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CORNELL 

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LIBRARY 


BOUGHT  WITH  THE  INCOME 
OF  THE  SAGE  ENDOWMEN'J 
FUND    GIVEN    IN     189I     BY 

HENRY    WILLIAMS    SAGE 


Cornell  University  Library 
PR  3433.E5A16 
Miscellaneous  wrltirigs.Now  first  collect 


3  1924  013  181   791     .i.",o..2 


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THE 


MISCELLANEOUS    WRITINGS 


OF 


JOHN  EVELYN,  Esq.  F.R.S. 


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oj- ff^^tplne^  ;  S  vJ^-^au.   ccx   «^    f^  ^O/fcc^'A^  ;  ce?i))   if~tvf^^^ 
n^JmctM  Co  rJo^C<.Uffn    ho    rr\JL    oU-  J^U  ^' rrvC  ^    h>   9-?  c^eiA^    ^ OK  A?  crr-A'cttf  fi 

c<  rtiAZ^  tj-r,^   y}t^uucicL£^  Ixii-ttceffrijiA/'nary  p  a-uj&^i^    voyf^  '^e/,   4rt<M.' 


THE 


MISCELLANEOUS  WRITINGS 


OF 


JOHN  EVELYN,  Esq.  F.R.S. 

AUTHOR  OF 

SYLVA,  OR,  A  DISCOURSE  OF  FOREST  TREES;  MEMOIRS,  &c. 

Bota  fici^t  coUecteti,  toiti)  occasional  j^ote^, 

BY    WILLIAM    UPCOTT, 

OF    THE    LONDON     INSTITUTION. 


"  From  an  early  entrance  into  public  life  to  an  extreme  old  age,  he  considered  himself  as  Jiving  only  for  !^he  benefit  of 
mankind.  As  long  as  there  remains  a  page  of  his  numerous  writings,  and  as  long  as  Virtue  and  Science  hold  their  abode 
iu  this  Island,  his  memory  will  be  held  in  the  utmost  veneration." 


LONDON: 

HENRY  COLBURN,  NEW  BURLINGTON- STREET. 

1825. 


THIS  COLLECTION 
OF    THE    LITERARY    REMAINS    OF 

JOHN      EVELYN, 

IS  DEDICATED  TO 

CHARLES  HAMPDEN  TURNER,  Esg.  F.R  S  &c 

OF  ROOKSNEST,  NEAR  GODSTONE,  IN  SURREY, 

THE  POSSESSOR  OF  LEIGH  PLACE, 

FORMERLY  AN  ESTATE  OF  THE  EVELYNS; 

AS  TO  ONE  WHO  JUSTLY  VENERATES  HIS  MEMORY,  AND  EMULATES  HIS  VIRTUES, 

BY  HIS  GREATLY  OBLIGED, 

AND  FAITHFUL  HUMBLE  SERVANT, 

WILLIAM  UPGOTT. 

LosrsoN  Institution, 
May  30,   1835. 


PREFACE. 


The  amiable,  accomplished,  and  worthy  Patriot  and  Philosopher, 
whose  Miscellaneous  Writings  are  here  for  the  first  time  given  to  the 
world  in  a  collected  form,  is  already  known  to  fame  by  his  "  Sylva, 
or  Discourse  of  Forest  Trees  ;"  but  more  especially  since  the 
recent  publication  of  his  "Diary  and  Correspondence,"  in  which 
the  principal  events  of  his  life  and  times  are  so  deUghtfully  laid  open 
to  us,  that  no  other  work  of  the  kind,  attractive  as  auto -biography 
generally  is,  can  in  any  degree  compare  with  it  for  the  interest  it 
excites,  and  the  amusement  it  affords. 

In  this  Kalendarium,  or  Diary  of  his  Life,  he  has  so  often  ad- 
verted to  his  "Writings,  that  a  general  reference  to  that  work  would 
'perhaps  have  answered  the  purpose  of  a  Preface,  but  the  Reader 
may  consider  something  more  than  a  mere  table  of  contents  neces- 
sary to  inform  him  what  he  is  to  expect  in  the  following  pag6s. 

It  is  a  remarkable  circumstance  that,  though  Evelyn's  mind  was 
early  turned  to  literature,  for  he  tells  us  he  began  to  journalize,  and 
note  occurrences  when  he  was  in  his  eleventh  year,  the  first  ascer- 
tained production  of  his  pen  was  not  published  until  he  had  attained 
the  mature  age  of  twenty-nine.  This  publication,  the  first  tract  in 
the  present  volume,  is  a  translation  from  the  French,  of  an  "  Essay 
on  Liberty  and  Servitude,"  by  La  Mothe  le  Vayer  ;  it  appeai'ed  in 
1649,  only  a  few  days  previous  to  the  martyrdom  of  his  Sovereign. 

On  this  occasion,  the  honest  hardihood  with  which  Evelyn,  in  his 
preface,  ventured  to  express  hi^  loyalty  and  hatred  of  anarchy  had 
nearly  brought  him  into  trouble  :  '  Never  (says  he)  was  there  heard 
or  read  of  a  more  equal  and  excellent  form  of  government  than  that 
under  which  we  have  ourselves  lived  during  the  reign  of  our  most  gra- 
cious Sovereign's  halcyon  days. — If  therefore  we  were  the  most  happy 
of  subjects,  why  do  we  attempt  to  render  ourselves  the  most  ihiserable 
of  slaves  ?  God  is  one,  and  better  it  is  to  obey  one  than  many.  Neque 


viii 


enim  Lihertas  tutior  ulla   est  quam  Domino  servire  bono,  that  is, 
C[harles].' 

La  Mothe  le  Vayer  has  not  unaptly  been  styled  the  French  Plu- 
tarch :  his  essays,  though  they  betray  somewhat  of  a  cynical  and 
sceptical  disposition,  are  fraught  with  good  sense,  and  full  of  learn- 
ing;  his  works  have  been  a  storehouse  whence  philosophical  Essay- 
ists of  later  times  have  gleaned  an  unacknowledged  harvest  of  inge- 
nious thoughts  :  Evelyn  has  on  more  than  one  occasion  shown  that 
he  was  famihar  with  his  productions.  The  scope  of  this  essay,  it 
will  be  understood,  is  Philosophical  Liberty,, not.  that  *  impostoria 
yjiVa,'  which  has  been  the  bait  held  out  to  the  many  by  the  design- 
ing few  in  all  times  of  anarchy. 

"  The  State  of  France,  as  it  stood  in  the  ninth  year  of  this 'jpresent 
Monarch  Louis  XIV.,  written  to  a  Friend  by  J.  E.,"  was  published 
in  1652.  To  this  was  prefixed  a  Prefatory, Letter,  which 'contains 
some  admirable  observations  upon  the  utility  and  end  of  Foreign 
Travel.  Speaking  of  himself,  he  says,  "  what  first  moved  me  to 
this  '  apodemick  humour,'  was  a  certain  vain  emulation  which  I  had 
to  see  the  best  of  education,  which  every  body  so  decrying  a,t  home, 
made  me  conceive  was  a  commodity  only  to  be  brought  from  a  far 
country ;  and  I  cannot  say,  without  a  little  ambition  too  of  know- 
ing, or  at  least  of  having  the  privilege  to  talk  something  more  than 
others  could  reasonably  pretend  to,  that  had  never  bin  out  of  sight 
of  their  own  chimnies'  smoke."  This  is  doubtless  the  predominant 
motive  of  ordinary  travellers,  and  there  is  great  honesty  in  the  con- 
fession ;  but  Evelyn's  judgment  taught  him  to  derive  better  fruits 
from  it.  He  knew,  that  '  he  who  would  travel  rationally  must  in- 
dustriously apply  himself  to  the  pursuit  of  such  objects  as  may  result , 
to  the  profit  of  his  own  country  at  his  return.  It  is  not  the  count- 
ing of  steeples  and  making  tours,  but  this  ethical  and  moral  part  of 
travel  which  embellisheth  a  gentleman.'  Evelyn  had  been  preceded 
in  the  judicious  observations  of  his  preface  by  the  pleasant  little 
book  of  our  favourite  James  Howel,  ''  Instructions  for  Forreine 
Travel,"  published  in  1642,  which  even  now  may  be  read  with 
advantage  and  pleasure.     In  the  substance  of.  his  work  too  he  had 


IX 


a  precursor  in  Sir  Gteorge  Carew,  though  he  could  not  have  been 
acquainted  with  his  book,  which  is  a  relation  of  the  state  of  France 
in  the  reign  of  Henry  the  IVth.  drawn  up  during  his  embassy,  and 
presented  to  King  James  I.  at  his  return  in  1 609.  This  curious 
and  interesting  perfonnande  was  first  printed  by  Dr.  Birch  in  1749. 
Had  Evelyn,  however,  been  familiar  with  the  work  of  his  prede- 
cessor, it  would  not  have  deterred  him  from  giving  the  result  of  his 
own  observations ;  for  he  justly  remarks,  that  France  in  his  time 
was  *  now  no  more  the  thing  it  was  forty  years  since,'  and  that  the 
kingdom  had  undergone  as  great  a  change  as  the  garb  and  fashion 
of  men. 

In  the  previous  year  (1651)  he  had  put  forth  a  little  satirical  jeu 
d' esprit,  entitled,  "A  Character  of  England,"  written  in  the  assumed 
form  of  a  translation  from  the  French,  in  which  he  touches  with  no 
unsparing  hand  the  defects  of  the  national  character ;  the  coarse- 
ness of  manners,  and  want  of  due  observance  of  the  established 
forms  of  devotion  attendant  upon  those  times  of  turbulent  faction. 
This  called  forth  the  animadversions  of  sotne  anonymous  writer, 
under  the  title  of  "  Gallus  Castratus,"  and  it  has  been  thoiight 
proper  to  insert  this  piece  as  a  running  commentary,  that  if  Evelyn's 
pictm'e  be  in  some  degree  too  highly  coloured,  it  may  find  its  cor- 
rective in  the  same  page.  Some  of  the  defects  which  he  has  laid 
to  the  charge  of  his  countrymen,  are  also  urged  against  them  by 
Samuel  Sorbiere,  in  the  account  which  he  published  of  his  visit  ta 
England  in  1663,  and  to  which  Bishop  Sprat  afterwards  replied. 

In  1656  he  published  what  he  calls.  *'  An  Essay  on  the  First 
Book  of  Lucretius  de  Berum  Naturd,  interpreted  and  made  into 
English  verse  j"  with  a  frontispiece  designed  by  his  accompligihed 
and  excellent  lady,  and  with  laudatory  verses  by  Edmund  Waller 
the  poet.  It  has  not  been  deemed  necessary  to  give  any  portion 
of  this  translation  :  when  Evelyn  attempted  verse  he  only  added 
one  more  instance  to  the  many  of  persons,  otherwise  of  excellent 
judgment,  who  have  mistaken  their  powers.  Indeed  he  does*  not 
seem  to  have  been  satisfied  with  his  own  attempt,  and  having 
received  much  chagrin  at  the  very  incorrect  manner  in  which  it  was 

b 


:X 

printed,  never  proceeded  with  the  task,  as  was  his  first  intention. 
Upon  this  occasion,  that  excellent  Prelate  Jeremy  Taylor  thus  ad- 
dressed him ;  "  I  will  not  say  to  you,  that  your  Lucretius  is  as  far 
distant  from  the  severity  of  a  Christian,  as  the  Fair  Ethiopian  was 
from  the  duty  of  Bishop  Heliodoms ;  for,  indeed,  it  is  nothing  but 
what  may  become  the  labours  of  a  Christian  gentleman,  those  things 
only  abated  which  our  evil  age  needs  not ;  for  which  also  I  hope 
you  have  by  notes,  or  will  by  preface,  prepare  a  sufficient  antidote." 
The  shadow  of  a  doubt  thrown  upon  the  propriety  of  this  under- 
taking by  this  pious  friend,  might  shake  the  resolution  of  one,  whose 
motives  to  the  translation  probably  were  that  the  poem  contained 
an  exposition  of  the  Epicurean  Philosophy. 

The  year  1659  was  a  busy  and  eventful  period  with  Evelyn ;  he 
then  published  his  translation  of  "  The  Golden  Book  of  St.  Chry- 
sostom,  on  the  Education  of  Children,"  which  he  dedicated  to 
his  brothers  George  and  Richard,  '  to  comfort  them  on  the  loss 
of  their  children ;'  and  at  the  same  time  to  unburthen  his  heart, 
by  a  tribute  to  the  memory  of  his  own  extraordinarily  gifted  child, 
Richard,  whom  he  had  recently  lost,  in  his  sixth  year  ;  he  was  '  one 
of  those  rare  and  beautiful  creatures  who  seem  always  to  be  marked 
for  early  death,  as  if  they  were  fitter  for  heaven  than  earth,  and 
thei-efore  are  removed  before  the  world  can  sully  them.'  The  ac- 
count of  his  son  finds  its  place  also  in  his  Diary,  in  nearly  the  same 
words.     It  will  be  read,  as  it  was  written^  with  the  tribute  of  tears. 

It  must  have  been  a  happy  circumstance,  that  the  position  of  the 
kingdom  was  then  such  as  to  excite  in  the  loyal  breast  of  Evelyn 
a  hope  that  the  Restoration  might  be  effected  ;  it  roused  his  ener- 
gies, and  jprobably  helped  to  dissipate  his  sorrows.  To  aid  the 
cause  he  used  his  strenuous  exertions,  not  only  in  endeavouring 
to  gain  over  Colonel  Morley,  the  Governor  of  the  Tower,  who  had 
been  his  school-fellow,  thus  placing  his  own  life  at  hazard  ;  but  by 
his  pen,  publishing  "  his  bold  '  Jipology '  for  the  King,  in  this  time 
of  danger,  when  it  was  capital  to  speak  or  write  in  favour  of  him." 
Its  success  was  complete ;  its  popularity  was  such,  that  it  was  three 
times  printed  within  the  year. 


XI 


He  stopped  not  here,  but  again  entered  the  field  to  repel  the 
malicious  slanders  of  the  adverse  party.  Marchmont  Needham 
had  published  a  coarse  attack  upon  the  character  of  King  Charles 
the  Second,  intituled,  "  News  from  Brussels,  in  a  Letter  from  a  near 
attendant  on  his  Majesty's  person,  to  a  person  of  honour  here ; 
dated  March  10,  1659."  Its  purpose  was  to  destroy  the  favourable 
impression  the  nation  entertained  of  the  King's  naturally  good  dis- 
position. Evelyn's  detection  of  the  forgery^  and  refutation  of  it, 
was  quickly  penned,  and  proved  a  complete  antidote  ;  it  was  pub- 
lished anonymously,  under  the  title  of  "  The  News  from  Brussels 
Unmasked."  The  merit  was  the  greater  in^  this  case^  as  he  rose 
from  a  bed  of  sickness  to  his  task,  and  endangered  his  life  by  the 
exertion  ;  it  caused  a  relapse  of  his  disorder,  *  out  of  which  (says 
he,  with  unaffected  piety)  it  pleased  God  also  to  free  me,  so  Hs  I 
was  able  by  the  14th  [April]  to  go  into  the  country,  which  I  did  to 
my  sweet  native  air  of  Wooton.' 

In  the  same  year  he  had  found  time  to  give  to  the  press  a  work 
connected  with  his  favourite  Hortulan  pursuits^  entitled,  "  The 
French  Gardener,"  which  he  describes  with  honest  confidence  as 
*  the  first  and  best  of  that  kind,  that  introduced  the  use  of  the 
Olitorie  garden  to  any  purpose.' 

The  happy  tidings  of  the  King's  declaration  and  application  to 
the  Parliament  soon  after  reached  him,  and  he  was  designed  to  have 
accompanied  Lord,  Berkley  with  the  Address  to  invite  the  King  over 
to  resume  his  Government,  but  was  yet  too  weak  to  bear  the  fatigues 
of  the  journey.  He,  however,  received  a  gracious  mess'age  from 
Charles,  and  was  sufficiently  recovered  to  witness  the  joyful  entry 
of  the  King  into  London,  after  seventeen  years  sad  and  long  exile. 
He  ^stood  in  the  Strand  and  beheld  it,  and  bless'd  God !'  It  may 
be  imagined  that  he  was  well  received  at  Court.,  The  King,  who 
called  him  his  old  acquaintance,  offered  him  the  Order  of  the  Bath, 
which  he  declined,  but  was  better  pleased  to  be  nominated  one  of 
the  Council  of  the  Royal  Society,  of  which  he  had  just  been  elected 
a  Fellow. 

He  had  now  leisure  to  devote  himself  to  the  pursuit  of  the  arts  he 


xu 

loved,  and  was  actively  employed  in  promoting  them  by  every  means 
in  his  power.  In  1661  was  published  a  translation  of  Gabriel 
Naud^e's  instructions,  concerning  the  erection  of  a  library,  which  he 
addressed  in  a  Dedication  to  Lord  Chancellor  Clarendon.  This 
piece  had  a  similar  fate  to  his  unfortunate  translation  of  Lucretius ; 
for  being  printed  during  his  absence  from  London  in  a  cai^less 
manner,  it  abounds  with  typographical  errors  *.  At  the  end  of 
the  book  is  a  letter  to  Dr.  Barlow,  Provost  of  Queen's ,  College, 
by  which  it  appears,  that  the  Doctor  wished  to  have  honoured  Eve- 
lyn, by  printing  the  book  at  Oxford,  but  that  his  purpose  was  de- 
feated by  the  copy  being  mislaid  at  the  pi-inting-house. 

At  the  close  of  the  same  year  he  published,  and  presented  to  the 
King,  his  curious  essay,  called  "  Fumifugium  j  or,  the  Inconveni- 
ence ©f  the  Aer  and  Smoke  of  London  Dissipated  ;"  together  with 
some  remedies  humbly  proposed."  The  plans  by  which  it  was  in- 
tended to  obviate  the  inconvenience  were  ingenious,  and  the  King 
commanded  Evelyn  to  prepare  a  bill  against  the  next  Session  of 
Parliament,  to  carry  part  of  them  into  effect ;  but  it  does  not  appear 
that  any  thing  of  the  kind  was  attempted.     Yet  Evelyn  tells  us  in 


*  JUi  a  copy  of  this  essay,  in  the  library  of  Mr.  S.  W.  Singer,  pf  Boxhill ;  Evelyn  has  cor- 
rected the  most  prominent  errata  with  his  own  hand,  and  written  the  following  letter  oft"  the 
first  leaf: 

»  "  For  My.  worthy  Friend,  Dr.  Godolphin. 

,  "  Sir.  This  trifle  (which  yoij  tell  me  you  met  with  in  syrae  catalogue  of  an  auction  )  was  printed 
during  my  absence  from  London  (now  near  twenty-eight  years  since)  by  a  very  imperfect  copy  (my 
owne  having  been  lost  in  the  printing-hoirse  at  Oxflord),  and  is  so  extreniely  defomi'd  thro'-  the  cor- 
rectors negligence,  that  I  have  done  gXl  I  am  ^ble  to  suppress  the  vending  of  it.  It  is  y^t  a  very 
useful  (^iscours^  and  upon  that  account  I  presented  it  to  some  such  friends  as  you  are,  who  will 
pardon  the  errata,  and  deplore  the  comon  calamitie  incident  to  writers  and  translators  of  bookes ; 
v(»hich  is  (unless  they  attend  ori'the  press- like' slaves)  to  be  at  the  mercy  of  sotts  and  drunkards^ 
that  can  neither  print  sense  nor  English ;  nor,  indeed,  any  other  language,  tlio"  it  lie  never  so 
plainely  before  them.  Witncsse  the  first  booke  of  Lucretiusj  which  I  made  an  essay  on,  almost 
thirty  yeares  past,  where  the  Latine  J  re^ione  (and  from  an  incomparable  Plantine  edition)  was 
abused  in  some  hundreds  of  places  ;  it  not  being  possible  for  me  to  imagine  Dr.  Triplet  (who  was 
the  sole  supervisor,  and  ofFer'ii  me  his  service)  should  take  np  more  care.  And.this  little  pamphlet 
has  been  so  miserably  treated  by  them,  that  the  wounds  are  incurable." — At  the  end  of  the  volume 
is  the  following  note  also  in  the  hand-writing  of  Evelyn :  "  Plurima  quidem  restant  hisce  non 
minora  sphaltnata,  sive  a  me,  sive  ab  ipso  typographo  comissa,  quibus  ignoscat  amieissimus  doctor.' 


xui 

Ms  Diary,  i  1th  January  1662,  *  I  received  of  Sir  Peter  Ball,  the 
Que^nes  Attorney,  a  draught  of  an  Act  against  the  nuisance  of  the 
Smoke  of  London,  to  be  reform'd  by  removing  several  trades  whicli 
are  the  cause  of  it,  and  indanger  th«  health  of  th6.  King  and  his 
pteople.  It  was  to  have  been  offer'd  to  the  Parliament  as  his  Majesty 
commanded.'  As  late  as  the  year  1772  this  tract  found  an  anony- 
mous editor,  who,  struck  by  the  increased  and  increasing  evil,  re- 
commended it  (in  a  Preface,  which  will  be  found  in  the  foUowii^ 
pages)  to  the  attention  of  the  Magistrates  and  Legislature. 

Another  singular  production  of  Evelyn's  pen  issued  from  the 
press  in  1661,  entitled  "  Tyrannus,  or  the  Mode."  This  very  curi- 
ous and  rare  pamphlet  having  found  a  place  in  the  second  volume 
of  the  Evelyn  papers,  is  of  course  omitted  in  the  present  collection. 
A  few  years  after.  King  Charles  ll.  made  an  attempt  to  change. the 
fashion  of  dress,  and  introduce  a  costume  formed  upon  the  Per- 
sian mode,  which,  though  somewhat  strangely  timed,  as  happening 
just  after  the  Fire  of  London,  was  yet  worthy  of  success ;  '  bis 
Majesty  put  himself  solemnly  into  the  Eastern  fashion,  changing 
doublet,  stiff  collar,  bands  and  eloak,  into  a  comely  vest,  after  the 
Persian  mode,  with  girdle  or  straps,  &c.  resolving  never  to  alter  it, 
and  to  leave  the  French  mode,  which  had  hitherto  obtained,  to  our 
great  expence  and  reproach.'  The  King  had  not  constancy  to  per- 
sist in  his  resolution,  his  courtiers  wagered  with  him  that  he  would 
not,  and  they  were  right.  Evelyn  in  his  pamphlet  which  he  gave  to 
the  King  to  read,  had  described  the  comeliness  and  usefulness  of  tlie 
Persian  costume,  and  it  is  more  than  probable  that  Charles  had  been 
convinced  by  his  reasoning. 

The  year  1662  produced  his  magnum  opus^  the  "  Syjuva,"  a  work 
whose  beneficial  influence  upon  the  prosperity  of  the  country  has 
been  so  prodigious,  that  its  author  justly  deserves  to  be  ranked 
among  her  chiefest  worthies  ;  had  he  lived  in  times  like  ours,  a  vo- 
tive statue  of  colossal  size  erected  upon  the  hill  which  overlooks  the 
place  of  his  birth,  would  probably  have  been  his  meed.  Many 
causes  had  operated  to  the  diminution  of  our  woods  and  forests. 
Men  were  not  planters  but  destroyers  of  wood,  without  thought  of 


XIV 


the  future ;  but  the  civil  wars  gave  a  final  blow  to  the  work  of 
havock:  'the  aged  oaks,  like  the  old  families  which  owned  them, 
were,  by  these  enemies  of  all  that  was  elegant  and  venerable,  doomed 
to  destruction  :'  feeling  their  tenure  insecure,  and  '  professing  them- 
selves against  root  and  branch,  either  to  be  reimbursed  their  holy 
purchases,  or  for  some  other,  sordid  respect,  they  were  tempted  not 
only  to  fell  and  cut  down,  but  utterly  to  extirpate,  demolish,  and 
raze  all  those  many  goodly  woods  and  forests  which  our  more  pru- 
dent ancestors  left  standing  for  the  service  of  their  country.' 

At  the  Restoration,  Charles  11.  intent  upon  the  augmentation  of 
his  navy,  the  kingdom's  surest  bulwark,  became  alarmed  at  the 
formidable  devastation  which  had  been  made ;  some  queries  were 
directed  to  the  Royal  Society,  to  which  Evelyn  was  deputed  to  re- 
ply, and  his  "  Sylva,  or,  Discourse  of  Forest  Trees,  and  the  propa- 
gation of  Timber,"  was  the  result.  It  was  the  first  book  printed  by 
order  of  the  Society,  and  was  most  flatteringly  received.  The  King 
thanked  him  more  than  once  for  it ;  in  fact,  never  was  a  work 
attended  with  more  complete  success.  It  sounded  the  trumpet  of 
alarm  to  the  nation  on  the  condition  of  the  woods  and  forests,  and 
awakened  the  landholders  to  a  sense  of  their  own  and  their  coun- 
try's interests.  Evelyn's  old  age  was  blessed  in  the  consciousness 
of  the  beneficial  effects  his  book  had  produced  ;  he  lived  to  know 
that  many  millions  of  forest  trees  had  been  propagated  and  planted 
at  his  instigation.  It  was  a  work  of  love ;  the  writer's  soul  was  in 
his  subject,  and  the  reader  cannot  but  catch  part  of  his  enthusiasm. 
It  is  not  the  planter  alone,  but  every  admirer  of  nature  that  may  find 
instruction  and  amusement  in  this  delightful  work. .  It  is  a  store- 
house of  curious  facts  and  anecdotes  relating  to  trees ;  and  though 
the  reader  may  sometimes  smile  at  the  amusing  superstition  of  the 
writer,  he  will  more  frequently  have  occasion  to  admire  his  fervent 
stij-ain  of  piety.  He  laboured  to  the  end  of  his  long  life  in  giving  it 
all  the  perfection  in  his  power,  and  at  a  late  period  we  find  him  thus 
encouraging  the  planter  with  the  promise  of  longevity :  '  It  is  ob- 
sei-ved  that  planters  are  often  blessed  with  health  and  old  age.  The 
days  of  a  tree  are  the  days  of  my  people,  says  the  prophet  Isaiah. 


XV 

Hcec  scripsi  octogenarius,  and  shall,  if  God  protract  my  years,  and 
continue  my  health,  be  continually  planting,  till  it  shall  please  him 
to  transplant  me  into  those  glorious  regions  above,  planted  with 
perennial  groves  and  trees  bearing  immortal  fruit.' 

The  first  edition  of  the  Sylva  was  in  1664,  and  it  passed  through 
five  editions  during  the  author's  life.  The  work  was  republished  in 
1776 J  by  Dr.  Andrew  Hunter,  of  York  *,  with  copious  and  valuable 
notes  and  excellent  plates.  The  same  beneficial  effects  seem  to  have 
attended  this  republication  ;  it  revived  the  ardour  for  planting  which 
the  first  edition  had  excited.  The  work  again  became  so  popular, 
that  four  large  impressions  were  called  for.  The  last,  in  1825,  con- 
tains Dr.  Hunter's  latest  improvements ;  but  those  who  are  fortunate 
enough  to  possess  the  edition  of  177^)  iJ^ay  treasure  it  on  account 
of  the  engravings,  particularly  for  '  the  admirable  portrait  of  Eve- 
lyn by  Bartolozzii  which,  under  the  lean  and  fallen  features  of  age^ 
exhibits  all  the  intelligence  and  fire  of  youth.' 

His  "  ScuLPTURA,  or,  the  History  and  Art  of  Chalcogi'aphy 
and  Engraving  on  Copper,"  was  printed  in  1662,  at  the  express 
desu'e  of  the  Royal  Society,  and  was  written  at  the  reiterated  in- 
stance of  the  distinguished  Robert  Boyle,  to  whom  it  is  dedicated. 
In  this  work  was  first  given  to  the  world  the  method  of  engraving  in 
Mezzotinto,  invented  and  communicated  by  Prince  Rupert,  with  a 
plate  engraved  by  his  royal  hand,  of  which  an  accurate  copy  accom- 
panies the  present  re-impression.  This  work  having  become  ex- 
tremely scarce  was  reprinted  in  1755,  with  the  advantage  of  some 
additions  from  the  author's  own  corrected  copy,  which  have  received 
the  attention  due  to  them. 

His  translation  of  Roland  Freart's  "  Parallel  of  Antient  and  Mo- 
dern Architecture,"  was  printed  in  1664,  and  was  also  dedicated  to 
the  King,  with  a  prefatory  letter  to  Sir  John  Denham.    This  dedi- 


*  Dr.  Hunter  also  republished  Evelyn's  "Terra,  a  Philosophical  Discouise  of  Earth,"  with  notes. 
The  first  edition  of  this  tract  was  in  1675  ;  it  was  also  printed  by  order  of  the  Royal  Society,  To 
some  of  the  later  editions  of  the  Sylva  th'.a  essay  was  joined,  together  with  Pomona,  an  Appendix 
concerning  fruit  trees  and  cider: 


XVI 

catjop  and  letter  containing  several  curious  particulars,  are  givea 
in  tke  following  pages.  There  was  a  second  edition  of  this  work  in 
1669,  and  a  third  in  1697,  to  which  last  was  appended  a  very  usefial 
supplementary  "  Account  of  Architects  and  Architecture,."  with  a 
prefatory  address  to  Sir  Christopher  Wren,  in  which  there  is  an  in- 
teresting passage  relating  to  the  rebuilding  of  St.  Paul's.  This  tracts 
as  an  original  work  of  Evelyn's,  of  course  finds  a  place  in  the  present 
Q^lection. 

^'  The  Kalendarium  Hortense ;  or,  Gardener's  Almaiiack,"  was 
also  first  published  in  this  year.  In  the  second  edition,  he  inscribed 
it  to  his  amiable  friend  Cowley,  who  'had  once  been  pleased  to 
suspend  his  noble  raptures  in  order  to  transcribe  it.'  This  called 
forth  "The  Garden,"  that  heart-felt  effusion,  of  Cowley'is  muse, 
which  he  addressed  to  Evelyn,  in  1666,  and  which  is  here  printed 
from  the  original  autograph  manuscript.  The  poiet  thus  apostro- 
phizes Evelyn  : 

Happy  art  thou  whom  God  does  bless 
With  the  full  choice  of  thine  own- happiness ! 

And  happier  yet,  because  thou  'rt  blfest 

With  prudence  how  to  chuse  the  best ! 
In  book*  and  Gardens  thou  hast  plac'd  aright — 

Thy  noble  innocent  delight : 
And  in  thy  virtuous  Wife,  where  thou  again  dost  meet 

Both  pleasures  more  refin'd  and  sweet : 

The  fairest  garden  in  her  looks, 

And' in  her  inind  the,  widest  hooks. 
O  who  woidd' change  these  solid  joys, 
.  For  empty  shows  and  senseless  noise. 

And  alt  which  rank  ambition  breeds. 
Which  seem  such  beauteous  flowers,  and  are  such  poisonous  weeds  ? 

Evelyn's  measure  of  happiness  was  indeed  full,  and  this  is  no  over- 
charged picture  of  his  fehcity. 

The  Kalendarium,  as  might  be  expected,  was  veiy  popular,  and 
quickly  passed  through  several  editions.  It  has  been  thought  ad- 
visable to  reprint  it  for  the  gratification  of  the  curious  Horticulturist 


XVll 

The  edition  which  has  been  made  use  of  is  the  tenth,  which  received 
the  latest  improvements  of  the  Author  just  previous  to  the  close  of 
his  life. 

.  In  1664  was  also  published  "  The  Mystery  of  Jesuitism,"  deve- 
loping the  pernicious  consequences  of  the  new  heresy  of  the  Jesuits 
against  Kings  and  States.  He  undertook  the  ;tra^slation  of  this 
from  the  French,  at  the  desire  of  Lord  Cornbury  and  his  illustrious 
father -Lord  Clarendon.  Of  this,  as  being  a  translation,  the  Dedi- 
catory Epistle  only  is  given. 

Sir  George  Mackenzie  having  published  at  Edinburgh,  in  1 665, 
*'  A  Moral  Essay,  preferring  Solitude  to  Public  Employment," 
Evelyn  took  up  the  pen  to.  answer  the  ,  arguments  in  that  pleasing 
little  work,  ajid  in  166/  appeared  "  Public  Employment  and  an 
Active  Life,  with. all  its  appanages,  ^uch  as  Fame,  Command,  Riches, 
Conversation,  &c.  preferred  to  Solitude ;  in  reply  to  a  late  ingenious 
Essay  of  a  contrary  title." 

Never  was  a  controversy  conducted  with  more  good  temper  and 
politeness.  After  highly  complimenting  his  antagonist,  Evelyn 
says,  '  The  war  is  innocent,  and  I  would  be  glad  that  this  way  of 
velitation  and  short  discourses  upon  all  arguments,  in  which  other 
languages  greatly  outdo  us,  might  exercise  our  reason  .and  improve 
our  English  style,  which  yet  wants  the  culture  of  our  more  Southern 
neighbours,'  It  is  remarkable,  that  it  was  a  person  busily  employed 
in  scenes  of  active  life,  the  King's  Advocate  for  Scotland,  who  was 
contending  for  solitude ;  while  Evelyn,  whose  pursuits  were  princi- 
pally those  which  ornament  a  retired  life,  was  the  champion  of  pub-r 
lie  and  active  employment.  Letters  of  civil  congratulation  passed 
afterwards  between  the  disputants,  which  have  been  fortunately 
preserved,  and  ai-e  now  for  the  first  time  prefixed  to  Evelyn's  essay. 
In  a  letter  to  Cowley,  soon  after  the  publication,  he  thus  expresses 
himself:  '  You  had  reason  to  be  astonished  at  the  presumption, 
not  to  name  it  affront,  that  I  who  have  so  highly  celebrated  Recesse, 
and  envied  it  in  others, 'should  become  an  advocate  for  the  enemie 
which,  of  all  others,  it  abhors  and  files  from.     I  conjure  you  to  be- 

c 


xviii 


lieve  that  I  am  still  of  the  same  mind,  and  that  there  is  no  person 
alive  who  does  more  honour  and  breathe  after  the  life  and  repose 
you  so  happily  cultivate  and  adorn  by  your  example.  But  as  those 
who  prays'd  dirt,  a  fl6a,  and  the  gowte,  so  have  I  public  empiloy- 
ment  in  that  trifling  essay,  and  that  in  so  weak  a  style,  compar'd  to 
my  antagonists^,  as  by  that  alone  it  will  appear,  /  neither  was  nor 
could  he  serious,  and  I  hope  yOu  believe  I  speak  my  very  soul  to 
you.' 

Sunt  enim  Musis  sua  ludicra,  mista  Camoenis 

Otia  sunt- — • 

Some  apology  was  indeed  necessary  to  his  recluse  friend,  for  the! 
seeming  inconsistency  of  his  opinions,  for  h6  had  publicly  approved 
his  love  of  retirement,  and  told  him  that  he  applauded  his  contempt 
of  the  world ;  whilst  in  seclusion  he  continued  in  repose  and  self- 
possession,  cultivating  the  leisure,  the  liberty,  the  books,  the  medi- 
tations, and,  above  all,  the  learned  and  choice  friendships  he  en- 
joyed. '  Who  (says  he)  would  not  like  you  cacher  sa  vie  ?  It  was 
the  wise'impress  of  Balzac,  and  of  Plutarch  before  him  ;  you  give  it 
lustre  and  interpretation.  /  swear  to  you.  Sir,,  it  is  what  in  the  world 
I  most  inwardly  breathe  after  and  pursue ;  not  to  say  that  I  envy 
your  felicity,  delivered  from  the  gilded  impertinencies  of  life,  to 
enjoy  the  moments  of  a  sohd  and  pure  contentment.' 

Hisprojecttoo  of  a  kind  of  Lay -monastery,  which  he  orice  seriously 
entertained  intentions  offounding,  and  the  plan  of  which  is  to  befound 
in  the  works  of  the  Hon.  Robert  Boyle,  in  a  letter  addressed  to  that 
eminent  philosopher,  may  show  that  he  was  serious  in  his  profession 
of  lovipg  '  the  life  remov'd.'  It  has  been  said,  that  his  active  mind 
was  not  fitted  for  retirement,  and  that  he  felt  that  he  could  be  of 
more  service  to  mankind  in  the  busy  scenes  of  public  life.  It  is  cer- 
tain, though  he  did  not  seek  it,  that  he  did  not  shrink  from  public 
employment ;  and  the  arduous  and  painful  office  of  one  of  the  Com-, 
missioners  for  taking  care  of  the  sick  and  wounded  prisoners  daring 
the  war  with  the  Dutch,  was  filled  by  him  with  exemplary  persever- 
ance, under  cireumstanees  the  most  trying.     Money  and  means  of 


XIX 

every  kind  were  wanting.  The  distress  and  anxiety,  of  mind  whiqb 
he  suffered  in  the  performance  of  his  duty,  are  painted  by  himself 
in  lively  Qolours  in  his  Diary. 

It  may  be  remarked,  that  Le  Vayer,  whose  works  we  have  before 
observed  were  familiar  to  him,  has  a  curious  dialogue  on  the  subject 
of  Retirement.  It  is  among  those  which  he  published  under  the 
name  of  Oratius  Tubero,  and  entitled  '*  De  ha  Vie  Priv^e."  His 
arguments  however  are  opposed  to  those  of  Evelyn;  yet  we 
may-perceive. that  the  latter  was  not  unacquainted  with  this  per- 
formance, which  is  well  worth  reading.  Thp  writer  had  at  least  the 
merit  of  being  earnestly  sincere  in  the  cause  he  advocates ;  he  w^s  a 
man  who  in  manners  is  said  to  have  approached  the  simplicity  of 
the  philosophers  of  old, 

Inl669appearedEvelyn's  translation  of  Roland  Freart's  "  Idea  of 
the  Perfection  of  Painting,  demonstrated  from  the  Principles  of  Art," 
with  aDedicatipn  to  his, illustrious  friend  Henry  Howard,  who  had 
previously,  at  his  instance,  made  that  noble  donation,  the  Arunde- 
lian  marbles,  to  the  University  of  Oxford.  In  this  address  be  solicits 
him  to  cause  his  collection  of  Sculpture  in  his  galleries  at  Arundel 
House  to  be  engraved  from  good  designs,  as  it  would  much  contri- 
bute to  the  glory,  of  the  country,  the  honour  of  his  illustrious  family, 
and  the  advancement  of  art.  This  piece  has  been  accounted  one  of 
the  scarcest  of  Evelyn's  publicatiojis,  and  as  it  is  short  and  interest  r 
ing,  commands  a  place  in  this  volume. 

«.'  The  History  of  the  Three  late  Impostors,  Padre  Ottomano,  MaV 
homed  Bei,^  and  Sabate  Sevi,"  was  published  in  1668.  The*  mate-: 
rials  of  the  principal  narration  he  received  from  a  Persia,n  gentle- 
man, whom  he.  called  Sig.  Pietro  Cisij.  At  the  end  of  4t  is  added 
an  account  of  the  extirpation  of  the  Jews  in  Persia,  in  the  time  of 
Shab  Abbas  J;he  Second.  T^iis  work:  arose  from  an  honest  desire 
to  expose  imposture,  and  contains  many  curious  particulars. 

His  "Navigation  and  Comm^erce,  their  Original  and  Progress," 
publishedin  16^4,  was  written  as  an  Introduction  to  the  Histoiy  of 
the  Dutch  War;  undertaken  by  Evelyn  at  the  express  command  of 


XX 


Kimg  Charles  II.,  and  the  materials  for  which  were  furnished  by  the 
Officers  of  State.  The  work  would  have  formed  at  least  80Q  or  1000 
pages  in  foho,  and  a  great  portion  of  it  was  prepared  for  the  press, 
when  it  was  put  a  stop  to  by  the  King  himself,  for  some  reason  which 
does  not  appear.     Conjecture,  however,  suggests  that  Evelyn  was 
too  veracious  in  his  history.  It  appears,  from  his  Diary,  that  he  very 
much  disapproved  many  of  the  transactions  which  it  would  have  be- 
come his  duty  to  narrate.  His  MS., as  far  as  it  was  completed,  he  put 
into  the  hands  of  Mr.  Pepys;  but  Mr.  Bray  sought  for  it  in  vain  in 
the  Pepysian  collection  at  Cambridge.     This  introductory  Preface 
was;written  at  the  suggestion  of  Lord  Arlington,  and  was  intended 
.  to  contain  '  a  complete  deduction  of  the  progress  of  Na\igation 
and  Commerce,  from  its  first  principle  to  the  time  in  which  it  was 
wi-itteri,— all  contests  and  differences  with  the  Dutch  at  sea  being 
derived  from  that  source  only.'     Evelyn  was  now  a  member  of  the 
Council  of  Trade  and  Plantations,  and  he  inscribed,  with  propriety, 
this  essay  to  the  King. 

The  "  Mundus  Muliebris,  or  Ladies  Dressing-room  Unlocked, 
with  the  Fop-Dictionary,"  is  a  little  playful  satire,  in  which  he  had 
been  assisted  by  his  lovely  and  accomplished  daughter  Mary,  whom 
he  had  the  affliction  to  lose  in  her  nineteenth  year,  and  whose  cha- 
racter he  has  so  exquisitely  and  pathetically  dehneated  in  his  Jour- 
nal.    This  was  published  in  1690. 

In  1697  he  pubUshed  his  "  Numismata;  a  Discourse  of  Medals, 
Ancient  and  Modern,  &c.  with  a  digression  on  Physiognomy."  But 
as  this  science  was  in  its  infancy  when  he  wrote,  and  the  public  are 
in  possession  of  excellent  modern  works  on  the  subject,  by  Pinkeiv 
ton,  Ruding,  and  others,  no  part  of  this  production  is  admitted  into 
the  following  collection.  ... 

The  last  tract  in  the  present  volume,  5'  Acetaria,  a  Discourse  .  of 
Sallets,"  was  printed  in  1699.  In  the  preface  he  mentions  a  work 
on  which  he  had  spent  upwards  of  forty  years,  and  his  collections 
for  which  filled  several  thousand  pages.  This  was  his  grand  Hortu- 
lan  design,  which  he  purposed  calling  Elysium  Britannic um.    The 


XXI 


Ai3etaria  and  the  Gardeners  Kalendar  were  only  chapters  in  this 
great  work,  which  was  to- have  embraced  every  thing  connected 
with  a  Garden.  The  plan  of  this  Elysium  has  been  printed  among 
the  Evelyn  Papers,  and  his  miscellaneous  collections  for  it,  exist 
among  the  manuscripts  at  Wooton.  1 

Evelyn,  hke  Lord  Bacon,  thought  that  a  garden  "  afforded  the 
purest  of  human  pleasures,"  anc*  his  notions  of  ornamental  garden- 
ing were  such  as  that  great  man  has  shadowed  out  in  his  interesting 
essay,  wherein  he  treats  '  Of  Gai-dens.'  In  one  point the^  differ; 
Bacon  would  have  a  prince-like  garden  to  consist  of '  thirty  acres:' 
.Evelyn's  Elysium,  though  the  design  was  so  enormous,  might  yet 
have  been' comprehended  within  two  or  three  acres,  'nay,  within  the 
square  of  less  than  one  (skilfully  planned  and  cultivated),  and  yet 
have  been  sufficient  to  entertain  his  time  and  thoughts  all  his  life 
long,  with  a  most  innocent,  agreeable,  and  useful  employment.'  The 
good  sense  of  Lord  Bacon  evinced  itself  in  one  respect  *;  he  did  not 
admire  topiary  work,  '  images  cut  out  in  juniper,  or  other  garden- 
stuff,  they  being  for  children.'  Evelyn's  design  would  have  compre- 
hended all  sorts  of  knot,  labyrinth,  and  ground-work,  all  kinds  of 
topiary  and  hortulan  architecture,  with  the  accompaniments  of  hy- 
draulic music,  and  every  species  of  fountain,  grotto,  rocks,  crypts, 
and  mounts.  So  vast  was  his  conception,  that  he  thought  'it 
would  require  the  revolution  of  many  ages,  with  deep  and  long  ex- 
perience, for  any  man  to  emerge  a  perfect  and  accomplished  artist 
gardener!'  *' 

He  had  conceived  and  planned  another  w'ork,  almost  too  compre- 
hensive even  for  his  universal  genius ;  this  was  "  A  General  Histoi-y 
of  all  Trades."  He  has  assigned  good  and  solid  reasons  for  laying 
this  work  aside  in  a  letter  to  Mr.  Boyle.  His  "  Sculptura,"  was 
only  one  portion  of  this  vast  project;  he  had  also  prepared  treatises 
on  the  several  arts  of  painting  in  oil  and  in  miniature ;  annealing 
in  glass ;  enameling ;  and  making  marble  paper.  But  none  of  these 
were  published. 

A  complete  list  of  his  publications  will  be  found  in  the  second 


xxu 

volume  of  the  Evelyn  Papers,  p.  87  ;  among  these  he  enumerates^ 
as  in  manuscript,  Thyrsander,  a  Tragy-comedie ;  and  an  essay  on 
the  Dignity  of  Mankind. 

It  was  towa)-d  the  close  of  1699,  that,  by  the  death  of  his  elder 
brother  George,  he  succeeded  to  his  paternal  estate,  and  early  in  the 
succeeding  year  he  first  visited  it  as  owner.     His  seat,  at  Sayes 
Court,  which  he  used  fondly  to  call  his  'Little  Zoar,'  delighted 
him  sufficiently,  bnt  Wooton  had  his  heart.    It  was  the  place  of 
liis   birth,   and  endeared  to  him  by  a  thousand  filial  ties.     He 
often  speaks  of  it  with  rapture  in  his  Sylva ;  and  in  his  Diary  he 
says,    *  It  is  so  sweetly  environed  with  those  delicious  streams  and 
venerable  woods,  as  in  the  judgment  of  strangers  as  well  as  English- 
men, it  may  be  compared  to  one  of  the  most  pleasant  seates  in  the 
nation,  and  most  tempting  for  a  great  person  and  a  wanton  purse 
to  render  it  conspicuous  :  it  has  rising  grounds,  meadows,  woods, 
and  water  in  abundance.'      It  is  indeed  a  beautiful  spot,  highly 
favoured  by  nature ;  and  full  of  pleasing  associations,  sources  of 
the  purest  mental  pleasure,  whiletwe 

'  Invoke  the  Lares  of  his  lov'd  retreat. 

And  his  lone  walks  imprint  with  pilgrim  feet,' 

imagination  bodies  forth  the  shade  of  the  virtuous  and  the  benefi- 
cent Evelyn,  and  of  his  excellent  and  amiable  friend  the  poet 
Cowley. 

The  most  finished  biographical  sketch  could  have  no  claim  to  di- 
vert the  reader  a  moment  from  the  amusing  and  instructive  pages 
of  Evelyn's  Diary,  in  which  he  has  recorded  the  events  of  his  Ufe  in 
an  unafiected  strain  of  pious  sincerity ;  nothing  of  the  kind  is  there- 
fore here  attempted. 

It  is  a  proud  and  gratifying  reflection  to  the  Editor  of  the  present 
volume,  that  he  was  the  humble  but  instrumental  cause  of  the  pub- 
lication of  that  delightful  work,  which  has  raised  the  name  of  Evelyn 
in  public  estimation,  and  awakened  attention  to  his  other  writings. 
Many  of  his  fugitive  pieces  are  of  extreme  rarity,  and  almost  all 


xxm 

of  them  are  difficult  to  be  met  with.  He  trusts,  therefore,  that 
he  shall  have  rendered  no  unacceptable  service  to  the  world  of 
letters,  in  collecting  these  frondes  caducce  of  the  author  of  the 
Sylva,  whose  whole  life  was  devoted  to  the  advancement  of 
those  arts  which  have  been  the  source  of  the  wealth,  greatness, 
and  prosperity  of  his  country.  Their  intrinsic  merit  called  for  the 
more  general  diffusion  of  these  literary  remains  of  one  whose  life 
offers  the  most  perfect  model  of  what  an  EngUsh  gentleman  should 
be  :  who  living  Was  an  example  of  public  and  private  virtue,  and 
who  dying  bequeathed  this  golden  sentence  to  be  inscribed  on  his 
tomb  for  the  advantage  <)f  posterity : — '  In  an  age  of  extraor- 
dinary EVENTS  AND  REVOLUTIONS,  HE  LEARNT  THAT  ALL  IS  VANITY 
WHICH  IS  NOT  HONEST,  AND  THAT  THERE  IS  NO  SOLID  WISDOM  BUT 
IN  REAL  PIETY.' 


XXV 


TABLE    OF    CONTENTS. 


PAGE. 

Dedication v 

Introduction vii-^xxii 

Trarf,  Of  Liberty  AND  Servitude,  1649. 
Translated  from  the  French  of  M,  de 

la  Mothe  le  Vayer l — 38 

Advertisement  of  the  Editor 3 

The  Author's  Epistle 4 

The  Translator's  Epistle, — Address  to  the 

Reader 5 

Verses  to  the  Translator,  by  A.  Ross. ...       6 

Table  of  Chapters 7 

The  Progm — Chap.  I.  8.    Of  Liberty  and 

Servitude  in  General! 8 — 10 

Chap.  IL — In  what  our  Liberty  and  our 

Servitude  doth  consist 10 — 13 

Chap;  III. — That  there  is  none  can  truly 

aiSrme  himselfe  to  be  free 13 — 16 

Chap.  IV; — Of  the  Liberty  Philosophique 

17—27 
Chap.  V. — Of  the  Servitude  of  the  Court 

27—37 

The  Conclusion 37—38 

Traa,  The  State  of  France,  1652.  .  .39 — 95 
Epistle  Dedicator-x  to  the  Translation 

of  the  French  Gardiner,  1658. .  97 — 98 
DittOfto  the  Second  Edition  o{  Ditto,  1669. .  99 
Address  to  the  Reader,  prefixed  to  the  same 

work 100 

Ditto,  to  Rose's  English  Vineyard  Vindicated 

101—102 
Tract,  The  Golden  Book  of  St.  John 
Chrysostom,  1659 ;  Translated  from 

the  Greek  . .  .\ 103— 1*40 

The  Epistle  Dedicatory 105 — 111 

Epitaph   on  Richard  Evelyn, — Note  to 

the  Reader 1 12 

Notes  upon  some  Passages 138 — 140 

Tract,  k  Character  of  England,  1659; 

Translated  from  the  French 141—167 

A  Letter  in  vindication  of  this  Character, 

143r-146 

To  the  Reader 147 

Tract,   An   Apology    for    the    Royal 

Party,  1659 169—192 

Tract,  The  late  News  from  Brussels 

Unmasked,  1660 193—204 

Explanatory  Note 194 

Tract,  FuMiFUGiUM,  1661 205—242 

To  the  King's  Most  Sacred  Majesty  207—209 

To  the  Reader 209—211 

Preface  to  the   Modern  Edition,    1772, 

212—214 

Part  I 215—230 

d 


FAGK. 

Part  II , 231—239 

Part  III.  An  offer  at  the  Improvement  and 
Melioration  of  the  Aer  of  London,  by 

way  of  Plantation. . ." 239 — 242 

Tract,  Sculptura,  1662. 243 — 335 

To  the  Honourable  and  Learned  Gentle- 
man Robert  Boyle,  Esq 245 — 246 

.  An  Account  of  Signer  Giacomo  Favi  247 — 260 
A  Table  of  the  Titles  of  the  Chapters  251 — 257 

Authors  and  Books  consulted. 2.57 

Chap.  I.  Of  Sculpture,  how  derived. .  258 — 263 
Chap.  II.  Of  the  Original  of  Sculpture  in 

general 263 — 269 

Chap.  III.  Reputation  and   Progress  of 

Sculpture  amongst  the  Ancients  270 — 276 
Chap.  IV.  The  Invention  and  Progress  of 
Chalcography  in  particular,  and    an 

Account  of  the  old  Masters 276 — 311 

Chap.V.  Of  Drawing  and  Design,  &c.312 — 333 
Chap.  VI.  Of  the  new  way  of  Engraving 

or  Mezzotinto 333 — 335 

An  Advertisement 335 — 336 

The  Epistles  Dedicatory,  prefixed  to 
Freart's  Parallel  between  An- 
cient AND  Modern  Architecture, 

1664 ...  337—348 

To  the  Most  Serene  Majesty  of  diaries 

the  Second 339 — 342 

To  Sir  John  Denham 343 — 346 

Latin  Verses  addressed  to  Evelyn  by  Dr. 

Beale 347,  348 

Tract,  An  Account  of  Architects  and 

Architecture 349 — 424 

To  my  most  honoured  Friend,  Sir  Christo- 
pher Wren,  Knight 351,352 

To  the  Reader 353,  354 

Tract,  Kalendarium  Hortense,  or  the 

Gardener's  Almanack,  1664 42.5 — 498 

Illustrative  Note 427 

To  Abraham  Cowley,  Esq 4^9 

Introduction  to  the  Kalendar 430 — 434 

The  Garden,  to  John  Evelyn,  Esq.  by  A. 

Cowley ." 435—442 

January  443 — 446.  February  447 — 449. 
March  449 — 454.  April  454—459. 
May  459—463.  June  463—467.  July 
467—471.  August  471—475.  Sep. 
tember475— 479.  October  479 — 482. 
November  482 — 486.  December  487 — 488 
ANewConservatory,  or  GreenHouse  490 — 4&5 
A  Letter  from  Sir  Dudley  Cullum  to  J. 
Evelyn,  Esq.  concerning  the  newly- 
invented  Stove. -197,  49s 


XXVI 


PAGE. 

Dedicatory  Epistle  to  the  Mystery  or 

Jesuitism,  1664 499,  500 

Tract,    Public  Employment  preferred 

TO  Solitude,  1667 501 — 552 

Illustrative  Note 502 

Letter  between    Sir    George  Mackenzie 

and  John  Evelyn 503,  504 

Dedication : — To  the  Hon.  Sir  Richard 

)      Browne,  Knight  and  Bart 505-^507 

To  the  Reader 507 — 509 

Epistles  prefixed  to  Freart's  Idea  of  the 

Perfection   of  Painting,   1668,  55& — 

562 

Evelyn's  notice  of  the  Work 554 

Dedication :  —  To    the    Illustrious    Henry  , 

Howard  of  Norfolk 555—558 

To  the  Reader 559—562 

Tract,  History  of  the  Three  late  Fa- 
mous Impostors,  1669 563-^620 

Dedication :— To  the  Right  Hon.  Henry, 

Lord  Arlington 565,  566 

To  the  Reader  .  . .  , 567,  568 

The  History  of  Padre  Ottomano,  the  First 

Impostor 569 — 577 

The  Story  of  Mahomed  Bey .  ...:..  578—586 
The  History  of  Sabatai  Sevi,   the  Third 

Impostor 587 — 614 

The  History  of  the  late  Final  Extirpation 

of  the  Jews  out  of  Persia 6 15— 620 

Letter  to  Viscount  Brouncker,  con- 
cerning a  new  Engine  for  Plough- 
ing, &c.  1669-70 621,  622 


page. 
Dedication    ta   Renatuist   Rapinus    of 

GARDEiirs,  1673 623—624 

Tract,    Navigation    and    Commerce, 

1674 625—686 

Dedication  :— To  the  King 627 

Letter  to  Mr.  Aubrety,  concerning  Surrey 

Antiquities,  &.c.  1675-76 687—691 

Abstract  of  a  Letter  to  the  Royai, 
Society,  concerning  the  DaiMage 
done  to  his  Gardens  in  the  preceding 

Winter  1684 692—696 

Tract,  MunDus  Muliebris,  or  the  Ladies 

Dressing-room  Unlocked,  1690  .697— 713 

Illustrative  Note 698 

Preface 699—702 

The  Fop  Dictionary 710—713 

Advertisement  to  the  Tiianslation  of 
the  CoMPLEAT  GtARDENER,  by  M.  de 

la  Quintenye,  1693 714 — 717 

Ditto,  to  M.  de  la  Quintenye's   Directions  "^ 

concerning  Melons 718 

Ditto,  to  M.  de  la  Quintenye's  Directions 

concerning  Orange  Trees 718- — 720 

Tract,  AcETARiA :  A  DiscouiiSE  of  Sal- 
lets,  1699 721—812 

Illustcaitive  Notecoixcerning  it 722 

To    the    Right   Honourable  Lord  John 
Somers,  of  Evesham,  &c.  &c. .  . .  723 — 727 

The  Preface 728—730 

The  Plan  of  a  Royal  Garden 730—732 

Appendix 800 — 812 

Index S13 


LIST    OF    PLATES. 


To  face  the  Title-page  : — Fac  Simile  of  a  Letter  by  John  Evelyn,  addressed  to  Dr.  Thomas 
Tennison,  Archbishop  of  Canterl^ury. — The  subject  af  this  letter  will  be  found  particularly 
alluded  to  in  Evelyn's  Diary  and  Correspondence,  first  edition,  vol.  I,  page  495. 

P.  243.  Fac-Simile  Frontispiece  to  the  Sculptura,  after  a  Design  by  J.  Evelyn.  On  the  same 
Plate  is  an  Engraving  illustrative  of  the  manner  of  forming  lines  and  shadows  on  round  sub- 
stances, particularly  described  and  referred  to  on  page  321. 

P.  333.  Mezzotinto  Head  of  an  Executioner,  after  Spagnoletto,  originally  engraved  and 
presented  by  Prince  Rupert  to  Evelyn  for  his  Sculptura,  as  a  specimen  of  his  ijewly  invented 
art.     Copied  from  an  original  impression  by  Say. 

P.  425.  Frontispiece  to  the  Kalendarium  Hortense,  after  the  original  engravings  by  Hertocks. 


OF   LIBERTY  AND   SERVITUDE. 

TRANSLATED  OUT  OF 

THE  ^FRENCH  (OF  THE  SIEUR  DELA  MOTHE  LE  VAYER) 
INTO  THE  ENGLISH  TONGUE, 

BY  JOHN  EVELYN, 

AND 

DEDICATED  TO  GEORGE  EVELYN,   Esquike. 


MMib.    £t  quae  tanta  fuit  Romam  tibi  causa  videndi  ? 
Tit.    Libertas :  quae,  sera  tamen,  respexit  inertem. 

«     VlHG,   Eel.  1. 


LONDON: 

PRINTED    FOR    M.  MEIGHEN,    AND    G.  BEDELL,    AND    ARE    TO'  BE    SOLD 
AT    THEIR    SHOP    AT    THE    MIDDLE    TEMPLE    GATE. 


1649. 


ADVERTISEMENT  OE  THE  EDITOR. 


The  following  Tract  is  merely  a  translation  from  the  French  of  M.  de  la  Mothe 
le  Vayer*,  yet  it  becomes  interesting  as  Evelyn's  first  literary  undertaking,  and  is 
re-printed  verbatim  from  the  copy  found  in  his  own  possession  containing  his 
MSS.  notes.  In  1781  it  was  purchased  by  Mr.  Bindley,  probably  from  Mr.  J. 
Robson,  the  late  well-known  bookseller  of  Bond-street,  who  bought  a  large  portioa 
of  the  Evelyn  library  from  that  family  about  the  year  1767,  At  the  disposal  of  Mr; 
Bindley's  collection  in  Deciember  1818,  it  came  into  the  possession  of  George 
Watspn  Taylor,  Esq.  on  the  sale  of  whose  books  it  was  purchased  by  the  Editor, 
March  26,  1823. 

Adescriptive  liote  on  the  fly-leaf  of  the  volume  contains  the  following  character 
in  the  autograph  of  Mr.  Bindley : 

"  This  little  book  was  the  first  of  Evelyn's  productions,  and  is  seldom  to  be  met 
with;  and  this  very  copy  belonged  to  himself,  as  appears  by  his  own  hand-writing 
above t:  in  the  title-page  is  a  curious  memorandum  concerning  the  book,  ascertaining 
also  the  precise  time  of  its  publication.     J.  B.  1781." 

The  note  alluded  to  is  written  in  pencil,  as  well  as  the  acknowledgment,  by  the 
insertion  of  his  own  name,  that  he  was  the  translator  of  the  tract : 

"  I  was  like  to  be  call'd  in  question  by  the  Rebells  for  this  booke,  being  published 
a  few  days  before  his  Majesty's  decollation-" 

*  Francis  De  la  Mothe  le  Vayer  was  a  sceptical  but  celebrated  French  writer  of  the  seventeenth 
century,  who  was  born  at  Paris  in  1588,  and  died  in  1672.  His  works  are  extensive,  and  embrace 
a  very  great  variety  of  subjects,  both  ancient  and  modern  j  the  principal  of  which  are,  "  De  la  Vertu 
des  Payens,  Paris,  1643,"  4to  j  "  Des  Anciens  at  Principaux  Historiens  Grecs  et  Latins,  Par.  1645," 
l^mo;  "  Sur  la  Fa§on  de Parjer  n'avoir  pas  le  sens  commuri.  Par.  1646,"  12mo ;  "  Petits  Traitfe  en 
Forme  des  Lettres,  Par.  1648,"  4to;  the  volume  printed  in  the  text;  the  roya!  privilege  for  the 
printing  of  which  is  dated  January  20th  1643;  and  "  The  Prerogative  of  a  Private  Life,  Lond.  1678," 
8vo. — As  the  sale  of  the  first  of  the  books  in  the  foregoing  list  was  very  indifferent,  the  Author 
procured  a  Government  order  for  its  suppression,  when  the  whole  edition  was  rapidly  sold.  His 
collected  works  were  printed  at  Paris  In  1 662  in  three  volumes  folio,  and  several  times  since 
in  12mo  aiid  8vo. 

f  viz.  his  signature,  date  1649,  and  usual  motto;  "  Omnia  explorate,  meliora  retinete." 


4 
The  Author's  Epistle. 


To  my  Lord,  the  Most  Eminent  Cardinal  Mazarin. 

My  Lord, 
Although  I  know  sufficiently  that  your  goodnesse  moves  you  to 
accept  favourably,  even  the  least  productions  of  wit,  which  are  pre- 
sented unto  you;  yet  am  I  so  justly  diffident  of  mine  own,  that  it  hath 
suffered  an  extraordinary  reluctancy  before  it  could  resolve  to  offer  unto 
you  this  little  Treatise,  without  the  consideration  of  it's  subject,  and 
(as  I  must  say)  without  the  necessity  of  dedicating  the  same  unto  you : 

,  for  if  gne  cannot  but  with  sacrilege  make  use  elsewhere  of  that  which  an 
holy  place  did  receive  from  our  offerings,  nothing  but  your  sacred 
Purple  ought  to  gather  that,  which  another,  who  is  no  more,  had 
deigned  to  receive  into  his  protection.     Perhaps,  your  Eminende   may 

^  call  to  miiid  to  have  seen  what  I  now  dedicate  unto  you  in  the  hands  of 
the  great  Cardinal  de  Richelieu  :  I  resign  it  now  into  yours,  the  most 
worthy  (that  I  know)  to  handle  all  which  those  have  touched  ;  and  if 
it  hath  need  of  any  other  recommendation  to  render  it  acceptable  unto 
you,  it  is  Philosophy,  that,  so  much  in  your  esteeme,  which  hath  dic- 
tated it  unto  me.  I  am  confident,  my  Lord,  that  you  will  not  disavow 
an  affection  which  retaines  nothing  in  it  but  what  is  altogether  worthy 
of  you.  Philosophy  is  one  of  the  most  rich  presents  that  ever  man 
received  from  Heaven  :  it  is  that  which  elevates  us  unto  the  contempla- 
tion of  eternall  things,  and  the  science  which  of  all  others  affords  to 
princes,  as  well  as  to  private  men,  the  most  agreeable  divertisement. 
Your  Eminencie  therefore,  if  it  please,  accept  favorablie  that  which  is 
derived  from  so  noble  a  plan,  and  which  an  heart  repleate  with  zeale 
to  your  service  (as  mine  is)  offers  with  so  much  obligation  :  this  grace 
I  promise  to  myself  out  of  your  ordinarie  goodnesse,  and  shall  eternally 
remaine,  My  Lord, 

Your  most  humble  and  most  obedient  servant, 

De  la  Mothe  le  Vayer. 


^The  Translator's  Epistle,  to  George  Evelyn,  of  Wotton,  In  the 

County  of  Surrey,  Esq. 

SlR^ 

I  MAKE  bold  to  present  you  here  with  a  little  Enchiridion,  or  Trea- 
tise ai' Liberty  and  Servitude ;  which  (in  pursuite  of  other  bookes,  to 
entertaihe  the  time  withall)  it  was  my  chance  to  encounter  amongst  the 
Stationers  at  Paris.  And,  because  it  handleth  a  subject  which  this~ 
age  (Iknow  not  by  what  destiny  waited  upon)  doth  every  where  seeme 
to  pretend  unto,  I  thought  most  proper  to  nuncupate  it  unto  you,  whose 
reall  merits,  and  known  integrity  so  justly  challenge  a  part  in  the  ma- 
nagement of  those  important  affaires  of  this  kingdome.  Sir,  here  is  not 
any  thing  that  I  dare  call  mine  owne,  save  only  the  Translation,  which 
importeth  nothing  but  the  hazard  of  every  mans  censure  who  under- 
standeth  French,  and  my  good  inclinations  towards  you.  The  matter 
is  anothers,  and  entertained  by  persons  of  that  eminency,  that  I  dare 
presume  no  man  will  appeare  so  hardy,  as  rashly  either  to  condemne  or 
prejudice  it.  This  is  the  first  time  (as  you  well  know)  of  mine  ap- 
pearing upon  the  theater,  which  I  shall  prove  to  frequent  but  as  gen- 
tlemen who  sometimes  write  plales,  not  often  :  but  lest  our  little  city 
runne  out  at  the  gates,  I  will  here  shut  up  this  epistle,  desiring  only 
the  liberty  to  remain,  as  I  am,  Sir, 

Your  most  affectionate  friend  and  Inviolable  servitor, 

Phileleutheros. 
Paris,  March  25,  1647. 

TO    HIM    THAT    READES. 

This  free  subject,  coming  abroad  in  these  licentious  times,  may  hap- 
pily cause  the  world  to  mistake  both  the  Author  and  the  Translator, 
neither  of  whorn  by  Liberty  do  understand  that  Impious  impostoria 
pila,  so  frequently  of  late  exhibited  and  held  forth  to  the  people,  whilst 
(in  the  meane  time)  indeed,  it  is  thrown  Into  the  hands  of  a  few  private 
persons.  By  Freedome  Is  here  Intended  that  which  the  Philosopher 
teacheth  us:  Nulli  rei servire^  nulli necessitati,  nullis  casibus,fortunam 
in  ceguum  deducere,  &c.  not  that  Platonlque  chimaera  of  a  state,  no 
where  existant  save  In  Utopia. 


6 

Verily,  there  is  no  such  thing  in  rerum  natura  as  we  pretend  unto  : 

seeing,  that  whilst  we  beare  about  us  these  spoiles  of  mortality,  and 

are  subject  to  our  passions,  there  can  be  no  absolute  perfection  acquired 

in  this  life  :  and  of  this  truth  we  have  now  had  the  experience  of  more 

than  five  thousand  yeeres,  during  all  which  tract  to  this  present  epoch 

of  time,  never  was  there  either  heard  or  read  of  a  more  equal  and 

excellent  form  of  government  than  that  under  w<=''  we  ourselves  have 

lived,  during  the  reign  of  our  most  gratious  Soveraignes  Halcion  daies  ; 

the  sole  contemplation  of  which  makes  me  sometimes  with  the   sweet 

Italian  to  sing, 

— ^ —  Memoria  sola  tu 

Con  rammentarrti  ilfu 

Spesso,  spesso  vien  a  rapirmi, 

E  qualcfC  istant  ancor,  ringioucmirmi. 

Of  which  the  memory 
No  sooner  strikes  my  braine. 
But  ah !  transjported,  I 
Methinkes  wax  young  againe. 

If  therefore  we  were  once  the  most  happy  of  subjects,  why  do  we  thus 
attempt  to  render  our  selves  the  most  miserable  of  slaves  ?  God  is  one, 
and  better  it  is  to  obey  one  then  many*.  JVeque  enim  Lihertas  tutior 
ulla  est,  quam  Domino  servire  bono  -f,  that  is,      C(harles). 


In  Nobilissimi,  Doctissimiq.  D.  Translationem   Alexandri  Ros^i 

hexastichon. 

Quid  sit  Libertas,  quid  sit  servire  Tyrannis 

Instruis  Angligenas  hie,  Evelyne,  tuos. 
Quas  pridem  Authori  debebat  Gallia  grates, 

Has  debet  linguae  terra  Britanna  tuae. 
Ipse  Author  debet,  quem  vestibus  induis  Anglis, 

Ornat^q:  doces  Anglica  verba  loqui. 


*  Mat.  vi.  24.  t  Claudian. 


THE  TABLE  OF  THE  CHAPTERS. 


The  Proem. 
Chap,    I.  Of  Liberty  and  Servitude  in  general!. 
Chap.    II.  In  what  our  Liberty  and  Servitude  consists. 
Chap.  III.  That  no  man  can  truly  affirme  himselfe  to  be  free. 
Chap.  IV.  Of  the  Liberty  Philosophique. 
Chap.  V.  Of  the  Servitude  of  the  Court. 
The  Conclusion. 


Lemmata  si  quseris  cur  sint  adscripta?  docebo, 
Ut,  si  malueris,  lemmata  sola  legas.     Martial. 

Enquire  you  why  this  table  's  put  before  ? 
I  'II  tell ;  if  you  disgust  it,  read  no  more. 


8 


THE  PROEIvr. 


You  did  wonder,  Melpoclitus,  to  heare  me  say,  that  there  were  but 
very  few  men  free ;  and  that  those  who  were  so  esteemed  to  be,  lived 
for  the  most  part  in  servitude  :  that  albeit  the  whole  world  apparently 
breathed  after  liberty,  yet  was  she  known  but  to  very  few  people  :  and, 
that  many  men  contended  for  her,  without  ever  obtaining  the  least  pos- 
session thereof  :  as  did  the  Trojans  for  the  beautiful  Hellen,  when  she 
was  in  ^gypt.  This  is  that  obliges  me  to  make  *  you  participate  of 
some  meditations,  which  I  have  heretofore  framed  uplon  this  subject, 
discovering  to  you  the  greatest  secret  of  my  soule,  and  communicating 
unto  you  all,  which  the  morall  that  I  exercise  doth  furnish  me  with, 
together  of  most  delectable,  and  most  free  thereupon.  Let  us  there- 
fore begin  by  some  Considerations  generall  of  Liberty  and  Servitude. 


CHAP.    I. 


OF    LIBERTY    AND    SERVITUDE    IN    GENERALL. 

Liberty  seemes  to  be  a  present  of  nature,  wherewith  she  doth  even 
gratifie  all  sorts  of  living  creatures  :  and  therefore  we  see  very  few  who 
conserve  it  not  as  carefully  as  they  doe  their  own  lives  :  yea  many,  who 
often  expose  themselves,  even  unto  death  it  selfe,  to  the  end  they  may 
not  lose  the  possession  of  so  great  a  good.     Philostratus,  who  writes 


Dion.  Chrysor.  ult. 


9 

on  this  subject  *  relates  that  Apollonius  refused  to  goe  a  hunting  with 
the  King  of  Persia,  because  he  would  not  be  a  spectator  of  the 
captivity  of  beasts^  which  they  tooke  contrary  to  the  right  of  nature. 
And  in  another  place  he  tells  us,  that  although  the  Elephant  be  of 
all  other  creatures  the  most  docile  and  obedient  to  mankind,  yet  he 
cannot  forbear,  in  the  night  time,  to  deplore  his  servitude.  Sundrie 
Philosophers,  and  principally  those  of  the  sect  of  Pythagoras,  are 
pleased  to  give  them  their  liberty  :  and  many  good  Anchorites  have 
in  that  imitated  them.  Yea,  there  are  yet  some  Chineses  •[  who  pur- 
chase birds  and  fishes  out  of  mere  devotion,  to  exercise  upon  them  the 
same  act  of  charity. 

No  man  can  denie  but  we  have  oftentimes  beheld  living  creatures 
perish  out  of  anguish  and  despair,  after  the  losse  of  this  precious 
Liberty.      And  certainly   it  is  no  wonder,  that  they  should  all  be  se 
passionate  to  retain  it,  seeing  the  very  elements  theiliselves,  whereof 
they  are  composed,  cannot,  but  with  great  difficultie,  suffer  the   least 
constraint.     In  vaine  doth  any  man  oppose  himselfe  to  their  inclina- 
tions;  for  as   aire    and    fire    cannot  be   hindered   from   aspiring,   the 
earth  always  searches  the  center,  and  the  course  of  the  waters  will  be  so 
free,  that  there  is  no  resistance,  which  to  obtain,  it  doth  not  surmount. 
By  this  it  is  evident  how  essentiale  a  thing  Libertie '  is  to  our  animal 
part.     Now  if  we  consider  the  superior  that  informes  us,  and  by  vv^hich 
we  terme  ourselves  reasonable,  we  shall  then  no  longer  wonder  at  this 
common  aversion  of  all  men  living  against  servitude.     For  without  so 
much  as  touching  the  prerogatives  of  our  free-will,  and  of  that  which  is 
one  of  the  most  frequent  conceptions  of  our  humanity,  to  wit,  that  the 
spirit  canno.t  be  compelled  farthfer  than  (as  after  a  sort)  it  doth  consent 
unto  :    we  know  by  the  example  of  the  Angels,  that  the  immateriall 
substances  are  those  which  do  most  of  all  research  the  Independency. 
Was  it  not  that  which  moved  the  most  haughty  of  them  all  to  covet  an 
elevation  even  above  the  clouds,  that  he  might  thereby  rehder  himself^  41 
like  to  the  Almighty?  in  effect,  as  saith  Aquinas  'I,  there  was  no  appear- 
ance to   believe  that   Lucifer,  and  those  of  his  party  had  ever  any 

*  L.  1.  c,  23,  and  L.  <2,  c.  5.  f  Mendes,  Pint.  c.  98.  J  Sum.  par.  1,  qu. 63,  ar,  3.* 


]0 

intention  to  render  themselves  entirely  like  unto  God:  the  most  inferlovfr 
of  men,  informed  with  common  sense,  would  never  imagine  a  thought 
so  extravagant :  how  then  should  we  attribute  it  unto  Intelllgencies  so 
pure,  so  illuminated  as  those  were  (of  whom  we  spake)  before  their  dis- 
grace ?  Doubtlesse  it  proceeded  from  having  affected  to  possesse 
from  their  owne  selves,  and  independently,  the  beatitude  which  they 
onely  enjoyed  from  the  hands  of  God,  And  hence  it  is  that  the  Devil 
is  named  in  holy-writ  Belial  *,  as  we  should  say,  one  that  desired  to 
shake  off  the  yoake,  and  depend  no  more  upon  any.  Now  since  we  thus 
naturally  seeke  to  be  free,  and  so  by  consequence  fly  servitude,  not 
onely  like  the  rest  of  aniraalls,  but  much  more  in  respect  of  that  whereby 
we  are  distinguished  from  them ;  and  for  that  which  we  communicate 
with  the  superior  Intelllgencies,  it  implies  that  men  ought  to  be  most 
free  of  all  sublunary  creatures.  And  yet,  notwithstanding  all  this,  it 
is  possible  that  there  is  generally,  and  in  all  respects,  no  greater  slave 
than  man  hlmselfe.  But  of  this  we  shall  better  inform  our  selves, 
if  In  the  first 'place  we  a  little  consider  in  what  Liberty  doth  consist. 


CHAP.    II. 

IN    WHAT    OUR    LIBERTY    AND    OUR    SERVITUBE    DOTH    CONSIST. 

There  is  a  double  Liberty,  to  wit,  that  of  the  bodle,'and  that  of  the 
mind;  whereof  there  is  a  third  compound  which  is  mixed  of  these  two  : 
the  doctrine  of  contraries  would  have  us  constitute  so  many  different 
species  of  Servitude.  As  touching  the  corporall  liberty,  it  is  lost  by  the 
law  of  nations  at  what  time  any  have  been  superlour  in  warre,  and  who. 
Instead  of  putting  all  their  enemies  to  the  sword,  reserved  some  unto 
whom  life  hath  been  given.  This  reservation  made  the  first  servants, 
or  captives,  if  we  credit  the  Latine  Grammar ;  and  the  Greeks  have 
affirmed  -j-  that  Jupiter  took  from  them  one  halfe  of  their  spirit,  at  the 

*  D.  Hier.  s.  c.  4.  ad  Eph.  f  Plato,  1.  6,  de  leg. 


11 

very  same  instant  that  he  condemned  them  to  so  miserable  a  servi- 
tude. Notwithstanding,  whether  it  were  so  or  not,  their  condition  is 
contrary  to  that  antient  privilege  of  nature,  whereof  we  have  newly 
spoken :  and  it  is  very  likely  it  was  this  which  obliged  the  first  Indian 
Philosophers,  of  whom  Diodorus  speaks*,  to  prohibit,  by  a  law  expresse, 
the  use  of  servants.  I  know  very  well,  that  St.  Augustine  maketh  sinne 
to  be  the  authourof  this  kind  of  servitude  ■j' :  observing  that  there  was 
no  such  thing  in  the  world'  before  the  crime  of  Cham,  what  time  he 
derided  his  father  J,  who  threw  so  great  a  malediction  upon  all  his 
Posterity.  But  since  warres  and  discords  have  no  other  source  than  only 
sin  it  selfe,  there  is  nothing  in  the  Latine  Originall  (of  which  we  speak) 
which  doth  not  very  well  accommodate  with  the  text  in  Genesis  ;  we 
are  onely  to  observe,  that  Christianity  hath  extirpated  it  out  of  most 
places,  where  the  corporall  servitude  hath  been  well  knowne,  retaining 
very  few  slaves  within  all  her  extent,  besides  tliose,  whom  the  enor- 
mity of  their  crimes  have  rendered  such.  Thus  hath  corporall  liberty 
been  re-established,  which  consists  in  being  absolute  master  of  ones 
proper  person,  as  seeing  that  the  most  miserable  amongst  us  may  in 
some  sort  attribute  unto  himself,  if  their  misfortunes  have  not  engaged 
them  into  the  hands  of  Infidels. 

The  liberty  of  the  mind  consists  in  the  understanding,  or  in  the 
will :  if  these  two  faculties  do  not  jointly  possesse  it,  according  as  the 
most  part  of  Scholastiques  affirme.  Tis  by  her,  that  the  demi-gods  of 
antiquity  have  vaunted  themselves  of  being  free,  even  in  the  midst  of 
irons  and  chaines  ;  fortune  having  no  dominion  over  the  operations  of 
our  soules  ;  and  all  the  puissances  of  the  earth  find  themselves  too  impo- 
tent to  make  it  suflfer  the  least  violence.  For  although  it  appeares  that 
this  liberty  consisteth  in  being  or  not  being  able  to  apply  these  two 
parts  of  the  spirit  indifferently  upon  all  things ;  yet  that  is  not  absolutely 
true  :  for  certaine  it  is,  that  our  understanding  cannot  always  impedite 
itselfe,  that  it  should  not  acquiesce  at  the  conclusion  of  a  demonstrative 
syllogisme,  having  before  comprehended  the  first  and  second  proposi- 
tions.    Our  volunty  cannot  (after  some  sort)  embrace  the  evill,  consi- 

*  2  Hist,  t  19deCivit,Dei.c.  15.  {  Gen.  c.  9. 


12 

dering  it  as  evill,  but  doth  italwayes  when  it  happens  to  be  masked  under 
some  appearance  of  good.     And  yet  for  all  this,  reason  obligeth  us  to 
maintaine  that  our  spirit  doth  no  way  hinder  us,  but  that  we  may  pos^ 
sesse  a  compleat  and  intire  freedom ;   because,  should  these  instances 
import  in  them  any  exception,  this  impious  absurdity  would  ensue,  that 
God  himselfe  should  not  be  perfectly  free,  who  knowes  and  loves  him- 
selfe,  necessarily,  and  by  the  universal  consent  of  all  divines.     Further- 
more, this  is  a  maxime  stated  in  philosophy,  that  the  naturall  powers 
never  exceed  the  limits  of  their  formall  object,  always  cohibiting  them- 
selves within  those  bounds  which   God  hath  prescribed  unto  them. 
Now  we  must  know  that  our  intellect  hath  no  other  object  certaine,  nor 
formall,   than  the  conception  of  that  which  is  true.     From  whence  it 
comes  to  passe,  that  they  named  verity  the  sweet  food  and  refection  of 
our  soule  :  nor  hath  our  will  any  other  certaine  and  fixed  butt,  than  to 
unite  itselfe  with  that  which  is  good,  naturally  abandoning  whatsoever 
is  repugnant  unto  it.      It  follows  then  (without  reversing  the  order  of 
nature)  that  our  spirit  cannot  otherwise  act  than  as  we  have  already 
spoken  ;  and  which  indeed  doth  no  way  ruine  its  liberty,  as  by  a  morall 
reason  we  shall  suddenly  explicate,  according  to  which  we  shall  find, 
that  to  serve  God  is  to  reigne,  and  to  obey  the  just  laws  of  nature,  passes 
for  a  species  and  kind  of  liberty.     Certainly,  we  doe  not  imagine,  that 
a  bird  should  be  lesse  free  to  fly  where  he  listeth,  for  not  having  power  to 
doe  it  under  the  waters  ;  nor  that,  a  terrestriall  animall   should  be  lesse 
free  (in  order  to  his  walking  up  and  down,  according  to  his  fancy,) 
because  he  cannot  mount  up  into  the  Heavens,  supposing  him  capable 
of  a  desire  so  irregular.     The  same  reason  Ought  we  to  frame   touching 
our  spirituall  freedome,   w'^';'  is  wholly  uninterested,  seeing  the   will 
cannot  be  joyned  to  evill,  nor  the  intellect  be  satisfied  with  that  which 
is  false,  if  neither  of  these  two  parts  be  deluded  by  the  appearance  of 
good  and  true,  for  as  much  as  it  is  wholly  repugnant  to  their  nature. 

These  exceptions  decided,  it  is  very  evident,  that  humane  liberty 
cannot  consist  in  any  other  thing  than  the  independency  of  our  actions, 
as  well  those  of  the  body  as  those  of  the  mind ;  since  we  ought  not 
to  render  an  accompt  to  any  but  unto  God  and  our  owne  selves,  that 
is  to  say,  to  this  eternall  reason,  from  which  we  all  derive  a  beam  of 


13 

illumination  at  the  very  instant  of  our  production  into  this  world  ; 
it  was  therefore  very  necessary  to  know  (that  so  we  might  the  better  be 
able  to  examine  that  which  followes)  whether  there  can  be  any  one  who 
can  vaunt  himselfe  of  being  truly  free. 


CHAP.    III. 

THAT   THERE    IS    NONE   CAN  TRUliY  AFFIRME  HIMSELFE  TO  BE    FREE. 

We  cannot  deny  but  that  liberty  is  one  of  the  most  precious  and 
agreeable  things  of  life,  and  therefore  it  is  that  they  have  affirmed 
that  all  the  riches  of  the  earth  are  not  equivalent  to  its  true  estimate, 
should  it  be  exposed  to  sale  ;  and  that  the  Pythagoreans  detested 
servitude,  [non  bene  pro  toto,  libertas  venditior  auro~\  by  this  myste- 
rious precept  (to  wit)  that  none  should  weare  a  ,  ring,  lest  perhaps,  it 
might  presse,  or  seeme  to  constraine  the  finger ;  passing  it  for  a  rule 
indubitable,  that  no  man  should  submit  himselfe  unto  any  other  so  longe 
as  he  had  [alterius  non  sit  qui  suus  esse  potesf]  opportunity  to  depend 
solely  of  himselfe.  The  Philosophers  ground  themselves  likewise 
upon  the  value  and  sweetnesse  of  this  liberty,  when  they  affirme  that 
the  soule  of  a  lover  is  better  pleased,  and  is  in  effect  more  in  the 
object  where  she  loves,  then  where  she  informes  and  animates ;  for 
that  there  is  nothing  besides  meere  necessity  which  retains  her  in  this  last 
habitation,  being  altogether  inveighed  by  inclination,  and  a  certain  volun- 
tary movement,  towards  the  person  where  she  hath  placed  her  affections. 
But  if  Liberty  deserve  that  we  thus  esteeme  of  her,  is  it  not  a  thing 
most  strange,  that  we  find  so  few  men  who  are  free  ?  or  (to  say  better) 
that  the  whole  universe  should  be  so  desperately  plunged  in  Servitude, 
that  (to  take  it  well)  there  is  no  difference  between  us  who  beleeve 
ourselves  exempted  from  it,  and  the  very  slaves  themselves,  than 
according  to  the  proportion  of  more  and  lesse  ?  For  let  us  now  be 
but  as  attentive  here  as  indeed  the  subject  doth  justly  merit,  and 
diligently  weigh  his    morall   point  but    as  equitably   as   philosophy 


14 

requireth  we  should  cloe,  in  all  that  which  concernes  her.    Where  shall 

we  find  any  kind  of  life,  which  doth  not  assubject  *  those  that  are 

addicted  unto  it  ?  what  profession  shall  we  find,  which  hath  not  her 

chains   and  tyes  whereby  she  doth  even  captivate   those   whom   she 

iraploys  ?    One  would  think  that  the  most  vile  estate  of  life  were  the 

most  exposed  to  the  miseries  of  servitude ;  because  there  she  appeares 

as  it  were  all  naked  and  with  a  very  little  qualification  :  should  we  yet 

farther    examine    other  qualities   of  life,  and  but  a  little  lift  up  the 

deceiptfuU  maske  which  disguises  them,  we  shall  then   easily  discerne, 

that  there  were  indeed  no  condition  of  life  whatsoever  which  did  not 

oblige  us  to  so  much  the  greater  subjection  by  how  much  the  more  it 

is  elevated  above  others,  and  which  hath  not  its  fetters  in  this,  more 

rude  and  full  of  affliction,  by  how  much  the  more  precious  they  appear. 

The  manacles  of  Astyages  were  not  therefore  the  lesse  weighty,  and 

paynable,  for  being  composed   of  gold  or  silver :   Reniego  de  grillos 

aunque  scan  de  oro,  sayes  the  Spanish  proverb  :   and  in  effect,  there  is 

no  kind   of    constraint   more  Insupportable  then   that   which   attends 

upon  great  authorities,  and  which  is  found  mixed  as  it  were  with  the 

most  absolute  power,  by  reason  of  the  opposition  of  contraries,  which 

renders  their  qualities  the  more  active.     Thence  it  is,  that  they  very 

propferly  call    dignities    charges,    their    weight  augmenting   with   the 

prize  of  their  exaltation ;  and   may  be  said  to  be  (admit   them  more 

estimable  then  indeed  they  are,  to  examine  them  rightly,)  but  honorable 

captivities.     Let  Monarchs  attribute  to  themselves,  whilst  they  please, 

the  power  of  disposing,  according  to  their  owne  fantasie,  the  lives  and 

goods   of    their   subjects :    the    crowne  is  a   fillet   which    presses  the 

temples   so  hard,  that  an  antient  did  not  believe  any   man  ought  to 

take  it  up  from   the   ground,   if  he  rightly  understand  it  :     And  the 

reciprocal!  obligation  of  Kings  to  their  people  is  so  straite,  that  in 

good  philosophy,   if    the    Republlque    appertains    to    Caesar,    Caesar 

belongs  much  more  to  the  Republique.   [cave  hie  ne  male  capias.^    Let 


*  An  old  English  verb,  derived  of  the  French  assoubjectir,  and  preserved  in  Cotgrave's  Eng. 
Diet,  which  might  suggest  to  Shakspeare  the  kindred  word  assubjugate  given  by  Dr.  Johnson  j  it 
signifies  to  bring  under,  or  to  subdue :  its  use  is  of  extreme  rarity. 


