and lasting in,
478.
Seraglio, slaves of the, how they are made free,
572-
Serenus, his mention of the sculpture of Cham,
265.
Serini, Peter, an impostor pretending to be his
brother, 568.
N. mention of, 581.
Serlio, Sebastiano, his book of architecture, 284.
Servants, origin of, 10. 131. how to assist in the
education of the children, 129, 130. ancient
Greek names of, 140-
Service berry, list of the best sorts. of the, 496.
Servillus Vatia, his luxurious retirement, 543.
Servitude, universal, existence of, 13. . regal, 14.
to avarice, 15. to the passions, ib, 20, to
the world, 16.
Sesostris, King of Egypt, his invention of swiftly-
sailing ships, 637.
Seth, notice of bopks . written by, 264. Brazen
pillars sculptured by, 267.
Sethius, Simon, his praise of asparagus, 754.
Severus, Emperor of Rome, septizonium tower
erected by, 712.
Sextius, his censure of eating tlesh, 785.
Shadows, how they are produced, by -hatching,
S14, 315. 320. plate and illustrations relating
m, 321. harmony of requireid in engraving,
324.
B44
GENERAL INDEX.
Shallots, vide Onion^ 749.
Sharrocikj Dr. Robert, his classed list of tender
and hardy plants, &c. 489.
Shepherdz-syp^sed invention of drawing by one,
314.
Shields embossed and engraved, 260. 269.
Ship,-extraordiDary one seen in Scotland, 57S.
Ships, construction ■of the most ancient, 636. by
whom improved, 637, 638. of the ancient
Britons, 659.- eminent ones built by James 1.
■666.
Shrubs, flowering, classed list of tender and
hardy, 489;
Shute, John, notice of him and his work on
architecture, 403 and note.
Siderophoreia, explanation of, 262.
Sightof children and yoiith to be guarded and
bow, 127.
Signa, immense numbers of in Greece^ 270.
Signcw, the Grand, his treatment of the false Mes-
* siah, 607, 608.
Silphium, historical notices of the, 758, 7.^9.
.Silver, ancient names for graving and casting in,
269. anciently often engraven on, 272, 277.,
'Simple fornix arch, 386.
Simus, vide Gymatium, 393.
- Sinai, mount, population and piety of, 53 1 . ■
Skeleton, gigantic one found at Wotton, 688.
Skirret^milkj how it is inade,- 808.
Skirrets, medicinal and domestic qualitiesof, 754.
Slaves not permitted to draw or paint, 326.
Sleidane, John, his praise of Francis I. 540.
Smelling of children to be kept from perfumes,
126.
Smoke, vide Air. London, derivation of the word,
220. of London, pestilent effects of the, 157.
207. 212. 223. -its chief sources, 231.
Smoke-jack, notice of a singular one, 690.
Smyrna, conduct of the pretended Messiah in,
593. his great success and declaration in,
594, 595. fictitious Israelitish Princes made
in, 596. false miracle in, 597. ridicule of
the Jews concerning their false Messiah, 608.
order sent tb concerning ditto, 609. and of
Nathan, 612.
Snails found in Surrey, 690.
Society, often a preservation from vice, 530.
scriptural proofs of its excellence, 531. de-
scriptive sketch of its blessings, 551.
Socrates, his excellent life and refusal of court
honours,' 96. his censure of useless travel, 44.
resists the thirty tyrants, 518. 538. Mdiscovers
the proud philosopher, 521.
Soil, vide Manure. Mould, causes of its foulness
and excellence, 778, 779.
• Soldiers of France, commendation of, 85. their
fury at the first charge, 89.
Solinus, C. Julius, his expression for a traveller's
return, 46.
Solis, Virgilius, his eyes put out for his lewd^en-
gravings, 294. »
Solitude^ vide Employment. Retirement, titfe of
Sir G. Mackenzie's vyork on, :502. praised by
most ancient writers, 507. ambition to Tie
found in, 511. how proiductive of evil, 516,
not free from vice, 521. 525. 527. of no bene-
fit to religion, 523. its frugality not prai^
worthy, 525. no defence from temptation,
530. the real use of, 536. its miseries, 551.
descriptive sketch of ditto, ib. 552. summary
of the evils of, 552.
Somers, John Lord, Baron, of Evesham, dec^ca-
tion addressed to, 723. notice of him, ib. n.
Sornerset House, inlaid floor at, 423.
Sophia, Saint, grand cupola upon the Church of,
416.
Sorbiere, Samuel, his eulogium on Signer Favi,
246. his account of him, 247.
Sorrow, reasons for mitigation of in the loss pf
children, 105, 106.
Sorrel, various kinds and qualities of, 754.
Southampton, Thomas Wriothesley, earl of, no-
tice of his mansion, 342 n.
Sowing, directions for, 482.
Sow thistle, notice of, 754.
Spagnolet, a gown, 713.
Spain, its greatness dangerous to England, 88.
iiseful to England to check France, ib. Queen
Elizabeth's policy concerning, ib. has no pre-
tence to alienate the subjects of France, ib.
odoriferous atmosphere of, 208.
Spanheim, Ezekiel, Silphion Coins mentiofied by,
758 n.
Spaniards, historical notice of their navigation,
654. their custom in eating saliad, 773.
Spanish, privilege of fishing granted tb the, by
England, 677-
Spanish Infantry, excellence of the, 85.
Spanish Paper, what it is, 713.
.Sphragida, nature and signification of the word,
139.
Spinach, method of di'essing and qualities of,. 755.
pudding, directions for making, 808.
Spits turned by water, 690.
Spring gardens, notice of some plantations in
London so called, 240.
Sprunking glass, 713.
Stafford, Richard, poisonous plants mentioined
by, 761 u.
Stairs, observations on, 387.
Stanley, Thomas, reference to his commentary oh
iEschylus, 640.
Stapelton, Sir Philip, notice of, 178 n..
Stapely, Col, Anthony, notice of, 179 n.
State, officers and counsellors of in T'rance, 67, 69,
Secretaries of, their number and duties, 70."
Statesmen, their desire of retirement, 516. why
they retired in Sicily, 519.
Statins, P, Papicius, verses from, 261. 332.
Statuaries, parallel between them and the^ar-
dians of aehild, 11-5. . , '
Stawel, Sir John, biographical notice of, 176 A.
GENEBA.L' mUES:.'
S45
Stelai, derivation of the" word, 375.
.^teFcobata in «:rcbitecture, wh^ it signifies, 374.
Stobsus, example of slotliful ease cited from,
545. ■
. $tacks, various directions concerning, 483.
Stoics, their notions concerning vice, 15. con-
, cerning the liberty of wisdom, 17.
Stone, ancient names of carving and carvers in,
anciently used for writing, 267- Chinese en-
' graving and printing on, 275. dug in the pa-
riah of Wotton, 6S8.
Stone-street causeway, notice of, 689.
Storms raised in the air by moor-burnijag, 335,
236.
Stove, bad effects ofthe common one used in con-
servatories, 420. new invented one, directions
and plans for, 492, 493, 494. 497, 498. letter
from Sir J). CuUum to Evelyn concerning it,
497 — 498. for greenhouses, various rema-rks
on, 719. 720, *
Strabo, attributes to Minos the most ancient na-
vigation, 838. his account of the early Roman
commerce, 647. early British navigation men-
tioned by, 659 n.
Strada, Famii^ianus, his praise of the Dutch iiavi-
. gation, 652 n.
Stradanus, John, his Nova Reperta, 296.
Strafford, Thomas Wentworth Earl of, his execu-
tion, 175 and note.
Strait or turning arch, 386.
.Stratonicus,' fine sculpture executed by, 272.
Strawberry^ historical notice concerning the, 480
note. . list of the best sorts of the, 496.
Strawberry hill, curious Picture there referred to,
, 101 n. 432 n.
Striges, their derivation and meaning,383. some-
' times partly filled up, ib. " ' ".
Structure in Architecture, what it is, 374..
Stylobata in architecture explained, 374.
Stylus, various names for the, 261, 262. fre-
quently instruments of death, 262. made of
hone, ib.
Suave, Lamberto, engravings by, 284.
Substruction in architecture, various interpreta-
tions of, 374.
Succory, its use as a salkd, 755.