15 

us  therefore  consider  a  little  how  many  there  are  who  precipitate  them- 
selves, without  any  obligation  thereunto,  into  a  voluntary  servitude. 
Infinite  is  the  number  of  those  who  sell  their  liberty  to  acquire 
oftentimes  so  inconsiderable  a  matter,  that  they  would  not  afterwards 
have  purchased  it  with  their  very  counters.  The  thirst  after  a  slight 
reward,  or  some  other  triviall  favour,  and  for  which  we  should  be  sorry 
that  we  had  given  the  least  parts  of  our  goods,  causes  us  absolutely  to 
renounce  all  our  own  wills  to  follow  that  of  others.  Nay,  we  are  so 
stupid,  says  ,  Seneca  *,  that  it  should  seeme  we  doe  not  perceive 
how,  in  so  doing,  there  remains  nothing  more  sordid  and  vile  than 
ourselves,  even  by  our  own  confession  ;  seeing  we  value  ourselves  of 
lesse  esteeme  than  our  monyes,  and  the  rest  of  that  which  we  possesse. 

But  beyond  all  these  servitudes  which  perpetually  hold  us  under  sub- 
jection from  without,  there  are  likewise  servitudes  interiour,  from  which 
happily  there  is  no  man  living  can  affirme  himselfe  to  be  truly  exempt. 

Who  is  he  that  is  not  a  slave  to  his  passions  ?  and  where  is  the  man 
that  doth  not  at  some  time  or  other,  experience  the   tyranny  of  those 
rude  masters  of  whom  Diogenes  reproached  Alexander  ?     One  serves 
loosely  to  his  Ambition,  another  is  importuned  with  Avarice  ;  this  man 
dresses  altars  to  Fortune,  that  permits  Gluttony  to  domineer  over  him ; 
and  there  is  who  sufifers  himselfe  to  be  transported  by  the  rage  and 
violence  of  Love.     Certainly  there  is  no  servitude  so  difficult  as  that 
which  we  are  constrained  to  endure  under  such  merciless  tyrants  ;  nor  is 
there  any  man  who  can  boast  of  being  free  whilst  he  shall  be  compelled 
to  live  under  their  domination.     What  if  we  should  here  introduce  the 
arguments  of  the  Stoicks,  who  prove  that  vice  is  such  an  enemy  to 
freedom,  that  they  are  two  things  altogether  incompatible :  it  will  then 
be  easy  to  discover  how  far  we  are  deviated  from  this  liberty,  seeing  the 
most  perfect  amongst  us  is  so  deeply  engaged   into  it.      There  is  not  a 
man  (say  they  «|-)  who  deserves  to  be  reputed  free  but  he  only  that  lives 
according  to  his  own  pleasure.     Now  it  is  very  certain  that  no  man 
would  live  in  vice,^  or  that,  at  the  least,  desires  that  the  world  should 
take  notice  of  him  for  a  vicious  person,  it  being  a  thing  the  most  unfor- 

*  Epist,  42.  t  Arr.  1. 3,  c.  1 ,  &  26,  and  1. 4,  c.  1 . 


16 

tunate  and  shameful  in  the  world.  It  followes  then,  that  in  good  reason 
we  ought  not  to  call  any  man  free,  but  such  only  as  have  utterly  aban- 
doned vice,  and  then  we  shall  easily  perceive  whether  there  be  any  who 
of  right  may  attribute  to  themselves  the  quality  of  free  men.  Epicte- 
tus  very  pleasantly  derided  the  Nicopohtans,  who  used  to  swear  by  the 
fortune  of  Caesar,  that  they  were  in  full  possession  of  their  liberty ; 
seeing  the  very  naked  tearme  of  their  oath  did  evidently  demonstrate 
that  they  acknowledged  the  absolute  powet"  of  the  Emperor.  But 
there  is  a  great  deal  more  reason  to  laugh  at  those  who  would  passe  for 
the  most  free  of  the  world,  because  they  do  indiflFerently  prosecute  and 
obey  their  depraved  appetites,  and  for  that  they  deny  nothing,  even 
not  to  one  of  their  affections;  it  being  from  thence  whence  one. may 
most  evidently  derive  an  absolute  argument  of  their  miserable  slavery  : 
there  being  no  servitude  more  base  and  dangerous  than  that  wherein 
vice  doth  ingage  us.  Therefore  be  it  that  we  discourse  of  the  liberty  of 
the  body,  perhaps  those  who  are  in  chaines  are  not  yet  the  most  abject : 
or  regard  we  the  freedom  of  the  mind,  there  is  no  person  which  doth 
-not  experience  some  species  and  kind  of  constraint.  Is  there  any  man 
that  can  deny  but  that  all  such  as  are  found  living  in  an  erroneous  be- 
leefe,  and  without  the  light  of  our  true  religion,  be  not  as  so  many 
captivated  soules,  that  are  daily  forced  to  admit  of  false  principles,  or 
beleeve  a  thousand  absurdities  ?  But  if  the  humane  liberty  be  a  com- 
position of  those  of  the  body  and  of  the  mind  together,  there  will 
not  be  found  a  man  who  ought  to  esteem  himselfe  free,  which  doth 
not  equally  possesse  both  the  one  and  the  other.  Thus  it  is  they  jus- 
tifie  by  so  many  considerations,  that  there  is  likely  no  man  who  can 
truly  aflSrme  himselfe  to  be  free.  And  because  if  this  proposition  re- 
ceived the  least  exception,  it  cannot  otherwise  proceed  than  from  those 
who  professe  to  live  within"  a  Liberty  Philosophique.  Let  us  there- 
fore endeavour  to  know  what  it  is. 


IT 

CHAP,  IV. 

OF   THE   LIBERTY   PHILOSOPHIQUE. 

Although  it  appears  by  our  precedent  discourse,  that  one  i 
well  aflBrme  of  all  men,  as  heretofore  of  the  Romans,  to  wit,  that 
are  as  so  many  animals  borne  to  servitude ;  some  Philosophers  t 
selves  having  taken  their  infant  swathe-bonds  for  certaine  presages  ( 
captivity  wherein  we  are  to  live  the  rest  of  our  dayes ;  yet  there 
some  amongst  them  who  attributed  unto  themselves  a  prerogative 
so  many  Spartans,  solely  to  possesse  an  entire  and  absolute  liberty 
is  in  order  to  this  opinion,  that  Philo  the  Jew  hath  composed  a  tr 
expressly  to  shew  that  every  honest  and  vertuous  man  is  undoul 
free.  And  this  it  was  which  caused  the  Stoicks  to  affirme,  that  b( 
the  Sage  there  was  none  who  was  truely  a  King ;  as  indeed,  acco 
to  their  mode,  he  was  the  onely  man  that  might,  with  reason,  be  < 
rich,  faire,  happy,  loyall,  and  magnanimous  :  the  rest  of  men  not  ri 
ing  for  their  share,  other  than  sihadows  and  deceivable  appearances 
these  attributes  ;  this  wise  man  living  in  all  so  far  above  other 
that  he  might  justly  glory  in  being  equall  to  the  greatest  of  the  ( 
In  that  Dion  was  nothing  inferiour  to  him,  according  to  the  parad 
Chrysippus  *.  Nay,  and  when  it  so  pleased  these  proud  Philosof 
they  have  even  had  the  boldnesse  to  assert,  that  their  wise  man 
more  considerable  here  than  Jove  himselfe,  because  Jupiter  was  n« 
free  nor  happy,  but  by  the  excellence  and  priviledge  of  his  na 
whereas  their  Sage  (such  as  they  iixiagined  him  to  be)  enjoyei 
liberty,  as  well  as  bis  felicity,  by  the  vertue  of  his  mind,  and  e 
have  yet  bin  otherwise  than  he  was,  had  he  not  elevated  himselft 
degree  so  eminent.  Seneca,  as  a  Stoicke,  hath  in  many  places  rep 
this  maxime  i  adding  that  Jupiter  himselfe  never  exceeded  his  wise 
but  in  tliis  sole  poynt,  to  wit,  that  the  first  was  free  and  happy 
longer  duration  of  time  than  the  other ;  which  thing,  says  he,  re 

*  Plutar.  (les  com.  cone,  centre  les  Stoiq. 
D 


18 

It  not  a  whit  the  more  perfection,  seeing,  on  the  contrary,  it  is  always  to 
be  esteemed  a  great  artifice,  to  comprehend  much  in  a  narrow  compasse. 
Now  to  the  end  it  should  not  be  imagined  that  it  was  only  the  Stoickes 
which  had  declared  themselves  with  so  much  presumption  touching 
the  Philosophers  liberty,  you  may  perceive  in  lamblicus  *  A^ho  has 
written  the  life  of  Pythagoras,  how  he  and  his  disciples  persuaded  them- 
selves that  they  were  as  so  many  Gods  upon  earth,  where  they  had 
-right  to  exercise  an  absolute  empire  over  the  rest  of  mankind ;  and 
therefore  it  is  well  known  they  have  aflFected  the  soveraigne  command 
in  all  placed,  where  they  have  been  able  to  establish  themselveSi 
And  that  they  might  execute  this  pbVver  With  the  more  feedome,  they 
held  by  tradition,  and  by  a  cabal  confirmed  amongst  them,  that  all  such 
as  were  not^dthitted,  or,  according  as  they  then  used  to  sjieak,  initiated 
into  their  mysteries,  ought  to  be  respected  and  used  as  meer  beasts  ;  to 
which  purpose  they  had  so  frequently  in  their  mouths  that  verse  of 
Hotner,  where  Agamemnon  is  called  Pastor  of  the  people  ;  to  intimate 
(according  to  their  words)  that  they  ought  to  treate  them  Hke  the 
rest  of  animals ;  and  that  he  which  commanded  them,  might  dispose 
of  them  as  best  him  seemed  good.  In  fine,  we  gather  both  from  the 
Greek  arid  Roman  histories,  that  to  speake  of  Philosophers  in  general, 
they  would  live  so  freely,  arid  so  farr  extend  the  liberty  of  their  profes* 
sion,  that  Athens,  the  most  free  city  of  all  Greece,  could  not  endure 
them;  and  that  the  Republique  of  Rome  was  oftentimes  constrained  to 
banish  them  out  of  her  territories.  For  I  will  s^y  nothing  of  the  La- 
cedemonians, nor  of  K.  Antiochus  arid  Lislraachus,  who  entertained 
them  not  a  whit  more  favourably ;  because  one  may  perhaps  presuppose, 
that  the  m^artial  humour  of  the  first,  and  the  small  inclination  which 
these  princes  had  to  the  sciences,  imported  them  (without  any  other 
consideration)  to  despise  and  neglect  men  of  a  life  purely  contemplative. 
The  history  of  those  who  retired  themselves  into  Persia,  under  the  reign 
of  Cosroesj  is  very  rettiarkable  to  this  purpose  :  behold  what  I  recollect 
from  thence. 


*  C.35,devitaPyth. 


19 

In  the  time  of  Justinian,  the  greatest  Philosophers  within  all  the  ex- 
tent of  his  dominions,  highly  disgusted  the   corrupt  manners  of  their 
age  ;  but  especially,  as  Agathias  observes  *,  the  opinions  at  that  time 
received  in  the  Roman  empire  touching  the  divinity.    To  the  end  they 
might  be  more  at  liberty,  and  have  nothing  which  might  importune 
them  in  their  fashion  of  living,  and  especially  in  point  of  their  religion, 
they  tooke  their  refuge  into  Persia.     A  very  short  time  after  made  them 
acknowledge  how  much  they  had  mistaken  themselves;  finding  there  nei- 
ther that  innocence  of  life,  nor  that  repose  which  they  so  fully  expected 
to  meet  withal.     And  although  Cosroes  received  them  with  all  possible 
humanity  and  courtesie,  endeavouring  by  all  means  to  retain  them,  yet 
•tlftey  esteemed  it  far  the  greatest  favour  he  could  doe  them,  that  he  would 
grant  them  licence  to.  returne  back  agaiji  to  the  place  from  whence  they 
were  fled.     Neverthelesse  (according  as  this  historian  observes),  their 
journey  was  not  altogether  inutill ;  for  Cosroes  calling  them  to  mind  a 
little  after  their  departure,  in  a  treaty  of  peace  which  he  contracted  with 
the  Romans,  stipulated  by  expresse  article  (of  which  he  had  very  great 
care)  that  none  of  those  Philosophers  should  in   the  least  manner  be 
violated  nor  constrained  to  abjure  the  opinions  unto  which  they  adhered 
and  embraced  as  the  best.     This  story  puts  me  in  mind  of  the  inso- 
lent demand  which  once  a  most  impious  Portuguese  made  at  Lyons 
unto   Henry  the   Third :    to    wit,   that  it  might  be  permitted    him 
not  to    adore  any  other  divinitie  in   his  dominionsi,    save    that   only 
of  the  Sun  ;  fov  without  doubt  there  may  be  both  an  excesse,  and  a  sin 
too,  in  desiring  a  liberty  so  extreamly  unconeern'd,  as  that  should  nei^ 
ther  submit  itselfe  to  the  lawes  of  Heaven,  nor  to  those  of  Reason. 
The  transcendent  indulgence  of  so  great  a  freedome  (to  use  Plato's 
owne  expression  ■!•),  is  the  source  and  fountaine  of;  an  extreame  servi- 
tude ;  because  it  renders  us  slaves  unto  our  owne  selves  and  proper  pas- 
sions ;   and  the   greatest  libertine   of  all  the  Philosophers,  Epicurus 
himself,  hath  acknowledged,  that  to  return  truely  to  oneself,  and  be 
perfectly  free,  a  man   should  submit  to  the  ordinances  of  Philosophy. 
And  in  truth,  we  learn  out  of  a  much  better  passage  J,  that  wheresoever 

»  Lib.  2  Hist.  t  8  de  Rep.  &  ibi.  Fie.  J  Paxilua  3,  ad  Cor.  c.,3;  v.  17. 


20 

the  spirit  of  God  is  found,  there  it  is  where  we  enjoy  an  absolute  free- 
dome  indeed.     But  that's  to  be  understood  of  a  filiall  liberty,  which 
alwayes  goeth  accompanyed  with  an  extreame  reverence  and  respect, 
and  such  as  is  known  by  its  opposition  unto  that  servile  fear,  which  never 
quits  nor  forsakes  the  ungodly.     For  we  know  in  another  place,  from 
a  text  which  was  dictated  by  the  selfe  same  spirit  of  God*,   that  there 
remaines  onelyman  alone,  whom  vanity  hath  so  farr  deprived  of  judgment, 
that  he  glories  of  being  borne  so  free,  as  that  he  imagines  he  hath  a 
right  to  live  according  to  his  owne  fancy;  and  whobeleeves  that  it  were 
an  offer  of  violence  towards  his  person  to  prescribe  him  Lawes  or  make 
him  submit  unto  any  soveraigne  whatsoever.    Thereupon  he  is  compared 
to  those  young  foales  which  endeavour  to  shake  off  their  yoakcj  not  having 
as  yet  been  accustomed  unto  it :   and  his  brutality  is  admirably  well 
represented  to  us  by  that  of  the  wild  Asse,   whom  we  behold  running 
through  the  desarts  without  bit  or  bridle.     And  albeit  we  receive  from 
Seneca,  all  these  lofty  sayings  of  the  Stolques  which  we  have  already 
produced ;   yet  hath  he  in  a  thousand   places  confessed  that  there  was 
no  true  Liberty  which  did  not  acknowledge  the  empire  of  Reason.     If 
thou  wouldest  submit  all  things  unto  thy  selfe,   saithe  he  in  one  of  his 
Epistles  f ,   make  it  thy  profession  to  obey  this  Daughter  of  Heaven  : 
thou  shalt    command  all  the  rest,   if   thou    render  thy  selfe  plyable 
to  her  injunctions.     And  in   another  place  he   adds  J,   that  the   most 
difficult  of  all  other  servitudes  is  that  which  subjects  us  to  our  owne 
selves,  and  makes  us  to  render  obedience  to  all  our  depraved  appetites  : 
for  that  (as  so  many  mercilesse  tyrants)  they  persecute  us  night  and 
day,  without  permitting  us  the  fruition  of  the  least  repose  ;  so  that  there 
is  no  man  can  pretend  to  liberty,  unlesse   he   do  first  absent  himselfe 
from  a  subjection  so  cruell  and  insupportable.     Apd  in  his  Treatise  of 
an  Happy  Life,  wherein  he  adviseth  us  that  we  should   never  take  any 
thing  in  ill  part,  nor  with  the  least  alteration  of  spirit,  of  all  that 
which  it  pleases  God  or  Nature  to  ordayne  ;  he   enters  into  this  goodly 
consideration,  that  we  are  all  of  us  in  this  world  as  in  an  estate    mo- 
narchical 1,  where  we  ought  to  make  it  our  glory  to  obey  our  Sove- 


*  Job,  c.  xi.  V.  12*  t  Ep.  57.  J  Prsef.  ad  1.  Nat.  Qu. 


21 

Teign's  commands  ;  and  beleeve,  that  the  most  essential  part  of  all 
freedome  consists,  in  willing  that  which  is  the  good  pleasure  of  his  div 
Majesty.     And  seeing  the  liberty  which  the  same  Philosopher  w 
to  passe" sometimes  out  of  one  extreme  into  another,  makes  him  affii 
elsewhere,  that  Philosophy  is  so  free,  she  neither  feares  the  Gods 
Men  *,  let  us  expound  a  little  those  bold  words,  as  we  have  aire; 
done  those  of  the  Apostle,  and  assure  ourselves  that  Seneca  hath 
condemned  but  the  base  and  criminall  feare  which  is  ever  insepara 
from  vice,  and  so,  by  consequent,  mortall  enemy  to  those  who  mi 
it  their  profession  to  love  wisdome,  and  follow  vertue. 

Having  thus  regulated  what  appertains  to  the  Philosophique  Llbei 
taking  it  for  resolved  that  she  never  ought  to  extend  her  selfe  to  th 
things  which  are  any  way  repugnant  to  religion,  policy,  and  good  mi 
ners  ;  it  remaines  that  we  consider  whether  it  be  very  likely  there  sho 
any  men  be,  who  In  all  the  rest  doe  enjoy  a  true  Philosophique  Libei 
and  who  (not  having  more  disregular  passions)  despise  honours,  pi 
sures,  riches,  and  whatsoever  other  goods  are  not  acquired  or  conser^ 
but  by  the  losse  of  our  liberty.  For  if  the  saying  of  one  of  the  Antonii 
be  true  ^,  that  neither  philosophy  nor  the  empire  could  ever  have 
power  to  take  away  our  aflFections,  we  ought  not  then  adhere  to  the  af 
mative  opinion,  which  Imports  nothing  more  in  this  argument,  tl 
specious  and  lofty  swelling  words,  more  proper  to  puffe  and  swell  us 
unto  vanity  (on  the  subject  whereon  we  treate)  than  afford  us  the  le 
veritable  and  solid  satisfaction  of  mind.  I  know  very  well  that  the  phi 
isophique  contemplations  imprint  a  certalne  audacity  and  confidence 
the  soule ;  which  hinders  us  from  being  afraid  of  any  thing,  making 
despise  and  undervalue  the  greatest  part  of  those  things  that  are  m 
esteemed  in  the  world.  Aristlppus  did  hereupon  vaunt  himselfe  that 
had  gathered  this  excellent  fruit  from  philosophy,  to  be  able  to  spes 
with  resolution  and  confidence,  without  apprehension  of  any  person  wh 
soever.  Aristotle  pronounced  before  Alexander,  that  It  was  not  lesse  la 
full  to  men,  who  comprehended  thoughts  worthy  and  veritable,  such  as 
might  have  of  things  divine,  to  possesse  an  heart  elevated  and  a  coura 

*  Ep.  17.  &  29.  t  Jul.  Capitol,  in  Aut.  Pio. 


22 

invioGible,  than  to  those  who  swayed  the  government  of  the  whole 
universe,  and  commanded  the  most  absolutely  here  on  earth.  Diogenes 
is  represented  to  us  (in  the  conference  which  he  had  with  this  great 
monarch)  discoursing  with  him  as  with  his  inferiour.  Being  once  a 
slave,  he  requested  his  master  who  was  to  sell  him  (unto  him  that 
ofiPered  most)  to  demand,  whether  in  stead  of  a  servant  any  body 
had  need  of  a  master  ;  boassting  himselfe  to  be  no  more  a  captive  at 
that  time  than  an  encliained  lion,  who  alwayes  makes  his  keepers  more 
afraid  of  him  than  he  apprehendeth  his  keepers.  For  all  this  it  is  pos- 
sible that  we  may  on  the  one  side  be  free,  and  yet  in  slavery  on  the 
other.  Thus  one  thinkes  himselfe  free  from  ambition  who  is  basely 
enthrall'd  to  the  passion  of  Love  or  Avarice  :  and  the  importance  is,  to 
find  out  whether  our  humanity  be  capable  to  enjoy,  by  the  virtue  of 
philosophy,  a  liberty  so  free  and  independent  as  they  are  used  ordir 
narily  to  decipher  us  put  in  the  Schooles.  But  to  speake  soberly  con-!- 
cerning  this  matter ;  it  appeares  this  free  man,  which  shee  represents 
us  under  the  name  of  Sage,  to  be  rather  an  idea  of  that  which  may  be 
the  scope  pf  our  desires  than  any  thing  in  good  earnest ;  our  imagina? 
tion  for  the  most  part  formes  unto  her  selfe  a  subject  which  she  takes 
pleasure  to  embellish  with  such  an  equipage  of  rare  qualities,  to  render 
it  accomplished,  that  its  beyond  the  ordinary  power  of  Nature  to  ren- 
der it  a  true  existence.  And  there  is  much  reason  to  beleeve,  that 
this  wise  man,  or  this  free  person  (of  whom  the  Philosophers  speake), 
is  not  lesse  difficult  to  find  out  than  the  orator  of  Cicero,  the  architect 
of  Vitruvius,  the  Pyramis  of  the  ^Egyptians,  and  the  KaXog  ^  ayu^og* 
of  the  Grecians.  Notwithstanding  all  this,  I  beleeve  verily,  that 
there  are  some  men  to  be  found  in  all  ages  whp  extremely  approach 
this  merite  ;  and  I  am  perswaded  that  we  have  knowne  some,  even  in 
these  our  times,  although  they  m9,ke  it  for  the  most  part  their 
cheifest  care  to  keep  themselves  hid(len,  and  incognito ;  yea,  methinkes 
there  have  bin  some  beames,  which  have  even  darted  forth  to  us,  of 
cert^ne  vertues  so  transcendent,  that  in  mine  opinion  they  might  well 
passe  for  perfect  copyes  finished  from  those  originals  which  the  ages 


*  Herod.  I.  2. 


23 

past  would  have  presented  unto  us.  But  these  are  product 
Naiture  so  i^re^  that  we  may  well  number  them  amongst  the  mc 
diglous  and  stupendious  miracles  ;  or  (to  say  better)  these  are  ef 
parrticular  of  the  Divine  munificence  (whensoever  it  pleaseth 
communicate  himselfe  here  beneath),  that  there  is  ferre  more  re 
adoire  the  bounty  of  God,  than  to  imagine  it  the  least  merite 
Creature.  In  effect,  what  is  more  strange  than  these  great  gc 
who,  being  perfectly  acquainted  with  the  necessitudes  of  our  life 
we  hiiy  haply  reduce  to  a  very  few),  equally  despise  goods,  honou 
whatsoever  elevates  the  Empire  of  Fortune  ?  The  rest  of  men 
slaves,  and  consecrate  altars  unto  her  as  unto  some  great  D: 
These  are  they  who  make  it  their  glory  to  proVoke  her,  and  oppo; 
courage  against  her  puissances.  Doubtlesse,  behold  the  most  i 
and  most  considerable  spectacle  that  may  possibly  be :  to  see  the  j 
the  independency,  the  assurance  of  a  God  (as  the  Heathen  spe 
united  to  the  imbecility  and  frailty  of  our  humane  nature.  S 
that  if  there  be  found  any  entire  and  absolute  liberty  amongst  us, 
lesse  it  is  residing  in  these  herolque  soules,  of  whom  I  will  rend 
here  two  or  three  of  antiquity  for  examples,  expressly  abstalr 
speake  of  so  many  holy  personages  wherewith  Christianity  dot! 
furnish  us,  because  in  this  Chapter  we  pretend  to  cohsider  this  p 
phique  only  which  appeared  in  the  world  a  great  while  before  i( 
be  irradiated  by  the  beams  of  the  Gospell.  The  Christian  S 
Tetaynes  its  reasons  and  its  discourse  apart.  There  we  learn,  tb 
greatest  glory  of  our  intellect  is  not  to  know,  but  to  beleeve, 
glory  of  our  will  is  not  to  command,  but  to  obey.  As  touching 
sopby,  she  is  not  always  so  austere  ;  for  oftentimes  she  descends 
•satisfactibn  of  an  Infidel,  as  Well  as  of  a  true  beleever. 

Epictetus  shall  be  the  first  whom  I  will  produce,  to  show  thai 
of  those  whom  we  treat,  have  pretended  to  be  free  men,  even 
ohaynes :  and  to  possess  this  independency  of  spirit,  which  tru 
fetters  are  able  to  captivate ;  but  withall,  making  only  a  part  < 
hutnane  liberty,  actsording  to  our  precedent  considerations.     Tliii 


*  Ecce  res  magna  habere  imbeciritatcai  iioitainis)  s^curitatem  Dei.    Sen.  Epist.  5- 


24 

man  was  a  Stoicke,  as  you  may  perceive  by  his  Enchiridion  or  Manuell, 
compiled  by  Arrian  his  disciple,    being  a  summary  of  th?  morality 
which  those  of  their  sect  made  profession  of.     His  most  memorable  dis- 
courses have  been  communicated  unto  us  by  the  same  Arrian,  who  hath 
composed  foure  bookes  of  them,  and  so  couched  them  in  writing,  as  an 
excellent  Painter  uses  to  draw  his  lineaments,  to  represent  us  the  figure 
of  a  Soule,  by  so  much  the  more  free  and  heightened  aa  his  adverse 
fortune  endeavoured  (it  should   seeme)  to  suppresse  it.     This  was  a 
ball   which  rebounded  towards  Heaven,   proportionably  to  the'  force 
whereby  it  was  cast  against  the  earth.     In  effect,  although  he  saw 
himselfe  reduced  to  the  hard  condition  of  servitude,  and  to  be  one  of  the 
slaves  of  Epaphroditus,  Captaine  of  Nero's    guards,  yet  he  alwayes 
appeared  incomparably  more  free  than  his  master.     One  day  that  Epa- 
phroditus gave  him  a  certaine  rude  blow  on   the  leg,  Epictetus   told 
him,  dryly,  that  he  should  have  a  care  he  did  not  breake  it ;  Jthis  un- 
mercifull  hangman  having  at  that  instant  redoubled  the  stroake  with 
such  violence  as  he  brake  the  bone,  Epictetus  added  (with  a  smil? 
worthy  of  all  ages  to  be  admired).  Did  not  I  tell  you,  that  you'ld  foole 
and  breake  my  leg  ?    1  know  well  that  Origen  has  censured  the  impiety 
of  Celsus  *  for  daring  to  prefer    the    above   named    Epictet*is    unto 
Jesus  Christ ;  but  this  does    not  hinder   that  the  vertue   of  the  first 
should  not  deserve  to  be  very  much  esteemed,  although,  truly,  there 
be  no  proportion  of  God  to  us,  and   of  the  Creature  to  the  Creator. 
Let  us  also  observe  that  S*  Augustine  was  not  restrained  by  this  con- 
sideration, to  hope,  or  (at  the  least)  ardently  to  desire  that  God  had 
mercy  upon  Epictetus  soul,  being  not  able  to  leave  off  admiring  the 
extraordinary  mortification  of  his  senses:  and  I  have  seene.in  the  worke 
of  a  Doctor  of   the  Ambrosian  Colledg  of  Milan,  that  Saint  Carlo 
Borhomeo  heard  no  lecture  which  more  pleased  him  than  those  which 
discoursed  of  this  philosopher  collected  by  Arrian.     It  is  very  certain, 
that  the  generosity:  and  liberty  of  the  soule,  which  Epictetus  made 
alwayes  to  appeare,  notwithstanding  his  corporal!   servitude,  and   of 
which  he  hath  left  us  so  many  important  precepts  in  writing,  acquired 

•  '  *  L.  7.  contra  Celsum, 


25 

him  such  a  repute,  that  the  very  lamp  of  earth  Wherewithall  he  used 
to  illuminate  his  lucubrations,  was  sold  for  three  thousand  drachmas 
after  his  decease ;  at  so  high  a  value  was  all  which  appertained  to  him 
esteemed;  and  truely,  it  may  well  be  said,  that  for  the  constancy, 
liberty,  and  freedome  of  the  superior  part,  there  was  never  any  person 
which  exceeded  him. 

A  very  little  time  before  Epictetus,  Rome  had  scene  another  excellent 
Philosopher,  called  Demetrius  :  this  is  he  of  whom  Seneca  speakes  these 
goodly  words ;  that  in  his  opinion,  Nature  had  produced  him  to  shew  the 
age  wherein  he  lived,  that  a  greater  genius  might  protect  himselfe  from 
being  perverted  by  the  multitude :  although  he  were  not  able  to  redresse 
it  *  :  so  incorrigible  alwayes  it  is.  And  because  he  had  acquired  a  very 
high  reputation  by  that  open  profession  which  he  made  of  Philosophique 
liberty,  the  Emperour  Calligula  would  have  alwayes  had  him  about  his 
person,  supposing  it  a  thing  verie  easie  to  have  gained  him  by  a 
present  of  moneys.  Demetrius,  laughing  at  the  thoughts  of. this 
Prince,  and  rejecting  with  disdaine  that  which  was  proffered  him  : 
if  the  Emperour  (says  he)  would  tempt  me ;  if  he  haue  any  desigue 
to  corrupt  me,  he  needs  not  trouble  himself  twice,  let  him  at  once 
send  me  his  diadem  -j-,  and  then  see  if  the  price  of  an  Empire  were 
capable  to  shake  my  liberty.  Certainly,  bold  termes  w"''  well  deserve 
to  be  collected  by  Seneca,  and  consecrated  by  him  even  unto  Eternity 
itselfe,  with  all  the  recommendation  which  he  hath  bestowed  upon 
them.  For  my  part,  I  doe  not  beleeve  that  it's  possible  to  produce 
an  example  more  expresse  to  make  us  comprehend  with  what  gene- 
rosity a  Philosophique  soule  doth  undervalue  treasures,  honours,  and 
generally  whatsoever  others  have  in  esteeme,  to  preserve  themselves 
the  inestimable  good  of  liberty. 

One  action  of  Socrates  is  so  patt  for  this  purpose,  that  I  should 
esteeme  it  criminall  not  to  allege  it,  albeit  hee  were  not  the  common 
father  of  Philosophers,  and  he,  out  of  whose  braine  (as  out  of  some 
high   mountaine)   all  their  different  sects   are  derived,  like  so  many 


*  L.  7,  de  benef.  c.  8.  et  11.  f  Toto  illi  fui  experiendus  Imperio. 

•     E 


26 

seperated  rivulets.  This  man,  of  a  life  irreproachable  (to  speake  * 
morally,  whom  Justine  Martyr  affirms  to  have  bin  a  Christian  long  be- 
fore Christianity  it  selfe :  and  whom  many  of  our  Doctors  have  not  as  yet 
dared  absolutely  to  exclude  Paradise)  was  desired  by  the  King  of  Mace- 
don,  Archelaiis,  that  he  would  come  unto  him  :  he  dwelt  not  long  on 
the  resolution  which  he  was  to  take  hereupon,  and  his  answer  was,  that 
he  was  not  so  inconsiderate  as  to  apply  himself  to  a  man  whose  benefits 
he  knew  not  how  to  recompense.  However  Seneca  f ,  who  beleeved  he 
could  penetrate  even  into  the  very  interiour  of  Socrates,  assures  us, 
that  the  feare  of  prejudicing  his  liberty,  and  delivering  himself  over  unto 
an  inevitable  servitude,  was  the  only  ground  of  his  refusall.  Whosoever 
will  be  free,  ought  to  imitate  Socrates  in  that.  He  that  cannot  despise 
the  Court  of  Princes,  and  all  that  which  the  Court  can  promise  of 
goods,  pleasures,  and  dignities,  can  never  enjoy  a  pure  and  Philosophique 
liberty  :  and  he  it  is  onely  who  (Philosopher  like)  values  liberty  according 
to  her  due  estimate,  that  voluntarily  abandons  all  things  to  the  end  he 
may  enjoy  her.  This  is  that  Diogenes  had  very  well  learned,  when  of  all 
the  favours  which  Alexander  offered  him,  he  accepted  none  but  that  of 
rendering  him  the  beames  of  the  Sun,  which  the  person  of  this 
monarch  hindered  him  from  enjoying,  by  interposing  of  himselfe. 
And  when  he  replyed  to  those  who  called  the  Philosopher  Callisthenes 
happy,  because  of  the  many  favours  which  the  same  Prince  conferred 
upon  him  at  the  beginning,  that  for  his  part»"  he  esteemed  him  most 
unfortunate,  in  that  he  could  not  dine  nor  supp,  but  at  the  pleasure  of 
Alexander. 

I  could  yet  let  you  see  by  sundry  other  examples,  that  which  these 
already  prove  touching  the  Philosophique  liberty.  Anaxagoras,  to 
the  intent  he  might  procure  this  freedome,  absolutely  quitted  his 
patrimony  to  him  that  would  accept  thereof.  Liberty  caused  Hera- 
clitus,  as  likewise  Prometheus,  to  resigne  their  scepters  into  the  hands 
of  their  brothers.  And  Empedocles  renounced  the  government  of  a 
monarchy^  which  was  presented  him,  for  the  love  he  bare  unto  her.  I 
might  add,  that  Pythagoras  made  almost  the   same  reply  to  Hiero  ; 

*  Apo.  1.  &  2.  t  L,  5.  de  benef.  c.  6. 


27 

Diogenes    to   Antipater;    Zeno   to   Antigonus ;    Stilpo  to   Ptolemy; 
Xenocrates,  Ephorus,  and  Mienedemus,  to  Alexander,  which  Socrates  did 
unto  Archelaus  :;  but  I  suppose  to  have  sufficiently  cleared  two  things  : 
the  one,  that  this  liberty  is  not  absolutely  intire,  because  she  is  often- 
times only  intellectual :  the  other,  that  she  is  so  rare,  because  of  her 
solutive  faculty  from  whatsoever  most  strictly  obligeth,  and  restrains 
our  affections ;  so  as  we   may  very  well  indulge  those   who  doubt  of 
her  reall  existency.     For  if  the  least  imaginable  constraint,  or  triviall 
engagement,  be  capable   to   dispossesse   us   the   fruition  of  so  great  a 
good ;  and  if  this  Spanish  sentence,  Quien  me  ata,  me  mata ;  "  he 
which  binds   me  kills  me,"   be,   as  I   take  it  to  be,  the  most  proper 
devise  that  a  man   may  assume  who  pretends   to  be   in   the  Philoso- 
phique  liberty :  who  is  it,  I  pray,  following  our  precedent  conjecture, 
that  hath  the  face   to  attribute   it  unto  himselfe  ?    Truely,  I  doe  very 
much  doubt  whether  there   be  any  man  can  do  it  with  conscience,  w"** 
being  so,  we   shall  not  make  it   any  difficulty  to  repeate  in  this  place  : 
That  perhaps  there  is  none  at  all  who  can   truly  afiirme  himselfe  to 
be  free.     The  examples  of  Demetrius  and  Socrates  advertise  me,  in 
that  which  remaines,  to   reflect  upon  the   servitude  of  the  Court,  as  it 
stands  in  opposition  to  the  gtyeatest  liberty,  which  is  the  Philosophique, 
by  the  greatest  servitude,  which  we  presume  to  be  that  of  the  Court. 


CHAP.  V. 

OF   THE    SERVITUDE    OP    THE    COURT. 

Seeing  the  end  (as  the  first  in  our  intention)  is  that  which  regulates 
all  our  actions  :  it  is  no  wonder  at  all  that  when  the  greatest  recom- 
pences  are  proposed,  there  should  also  be  found  the  most  laborious, 
and  difficult  travailes,  and  that  the  pretentions  of  the  Court  being 
so  eminent,  and,  as  it  were,  almost  infinite,  obligeth  those  that  attaine 
them  unto  extreame  servitude.  There  is  nothing  to  which  a  Courtier 
doth  not  submit  himselfe  that  he  may  comply  with  this  sweet  hope, 


28 

which  never  lets  him   be  at  rest,  and   which  the  Italians  have   very 
aptly  tearmed,    the  bread  of  the  miserable.      The   flies    cannot   be 
hindered  from  following  the  honey,  although   one  ant  travailes  more 
way  in  a  few  houres   (according  to  the   proportion   of  his  body)  in 
searching  some  grains  of  come,  then  doth  the  sun  in  all  his  quotidian 
revolutions.    It  is  the  prey  which  makes  the  most  solitary  and  cruell  of 
wild  beasts  to  quit  the  forest ;  and  a  fairer  bait  obliges  the  poore  fish  to 
precipitat  himselfe  into  the  net,  or  at  least  to  swallow  the  hooke:  but 
the  passion  which   all  these  silly  creatures   have  for  that  which   they 
most    aiFect,    is    not     comparable    to    the    desires   of    Courtiers,    who 
bequeath  the  fairest  dayes   of  their  life,  and  voluntarily  renounce  their 
liberty  upon  the  empty  beliefe  which   they  have  to  bee  one  day  able  to 
satisfie   the    uttermost  of    their   desires :     for   albeit   experience   hath 
taught  the   world,   that   the  service   of  great  men  is   like   unto  long 
voyages,  from  whence  indeed   some   there  be  which  returne  rich  :   but 
where   the  most  part   also  miserably  perish ;  and  although  it  be  easie 
to  observe  that  few  of  those    who  plunge  themselves  into   this    vagt 
ocean   of  the   Court  ever   arrive  at  their  desires,  and  can  boast  them- 
selves of  having  transported   pearles   from  thence  :   yet  will  no  body, 
for  all  this  take  warning,   and  gaine  by  the  sad   example   of  others. 
Every  one   promises  unto   himselfe  fortune   more  propitious  than  any- 
of  his  companions  found  her  ;  and  as  one  vessell  happily  arrived  from 
the  Indies  Is  the  cause  why  an  hundred   others  undertake  the  voyage, 
(without  considering  that  a  thousand  others  have  been  shipwracked,) 
so  the  good  fortune  of  one  sole  Courtier  is  the   cause  that  there  be 
innumerable  who  imbarke  themselves  to  steere   the  same  course  which 
the  other  hath  gone  before,   notwithstanding  all  the  hazards  of  a  sea 
so  full  of  Pyrats,  as  is   the  Court,   and   so  obnoxious  to  all   sorts  of 
weather.      But   to  leave   allegories,  and  as  it   were   with  the   finger 
point  out  that  which  we   have  already  spoken  touching  servitude,  and 
which  it  is  almost  impossible   to  evade;  we   shall   consider  It  in  the 
one  and  the  other  part  of  the  body  and  of  the  mind,  according  to 
our    divisions  already   established ;  and  shall  make  it  cleare,   that  if 
there   be    no   slaves   more   miserable   than   those   who   are    daily   in 


29 

diains,    Courtiers  may  in   that  sense   passe   for   the   most   unhappy 
amoingst  men. 

■  I  should  be  very  sorry  that  any  man  should  take  this  which  I  am 
about  to  deliver  for  a  satyre,  and  that  which  I  have  read  in  books  for 
a  description  of  those  things  which  I  might  have  observed  in  the 
Court  of  Princes  :  in  effect,  I  reflect  on  nothing  here  save  the  antient 
Courts,  those  of  barbarians  and  tyrants,  from  whence  I  gather  all 
the  proofes  of  my  discourse.  The  liberty  which  I  assume  to  alledge, 
what  the  philosophers  of  that  time  have  declared  against  them,  is  a 
sure  testimony  of  the  esteeme  which  I  make  of  the  courts  of  Chris- 
tians, and  above  all  that  of  ours,  which  would  never  permit  me  to 
speake  in  this  manner  were  it  guilty  of  the  same  defects  :  besides,  it 
would  be  both  impertinent  and  unjust,  that  I  should  be  blamed  for 
that  which  so  many  others  have  done  before  me ;  and  since  a  Pope 
(such  a  one  as  was  Pius  the  Second)  durst  before  his  Pontificat,  and 
during  the  time  he  was  yet  called  *  JEneas  Sylvius,  describe  all  the 
miseries  of  Courtiers,  protesting  that  bee  did  it  without  designe  to 
offend  either  the  Emperour  Frederick,  his  Prince,  or  his  Court :  why 
should  any  man  take  in  ill  part  these  philosophique  reflections  which 
I  propose  upon  the  same  subject  :  and  that  which  hath  nothing  of 
the  asperity  which  this  author,  and  infinite  others,  have  mixed  in  their 
writings  treating  upon  this  matter?  And  if  I  have  bin  (as  it  were) 
compelled  to  observe  certain  vices  in  generall  of  the  Court,  occasion 
may  offer  itselfe,  another  time,  to  proclaime  the  vertue  thereof,  and  to 
speake  particularly  of  its  merit. 

For  my  part,  I  doe  not  beleeve  that  any  (except  such  as  have  never 
seene  the  Court,  or  so  much  as  heard  speake  of  the  aire,  and  fashion 
of  living  there,)  can  be  ignorant  of  the  extreme  personall  subjection 
which  he  is  obliged  to  render  day  and  night  unto  those  men  whose 
favour  he  desires  to  obtaine.  There  is  no  body  in  that  country  but 
ought  to  be  even  ready  to  mutilate  and  dismember  himself  like 
Zophyrus,  that  by  so  doing  he  might  insinuate,  and  serve  to  the 
advance  of  what  he  there   searcheth  :   not,  that  where  the  service  of 

*  L.  de  miser.  Curialium. 


30 

ones  Prince  is  concern'd,  a  man  should  not  be  obliged  even  to  expose 
both  his  life  and  fortune  for  a  subject  so  worthy  ;  all  nations  have 
unanimously  consented  to  this  politique  principle,  (to  wit,)  that  there 
is  no  death  more  glorious,  more  meritorious,  than  that  which  is  received 
for  the  affection  to  his  Souveraign  and  love  of  his  Country  :  notwith- 
standing, there  is  a  great  deale  of  difference  betwixt  the  actions  which 
have  so  noble  an  object,  albeit  they  cannot  otherwise  than  testifie  a 
necessary  servitude,  and  such,  whereof  we  shall  here  produce  examples, 
which  have  for  their  foundation  nothing  but  an  infamous  flattery,  and 
a  servile  baseness  of  spirit.  Philip  of  Macedon  having  been  con- 
strained to  weare  a  fillet,  by  reason  of  a  wound  which  he  had  received 
on  the  head ;  the  greater  part  of  those  of  his  Court  come  abroad 
with  the  like,  as  if  they  had  all  of  them  had  the  same  occasion.  His 
son  Alexander  contracted  this  ill  habitude  to  carry  his  head  awry,  which 
was  the  cause  that  there  appeared  not  a  man  in  all  his  equipage,  but  such 
as  inclined  their  necks  likewise  to  the  same  side.  The  young  Dionysius 
was  naturally  pur-blind,  and  the  wine  which  he  loved  excessively  did 
much  shorten  his  sight ;  by  and  by,  all  his  followers  feigned  themselves 
blind,  every  man  jossling  his  fellow,  and  stumbling  at  every  foote  ;  and 
Atheneus  *  observeth,  that  being  at  the  table,  they  counterfeited,  and 
made  semblance  not  to  find  the  dishes,  affecting  also  to  sit  in  the  place 
where  the  King  used  to  spit  upon  them,  with  other  the  like  sordidityes, 
which  It  were  a  shame  to  report.  This  kind  of  voluntary  bllndnesse  puts, 
me  in  mind  of  that  which  one  writ  of  the  Emperour  Hadrian  :  the  extra- 
ordinary love  which  he  had  for  Antinous  (whether  because  of  his  exqui- 
site beauty ;  or  for  that  he  offered  himselfe  a  vlctime  at  the  sacrifice 
which  was  celebrated  for  the  prolongatipn  of  the  Empefour's  life)  gave 
him  a  passionate  desire  to  have  this  young  boy  placed  amongst  the  num- 
ber of  the  gods.  Hadrian  had  no  sooner  declared  himselfe  thereupon,  but 
Immediately  those  of  his  Court  protested  (contending  who  should  first 
bring  the  tydings)  that  they  had  scene  the  soule  of  the  fayre  Antinous  as- 
cend on  high,  and  take  his  place  as  a  new  star,  in  that  piart  of  the  heavens 
where  we  do  at  this  dav  observe  the  constellation  which   beareth  his 

*  L.  5.  &10. 


31 

name.  And  indeed  one  ought  never  approach  greater  powers  (accord- 
ing to  the  saying  of  Xenophanes,  ^  ug  TjSia-Tct,  ^  us  ^Sia-roi,')  unlesse 
we  be  resolved  to.  practise  all  kind  of  complaisance.  The  agreable- 
nesse  of  dissimulation  doth  almost  every  day  surmount  the  homely 
simplicitie  of  truth  ;  nay,  and  some  would  have  it  passe  for  a  rule  of 
Court*  to  confesse  that  he  perceived  the  stars,  if  another  would 
maintaine  it  to  be  night  at  high  noone  :  or,  being  become  a  little 
better  versed  in  the  Court,  to  excuse  our  selves,  for  that  we  have 
mistaken  the  moone  for  the  sun.  So  it  is,  that  besides  this  shamefull 
captivity  of  all  the  senses,  are  we  basely  obliged  to  submit  unto  those 
of  other  mens.  The  person  of  a  Courtier  is  so  little  in  his  owne 
power,  that  (to  take  it  rightly)  he  enjoyeth  it  not  but  as  a  thing 
meerly  borrowed,  and  as  having  engaged  the  propriety  which  he 
possessed  there.  For  (without  speaking  at  all  of  ordinary  dutyes 
which  consume  even  almost  all  the  precious  movements  and  actions 
of  this  life  :  and  without  touching  an  infinity  of  perills  wherein  it's 
necessary  he  should  expose  himselfe  almost  every  moment)  the  sole 
complaisance  doth  sometimes  cause  him  as  it  were  put  of  frailty  to 
deprive  himselfe  even  of  a  part  of  his  body.  Lucian  tells  us  that 
the  eunuch  Combabus,  favourite  of  Seleucus  and  passionately  be- 
loved by  the  Queen  Stratonica  his  wife,  had  no  sooner  declared  to 
the  Assyrian  Court,  (to  the  end  he  might  thereby  avoyde  all  calumny 
and  suspition)  that  he  had  dismembered  himselfe  of  the  parts  which 
he  wanted ;  but  suddenly  those  whose  hopes  depended  upon  his 
favours  did  the  same,  and  voluntarily  deprived  themselves  of  that 
which  only  rendered  them  men,  to  the  end  they  might  not  lose  their 
expectations,  and  continue  themselves  in  the  good  graces  of  Combabus. 
This  shall  suffice  to  demonstrate  how  great  the  servitude  of  the 
body  is. 

It  will  be  needlesse  to  insist  much  upon  that  of  the  mind,  seeing 
this  is  the  most  common  of  all  other  maximes  of  the  Court  :  never 
tojiave  other  will  than  that  of  great  mens  ;  nor  to  judge  of  any  thing 
whatsoever  (if  there  be  any  meanes  to  avoyde  it)  untill  they  have 

*  Gul.  St. 


32 

first  passed  their  opinion ;  that  so  nothing  may  be  spoken  which  may 
be  obnoxious  to  the  least  exception.  There  is  perhaps  no  reh'gious 
vow  whatsoever  that  exacts  of  us  any  so  entire  a  renuntiation  of  all 
the  actions  of  our  proper  will,  as  doth  the  interest  of  the  Court,  and 
the  designe  of  making  a  fortune  there.  From  thence  is  it  results 
this  great  conformity  of  the  inclinations  of  Princes,  and  that  if 
Francis  the  First  testified  his  affection  to  letters,  all  the  world  will 
be  learned ;  not  esteeming  him  a  good  Courtier  who  bred  not  his 
children  Scholars.  On  the  contrary,  doth  any  Prince  despise  the 
sciences  ?  every  one  affects  barbarisme  :  Licx  and  superfluity  was 
established  through  the  dissoluteness  of  Henry  the  Third,  as  was 
piety,  when  he  assumed  the  weed  of  a  perietentiary.  In  fine,  this  is 
a  thing  universally  acknowledged  of  the  world,  that  the  Court  is  a 
place  of  perpetuall  dissimulation,  where  one  alwayes  walkes  with  the 
visage  in  Mascarado,  where  one  feignes  to  desire  that  which  he 
most  abhoreth,  and  where  there  is  no  one  act  produced  of  freewill, 
unlesse  it  be  that  by  which  we  embrace  a  voluntary  servitude. 

But  as  touching  the  operations  of  the  intellect,  they  are  in  Court  so 
much  the  more  subject,  as  the  prostitution  of  this  part  is  effected  with- 
out much  violence,  in  those  who  make  all  other  considerations  whatso- 
ever to  give  place  to  those  of  profit :  such  is  the  most  frequent 
custome  of  the  Court,  after  that  a  man  is  never  so  little  engaged  in 
the  enchantments  of  this  Circes:  and  verilv,  I  lesse  Avonder  at  some 
men,  who  indulge  themselves  this  liberty,  to  represent  the  terrestrial 
Gods  rather  such  as  they  ought  to  be,  then  such  as  they  really  are. 
These,  I  say,  are  not  the  most  culpable,  although  sufficiently  blame- 
worthy, who  content  themselves  in  styling  their  vices  imperfect 
virtues,  and  discover  every  day  goodly  names  which  serve  for  co- 
verture unto  all  their  defaults.  But  this  is  a  thing  altogether  de- 
plorable, having  respect  to  the  liberty  whereof  we  speake,  when 
we  submit  even  unto  the'  basenesses  of  the  mind,  and  to  flatterings 
so  enormous  and  ridiculous,  that  one  ever  appeares  to  have  made 
bankrupt  all  manner  of  judgment.  Alexander  the  Great  was  con- 
strained   to    heare    one   of   those   infamous    cajolleries,    when   one    of 


33 

his  Court  (whom  Atheneus  nameth  NIcesius*)  protested  to  him  that  the 
very  flyes  which  sucked  his  blood  became  more  valiant,  and  gave  stings 
more  courageously  than  other  flyes  did.     The  Philosopher  Anaxander, 
notwithstanding  his  profession,  treated  this  monarch  after  the  same  man- 
ner, when  upon  a  clap  of  thunder,  which  was  very  terrible,  he  desired 
that  he  would  say  whether  it  was  not  hee,  who  (as  son  of  Jove)  did  but 
even   now  thunder  so  loud.     Constantine  was  compelled  to  stop  the 
mouth  of  a  Priestf  who  told  him  that  his  vertues  merited  not  onely  to 
command  (as  hee  did)  during  this  life ;  but  likewise  to  reigne  in  the 
other  also,  with  the  sonne  of  God.     Procopius  (or  to  say  better,  he 
that  hath  made  the  Anecdotes  under  his  name)  representeth  the  great 
Civillian  Tribonius,  not  ashamed  to  use  these  tearmes  to  Justinian  J : 
"  I  sweare  to  your  Imperiall  Majestic,  that  this  great  pietie  which 
you  alwayes   exercise,   giveth   me   extraordinary  apprehensions,   that 
I  shall  behold  you  suddenly  assumed  into  heaven,   when   we   least 
expect  it."    To  this  likewise  are  conformable  those  words  of  Hesychius, 
touching  the  impiety  of  Tribonius  in  his  life :  And  we  know  also,  that 
at  an  entry  of  Demetrius  into  Athens,  one  told  him,  there  was  none 
other  God  save  himselfe :  or  that,  if  any,  they  were  busie  in  sleeping, 
and  taking  their  repose,  during  the  time  hee  acted.     After  this  sort  it 
is,  that  crimes  so  easily  immingle  themselves,  and  that  in  an  extreame 
impiety  we  may  observe  a  wonderfuU  strange  dissolutenesse  of  mind, 
which  is  for  the  most  part  attended  with  a  feare  which  never  abandons 
even  the  very  slaves  themselves.     Harpagus,  being  asked  by  Astyages 
if  he  had  well  relished  the  flesh  of  his  sonne,  of  which  he  now  but 
newly  had  eaten  with  a  prodigious  inhumanity,  answered,  that  at  the 
table  of  his  Soveraigne,  there  was  nothing  ill,  and  that  whatsoever  was 
don  by  his  command  was  to  him  most  agreeable.     Herodotus,  who 
relateth  this  story§,  doth  yet  furnish  us  with  another  upon  the  same  sub- 
ject :  Cambyses  having  placed  for  his  butt  or  marke  the  heart  of  a  young 
boy  which  he  transfixed  with  a  dart  in  the  presence  of  his  father, 
demanded  of  him,  what  his  opinion  was  of  the  shot :  to  whom  the  father 

*  Lib,  e.  t  Euseb.  1.  4.  de  vit4  Const,  c.  4  J  P.  61.  §  Lib.  1.  and  3. 

F 


34 

answered,  that  he  did  not  beleeve  even  Apollo  himselfe  could  have 
levelled  more  exactly^     Truly  I  am  of  Seneca's  judgme^nt,  that  although 
the  cruelty  of  the  Tyrant  was  very  notorious,  yet  was  the  reply  of  the 
Father  farre  more  impious.    Sceleratim  telumillud laudatum  est,  quhm 
emissum  *.     At  the  least  no  man  can  deny,  that  these  are  not  examples 
sufficiently  pregnant  to  show  what  may  be  expected  from  the  liberty 
of  the  judgments  of  the   Court;  where  we  ought  to  resist  even  the 
most  just  and  sensible  movements  of  nature,  to  the  end  we  may  say 
nothing  which   may  displease  such  as  are  feared  and  adored  there. 
If  Alexatider  will  be  taken  for  one  of  the  Gods,  the  Priests  of  Jove 
are  the  first  who  attribute  unto  him  the  rayes  of  the  deity,,  and  ac- 
knowledge him  for  the  reall  sonne  of  Hammon. 

But  happly  these  mentall  captivities' would  appeare  lesse  strange  to 
us,  suffered  we  them  only  to  comply  with  those  unto  whom  otherwise 
we  cannot  render  too  many  respects.  It  would  be  no  wonder  to  see 
that  Favorinus  betrayed  the  honour  of  his  knowledge  and  reason  in 
favour  of  an  Emperour  who  commanded  thirty  legions.  And  in  iefFect, 
when  the  Ecclesiastique  f  hath  delivered  us  the  precept  never  to 
make  shew  of  over  great  abilities  before  one's  Soveraign ;  it  seenies 
that  he  would  incite  us  to  this  fiejiisbility  of  mind,  which  w&  ought 
ever  to  have  in  presence  of  him,  and  those  principall  ministers  who 
do  represent  the  person  of  the  King;  and  to  whom  he  comBaunicateth 
a  beam  of  his  lustre  and^  authority.  But  the  mischiefe  is,  that  we 
must  oftentimes  exercise  this  our  qbedience  towards  persons  who  doe 
least  merit  it  of  their  Soveraign.  We  beaye  more  respect  to  a 
favourite  of  Pompey's,  than  unto  Cato  of  Utica.  And  the  whole 
world  hath  observed  the  insolent  authority  of  the  Eunuchs  in  most  of 
the  Levantine  Courts,  of  Libertines  iii  that  of  the  ancient  Italy,  and 
of  a  number  of  the  same  Stttffe  who  have  (in  sundry  places)  abused 
the  favour  of  their  masters.  For  Princes  sometimes  please  themselves 
in  imitating  those  great  architects  who  remove  huge  machines  with 
very  smdll  engines.  .  They  qxtreamely  delight  to  have  power  to  act 
as  causes  universall  in   changing  (according  as  they  seeme  good)  the 


*  L.  3.  de  ii-a,  c.  14.  f  c,  7. 


35 

destinies  of  their  subjects.     And  to  represent  him  the  better  whose 
lively  image  they  are  here  on  earth,  exalt  some  one  from  the  dunghill, 
even  to  the  sublimest  dignityes'  and  most  important  charges  of  their 
palace.     Men  are  their  counters,  which  signifie  in  value  more  or  lesse, 
according  to  the  position  which   they  are   pleased  to   assigne  them. 
And  after  the  same  manner  as  every  man  may,  when  he  writes,  make 
.such  or  such  a  letter  of  the  alphabet  precede,  which  best  him  pleaseth. 
Kings  are  in  possession  to  bestow  the  principall  places  of  honour  and 
authority  within  their  states  unto  those  whom  some  particular  incli- 
nation causeth  them   to   preferre  before  others.     In  the  meane  time, 
whatsoever  may  be  (for  history  makes  it  evident  that  the  election  is 
not  always  equall)  we  ought  not  lesse  to  submit  our  discourse  and 
reason    to    all   their  pleasures,  than  to  the   will   of   the   Soveraigne 
himselfe,  for  that  many  times  the  Prince  is  not  accessible,  but  through 
their  mediation.     The  most  inferiour  of  his  petty  officers  who  hath  the 
honour  to  approach  his  sacred  person  at  the  houres  of  his  retyrement, 
and  private  divertisments,  may  easily  enough  make  or  marre,  advance 
or  retarde  the  most  important  affaires.     And  therefore  it  is  we  see  in 
the  Acts  of  the  Apostles  *,  that  those  of  Tyre  and  Sidon,  desirous 
to  be  re-ingratiated  with  King  Herod  (who  was  oiFended  at  them), 
addressed    themselves    unto  Blastas,    prime    groome    of    the    Privy 
Chamber,  by  his  meanes  to  make  their  peace.     And  I  well  remember 
upon  thatj  of  a  Persian  tale,   which   perhaps  is   no  jot  inferiour  in 
subtilty  to  any  one  of  those  which  the  antients  have  attributed  unto 
^sop.     A  King  (says  the  fable)  haveing   made  proclamation   that 
they  should  assemble  all  the  beasts   of  burthen  which  could  possibly 
be  found,  to  serve  in  the  warr  that  he  undertooke ;  the  Fox  was  no 
sooner  advertised  thereof,   but  immediately  he  flyes,  that  he  might 
avoide  the  perill  of  so  unprofitable  an.  employment :    by  and   by,  he 
meetes  the  wolfe,   who  (instead  of  imitation)  derides   him,  that  he 
did  not  conceive  that  the  ordinance  onely  respected  those  beasts  who 
were  proper  for  burthen,  from  whicb  they  were  altogether  exempt.   "  Do 
not  you  rely  upon  that,"  replyes  the  Fox,  'ffor  I  tell  thee^  that  if  those 

*  Chap.  12. 


36 

which  be  about  the  King  once  take  the  caprice  that,  we  may  serve  as 
well  as  the  rest,  we  shall  likewise  be  compelled  to  goe,,  or,  at  least, 
infinitely  suflFer,  before  his  Majestie  can  be  rightly  informed  of  our 
reasons  to  the  contrary."     It  is  no  difficult  matter  to  extract  the  sense 
of  this  ingenious  story,  and  so  judge  of  what  importance  the  favour 
and  authority  of  those  wee  speake  of,  doth  concerne  us.     This  is  it 
which  doth  infinitely  multiply  the  servitude  of  the  Court,,  which  renders 
the  subjection  much  more  insupportable,  and  that  which  makes  it  to  be 
numbred  (as  I  conceive)  amongst  those  felicities  which  the  Ecclesias- 
tique  *  reckons    up ;    even    the    happinesse  not    to    have   our   liberty 
engaged  unto  those  persons  who  deserve  not  the  least  subjection  unto 
them. 

The  goodnesse  of  that  Government  under  which  we  live,  giveth  me 
the  hardinesse  to  explain   myselfe  with  a  liberty  worthy  the   reign  of 
Lewis  the  Just :.  as  he  is  one  of  the  greatest  monarchs  on   earth,  and 
the  most  worthy  to  be  admired  ;  he  is  likewise  the  best  of  all,  and  such 
a  prince,  that;  there  is   no  imagining  liberty  which  can  possibly  be  so 
sweet  and  advantageous  unto  us,  as  the  obedience  which  we  render  him. 
After  his  example,  the  greatest  of  his  Court  exercise  an  authority  so 
well  moderated,  that  I  ^o  verily  believe  to  be  able,  without  danger  as 
well  as  without  fear,  to  report  the  defects  of  others,  and  say,  in  generall, 
that    which   was    almost  continually   blamed  in  the  palaces  of  other 
princes.     The  theame  which  hath   hitherto  adduced  me,  hath  too  far 
absented  me  from   flattery  to  adde  any  thing  which  doth  so  much  as 
approach  it.     And  I  know  the  genius  of  his  Majesty,  and  of  those  who 
have  the  most  power  about  him,  to  be  so  averse  from  those  adulterate 
and  false  praises  (of  which  we  have  but  newly  spoken)  as  by  that  only, 
I  should  feare  to  become  odious  and  blame  worthy,  were  I  but  so  incon- 
siderate as  to  make  use  of  them.    Truly  there  is  nothing  which  the  most 
glorious  potentates   ought  so  much  to   detest  as  a   flatterer,    which 
ascribeth  to  them  such  extravagant,  borrowed  encomiums,  whenas  they 
merit  nothing  but  such  as  are  proper  and  veritable;     And  therefore  it 
was  that  Lysippus  boldly  affirmed,,  he  had  more  honoured  Alexander, 

*  Chap.  25, 


37 

representing  him  holding  a  speare  in  his  hand,  than  Apelles,  who  had 
painted  him  brandishing  andfulminatingthe  lightning,  like  Jove  himselfe. 
Indeed  we  read  in  the  history  of  this  great  conqueror,  that  he  laughed 
at  a  certain  artist  who  had  the  vanity  to  undertake,  of  the  mountain 
Athos  to  carve  out  the  figure  of  Alexander,  if  hee  would  but  have 
given  him  commission :  as  also,  how  on  a  time  he  cast  the  booke  of 
Aristotle  into  the  river  which  he  passed,  as  unworthy,  because  of  some 
ridiculous  and  incredible  exploits  which  he  writ  *,  that  Alexander  had 
performed  in  a  duell  against  King  Porus,  wherein  he  was  never  yet  en- 
gaged. Attila  was  touched  with  the  like  resentment,  when  he  condemned 
to  the  fire,  in  Pa  via,  the  verses  ofacertaine  poet ;  for  that  to  render  the 
pedigree  of  this  scourge  of  God  the  more  illustrious,  he  had  derived  it 
from  so  farr,  till  he  extracted  his  descent  even  from  the  immortall  es- 
sences themselves.  And  verily  they  had  (in  my  opinion)  good  reason 
so  to  treate  them.  For  my  part,  I  esteeme  modesty  to  be  one  of  the 
most  essentiall  parts  of  praise  ;  nor  should  I  believe  I  had  yet  rendered 
all  the  honour  and  respect  which  I  owe  unto  those  heroes  and  to  our 
great  Lewis,  were  it  not  that  the  silence  wherewitball  I  reverence 
them,  and  which  I  doe  voluntarily  impose  on  my  selfe,  composed  the 
better  part  of  their  praises. 


THE    CONCLUSION, 


Behold  here,  Melpoclitus,  what  hath  so  often  traversed  my 
thoughts,  and  of  which  I  verily  persuade  my  selfe,  the  meditation  will 
not  be  altogether  fruitlesse,  in  the  necessity  which  sometimes  engageth 
us  to  accommodate  with  the  inevitable  subjections  of  life.  For,  if  it  be 
true,  that  to  affirme  ones  selfe  free,  we  ought  to  be  exempt  from  all 
kind  of  corporall  and  mental  servitude ;  if  there  be  no  man  who  may 
challenge  a  right  of  attributing  that  liberty  solely  to  himselfe  ;  since  even 
Kings  themselves  be  not  enfranchised  from  certain  duties  which  doe 
most  strictly  oblige  them  to  their  people.     If  those  philosophers  who 

*  Lucian  de  Scrib.  Hist. 


38 

would  be  esteemed  in  this  respect,  paramount  to  all  crowns  and  dia- 
dems, have  rendred  themselves  slaves  to  vanity,  as  other  men  are  of 
their  passions  ;  if,  1  say,  the  servitude  of  the  Court,  diametrically 
opposite  to  the  philosophique  liberty,  captivate  such  a  world  of  people 
(accordingly  as  we  are  compelled  to  demonstrate),  may  we  not  then 
well  conclude  that  there  is  not  any  person  who  is  absolutely  free  ? 
Which  thing  being  so,  every  one  ought  to  satisfie  himselfe  in  that  con- 
dition of  life  to -which  he  findeth  himselfe  engaged;  or  (it  may  be) 
attached  unto  ;  although,  happily,  he  therein  find  likewise  some  species 
of  subjection,  since  (that  in  fine)  we  are  all  obliged  quietly  to  acquiesce,, 
upon  that  which  the  Divine  Providence  hath  determined  upon  this  poynt 

of  our  LIBERTY. 


THE 


STATE    OF     FRANCE, 


AS    IT    STOOD    IN    THE 


IXTH   YEER    OF   THIS    PRESENT    MONARCH 


LEWIS     XIIIL 


WRITTEN  TO  A  FRIEND, 


BY 


LONDON 


PRINTED    BY    T.  M.    FOR    M.  M.    G.  BEDELL,    AND    T.  COLLINSj   AT    THE     MIDDLE    TEMPLE    GATE, 

FLEET    STBEBT. 


1652. 


THE 

STATE   OF    FRANCE, 

AS  IT  STOOD  IN  THE  NINTH  YEER  OF  THIS  PRESENT  MONARCH 

LEWIS  THE  XIIII. 


WRITTEN   TO    A    FRIEND. 


J^INCE  I  had  first  the  honour  to  bee  one  of  those  whose  converi 
you  have  cherished  with  so  many  signall  obligations,  and,  as  it 
currents  of  civility  ;  I  can  hardly '  think,  that  (when  by  so 
literal  expresses  and  personal  commands,  you  enjoin  me  |o  d 
something  in  writing,  touching  the  late  subject  of  our  discc 
you  have  either  cause  to  delight  in  my  triviall  conceptions,  or  de 
my  discredit  :  Fop  however  your  instances  have  at  last  prevailec 
your  honor  is  no  lesse  concerned  to  be  tender  how  you  piiblis 
defects,  whilest  in  them  onely  (though  the  faults  be  mine)  mei 
so  peremptorily  conclude  your  want  of  judgment,  and  condemn 
election.  But  you  have  promised  to  be  discreet,  and  I  shall 
make  a  saving  adventure  of  my  reputation  with  you,  who  have  c 
and  charity  not  from  the  multitude,  but  the  stock  of  your  own  wort 
ingenuous  education  ;  of  which  this  Essay  will  be  rather  an  Hii 
then  any  thing  otherwise  capable  to  informe  you,  who  know  alrea 
much  more,  and  better,  then  I  can  possibly  either  write  or  relate. 

But  to  begin  once,  since  it  is  my  fate  to  obey  you ;  I  shall  no 
alter  the  .Scene  which  was  then  presented  to  you,  when  you 
pleased  (as  it  since  appears)  to  take  notice  of  those  casuall  Discc 
of  roiney  wherein  I  posted  over  the  best  remarks  and  most  mat 
observations  which  my  iveak  judgment  had  been  able  to  recc 
during  my  so  many  pererrdtions  and  unprofitable  sojourn  abroad 
especially  in  this  kingdomct  of  France. 

G 


42 

Cor  will  I  vex  your  patience  with  .any  Topographicall  Descriptions, 
being  the  daily  subject  of  your  contemplations,  when  at  any  time 
I  please  to  refresh  your  self  amongst  those  exquisite  Cards  of  the 
!st  and  most  accurate  editions :  but  represent,  in  as  succinct  a 
thod  as  1  am  able,  what  in  order  to  aflPairs  (as  in  the  government 
this  most  active  and  illustrious  monarchie  they  now  stand)  I 
iceive  to  be  chiefly  proper  and  requisite  for  a  gentleman  of  our 
ion  (under  the  notion  of  a  traveller)  to  be  able  to  render  an 
ompt  of  at  his  return  :  and  therefore,  before  I  proceed  further,  I 
1  complie  with  your  desirCj  and  speak  a  word  or  two  (by  way  of 
roduction,  or  digression  rather,)  .of  my  sentiment  and  opinion 
ching  forraign  travel  in  general,  wherein  I  shall  also  deal  very 
martially  with  all  the  world  concerning  mine  own  particular,  as 
ng  (I  hope)  taking  my  long  farewell  thereof. 

That  which  first  rendred  me  of  this  apodemick  humour^  (I  shall 
discourse  here  of  mercuriall  complexions,  whom  ^Physiognomists 
rme  to  be  Indmidua  vag-a's,  like  my  self,)  ^roiceedied.' from  a  certain 
ne  emulation  which  I  had,  to  see  the  best  of  education,  which  every 
ly  so  decrying  at  home,  made  me  conceive  was  a  commodity  onely  to 
brought  from  a  far  countrie  ;  and  I  cannot  say,  without  a  little 
bition  too  of  knowing,  or  at  least  of  having  the  priviledg  to  talk 
aething  more  then  others  could  reasonably  pretend  to,  that  had 
/er  bin  out  of  sight  of  their  owne  chimnies  smoke  :  all  which  was  a 
iculous  :affeGtation,  contracted  first  from  the  ordinary  radorhontddas 
such  as  have  seen  strange  places,  and  great  want  of  discretion,  and 
fondly  transported  with  pleasure  onely,  and  temptation  of  novelties, 
J  very  instrumental  causes  of  this  unsettled  extravagancy. 
True  it  is,  non  omnis  fert  omnia  Tellus  :  for  the  great  and  good 
)d  hath  discreetly,  and  very  wisely  disposed,  in  the  furnishing  and 
orninsg  (as  I  may  say)  of  this  TerrestriaU  Cabinet,  having  left  no  one 
rt  or  corner  thereof  without  some  thing  specially  diiTerent,  and 
mirably  remarkable,  either  in  the  composition,  quality  or  use;  all 
them  according  to  their  position,  situation,  and  effects,  admirably 
tnmodious  and  dependant;  of  which  divine  oeconomy  there  may 
infinitely  riiore  spoken  then  will  be  suitable  to  this  desrign,  after  I 


43 

have  inferred  that  for  these  respects  only,  a  traveller  has  some  excuse, 
as  well  as  encouragement,  to  go  abroad  and  see  the  world. 

Now  then,  for  as  much  as  the  end  of  all  our  appetites,  wisely 
inquired  into,  ought  to  be  the  principal  mira,  and  terme  to  all  our 
actions,  he  that  would  travell  rationally,  and  like  a  Philosopher,  must 
industriously  apply  himself  to  the  pursuit  of  such  things  as  (through- 
out all  his  peregrinations)  may  result  most  to  the  profit  and  emolu- 
ment of  his  own  country  at  his  return  ;  whether  in  the  accomplishibg 
of  his  person  or  aflFairs,  there  being  nothing  more  veritable,  then  that 
saying  of  Homer, 

'Air^gov  yaq  S7]|ov  ts  jfxsveiv,  xsvsov  rs  vearSau 
Turpe  quidem  mansisse  diu,  vacuumque  redire. 
And  therefore  Pofegrinatio  anind  imperio,  8j-  corporis  ministerio  debet 
perfici:  for  so  it  was  that  Ptolomies  young  noblemen,  of  whose. rich 
fraight  ancj  return  wee  read  of,  travelled,  and  brought  home  with 
them  wares  of  more  value  then  if  they  had  transported  gold  and 
pearles.  For  the  same  cause  Pythagoras  took  leave  of  his  friends 
and  native  country,  to  which  hee  aftierwards  returned  with  the  learning 
of  the  .^Egyptians,  as  Strabo  in  his  seventh  book  and  fourteenth 
chapter,  na^^A^yOTrT/aiv  7rXav^0s»;rai  ?i,(^qp«9/aff  %flspw..  ;    . 

And  not  as  Plinie  affim^eth,  Easiliis  verius  quam  peregrinationibus 
susceptis.  Nay,  hi,s  passion  .an,4  thirst  after  this  excellent,  commerce 
was  so  admirable,  that  the.  same  .authour  in  Syren,  tejls  u§,  hp  made 
nothing  of  circumcising  himself  that  so  hee  might  with  the  more 
frefsdoQd  and  lesse  suspicion  pry  jpto  the^r  profoundest  mysteries  :  for 
therefore  were  the  Egyptian  priests  called  avo^vwv^toi,  incomtnuiiiGahlei 
and  h(riAsr(^o^pk,  imparticipable*. 

Such  a  designe  led  Thales,  Eudoxus,  Apollonius,  nay  Plato  him- 
self, and  divers  other  renowned  personages,  E*V  AlyuTn-ov  d(pMofievet  xou 
cwysvofjbeVoi  roTg  U^evtriv. 

To  comprehf^nd  ^saith  Plutarch)  the  mysteries  of  Philosophy  and 
Divinitie  :  as  it  seems,  esteeming  the  iEgyptians  jto  be  the  most 
ancient  and  noble  people  of  the  whole  world,  both  for  the  wisdom 
pf  their  constitutions,  and  exceeding  reverence  which  they  bare  to 
learning ;  these  being  indeed  the  fruits  and  most  noble  acquisitions, 

*  Clem,  Alexandrinus. 


44 

which  a  gentleman  (who  is  a  qualified  traveller)    should   study  and 
endeavour  to  furnish  himselfe  with  whilst  he  is  abroad. 

But  these,  some  may  object,  are  Heathen  examples :  Christians  are 
content  to  be  lesse  curious,  and  stay  at  home.  Saint  Hierom  shall 
be  mine  instance  on  this  occasioii :  and  truely,  it  is  worth  the  reading 
what  he  hath  dehvered  in  one  of  h\s  \Epist.  ad  Paulinum :  you  shall 
find  it  prefixed  (amongst  several!  other)  to  Sixtus  his  Edition  of  the 
Bible,  when  (after  those  words,  Legimxis  in  veteribus  historiis  quos- 
dam  lustrasse  Provincias,  novos  adisse  Populos,  Maria  transisse :  ut 
eos,  quos  ex  lihris  noverant,  coram  quoque  viderent,  SfC.J  making  a 
very  ample  repetition  of  what  I  have  before  spoken  in  the  persons  of 

'  other  men,  and  especially  of  the  incomparable  Pythagoras,  and  those 
noble  youths  who  went  out  of  France  and  Spaine,  only  to  hear  the 
eloquence  of  Livie,  when  qiiOs  ad  contemplationem  sui  ipsa  Roma  nan 
traocerat,  unius  hominis  Junta  perduxit,  referring  us  to  the  eight 
volumes  which  Philostratus  hath  prfrposely  written  on  this  subject ; 
thus  he  expostulates.  Quid  loquar  de  sce'cuU  hominibus,  8rc-  "  What  do 
I  troubling  you  with  old  stories?"  When  the  Apostle  Paul  himselfe,  that 
vessell  of  Election,  and  Doctour  of  the  Gentiles,  dispersed  the  Christian 
Religion  through  so  great  a  part  of  the  world,  by  his  almost  perpe- 
tuall  peregrination,  after  his  miraculous  conversion;  the  like  maybe 
iaffirmed  of  the  rest  of  the  Apostles,  and  even  of  our  Blessed  Saviour 
himself:  but  I ,  recommend 'you  to  the  Authour.  On  the  other  side, 
as  we  have  justly  censured  those  who  meerly  run  abroad  out  of  that 
vanity  of  spirit,  and  such  trivial  considerations  as  I  haVe  already 
reproached  in  my  self,  so  are  we  likewise  to  disband  another  sort  of  tra- 
vellers, whose  cynical  reservednesse  declares  to  the  world  that  they 
have  Only  minded  the  sensuality  and  satisfaction  of  a  private  ^i-m^^o  : 
communicating  usually  at  their  return  but  what  may  justly  merit  that 
repriment  which  Socrates  once  gave  to  a  young  man  who  would  render 
him  no  accompt  of   all   his  long  absence,  quod  secum   peregrinatus 

fuerit:  In  the  mean  time,  as  much  to  be  abhorred  is  all  manner  of 
strangness,  disdain,  affectation,  and  loquacity,  by  which  so  many 
travellers  now  a  days  (for  the  most  part)  distinguish  theriiselves 
from  the  vulgar,  to  that  over  acted  degree  of  mimlcall  folly,  as  one 


45 

would  easily  imagine  they  had  all  this  while  lived  in  pension  rather 
ampngst  apes  and  parrots,  than  ever  either  seen  or  conversed  with 
persons  of  ingenuity  or  honour. 

To  proceed,  therefore  :  presuppose  travell  ut  suscipiaticr  propter 
unum  aliquem  Jinem,  as  we  have  already  constituted  it :  we  are  yet 
to  give  our  young  subject  leave  to  be  so  far  practical,  as  that  hfe 
do  not  slip  any  opportunity  by  which  he  may  inform  himself  Ss 
well  in  things  even  mechanically  curious  and  usefuU,  as  altoge^er 
in  the  mysteries  of  Government  and  polity,  which  indeed  are  m^re 
appositely  termed  philosophical! .  Those  who  have  imposed  on  them- 
selves, and  others,  so  many  different  species  of  travell,  as  it  may  be 
said  to  contain  theoreticall  parts  in  it,  that  is  to  say,  the  metaphysical!, 
physicall,  and  mathematical!,  are,  in  my  apprehension,  more  exact 
and  tedious  in  their  analysipg,  then  perhaps  they  needed  to  have 
been;  of  them,  therefore,  I  say  no  more:  it  shall  be  sufficient  for 
him  whom  I  send  abroad,  that  he  conform  himself  to  such  precepts 
as  are  onely  necessary,  not  cuRt»bersome ;  which  rule  he  shall  like- 
wise do  well  to  observe  even  in  his  very  necessary  accoutrements 
and  port-manteau. 

First  then,  supposing  him  to  be  a  young  gentleman  apt  for 
all  impressions,  but  from  his  primary  education  inclined  to  the  most 
worthy  :  having  set  his  foot  upon  the  Continent,  his  first  study 
shall  be  to  master  the  tongue  of  the  country  wherein  he  resolves 
to  reside;  which  ought  to  be  understood  perfectly,  written  congru- 
ously, and  spoken  Intelligently :  after  which,  he  may  do  well  to 
accomplish  himself  in  such-  exercises  as  are  most  commendable  at 
home,  and  best  attayned  abroad;  which  will  be  a  means  of  rendring 
him  very  fit  and  apt  for  the  generall  society  of  that  nation  amongst 
whom  bee  converses,  and  consequently  the  better  qualifie  him  to  fre- 
quent, without  blush,  such  particular  places  and  persons  by  whom  he 
may  best  profit  himselfe  in  the  mysteries  of  their  polity,  or  what 
other  perfection  they  are  renowned  for,  according  as  his  particular 
genius  and  inclinations  import  him.  But  this  bee  shall  never  attain 
unto,  till  he  begiii  to  be  somwhat  ripened  and  seasoned  in  a  place; 
for  it  is  not  every  man  that  crosses  the  seas,  hath  been  of  an  academy, 


4« 

learned  a  cor^anto,  and  speaks  the  language,  tvhoni  I  esteejn,,  a' tra- 
veller (of  which  piece  most  of  our  English  are  in  these  coun try es* 
at  present),  but  he  that  (instead  of  making  the  tour,  as  they  call  it,) 
or,  as  a  late  Embassador  of  ours  facetiqusly:  but  shafrply  reproached, 
(like  a  goose  §wimms  down  the  river^  having  mastered  the'  tongue, 
frequented  the  fJourt,   looked  into  their  custotnes,  been    present   at 
their   pleadings,  observed  their  military  di;scipline,  contracted  acquaint-  > 
ance   with   their  learned   men,   studied    thqir- ,  arts,    and   is   familiar 
with  their  dispositions,  makes  this  accpmpt  of  his  time.     The  princi- 
pal   advantages   which  a  gentleni|i:n,  thus   made,   nijay  observe   and 
apply  are,  truth,  taeiturnitie,  facetiousttessse  withoat  moronity,  courage, 
modesty,  hardinesse,  patience,  fyugajityj,  and  ari  excellent  temper  in 
the  regiment  of  his  health  and  affectioins;  especially  in  point  of  drink 
and  tobacco,  which  is  our  northerne,  national!,  and  most  sordid  of 
vices.     It  is  (I  cottfesse)  a  thing  extreamly  difficult  to  be  at  aU  times 
and  in  all  places  thus  reserved,  and,  as  it  were,  obliged  to  a  temper 
ho  statick  and  exact  among  all  conversations ;  nor  for  mine  own  part 
do  I  esteem   it  in  all  cases  necessary,  provided  a  man  be   furnished 
with  such  a  stock  of  prudence  as  he  know  how  and  when  to  make  use 
even  of  his  companions;  extravagancies  (as  then  frequently  betraying 
more  freely   their  inclinations,   then   at  times   of  their   more    serious 
recollection  and  first  addresses).       Seeing  I  find  it  generally  impos- 
sible for  a  traveller  to  evade  some  occa^^ions  and  encounters,  which 
(if  he  be  at  all  practical)  he  will,   nolens  vQlem,  iperceive   hjmselif 
Ingaged  into  at  some  one  time  or  o;ther.     But  to  recoyet-  this  deviation 
and  return  to  our  purpose:. the  vertues  Wfhich  our  traveller  is  to  bring 
home  when  he  doth  repatriare  (as  Solinus  terms  it)  are  either  publick, 
such  namely  as  conpern  the  service  of   his  country  j  or  private,  and 
altogether  personal!,  in   prder  to  his  particular  advantage  and  satis- 
faction :  and^  beleeve  it.  Sir,  if  he  reap  some  fSontentmfent  extraordinary 
from  what  he  hath  ohseryed  abroad,  the  pajlns,  soUicitations,  watchino-s, 
perills, Journeys,  ill  entertainment^  absence, from  friends,  and  innume- 
rable like  incpnveniencjes,  joyned  to  his  vast  expenses,  do  very  dearly, 
and  by  a  strange  kind  of  extortion,  purchase  that  snj^U  experience 
and  reputation  which  be  can  vaunt  to  have  acquired  from  abroad. 


47 

Those  who  boast  of  philologicdl'  peiegrlnations  (faisly  so  callied), 
which  they  undie^take  iheerly  for  the  flourish  and  tongue  of  a  'place, 
posse&se  onely  a  parrot- virtue  :  it- is  one  of  the  shels  of  travel,  though 
I  confesse,  the  kernel  is  not  to  be  procured  without  it :  and  tdpical ;  in 
whfeh  I  finde  the  Dutth  o^oivo^mov  generally  most  accurate  and  indus- 
trious 5  both  of  thferi*  serve  well  for  the  entertainment  of  woiiien  and 
children,  who  are  commonly  more  i  to  ported  with  wonder  and  ifoniance, 
then  that  solid  ajid  feall  emolument  which  is  (thfough  these  instru- 
ments) to  be  conveyed  us  from  abroad. 

It  is  written  of  Ulysses,  that  bee  saw  tiiany  cities  indeed,  but, 
with  all,  hiiS  remarks  of  mens  manners  and  customs  was  ever  preferred 
to  his  counting  steeples,  and  making  tours :  it  is  this  ethicall  and 
morall  part  of  ti-avel,  which  embellisheth  a  gentleman,  in  the  first 
place  having  a  due  respect  to  the  religion  which  aeebtiiplisheth  a 
Christian  :  in  short,  they  are  all  severally  very  commendable,  accom- 
modated to  persons  and  professions ;  nor ,  should  a  cavalier  neglect  to 
be  seen  in  all  of  them  :  but  for  that  my  intention  is  here,  to  make  an 
introduction  onely  into  m.y  ovvn  observations,  I  shall  forbear  to  enter 
so  large  and  ample  a  field,  as  the  through  handling  of  this  argument 
would  insensibly  oblige  ^mee  to  do,  it  h3.ving  likewise  been  so  abun- 
dantly treated  of  almost  by  every  pen  whiph  hath  prevaricated  on  this 
subject ;  though,  in  my  slerider  judgment,  and  under  favour,  I  must 
confesse,  without  any  real  and  ingenuous  satisfaction  either  to  truiJi  or 
curiosity. 

To  conclude  (Sir)  and  contract  this  tedious  transgression,  I  conjure 
you  to  beleeve,  that  .1  offer  nothing  to  you  in  this  discourse,  out  of 
any  the  least  self  opinion,  censure  of  other  men,  .vanity,  or  ostentation. 
No,  I  am  assured  you  will  find  me  far  enough  from  that  Idiopathia, 
and  common  distemper  of  travellers;  all  ;I  shall  pretend  being  but 
to  communicate  unto  you  how  I  have  lost  part  of  those  seven  yeares, 
and  more  ;  which,  not  being  (as  in  truth  they  ought  to  have  been) 
wholly  exercised  in  the^'benefit  I  itiight  have  reaped  froth  your  society 
at  home,  I  am  obliged  in  honour,  and  fof  justification  of  my  self,  to 
render  you  an  accompt  how  they  have  been  dispensed  abroad,  lam 
very  conscious  to  my.  self,  how  much  mine  owne  little  interest  hath 


48 

suffered  during  mine  absence,  in  the  judgment  of  your  stayed'  and 
more  thriving  geniuses,  and  such  as  might  justly  indeed  derive  charac- 
ters and  prognosticks  from  a  raw  and  unsettled  spirit,'  such  as  was 
mine :  but  considering  that  all  those  transitory  accidents  of  fortune 
and  the  world,  can  no  way  farther  extend  themselves,  then  to  a  very 
imperfect  satisfaction  of  our  regular  and  honest  appetites,  (besides 
that  which  they  ought  to  yeeld  unto  others,)  neither  he  who  stayes  at 
home,  nor  he  that  goes  abroad,  is  (in  mine  opinion)  to  be  altogether 
censured  and  blamed ;  and  truely  he  that  can  accommodate  himself  to 
so  retired  and  contemplative  a  life,  as  certainly  that  of  a  pure  country 
gentlemans  is,  frees  himself  of  an  innumerable  host  of  troubles  and 
importunities,  which  a  traveller  runs  through,  and  is  in  a  manner 
compelled  to  entertain.  Conformable  to  that  of  the  most  incom- 
parable Claudian,  De  Sene  Veronensi,  Epig. 

Felix,  qui  patriis  asvum  transegit  in  agris  ; 

Ipsa  domus  puerum  quem  videt,  ipsa  senem  : 
Qui  baculo  nitens,  in  qua  reptavit  arena, 

Unius  numeret  saecula  longa  casae. 

Ilium  non  vario  traxit  fortuna  tumultu, 

Nee  bibit  ignotas  mobilis  hospes  aquas. 
Non  freta  mercator  tremuit,  non  classica  miles  : 

Non  rauci  lites  pertulit  ille  fori. 

Indocilis  rerum,  vicinae  nescius  urbis, 

Adspectu  fruitur.liberiore  poli. 
Frugibus  alternis,  non  Consule,  computat  annum  : 

Autumnum  pomis,  ver  sibi  flore  notat. 

Idem  condit  ager  Soles,  idemque  reducit, 

Metiturque  suo  rusticus  orbe  diem. 
Ingentem  meminit  parvo  qui  germine  quercum, 

-^quaevumque  videt  consenuisse  nemus. 
Proxima  cui  nigris  Verona  rerriotior  Indis, 

Benacuraque  putat  litora  rubra  lacum. 

Sed  tamen  indomitse  vires,  firmisque  lacertis  ; 

-^tas  robustum  tertia  cernit  avum, 
Erret,  &  extremos  alter  scrutetur  Iberos, 

Plus  habet  hie  vits,  plus  habet  ille  via. 


49 

e  serious  contemplation  whereof,  made  me  sometimes  (being  at 
is)  break  forth  in  this  youthful  but  naturall  ode  against  travell, 
I  I  will  here  pronounce  for  my  finall  Epibaterium* . 