Suetonius, C. Tranquillus, various references to,
645. 743 n. 746.
Sugar, directions for using in sallads, 766, 767.
Suidas, various references to, 262. 264: 266. 513.
Suisses, Colonel G6a6raldes, in France, his rank
and troops, 75.
Sulos, the name for a column, 378,
Sulphur, when beneficial to the lungs, 223 n.
Sultana, the Grand, her weakness at the birth of
of Mohi»med, 569. nurse provided for her,
570; banishes that slave and her son, 571.
and becomes Jumbel Aga's enemy, ib.
Sultane, what it is, 713. ._.,,,, ,
Sunderland, the Countess of, Evelyns letter to
conceraing the Kalendarium Hortense, 427.
-Snn-flower, egten as a sallad, 757.= ' ■ ,'
Supercilium in architecture, what it signifies, '392;
-Stn-geons of France, character of the, S9.
Surrey,' various pattiemlars nelaiting to, 687^^691.
Suyderhoef, Jonas, his engraved portraite, 298.
Swanevelt, Herman, engravings' of, 295i
Swedes, thei'r navigation and fleet^i>652. tribute
. paid to the, by theDutch, 686.
Swiss Guard of France described, '63.
Switiei's, Christopher, his engravitigs on wood,
310.
Sylva, or a discmrse of Forest frees, 1662, notice
of, xiii. occasion of writing it, xiv. Me 6di-
tiori of. ivi,
Sylvestre, Israel, extent and character of his w©rks,
306.
Symonds or Simon, ThOnsais, a medal' engraver,
310.
Syracusans, their naval exploits, 643.
Systylos in architecttu-e, what it signifies, 38S,
Table-shook,, curiousallusiah to a, 132. ancient
Greek names of, 140. waxen ones and styles
for, 262. •
Table of oak at Wotton Park, immense size tif
one, 687.'
Tables for inscriptioiis, rules ' and dh^ctions fiif ,
421.
Tacitus, C. Cornelius, his expression for hierc^ly-
phical monuments, 266. his testimony 'to the
British naval dominion, 670. ■ /
Vopiscus, Emperor, his fondness few let-
luce, 743. his temperance in food, 797>
Taille-douce, French engraving so called, 262.
when invented and Used, 303.
Talismans, constellated fighres engraved, 269.
Talon, the French name of the astragal, 378.
.Tansy, qualities and manner of" dressing of, 755.
pudding, directions for making, 808.
Tarragon, excellent qualities of,' 755.
Tart of herbs, directions for making, 809.
Tatian, his time of floiirishing, 268. passage
from proving the antiquity of recording by
Sculpture, ifa.
Taverns in London, intemperance and success of
the, 157. organs taken from the churches set
tip in, 158. in Hyde Park, account -of,- 165,
166.
Tavernier, Bernier Jean Baptiste, his mention of
cucumbers in the Levant, 740.
Taxes of France how collectedj 65* sources of,
ib. 66.
Taxis in architecture explained, 368.
Taylor, Jeremy, Bishop of Down and Connor,
his mention of Evelyn's Lucretius, x.
Telamones, figures supporting an ai*chitrave, 3f)l
Temples, ancient ornaments and figures of, 420.
T^pest, Peter, reference to his plates of the
CTies of London, 484 n.
846
GENERAL" INDEX.
Tempesta, Antonio, account of his principal etch-
ings, 287.
Temporal Peers of France, their names and num-
ber, 59. duties of at a coronation, ib.
Tenia, its signification in archi|ecture, 393.
TertuUian, J. Septimius Florens, his defence of
the books of Seth and Enoch, 264.
Tessellated pavements and floors, varieties of, 423.
Testudo arch 386.
Tetrastylos, their signification in architecture,
388.
Tewrdannkks, notice of the Romance so called,
302 and note.
Thames river preferable to the Seine, 93. nu-
'merous smoky works on its banks, 207. 210.
212. 220. 223. infected with coal smoke, 230.
works of London to be carried down the, 232.
waters of sometimes brackish near Greenwich,
233. offensive trades should be removed from
its banks, 237. . *
Thasii, decks to vessels invented by the, 637.
Theatres, ornaments and figures anciently used
for, 421.
ThemistocleSjhis triumph over the fleet of Xerxes,
642.
Theocritus, Greek phrase quoted from, 263.
Theophrastus, his definition of the plants called
Olera, 733.
Thermae, ornaments and figures anciently used
for, 421.
Thistle, milky, manner of dressing as asallad, 755.
Thistles, directions for dressing, 809.
Thomasinus, Philip, number and excellence of
his engravings, 302. ■ -
Thomson, ,Dr. Thomas, his history of the Royal
Society, 556 n. '
Thucydides, allusion to his early admiration of
Herodotus, 108. his account of the Greek
naval engagements, 642.
Thulden, Theodore Vander, engravings by him,
298.
TibuUus, Aulus Albius, his mention of the earliest
navigators, 639.
Tilius, John, his confession of the naval weakness
of the French, 669 and note.
Timaeus, his expressive name for air, 215
Timber of England, decay of, 102.
Tiphys, the rudder invented by, 637.
Titian Vecelli, his engravings and designs, 284.
Todesco, his singular surname, 275.
Toilet of the ancient ladies of England described,
706, 707, 708, 709. dictionary of the terms
of the, 710— 713.
Tomicae, what explained, 258.
Tondino, the Italian name of the Astragal, 378.
Tone in shadow, what it is, 824.
Tongue, advice for the government of in a child,
115, 116, 117.
Tooke, Benjamin, the publisher of Evelyn's works,
97 n. ■ -^
Toreumata, embossed metal cups, 260.
Toreutice, explanation of, 358.
Tortoise destroyed at Says Court in the winter of
1683, 696.
Torus, nature and derivation of the, 377.
Touch of youths and children to be guarded, 123.
Toulouse, Chambre Miparties established in, 72.
Tornelle, Court of La, its objects and officers, 17.
Trajan Port at Ostia, its excellence, 646. '
Trajan's Column, its carved pedestals, 37'5. en-
graved plates of, 557.
Trallanus, Alexander, his account of talisnians,
269.
Transplanting, directions for, 482, 486.
Travel, remarks on foreign, viii. use and end of,
43, 46. instances of useful, ib. 44. censure
of careless, 44. various advices for, 45. in-
conveniences of, 48. scheme of European, 50.
Tray tor's Perspective Glass, 1662, references to
the, 177 n. 179 n.
Treasurer of the Navy, first mention of, 642.
Treasurers de I'Espargne of France, character of,
64. ditto of their office, 65. .
of the Parties Casuelles,' their duties, 65.
Treccia, of Milan, the first engraver on diamond,
290.
Trento, Antonio di, his engravings in chiaro-
scuro, 282.
Tribonius, his flattery of Justinian, 33,
Tribunals, what are meant by in architecture, 419.
Trick-Madame, its qualities and. use, 755, 756.
Triglyphsy derivation, origin, and nature of, 395.
Trochile, derivation and nature of the", 377-
Tropheis, signification of the word, 140.
Truffles, directioni for .dressing, 809.
Truncus, in architecture, its signification, 374,
375. ■ ,
Tuberose, Indian, directions for planting, &c. 457,
477.
Tuilleries, Palace of the, its gardens and company
preferable to those of Hyde Park, 1 66:
Tulips, method of taking up, 463, 466. directions
fur planting, 481, 484. formerly eaten in sal-
lads, 757.
Turkish dominions, extreme barbarity and idola-
try of the, 184, 1S5.
Turks, supposed cause of the war between them
and the Venetians, 565. 576. real cause of
ditto, 5/5. their imprisonment of the false
Messiah, 598, 599, 600. reason of their tolera-
tion of the Jews who followed him, 602, 603.
made acquainted with his imposture, 607.
their conquests from Christendom and piracy,
653.
Turner, Mr. notice of, and his works, 433 n.
Turnips, various sorts, use and qualities of, 756.
directions for dressing, 809. . ,
Tuscan Order, .base of the, how it it is formed,
376. impost in the, 385. intercolumniation
of the, 388, 406. architrave in the, 392, 406.
■ frieze in the, 394. regula and ovolo in the,
396. historical description and examples, of
GENERAL INDEX.