Happie  that  man  who  lives  content 
With  his  own  home  and  continent, 
Those  chiding  streams  his  banks  do  curb. 
Esteems  the  ocean  to  his  orb  ; 
Round  which,  when  he  a  walk  does  take, 
Thinks  to  perform  as  much  as  Drake, 
For  other  tongues  he  takes  no  thought. 
Then  what  his  nurse  or  mother  taught. 
He's  not  disturbed  with  the  rude  cryes 
Of  thef  Procaccias  [up  and  rise]. 
But,  charm'd  in  down,  sleeps  by  the  side 
Of  his  chaste  love,  or  loyallbride, 
In  \yhose  smooth  arms  no  sooner  hurl'd. 
But  he  enjoys  another  world : 


* 

* 

# 

* 

* 

* 

* 

* 

* 

*- 

* 

* 

* 

* 

# 

* 

* 

* 

# 

* 

# 

* 

# 

# 

If  then  at  home  such  joyes  be  had. 
Oh  how  unwise  are  we,  how  mad  ! 

is  I  did  once  write,  and  this  I  so  beleeve,  (as  if  God  blesse  me 
a  successefull  returne  into  my  native  country)  I  shall  endeavour 
'■e,  non  dicere  huic  veritati:  and  though  the  conscience  of  my 
nail  inabilities  can  never  tempt  me  with  the  vanity  to  think  of 
ublick  advancement,  for  having  spent  the  prime  of  my  years  and 
I  abroad  ;  yet  the  contentment  and  satisfaction  which  I  purpose 
incie  to  my  self,  if  I  may  obtaine  leave  but  to  enjoy  that  private 
tion  and  fortune,  which  Heaven  hath  decided  me  at  home,  so 


i].  lib,  3.  Poet.  c.  106.  diet,  on  'ixiQ^ima  sJj  tou  narpiS*  :  being  a  speech  which  was  made  to 
sens  by  him  that  was  returned  home  after  his  long  travell. 
e  Guide  or  Messenger  in  Italy,  which  in  the  morning  calls  to  horae. 

H 


50 

that  1  can  but  rubb  out  of  this,  into  a  better  world,  without  the  least 
impeachment  to  my  Religion  and  Loyalty,  Sublimi  feriam  sydera 
vertice  :  I  shall  have  arrived  at  the  summ  and  very  top  of  mine 
innocent  wishes.  But  if)  in  the  mean  time,  it  be  otherwise  ordained, 
I  have  learned  likewise  to  submit  my  self  unto  the  will  of  God,  as  being 
very  apt  to  beleeve  that  excellent  apophtheme  of  the  wise  man,  Quod 
omne  solum  sitforti  patria.     But  now  to  our  traveller  again. 

The  principall  places  of  Europe,  wherein  a  gentleman  may,  uno 
intuitu,  behold  as  in  a  theater  the  chief  and  most  signall  actions  which 
(out  of  his  owne  countrey)  concerne  this  later  age  and  part  of 
the  world,  are  the  Netherlands,  comprehending  Flanders  and  the 
divided  provinces  ;  which  is  a  perfect  encycle  and  synopsis  of  what- 
soever one  may  elsewhere  see  in  all  the  other  countryes  of  Europe  ;  and 
for  this  end  I  willingly  recommend  them  to  be  first  visited,  no  otherwise 
then  do  those  who  direct  us  in  the  study  of  history  to  the  reading 
first  of  some  authentick  epitome,  or  universall  chronology,  before  we 
adventure  to  launch  forth  into  that  vast  and  profound  ocean  of  volu- 
minous authours.  From  thence  I  would  advise  him  to  traverse 
Germany,  (altogether  contrary  to  the  vulgar  method,}  by  reason  of 
that  so  usefull  tongue,  which  he  will  find  very  difficult,  and  with  much 
regret  and  many  conflicts  attained  unto,  after  the  facile  and  more 
smooth  languages  are  once  throughly  imbibed,  not  omitting  (compa- 
ratively) even  the  French  itself.  From  this  region  you  naturally  slide 
into  Italy,  and  then  embarquing  for  Spain,  return  by  a  direct  course 
unto  Paris ;  where  indeed  I  would  have  the  principall  aboad  of  a 
Gentleman  to  be,  not  only  in  relation  to  the  Court,  and  exercises  ac- 
quired in  that  city,  but  also  in  respect  to  his  expenses.  This  may 
seem  a  paradox  to  some ;  but  for  my  part  I  never  found  any  wood  to 
a  great  town,;  and  when  my  traveller  hath  cast  it  up,  and  made  a  true 
audite  of  all  extraordinaries,  he  will  find,  what  for  removalls,  and  what 
for  the  perill  of  disbauched  and  frequent  coUationings,  (for  in  all  other 
little  towns  his  acquaintance  will  be  universall,  the  English  perpetu- 
ally intervisiting,  with  a  grosse  ingredient  of  Dutch)  a  very  little,  or 
inconsiderable  disproportion  in  the  total  accompt. 


51 

Thus  I  propose  France  in  the  last  place,  for  many  other  respects 
which  here  I  purposely  omit  to  enumerate,  that  I  may  avoid  the  teedium 
of  so  long  a  discourse ;  but  especially  for  this,  that  our  traveller  may 
have  the  more  time  and  resolution  to  conquer  the  language,  and  go 
through  those  hardy  and  most  eminent  exercises  which  are  there  to  bee 
learned  in  their  choicest  perfection  and  native  lustre  ;  after  which, 
with  a  competent  tincture  of  their  best  conversation  (for  the  over 
reservednesse  of  the  Italian,  and  the  severity  of  the  Spanyard,  as  well 
as  the  blunt  garb  of  the  Dutch,  would  in  an  Englishman  be  a  little 
palliated  ;  for  fear  it  become  aflfected),  he  may  return  home,  and  be 
justly  reputed  a  most  accomplished  Cavalier. 

To  the  other  part  of  your  request.  Sir,  that  I  should  give  you  some 
touches  of  the  Low  Countryes,  and  other  places  (besides  the  wrong  I 
should  do  to  those  perfect  relations  already  extant),  observing  them  at 
a  time  when  my  judgment  was  not  altogether  so  mature,  and  myself  so 
much  a  Dutch  traveller,  (as  I  have  before  rendered  you  the  character)  I 
had  rather  make  an  apology  for  what  I  have  already,  and  promise  yet  to 
say,  then  to  proceed  to  depose  allegatioris  under  mine  owne  hand  of 
the  losse  of  so  much  precious  time,  and  betray  mine  ignorance. 

Touching  Italy,  the  States  are  so  many,  and  their  policy  so  different, 
that  it  vi^ould  cost  me  more  leisure  then  I  have  now  to  spend,  to  reduce 
and  discipline  my  scattered  papers,  and  such  indigested  collections  as 
require  a  more  formal  method  and,  indeed  a  better  pen.     - 

Nor  could  your  servant  in  truth  have  been  possibly  induced  to  dis- 
cover thus  far  his  egregious  imperfections,  did  not  your  arguments 
carry  in  them  some  specious  reproach,  as  well  as  your  person  so  great 
an  authority  over  me,  when  you  please  to  persuade  yourself  the  advan- 
tage I  must  needs  (say  you)  have  had  by  my  extraordinary  relations 
to  persons  of  aifaire,  as  well  as  what  I  might  happly  in  this  case 
gather  lawfully  out  of  such  as  have  the  latest  written  on  this  subject. 
So  that  however  (and  as  indeed  the  very  truth  is)  I  was  least  of  all 
inquisitive  how  others  were  governed,  finding  it  so  difficult  a  province 
to  regulate  my  self^  yet  mine  endeavor  to  pacifie  your  importunity,  and 
render  you  a  demonstration  of  mine  inabilities  to  cbply  with  any  future 


52 

expectation  of  this  nature,  hath  in  fine  extorted  this  from  me,  as  an 
resignation  and  sacrifice  of  my  reputation  to  that  obedience  wh 
profes&edly  owe  you,  ever  more  preferring  the  satisfaction  of  so 
a  friend,  to  the  very  promulgation   of   my  own  shame  and  most  v 
imbecilities. 

So  then  (to  approach  our  purpose)  seeing  all  those  nations  Q 
spoken  of)  and  several  (Grovernments  seem  at  this  instant  epoche  of 
to  conspire  as  it  were,  and  deferr  to  the  present  grandezza  a 
French  Empire,  as  likewise  considering  in  what  relation  we  of  En^ 
are  concerned,  I  have  esteemed  it  best  meriting  my  reflections  and 
patience,  to  finish  and  dresse  this  peece,  as  judging  it  most  worth 
consideration. 


THE    STATE  OF    FRANCE. 


uaveissaff-  I  WILL  begin  with  a  saying  of  Nich.  Machiavel :  La  Corom 
Regidi  Francia  sorio  hoggi  piu  richi  8f  piic  potenti  che  mat : — ' 
Crown  and  Kings  of  France  are  at  this  day  more  opulent  and  mi 
then  ever  they  were  :"  so  that  Prince  of  Polititlans,  a  great  while  si 
-and  without  controversie,  had  he  any  reason  to  give  it  out  so  ii 
time,  we  have  much  more  to  affirm  the  same  in  these  our  dayes,  wh 
they  have  emerged,  as  it  were,  the  sole  victorious  and  flourishing  ni 
of  Europe,  in  whose  bosome  nature  hath  even  built  this  gf 
Kingdome. 

ryandgreat-       That  whcrc  a  Soveraiffnc  Prince  is  able  to  maintain  an   absi 

the  effect  ^  ... 

<eraigne  aiid  unarbitrarv  iurisdlction  over  his  subiects,  manajjed  with  an  a 
;ounceti.  aj)(J  prudent  Councell,  there,  and  rarely  elsewhere,  doth  victory 
greatnesse  blesse  and  favour  a  Nation  with  any  permanent  success, 
verity  most  demonstrable  :  whether  we  reflect  on  the  present  agi 
tiie  example  thosc  frequent  examples  of  the  Romanes  and  Athenians,  whose  di 
iam,  tion  and  abandoning  of  their  royall  superiours  fomented  such  conft 


53 

and  distraction  amongst  the  Noblemen  and  Plebeians,  as  could  never  be 
afterwards  composed,  even  to  the  ultimate  destruction  and  lamentable 
catastrophe  of  those  most  illustrious  Republicks. 

But  in  vaine  do  wee  seek  for  other  instances  of  this  great  truth 
then   the  present  progression,   and  almost  quotidian  conquests  of  the  andottomo 

^'^  to  ^  ^  1  ...  manians!  though 

now  flourishing  Ottoman  family  ;  which,  as  it  is  the  most  invincible  now  a  dangerous 
upon  earth,  so  must  we  needs  acknowledg  it  to  be  the  most  indepen- 
».  dent  and  absolute  which  these  later  times  have  likely  produced  unto 
us.  But  for  that  this  is  a  verity  which  may  now  a  dayes  cost  a  man 
his  teeth  (to  loose  nothing  else  in  the  pursuit),  I  shall  prosecute  it  no 
further  then  may  serve  to  illustrate  what  it  is  which  hath  of  late  ren- 
dred  so  potent,  and  aggrandized  this  present  aspiring  and  formidable 
Monarchy,  France,  of  which  I  shall  next  essay  to  give  a  brief  character. 
And  now,  as  in  description  of  bodies  naturall,  dissections  begin  ever 
with  the  supreme  and  more  noble  regions  ;  so  in  anatomising  the  King- 
dom of  France,  which  consists  of  a  body  politick,  I  will  commence 
with  the  head,  that  is  the  King;  whom  here  I  may  call  as  absolute.  The  Kings  of 
since  Lewis  the  Eleventh  hath  so  long  since  (to  use  his  own  expres-  since  LeJut:  *' 


the 


sion)  put  them   hors  de  page;  that  is,  freed  them  from  that  grand  ^^^'^g^- 

authority,  which,  till  his   time,   the  Parliament  indeed  exercised  over 

them ;  so  that  now  the  same  reason  which  moved  the   late  Kings  to 

depose  or  translate  Saint  Denys  their  ancient  Patron,  and  to  put  his  p„^*"*'*/*/  ^ 

Kingdome   formally  under   the  protection    of  the  Blessed   Virgin,    is  ^th^B^yf^"^^ 

esteemed  good   reason,   and  sufficient   logick  for  all  his  present  com-  Fm-wUh  these 

•  ~  7  .    .  .  words  of  course 

mands  whatsoever;   Gar  tel  est  nostre  bon  plaisir :"  for  such  is  our  the  secretary  {u 

'■  seems)  concluded 

ffOod  will  and  pleasure."  the  arrest,  where- 

D  •■  01/  It  was  confer- 

red, which  gave 

Sic  volo,  sic  jubeo  ;  stat  pro  ratione  voluntas.  """"^  occasion  to 

^         ^  '^  reproach  it. 

For  so  we  will,  so  we  command  ; 
Our  will  does  for  our  reason  stand. 

The  Monarchy  of  France  (from  a  democratick  state)  was  founded  The  Monarchy  of 

..-„-  Fr.  whenfaun- 

anno  420,  and  hath  continued  it  self  under  three  severall  races;  viz.  of  ^^^' 
Merouese,    Charlemayn   son   of  Pepin,   and  lastly,   Hue-capet ;    from  continued  under 
whom   this  royall  house  of  Bourbon  derives  its  succession,  branched  '*"* '■"'**' 
from  Robert  Earle  of  Clermont,  fourth  son  of  Saint  Lewis;  so  that 


54 

the  King  at  present  reigning  Is  the  sixty-fifth  Monarch  of  France, 
no  woman  intei--    without  that  anv  of  the  feminine  sex  hath  ordinarily  intervened ;  as 

they  affirm  at  least,  from  a  very  inveterate  law,  which  they  intitle  the 
from  the  Saiich-    Salioue,  beitiff  intended  but  a  meer  romance  of  their  own  feigning,  a 

law,  being  a  mee^-      .•'  ~  .111  1  jj'l, 

pretence  to  invaii-  niecG  of  leffiev  de  main,  by  which  thev  have  so  long  pretended  with 

date  the  title  tf       ^  _    °  '•'  "'..,,. 

England:  the  great  shadow  of  justice  to  elude  and  invalidate  the  title  of  our 

former  and  ancient  Kings  of  England,  as  to  succession  in  the  right  of 
their  mothers  and  wives. 

as  welt  as  their         Touchinp;  that  Other  Icp-end  of  their  Sainte  Ampoule,  which  in  the 

Sainte  Ampoule.  "  "  ' 

time  of  Clovis  first  Christian  King  of  France  was  (as  they  give  out) 

brought  by  an  Angel  from  Heaven,  and  reserved  at  Rhemes  for  the 

•    Royal  Chrisme,  we  will  give  it  leave  to  passe  as   a  vulgar  (yet   not 

impolitick)   errour,  or  impertinent  tradition;   however,  by  the  device 

The  daughters  of  Q.ioYes'A\A,  the   daughters  succeed  not  to  the  Crowne,   some   of  them 

Fr :  someti^nes        1        .  a  .  •     1      .  . 

married  to  pri.     havmg  oftcntimes  mamcd  themselves  unto   private  men,   but  «till  re- 

vate  persons, yet  .        . 

reserve  their  titles  scrvcd  their  tltlcs,  together  with  the  surname  of  France,  which  it  seems 

and  surnames.  '-'  .  _  ^  ^ 

is  an  honour  permitted  them  during  life,  to  shew  from  what  stock  they 
And  the  Queens     originally  derlvcd.     Notwithstanding  this,  the  Queens  of  France  are 

admitted  tothe  '-'  ''         ^  '-'     ^ 

Regency  during     usually  admitted  to  the  Regency  during  the   minority   of  the  Klng^ 

the  minority  of  .  .  o  J  D^  J^  ^  O' 

the  Kings.  whlcli  Is  at  the  age  of  fourteen  years,  inchoative;  untill  which   term, 

they  with  their  counsell  administer  the  public  affairs  of  State,  without 
equall  or  controule. 

The  title  of  the  Concerning  the  title  or  adjunct  of  the  Kings  of  France,  which  is 

most  Christian,  and  eldest  son  of  the  Church,  they  make  no  smal 
boasts ;  for  not  haying  been  a  complement  (as  they  name  it)  sent  them 
from  Rome,  as  were  those  of  other  Kings;  but  descended,  time  out  of 
mind,  from  their  own  virtue,  merits,  and  piety. 

of  his  eldest  son.  The  eldest  son  of  France  is,  during  the  life  of  his  father,  called  the 
Dauphin,  from  the  stipulation  (as  it  seems)  made  with  Umbert :  who 
bequeathed  that  province  conditionally  to  Philip  de  Valois. 

Birth  and  cha-         To  speak  Something  particularly  of  this  little-great  Monarch,  Lewis 

racterof  the  pre-  '  110  * 

sent  King.  the    Fourteenth,    born    Sept.    5   1638,   after   the    Queen   his    mother 

had  been  above  twenty  yeers  without  issue,  as  his  production  was 
almost  miraculous  (not  to  repeate  here  any  bold  disquisitions,  with 
those  who  give  themselves  a  liberty  in  these  days,  to   speak  evil  of 


55 

dignities)  so  is  his  person  a  character  doubtless  of  no  lesse  majesty,  and 
fair  hopes :  and  certainly,  if  his  education  be  fitted  to  the  prognosticks 
of  his  nature,  he  cannot  but  emerge  a  Prince  of  singular  qualities  and 
egregious  perfections  :  this  I  am  willing  to  adde  from  that  mechanick  Artifice  of  the 

°  .       ,  .  .  .  .  ,  French  Queen 

and  artificial  breeding,  which  men  conceive  some  of  his  progenitors  and  andpubtick  Mn- 

^  I       o  isters  in  the  late 

neerest  relations  received ;  that  so  not  being  altogether  so  dexterous  and  ^"s>  education. 
knowing  in  king-craft  as  their  high  calling  required,  they  might  with 
less  suspicion  and  more  ease  suffer  themselves  to  be  governed  by  the 
counsels  and  inclinations  of  such  whose  'mystery  and  ambition  it  hath 
ever  been  to  continue  by  this  means  their  greatnesse,  and  reinforce 
their  authority. 

This  present  King  hath  one  onely  brother,  who  is  called  the  Duke  Dukeo/jnjou 

I-  o  J  iiif  character, 

of  Anjou  :  but  more  frequently  distinguished  by  the  name  of  Monsieur ; 
a  child  of  an  extradionary  prompt  and  ready  spirit. 

The  other  principal!  branches  of  this  Royal].  Family  are,  in  the  first  Oukeof  oneam 

'  '  _  _  •'  "^  his  character. 

place,  Gaston  Jean  Baptist,  the  Kings  Uncle,  and  Duke  of  Orleans, 
Lieutenant  General  of  the  K.  and  Governor  of  Lahguedoc ;  the  same 
who  during  so  many  years  as  his  brother  was  without  oflF-spring,  had 
those  fair  hopes  of  a  Crown ;  which  however  his  merit  and  abilities  for 
such  a  jewel  be  commonly  disputed,  to  his  no  great  advantage,  certainly 
there  is  no  man  alive  in  competition  with  him  for  his  exquisite  skill  in 
medailes,  topical  memory,  and  extraordinary  knowledge  in  plants  :  in 
both  which  faculties  the  most  reputed  Antiquaries  and  greatest  Botanists 
do  (and  that  with  reason)  acknowledg  him  both  their  prince  and.  su- 
periour. 

The  eldest  daughter  of  this  Duke,  is  Anne  Marie  d'Orleans,  parti-  Mademoiselle  her 
cularly  called  Mademoiselle,  sans  queue  per  eminentiamy  as  being  the 
first  in  pre-eminence  and  (after  the  Queen)  greatest  lady  in  France,  to 
give  whom  the  epithetes  of  her  great  worth,  were  to  spoile  all  her  sex 
of  their  praises,  and  make  her  as  much  envied  as  she  Is  indeed  justly 
to  be  admired. 

The  next  in  blood  and  ranke  is  Loiils  de  Bourbon  the  Prince  o{  Pnnce  of  condy 
Condv,  the  son  of  Henry  de  Bourbon,  who  (to  so  little  purpose)  was  character. 
yet  so  miraculously  jsaved  in  the  last  bloudy  and  inhumane  Parisian 
massacre.     This  Prince  is  Grand   Maistre  of  France,   Governour  of 


5t> 

Bourgongne  and  Bery,  descended  by  a  direct  line  masculine  of  FEan9ois 
de  Bourbon,  second  brother  of  Antonee  of  Bourbon,  Earle  of  Marie, 
afterwards  Duke  of  Vandosme,  and  King  of  Navarre,  the  father  of 
Henry  the  Great,  and  of  Chariot  Catherine  de  Ja  Trlmouille,  his 
second  wife. 

A  Prince  whose  merit  in  field  and  successfull  atchievements,  high 
extraction,  and  extraordinary  parts,  prompt  him  sometimes  to  enterr 
prises  beyond  the  duty  or  praise  of  a  loyal  subject;  for  there  lives  not 
a  more  ambitious  young  man  upon  earth;  having  outlived  his  impri- 
sonment, once  chased  his  enemy  the  Cardinal ;  and  not  satisfied  with 
this  revenge  (or  whatever  other  assurances  the  State  can  render  him) 
puts  fair  by  a  fresh  Rebellion  to  speede  a  prosperous  traytor ;  or  perfect 
his  infamie. 

hi^chafac^'^^  H^^  brother  is  Armand  de  Bourbon  Prince  of  Conty,  seemingly 
designed  for  the  Church,  but  susceptible  of  any  other  advantage ;  a 
Prince  of  a  weak  fabrlck  and  constitution,  but  sound  intellectuals. 
They  have  likewise  a  sister  called  Mary,  wife  to  the  Duke  de 
Longueyill. 

Dauguers  of  F:       How  the  daughters  of  France  have  been  disposed  of  into  England, 

mv  ispose  oj.     gpg^j^j^  Savoy,  Mantoa,  &c.  will  be  here" superfluous  to  relate. 

Thenauiraii  Touchine;  thc  natural  issue  of  the  King's  of  France  ("who  are  ever  in 

%sme  of  the  K:  of  O  o  V 

F:  how  esteemed.  ^]^jg  j^jj^j  Couniry  In  Very  great  reputation  and  place,  sutable  to  their 
birth  by  their  fathers  side),  I  cannot  learne  that  the  late  King  had  any  ; 
nay,  it  is  reported  he  did  so  abhorre  paliardize  (Fornication),  that  he 
scarce  thought  any  other  act  to  be  sin  in  comparison  of  it :  contrary  to 
the  opinion  of  his  wise  Counselor  and  Cardinall  de  Richlieu,  who  (as  I 
have  sometime  heard)  did  use  often  to  say,  "  that  a  Concubine  was 
the  honest  mans  recreation  :"  a  priestly  aphorism,  and  spoken  like  a 
churchman. 

The  Soveraignty        Now  to  sav  Something;  of  the  soveraig-nety  of  the  Kings  of  France 

of  the  French  .  .  &         J  &  Jnain,c, 

Kingdome,  how  it  ^g  wlll  stcD  a  little  back,  and  see  by  what  meanes  and  degrees  it  be- 

became  so  abso-  *  •>  o 

'"'*•  came  so  absolute. 

Whilst  the  nobility  of  France  were  in  a  manner  free  and  independent 
Princes  (for  such  was  heretofore  the  most  part  of  them)  how  are  histo- 
ries loud  with  their  carriages  and  deportment  towards  their  Soveraigns  ? 
what  checks  upon  every  occasion  were  they  ready  to  give  them  ?  wit- 


57 

nesse  those  frequent  impresses  of  a  certain  Duke  of  Gienne,  Bourbon, 
Bretagne,  and  others  of  the  same  rank ;  nor  bath  these  later  times 
exempted  the  Crown  itself  from  the  dangerous  consequences  which  so 
many  fortified  towns,  governments,  and  places  of  importance,  have  so 
often  menaced,  and,  in  effect,  notably  bridling  the  head  of  Majesty ; 
untill  the  defunct  and  great  Cardinall  de  Richlieu  found  out  a  speedy  ,ai1«i^^fo «-'  *" 
and  fortunate  expedient  to  reduce  them  to  obedience,  and  that  not  f^f^,^^^' 
onely  by  subjugating  the  Posts  themselves,  which  he  performed  by 
strength,  but  likewise  by  so  dextrously  interesting  the  Gentry  and  refrac- 
tory Nobility,  both  by  honours  and  blood,  to  the  Court  and  his  faction, 
which  he  did  by  policy  :  in  fine,  he  so  handled  the  cards,  that  the  better 
sort  of  people  became  tractable  but  of  meer  respect  to  their  relations  ; 
and  the  meaner  by  an  inevitable  constraint,  as  well  as  the  example  of 
their  Chiefs,  were  compelled  to  a  due  submission  ;  so  that  now  the  sove- 
reignty of  France  is  become  so  independent  and  absolute,  that  albeit  it 
do  still  retaine  a  shadow  of  the  ancient  form,  yet  it  is,  duly  considered, 
a  thing  heavenly  wide  and  different:  for  in  the  Kings  sole  power  it  is  The  Kings  ahso- 
to  resolve  of,  and  dissolve  warrs ;  by  him  are  the  lawes  interpreted  ; 
letters  of  grace,  of  naturality,  and  other  acts  given  out ;  he  it  is 
imposeth  taxes,  from  which  (by  a  speciall  decree)  the  Church  her  selfe  %^J""''""^ 
is  not  exempt;  nay,  albeit  the  Pope  his  own  Holinesse  consent  not; 
from  all  whose  ecclesiasticall  censures,  fulminations,  and  anathemas, 
he  feels  himselfe  also  priviledged,  and  therefore  nominates  all  spiritual! 
persons  to  their  preferments  and  dignities  :  notwithstanding  all  this, 
the  handsomer  to  disguise  and  apparell  these  his  volunties,  and  render 
them  at  the  least  specious  proceedures  of  justice,  he  permits  none  of  his  /*^"^^""*'T' 
edicts  to  passe  as  authentick  until  the  Court  of  Parliament  (who  is 
absolutely  at  his  devotion)  have  first  verified  them  ;  a  favour  this  like- 
wise out  of  complement  too,  non  tarn  necessitatis  quhm  humanitatis,  as  complement. 
a  civilian  (whose  glosse  it  is)  hath  warily  termed  it.  So  that  as  for  the 
Parliaments  of  France  (besides  the  name  and  formalitv),  there  is  in  P^'rHament  of 

^  •>  '^  Prance  a  name 

truth  now  no  such  thing  in  nature ;  which,  together  with  their  ancient  ''"'^• 
liberties,  how  deservedly  they  lost  them  may   be  easily  discovered  in 
their  frequent  rebellions.     In  a  word,  he   who  would  perfectly,  and 
without  more  adoe,   understand  by  what  law  and  rule  the  Kings  of 

I 


58 


By  what  means 
discomposed. 


TVieir  estates  re- 
vertable  to  the 
Crown  hy  appa- 
nage. 


Tkeir  originaU 
authority. 


and  number. 


France  impose  on  their  vassals,  may  see  it  summarily,  yet  very  legibljif 
ingraven  by  that  fore-mentioned  Cardinall,  upon  that  excellent  artillery 
which  defend  his  Majesties  citadell  at  Havre  de  Grace,  in  Normandy, 
where  you  may  run  and  read  the  best  of  tenures,  as  the  times  are  now, 
in  this  epigraph,  Ratio  ultima  Begum  ;  though  for  this  slavery  of 
theirs,  they  may  in  some  degree  thank  our  countrymen,  whose  forces 
being  embowelled  amongst  them,  hindred  the  assembling  of  the  Three 
Estates  (as  they  should  have  done)  :  whereupon  the  King  being  neces- 
sitated to  make  his  simple  edicts  passe  for  authentick  laws  (although 
this  power  were  delivered  to  him  during  his  wars  only),  was  the  reason 
why  the  people  could  never  recover  or  seize  on  them  since.  A  jewel 
this  of  too  great  value  (some  think)  to  bee  intrusted  to  one  person,  upon 
what  pretence  or  necessity  soever.  To  the  King  and  his  immediate 
issue,  in  dignity  and  rank,  are  the  Dukes  and  Peers  of  France. 

But  first,  it  is  to  be  observed,  that  the  Princes  of  the  Blood  of  this 
Kingdom  possess  their  lands  and  revenues  under  the  name  of  appanage, 
and  not  as  absolute  proprietaries ;  by  which  means  all  their  estates 
return  again  to  the  Crown  by  the  right  of  reversion,  to  the  end  that  the 
domaine  abide  intire,  and  for  other  the  like  reasons  :  the  Duke  of  Sully 
Henry  Richmont,  heretofore  called  3ois  Belle  (on  which  there  hangs  a 
story)  only  excepted. 

We  will  passe  over  their  original,  which  would  be  extreme  difficult  to 
investigate,  and  proceed  to  their  authority,  which  was  first  established 
by  Hugues  Capet  and  his  descendants,  who  thereupon  obliged  them  to 
hold  their  lands  of  the  Crown  immediately ;  by  which  means  he  also 
gained  many  that  before  were  disaffected  to  him,  as  the  Earls  of  Flan- 
ders, the  Archbishop  of  Rheims,  and  divers  others,  who  had  been  at  the 
first  great  opposers  of  this  usurper.  Now  of  these  Peers,  there  were  at 
the  first  twelve  only  ordained  :  to  wit,  six  of  the  spiritualty,  and  as  many 
of  the  temporalty  :  but  at  this  day  their  number  is  become  indefinite, 
depending  solely  on  the  pleasure  of  the  King:  and  these  are  so  named, 
not  for  that  they  pretend  to  any  equality  of  dignity  with  their  Soveraign, 
but  their  mutual  parity  in  authority  one  amongst  another. 


59- 

This  Ecclesiastlcks  were 

1.  The  Archbishop  arid  Duke  of  Rheims.  Ecclesiastic^ 

2.  The  Bishop  and  Duke  de  Laon. 

8.  The  Bishop  and  Duke  de  Langres. 

4.  -The  Bishop  and  Earl  of  Beauvais. 

5.  The  Bishop  and  Earl  of  Noyon. 

6.  The  Bishop  and  Comte  de  Chaalons  in  Champagne. 

The  six  Temporal  were 

rl.    BoUrgOgne.  Temporal!. 

The  Dukes  of  <  2.  Normandie. 
V.3.  Guyenne. 

{4.  Thoulouse. 
5.  Champagne. 
6.  Elanders. 


These  twelve  Peers  composed  likewise  In  times  past  the  Parliament 
of  France,  from  whence  it  Is  to  this  day  called  (as  once  with  us)  the 
Court  of  Peers. 

Now,  amongst  sundry  other  immunities  and  privlledges  which  they  Their  immunities 
injoy,  this  Is  none  of  the  least,  that  they  can  neither  be  disposed  of,  nor 
appealed  In  judgment,  but  onely  in  the  Court  of  Parliament,  where  they 
have  their  places  as  the  Princes  of  the  Blood  have ;  for,  before  the  insti- 
tution of  that  high  tribunal  in  this  kingdotii,  the  Peers  were  those 
which  judged  all  causes  that  were  ordinarily  brought  before  the  King ; 
nor  did  he  manage  any  thing  else  either  In  war  or  peace,  without  their 
speclall  aid  and.  assistance.  Moreover,  this  dignitle  to  some  hath  been 
granted  for  life,  some  personal,  others  onely  to  the  males  descending, 
some  for  ever  ;  yea,  and  even  women  themselves  are  alike  capable  of  „,  .     , 

'    J       '  »  Women  capable  of 

pairerieS.  pmrenes. 

It  would  take   up  too   much  time,  should  I  trouble   you  with  their  charges  at  the 

r   ■  '  •>  Coronation. 

severall  functions  and  charges  at  the  Coronation,  more  fit  for  an  herauld 
than  an  historian  ;  this  onely  Is  observable,  that  albeit  there  were  never 
so  many  Peers  present,- those  onely  who  bare  the/titles  of  the  six  Splri- 
tuall  and  six  Temporall  before  noted,  officiate  at  the  ceremony;  for  which 
very  pvrpose,  those  who  are  wanting,  or,  extinct,  have  yet  their  repre- 
sentatives, who  upon  this  occasion  stand  for,  and  supply  their  persons. 


60 

m  Crown  of  We  have  spoken  now  of  the  King  and  prime  Nobility;  let  us  next  ^ 

icersletmgingto  survey  the  Crown  and  prime  ofiScers  thereunto  belonging. 

The  late  author  of  the  Estat  de  France  hath  divided  them  into  three 
Ancients,  three  Modern,  and  three  Domestique  ;  which  truly,  is  not  an 
unequall  trichotomy;  but  for  that  I  intend  to  perfect  what  I  have 
already  established  touching  the  Court,  I  will  commence  with  the  three 
last  in  this  partition,  and  so  come  to  those  which  more  immediately  ap- 
pertaine  to  the  State  afterwards. 

The  Domesiique  ^\yQ  three  Domcstick  Officers  and  charges  are 

O^ers.  ■  ° 

The  Grand  Maistre  of  France. 
The  Grand  Chambvllan  of  France. 
The  Grand  Escuyer  of 'France. 

The  office  of  the        The  officc  of  Grand  Maistrs  de  France  is  Superintendent  of    the 

Grand  Maistre  de  iiii-i  •!••  iiLJ  •! 

France.  Kings  housc,   and  hath  absolute  jurisdiction  over  all  the  domestick 

officers  and  provisions  of  his  Majesties  table  ;  and  is  a  place  of  so  su- 
preme authority,  that  it  is  seldom  conferred  save  upon  one  of  the  Princes 
of  the  Blood ;  the  Prince  of  Condy  at  present  undeservedly  inheriting  his 
fathers  charge  therein. 

„  ,   ..   ,   f         Under  the  Grand  Maistre  are  many  subordinate  officers,  as  maistrei 

Subordinate  of-  ■  J  ' 

jicers  to  him.       d'hostcl,  butlers,  carvers,  gentlemen  waiteris,  and  a  whole  f  egiment  of 

others,  which  are  reduced  to  no  certain  number :  one  thing  is  to  be 

Ceremony  at  the    noted,  that  whcn  the  King  dves,  the  Grand  Maistre  breaketh  his  staflFe 

death  of  the  King:  '  o      j.      ' 

'  of  office,  not  only  as  an  embleme  of  the  dismission  of  the  rest,  but  like* 

wise  to  shew  that  their  charges  are  only  dependant  upon  the  life  of  the 
King,  albeit  afterward  the  successor  for  the  most  part  re-establisheth 
them. 
The  High  Cham-      Ncxt  to  the  Grand  Maistrc  is  the  High  Chaml^lain  of  France,  who 
fi^J^"mb^rdinate  hath  the  supcrvisall  and  disposition  of  all  officers  of  the  King's  bedcham- 
to  him.  ^^^  ^^j  wardrobe,  gives  or  denyes  accesse  to  his  Majestie ;  under  him 

there  are  four  chief  gentlemen  of  the  chamber,  called,  les  quaires pre- 
miers gentils  hommes  de  la  chambre  du  Roy  ;  one  of  these  ever  lies  in 
the  Kings  bedchamber,  or  very  near  to  it.  Under  these  are  the  Masters 
of  the  Wardrobe,  very  lucrative  places,  to  whom  are  subordinate  the 
Pages,  &c. 


61 

Lastly,  the  Grand  Escuyevy  or  Master  of  the  Horse,  superintendent  The  Grand  es- 
of  the  Premier  ]Ss€Ui/^T  and  other  officers  of  the  stables;  his  charge  it  is  n«y. ' 
to  march  on  horseback  before  the  King,  bearing  a  sword  and  belt,  when 
his  Majesty  entreth  into  any  city ;  but  in  those  towns  which  have  a 
parliament  he  carries  ("in  place  thereof)  a  casque  of  blew  velvet  semded 
with Jleurs  de  lys,  his  own  horse  caparisoned  with  the  like.  He  pre- 
tends also  authority  over  the  Masters  of  the  Post,  offices  of  wonderfuU 
gain  ;  but  it  is  now  otherwise  settled.  The  Master  of  the  Horse  hath 
likewise  under  him  four  and  twenty  Pages,  who  being  the  sons  of  prime 
Noblemen,  are  educated  in  all  such  exercises  as  become  their  quality. 
The  Grand  Escuyer  is  at  present  the  Prince  of  Harcourt. 

The  Premier  Escuyer  (whom  I  have  before-mentioned)  hath  parti-  PremUr  Eseuyer. 
cular  care  of  the  Kings  little  stable,  where  the  coach  horses  are  kept,  as 
also  over  the  Pages,  who  be  no  lesse  then  fifty  in  number,  and  the 
Kings  Footmen  ;  in  effect'he  commands  equally  both  the  great  and  little 
stables,  so  that  the  charge  of  the  Premier  Escuyer  is  not  much  inferiour 
to.  that  of  Master  of  the  Horse  himself. 

The  King  hath  likewise  foure  Secretaries  of  his  Chamber,  and  three  Secretaries  0/ the 

,^  Kings  Chamber 

of  his  Cabinet :  to  speak  truth,  the  multitude  of  those  who  stile  them-  andcaunet. 
selves  Secretaries  to  the  King,  is  such,  that  what  with  the  greatnesse  of 
their  number,  and  inconsiderablenesse  of  most  of  their  persons,  the  dig- 
nity of  the  charge  is  extremely  eclipsed. 

The  Kings  Bihlioihecarius,  Superintendant  of  the  moveables  of  the  The  smiotheca- 
Grown,- Con trolers,  Treasurers,  Mareschals  des  Loges,  Capitaime  de  la  Treasurers,Mare- 

shals  des  Ijogest 

Porte,  who  hath  under  him  a  giiard  of  fifty  halberds,  &c.  and  of  other  capitaine  de  la 
inferiour  officers  of  all   sorts,  under  those   above   five  hundred  more, 
though  never  half  of  them  vpaiting  at  a  time,  and  so  not  constantly 
eatina:  at  Court,  as  did  heretofore  most  of  the  oflBcers  of  the  Kings  of  ^^^'  splendor, 

"  ^  ^  '-'  and  hospitality  of 

England  ;  the   splendor,  hospitality,  order,  and  decent  magnificence  of  t^  English  cowt 
whose  service  and  attendance  in  this  kind,  I  am  confident  no  Court  of 
Europe  hath  ever  approach'd  or  parallell'd. 

There  are  likewise  of  Churchmen,  the  Greate  Almoner  of  France,  The  Great  ai- 
upon  whom  depend  all  of  that  robe  in  the  Court ;  under  him  is  also  the 
Premier  Almoner,  and  subordinate  to  him    the   severall  Chaplains,  chaplains,  cicrhs, 

■  I  '    Confessors. 

Clerks,  Confessors.  - 


62 

Nowe  before  I   proceed,  somthing  I   should  speak  of  those   royall 

officers  which  superintend  the  Kings  pleasures  and  ordinary  recreations; 

Pertaining  to  the  g^jgjj  jg  ^]^g  Grand  Feueur  and Fauconnier,  the  Chief  Hunter,  and  Master 

Kings  pleasure^  ^  •. 

Tonni^^c.^""'    of  the  Game — places  not  only  of  very  great  honour,  but  also  of  command ; 

but  a  word  of  them  shall  suffice,  as  offices  rather  of  dignity  than  policy. 

Touching  the  officers  belonging   in  particular  to  the  Queens  hous- 

officers belonging  Jjold,  I  shall  hcrcin  likewise  much  contract  my  self,  having:  so  amply  dis- 
co the  Queens  in  '  ■  J  '       .        o  l    J 

^iiil^^''/thf   ^'O'lrsed  of  those  which  appertain  unto  the  King;  and  the  rather,  in  regard 
Kings,  ^^^^  jj^  most  of  the  subalternate,  they  so  much  resemble  the  one  the  other. 

except  Maids  of  .  'J 

Honour,  Knights,  Yet  shc  hath  differently  one  Dame  d'Honneur  ;  of  extraordinaries  many 
more ;  six  Maids  of  Honour,  twelve  Chamber-maids  CB\\eA.Filles  de  la 
*  Reyne:  a  Knight  of  Honor,  divers  Masters,  Cup-bearers,  and  Carvers ;  a 
Chief  Grooiji,  under  whom  are  a  great  many  Pages  and  Footmen ;  also 
Secretaries,  Treasurers,  &c.  She  hath  likewise  her  Grand jfiumosnier,  and 
a.  Premier  Aumosnier,  Ecclesiasticks,  and  the  like,  as  before  was  said  of 
the  King. 

And  now  having  surveied  the  principal  Officers  of  the  Court,  I  know 
you  are  ready  to  enquire  of  me  where  the  guard  of  this  great  Monarch  is 

The  Grand  Pre-   all  this  while  ?  I  vvlU  but  ouly  mention  the  Grand  Prevost,  at  present 

vast,  liis  command.      ,         _  j.  i      i     i>  n  it  •  i 

the  Mareschal  d  Hoquencourt,  whom  1  may  not  omit,  and  then  I  will 
draw  them  forth  in  their  several  orders. 

Not  only  the  Grand  Prevost  is  an  office  which  extends  it  selfe  over  all 
the  officers  (already  mentioned)  which  belong  to  his  Majesties  houshold, 
but  it  hath  likewise  command  absolute  for  six  leagues  round  about  Paris, 
and  the  Court,  every  way,  which  is  in  truth  a  very  great  and  noble  ju- 
risdiction; besides  he  is  judge  of  all  causes,  as  well  civills  as  crimlnels, 
which  are  incident  in  Court,  and  hath  for  this  respect  two  Lieutenants 
fifty  Archers  of  the. Kings  guard,  and  severall  other  officers;  to  him 
appertaineth  the  imposing  of  the  price  of  bread,,  wine,  flesh,  fish,  hay, 
oates,  with  sundry  other  very  important   priviledges.     But  behold    here 
K^gt/j'tance.     comcs  the  guard  :  the  first  which  present  themselves  are, 
100  Gentlemen.         LtG  Cent  GentUs  Hommes,  so.  named  from  their,  prirnary  restriction 
(albeit  now  double  in  number)  they  are  called  the  Kings  Company,; and 
wait  on  him  on  all  days  of  ceremony,  and  like  occasions.     Next, 
Musgueti£rs  on  The  Musqueticrs  on  horseback,  which  during  the  .Regency  have  been 


63 

dissolvedj  but  are  now  in  great  probability  to  be  re-established  by  the 
King ;  they  were  composed  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  horsemen,  chosen 
out  from  amongst  the  prime  youth  of  the  chiefest  families  of  France,  and 
at  the  first  instituted  by  Lewis  the  Thirteenth,  father  of  this  present  ^teKmpcu- 
King,  who  was  so  physiognomically  punctual  in  their  election,  that  it  is  '**"*• 
reported  he  would  admit  none  who  were  of  a  red  hair :  these  waited  on 
his  Majestic  in  person  whenever  he  went  abroad  :  but  after  these,  and 
the  more  ancient  farr  (who  besides  their  immediate  attendance  on  the 
person  of  the  King  wee  are  to  accompt  as  principall  and  solid  forces  of 
the  state)  are  the  guards  of  French,  Scotch,  and  Swisse  :  of  all  whom, 
because  those  who  approach  neerest  to  the  person  of  his  Majesty  are  the 
Scotch  (by  an  extraordinary  and  special  good  fortune,  it  seems,  ever 
esteemed  faithfuU  to  this  King  and  Crown  only,  for  they  are  very  neer 
his  person,  and  therefore  called  the  Guard  de  la  Manch).     I  will  first  f'J^^^f ""„'"''•'" 
begin   with  them.     They  consist  of  an  hundred  archers,  and  four  ex-  ^"'"'*- 
empts,  who  carry  a  staflFe  or  truncheon  in  stead  of  an  halberd,  with  the 
rest,  from  whence  they  are  so  denominated  :  these  wait  on  the  King, 
and  observe  him  in  all  motions,  joyned  also  with  some  ather  of  his  Ma- 
jesties guards,  whereof  some  bear  halberds,  others  carabines,  whether 
the  King  be  at  table,  in  coach,  or  in  his  bedchamber.     But  this  guard 
of  Scots,  as  sympathizing  with   the  calamity  of  this  nation,  is  of  late  Decay  of  the 
years  very  much  impaired,  divers  French  suborned  in  their  places,  and    ""  * "  ^'■""*'- 
many  of  their  priviledges  lost  and  infringed,  insomuch  as  it  seems  at 
present  to  retain  rather  a  name  than  a  real  being. 

The  Swisse  (for  being  likewise  strangers)  I  produce  in  the  next  Guard  of  swiue. 
place  :  the  guard  of  this  grim  nation  is  composed  of  sixteen  companies ; 
but  of  these  the  more  immediately  attending  as  the  Kings  constant 
guard  are  only  an  hundred  of  them,  who  all  weare  the  Kings  cloath, 
marching  with  halberds  on  their  shoulders,  drum  always  beating,  and 
fife  playing  before  his  Majesty,  when  'ere  he  stirs  but  into  the  city. 

Lastly,  the  Guard  of  French,  called  the  Regiment  des  Guards,  with  GuardofF.or 

,         _      .  -  .  .  •      -\  J     11  J.U  1    ^^giinent  des 

the  Swisse  (composing  two  entire  companies)  guard  all  the  avenues  and  Guardn. 
precincts  of  the  Kings  palace :  they  are  both  of  them  two  regiments, 
whereof  each  is  made  up  of  30  companies,  consisting  of  two  hundred 
men  apiece,  if  full ;  and  besides  these  there  is  also  another  Companie 


64 


Gens  cTarms 
cavalry. 


Trve  signatures 
of  ahaotute 
Monarchy. 


Officers  of  State. 


Kings  Revenue. 


Superintendent 
des  Finances  or 
Coustumes.       * 


Thresoriers  de 
V  Espargne. 


de  Gens  d'Armes,  who  are  Cavalleres,  and  serve  quarterly  on  horse- 
back. 

Thus  is  this  great  Monarch  so  inviron'd  with  men  of  iron  whereever 
he  goes,  that  one  who  should  meet  him  abroad,  though  but  upon  the 
most  ordinary  occasion,  would  suppose  them  an  army  marching  rather 
to  defend  or  invade  some  distressed  province,  then  the  private  guard 
only  of  a  Princes  person  ;  so  carefull  have  the  Kings  of  France  ever 
been  to  maintain  this  principle  of  greatnesse  and  security,  the  very 
quintessence  certainly  of  true  polity,  and  infalliblest  signatures  of  an 
absolute  jurisdiction. 

It  would  now  peradventure  be  thought  proper  here  to  speak  next  of 

.  the  Militia,  having  already  placed  the  guards,  who  indeed  compose  so 

considerable  a  part  thereof ;  but  because  wee  have  now  done  with  the 

Court,  we  will  in  the  next  cast  our  eyes  upon  the  State,  and  afterwards 

secure  it. 

But  first  a  word  or  two  touching  the  Kings  Revenue  and  Counsel ; 
as  being  the  very  nerves  and  pillars  of  all  earthly  grandeur. 

The  ordinary  revenue  of  the  Kings  of  France  is  extremely  uncertain, 
albeit  vastly  augmented  within  these  late  few  years,  and  (besides  from 
the  domains  formerly  engaged  to  the  Crowne)are  infinitely  Increased  by 
the  doiianes  tallies,  and  other  customes  arising  upon  all  manner  of 
merchandize;  a  treasure  altogether  uncertain,  and  therefore  imposed 
still  as  occasion  requireth,  and  at  the  pleasure  of  the  King.  In  order  to 
this,  are  established  severall  grand  officers,  of  whom  in  order,  first. 

The  Superintendent  of  the  Finances,  equivalent  to  our  quondamLiordi 
High  Treasurer,  and  officers  depending  on  him.  This  Is  he  who  doth 
absolutely  dispose  of  the  farmes  and  customs  of  the  King,  hath  the 
chaise  and  dispensation  of  the  revenues  ;  in  short,  it  is  a  place  so 
immensly  lucrative,  and  prodigiously  rich  (as  being  obnoxious  to  no 
Account)  that  there  is  no  man  able  to  make  a  just  estimate  of  their 
gaine.  Subordinate  to  him  are  four  other  Intendents,  and  as  many  Trea- 
surers de  V Mspargne,  whereof  one  of  each  wait  every  month,  and  these 
are  those  great  financiers  who  suck  the  very  bloud  of  the  people  ;  for 
which  (like  the  Jewish  Publicani  their  brethren)  they  are  sufficiently 
blasphemed  by  them  upon  all  occasions. 


65 

The  Tresoriers  de  V Espargne  (yf\i\fh.  are  as  Chancellours  of  the  Ex- 
chequer, have  an  alternative  office ;  because  the  number  of  them  is  not 
alwayes  certaiti),  places  of  that  vast  revenue,  that  they  are  frequently 
sold  at  no  less  than  a  million  of  livres  :  for  this  the  Mspargne  is  resem- 
bled to  the  ocean  sea,  into  which,  like  so  many  rivers,  all  the  other 
receipts,  generall  an4  particular,  of  the  Kings  revenue,  do  praecipitate 
themselves,  and  pay  their  tribute.  From  hence  all  other  the  treasures, 
as  well  ordinary  as  extraordinary,  of  the  wars.  Generals  of  the  Provinces, 
Maritime  Officers,  Payers  of  Publick  Rents,  Courts,  receive  money,  and 
advance  for  their  several  and  respective  distributions. 

There  are  likewise  besides  these,    the   Treasurers   of  the  Parties  ^*«  Treasurers 

of  the  Parties 

Casuelles,  who  are  four  :    these  have  charge  to  receive  all  monies  pro-  Casueiies. 
ceeding  from  the  sale  of  offices  (which  is  a  gain  here  openly  avowed). 
But  that  which  much  countervails  the  inconvenience  of  their  casualties, 
unto  which  they  are  incident  is,  that   though  a  man  deposit  a  vast 
summe,  and  even  exhaust  him  self  for  the  purchase,  they  are  yet  here- 
ditary, so  that  even  the  widow  of  the  defunct  may  delegate  it  to  a  ^^"^^'  '^"  **' 
deputy  or  proxy,  the  King  only  reserving  a  small  annual  rent,  which  "'"''«"*■  ?"''  *"«' 
they  call  La  Paulet ;  in  default  of  which  payment,  or  that  the  person 
die  without  having  resigned  his  office,  these  Treasurers  dispose  of  it  to 
the  Kings  use  and  benefit. 

The  Comptrouler-General  des  Mnances,  his  office  it  is  to  register  all  comptrollers- gc 

■*  ...  neral  of  the  Cits- 

receipts  and  expences  ;  but,  for  the  present,  it  remames  extmct.  tomes. 

These  Treasurers  are  distributed  into  Generalities  or  Bureaux  ("so  BureauT  and  ce- 

neraliies. 

called  from  a  stuff  of  that  name  which  covereth  a  table,  as  our  Exche- 
quer) ;  the  Generalties  are  twenty-two  great  cities,  and  each  of  those 
have  their  generall  and  particular  Receivers,  which  last  bring  the 
monies  of  the  Tailles  (which  certain  elected  officers  impose  or  assesse  f  ^//jj^f" 
upon  the  parishes)  unto  the  respective  collectors  who  receive  it :  and 
these  at  Paris  render  it  into  the  office  aforesaid. 

The  ancient  Kines  of  France  had  other  wayes  then  these  to  subsist.  Kings  0/ France 

O  •'  .  had  other  ways  of 

till  Pepin  and  some  later  Princes  of  the  third  line,  so  much  augmented  ^?^'"'^f  ^^ 
the  domaine  of  the  Crown  ;  as  by  appanages,  which  through  defect  of 
issue  male  now  revert  unto  it ;  also  by  possession  of  lands  and  seignio- 
ries annexed  to  the  Crown  ;  by  rents,  fifts,  and  other  rights  proceeding 


'Hit 
'^epin. 


K 


66 

mposuims  by      ffom  ficfs  ;  by  impositions  and  <lues  which  are  payable  by  edicts  ;  by  a 

number  of  lands  who  owe  faith  and  do  homage  to  the  Prince ;  by  the 

Droict^Auhaine,  DvoU  d^Auhaine,  by  which  the  goods  of  strangers  dying*  in  France 

bastardy, vacan-   most  inhosDitably  cschcat  to  the  King-;   patting;  (in  this  respect j*  no 

ey  through  death,       _  r  ^  &  '     r  O    v.  r        • 

first-fruits  and     difference  between  them  and  bastards  unnaturalized.     By  the  g;oods 

dues  from  Eccle-  . 

naaicks.  vacant  through  death,  &c. ;  by  annates  or  first  fruits,  dues  from  certain 

Archbishopricks  and  Bishopricks,  to  the  number  of  30,  and  more  :  as 
likewise  innumerable  other  wayes,  which  here  it  were  too  long  to 
reckon  up. 

Nor  can  the  domain  be  otherwise  alienated,  then  (as  already  hath 
been  said)  in  case  of  appanages  :  the  other  upon  some  extraordinary 
and  desperate  necessity,  as  in  occasion  of  warre,  yet  then  also  but  upon 
condition  of  redemption,  and  that  they  be  both  first  verified  in  Parlia- 
ment. But  these  it  seems  of  late,  not  sufficing  the  publick  expences  of 
so  great  a  Prince  and  his  many  armies,  those  tailles  and  subsidiary 
assistances  before  mentioned  have  been  more  frequently  levied ;    yet 

r&e  ordinary  en-  now  ("since  Charfes  the  Seventh)  made  the  ordinary  entertainment  of  the 

tertaiament  of  the  ^  ,  .  ,^,.. 

Souidiery.  souldiery.     Notwithstanding  the  Gentry  and  Nobility  (for  these  tearm^ 

a^-^  exempt  of  aTB  Coincident  and  convertible  in  France),  Churchmen,  and  their  de- 
pendants are  exempt  from  these  contributions  ;  an  immunity  which  they 
enjoy  as  a  distinction,   which  ours  of   the  same  quality  in  England 
never  so  much  as   tasted  off ;    so  that  (among  us)  if  a  person  be  not 
i\robiiity  no  ad-     rich,  let  him  be  never  so  well  borne,  the  peasant  is  as  good  a  man  every 

vantage  in  Mng-         i-.     r  ""iJ  i-ii-  i  .  i  i  • 

land.  wmt  tor  any  priviledge  which:  the  other  enjoys  above  him ;  through 

which  defect,  as  there  remains  little  encouragement  and  reward  for 
ancient  vertue  or  future  industry,  so  must  it  needs,  in  time,  both  utterly 
confound  and  degenerate  the  race  of  the  most  illustrious  families,  which 
have  yet  hitherto  remained. 

The j/ides, what.       The  Aides  (which  I  therefore  the  rather  mention,  because  it  was 

and  when  insti-  ^  _  ' 

tuted.  instituted  upon  occasion  of  King  Johns  imprisonment  in  England)  is 

All  commodities    HOW  become  a  perpetual  and  generall  tax  upon  all  sorts  of  commodities 
tS/Z^^se"-"' whatever,  excepting  wheat  only,  vj^hich  is  the  sole  individual  in  all 
France  free  from  airy  impost. 

Bat  that  which  seasons  all  the  rest,  and  is  indeed  a  principal  ingre- 
Gabeis  upon  Salt,  dlcut  tothc  Klngs  vast  revenuc.  Is  the  Grabels  upon  Salt,  which  yeelds 


this  monarch  more  then  twenty  millions  of  livres ;  for  which  teepect 
there  are  divers  officers  appertaining  thet^to,  some  whereof  have  power 
to  constrain  men  to  buy  a  certain  quantity  of  the  King  whether  they  ^'s^""*- "/ ««''- 
will  or  no ;  a  rigour  some  interpret  extremely  approaching  the  very 
height  of  extortion  :  some  particular  places  yet  of  the  kingdcKue  (as 
towards  the  frontiers  and  sea-towns)  are  exemptedi  and  have  their  salt 
quit  of  any  impost  at  all.  These  are  in  fine  the  most  principall  quar- 
ries from  whence  this  Monarch  diggs  forth  and  fetches  his  treasure  and 
revenue,  which  those  who  are  yet  thought  to  have  made  a  favourable 
audite,  do  not  blush  to  affirm,  amounts  unto  more  then  an  hunch'ed 
and  fourty  millions  of  livres,  which  is  about  fourteen  millions  of  our  ^^m^^^i^u- 
mony :  nay  some,  that  in  Cardinal  Richlieus  time  it  was  brought  to  '"""•'^'^'"'s^" 
an  hundred  and  fifty  :  which  portentous  and  monstrous  treasure,  toge- 
ther with  the  management  and  manner  of  enacting  it,  might  (as  some 
think)  serve  a  little  to  extenuate  that  which  was  yet  thought  a  propor- 
tion too  large  for  a  most  excellent  Prince,  whose  whole  revenue  could 
never  yet  be  stretched  to  above  one  million  sterling  in  all,  viis  et  modis. 
Which  is  some  thirteen  short  of  that  which  the  Kings  of  France  at 
present  enjoy. 

Now  ere  we  define  the  more  distinct  Ministers  of  State,  wee  will  first  Supream  Cmm- 
speak  severally  of  the  Supream  Counsels,  which  are  two.     The  chief  is  ** 
called  the  Secret  Cor  more  frequently)  le  Oanseil  d'enhauU,  that  is  ("after  Le  eamaid'en' 
our  old  English  stile)  the  Cabinet  Counsel,  because  it  is  commonly  counseiaretfu 

O      _  ^  _  '  •'     Vuke  of  Orleans, 

held  in  the  Kings  bedchamber;  for  which  respect  you  may  reasonably  pnn^ofomdi, 
imagine  it  to  be  composed  but  of  few,  and  those  the  prime  and  most  ipnneipaise&re- 
illustrious  persons  of  charge  and  title  in  the  kingdome :  so  that  (accord- 
ing to  the  nature  of  affaires)  it  is  sometimes  reduced  unto  two  or  three 
only :  but  upon  Intelligences  and  tTangaqtions  of  State,  as  those  which 
concern  matter  of  warr,  forrain  alliances,  &c.  then  there  is  a  fuller 
number  of  other  Ministers  required  to  be  present. 

The  other  Conseil  is  termed  le  Cornell  d'Estat  et  Prm^,  where,  TheOmnteio/ 

State, 

when  the  King  himself  sits  not,  the  precedency  is  given  to>  the  first 
Prince  of  the  Blood  then  present ;  and  in  defiiult  of  their  absence,^  to 
the  Chaneellour,  who,  t«%ether  with  the  Treasurer  o^  Superintendent, 
hath  principal  auibhorii^  in  all  those  Courta  I  have*,  or  shall  speak  of; 


68 


The  Coumell  of 
Direction. 


The  Counsell  of 
Parties. 


T]ie  manner  of 
proceeding  in 
t/^ese  Courts. 


Grand  Conieil. 


and  this  Court  (bes^es  the  above  named,  who  are  chief)  is  composed  of 
many  Counsellours  of  State,  who  are  all  persons  of  great  merit,  and 
commonly  such. as  have  given  signal  testimonies  of  their  abilities  and 
addresse  by  their  long  services;  as  Ambassadors  and  Orators  to  forraign 
Princes;  or  officers  in  other  jurisdictions  and  counsels:  also  to, this 
Court  appertaine  foute  Secretaries  that  serve  quarterly ;  eighteen  Mais- 
tre  de  Requests,  who  (according  to  the  nature  of  the  affaire^  with  the 
Intendents,  make  the  Reports,  having  first  resolved  the  businesse 
amongst  themselves,  according  to  which  the  arrest  is  sometimes  given. 

In  this  Counsell  passe  all  matters  belonging  either  to  warr  or  peace, 
and  all  other  concernements  of  the  Crown  whatever ;  for  here  they 
determine  definitively;  which  judgment  so  passed,  is  termed  an  Arrest 
or  Act  of  Counsell :  howbeit,  in  causes  of  high  consequence  they  are 
often  revoked  both  from  this  Tribunall  (yea,  and  the  Parliament  it  self 
also)  unto  the  Conseil  d'en-haulf,  although  a  Counsell  but  of  a  later 
initiation.  Branches  from  this  are  also  the  Counsell  of  the  Finances,  or 
Customs,  called  the  Councel  of  Direction,  where  all  the  affaires  of  the 
Exchequer  are  disposed.  Likewise  the  Chancellor  holdeth  another 
Counsell,  called  the  Conseil  des  Parties,  wherein  the  processes  of  parti- 
cular parties  and  recusations  have  their  proper  hearing  :  and  to  this  also 
belong  Quarterly  Secretaries  apart. 

Now  the  manner  of  proceeding  in  these  Courts  goes  according  to  the 
disposition  of  the  severall  affairs,  by  the  reports  made  ready,  reformed, 
and  first  signed,  which  is  by  them,  then  by  the  Chancellor,  if  it  be  at 
the  Counsell  of  Parties  ;  if  at  the  Finances,  by  the  Duke  of  Orleans, 
Mons""  the  Prince,  and  Superintendents,  who  deliver  them  to  \\\q gre/ffieir 
or  clerk,  by  whom  they  are  to  be  allowed,  that  is,  paragraphed  in  parch- 
ment, to  which  they  subjovne  a  commission,  which  is  sealed  bv  the 
Chancellor,  if  they  are  to  be  immediately  executed.  Other  Arrests  ana 
Acts  of  Counsel  are  executed  by  an  Usher  or  Sergeant  of  the  Counsel, 
who  wears  a  chaine  of  gold  about  his  neck,  with  a  medail  pendent, 
wherein  there  is  impressed  the  Kings  picture. 

There  is  likewise  another  Councell,  called  the  Grand  Conseil,  in  which 
also  the  Chancellor  presides  virtually,  though  seldom  present  in 
person  :  and  this  is  composed  of  four  Presidents,  and  a  hundred  and 


fifty  Counsellers,  who  serve  by  semestre  :  and  this  Court  is  chiefly,  and 
indeed  only  conversant  in  affaires  ecclesiastical,  such  as  concerne  bishop- 
ricks,  priories,  hospitals,  &c.  collation  and  presentation  to  benefices  in 
the  jurisdiction  either  of  King  or  Pope  within  this  realme  ;  and  there- 
fore here  is  the  Kings  Advocate  and  Proctor- General  continually 
attending. 

And  now  (returning  to  our  former  division)  we  may  remember  that 
the  more  ancient  Officers  of  the  Crown  were  likewise  three  :  viz.  the 
Contiestable,  the  Marpschal,  and  the  Chancellor.  I  shall  forbear  a 
while  to  speak  much  of  the  two  first,  till  I  come  to  treat  particularly 
concerning:  matters  of  warr  :  we  are  now  in  affaires  of  State  and  Justice,  officers  of  stme 

O  .  ....  .  '   and  Justice. 

wherein  this  last  in  our  division  as  chlefe  and  soveraign  ;  his  office  is  to 
dispatch  and  modifie  all  the  graces  and  gifts  of  the  King;  is  Keeper  of  ^"^'^'""'^^ 
the  Great  Scale,  with  which  bee  confirmes  all  the  ordinances,  edicts, 
declarations,  and  pleasure  of  his  Majesty ;  for  which  respect  he  hath  in 
Parliament  his  seat  on  the  left  hand  of  the  King,  when  he  is  there  pre- 
sent. But  there  are  no  dayes  properly  designed  for  sealing;  that  Days  and  manner 
wholly  depending  upon  the  will  of  the  Chancellour.  The  manner 
thereof  is  this  :  the  Chancellour  sits  at  the  middle  of  a  large  table,  upon 
which  is  placed  a  cabinet  or  coffer  (wherein  there  is  locked  all  the 
publick  seals  of  France),  the  key  of  which  he  carries  about  his  neck  : 
at  the  end  of  this  table  are  two  Masters  of  Requests,  with  whom  he 
may  advise  in  case  the  affaire  require  it :  and  over  against  the  Chan- 
cellour one  of  the  four  Referendaries  of  France,  who  reads  all  the  letters, 
arrests,  and  other  expeditions,  which,  if  approved,  are  accommodated 
with  yellow  wax,  fitting  and  ready  for  the  seale,  and  so  put  up  into  a 
box  to  be  controuled  by  the  Kings  Secretaries,  who  must  first  allow 
and  paragraph  them,  and  then  they  are  sealed :  for  expedition  of  highest 
consequence,  as  treaties,  edicts,  abolitions,  &c.  in  green  wax  :  but  the 
seals  of  Dauphine  are  in  red.  Moreover  the  character  of  the  Chancellour 
is  esteemed  so  sacred  and  inviolable,  that  it  remains  altogether  indeleble 
but  by  death  onely :  yet  notwithstanding  upon  decadency  or  disgrace  Guard  des 
with  the  King,  there  is  commonly  one  called  Garde  des  Sceaux,  who 
executeth'his  charge,  and  hath  also  the  same  authority  ;  for  the  scales 
may  be  taken  away  at  his  Majesties  pleasure,  but  not  the  Chancelbr- 


<w 


Secretaries  of 
State. 


Masters  of  Re- 
quests, 


Parliament  of 
France. 


ship,  which  as  it  is  never  tq  (jjye  but  with  his  person,  so  may  he  not  put 
on  mourning  for  th^  King  himself,  his  father  or  mother,  if  any  of  them 
4ecea5e,  ^^  b^Ing  inseusibJe  of  all  othex  relation?,  an4  considerations 
b^esicjes  the  sple  interest  of  the  people ;  his  habite  is  a  i:pb^  of  blacl^ 
velvet  dwble^j  or  lined  with  crimson  plush ;  before  him  goe  two  sear- 
jeants  with  chains  of  gold,  who  bear  two  rich  maces  of  gold  on  their 
shoulders- 

Xhe  ^ecyetayiej?  of  State  and  command?  of  the  King  are  four  in  num*- 
her ;  whose  functions,  for  being  different,  deserve  to  bee  mentioned  in 
the  next  place.  One  of  these  Secretaries  is  for  expeditions  altogetheT 
forraign :  one  fop  affaires  Ecclesiasticall  and  Benefices ;  a  third  for 
matters  only  appertainmg  to  the  Kings  house,  and  the  fourth  serves 
fip^  ajBFairs  apd  cpflcernements  of  war ;  and  thus  have  they  the  wholj^ 
Kingdom  so  cantoniz'd  betwixt  them,  that  upon  ^H  particular  exigen- 
cies of  the  Provinces,  every  one  knows  his  division.  In  Court  a^nd  pre- 
sence of  the  Kii^g,  they  waite  alternatively  by  months;  for  he  uses 
them  likewise  in  affaires  of  the  cabinet,  which,  for  not  being  matter  of 
state,  hee  will  not  have  made  known  or  divulged. 

^jastly,  the  Masters  of  Requests  (of  vi^hom  there  are  at  present  no 
lesse  then  seventy)  are  as  it  were  Assessors  of  the  Chancellour,  and 
compose  the  body  of  the  Court  of  Parliament  (of  which  we  shall  shortly 
speak),  and  have  their  sefits  next  to  the  Cownsellers,  but  not  exceeding 
four  ^t  ^  time.  In  absence  of  the  Presidents,  they  preside  also  in  many 
other  Judicatures  and  BailUages  :  tliese  make  report  and  sign  the  Re-- 
quest  of  Justice,  and  sometimes  the  affaires  of  the  Exchequer :  they 
are  likewise  m^ny  times  chosen  for  Extraordinary  Embassades,  as  well 
as  Commissioners  for  his  Majesty  in  the  Cities  and  Provinces,  where 
they  judge  and  determine  upon  all  affairs  of  the  Crowne,  with  most  ab- 
spjlute  power  ^rjd  authority. 

The  rest  of  the  officers  more  immediately  belonging  to  the  Kings 
Revenue  I  have  touched  at  large  already.  I  come  now  to  the  Parlia- 
ments of  France,  of  whom  there  hath  hitherto  been  so  much  talke. 

The  Justice  of  France  (in  the  equal  dispensation  whereof  should  be 
the  glory  arid  diadem  of  a  Prince  in  Peace,  as  is  the  multitude  of  people 


'    n 

his  visible  strength  in  warr)  is  d<ittbtles«e  vei'y  gobd,  but  wondei*ftiny 
fil  executed,  which  happens  through  thie  [fordid  cbituption  df  sueh  as 
dispense  it  for  mony  and  favour,  without  which  there  is  nothing  to  be 
hoped  fof  in  this  kingdom  :  and  good  i-easdh  there  should  bee  some 
gaine  made  of  that  which  the  dividers  thereof  buy  so  dear,  purchasing 
their  places  &nd  offices  at  Such  excessive  chai'ges,  that  tiiey  arb  b6n- 
strainfed  to  sell  their  vertue  to  him  who  bidd^  ttidst  foi*  it.  But  thiii  is 
ndt  (I  SUppds6)  the  only  flaonopdly  which  drives  that  trade. 

Philip  the  Faire  established  the  Parliament  df  Paris;  ("for  before  it  Bywhmesta- 
was  atnbulatofy,  and  dnely  dbSei'Vfed  the  motion  of  the  Kihg)  whither 
both  Ecdesiastlcks  and  SedulafS  repaired.     As  it  is  now  6dnstitttted,  it 
is  composed  of  five  houses  or  chambers :  La  Grand  Chambrt  hath  /,«  Ormd  Cham- 
twenty-five  Cdunsdlors,  whd  take  cognisance  df  affairs  df  highest  con- 
sequence :  and  of  five  Chamht^^  d&s  EnquSsts,  io  either  of  which  thei*e 
is  also  about  thfe  same  number  df  Cdunsellers :    likewise  tWb  othbt 
dliambers,  one  whereof  is  called  Ld  Touirnelte,  Wherein  are  pleaded  only  La  T&urneite. 
matters  erimittall,  cdmpdsed  of  two  Counsellors  of  the  Grand  Charhhte^ 
and  of  two  of  every  Chambre  des  Mnqii^sU.     The  Chdfnht'd  de  I'Mditi  Dev  Edict  for  the 
that  isj  of  the  Edict  of  Nanted,  which  only  toucheth  the  affaires  df  the 
Protestants,  and  is  also  composed  of  twd  Counsellers  out  df  fe^ch  df 
the  six  other  Chambers,  who  are  nominated  every  second  year  by  the 
Chancellotir  and  the  Protestant  deputy  generall. 

In  the  great  Chamber  presideth  the  President  att  Mortier,  who  pre-  president  au 
senteth  the  ancient  Dukes  and  Peers :  these  Presidents  arfe  Counsellers  tiZe  st'andeth  a 
of  State  the  first  day  of  their  reception,  and  have  about  their  neck  an  fLhiono/amarier 
hood  of  velvet,  lined  with  furr,  from  whence  some  affirme  they  derive  of  the  arms  in 

1      .  ,1  •  1  •    L^      I         •  /•  1  lieuo/awrealh 

their  name  :  they  are  now  in  number  seven  or  eight,  having  oi  late  and  helmet. 
been  encreased. 

To  all  the  other  Chambers  of  Parliament  there  are  likewise  Presi-  pteMina,  om- 
dents  :  viz.  two  at  the  Tournelle,  and  one  at  the  Edict.     To  each  and  Procteurs. 
Chambre  des  Enqu^sts  are  two,  but  these  last  for  being  only  commis- 
sionated  Counsellers,  have  no  places  as  Presidents  in  full  assemblies  of 
Parliament.     Besides  Presidents  and  Counsellers,  there  is  moreover  a 


72 


Clerk  of  the  Par- 
liament. 


Robes  of  the  effi- 
eers  of  Parlia- 
ment. 


yirrests  of  Pari, 
when  pronounced. 


Cities  besides 
Paris,  that  have 
Parliaments. 


In  what  they  dif- 
fer from  the  Pari, 
of  Paris. 


Procureur,  and  two  Advocates  General,  who  intervene  in  all  causes 
which  concern  either  the  King  or  State ;  besides  an  infinity  of  other 
advocates,  who  are  rather  to  cdunt  by  multitudes  then  numbers 
established,  only  the  Proctors  have  of  late  years  been  reduced  to 
about  600. 

There  is  likewise  a  Greffier  en  Chef,  or  Clerk  of  the  Parliament,  one 
of  the  most  lucrative  charges  of  France,  as  esteemed  to  be  no  lesse 
worth  then  an  100  crowns  of  gold  a  day.  This  office  having  now  suc- 
cessively remained  in  the  family  of  Monsieur  du  Tillet  neer  three  hun- 
dred years,  we  could  not  passe  his  name  in  silence ;  lastly,  of  Com- 
mises,  Searjeants,  Ushers,  and  under  officers,  there  are  in  very  gfeat 
numbers. 

All  the  officers  of  Parliament  wear  a  long  gown  and  square  cap,  but 
the  Presidents  au  Mortier  and  Counsellours,  upon  solemn  occasions, 
put  on  robes  of  scarlet  which  are  trimmed  with  black  velvet. 

The  solemne  Arrests  or  Acts  of  Parliament  are  pronounced  four  times 
in  the  year  :  viz.  on  Christmas  Eves  eve,  on  the  Tuesday  before  Easter, 
on  Whitson  Eves  eve,  and  the  seventh  day  of  September  till  which, 
from  the  morrow  after  the  feast  of  St.  Martine  it  continues ;  but  the 
Parliament  doth  not  open  until  such  time  as  the  King  renews  their 
commission. 

There  are,  besides  Paris,  these  nine  cities  which  have  Parliaments, 

1  Toulouse.  6  Aix. 

2  Rouen.  7  Rheims. 

3  Bourdeaux.  8  Pau. 

4  Dijon.  9  Mets. 

5  Grenoble. 

Whose  constitution  and  composition  are  alike  to  that  of  Paris,  ex- 
cept that  of  Mets  and  Rouen,  whose  President  and  Counsellers  of  late 
serve  semestraly,  that  is  halfe  during  one  six  months,  and  halfe  the 
other :  some  of  the  Parliaments  also  have  no  chamber  of  Edict,  as 
Rheims  and  Dijon ;  so  that  the  Protestants  of  those  parts  repaire  to 
Paris  to  plead ;  and  in  Toulouse,  Bourdeaux,  and  Grenoble,  for  default 
thereof,  those  of  the  rehgion  have  established  them  Chambers  Mipar- 


73 

ties  that  is,  of  equal  numbers  of  Romanists;  nor  have  the  other  Par- 
liaments so  many  Chambers  of  Enquests,  as  not  (in  truth)  needing 
them. 

Likewise  this  Prerogative  hath  the  Parliament  of  Paris,  that  it  hath  Prerogative  of 

°  11  theP.ofPurii. 

the  sole  honour  to  be  called  the  Court  of  Peers ;  for  here  only  can  they, 
of  right  be  judged ;  yet  this  priviledge  was  not  able  to  protect  them,  a!t 
what  time  the  late  great  Cardinal  de  Richlieu  made  bold  to  infringe  it, 
when  it  served  to  his  purpose. 

In  all  these  Parliaments  aforesaid  the  Advocates  plead  covered,  but  How  the  Advocates 

,  ,  and  Proctors 

the  Proctors  both  bareheaded  and  kneeling.  piead. 

Moreover,  the  businesse  of  the  Parliament,  besides  the  verifying  of 
the  Kings  edicts,  ordinances,  and  letters  patents  (as  hath  been  already 
touched),  is  the  dispensing  of  all  other  justice  civill  and  criminall: 
here  the  appanages  of  the  Crown  are  regulated,  the  erection  of  new 
dignitaries,  modification  of  the  Popes  Legats,  commissions,  procedures 
to  banishment,  letters  of  naturalty,  pardons,  and  the  like  supream  trans- 
actions of  State  have  their  genuine  and  naturall  source. 

The  Bishops  in  Parliament  have  right  of  place,  but  no  deliberative  ^'f^^^^f  ^''' 
voice,  except  only  the  Archbishop  of  Paris,  and  Abbot  of  Saint  Denys.  pZ^^Zf either 
Thus  much  shall  suffice  to  have  been  spoken  touching  the  Parliaments.  "Jept  B°^of'paris 

The  Chamber  of  Compts  (which  comes  next  in  order)  is  a  jurisdic-  ^^1^**"'^"^' 
tion  and  court  apart,  that  concernes  and  iudg-es  the  accompt  of  all  the  c^""***'-  ?/ 

i         '  «;       o  I  (Mimpts,  its  high 

Receivers,  Treasurers,  and  Officers  paid  into,  or  received  out  of  the  Kings  "^^^^y  ""'' 
Exchequers,  for  which  cause  all  their  letters,  edicts,  ordinances,  &c. 
are  read,  registred,  and  verified.  Here  it  is  that  homage  for  feifs  mov- 
ing from  the  Crown  are  acknowledged.  It  hath  belonging  to  it  ten 
Presidents,  Monsieur  Nicolas,  who  is  the  first  (having  from  father  to 
son  conserved  this  charge  neer  two  hundred  years  in  his  family),  hath 
refused  for  his  charge  1,400,000  livres,  which  the  late  D'Eoiery  oflFered 
him  for  it.  To  it  also  appertaineth  seventy  Maistres  des  Compts,  eighty 
Auditors :  in  fipe,  it  is  a  court  of  that  high  authority,  that  it  hath 
sometimes  stood  even  in  competition  with  the  Parliament  itself.  There 
are  eight  of  these  In  France.  Besides  this  court,  there  are  likewise  the  aa^hersdes 
two  Chambres  des  Bequests  du  Palais,  where  is  pleaded  the  priviledg  ^'^^^u.' ^" 


74 

cif  the  royall  oflSces  a,nd  household ;  ^nd  therefore  they  consist  of  coun- 

sellers  of  Pairliament,  &c- 
Omrs  des  Mm-         'j'jjg  Qj^y  ^pg  Monnoycs,  composcd  of  three  Presidents,  twenty-four 
Mint.  Counsellors  :  these  concerne  the  Mint  in  all  particulars. 

jidmiraxty  and         Also  the  Admiralty,  called  the  Table  de  Marbre.  instituted  for  mari- 

Table  de Marine.       .  ,  V' 

time  affeires.     And,  lastly, 

Fi^rZts"  Les  Eaux  and  Forresta,  with  some  other  inferiour  courts,  whereof  we 

have  already  sufficiently  spoken  elsewhere. 

Apd  so  I  am  come  out  of  Westminster-hall  to  the  other  two  of  our 
three  ancient  officers,  viz.  the  Connestable  and  Mareschall  of  France, 
being  the  last  of  our  division,  and  will  naturally  lead  us  to  discourse 
•     something  of  the  MiUtia. 

^ndfirft"£^(h'        ^^^  Connestable,  albeit  an  office,  to  a  greater  then  which  the  King 

nestable  of  F.  himself  Can  promote  no  subject,  yet  for  that  it  is  not  a  charge  which  is 
always  in  being,  but  upon  extraordinary  emergencies  and  grand  occa- 
sioiis,  will  be  needlesse  to  say  more  of  it,  then  that  this  office  holdeth 
ranke  immediately  after  the  Princes  of  the  blood  ;  and  in  I^rliament 

The  V.  6/ Orleans  it  is  before  the  Dukes,  and  Pairs  :  the  Connestable  therefore  is  chief, 

is  as  it  were  Con-  .  ,  .      , 

ncstaUenow.  supcnour,  and  generalissimo  over  the  armies  of  France,  foj*  which 
respect  he  hath  his  jurisdiction  in  the  Court  of  the  Table  de  Marbre  ; 
but  at  this  day  the  Mareschals  supplying  this  high  office  (although 
properly  speaking,  but  his  Lieutenants)  come  next  to  be  spoken  of. 

Mareschals  de  Fr.  The  Mareschttls  de  France^  or  rather,  so  many  Generals,  are  the  onely 
persons  of  enterprise  and  action  in  their  armies,  both  at  home  and 
abroad;  being  commonly  men  who  are  elevated  to  those  charges, 
purely  by  their  own  valour  and  merits  ;  so  that  as  their  number  is  inde- 
terminate, so  there  is  no  souldier,  of  what  condition  soever,  but  may 
possibly  by  his  vertue  aspire  to  this  preferment.  I  said  even  now  that 
their  jurisdiction  did  much  resemble  that  of  the  Connestables ;  nor  can 
they  be  devested  of  this  honour  during  their  lives.  Before  these  Mare- 
schals are  determined  all  matters  of  private  quarrels  and  defies  incident 
to  the  Noblesse ;  for  which  cause  tlaey  have  their  Provosts  or  Lieutenants 
in  all  the  greatest  cities,  of  thekingdome.  They  bear  in  their  atchieve- 
ments  a  truncheon  salterwi«e  azure,  semeed  with  flower  de  Ijces  or. 


75 

Finally  (which  is  the  last  part  of  our  division),  the  three  modern  i^astdivuien. 
offices  of  Crown,  viz. 

1 .  The  Admiral  of  the  FVench. 

2.  Le  Colonel  de  I'lnfanterie. 

3..  Le  Grand  Maistre  de  I'Artillerie, 

In  the  first  place  the  Admiral  (who  holds  likewise  his  place  during  Mmiraii. 
life)  is  Generall  of  all  the  Kings  forces  by  sea,  and  under  him  are  all 
the  marine  jurisdictions.  The  charge  hath  in  times  past  been  divided 
unto  more,  both  Guyenne  and  Provence  having  enjoyed  theirs  apart ; 
but  the  defunct  Cardinall  de  Richlieu  (who  hath  left  this  high  office  to 
his  nephew)  united  them  all  under  one  :  his  jurisdiction  also  is  at  the 
Tahle  de  Marbre,  whexe  (for  being  but  subalternate  judges)  their  plaices 
in  Parhament  is  at  the  lower  end.  The  charge  is  now  in  the  person  of 
the  Queen  Regent,  some  sav  the  Duke  of  Vendosme ;  likewise  the  Cenemi  rf« 
General  des  Galeres  hath  here  his  seate,  which  is  a  place  of  very  nota- 
ble gaine  and  authority  on  the  coasts  of  the  Mediterranean  seas,  where 
his  Majesties  gaUies  do  both  harbour  and  ride. 

Next  is  the  Colonel  of  the  French  infantry,  which  is  a  charere  one  CoUmeio/theJn 
of  the  most  considerable  in  all  respects  of  France,  especially  for  gain, 
receiving  eight  solz  every  muster  for  each  souldiers  head,  his  authority 
being  generally  over  all  the  French-foot,  and  hath  for  his  Lieutenant- 
colonels  the  Maistres  de  Cam/p  :  under  his  name  issue  all  ordinances  inasten  o/  the 

ft  Camp. 

or  warr. 

There  is  likewise  a  Colonel  General  des  Suisses,  who  hath  jurisdic-  coionei  General 
tion  over  all  those  mercenaries,  as  well  those  of  the  Kings  guard,   as  ^"  *"»**"■ 
those  who  serve  in  the  field  and  in  the  garison  ;  of  which  there  are  con- 
stantly about  eight  thousand  in  this  dominion. 

Last  of  all,  the  Grand  Mcdstre  de  VArtilleriei  which  is  a  charge  Grand  Maut. 
equal  with  a  Mareschall  of  France  :  under  his  tuition  and  conduct 
is  the  arsenall  of  Paris,  all  the  cannon  and  ammunition  of  warre  in 
the  kingdome,  for  which  cause  he  bath  his  Lieutenants,  Captains,  and 
other  oflSeers  belonging  to  the  carriages  in  great  number:  besides  all 
this,  he  hath  the  management  of  five  millions  of  livers,  together  with 
the  arbitrary  disposition  of  above  eight  hundred  officers ;  of  all  which 
he  is  obliged  to  no  particular  accompt. 


(re 
de  V /trtilUrie. 


76 
Grand Prieurde       There  IS  likewise  the  Grand  Prieur  de France,  which. for  being  a 

France.    Mr.  of  •imiliTU* 

theRdigwnof  quahty  of  high  reputation  is  not  to  be  pretermitted.:  1  he  Mastership 
of  the  Religion  and  Order  of  Malta,  for  the  French,  being  not  lesse 
worth  than  10,000  pounds  yearly  :  his  ordinary  residence  is  at  the 
Temple,  a  quarter  in  the  town  of  Paris,  as  is  that  of  ours  in  London 
so  called. 

CounseiiofWarr.  The  Councel  of  Warr  is  commonly  held  in  the  Palace  of  the  Duke 
of  Orleans,  as  being  Lieutenant  General  of  all  the  Kings  forces,  and 
therefore  little  remote  (as  hath  been  said)  from  the  dignity  and  charge 
of  High  Cohnestable.  Thus  we  have  done  with  the  courts  and  officers 
of  France  :  now  wee  will  take  a  prospect  of  the  Forces. 

Constant  armief        The  Kinff  of  France  hath  commonly  four  armies  in  fipld  ;  viz.  that 

of  France.  ' 

of  Flanders,  of  Germanic,  of  Italy,  and  that  of  Catalegna ;  wherein 
the  King,  Queen,  Monsieur,  the  Duke  of  Anjou,  the  Duke  of  Orleans, 
Princes  of  the  Blood,  and  Mareschals  of  France,  have  their* severall 
and  individuall  companies,  whose  Lieutenants  enjoy  many  singular  pre- 
cedencies above  other  officers  of  the  armies  :  all  those  consist  of  well 
armed,  horse. 
Li^u  horse  and        The  liffht  liofse   are  at  present  commanded  by  the  Master   of  the 

other  forces  under        ■  o  r  •> 

eontinuaiipay.  Camp.  The  King  hath  commonly  under  pay  about  a  hundred  and  forty 
Cornets  of  cavalry,  distributed  into  56  regiments,  besides  of  strangers, 
twelve  :  of  infantry,  the  King  hath  two  hundred  and  ten,  whereof  some 
regiments  have  thirty  companies,  and  every  company  payed  for  eighty 
men  effective.  Moreover  his  Majestic  hath  divers  regiments  of  stran- 
gers, whereof  enough  hath  been  said  in  the  beginning. 

Armada  Naval.  The  A.rmada  Nttval  may  be  composed  of  about  twenty  men  of  warr, 
and  as  many  gallies  ;  I  have  shewed  you  before  how  these  forces  are 
paved,  and  therefore  we  will  proceed  to  the  Governours  of  the  Provinces, 
as  beinp;  likewise  men  of  armes. 

Gmemx>ursof  ^he   Govcmours   of  Proviuccs  have  their   commissions  (which  are 

Provinces,  Cities,  V 

and  Ports.  simple,  and  depending  on  the  pleasure  of  the  King)  verified  in  Parlia- 

ment, where  they  have  their  seats  next  after  the  premiers  Presidents  : 
they  are  in  some  degree  equivalent  to  our  Lieutenants  of  the  Shire,  but 
exercise  a  much  more  vigorous  power,  which  is  yet  restrained  to  mat- 
ters of  armes  ;  for  in  other  justice  they  meddle  not  at  all.     So  likewise 


77 

the  governors  of  cities,  fortresses,  and  places  of  strength,  all  which  are 
chosen  of  persons  of  blood,  valour,  arid  merit.  But  before  we  alto- 
gether quit  this  subject  of  armes,  it  will  not  be  impertinent  to  say 
somthing  here  of  the  Order  of  Knighthood  in  France. 

I  shall  not  much  amuse  you  with  those  orders  which  are  so  far  anti-  orders  of  Chmai- 
quated,  that  even   the  heralds  themselves  can  scarcely  render  us  any 
certain  accompt :   Such   is  that  which  is  named  de  la  Genette,  insti- 
tuted by  Charles  Martel,  or  the  Order  de  I'Estoile  by  King  John,  the 
Order  of  the  Croisant,  Pore  Espic,  nor  much  concerning  the  Order  of  instituted  1469 
Saint  Michael  it  self,  although  not  many  ages  since  first  instituted,  and  venth. 
for  a  long  while  the  principal  Order  in  the  Kingdome ;  composed  but  of 
36,  because  (as  the  manner  of  this  nation  is  to  be  as  soon  weary  of 
their  new  inventions,  as  children  are  of  rattles)  they  begin  to  have 
this  Order  already  in  contempt ;  albeit  the  chain  and  pendent  badg  be  ordre.de  s.  Mi- 
commonly  reserved  in  the  coat  armours,  together  with  that  which  is 
now  in  vogue,  and  next  ensues. 