847
the, 405; parts and measurements of the, 406.
ballusters of the, 422.
Tuscans, sculpture received and perfected by the.
270. '
Tusser, Thomas, notice of his book of husbandry,
Tyinpanum, its description and situation, 414.
other parts so called, 4 15. how ornamented,416.
Tyrannm, or the Mode, 1661, notice of the
tract, xiii.
V.
Vandyke, Sir Anthony, portraits engiaved. after,
^97. his own etchings, ib. ' "*
Vanier, Jacques, his verses on the smoke of Eng-
■ l^rid, 234n.
Vankessell, Theodore, portraits engraved by, 299.
Varenius, Bernardi his mention of the ericourage-
; merit of artists in Japan, 317. i
Varro, Marcus' Terentius, references to concern-
ing engraving, 259, 260. his mention of an-
cient materials for writing on, 267. his men-
tion of Mentor, the sculptor's works, 272. his
.' mention 'of drawing,'326.
Va^ari, Giorgio, his account of the invention of
engraving, 277. his heads of the painters, 285.
.Vassallacci, Antonio, studied drawing from prints,
319. -
Vatablius, Franciscus, his translation of a passage
in Kings, 260.
Vaults or arches, various kinds of, 386.
Vauxhall,. anciently infested by smoke, 223.
Vayer,. Francois de la Mothe le, character of his
writingsi viii. his dialogue on retirement, xix.
notice of him and his works, 3 n. his dedica-
tion'to Cardinal Mazarine, 4.
Vegetable diet, its excellence considered, 775,
776—799.
Vegetables,, proper to be planted near London,
^41. /.'their use as an aliment considered 777,
7 73. cause of their corruption in the neigh-
bourhood.^ Of .cities,- 778. < grounds fittest for
the growth of, 779- nutritious '"qualities; of,
impaired,.788,789. - varietyof the diet, and its
subsequent excess, 794. . names of noble fami-
lies derived from, 795 and note.
Vegetius, squadrons of Augustus mentioned by,
, 645. ..
Velde, John Van de, his engraved landscapes, 295.
Venice, supposed caVise of the waf between it and
. .Tutkey„565. 576. real origin of ditto, 575.
Venetians, Barbary gallies destroyed by the, 576.
their success in navigation, 631 . rise and pro-
gress of their extensive commerce, 648. 652.
their claim to the Adriatic, 673.
Veneur, Grand, of France, 62.
Verd^ri; his; perspective, views, 299.
.Vermin, paste for destroying, 446. directions
ibrremovifig in:gardensj''448. 455. 466.468.
470.
Veronese, Paolo, copied the prints of A. Dujrer,
3 19. singular error in one of his pictures, 560.
Vertue, George, his notice of Mabugius' picture
of Adam and Eve, 560 n.
Vesputius, Anhericus, his claim to the discovery of
America, 655.
Vestigii Description what it is, 371.
Vestigium Operis, what it is, 371.
Vessels, structure of the earliest, 636, by whom
improved, 637,
Vice, an enemy to liberty, 15. intrudes itself into
solitude, 521. 525. 527.
Vico, .ffirieas, his medals and engravings, 283,
Victories unwelcome to the French, 92.
Views near London, &c. recommended to be en-
graven, 311.
Vignola, Giacomo Barozzio de, his book of archi-
tecture, 284. • ' V
Villalpando, John Baptist, his notice of a capital
- in the Temple of Solomon, 381. 395,
Villamena, Franciseo, excellent engravings by^
286. his engravings of Trajan's column, 557.
Villeloin, Mons. de Marolles, Abb^ de, his Theatre
of the Muses, 299. extract from his Memoirs,
327. his wonderful collection of prints, 328.
Vincentino, Baptista, engravings by, 283.
— : Valeria, his works as a medallist, 289.
Vine, parts of the, used in sallad, 756.
Vinegar, directions for making, 811.
Vines, various directions concerning, 447. 463.
467, 468. 471. 487. list of the best kinds of,
496.
Vineyards in England, decay of, 102. common
in the time of Evelyn, 468 n.
in France, damaged by smoke fronv
England, 234.
Viper-Grass, medicinal qualities of and manner pf
dressing it, 756.