UOrdre  du  S.  Esprit  was  instituted  on  new  years  day,  anno  1579,  ordreduS.Es- 

■<-  •'  ■'  '   prit.  Institution. 

by  Henry  the  Third,  and  honoured  with  that  name,  because  he  was  both 
born  and  afterwards  elected  King  of  Polonia  on  Whitsunday  :  this 
Prince  restrained  the  number  also  to  thirty-six  ;  but  that  is  likewise  as 
indefinite  as  it  pleases  the  King  :  however,  it  remaines  yet  the  Order  of 
greatest  esteem,  and  therefore  let  us  look  a  while  upon  the  ceremonies 
of  the  Inauguration. 

The  day  of  their  reception  they  appear  all  in  cloath  of  silver,  their  Reception. 
cloaks  (^especially  their  ca.^%^  exit  d,  V antique,  of  black  velvet;  which 
they  put  off  and  change,  to  receive  on  them  a  robe  of  green  velvet  full 
of  embroydred  tongues  of  fire  :  then  remaining  on  their  knees,  the  King 
takes  their  hands  between  the  palmes  of  his  own,  striking  them  lightly 
upon  the  shoulder,  and  kisses  their  cheeke. 

Ordinarily  they  wear  a  flame  or  orange  colour  crosse  of  velvet  upon  Order. 
the  left  side  of  their  cloakes,  in  the  midst  whereof  is  embossed  a  dove 
of  silver,  and  about  it  a  glory  of  rayes,  like  that  which  our  Knights  of 
the  Garter  in  England  do  wear,  as  having  first  assumed  that  mode  from 
the  French ;  albeit  for  antiquity  of  the  Order,  ours  stands  much 
before  it. 


78 


State  Hierarchi- 
cal. 


Archbishops  ani 
Bishops, 


L'Eglise  GalK- 
eane. 


Present  Govern- 
ment of  France. 
Q.  Regent. 

Card.  Mazarini. 


'  About  their  bodies  likewise  they  wear  a  blew  ribbot)  which  of  late 
tikey  have  watered,  and  at  the  end  of  that  a  crpsse  of  gold,  in  the  midst 
whereof  there  is  ennamailed  a  white  dove  :  and  this  is  all  which  I  finde 
observable. 

We  have  been  hitherto  very  silent  of  the  State  Ecclesiastick  in  par- 
ticular, which,  although  it  come  last  in  order,  yet  was  it  one  of  the  first 
in  mine  intention,  as  consisting  of  persons  who,  besides  their  qualities 
both  for  extraction  and  letters,  possesse  alone  one  third  part  of  the  total 
revenue  of  France. 

The  Arch  Bishops  of  this  kingdom  are  in  number  6fteen^  whereof  he 
of  Lyons  is  the  Primate  and  Metropolitan,  and  some  of  these  be  Pe&rs; 
Bishopricks,  two  hundred  and  one. 

Of  this  Hierarchy  is  composed  VMglise  Gallicane,  which  by  the 
concordats  made  with  the  Pope,  hath  sundry  rights  and  priviledges* 
extraordinary,  which,  but  for  that  they  are  not  much  incident  to  our 
discourse,  we  will  purposely  omit,  and  content  ourselves  with  what  hath 
been  briefly  spoken. 

Having  thus,  as  1  was  able,  finished  my  designe  and  your  request,, 
with  what  succinctnesse  and  perspicuity  I  might  (for  herein  I  am 
obliged  to  some  relations,  more  discourses,  and  a  little  experience),  I 
will  make  bold  (the  better  to  let  you  understand  the  full  nature  of  thing* 
as  they  subsist  and  are  govern'd  at  present)  to  reassume  the  argument, 
and  deliver  you  the  best  and  more  solid  opinions  of  men  concerning  the 
particulars  already  spoken  of. 

The  Government  of  France  doth  at  present  rather  totter  then  stand, 
upon  the  late  great  Cardinals  substruction;  the  QueenRegeat  having  ever 
since  his  decease  continued  in  the  principall  ministry  of  state  affairs 
her  favourite  Mazarini,  a  person  of  (to  speak  with  the  world)  far 
greater  fortune  then  either  extraction  or  vertue;  however  he  hath 
steered  this  great  vessell  of  Monarchy  a  long  time,  and?  that  amidst  sa 
many  stormes,  and  in  such  foul  weather,  as  whether  his  craft  or  courage 
exceeds,  it  is  not  yet  decided;  certaine  it  is,  that  as  he  hath  longer  held 
in  then  by  some  wise  menit  was  judg'd  be  could,  so  some  late  actions 
of  his  (interpreted  to  have  been  ingratefull  enough)  make  others  daily 

ai>d  in  truth,  he  doth  play  so  hazardpus 


confident  of  bis  absolute  ruine 


79 

a  game  at  present,  that  as  the  hand  is  universally  turned,  it  were  great 
pdds  to  lay  on  confusions  side,  so  prodigious  a  fatality  now  threatning 
Princes,  that  if  France  compose  not  suddenly,  these  calamities,  I  am 
confident,  will  epidemically  visite  Europe  for  a  time.  And  why  it  should 
be  that  this  active  nation  have  endured  ^>  many  strangers  to  governe 
them  thus  in  chief  I  am  much  to  seek  for  a  reason,  when  I  steadily  behold 
th«  universal  protnptnesse  of  the  Noblesse;  unlesse  peradventure,  to 
avoid  emulation  at  Court  'twixt  so  many  greater  Princes  and  Subjects,^ 
as  might  else  pretend  to  highest  authority,,  they  rather  submit  them- 
selves ta  the  meanest  alien.  But  this  by  way  of  glosse  and  species, 
not  opinion.  The  subtill  have  ever  been  too  hard  for  the  simple :  and 
though  the  law  deny  women  succession  to  the  Grown,  yet  the  h.te  of 
the  kingdome,  and  addresses  of  the  sex,  furnish'd  them  a  title  which 
liath  fully  recompensed  for  that  injury. 

The  Noblesse  of  France  comprehend  the  Gentry,  under  one  and  the  JVobiesse  of 

.      11.1  .  T^.         J  ^  France  and 

same  common  t^rm;  nor  indeed  is  there  in  any  Kingdome  (save  ours  Gentry  the  same 

N.       1  !•      •         •  •  1  •  thing. 

onely)  that  severe  distinction  of  minores  and  majores  amongst  the 
]VJobility ;  a  difference  which  some  think  neither  suits  with  true  policy 
or  justice.  But  quitting  this  decision  to  whom  it  belongs,  we  are  (as 
I  said)  in  this  dominion  to  take  the  Noblesse  (that  is  the  Gentry)  for 
the  sole  visible  body,  and  consequently  the  Plebeians  of  a  far  more  vile  Plebeians,  their 

■        .   *'  ,  .  .         misery. 

and  naturally  slavish  genius,  then  they  really  are  in  any  part  of  Chris- 
tendome  bcisidea ;  which  meannesse  of  spirit  I  easily  conjecture  to  have 
been  long  since  contracted  from  the  over  severity  and  liberty  of  their 
superiors ;  their  incomparable  poverty,  and  excessive  oppression . 

Other  Immunities,  besides  the  fore  rehearsed,^  which  the  Noblesse  enjoy 
in  France  is,  that  with  their  pensions  and  governments,  they  are  like- 
wise exempted  froia  all  contributions  upon  their  own  demains ;  which 
dotji  so  fax  oblige  them  to  their  Prince,  that  there  are  none  which  ren- 
der him  such  real  and  considerable  service,  upon  all  urgent  and  brisk  Se>-vice  the  mu- 
occasions,  as  do  the  Gentry ;  especially,  at  what  time  the  Ban  and  yield  their  Prince. 
Arrier-ban  be  summoned  to  their  several  assignations:  and  to  this  BanandArrier- 
heroique  life  of  the  field  they  are.  generally  addicted,  as  being  thereto  chevawy,  their 
excellently  <ijisciplined  from  their  very  "cradles ;  by  which  means,  cer-  ^*"*""^''2'*""'"- 
tainly  they  become  the  best  esteemed,,  and  most  adroict  cavalry  of  Eu- 


80 

rope;  nor  doth  this  early  education  of  them  abroad  prejudice  the  State 

at  home;  for  being  kept  and  dissevered  from  projecting  of  commotion 

Rebellions  for  the   {^  ^j^g  countrv,  their  rebellions  have  been  for  the  most  part,  though 

most  part  improf-  J '  i  '  o 

indZh'P'"'"''"'  frequent,  yet  improsperous,  so  considerable  a  party  ever  remaining 
with  the  Prince,  whose  personal  presence  with  them  in  the  field,  gives 
an  extraordinary  life  and  loyalty  to  their  actions. 

Commons,  their         As  touching  the  Plebeians  or  Roturiers  of  France ;  truly  I  esteem  them 

litigious  nature  in  "^  -iiiiii  i/" 

France.  for  the  most  miserable  objccts  that  one  may  likely  behold  upon  the  face 

of  the  earth  ;  especially  those  which  live  towards  the  frontiers,  so  im- 
measurably exhausted  by  taxations,  gabels,  impositions,  spoyls,  and 
contributions,  unto  which  they  are  generally  obnoxious.  The  rest  of 
'  the  two  first  estates,  together  with  all  their  dependants,  living  onely 
upon  their  revenues,  remain  free  and  exempt ;  but  that  which  addes  not 
a  little  to  their  ruin  is  (for  all  this)  their  extraordinary  litigious  nature, 
and  vindicative  disposition,  especially  those  of  Normandy,  Bretagne, 
.  Gascogny,  and  Provence ;  so  that,  what  with  the  premises,  delay  of 
their  process,  and  the  abominable  corruption  of  Justice,  this  rank  of 
people  seldom  or  never  arrive  to  any  considerable  fortune  or  competency, 

Farmers  in  by  their  own  wit  or  industry,  as  do  so  many  of  our  Yeomen  and  Farmers 
in  England.  By  these  means  also,  their  spirits  becoming  so  abjectly 
debased,  they  are  not  able  to  aflFord  their  Prince  that  ready  service  in 
matter  of  armes,  as  indeed  their  multitudes  and  necessities  both  promise 
and  require.     To  supply  which  defect  in  all  expeditions  of  consequence, 

juxiiiariesinthe  the  King,  makcs  usc  of  the  Gascons  and  Biscaians,  who  being  bred 

French  armies.  "  _  _  °     _ 

about  the  confines  and  frontiers  of  Spain,  are  much  the  better  soldiersj 
and  esteemed  for  the  best  infantry  of  France ;  as  also  of  the  Dutch, 
Scotch,  Irish,  Italian,  and  others,  in  whom  together  with  the  Suisse 
(a  most  principall  ingredient)  consisteth  their  greatest  foot  confidence ; 
the  more  considerable  part  whereof  being  mercenary  auxiliaries,  and 
very  frequently  left  in  great  arrears,  might  peradventure  administer  to 
politicians  sufficient  cause  of  suspition  and  discourse ;  but  the  event 
having  hitherto,  for  many  ages  past,  been  nothing  prejudicial,  takes 
away  any  farther  occasion  of  dispute. 
Meehaniques  of  'J;\^q  people  of  Trade  and  Mechanicks^  are  nothing  so  contemptible  as 
the  common  sort,  of  whom  we  have  spoken  a  little,  many  of  them 


81 

living  very  decently  and  handsomly  in  their  houses,  especially  the 

better  sort  of  merchants,  who  are  better  furnished  then  the  rest ;  how-  Mei-chants. 

beit,  in  competition  with  our  country-men  of  the  same  quality,  to  be 

esteemed,  in  truth,  but  as  mean  mountebanks  and  inconsiderable  pedlers. 

Those  of  greatest  wealth  and  commerce,  being  some  crafty  Italian  or 

Portuguese,  who  (during  the  time  of  the  late  and.  present  Cardinal) 

have  amassed  very  considerable  estates  and  great  riches.     And  here  we 

may  properly  observe,  that  no   gentleman  will   in  France,  binde  his 

youngest  son  to  any  trade  or  mechanique  calling  whatever,  under  that 

of  a  military  life^  as  esteeming  every  apprentisage  and  subjection,  a.  jpprentuage 

•  ^1.       ..  ,,  ij>>  c    \  '      c        '\  1        1*1        counted  a  dimi 

stain  and  diminution  to  the  honor  and- dignity  or  nisiamily;  the  like  timo/honori 
also   they  for  the  most  part  observe  in  their  marriages  and^  alliances ; 
but  herein  the  German  is  most  religious. 

The  Nobility  and  Gentry  of  this  kingdom  differ  much  from  the  garb  Nomties,gar, 
of  living  in  Englaufl,  both  within  (and  till  of  late)  without  doors  ;  they 
have  many  of  them  vast  estates,  either  in  lands  or  offices  ;  the  revenues 
whereof  they  chuse  rather  to  spend  at.  Paris,  and  other  great  cities,  in 
a  specious  retinue  of  coaches,  pages,  and  laquaies,  then  suffer  them- 
selves to  be  eaten  up  at  home,  in  the  country,  in  the  likenesse  of  beef 
and  mustard,  among  their  unthankful  neighbours.  This,  affection  of 
theirs  to  reside  for  the  most  part  in  the.  chief  towns  of  the  kingdom,  is 
the  reason  why  the  Corporations  are  little  considerable,  as  not  daring  corporations 
to  be  brewing  and  hatching  such  factions,  as  where  the  Gentry  and 
civiller  sort  of  mankinde  are  universally  given  to  solitary  and  unactive 
lives  in  the  country.  Besides, .  the  gentlemen  are  generally  given  to 
those  laudable  magnificencies  of  building,  and ifurnishing  their  palaces  Magnificence  i 

■   I        1  •  11  I        r      L       1  I  n  '**  NoHlity  at 

with  the  most  precious  moveables,  much  ot  the  luxe  and  excesse  of  Gentti^. 
V Italy  being  now  far  entred  amongst^ them,  as  may  wpll  serve  to  exem- 
plifie,  when  in  the.  Dutchess  of  Chaulmes  •  her  palace  neer  the  Place 
Royal  in  Paris,  the  penDaches.or  tufts  of  plumes  belonging  to  one  of 
her  beds  onely,  are  estimated  worth  fourteen  ;thousand  livers,  which 
amount  to  neer  a  thousand  pounds  sterling  of  our. money. 

Every  great  person  who  builds  here,  however  qualified  with  intellec-  Great pretende 
tuals,  pretends  to  his  elaboratory  and  library;  for  the  furnishing  of        '"'"*' 
which  last  he  doth  not  much  amuse  himself  in  the  particular  elections 

M 


82 

of  either  authors  or  impressions;  but  having  erected  his  cases  and 
measured  them,  accords  with  a  stationer  to  furnish  him  with  so  many 
gilded  folios,  so  many  yards  of  quartos  and  octavos  by  the  great,  till 
his  bibliotheke  be  full  of  volumes.  And  yet  some  of  them,  both  have 
excellent  books,  and  are  very  polite  scholars ;  but  the  Noblesse  do  nut 
naturally  so  addict  themselves  to  studie,  aa  tbe  gown-men  do;  account- 
ing it  a  life  so  contemplative  and  below  their  spirits,  that  no  gentle- 
mans  necessity  whatsoever  shall  easily  engage  him  to  seek  any  support 
Physick  and  Law  either  bv  Pbysick  or  Law ;  both  which  professions  are  (^as  in  truth  they 

despised  m/  the  J  J  '  J.  '>•  J. 

Nobiiitj/offrance.  highly  merit)  in  very  laudable  esteem  and  reputation  amongst  us  in 
England. 

Hasticklfptance'      "^^^  ^^^^^  Ecclosiastick  (comprehending  that  of  the  religion)  is  of 

Protestants.  twosorts;  the  greater  part  whereof  being  Pontificians,  and  the  Pro- 
testants, commonly  called  those  of  the  religion  (and  by  them  vvith  this 
adjunct,  pretendue  reformSe),  who  exercise  the  doctrine  and  discipline 
of  Geneva. 

lioman  Cathoiichs      "j^^g  Roman  Catholicks  of  France  are  nothing:  so  precise,  secret,  and 

0/  France,  how  or' 

'liZfi%uhe'^me  blgotish  as  are  either  the  Recusants  of  England,  Spain,  or  Italy;  but 
religion.  ^^^  f^j.  ^^  most  part  an  indifferent  sort  of  Christians,  naturally  not  so, 

superstitious  and  devout,  nor  in  such  vassallage  to  his  Holinesse  as  in 
other  parts  of  Europe,  where  the  same  opihions  arc  professed ;  which 
indifferenoy,  whether  I  may  approve  of  or  condeoin,  I  need  not  declare 
here. 
fcr*"Tald  'Tk-  '^^  ^^^  ^^^ P°*^^  Protestants,  they  are  now  so  inconsiderable,  since  the 
nedofiute.  latc  succcssBs  of  the  Cardinal  RichUeu,  and  especially  our  nations  re- 
proach, and  their  misfortune  at  La  Rophelle;  that  for  the  present  they 
possess  no  one  place  of  strength,  or  any  other  singular  immunity  above 
others,  as  being  defeated  of  all  eminent  persons,  either  of  birth  or 
charge,  who  might  be  able  to.  defend  or  counsel  them  at  need ;  the 
Court  having  now  rendered  most  of  them  proselytes  by  preferments, 
interests,  or  other  effectual  means.  Howbeit,  such  as  remain  (and  of 
which  too  there  are  likewise  a  very  considerable  body)  are  permitted 
peaceably  to  enjoy  their  consciences,  upon  renovation  of  the  late  edict 
of  pacification ;  and  are  undoubtedly  in  case  of  any  considerable  rebel- 
lion, capable  to  form  a  very  ballancing  and  pondrojus  party ;  but  with 


83 

nothing  that  front  and  confidence  which  within  these  twenty  years  past 
they  might  have  done,  when  they  durst  even  beard  the  King,  and  pro- 
tect such  as  retired  to  them  from  his  displeasure,  in  most  of  his  now 
strongest  towns  and  places  of  importance  ;  but  the  scean  is  now  much  The  cause  of  u. 
altered,  and  they  shrewdly  contracted,  especially  since  the  stir  under 
that  late  and  incomparable  person  the  D.  of  Rohan  :  the  folly  of  their 
own  private  interests,  having  evidently  proved  their  fatal  destruction ; 
as  it  is  most  frequently  seen  to  fall  out  (first  or  last)  amongst  all  con-  Fatee/dvudis- 
trivers  of  civil  and  popular  dissentions.     However,  thus  far  I  must  uttieschiim 
needs  vindicate  the  Protestants  of  France,  that  we  finde  not  amongst  "pr^fsuMs,  le- 
them  those  frequent  schismatiques  and  broachers  of  ridiculous  entbil''  ^why"^'  "^*' 
siasms  as  aboutid  amongst  us  ;  every  particular  so  unanimously  con- 
curring Avlth  their  pastor,  that,  in  truth,  they  are  herein  not  unworthy 
to  be  commended ;  though  that  vertue  likewise  were  the  more  estima- 
ble, were  it  not  certainly  constrained  by  the  vigilancy  of  their  anta- 
gonists, who  watch  all  advantages   to   discompose  and  defame   them. 
To  be  short,  though  they  have  lost  many  great  ones  and  much  strength, 
and  that  the  form  of  their  discipline  invite  few,  yet  the  light  of  their 
attempts  hath  invited  so  many  to  look  into  the  reason  of  things  beyond 
the  mask  of  tradition  and  mystery  of  policy,  that  it  is  both  thought 
and  well  known,  that  even  divers  of  those  who  are  persons  of  greatest 
eminency  both  in  Church  and  State,  have  so  good  an  inclination  to  inclinations  oj 

,  .       J         .     .  ,  .  many  great  ones 

change  some  pomts  of  the  received  opmions,  that  were  it  not  more  out  to  a  r^brmation. 

of  secular  consideration  to  lose  their  preferments,  then  any  other  incon- 

veniency,  many  of  them  would  openly  profess  themselves  Jansenia-  Jamenianisis  and 

"^  ,    ,  ,    .  ,  .  Moulinists. 

nists,  Moulinists  *,  &c.  whose  opinions,  as  they  infinitely  propagate 
among&tthem,  so  do  they  come  on  a  great  way  towards  a  reformation. 

The  forces  of  France  is  that  which  renders  it  (as  indeed  it  doth  all  Forces  of  France. 
other  kingdoms)  most  formidable  abroad  and  secure  at  home. 

The  frame  and  positure  of  the  Continent,  situated  a:s  it  were  in  the  Advantageous 
navel  of  all  the  Christian  world,  qualifies  it  to  collect,  unite,  and  dis- 
pose of  her  forces ;  for  it  hath  Spain  and  Italy  before  it,  England  be- 
hinde ;  the  seas  upon  the  right,  and  Germany  upon  the  left  band  ;  at 
one  corner  the  Neatherlands,   and  the  Cantons  of  the  Swisse  at  the 


*  So  named  from  Cornelius  Jansen,  or  Jansenius,  Bishop  of  Ypres,  who  died  May  16,  1638;  and 
from  Peter  Du  Moulin,  a  very  celebrated  French  Protestant  Minister,  who  died  March  10,  1658. 


84 


Cadets  aHdyming- 
er  brothers  all  sol- 
diers of  fortune . 


Francis  the  First 
reproached^  and 
why. 


Maritime  forces 
and  Havens. 


Late  ac^uists. 


Land  forest. 


other;  all  of  them  potent,  considerable,  and  active    neighbors;    and 
where  they  intermit,  it  is  a  worthy  prospect  to  behold  how  nature  hath 
served  and  defended  her  with  the  Pyrenes,  Alps,  Ocean,  and  Mediterra- 
nean Seas,  whilest  she  sitting  secure  from  any  subitaneous  irruption  of 
natural  pretension,  may  well  be  pronounced  a  fair  and  most  just  empire; 
and  especially  since  the  later  accession  of  Bretagne,  Guyenne,   Nor- 
mandy (once  the  goodly  portions  of  the  English),  and  Bourgogne, 
who  are  now  all  of  them  under  one  Prince,  as  having  enjoyed  hereto- 
fore every  one  their  proper  Dukes  ;  by  whose  favour  or  spleen  there  was 
always  a  facile  entrance  for  any  potent  stranger  to  disturbe  the  rest  of 
the   Kingdom;    the  consequencies   whereof  have   filled   almost   every 
modern  Chronicle.     And  to  the  stronger  twisting  of  this  cord,  such 
prudence  hath  been  had  of  late  times,  that  all  those  great  and  power- 
ful houses  remain  now  no  more  divided  (as  still  amongst  the  Princes 
of  Italy  and  Germany)^  the  cadets  and  younger  brothers  minding  for 
the  most  part  no  greater  preferments  then  what  they  cut  out  with 
their  sword,  and  merit  in  field  by  being  soldiers  of  fortune. 

As  for  the  forces  by  sea,  as  it  was  never  great,  so  we  do  not  read 
that  ever  any  signal  action  hath  been  atchieved  by  any  of  their  navi- 
gations ;  for  which  cause,  Francis  the  First  was  once  pretty  well 
resolved  to  make  use  of  the  Turk,  and  call  in  that  stout  miscreant,  to 
the  eternal  reproach  both  of  that  Prince  and  Nation  ;  notwithstanding 
at  this  instant,  their  maritime  strength  is  not  totally  so  contemptible, 
having  a  very  stately  and  considerable  armada  of  handsom  gallies  in 
most  of  their  Mediterranean  ports,  as  at  Toulon,  Marseilles,  and  other 
places,  which  are  vessels  of  excellent  use  and  service  upon  those  seas. 
On  the  ocean,  I  confess,  both  their  shipping  and  traffique  have  been 
alike  trivial ;  and  yet  of  late  they  have  greatly  augmented  their  fleet, 
especially  since  the  time  (to  our  nations  egregious  shame  and  dishonor) 
that  they  have  made  so  large  inroads  and  gaps  into  Flanders,  towards 
the  sea  coasts ;  witness  those  strong  towns  and  havens  of  Dunkirk 
Mardike,  &c.  stout  forts  and  very  commodious  harbors  for  shipping ; 
so  that  a  little  time  (if  we  will  still  suffer  it)  may  likewise  furnish  them 
with  ships  enough  to  make  them  stand  in  a  bolder  competition  with 
their  neighbors. 

But  the  more  principall  nerve  of  the  French  power  consists  in  his 


85 

forces  at  land;  and   amongst  them   (as  hath  already  been  touched)      / 

chiefly  his  cavalry,  which  Is  a  strength  and  spectacle  both  of  admiration  cavairytf  France 

and  gallantry,  they  being  for  the  greater  part  composed  of  gentlemen,  e^*^'/ 

who  generally  so  bequeath  themselves  to  this  service,  that  hee  who 

(amongst  them)  hath  not  made  two  or  three  campagnas  (as  they  use 

to  term  It)  by  that  time  he  is  18  years  of  age,  Is  esteemed  as  a  person 

lasche,  that  Is,  of  a  soft  education  and  small  repute  :  besides,  the  horse  ^*«  *<»*» "» 

*■  exercise  proper  ta 

IS  an  exercise  unto  which  they  have  so  naturall  a  disposition  aud  ad-  "t^  French  youth. 
dresse,  that  the  whole  earth  doth  not  contain  so  many  academies  dedi-  Their  academtes^ 
cated    chiefly    to     this   discipline,    and    other   martiall   gymnastlques,  ««*«<'*'• 
wherein  they  handsomly  attain  to  competent  perfection  in  whatsoever 
is  active  and  proper  for  their  youth  and  Inclinations.^ 

And  what  Incomparable  souldlers  this  country  hath  in  all  ages  bred,  SmUieryof 
we  need  look  out  no  further  for  testimoay,  then  their  many  past  and  ■m^ed.'^ 
present  acquisitions  and  enterprises,  under  Harcourt,  Condy,  Gassion, 
and  infinite  others ;  besides  (what  Is  no  trivial  mark  of  our  assertion), 
the  multitudes  of  such  who  are  at  present  Imployed  In  the  services  of 
foreign  Princes.     Very  undenyable  It  Is  that  the  Spanish  infantry  is  SpanUhandFrr.^ 
too  hard  tor  the  French  foot ;  for  the  peasants  of  France  (of  whom  ''"■*<'• 
they  should  naturally  consist)  are  thought  (and  that  upon  good  grounds) 
to  be  more  then  accidentally  improper  and  mal-adr'oict  for  that  service. 
Howbelt,  we  finde  (and  that  by  quotidian  experience)  that  custome  or 
something  else  more  propitious  hath  much  altered  and  reformed  their 
natures,  even   in  this  particular  instance  :  and  for  ought  I  perceive, 
they  keep  what  they  have  gotten,  and  become   as  good  soiildiers  as 
those  who  brag  so  much  of  their  lowsie  and  tenacious  epitheton;  but  I 
must   confess  how   few  Indigene  and  naturall  Spaniards   serve   now 
against  them  ;  all  the  old  brave  foot  having  been  for  the  greater  part 
slain,  or  continued  unrecruited  at  and  since  the  signal  battle  of  Rocroy, 
where  (though  with  their  own  destinies)  they  bravely  made  good  that 
general  and  worthy  repute  which  the  world  hath  of  the  infantry  of  that 
nation.     And  however,  had  his  reproach  a  more  solid  ground,  yet  that  a  saying  of  Ma>- 
saying  of  Machlavel  in  his  RitrattI,  that  Lefanterie  che  si  fanno  in  ''*•"*'*'• 
Francia  non  passono  essere  molto  buone,  perc/id  gli  egran  tempo  chenon 
hanno  avuto  guetra,  e  per  guesta  non  kanno  sperienza  aleuna.*  &c. 

*  Ritratti  delle  Cose  delta  Francia.  Opere  de  Machiavelli,  Tom.  II.  p.  131.  ed.  Firenze,  178?.  4to.. 


oo 


is  now  no  more  an  argument,  then  that  the  premises  being  changed, 
the  conclusion  must  needs  remain,  considering  that  the  cause   being 
taken  away  through  their   present   exercise   and    perpetual   war,  the 
effect  and  defect  must  of  fconsequence  ensue,  as  we  have  already  suffi- 
ciently proved :  or  admit  it  were  yet  so,  I  hope  the  Swisse  and  other 
faithful  mercenaries  to  that  Crown,  abundantly  supply  all  these  wants 
and  prejudices,  most  of  which,  yet  notwithstanding  for  my  part,  were,  I 
think,  first  hired  rather  out  of  consideration  of  diversion,  and  since 
custom,  then  otherwise  out  of  any  pure  necessity.    That  likewise  which 
made  the  armies  of  France  sb  inconsiderable  for  native  foot  soldiers, 
may  with  much  reason  too  (if  we  please)  be  attributed  unto  Lewis  the 
lultZg'thl  .    Eleventh  his  disarming  of  the  Commons ;  by  w;hich  advice  the  King 
indeed  became  more  absolute  at  home  amongst  his  vassals,  but  a  great 
deal  less  formidable  abroad  amongst  his   enemies  ;  and  herein   it  was 
that  his  neighbors  stood  him  in  stead. 

Another  thing  rendring  this  kingdom  very  considerable  for  an  army, 
France  abundant  is,  their  prolifiquc  multiplying;  for  Europe  embraceth  not  a  more 
victuals.  populous  nation,  nor  more  abounding  in  victuals,  which  is  the  belly  of 

that  cruel  beast,  called  war;  so  fertil,  I  say  it  is,  that  when  Charles  the 
,  Fift  entred  into  France  by  Provence,  and  afterwards  by  Champagne,  it 
nourished  (besides  the  many  garrisons  thereof)  more  then  an  hundred 
and  fifty  thousand  ravenous  soldiers;  and  even  in  the  time  of  Charles 
the  Sixth,  there  were  found  in  this  kingdom  twenty  thousand  horse, 
and  thirty  thousand  foot,  all  consisting  of  strangers ;  and  fifteen 
thousand  horse,  and  one  hundred  thousand  foot,  all  of  natural  French. 
And  verily,  when  we  have  seriously  surveighed  the  complication  of 
enemies,  which  once  invested  this  kingdom,  when  for  extent  and  com- 
mand it  was  far  inferior  to  what  it  is  at  present,  since  the  English 
have  been  dispossessed,  Navar  adjoyned,  and  other  additions  of  great 
strength  :  I  say,  when  England,  Germany, 'Spain,  and  Italy,  invaded 
it  on  all  parts,  in  the  reign  of  Francis  the  First,  as  it  will  appear,  how 
potent  and  able  this  kingdom  united  is  to  defend  itself :  so  doth  the 
consideration  of  it  seem  to  me  most  strange,  and  altogether  portentous. 
Stare  of  Arms,  Addc  to  thcsc  advantages,  their  store  of  good  arms  and  munition. 

Ammunition,  and  _  '-'  iii/>'ii  . 

Artillery.  excellent  attillery,  many  famous  and  well  furnished  magazines  ;  in  sum. 


87 

why  should  I  further  tire  you  with  particulars,  when  their  present 

exploits,   and  almost  continual  triumphs,  have  planted  the  flower  de 

lyces  where  ever  they  break  ground.     Witness  those  renowned  adven-r  JnHent  and  late 

tures  since  Charlemaigne,  St.   Lewis,  Charles  d'Anjou,  Charles  the 

Eighth,  &c. ;  whose  heroicque  atchievements  and  glorious  trophies  have 

filled  all  histories  and  countrey^,  even  as  far  as  Asia  herself;  witness 

their  expeditions    and   successes   at  Jerusalem,   In   Egypt,   Barbary^ 

Cyprus,  Greece,  .Naples,  Saxony,  Hungary,  and  sundry  other  places, 

even  in  these  our  times,  and  before  our  own  doors ;  witness  all  their 

late  acquists  and  conquests  in  Catalonia,  Spain,  Italy,  Flanders,  &c. : 

besides  the  signal  battels  and  sieges  of  Nordlingen,  Rocroy,  Perpignian, 

Theonvil,  Arras,  Dunkirk,  &c. :  not  to  repeat  the  miraculous,  or  rather 

ingenious  reduction  of  La  Rochel,  Montpelier,  and  other  impregnable 

holds  appertaining  to  the  Protestants  :  so  that  if  now  we  see  them 

begin  to  decline,  and  refund  what  they  have  so  hastily  swallowed  down, 

it  is  but  the  fate  of  all  humane  undertakings,  all  things  having  a  period  The  common  fate 

.  1  .  1J     J.U    J.  U     J        L        •        •  of  all  humane 

m  this  world,  that  had  a  beginnmg.  enterprises. 

And  now,  albeit  the  Church  (who  is  neer  a  good  third  part  of  France)  chmch  neer  a 
doth  in  most  places  (as  the  proverb  goes)  neither  lose  nor  defend  any  i<\arSe^  " 
thing;  yet  here,  in   times  of  publick  and  emergent  necessities,  have 
they  been  made  contribute  most  bountifully  towards  the  maintaining 
of  armies  and  supplyes. 

Nor  are  the  frontiers  and  maritime  coasts  of  this  kingdom  so  ill  Frontiers  and 
fortified  now,  as  in  former  times  ;  but  there  hath  been  of  late  so  thorough  how  fortified  ai' 

,  present, 

a  reformation  and  care  had  in  that  regard,  that  it  were  hard  to  call  to 
minde  a  considerable  place  at  present  but  is  capable  to  support  a  long 
and  strenuous  resistance  ;  especially  those  harbours  and  keys  of  -the 
country  which  respect  our  coasts ;  as  Haver,  Calais,  Dieppe,,  and  divers 
other  places  of  importance. 

In  fine,  France  is  at  this  present  grown  to  that  stature,   so  well  state  of  Fr: 
planted,  and  commodiously  laid  to  it  self,  that  (but  for  their  own  mad- 
nesse,  and  the  feared  fate  of  these  times,  which  already  begins  to  work) 
in  the  reall  interest  and  balance  with  her  neighbours,  it  were  high  time 
she  were  now  a  little  observed,  and  a  non-ultra  fixed  unto  her  proceedr  anontur""^*- 
ings  and  future  aspirings  :  nor  doubt  I  at  all,  but  if  the  Low  Countries  -^^a^^^*^ 


88 


The  greatness  of 
Spain  suspicious, 
and  how  jar  it 
concerns  us. 


The  humour  of  the 
Spaniards  likened. 


Englands  best 
bulwark  and  ba- 
lance. 


Qu.  Elizabeths 
policy. 


Danger  in  the 
Accession  of  the 
Low  Countries  to 
Fr. 


That  theSpaniaril 
hath  no  pretence 
to  alienate  t?te 
French  sulg'ects, 
by  his  instruments 
the  Jesuits,  and 
why. 


Genius  andnature 
of  the  people. 


CtEsars  saying  of 
the  Gallilnsubres. 


were  able  to  preserve  her  neutrality,  but  England  with  Spain  (as  poor 
and  contemptible  as  she  is  now  grown)  may  one  day  so  exercise  this 
ambitious  kingdom,  as  she  may  be  glad  to  contain  herself  within  her 
Own  confinesj  without  molesting  or  incommoding  of  her  neighbours. 

I  deny  not,  that  even  the  greatnesse  of  Spain  her  self  were  as  much 
to  be  apprehended,  equally  as  dangerous,  did  not  her  accustomed  swell- 
ing and  unnatural  plethory  most  certainly  incline  to  a  tympanic,  rather 
then  shew  it  proceeded  from  any  strong  and  sane  constitution :  their 
over-grasping  humour  being  much  like  his,  who  desiring  a  good  hand- 
full  of  sand,  by  griping  it  over  hard,  loseth  more  through  his  fingers 
then  he  can  carry  away  in  all  his  palm.  So  that  in  this  case  our  onely 
best  bulwark  is  France ;  and  (vice  versd)  opposed  to  their  power,  Spain, 
so  long  as  this  antipathic  amongst  them  continues,  and  they  remain  in 
one  entire  bodie.  For  this  cause  it  was,  and  for  no  other,  that  Queen 
Elizabeth  would  very  wisely  by  no  means  consent  to  that  offer  of  can- 
tonizing  this  kingdom,  when  in  the  time  of  the  late  league  she  was 
offered  a  considerable  share.  But  on  the  other  side,  the  accession  of 
the  Low  Countries  to  this  Empire  were  beyond  all  comparison  more 
perilloTis  then  if  they  had  also  never  started  aside  from  their  lawfull 
master;  and  this  by  reason  of  their  situation,  vicinity,  ports,  traffick, 
towns  of  defence ;  the  Infinite  disadvantages  whereof  we  should  soon 
acknowledge  to  our  cost  and  ignominy. 

As  touching  the  Protestants,  they  are  yet  so  numerous  in  France, 
and  the  Roman  Catholicks  so  averse  in  that  point,  as  there  can  never 
spring  up  the  least  appearance  of  hope  that  the  King  of  Spain  should 
ever  pretend  any  thing  in  this  country  by  way  of  inclination  or  defec- 
tion ;  however,  the  late  Jesuites  (notwithstanding  all  those  strict  edicts 
and  bans  made  against  them)  begin  to  swarme  and  re-establish  them- 
selves. And  so  I  have  done  with  the  more  generall  remarks  worthy 
your  consideration.  I  shal  onely  say  a  word  or  two  of  the  people 
and  of  Paris  in  particular,  and  so  finish  this  task. 

Concerning  the  nature  and  genius  of  the  inhabitants,  that  which 
the  Prince  of  Politicians  gives  out  of  the  French,  where  he.  affirms 
that  /  Francesi  sono  per  natura  piii  fieri,  che  gagliardi  6  destri,  nuon 
what  Cesar  of  old  said  of  the  Galli  Insubres,  that  in  the  beo-inning 


8& 

they  appeared  more  then  men,  bttt  proved  in  the  conclusion  lesse  then 
Women,  retains  in  it  still  something  of  their  present  jpromptriesse,  and 
as  sudden  discouragement:  Upon  Which  observation,  the  fore-cited 
Florentine  notably  advlseth,  chi  vuole  superare  i  Frartcesi  si  guardi 
dalprimo  loro  impeto,%c.  "that  he  who  would  vanquish  the  French^ 
should  be  sure  to  withstand  and  break  thieir  first  brusk  and  onset:" 
because  they  usually  rush  on  danger  like  a  torrent,  and  in  a  des- 
perate fury,  when  they  first  charge  and  ,joyn  battel!:  but  as  nothing  French fwry at 
which  is  violent  is  permanent,  so  expectation  as  soon  rulnes,  and 
utterly  daunts  their  courage. 

But  as  for  their  intellectuals,  and  more  noble  part,  such  of  them  as  Learned  mm  v. 

France. 

dedicate  themselves  to-letters  and  erudition  prove  as  polite  scholers  and 

as   trim  wits  as  any  Italian  of  them  all.     The  greater  part  of  them,  I 

ednfesse,  and  ordinary  pretenders,  please  themselves  more  In  analyticall 

and  cursory  speculatiotis,  to  which  one  may  take  post  at  every  pillar  In 

the  streets,  where  you  shdl  never  fail  of  some  ;bragadocio  HIppias,  who 

like  some  intellectus  universalis,  professes,  and  will  undertake  to  render  Pedantry »/ 

any  man  an  exact  and  perfect  Philosopher,  Divine,  Orator,  Chymist ;  or 

to  teach  him  all  languages,  and  indeed,  what  not,  within  the  space  of 

a  month  or  two;  which  kind  of  table  method  and  Lulllan  art  renders 

many  of  them,  even  to  the  very  mechanlcks,  most  egregious  -talk^s, 

and  intblleraibly  pragmatical  1. 

Add  unto  this,  their  levelling  of  learning,  and  layine;  all  authors  In  Their  levelling 

<J  ^  '->        ^  •>       >=>  of  learning. 

eommOri,  by^their  Intemperate  translations,  having  but  of  very  late  put 
all  the  Orations  of  Cicero  Into  French,  as  It  is  long  since  that  the 
poets  hav«  been  made  orators  :  for  there  is  nothing  more  frequent  then 
the  turning  of  them  into  prose. 

Amongst  the  Faculties  of   Paris,   tiiere   are   some   good   d^^yAxon^  tm  Faculties  of 
Divines ;  ^ut  their  school  exercises  are  dull  and  perfunctory  things,  in 
competition  with  what  was  wont  to  be  performed  here  in  our  univer- 
si^es. 

Generally,  the  Chirureians  of  France  are  preten-ders  to  physick,  and  Physicians  and 

J '  E3  *  ■  L      J  CM^l•^rgians  of 

the  Pl>ysiciain  as  great  a  friend  to  the  Emperlck;  especially  in  point  of  ^"J^J^j^l^" 
phlebotbmie,  which  is  their  panacea  for  all  diseases.     And  albeit  they  '"'"' 
have  bred  some  able  and  accomplish'd  proficients  of  all  these  kindes, 

N 


some 
Professors, 


90 


Praise  of  Eng- 
lish Physicians, 


French  Mecha- 
vicis  incompar- 
little. 


French  Children 
and  Youth. 


Sudden  decay  of 
IVomen. 


Youth  of  the 
French  Genl^ 
not  bred  to  letters, 
and  why. 


Humour  in  Tra- 
velling. 

No  trust  to  the 
outward  appear- 
ance. 


yet  their  common  practice,  in  tedious  and  chronique  as  well  as  acute 
diseases,  imports  them  rather  to  a  sudden  ease  bf  the  patient,  then  any 
intire  recovery,  or  security  from  relapse;  for  they  study  more  to  weaken 
and  enervate  the  body,  then  the  disease:  so  that  they  recover  fewof 
languishing  fevers,  which  relapse  not  as  soon  again,  and  for  the  most 
part  perish  :  contrary  both  to  the  method  and  success  of  our  Physicians 
in  England;  into  one  of  whose  hands  I  had  rather  put  my  life,  then 
to  a  whole  colledg  of  these  French  leaches. 

In. the  Mechanicks,  they  are  universally  excellent,  inventive,  and 
happy ;  and  are  of  late  too  become  far  .more  stay'd  and  constant  in 
habit  and  fashion  then  they  were  wont  to  be  :  for  I  will  undertake,  our 
native  levity  and  wantonnesse  in  that  kinde  hath  of  late  yeers  infinite- 
ly exceeded  them. 

The  French  Children  are  the  fairest  letter  that  Nature,  I  think,  can 
shew  through'  all  the  bumane  alphabet ;  but  though  they  be  Angels  in 
the  cradle,  yet  are  they  more  like  Divels  in  the  saddle:  age  generally 
shewing,  that  what!  she  so  soon  bestows,  she  takes  as  fast  away  ;  for  the 
French  (after  twenty)  presently  strikeforty  in  their  faces,  and  especially 
amongst  their  women,  who  are  then  extremely  decayed,  when  ours,  If 
not  beautifuU,  are  yet  very  tolerable  at  those  years ;  which,  whether  it 
proceeds  from  the  siccity  of  the  air,  drinking  water,  ill  diet,  or  other 
accident,  1  dare  not  easily  determine ;  and  yet  am  the  rather  inclined 
to  think,  something  of  that  nature  it  must  needs  be,  when  we  finde  the 
women  of  quality  for  the  most  part  as  exquisite  beauties  as  any  the 
whole  world  produces,  without  disparaging  our  ladies  at  home,  whom 
I  would  be  unwilling  this  paragraph  should  in  the  l^ast  degree  oflFend.' 

I  cannot  affirm  that  the  youth  of  the  Gentry  and  Noblesse  of  France 
are  altogether  so  literate  as  most  of  our  English  and  fDutch  are;  being, 
as  I  said,  of  lesse  phlegme,  and  more  prompt  then  to  fix. to  those 
unactive  studies;  nor  are  they  at  all  so  curious  and  Inquisitive  in  their 
travels,  unto  which  fewer  also  are  inclined,  but  seem  abundantly  satis- 
fied, to  be  able  to  say,  they  have  been  in  such  or  such  a  place. 

It  Is  a  true  observation  of  one,  that  a  French  man  apnears  a  child  at 
all  ages;  but  In  practice  and  negotiation  you  shall  finde  him  a  man. 


y** 


91 

It  is  the  Field  and  Court  which  the  Gentry  aflfect  aa  the  best  of  educa- 
tion; and  thence  I  am  inclined  to  beleeve,  they  contract  amongst  them       » 
that  itidifFerency  of  beleevina;  and  living;,  in  which  they  are  generally  Jndifferencyof 

'  -J  D       ■  o'  J  ci  J     Ft,  in  religion. 

more  open  and  free  then  even  the  Italians;  albeit  yet  not  in  all  points 

so  enormous  as  the  depraved  youth  of  England,  whose  prodigious  dis-  The  French  not  so 

*  a  .  r  a  disbauched  as  the 

hatcheries  and  late  unheard  of  extravagancies,  far  surpasse  the  mad>  Engiuh  youth  at 

O  '  I  present. 

nesse  of  all  other  civilized   nations  :jvhatsoever.    *  Gaming,  also  they  mr  more  given 

frequent,  but  are  in  no  one  vice  so  abandoned,  as  to  the  exhausting  ^.', 

their  estates,  especially  in  point  of  drink  and  tobacco ;  which,  though  ATotung  so  tnuch 

it  have  of  late  got  some  footing  upon  the  more  vile  sort,  and, infected  LdT, 

some  northern  parts  of  the  kingdom ;  yet  fewer  persons  of  quality  use 

either  in  excesse  :  but  what  thfey  do  not  in  drink,  they  pay  in  bread, 

and  are  strange  devourers  of  corn:  they  adore  a  good  pottage  Twhat-  but  adorers  of 

o  'J  O  r  O      V  bread  and  pot- 

ever  the  rest  of  the  repast  be)  as  the  Egyptians  did  garlick:  nor  will  *"s^''- 
a  true  Monsieur  be  brought  at  any  rate  to  taste  a  glasse  of  wine,  sans 
premier  Tnanger  ;   which  although  they  neither  do  so  ranch,  nor  sit  so 
Jong  at  it,  yet  they  use  to  collation  more  often,  the  most  temperate  x)f 
'   them. 

The  passions  of  the  people  are  suddenly  imported  and  puflFed  up  with  Elevated  and  de- 
a  victory,  and  as  soondgected  with  the  least  repulse  or  loss.     They  are  ''withvMory'ol 
prodigall,  and  splendid  in  externals,  but  seldome  undoe  themselves  in  spundidmex- 
house-keeping  and  hospitality :  the  best  sort  eat  like  Princes,  and  far  '""""'*• 
exceed  our  tables ;  the  common,  worse  then  dogs :  generally,  so  they 
flourish  and  appear  for  a  month  or  two  in  the  summer,  they  will  fare 
hard  enough  the  rest  of  the  yeer  besides ;  and  such  as  minde  onely 
their  profit,  have  , little  charity,  where  they  see  no  evident  interest,  fuu  of  interest. 
They  are  exceedingly  courteous,  and  have  generally  their  tongues  well 
hung ;  which  promptitude  of  theirs,  as  it  becomes  them  well  in  en- 
counter, so  they  are  for  the  most  part  of  joviall  conversation,  and.  far  o/ajoviaiuon- 

•        Til  1  •   1      •  11  n  •  versation,  hand- 

from  that  constrained  addresse  which  is  naturall  to  our  sullen  nation,  some  address,  and 

,  .  1  •   I      "'*"  spoken. 

who  never  think  ourselvies  acquainted,  till  we  treat  one  another  with 

Jack  and  Tom;  familiarities  which,  as  we  finde  no  where  else  in  use,  censure  of  the 

.  .  ,  ,  ,  .      .  rude  familinritie 

SO  they  commonly  terminate  m  vaine  and  rude  associations.  of  the  English. 

The  French  are  the  sole  nation  in  Europe  that  do  idolize  their  Spve-  French,  reveren- 
reign,  unto  whom  they  have  likewise  a  more  free  and  immediate  accesse  King,  and  usaf- 

O    '        ,  J  '  •       fabUity  to  them. 


92 

{^without  much  ceremony)  then  ordinarily  ig  to  be  seen  in  any  othej- 
Princes  Court :  and  this  affabilitie  and  freedom  gains  them  as. strangely 
to  him;  whith  (certainly)  is  an  excellent  art  in  the  one,  and  no  liesse  ^ 
vertue  in  the  other.  Biit,  on  the  contrary,  their  choler  throughly  stirred, 
there  never  wants  some  Raviliac,  or  cut-throat,  to  perpetrate  their  malice ; 
so  unstable  is  popular  confidence.  ;    ■ 

•opinion and      Finally,  they  have  a  naturall  dread  and  hate  to  the  English,  as 
esteeming  us,  for  the  most  part,  a  fierce,  rude,  and,  barbaro.us  nation  : 
but  their  antipathy  to  a  Spaniard  is  deadly  and  irreconcilable, 
'■re.  For  their  bodies,  they  are  both  sexes  of  mean  stature,  rather  in  good 

lexion.         point  then  either  lean  or  grosse;  generally  swart  of  complexion,  ex- 
cept such  as  have  mixed  towards  the  north  and  east  :  the  women  have 
commonly  black  ey^s,  rare  teeth,  and  sweet  voices ;  and  certainly,  so 
gentile  and  naturall  an  addresse,  even  in  their  most  ordinary  actions, 
that  one  may  as  easily  distinguish  them  by  it  as  their  tongues  :  in  fine, 
pfness,        they  are  extremely  prompt,   and  imagine  to  comprehend  all  upon  an 
instant,  which  makes  many  to  give  out  and  tire  in  the  journey  before 
they  be  half  way:  for  all  which,  and  their  oppressions  to  boot,  there 
heer/uim-     h^es  not  uhdcr  the  cope  of  heaven  a  more  frank,  galiard,  and  supine 
"■'    "^"''   people :   howbeit  many  of  them  will  not  stick  to  repine,  an^  censure 
■iesunwei-    evcH  their  own  victories  and  successes,  whereof  every  one  bu^  seems  to 
Ay.     '"     ajdd  a  heavier  weight  to 'their  oppression. 

island  most       Now  as  cvcry  metropolitan  and  royal  city  is  likely  the  best  map  of 
lilXy^"''  the  country  wherein  it  stands  ;  so  may  Paris  be  esteemed  th6  most  exact 

compendium  of  France. 
.site.edi.  Paris  is  a  city  in  a  ring,  whereof  the  Louvre  or  jfajace  of  the  King 
is  the  diamond  :  and  trciely  considering  the  vastnesse  of  its  circum- 
ference, so  incomparably  built  all  of  the  living  rock,  whereupon  it  is 
seated  (which  for  beauty,  easie  working,  and  lastingnesSj  renders  it  a 
pre-eminence  above  many  more  costly  materials)  I  think  no  city  in  the 
whole  world  equalizes  it.  I  have  seen  Naples,  Rome,  Florence^ 
Genoa,  and  Venice ;  all  stately  cities,  and  full  of  Princely  "fabricks ; 
but  then  I  compare  the  extent,  and  here  are  many  huiidreds  of  noble- 
mens  houses,  both  within  the  town,  and  the  environs,  which  altogether 
approach,  if  not  exceed  the  best  of  them.     This  I   will  boldly  affirm. 


<ic. 


93 

that  for  the  streets,  suburbs,  and  common  buildings,  it  infinitely  excels 
any  city  else  in  Europe :  for  publick  edifices,  some  of  the  hospitals  are 
fair  foundations  and  handsome  piles :  but  the  convents  and  churches 
come  far  short  of  the  towns  before  recited  :  yet  that  of  the  Sprbonhe 
and  Jesuites,  are  not  much  inferiour  to  some  of  the  best  and  most  mo- 
dern pieces  of  architecture  extant. 

The  river  of  Seine,  which  divides  it,  is  nothing  comparable,  iov  The  River  of 
sweetnesse  and  good  condition,  to  our  Royal  river  of  Thames :  yet  it 
would  deceive  any  man  in  the  use;  when  he  shall  seriously  examine 
and  consider  the  huge  vessels  of  burden  (though  not  ships)  it  brings 
up,  full  of  commodities  and  necessary  provisions.     In  conclusion,.  Paris 
wants  nothing  but  clean  streets,  and  a  redresse  of  the  multitude  of 
coaches,  laquays,  and  throngs  of  mankind;  with  all  which,  it  is  ge-  p/umber i^f  peo- 
nerally  so  pestered,  that  it  appears  a  miracle  to  me,  how  so  many  backs  uo^rl'aT.  ''"^ 
are  clothed,  and  bellies  maintained  (in  a  town  of  no  eminent  staple) 
as  you  may  behold  in  one  day,  if  you  walk  the  streets  and   public 
carfours;  most  of  the  houses  ordinarily  harbouring  six,  as  often  ten 
families  betwixt  heaven  and  hell,  the  garrets  and  the  cellars  :  and  this  I  „ 

'•^  Tiiie  cause  of  our 

take  to  be  the  true  cause  of  that  nastinesse  which  we  usuallv  impute  to  •'■^''^•'hmg  their 

•I  r  Nastirtesse. 

the  nation:  persons  of  quality,  and  such  as  have  room  enough,  being  Persons  of  qua- 
far  more  proper  and  sumptuous  in  their  houses,  then  the  best- of  us  here  and  sumptuous 

'        *■  then  any  in  Eng- 

in  England,  however  we  arrogate  the  contrary.  '«»* 

Touching  the  extent  of  this  city,  it  hath  been,  and  is  still  a  great  The  extent  of  Pa- 

.  ,  J  jII  i'i-ii  ''i^  "''^  London 

controversie  amongst  our  countrey-men  travellers,  which  is  the  larger,  difficult  to  le  com- 
this  or  London;  every  one  speaks  according  to  his  inclinations  :   but  the    "^  '""  ^'^' 
figures  of  them  both  are  so  different,  that  it  would  be  a  very  difiicult 
matter  to  reconcile  them,  by  making  an  exact  tryall :  and  peradventure, 
all  things  considered,  there  is  as  yet  no  very  great  inequality :  but  if  we        '^ 
Hjay  conjecture  from  the  buildings  at  present,  and  prodigious  enlargcr- 
ment  of  their  suburbs  on  all  sides,  what  a  little  time  and  peace  will  ren-  crease  of  tmid- 
der  it,  it  must  without  doubt  in  a  short  time  outgrow  the  contention, 
and  far  exceed  it :  for  I  finde  no  end  of  their  erecting  not  onely  of  par- 
ticular houses,  but  even  of  whole  streets,  and  those  so  incomparably  fair 
and  uniform i  that  you  would  imagine  your  self  rather  in  some  Italian  Beauty  of  the 
opera,  where  the  diversity  of  scenes  surprise  the  beholder,  then  beleeve  Ip^rV  "'" 


94 

your  self  to  he  in  a  reall  citie.  This  is  onely  to  be  observed  in  their  prime 
buildings  and  palaces,  that  the  best  fabricks  commonly  promise  less  to- 
wards the  front  or  street,  then  you  will  finde  them  within  the  court; 
which  is  caused  by  the  high  walls  and  tarraces  that  thwart  them  :  a 
piece  of  modestie,  which  in  other  appearances  and  outsides  they  do  not 
usually  practise. 
London  for  shops,  But  what  our  city  of  London  hath  not  in  houses  and  palaces,  she 
drinking  schools    hath  in  shops  and  taverns  ;  which  render  it  so  open  by  day,  and  cheerful! 

and  noise,  exceed-   .,.,,.  ,  11  i  J  J-  j.       xU 

ing  all  cities  of  m  the  night,  that  it  appears  to  be  a  perpetuail  wake  or  wedaing  to  the 
beholder;  for  so  mad  and  lowd  a  town  is  no  where  to  be  found  in  the 
whole  world. 

Government  of  The  government  and  policy  of  this  Prevestd  is  exercised  by  Judges 
called  Lieutenants,  civils  and  criminels ;  who,  for  purchasing  their 
offices  of  the  Court,  sell  their  justice  at  extraordinary  rate,  to  such  as 

^Prevosts  of  Mer-  have  usc  of  that  rare  commodity.     They  have  also  a  Prevost  of  the 

chands.  J  J 

Merchands,  and  les  Eschevins,  which  is  an  office  more  resembling  our 
jrchbishopof       Recorder  and  Sheriff,  then  Major:    likewise  the  Archbishop   hath  a 

Paris,  cfc.  '  'J  jr 

spirituall  jurisdiction  here;  as  also  some  particular  Abbots  and  Priors. 

And  with  all  this  I  cannot  say  it  is  well   governed ;  the  disorders   of 

Disorders  of        evcry  day  and  night  will  convince  me,  if  I  should,  when  so  many  exe- 

Paris  in  the  night,  J  J  o  ^  ^  ^  ^  J 

hoxv  they  might     crablc  murthcrs  and  viUanies  are  committed  in  the  streets ;  an  incon- 

be  prevented. 

venience  which  might  yet  be  easily  prevented,  if  they  would  but  imitate 

our  policy,  and  form  their  watches  of  constant  and  responsible  persons. 

Strength  of  Paris      Neither  is  thc  strength  of  this  renowned  city  anything  considerable 

nothing  in  a  siege.   .  c  '  1.      c      l\  1.         U      ^  ^  1 

in  stresse  or  a  siege,  or  respect  or  other  natural!  advantage ;  save  onely 

fire :  nay,  so  open  it  is  to  the  conquerour,  that  St.  Denys  (which  lies 

but  two  leagues  remote  from  it)  hath  oftentimes  been  the  frontier   of 

M.iresehaide       France  ;  and  had  not  the  late  Mareschal  de  Gassion  as  dearly  as  brave- 

Gassion  preservid  ii'ti  i-ii  i      r"  rt  10  -i 

Paris  from  the     \y  purchascd  their  liberty  at  the  signal   battel  or  Kocroy,  the  opaniard, 
'tis  beleeved,  might  (^without  the  least  obstacle)  have  marched  up  to  the 
verv  ffates  of  Paris. 
The  aire  of  Paris      But  the  incomparable  aire  of  Paris  is  that  which  fortifies  the  inha- 
ceiebrated.  bitants :  SO  that  very  seldom  hath  a  plague  or  other  epidemical  con- 

tagion made  here  that  havoc  and  lamentable  devastation,  which  it  so 
frequently  doth  in  our  putrified  climate,  arid  accidentally  suffocated  city: 


95 
contrary  to  that  vuWr  (but  most  false)  tradition,  which  I  find  in  every  The  ordinary  tra- 

_  ^  _  ^    dition  amongst  us 

mans  mouth  ;    that  the    pestilence    is  never  out  of  Paris  :    but  this  '*«'  the  plague  u 

.  .       _  '■       ^  _  _  never  out  of  Paris, 

(besides  the  siccity  of  the  aire)  many  naturalists  ascribe  to  the  over  '■ef«ted. 
sulphurous  exhalations  of  the  streets,  and  dry  attracting  quality  of  the 
Plaster,  which  bears  or  gives  the  name  to  this  goodly  city.      Cert^  id  %aft%ofplris 
Jirmissimum  Imperium  est,  quo  obedientes  gaudent. 

Thus,  Sir,  by  the  assistance  of  your  patience,  I  have  adventured  to 
draw  the  curtain,  discovering  a  very  ample  theatre,  in  a  short  time,  and 
represented  it  in  as  narrow  a  circumference  as  those  artists  who  intro- 
duce a  multitude  of  species  through  an  optick  into  some  dark  room  or 
closet :  and  the  similitude  peradventure  will  not  appear  unapt,  when 
you  consider  the  reversed  method  and  confused  stile  in  which  it  is 
described.  But  as  writing  of  histories  is  not  my  trade,  I  know  you 
have  not  commanded  me  to  undergo  this  task  to  make  thereby  any 
advantage  of  my  imperfections,  but  approve  mine  obedience.  And 
now,  although  I  doubt  not  but  many  able  persons  have  most  excellently 
treated  upon  this  very  subject,  appropriated  to  their  times,  yet  I  will 
be  bold  to  affirm,  and  that  sans  vanitie,  none  hath  lately  performed  it 
with  greater  faith,  succinctnesse,  and  in  more  natural  colours.  For 
hee  that  will  truely  comprehend  the  government  and  genius  of  this 
kingdome,  must  prospect  and  look  out  every  day  for  new  discoveries ; 
France  being  now  no  more  the  thing  it  was  forty  yeers  since,  then  the 
garb  and  fashion  at  that  time,  to  the  habit  and  mode  now  in  use 
amongst  them,  equally  as  different,  as  incomparable  :  and  in  truth,  (to 
disabuse  the  world)  the  complexion  and  crasis  of  this  body  politick  is 
of  so  high  concernment  to  the  health,  and  good  estate  of  our  poor 
nation,  that  to  preserve  her  in  entire  habit  and  constitution,  there  can 
never  be  too  often  inspections  into  the  state  and  regiment  of  this  king- 
dom.    This  is  the  opinion  of. 

Sir, 

Paris,  this  15  of  Eebr.  1652.  Your  most  affectionate  friend, 

Stilo  novo.  and  most  obedient  servant, 

J.  E. 

FINIS. 


.     •*■;•.' 


'\.fi 


«■■■:» 


THE  EPISTLE  DEDICATORY 


TO   THE 


TRANSLATION  OF  THE  "FRENCH  GARDINER."  i2mo.  1658*. 


To  my  most  honour'd  and  worthy  Friend  Thomas  HENSHAwf,  Esquire. 

Sir, 
I  have  at  length  obey'd  your  commands,  only  I  wish  the  instance  had 
bin  more  considerable :  though  I  cannot  but  much  approve  of  the 
designe  and  of  your  election  in  this  particular  work,  which  is  certainly 
the  best  that  is  extant  upon  this  subject,  notwithstanding  the  plenty 
which  these  late  years  have  furnish'd  us  withal.  I  shall  forbear  to 
publish  the  accident  which  made  you  engage  me  upon  this  traduction ; 
because  I  have  long  since  had  inclinations  and  a  design  of  communi- 


*  This  Dedication  is  reprinted  from  a  eoj^  of  the  very  rare  first  edition,  with  fine  cuts  by  A. 
Hertocks,  formerly  in  the  possession  of  the  late  James  Bindley,  Esq.  The  original  Title  to  tiiis 
volume  is  "  The  French  Gardiner :  instructing  how  to  cultivate  all  sorts  of  Fruit-trees,  and  Herbs 
"  for  the  garden :  together  with  directions  to  dry  and  conserve  them  in  their  natural :  six  times 
"  printed  in  France,  and  once  in  Holland.  An  accomplished  Piecfe,  first  written  by  R.  D.  C.  D. 
"  W.  B.  D.  N,  and  now  transplanted  into  English  by  Philocefos.  Illustrated  with  sculptures. 
"  London,  printed  for  John  Crooke,  at  the  Ship  in  St.  Pauls  Church-yard,  1658."  12mo.  319  pp. 
and  with  four  plates. 

The  Second  Edition  was  printed  by  J.  M.  for  the  same  publisher,  in  1669,  who  had  then 
removed  to  Duck  Lane,  with  some  little  variation  in  the  title  page,  having  Mr.  Evelyn's  name  to 
it  as  the  translator,  he  being  at  that  time  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society.  Whereunto  was  an- 
nexed, "The  English  Vineyard,  vindicated  by  John  Rose,  Gardiner  to  his  Majesty,  Charles  the 
Second :  with  a  tract  of  the  making  and  ordering  of  Wines  in  France." 

The  Third  Edition  appeared  in  167%  printed  by  S.  S.  for  Benj.  Tooke,  at  the  Ship  in  St.  Paul's 
Church-yard,  (Evelyn's  usual  publisher ;)  and,  with  the  exceptions  of  a  few  verbal  alterations,  is 
predsely  the  same  as  the  second. 

t  This  gentleman,  to  whom  John  Evelyn  dedicated  his  own  etchings,  was  with  him  during  his 
travels ;  and  was  recommended  by  Mr.  Evelyn  to  the  Embassy  of  Constantinople,  which  was  how- 
ever filled  by  Lord  Winchelsea.  In  1675  Mr.  Henshaw  was  left  resident  to  the  Court  of  Den-, 
mark,  on  the  Death  of  the  Duke  of  Richmond,  who  died  there.  Ambassador, — See  frequent  allu- 
sions to  him  in  the  first  volume  of  "  Memoirs." 

O 


98 

eating  some  other  things  of  this  nature  from  my  own  experienc 
especially,  concerning  tlie  ornaments  of  gardens,  &c. ;  because 
respects  the  soyle,  the  situation,  and  the  planting,  is  here  perfor 
my  hand  with  so  much  ingenuity,  as  that  I  conceive  there  ci 
little  be  added  to  render  it  a  piece  absolute  and  without  reproac 
order  to  this,  my  purpose  was  to  introduce  the  least  known  ( 
not  the  least  delicious)  appendices  to  gardens ;  and  such  as  are 
names  only,  but  the  descriptions,  plots,  materials,  and  wayes  ( 
triving  the  ground  for  parterrs,  grotts,  fountains ;  the  proport 
walks,  perspectives,  rocks,  aviaries,  vivaries,  apiaries,  pots,  coi 
tories,  piscinas,  groves,  cryptas,  cabinets,  ecchos,  statues,  and 
ornaments  of  a  vigna,  &c.  without  which  the  best  garden  is  v 
life,  and  very  defective.  Together  with  a  treatise  of  flowers  ani 
greens ;  especially  the  palisades  and  contr-espaliers  of  Alaternus, 
most  incomparable  verdure,  together  with  the  right  culture  of 
beauty  and  fence,  I  might  glory  to  have  been  the  first  propagi 
England.  This,  I  say,  I  Intended  to  have  published  for  the  her 
divertisement  of  our  country,  had  not  some  other  things  unexp 
intervened,  which  as  yet  hinder  the  birth  and  maturity  of  that  en 
Be  pleased,  Sir,  to  accept  the  productions  of  your  own  comr 
as  a  lover  of  gardens  you  did  promote  it,  as  a  lover  of  you  I  have 
lated  it.  And  in  the  mean  time  that  the  great  ones  are  busiec 
governing  the  world  (which  is  but  a  wildernesse),  let  us  call  to 
the  rescript  of  Dioclesian  to  those  who  would  perswade  him 
assume  the  empire.  For  it  is  impossible  that  he  who  is  a  true  vi 
and  has  attained  to  the  felicity  of  being  a  good  gardener,  shoul 
jealousie  to  the  State  where  he  lives.  This  is  not  advice  to  yoi 
know  so  well  how  to  cultivate  both  yourself  and  your  garden;  1 
Cause  it  is  the  only  way  to  enjoy  a  garden,  and  to  preserve  its  repu 

Sir,  I  am 
Your  most  humble  and  most  obedient  servant. 


99 


THE  EPISTLE  DEDICATORY 


TO    THE 


SECOND  EDITION  OF  THE  "FRENCH  GARDINER."  London,  1669.  12nio. 


To  my  most  honour'd  and  worthy  friend  Thomas  Henshaw,  Esquire. 

Sir, 

The  success  of  the  First  Edition  of  this  Book,  has  produced  a  second  ; 
and  with  it  the  continuance  of  your  name  in  the  front  of  this  Epistle, 
that  those  who  shall  receive  the  fruits  it  here  presents  them,  may 
know  to  whom  they  are  oblig'd  for  it ;  your  commands  first  engag- 
ing me  to  interpret,-  and  give  it  to  our  country  :  and  I  was  glad  I 
had  so  fair  an  opportunity  of  publishing  to  the  world  how  highly  1 
honour  you  for  your  many  eminentiand  shining  parts ;  yotfr  virtue,  your 
learning,  and  our  now  ancient  friendship;  which,  contracted  first  abroad, 
heis  cojitinu'd  both  there,  and  since  at  home,  through  so  many  vicissi- 
tudes and  changes  as  we  have  seen  and  surmounted.  The  character 
which  I  first  adventiir'd  on  this  Piece,  (when  I  boldly  pronounc'd  it  for 
the'  ver^y  best  that  was  extant  on  the  subject)  has  been  amply  confirm'd 
by  the  suflfrages  of  all  who  have  since  written  upon  it;  and  I  will  be 
bold  to  affirm,  it  was  the  first  that  ever  instructed  our  country-men  how  to 
cultivate  and  ord'er  their  gardens  for  fruit,  and  other  esculent  plants,  with 
a  faith  and  industry  becoming  that  honest  and  sweet  employment.  . 

Here  is  nothing  added  (and  indeed  nothing  could  well  be)  to  the 
First  Edition,  but  the  weeding  and  purging  it  of  some  typographical 
escapes  ;  and  therefore  I  have  nothing  more  to  say,  but  that  I  am. 

Sir, 
Your  most  humble  and  faithfull  servant, 

J.  Evelyn. 


100 


TO   THE    READER. 

{Prefixed  to  the  "  French  Gardiner.") 

I  advertise  the  Reader  that  what  I  have  couched  in  four  Sections  at 
the  end  of  this  Volume,  under  the  name  of  an  Appendix,  is  but  a  part 
of  the  third  Treatise  in  the  original ;  there  remaining  three  Chapters 
more  concerning  preserving  of  fruits  with  sugar,  which  I  have,  there- 
fore, expressly  omitted,  because  it  is  a  mysterie  that  I  am  little  ac- 
quainted withall ;  and  that  I  am  assured  by  a  lady,  who  is  a  person  of 
quality,  and  curious  in  that  art,  that  there  is  nothing  of  extraordinary 
amongst  them,  but  what  the  fair  sex  do  Infinitely  exceed,  whenever  they 
please  to  divertise  themselves  in  that  sweet  employment. 

There  is  also  another  book  of  the  same  author,  intituled,  "  Les 
Delices  de  la  Campagne,"  or,  **  The  Delights  of  the  Countrey,"  being 
as  a  second  part  of  this ;  wherein  you  are  taught  to  prepare  and  dresse 
whatsoever  either  the  earth  or  water  do  produce ;  dedicated  to  the  good 
housewives.  There  you  are  instructed  to  make  all  sorts  of  French 
bread,  and  the  whole  mysterie  of  the  pastry,  wines,  and  all  sorts  of 
drinks.  To  accomodate  all  manner  of  roots  good  to  eat ;  cooking  of 
flesh  and  fish,  together  with  precepts  how  the  Major  Domo  Is  to  order 
the  services,  and  treat  persons  of  quality  at  a  feast,  h  la  mode  de  France 
which  such  as  aflfect  more  then  I,  and  do  not  understand  in  the  original, 
may  procure  to  be  interpreted,  but  by  some  better  hand  then  he  that 
did  the  *'  French  Cook ;"  which  being  (as  I  am  informed)  an  excellent 
book  of  its  kinde,  is  miserably  abused  for  want  of  skill  in  the  kitchln. 

If  any  man  think  it  an  employment  fit  for  the  translator  of  this  for- 
mer part,  it  will  become  him  to  know,  that  though  I  have  some  experi- 
ence in  the  garden,  and  more  divertlsement,  yet  I  have  none  in  the 
shambles ;  and  that  what  I  here  present  him  was  to  gratifie  a  noble 
friend,  who  had  only  that  empire  over  me,  as  to  make  me  quit  some 
more  serious  employment  for  a  few  days  in  obedience  to  his  command. 

Farewell. 


101 


To  the  Second  Edition  of  this  Volume  is  added,  "  The  English 
Vineyard  vindicated  by  John  Rose  *,  Grardiner  to  his  Majesty,  at  his 
Royal  Garden  in  St.  James's;  formerly  Gard'ner  to  her  Grace  the 
Dutchess  of  Somerset :  with  an  Address  where  the  best  Plants  are  to 
be  had  at  easie  rates."  And  immediately  after  the  author's  dedication 
to  K.  Charles  II.  is  the  following  "  Preface  or  Occasion  of  this  Dis- 
course," written  by  John  Evelyn. 

Being  one  day  refreshing  my  self  in  the  garden  at  Essex-house f,  and, 
amongst  other  things,  falling  into  discourse  with  Mr.  Rose  (then 
gard'ner  to  her  Grace  the  Duchess  of  Somerset)  about  vines,  and  par- 
ticularly the  cause  of  the  neglect  of  vineyards  of  late  in  England,  he 
reason'd  so  pertinently  upon  that  subject  (as,  indeed,  he  does  upon  all 
things  which  concern  his  hortulan  profession),  that,  conceiving  how 
greatly  it  might  oblige  many  worthy  and  ingenious  persons,  lovers  of 
plantations,  and  of  the  noblest  parts  of  it ;  I  was  easily  perswaded  to 
gratifie  his  modest  and  charitable  inclinations,  to  have  them  commu- 
nicated to  the  world.  The  matter,  therefore,  of  the  ensuing  Discourse^ 
being  totally  his,  receives  from  me  onely  its  forme,  and  the  putting  of 
his  conceptions  together ;  which  I  have  dressed  up  in  as  rural  a  garb 
as  I  thought  might  best  become,  and  recommended  then  for  practice. 
I  have  turn'd  over  many  both  late  and  ancient  books  (far  exceeding  this 
in  bulk),  pretending  to  direct  us  in  our  choice  of  the  fruit,  and  the 
planting  of  vineyards,  but  I  do  ingenuously  profess,  that  none  of  them 
have  appear'd  the  more  rational  and  worthy  our  imitation  than  these 
short  observations  of  Mr.  Roses,  and  which  I  so  much  the  more  value, 

*  An  excellent  print  in  the  line  manner,  13  inches  by  12,  was  engraved,  in  1823,  by  Robert 
Grave,  a  young  and  promising  artist,  from  the  curious  picture  at  Strawberry  Hill  of  King  Charles  II. 
receiving  the  first  pine-apple  cultivated  in  England,  from  Rose  his  gardener,  who  is  presenting  it 
on  his  knees,  at  Dawney  Court,  Buckinghamshire,  the  seat  of  the  celebrated  Duchess  of  Cleveland. 

f  In  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth  this  house  belonged  to  her  favourite,  the  Earl  of  Leicester, 
who  bequeathed  it  to  his  son-in-law,  Robert  Devereux  Earl  of  Essex,  when  it  changed  its  name 
from  Leicester  House  to  that  of  its  new  possessor.  It  stood  near  St.  Clement's  Church  in  the 
Strand,  and  the  site  is  still  retained  in  Essex  Street,  Essex  Place,  Essex  Court,  and  Devereux  Court. 

A  plan  of  the  house  and  gardens,  copied  from  Ogilby  and  Morgan's  Twenty  Sheet  Map  of 
London,  etched  by  Hollar,  may  be  seen  in  Smith's  Antiquities  of  Westminster,    4to.  1807. 


102 

as  I  consider  them  the  native  production  of  his  own  experience,  wi< 
obtruding  any  thing  upon  the  reputation  of  others,  which  is  now  be( 
the  most  pernitious  imposture  that  flatters  us  into  so  many  mistakes 
errours ;  whilst  men  follow  such  directions  as  they  meet  withal  in  p 
or  from  some  Monsieurs  new  come  over,  who  think  we  are  as  i 
oblig'd  to  follow  their  mode  of  gard'ning  as  we  do  that  of  their 
ments,  till  we  become  in  both  ridiculous.  I  might  here  add  somet 
of  ostentation,  by  deducing  the  pedigree  of  vineyards  from  the  j 
orieiital  Patriarch  of  them  to  this  day ;  but  it  will  be  of  more  en 
ragement  to  us,  when  we  shall  consider  how  frequently  they  were  1 
tofore  planted  in  this  country  of  ours,  as  they  still  continue  to  fc 
places  of  the  very  same  latitude  abroad ;  so  as  the  strange  deca 
them  amongst  us  for  these  latter  ages,  must  needs  proceed  fron 
other  cause  then  that  of  our  own  neglect,  and  the  common  viclssi 
of  things.  We  behold  it  in  that  of  timber  to  our  grief,  arid  the  se 
(almost  lost)  species  of  some.  Why  have  we  not  as  goodly  mast 
our  ships  as  our  neighbour  countries  ?  Why  is  the  elme,  the  wa 
and  the  chestnut,  so  decay'd  and  rare  amongst  us,  more  then  forn 
they  were  ?  But  of  this  I  have  elsewhere  given  an  account  moi 
large  *.     The  Vineyard  is  now  before  you. 

Philocepc 

*  "  Sylva ;  a  Discourse  of  Forest  Trees." 


THE 


GOLDEN  BOOK  OF  ST.  JOHN  CHRYSOSTOM, 


CONCERNING  THE 


EDUCATION  OF  CHILDREN. 


TRANSLATED    OUT    OF    THE    GREEK, 

BY 


ESQ. 


LONDON: 

PRINTED  BY  X>.  M.  FOR  G.  BEDEL  AND  T.  COLLINS,  AT  THE  MIDDLE  TEMPLE  GATE, 

IN  FLEET  STREET. 


1659. 


105 
The  epistle  DEDICATORY. 


To  my  most  incomparable  Brothers,  George  &  Richard  Evelyn, 
of  Wooton  and  Woodcot,  in  Surrey,  Esqrs. 
My  dear  Brothers, 

Amongst  the  very  many  diversions  which  I  have  experimented  to 
mitigate  and  attemper  the  sorrowes  which  do  still  oppresse  me,  for  the 
loss  of  my  children,  and  especially  of  that  One  so  precious  to  me  *,  I 
have  found  nothing  that  has  afforded  me  a  greater  consolation  then 
this ;  that  it  pleased  God  to  give  me  opportunities  and  such  a  subject  to 
work  upon,  as  I  cannot  but  hope  he  has  in  mercy  accepted.  And 
truly,  when  I  seriously  contemplate  the  felicity  of  all  those  which  are 
well  out  of  this  miserable  world,  I  'find  the  griefe  which  wee  conceive 
for  their  absence  to  be  a  meer  <p«XauT/a,  and  does  nothing  at  all  concerne 
them  whom  we  mourne  for,  that  have  served  God,  their  generation 
with  honour,  and  left  a  memorial  without  reproach.  You  have,'  Bro- 
thers, both  of  you  lost  children,  but  nohe  of  them  for  whom  you  had 
reason  to  be  so  sensible  as  my  selfe ;  because  they  died  infants,  and 
could  not  so  intirely  engage  your  affections  as  if  they  had  arrived  to 
yeers  of  more  maturity,  aiid  the  spring  had  flattered  you  with  the  expec- 
tation of  a  fruitful  harvest,  as  me  it  did. 

But  because  we  are  all  obnoxious,  and  that  cuivis  potest  accidere, 
quod  cuiquam  potest,  be  assured,  that  of  all  the  afflictions  which  can 
touch  the  heart  in  this  life,  one  of  the  most  superlative  is  the  loss  of  a 
hopeful  child  ;  and  'till  I  had  the  experience  of  this  my  self,  I  have 
often  wondered  that  David  should  suffer  himselfe  to  be  so ,  far  trans- 
ported for  the  death  of  a  rebel,  that  had  violated  all  the  relations  which 
ought  to  be  betwixt  a  son  and  a  most  indulgent  father.  I  know  well 
that  another  cause  might  contribute  to  the  effect,  but  all  who  shall 
read  that  sad  story  cannot  but  impute  as  much  to  his  paternal  affections 
as  by  Ynan  could  be  expressed. 


*  A  very  interesting  and  affecting  account  of  the  death  of  this  extraordinary  child  may  be  seen 
in  "  Memoirs,"  vol.  I.  p.  299  j  and  in  vol.  II.  p.  176,  a  beautiful  letter  of  consolation  is  addressed 
to  Mr.  Evelyn  by  the  eminent  Dr.  Jeremy  Taylor. 

P 


106 

These  are,  Brothers,  the  contingencies  which  (since  we  can  never 
be  exempted  perfectly  of)  have  caused  me  to  seek  the  remedies  which 
I  presume  here  to  have  at  last  encountered,  and  which  I  here  likewise 
affectionately  present  unto  you.  Let  us  make  our  children  fit  for  God, 
and  then  let  us  not  be  displeased  whensoever  he  takes  them  from  us. 
Deus  nobis  illos  educandos  non  mancipio  dederat.  There  are  a  multi- 
tude of  other  precepts  that  I  might  recollect  out  of  the  consolatory 
writings  which  are  at  hand ;  Plutarch  and  Cicero,  Seneca  and  others. 
But  all  their  topicks  (S.  Hierom  and  some  few  Christians  only  excepted) 
are  most  of  them  derived  from  philosophy,  the  pride  and  courage  of 
another  institution,  and  afford  us  but  uncertain  consolations  in  the  wiser 
estimate  of  things.  So  that  hereby  we  may  be  less  troubled  in  wanting 
the  writings  of  Diogenes,  Clitomachus,  Carneades,  Possidonius,  upon 
the  same  subject ;  there  being  nothing  capable  truly  to  compose  the 
mind  of  a  good  man  for  the  absence  of  his  friend  or  of  his  child,  like 
the  contemplation  of  his  undoubted  felicity. 

It  is  that  which  I  therefore  endeavor  here  to  secure,  in   offering 

to  you  this  Golden  Book  of'S.   Chrysostom,  which  having  afforded 

me  soe  great  a  consolation,  1  cannot  but  hope  may  be  likewise  accept' 

able  to  you,  and  useful  to  as  many  as  have  either  bin  touched  with 

the  like  resentiments,  or  that  do  establish  for  an  infallible  maxime 

that  saying  of  Plato  *,  ug  oiye  o'gflwff  vewcuSovfiisjioi,  trx^^ov  aycSoi  yiyovra, 

"  that  those  who  are  well  and  rightly  instructed,  do  easily  become  good 

men."     And  the  thing  is  verily  of  so  gr^it  importaace,' that  some  have 

taken  education  for  religion  it  selfe,  all  for  another  nature ;  which  he 

that  shall  read  of  the  Laconick  discipline  will  not  easily  dispute.     This 

is  certain,  that  were  this  one  thing  well  secured,  princes  would  have 

good  subjects,  fathers  good  children,  wives  good  husbands,  mastera 

good  servants,  God  would  be  sincerely  served,  and  all  things  would  be 

well  with  us.     And  here  I  would  now  end,  did  not  my  affections  a 

little  transport  me,  and  the  hopes  that  you  wiU  yet  indulge  it,  if,  whilst 

I  erect  to  my  dear  child  no  other  monumemt,  I  shew  to  the  wodd  how 

neerly  I  iHjncurr'd  with  the  instructions  of  this  Golden  Book  /before  I 

*  De  L^gibus. 


107 

had  seene  it),  and  what  may  l?e  expected  from  a  timely  education,  if 
(now  that  we  may  both  read  and  have  it)  we  with  diligence  pursue  it. 

I  cannot,  with  St.  Augustine  *,  say  of  my  son,  as  he  of  his,  Annorum 
erat  fere  quindecim,  §•  irigenio  proeveniehat  multos  graves  8f  doctos 
viros.  But  this  I  can  truely  affirm  ;  he  was  little  above  five  years  old, 
and  he  did  excel  many  that  I  have  known  at  fifteene.  Tarn  bfevi  spatio 
tempora  multa  compleverat.  He  was  taught  to  pray  as  soon  as  he 
could  speak,  and  he  was  taught  to  read  as  soon  as  he  could  pray.  At 
three  years  old  he  read  any  character  or  letter  whatsoever  used  in  our 
printed  books,  and,  within  a  little  time  after,  any  tolerable  writing  hand, 
and  had  gotten  (by  heart)  before  he  was  five  years  of  age  seven  or 
eight  hundred  Latine  and  Greek  words,  as  I  .have  since  calculated  out 
of  his  'Ovo[ji.a(riKoVf  together  with  their  genders  and  declensions.  I  entred 
him  then  upon  the  verbs,,  which  in  four  months  time  he  did  perfectly 
conjugate,  together  with  most  of  the  irregulars  excepted  in  our  gram- 
mar. These  he  conquered  with  incredible  delight,  and  intelligence  of 
their  use.  But  it  is  more  strange  to  consider,  that  when  from  them  I 
thought  to  set  him  to  the  nouns,  he  had  in  that  interim  (by  himself) 
learned  both  the  declensions  and  their  examples,  their  exceptions, 
adjectives,  comparisons,  pronouns,  without  any  knowledge  or  precept  of 
mine,  insomuch  as  I  stood  amazed  at  his  sedulity  and  memory.  This 
engaged  me  to  bring  him  a  Sententice  Pueriles,  and  a  Cato,  and  of 
late  Comenius ;  the  short  sentences  of  which  two  first,  and  the  more 
solid  ones  of  the  last,  he  learned  to  construe  and  parse  as  fast  as  one 
could  well  teach  and  attend  him  :  for  he  became  not  onely  dextrous  in 
the  ordinary  rules  by  frequent  recourse  to  them  (for  indeed  I  never 
obliged  him  to  get  any  of  them  by  art  as  a  task,  by.  that  same  carni- 
Jicina  puerorurn)  upon  occasions,  but  did  at  this  age  also  easily  com- 
prehend both  the  meaning  and  the  use  of  the  relative,  the  ellipsis,  and 
defects  of  verbs  and  nouns  unexpressed  f .  But  to  repeat  here  all  that 
I  could  justly  affirm  concerning  his  promptitude  in  this  nature,  were 


«  Conf.  lib,  9,  cap  6. 

f  Quid  in  illo  virtutum,  quid  ingenii,  quid  pietatis  invenerim,  vereor  dicere  ne  tidem  creduli- 
tatis  excedam.    Hier.  ad  Marcell.  Epitaph. 


108 

altogether  prodigious,  so  that  truly  I  have  been  sometimes  even  con- 
strained to  cry  out  with  the  father,  as  of  another  Adeodatus,  horrori 
mihi  est  hoc  ingenium.  For  so  insatiable  were  his  desires  of  knowledg, 
that  I  well  remember  upon  a  time  hearing  one  discourse  of  Terence  and 
Plautus,  and  being  told  (upon  his  enquiring  concerning  these  authors) 
that  the  books  were  too  difficult  for  him,  he  wept  for  very  grief,  and 
would  hardly  be  pacified  :  but  thus  it  is  reported  of  Thucydides,  when 
those  noble  Muses  were  recited  in  his  hearing,  at  one  of  the  most  illus- 
trious assemblies  of  Greece,  from  whence  was  predicted  the  greatness 
of  his  genius.  To  tell  you  how  exactly  he  read  French,  how  much  of 
it  he  spake  and  understood,  were  to  let  you  onely  know  that  his  mother 
did  instruct  him  without  any  confusion  te  the  rest.  Thus  he  learned  a 
catechism  and  many  prayers,  and  read  divers  things  in  that  language. 
More  to  bee  admired  was  the  liveliness  of  his  judgment,  that  being 
much  affected  with  the  diagramms  in  Euclid,  he  did  with  so  great  faci- 
lity interpret  to  me  many  of  the  common  postulata  and  definitions, 
which  he  would  readily  repeate  in  Latine  and  apply  it.  And  he  was 
in  one  hour  onely  taught  to  play  the  first  half  of  a  thorough  basse,  to 
one  of  our  Church  psalmes,  upon  the  organ.  Let  no  man  think  that 
we  did  hereby  crowd  his  spirit  too  full  of  notions.  Those  things  which 
we  force  upon  other  children  were  strangely  natural  to  him ;  for  as  he 
very  seldome  affected  their  toyes,  to  such  things  were  his  usual  recrea- 
tions as  the  gravest  man  might  not  be  ashamed  to  divert  himself  withal. 
These  were  especially  the  Apologues  of  ^sop,  most  of  which  he  could 
so  readily  recount,  with  divers  Other  stories,  as  you  would  admire  from 
whence  he  produced  them :  but  he  was  never  without  some  book  or 
other  in  his  hand.  Pictures  did  afford  him  infinite  pleasure  ;  above  all, 
a  pen  and  ink,  with  which  he  now  began  to  form  his  letters.  Thus  he 
often  delighted  himself  in  reciting  of  poems  and  sentences,  some  whereof 
he  had  in  Greek,  fragments  of  comedies,  divers  verses  out  of  Herbert, 
and,  amongst  the  psalmes,  his  beloved  and  often  repeated  ^cce  qudm 
bonum :  and  indeed  he  had  an  ear  so  curiously  framed  to  sounds,  that 
he  would  never  misse  infallibly  to  have  told  you  what  language  it  was 
you  did  read  by  the  accent  only,  were  it  Latine,  Greek,  French;,  Italian 
or  Dutch.     To  all  I  might  add,  the  incomparable  sweetness  of  his 


109 

countenance  and  eyes,  the  clean  fabrick  of  his  body  and  pretty  addresses  : 
how  easily  he  forgot  injuries,  when  at  any  time  I  would  break  and  crosse 
his  passions,  by  sometimes  interrupting  his  enjoyments,  in  the  midst  of 
some  sweet  or  other  delicious  things  which  allured  him :  that  I  might 
thereby  render  him  the  more  indifferent  to  all  things,  though  these  he 
seldom  quitted  without  rewards  and  advantage.  But  above  all,  ex- 
treamly  conspicuous  was  his  affection  to  his  younger  brother,  with  whose 
impertinencies  he  would  continually  bear,  saying,  he  was  but  a  child, 
and  understood  no  better.  For  he  was  ever  so  smiling,  cheerful,  and  in 
perfect  good  humour,  that  it  might  be  truly  verified  of  him,  as  it  was 
once  of  Heliodorus*,  grcauitatem  morum  hilarite  frontis  temperahat. 
But  these  things  were  obvious,  and  I  dwel  no  longer  on  them  :  there 
are  yet  better  behind  ;  and  those  are,  his  early  piety,  and  how  ripe  he 
was  for  God.  Never  did  this  child  lye  in  bed  (by  his  good  will)  longer 
then  six  or  seven,  winter  or  summer ;  and  the  first  thing  he  did  (being 
up)  was  to  say  his  French  prayers,  and  our  Church  Catechism;  after 
breakfast  that  short  Latine  prayer,  which  having  encountred.  at  the  be- 
ginning of  our  Lillie's  Grammar,  he  had  learned  by  heart,  without 
any  l^nowledge  or  injunction  of  mine,  and  whatsoever  he  so  committed 
to  memory,  he  would  never  desist  till  he  perfectly  understood  ;  yet  with 
all  this,  did  he  no  day  employ  above  two  houres  at  his  book  by  my 
order;  what  he  else  learned  was  most  by  hiraselfe,  without  constraint 
or  the  least  severity,  unseene,  and  totally  imported  by  his  own  inclina- 
tion. But  to  return,  wonderful  was  it  to  observe  the  chapters  which 
himselfe  would  choose,  and  the  psalmes  and  verses  that  he  would  apply 
upon  occasions,  and  as  in  particular  he  did  to  some  that  were  sick  in 
my  family  a  little  before  him,  bidding  them  to  consider  the  sufferings  of 
Christ,  how  bitter  they  were,  and  how  willingly  he  endured  them. 
How  frequently  would  be  pray  by  himself  in  the  day  time,  and  procure 
others  to  joyn  with  him  in  some  private  corner  of  the  house  apart  ? 
The  last  time  he  was  at  Church  (which  was,  as  I  remember,  at  Green- 
wich), at  his  return  I  asked  him  what  he  brought  away  from  the 
sermon ;  he  replyed,  that  he  had  remembred  two  good  things,  bonum 

*  Hierom. 