Virgilius Maro, Publius, various extracts from
and references to, 1.219 .222.231.240. 259.
425, 431 and note. 435. 515 n. .772.
Virgin-love, a preservative ib chastity, 134, 135.
Virtues and vices, various siipposed'seats of,- 129'.
Vischer, Cornelius, engravings^ by, 299.
-Visits in England, tedioiis formality of, 167.
Vitellius Aulus, Emperor of Rome, luxury of his
table, 439.
Vitruvius Pollio, M. his rule concerning air and
water by buildings, 218. ancient artists cele-
brated by, 318, editions of mentioned, 353".
Lexicons to, 354. qualities required by him in
an architect, 356, 357. 391.' his wish concern-
■ irig the estimates of architects, 358. encou-
ragement shewn to him,' 360. his definition of
architecture, 364. his connection between mi-
litary and civil architecture, 365. propriety of
columns practised by, 372.- • recommends that
architedts should understand 'drawing, ib. his
' name for imposts, 385. his' ide'as of the dis-
' positions of columns, 390. his distinction of a
monoptere, 39 1 . his derivation of architectural
pifiportion, 403. ^
84a
aENEKAX,' INDEX*
Ulpian, Domitius, his mention of the commerci&l
privileges of tibe tuatinSi 633 n.
Ulysses, King oF Ithaca, character of his tfiavels,
47. Boticeof his enahosse^ shield, 260.' ,'
Understanding, nature of the liberty, of the, 11.
supposed seat of, 1^9. " '
Voice, effect of the air of London on the, 226.
Votota, its <derivatipn, meaoing, and varieties,
381. ferther notices of, 383. 40^. ..
Vflpiscus, Flavius, his mention of ancient mater-
rials for Writing on, 297.
Vorst, Van, excellent engravings by, 297.
Vossius, Gerard, his account of the title of Admir .
rals, 662n. >
, Isaac, his censure of Peter Calaber, 267.
Vosterman, Liicas, his effective way of engraving
Vandyke's Heads, 297.
Vouilleiuont, Sebastian", Etching by, 299.
Voyages by sea, notice of the most ancient, 639.
Vrie^ or Frisius, John Fredeman de, his perspec-
» tive views, 299.
W.
Waldegrave, the Earl of, curious painting in his
possession, 432 n.
Waller, Sir William, biographical notice of, 177 n.
■ , Mr. his extraordinary abilities, 714 n.
Walnuts,, catalogues of the best kinds of, 496.
directions for pickling, 806, 807. .
War, Council of th France, place of meeting, 76.
Warden Pears formerly sold baked in London
streets, 484 n. '\
Warwick, Robert Rich. Earl of, his death, 177 n.
Wase, Christopher, his Latin Epitaph on Richard
Evelyn, jun. 112 n.
Water, eulogium on the excellence and beauty of,
630.
Watering, of*garcJf ns and various directions for,
451. of trees, directions for, 464. .474. 485.
Water-pipes, direcy|)ns for preserving, 488.
Wa(ers in Wotton, various notices of the, 689,
690.
Water-spouts of London, inconvenience of the,
210.
Water-works of London, unwholesome smoke
arising from their engines, 212.
Watson, Dr. Richard, his testimony of the shelter
afforded to the sequestrated English clergy by
Sir Richard Browne, 506 n.
Western winds of London, 232.
Westminster, much molested by smoke, 223. Hen-
ry VII. chapel at censured, 366.
Whistler, Dr. instance cited' by, of the unwhole-
some nature of London air, 224.
White, Thomas, reference to his Extasis, 499.
Whitehall, Court of invaded by smoke, 207. 223.
Whitelock, Bulstrode, reference to his Memorials
concerning the Earl of Strafford, 175 n. do.
on Col. Rainsborough, 179 n.
Widows in France, casual offices hereditary 10,-65.
Wilderness, no pceservatidn to Israel^ froia: Sin
532.
Will; liberty, of the considered, 11. continual r^
nunciation of itin a Court, 31.
Windows, warjous general directions for, 417.
" Winegayd, his engraved vestiges,"of Rome, 299.
Winter Of 1683-84, effects of its severity, 693-*.