110 

gratice,  and  bonum  glorice,  which  expressions  were  indeed  used,  though 
I  did  not  believe  he  had  minded  them. 

I  should  even  tire  you  with  repeating  all  that  I  might  call  to  mind  of 
his  pertinent  answers  upon  several  occasions,  one  of  the  last  whereof  I 
will  only  instance.  When  about  Christmas  a  kinsman  of  his  related  to 
us  by  the  fire  side  some  passages  of  the  presumptuous  fasting  of  certain 
enthusiasts  about  Colchester,  whilst  we  were  expressing  some  admira- 
tion at  the  passage,  That,  sayes  the  child  (being  upon  the  gentlemans 
knee,  and,  as  we  thought,  not  minding  the  discourse),  is  no  such  wonder, 
for  it  is  written,  "  Man  shall  not  live  by  bread  alone,  &c."  But  more 
to  be  admired  was  his  perfect  comprehension  of  the  sacred  histories  in 
the  method  of  our  Golden  Author,  so  as  it  may  b.e  truly,  affirmed  of  this 
child,  as  it  was  once  said  of  Timothy  *,  Quodapuero  sacras  literas  nove- 
rat.  Nor  was  all  this  by  rote  only  (as  they  term  it),  for  that  he  was 
capable  of  the  greater  mystery  of  our  salvation  by  Christ  I  have  had 
many  infallible  indications.  And  Avhen  the  Lords  day  fortnight  before 
he  died,  he  repeated  to  me  our  Church  Catechism,  he  told  me  that  he 
now  perceived  his  godfathers  were  dis-engaged ;  for  that  since  he  him- 
self did  now  understand  what  his  duty  was,  it  would  be  required  of 
him,  and  not  of  them  for  the  future.  And  let  no  man  think,  that  when 
I  use  the  term  dis-engaged,  it  is  to  expresse  the  childs  meaning  with  a 
fine  word,  for  he  did  not  only  make  use  of  such  phrases  himself,  but 
would  frequently  in  his  ordinary  discourse  come  out  with  such  expres- 
sions as  one  would  have  admired  how  he  came  by  them ;  but  upon 
enquiry  he  would  certainly  have  produced  his  authority,  and  either  in 
the  Bible,  or  some  other  booke,  shewed  you  the  words  so  used.  How 
divinely  did  this  pious  infant  speake  of  his  being  weary  of  this  trouble- 
some world  (into  which  he  was  scarcely  entred),  and  whilst  he  lay  sick, 
of  his  desires  to  goe  to  Heaven ;  that  the  angels  might  conveye  him 
into  Abrahams  bosome,  passionately  perswading  those  that  tended  him 
to  dye  with  him ;  for  he  told  them  that  he  knew  he  should  not  live  : 
and  really,  though  it  were  an  ague  which  carried  him  from  us  (a  dis- 
ease which  I  least  apprehended,  finding  him  so  lively  in  his  interval), 

*  Tim,  iii,  15. 


Ill 

yet  the  day  before  he  took  his  leave  of  us,  he  call'd  to  me,  and  pro- 
nounced it  very  soberly  ;  Father  (sayes  he),  you  have  often  told  me 
that  you  would  give  me  your  house,  and  your  land,  your  bookes,  and 
all  your  fine  things ;  but  I  tell  you,  I  shall  have  none  of  them ;  you 
will  leave  them  all  to  my  brother.  This  he  spake  without  any  provo- 
cation or  passion ;  and  it  did  somewhat  trouble  me,  that  I  could  not 
make  him  alter  this  conceit,  which  in  another  would  be  esteemed  pro- 
phetick.  But  that  I  may  conclude,  and  shew  how  truly  jealous  this 
child  was  least  he  should  offend  God  in  the  least  scruple,  that  very 
morning,  not  many  bowres  before  he  fell  into  that  sleepe  which  was  his 
last,  being  in  the  midst  of  his  paroxcisme,  he  called  to  me,  and  asked 
of  me  whether  he  should  not  offend,  if  in  the  extremity  of  his  pain  he 
mentioned  so  often  the  name  of  God  calling  for  ea§e ;  and  whether  God 
would  accept  his  prayers  if  be  did  not  hold  his  hands  out  of  bed  in  the 
posture  of  praying?  which  when  I  had  pacified  him  about,  he  prayed, 
till  his  prayers  were  turned  into  eternal  praises.  Thus  ended  your 
nephew,  being  but  five  years  five  monethes  and  three  dayes  old,  and 
more  I  could  still  say.  Nam  quern  eorpore  non  valemus  recordoHone 
teneamus,  et  cum  quo  loqui  non  possumus  de  eo  loqui  nunquam  desi- 
namus.  But  my  tears  mingle  so  fest  with  my  inke,  that  I  must  breake 
oflF  here,  and  be  silent — I  end  therefore  with  that  bleSsed  Saint :  Munera 
tua  tibi  confiteor,  Domine  Dms  mens,  Creator  omnium,  multum  potem 
reformare  nostra  deformia :  nam  ego  in  illo  puero,  preeter  delictum 
nihil  haheham,.  Quod  enim  enutriebatur  &  nobis  in  discipline  tud.  Tu 
inspira  veras  nobis,  nullus  alius.  Munera  tua  tibi  confiteor. — Gito  de 
terra  abstulisti  vitam  ejus,  et  securior  eum  recordor.  Deare  Brothers, 
indulge  me  these  excesses.  It  is  not  a  new  thing  which  I  doe.  S* 
Hierom  wrote  divers  Epistles,  which  he  inscribed  his  Epitaphs;  and  never 
was  a  Paula  or  Estochium  dearer  to  him  then  this  your  nephew  was  to, 

Dear  B.  B.      , 
Your  most  affectionate  brother  and  most  humble  servant, 

J.  E. 
Grot,  ad  Patrem. 
Carere  liberis  durum  non  est,  nisi  his  qui  habuerunt . 


112 


Epitaphium  *. 

R.  Evelyn,  I.  F. 

Qiiiescit  hoc  sub  marmore, 

Una  quiescit  quicquid  est  amabile, 

Patres  quod  optent,  aut  quod  orbi  lugeant. 

Genas  decentes  non,  ut  ante,  risus 

Lepore  condit  amplius. 

Morum  venustas,  quanta  paucis  contigit 

Desideratur  omnibus. 

Lingua  Latina,  Gallica, 

Quas  imbibit  cum  lacte  materno,  tacent. 

Tentarat  artes,  artiumque  principiis 

Pietatis  elementa  hauserat. 

Libris  inhaesit  improbo  labore, 

Ut  sola  mors  divelleret. 

Quid  indoles,  quid  disciplina,  quid  labor 

Possint,  abuno  disceres. 

Puer  stupendus  qualis  hie  esset  senex, 

Si  fata  vitae  subministrassenf  iter ! 

Sed  aliter  est  visum  Deo. 

Correptus  ille  febriculalevijacet: 

Jacent  tot  una  spes  parentum.  « 

Vixit  ANN.  V.  M.  V.  Ill  super  D. 

Eheu !  delicias  breves. 

Quicquid  placet  mortale  non  placet  diu, 

Quicquid  placet  mortale  ne  placeat  nimis. 

*  This  epitaph  was  written  by  Christopher  Wase,  a  distant  relation  of  Sir  Richard  Browne, 
with  whom  Evelyn  became  acquainted  at  Paris  in  1652}  and  whom  he  brought  to  England,  where 
he  ultimately  provided  for  him.  See  "  Memoirs,"  vol.  I.  p.  255.  This  information  is  derived 
from  a  manuscript  note  in  a  copy  of  the  present  Tract,  formerly  in  the  possession  of  the  late 
J.  Bindley,  Esq.  , 


TO    THE    READER. 


I  ADVERTISE  the  Reader  that  this  Golden  Book  of  S*  Chrysostom 
is  not  to  be  encountred  amongst  any  of  his  Works  formerly  published; 
but  hath  (amongst  other  fragments  of  that  incomparable  Author)  bin 
lately  produced  out  of  a  MS.  in  the  Cardinals  Library  at  Paris,  by 
the  industry  of  Father  Francis  Combesis,  of  the  Order  of  the  Friers 
Preacher,  and  there  printed  the  last  year,  1656. 


THE 


GOLDEN  BOOK  OF  ST.  JOHN  CHRYSOSTOM, 


CONCERNING    THE 


EDUCATION  OF  CHILDREN*. 


So  soon  as  ever  a  child  is  borne,  the  father  bestirs  himself,  not  that 
he  may  rightly  take  order  about  his  education,  but  that  he-may  magni- 
ficently set  him  forth,  and  adorn  him  with  jewels  and  rich  apparel.  O 
Vain  man,  wherfore  dost  thou  this  ?  Be  it  that  thou  thyself  art  cloathed 
with  all  these  things,  why  dost  thou  instruct  thy  child,  as  yet  free  from 
this  madnesse,  in  these  trifles  ?  For  what,  purpose  dost  thou  put  that 
ornament  about  his  neck  ?  He  needs  the  care  of  a  diligent  tutor,  who 
may  coflipose  and  regulate  his  manners :  he  hath  no  need  of  gold.  And 
thou  dost  nourish  him  a  lock  of  hair  behind  like  a  girle,  efl^eminating 
thy  son  even  from  the  very  cradle.  Softning  thus  the  vigor  of  his  sex, 
engraftest  into  that  tender  age  a  superfluous  love  of  riches,  and  dost 
perswade  him  to  the  pursuit  of  those  things  which  are  totaly  unuseful. 
Why  dost  thou  spread  for  him  so  large  a  spare  ?  Wherefore  doSt  thou  so 
charm  him  with  the  love  of  corporal  things  ?  If  a  man  (saith  S^  Paul) 
have  long  hair  it  is  a  shame  unto  himf.  Nature  will  not  endure  it ; 
God  hath  not  indulg'd  it ;  'tis  a  thing  altogether  forbidden  ;  it  is  the 
practice  of  Gentil  superstitionf.  But  many  there  be  who  hang  gold  in 
their  ears.  I  would  that  were  wholy  forborn  even  by  the  female  sex ;  you 
infect  boyes  vvith  this  pest  also;  nay,  and  there  are  very  many  who  deride 
these  discourses  as  if  they  were  small  matters.  I  tell  you,  they  are 
not  small  matters  but  exceeding  great,  and  very  considerable.     A  maid, 


*  Originally  published  16th  Sept,  165S,  "  which,"  says  Evelyn,  "  I  dedicated  to  both  my  brothers, 
to  comfort  them  on  the  loss  of  their  children."— Memoirs,  vol.  I.  p.  314. 
+  1st  Cor.  xi.  14, 

Q 


114 

when  in  her  mothers  chamber  she  hath  learned  to  long  after  these  various 
tires  and  ornaments  of  women,  being  gone  out  of  her  fathers' house,  be- 
comes impertinent  to  her  husband,  and  very  troublesome,  putting  him 
to  more  charges  then  the  very  publicans.  I  have  already  told  you,  that 
it  is  therefore  a  difficult  thing  to  reform  a  vice,  because  there  is  no  body 
which  takes  the  care  of  children,  no  body  discourses  to  them  about  vir- 
ginity, no  body  concerning  modesty,  no  body  of  the  contempt  of  riches 
and  glory,  and  no  body  speaks  to  them  of  those  blessed  promises  which 
are  made  in  the  Scriptures. 

If  therefore  children  be  from  their  infancy  deprived  of  governors,  what 
will  become  of  them  ?  If  some  from  the  womb  even  to  their  old  and 
decrepit  age,  having  been  instituted,-  are  not  yet  arrived  to  perfection, 
what  will  not  thev  perpetrate,  who  from  the  beginning  of  their  life  have 
accustomed  themselves  to  hear  such  discourses  !  Now  indeed  that  their 
children  may  be  instructed  in  the  arts, 'letters^  and  eloquence,  every  one 
doth  studiously  contend  ;  but  that  they  may,  >  cultivate  their  minds  few 
or  none  are  at  all  solicitous.  I  will  never  desist  to  beseech,  to  entreat, 
knd  to  beg  of  you,  thai  before  all  things  else  whatsoever,  yoti  would 
now  compose  the  manners  of  your  children.  For  If  thou  wilt  be  truly 
indulgent  to  thy  child,  deelaTeit  in  this,  thou  shalt  not  lose  thy  reward. 
Hear  what  St.  Paul  saith  *,  "  If .  they  continue  in  faith  and  charity, 
and  holinesse  with  sobriety;"  And  ;  though  thou  art  conscious  to  thy 
self  of  never  so  many  evils,  the  rather  seek,  out  some  consolation  for 
them.  Make  a  Champion  for  Christ:  I  do  not  speak  it  that  thou 
shouldst  coelibat  him,  send  him  into  the  desarts,  send  make  him  a  monk  ; 
I  say  not  so ;  I  wish  It  Indeed,  and  would,  with  all  my  heart,  that  every 
man  could  receive  it :  but  "since  that  may  seem  a  burthen  too  great  for 
him  to  support,  I  do  not  compel.  Bring  up  a  Champion  (I  say)  for 
Christ,  and  whilst  he  remains  in  this  world  instruct  him  from  his  very 
cradle.  If  whilst  he  Is  yet  young  thou  imprint  good  principles  in  him^ 
no  body  shall  be  ever  able  to  eiface  them  when  he  becomes  more  firme 
being  then  as  the  wax  which  hath  received  the  Impression.  As  yet 
thou  hast  him  trembling,  fearful,  and  revering  thy  very  looks,  thy  words. 


*  1  Timothy,  chap.  ii.  v.  15. 


115 

atid  every  little  beck.  Treat  him  as  thou  shouldst  at  the  beginning; 
If  thou  have  a  good  child,  thou  wilt  have  the  first  benefit  of  him,  and 
then  God.  Thou  labourest  but  for  thy  self.  'Tis  reported,  that  when 
pearles  are  first  taken  up,  they  are  only  little  drops  of  water,  so  that  he 
which  receives  them  being  skilful,  placing  the  drops  in  his  hand,  and 
exquisitely  turning. them  in  his  palm,  renders  them-  perfectly  round  and 
polished.  But  whea  once  they  have  attained  their  perfect  shape  and 
become  hard,  thfey  are  no  more  to  be  moulded  to  every  mans  fancy ;  foe 
that  which,  is  soft  is  every  .way  flexible,  being  not  as  yet  compacted, 
and  therefore  is. easily  drawn  which  way  one  pleaseth  ;  ]but  that  which 
is  hard,  as  having  once  attained  a  disposition  to  stiflFnesse,  is  with  diffi- 
culty to  be  moved,  .or  susceptible  of  any  other  form. 

liCt  then  every  one  of  us  (who  are  •' parents)  as  we  behold  painters 
adorning  their  pictures  and  statues  with  so  much  exactneisse,  be  dili- 
gently sjtudioas  about  these  wonderful  statues.     For  when  painters  have 
once  designed  a  picture,  they  work  every  day  about  it  to  bring  it  to  per- 
fection ;  the  same  do  statuaries^  abating  what  is  superfluous,  and  adding 
whatsoever  is  deficient.     So  you  also,  like  so  many  statuaries,  bend, all 
ybur  endeavors, ,  as  preparing  those  admirable  statues  for  God,  take  away 
that  which  is  superfluous,  add  that  which- you  find  w-anting  .•  consider 
every  day  how  they  abound  in  natural  endowments,  that  you  may  timely 
augment  them  :  what  natural  defects  you  espy,  that  you  may  accord- 
ingly abate  them:  but  with  all  sedulity,  and  above  all  things,  be  careful 
to  exterminate  unseemly  speeches,  for  this  custom  begins  extremly  tp 
infect  the  minds  of  youth ;  yea,  and  before  he  have  essayed  it,  teach  him 
to  be  sober,   to  be  vigilant  and  assiduous  in  his  devotions,  and  upon 
whatsoever  he  saith  or  doth  to  put, the  seal  upon  it*     Imagine  thy  self  a 
(TippsytSot  king  who  hast  a  city  to  govern,  the  mind  of  thy  child ;  for  really 
the  mind  is  a  city ;  and  as  in  a  city  some  are  thieves,  some  live  honestly, 
some  labourj  and  others  transact  all  they  do  foolishly ;  just  so  it  is  with 
the  discourses  and  cogitations  of  the  mind ;  some  of  them  strive  and  mi- 
litate against  injuries,  like  as  in  a  city  there  are  souldiers  ;  some  of  these 
thoughts  provide  for  the  body  and  houshold,  like  the  senators  of  a  city  ; 
others  command  in  chief,  such  as  are  governors ;  some  speak  lascivious 
thino-s,  such  as  shamelesse  men,  others  naore  modest,  such  as  are  modest 


116 

persons  :  some  againe  are  efFeminate,  as  women  be  amongst  us ;  others 
discourse  more  indiscreetly,  like  children ;  some  domineer  as  if  over 
vassals,  because  they  are  domesticks  ;  others  as  over  the  free  borne, 
because  they  are  noble  and  ingenuous.  We. must  therefore  of  necessitie 
have  laws,  that  we  may  exterminate  these  evil  cogitations  and  cherish 
those  which  are  good  ;  but  never  let  us  permit  the  evil  to  rebel  against 
the  good.  For  as  in  a  city,  if  one  should  constitute  laws  giving  liberty 
and  impunity  to  thieves,  it  would  soon  subvert  all :  and  if  the  souldiers 
pursue  their  fury  without  respect  to  what  is  fit,  all  things  fall  to  confu- 
sion ;  and  if  every  one  quitting  his  due  order,  take  upon  him  to  prose- 
cute that  which  belongs  to  another,  by  this  usurpation  and  avarice  he 
violates  and  utterly  spoiles  the  whole  government.  It  is  truly  no  other- 
wise in  that  which  we  have  spoken.  , 

The  mind  of  a  child  is  therefoje  a  city,  a  city  newly  built  and  fur- 
nished, a  city  full  of  new  inhabitants,  and  as  yet  wholly  unexperienced. 
'Tls  an  easie  matter  to  instruct  and  model  such  :  for  those  which  have 
been  at  first  possest  and  grown  up  with  evil  principles,  such  as  are  many 
old  persons,  are  truly  with  great  difficulty  reformed,  though  neither  is 
that  impossible  (for  even  they  themselves  may  be  converted  if  they  will) 
but  such  as  are  totally  ignorant,  will  with  ease  embrace  the  laws  which 
you  en joyn  them. 

Establish  laws  therefore  in  this  city,  and  for  those  who  are  denisons 
of  it,  formidable  and  severe  laws,  which  if  any  shall  dare  to  violate,  ap- 
prove thyself  a  governor  and  revenge  it ;  for  it  is  to  no  purpose  to  enact 
laws,  unlesse  punishment  be  also  inflicted  :  make  laws  then,  and  look 
diligently  to  your  work  ;  for  know,  that  wee  impose  lawes  upon  no  lesse 
then  the  universe  it  selfe.  To  day  we  build  a  city,  let  the  four  senses  be  the 
bulwarks  and  the  gates,  and  let  all  the  rest  of  the  bodie  be  as  the  walls. 
Now  these  gates  are  the  eyes,  the  tongue,  the  eares,  and  the  nose,  and 
(if  you  please)  also  the  touch.  Through  these  overtures  it  is  that  the 
dtizens  go  out  and  in ;  that  is  to  say,  by  these  ports  it  is  that  our  co- 
gitations are  corrupted  or  amended. 

Go  to  then,  and  first  let  us  go  to  the  gate  of  the  tongue,  since  this  is 
of  all  the  rest  the  chief,  and  the  greatest  port ;  let  us  now  prepare  for  it 
the  doors  and  its  barres,  not  of  wood  nor  of  iron,  but  of  gold,  for  the  very 


117 

city  it  self  which  is  thus  built  is  of  gold,  and  not  any  man,  but  he  that 
isi  the  King  of  the  Universe  shall  keep  his  court  in  this  city,  if  thus 
you  prepare  it:  and  you  shall  perceive  by  the  processe  his  speech,  in 
what  parts  of  this  city  to  consign  him  a  palace..  Let  us  therefore  make 
the  doors  and  the  barrs  for  it  of  gold,  I  say  ;  namely,  the  Oracles  of 
God,  as  the  Prophet  speaketh.  "  The  words  of  God  are  more  delicious 
than  honey  or  the  honey  comb,  above  gold  and  much  precious  stone  *." 
Let  us  teach  them  to  have  these  things  continually  in  their  mouths  and 
wheresoever  they  stir,  and  that  not  slightly,  nor  perfunctorily  or  sel- 
dom, but  without  ceasing.  Nor  is  it  yet  sufficient  that  the  doors  be 
overlayed  with  gold,  but  they  must  be  framed  altogether  of  solid  gold, 
and  having  the  precious  stones  fixed  one  against  another  without.  Let, 
the  Crosse  of  our  Lord  be  the  barre  of  thesfe  gates,  which  is,  indeed, 
every  where  inchased  with  stones  of  price  :  let  this  then  bee  put  athwart 
the  middle  of  the  gates ;  and  when  we  shall  thus  have  made  the  doores 
fast,  solid,  and  of  gold,  and  shut  to  the  bolt,  let  us  then  make  them 
worthy  citizens  ;  namely,  by  instructing  the  child  to  speak  gravely  and 
piously,  banishing  all  strangers  out  of  town,  lest  otherwise  a  certaine 
impure  and  infected  rabble  enter,  and  commix  themselves  with  our 
citizens,  such  as  are  reproachful  words,  injurious  and  foolish,  filthy 
speeches,  secular  and  worldly ;  all  these  let  us  eject ;  nor,  besides  the 
King  only,  permit  any  to  passe  these  gates  ;  but  to  him,  and  to  all  his 
retinue,  let  them  be  still  opened,  according  as  it  is  said  of  it  f,  ^'  This  is 
the  gate  of  the  Lord,  the  righteous  shall  enter  into  it."  And,  with  the" 
blessed  Paul  J,  '■  If  there  be  any  word  which  is  good  to  the  use  of  edi- 
fying, that  it  may  minister  grace  to  the  hearers."  Let  their  talk  be 
giving  of  thanks,  modest  songs,  and  let  them  alwayes  be  discoursing  of 
God,  and  of  that  philosophy  which  is  from  above. 

But  which  way  shall  we  now  eifect  all  this  ?  and  from  what  topicks 
shall  we  instruct  them  ?  If  we  become  severe  judges  of  the  actions 
which  they  do,  for  in  a  child  there  is  an  extraordinary  facility.  How  ? 
He  contends  not  for  wealth  nor  for  glory  ;  he  is  yet  a  child  :  not  for 
a  wife,  not  for  children,   not  for  an  house;  therefore  what  occasion 


*  Psalm  xix.  ver.  1 1 .  and  Psalm  cxix.  ver.  103.        f  Psalm  jd.  verse  ?0.        f  Eph.  ch.  iv,  ver.  29. 


118 

hath  he  to  injure  or  traduce  any  one  ?     He  only  contends  with  his 
equals.     Appoint  him  a  law  immediately,  that  he  wrong  none,  that  he 
defame  none,   that   he  do  not  swear,  that  he   be   peaceable ;    and  if 
you  shall  perceive  him  to   transgresse  this  law,  chastize  him  some- 
times with  a  sterne  countenance,  sometimes  with  sharp  reproofs,  such 
as  may  go  to  the  quick,  and  upbraid  him,  and  now  and  then  sooth 
and  flatter  him  with  promises.     Treat  him  not  alwayes  with  blows, 
nor  accustome  thyself  so,  to  chastize  him  j  for  if  thou  art  used  to  correct 
him  every  day,    he  will  soon  learne   to  dei^pise  it,  and   having  once 
learned  to  do  so,  it  utterly  marres  all :  rather  cause  him  alwayes   to 
fear  the  rod,  not  alwayes  to  feel  it :  shake  indeed  the  scourge,  but  touch 
him  not  with  it,  neither  from  threats  proceed  to  the  work:  but  let  him  hot 
know  that  your  words  are  only  menaces ;  f6r  then  threatenings  are  only 
proper/  when  children  believe  they  will  proceed  to  deeds  :   for  if  the 
offender  once  understand  this  oeconomy,  he  will  soon  cOntemrife  it :  let 
him  therefore  expect  to  be  chastized,  but  yet  let  him  not  be  chastized, 
lest  it  extinguish  his  reverence ;  rather  let  it  remaine  like  a  glowing 
fire,  and  every  where  burn  up  the  thornes,  or,  like  a  keen  pick-axe,  let 
it  dig  to  the  very  bottom.     And  when  once  you  perceive  that  you  have 
gained  any  fruit  by  fear,  remit  a  little,  for  there  is  due  even  to  our  vel-y 
natures  some  relaxation.     Teach  him  to  be  modest  and  courteous  ;  but 
if  you  perceive  him  to  do  any  injury  to  his  servant,  connive  not  at  it,  but 
check  your  child  though  free;  for  bee  that  shall  see  he  is  not  permitted 
to  reproach  his  very  lacquey,  will  much  lesse  dare  to  injure  or  miscal  one 
that  is  free-borne  and  his  equal.     Lock  up  his  niouth  from  ill  lan- 
guage ;  if  you  find  him  accusing  of  any,  stop  the  mouth,  and  convert 
your  tongue  against  her  own  errors. 

Admonish  his  mother,  his  paedagogue  and  his  set-vantj  that  they  still 
speak  and  inculcate  the  same  things  to  the  child,  that  they  may  all  of 
them  be  his  keepers  together,  and  diligently  observe  that  none  of  those 
evil  cogitations  proceed  from  hi^  mouth,  and  those  golden  portals. 

Do  not  imagine  that  the  thing  requires  so  much  time,  provided  that 
from  the  beginning  thou  presse  it  earnestly  upon  him,  threaten,  and  dost 
constitute  so  many  guards  over  him.  Two  months  will  be  sufficient  all 
things  will  be  redressed,  the  business  established,  and  pass  into  very 
nature  it  selfe. 


119 

By  this  means  will  this  gate  be  made  worthy  for  the  Lord,  when  there 
shall, be  neither  .filthy  speech,  scurrility^  nor  folly,  or  any  such  thing, 
but  Ml  as  becomes  such,  a  Master.  For  as  those  who  train  up  their 
children  to  serve  the  State  in  the  wars,  immediately  instruct  their  war- 
like youth  in  the  art  of  s.hooting,  to  put  on  the  corslet,  and  manage  the 
great  horse,  their  age  and  stature  being,  no  impediment  ;<  how  much 
rather  then  those  which  are  entered  into  the  heavenly  militia,'  ought 
they  to  provide  themsfelves  with  those  accoutrements  for  the  service  of 
their  King  ?  Learn  him,  therefore,  to  sing"  praises  to  God,  that  he 
have  no, leisure  for  im purer  songs  and  foolish  discourses.  ... 

And  be  this  gate  thus  guarded,  and  such  citizens  elected ;  the  rest  let 
us  destroy  within,  as  the  bees  do  the  drones,  not  suffering  them  to  go 
forth,  or  once  to  buz  at  .home. 

.  ]3ut  .now  let  us  proceed  to  the  next  gate.  What  is  that  ?  even  that 
which  is  the,  next,,  and  .of  our  near  affinity  with  it,  1  mean  the  Hearing  ; 
for  .th^t. gate  indeed  hath  citizens  which  passe  out  from  within,  but 
npn^  have  admission  through  it  j  but;in  this  they  enter  in  from  without, 
and  ,there  are  none  which  by  it  do  sally  forth.  This,  therefore,-  hath 
gfeat ,  ?iffinity  with  the  other;  for  if  no  filthy  nor  polluted  thing  be 
suffered  to  climb  up  by  this  portal,  there  will  be  no  great  difficulty  to 
pre^rve  the  other ;  since  he  which  doth  not  heare  filthy  and  wicked 
things,  does  not  likely  speak  wicked  things  ;  but  if  these  lie  open  and 
common  to  a.11,  the  danger  will  be  great,  and  give  disturbance  to  all  that 
are  withijo.  This  then,  peradventure,  were  first  to  have  been  spoken  of, 
and  the.entrance  tojiave  bin  secured. 

Let  children,  therefore,  heare  nothing  impertinent,^  neither  of  their 
doipestlfiks  nor  their  governors,  nor  their  nurse  :  for  as  plants  have  then 
most  need  flf  care,  when  they  are  yong  and  tender,  so  have  children. 
Provide  them  careful  and  virtuous  nurses,  that  a  good  foundation 
Ije  l£^id  at  first,  and  that  from  their  very  infancy  they  receive  nothing  of 
evil.  Let  them  then  never  hear  any  foolish  and  old  wives  fables  :  such 
a  person  (says  he)  gave  such  a  one  a  kisse ;  the  Emperors  son  and  his 
little  daughter  did  this  and  this  ;  permit  them  to  hear  none  of  these 
matters ;  but  other  things  they  may  hear,  so  they  be  related  without 
any  circumlocution,  and  with  all  fidelity.     They  may,  indeed,  hear  the 


1.20 

discourses  of  their  servants,  and  those  which  wait  upon  them  :  but  'tis 
not  fitting  to  mix  with  all  promiscuously,  and  with  the  domesticks  in 
general :  but  let  them  be  known  what  they  are,  as  it  becomes  them 
whom  we  take  as  assistants  for  the  framing  of  these  artificial  statues. 

For  if  it  be  necessary  that  being  skilful  architects,  and  building  a 
palace  for  the  Prince,  we  admit  not  all  the  servants  in  common  to  be  our 
associates  in  the  edifice ;  shall  we  now,  when  we  are  erecting  a  city,  and 
making  citizens  for  the  King  of  Heaven,  admit  of  all  rashly  to  the 
work  ?  Let  those  servants  vi^hich  are  indeed  fitted  for  it  be  taken  to 
our  assistance  :  and  in  case  we  can  find  none,  enquire  after  some  inge- 
nuous person  for  a  stipend,  such  a  one  as  is  virtuous  ;  and  commit  rather 
all  things  to  him,  that  he  be  taken  in  as  a  coadjutor  of  the  work. 

Let  them  by  no  means  therefore  hear  such  idle  fables  ;  but  when  the 
child  is  to  have  relaxation  from  his  taske  (for  the  mind  is  much  de- 
lighted to  stay  a  little  upon  old  stories)  discourse  freely  to  him,  and 
withdrawing  him  as  much  as  possible  from  childish  sports,  remember 
thou  bringest  up  a  philosopher,  and  a  champion,  and  a  citizen  of 
Heaven.  Discourse  therefore  with  him,  and  tell  him — Once  upon  a 
time  at  the  beginning,  a  father  had  two  sons,  both  pf  them  brothers. 
Here  pause  a  little  ;  then  go  on.  ,They  came  both  out  of  the  same 
body,  one  of  them  was  the  elder,  and  the  other  the  younger.  The  first 
was  a  husbandman,  and  his  brother  was  a  shepherd,  that  us'd  to  lead 
out  his  flock  upon  the  downes  and  amongst  the  thickets.  Sweeten  then 
your  discourse  with  some  pretty  diversion,  that  the  child  may  take 
delight  in  what  you  say,  least  it  becomes  tedious.  The  other  sowed 
s6ed  in  the  ground  and  planted  trees.  But  upon  a  time  they  went  to 
serve  God,  and  the  shepherd  taking  the  very  best  lamb  of  all  his  flock 
offered  it  up  to  God.  Is  it  not  d  thousand  times  better  to  discourse 
these  things  to  them,  then  to  amuse  them  with  I  know  not  what  won- 
ders of  the  Golden  Fleece,  and  the  like  ?  Then  encourage  his  attention 
again  ;  for  the  narration  itself  is  a  very  serious  matter,  there  is  ndthinp- 
in  it  false,  all  is  out  of  Scripture.  Now  because  he  offered  to  God  the 
firstling  and  prime  of  his  flock,  there  came  presently  fire  down  from 
Heaven,  and  snatched  up  all  that  lay  upon  the  altar. 

But  the  elder  brother  did  not  behave  himself  in  this  manner  but  out 


..  121 

he  goes,  and  reserves  for  himself  the  best  and  first-fruits  of  his  labours, 
offering  the  second  and  the  worst  to  God ;   and  God  accordingly  had 
'  no  respect  unto  it,  but  slighted  and  turned  from  it :   letting  it  He  still 
upon  the  ground  ;  when  as  the  others  he  received  up  to  himself.  Just  as 
it  happens  with  those  who  are  the  stewards  and  bailiffs  over  our  farmes, 
when  they  come  to  present  their  fruits  :  one  of  them  his  master  honours 
and  brings  him  into  the  house,   the  other  he  lets  stand  regardlesse 
'  without.    Just  so  it  fell  out  here.  But  what  followed  this  now  ?    Why, 
the  elder  brother  became  dejected,  and  as  one  that  saw  himself  despised 
and  not  approved  of,  walks  melancholy  out.     And  God  saves  to  him, 
'Wherefore  art  thou  so  sad  ?  knowest  thou  not  that  thou  didst  oflFer  to 
God  }  why  then  didst  thou  me  that  injury  ?  What  hadst  thou  to  com- 
plain of  ?     How  comes  it  to  pass  that  thou  oflFredst  the  refuse  to  me  ?' 
Here,  if  you  think  fit  to  descend  more  to  his  capacity,  you  may  add. 
That  he  having  nothing  at  all  to  reply,  held  his  peace  and  answered  not 
a  word.  ^ 

'A  little  after  this,  spying  his  yonger  brother,  he  sayes  to  him, 
*  Cdme,  prithy,  let  us  walk  a  little  out  in  the  fields ;'  and  when  they 
were  there,  surprising  him  treacherously,  and  being  stronger,  he  kills 
his  poor  brother,  and  thought  that  he  should  conceal  it  all  from  God. 
But  God  comes  to  him,  and  asks  him,  '  Where  is  thy  brother  ?'  '  What 
can  I  tell  ?'  replies  he  ;  '  Am  I  my  brothers  keeper  ?'  Then  sayes  God 
to  him,  *  Behold  thy  brother's  blood  cryes  to  me  from  the  earth.' 

Let  the  mother  sit  by  whilst  the  mind  of  the  child  is  moulding  with   ' 
these  discourses,  that  she  now  and  then  interpose,  and  praise  that  whiqh 
is  recounted.     But  what  followed  all  this  ?     God  took  him  up  into 
heaven,  and  he  being  dead,  lives  above  for  ever.     By  this  means  the 
child  will  begin  to  learn  the  doctrine  of  the  resurrection  ;   for  they  use 
to  relate  such  stories  in  fables :   They  made  her  (sayes  one)  a  demi- 
goddess,  and  the  child  believes  it,  and  though  he  know  not  what  a 
demi-god  is ;  yet  he  imagines  it  something  which  is  more  then  a  man, 
and  he  wonders  presently  at  the  hearing  of  it  •  how  much  more,  then, 
when  he  shall  hear  of  the  resurrection,  that  his  soul  ascended  into 
heaven,  and  that  God  immediately  took  him  up.     But  as  for  the  mur- 
therer,  having  lived  many  years  after,  miserably  unfortunate,  and  conti- 

R 


12g 

nually  in  fear  and  trembling,  h^  §ufFer§d  innumerable  evils,  and  was 
punished  every  day.  Speak  tp  hiin  concerning  the  punition  with 
terror,  not  gently.  Th^t-  hje  hes^rd  God  say,  *  Thou  ghalt  be  groaning 
and  trembling  upon  thp  f&ce  of  the  earth/  The  phild  indeed  knows -not 
what  this  signifies  at  first ;' but  say  It,  however.  As  you,  when  you 
stand  perplexed  before  your  master,  shortly  to  be  whipped,  tremble  and 
fear  ;  so  he  lived  all  his  life-time;,  s^ftpr  he  had  thus  Qflpended  God.  And 
hitherto  shall  sufficcjfor  the  firgt.  ?  :  .' , 

Afterwards,  one  evening  ag  you  are  at  supper,  talke  of  this  again  to 
him,  and  let  his  mother  repeat  the  same  things ;  and  then  when  he 
hath  heard  it  ^evieral  times  over,  require  it  of  him.  '  My  son,  recite  mid 
the  stpry ;  and,  the  nipre  tp  encourage  him,  when  ypu  find  he  hath 
retained  it,  you  shall  prpppse  to  him  some  reward,  The  mind  will, 
indeed,  upon  tjie  first  narration  of  this  history,  gather  some  fruit  by 
you,  as  you  m&ke  the  deduction.  After  this,  say  thus:  'Do  yousee^ 
child,  what  a  horrible  thing  it  is  to  envy  ones  brother  .'  Do  you  ner-^ 
ceive  what  a  crime  it  is  to  think  one  can  hide  any  thing  from  God  } 
for  be  sees  ^U  things  ;  yea,  even  those  things  which  are  committed, sin 
secret.'  So  that  sowing  this  doptrine  onely  in  the  child,  thou  wilt  have 
no  n^ed  of  a  pedagogue,  since  the  feare  which  the  Deity  doth  hereby; 
work  in  him,  will  affect  the  child  beyond  every -pther  apprehension 
whatsoever,  and  extreamly  niove  his  mind.  -.., 

But  this,  is  not  all;  .you  shall  l§ad  him  also  Jo  church,  and  then  espe- 
cially when  the  lesson  is  rejad,  how  you  shall  perceive  him  to  exult 
dance  and, r^jbyce,  that  what  every  body  does  not  know  he  does,  out- 
running in  hisrunderstanding  the  words  of  the  minister,  and arg^jng 
thit  iheiknowes  that  already,  and  receiving^wpriderfull  fruit  by  it.  And 
by  this  the  thing  will  become  sufficiently  fixed  in  his  memory. '  J.Theye 
are  many  other  advantages  to  be  reaped  from  this  narration.  fo- 

!  Let  him  be  taught,  therefore  by  you,^  thHt  from  the  very  beginning, 
from  the  ;dg4jh  pf  this  ehild,  we  are  instructed  not  to  grieve  when  we  are 
aiHieled,  seeing  be  who  was,  thus  accepted,  was  by  death  ^received  up 
into  heaven.  When  this,  narration  shall  he  well  rooted  in  the  mind  of 
the  child,  introduce  another,  as  that  pf  other  two  brothers,  and  say 
'  Ifherf  were  also  pt^er  two  brpthers,  an  elder  and  a  ypungfer ;  the  elder  of 


1S3 

them  was  a  hunter,  the  younger  was  a  keeper  and  lover  of  home ;'  and 
this  hath  somewhat  of  more  delight  in  it  then  the  former  (as  being  full 
of  more  variety  of  emergencies,  and  thfe  persons  which  manage  it  beiiig 
more  in  yeares  then  the  former).  *  Now  these  were  also  two  brdthers, 
and  both  of  them  twins;  but  when  they  were  born,  the  mother  loved 
the  younger,  but  the  father  was  more  fond  of  the  elder,  who  was  wont 
to  pass  his  time  abroad  in  the  fields ;  but  the  younger  kept  altogether 
at  home.  Upon  a  day,  his  father  being  now  very  aged,'?  said  to  him 
whom  he  loved, '  Son,  seeing  I  am  now  an  old  man,  goe  thy  way,  I  pray, 
and  prepare  for  me  some  venison  :  that  is,  take  me  a  ro-buck,  or  an 
hare,  and  bring  it  to  me,  that  when  I  havfe  eaten  of  it  I  may  blesse  thee :' 
but  to  the  younger  he  said  nothing  at  all. 

Now  the  mother  over-hearing  all  that  the  father  said,  calls  her 
youngest  son,  and  says  to  him,  '  Son,  since  thy  father  has  commanded 
thine  elder  brother  to  bring  him  some  venison,  that  eating  of  it  he  may 
give  him  his  blessing,  hearken  what  I  say  to  thee  :  hasten  immedi- 
ately to  the-flock,  and  fetching  therlce  some  young  fat  kids,  bring  them 
hither  to  me,  atid  I  will  make  such  as  thy  father  loves,  and  thou  shalt 
carry  it  to  him,  that  when  he  has  tasted  of  it,  he  may  blesse  thee ;'  for 
the  father  was  dark  through  extremity  of  age. 

■  Now  when  the  youtiger  had  brought  her  the  kids,  his  mother  stewed 
them,  and  putting  the  viands  iiitoa  dish,  delivers  it  to  her  son,  who  carried 
it  in  :  and  she  also  clad  him  with  the  skins  of  the  goats,  least  he  should 
be  discovered,  seeing  he  was  Smooth,  but  his  brother  was  all  hairy  and 
rough;  that  by  this  mean's  it  might  be  concealed,  and  his  father  not 
discern  the  imposture  :  and  thus  accoutred,  in  she  sent  him.  Now  the 
good  old  man  supposing  him  to  have  been  the  elder,  having  eaten  the 
meat,  blessed  him.  And  when  he  had  made  ah  end  of  blessing  him,  in 
comes  the  elder  brother,  bringing  the  venison  :  but  perceiving  wHat 
had  hapned,  roaring  out  aloud,  he  wept  lamentably. 

Observe  now  what  a  world  of  benefit  this  will  produce,  and  do  not 
recoutit  all  the  story  at  on6e,  but  see  what  profit  will  spring  from  this. 
For  in  the  first  place,  children  will  learn  to  reverence  their  paretits,  per- 
ceiving how  they  cotitehdfed  for  the  blessing,  and  will  rather 'endure 
a  thousand  stripes  then  once  to  hear  their  father  curse  them. 


124 

If  you  fill  their  thoughts  with  such  like  stories,  so  as  they  may  ima- 
gine them  worthy  of  beliefe  (as  indeed  they  are  very  truths),  how  will 
it  not  affect  and  fill  them  full  of  reverence  ?  By  this  also  they  will 
learn  to  contemne  gluttony  (for  that  is  likewise  t6  be  told  them),  and 
that  he  gained  nothing  by  being  the  first-borne  and  the  eldest,  since  by 
the  intemperance  of  his  belly,  he  betrayed  the  excellency  of  his  birth- 
right. 

Now  when  the  child  shall  have  throughly  remembred  this,   upon 
some  other  evening,  thou  shalt  require  him  to  repeate  this  story  of  the 
two  brothers.     And  if  he  begin  to  speak  of  Cain  and  Abell,  recall  him, 
and  say,  '  I  do  not  mean  this,  but  that  of  the  two  other,  whom  the  father 
gave  his  blessing  to ;'    thus  giving  him  some  hints,  but  without  men- 
tioning the  names,  and  when  he  has  recited  it  all,  add  as  followes,  and 
say,  '  Mark  now  what  hapned  after  this  :  this  also  sought  to  have  slain 
his  brother,  and  for  that  end  expected  onely  his  fathers  decease,;  which 
the  mother  coming  to  hear  of,  and  fearing  it,  caused  her  son  to  flee 
away.'     Much  philosophy,  far  exceeding  the  apprehension  of  the  child, 
may  be  hence  (with  a  little  condescention)  implanted  into  the  spirit  of 
the  child,  so  that  the  narration  be  skilfully  and  dexterously  handled. 
Thus  therefore  let  us  tell  him.     This  same  brother  went  his  way,  and 
came  to  a  certain  place,  having  nobody  with  him,  not  so  much  as  a 
servant,   no  fosterer,   no  attendant,   nor  any   person   besides.     Being 
arrived  to  the  place,  he  prayed,  and  said,  '  O  Lord,  give  me,  I  beseech 
thee,  bread  and  clothing,  and  save  me  ;'  and  having  said  thus,  overcome 
with  sorrow,  he  fell  asleep ;    and  there  he  saw  in  a  dream  a  ladder 
reaching  up  from  the  earth  to  the  heavens',   and  the  angels  of  God 
ascending  and  descending,  and  God  himself  standing  at  the  top  of  all. 
Then  he  said,  '  Bless  me ;'  and  h*  blessed  him,  and  called  him  Israel. 

It  comes  happily  into  my  mind,  arid  now  I  remember,  that  from  the  very 
names  anothei"  instruction  may  be  inserted,  and'  what  is  that  ?  viz.  That 
from  the  appellations  we  presently  introduce  a  certain  emulation  of 
vertue  in  children.  Let  none,  therefore,  be  forward  to  name  their  chil- 
dren for  the  memory  of  their  fathers,  or  mothers,  or  grandfathers :  but 
of  the  righteous,  of  the  martyrs,  bishops,  and  apostles.  Be  this  also 
their  emulation  ;  let  this  child  be  called  Peter,  that  John,  and  another 


125 

by  the  appellation  of  some  holy  man,  and  talke  not  to  me  of  the  Gentil 
names ;  for  (believe  it)  it  is  no  small  reproach,  and  worthy  of  derision, 
when  in  a  Christian  family  some  heathen  ceremonies  are  performed, 
and  they  light  up  the  lamps,  and  watch  which  of  them  shall  first  go  out 
and  be  spent,  with  other  the  like  fopperies,  which  bring  no  little  detri- 
ment to  those  which  practise  them ;  for  do  not  imagine  that  these  are 
small  matters  or  trifles  which  are  done. 

This,  therefore,  I  require  of  you,  that  you  impose  the  names  of  the 
righteous  upon  your  children,  for  it  was  the  custom  in  the  beginning 
(not  without  reason)  that  they  called  their  children  by  the  names  of 
their  ancestors,  it  being  a  kind  of  consolation  against  mortality,  that  he 
which  was  gone  seemed  still  to  live,  by  reason  of  his  name :  but  now 
this  custom  is  quite  out  of  request. 

Truly  we  see  that  the  righteous  did  not  so  call  their  children,  for 
Abraham  begat  Isaac :  Jacob  and  Moses  were  not  called  after  their 
ancestors  na:mes,  nor  do  we  find  any  of  the  just  so  called.  O  what  an 
example  will  here  be  of  virtue,  of  consolation,  and  of  exhortation.  And 
moreover  neither  do  we  find  any  Other  cause  of  changing  names  besides 
this  only,  that  it  may  be  a  monument  of  virtues.  Thou,  saith  he,  shalt  be 
called  Cephas,  which  is,  being  expounded,  Peter  *.  Why  so  }  Because 
thou  didst  confesse.  And  thou  shalt  be  called  Abraham.  Why  so.? 
Because  thou  art  a  father  of  nations  f.  And  Israel,  because  he  did  see 
God  J.  Hence,  therefore,  let  us  begin  our  care  over  our  children,  and 
institute  their  lives. 

But  as  I  said,  he  saw  a  ladder  reaching  to  the  heavens  and  touching 
it;  let  the  names  therefore  of  the  saints  enter  into  your  houses,  by  the 
appellations  of  your  children,  that  by  this  means  it  may  not  alone  com- 
pose the  manners  of  the  children,  but  of  the  fathers  also  ;  when  he  shall 
remember  himself  to  be  the  son  of  John,  of  Elias,  of  Jacob,  seeing  those 
names  were  circumspectly  and  piously  imposed,  and  for  the  honour  of 
those  that  are  departed. 

Thus,  therefore,  let  us  court  the  affinity  of  the  righteous  rather  then 
of  our  progenitors.     This  likewise  will  be  very  beneficial  both  to  us  and 

*  Mat.  c.  16.  V.  IS.  t  Gen.  c.  17.  v.  5.  J  Gen.  c.  32.  v.  23. 


126 

our  chiWferi  :  nor  because  thd  instance  is  small,  think  it  to  be;S 

for  the  supposition  is  exceedingly  profitable.    But,  as  I  said,  Jet  u 

ceed  to  that  which  follows.     He  spied  a  ladder  fixed,  he  sough 

blessing,  and  God  did  bless  him  :     He  travelled  to  his  kindre( 

became  a  shepherd  to  his  kinsman,  then  treated  with  him  concerr 

wife,  and  of  his  return.  jt.And  ht^re  also  there  will  result  a  wc 

advantage;  observe  but  what  a  deal  he  will  learn.  .  That  being 

born,  he  despise  no  man,  not  to  be  ashamed  of  poverty^  that  h 

adversity  coufagiously,  and  then  all  the  rest.     After  this,  when  1 

little  older,  relate  thiilgs  'that  afe  fnore  terrible  ;  but  being  as  yet  t 

impose  not  such  a  burthen  on  hitn,  lest  thou  too  much  terrific  and 

him;  but  when  he  h«ls  attained  to  fifteen  years  old,  or  shall  be 

bigger,  let  him  hear  of  the  pains  of  hell;  and  when  he  is  about  I 

eight,  or  less,  tell  him  what. happened  alt  the  Deluge,  of  Sodo 

^gypt,  which  examples  are  full  of  severity,  and  acquaint  him  ,w 

these  jjarticulars  at  large.     Being  then  grown  bigger,  instruct  1 

matters  of  the  New  Testament,  of  Grace,  of  Hell.    By  these  iand  i 

other  narrations  and  familiar  examples,* guafd  and  secure  his  ears 

Butif  any  man  come  in  with  a  false  tale,  by  no  means  (as  I  s^ 

him  be  admitted.     If  you  find  a  servant  speaking  filthily  befoi" 

chastise  him  for  it  immediately,  and  be  thy  self  a  severe  and 

censor  of  whatsoever  evil  they  do.'  Butif  by  chance  thou  espy  a 

maid  (yea'  rather  let  there  be  no  such  approach  him),  let  her 

much  as  light  the  fire;  unless  it  be  some  old  woman,,  which  has  n 

to  attract  a  young  man.     From  a  young  maid,  I  say,  flie  rathe 

frbm  the  fire ;  and  by  this  means  it  will  come  to  pass,  that  he 

hears  nothing  impertinent,  will  speak  nothing  impertinent. 

therefore,  let  them  be  brought  up. 

But  we  proceed  now  to  another  port — the  Smelling:  for  th 
brings  a  very  great  inconvenience  with  it,  unless  timely  barr'd 
are  odours  an^  incense  ;  there  being  nothing  which  more  dissob 
frame  and  tenor  of  the  mind,  nothing  that  more  softens  it,  then  i 
be  affected  with  sweet  smells.  What,  then,  says  he,  *  ought  one  i 
pleasure  in  dirt  ?'  I  do  not  say  so ;  but  neither  with  this  nor  th 
Let  none  therefore  bring  him  sweet  ointments,  for  as  soon 


127 

once  affects  the  brain,  It  effeminates  and  softens  all  the  rest :  hence  alsp 
lusts  are  incited,  and  in  that  do  lurk  Innumerable  snares.  Therefore 
lock  up  that  gate  securely.  Fpr  the  faculty  of  smelling  is  to  hreathe 
the  air,  not  to  receive  perfjujaes.  Some  ihere  are  which  peradveniur]© 
will  deride  all  this,  as  though  whjlest  we  discourse  of  this  nurture,  yv.^ 
trouble  ourselves  about  trifles  :  but  in  truth  the  matter  is  not  small ; 
but  the  very  basis,  instruction,  and  institution  of  the  whole  world,  tha,t 
these  things  be  duly  performed,       .-?  i        i,  ,  .'i        /  II     .<  i. 

There  is  likewise  another  ^ate,  more  specious  then  the  former,  but 
of  exceeding  difficulty  to  guard,  namely,  that  of  the  eyes,  as  being- 
rais'd  on'  high,  set  In  the  front  and  beautified.  This  has  many  smaller 
leaves,  by  which  it  not  onely  sees  but  is  seen.  If  It  be  gallantly  framed. 
Here  then  there  is  great  necessity  of  laws,  one  of  the  priaGipal  whereof 
let  be,  never  to  send  the  child  to  the  theater,  lest  thereby  he  receiv.e  ari 
entire  overthrow  at  onqe,  both  by  the  ears  and  by  the  eyes:  andilet 
his  attendant  observe  this  especially  In  the  markets,  and'whllest  he 
passes  through  the  by-knesand  atrpets,  cajc-efull  that  he  never  fall  into 
that  debauchery.  Now  to  the  end  he  may  receive  no  hafhi  by  being 
seen,  there  are  divers* things  to  be  considered.  Deprive  him  of  all 
over-costly  apparel  and  superfluous  ornaments,  let  him  wear  his  hair 
modestly  short,  and  If  the  ;boyitake  it  baloously,  as  If  he  were  dis- 
figured by  It,  teach  him  this  first.  That  Itrls^.the  greatest  ornament. "« 

Now  that  he  may  not-ga^ey  sufficient  to  preserve : him  wUl  ihe? those, 
stdries  of  the  Sons  of  God,;wbidi  happened  on  the  Daughters  of  Men, 
and  of  the  Sodomites,  Hell,  and:  such  like  instances.     Here  then^mtjist 
the  Governour  .andfhe  ithatvvaits  on  him,  be  wonderfull  carefulL  and 
solllcitousj  shew  him  tbefefore  other  beautiftjU)  objects,  drawltig^away 
his  eyes  from  these  things:  such  as  are   the  heavens,  the  starsfy  the 
flowers  of  the  earth,  the  meadows,,  fair,  books,  &c, :  these  therefore  let 
him  delight  his  eyes  withall;  and  there  are  maijiy  other  objects  besides,  ^ 
wiilchare  very  inoffensive  ;  for;  it  is  a  Port  extreamly  diffitaijtto  guard; 
for  as.  much  as  It  has  a  fire  burning  within,  and  a  kind  of  naturjil  neces- 
sity as  1  may  say.     Teach  him  some  divine  verses.     And  thus,  unless, 
he  be  inwardly  Incited,  he.(»;ill  not  cafe,  to  be  seen  ,^broad.     Be  sure 
that  he  never  bath  with  w<t)men,  it  is  a  very  wicked  custome :  neither 


128 

permit  him  to  haunt  their  company.  Let  him  often  hear  the  wholt 
history  of  Joseph,  and  now  learn  the  things  which  concern  the  king- 
dom of  Heaven  :  what  a  garland  there's  laid  up  for  those  which  are 
chast.  Promise  him  a  beautifull  wife,  and  that  you  will  make  him 
yout  heir;  but  menace  all  the  contrary,  if  you  find  him  disobedient: 
And  talk  thus  to  him  :  '  We  shall  never  procure  you,  son,  a  virtuous 
wife,  unless  you  shew  a  great  deal  of  circumspection,  and  an  access  ol 
virtue.  If  you  persevere,  I  will  quickly  marry  you  :'  but  especially  if 
he  be  taught  to  abhor  filthy  speeches,  he  has  gain'd  from  above  a  very 
excellent  foundation  of  modesty.  Discourse  to  him  of  the  pulchritude 
of  the  mind,  make  him  resolute  against  women.  Tell  him  'tis  a  dis- 
ingenuous thing,  to  be  despis'd  of  a  slavish  maid,  and  that  much  more 
circumspection  is  requir'd  in  a  youth.  When  any  man  speaks,  he- is 
known  ;  but  he  that  sees  onely  is  not  known.  For  this  is  a  very  quick 
sense,  and  one  sitting  amongst  many  persons  is  able  to  take  which  of 
them  he  pleases  with  one  onely  dart  of  his  eye.  Let  him  therefore 
have  no  converse  with  woman-kinde,  his  mother  onely  excepted.  Suffer 
him  to  behold  no  woman.  Give  him  no  gold,  let  nothing  that  is  sordid 
once  enter  into  him  :  but  teach  him  to  contemn  pleasure,  and  all  such 
like  things. 

There  is  yet  another  gate  behind,  which  hath  no  resemblance  to  the 
former,  but  which  goes  through  the  whole  body.  We  call  it  the  Touch. 
Indeed  one  would  imagine  it  shut,  yet  as  if  it  were  of  all  the  rest  the 
most  open,  it  admits  entrance  to  all.  Let  us  neither  suffer  this  to  be 
acquainted  either  with  soft  clothing  or  bodies ;  render  him  more  hardy, 
we  are  bringing  up  a  champion,  and  let  us  seriously  mind  it.  Permit 
him  neither  to  use  soft  coverings,  nor  soft  garments,  and  thus  let  mat- 
ters be  ordered. 

Go  to  then,  and  entering  into  this  city  let  us  prescribe  laws,  and  make 
ordinances  ;  for  now  the  gates  are  in  posture  :  and  in  the  first  place 
take  we  diligent  notice  of  the  houses,  and  of  the  lodgings  where  the 
citizens  remain,  those  which  are  circumspect,  and  those  which  are  dis- 
solute. 

They  report  that  the  place   and  habitation   of  anger  is   the  breast 
and  the  heart,  which  is  in  the  breast,  concupiscence  in  the  liver    and 


129 

the  understanding  in  the  brain.  The  iSrst  is  both  a  virtue  and  a  vice. 
Sobriety  and  modesty  is  a  virtue  ;  rashness  and  morosity  a  vice.  Like- 
wise the  virtue  of  concupiscence  is  chastity ;  luxury  a  vice.  The  virtue 
of  the  intellect  is  prudence,  the  vice,  folly.  Let  us  therefore  have  a 
care  that  virtues  be  produced  in  those  places,  and  that  they  bring 
forth  such  as  are  good,  not  evil  citizens.  For  these  aflFections  are  as 
it  were  the  very  parents  of  all  our  cogitations. 

But  let  us  now  proceed  to  the  tyrant,  anger  :  for  neither  is  that  to 
be  altogether  cut  off  in  a  youth,  nor  upon  all  occasions  to  be  used.  But 
thus  let  us  instruct  him  from  the  cradle,  that  being  injur'd  he  bear  it 
patiently,  and  that  when  they  perceive  another  man  wronged,  they 
stoutly  revenge  it,  and  according  as  the  person  is  depressed,  in  a  due 
and  convenient  manner  take  his  part.  But  how  should  this  be,  when 
they  are  train'd  up  to  it  in  their  own  servants  ?  Being  under-valu'd, 
are  not  impatient,  being  disobey'd  are  not  outrageous ;  but  rather  vin- 
dicate that  which  is  committed  against  others.  But  in  these  cases  let 
the  father  be  always  arbiter,  and  when  they  transgress  the  orders  it 
behoves  him  to  be  sharp  and  sievere,  as  when  they  perform  and  observe 
them  rightly,  to  be  kind  and  gentle,  enticing  and  alluring  the  child  with 
many  rewards  :  for  with  this  method  God  governs  the  world,  by  the 
fear  of  hell,  and  the  promises  of  the  kingdom ;  and  so  should  we  our 
children,  permitting  them  to  be  vexed  now  and  then,  for  the  exercise 
and  tryal  of  their  patience,  that  they  may  learn  how  to  govern  their 
passions  amongst  the  domesticks. 

And  as  in  a  wrestling  place,  before  they  play  the  prize,  they  daily 
exercise  with  their  companions,  that  making  their  party  good  with 
them,  they  may  the  more  easily  vanquish  their  antagonists  :  so  should 
a  child  be  educated  at  home.  And  let  his  father  or  his  brother  fre- 
quently cross  his  humours  above  all  the  rest,  and  exceedingly  contend 
for  the  victory,  or  else  some  other  defend  him  that  he  may  be  exercised 
in  that  other  person  ;  thus  the  servants  may  occasionally  provoke  him, 
right  or  wrong,  that  so  he  may  be  taught  every  where  to  moderate  and 
qualifie  his  passion  ;  seeing  if  the  father  onely  incite  him,  it  will  be  no 
such  great  matter;  for  the  very  name  of  father  prsepossessing  the  mind 
does  not  suffer  him  to  turn  again  and  make  head ;  but  let  his  com- 

s  . 


130 

panions  and  servants,  and  such  as  are  ingenuou^y  born  do  it,  that  by 
them  he  may  be  taught  moderation. 

There  is  yet  another.  What  is  that  .^  When  ever  he  is  angry,  put 
him  in  mind  of  his  proper  passions  :  when  he  is  offended  against  a  ser- 
vant, whether  he  himself  never  committed  a  fault,  and  what  he  would 
be  if  he  were  in  his  place.  But  in  case  he  find  him  striking  a  servant, 
meet  him  with  revenge  ;  and  if  he  extreamly  wrong  him,  chastise  him 
again  for  it ;  never  suffer  him  to  be  too  soft  and  remiss ;  nor  over  chur- 
lish and  morose,  in  as  much  as  he  is  a  man,  and  should  be  affable  and 
courteous.  Sometimes,  indeed,  he  may  have  a  worthy  occasion  for  his 
anger,  as  if  hereafter  he  should  have  children  of  his  own,  or  himself  be 
a  master  of  servants,  in  such  a  condition  anger  were  very  usefull.  Then 
onely  it  is  unprofitable  when  we  revenge  our  selves.  And  therefore 
Paul  never  made  use  of  it  himself,  but  for  their  sakes  only  who  suf- 
fered the  wrong.  Thus  Moses,  seeing  his  brother  injured*,  had  recourse 
to  his  anger,  and  that  stoutly,  being  yet  of  all  men  the  most  meek  -f , 
but  when  afterward  he  was  himself  injured,  he  did  not  revenge  it,  but 
fled  away.  These  discourses  inculcate  into  him.  For  whilst  we  are 
thus  trimming  the  gates,  they  have  great  need  of  such  plain  narrations. 
But  when  entringe  into  the  city,  we  begin  to  discipHne  the  citizens, 
'twill  then  be  fit  to  discourse  to  them  of  sublimer  matters.  But  let  this 
law  be  fixed  in  him,  that  he  never  revenge  himselfe  being  injured  or 
wronged,  nor  ever  permit  him  to  despise  another  who  suffereth  the  like. 

His  very  father  shall  become  better,  who  by  teaching  him  in  these 
matters  may  himself  be  instructed  ;  or  in  case  he  do  it  for  no  other  end 
he  shall  become  better  then  himself,  least  he  set  a  bad  example  before 
his  child.  And  therefore  let  him  learn  to  be  despised,  and  to  suffer 
contempt,  exacting  nothing  of  the  servants,  because  himself  is  free 
born  ;  but  upon  many  occasions  serve  rather  himself.  Let  his  servants 
take  care  only  of  such  things  as  he  cannot  so  handsomely  perform  in 
person  :  for  instance,  a  gentleman  should  not  be  his  own  cook  ;  for  it 
is  not  decent  that,  quitting  those  studies  which  become  a  gentleman  he 
should  give  his  mind  to  this  inferior  employment.     But  if  there  be  occa- 


*  Exod.  ii.  12.  f  Num.  xii.  3. 


131 

sJon  to  wash  his  feet,  never  let  him  make  use  of  a  servant,  let  himself 
do  it.  And  by  this  means  thou  shalt  render  him  ingenuous,  mild,  and 
amiable  to  the  servants.  Nor  permit  any  body  to  bring  him  his  clothes, 
nor  in  the  bath  to  use  any  ceremony  to  him ;  but  let  him  perform  there 
all  necessaries  himself.  This  will  make  the  youth  robust,  not  disdain- 
ful, but  affable  and  meek.  Teach  him  also  those  things  which  concern 
nature;  what  a  servant  is,  what  a  freeman.  Say  to  him,  child,  there 
was  heretofore  no  servants  in  the  dayes  of  our  fore-fathers;  'twas  sin 
that  introduced  servitude  :  but  because  one  was  irreverent  towards  his 
father  *,  there  was  this  punishment  inflicted  upon  him,  that  he  should 
be  his  brothers  servant ;  beware,  therefore,  lest  thou  become  the  servant 
of  servants  :  for  if  you  be  implacable  and  furious  as  they  were,  and  in 
all  things  follow  tHeir  example,  and  hast  nothing  of  virtue  more  then 
them,  neither  shalt  thou  have  any  thing  of  excellency  or  preheminence 
above  them. 

Strive,  therefore,  that  thou  mayest  become  their  master,  not  upon  this 
account,.but  by  thy  manners  and  education,  least  being  free-born  thyself, 
thou  become  their  servant.  Perceive  you  not  how  many  fathers  have 
disinherited  their  children,  and  adopted  their  vassals  in  their  stead  ? 
Take  heed  least  any  such  thing  should  happen  to  you.  Truly  I  neither 
desire  nor  wish  it.  They  are  as  yet  'either  of  the'm  in  your  power.  And 
in  this  sort  qualifie  his  passion  ;  perswading  him  so  to  deport  himself 
to  his  servants  as  to  his  brothers.  And  thus  instruct  him  concerning 
the  laws  of  nature,  repeating  to  him  the  words  of  Job  :  If  ever  (sayes 
he-j")  I  dispised  the, cause  of  my  man-servant,  or  of  my  maid-servant, 
when  they  contended  with  me ;  what  then  shall  I  do  when  God  makes 
enquiry,  and  when  he  visiteth  what  shall  I  answer  him  ?  Are  they 
not  fashion'd  in  the  womb  as  I  am  J  ?  For  we  are  made  in  the  same 
womb.  And  again,  if  my  maidens  often  said,  who  shall  give  us  to  be 
filled  with  his  flesh,  I  being  very  mild.  Think  you  that  of  Paul  §  was 
for  nothing?  He  who  knows  not  how  to  govern  his  own  house  is  not 
fit  to  rule  in  the  Church.  ' 

Say  therefore,  if  at  any  tinie  his  style  be  lost,  or  his  pen  be  broken 

*  Gen.  ix.  35.  f  Job,  xxxi,  13.  }  Job,  xxxi.  31.  §  1  Tim.  iii.  5. 


132 

by  his  sefvaat:  be  pot  presently  in  choler,  tior  mis-oall  him,  but  be 
rather  gentle  and  easie  tp  be  intreated. ;  Thus  from  smaller  things  thou 
shalt  with  ease  support  .greater  losses.  )Or  ifi  a  book-fstring  be  spoyl'd, 
or  a  brazen  clasp,  boys  take  the  losses  of  these,  things  impatiently,  and 
had  rather  lose  their  very  lives  than  suffer  so  great  an  injury  to  go 
unreveng'd:  here  therefore  let  their:  asperity  be  mitigated;  for  well 
you  knowj  that  he, who  on ithese^apoidents  is  patient  and  contented  will 
easily,  being-  a  man,  undergo  all  other  disasters. 

When  h«:ha^^then  gotten  a  table-book  made  of  some  curious  "wood, 
pure  and  iwhites,  .adorn'd  with  brazen-chains,  and  finely  polished  brazen 
pens,  shiniflg  like  any  silver,  or  the. like  toys  ;  and  that  the  boy  which 
attends  him  happening  to  lose  any  of  them,  you  perceive  him  not  mov'd 
at  it,  'tis  an  evident*  and,  certain  indication  of  philosophy  and  great  wls- 
domei  Nor  do  thou  upon  this  buy  him  new  immediately,  lest ,  thou 
extinguish  his  passion  ;  but  when  you  shall  perceive  he  bearsthe  want 
of  it  handsomly,  and  is  .not. much  concern'd  with  it,  then  repair  his 
losses. 

Believe  it j  we  do  in  this  no  trifling  matter.  The  discourse  concerns 
no  less  then  the  polity  of  the  world  itself.  If  he  have  a  younger  bro- 
ther, instruct  him  to  suffer  him  to  be  preferred  in  honour  before  him  : 
but  if  he  have  none,  then,  some  servant :  for  even  this  likewise  is  a 
point  of  the  greatest,  philosophy.  So  therefore  mitig^ate  and  asswage 
his  anger,  that  it  may  suggest  to  us  meek  cogitations  :  for  when  he 
shall  not  let  his  affections  run  out >  upon  any  thing,  when  he  shall  need 
no  mans  service,  when  he  shall  envy  no  man's  being  preferr'd  in  honour 
before  him,  what  room  will  there  be  left  for  anger  ? 

It  is  now  time  that  we  speak  of  concupiscence.  Here  also  chastity 
is  two-fold,  and  the  violation  of  it  a  double  loss.  I  conceive  that -young 
men  should  neither  be  dishonestly  loved,  nor  dishonestly  love  young 
maids.  Physitians  sayj  that  presently  after  the  fifteenth  year  youths 
are  vehemejjtly,  inflamed  with  the  lust  of  concupiscence.  How  shall  we 
now  fetter  this  beast?  What  is  there  to  be  done?  What  bridle  shall  we 
put  on  it  ?  I  know  of  no  other  then  the  fear*  of  hell  it  self.  First 
therefore,  let  us  be  carefull  that  he  neither  see  nor  hear  any  thing  which 
is  filthy  ;  nor  by  any  means  suffer  an  ingenuous  youth  to  frequent  the 


133 

theater.  But  if  he  seek  for  these  pleasures,  if  you  know  of  any  his 
contemporaries  which  deny  themselves  that  vanity,  shew  th«m  to  him, 
that  by  their  example  he  may  be  reduced :  for  there  is  nothing  in  the 
world  which  does  sooner  redresse  it  then  emulation,  no,  not  any;  -And 
in  every  thing  else  let  us  observe  this  rule,  especially'  if  you  perceive 
him  to  be  of  an  emulous  disposition.  It  is  a  great  deal  more  effectual 
then  either  fear  or  promises,  or  whatsoever  else. 

To  these  let  us  devise  some  other  innocent  divertisements,  bring  him 
to  holy  men,  grant  him  relaxation,  and  give  him<  rewards,  that  thereby 
his  mind  may  be  the  less  troubled  at  it;  and  instead  of  these  spectacles 
propose  to  him  some  pleasant  story,  talk- to  him  of  meadows,  of  sump- 
tuous buildings,  and  after-wards  wheel  off  your  discourse  with  an  .appli- 
cation. Tell  him,  these  'spectacles,  son,  are  for  base  and  servile  per- 
sons, to  behold  -naked  women  speaking  immodestly.  Promise-  me  that 
thou  wilt  not  hear  nor  say  any  thing  that  is  dishonest,  and  I  permit  thee 
to  go :  but  it  cannot  be,  it  is  impossible  that  thou  shouidest  there  hear 
nothing  which  is  vile.  The  thitigs  that  are  there  acted,  are  unworthy 
thy  eyes,  my  son.  And  in  saying  this,  let  us  kiss  and  embrace  him, 
that  he  may  perceive  how  dearly  we  love  him. 

With  aH  these  stratagems  let  us  entice  him.  What  then  ?  As  I 
said  already,  let  a  young  maid  never  approach  him,  nor  do  any.  service 
about  him,  but  some  ancient  maid  or  woman  that  is  well  stricken  in 
years.  Discourse  to  him  concerning  the  kingdomCj  and  of  such  as 
have  been  illustrious  for  their  chastity,  as  well  those  without  the  pale  as 
amongst  ourselves;  and  with  these  let  us  perpetually  fill  his  ears;  nay, 
if  we  have  servants  that  excel  in  chastity  and  sobriety,  propose  them 
likewise  for  examplesy  seeing  it  would  be  a  great. reproach,  that  a  ser- 
vant should  fbe  modest,  and  that  a  free  person,  a  gentleman,'  should 
be  sordid. 

There  is  yet  another  expedient,  and  what  is  it.'  Let  liim  learn  to 
fest,  if  not  always,  yet  twice  a  week,  Wednesdays  and  Fnydays  at 
least.  Cause  him  to  frequent  the  church.  And  when  the  father  walks 
with  him  abroad,  towards  the  evening,  at- the  time  that  the  shows  are 
done -and -the  theatres  are  dissolved,  let  him  show  him.-  those  that  ^re 
coming  away,  and  laugh  at  the  old  fcrals  who  as  yet  have  not  the  dis- 


134 

cretion  of  striplings,  and'  at  the  young  men  who  are  fired  with  filthy- 
lusts.  Then  let  him  ask  the  boy,  what  he  thinks  all  they  have  gain'd  ? 
Truly  nothing  at  all  but  shame,  infamy,  and  damnation.  This  will 
prove  of  no  small  importance  to  chastity,  that  he  abstain  both  from  the 
spectacles  and  from  the  discourse.     • 

But  besides  all  this,  let  him  be  taught  another  thing,  and  that  is,  that 
he  pray  to  God  with  all  diligence  and  compunction.  And  say  not  to 
me,  that  these  things  are  not  imployments  for  a  child ;  a  child  is  not 
capable  of  this  :  yes,  a  child,  especially  if  of  a  quick  understanditig, 
and  encouraged,  is  very  capable  of  it.  Amongst  the  ancient  we  find 
many  such  examples;  as  Daniel,  and  Joseph;  and  tell  not  me  that 
Joseph  was  seventeen  years  old,  but  consider  before  that  age  for  what 
he  was  so  dear  to  his  father  ;  and  that  he  was  more  fond  of  him  than 
of  all  his  elder  brethren  ?  Was  not  Jacob  himself  the  younger  ?  Jere- 
mias,  Daniel  but  twelve  years  old  *  ;  was  not  Solomon  also  of  the  same 
age  when  he  made  that  wonderful  prayer  f  ?  Did  not  Samuel,  being 
but  a  very  boy,  teach  his  master  J  ?  Let  us  not  then  be  discouraged. 
If  any  one  indeed  be  a  child  in  understanding,  he  is  not  capable  of  this, 
not  if  he  be  a  child  in  years. 

Instruct  him  therefore  to  pray  with  much  compunction,  and  to  watch 
likewise,  as  much  as  will  stand  to  health,  and  by  all  means  let  there 
be  imprinted  on  him,  being  a  child,  the  character  of  an  holy  man.  For 
he  that  is  not  addicted  to  swearing,  nor  being  provoked  to  return  inju- 
ries, to  reproach  no  body,  to  hate  none ;  but  gives  his  mind  to  fasting, 
and  is  assiduous  in  his  prayer,  shall  from  these  be  sufiiciently  furnished 
to  chastity.  And  in  case  thou  destine  him  to  a  secular  life,  provide  a 
wife  betimes,  nor  defer  it  till  he  be  inrolled  amongst  the  souldiers,  or 
that  he  hath  attained  to  some  office  in  the  commonwealth,  before  thou 
consider  of  it ;  but  settle  his  thoughts  first,  and  then  proceed  to  secure 
his  glory,  which  is  but  a  worldly  business.  Dost  thou  imagine  it  of 
so  small  a  concernment  to  marriage,  that  a  virgin  be  joyn'd  to  a  virgin  ? 
Truly,  it  doth  not  a  little  concern  also  the  very  wifes  chastity,  not  to 
speak  of  the  young  mans  also.     Shall  not  this  render  their  aflFection  the 


*  Dan.  xiii.  45.  f  3  Reg.  iii.  4.  $  I  Reg.  iii.  1. 


135 

more  pure?  and,  which  Is  above  all  this,  will  not  God  himself  be  then 
more  propitious,  and  fill  that  marriage  with  a  thousand  benedictions, 
when  they  thus  meet  together  as  he  has  commanded,  and  will  make 
them  cordially  to  love  one  another  ? 

Whilest  he  is  detained  by  this  affection,  he  will  laugh  at  all  other 
women;  if  when  you  commend  the  virgin  for  her  beauty  and  vertue, 
and  all  other  endowments,  you  shall  then  adde,  that  she  will  never 
endure  him  if  once  she  but  understand  him  to  be  an  idle  person  ;  here- 
upon, as  touch'd  in  his  highest  concernments,  he  will  put  forth  his 
utmost  diligence.     For  if  that  holy  man,  being  deceived  of  his  wife,  so 
loved  her  as  yet  to  serve  seven  years  more  for  her,  nay  fourteen  years, 
how  much  more  should  we  ?     Tell  him,  that  all  that  bplong  to  the 
virgin,  the  father,  the  mother,  servants,  all  the  neighbours  and  friends, 
are  strict  observers  of  his  behaviour  and  actions,  and  all  will  relate  it  to 
his  virgin.     With  this  obligation  bind  him  ;  'twill  prove  an  eiFectual 
preservative  to  the  child.     So  that  in  case  it  should  not  be  so  conve- 
nient to  give  him  a  wife  very  young,  let  him  yet  be  espoused  to  one  at 
least  from  the  first ;  this  will  make  him  strive  to  excel  in  goodness,  this 
alone  is  sufficient  to  banish  all  vice.' 

There  is  likewise  another  excellent  guard  to  chastity,  that  he  perpe- 
tually frequent  the  Bishop  of  the  Church,  and  from  him  receive  many 
encouragements ;  and  of  this  let  his  father  glory  to  all  that  hear  it ; 
let  the  virgins  seeing  him,  look  on  him  with  a  reverend  esteem  :  besides, 
the  discourses  and  the  awe  of  his  father,  the  promises  which  are  made, 
and  with  these  the  rewards  reposited  for  him  of  God,  with  all  those  be- 
nefits which  the  chast  shall  be  made  partakers  of,  will  extreamly  hinder 
and  repress  all  lubricity,  in  this  kind. 

To  this  you  may  add,  the  gallant  atchievements  in  war  and  in  peace, 
and  to  these  things  studiously  direct  your  discourse,  continually  de- 
claiming against  vice  and  luxury,  and  bringing  it  into  contempt.  It 
will  much  conduce  to  the  repute  of  chastity,  and  all  these  particulars 
wonderfully  restrain  the  mind  of  the  young  man,  and  produce  in  us 
most  chast  cogitations. 

There  is  one  more  yet  remaining,  let  us  therefore  now  proceed  to  that 
which  Is  the  chief  of  all,  and  which  keeps  all  entire  ;  and  what  is  that  ? 


136 

namely,  iprudeuce.  Here  must  be  Infinite  care  used,  that  he  fee  discreet, 
and  that  he  abandon  and  banish  all  folly;  and  this  is  a  special  and 
grand  point  of  philosophy;  that  he  comprehend  those  things  which- 
are  divine,  and  what  there  is  laid  up  for  the  future :  of  hell,  and  the 
things  which  Concerne  the  skingdome  of  heaven,  since  the  beginning  of 
wisdome  is  the  fear  of  the  Lord*. 

Let  us  therefore  establish  this  point  of  prudence  in  him,  that  he  be 
also  intelligent  in  humane  affairs  :  what  riches  are,  what  glory,  what 
powefi  to  the  end  he  may  learn  how  to  contemn  them,  and  set  his  affec- 
tions^ upon  things  which  are  of  highest  concernment.  Let  us  often 
remember  him  of  the  good  instructions  which  have  been  given  him, 
and  say,  son,  fear  God  alone,  and  besides  him  fear  none  other.  And 
thus  he  will  emerge  a  prudent  and  a  gracious  person.  There  is  nothing 
in  the  world  that  renders  a  man  more  a  fool,  then  these  vices  ;.  the  fear 
of  God  is  alone  suflScient  to  make  thee  wise,  and  to  have  such  a  judge- 
ment in  gedular  and  humane  affairs  as  is  necessary.  This,  this  is  the 
very  sum  and  top  of  all  wisdome,  that  he  be  not  taken  up  with  imper- 
tinent and  childish  vanities.  Teach  him  therefore  that  riches  avail' 
nothing,  worldly  glory  nothing,  power  nothing  ;  nothing,  death ; 
nothing  this  present  life.  Thus  he  shall  indeed  become  a  wise  man. 
And  if, '  educated  in  this  manner,  we  conduct  him  to  his  nuptials,  con- 
sider how  noble  a  portion  thou  bringest  to  his  bride. 

But  Ifet  us  now  celebrate  the  marriage,  not  with  pipes  and  harps,  and 
dancing ;  with  these  kind  of  things  to  disgrace  the  bridegroom  thus 
educated, 'it  is  highly  incongruous.  Let  us  rather  invite  Christ -thither, 
such  a  bridegroom  is  worthy  of  him  ;  let  us  bid  his  Disciples :  these 
things  well  become  him.  And  now  let  him  henceforth:  thus  learn  to 
instruct  his  own  children,  and  so  educate  them  ;  and  they  theirs  ;  and 
thus  it  will  become  a  golden  chain  indeed.     ■ 

Let  us  also  promote  him  to  offices  in  the  commonwealth,  such  as  he 
hath  abilities  to  Undergo,  and  such  as  do  not  minister  to  vice.  Or  whether 
it  be  any  charge  in  the  army,  let  him  learn  to  gain  nothing  sordidly. 
Or  whether   he   patronize  the  cause   of  those  which  are  wronged,  or 

*  Eccles,  i.  16. 


137 

whatever   else    he   undertakes.       That  his   mother  learn   likewise 
instruct  and  discipline  her  daughters  after  the  same  manner,  and  to  avc 
their  thoughts  from  superfluous  attires  and  fashions,  from  the  worl 
and  from  whatsoever  else  are  the  proper  marks  of  lewd  women  ai 
strumpets. 

Let  him  manage  all  things  by  this  rule,  and  wean  as  well  the  you 
as  the  maid  from  pleasure  and  ebriety ;  for  even  this  also  will  be 
great  effect  towards  chastity  ;  there  being  nothing  which  doth  mc 
molest  and  trouble  young  men,  then  concupiscence;  nothing  more  youi 
women,  then  haughtiness  and  lux  of  apparel.      » 

Thus  therefore  let  us  order  and  compose  all  these  things,  that  so  \ 
may  please  Almighty  God,  whilst  we  bring  him  up  such  champior 
and  that  we  and  our  children  may  attain  those  promises  whieh  he  ha 
made  to  them  that  love  him  :  and  all  this  through  the  grace  and  beni 
nity  of  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  to  whom  with  the  Father  and  the  He 
Spirit  be  glory  and  honour  now  and  ever,  and  to  eternal  ages.      A  me 


138 


NOTES   UPON    SOME   PASSAGES. 


JvAI  KOfirjv  be  oiricrdev  a(j)teis  eis  Kopr/s  fxrjfia,  &C.  And  thou  dost  nourish  him  a  lock  of  hair  behind 
like  a  girle,  Sfc.  Gear  in  Rituali  sive  Euchologia  Grcecorum,  recites  an  office  in  rpixoKovpia,  or  the 
detonsion  of  a  child :  but  it  was  neither  monachal  nor  clerical,  but  the  common  cut;  and  it  seems 
the  custom  was  introduced  to  avert  the  Gentile  superstition.  Athanasius  quast.  28  dictor.  8f 
interpretat.  Parabolarum  Evangel.  EiwOairtv  ol  "EXXrives  koI  awoKeipeiv  ruiy  iraiSav  ras  Kopv^as,  ical 
Tois  /xaWovs  eq.v  Kal  tovtovs  jxeTO.  xpovov  avaridevai  rols  haifxoai.  The  Heathen  (Greeks)  were 
wont  to  shave  the  crowns  of  their  children,  and  to  have  their  locks  to  hang  down,  which  after  a 
space  of  time  they  did  consecrate  to  (divels)  idols.  This  heathenish  superstition,  which  the  Latine 
and  Greek  humane  authors  attest,  St.  Chrysostom  here  intends,  and  the  later  Greeks  did  transfer 
into  Christianism,  either  by  consecrating  them,  as  first-fruits  unto  the  true  God,  or  a^  signifying 
their  surrendering  themselves  to  the  service  of  God  :  or  rather,  uncovering  their  head,  as  the 
Apostle  enjoynes  that  sex  :  and  there  was  to  that  end  not  only  Evx)?  els  to  Kovpevirai  iraiha ;  but 
also  for  the  other  sex,  Eux?)  ctti  to  avahi^aaudai  Re^aXriv  yvvaiKa.  This  primary  tonsure  was  with 
the  godfather.  And  of  old  they  consecrated  their  first-shorn  locks  to  Apollo  (going  often  in  person 
to  Delphos),  to  ^sculapius,  or  their  country  rivers,  as  Lucian  testifies.  Plut.  in  vit.  Thes.  And 
Martial,  lib.  1,  ep.  32. 

Has  tihi  Phoebe  vovet  tStos  a  vertice  crines 

Encelpus,  domini  centurionis  amor. 
Grata  pudens  meriti  tulerit  cUm  pramia  pili. 
Quam  primum  longas  Phctbe  recide  comas, 
Dum  nulld  teneri  sordent  lanugiiie  vultus, 

Dumq;  decent  fusae  lactea  coUajubce, 
Utq;  tuis  longum  dominusq;  pudrq;  fruatur 
Muneribus,  tonsumfac  citb,  sero  virum. 
But  their  beastly  Catamits,  with  their  monstrous  heads  of  hair,  were  in  great  esteem  amongst  the 
luxurious  Romans  j  whence  that  of  the  poet, 

■    ■        Si  nemo  tribunal 

Vendit  Acersecomes Juvenal,  lib.  3.  Sat.  8. 

Which  when  they  grew  old  they  used  to  colour,  as  appears  by  that  witty  Epigram,  In  Lentinum. 
Mentiris  juvenem  tinctis,  Lentine,  capillis  : 

Turn  subitb  corvus,  qui  modb  cygnus  eras  ? 
Non  omnesfallis,  scit  te  Proserpina  canum, 

Perso7iam  capiti  detrahet  ilia  tuo.  Mart.  ].  3.  ep.  32. 

Which  I  add  in  reproof  of  some  old  men  in  our  days,  who  to  the  reproach  of  gravity,  and  that 
reverend  blessing,  being  now  descending  to  the  sepulchre,  do  yet  mentiri  juvenem,  and  would  be 
thought  boyes.  But  of  these  customes  let  the  reader  consult  Papinius,  Festus  Pompeius,  Junius, 
and  the  most  learned  Salmasius.     I  pass  them  over. 


139 

Kopjj  ev  T^  daXa/i^  rif  firirpiKf  irahevOeiaa  Trpos  xiafiov  errrorjirdai  yvvaiKeiov,  &c,  A  maid  when  in 
her  mother's  chamber  she  hath  learned  to  long  after  these  various  tires  and  ornaments  of  women,  being 
gone  out  of  her  fathers  house,  becomes  impertinent  to  her  husband,  and  very  iroublesom,  Sse.    This 
reproof  is  parallel  to  that  of  the  Satyrist,  but  with  less  acerbity,  more  modesty  and  gravity. 
— —  Expectas  ut  non  sit  adultera  Larga 
Filia ;  qua  nunquam  maternos  dicere  mcechos 
Tam  Clio,  nee  tanto  poterit  contexere  cursut 
Ut  non  ter  decies  respiret  ?  Conscia  matri 
Virgo  fait ;  ceras  nunc  hac  dictante  pusiMas 
Implet,^  ad  Mcechum  dat  eisdemferre  cincedis,  ■ 
Sic  naturti  jubet ;  velociils  St  cHius  nos 
Corrumpunt  vitiorum  exempla  'domestica  magnis 

Cilm  subeant  animos  auetoribus '    Juv.  Sat.  14. 