696.
Wire, mills for drawing of brass, first building o^
689. .< ;
Wisby, ancient port and Gommercial laws' of, 649.
Wisdom, produced by society and conversation,
537. ■■ ■''
Wisdom of Solomon, origin of idolatry mentioned
in the, 266,
Wise, Henry, a gardener at Broinpton Park, re-
commended, 497. notice of him and his gar-
dens, 714, 715 and notes, 716, 717.
Wisemen, of the ancient philosophers difficult to
discover, 22. some similar to them in modern
times, 22, 23.
Wolson, Chevalier, his invention of heraldic
colour lines, 323.
Women, in France, sudden and early decay- of,
90. hove to* sj)eak of. to youth, .128. danget
of their acquaintance with do. 133. drawing
of importance to, 326. prone to bad passions,
520. Plautus' satire: on, 703. descriptive
poem on the dress of, 703 — 709.
Wood, means for the better supply of London
with, 231. ancient names for carving and
carvers in, 25S. used anciently for writing on,
267. 273. 275. nature of engraving on, 287.
inlaying of for floors, 423. growing in the
parish of Wotton in Surrey, 687, 688. 690.
damaged at Says Court, &c. in 1683, 692.
recovery of after a thaw, 693.
Wood Sorrel, notice of, 756.
Wool, exceljence of the English, 662.
Workmen of England, conceited and idle dispo-
sitions of, 360, 361.
World, enslaving nature of the, 16. excellence
of all its features, 629.
Wormius, Olaus, his notice of Danish hierogly-
phics, 273.
Worms, vide Vermin.
Wormwood, used for sallad, 758.
Wotton, Sir Henry, his observations on statues,
270. his censure of Albert Durer, 277. his
remark on the English language,. 353. his
idea of the model in architecture, 368. 373.
his remark on pilasters, 383.
Wotton, Surrey, Evelyn's Eulogy on, xxii. library
at, volumes there relating to the Jesuits, 500 n.
wood surrounding the estate of, 687. various
notices of the parish of, 688 — 690.
Wreathed columns, bisstorical notice of, 412.
Wren, Sir Christopher, his house on the Banksidfe,
223 n. his skill in engraving, 327. dedication
addressed to, 351. his works compared with
gothic architecture, 366. eulogy on, 562.
GENERAL INDEX.
849
Wren, Matthew, the, editor of Harrington's
Oceana, 145 n.
Writing, vide Letters, Sculpture, with ink, a mo-
dern, invention, 267. Ancient materials used
for, ib. earliest known to the Greeks, 268.'
of the Danes and Norwegians, 273.
V
X.
Xenppfaon, his high.estimation of the sea, 636.
Xenophanes, his saying concerning great men,
31.
Xerxes, King of Persia, his defeat at sea, 642.
Xoilos, kind of engraving signified by, 260.
conduct of towards their domestics, 129, 13p,
131, 132. impprtance of their chastity and
means of preserving it^ 132 — 135. their regu-
lar lasting recommehded, 133. do. of watch-
ing, and early prayer, 184. to be early mar-
ried, ib. how to inspii'e them with a love of
virginity'and virtue, 135.. and with prudence
in tempqt^l and spiritual aifairs, 136. excel-
lence of thus educated, and of their posterity,
ib. how to be advanced to the duties of life,
ib. piincipal dangers of, 137- to be educated
by means of engravings, 329. should el^ter
into public employment, 548.
Y.
Youth, of France, character and disposition uf
the, 90. nature of their education, ib. com-
parison between the French and English, 91.
not to be approached by #iy females, 126. 128.
their smelling to be kept from perfumes, ib.
s^d the sight of to be guarded, 127. danger of
the theatre to, ib. encouragements for vir-
tuous, 128. touch of to be watched, ib. the
Zanches de Huelya, Alphonso, his supposed dis-
covery of America, 655. |(
ZeuT^s, used only one colour in painting, 323.
Zoccolo in architecture, what it signifies, 374.
Zopirus, his beautiful engravings on a cup, 272.
Zopyrus, allusion to bis zeal for his sovereign, 29.
Zowaster, vide chain.
Zuylichen, Mons. his inventions and discoveries,
296,