So  true  is  that  of  the  Orator,  Pius  homines  exemplo  quam  peccato  nocent.  And  especially  parents 
"whose  lewd  examples  children  are  many  times  too  prone  to  imitate. 

Aeyovrai  ol  papyaplrai  orav  €vOi(i}s  \ri<j)6£iinv  vbup  eTvai,  &c.  _  Tis  reported  that  when  pearls  are 
first  taken  up,  fhey  are  only  little  drops  of  water,  Stc,  And  it  was  only  a  report,  taken  up  by 
S.  Chrysostom  to  metapborize  bis  discourse :  but  it  is  apparently  true  of  glasses,  which  from  a 
fluid  metal  receive  their  figure  from  the  will  of  tlie  blower  of  them,  which  is  afterwards  firm,  and 
not  to  be  new  moulded.  The  French  have  an  expression,  II  a  prins  son  pli, — A  tender  -twig  soon 
yeelds.    Hence  that  of  Persius, 

Udum,  et  molle  lutumes,  nunc,  nunc  properamdus  et  acri 

Fingendus  sine  sine  rotd — —  Sat.  3. 

Children  are  rasce  Tabula,  or  rather  cerece,  apt  for  every  inscription  and  impression. 
Tlavra  kal  Xeyovra  nai  Troiovvra  rrjv  afpaylba  cjrtrt'fleo'Oai.  And  upon  whatsoever  he  saith 
or  does  to  put  a  •seal.  Crncis  consignatio,  as  Combefis;  and  the  acception  of  this  word  in  the 
Mixobarbarous  Greek,  is  in  that  sense,  as  in  the  Latine  Ecclesiastical  Writers  sig^nacu/um,  and 
signare.  But  to  skrue  it  so  high  as  2  Cor.  1.  22.  Kai  a^payiaafievos  iifias,  &c.  And  hath  sealed 
us,  Stc.  is  farther  then  will  be  evinced  upon  any  probable  grounds  of  reason.  That  in  this  place  it 
may  signifie  no  more  then  what  was  before  expressed,  els  vpoaevxas  aypvwveiv,  I  am  at  an  indiffer- 
ence, if  not  propension  to  believe  ;  comparing  it  with  a  sentence  of  very  near  affinity  in  Nilus,  a 
great  admirer  of  S.  Chrysostom,  Tlairav  fikv  irpa^iv  bia  7rpoo-e«x^s  cr^payiS.e'  ravrriv  Be  fiaXXov 
e<l>  y  rov  Xoyiaii-ov  Beupels  iifiipifiaXXovTa.     Thus  men  should  consecrate  all  their'undertakings. 

'Ovhev  yap  bxjieXei  ridevai  vonovs,  kav  iiri  Kai  {j  eKbUrfais  eiroiro.     For  'tis  to  no  purpose  tp  enact 
laws  unlesse  punishment  be  also  inflicted,  Stc.    Conformable  to  that  of  the  Lyrick. 
Nullis  polluitur  casta  domus  stupris  : 
Mos,  S;  lex  maeulosum  edomuit  nefas  ; 
Laudantur  simili  prole  Puerperee. 

Culpam  poena  premit  comes%  Hor.  lib,  4.  Od.  5. 

Such  was  the  Lex  Julia  de  Adulteriis  severely  inflicted  upon  the  offenders}  for 

Si  non  supplicio  culpa  reciditur  ?  ^ 

Quid  leges  sine  moribus 
Vanm  prqficiunt?  Hor.  1.  3,  od.  24. 

MiyaSes,  such  are  called  Mestiso's.  The  Israelites  were  to  be  a  pure  and  separate  people. 
Exod.  12.  38.  Kai  eiriiiiKTos  iroXiis  avvavejiti  aiiroXs,  &c.  And  a  mixed  multitude  went  up,  Sfc. 
Numb.  11.  I.     Kai  o  eirl/jiLKTOs  6  ev  avro'ts  eiredifiriirev  kiriQvfilav,  &c.    And  a  mixt  multitude  that 


140 

was  among  iliem  lusted  a  lust.  Such  a  one  was  the  blasphemer,  Levit.  '24.  10,  He  was  Hybrida, 
of  an  Egyptian  father  and  Israelitish  mother.  Nehem.  13  .3.  kuI  exbipitrdrjerav  iras  eirifiiKTOs  ev 
'lo-pai/X.  It  was  upon  hearing  the  law  that  they  were  separated  from  Israel  all  the  mixed  mul- 
titude. 

01  rpo(^e(i.  Altores,  Nuiritii.  Nursing  fathers.  It  seems  to  be  an  employment  about  young 
Nobility  ;  S.  Chrysostom,  the  Chief  Bishop  of  Constantinople,  seems  to  direct  the  education  of  the 
children  of  Noblemen  and  Gentry  of  great  quality  j  he  mentions  a  garb  of  attendants  —  their 
Tf>off>eis.  This  office  he  sets  down  as  the  first  Impression  kK  Kprjtrlbos,  &  t^  apxvs-  I  suppose  a 
nurse  and  foster-father  taken  into  the  house. 

TlaihayMyos,  a  Governor  ;  'AkoKovQos,  a.  Page ;  besides  other  olKerai,  domestick  attendants.  So 
that  of  Jacob,  ovheva  e\(i>v  fieff  eavrov,  ov  BovXov,  oh  Tpocfiia,  ov  iraiiayuiyov,  ovK  aWov  ov&eva, 
&c.  Having  no  body  with  him,  not  so  much  as  a  servant,  no  fosterer,  no  attendant,  nor  any  person 
beside,  S(C. 

Kai  ■KpoXajifiovovTa,  Ka\  einyivbXTKovTa,  Out-running  in  his  understanding  the  words  of  the  Mini- 
ster, Sfc.  Not  occupantem,  Legetem,  as  Combefis.  The  author  speaks  of  a  child  (if  I  understand 
aright)  that  hath  been  instructed  by  narrations  from  his  father  and  mother,  not  yet  arrived  to  those 
years  that  he  hath  learned  to  read  ;  for  it  is  a  question,  whether  the  Greeks  were  so  very  forward 
in  putting  their  children  to  read  and  write  as  we  now  are.  Besides,  k-riyivwaKii)  does  not  signifie 
to  read,  though  avayivixTKi,)  do  :  but  agnosco,  to  own  or  declare  that  I  knew  such  a  person  for- 
merly. Recordor,  to  call  to  mind :  here  it  is  either  by  gesture  in  the  church,  importing  that  he 
knew  the  history  before,  or  afterwards  to  recount  to  -his  parents  when  he  comes  from  church. 

Tpa<j>ls,  called  also  Tapaypa(j)ls,  ypat^eiov,  ■KivaKis,  called  irv^iov.  The  fiXuo-is  yakKrj,  I  suppose, 
bound  up  the  Tabella,  and  fastened  the  Style  too ;  for  which  use  was  sometimes  (as  appears  before) 
ifias,  Corrigia,  or  Lorum. 

Tows  ie  yapovs  TzoiGipev  pfj  peru  avXuiv,  p^  pera  Kidapas,  prjbe  peril  opxvp^ruy.  But  let  us  cele- 
brate the  marriage,  not  withpipes,  and  harps,  and  dancing,  Sic.  Pertinent  to  which  passage  is  that  in- 
comparable Homily  of  this  Father,  torn.  5,  lib.  25,  p.  331.  Edit.  Savil.  too  long  to  recite,  but  most 
worthy  of  the  reading ;  and  such  a  wedding  was  that  of  Cana  in  Galilee,  at  which  our  B.  Savior 
was  present,  John.  ii. 

To  conclude,  there  is  'EKXoyi)  Trepl  iraihuv  avarpoiprjs.  Chrys.  Savil;  torn.  7,  p.  S23 ;  but  it  does 
not  contain  any  part  of  this  work  ;  yet  points  it  to  other  places  of  this  Father,  where  upon  the  same 
subject  are  used  phrases  harmonious  to  some  of  these. 


A 


CHARACTER    OF    ENGLAND, 


IT  WAS  LATELY  PRESENTED  IN  A  LETTER  TO  A  NOBLEMAN  OF  FRANCE. 


WITH 


REFLECTIONS  UPON  "  GALLUS  CASTRATUS." 


THE  THIRD  EDITION. 

(originally  printed  in  1651.) 


LONDON 


PRINTED  FOR  JOHN  CROOKE,  AND  ARE  TO  BE  SOLD  AT  THE  SHIP 
IN  ST.  PAULS  CHUKCH-YARD. 


1659. 


LETTER  IN  VINDICATION  OF  THIS  "  CHARACTER," 


AGAINST    THE 


SORDID  REPROACHES  OF  "  GALLUS  CASTRATUS.' 


Madame, 
I  HERE  transmit  you  the  "Character  of  France*,"  in  which  it  mui 
be  confess'd,  as  he  renders  tp  his  antagonist  in  civility,  so  is  he  supt 
rior  to  him  in  fancy  arid  baudry  >  and  it  cannot,  but  extreamly  pleas 
the  Monsieur,  to  see  the  zeal  and, anger  of  this  Mir-millo  discharge  itse 
upon  his  person  to  so  little  purpose,  who  h^  been  so  civill  to  ou 
Country,  and  to  all  who  can  pretend  to  worth  aHi^  vertue  in  it;  that  i 
my  judgment,  had  he  spared  the  gentleman^  his,  observations  had  a 
much  obliged  that  Nation  in  some  particulars  as  the  "  Character  f"  ha 
our  own,  in  so  charitably  shewing  us  our  avowed  deformities,  and  the  ex 
pedients  to  redresse  them.  But  I  beseech  you,  Madame,  could  you  ima 
gine,  that  if  there  had  been  the  least  period  in  the  Monsieur  whic 
reflected  on  your  fair  sex,  it  had  been  left  to  this  pitifull  champion  t 
defend  your  honours  ?  I  protest,  I  have  confronted  them  with  the  bes 
skill  I  have,  and  not  without  some  animositie ;  and  seriously,  when 


*  A  small  Tract,  intituled  "  A  Character  of  France ;"  to  which  is  added  Gallus  Castratus,  or  a 
Answer  to  a  late  slanderous  Pamphlet  called  "  The  Character  of  England."    London,  1659. 

t  The  great  rarity  of  the  Answer  to  this  equally  scarce  Tract,  has  been  the  principal  motive  fc 
its  insertion  in  the  present  Collection  of  Evelyn's  smaller  pieces.  Although  the  above  appears  i 
the  list  of  his  Works  attached  to  his  Memoirs  in  Dr.  Kippis's  edition  of  the  Biographia  Britannicj 
whence  it  has  been  copied  by  all  the  subsequent  writers  of  his  Life,  it  is  not  mentioned  in  h: 
Memoirs  recently  published,  nor  in  the  list  of  his  productions  which  he  sent  to  his  friend  Dr.  Plo 
in  a  letter  dated  16th  March,  1682-3  j  and  on  that  account  some  have  considered  it  as  apochr) 
phal.  The  extracts  from  the  Diary  introduced  as  notes  to  the  preceding  Tract,  will  however  form 
chain  of  illustrative  evidence  to  prove  that  it  is  the  genuine  production  of  Evelyn's  pen. 

"  Gallus  C astkatus,  an  Answer  to  a  Slanderous  Pamphlet,  called  the  Character  of  Englani 


144 

consider  what  the  "Character"  has  spoken  of  our  Country  in  generall,  and 
with  what  decent  reserves  he  has  treated  your  sex  in  particular,  that  but 
pretend  to  vertue,  I  am  sure  your  LaP  cannot  be  offended  at  his  reproofes, 
because  so  little  concerned  with  them ;  and  that  none  but  the  guilty  will 
condemne  so  civill  a  declamation,  which  has  nothing  of  asperity  in  it  but 
that  which  is  proper  for  the  cure  of  what  both  you  and  I,  and  thousands 
more,  have  frequently  deplored.  Juvenal  and  Persius  did  the  same  to 
their  own  country  which  this  stranger  has  done  to  us,  and  have  been 
celebrated  these  1500  yeares  for  their  service ;  and  shall  we  be  the  only 
ungrateful  I  ?  The  hope  is,  the  reply  is  penn'd  in  so  coarse  a  style, 
that  there  will  not  be  found  words  in  all  the  French  tongue  to  let  them 
know  we  have  so  foule  a  mouth  amongst  us,  or  your  honours  so  weak 
an  advocate.  But  it  seemes  the  offence  is  not  universall,  for  I  am  cre- 
dibly informed  by  a  person  of  quality,  and  much  integrity,  that  heard 
a  learned  and  sober  preacher  quote  the  "  Character"  in  his  sermon,  and 
reproach  the  people  for  their  irreverent  behaviour  in  the  church  in  the 
very  language  of  that  book,  which  being  asserted  to  me  by  a  lady  who 
was  her  self  an  auditor,  is  enough  to  discharge  it  of  the  blasphemy  which 
this  impure  insect  imputes  to  it,  and  to  give  it  the  reputation  of  a  pre- 
cious balme,  a  sober  and  just  reproof. 

But  I  say  no  more,  least  whilst  1  am  advocate  for  the  stranger,  I  be- 
come the  subject  of  this  scorpion  ;  which  I  had  yet  rather  be,  than  in  the 
catalogue  of  his  worthies,  if  such  monsters  as  the  last  he  mentions  bring 
up  the  arriere,  whose  fanatick  impieties  he  would  palliate  by  his  Pbari- 


Si  talia  nefanda  et  facinora  quk  non  Democritus.  London :  Printed  for  Nath.  Brooke  at  the 
Angel  in  Cornhill,  1659. 

"  To  the  illustrious  Starres  of  Glory,  the  incomparable  Beauties  of  the  English  Nation.  These 
with  a  deep  humility. 

"  Gallus  Caslratus,  &c.— Ladies,  To  make  a  hue  and  cry,  or  research  after  this  Satyrist,  were  to 
enquire  after  yesterdayes  air,  or  the  last  evenings  sun  :  since  the  perpetrating  a  sin  against  cha- 
rity and  divine  beauty,  hath  occasioned  him  to  conceal  his  unworthy  name  ;  yet  by  your  permission 
(fair  Ladies)  I  shall  adventure  a  throw  after  him,  so  as  to  bestow  on  him  a  character  not  unworthy 
of  his  fact. 

"  He  may  be  thought  one  of  the  dislodged  brood  of  wandering  Cain,  who  having  sinned  in  good, 
sets  his  hand  against  all  for  bad  ;  such  of  these  are  true,  sons  of  the  Curse,  they  bring  brambles  for 
violets,  and  thorns  for  roses  :  desperate  persons  to  converse  with,  as  infectious  in  their  souls,  as  in 

their 


145 

salcall  censure  of  the  Monsieur;  for  having  reproved  nothing  but  what 
this  wasp  must  needes  blush  to  have  vindicated,  if  he  were  a  true  son n 
of  the  Church  of  England,  and  not  a  scabbed  sheep  of  some  other 
flock.     In  summe,  I  defer  no  more  to  his  wit  then  to  his  wisdome  ;  for 
it  seemes  he  has  replied  with,  as  little  moderation  as  the  Monsieur  with 
method:  at  least,  I  wish  he  had  distinguished  better,  and  given  him 
lesse  subject  to  suspect  him  of  the  oiFspring  of  Billings-gate  ;  so  ungen- 
tlemanhke  he  railes,  that  in  the  next  edition  of  Mr.  Wren  *,  his  epithetes 
may  happen  to  be  added  to  the  elegancies  of  Mr,  Harrington  'f',  of  whose 
schoole  and  complexion  he  appears  to  be.     For  the  rest,  I  read  him  with 
patience ;  but  as  the  justice  of  my  nature  transports  me,  could  wish  to 
have  seen  the  product  of  the  "  Character  "  result  in  a  due  deploring  of 
what  is  really  amisse  amongst. us,  and  not  in  empty  recriminations,  which 
serves  to  no  other  end  than   to   harden  us  in  our  follies,  and   Steele 
us  with   the  metall  of  his  own  forehead.     But  thus  the  urinall  is  cast 
into  the  physitians  face,  and   he  becomes  our  enemy  who  tells  us  the 
truth;   verifying  rather  the  signature  of  one  of  Solomons  fooles  than  at 
all  treating  the   Monsieur  as  an  ingenuous  person  should  do,  and  had 
become  him  that  intended  not  rather  to  justify  the  errours  we  are  guilty 
of,  than  to  acknowledg  and  reform  them.     Madame,  I  shall   add  no 
more  than  to  tell  you,  that  if  any  worthy  persons  think  themselves 
agreiv'd,  and  have  the  leisure  to  revenge  us  upon  the  French,  there 
are  witts  of  our  Nation,  and  devotos  of  yours,  of  another  allay  than 
this  trifler,  and  who  can  tell  how  to  make  a  better  election  of  what  is 


their  limbs ;  a  traveller,  that  makes  it  his  business  to  deface  the  glories  of  nature,  not  to  admire 
and  adore  them  j  a  frothy  wit,  not  consenting  to.  its  captivity,  hath  in,  his  caprichios  snorted  his 
foam  upon  the  sweet  face  of  this  blessed  Island  ;  the  method  he  pretends  too,  for  he  hath  none, 
was  sure  begot  in  a  hirricano,  where,  being  frighted  by  his  conscience,  he  thrusts  things  together 
d.  la  negligence;  a  brat  only  born  to  die  accursed,  and  to  shew  to  the  world  that  France  hath,  of 
late  her  monsters,  as  well  as  Africa. 

"  His  end  I  cannot  remark,  except  like  Erostratus  to  purchase  a  fame,  though  by  the  vilest 
infamy,  or  to  engage  a  smile  from  those  (bandittors  to  nature)  the  rude  offspring  of  a  brothel  or 

■  a  dunghill  : 

*  Matthew  Wren,  eldest  son  of  the  Bishop  of  Ely,  and  author  of  "  Considerations  on  Mr.  Har- 
rington's Commonwealth  of  Oceana."  8vo.  1.659..   _  .. 

t  James  Harrington,  an  eminent  political  writer,  and  author  of  "  Oceana."  1656.  Folio. 

U 


146 

reprehensible  in  them,  with  more  becoming  tearmes,  and  equall  charity : 
but  that  he  may  not  altogether  despair,  now  the  bolt  is  shot,  the  onely 
way  to  render  him  usefull  (if  so  you  think  he  may  be),  is  to  separate 
his  quibbles  from  his  scurrility ;  and  by  a  second  perusall  of  the  Mon- 
sieurs  letter,  to  determine  impartially,  as  (on  your  Ladyships  injunc- 
tions) I  have  endeavoured  to  do.  But  if  I  would  give  counsell  to  this 
whiffling  capon-maker*  (which  is  the  name  he  afFeots  in  revenge  for 
the  others  concealment),  it  is,  that  instead  of  triumphing  with  the 
rams-hornes,  and  defending  the  blasphemies,  sacrilege,  and  ill  manners 
of  this  corrupt  age,  he  would  withdraw  his  own,  and  write  a  second 
Apology  for  the  froth  which  he  hath  so  iudiscretely  spewed  out;  least 
being  judged  a  creature  of  the  liquor  he  so  much  celebrates,  he  be 
thought  unworthy  a  rejoynder,  and  after  the  English  Character  is  made 
use  of,  his  own  supply  the  sweet  office,  ad  spurco's  usus. 
24*V  June  1659. 


a  dunghill :  a  monster  fitting  to.  rove  after  its  sire,  rather  than  find  a  Meceenas  in  anyserraus 
family  ;  so  unfit  to  bear 'the  name  of  a  character,  that  it  may  well  be  stiled  the  Leprosie  of  France 
cast  upon  England.  But  by  this  time  (Ladies)  1  suppose  you  have  enough  of  this  unmaskt  Gen- 
tleman J  now  to  the  work  itself. 

<'  And  first  he  apologjzeth  for  his  rudenessi  by  the  commands  of  a  person  (once  a  devoto  to  the 
charmes  of  England)  a  person  of  quality  (a  Lord) ;  but  if  his  qualities  answered  his  dignity,  surely 
his  Lordship  hath  repented  him  of  his  commands. 

"  He  declares  he  had  licence  only  for  minute  things:  his  Honour  thought  great  ones  too 
much  beyond  the  sphere  of  his  activity  and  cognisance  :  but  to  particularize  his  aspersions,  which 
I  shall  civilly  name  his  complaints, 

"  Comp.  1.  His  first  is,  (of  the  stiffe  whispering  and  forbidden  countenances)  at  Dover. 

"Surely  his  Jast  collation  of  the  grape  at  Calais,  or  the  high  trott  of  Neptune,  had  contributed 
much  to  this  mistake  ;  since  as  Cumines  his  own  country-man  saith,  I  used  to  go  to  Calais  (when 
in  the  hands  of  the  English)  without  a  passe,  for  (saith  he)  they  are  very  courteous  and  honourable 
in  their  entertainments  to  strangers.  And  further,  in  their  tryals  with  forrainers  they  allow  them 
a  Jury,  de  Medietate  Lingua.  Surely  then  they  had  not  lost  their  native  gallantry  at  this  Mon- 
sieurs  landing ;  but  for  a  certain  the  Monsieur  brought  a  face  from  Madagascar,  or  a  habit  from 
America,  not  fit  to  be  seen  without  a  motion  or  amazement,  as  the  Spaniards  are  usually  respected 
in  their  country.  But  I  see  this  ])oor  gentleman  is  mighty  tender,  for  he  seems  to  take  pet  at 
every  tree  that  grows  not  straight,  and  excepts  at  any  person  that  comes  but  neer  him,  much  more 
that  doth  but  touch  him :  the  very  boyes  give  him  an  adventure  much  of  Don  Quixots,  which 
makes  him  view  all  things  through  inchantment ;  and  I  wonder  I  hear  no  news  of  his  eccho^  a 
Sancho  Pancho  to  flatter  his  folly  into  a  romance. 

■  "  Comp, 

*  Ga  lilts  Caatratus. 


147 


TO   THE    READER. 

When  I  first  chanced  upon  this  Severe  piece,  and  had  read  it  in  the 
language  it  was  sent  me,  I  was  so  much  concern'd  with  the  honour  of 
our  Country,  that  it  wias  my  resolution  to  "suppress  the  publication  of 
our  shame,  as  conceiving  it  an  act  of  great  inhumanity  ;  but  upon  se- 
cond and  more  impartial  thoughts,  I  have  been  tempted  to  make  it  speak 
English,  and  give  it  liberj:y,  not  to  reproach,  but  to  instruct  our  Nation, 
remembering  what  the  wise-man  hath  said*,  '"  Open  rebuke  is  better 
than  secret  love."  The  truth  is,  I  cannot  say  but  the  particulars  are 
most  of  them  very  home,  and  which  we  may  no  way  evade,  ^vithout 
acknowledging^  at  least,  that  the  gentleman  (who  ever  he  were)  made 
notable  use  of  his  time,  but  l)est  of  all  by  setting  upon  effectual  redresse 
of  what  is  amiss.  And  though  1  doubt  not  but  one  might  easily  retort 
in  as  matiy  instances  upon  defects  as  great  (if  not  greater)  of  that 
Nation,  (for  he  that  finds  fault  had  need  be  perfect,)  yet  were  it  then 
fittest  to  do  it,  and  to  revenge  this  charitable  office,  when  we  shall  have 
first  reformed  ourselves.     Farewell. 


"  Comp.  2.  To  see  his  confident  host  Sit  down  cheek  by  joule  by  bim,  belching  and  puffing  to- 
bacco, and  that  our  gentlemen  do  usually  entertain  them,  and  are  pleased  with  their  impertinencies. 

"^This  Monsieur  was  (I  dare  say)  not  banished  France  for  his  great  head-piece;  else  he  might 
have  considered  himself  now  in  a  free  state,  where  no  person  is  shackled  by  prerogative,  but  may 
be  company  (by  way  of  dlvertisement)  to  the  greatest  pieqe  of  honour  in  Europe ;  and  if  you  can  fit 
your  lacquey  upon  what  last  your  humor  shall  frame,,why  may  not  sometimes  an  iimpertinency  please 
your  fancy,  as  well  as  the  character  of  England  doth  some  of  your  ladies  >  For  you  must  know, 
our  people  are  nut  an  asse-Iike  galled  nation,  who  are  bound  by  their  chains  to  come  no  neerer  then 
an  interview  of  Princes :  but  I  confess  my  host  was  somewhat  too  bold  to  approach  so  nigh,  lest  he 
might  have  had  imployment  for  his  fingers  and  nails  all  the  year  after. 

"  But  I  hope  Monsieur  you  have  paid  your  reckoning,  and  are  now  coming  to  London,  as  you 
say  (the  metropolis  of  all  civility.)  > 

"  Comp.  3.  You  write.  That  you  had  some  honour  thrown  upon  you,  as  dirt,  squibs,  roots,  nay 
rams'  horns,  entering  London. 

"Seriously,  Sir,  1  wonder  at  the  last  lot,  how  they,  came  to  hit  upon  this  honour  for  you;  I 
must  tell  you,  that  it  was  a  sad  and  lowering  constellation  or  ludibrium  of  fortune  cast  upoi)  your 
person,  that  in  that  great  place  of  civility  such  ominous  caresses  should  be  ofiered,  since  your 
deserts  had  been  better  paid  you  in  your  own  country,  and  with  your  own  coyn.  As  for  the  car- 
men, as  you  say,  overthrew  the  hell-carts,  I  wonder.  Sir,  how  your  company  escaped,  since  there 

was 

*  Proverbs,  chap,  xxvii.  ver.  5. 


CHARACTER  OF  ENGLAND,  &c. 


My  Lord, 
You  command  me  to  give  you  minute  account  of  what  I  observed, 
and  howlpassed  that  little  time  which  I  lately  spent  in  England  ^;  a 
Country,  whose  character  you  so  greatly  desire  to  be  inform'd  of,  in  a 
conjuncture  (as  you  rightly  deduce)  of  so  strange  vicissitude  and  won- 
derful alterations ;  and  to  whom,  my  Lord,  should  I  more  readily  sub- 
mit ?  first  encouraged  to  make  this  excursion  by  your  Lp,  as  who  had 
formerly  beheld  and  so  much  admir'd  the  splendor  and  magnificence  of 
this  Court  and  Kingdom  iu  its  greatest  acme  and  lustre.  But,  my 
Lord,  I  cannot  imagine  that  you  should  esteem  me  either  of  years  or 
capacity  to  inform  you,  whose  judgement  is  so  mature,  and  correspon- 
dence so  universal!,  as  that  there  is.  nothing  which  can  escape  your 
cognizance,  not  onely  in  that  Island,  but  in  all  the  world  besides.  But 
since  you  oblige  me  not  to  dip  into  the  transactions  of  States,  the  effects 
of  Providence,  time,  notices  of  a  superiour  orbe,  and  in  which  you  can- 
not be  instructed  by  so  weak  an  instrument  as  your  servant ;  and  demand 
onely   the  little   remarkes   of   my  hasty   and  desultory   peregrination, 


was  a  story,  that  the  Devil  rid  through  our  streets  with  some  blades  having  none  of  the  best  feces, 
"  Cnmp.  4.    That  our  city  is  a  wooden,  northern,  and  inartificial  congestion  pf  houses. 
"  This  Monsieur,  I  perceive,  is  no  curious  architect,  for  finding  fault  with  our  wooden  build- 
ings, which  consider  London,  as  a  mercantile  city,  strong  and  beautiful,  her  manner  of  building 
agreeable  to  the  jettyes,  bay-windowsi  and  returns'in  her  streets  ;  every  part  so  ingaged  one  with 
another,  that  though  under  several  modes,  yet  like  loving  citizens  they  hold  hand  in  hand  faster' 
then  brick  or  stone  can  do,  and  by  their  diversity  of  frontings  do  declare  a,  freedome  of  our  sub- 
jects, that  what  they  acquire  by  industry,  may  be  bestowed  at  pleasure  ;  not  obliged  to  build  so' 
for  the  will  of  the  Princes  s  whereas  the  citizens  of  Paris  are  so  forced  to  uniformity,  that  their 

'-- — '—  sti'uctures ' 

*  Referring  to  the  Diary,  June  27,  1650,  it  will  be  seen  that  Evelyn  quitted  Calais,  "  intending' 
but  'a  short  stay  in  England,"  and  returned  to  France  on  the  13th  of  the  following  month. 


149 

ugli  I  cannot  pretend  to  improve  yoiar  Lordships  knowledg,  yet  1 

y  hope  to  give  it  diversion,  and  an  essay  of  my  obedience. 

t  must  be  avowed  that  England  is  a  sweet  and  fertill  Country,— 

Terra  potens  armis,  atque  ubere  glebae ; 

t  the  fields,  the  hills,  and  the  vallies  are  perpetually  clad  with  a  glo- 
is  and  agi-eeable  verdure;  that  her  provisions  are  plentiful!,  her 
)les  important,  and  her  interest  very  considerable,  not  omitting  the 
3t  beautiful!  ladies,  I  had  almost  said,  of  the  world,  but  for  a  just 
ject  due  to  the  illustrious  circles  of  our  Court,  where  the  beauties  of 
versation  so  far  transcend  the  tinctures  of  lillies  and  roses.  But  these. 
Lord,  are  not  the  memoires  which  you  demand ;  I  will  therefore 
ten  to  my  post. 

Sifter  a  short  passage  from  Calais,  we  came  on  shore  at  Dover,  where 
people  of  the  town  entertain'd  us  with  such  suspicious  a,nd  forbidding 
ntenances,  whispering,  and  stiiF  postures,  that  I  should  never  have 
eved  so  great  a  difference  in  the  addresses  of  two  nations  could  have 
n  produced  in  so  short  a  trajection,  and  in  a  port  continually  accus- 
I'd  to  the  faces  of  strangers,  had  not  the  contrary  liumors  of  our  con-: 
xous  neighbours,  the  Spaniards,  made  it  possible  in  so  many  pleasant 
ances.  But  I  was  amazed,  when  we  had  taken  post,  and  scarce  out 
the  village,  at  the  acclamations  of  the  boys,  running  after  and 
ightiiig  our  horses,  hooting,  and  crying  out,  '  French  dogs,  French 
'&,  a   Mounser,  Mounser  1'   by  a  particular  expression  of  welcome, 


tures  seem  to  be  only  one  continued'  magnificent  wall  loop-hol'd  ;  whereas  variety  is  more 
ant,  if  it  be  not  so  fantastick  as  to  incommodate  passage,  height,  or  sight,  as  it  is  an  undoubted 
m  in  the  opticks,  that  it  lengthens  your  entertainment  to  a  rapture  •  whereas  in  the  French 
the  eye  in  an  instant  is  glutted  with  an  identity,  so  that  having  seen  one  city  or  street,  the 
j  not  urged  to  take  her  revels  in  another,  all  being  so  like  to  a  primitiveliattern  qf  one 
f,  it  choaks  delight ;  as  ior  magnificent  buildings,  or  regalios.  Monsieur  forgets  the  Abbey  ot 
minster,  the  Royal  Exchange,  two  such  works  of  architecture,  that  for  their  kind  and  use  meet 
vith  any  parallel  in.  France  j  though,  I  confess,  the  absolute  tyranny  of  your  Kings  by  the 
I  and  sweat  of  the  insla\ed  peasantry,  have  erected  palacesas  it  seemeth  to  me  works  of  im- 
nency  and  leisure  ;  but  if  you  view  further  their  precordia,  you  will  find  the  work  like  sattin 
ct  upon  canvas,  being  so  furnished,  that  you  would  think  them  the  edifices  of  some  former 
»tants  frighted  fi-bm  them,  and  possessed  by  Noihades  ov  Scythians,  that  never  knew  the  use 


150 

Avhlch  other  people  would  Interpret  derision;  but  in  this  triumph  (tho 
somewhat  late  e're  we  set  out  for  Dover)  we  attain'd  as  far  as  Roche 
the  first  night,  inhere,  how  new  a  thing  it  appeared  to  me^  to  see 
confident  host  set  him  down  cheek  by  joul  by  me,  belching  and  puf 
tobacco  in  my  face,  you  may  easily  imagine,  till  I  afterwards  found  i 
be  the  usuall  stile  of  this  Country,  and  that  the  gentlemen  who  Ic 
at  their  inns  entertain  themselves  in  their  company,  and  are  m 
pleas'd  at  their  impertinencles.  Arrlv'd  at  the  metropolis  of  civi 
London,  we  put  our  selves  in  coach  with  some  persons  of  quality, 
came  to  conduct  us  to  our  lodging :  but  neither  was  this  passage  w 
out  honour  done  to  us ;  the  kennel  dirt,  squibs,  roots,  and  rams -hoi 
being  favours  which  were  frequently  cast  at  us  by  the  children  and 
prentises  without  reproofe ;  civilities  that  in  Paris  a  gentleman  as  sell 
meets  withall,  as  with  the  contests  of  carmen,  who  in  this  towndoraii 
in  the  streets,  o're-throw  the  hell-carts  (for  so  they  name  theeoach 
cursing  and  reviling  at  the  nobles:  you  would  imagine  yourself  amoi 
a  legion  of  devils,  and  in  the  suburbs  of  hell.  I  have  greatly  won( 
at  the  remisness  of  the  magistrate,  and  the  temper  of  the  g6ntlen 
and  that  the  citizens,  who  subsist  onely  upon  them,  should  permi 
great  a  disorder,  rather  joyning  in  the  affronts  then  at  all  chastizing 
inhumanity.  But  these  are  the  natural  effects  of  parity,  popular  11 
tlnism,  and  Insulary  manners. 

I  ^nd,  as  you  told  me,  my  Lord,  London  to  be  a  town  so  nobly  s 
ated,  and  upon  such  a  river  as  Europe  certainly  shews  not  a  more  us( 


of  such  civil  utensils:  besidi;s,  onr  Kings  hsive  had  larger  theaters  of  Majesty  then  these 
whereas  the  French  King  is  sedentary  in  Paris,  our  Kings  have  been  like  the  sun,  not  uonfinei 
place,  but  enriching  all  places  with  their  justice  and  glory:  and  so  our  palaces  are  be; 
scattered  and  equally  distributed  to  all  places  of  the  nation:  no  King  (for  the  extent  of  e 
having  more  i«sidencies  of  Majesty  than  our  English  Potentates  have  had ;  so  that  if  this  cii 
London)  be  considered  as  a  mercantile  city,  and  place  of  trading,  and  the  King's  Court  but 
issue  of  his  favour  to  these  merchants :  you  will  fJnd  he  hath  grandeurs  both  noble  and  suffii 
What  a  charm  of  Majesty  is  there  of  the  houses  of  the  nobility,  fronting  that  christal  and  i 
nymph  (the  Thames  ?)  Besides,  the  city  illustrated  with  the  like  in  many  places  ;  together 
the  stately  structures  belonging  to  citizens,  that,  I  am  confident,  cannot  be  paralleled  by  the  \ 
trade  of  France  or  Europe. 

''  But  I  am  bound  to  follow  you,  Monsieur,  up  and  down  from  the  tavern  to  the  ch 


151 

and  agreeable;  but  with  all  this  a  city  consisting  of  a  wooden,  northera, 
and  inartificial  congestion  of  houses ;  some  of  the  principal  streets  so 
narrow,  as  there  is  nothing  more  deformed  and  unlike  than  the  pros- 
pect of  it  at  a  distance,  and  its  asymmetrie  within  the  walls.  Their 
fountains,  which  are  the  pride  and  grace  of  our  streets,  and  plentifully 
supplyed  in  this  city,  are  here  immur'd,  to  secure  the  waters  from,  I 
know  not  what,  impurities  ;  but,  certainly,  it  do's  greatly  detract  from 
the  beauty  of  the  Carfours,  and  intercepts  the  view. 

Amongst  the  pieces  of  modern  architecture,  I  have  never  observ'd 
above  two  which  were  remarkable  in  .this  vast  city  ;  the  portico  of  the 
Church  of  St.  Pauls,  and  the  Banqueting-house  at  Whitehall,  of  which 
I  remember  to  have  heard  your  Lordship  speak  :  but  you  would  be 
amaz'd  at  the  genius  of  this  age,  that  should  suffer  this  goodly  and  ve- 
nerable fabrick  to  be  built  about,  and  converted  into  raskally  Ware- 
houses, and  so  sordidly  obscur'd  and  defac'd,  that  an  argument  of  greater 
avarice,  malice,  meanness,  and  deformity  of  mind,  cannot  possibly  be 
expressed  :  nothing  here  of  ornament,  nothing  of  magnificence,  no  pub- 
llque  and  honourable  works,  such  as  render.our  Paris,  and  other  cities  of 
France,  renowned  and  visited  by  all  the  world ;  emulating  even  Italy 
her  self  for  her  palaces,  uniform  and  conspicuous  structures  :  but  O ! 
how  loathsome  a  Golgotha  is  this  Pauls  !  I  assure  your  Lordship,  that 
Bngland  is  the  sole  spot  in  all  the  world  where,  amongst  Christians, 
their  churches  are  made  jakes  and  stables,  markets  and  tlppllng-houses, 
and  where  there  were  more  need  of  scorpions  than  thongs  to  drive  out 


then  to  the  shambles,  and  indeede  it  seenjs  you  visited  things  (like. our  rusticks)  with  a  streight- 
ened  heart  and  a  wide  mouth,  for  now  you  hark  most  monstrously  against  our  religion  and 
professors  of  it :  but  seriously,  had  you  minded  any  thing  of  charity,  you  would  not  have  given  a 
character  of  us  in  our  distempers,  taking  the  present  advantage  of  our  being  sick  of  schisme  and 
division  :  buti  find  you  one  of  those  Lucian  scoffers,  that  rather  then  not  exercise  your  froth,  the 
gods  shall  not  escape  your  animosity.  I  cannot  like  that  spirit  in  a  Frenchman,  which  would  be 
scorned  in  a  Heathen,  or  like  a  Jew  spit  upon  the  Saviour  of  the  world,  because  not  their  insom- 
niated  Messias  :  but  Monsieur,  procul  hine,  procul  ite,  prophani.  Yet  I  seriously  assure  you  (dear 
Ladies)  as  touching  their  several  worships,  of  these  equivocal  Christians,  as  he  cals  them,  it  is  a 
newly  forged  blasphemy  against  the  truth,  and  I  question  not  but  his  god-father  will  one  day  con- 
gratulate his  intelligence  with  a  meritorious  rewai:d. 

"  Well  now  into  the  tavern  I  must  follow  my  Frenchman,  who  is  my  ignis  fatuus,  leads  me  in 

no 


152 

the  publicans  and  money-changers ;  in  sum,  where  these  excellent  uses 
are  pretended  to  be  the  markes  of  piety  and  reformation. 

I  had  sometimes  the  curiosity  to  visit  the  several  worships  of  these 
equivocal  Christians  and  enthusiasts*.  But  I  extremely  wondred  to 
find  those  whom  they  call  Presbyterians,  and  that  would  imitate  us  of 
the  religion  in  France  and  Geneva,  to  have  their  discipline  so  confused 
and  diflferent.  In  this  remarke,  my  Lord,  to  be  somewhat  more  parti- 
cular, vou  will  not  be  displeased  ;  because  it  was  a  thing  you  so  much 
recommended  to  my  especiall  notice.  Form,  they  observe  none.  They 
pray  and  read  without  method,  and  indeed,  without  reverence  or  devo- 
tion. I  have  beheld  a  whole  congregation  sit  with  their  hats  on,  at  the 
reading  of  the  Psalms,  and  yet  bare-headed  when  they  sing  them.  In 
divers  places  they  read  not  the  Scriptures  at  all ;  but  up  into  the  pulpit, 
where  they  make  an  insipid,  tedious,  and  immethodical  prayer,  in 
phrases  and  a  tone  so  affected  and  mysterious,  that  they  gi^e  it  the 
name  of  canting,  a  term  by  which  they  do  usually  express  the  gibberish 
of  beggars  and  vagabonds  ;  after  whichj  there  follows  the  sermon 
(which,  for  the  most  part,  they  read  out  of  a  book)  consisting  (like 
their  prayers)  of  speculative  and  abstracted  notions  and  things,  which, 
nor  the  people  nor  themselves  well  understand  :  but  these  they  extend 
to  an  extraordinary  length  and  Pharisaical  repetitions  ;  and  well  they 
may,  for  their  chaires  are  lined  with  prodigious  velvet  cushions,  upon 
which  they  loll  and  talk,  'till  almost  they  sleep ;  I  am  sure,  till  their 
auditors  do.  > 


no  method  or  order ;  but  what  sees  he  now  ?  Now  a  legion  of  adversities,  as  shops,  smoak 
coaches,  sea-coal ;  would  not  any  wise  man  think  this  man  mad,  or  tumbled  lately  out  of  some 
chaos  ?    But  his  chief  regret  is  for  the  sea-coal,  which  he  faith : 

"  Comp.  5.  That  if  there  be  any  hell  it  is  in  this  vulcano  on  a  foggy  day. 

"  You  may  not  well  question  a  hell,  Monsieut",  since  in  this  piece  of  impiety  and  unhandsome'- 
ness,  if  you  had  your  reward,  you  might  easily  perceive  you  are  in  the  suburbs  already.  Melhinks 
this  was  as  strange  an  adventure,  as  the  knight  errants  wind-mills,  and  I  suppose  as  much  crazed 
your  body;  so  that  I  wonder  at  your  high  valour,  that  dared  adventure  that  eyelet-holed  invaded 
body  of  yours,  to  such  corroding  fumes  ;  but  peradventure  you  are  well  sheathed  with  brimstone- 

""  and 

*  "  It  was  now  a  rare  thing  to  find  a  priest  of  the  Church  of  England  in  a  parish  pulpit,  most 
of  which  were  filled  with  Independents  and  Phanatics."    Diary,  vol.  I,  p.  257,  1st  edit. 


153 

The  Minister  uses  no  habit  of  distinction,  or  gravity,  but  steps  up  in 
querpo  ;  and  when  he  laies  by  his  cloak  (as  I  have  observed  some  of 
them)  he  has  the  action  rather  of  a  thrasher  than  a  divine.  This  they 
call  taking  pains,  and  indeed  it  is  so  to  those  that  hear  them  :  but  thus 
they  have  now  encouraged  every  pert  mechanlck  to  invade,  aflfron't,  and 
out-preach  them;  and  having  uncancell'd  all  manner  of  decency,  pros- 
tituted both  their  person's  and  function  to  usurpation,  penury,  and 
derision.  You  may  well  imagine,  by  the  manners  of  the  people,  and 
their  prodigious  opinions,  that  there  is  no  Catechism  nor  Sacraments 
duely  administred*:  the  religion  of  England  is  preaching  and  sitting  stll 
on  Sund'aies.  How  they  baptise  I  know  not,  because  the  congregation 
is  dismissed,  and  they  agree  in  no  form  ;  and  for  the  other  Sacraments, 
no  man  gives  or  receives  alike ;  and  it  is  so  selddme  done  in  remem- 
brance of  Christ,  that  in  some  parishes,  1  have  heard,  they  can  hardly 
remember  when  they  received  it.  Generally,  I  have  no  where  seen 
goodlier  out-sides  of  churches  ;  what  they  are  within  I  cannot  so  well 
say  ;  for  their  temples  are  as  fast  as  was  that  of  Janus  after  the  first 
Punlck-war,  unless  it  be  upon  Sundaies,  when  they  blow  the  brazen 
trumpets  of  sedition,  not  the  silver  ones  of  the  tabernacle.  I  have  dis- 
cotirsed  with  some  concerning  this  sealing  their  churches  in  the  week- 
dayes  :  they  are  ready  to  retort  upon  us  in  France,  not  considering  that 
our  churches  are  solitary,  and  In  some  places  many  leagues  distant  from 
the  towns  ;  that  we  are  under  a  persecution,  and  so  necessitated  to 
omit  the  publlque  Morning  and  Evening  Sacrifice,  which  I  remember 


and  butter  against  this  infection,  and  you  might  have  known,  or  I  wonder  your  Lord  informed 
you  not,  that  the  sulphure  of  our  combustibles  is  a  very  great  enemy  to  any  sacrifice  made  in  favour 
of  Venus,  her  oblations  being  burnt  upon  altars  in  our  suburbs. 

"  Comp.  6.  But  now  if  you  will  hear  a  loud  one,  mark  his  words  well ;  I  have,  saith  he,  been 
in  a  spacious  church,  where  I  could  not  discern  the  minister  for  smoak. 

"  Ex  ungue  Leonem,  one  may  judge  of  the  rest  of  his  narrative  by  this  notorious  untruth.  Did 
ever  any  sober  man  happen  upon  such  an  incounter  ?  Surely  this  gentleman's  opticks  were  much 
eclipsed,  or  some  drunken  vapours  had  overclowded  his  mind,  or  else  he  had  framed  in  his  smoaky 

cranium 

*  "  Mr.  Owen,  a  sequester'd  and  learned  Minister,  preach 'd  ,in  my  parlour,  and  gave  us  the 
blessed  Sacrament,  now  wholly  out  of  use  in  the  parish  churches  on  which  the  Presbyterians  and 
Fanatics  had  usurp'd."     Diary,  vol.  I.  p.  234. 

X 


154 

to   have  heard   severall  of  our  divines  deplore  the  defect  of;  as  of 
many  other  decencies,  which,  here,  they  can  have  no  pretence  against : 
but   such  of  their  churches  as  I  have  frequented  were  dammed   up 
with  pues,   every  three  or  four  of  the  inhabitants  sitting  in  narrow 
pounds  or  pulpits  by  themselves  ;  for  they  are  all  turn'd  preachers  now. 
In  short,  there  is  nothing  more  unlike  to  our  refornded  churches  in 
France,   and  I  think,  in    all   Europe   beside  ;   the    apprehension  of 
Popery,  or  fondness  to  their  own  imaginations,  having  carried  them  so 
far  to  the  other  extream,  that  they  have  now  lost  all  moderation  and 
decorum.     And  Ihave  been  herein,  my  Lord,  the  more  industrious  to 
inform  myself  of  each  particular;  because  it  seems  yet  to  be  the  most 
publlque  religion  of  the  State.     Some  of  their  own  party  I  have  heard 
deplore  this  confusion  ;    but  certainly  they  themselves  gave  the  first 
occasion  to  these  monstrous  liberties,  by  a  rigid  and  uncharitable  disci- 
pline, primarily  (it  seems)  introduced  by  the  Scots,  and  so  refifled  upon 
by  these,  as  there  are  few  or  none  that   will  submit  to  the  tyranny; 
but  every  one  takes  his   own  course,  and  has  protection  for  it.     Some 
well  natur'd  abused  men  1  have  met  withall  amongst  them  ;  but  if  I 
mistake  not,  for  the  greater  ingredient,  ambitious,  ignorant,  overween- 
ing, sower  and  uncharitable,   ne  quid  asperius,   combining   with   the 
interest  of  the  times,  and  who,  to  render  themselves  powerfull,  have  rn 
compliances  with  the  spiritual  pride  of  the  mechanicks  and  corporations, 
conniv'd  at  those  many  and  prodigious  schismes  and  heresies  which  are 
now  spawn'd  under  them  in  such  numbers  as  give  terrour  to  the  State. 


cranium  such  an  imposture;  and  I  wonder.  Sir,  you  make  not  a  recantation  for  such  a  grosse 
insipid  irregularity,  since  if  our  very  boys  read  but  your  book,  they  would  hoot  at  your  naticin 
indeed  for  your  sweet-Iye-composed  wonder. 

"  Comp.  7-  There  is  a  number  of  houses  where  they  sell  ale  (a  muddy  beverage)  where  the 
gentlemen  sit  and  spend  much  of  their  time  in  drinking  it. 

"  As  for  that  wholesome,  pleasant,  restorative,  noble  drink,  the  blessed  offspring  of  Ceres ;  what 
impudence  dares  find  fault,  or  cast  a  cloud  over  that  gift  of  nature  ?  Since  that  if  it  could  be 
conveyed,  all  the  earth  would  court  it ;  witness  the  great  esteem  is  had  in  all  parts  of  this  our 
English  liquor ;  so  that  one  of  your  countrymen  doctors  sailh,  that  there  is  no  liquor  more  ih- 
creaseth  the  radical  moisture,  and  preserves  the  natural  heat  j  these  two  being  the  pillars  of  our 
decaying  bodies.  Now  for  any  one  to  speak  against  the  props  of  life,  deserves  to  die,  as  his  own 
enemy,  under  an  unlamented  death.  But  I  am  sure  of  this,  that  this  tipple,  and  the  grey  goose- 
wing. 


155 

I  omit  to  tell  your  Lordship  that  few  take  notice  of  the  Lords  Prayer  ;  it 
is  esteemed  a  kind  of  weakness  to  use  it,  but  the  Creed  and  theDecalogue 
are  not  once  heard  of  in  their  congregations  :  this  is  milke  for  babes, 
and  they  are  all  giants.  They  do  frequently  solemnize  their  late 
nationall  deliverances,  and  some  daies  of  Christian  bloodshed  with  all 
possible  severity ;  but  they  think  it  gross  idolatry  to  joyn  with  the 
whole  Christian  church  of  all  professions  under  Heaven,  in  the  anniver- 
saries of  our  B.  Saviour's  Incarnation,  Passion,  Resurrection,  and  the 
descent  of  the  Holy  Ghost,  spirituall,  eternall,  and  never  to  be  forgotten 
mercies  *.  Would  your  Lordship  believe  that  this  madnesse  should 
advance  so  far  as  to  disturbe  the  French  church  there,  which,  you  know, 
do's  in  all  places  observe  those  signal  deliverances  and  blessings, 
both  by  preaching,  prayer,  sacraments,  and  exhortations  apposite  to  the 
occasion  ?  What  think  you  will  be  the  issue  of  this  goodly  Reforma- 
tion ?  I  could  tell  you  of  the  mysterious  classis  of  the  Tryers,  their 
ridiculous,  insidiary  and  presumptuous  questions;  their  unheard  of  ani- 
mosities against  their  brethren  of  the  Church  of  England,  suffering 
themselves  to  be  rather  torn  in  sunder  by  the  Sectaries,  Demetrius  and 
the  Crafts-men,  whilst  they  contend  about  trifles  and  meer  shadows. 

Concerning  the  Independents,  all  I  can  learn  is,  they  are  a  refined 
and  apostate  sort  of  Presbyters  ;  or,  rather  such  as  renounce  all  ordina- 
tion-, as  who  having  preached  promiscuously  to  the  people,  and  cun- 
ningly ensnared  a  select  number  of  rich  and  ignorant  proselytes,  sepa- 
rate   themselves   into   conventicles,   which   they    name    congregations. 

wing,  had  almost  torn  all  the  feathers  from  the  back  of  France ;  and  certainly  this  Monsieur  had 
some  other  reason  then  he  produceth,  to  inveigh  against  this  liquor  j  it  may  be  it  holds  no  friendly 
correspondency  with  Venus  races,  or  else  is  not  commodious  (by  reason  of  its  fumes)  for  a  nation 
half  drunk  already. 

"  And  now  he  appeals  to  his  Lord  (his  confident),  and  as  a  preludium  (knowing  my  Lord  was 
DO  enemy  to  the  French  beauties)  to  the  prosecuting  on  his  road  of  scandals.  And  now  let  all  the 
world  consider  this  unheard  of  impudence  against  a  sex,  the  whole  hoast  of  heroes  court  witli 
caresses  due  to  their  charms/ creatures  (rather  a  creation)  framed  by  the  indulgent  hand  of  the 
Deity,  as  it  were,  cordials  poured  down  from  heaven  in  compassion  to  our  infirmities  :  you,  even 
you  (great  souls)  his  folly  hath  not  blusht  to  asperse,  with  the  like  success ;  pardon  the  dirty 

—  expres- 

*  1652.  "Christmas  day :  no  sermon  any  where,  no  church  being  permitted  to  be  open,  so 
observ'd  it  at  home."     Diary,  vol.  I.  p.  263. 


156 

There  is  nothing  does  more  resemble  this  sect  than  om-  Romish  Missiona- 
ries sent  out  in  partibus  infidelium;  for  they  take  all  other  Christians  to 
be  Heathens.     These  are  those  pretenders  to  the  Spirit,  into  whose 
party  do's  the  vilest  person  living  no  sooner  adscribe  himself,  but  he  is, 
ipso  facto,  dub'd^a  saint,  hallow'd  and  dear  to   God.    These  are  the 
confidents  ^vho  can  design  the  minute,  the  place,  and  the  means  of 
their  conversion ;  a  schism  full  of  spiritual  disdain,  incharity,  and  high 
imposture,  if  any  such   there   be   on   earth.       But  every  alteration   of 
State  destroying  the  interest  of  the  versatile  contrivers,   they  are  as 
ready  to  transmigrate  into   the  next  more  thriving  fraternity,  as  the 
souls  of  Pythagoras  into  beasts,  and  may  then,  perhaps,  assume  some 
other  title.     This  is  a  sad,  but  serious  truth,  and  no  little  menaces  the 
common   Christianity,   unless  timely  prevented.      But,   S"",    I   will  no 
longer  tire  your  patience  w*  these  monsters  (the  subject  of  every  con ^ 
temptuous    pamphlet)    then  with   the   madness   of    the  Anabaptists, 
Quakers,    Fift    Monarchy-men,  and   a    cento  of  unheard   of  heresies 
besides,  which,  at  present,  deform  the  once  renowned  Church  of  Eng- 
land, and  approach  so  little  to  the  pretended  Reformation,  which  we  in 
France  have  been  made  to  believe,   that  there  is  nothing  more  hea- 
venly wide.     But  1  have  dwelt  too  long  on  this  remarke  ;  I  return  to 
where  I  digressed  ;   for  I   was  viewing  the   buildings,  which   are   as 
deformed  as  the  minds  and  confusion  of  the  people  ;  for  if  a  whole  street 
be  fired  (an  accident  not  unfrequent  in  this,  wooden  city)  the  magistrate 
has  either  no  power,  or  no  care  to  make  them  build  with  any  uniformity, 

expression,  as  the  breath  of  a  dunghill  doth  the  sun,  wliich  still  shall  shine  as  glorious  as  his  infa- 
tuated mind  shall  be  obscured  with  infamy. 

"  Comp.  8,    That  our  ladies  suffer  themselves  to  be  treated  in  a  tavern,  and  drink  crowned  cups. 

"  This  is  an  horrid  impudence  indeed  :  survey  the  whole  universe,  as  their  beauties  excel,  so, 
then  these  fair  creatures  in  general,  their  lives  ;  none  whose  lives  are  modester  without  ignominy, 
and  freer  without  scandals^  then  our  English  ladies, 

"  This  gentleman  eomes  over  with  our  last  desultory  French  visitation,  who  had  received  so 
much  virility  hiy  the  posting  of  our  horses  in  the  dayes  of  travel,  that  they  (being  in  London)  did 
that  thirteenth  labour  to  Hercules  twelve,  purging  a  stable  of  so  much  filth,  that  our  suburbs  shall 
sing  an  lo  Pean  to  them  hereafter :  and  truly  those  poor  pieces  of  mortality  bred  an  excellent 
French  trade  of  it,  enough  to  keep  them  till  the  like  opportunity  may  so  seasonably  court  them. 
And  these  are  your  Madamoseilles,  who  (ProteuS  like)  changed  their  shape  (to  ingratiate  their 
hire)  into  ladies,  countesses,  this  beauty,  and  that  beauty,  till  they  had  taken  excise  of  your  limbs 

gave 


157 

which  I'endef  it,  though  a  large,  yet  a  very  ugly  town,  pestred  with 
hacknfey-coaches  and  Insolent  carre-men,  shops  and  tavefils,  noyse,  and 
such  a  cloud  of  sea-coal,  as  If  there  be  a  resemblance  of  hell  Upon  earth, 
it  is  in  this  vulcano  in  a  foggy  day :  this  pestilent  stnoak,  which  cor- 
rodes the  very  yron,  and  spoils  all  the  moveables,  leaving  a  soot  on  all 
things  that  it  lights  :  and  so  fatally  seizing  on  the  lUngs  of  the  inha- 
bitants, that  the  cough  and  the  consuittption  spared  no  man*.  I  have 
been  in  a  spacious  church  where  I  could  not  discern  the  minister  for 
the  smoak  ;  nor  hear  him  for  the  people's  barking.  There  is  within  this 
city,  and  in  all  the  tov^ris  of  England  (which  I  havfe  passed  through)  so 
pirodigtous  a  number  of  houses  where  they  sell  a  certain  drink  called 
ale,  that  1  think  a  good  halfe  of  the  inhabitants  ihay  be  denominated 
ale-house-keepers  :  these  are  a  meaner  sort  of  cabardts;  but  what  is 
most  deplorable,  where  the  gentlemen  sit,  and  spend  much  of  their 
time,  drinking  of  a  muddy  kind  of  beverage,  and  tobacco,  which  has 
tmiversally  besotted  the  nation,  and  at  which  (I  hear)  they  have  con- 
sumed many  noble  estates.  As  for  other  taverns,  London  is  compos'd 
of  them,  where  thdy  drink  Spanish  wines,  and  other  sophistica,ted 
liquors,  to  that  fury  and  intemperance  as  has  often  amaz'd  me  to  con- 
sider It :  but  thus  some  mean  fellow,  the  drawer,  arrives  to  an  estate, 
some  of  them  having  built  fair  houses,  and  purchased  those  gentlemen 
Out  of  their  possessions,  who  have  ruined  therasdves  by  that  base  and 
dishonourable  vice  of  inebriety  :  and  that  nothing  may  be  "wanting  to 
the  height  of  luxury  and  impiety  of  this  abomination,  they  have  trans- 
gave  as  good  as  yoti  btought,  left  you  loose  in  the  hilts.  These  Mons.  are  your  ladies  that  drink 
crowned  healths ;  these  are  those  beauties  that  are  so  free ;  to  such  a  nation  indeed  it  WQuId  be  too 
great  impiety  for  civil  ladies  to  neglect  their  noble  soulS)  their  proper  persons,  to  court  your  defor- 
mities and  diseases. 

"  Comp.  9.    It  is  the  afternoon  business  of  English  Gentlemen  only  to  drink  and  be  drunk. 

"  Sutely  such  as  was  your  females  company,  such  was  your  males  ;  surely  you  rak'd  hell  for 
these  deboist  unthrifty  cadets,  for  otherwise  I  never  knew  this  to  be  a  custom  amongst  civil  gen- 
tlemen. You  say,  after  they  have  taken  their  repast  with  the  ladies  they  withdraw,  into-  another 
room  ;  certainly.  Monsieur,  this  is  a  handsome  separation,  for  the  gentlemen  to  carrese  one  with 
another,  having  sometimes  masculine  interests  in  hand ;  whereas  you  never  separate  your  confused 

interests, 

*  For  a  further  illustration  of  this  fact,  see  his  "  Fumifugium :  or  the  Inconveniencie  of  the  Aer 
and  Smoak  of  London  dissipated;"  reprinted  in  the  present  volume. 


158 

lated  the  organs  out  of  the  churches  to  set  them  up  in  taverns,  chanting' 
their  dithrambicks,  and  bestiall  bacchanalias  to  the  tune  of  those  instru- 
ments, which  were  wont  to  assist  them  in  the  celebration  of  God's 
praises,  and  regulate  the  voices  of  the  worst  singers  in  the  world,  which 
are  the  English  in  their  churches  at  present.     I  cannot  but  commend 
the  Reformed  in  Holland,  who  still  retain  their  organs  in  the  churches, 
and  make  use  of  them  at  the  Psalms,  without  any  opinion  of  supersti- 
tion ;  and  I  once  remembered  to  have  heard  the  famous  Diodati  *  wish 
it  might  be  introduced  even  at  Geneva.     A  great  errour  undoubtedly  in 
those  who  sit  at  the  helme,  to  permit  this  scandal;  to  suffer  so  many  of 
these  taverns  and  occasions  of  intemperance,  such  leeches  and  vipers  ; 
to  gratifie  so  sordid  and  base  a  sort  of  people  with  the  spoile  of  honest 
and  well-natur'd  men.     Your  L.  will  not  believe  me,  that  the  ladies  of 
greatest  quality  suffer  themselves  to  be  treated  in  one  of  these  taverns, 
where  a  curtesan  in  other  cities  would  scarcely  vouchsafe,  to  be  enter- 
tained ;  but  you  will  be  more  astonish't  when  I  shall  assure  you,  that 
they  drink  their  crowned  cups  roundly,   daunce  after  the  fiddle,  kiss 
freely,  ^nd  tearm  it  an  honourable  treat.     But  all  this  my  experience, 
particular  address,  and  habitudes  with  the  greatest  of  that   nation  has 
assur'd  me,  that  it  is  not  the  pass-time  only  of  the  inferiour  and  mere- 
tricious sort;  since  I  find  it  a  chief  suppletory  at  all  their  "entertain- 
ments, to  drink  excessively,  and  that  in  their  own  houses,   before   the 
ladies  and  the  l^cquaes.      It  is  the  afternoon's   diversiori ;   whether  for 
want  of  better  to  employ  the  time,  or  affection  to   the  drink,   I   knoAv 

interestSj  knowing  no  distinction  between  male  and  female  civilized  interests,  but  only  by  the  more 
retired  managements  of  nature;  and  certainly  you  would  seem  to  be  so  fond  of  your  Mopsa's,  as 
not  (out  of  a  complement)  to  give  them  time  to  disembogue.  As  for  our  drinking  healths  or 
pledges,  if  you  knew  but  the  way  to  our  custom,  you  will  find  it  sprang  from  a  laudable  necessity 
at  first,  and  was  in  earnest  a  duty  performed  really  (by)  one  friend  for  another.  The  Danes  know.  it. 
But  Monsieur,  you  do  but  fanatically  trifle  in  all  your  discourse :  as  for  our  cadets  that  visit  the 
gallows  so  frequently  (as  you  say),  I  suppose  yours  in  France  are,  or  ought  to  be,  so  seriously 
imployed,  as  their  proper  merit;  since  your  robberies  are  meerly  massacres;  such  cowards  are  ve, 
that  ye  first  shoot  before  ye  dare  bid  stand  ;1.hey  never  taking  purse  before  it  is  crimsond,  reaking 

— -  hot 

*  Dr.  John  Diodati,  the  celebrated  Italian  Minister,  and  translator  of  the  Holy  Bible  into  that 
language,  with  whom  Evelyn  became  personally  acquainted  when  at  Geneva  in  1646.  See  Memoirs, 
vol.  I.  pp.  234.  226.  227. 


159 

not ;  but  I  have  found  some  persons  of  quality,  whom  one  could  not 
safely  visit  after  dinner  vs^ithout  resolving  to  undergo  this  dt'ink-ofdel, 
and  endure  the  question  *.     It  is  esteem'd  a  piece  of  wit  to  make  a  man 
drunk,  for  which  some  swilling  insipid  client  or  congiarie  is  a  frequent 
and  constant  adjutant.      Your  L.  may  hence  well  imagine  how  heavy, 
dull,  and  insignificant  the  conversation  is  ;  loud,  querulous,  and  imperti- 
nent.    1  shall  relate  a  story  that  once  happened  in  my  presence  at  a 
gentlemans  house  in  the  countrey,  where  there  was  much  company  and 
feasting.     I  fortun'd  to  come  at  dinner-time,  and  after  the  cloth  was 
taken  away  (as  the  manner  is)  they  fell  to  their  laudable  exercise  ;  but 
1,  unacquainted  then  with  their  custome,  was  led  up  into  a  withdrawing 
room,  where  I  had  the  permission  (with  a  noble  person  who  Introduced 
me)  to  sit  and  converse  with  the  ladles  who  were  thither  retired;;  the 
gentleman  of  the  house  leaving  us,  in  the  mean  time,  to  entertain  his 
friends  below.     But  you  may  imagine  how  strangely  I  was  astonish'd, 
to  see  within  an  hour  after,  one  of  the  company  that  had  dined  there 
entering  Into  the  room  all  bloody  and  disorder'd,  to  fetch  a  sword  which 
lay  In  one  of  the  windowes,  and  three  or  four  of  his  companions,  whom 
the  fumes  of  the  wine  had  Inspirited,  pursuing  and  dragging  him  by  the 
hair,  till  in  this  confusion  one  of  their  spurs  engaged  into  a  carpet,  upon 
which  stood  a  very  fair  looking-glass,  and  two  noble  pieces  of  porselain, 
drew  all  to  the  ground,  break  the  glass- and  the  vasas  in  pieces;  and  all 
this  on  such  an  instant,  that  the  gentleman  and  my  self  had  much  ado  to 
rescue  the  aflFrighted  ladies  from  suffering  in  the  tumult;  but  at  last  we 

hot  in  bloud  ;  of  such  horrible  actions  none  but  base  cruel-spirited  bravoes  could  be  guilty ;  this 
one  unmanly  trick  might  enough  satyr  against  all  the  grandeurs  in  France.  As  concerning  our 
Gentry,  I  shall  conclude,  they  come  short  of  your  follies,  as  much  as  you  come  short  of  their  native 
gallantry. 

"  Comp,  10.  The  Ladies  of  England  have  designs  at  playinj;at  cards. 

"  Pray,  Monsieur,  what's  the  end  of  play  but  ingenious  designs,  products  of  pure  fancy,  and 
ready  managery  ?  and  if  you  would  dishonour  them  for  thi3»  you  may  as  well  carp  at  their  inge- 
nuity :  I  suppose  your  ladies  will  never  prove  guilty  of  sheWlhg  so  much  judgment,  since  for  to 
be  dextrous  at  play  cannot  possibly  be  the  lot  of  French  l&dies,  for  they  want  two  necessary 
virtues  to  it,  silence  and  patience  ;  which  at  what  a  distance  these  stand  with  them,  let  all  the 
world  judge.  "Comp. 

»  In  France  they  give  a  certain  torture  to  malefactors,  by  pouHhg  such  a  quantity  of  water  into 
their  mouths,  which  they  call  giving  the  Question,  and  I  (by  translation)  term  drink-ordell. 


160 

prevail'd,  and  brought  them  to  tearms  ;  the  quarrel  concerning  an 
health  onely,  which  one  of  them  would  have  shifted.  I  don't  remem- 
ber, mv  Lord,  ever  to  have  known  (or  very  rarely)  a  health  drank  in 
France,  no  not  the  Kings ;  and  if  we  say,  A  vostre  santd,  Monsieur,  it 
neither  expects  pledge  or  ceremony.  'Tis  here  so  the  custome  to  drink  to 
every  one  at  the  table,  that  by  the  time  a  gentleman  has  done  his  duty  to 
the  whole  company  he  is  ready  to  fall  asleep,  whereas  with  us,  we  salute 
the  whole  table  with  a  single  glass  onely.  But,  my  Lord,  was  not 
this,  imagine  you,  an  admirable  scene  and  very  extraordinary  ?  I  con- 
fess, the  lady  of  the  house,  being  much  out  of  countenance  at  what  had 
hapned,  profered  to  excuse  this  disorder,  and  I  was  as  ready  to  receive 
it,  till  several  encounters  confirmed  me  that  they  were  but  too  frequent, 
and  that  there  was  a  sort  of  perfect  debauches,  who  stile  thiemselves 
Hectors,  that  in  their  mad  and  unheard  of  revels  pierce  their  veins  to 
quaff  their  own  blood,  which  some  of  them  have  drank  to  that  excess 
that  they  died  of  the  intemperance.  These  are  a  professed  atheistical 
order  of  bravos,  compos'd  for  the  most  part  of  cadets,  who,  spending 
beyond  their  pensions  to  supply  their  extravagancies,  practise  now  and 
then  the  high-way,  where  they  sometimes  borrow  that  which  they  often 
repay  at  the  gibbet ;  an  ignominious  trade,  unheard  of  amongst  our  gal- 
lant nobless,  however  fortune  reduce  them.  But  I  know  not  whether  I 
might  not  here  match  these  valiant  heroes  with  an  avow'd  society  of 
ladies,  and  some  of  them  not  the  meanest  for  birth  (1  even  blush  to 
recount  it  of  that  fair  sex),  who  boast  of  making  all  advantages  at  play, 


"  Comp.  11.'  That  our  Gentlemen  and  Ladies  are  defective  in  courtship  and  addresses. 

"  I  confess  if  he  means  our  ladies  want  that  impudence,  which  he  cals  assurance,  when  it  is  as 
incompatible  with  modesty  as  the  devils  are  with  glorious  angels  ;  or  if  you  mean  a  forwardness 
to  court  the  male,  to  jet  and  garb  it  in  company,  like  the  Queens  quondam  petit-dancer,  which 
you  call  address,  I  confess  we  will  not  vye  with  you  ;  or  if  you  mean  by  charming  discourse,  a  bold 
unlimited  chattering,  taking  into  cognizance  ceremonious  dissembled  impertinencies,  both  in 
affront  to  heaven  and  earth  ;  in  these  our  wise  ladies  come  short  I  confess  j  but  if  you  mean  an 
address,  where  modesty  keeps  its  decorum  betwixt  impudent  gallantry  and  bashful  rusticity,  thits, 
this  is  the  address, of,  our  incomparable  beauties,  which  outshine  yours  as  the  greater  lights  of  the 
firmament  do  the  lesser.  As  for  our  gallants  the  gentlemen  of  this  nation,  none  I  am  sure  are 
better  able  to  manage  an  honourable  and  serious  entertainment  with  more  cordial  handsome  mag- 
nificence of  address  than  they,  setting  aside  the  mode  of  the  high  rope  of  our  Frenchified  English 

apes. 


161 

and  are  become  so  dextrous  at  it,  that  seldome  they  make  a  sitting  with- 
out design  and  booty  :  for  there  is  here,  ray  Lord,  no  such  thing  as 
courtship  after  the  decent  mode  of  our  circles ;  for  either  being  mingled 
in  a  room,  the  gentlemen  separate  from  the  conversation  of  the  ladies, 
to  drink,  as  I  before  related  ;  or  else  to  whisper  with  one  another,  at 
some  corner,  or  bay-window,  abandoning  the  ladies  to  gossip  by  them- 
selves, which  is  a  custome  so  strange  to  a  gallant  of  our  nation  as  no- 
thing appears  more  barbarous  and  unbecoming ;  and  this  in  effect  must 
needs  be  the  reason  that  those  beautiful  creatures  can  so  little  furnish, 
that  they  want  assurance,  address,  and  the  charming  discourse  of  our 
damoiseles,  which  are  faculties  so  shining  and  agreeable  in  their  sex 
with  us  in  France :  and,  in  truth,  even  the  gentlemen  themselves  are 
greatly  defective  as  to  this  particular,  ill  courtiers,  unplyant,  morose, 
and  of  vulgar  address,  generally  not  so  polished,  free,  and  serene,  as  is 
universally  found  even  amongst  the  most  inferiour  of  our  nation.     I  am 
not  ignorant  that  they  impute  it  to  a  certain  levity  in  us  ;  but  it  is  a 
mistake  in  them,  and  that  because  they  so  hardly  reform  it  without 
some  ridiculous  affectation,  as  is  conspicuous  in  their  several  modes  and 
dresses,  which  they  vary  ten  times  for  our  once,  every  one  affecting 
something  particular,  as  having  no  standard  .at  Court  which  should 
give  laws  and  do  countenance  to  the  fashion.     The  women  are  much 
affected  with  gaudry,  there  being  nothing  more  frequent  than  to  see  an 
ancient  ladie  wear  colours,  a  thing  which  neither  young  nor  old  of  either 
sex  do  with  us,  save  in  the  country  and  the  camp ;   but  widows  at  no 


apes.  But  when  you  shall  pretend  no  child  legitimate  but  your  ill-faced  bastards,  and  call  that 
gallantry  which  swims  uppermost  in  a  giddy  cranium  and  foisted  garb^  a  deformed  posture  against 
the  wise  product  of  nature,  a  goatish  concupiscence,  a  salacious  approach,  fit  only  for  satyrs ;  if. 
Monsieur,  these  be  your  addresses,  the  beasts  of  the  earth,  the  scum  of  rudeness,  the  excrements  of 
nature,  may  discipline  you  in  such  wayes  of  reputed  manners. 

"  As  for  our  aping  you,,  it  is  confest  a  few  loose  young  souls,  giddy  like  your  selves,  are  your 
disciples ;  but  we  may  thank  our  alliance  with  you  by  civil  contracts,  which  by  your  locust>like 
swarming  hath  infected  us  at  such  a  height,,  that  we  shall  hardly  claw  it  off  without  bloud  or  smart. 

"  Comp.  12.  To  see  th^  bals  so  disposed  by  dancing-masters,  and  their  boldness  with  the 
ladies. 

"  Monsieur,  we  intend  not  bals  to  make  a  meal  of  them,  but  as  a  condiment  intended  C&  la 
volleej  as  transient  actions,  only  for  a  divertisemerit ;  yet  want  we  not  a  decorum  and  a  magnifi- 

Y 


162 

time.  And  yet  reprove  they  us  for  these  exorbitances;  but  I  have  often 
disputed  the  case  :  either  we  do  ill,  or  well ;  if  ill,  why  then  do  they  ape 
us  ?  if  well,  why  do  they  reproach  us  ?  The  truth  is,  they  have  no  mode- 
ration, and  are  neither  so  lucky  nor  frugal  as  our  ladies  are  in  these 
sumptuary  expenses  ;  and  whereof  the  magistrate  takes  so  little  "cogni- 
sance, that  it  is  not  an  easy  matter  to  distinguish  the  ladie  from  the 
chamber-maid;  servants  being  suflFered  in  this  brave  countrey  to  go  clad 
like  their  mistresses,  a  thing  neither  decent  nor  permitted  in  France, 
where  they  may  wear  neither  lace  nor  silke. 

I  may  not  forget  to  acquaint  your  Lordship,  that  though  the  ladies 
and  the  gentlemen  are  so  shy  of  one  another  ;  yet  when  once  they  grow 
acquainted,  it  passes  into  expressions  and  compellations  extreamly  new 
to  our  usages  and  the  stile  of  our  country.  Do  but  imagine  how  it 
would  become  our  ladies  to  call  Mons.  N.  Jack  N.  What  more  frequent 
than  this  ?  "  Tom  P.  was  here  to  day  :"  "  I  went  yesterday  to  the 
Cours*  with  Will.  R.;  and  Harry  M.  treated  me  at  such  a  tavern." 
These  are  the  particular  idioms  and  graciefuU  confidences  now  in  use  ; 
introduced,  I  conceive  at  first,  by  some  camerades  one  with  another ; 
but  it  is  mean  and  rude,  and  such  as  our  lacquaes  would  almost  disdain 
in  Paris,  where  I  have  often  observed  two  chimney-sweepers  accost  one 
another  in  better  forms  and  civlUer  addresses.  But  to  be  confident  and 
clvill  is  not  a  thing  so  easily  understood j  and  seems  a  peculiar  talent  of 
our  nation. 

However  the  ladles  are  not  more  obliging  and  familiar  than  the  lords 
are  difficult  and  Inaccessible  ; .  for  though  by  reason  of  my  birth  and 
quality,  my  I'ecommen'datlons  and  addresses,  I  found  some  tolerable 
reception  amongst  them  ;  and  yet  I  observ'd  that  they  kept  at  such  a 

cency,  witness  those  grand  masques  in  the  Kings  dayes,  which  were  thought  to  excel  all  of 
this  nature  in  Europe,  as  much  as  our  playes  do  all  your  rhiming  fools-babies  j  but  your  curtail'd 
Intelligencer,  which  hath  brought  you  provision  no  further  then  from  some  petty  schools  of  chil- 
dren, neither  well  educated  nor  well  practised. 

"  But,  Monsieur,  I  hope  these  answers  may  inform  you  into  a  recantation,  or  else  I  must  leave  you 
scurrilous,  and  condemne  your  pamphlet  to  accommodate  for  sundry  uses  and  purposes  instead  of 
your  Weekly  Gazets,  as  new-lye  printed  and  new-lye  come  forth." 


*  A  place  neer  Paris,  like  Hide-parke. 


163 

surly  distance  with  the  gentlemen,  even  of  a  family,  that  methought 
1  never  beheld  a  ruder  conversation ;  especially,  when  comparing  their 
parts  and  educations,  I  found  them  generally  so  much  inferiour,  as  if  a 
lord  were  indeed  other  than  a  gentleman;   or.  a  gentleman  not  a  fit 
companion  for  a  king^     But  this  must  needs  be  the  result  of  an  ill  and 
haughty  institution,  and  for  that  most  of  these  great  persons  are  in  their 
minority,  and  the  age  wherein  they  should  be  furnished  with  the  noblest 
impressions,   taught  only  to  converse  with  their  servants,  some  syco- 
phants, and  under  the  regiment  of  a  pedant,  which  imprints  that  scorn- 
fulness  and  folly,  and  fits  them  with  no  better  form  when  they  should 
produce  themselves,  and  give  testimony  to  others  as  well  of  their  supe- 
riority in  vertue  as  in  birth  and  dignity.     But  this  is,  my  Lord,  a  parti- 
cular which  I  have  heard  you  often  complain  of,  and  which  we  do  fre- 
quently take  notice  of  at  their  coming  abroad  into  our  countrey ;  where 
for  want  of  address  and  fit  persons  to  introduce  them,  they  seldome 
return  more  refined  than^  they  came  ;    else  they  could  not  but  have 
observed,  that  there  is  nothing  which  makes  the  distinction  of  Nobles 
in  France  but  the  title,  and  that  his  Majesty  himself  do's  them  the 
honours,  which  here  they  usurpe  upon  their  equalls.     But,  my  Lord, 
they  are  sufficiently  punished  for  it  in  England  ;  where,  to  me,  they 
appear  so  degenerate  fpr  want  of  this  humility  and  free  conversation, 
by  which,  and  their  other  vices,  they  grow  now  so' much  despised,  that 
the  gentlemen  need  seek  no  revenge ;  for  though  (as  I  told  you)  the 
gentlemen  are  most  of.  them  very  intemperate,  yet  the  proverb  goes, 
**  As  drunk,  as  a  Lord."     But,  my  Lord,  as  there  is  no  rule  so  generall 
but  it  does  admit  of  exceptions,  so  should  I  give  my  own  experience  as 
well  as  your  Lordships  the  contradiction,  to  make  the  censure  univer- 
sal! ;  there  being  even  amongst  these  some  few,  and  in  particular  my 
Lord  N.  and  N.  &c.  whom  I  esteem  to  be  very  noble  and  accomplished 
persons,  as  who  have  learned  (by  the  good  fortune  of  a  better  education) 
how  to  value  the  conversations  of  worthy  men,  and  who,  indeed,  do  suffi- 
ciently verifie  all  those  attributes  which  are  due  to  their  qualities,  and 
therefore  whom  this  paragraph  doth  no  waies  concern. 

Nor  should  I  be  less  severe  and  unjust,  totally  to  exclude  even  some 
of  the  ladies  from  the  advantages  of  this  period,  whose  perfections  and 


164 

virtues  claim  an  equal  right  to  all  that  I  have  here  spoken,  out  of  a  due 
resentiment  of  their  merits  and  excellencies. 

It  was  fresquently,  during  the  last  winter,  that  I  was  carried  to  their 
balls,  aswhere  indeed  I  hoped  to  see  what  should  appear  the  most  of  gallant 
and  splendid  amongst  the  ladies  ;  nor  really  did  my  expectations  deceive 
me ;  for  there  was  a  confluence  of  very  great  beauties,  to  which  the  glis- 
tring  of  their  jewels  (which  upon  these  occasions  they  want  not)  could 
adde  nothing  save  their  weight ;  the  various  habits  being  so  particular, 
as  if  by  some  strange  inchantment  they  had  encountred  and  come  out 
of  severe  nations  ;  but  I  was  astonished  to  see,  when  they  were  ready  to 
move,  that  a  dancing-master  had  the  boldness  to  take  forth  the  greatest 
ladies,  and  they  again  the  dancing-master,  who  performed  the  most 
part  of  the  ball,  whilst  the  gentlemen  that  were  present  were  least  con- 
cerned, and  stood  looking  on,  so  as  it  appeared  to  me,  more  like  the 
farce  of  a  comedy  at  the  Hostel  de  Bourgoyne*,  than  a  ball  of  the 
Noblesse ;  and  in  truth  their  measures,  when  any  of  them  were  taken 
out,  made  me  somewhat  ashamed  to  lead  a  lady,  who  did  me  the  honor, 
for  fear,  though  my  skill  be  very  vulgar  in  that  exercise,  they  should 
have  taken  me  for  a  dancing- master,  as  who  had  haply  imploy'd  my 
youth  so  ill,  as  to  have  some  advantage  of  the  rest  in  that  faculty.  This 
favour  is  particular  to  the  dancing- masters  in  this  country ;  and  reason 
good,  for  they  ride  in  their  coaches,  and  have  such  ample  salaries,  as 
maintains  both  their  prodigality  and  insolence,  that  were  insupportable 
in  France,  where  these  trifling  fellows  do  better  know  themselves,  are 
worse  payed,  and  less  f)resumptuous.  Nay,  so  remiss  are  the  ladies  of 
their  respect  in  this  instance,  that  they  not  only  entertain  all  this,  but 
permit  themselves  likewise  to  be  invited,  and  often  honour  these  imper- 
tinent fantasticks,  by  receiving  the  ball  at  their  petty  schools. 

When  this  ceremony  was  ended,  some  of  the  gallants  fell  to  other 
recreations,  and  as  far  as  I  understood,  were  offering  at  that  innocent, 
yet  salt  and  pleasant  diversion,  which  in  France  we  call  ralliary  ;  but 
so  far  were  they  from  maintaining  it  within  the  decencies  and  laws 
which  both  in  that  and  our  characters  f  we  observe ;   that  in  a  little 


*  The  play-house  at  Paris,  as  once  ours  at  Blackfryers. 
f  A  witty  and  a  civil  description  of  one  anothers  persons. 


165 

time,  they  fell  so  upon  personal  abusing  one  another,  that  there  was 
much  ado  to  preserve  the  peace,  and,  as  1  heard,  it  was  the  next  day  the 
product  of  a  quarrel  and  a  duell . 

I  did  frequently  in  the  spring  accompany  my  Lord  N.  into  a  field 
near  the  town,  which  they  call  Hyde-Parke ;  the  place  not  unpleasant, 
and  which  they  use,  as  our  Course  ;  but  with  nothing  that  order,  equi- 
page, and  splendor,  being  such  an  assembly  of  wretched  jades  and 
hackney-coaches,  as  next  a  regiment  of  carre-men  there  is  nothing 
approaches  the  resemblance. 

This  Parke  was  (it  seemes)  used  by  the  late  King  and  Nobility  for 
the  freshness  of  the  air,  and  the  goodly  prospect :  but  it  is  that  which 
now  (besides  all  other  excises)  they  pay  for  here  in  England,  though  it 
be  free  in  all  the  world  beside  ;  every  coach  and  horse  which  enters 
buying  his  mouthful,  and  permission  of  the  publicane  who  has  pur- 
chased it,  for  which  the  entrance  is  guarded  with  porters  and  long 
staves.  * 

The   manner  is,  as  the  company  returns,  to  alight  at  the  Spring 
Gfarden,  so  called  in  order  to  the  Parke,  as  our  Thuilleries  is  to  the 
Course;    the   inclosure   not  disagreeable,   for   the   solemness   of    the 
grove,  the  warbling  of  the  birds,  and  as  it  opens  into  the   spacious 
walks  at  St.  James's :  but  the  company  walk  in  it  at  such  a  rate,  as 
you  would  think  all  the  ladieswere  so  many  Atalantases,  contending 
with  their  wooers;   and,  my  Lord,  there  was  no  appearance  that  I 
should  prove  the  Hippomenes,  who  could  with  very  much  ado   keep 
pace  with  them  :    but  as  fast  as  they  run,  they  stay  there  so  long,  as  if 
they  wanted  not  time  to  finish  the  race ;  for  it  is  usuall  here  to  find 
some  of  the  young  company  till  midnight ;   and  the  thickets  of  the 
garden  seem  to  be  contrived  to  all  advantages  of  gallantry,  after  they 
have  been  refreshed  with  the  collation,  which  is  here  seldome  omitted, 
at  a  certain  cabaret  in  the  middle  of  this  paradise,  where  the  forbidden 
fruites  are  certain  trifling  tartes,  neates-tongues,  salacious  meates,  and 
bad  Rhenish ;  for  which  the  gallants  pay  sauce,  as  indeed  they  do  at  all 


*  "  April  1 1,  1653.  I  went  to  take  the  aire  in  Hide  Park,  wiiere  every  coach  was  made  to  pay  a 
shilling,  and  horse  6<1.  by  the  sordid  fellow  who  had  purchas'd  it  of  the  state  as  they  were  eall'd." 
Memoirs,  vol.  1.  p.  264. 


166 

* 

jh  houses  throughout  England ;  for  they  think  it  a  piece  of  frugality 
leath  them,  to  bargaine  or  accompt  for  what  they  eat  in  atiy  place, 
wever  unreasonably  impos'd  upon  :  but  thus  those  mean  fellows  are 
5  I  told; your  Lordship)  inriched  ;  begger  and  insult  over  the  gen- 
men. 

I  am  assur'd  that  this  particular  host,  has  purchased,  within  a  few 
arsi  5000  livres  *  of  annuall  rent ;  and  well  he  may,  at  the  rates 
2se  prodigalls  pay ;  whereas  in  France,  a  gentleman  esteems  it  no 
ninution  to  mannage  even  these  expences  with  reason.  But  my 
)rd,  it  is  now  late,  and  time  to  quit  this  Garden,  and  to  tell  you,  that 
think  there  is  not  a  more  illustrious  sight  in  the  world,  than  to  meet 
e  divinities  of  our  court  marching  up  the  long  walk  in  the  Thuille- 
;s,  where  the  pace  is  so  stayed  and  grave,  the  encounters  so  regular 
d  decent ;  and  where  those  who  feed  their  eyes  with  their  beauties, 
d  their  ears  with  the  charming  accents  of  their  discourse  and  voyces, 
ed  not  those  refreshments  of  the  other  senses,  finding  them  all  to 

so  taken  up  with  these. 

I  was  curious  before  my  return,  and  when  I  had  conquer'd  some  diffi- 
Ities  of  the  language  and  customeS,  to  visite  their  judicatures  ;  where 
sides  that  few  of  their  Gown-men  are  to  be  compared  to  those, of 
e  robe  in  our  Palais  •{'for  elocution,  and  the  talent  of  well  speaking; 

neither  do  they  at  all  exceed  them  in  the  forms  and  colours  of  their 
eading  ;  but  (^as  before  I  spake  of  their  ralliary)  supply  the  defects  of 
e  cause,  with  flat,  insipide  and  grossely  abusing  one  another;  a  thing 
I  trifling  and  misbecoming  the  gravity  of  courts  (where  the  lawyers 
ke  liberty  to  jeast  mens  estates  away,  and  yet  avow  their  avarice)  that 
have  much  admired  at  the  temper  of  the  Judges,  and  their  remisse- 
;ss  in  reforming  it;  there  was  a  young  person,  whom- at  my  being 
lere,  was  very  much  cried  up  for  his  abilities,  and  in  whom  I  did  not 
)serve  that  usuall  intemperance  which  I  but  now  reproved ;  and  cer- 
Inly  it  springs  either  for  want  of  those  abilities  which  the  municipall 
wes  of  this  nation  (consisting  most  of  them  in  customes  like  our 
ormandy,)  whose  ancient  dialect  their  books  yet  retain,  are  so  little 

*  500i.  per  ^nnum  of  our  moneys.         f  Wliere  they  plead  as  at  Westminster. 


167 

t  to  furnish ;  or  the  defect  of  those  advantages,  which  the  more 
llshed  sciences  afiford  us,  without  which  it  is  itn possible  to  be  good 
itors,  and  to  maintaine  their  discourses,  without  diversion  to  that  vile 
pertinency. 

But  what  is  infinitely  agreable  in  this  country,  are  the  bowling- 
sens,  and  the  races,  which  are  really  such  pleasures  abroad  as  we 
ve  nothing  approaches  them  in  France,  and  which  I  was  extreamly 
lighted  in ;  but  the  verdure  of  the  country,  and  delicious  downes  it  is 
lich  renders  them  this  praeheminence,  and  indeed,  it  is  to  be  valued, 
d  doth  in  my  esteeme,  very  much  commute  for  the  lesse  benignity  of 
it  glorious  planet  which  ripens  our  vineis  in  France. 
The  horses  and  the  doggs,  their  incomparable  parkes  of  fallow  deer, 
d  lawes  of  chace,  I  extreamly  approve  of:  but  upon  other  occasions, 

Englishmen  ride  so  fast  upon  the  road,  that  you  would  swear  there 
!re  some  enemle  in  the  arlere ;  and  all  the  coaches  in  London  seem 
drive  for  midwives. 

But  what  did  much  more  afflict  me  is  their  ceremony  at  the  table,  where 
ery  man  is  obliged  to  sit  till  all  have  done  eating,  however  their 
petites  differ,  and  to  see  the  formality  of  the  voider,  wbich  our  with- 
iwing  roomes  in  France  are  made  to  prevent,  and  might  so  here,  if 
ey  knew  the  use  of  them  to  be,  that  every  man  may  rise  when  he  has 
I'd  without  the  least  indecency,  and  leave  the  sewers  to  their  office. 
I  have  now  but  a  word  to  adde,  and  that  is  the  tediousness  of  visits, 
lich  they  make  here  so  long  that  it  is  a  very  tyranny  to  sit  to  so  little 
rpose  :  if  the  persons  be  of  ladies  that  are  strangers,  it  is  to  look 
on  each  other,  as  if  they  had  never  seen  any  of  their  own  kinde 
fore ;  and  here  indeed  the  virtue  of  their  sex  is  eminent ;  for  they  are 

silent  and  fixt  as  statues  ;  or  if  they  do  talk,  it  is  with  censure,  and 
[ficient  confidence ;  so  difficult  it  is  to  entertain  with  a  grace,  or  to 

serve  a  mediocrity.  ^ 

In  summe,  my  Lord,  I  found  so  many  particulars  worthy  of  reproof  in 

those  remarks  which  1  have  been  able  to  make  ;  that  to  render  you 
rentable  account  of  England,  as  it  is  at  present  I  must  pronounce 
th  the  poet,  — Difficile  est  satyram  non  scribere. 

FINIS. 


AN 


APOLOGY 


FOR 


THE    ROYAL    PARTY, 


WRITTEN    IN 


iTTER    TO    A    PERSON    OF    THE    LATE    COUNCEL    OF   STATE. 


BY 


A   LOVER  OF  PEACE   AND  OF   HIS  COUNTRY. 


WITH 


TOUCH  AT  THE  PRETENDED  "PLEA  FOR  THE  ARMY. 


ANNO  DOM.    MDCHX.        QUARTO. 


AN 

APOLOGY  FOR  THE  ROYAL  PARTY*. 

WRITTEN    IN 

A  LETTER  TO  A  PERSON  OF  THE  LATE  COUNCEL  OF  STATE. 


Sir, 

The  many  civilities  which  you  are  still  pleased  to  continue  to  me, 
and  my  very  great  desire  to  answer  them  in  the  worthiest  testimonies  of 
my  zeal  for  your  service,  must  make  my  best  apology  for  this  manner 
of  addresse ;  if  out  of  an  extream  affection  for  your  noblest  interest, 
I  seem  transported  a  little  upon  your  first  reflections,  and  am  made  to 
despise  the  consequence  of  entertaining  you  with  such  truths  as  are  of 
the  greatest  danger  to  my  self,  but  of  no  less  import  to  your  happinesSj 
and  which  carry  with  them  the  most  indelible  characters  of  my  friend- 
ship. For  if,  as  the  Apostle  affirms,  "  For  a  good  man  some  would 
even  dare  to  die,"  why  should  my  charity  be  prejudged,  if,  hoping  to 
convert  you  from  the  errour  of  your  way,  I  despair  not  of  rendring  you 
the  person  for  whose  preservation  there  will  be  nothing  too  dear  for  me 
to  expose  ? 

I  might  with  reason  beleeve  that  the  first  election  of  the  party 
wherein  you  stood  engaged,  proceeded  from  inexperience  and  the  mistake 
of  your  zeal;  riot  to  say  from  your  compliances  to  the  passions  of  others; 
because  1  both  knew  your  education,  and  how  obsequious  you  have 
alway^s  shewed  your  self  to  those  who  had  then  the  direction  of  you  : 
but,  when  after  the  example  of  their  conversion,  upon  discovery  of  the 
impostures  which  perverted  them,  and  the  signal  indignation  of  God 
upon  the  several  periods  which  your  eyes  have  lately  beheld,  of  the 
bloudiest  tyranies,  and  most  prodigious  oppressors  that  ever  any  age  of 
the  world  produced,  I  see  you  still  persist  in  your  course,  and  that  you 

*  "  7th  Nov.  1659,  was  published  my  bold  Apology  for  the  King  in  this  time  of  danger,  when 
it  was  capital  to  speake  or  write  in  favour  of  him.  It  was  twice  printed,  so  universally  it  tooke." 
Evelyn's  Memoirs,  vol.  I.  p.  306. 


172 

have  turned  about  with  every  revolution  which  has  hapned  :  when  I 
consider  what  contradictions  you  have  swallowed,  how  deeply  you  have 
ingaged,  how  servilely  you  have  flatter'd,  and  the  base  and  mean  sub- 
missions by  which  you  have  dishonour'd  your  self,  and  stained  your 
noble  family ;  not  to  mention  the  least  refinement  of  your  religion  or 
morality,  (besides  that  you  have  still  preserved  a  civility  for  me,  who 
am  ready  to  acknowledge  it,  and  never  merited  other  from  you,}  I  say, 
when  I  seriously  reflect  upon  all  this,  I  cannot  but  suspect  the  integrity 
of  your  procedure,  deplore  the  sadness  of  your  condition,  and  resolve 
to  attempt  the  discovery  of  it  to  you,  by  all  the  instances  which  an 
affection  perfectly  touch't  with  a  zeal  for  your  eternall  interest  can  pro- 
duce. And  who  can  tell  but  it  may  please  Almighty  God  to  affect  you 
yet  by  ^  weak  instrument,  who  have  resisted  so  many  powerfull  indica- 
tions of  his  displeasure  at  your  proceedings,  by  the  event  of  things  ? 
For,  since  you  are  apt  to  recriminate,  and  after  you  have  boasted  of 
the  prosperity  of  your  cause,  and  the  thriving  of  your  wickedness  (an 
argument  farr  better  becoming  a  Muhametan  then  a  Christian)  let  us 
state  the  matter  a  little,  and  compare  particulars  together ;  let  us  go 
back  to  the  sourcCj  and  search  the  very  principles ;  and  then  see  if  ever 
any  cause  had  like  success  indeed;  and  whether  it  be  a  just  reproach 
to  your  enemies,  that  the  judgements  of  God  have  begun  with  them, 
whilst  you  know  not  yet  where  they  may  determine. 

First  then,  be  pleased  to  look  northwards  upon  your  brethren  the 
Scots,  (who  being  instigated  by  that  crafty  Cardinal  [^RichlieuJ  to 
disturb  the  groth  of.  the  incomparable  Church  of  England,  and  so  con- 
sequently the  tranquility  of  a  nation,  whose  expedition  at  the  Isle  of 
Ree  gave  terrour  tq  the. French,)  made  reformation  their  pretence  to 
gratifie  their  own  avarice,  introduce  themselves  and  a  more  than  Baby- 
lonish tyrany,  imposing  on  the  Church  and  State  beyond  all  impudence 
or,  example.  ,  I  say,  Iqok  upon  what  they  have  gotten  by  deceiving 
their  brethren,  selling  their  King,  betraying  his  son,  and  by  all  their 
perfidle ;  but  a  slavery  more  then  Egyptian,  and  an  infamy  as  unpa- 
rallel'd,  as  their  treason  and  ingratitude. 

Look  neerer  home  on  those  whom  they  had  ingaged  amongst  us 
here,  and  tell  me  if  there  be  a  person  of  them  left  that  can  shew  me 


173 

his  prize,  unless  it  be  that  of  his  sacrileidg,  which  he  or  his  nephews 
must  certainly  vomite  up  again:  what  is  become  of  this  ignorant  and 
furious  zeal,  this  pretence  of  an  universall  perfection  in  the  religious 
and  the  secular,  after  all  that  blood  and  treasure,  rapine  and  injustice, 
which  has  been  exhausted,  and  perpetrated  by  these  sons  of  thunder  ? 
Where  is  the  King  whom  they  swear  to  make  so  glorious,  but  meant  it 
in  his  martyrdome?     Where  is  the  classis,  and  the  assembly,  the  Lay- 
elder;  all  that  geare  of  Scottish  discipline,  and  the  fine  new  trinkets  of 
reformation  ?     Were  not  all  these  taken  out  of  their  hand,  while  now 
they  were  in  the  height  of  their  pride  and  triumph  ?     And  their  dull 
Generall  made  to  serve  the  execution  of  their  Soveraign,  and  then  to 
be  turn'd  off  himself,  as  a  property  no  more  of  use  to  their  designes  ? 
Their  riches  and  their  strength,  in  which  they  trusted,  and  the  Parlia- 
ment which  they  even  idoliz'd ;  in  sum,  the  prey  they  had  contended 
for  at  the  expence  of  so  much  sin  and  damnation,  seizd  upon  by  those 
very  instruments  which  they  had  rais'd  to  serve  their  insatiable  avarice 
and  prodigious  disloyalty.     For   so  it   pleased   God   to  chastise  their 
implacable  persecution  of  an  excellent  Prince,    with  a  slavery  under 
such  a  tyrant  *,  as  not  being  contented  to  butcher  even  some  upon  the 
scaflfold,  sold  divers  of  them  for  slaves,  and  others  he  exild  into  cruell 
banishment,  without  pretence  of  law  or  the  least  commiseration;  that 
those  who  before  had  no  mercy  on  others,  might  find  none  themselves ; 
till,   upon  some  hope  of  their   repentance   and   future  moderation,   it 
pleased  God  to  put  his  hook  into  the  nostrills  of  that  proud, Leviathan, 
and  send  him  to  his  place,  after  he  had  thus  mortified  the  fury  of  the 
Presbyterians,  -  For  unlesse  God  should  utter  his  voice  from  Heaven, 
yea,  and  that  a  mighty  voice,  can  there  any  thing  in  the  world  be  more 
evident,  then  his  indignation  at  those  wretches  and  barefac't  impostors, 
who,  one  after  another,  usurped  upon  us,  taking  them  oflF  at  the  very 
point  of  aspiring,  and  prsecipitating  the  glory  and  ambition  of  these 
men  before  those  that  were  but  now  their  adorers,  and  that  had  pros- 
tituted their  consciences  to  serve  their  lusts?     To  call  him  the  Moses, 
the  Man  of  God,  the  Joshua,  the  Saviour  of  Israel ;  and,  after  all  this, 

*  Oliver  Cromwell. 


174 

to  treat  the  Thing  his  son  with  addresses  no  lesse  then  blasphemous, 
whose  Father  (as  themselves  confess  to  be  the  most  infamous  hypocrite 
and  proflegate  Atheist  of  all  the  usurpers  that  ever  any  age  produc'd) 
had  made  them  his  Vassalls,  and  would  have  intaild  them  so  to  his 
posterity  for  ever  ? 

But  behold  the  scene  is  again  changed,  not  by  the  Royal  party,  the 
common  enemy,  or  a  foreign  power ;  but  by  the  despicable  rumpe  of  a 
Parliament,  which  that  mountebanke  had  formerly  serv'd  himself  of, 
and  had  rais'd  himself-  to  that  pitch,  and  investiture  :  but  see,  withall, 
how  soon  these  triflers  and  puppets  of  policy  are  blown  away,  with  all 
their  pack  of  modells  and  childish  chimaeras,  nothing  remaining  of 
them  but  their  coffine,  guarded  by  the  souldiers  at  Westminster ;  but 
which  is  yet  lesse  empty  then  the  heads  of  these  politicians,  which  so 
lately  seemed  to  fill  it. 

For  the  rest,  I  despise  to  blot  paper  with  a  recitall  of  those  wretched 
interludes,  farces,  and  fantasms,  which  appear'd  in  the  severall  inter- 
valls ;  because  they  were  nothing  but  the  effects  of  an  extream  gyddi- 
ness,  and  unparallel'd  levity.  Yet  these  are  the  various  despensations 
and  providences  in  your  journey  to  that  holy  land  of  purchases  and 
profits,  to  which  you  have  from  time  to  time  appeal'd  for  the  justifica- 
tion of  your  proceedings,  whilst  they  were  indeed  no  other  then  the 
manifest  judgements  of  God  upon  your  rebellion  and  your  ambition  : 
I  say  nothing  of  your  hypocriticall  fasts  and  pretended  humiliations, 
previous  to  the  succeeding  plots  and  supposititious  revelations,  that  the 
godly  might  fall  into  the  hands  of  your  captains,  because  they  were 
bugbears,  and  became  ridiculous  even  to  the  common  people. 

And  now  Sr.  if  you  please,  let  us  begin  to  set  down  the  product,  and 
survey  the  successe  of  your  party  ;  and,  after  all  these  faces  and  vertigos, 
tell  me  ingenuously,  if  the  chastisement  which  is  fallen  upon  one 
afflicted  man,  and  his  loyall  subjects,  distressed  by  the  common  event 
of  war,  want  .of  treasure,  the  seizure  of  his  fleet,  forcing  him  from  his 
city,  and  all  the  disadvantages  that  a  perfidious  people  could  imagine  • 
but  in  fine  the  crowning  him  with  a  glorious  martyrdome  for  the 
Church  of  God  and  the  liberty  of  his  people  (for  which  his  blood  doth 
yet  cry  aloud  for  vengeance)  be  comparable  to  the  confusion  which  you 


175 

(that  have  heen  the  conquerours)  have  suffered,  and  the  slavery  which 
you  are  like  to  leave  to  the  posterities  vvhich  will  be  born  but  to  curse 
you,  and  to  groan  under  the  pressures  which  you  bequeath  to  your 
own  flesh  and  blood?  For  to  what  a  condition  you  have  already 
reduced  this  once  florish'ing  kingdom,  since  all  has  been  your  own,  let  tjie 
intolerable  oppressions,  taxes,  excises,  sequestrations,  confiscations,  plun- 
ders, customes,  decimations,  not  to  mention  the  plate,  even  to  the  very 
thimbles  and  the  bodkins  (for  even  to  these  did  your  avarice  descend), 
and  other  booties,  speak  :  all  this  dissipated  and  squandered  away,  to 
gratifie.  a  few  covetous  and  ambitious  wretches,  whose  appetites  are  as 
deep  as  hell,  and  as  insatiable  as  the  grave ;  as  if  (as  the  wise-man 
speaks)  "  our  time  here  were  but  a  market  for  gain." 

Look  then  -into  the  churches,  and,  manners  of  the  people,  even 
amongst  your  own  saints ;  and  tell  me  if,  since  Simon  Magus  was 
upon  the  earth,  there  was  ever  heard  of  so  many  schismes,  and  here-, 
sies,  of  Jewes  and  Socinians,  Quakers,  Fifth- monarchy-men,  Arians, 
Anabaptists,  Independants,  and  a  thousand  severall  sorts  of  blasphemous 
and  professed  Athiests,  all  of  them  spawned  under  your  government ; 
and   then  tell    me   what  a  reformation  of  religion  you  have  effected  ? 

Was  there  ever  in  the  whole  earth  (not  to  mention  Christendom 
alone)  a  perjury  so  prodigious,  and  yet  so  avowed  as  that  by  which 
you  have  taken  away  the  estate  of  my  Lo.  Craven  *,  at  which  the  very 
Infidels  would  blush,  a  Turke  or  Sythian  stand  amazd. 

Under  the  Sun  was  it  never  heard  that  a  man  should  be  condemned 
for  transgressing  no  law  but  that  which  was  made  after  the  fact,  and 
abrogated  after  execution ;  that  the  posterities  to  come  might  not  be 
witnesses  of  your  horrid  injustice  :  yet  thus  you  proceeded  against  my 
Ij.  Strafford +.    How  many  are  those  gallant  persons  whom  after  articles 

*  William  Earl  of  Craven,  a  firm  supporter  of  King  Charles  I.  whose  house  at  Caversham  near 
Reafling,  was  destroyed,  and  "  his  goodly  woods"  which  Evelyn  saw  "  felling  by  the  Rebells ;"  J 
Diary,  vol.  I.  8th  of  June,  1654.     See  also  Whitelock's  Memorials,  pp.  609,  610,  698. 

f  "  12th  May,  1641.  I  beheld  on  Tower  Hill  the  fatal  stroke  which  sever'd  the  wisest  head  in 
England  from  th^  Aoulders  of  (Thomas  Wentyvorth)  the  Earle  of  Strafford  ;  whose  crime  coming 
iaoder  the  cpgnizance  of  no  human  law,  a  new  one  was  made,  not  to  be  a  precident,  but  his 
destrqctiqn i  to  such  exorbitancy  were  things  arived"     Memoirs,  voL  I.  p.  10. 

+  His  Town  Resideace  at  the  end  of  Wych-street,  Drury  Lane,  shared  the  same  fete. 


ire 

of  war,  you  have  butchered  in  cold-blood,  violating  your  promises 
against  the  lawes  of  all  nations,  civill  or  barbarous  ;  and  yet  you  thus 
dealt  in  the  case  of  my  Lord  CapeP,  Sr.  John  StaweP,  and  others. 

Is  not  the  whole  nation  become  sullen  and  proud,  ignorant  and  sus- 
picious, incharitable,  curst,  and,  in  fine,  the  most  depraved  and  perfidious 
under  heaven  ?  And  whence  does  all  this  proceed,  but  from  the  effects 
of  your  own  exaimples,  and  the  impunity  of  evill  doers  ? 

I  need  not  tell  you  how  long  justice  has  been  sold  by  the  Com- 
mittees, and  the  Chair-men,  the  Sequestrators,  and  Symoniacall  Fryers, 
not  to  mention  the  late  Courtiers,  and  a  swarm  of  Publicans  who  have 
eaten  up  the  people  as  if  they  would  feat  bread. 

Will  you  come  now  to  the  particular  misfortunes,  and  the  evident  hand 
of  God  upon  you  for  these  actions  (for- He  has  not  altogether  left  us  with- 
out some  express  witnesses  of  his  displeasure  at  yoiir  doings).  Behold 
then  your  Essex  ^  and  your  Warwick  ^,  your  Manchester  ^,  Browne  ®, 


'  Arthur  Lord  Capel,  who  bravely  defended  Colchester ;  but  when  the  garrison  was  forced  to 
surrender,  he  yielded  himself  a  prisoner,  and  was  beheaded  9th  March  1648-9,  in  violation  of  a 
promise  of  quarter  given  him  by  General  Fairfax. 

'  Sir  John  Stawell,  Knight  of  the  Bath,  a  loyalist  who  steadfastly  adhered  to  the  cause  of  King 
Charles  I.  and  suffered  very  much  on  that  account.  He  was  of  Queen's  College,  Oxford;  one  of 
the  Knights  for  Somersetshire  in  the  fatal  Parliament  of  1640,  and  in  several  subsequent  Parlia- 
ments ;  taking  up  arms,  with  three  of  his  sons,  he  raised  and  maintained  at  his  own  charge  three 
regiments  of  horse,  and  one  of  dragoons,  and  another  of  foot,  for  the  service  of  his  injured  Sove- 
reign :  and  on  the  reduction  of  Taunton  in  1643,  he  was  made  governor.  Sir  John  was  engaged 
with  other  loyalists  in  the  defence  of  Exeter,  which  sustained  a  blockade  and  siege  from  October 
28,  1645,'to  April  9,  1646,  when  it  surrendered  to  Sir  Thomas  Fairfax,  upon  articles  signed  by 
him  and  the  garrison,  and  confirmed  by  both  Houses  of  Parliament.  However,  he  was  not  only 
debarred  of  the  benefit  of  composition,  but  on  coming  to  London,  to  reap  the  benefit  of  the  capi- 
tulation, was  sent  prisoner  to  Ely-house  in  Holborn,  and  deprived  of  his  estate.  He  endured 
tedious  imprisonments  in  the  press-yard  in  Newgate  and  other  gaols,  and  afterwards  in  the  Tower 
of  London.  Though  reduced  to  the  greatest  want  and  misery,  yet  by  the  subsistence  which  his 
aged  mother,  tlie  Lady  Elizabeth  Griffin,  afforded  him,  he  lived  to  see  the  happy  Restoration,  was 
again  elected  one  of  the  representatives  for  Somersetshire,  and  died  Feb.  21,  1661,  and  was  buried 
in  the  church  of  Cotholstone,  in  that  county,  leaving  a  son  and  heir,  Ralph  Stawell,  esq.  created 
Lord  Stawell  of  Somerton,  in  consideration  of  the  eminent  loyalty  and  sufferings  of  his  fether. 

>  Robert  Devereux,  Earl  of  Essex,  only  son  of  the  unfortunate  favourite  of  Queen  Elizabeth 
and  who  inherited  much  of  his  popularity.    He  became  General  of  the  Parliament  arniy,  and  for 
a  long  time  was  victorious  in  their  cause ;  yet  obliged,  from  the  result  of  the  memorable  battle  of 
Edgehill,  where  he  was  routed,  to  retreat  to  Warwick  Castle :  and  afterwards  in  Cornwallj  he  was 


Fairfax^,  and  your  Waller^  (whom  once  your  books  stiled  the  Lord  of 
Hosts),  casheered,  imprisoned,  suspected  and  disgraced  after  all  their 
services.  Hotham  ^  and  his  Son  came  to  the  block  :  Stapleton  '"  had  the 

compelled  to  abandon  his  oyvn  army,  and  proceed  to  London  by  sea  :  for  which  disasters,  the  Parlia- 
ment, who  so  solemnly  swore  before  to  live  and  die  with  him,  dispensed  themselves  of  that  oath, 
and  deprived  him  of  his  command.  He  died  14th  Sept.  1646,  not  without  suspicionof  poison, 
if  we  may  credit  the  author  of  a  curious  tract,  intituled,  "  The  Traytors  Perspective  Glass,"  4to. 
1662.  p.  10. 
♦  Robert  Rich,  Earl  of  Warvvick,  Lord  High  Admiral,  died  19th  April  16.58. 
'  Edward  Montagu,  Earl  of  JManchester,  a  nobleman  of  many  good  qualities,  was  a  zealous  and 
able  patron  of  liberty,  but  without  enmity  to  monarchy.  He  was  one  of  the  avowed  patriots  in  the 
House  of  Peers,  and  was  the  only  member  of  that  House  who  was  accused  by  Charles  of  high 
treason,  together  with  the  five  members  of  the  House  of  Commons.  In  the  civil  war,  he  raised 
an  army  of  horse,  which  he  commanded  in  person  :  he  forced  the  town  of  Lynn  to  submit  to  the 
Parliament;  defeated  the  Earl  of  Newcastle's  army  at  Horncastle;  took  Lincoln  by  storm  in  1644, 
and  had  a  principal  share  in  the  victory  at  Marston  Moor.  After  the  battle  of  Newbury,  he  was 
suspected  of  favouring  the  King's  interest ;  nayj  even  accused  by  Cromwell  of  neglect  of  duty,  and 
deprived  of  his  commission.  He  heartily  concuired  in  the  restoration  of  Charles  the  Second,  who 
appointed  him  LordChamberlainof  his  household,  and  died  May  5,  1671,  aged  69. 

*  Major-general  Browne,  though  he  was  then  Sheriff  of  London,  was  committed  to  prison  in 
1648,  with  Sir  John  Clotworthy,  Sir  William  Waller,  Major-general  Massey,  and  Commissary- 
general  Copley,  "  who  were  the  most  active  Members  in  the  House  of  the  Presbyterian  party,  and 
who  had  all  as  maliciously  advanced  the  service  of  the  Parliament  in  their  several  stations  against 
the  King  as  any  men  of  their  rank  in  the  kingdom,  and  much  more  than  any  officer  of  the  present 
army  had  then  credit  to  do."     Clarendon. 

'  Thomas  Lord  Fairfax,  at  the  breaking  out  of  the  Rebellion,  took  a  decided  part  against  the 
King,  as  his  father,  Ferdinando  Lord  Fairfax,  also  did,  under  whom  he  served  till  he  obtained  a 
principal  command.  He  contributed  to  the  victory  at  Naseby;  and  next  went  into  the  West  of 
England,  the  whole  of  which  he  subdued.  He  assisted,  however,  in  the  Restoration,  and  retired 
into  Yorkshire,  where  he  died,  1671- 

"  Sir  William  Waller,  knt.  was  one  of  the  most  active  of  the  Parliament  Generals,  and  was  for  a 
considerable  time  victorious,  and  therefore  called  "  William  the  Conqueror."  He  was,  however, 
beaten  by  Sir  Richard  Greenville  and  Sir  Nicholas  Slanning  at  the  battle  of  Lansdown,  near  Bath, 
July  5,  1643  ;  again  at  Roundway  Down,  near  the  Devizes,  on  the  13th  of  the  same  month;  and 
was  defeated  by  the  King  at  Croperdy  Bridge,  June  29th,  1644.  The  conqueror's  fame  sunk  conside- 
rably, but  he  afterwards  beat  his  former  fellow-soldier,  the  Lord  Hopeton,  at  Alresford.  He  died 
September  19,  1669.  "A  Vindication  of  his  Character,  and  Explanation  of  his  Conduct,  in  taking 
up  Arms  against  King  Charles  I."  written  by  himself,  was  published  in  1793,  in  8vo,  from  the 
original  MS. 

9  "  A  man,"  says  Granger,  "  of  a  timid  and  irresolute  nature,  and  without  any  firm  principles 
of  attachment  to  the  King  or  Parliament,  was,  by  the  latlter,  appointed  Governor  of  Hull,  the 
most  considerable  magazine  of  arras  and  ammunition  in  the  Kingdom.  Charles,  perceiving  to 
what  lengths  the  Commons  were  proceeding,  was  determined  to  seize  this  fortress  ;  but  was  pe- 
remptorily refused  admittance,  when  he  appeared  before  it  in  person,  by  the  Governor,  who  was 

2  A 


178 

burial!  of  an  asse,  and  was  thrown  iqto  a  totyn  ditch,  Brooke"  and 
Hamden^^  signally  slain  in  the  very  apt  of  rebellion  and  sacriledg;  your 
Athesiastieall  Dorislaw  ^^,  Ascam  *%  and  the  Spdomiticall  Ariba  ^^,  whom 


instantly  proelainied  a  traitor.  Though  Hotham  was  employed,  he  was  not  trusted ;  his  son^  who 
was  much  niore  devoted  to  the  Parliament,  was  a  constant  check  and  spy  upon  him.  At  length, 
both  father  and  son  were  prevailed  upon  to  listen  tp  the  overtures  of  some  of  the  Royalists,  and  to 
,er}ter  into  a  correspondence  with  them.  This  quickly  brought  them  to  the. block ."->— The  son  was 
beheaded  on  Tower-hill,  January  1,  1645,  and  Sir  John  the  following  day. 

'"  Sir  Philip  Stapleton  and  John  Hamden  formed  the  Committee  appointed  by  Parliament  to 
attend  the  King  in  Scotland. — See  Clarendon, 

"  Robert  Lqrd  Brooke,  a  member  of  the  Long  Parliament,  and  a  very  obstinate  and  violent 
opposer  of  the  King,  and  persecutor  of  the  Bishops  and  Clergy.  In  besieging  Lichfield  Cathedral, 
''  being  harnessed  pap-a-pe,"  he  was  shot  with  a  musket  in  tiie  eye  by  a  Prebendary's  son  from  the 
wall  of  the  Close,  whilst  he  was  sitting  at  his  chamber-window,  April  1643. 

"  John  Hampden  was  one  of  the  first  whO'  took  up  arms  against  the  King,  being  a  Colonel  of 
foot,  and  was  shot  in  the  shoulder  with  a  brace  of  bullets  on  the  18th  of  June  1643,  in  a  skirmish 
with  Prince  Rupert,  at  Chalgrove-field,  near  Brill,  in  Oxfordshire;  and  after  suiFering  much  pain 
and  misery,  he  died  on  the  24th  of  that  month,  and  was  buried  in  the  church  of  Great  Hamden. 

"  Isaac  Dorislaus,  or  Dorisjaw,  was  originally  a  school-master,  and  afterwards  Doctor  of  Civil 
Law,  at  Leyden,  whence  coming  irtto  England,  he  was  entertained  by  Fulk  Lord  Brook,  and  by 
him  appointed  to  read  an  History  Lecture  in  Cambridge ;  but  in  his  first  lecture  decrying  mo- 
narchy, was,  upon  the  complaint  of  Dr.  John  Cosin,  Master  of  Peterhouse,  silenced,  and  about 
that  time  m^u-rying  a  woman  near  Maiden  in  Kssex",.  lived  there  for  some  time.  Afterwards  he 
became  Judge  Advocate  in  the  King's  army,  in  one  of  his  expeditions  against  the  Scots,  then  Advo- 
cate in  the  army  against  the  King  under  Robert  Earl  of  Essex,  afterwards  under  Sir  Thomas  Fair-i 
fax  ;  and  April  13,  1648,  was  appointed  oneof  the  Judges  of  the  Court  of  Admiralty,  with  Doctors 
Clerk  and  Exton;  January  10th,  1648-9,  he  was  chosen  assistant  in  drawing  up  and  managing  the 
charge  against  King  Charles,'  J.  and  selected  by  the  Parliament  as  an  Envoy  to  Holland  to  prose- 
cute their  designs,  He  arrived  at  the  Hague  in  May  1649,  King  Charles  H.  heipg  then  there  in 
exile,  which  bold  act  offending  certain  English  royalists  attending  his  Majesty,,  about  twelve  of 
them  in  disguise  repaired  to  his  lodging,  and  finding  him  at  supper,  stabbed  him  in  several  places, 
and  cut  his  throat,  whereupon  one  of  them  said;  "  Thus  dies  one  of  the  King's  Judges."  His  body 
was  conveyed  to  England,  and  buried  in  the  Abbey  Church  at  Westminster,  which  is  thus  alluded 
to  by  Evelyn  ia  his  Memoirs  (vol,  L  p.  285) :  "  This  night,  June  14,  1649,  was  buried  with  great 
pomp  Dorislaus,  slaine  at  the  Hague  :  the  villain  who  managed  the  trial  of  his  Majesty."  In  Sep. 
teniber  1661,  his  remaiAS  were  taken  up,  with  the  bodies  of  other  Cromwellians,  and  buried  in  St. 
Margaret's  church-yard  adjoining.     History  of  King-killing,  Svo.  1719. 

'*  Anthony  Aschami  memljer  of  the  Long  ParliJamen.t,  and  author  of  "  The  Confusions  and  Revo- 
lutions in  Governments :  wherein  is  examined  how  far  a  Man  may  lawfully  conforme  to  the  Powers 
%nd  Commands  of  those  who,  with  various  Successes,  hold>  Kingdoms  divided  by  Civil  or  Foreign 
W&rs."  8vo.  1649,  He  was  an  active  person  against  hia  Sovereign,  was  concerned  in  drawing. up 
the  King's  trial,. and,  after  his  execution,  was  sent  by  Crpmwell  in  1650  Ambassador  to  the  Court 
oft  Madrid,  where- he  was  assassinated  at  his  lodgings  by  some  English  loyalists. 
.  .-}f>  TheEditor,  after  much  research,  cannot  find  any  notice  of  this  wretched  character. 


though  they  escaped  the  hand  of  justiice,(^et  vengeance  would  not 
suffer  to  live.  What  became  of  Rains  burro  w'^-^  Ireton''^  perished  of  the 
plague^  and  Hoyle'«  hanged  himself;  Staplie^^  died  mad,  add  CromwelP" 
in  a  fit.  of  rageing ;  and  if  there  Wefe  any  others  wofthy  the  taking 
notice  of,  I  should  give  you  a  list  of  their  n^mes'dnd  of  their  destinies, 
but  it  was  not  kndwn  whenceithey  came  which  succeeded  them  ;  nor  had 
they  left  any  memory  behind  them,  but  for  their  signall  wickednesses, 
as  he  that  set  on  fire  the 'Ephesian  Temple  to  be  recorded  ajvillain 
to- posterity.  Whereas  those  noble  souls  whom  your 'inhumanity  (n6t 
your  vertue)  betrayed  gave  iproof  of  their  extraction,  innocency,  reli- 
gion, and  constancy,  under-  all  their  tryalls  and  tormentors  ;  and  those 
that  died  by  the  sword  fell  in  the  bed  of  honour,  and  did  worthily  for 
their  countrey ;  their  loyalty  and  their  yehgion  will  be  renowned  in  the 
history  of  ageSj  and  precious  to  their  memory  when  your  names  will 


?  Thomas  Rainsborough,  Colonel  in  Cromwell's  army,  and  appointed  by  Fairfax  to  command 
the  troops  before  Pontefract  Castle.  He  was  shot  in  his  own  quarters,  an  inn  in  Doncast'er, 
November  1648j,before  the  face  of  some  of  his  soldiers,  by  a  party  of  cavaliers  from  Pohtefract,  urider 
a  pretence  of  delivering  him  a  letter  from  Cromwell.     Whitelock's  Memorials. 

"  Henry  Ireton  was  a  student  in  the  Middle  Temple,  but  when  the  Rebellion  broke  out,  he 
joincid  the  Parliament,  and  signalized  himself  at  the  battle  of  Naseby.  He  was  concerned  with 
General  Lambert  in  drawing  vtp  the  remonstrance  of  the  Army  to  the  Parliament ;  and  having 
Bifirried  Si  daughter  of  Oliver  Cromwell,  he  soon  rose  .to  preferment,  and  became  Commissary- 
general.  jHe  sat  in  jtidgment  upon  the  King,  ^yhom  he  had  previously  betrayed,  and  in  1650 
went  as  commander  of  the  army  in  Ireland,  where  he  died  at  the  siege  of  Limerick  26th  November 
in  the  following  year. 

..  '*  Thomas  Hoyle,  a  merchant  and  alderman  of  York,  a  memberof  the  Long  Parliament;  chosen 
Lord  Mayor  qf  Yqrk,  first  i»  1632,  and  again  in  1644  :  "  a  bitter  enemy  against  his  Prince,  for 
which  Croin,well. rewarded  him  with  the  place  of  Treasurer's  Remembrancer  in  the  Exchequer; 
*vho  on  that  day  twelve  months  that  fhe  King  lost  his  life,  made  a  bonfire  for  joy  he  was  belieaded; 
Ijut  oil  the  same  day  twelve  months  after,^  miserably  hanged  himself."  Traytors  Perspective  Glass, 
4to.  1662,  p.  13. 

''s  Srithony  Stapely,  a  native  of  Sussex,  Colonel  and  Governor  of  Chichester^  tme-of  the  King'-s 
judges,  and  who  also  signed  the  warrant  for  his  execution.  He  died  previously  to  the  Restoration. 
20  "  He  was  cut  oEF  by  a  miserable  and  tormenting  sickness,  which  caused  him  two  ^ays  before 
his  death  to  roar  sp  loud,  and  make  such  doleful  clamours,  that  his  Council,  being  informed  that 
many  persons  as  they  passed  by  his  chsimber  window  took  much  notice  of  his  crys,  thought  fit  to 
have  him  removed  from  the  place  where  he  then  lay  to  one  more  private,  where  with  extremity 
of  anguish,  and  terror  of  conscience,  he  finished  his  fniserable  life,  for  he  dyed  mad  and  despairing, 
September  3,  1658."    The  Traytors  Perspective  Glass,  by  I.T.  4to.  1662. 


180 

rot  with  your  carcasses,  and  your  remembrance  be  as  dung  upon  the 
face  of  the  earth.  For  there  is  already  no  place  of  Europe  where  your 
infamy  is  not  spread,  whilst  your  persecuted  brethren  rejoyce  in  their 
sufferings,  can  abound,  and  can  want,  blush  not  at  their  actions,  nor  are 
ashamed  at  their  odd  addresses,  because  they  have  suffered  for  that 
which  their  faith  and  their  birth,  their  lawes  and  their  liberties  have 
celebrated  with  the  most  glorious  inscriptions,  and  everlasting  elogies. 

And  if  fresher  instances  of  all  these  particulars  be  required,  cast  out 
your  eye  a  little  v^pon  the  Armies  pretended  Plea  *,  which  came  lately  a 
birding  to  beat  the  way  before  them,  charm  the  ears  of  the  vulgar,  and 
captivate  the  people ;  that  after  all  its  pseudo-politicks  and  irreligious 
principles,  is  at  last  constrained  to  acknowledg  your  open  and  prodigious 
violations,  "  Strange  and  (very)  illegal  actions,  (as  in  termes  it  con- 
"  fesses)  of  taking  up  armes,  raising  and  forrairig  armies  against  the 
"  King,  fighting  against  his  person,  imprisoning,  impeaching,  arraigning, 
"  trying  and  executing  him  :  banishing  his  children,  abolishing  Bishops, 
"Deans  and  Chapters;  taking  away  Kingly  Government,  and  the 
"  House  of  Lords,  breaking  the  crowns,  selling  the  Jewells,  plate,  goods, 
"  houses,  and  lands  belonging  unto  the  Kings  of  this  nation,  erecting 
"  extraordinary  High  Courts  of  Justice,  and  therein  impeac^hing,  arraign- 
"  ing,  condemning,  and  executing  many  pretended  notorious  enemies  to 
"  the  pubHque  peace;  when  the  lawes  in  being  and  the  ordinary  Courts 
"  of  Justice  could  not  reach  them  :  by  strange  and  unknown  practises  in 
"  this  nation,  and  not  at  all  justifiable  by  any  known  lawes  and  statutes  +," 
but  by  certain  diabolicall  principles  of  late  distilled  into  some  persons 
of  the  army,  and  which  he  would  intitle  to  the  whole,  who  (abating 
some  of  their  commanders  that  have  sucked  the  sweet  of  this  doctrineY 
had  them  never  so  much  as  entred  into  their  thoughts,  nor  could  they 


*  A  quarto  tract  of  thirty  pages,  intituled,  "  The  Army's  Plea  for  their  present  Practice  ;  ten- 
dered to  the  Consideration  of  all  ingenuous  and  impartial  Men.  Printed  and  ])ublished  by  special 
Command."  1659:  which,  according  to  a  manuscript  memorandum  on  the  title-page  of  the  copy 
preserved  in  the  British  Museum,  was  published  on  the  24th  of  October,  three  days  before  the 
date  of  the  present  answer.— A  copy  of  this  pamphlet  is  likewise  in  the  Library  of  the  London 
Institution. 

f  The  Army's  Plea,  p.  5. 


181 

h&  so  depraved,  though  they  were  masters  only  of  the  light  of  nature 
to  direct  them.  For  comnion  sense  will  tell  them,  that  whoever  are 
our  lawfull  superiours,  and  invested  with  the  supream  authority,  either 
by  their  own  vertue,  or  the  peoples  due  election,  have  then  a  just  right 
to  challenge  submission  to  their  precepts,  and  that  we  acquiesce  in  their 
determinations  ;  since  there  is  in  nature  no  other  expedient  to  preserve 
us  from  everlasting  confusion  :  but  it  is  the  height  of  all  impertinency 
to  conceive,  that  those  which  are  a  part  of  themselves,  and  can  in  so 
great  a  body  have  no  other  interests,  should  fall  into  such  exorbitant 
contradiction  to  their  own  good,  as  a  child  of  four  years  old  would  not 
be  guilty  of;  and  as  this  Phamphlete  wildly  suggests,  in  pp.  6.  11.  2J. 
&c.  did  they  steer  their  course  by  the  known  lawes  of  the  land,  and  as 
obedient  subjects  should  do,  who  without  the  King  and  his  Peers,  are 
but  the  carcass  of  a  Parliament,  as  destitute  of  the  soul  which  should 
informe  and  give  it  being.  But  if  so  small  a  handfull  of  men  as  ap- 
peared in  the  Palace-Yard  without  consent  of  a  quarter  of  the  English 
Army,  much  lesse  of  the  ten  thousandth  part  of  the  free  people  that  are 
not  clad  in  red,  shall  disturb  and  alter  a  Government  when  it  thinkes 
fit  to  set  aside  a  few  imperious  officers,  who  plainly  seek  themselves, 
and  derive  their  commissions  from  a  superiour  to  whom  they  swear 
obedience,  (I  meane  not  here  the  Rumpe)  who  shall  ever  hope,  or  live 
to  see  any  government  established  In  these  miserably  abused  nations  ? 
For  I  dare  report  my  self  to  the  ingenuity  of  the  very  souldiers  them- 
selves if  they,  who  have  effected  all  these  changes  by  your  wretched  insti- 
gations, and  blind  pretences,  imagine  themselves  the  people  of  this 
Nation,  but  as  a  very  small  portion  of  them  compared  to  the  whole, 
and  who  are  maintained  by  them,  to  recover  and  protect  the  Civil!  Go- 
vernment, according  to  the  good  old  Laws  of  the  Land ;  not  such  as 
they  themselves  shall  invente  from  day  to  day,  or  as  the  interests  of 
some  few  persons  may  engage  them. 

But  if  the  essential  end  of  Rulers  be  the  common  peace,  and  their 
Laws  obliging  as  they  become  relative  :  restore  us  then  to  those  under 
which  we  lived  with  so  much  sweetness  and  tranquility,  as  no  age  in 
the  world,  no  government  under  Heaven,  could  ever  pretend  the  like. 
And  if  the  people  (as  you  declare)  are  to  be  the  judges  of  it,  summon 


182 

them  t6gethet  in  a  Free  Parliament,  according  to  its  legal  Constitution  J 
or  make  a  universal  balottj  ^ndthen  let  it  appear,  \f  Colonel  Laoaberfrf^ 
and.  half  a  dozen  officers,  with  all  their  seduced  partizans,  make-jsa 
much  as  a  single  cypher  to  the  sunjme  total.  And  this  shall  he  enough 
to  answer  thpse  devious  principles  set  down  in  the  porch  of  that  speoi^ 
ous  edifice ;  ^hich  being  erected  upon  the  sand,>  will  (like  the  rest  thai 
has  been  daiibefd  with' untempered  inortar)  sink  also  at  the  next* high 
vvinde  that  blowes  upon  it.  But  I  am  glad  it  is  at  last  avowed,  upon 
what  pretexts  that  late  pretended  Parliament  have  pleaded  on  the  behalf 
of  themselves  and  party,  theii'  discharge  from  all  the  former  protesta- 
tions, engagements,  solenEin  vows,  covenants,  with  hands  (as  you  say) 
lift  up  to  the  most  high  God,  as  also  their  oaths  and  allegiance,  &c. 
because  I  shall  not  in  this  discdurse'be  charged  with  slandering  of 
them,  and  that  the  whole  world  may  detest  the  actions  of  such  ,peri 
fidious  infidels,  with  whom  nothing  sacred  has  remained  inviolable*    : 

But'thei*e  is. yet  a  piece  of  artifice  behihde,  of  no  sless  consequence 
then  the  former,  .and  that  is,  a  seeking  to  perswade  the  present  armie 
that  they  were  the  men  ^Vho  first  e'ngagedthus  solemnly  -to ;  destroy 
the  Goyerhment  unde^  which  they  were  born,  arid  reduce  it  to  this 
miserable  condition  :  whereas  it  is  well  known  by  such  as  daily  cori^verse 
with  them, : that  there- is  hardly  one  of  ten  amongst  them,  who  was 
then  in  arms,  and  that  it  was  the  zelots  under  Essex,  Manchester.^ 
Waller,  and  the  succeeding  Generals,  who  were  the  persons  of  whpgie 
perfidiousness  he  makes  so  much  u.se,  and'  that  the  present  army,  con^ 
sists  of  a  far  more  ingenuous  spirit;  and  might  in  one  moment  yiiidi^ 
qate  this  aspersion,  make  their  conditions  with  all  advantage^  and  these 
nations  thje  most  happy  people  upon  the  earth,  as  it.  cannot  be  despaired 
but  they  will  one  day  do,  when  by  the  goodness  of  Almighty  God, 
they  shall  perfectly  discern  through  the  mist  which  youliave  cast  upon. 


*  Major-gefteral  Lambert,  who  distinguished  himself  by  his  valour  and  conduct  during  the  civil 
war,  was  second  to  Cromwell  iii  courage,  in  prudence,  aild capacity,  but  was  equal  to  him  drily  in- 
ambition.  He,  however,  escaped  puAishment  at  the  Restoration,  and  when,  brought  to  his  trial, 
behaved  with  more  submission  than  the  meanest,  of  his  fellow  prisoners,  and  was  reprieved  at  the 
bar.  He  was  banished  to  the  Isle  of  Guernsey,  where  he  coutitiued  in  patient  confinement  for  more 
than  thirty  years. 


183 
their  eyes,  .lest  they  should. discover  the  imposture  of  these  Egyptia 


sorcerors. 


And  now  Sir,  if,  after  all  this  injustice  and  impiety  on  your  part 
you.  have  prosecuted  that  with  the  extreamest  madness,  which  yc 
deemed  criminal  in  your  enemies,  viz.  To  arrogate  the  supream  pow< 
to  a  single  person,  condemn  men  without  law,  execfbte  aTwd  proscrib 
them  with  as  little  :  imprest  for  your  service,  violate  your  Parliamen 
dispenses  with  your  solemn  oaths;  in  summe,,  to  mingle -Earth  an 
Hmven  :  by  your  unarhltrary  proceedings  :;  all  which^  not  only  you 
p»ireted  books,  this  pretended  Plea,  but  your  actions  have  abundant! 
declared;  have  you  not  justified  the  Royal  party,  and  ipronounced  then 
the  oftly  honest  men  which  have  appeared  upon  the  stage,  in  character 
as  plain  that  he  which  runs  may  read,  whilst  yet  you  persecute  them  t( 
the  death  ?  *.'  The'refore,  thou  art  inexcusable,  O  man,  that:  perpetrates 
these  things  ;  for  wherein  thou  judgest  another,  thou  condemnest  thy 
self  p  so  seeing  thou  that  judgest  doest  the  same  things.  But  thinkes 
thou  this,  O  man,  that  thus  judged  them  which  do  such  things,  anc 
doest.  the  same,  that  thou  shalt  escape  the  vengeance  of  God?  ] 
tell  ye  nay, -hut,  except  ye  repent,  ye  shall  all  likevyise  perish." 

Truly,  3ir,  when   I   compare;  these  things  together,  and   compare 

them 'I  do  very  often,  consider  the  purchases   which  you   have   made, 

and  the  damnation  you  have  certainly  adventured  ;  the  despite  you  haye 

dorteto  the  name  of, Christ,  the  laws  of  common  humanity  which  yoii 

have  violated,  the  malice  and  folly  of  your  proceedings  ;  in  fine,  the 

confusion  which  you  have  hrought  upon  (the  Church,  the. State,  and 

your  selves,  I  adore   the  just   and   righteous  judgment  of  God;  and 

^Wvvsoever -you- may  possibly  emerge,  and  recover  the   present  rout) 

had  rather  be  a  sufferer  amongst  those  whom  you  have  thus  afflicted, 

and  thus  censure,  then  ^njoy  the  pleasures  of  your  .sins  for  that  season 

you  are  likely  to  possess  them  :  for  if  an  Angel  from  Heaven  should 

tell' me  you  had  done  your  duties,  I  vi^ould  no  more  believe  him  then 

if.  he  should  preach  another  Gospel  then  that  which  has  been  delivered 

to  us;  because  -you  have  blasphemed  that  holy  profession j  and  done 

^oknce-  to  that  gracious  Spirit  by  whose  sacred  dictates  you  are  taught 

to  live  in  obedience  to  your  superiours,  and  in  charity  to  one  another  ; 


184 

covering  yet  all  this  hydra  of  Impostures  with  a  mask  of  piety  ! 
reformation,  whilst  you  breathe  nothing ,  but  oppression,  and  lie 
wait  to  deceive."  "But,  O  God  !  how  long  shall  the  adversary  do  i 
dishonour?  how  long  shall  the  enemy  blaspheme  thy  name,  for  ev( 
They  gather  them  together  against  the  soul  of  the  righteous,  and  c^ 
demn  the  innocent  blood.  Lo  !  these  are  the  ungodly,  these  prospei 
the  world,,  and  these  have  riches  in  possession. :  and  I  said,  then  h 
I  cleansed  my  heart  in  vain,  and  washed  my  hands  in  innocency.  li 
and  I  had  almost  said  as  they :  but  lo,  then  I  should  have  condemi 
the  generation  of  thy  children.  Then  thought  I  to  understand  tl 
but  it  was  too  hard  for  me,  until  I  went  into  the  sanctuary  of  G( 
then  understood  I  the  end  of  these  men.  Namely,  how  thou  dost 
them  in  slippery  places,  castest  them  down  and  destroyest  them." 

O  how  suddenly  do  they  consume,  perish,  and  come  to  a  fearful  end 

We  have  seen  it,  indeed  Sir,  we  have  seen  it,  and  we  cannot  but 
knowledge  it  the  very,  finger  of  God,  mirabile  in  ocy,lis  nostris  ;  \ 
is  that  truly,  which  even  constrains  me  out  of  charity  to  your  soul, 
well  as  out  of  a  deep  sense  of  your  honour,  and  the  friendship  whic 
otherwise  bear  you,  to  beseech  you  to  re-enter  into  your  self,  to  ah 
don  those  false  principles,  to  withdraw  your  self  from  the  seducers, 
repent  of  what  you  have  done,  and  save  your  self  from  this  untow 
generation  :  there  is  yet  a  door  of  repentance  open,  do  not  provoke 
Majestic  of  the  great  God  any  longer,  which  yet  tenders  a  reconci 
tion  to  you.  Remember  what  was  once  said  over  the  perishing  Je 
salem.  "  How  often  would  I  have  gathered  you  together,  as  a  hen  d 
gather  her  brood  under  her  wings,  and  ye  would  not  ?  Behold  y 
house  is  left  unto  you  desolate."  For  do  not  think  it  impossible,  t 
we  should  become  the  most  abandon'd  and  barbarous  of  all  the  nati 
under  Heaven.  You  know  who  has  said  it:  "  he  turneth  a  fruitful  1, 
into  a  wildernesse,  for  the  iniquity  of  them  that  inhabit  therein."  1 
truly,  he  that  shall  seriously  consider  the  sad  catastrophe  of  the  EasJ 
Empire,  so  flourishing  in  piety,  policy,  knowledg,  literature,  and 
the  excellencies  of  a  happy  and  blessed  people,  would  almost  thin 
impossible,  that  in  so  few  years,  and  amidst  so  glorious  a  light  of  lea 
ing  and  religion,  so  suddain  and  palpable  a  darknesse,  so  strange 


185 

horrid  a  barbarity  should  over  spread  them,  as  now  we  behold  in  all 
that  goodly  tract  of  the  Turkish  dominions.  And  what  was  the  cause 
of  all  this,  but  the  giddinesse  of  a  wanton  people,  the  schism, .  and  the 
heresies  in  the  Churchj  and  the  prosperous  successes  of  a  rebellious 
impostor,  whose  steps  we  have  pursued  in  so  many  pregnant  instances^ 
giving  countenance  to  those  unheard  of  impieties  and  delusions,  as  if 
God  be  not  infinitely  merciful,  must  needs- involve  us  under  the  same 
disaster  ?  For,  whilst  there  is  no  order  in  the  Church,  no  body  of  Re- 
ligion agreed  upon,  no  government  established,  and  that  every  man  is 
abandon'd  to  his  own  deceitful  heart :  whilst  learning  is  decried,  and 
honesty  discountenanc'd,  rapine  defended,  and  vertue  finds  no  advo- 
cate ;  what  can  we  in  reason  expect,  but  the  most  direful  expression 
of  the  wrath  of  God,  a  universal  desolation,  when  by  the  industry  of 
Sathan  and  his  crafty  emissaries,  some  desperate  enthusiasme,  com- 
pounded (like  that  of  Mahomet,)  of  Arian,  Socinian,  Jew,  Anabaptist, 
and  the  Impurer  Gnostick,  something,  I  say,  made  up  of  all  these  here- 
sies shall  diflFuse  it  self  over  the  Nation  in  a  universal  contagion,  and 
nothing  lesse  appear  then  the  Christian  which  we  have  so  ingratefully 
renounced. 

"For  this  plague  is  already  beginning  amongst  us,  and  there  is  none 
to  take  the  censer  and  to  stand  between  the  living  and  the  dead,  that 
we  be  not  consumed  as  in  a  moment;  for  there  is  wrath  gone  out  from 
the  Lord.  Let  us  then  depart  from  the  tents  of  those  wicked  men  (who 
have  brought  all  this  upon  us)  and  touch  nothing  of  theirs,  lest  we  be 
consumed  in  all  their  sins." 

But  you  will  say,  the  King  is  not  to  be  trusted  :  judg  not  of  others 
by  your  selves ;  did  ever  any  man  observe  the  least  inclination  of  revenge 
in  his  breast?  has  he  not,  besides  the  innate  propensity  of  his  own  nature 
to  gentlenesse,  the  strict  injunctions  of  a  dyfng  father  and  a  martyr  to 
forgive  even  greater  offenders  than  yoU'  are  ?  Yes,  I  dare  pronounce  it 
with  confidence,  and  avouch  it  with  all  assurance,  that  there  is  not  an 
individual  amongst  you,  whose  crimes  are  the  most  crimson,  whom  he 
will  not  be  most  rieady  to  pardon',  and  graciously  receive  upon  their  re- 
pentance ;  nor  any  thing  that  can  be  desired  of  him  to  which  he  would 

2  B 


186 

not  claeiBrfally  accomode,  for  the  stopping  of  that  torrent  of  blood  and 
extream  confusion  which  has  hitherto  run,  and  is  yet  imminent  over  us. 
Do  but  reason  a  little  with  your  self,  and  consider  sadly  whether  a  young 
Prince,  mortified  by  so  many  afflictions,  disciplin'd  by  so  much  experi- 
ence, and  instructed  by  the  miscarriages  of  others,  be  not  the  most 
excellently  qualified  to  govern  and  reduce  a  people,  who  have  so  suc- 
ceslesly  tried  so  many  governments  of  old,  impious,  and  crafty  foxes, 
that  have  exercis'd  upon  us  the  most  intolerable  tyranies  that  were  ever 
heard  of. 

But  you  object  further,  that  he  has  lived  amongst  Papists,  is  vitiously 
inclin'd,  and  has  wicked  men  about  him  :  what  can  be  said  more  un- 
justly, what  more  malitious  ?  And  can  you  have  the  foreheads  to  tell 
us  he  has  lived  amongst  Papists  to  his  prejudice,  who  have  proscrib'd 
him  from  Protestants,  persecuted  him  from  place  to  place,  as  a  partridg 
on  the  mountains  ?  You  may  remember  who  once  went  to  Aichich  the 
King  of  Gath,  and;  changed  his  behaviour  before  them,  and  fain'd  him 
self  mad  in  their  hands,  had  many  great  infirmities,  and  was  yet  a  man 
after  God's  own  heart.  Whilst  the  Catholick  King  was  your  allie,  you 
had  nothing  to  do  with  Papists,  it  was  then  no  crime :  God  is  not 
mocked — away  with  this  respect  of  persons.  But  where  is  it  that  you 
would  have  him  to  be  ?  The  Hollander  dares  not  afford  him  harbour 
lest  you  refuse  them  yours;  the  French  may  not  give  him  bread  for 
feare  of  offending  you ;  and,  unlesse  he  should  go  to  the  Indies,  or  the 
Turk  (where  yet  your  malice  would  undoubtedly  reach  him),  where  can 
he  be  safe  from  your  revenge  ?  But  suppose  him  in  a  Papist  countrey, 
constrained  thereto  by  your  incharity  to  his  soul  as  well  as  body  ;  would 
he  have  condescended  to  half  so  much  as  you  have  oflFered  for  a  toleration 
of  the  Papists,  he  needed  not  now  to  have  made  use  of  this  apology, 
or  wanted  the  assistance  of  one  of  the  most  puissant  Princes  in  Chris- 
tendome  to  restore  him,  of  whom  he  has  refused  such  conditions  as  in 
prudence  he  might  have  yielded  to,  and  the  people  would  gladly  have 
received ;  whilst  those  who  know  with  what  persons  you  have  trans- 
acted, what  truck  you  have  made  with  the  Jesuites,  what  secret  Papists 
there  are  amongst  you,  may  easily  divine  why  they  have  been  no  for- 
warder to  assist  him,  and  how  far  distant  he  is  from  the  least  wavering 


187 

5  faith.  But  since  you  have  now  dieclared  that  you  will  toUerate  all 
ons,  without  exception,  do  not  think  it  a  sin  in  him  to  gratifie  those 
shall  most  ohlige  him. 

r  his  vertues  and  morality  I  provoak  the  most  refined  family  in  this 
n  to  produce  me  a  relation  of  more  piety  and  moderation ;  shew 
fraternity  more  spotlesse  in  their  honour,  and  freer  from  the  exor- 
ces  of  youth  then  these  three  brothers,  so  conspicuous  to  all  the 
1  for  their  temperance,  magnanimity,  constancy  and  understanding; 
nd«hip  and  humility  unparallel'd,  and  rarely  to  be  found  amongst 
jverest  persons,  scarcely  in  a  private  family.  It  is  the  malice  of  a 
black  soul,  and  a  virulent  renegado  (^of  whom  to  be  commended 
the  utmost  infamy^,  that  has  interpreted  some  compliances  to 
I  persons  in  distress  are  sometimes  engaged  with  those  whom  they 
rse  withall,  to  his  Majesties  disadvantage  ;  "  whilst  these  filthy 
lers  defile  the  flesh  themselves,  and  thinkipg  it  no  sin  to  despise 
lion,  speak  evill  of  dignities,  and  of  the  things  which  they  know 

But  woe  unto  them,  for  they  have  gone  in  the  way  of  Kain,  and 
reedily  after  the  errour  of  Balaam  for  reward,  having  mens  per- 
n  admiration  because  of  advantage." 

•  the  rest,  I  suppose  the  same  was  said  of  holy  David,  when  in  his 
m  calamity  he  was  constrain'd  to  fly  from  Saul,  "  For  every  one 
^as  in  distresse,  and  every  one  that  was  in  debt,  and  every  one  that 
iscontented,  gathered  themselves  unto  him,  and  he  became  Captain 
hem."     And  to  this  retinue  have  your  malice  and  persecution  re- 

this  excellent  Prince ;  but  he  that  preserv'd  him  in  the  wood, 
elivered  David  out  of  all  his  troubles,  shall  likewise,  in  his  ap- 
d  time,  deliver  him  also  out  of  these  distresses. 
ive  now  answered  all  yOur  calumnies,  and  have  but  a  word  to  add, 
may  yet  incline  you  to  acce|)t  your  best  interest,  and  prevent  that 
ul  ruine  which  your  obstinacy  does  threaten.  Is  it  not  as  per- 
ns as  the  sun,  that  it  lies  in  your  power  to  reform  his  counsell, 
ace  your  selves,  make  what  composition  you  can  desire,  have  all 
:urity  that  mortall  man  can  imagine,  and  the  greatest  Princes  of 
e  to  engage  in  the  performance?  This  were  becoming  worthy 
ihd  honourable  indeed  ;  this  ingenuous  self-denyall  :  and  it  is  no 


188 

disgrace  to  reforme  a  mistake,  but  to  persist  in  it  lyes  the  shame.  The 
whole  nation  requires  it  of  you,  and  the  lawes  of  God  command  it; 
you  cannot,  you  must  not  deferr  it.  For  what  can  you  pretend  to  that 
will  not  then  drop  into  your  bosomes  ?  The  humble  man  will  have 
repose,  the  aspiring  and  ambitious,  honours.  The  merchant  will  be 
secure ;  trades  immediately  recover ;  alliances  will  be  confirmed ;  the 
lawes  re-flourish  ;  tender  consciences  consider'd ;  present  purchasers 
satisfied;  the  souldier  payed,  maintained,  and  provided  for;  and,  what's 
above  all  this,  Christianity  and  Charity  will  revive  again  amongst  us; 
"  Mercy  and  Truth  will  meet  together ;  Righteousness  and  Peace  shall 
kiss  each  other." 

But  let  us  now  consider,  on  the  other  side,  the  confusion  which  must 
of  necessity  light  upon  us,  if  we  persist  in  our  rebellion  and  obstinacy. 
We  are  already  impoverisht,  and  consumed  with  war  and  the  miseries 
that  attend  it ;  you  have  wasted  our  treasure,  and  destroyed  the  woods, 
spoyled  the  trade,  and  shaken  our  properties  ;  a  universall  animosity; is  in 
the  very  bowels  of  the  nation;  the  parent  against  the  children,  and.the 
children  against  the  parents,  betraying  one  another  to  the  death ;  in  summe, 
if  that  have  any  truth  which  our  B.  Saviour  has  himself  pronounced,  that 
*'  a  kingdome  divided  against  itself  cannot  stand,"  it  is  impossible  we 
should  subsist  in  the  condition  we  are  reduc'd  to.  Consider  we  again, 
how  ridiculous  our  late  proceedings  have  made  us  to  our  neighbours 
round  about  us.  Their  Ministers  laugh  at  our  extream  giddinesse,  and 
we  seem  to  mock  at  their  addresses ;  for  no  sooner  do  their  credentialls 
arrive  but,  behold,  the  scean  is  changed,  and  the  Government  is  fled ; 
he  that  now  acted  King  left  a  fool  in  his  place ;  and  they  stand  amazed 
at  our  buffoonery  and  madnesse. 

What  then,  may  we  imagine,  will  be  the  product  of  all  these  disad- 
vantages, when  the  nations  that  deride  and  hate  us  shall  be  united  for 
our  destruction,  and  that  the  harvest  is  ripe  for  the  sickle  of  their  fury  ? 
Shall  we  not  certainly  be  a  prey,  to  an  inevitable  ruine,  having  thus 
weakned  our  selves  by  a  brutish  civill  war,  and  cut  off  those  glorious 
heros,  the  wise  and  the  valiant,  whose  courage  in  such  an  extremity  we 
shall  in  vain  imploar,  that  would  bravely  have  sacrificed  themselves  for 
our  delivery  ?     Let  us  remember  how  often  we  have  served  a  forraign 


189 

people,  and  that  there  is  nothing  so  confident  but  a  provoaked  God  can 
overthrow. 

■  For  my  part,  I  tremble  but  to  consider  what  may  be  the  issue  of  these 
things,  when  our  iniquities  are  full,  and  that  God  shall  make  inquisition 
for  thebloud  that  has  been  spilt;  unlesse  we  suddainly  meet  him  by  an 
unfained  repentance,  and  turn  from  all  the  abominations  by  which  we 
have  provoaked  him ;  and  then,  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  He  who  would 
have  compounded  with  the  Father  of  the  Faithful  1,  had  there  been  but 
ten  righteous  men  in  Sodom,  and  that  spared  Nineveh,  that  populous 
and  great  city,  will  yet  have  mercy  on  us,  hearken  to  the  prayers,  and 
have  regard  to  the  teares,  of  so  many  millions  of  people,  who  day  and 
night  do  interceed  with  him:  the  priests  and  ministers  of  the  Lord 
weeping  between  the  porch  and  the  altar,  and  saying,  "spare  thy  people, 
O  Lord,  spare  thy  people,  and  give  not  thine  inheritance  to  reproach." 
And  now  I  have  said  what  was  upon  my  spirit  for  your  sake,  when, 
for  the  satisfaction  of  such  as  (through  its  effect  upon  your  soule)  this 
addresse  of  mine  may  possibly  come  to,  I  have  religiously  declared,  that 
the  person  who  writ  it  had  no  unworthy  or  sinister  design  of  his  own  to 
gratifie,  much  lesse  any  other  party  whatever ;  as  being  neither  courtier, 
souldier,  or  churchman,  but  a  plain  country  gentleman,  engag'd  on 
neither  side,  who  has  had  leisure  (through  the  goodnfesse  of  God}  can- 
didly, and  without  passion,  to  examine  the  particulars  which  he  has 
touched,  and  expects  no  other  reward  in  the  successe  of  it  then  what 
Christ  has  promised  in  the  Gospell;  the  benediction  of  the  peace  maker, 
and  which  he  already  feeles  in  the  discharge  of  his  conscience ;  being, 
for  his  own  particular,  long  since  resolv'd  with  himself  to  persist  in  his 
religion  and  his  loyalty  to  the  death,  come  what  will ;  as  being  fully 
perswaded,  that  all  the  persecutions,  losses,  and  other  accidents,  which 
may  arrive  him  for  it  here,  are  not  worthy  to  be  compared  to  that 
eternall  weight  of  glory  vi^hich  is  to  be  revealed  hereafter,  and  to  the 
inexpressible  consolation  which  it  will  afford  on  his  death  bed,  when  all 
these  guilded  pleasures  will  disappear,  this  noise,  and  empty  pompe ; 
when  God  shall  set  all  our  sins  in  order  before  us,  and  when,  it  is  cer- 
tain, that  the  humble  and  the  peaceable,  the  charitable  and  the  meek, 
shall  not  lose  their  reward,  nor  change  their  hopes,  for  all  the  crownes 


190 

and  the  scepters,  the  lawrells  and  the  trophies,  which  ambitious  and 
self-seeking  men  contend  for,  with  so  much  tyranie  and  injustice. 

Let  them,  therefore,  no  longer  deceive  you,  dear  Sir,  and  as  the  guise 
of  these  vile  men  is,  to  tell  you  they  are  the  Godly  party,  under  which, 
for  the  present,  ihey  would  pass,  and  courage  themselves  in  their 
wickedness,  stopping  their  ears  and  shutting  their  eyes  against  all  that 
has  been  taught  and  practised  by  the  best  of  Christians,  and  holiest  of 
Saints,  these  sixteen  hundred  years  :  *'  you  shall  know  them  by  their 
frultes ;  do  men  gather  grapes  of  thornes,  or  figs  of  thistles  ?"  But  so, 
being  miserably  gall'd  with  the  remembrance  of  their  impieties,  and  the 
steps  by  which  they  have  ascended  to  those  fearfull  precepices,  they  seek 
to  allay  the  secret  pangs  of  a  gnawing  worme,  by  adopting  the  most 
prodigious  of  their  crimes  into  a  religion  fitted  for  the  purpose,  and 
versatile  as  their  giddy  interest,  till  at  last,  encourag'd  by  the  number 
of  thriving  proselytes  and  successes,  they  grow  seared  and  confident, 
swallowing  all  with  ease,  and  passing  from  one  heresie  to  another ; 
whilst  yet  they  are  still  pursued,  and  shall  never  be  at  repose;  for  con- 
science will  at  last  awake,  and  then  how  frightful,  how  deplorable,  yea, 
how  inexpressibly  sad,  will  that  day  be  unto  them !  "  For  these  things 
t^^ave  they  done,  and  I  held  my  tongue  (saith  God),  and  they  thought 
wickedly  that  I  am  altogether  such  a  one  as  themselves ;  but  I  will  re- 
prove them,  and  set  before  them  the  things  that  they  have  done.  Q 
consider  this,  ye  that  forget  God,  least  he  pluck  you  away,  anid  there 
be  none  to  deliver  you." 

And  now.  Sir,  you  see  the  liberty  which  I  have  taken,  and  how  farr 
I  have  adventured  to  testifie  a  friendship  which  I  have  ever  professed 
for  you ;  I  have  indeed  been  very  bold,  but  it  v</a.»  greatly  requisite ; 
and  you  know  that,  amongst  all  men,  there  are  none  which  more 
openly  use  the  freedom  of  reprehension,  then  those  who  love  most : 
advices  are  not  rejected  by  any  but  such  as  determine  to  pursue  their 
evlU  courses:  and  the  language  which  I  use  is  not  to  offend,  but  to 
beseech  you  to  return.  I  conjure  you,  therefore  to  re-enter  into  your 
self,  and  not  to  suffer  these  mean  and  dishonourable  respects,  which  are 
unworthy  your  nobler  spirit,  to  prompt  you  to  a  course  so  deform'd 
and   altogether   unworthy  your  education   and   family.      Behold  your 


191 

fi^epiis  ^11  d^ploariog  your  misfoEtunes,  and  your  enemies  even  pitie 
you ;  jvhilsty .  to  gratifie  a  few  mean  and  desperate  persons,  you  eancell 
your  duty  to  your  Prince,  and  disband  your  religion,  dishonour  your 
name,  .and  jbring  ruine  and  infamy  on  your  posterity.  >- 

BiUt  when  all  this  shall  fail  (as  God  forbid  a  tittle  of  it  should),  I 
have  yet  this  hope  remaining :  that  when  you.  have  been  sufficiently 
sate4  with  this  wicked  course,  wandered  from  place  to  place,  govern- 
ment to  government,  sect. to  sect,  in  so  universal  a  deluge,  and  find  no 
repose  for  the  sole  of  your  foot  (as  it  is  certain  you  never  shall),  you 
will  at  last,  with  the  peaceful  dove,  return  to  the  arke  from  whence 
you  fled,  to  your  first  principles  and  to  sober  counsels  ;  or  with  the  re- 
penting Prodigall  in  the  Gospel,  to  your  Father  which  is  in  Heaven, 
and  to  the  Father  of  your  countrey,  for  in  so  doing  you  shall  not  only 
rejoice  your  servant,  and  all  good  men,  but  the  very  angels  which  are 
in  Heaven,  and  who  are  never  said  to  rejoice  indeed,  but  at  the  con- 
version of  a  sinner. — JSt  tu  conversics,  convertejratres. 

This  27  Octob.  1659. 

PSAL.    37. 

10.  Yet  a  little  while,  and  the  ungodly  shall  be  clean  gone,  thou 
shalt  look  after  his  place,  and  he  shall  be  away. 

36.  I  my  self  have  seen  the  ungodly  in  great. power,  and  flourishing 
like  a  green  bay-tree. 

37-  I  went  by,  and,  lo !  he  was  gone ;  I  sought  him,  but  his  place 
could  no  where  be  found. 

38.  Keep  innocency,  and  take  heed  unto  the  thing  that  is  right : 
for  that  shall  bring  a  man  peace  at  the  last. 


192 

I  request  the  Reader  to  take  notice^  that  when  mentioning  the  Pres- 
byterians, I  have  let  fall  expressions  somewhat  relishing' of  more  then 
usual  asperity.;  I  do.  not  by  any  means  intend  it  to  the  prejudice  of 
many  of  that  judgment  who  were  either  men  of  peaceable  spirits  from 
the  beginning,  or  that  have  late  given  testimony  of  the  sense  of  their 
errour,  whilst  they  were  abused  by  those  specious  pretences  I  have  re- 
proved; but  I  do  regard  them  with  as  much  charity  and  affection  as 
becomes  a  sincere  Christian  and  their  brother. 


FINIS. 


THE  LATE 


NEWS   FROM  BRUSSELS   UNMASKED, 


AND 


HIS  MAJESTY  VINDICATED 


FBOM    THE 


BASE  CALUMNY  AND  SCANDAL  THEREIN  FIXED  ON  HIM. 


PRINTED  IN  THE  YEAR  1660. 


2c 


This  extremely  rare  Tract,  from  the  pen  of  Evelyn,  requires  no  apology  for  its  intro- 
duction in  the  present  Volume.  The  false  and  virulent  republican  invective,  to  which  it  is 
a  loyal  and  bold  reply,  is  also  inserted  as  a  note,  that  the  principles  and  ability  of  Evelyn 
may  stand  yet  higher  iu  public  estimation,  when  viewed  in  contrast  with  the  coarseness  and 
malignity  of  his  adversary. 

At  the  time  when  this  Letter  was  written,  Evelyn  was  labouring  under  a  severe  illness, 
from  17th  Feb.  to  ]5th  April,  166O,  attended  by  three  physicians,  who  were  doubtful  of 
his  recovery  ;  however,  he  says,  in  his  Memoirs,  "  I  writ  and  printed  a  Letter  in  defence 
of  his  Majesty,  against  a  wicked  forged  paper,  pretended  to  be  sent  from  Bruxells,  to 
defame  his  Majesty's  person  and  vertues,  and  render  him  odious,  now  when  every  body 
was  in  hope  and  expectation  of  the  General  and  Parliament  recalling  him,  and  establish- 
ing ye  Government  on  its  ancient  and  right  basis." 


THE  LATE 


NEWS    FROM    BRUSSELS    UNMASKED. 


The  last  night  came  to  my  view  a  paper  intituled,  "  News  from 
Brussels,  &c*."  At  the  reading  whereof  I  could  not  but  in  some 
measure  be  astonished,  to  imagine,  that  such  exquisite  malice  should 
still  have  its  continuance  and  prevalency  amongst  some  people,  against 
that  person  who  should  (if  they  duely  considered  their  duties)  be  most 
dear,  tender,  and  sacred  to  them  ;  such  a  vein  I  perceived  there  was  of 
forged  and  fictitious  stuff,  put  into  a  most  malitlous  dress  of  drollery, 
running  through  the  whole  tenor  thereof,  and  snapping  and  biting  all 
along  as  it  went,  in  that  sence,  as  might  be  sure  most  to  fix  calumny 
and  slander  upon  that  royal  person  whom  it  chiefly  intended  to 
wound,  that  I  could  not  but  contemplate  thus  with  my  self :  Is  it  not 
enough  that  that  innocent  Piince,  ever  since  his  tender  years,  hath 


*  "  l^ems  from    Brussels.  +     In  a   Letter  from   a   veer  Attendant  on  His  Majesties 

Person  to  a  Person  of  Honour  here;  which  casually  became  thus  publique.     Printed 

in  the  Year,  166O.  4to. 

"  Honest  Jack, 

Tliine,  by  T.  L.  our  trae  post-pigeon,  and  (I  would  I  could  not  say)  only  expeditious  person, 

was  mine- before  the  morning;  and  our  masters  the  sanae  minute,  who  took  no  small  delight 

therein : 

f  This  singular  tract,  having  so  immediate  a  reference  to  the  foregoing  piece,  was  one  of  the  last 
efforts  of  the  expiring  Commonwealth  interest.  It  is  a  sxipposed  letter  from  the  exiled  Court  of 
Charles  to  a  Cavalier  in  London,  which  is  calculated  to  press  upon  the  key  most  likely  to  inter- 
rupt the  general  disposition  in  favour  of  the  Restoration.  It  represents  the  temper  of  Charles 
and  his  little  Court  as  exasperated  by  the  long  injuries  they  had  sustained,  and  preparing  them- 
selves to  avenge  them  on  the  present  opportunity.  It  is  calculated  also  to  excite  the  terrors  of 
the  Presbyterians,  who  were  at  this  time  anxious  to  co-operate  in  the  Restoration,  by  representing 
the  Cavaliers  as  equally  profligate  and  unforgiving.  But  the  purpose  of  this  stratagem  was 
counteracted  by  the  public  declarations  of  the  leading  royalists,  that  they  reflected  upon  their  past 
sufferings  as  coming  from  the  hand  of  God,  and  entertained  no  thoughts  of  revenge  against  the 
immediate  agents,  but  were  satisfied  to  bury  all  past  injuries  in  the  joy  of  the  happy  restoration  of 
the  King,  Laws,  and  Constitution. — scott. 


196 

been  hunted  like  a  partridge  upon  the  mountains  from  place  to  place, 
from  one  nation  to  another  people,  robbed  and  spoyled  of  his  large  and 
ample  patrimony  and  dominions,  and  forced  to  live  (as  it  were)  upon 
the  alms  and  charity  of  his  neighbour  Princes,  but  his  bright  and  shin- 
ing virtues,  most  manifest  and  apparent  to  the  whole  world,  mus]t  still 
be  subject  to  the  reproach  and  scandal  of  every  lascivious,  black,  and 
sooty  quill  ?  Wert  thou  a  Christian  (base  forger),  and  not  a  foul  fiend 
rather,  clothed  with  humanity,  methinks  the  consideration  of  this  very 
particular,  should  draw  tears  from  thine  eyes,  or  rather  blood  from  thine 
heart,  then  such  cursed  drops  of  mischievous  malice,  to  issue  from  thy 
disloyal  and  corrupted  brain.     But  if  thou  call  to  mind  that  trandscen- 
dently  barbarous  murder  of   his  most  glorious  and  martyred  father, 
such  as  no  age  since  Adam  ever  paralell'd ;  and  the  deep  stain  of  that 
sacred  and  royall  blood  (now  crying  under  the  altar),  which  fasten  upon 
thee  and   thy  therein  guilty  and  bespotted  soul  (for  it  is   more  then 
guessed  who  thou  art)  ;  what  horrour  and  trembling  should  justly  seize 
thy  joints,  and   shake  the  scribling  instrument  of  such  thy  traitorously 
invented  mischief,  out  of  thy  loathed  and  bloody  hands  ?     After  which 
contemplation,  I  took  a  more  strict  and  wary  view  of  the  particulars  in 
that  scandalous  scrole ;    and  having  observed  what   cunning  subtility 
this  forger  had   shewed,  and  what  tools  he  had  made  use  of  to  stamp 
and   mint  this  false  and  counterfeit  coyn,  I  resolved  to  publish  it,  which 
I  am  perswaded  will  not  be  ingratefuU  to  any,  unless  such  who  are 
of  the  forgers  crew ;  and  of  what  sort  and  principles  they  are,  it  is 
well  known. 


therein :  for  he  read  it  thrice,  and  is  resolved  (and  swore  to  boot)  thou  art  the  first  shall 
kneel  under  his  sacred  sword.  Sir  C.  C.  has  his  heart,  and  at  first  view  he  thought  of  wafting 
thiiher,  lest  he  should  think  his  loyalty  was  slighted  :  but  H.  I.  and  I  advised  otherwise,  and  with 
some  adoe  diverted  that  intent,  and  got  him  to  signifie  his  Royall  pleasure  in  the  inclosed  ; 
which,  instantly  dispatch  by  Minyard  way  :  F.  H.  has  alwayes  passage  ready.  Sir  M.  M.  two  hours 
after  brought  good  news  from  his  cold  country ;  but  Calvin  smells  too  rank  for  us  to  venture 
thither:  they  first  betrayed  his  Royal  Father,  and  after  that  his  sacred  self:  nor  are.our  fortunes 
at  that  low  ebb,  to  reimbarque  our  all  in  that  old  leaky  bottom.  Prithee  perswade  Sam  to  be 
silent,  tell'  him  it  is  our  master's  pleasure.  Thinkest  thou  none  knows  as  well  as  he  who  first  con- 
jured up  this  divel,  and  cursed  them  that  would  not  curse  and  fight  against  His  Majesty  in  Meroz 
name :  yes,  we  can  look  through  our  fingers :  this  rebellion  first  bubbled  up  in  Presbyterian 
pulpits,  yet  it's  impoUitick  to  say  so  much  :  we  also  know  tis  more  for  fear  of  the  phanatiques 


197 

Fii-st,  he  hath  prepared  a  number  of  letters,  which  he  would 
the  reader  think  to  intend  the  persons  now  about  his  Majesty,  w 
names  relate  to  them.  But  see,  how  in  ipso  lumine,  he  bewray 
own  fictitious  guilt;  for  this  H.  I.  which  he  would  have  thoug 
be  the  L.  lermain,  this  person  was  known  to  be  elsewhere,  far  dii 
from  Bruxels,  at  the  time  of.  the  date  of  that  piece  of  forgery.  It 
next  place,  it  is  observable,  that  before  he  had  wrote  five  lines,  he 
a  notorious  lie  upon  his  Majesty,  and  chargeth  him  with  swareinj 
thing  it  is  most  manifestly  known  he  is  so  free  from,  that  all  his  ai 
dants  may  be  challenged  to  relate,  if  they  can,  whether  ever 
heard  a  profane  oath  to  come  from  him,  much  less  used  upon  su 
ridiculous  idle  occasion  as  this  forger  mentions ;  it  being  notorious 
he  is,  and  ever  hath  been,  so  reserved  in  bestowing  those  ready  je 
.  of  honour  (the  only  treasure  he  is  or  can  ,be  unrob'd  of),  that  i 
not  any  way  probable  he  should  squander  one  away  for  a  letter,  and 
likely  that  he  should  publickly  say  and  swear  this.  Within  a, 
lines  after,  he  talks  of  his  Majesties .  resolution  to  waft  over 
Ireland,  for  his  S.  C.  C.  he  would  have  understood  to  be  meant 
Charles  Coot ;  a  very  probable  business  as  he  relates  it.  Pray, 
which  way  should  he  waft  (as  you  phrase  it) ;  it  is  a  sign  you  1 
more  skill  in  forgery  than  in  geography,  and  the  situation  of  pi 
and  nations:  Next  he  fains  news  to  arrive  but  of  Scotland,. whic 
the  cold  country  he  means ;  but  his  two  hours  mentioned,  smells 
rank  of  brass,  that  it  renders  it,  at  first  scent,  a  perfect  counter] 
and  what  must  this  news  do  ?  only  introduce  an  occasion  to  abuse 

,  then  for  love  to  us,  they  are  now  so  loyal :  so  also  it  is  our,  necessity,. not  choice,, that  naali 
court  them.  Hug  them  you  cannot,  hang  at  least  until  you  can.  Would  Lall.  had  longer 
I  hate  to  shew  the  teeth  before  we  bite :  we  choak  our  dogs  with  crusts  as  well  as  pins  j  no 
will  eat  a  pin  alone :  a  blue  ribbon  and  a  starr  we  know  will  unbecome  a  rebel's  shouldei 
fishes  bite  at  baits;  he  is  an  asse  that  angles  and  hides  not  his  hooks  :  how  most  unhappy  : 
soveraign  Lord,  that  the  impatience  of  his  friends  should  be  as  perillous  to  his  fortunes  i 
pikes  of  his  enemies ;  we  never  yet  well  minded  our  next  work ;  he's  a  fooU  that  thinks  whe 
needle's  in,  the  thread  won't  follow:  set  then  your  helping  hand  to  this,  let  that  alone  ;  pr( 
the  cause,  and  'tis  impossible  to  separate  the  effect.  But  he  comes  in  on  terms,  and  is  bouni 
Tush  I  remember  that  blessed  line  I  marked  in  Machiavel ;  he's  an  oafe  that  thinks  an  oal 
any  tedder  can  tame  a  Prince  beyond  his  pleasure  j  2eruiah's  sons  lived  to  David's  great  di 
but  'twas  but  till  he  could  kill  them  more  conveniently:  and  prithee  what  did  Shimei's  pard< 


198 

slander  his  sacred  Majesty,  and  render  him  odious  to  those  of  the  Pres- 
byterian  tenets,   which  indeed   is  the  whole  scope  and  tenor  of  this 
scurrulous  doughty  epistle,  and  to  make  some  persons  here  think,  that 
there  is  such  a  stock  of  rancour  and  malice,  and  such  deep  thoughts  of 
revenge,  harboured  in  the  hearts  and  minds  of  all  persons  attending 
the  King,  and  in  his  own  Royal  heart  likewise,  that  whatever  pre- 
tences and  shews  are  at  present  made  to  the  contrary,  to  compass  their 
ends,  yet  the  issues  and  eflFects  of  this  malice  and  revenge  shall  in  due 
time  so  appear  and  manifest  itself,  that  there  is  not  a  man  who  hath 
shewed  any  opposition  to  him  self  or  his  late  Royal  father,  but  sooner 
or  later  shall  feel  their  sad  and  direful  stroke ;  and  this  impress  he  hath 
so   Machiavelianly,  and  with  such  art  and  cunning,  besprinkled  and 
scattered  over  the  whole  paper,  and  in  such  several  subtle  and  wiley 
ways,  and  such  seeming  real  phrases,  proper  for  such  persons,  who  he 
would  fain  to  be  the  writer  and  receiver,  that  none  but  his  grand  tutor 
and  instructer,  the  Divel  himself  (and  scarce  he  neither),  could  possibly 
outdo  him  in   some  parts   of  this  piece  of  artificial  forgery.     Others 
there  be  which  clearly  discover  the  rat  bv  his  squeaking;  but  above 
all,  that  bold"  and  impudent  lye,  in  representing  that  meeke  and  gentle 
Prince  to  have  no  need  of  spurs  to  revenge,  but  rather  a  rein  to  hold 
him  in  from  it,  Is  such  a  piece  of  open  and  notoriously  known  fals- 
hood,  that  it  is  to  be  wondered  at,  that  he  should  escape  a  dart  from 
heaven,  into  his  false  and  hollow  sly  heart,  whilst  he  was  staining  the 
paper  with  that  most  mischievous,  malicious  expression,  it  being  so 
known  and  manifest  to  all  about  him,  that  nothing  hath  ever  been,  or 

for  him  but  planch  him  up  :  they  can't  abide  to  see  his  house  a  Round-head  hive  ;  'tis  true,  'tis 
much  that  any  can  :  are  you  yet  to  learn  to  make  necessity  a  vertue  ?  who  doubts  but  that  C. 
Borgia  did  his  businesse  better,  by  lulling  Vitelloz  asleep,  than  to  have  hazarded  all  by  the  incer- 
tain  chance  of  fortune :  'tis  a  romance  to  think  revenge  can  sleep,  but  like  a  dog,  to  wake  at  will. 
"ris  true,  served  we  a  Prince  that  needed  spurs,  this  humour  might  be  cherished  ;  but  alas,  we  ra- 
ther use  all  the  art  and  arguments  we  can  to  rein  him  in  ;  hadst  thou  but  seen  his  passion  when 
M's.  Pedigree  came  over,  thou  wouldest  have  said  he  had  steel  enough. . . .  Seal  Rob.  lips,  I  Pray 
thee,  for  fear  it  may  disserve  him  at  dinner ;  'twas,  and  in  some  degree  is,  too  publique.  There  need 
no  record  for  a  rival ;  yet  is  it  laid  (by  strict  command)  next  Murrye's  manuscript,  and  will  one 
day  be  reviewed  ;  till  then  Plantaginet's  in  pickle.  But  I'le  retain  our  (most  absolutely  necessaiy) 
discourse  for  thy  farther  satisfaction :  canst  fancy,  that  our  master  can  forget  he  had  a  father 
how  he  liv'd  and  died,  how  he  lost  both  crown  and  life,  and  who  the  cause  thereof?   never. 


199 

is  more  frequent  with  him,  in  his  ordinary  converse  then  to  express  his 
firm  and  constant  resolution  to  adhere  close  to  the  advertisement  of  his 
Royal  martyred  Father,  who,  inter  voces  extremas  (as  it  were)  left  a 
preceptory  advice  to  the  contrary.  Of  such  sort  likewise,  is  this 
Pasquil  of  the  Pedigree  he  mentions ;  false  fictions  of  a  son  of  Belial, 
which  will  remain  in  pickle  to  arise  up  against  this  forger  at  a  tribu- 
nal, where  the  oflFspring  of  a  Plantagenet,  whose  most  innocent  blood 
he  hath  sucked,  will  bring  in  a  record  beyond  Murryes  manuscript, 
which  will  fright  his  guilty  soul  down  to  that  place  of  horrour  pre- 
pared for  him  and  his  fellow  Regicides,  his  pin,  crust,  and  dog,  dam,  and 
kittlings,  and  the  concealed  nuntio  and  all  that  sort  of  senigmatical  and 
ribbald  (yet  very  significant  and  malitious)  drollery;  what  is  it  but 
the  filthy  foam  of  a  black  and  hellish  mouth,  arising  from  a  viperous 
and  venemous  heart,  industriously  and  maliciously  set  upon  doing  what 
cursed  mischief  lies  within  the  sphere  of  his  cashiered  power,  in  such  a 
conjecture  of  time  as  this,  when  the  nations  hopes  are  in  a  full  and  just 
expectation  of  receiving  a  perfect  cure  of  those  bleeding  deep  wounds, 
and  wastful  and  consuming  miseries,  made  and  continued  by  him  and 
his  fellow  plotters,  which  they  have  so  long  lay  panting  and  groaning 
under? 

The  star  and  blew  ribbon  he  speaks  of,  will  be  every  way  as  fit  for 
the  shoulder  which  hath  given  him  and  his  party  such  a  shove,  and  as 
deservedly  as  a  hempen  halter  will  be  for  this  forgers  own  neck :  and 
'tis  very  possible,  and  probable  too,  they  may  both  take  their  difficult 
eflfects  in  due  time,  though  we  see  what  art  is  used  to  thrust  that 

monarch  yet  had  a  memory  halfe  su  bad :  ne'r  fear't,  there's  fire  enough  in  his  father's  ashes 
(though  yet  invisible)  to  bum  up  every  adversary  ;  only  our  clamourous  impatience  would  have  all 
at  once  :  give  time,  he  ascends  most  safe  that  does't  gradatim;  overstraining  not  onely  spends  the 
strength  too  feist,  but  does  endanger  falling  more :  remember  our  dread  leige  Lord  (if  ever  guilty 
of  an  error)  miscarried  here  j  from  what  a  hope  fell  he  and  we,  for  want  of  following  S,  S. 
advice :  all  or  none's  a  game  not  for  a  Prince  to  play,  but  a  desperado,  whose  fortunes  rise  and  set 
with  every  sun.  The  Presbyter  will  give  up  the  phanatique,  a  handsome  bone  to  pick  at  first :  I 
like  it  better  far  than  all  at  once ;  excess  brings  surfeits  :  thus  half  the  beard  they  shave  them- 
selves, let  us  alone  with  t'other :  drown  first  the  kittlings,  let  the  dam  that  litter'd  them  alone 
a  little  longer.  They  glory  they  are  orthodox ;  hear,  and  hold  still  thy  head,  let  us  alone  to  find 
out  fresh  pbanatiques.  We  know  the  sectaries  had  a  sire,  and  whose  spurious  brood  they  are; 
even  as  the  Puritan  was  the  off-set  of  the  Protestant.    Spain's  attach,  revive  as  oft  as  well  thou 


200 

shoulder  from  its  due  merit  by  such  the  forger  subtilties.  The  romance 
of  his  Waldense  Dulmano,  byting  the  lip  with  all  the  dependent 
sequel  of  such  a  parcel  of  montebanquery,  that  it  confutes  itself  in  its 
own  relation ;  as  also  other  his  so  openly  known  falsities,  insinuated  by 
bits  in  a  subtle  way  of  seeming  drollery,  but  very  saw-tpoth'd  in  its 
sense  and  signification ;  and  the  aim  of  all  is,  to  catch  the  common 
and  vulgar  apprehensions,  and  draw  them  again  into,  such  amaze  and 
delusion,  as  they  may  yet  once  more  (if  possible)  fall  under  the  worry- 
ing power  of  him,  and  such  like  ravenous  beasts  of  blood,  prey,  and 
rapine.  Sir,  your  nets  are  seen,  and  your  fallacies  fail  you ;  the  hooks 
you  mention  are  laid  too  visibly ;  the  fish  you  would  catch  are  so  far  from 
swallowing,  they  will  not  bite  at  all ;  you  were  best  therefore  go  shave 
your  own  beard,  as  you  have  those  in  your  letter,  and  your  scull  too ;  and 
if  your  brain  prove  not  thence  more  pregnant,  'twill  serve  (however)  to 
stufFe  your  powch  instead  of  what  such  your  angels  were  intended 
to  have  holpen  you-  to ;  and  I  would  wish  you  also  to  take  this  advice 
from  a  friend ;  give  over  your  angling  this  way,  and  appear  no  more  in 
publick  at  the  side  of  this  pool,  lest  you  be  tumbled  in  overhead  and 
ears,  and  your  self  become  both  the  bait  and  prey  of  those  you  thus 
endeavour  to  catch  and  delude  by  such  your  drolling  subtleties. 

And  now,  having  done  with  your  forged  calumnies,  I  shall  upon 
this  just  occasion  desire  leave  to  tell  you,  and  those  whom  they  were 
intended  to  beguile  and  work  upon,  that  the  Prince  and  Soveraigne 
(whom  it  is  so  apparent  your  grand  aim  by  this  designe  was  to  wound, 
though  through  the  fictitious  sides  of  others  set  up  in  your  own  fancy), 

canst  J 'tis  a  good  blindj  and  propagates  our  masters  interest.  Wat  came  since  my  last,  and 
will  not  let  our  Lord  alone,  till  he  sees  a  lecture  up  in  Court,  and  Chaplins  preach  before  him, 
X)rdained  by  the  Presbytery  :  and  one  Waldense  is  come  already.  O  Jesu,  Jack  !  I  want  an  iron 
hoop  to  kfeep  my  sides  from  splitting,  to  see  my  poor  Prince  bite  his  lips  for-halfe  an  hour  long, 
while  that  Dulmano  begs  a  blessing  (as  he  calls  it)  as  our  meech-beggars  do  their  bacon  at  the 
farmers  doors.  G.  got  behind  him  yesterday  and  made  mouths,  which  the  puppy  by  an  unhappy 
turn  of  his  head  perceived ;  but  his  Majesty,  seeing  all,  prudently  anticipated  his  complaint,  and  with 
Royal  gravity,  not  only  rebuked  G.  but  immediantly  dismissed  him  his  service. 

We  all  made  application  to  the  parson  to  mediate  to  our  master  for  G.  his  restoration,  which 
he  did  :  and  after  much  intreaty,  his  request  was  granted ;  but  not  for  G.  his  sake,  but  for  his, 
and  but  on  future  good  behaviour  neither.  M.  H.  and  J.  were  in  the  presence  at  night;  but  I 
thought  we  should  have  split  our  spleens  a  laughing :  but  by  these  means  all  was  healed :  and 


201 

IS  one  to  whom  both- you  and  they  owe  a  duty  and  allegiance,  by  all 
the  laws  of  God,  nature,  and  the  land.  And  however  you  for  your 
part  have  a  minde  to  forget,  and  are  not  pleased  to  own  it,  it  is 
(however)  not  the  lesse  his  due  :  and  it  is  not  altogether  impossible,  but 
upon  better  and  due  consideration  of  the  horrid  guilt  you  lye  under, 
divine  grace  may  hereafter  be  so  infused  into  you,  and  you  thereby  be 
made  so  sensible  of  your  crime,  that  perhaps  you  may  yet  cheerfully 
return  to  such  your  bounden  duty,  and  by  your  future  demeanour  wash 
oflF  those  stains  wherewith  your  guilty  soul  is  now  so  deeply  bespotted  : 
which  that  you  may  the  more  readily  do,- 1  shall  truly,  and  as  know- 
ingly as  I  believe  it  is  possible  for  any  in  this  nation,  give  you.thjs 
just  and  due  character  of  that  most  virtuous  and  excellent  Prince, 
whom  (whatever  your  thoughts  are  now)  it  is  possible  you  may  one  day 
esteem  it  your  chief  honour  to  style  your  dear  and  dread  Lord  and 
Soveraigne ;  which  is  truly  such,  that  in  the  opinion  of  very  many 
wise  and  knowing  men,  it  would  put  the  whole  Christian  world  upon 
some  difficulty  to  find  his  parallel  or  equal  in  all  respects.  His  birth 
and  extraction  is  known  to  be  so  transcendently  illustrious,  that  what 
Prince  is  there  upon  earth  that  can  challenge  a  greater  or  more  noble 
and  kingly,  and  for  longer  continuance,  for  centuries  of  years;  his 
person  so  lovely,  amiable  and  graceful,  that  it  even  captivates  the  eyes 
of  all  beholders,  and  every  where  generates  a  noble  and  generous 
affection,  respect,  and  clemency,  from  the  ohiefest  enemies  of  his  ances- 
tors, and  of  our  nation  and  dominions.  His  parts  and  endowments 
such,- that  were  we  free  from  subjection  to  him,  by  all  laws,  and  to  make 
search  throughout  all  nations  and  people  for  a  complete  and  well 
accomplished  personage  to  rule  over  us,  common  fame  and  report  could 

■henceforward'  we  are  commanded  to  be  plaguy-godly.  H.  bid  me  hand  his  service  to  thee ;  be 
swears  he  hath  horned  1&  cuckolds  within  these  14  dayes.  Mind  the  miUtiamost,  talk  not  of  dis- 
banding J  one  pin  naturally  drives  out  another.  A.  B.  at  parting  swore  he  would  see  that  execra- 
ble exit  raced  out ;  whom  to  assist  he  may  not  suffer.  Let  Th.  continue  his  caresses,  and  bid  him 
not  continue  such  coarse  jokes  any  more.  D,  F,  C,  and  . . .  court  upon  all  occasions.  If  M,  M, 
and  . . .  stand  right,  we  ask  no  more,  city,  land,  and  sea  is  our  own  :  that  reformation  likes  us- 
rarely  well,  thougii  we  wonder  he  would  hazard  all  upon  such  a  rash  adventure.  Bid  Phil,  and's 
brother  both  be  close,  they  now  may  list  and  none  the  wiser :  we  dared  not  let  the  Nuntio  see  the 
sun.     We  hope  our  friends  droop  still,  and  curse  him  whom  most  they  covet.— Let  not  thy  lady, 

2d 


202 

not  but  send  us  to  him;  so  meek,  gentle,  and  sweet  of  behaviour;  so 
firm,  constant,  and  obliging  in  his  friendships ;  so  milde,  modest,  and 
patient  in  his  afflictions  and  suflferings ;  yet  upon  occasion  so  full  of 
princely  courage  and  magnanimity,  so  knowing  and  discerning  in  his 
reason  and  judgement,  and  by  his  retirement  so  fitted  and  adapted  for 
moderate  government.  But  above  all,  so  firmly  and  irremoveably  fixed 
to  the  profession  of  the  true  Protestant  religion,  testifyed  many  wayes 
against  the  cunning  arts  and  subtle  attempts  and  allurements  of  the 
most  inveterate  enemies  thereof,  that  it  is  an  infamy,  never  to  be 
washed  off  from  this  nation  (unless  the  now  general  vote  and  desire 
thereof  be  hearkened  to  and  take  effect  in  such  manner  as  may  in 
some  sort  purge  the  same),  that  such  a  Prince  as  he,  so  qualified  in  all 
respects,  and  so  innocent  likewise  as  to  the  first  cause  of  difference, 
and  ever  since,  also  saving  his  desire,  and  pursuance  of  his  just  and 
undoubted  birth-right;  a  thing  which  the  meanest  of  us  would  be 
condemned  for  by  all,  even  by  our  very  selves,  should  we  omit,  or  be 
negligent  of,  were  it  but  for  a  poor  cottage  ;  I  say  that  such  a  Prince 
as  he,  together  with  his  illustrious,  heroick,  and  high-born  brethren, 
(all  of  them,  even  in  this  their  eclipsed  obscurity,  the  renown  and 
glory  of  our  nation,)  should  (as  is  hinted  before)  be  chased  from  such 
an  ample  and  splendid  patrimony,  and  large  dominions,  and  that  by  his 
own  native  subjects,  and  liege  people,  and  suffered  to  wander,  nay,  by 
their  means  hunted  from  place  to  place,  from  one  nation  (as  is  premised) 
to  another  people,  and  forced  to  live  upon  the  almes  and  charity  (as  it 

know  our  Italian  tye,  the  devil  can't  track  us  if  we  three  keep  pur  tongue  within  our  teeth.  Fret 
not,  nor  afflict  thyself  nor  friend,  for  we  resolve  the  rogues  that  left  the  Rump  shall  feel  the  scourge 
that  loyal  hearts  lash  rebels  with,  as  well  as  others ;  a  Roundhead  is  a  Roundhead  j  black  and  white 
devils  all  alike  to  us. — Thinkest  thou  that  we  can  breath  in  peace,  while  we  see  a  little  finger  left 
alive  that  hath  been  dipt  in  royal  blood  ?  or  his  adherents  ?  No !  a  thought  of  mercy  more  hate- 
ful is  than  hell ;  but  cooks  may  be  conquerors,  and  a  plate  perform  equal  execution  with  a  pistol, 
and  with  less  report.  Be  quiet  then,  let's  use  all  art  to  make  them  take  the  halter  tamely,  Press 
the  speedy  raising  of  the  City  reginients.^And  out  the  rogue  at  stern  :  what  folly  is't  to  think 
we  can  safely  ferry  while  the  fleet's  phanatique  ?  This  done,  let  our  cause  miscarry  if  it  can,  Maz. 
met  Wat,  and  gave  him  sound  advice. — Get  arms,  but  buy  them  not  in  such  suspicious  numbers  • 
that  if  all  fails,  we  may  repair  to  them,  and  cut  our  passage  to  the  throne  through  traitors  blood. 
.— Farwel. 

Brussels,  S.  V.  March  10,  1659. 


gas 

■were)  of  those  who  doubtlesse  are  not  without  their  grand  desigji^ 
upon  him  and  all  hi»  dominions,  as  (it  may  be  feared)  iime  will  sooner 
or  later  clearly  manifest;  besides  the  subjecting  him,  and  that  whole 
royal  race,  by  this  means,  to  the  enticements  and  allurements,  and  to 
the  stratagems,  nets,  and  entanglements  of  those  Eomish  rooking 
gamesters,  who  are  ranging  in  all  parts  for  their  prey,  and  will  be  sure 
"to  leave  no  stone  unmoved  to  work  their  wicked  ends,  where  such  a 
tjuarry  of  royal  game  are  to  be  flown  at,  and  with  such  advantage  (as 
the  case  stands  with  them)  to  be  attempted;  that  the  very  contempla- 
tion thereof  cannot,  me  thinks,  but  draw  tears  from  the  eyes,  and  almost 
blood  from  the  hearts  of  all  pious,  loyal  Protestant  Christians,  who 
have  any  sence  and  feeling,  as  they  ought,  of  that  deep  dishonour  and 
reproach,  which  by  these  very  meanes  must  need$  redound  to  the  pro- 
fessors of  the  true  Protestant  religion,  in  all  parts  and  places  whatso- 
ever, and  no  lesse  sport  and  pastime  to  the  great  vicar  general  at 
Rome,  and  his  court  and  conclave ;  but  as  in  the  ground  where  gold 
grows,  nothing  (it  is  said)  will  thrive  but  gold,  so  God  hath  hitherto 
preserved  this  virtuous  Prince,  most  firm,  sound,  and  entire,  in  the 
true  orthodox  faith,  and  no  doubt  but  will  so  continue  him,«  and  make 
him  not  only  in  title,  but  really  and  indeed  a  most  magnanimous  de- 
fender thereof,  against  all  its  adversaries. 

And  whereas  there  is  either  a  real  or  seeming  fear  in  some  sort  of 
guilty  people  (and  thereby  the  desired  settlement  much  disturbed  and 
retarded),  that  if  the  old  Government  take  place  againe,  and  the  right 
Pilot  come  at  the  head  and  stern  thereof,  that  there  will  be  such  rankor, 
malice,  and  revenge  put  in  practice,  by  the  all  along  adherers  to  the 
Royal  interest,  against  such  as  any  time  opposed  them ;  and  thereby 
such  losse,  dammage,  and  suflferings  sustained,  with  divers  other  vain 
and  empty  fears,  jealousies,  and  conjectures.  Now,  as  the  true  cha- 
racter of  his  sacred  Majesty  himselfe  is  before  very  faithfully  expressed, 
so  surely  it  will  not  seem  incongruous  and  impertinent  upon  this  just 
occasion  likewise,  to  interpose  this  sincere  and  unfeigned  protestation, 
on  the  behalfe  of  those  adherers  to  the  Royal  interest,  that  as  their 
principles  are  truly  Christian,  so  they  most  earnestly  desire  to  pursue 


204 

the  due  practice  of  them  accordingly.  And  whatsoever  is  forged  in 
that  maUcious  piece,  before  at  large  spoken  of  that  loyal  party,  espe- 
cially the  main  bulk  and  body  of  them  (who  are  only  considerable  in 
this  case,  and  extravagants  and  not  to  be  regarded),,  are  so  far  from 
any  thoughts  of  rankor,  malice,  and  revenge  in  that  particular,  or  any 
aime  of  making  good  their  losses  by  the  estates  of  others  (a  usual  vogue 
raised  by  our  peace-opposers),  that  they  do  as  fully  and  unfainedly  for- 
give them,  and  all  sorts  of  them,  as  they  desire  of  Heaven  the  forgive- 
nesse  of  their  own  transgressions ;  and  do  so  far  detest  the  thought  of 
repairing  their  losses,  that  way  feared,  that  to  see  his  Majesty  restpred, 
and  thereby  a  firm  and  lasting  peace  settled,  that  so  it  may  be  conveyed 
to  posterity,  they  would  not  only  very  cheerfully  sit  down  by  all  their 
losses  and  sufferings,  but  many  thousands  of  them  willingly  sacrifice 
much  of  their  present  fortunes,  and  some  of;  them  their  lives  too,  as  a 
grateful  offertory  for  such  a  seasonable  and  all-healing  mercy. 


F  U  M  I  F  U  G  I  U  M  : 

OR  THE  INCONVENIENCIE  OF  THE 

AER  AND  SMOAK  OF  LONDON  DISSIPATED. 

TOGETHER  WITH  SOME  REMEDIES  HUMBLY  PROPOSED 

By  J.  E.  Esq. 

TO  HIS  SACRED  MAJESTY,  AND  TO  THE  PARLIAMENT  NOW  ASSEMBLED. 


PUBLISHED    BY    HIS    MAJESTIES    COMMAND. 


Carbondmque  gravis  vis,  atcjue  odor  insinuatur 
Quam  facile  in  cerebrum  ! Lucret.  1.  5, 


LON^DO  N: 

PKINTET)    BY    W.    GODBID,      FOR    GABRIEL    BEDEL    AND    THOMAS    COLLINS,     AND    ARE    TO    BE    SOLD 
AT  THEIR  SHOP  AT  THE  MIDDLE  TEMPLE  GATE,     NEBR  TEMPLE-BAK. 

M.  DC.LXI. 


TO  THE 


KINGS  MOST  SACRED  MAJESTY*. 


Sir, 

It  was  one  day,  as  I  was  walking  in  your  Majesties  palace  at  White- 
hall (where  I  have  sometimes  the  honour  to  refresh  my  self  with  the 
sight  of  your  illustrious  presence,  which  is  the  joy  of  your  peoples 
hearts)  that  a  presumptuous  smoake  issuing  from  one  or  two  tunnels 
neer  Northumberland-house,  and  not  far  from  Scotland-yard,  did  so 
invade  the  court,  that  all  the  rooms,  galleriesj  and  places  about  it  were 
fiU'd  and  infested  with  it ;  and  that  to  such  a  degree,  as  men  could 
hardly  discern  one  another  for  the  clowd,  and  none  could  support, 
without  manifest  inconveniency.  It  was  not  this  which  did  first  sug- 
gest to  me  what  I  had  long  since  conceived  against  this  pernicious 
accident,  upon  frequent  observation ;  but  it  was  this  alone,  and  the 
trouble  that  it  must  needs  procure  to  your  sacred  Majesty,  as  well  as 
hazard  to  your  health,  which  kindled  this  indignation  of  mine  against 
it,  and  was  the  occasion  of  what  it  has  produc'd  in  these  papers. 

Your  Majesty,  who  is  a  lover  of  noble  buildings,  gardens,  pictures, 
and  all  royal  magnificences,  must  needs  desire  to  be  freed  from  this 

*  13th  Sept.  1661.  "  I  presented  my  Fumifugium,  dedicated  to  his  Maty,  who  was  pleased  I 
should  publish  it  by  his  special  commands,  being  much  pleas'd  with  it". — Memoirs,  vol.  I.  p.  326. 

1  Oct.  1661.  During  a  sailing  match  from  Greenwich  to  Gravesend  and  back,  between  the 
two  yatchts  belonging  to  the  King  and  the  Duke  of  York,  for  a  wager  of  lOOZ.  3t  which  his  Ma- 
jesty was  present,  attended  by  Mr.  Evelyn  and  divers  noble  persons;  the  King,  says  he,  "  was 
pleas'd  to  discourse  to  me  about  my  book,  inveighing  against  the  nuisance  of  the  smoke  of  I^on- 
don,  and  proposing  expedients  how  by  removing  those  particulars  I  mentioned,  it  might  be  re- 
formed :  commanding  me  to  prepare  a  Bill  against  the  next  Session  of  Parliament,  being,  as  he 
said,  resolv'd  to  have  something  don  in  it." — Idem,  vol.  I.  p.  327. 


208 

prodigious  annoyance  ;  and,  which  is  so  great  an  enemy  to  their  lustre 
and  beauty,  that  where  it  once  enters  there  can  nothing  remain  long 
in  its  native  splendor  and  perfection  :  nor  must  I  here  forget  that  illus- 
trious and  divine  Princesse,  your  Majesties  only  sister,  the  now  Dutchesse 
of  Orleans,  who  at  her  highnesse  late  being  in  this  city,  did  in  my 
hearing,  complaiq,  of  the  effects  of  this  smoake  both  in  her  breast  and 
lungs,  whilst  she  was  in  your  Majesties  palace.  I  cannot  but  greatly 
apprehend,  that  your  Majesty  (who  has  been  so  long  accustom'd  to 
the  excellent  aer  of  other  countries)  may  be  as  much  offended  at  it,  in 
that  regard  also ;  especially  since  the  evil  is  so  epidemicall ;  indangering 
as  well  the  health  of  your  subjects,  as  it  sullies  the  glory  of  this  your 
imperial  seat.  i 

Sir,  1  prepare  in  this  short  discourse,  an  expedient  how  this  perni- 
cious nuisance  may  be  reformed ;  and  offer  at  another  also,  by  which 
the  aer  may  not  only  be  freed  from  the  present  inconveniency,  but 
(that  remov'd)  to  render  not  only  your  Majesties  palace,  but  the  whole 
city  likewise,  one  of  the  sweetest  and  most  delicious  habitations  in  the 
world  ;  and  this,  with  little  or  no  expence ;  but  by  improving  those 
plantations  which  your  Majesty  so  laudably  affects,  in  the  moyst  de- 
pressed, and  marshy  grounds  about  the  town,  to  the  culture  and  pro- 
duction of  such  things,  as  upon  every  gentle  emission  through  the  aer, 
should  so  perfume  the  adjacent  places  with  their  breath,  as   if,  by  a 
certain  charm,  or  innocent  magick,  they  were  transferred  to  that  part 
of  Arabia,  which  is  therefore  styl'd  the  Happy,  because  it  is  amongst 
the  gums  and  precious  spices.     Those  who  take  notice  of  the  scent  of 
the  orange-flowers  from  the  rivage  of  Genoa,  and  St.  Pietro  dell'  Arena; 
the  blossomes  of  the  rosemary  from  the  Coasts  of  Spain,  many  leagues 
off  at  sea;  or   the  manifest,  and  odoriferous   wafts  which  flow   from 
Fontenay  and  Vaugirard,  even  to  Paris  in  the  season  of  roses,  with  the 
contrary  effects  of  those  less  pleasing  smells  from  other  accidents,  will 
easily  consent  to  what  I  suggest  :   and,  I  am  able  to  enumerate  a  cata- 
logue of  native  plants,  and   such   as  are  familiar   to  our  country  and 
clime,  whose  redolent  and  agreeable  emissions  would  even  ravish  our 
senses,  as  well  as  perfectly  improve  and  meliorate  the  aer  about  Lon- 
don ;  and  that,  without  the  least  prejudice  to  the  owners  and  proprietors 


209 

of  the  land  to  be  employ'd  about  it.  But  because  I  have  treated  of  this 
more  at  large  in  another  curious  and  noble  subject  *,  which  I  am  pre- 
paring to  present  to  your  Majesty,  as  God  shall  afford  me  leasure  to 
finish  it,  and  that  I  give  a  touch  of  it  in  this  discourse,  I  will  enlarge 
my  addresses  no  farther,  then  to  beg  pardon  for  this  presumption  of 

Sir, 
Your  Majesties  ever  loyal,  most  obedient 
Subject,  and  Servant. 

J.  Evelyn. 


TO    THE    READER. 


I  HAVE  little  here  to  add  to  implore  thy  good  opinion  and  approba- 
tion, after  I  have  submitted  this  Essay  to  his  Sacred  Majesty :  but  as 
it  is  of  universal  benefit  that  I  propound  it ;  so  I  expect  a  civil  enter- 
tainment and  reception.  I  have,  I  confesse,  been  frequently  displeased 
at  the  small  advance  and  improvement  of  Public  Works  in  this  nation, 
wherein  it  seems  to  be  much  inferiour  to  the  countries  and  kingdomes 
which  are  round  about  it ;  especially,  during  these  late  years  of  our  sad 
confusions  :  but  now  that  God  has  miraculously  restor'd  to  us  our  prince, 
a  prince  of  so  magnanimous  and  publick  a  spirit,  we  may  promise  our 
selves  not  only  a  recovery  of  our  former  splender;  but  also  whatever 
any  of  our  neighbours  enjoy  of  more  universal  benefit,  for  health  or 
ornament :  in  summe,  whatever  may  do  honour  to  a  nation  so  perfectly 
Capable  of  all  advantages. 

It  is  in  order  to  this,  that  I  have  presumed  to  ofier  these  few  propo- 
sals for  the  meliorating  and  refining  the  Aer  of  London ;  being  ex- 


*  Sylva  and  Terra. 

2e 


210 

tremely  amaz'd,  that  where  there  is  so  great  an  affluence  of  all  thi 
which  may  render  the  people  of  this  vast  city  the  most  happy  u 
earthj  the  sordid  and  accursed  avarice  of  some  few  particular  pers( 
should  be  suffered  to  prejudice  the  health  and  felicity  of  so  many :  i 
any  .profit  (besides  what  is  of  absolute  necessity)  should  render  r 
regardlesse  of  what  chiefly  imports  them,  when  it  may  be  purchs 
upon  so  easie  conditions,  and  with  so  great  advantages  :  for  it  is 
happiness  to  possesse  gold,  but  to  enjoy  the  effects  of  it,  and  to  kr 
how  to  live  cheerfully  and  in  health,  non  est  vivere,  sed  valere  v 
That  men  whose  very  being  is  Aer,  should  not  breath  it  freely  wl 
they  may  J  but  (as  that  tyrant  us'd  his  vassals)  condemn  themselvei 
this  misery  §•  fumo  prcefacari,  is  strange  stupidity  :  yet  thus  we 
them  walk  and  converse  in  London,  pursu'd  and  haunted  by  that 
fernal  smoake,  and  the  funest  accidents  which  accompany  it  where 
ever  they  retire. 

That  this  glorious  and  antient  city,  which  from  wood  might 
rendred  brick,  and  (like  another  Rome)  from  brick  made  stone  J 
marble ;  which  commands  the  proud  ocean  to  the  Indies,  and  reac 
to  the  farthest  Antipodes,  should  wrap  her  stately  head  in  clowds 
smoake  and  sulphur,  so  full  of  stink  and  darknesse,  I  deplore  with  j 
indignation.  That  the  buildings  should  be  compos'd  of  such  a  cong 
tion  of  mishapen  and  extravagant  houses  ;  that  the  streets  should  be 
narrow  and  incommodious  in  the  very  center  and  busiest  places  of 
tercourse ;  that  there  should  be  so  ill  and  uneasie  a  form  of  pav 
under  foot,  so  troublesome  and  malicious  a  disposure  of  the  spouts  i 
gutters  overhead,  are  particulars  worthy  of  reproof  and  reformatic 
because  it  is  hereby  rendred  a  labyrinth  in  its  principal  passages,  an 
continual  wet-day  after  the  storm  is  over.  Add  to  this  the  deformity 
so  frequent  wharfes  and  magazines  of  wood,  coale,  boards,  and  ot 
course  materials,  most  of  them  imploying  the  places  of  the  nob] 
aspect  for  the  situation  of  palaces  towards  the  goodly  river,  when  tl 
might  with  far  lesse  disgrace  be  removed  to  the  Bank-side,  and  aft 
wards  disposed  with  as  much  facility  where  the  consumption  of  th 
commodities  lyes;  a  Key  in  the  mean  time  so  contrived  on  London-side 
might  render  it  lesse  sensible  of  the  reciprocation  of  the  waters,  for  i 


211 

and  health  infinitely  superiour  to  what  it  now  enjoys.  These  are  the 
desiderata  which  this  great  city  labours  under,  and  which  we  so  much 
deplore.  But  I  see  the  dawning  of  a  brighter  day  approach  ;  we  have 
a  prince  who  is  resolv'd  to  be  a  father  to  his  country ;  and  a  Parliament 
whose  decrees  and  resentiments  take  their  impression  from  his  Majesties 
great  genius,  which  studies  only  the  publick  good.  It  is  from  them, 
therefore,  that  we  augure  our  future  happinesse  j  since  there  is  nothing 
which  will  so  much  perpetuate  their  memories,  or  more  justly  merit  it. 
Medails  and  inscriptions  have  heretofore  preserv'd  the  fame  of  lesse 
publick  benefits,  and  for  the  repairing  of  a  dilapidated  bridge,  a  decaid 
aquaeduct,  the  paving  of  a  way,  or  draining  a  foggy  marsh,  their  elo- 
gies  and  reverses  have  out-lasted  the  tnarbles,  and  been  transmitted  to 
future  ages,  after  so  many  thousand  revolutions :  but  this  is  the  least 
of  that  which  we  decree  to  our  august  Charles,  and  which  is  due  to  his 
illustrious  senators ;  because  they  will  live  in  our  hearts,  and  in  our 
records,  which  are  more  permanent  and  lasting. 

1  May,  1661.  Farewell. 


212 


PREFACE   TO  THE   EDITION    OF   THIS   TRACT, 

REPRINTED   FOR   B.    WHITE,    IN    FLEET   STREET,    1772. 


The  established  reputation  of  Mr.  Evelyn's  writings  would  have 
prevented  the  Editor  of  this  very  scarce  Tract  from  adding  any  thing 
himself,  had  not  time  made  some  alterations  that  appear  worthy  of 
notice. 

Our  Author  expresses  himself  with  proper  warmth  and  indignation 
against  the  absurd  policy  of  allowing  brewers,  dyers,  soap-boilers,  and 
lime-burners,  to  intermix  their  noisome  works  amongst  the  dwelling- 
houses  in  the  city  and  suburbs  :  but  since  his  time  we  have  a  great  in- 
crease of  glass-houses,  founderies,  and  sugar-bakers,  to  add  to  the  black 
catalogue,:  at  the  head  of  which  must  be  placed  the  fire-engines  of  the 
water- works  at  London  Bridge  and  York  Buildings,  which  (^whilst 
they  are  working)  leave  the  astonished  spectator  at  a  loss  to  determine 
whether  they  do  not  tend  to  poison  and  destroy  more  of  the  inhabitants 
by  their  smoke  and  stench  than  they  supply  with  their  water.  Our 
author  also  complains  that  the  gardens  about  London  would  no  longer 
bear  fruit,  and  gives  instances  of  orchards  in  Barbican  and  the  Strand 
that  were  observed  to  have  a  good  crop  the  year  in  which  Newcastle 
was  besieged  (^1644),  because  but  a  small  quantity  of  coals  were  brought 
to  London  that  year :  by  this  we  may  observe  how  much  the  evil  is  in- 
creased since  the  time  this  treatise  was  written.  It  would  now  puzzle 
the  most  skilful  gardener  to  keep  fruit  trees  alive  in  these  places  :  the 
complaint  at  this  time  would  be,  not  that  the  trees  were  without  fruit, 
but  that  they' would  not  bear  even  leaves. 

Although  the  proposal  of  turning  all  the  noxious  trades  at  once  out 
of  town  may  be  thought  impracticable,  as  being  inconsistent  with  the 
general  liberty  of  the  subject ;  yet  certainly  some  very  beneficial  regula- 
tions lie  within  the  power  of  the  present  public-spirited  and  active  magis- 
trates, to  whom,  with  deference,  the  editor  submits  the  following  hints. 


213 

Till  more  efiPectual  methods  can  take  place,  it  would  be  of  great  ser- 
vice to  oblige  all  those  trades,  who  make  use  of  large  fires,  to  carry  their 
chimnies  much  higher  into  the  air  than  they  are  at  present;  this  expe- 
dient would  frequently  help  to  convey  the  smoke  away  above  the  build- 
ings, and  in  a  great  measure  disperse  it  into  distant  parts,  without  its 
falling  on  the  houses  below. 

Workmen  should  be  consulted,  and  encouraged  to  make  experiments, 
whether  a  particular  construction  of  the  chimnies  would  not  assist  in 
conveying  off  the  smoke,  and  in  sending  it  higher  into  the  air  before  it 
is  dispersed. 

A  method  of  charring  sea-coal,  so  as  to  divest  it  of  its  smoke,  and 
yet  leave  it  serviceable  for  many  purposes,  should  be  made  the  object  of 
a  very  strict  enquiry ;  and  premiums  should  be  given  to  those  that  were 
successful  in  it.  Proper  indulgences  might  be  made  to  sucb  sugar, 
glass,  brewhouses,  &c.  as  should  be  built  at  the  desired  distance  from 
town  :  and  the  building  of  more  within  the  city  and  suburbs  prevented 
by  law.  This  method  vigorously  persisted  in,  would  in  time  remove 
them  all. 

The  discernment  and  good  sense  of  the  present  times  are  loudly  called 
on  to  abolish  the  strange  custom  of  laying  the  dead  to  rot  amongst  the 
living,  by  burying  in  churches  and  church-yards  within  the  town  :  this 
practice  has  not  escaped  our  author's  censure  :-and  foreigners  have  often 
exposed  the  absurdity  of  the  proceeding.  But  it  seems  to  be  left  parti- 
cularly to  the  magistracy  and  citizens  of  London,  to  set  an  example  to 
the  rest  of  this  kingdom  and  to  Europe,  by  removing  a  nuisance  which 
ignorance  and  superstition  have  entailed  on  us  hitherto  ;  and  which, 
amongst  those  that  are  not  well  acquainted  with  our  religion,  brings  a 
disgrace  on  Christianity  itself.  It  will  be  a  work  of  little  shew  or 
ostentation,  but  the  benefits  arising  from  it  will  be  very  extensive  and 
considerable  :  in  both  respects  it  recommends  itself  in  a  particular  man- 
ner to  an  opulent  and  free  people*. 


*  Amongst  the  remains  of  old  Rome,  the  grandeur  of  the  Commonwealth  shews  itself  chiefly 
in  works  that  are  either  necessary  or  convenient :  on  the  contrarjr,  the  magnificence  of  Rome, 
under  the  Emperors,  is  seen  principally  in  such  works  as  are  rather  for  ostentation  or  luxury,  than, 
any  real  usefulness  or  necessity. — Addison. 


214 

To  confirm  what  our  author  has  urged  against  the  air  of  Lond 
reader  is  desired  to  take  a  view  of  the  Bills  of  Mortality,  and  t 
culations  made  from  them;  and  he  will  find  that  there  is  a  w 
near  ten  thousand  people,  who  are  drawn  every  year  from  the  < 
to  supply  the  room  of  those  that  London  destroys  beyond  what  ii 
Indeed  the  supply  that  the  town  furnishes  towards  keeping  up  i 
inhabitants  appeared  so  very  small  to  the  ablest  calculator  and  vc 
tional  enquirer  (Corbyn  Morris)  into  this  subject,  that  he  owns 
afraid  to  publish  the  result. 

But,  without  the  use  of  calculations,  it  is  evident  to  every  oi 
looks  on  the  yearly  Bill  of  Mortality, '  that  near  half  the  childn 
are  born  and  bred  in  Uondon  die  under  two  years  of  age.  Som 
attributed  this  amazing  destruction  to  luxury  and  spirituous  Hqu 
these,  no  doubt,  are  powerful  assistants :  but  the  constant  and 
mitting  poison  is  communicated  by  the  foul  air,  which,  as  the  "tov 
grows  larger,  has  made  regular  and  steady  advances  in  its  fa 
fluence.    " 

The  ancient  Greeks  and  Romans,  even  in  their  greatest  state 
finement,  were  reconciled  by  habit  to  the  custom  of  exposing  ai 
stroying  young  children,  when  parents  did  not  choose  to  support 
the  same  practice  is  familiar  among  the  Chinese  at  this  day.  We 
der  and  are  shocked  at  the  barbarity  of  it,  but  at  the  same  tii 
accustomed  to  read  with  great  composure  of  the  deaths  of  thousa 
infants  suffocated  every  year  by  smoke  arid  stenches,  which  goi 
licy  might  in  a  great  measure  remove. 

Our  author,  who  had  been  very  instrumental  in  restoring  Cha 
his  throne,  was  unfortunate  in  recommending  a  work  of  such  i 
quence  to  so  negligent  and  dissipated  a  patron.  The  editor  is  e 
raged  by  a  more  promising  appearance  of  success.  He  has  seei 
pleasure  many  improvements  of  great  importance  to  the  eleganc 
welfare  of  this  city  undertaken  and  completed  in  a  short  time, 
Magistrates  of  less  public  spirit  and  perseverance  than  our  pr 
would  have  pronounced  them  to  have  been  impracticable. 
London,  March  16,  1772. 


215 


FUMIFUGIUM*: 


THE    INCONVENIENCY    OF     THE    SMOAK    OP     LONDON    DISSIPATED,  &C. 


PART   I. 

It  is  not  without  some  considerable  analogy,  that  sundry  of  the 
philpsophers  have  nam'd  the  Aer  the  vehicle  of  the  soulf,  as  well 
as  that  of  the  earth,  and,  this  frail  vessell  of  ours  which  contains 
it;  since  we  all  of  us  finde  the  benefit  which  we  derive  from  it,  not 
onely  for  the  necessity  of  common  respiration  and  functions  of  the 
organs;  but  likewise  for  the  use  of  the  spirits  and  primigene  humors, 
which  doe  most  neerly  approach  that  divine  particle.  But  we  shall  not 
need  to  insist,  or  refine  much  on  this  sublime  subject ;  and,  perhaps  it 
miglit  scandalize  scrupulous  persons  to  pursue  to  the  height  it  may 
possibly  reach  (as  Diogenes  and  Anaximenes  were  wont  to  deifie  it) 
after  we  are  past  the  ^therial,  which  is  a  certain  aer  of  Plato's  denomi- 
nation J,  as  well  as  that  of  the  lesse  pure,  more  turbulent  and  dense, 
which,  for  the  most  part  we  live  and  breathe  in,  and  which  comes  here 
to  be  examin'd  as  it  relates  to  the  design  in  hand,  the  City  of  London, 
and  the  environs  about  it. 

It  would  doubtlesse  be  esteem'd  for  a  strange  and  extravagant  para^ 
dox,  that  one  should  affirme,  that  the  Aer  it  selfe  is  many  times  a  potent 
and  great  disposer  to  rebellion ;  and  that  insulary  people^  and  indeed, 
most  of  the  Septentrion  Tracts,  where  this  medium  is  grosse  and  heavy, 
are  extremely  versatile  and  obnoxious  to  change  both  in  religious  and 

*  The  reader  is  referred  to  an  excellent  analysis  of  this  Tract  in  the  Journal  of  Science,  Litera- 
ture and  the  Arts.    Vol.  xii.  1822,  pp.  343. 

t  Anima,  quasi  dve/xos.  +  In  Timaeo. 


216 

secular  affaires  :  plant  the  foote  of  your  compasses  on  the  very  pole, 
and  extend  the  other  limb  to  50  degrees  of  latitude  :  bring  it  about 
'till  it  describe  the  circle,  and  then  reade  the  histories  of  those  nations 
inclusively  and  make  the  calculation.  It  must  be  confess'd,  that  the 
aer  of  those  climates,  is  not  so  pure  and  defecate  as  those  which  are 
neerer  the  tropicks,  where  the  continent  is  lesse  ragged,  and  the 
weather  more  constant  and  steady,  as  well  as  the  inclination  and  temper 
of  the  inhabitants. 

But  it  is  not  here  that  I  pretend  to  speculate  upon  these  causes,  or 
nicely  to  examine  the  discourses  of  the  Stoicks  and  Peripateticks, 
whether  the  aer  be  in  it  self  generally  cold,  humid,  warm,  or  exactly 
temper'd  so  as  best  conduces  to  a  materiall  principle,  of  which  it  is 
accounted  one  of  the  four  ;  because  they  are  altogether  physicall  notions, 
and  do  not  come  under  our  cognizance  as  a  pure  and  sincere  elemeht ; 
but  as  it  is  particularly  inquinated,  infected,  participating  of  the  various 
accidents,  and  inform'd  by  extrinsical  causes,  which  render  it  noxious 
to  the  inhabitants,  who  derive  and  make  use  of  it  for  life.  Neverthe- 
lesse,  for  distinction  sake,  we  may  yet  be  allow'd  to  repute  some  aers  pute, 
comparatively,  viz.  that  which  is  cleare,  open,  sweetely  ventilated,  and 
put  into  motion  with  gentle  gales  and  breezes ;  not  too  sharp,  but  of 
a  temperate  constitution.  In  a  word,  that  we  pronounce  for  good  and 
pure  aer,  which  heat  not  to  sweat  and  faintnesse ;  nor  cooles  to  rigid- 
nesse  and  trembling ;  nor  dries  to  wrinkles  and  hardhesse  ;  nor  moystens 
to  resolution  and  over  much  softnesse.  The  more  hot  promotes  indeede 
the  witt,  but  is  weak  and  trifling;  and  therefore  Hippocrates*  speaks 
the  Asiatique  people  imbelles  and  effeminate,  though  of  a  more  arti- 
ficial and  ingenious  spirit.  If  over  cold  and  keen,  it  too  much  abates 
the  heat,  but  renders  the  body  robust  and  hardy ;  as  those  who  are 
born  under  the  northern  bears,  are  more  fierce  and  stupid,  caused  by  a 
certain  internal  antlperistasis  and  universal  Im pulsion -f-.  The  drier  aer 
is  generally  the  more  salutary  and  healthy,  so  it  be  not  too  sweltery 
and  infested  with  heat  or  fuliginous  vapours,  which  is  by  no  means  a 

*  Lib.  de  Aere,  Aqu.  et  Locis. 

-j-  That  is,  the  heat  of  their  bodies  is  condensed  and  exercised  by  the  coldness  of  the  atmosphere 
that  surrounds  them. 


21f 

friend  to  health  and  longaBvjty,  as  Avicen  notes  of  the -ffithiops  who- 
seldome  arived  to  any  considerable  old  age.  As  much  to  be  reproved 
is  the  moyst,  viz.  that  which  is  over  mix'd  with  aquous  exhalations, 
equally  pernicious  and  susciptible  of  putrefaction;  notwithstanding 
does  it  oftner  produce  faire  and  tender  skins,  and  some  last  a  long  while 
in  it ;  but  commonly  not  so  healthy  as  in  Aer  which  is  more  dry.  But 
the  impure  and  uliginous,  as  that  which  pi^oceedes  from  stagnated  places, 
is  of  all  other,  the  most  vile  and  pestilent. 

Now,  that  through  all  these  diversities  of  Aer,  motes  hominum  Ao 
corporis  temperamentum  sequi,  is  for  the  greater  part  so  true  an  obser- 
vation, that  a  volume  of  instances  might  be  produced,  if  the  common 
notices  did  not  sufiSciently  confirme  it  even  to  a  proverb*  The  Aer  on 
which  we  continually  prey,  perpetually  inspiring  matter  to  the  animall 
and  vitall  spirits,  by  which  they  become  more  or  lesse  obfuscated, 
clowded,  and  rendered  obnoxious ;  and  therefore  that  prince  of  phy- 
sitians  Hippocrates,  wittily  calls  a  sincere  and  pure  Aer  "  the  internunce 
and  interpreter  of  prudence  *."  The  celestiall  influences  being  so  much 
retarded  or  assisted,  and  improv'd  through  this  omnipresent,  and,  as  it 
were,  universal  medium :  for,  though  the  Aer  in  its  simple  substance 
cannot  be  vitiated;  yet,  in  it«>  prime  qualities  it  suffers  these  infinite 
mutations,  both  from  superiour  and  inferiour  causes,  so  as  its  accidentall 
effects  become  almost  innumerable,  .      , 

Let  it  be  farther  consider'd,  what  is  most  evident,  that  the,  body 
feedes  upon  meats  commonly  but  at  certain  periods  and  stated  times,  be 
it  twice  a  day  or  oftner ;  whereas,  upon  the  Aer,  or  what  accompanies 
it  Cest  enim  in  ipso  jlere  occultus  vitcs  cibusj,  it  is  allwaies  preying, 
sleeping  or  waking;  and  therefore,  doubtlesse  the  election  of  this  con- 
stant and  assiduous  food,  should  something  concefne  us,  I  affirme,  more 
then  even  the  very  meat  we  eat,  whereof,  so  little  and  indifferent 
nourishes  and  satisfies  the  most  temperate  and  best  educated  perspns. 
Besides,  Aer  that  is  corrupt  insinuates  it  self  into  the  vital  parts  imme-p 
diately;  whereas  the  meats  which  we  take,  though  never  so  ill  con* 
dition'd,  require  time  for  the  concoction,  by  which  its  effects  are  greatly 


*  De  Morbo  Sacro. 

2f 


218 

mitigated ;  whereas  the  othey,  passing  so  speedily  to  the  lungs,  and 
virtually  to  the  heart  it  self,  is  deriv'd  and  communicated  over  the 
whole  masse ;  in  a  word,  as  the  lucid  and  noble  Aer,  clarifies  the  hlood^i 
subtilizes  and  excites  it,  cheering  the  spirits  and  promoting  digestion  ; 
so  the  dark  and  grosse  (on  the  contrary)  perturbs  the  body,  prohibits 
rtecessary  transpiration  for  the  resolution  and  dissipation  of  ill  vapours, 
even  to  disturbance  of  the  very  rational  faculties^  which  the  purer  Aer 
does  so  far  illuminate,  as  to  have  rendred  some  men  healthy  and  wise 
even  to  a  miracle.  And  therefore  the  empoysonjng  of  Aer  was  ever 
esteem'd  no  lesse  fatall  then  the  poysoning.of  water  or  meate  it  self, 
and  forborn  even  amongst  barbarians;  since  (as  is  said)  such,  infections 
become  more  apt  to  insinuate  themselves,  and  betray  the  very;  spirits,  to 
which  they  have  so  neer  a  cognation.  Some  Aers  we  know  are  held 
to  be  alexipharmac,  and  even  deleterious  ito  poy son  it,  self,  as 'tis  re- 
ported of  that  of  Ireland.  In  some  we  finde  carcasses  will  hardly 
putrifie,  in  others  again  rot  and  fall  to  pieces  immediately. 
!  From  these  or  the  like  considerations  therefore,  it  might  well  proceed j 
that  Vitruvius,  and  the  rest  who  follow  that  master  Builder*,  mention 
it  as  a  principle,  for  the  accomplishment  of  their  Architect,  that  being 
skilfull  in  the  art  of  Physick,  amongst  iotherr  observations,  he  sedulously 
examined  the  Aer  and  situation  of  the  places  where  he  designs  to  -build,: 
the  inclinations  of  the  heavens,  and  the  climats ;  Sine  his  enim  ratio- 
nibus  nulla  saluhris  habitatio  fieri  potest-f  :  there  is  no  dwelling  can  be 
safe  or  healthy  without  it,  'Tis  true,  he  does  likewise  adde  Water  also, 
which  is  but  a  kinde  of  condensed  Aer ;  though  he  might  have  observ'd 
that  element  to  be  seldome  bad,  where  the  other  is  good;  omitting 
ortely  some  peculiar  fountains  and  mineral  waters,  which  are  percolated 
through  mines  and  metalique  earths  less  frequent,  and  very  rarely  to 
be  encounter'd.  j,y 

Now  whether  those  who  were  the  antient  founders  of  our  goodly  metron 
polis,  had  considered  these  particulars  (though  long  before  Vitruvius) 
I  can  no  waies  doubt  or  make  question  of;  since,  having  respect  to  the 
nobleness  of  the  situation  of  London,  we  shall:  every  way  finde  it  to 


*  Lib.  I.  cap.  1.  f  Aeres  Locorum. 


219 

-Jiave  been  consulted  with  all  imaginable  advantages,  not  onely  in  rela- 
tion to  profit,  but  to  health  and  1  pleasure  ;^  and  that,  if  there  be  any 
thing  which  seems  to- impeach  .the  two-  last  transcendencies,  it  will  be 
found  to  be  but  something  extrinsecal  and  accidental  onely,  which 
naturally  does  not  concern  the  place  at  all ;  hut  which  may  very  easily 
be  reformed,  without  any  the  least  inconvenience,  as  in  due  time  we 
shaiU  come  to  demonstrate. 


ru>:;g,*j|> 


For  first,  the  City  of  London  is  built  upon  a  sweet  and  most  agreer 
able  eminency  of  ground,  at  the  North-side  of  a  goodly  and  well-con- 
dition'd  river,  towards  which  it  hath  an,  aspect  by  a  gentle  and  easie 
declivity,  apt  to  be  improved  to  all  that  may  render  her  palaces,  build- 
ings, and  avenues  usefully  gracefull,  and:  most  maignificent :  the  fumes 
which  exhale  from  the  waters  and  lower  grounds  lying  South-ward,  by 
which  means  they  are  perpetually  attracted,  C;arried  off,  or  dissipated  by 
the  sun,  as  soon  as  they  are  born  and  ascend.  ,  v 

Adde  to  this,  that  the  soil  is  universally,  gravell,  pot ,  onely  where 
the  City  it  self  is  placed:  but  for  severaU  miles  about  the ■  countreys 
which  environ  it :  that  it  is  plentifully  and  richly  irrigated,  and  visited 
with  waters  which  christalize  her  fountains  in  every  street,  and  may,  be 
conducted  to  them  in  such  farther  plenty,  as  Rome  her  self  might  not 
more  abound  in  this  liquid- ornament,  for  the  pleasure  and  divertise- 
ment,  as  well  as  for  the  use  and  refreshment  of  her. inhabitants.     I  for- 
bear to  enlarge  upon  the  rest  of  the  conveniencies  which  this  august  and 
opulent  City  enjoies  both  by  sea  and  land,  to  accumulaJte  h,er  encomi- 
ums, and  render  her  the  most  considerable;  that  the  earth  has  standing 
upon   her  ample  bosome;  because,  it  belongs  to  the  Orator  and,  the 
Poet,  and  is  none  of  my  institution  :  but  I  will  infer,  that  if  this  goodly 
City  justly  challenges  what  is  her  due,  and  merits  all  that  can  be  said 
to  reinforce  her  praises,  and  give  her  title ;  she  is  to  be  jeliev'd.  from 
that  which  renders  her  less   healthy,  really  offends  her,  and  which 
darkens  and  eclipses  all  her  other  attributes.     And  what  is  all  tbisi.but 
that  hellish  and  dismall  cloud  of  Sea-coal?  which  is  not  only  perpetu- 
ally imminent  over  her  head,  for  as  the  Poet, 

Conditur  in  tenebris  altum  caligine  Coelum  *, 


*  iEneid.  11. 


220 

0  universally  mixed  with  the  otherwise  wholsome  and  excellent  Aer, 
her  inhabitants  breathe  nothing  but  an  impure  and  thick  mist,  accom- 
ed  with  a  fuliginous  and  filthy  vapour,  which  renders  them  obnoxious 
thousand  inconveniences,  corrupting  the  lungs,  and  disordering  the 
e  habits  of  their  bodies ;  so  that  cathars,.  phthisicks,  coughs  and 
umptionsrage  more  in  this  one'City  than  in  the  whole  earth  besides, 
shall  not  here  much  descant  upon  the  nature  of  smoaks,  and  other 
lations  from  things  burnt,  which  have  obtain'd.  their  severall 
letes,  according  to   the  quality  of  the  matter  consumed,  because 

are  generally  accounted  noxious  and  unwholsome,  and  I  would 
have  it  thought,  that  I  doe  here  fumos  vendere,  as  the  word  is,  or 
paper  with  insignificant  remarks :  it  was  yet  haply  no  inept  deri- 
>n  of  that  critick,  who  took  our  English,  or  rather  Saxon  appella- 

from  the  Greek  word  a-f/.v^u,  corrumpo,  and  exuro,  as  most  agree- 
to  its  destructive  effects,  especially  of  what  we  doe  here  so  much 
um  against,  since  this  is  certain,  that,  of  all  the  common  and 
liar  materials  which  emit  it,  the  immoderate  use  of,  and  indulgence 
ea-coale  alone  in  the  City  of  London,  exposes  it  to  one  of  the 
est  inconveniencies  and  reproches,  that  can  possibly  befall  so  noble, 
otherwise  incomparable  City  :  and  that,  not  from  the  culinary  fires 
;h  for  -  being  weak,  and  lesse  often  fed  below,  is  with  such  ease 
ell'd  and  scatterr'd  above,  as   it  is   hardly  at  all  discernible,  but 

1  some  few  particular  tunnells  and  issues,  belonging  only  to  brewers, 
3,  lime-burners,  salt  and  sope-boylers,  and  some  other  private 
es,  one  of  whose  spiracles  alone  does  manifestly  infect  the  Aer 
e  then  all  the  chimnies  of  London  put  together  besides.  And  that 
is  not  the  least  hyperbolic,  let  the  best  of  judges  decide  it,  which 
ke  to  be  our  senses  :  whilst  these  are  belching  It  forth  their  sooty 
5,  the  City  of  London  resembles  the,  face  rather  of  Mount  Etna,  the 
■t  of  Vulcan,  Stromboli,  or  the  suburbs  of  Hell,  then  an  assembly 
itional  creatures,  and  the  imperial  seat  of  our  incomparable  Monarch. 

when  in  all  other  places  the  Aer  is  most  serene  and  pure,  it  is  here 
psed  with  such  a  cloud  of  sulphure,.  as  the  Sun  it  self,  which  gives 
to  all  the  world  besides,  is  hardly  able  to  penetrate  and  impart  it 
! ;  and  the  weary  Traveller,  at  many  miles  distance,  sooner  smells 


221 

then  sees  the  City  to  which  he  repairs.  This  is  that  pernicious  smoate 
which  sullyes  all  her  glory,  superinducing  a  sooty  crust  or  furr  upon  all 
that  it  lights,  spoyling  the  moveables,  tarnishing  the  plate,  gildings, 
and  furniture,  and  corroding  the  very  iron  bars  and  hardest  stones  with 
those  piercing  and  acrimonious  spirits  which  accompany  its  sulphure  ; 
and  executing  more  in  one  year,  then  expos'd  to  the  pure  Aer  of  the 
country  it  could  effect  in  some  hundreds. 


piceaque  gravatutn 

Foedat  nu,be  diem  * ; 

It  is  this  horrid  smoake  which  obscures  our  churches,  and  makes  our 
palaces  look  old,  which  fouls  our  clothes,  and  corrupts  the  waters,  so 
as  the  very  rain  and  refreshing  dews  which  fall  in  the  several  seasons 
precipitate  this  impure  vapour,  which,  with  its  black  and  tenacious 
quality,  spots  and  contaminates  whatsoever  is  expos'd  to  it. 

'  Calidoque  involvitur  undique  fumo  -|-. 


It  is  this  which  scatters  and  strews  about  those  black  and  smutty 
atomes  upon  all  things  where  it  comes,  Insinuating  it  self  into  our  very 
secret  cabinets,  and  most  precious  repositories  :  finally,  it  is  this  which 
diffuses  and  spreads  a  yellownesse  upon  our  choycest  pictures  and  hang- 
ings :  which  does  this  mischief  at  home ;  Is  Avernts  J  to  fowl,  and 
kills  our  bees  and  flowers  abroad,  suffering  nothing  in  our  gardens  to 
bud,  display  themselves,  or  ripen  ;  so  as  ouranemonies,  and  many  other 
choycest  flowers,  will  by  no  Industry  be  made  to  blow  in  London, .or 
the  precincts  of  it,  unlesse  they  be  raised  on  a  hot-bed,  and  govern'd 
with  extraordinary  artifice  to  acceUerate  their  springing,  imparting  a 
bitter  and  ungrateful  tast  to  those  few  wretched  fruits  which,  never 
arriving  to  their  desired  maturity,  seem,  like  the  apples  of  Sodome,.  to 
fall  even  to  dust  when  they  are  but  touched.  Not  therefore  to  be  for- 
gotten is  that  which  was  by  many  observ'd,  that  in  the  year  when 


'    *  Claud.de  rap.  Pros,  1. 1.-  f  0"^' 

J,  A  lake  in  Italy;  which  formerly  emitted  such  noxious  fumes,  that  birds^  which  a,ttempted  to 
fly  over  it  fell  in  and  were  suffocated ;  but  it  has  lost  this  bad  quality  for  many  ages,  and  is  at 
present  well  stocked  with  fish  and  fowl. 


222 

New-castle  was  besiegM  and  blocked  up  in  our  late  wars^  so  as  throug 
the  great  dearth  and  scarcity  of  coales,  those  famous  worjks  many  < 
them  were  either  left  off,  or  spent  but  feW  coales  in  cothparlsori  t 
what  they  now  use :  divers  gardens  and  orchards  planted  even"  in  th 
very  heart  of  London,  (as  In  particular  my  lord  MarqueSse  of  Herl 
fords  *  In  the  Strand,  ihy  Lord  Brldgewaters  f,  and  some  others  abot 
Barbican,)  were  observed  to  bear  such  plentiful  and  infinite  quiantltie 
of  fruits,  as  they  never  produced  the  like  either  before  or  since,  t 
their  great  astonishment :  but  it  was  by  the  owners  rightly  Imputed  t 
the  penury  of  coales,  and  the  little  smoake  which  they  took  notice  t 
infest  them  that  year :  for  there  is  a  virtue  in  the  Aer,  to  penetrate 
alter,  nourish,  yea  and  to  multiply  plants  and  fruits,  without  whlcl 
no  vegetable  could  possibly  thrive ;   but  as  the  Poet, 

Aret  ager :  vitio  moriens  sitit  aeris  herba+  :  , 

So  as  it  was  not  ill  said  by  Paracelsus,  that  of  all  things  Aer  onl 
could  be  truly  affirm'd  to  have  life,  seeing  to  all  things  it  gave  life 
Argument  sufficient  to  demonstrate  how  prejudicial  it  is  to  the  bodle 
of  men  ;  for  that  can  never  be  Aer  fit  for  them  to  breath  in,  where  no 
fruits  nor  flowers  do  ripen,  or  come  to  a  seasonable  perfection. 

I  have  strangely  wondred,  and  not  without  some  just  indignation 
when  the  south-wind  has  been  gently  breathing,  to  have  sometime 
beheld  that  stately  house  and  igarden  belonging  to  my  lord   of  North 


*  Sit  William  Seymour,  Knt.  second  son  of  Edward  Earl  of  Hertford,  who  succeeded  his  fathe 
in  his  titles  and  honours  in  1618.  In  1640,  in  consideration  of  his  eminent  services,  he  was  cfeate 
Marquess  of  Hertford,  and  living  to  see  the  restoration  of  King  Charles  H.  was  by  a  special  Ac 
restored  to  the  title  of  Duke  of  Somerset.  His  second  marriage  was  with  Lady  Prances,  daughte 
of  Robert  Earl  of  Essex.  ' 

After  a  careful  but  fruitless  research  for  the  house  alluded  to  in  the  text>  it  seems  probable,  frOE 
the  matrimonial  alliance  above-mentioned,  that  this  nobleman  was  residing  in  Essex-house  at  th 
time  referred  to  by  Evelyn. 

t  The  Earls  of  Bridgewater  had  a  house  in  the  Barbican,  called  after  their  title.  It  was  burn 
down  in  1675,  and  Lord  Brackley,  eldestsonof  the  then  Earl,  and  a  younger  brother, '  with  thei: 
tutor,  perished  in  the  flames.    The  site  is  now  called  Bridgewater-square,  or  garden. Pennant. 

i  Peorg.  7. 


223 

umberland  *,  even  as  far  as  White-hall  and  Westminster,  wrapped  in  a 
horrid  cloud  of  this  ^moake,  issuing  from  a  brew-house  or  two  con- 
tiguous to  that  noble,  palaqe :  so  as  coming  up  the  river,  that  part  of 
the  City  has  ^ppqar'd  a  sea  where  no  land  was  within  ken  ;  the  same 
fre(jiJkently  happens  from  a  Lime-kelne  f  on  the  bank-side  neer  the 
Falcon  J,  which  when  the  windblQwes  southern,  dilates  it  self  all  over 
that  poynt  of  the  Thames,  and  the  opposite  part  of  London,  especially 
about  St.  Paul's,  poysoning  the  Aer  with  so  d^rk  and  thick  a  fog,  as  I 
■  have  been,  hardly  able  to  pass  through  it,  for  the  extraordinary  stench 
and  halitus  It  sends  forth  ;  and  the  like  Is  neer  Fox-hall  §  at  the  farther 
end  of  Lambeth. 

Now  to  what  funest  and  deadly  accidents  the  assiduous  invasion  of 
the  smoak  exposes  the  numerous  inhabitants,  I  have  already  touch'd, 
whatsoever  some  have  fondly  pretended,  not  considering  that  the  con- 
stant use  of  the  same  Aer  (be  It  never  so  impure)  may  be  consistent 
with  life  and  a  valetudinary  state ;  especially,  if  the  place  be  native  to 
us,  and  that  we  have  never  lived  for  any  long  time  out  of  it;  custome, 
in  this,  as  In  all  things  else,  obtaining  another  nature,  and  all  putre- 
faction proceeding  from  certain  changes,  It  becomes^  as  it  were,  the 
form  and  perfection  of  that  vvhich  is  contain'd  In  It:  for  so  (to  say 
nothing  of  such  as  by  assuefaction  have  made  the  rankest  poysons  their 

*  Northumberland-house  still  graces  the  Strand  as  a  memento  of  the  splendour  of  our  ancient  no- 
bility, untouched  by  the  devastating  hands  of  mercenary  builders,  who  have  driven  from  the  street 
every  vestige  of  past  times. 

f  I  doe  assent,  that  both  lime  and  sulphur  are  in  some  affections  specifics  for  the  lungs ;  but  then 
they  are  to  be  so  prepared,  as  nothing  save  the  purest  parts  be  received  into  the  body  (for  so  phy- 
sicians prescribe  flore  sulph,  &c.)  and  not  accompanied  with  such  gross  and  plainly  virulent  va- 
pours as  these  fires  send  forth  :  nor  are  they  (as  accurately  prepar'd  as  art  can  render  them)  to  be 
perpetually  used,  but  at  certain  periods,  in  formes,  and  with  due  regimen. 

%  The  Falcon  Stairs  were  standing  upon  that  spot  from  the  Bank-side,  Southwark,  lately  oc- 
cupied by  the  South-east  corner  of  the  Albion  Mills,  and  near  them  stood  a  very  spacious  building 
of  wood  and  plaster,  called  the  Falcon  Inn,  which,  ft-om  its  appearance,  was  probably  erected  long 
previous  to  the  reign  of  Elizabeth., :  From  its  magnitude,  and  contiguity  to  the  Bank-side  Theatre, 
it  was  possibly  the  resort  of  Shakspeare,  Ben  Jonson,  and  other  constant  visitants  of  the  Globe  and 
Bear-garden.  It  was  in  the  yard  of  the  Falcon  Inn  that  Sir  Christopher  Wren  erected  a  house  of 
red  bricks,  for  the  constant  viewing  the  progress  of  St.  Paul's  and  the  otlier  City  Churcliea,  which 
he  was  employed  to  re-build,  and  whieh  could  be  seen  from  any  of  its  windows. 

§  Now  known  by  the  name  of  Vauxhall. 


224 

most,  familiar  diet)  we  read  that  IJpimenides  continu'd  fifty  years  in  a 
damp  cave,  the  Eremites  dwelt  in  dens,  and  divers  live  now  in  the 
fens  ;  some  are  condemn'd  to  the  mines,  and  others,  that  are  perpe- 
tually conversant  about  the  forges,  furnaces  of  iron,  and  other  smoaky 
works,  are  little  concern'd  with  these  troublesome  accidents  :  but  as  it 
is  not  (I  perswade  my  self)  out  of  choyce  that  these  men  affect  them ; 
so  nor  will  any  man,  I  think,  commend  and  celebrate  their  manner  of 
living.  A  tabid  body  might  possibly  trail  out  a  miserable  life  of  seven 
or  eight  years  by  a  sea-coale  fire,  as  'tis  reported  the  wife  of  a  certain 
famous  Physician  did  of  late  by  the  prescription  of  her  husband  ;  but 
it  is  to  be  considered  also,  how  much  longer  and  happier  she  might 
have  survived  in  a  better  and  more  noble  Aer ;  and  that  old  Par,  who 
lived  in  health  to  an  hundred  and  fifty  years  of  age,  was  not  so  much 
concern'd  with  the  change  of  diet  (as  some  have  affirm'd)  as  with  that 
of  the  Aer,  which  plainly  wither'd  him,  and  spoyl'd  his  digestion  in  a 
short  time  after  his  arrival  at  London. 

There  is,  I  confesse,  a  certain  idiosyncrasis*  in  the  composition  of  some 
persons,  which  may  fit  and  dispose  them  to  thrive  better  in  some  Aers, 
then  in  others.  But  it  is  manifest  that  those  who  repair  to  London, 
no  sooner  enter  into  it,  but  they  find  a  universal  alteration  in  their  bo- 
dies, which  are  either  dryed  up  or  inflam'd,  the  humours  being  exas- 
perated and  made  apt  to  putrifie,  their  sensories  and  perspiration  so  ex- 
ceedingly stopp'd,  with  the  losse  of  appetite,  and  a  kind  of  general  stu- 
pefaction, succeeded  with  such  cathars  and  distillations,  as  do  never,  or 
very  rarely,  quit  them  without  some  further  symptomes  of  dangerous 
inconveniency  so  long  as  they  abide  in  the  place ;  which  yet  are  imme- 
diately restored  to  their  former  habit,  so  soon  as  they  are  retired  to  their 
homes  and  enjoy  the  fresh  Aer  again.  And  here  I  may  not  omit  to 
mention  what  a  most  learned  Physician -f'  and  one  of  the  CoUedge  as- 
sur'd  me,  as  I  remember  of  a  friend  of  his,  who  had  so  strange  an  an- 
tipathy to  the  Aer  of  London  :  that  though  he  were  a  Merchant,  and 
had  frequent  businesse  in  the   City,  was  yet  constrained  to  make  his 

*  A  peculiar  temperament  or  disposition. 

t  Dr.  Whistler,  >  F.  R.  S.  and  Censor  of  the  College  of  Physici^s,  an  excellent  schplar,  and  ac- 
knowledged by  Evelyn  as  "  the  most  facetious  man  in  nature." 


225 

dwelling  some  miles  without  it ;  and  when  he  came  to  the  Exchange, 
within  an  hour  or  two  grew  so  extremely  indispos'd,  that  (as  if  out  of 
his  proper  element)  he  was  forced  to  take  horse  (which  us'd  therefore 
constantly  to  attend  him  at  the  entrance),  and  ride  as  far  for  his  life,  till 
^  he  came  into  the  fields,  and  was  returning  home  again,  which  is  an  in- 
stance so  extraordinary,  as  not,  it  may  be,  to  be  parallel'd  in  any  place 
of  Europe,  save  the  Grotto  del  Carie,  nere  Naples,  the  Os  Plutonium 
of  Srlvius,  or  some  such  subterranean  habitation.  For  diseases  proceed 
not  from  so  long  a  series  of  causes,  as  we  are  apt  to  conceive ;  but  most 
times  from  those  obvious  and  diespicable  mischiefs,  which  yet  we  take 
lesse  notice  of  because  they  are  familiar.  But  how  frequently  do  we 
hear  men  say  (speaking  of  some  deceased  neighbour  or  friend)  'he  went 
up  to  London,  and  took  a  great  cold,  &c.  which  he  could  never  after- 
wards claw  oflF  again.' 

I  report  my  self  to  all  those  who  (during  these  sad  confusions)  have  been 
compelled  to  breath  the  Aer  of  other  countries  for  some  years ;  if  they 
do  not  now  perceive  a  manifest  alteration  in  their  appetite,  and  elearr 
ness  of  their  spirits ;  especially  such  as  have  liv'd  long  in  France,  and 
the  city  of  Paris  ;  where,  to  take  off  that  unjust  reproch,  the  plague  as 
seldome  domineers  as  in  any  part  of  Europe,  which  I  more  impute  to 
the  serenity  and  purity  of  the  Aer  about  it,  then  to  any  other  qualities 
which  are  frequently  assign'd  for  the  cause  of  it  by  divers  writers.    But 
if  it  be  objected  that  the  purest  Aers  are  soonest  infected,  it  is  answered, 
that  they  are  also  the  soonest  freed  again ;  and  that  none  would  there- 
fore choose  to  live  in  a  corrupt  Aer,  because  of  this  article.  .  London,  'tis 
confess'd,  is  not  the  only  city  most  obnoxious  to  the  pestilence  ;  but  it  is 
yet  never  clear  of  this  smoake  which  is  a  plague  so  many  other  ways,  and 
indeed  intolerable ;  because  it  kills  not  at  once,  but  always,  since  still 
to  languish  is  worse  than  even  death  it  self.     For  is  there  under  hea- 
ven such  coughing  and  snuffing  to  be  heard,  as  in  the  London  churches 
and  assemblies  of  people,  where  the  barking  and  spitting  is  incessant 
and  most  importunate.     What  shall  I  say  ? 

Hinc  hominum  pecudumque  Lues*. — 

*  Lucan. 
2  G 


226 

And  what  mgiy  be  the  cause  of  these  troublesome  effects,  but  the  in- 
spiration of  this  infernal  vapour,  accompanying  the  Aer,  which  first  heats 
and  sollicits  the  aspera  arteria,  through  one  of  whose  conduits,  partly  car- 
tilaginous, and  partly  membranous,  it  enters  by  several  branches  into  the 
very  pa7'enchi/ mo,  and  substance  of  the  lungs,  violating,  in  this  passage, 
the  larynx  and  epiglottis^  together  with  those  multiform  and  curious 
muscles,  the  immediate  and  proper  instruments  of  the  voyce,  which  be- 
coming rough  and  drye,  can  neither  be  contracted  or  dilated  for  the 
due  modulation  of  the  yoyce ;  so  as  by  some  of  my  friends  (studious 
in  Musick,  whereof  one  is  a  Doctor  of  Physick)  it  has  been  constantly 
observ'd,  that  coming  out  of  the  country  into  London,  they  lost  three 
whole  notes  in  the  compasse  of  their  voice,  which  they  never  recover'd 
again  till  their  retreat;  adeo  enim  animantes*  (to  use  the  Orators  words) 
aspiratione  ^eris  sustinentur,  ipseque  Jler  nobiscum  videt,  nobiscum 
audit,  nobiscum  sonat.     In  summe,  we  perform  nothing  withobt  it. 

Whether  the  head  and  the  brain  (as  some  have  imagined)  take  in  the 
ambient  Aer,  nay  the  very  arteries  through  the  skin  universally  over  the 
whole  body,  is  greatly  controverted  ;  but  if  so,  of  what  consequence  the 
goodnesse  and  purity  of  the  Aer  is,  will  to  every  one  appear:  sure  we 
are,  how  much  the  respiration  is  perturb'd,  and  concern'd,  when  the 
lungs  are  prepossessed  with  these  grosse  and  dense  vapours,  brought 
along  in  the  Aer ;  which  on  the  other  side  being  pure  and  fitly  quali- 
fied, and  so  conducted  to  them,  is  there  commixed  with  the  circulating 
blood,  insinuating  itself  into  the  left  ventricle  of  the  heart  by  the  ar- 
teria venosa,  to  rarifie  and  subtilize  that  precious  vehicle  of  the  spirits 
and  vital ,  flame.  The  vena  arteriosa,  and  arteria  venosa,  disposing 
themselves  into  many  branches  through  the  pulmonique  lobes,  for  its 
convoy,  the  Aer  (as  we  sayd)  being  first,  brought  into  them  out  of  the 
bronchia  (together  with  the  returning  blood)  to  the  very  heart  it  self ; 
so  as  we  are  not  at  all  to  wonder  at  the  suddain  and  prodigious  effects 
of  a  poysonous  or  lesse  wholesome  Aer,  when  it  comes  to  Invade  such 
noble  parts,  vessells,  spirits,  and  humours,  as  it  visits  and  attaques, 
through  those  subtile  and  curious  passages.      But  this  is  not  all. 

What  if  there  appear  to  be  an  arsenical  vapour,  as  well  as  sulphur, 

*  Cic.  de  Niit.  Deor. 


227 

breathing  sometimes  from  this  intemperate  use  of  sea-cole,  in  great 
cities?  That  there  is,  what  does  plainly  stupifie,  is  evident  to  those 
who  sit  long  by  it;  and  that  which  fortun'd  to  the  Dutchmen  who 
winter'd  in  Nova  Zembla,  was  by  all  Physicians  attributed  to  such  a 
deleterious  quality  in  the  like  fuell,  as  well  as  to  the  inspissation  of  the 
Aer,  which  they  thought  only  to  have  attemper'd,  as  is  by  most  esteem'd 
to  be  the  reason  of  the  same  dangerous  halitus  of  char-cole,  not  fully 
enkendl'd.     But  to  come  neerer  yet. 

New  Castle  cole,  as  an  expert  Physician*  affirms,  causeth  consump- 
tions, phthisicks,  and  the  indisposition  of  the  luiTgs,  not  only  by  the 
suffiDcating  abundance  of  smoake,  but  also  by  its  virulency  :  for  all 
subterrany  fuel  hath  a  kind  of  virulent  or  arsenical  vapour  rising  from 
it;  which,  as  it  speedily  destroys  those  who  dig  it  in  the  mines,  so 
does  it  by  little  and  little,  those  who  use  it  here  above  them.  There- 
fore those  diseases  (saith  this  Doctor)  most  afflict  about  London,  where 
the  very  iron  is  sooner  consum'd  by  the  smoake  thereof,  then  where 
this  fire  is  not  used. 

And,  if  indeed  there  be  such  a  venemous  quality  latent,  and  some- 
times breathing  from  this  fuell,  we  are  lesse  to  trouble  ourselves  for  the 
finding  out  of  the  cause  of  those  pestilential  and  epidemical  sicknesses 
(epidemiorum  causa  enim  in  ^ere,  says  Galen)  which  at  divers  periods 
have  so  terribly  infested  and  wasted  us  :  or,  that  it  should  be  so  suscep- 
tible of  infection,  all  manner  of  diseases  having  so  universal  a  vehicle 
as  is  that  of  the  smoake,  which  perpetually  invests  this  city :  but  this 
is  also  noted  by  the  learned  Sir  Kenelme  Digby,  f  in  confirmation  of  the 
doctrine  of  atomical  effluvias  and  emanations,  wafted,  mixed  and  com- 
municated by  the  Aer,  where  he  well  observes,  that  from  the  materials 
of  our  London  fires,  there  results  a  great  quantity  of  volatile  salts, 
which  being  very  sharp  and  dissipated  by  the  smoakes,  doth  infect  the 
Aer,  and  so  incorporated  with  it,  that,  though  the  very  bodies  of  those 
corrosive  particles  escape  our  perception,  yet  we  soon  find  their  effects, 
by  the  destruction  which  they  induce  upon  all  things  that  they  do  but 
touch  ;  spoyling  and  destroying  their  beautiful  colours,  with  their  fuli- 


*  Arnold  Boetius  a  Boot,  a  Physician  well  versed  in  the  Latin,  Greek,  Hebrew^i  and  Syriac  lan- 
guages, who  died  in  1653.  t  In  his  Discourse  of  sympathetick  powder. 


228 

ginous  qualities :  yea,  though  a  chamber  be  never  so  closely  locked 
up,  men  find  at  their  return,  all  things  that  are  in  it  even  covered  with 
a  black  thin  soot,  and  all  the  rest  of  the  furniture  as  full  of  it,  as  if  it 
were  in  the  house  of  some  miller,  or  a  bakers  shop,  where  the  flower 
gets  into  the  cupboards  and  boxes,  though  never  so  close  and  accu- 
rately shut. 

This  coale,  says  Sir  K.  flies  abroad,  fowling  the  clothes  that  are 
expos'd  drying  upon  the  hedges;  and  in  the  spring-time  (as  but  now 
we  mentioned)  besoots  all  the  leaves,  so  as  there  is  nothing  free  from 
its  universal  contamination,  and  it  is  for  this  that  the  bleachers  about 
Harlaem  prohibit  by  an  express  law  (as  I  am  told)  the  use  of  these 
coles,  for  some  miles  about  that  town ;  and  how  curious  the  diers  and 
weavers  of  dammask,  and  other  precious  silks  are  at  Florence,  of  the 
least  ingresse  of  any  smoaky  vapour,  whilst  their  Idomes  are  at  work,  I 
shall  shew  upon  some  other  occasion  :  but  in  the  mean  time  being  thus 
incorporated  with  the  very  Aer  which  ministers  to  the  necessary  respi- 
ration of  our  lungs,  the  inhabitants  of  London,  and  such  as  frequent 
it,  find  it  in  all  their  expectorations;  the  spittle,  and  other  excrements 
which  proceed  from  them,  being  for  the  most  part  of  a  blackish  and 
fuliginous  colour :  besides,  this  acrimonious  soot  produces  another  sad 
effect,  by  rendrlng  the  people  obnoxious  to  inflammations,  and  comes 
(in  time)  to  exulcerate  the  lungs,  which  is  a  mischief  so  incurable,  that 
it  carries  away  multitudes  by  languishing  and  deep  consumptions,  as 
the  Bills  of  Mortality  do  weekly  inform  us.  And  these  are  those 
endemii  morhi,  vernaculous  and  proper  to  London.  So  corrosive  is 
this  smoake  about  the  city,  that  if  one  would  hang  up  gammons  of 
bacon,  beefe,  or  other  flesh  to  fume,  and  prepare  it  in  the  chimnies,  as 
the  good  house- wifes  do  in  the  country,  where  they  make  use  of 
sweeter  fuell,  it  will  so  mummifie,  drye  up,  waste  and  burn  it,  that  it 
suddainly  crumbles  away,  consumes  and  comes  to  nothing. 

The  consequences  then  of  all  this  is,  that  (as  was  said)  almost  one 
half  of  them  who  perish  in  London,  dye  of  phthisical  and  pulmonic  dis- 
tempers ;  that  the  Inhabitants  are  never  free  from  coughs  arid  importu- 
nate rheumatisms,  spitting  of  impostumated  and  corrupt  matter :  for 
remedy  whereof,  there  is  none  so  infallible,  as  that,  in  time,  the  patient 


229 

change  his  Aer,  and  remove  into  the  country  :  such  as  repair  to  Paris 
(where  it  is  excellent)  and  other  like  places,  perfectly  recovering  of  their 
health  ;  which  is  a  demonstration  sufficient  to  confirm  what  we  have 
asserted  concerning  the  perniciousnesse  of  that  ahout  this  City,  pro- 
duced only  from  this  exitial  and  intolerable  accident. 

But  1  hear  it  now  objected  by  some,  that  in  publishing  this  invective 
against  the  smoake  of  London,  I  hazard  the  engaging  of  a  whole  faculty 
against  me,  and  particularly,  that  the  Colledge  of  Physicians  esteem  it 
rather  a  preservation  against  infections,  then  otherwise  any  cause  of  the 
sad  effects  which  I  have  enumerated.  But  as  I  have,  upon  several  en- 
counters, found  the  most  able  and  learned  amongst  them,  to  renounce 
this  opinion,  and  heartily  wish  for  a  universal  purgation  of  the  Aer  by  the 
expedients  I  propose  ;  so  I  cannot  believe  that  any  of  that  learned  so- 
ciety should  think  themselves  so  far  concern'd,  as  to  he  offended  with 
me  for  that,  which  (as  well  for  their  sakes,  as  the  rest  who  derive  bene- 
fit from  it)  I  wish  were  at  farther  distance  ;  since  it  is  certain,  that  so 
many  of  their  patients  are  driven  away  from  the  City,  upon  the  least  in- 
disposition which  attaques  ,them,  on  this  sole  consideration  ;  as  esteem- 
ing it  lesse  dangerous  to  put  themselves  into  the  hands  of  some  country 
doctor  or  empiric,  then  to  abide  the  Aer  of  London,  with  all  its  other 
advantages.  For  the  rest,  that  pretend  to  that  honourable  profession ; 
if  any  shall  find  themselves  Qgreev'd,  and  think  good  to  contend,  I  shall 
easily  allow  him  as  much  smoake  as  he  desires,  and  much  good  may  it 
do  him.  But  it  is  to  be  suspected,  and  the  answer  is  made  (by  as  many 
as  have  ever  suggested  the  objection  to  me),  that  there  be  some  whom 
I  must  expect  to  plead  for  that  which  makes  so  much  work  for  the 
chimney-sweeper  :  since  I  am  secure  of  the  learned  and  ingenuous,  and 
whose  fortunes  are  not  built  on  smoake,  or  raised  by  a  universal  cala- 
mity :  such  as  I  esteem  to  be  the  nuisances  I  have  here  reproved  :  I  do 
not  hence  infer,  that  I  shall  be  any  way  impatient  of  a  just  and  civil 
re'ply,  which  I  shall  rather  esteem  for  an  honour  done  me,  because  I 
know  that  a  witty  and  a  learned  man  is  able  to  discourse  upon  any  sub- 
ject whatsoever  ;  some  of  them  having  with  praise,  written  even  of  the 
praise  of  Diseases  themselves  ;  for  so  Favorinus  of  old,  and  Menapius 
since,  commended  a  quartan  ague ;  Pirckhemierus  the  gout ;   Gutherius 


230 

celebrated  blindnesse,  Hiensius  the  louse;  and  to  come  nearer  our  theam^ 
Majoragius  the  nasty  dirt :  not,  I  suppose,  that  they  affected  these  plea- 
sant things,  but,  as' A.  Gellius  *  has  it,  exercendi  gratia ^  and  to  shew 
their  wits  :  for  as  the  Poet, 

Sunt  etiam  musis  sua  ludicra,  mista  camoenis 
Otia  sunt : 

But  to  proceed,  I  do  farther  affirm,  that  it  is  not  the  dust  and  ordure 
which  is  daily  cast  out  of  their  houses,  much  lesse  what  is  brought  in  by 
the  feet  of  men  and  horses ;  or  the  want  of  more  frequent  and  better 
conveyances,  which  renders  the  streets  of  London^dirty  even  to  a  pro- 
verb :  but  chiefly  this  continual  smoake,  which  ascending  in  the  day- 
time, is,  by  the  descending  dew  and  cold,  precipitated  again  at  night : 
and  this  is  manifest,  if  a  peice  of  clean  linnen  be  spread  all  night  in  any 
court  or  garden,  the  least  infested  as  to  appearance  ;  but  especially  if  it 
happen'  to  rain,  which  carries  it  down  in  greater  portion,  not  only  upon 
the  earth,  but  upon  the  water  also,  where  it  leaves  a  thin  web,  or  pelli- 
cule  of  dust,  dancing  upon  the  surface  of  it ;  as  those  who  go  to  bathe 
in  the  Thames  (though  at  some  miles  distance  from  the  City)  do  easily 
discern  and  bring  home  upon  their  bodies  :  How  it  sticks  on  the  hands, 
faces,  and  linnen  of  our  fair  ladles,  and  nicer  dames,  who  reside  constantly 
in  London  (especially  during  winter),  the  prodigious  wast  of  almond-pow- 
der for  the  one,  soap  and  wearing  out  of  the  other,  do  sufficiently  manifest. 

Let  it  be  considered  what  a  fuliginous  crust  is  yearly  contracted,  and 
adheres  to  the  sides  of  our  ordinary  chymnies  where  this  grosse  fuell  is 
used;  and  then  imagine,  if  there  were  a  solid  tentorium,  or  canopy 
over  London,  what  a  masse  of  soote  would  then  stick  to  it,  which  now 
(as  was  said)  comes  down  every  night  in  the  streets,  on  our  houses,  the 
waters,  and  is  taken  into  our  bodies. 

And  may  this  much  suffice  concerning  the  causes  and  effects  of  this 
evill,  and  to  discover  to  all  the  world  how  pernicious  this  smoake  is  to 
our  inhabitants  of  London,  to  decrie  it,  and  to  introduce  some  happy 
expedient,  whereby  they  may  for  the  future  hope  to  be  freed  froni  so 
intolerable  an  inconvenience,  if  what  I  shall  be  able  to  produce  and  offer 
next  may  in  some  measure  contribute  to  it. 

*  De  materiis  infamibus  quas  Grsci  aJofs;  appellant.  Noct.  Att.  L.  17.  c.  12. 


231 


PART      II. 


We  know  (as  the  proverb  commonly  speaks)  that,  'as  there  is  no 
smoake  without  fire  ;  so  neither  is  there  hardly  any  fire  without  smoake/ 
and  that  the  axxTrm  |uAa,  materials  which  burn  clear  are  very  few,  and 
but  comparatively  so  tearmed.     That  to  talk  of  serving  this  vast  City 
(though  Paris  as  great,  be  so  supplied)  with  wood*,  were  madnesse; 
and  yet  doubtlesse  it  were  possible,  that  much  larger  proportions  of 
wood  might  be  brought  to  London,  and  sold  at  easier  rates,  if  that  were 
diligently  observed,  which  both  our  Laws  enjoyn,  as  faisible  and   prac- 
tised in  other  places  more  remote,  by  planting  and  preserving  of  woods 
and  copses,  and  by  what  might  by  sea  be  brought  out  of  the  Northern 
countries,  where  it  so  greatly  abounds,  and  seems  inexhaustible.     But 
the  remedy  which  I  would  propose,   has  nothing  in  it  of  this  difficultyj 
requiring  only  the  removal  of  such  trades,  as  are  manifest  nuisances  to 
the  City,  which  I  would  have  placed   at  farther  distances;  especially, 
such  as  in  their  works  and  fournaces  use  great  quantities  of  sea-colej  the 
sole  and  only  cause  of  those  prodigious  clouds  of  smoake  which  so  uni- 
versally and  so  fatally  infest  the  Aer,  and  would  in  no  city  of  Europe  be 
permitted,  where  men  had  either  respect  to  health  or  ornament.     Such 
we  named  to  be  brewers,  diers,  sope  and  salt-boylers,  lime-burners,  and 
the  like  :  these  I  affirm,  together  with  some  few   others   of  the  same 
classe  removed  at  competent  distance,  would  produce  so  considerable 
(though  but  partial)  a  cure,  as  men  would  even  be  found  to  breath  a 
new  life  as  it  were,  as  well  as  London  appear  a  new  city,  delivered  from 
that  which  alone  renders  it  one  of  the  most  pernicious '  and  insupport- 
able abodes  in  the  world,  as  subjecting  her  inhabitants  to  so  infamous 
an  Aer,  otherwise  sweet  and  very  healthful :  for,  (as  we  said)  the  culi- 
nary fires  (and  which  charking  would  greatly  reform)  contribute  little 
or  nothing  in  comparison  to  these  foul  mouth'd  issues,  and  curies  of 
smoake,  which  (as  the  Poet  has  it)  do  ccelum  subtexere  fumo  ■{',  and 


*  This  project  of  supplying  London  with  wood  fires,  was  certainly  very  humane ;  but,  from  the 
destruction  of  the  woodsy  even  in  Evelyn's  days,  was  as  little  practicable  as  it  would  be  at  present, 
t  Virgil. 


232 

draw  a  sable  curtain  over  heaven.  Let  any  man  observe  it  upon  a  Sun- 
day, or  such  time  as  these  spiracles  cease,  that  the  fires  are  generally 
extinguished,  and  he  shall  sensibly  conclude,  by  the  clearnesse  of  the 
skie,  and  universal  serenity  of  the  aer  about  it,  that  all  the  chimnies  in 
London  do  not  darken  and  poyson  it  so  much  as  one  or  two  of  those 
tunnels  of  smoake ;  and,  that,  because  the  most  imperceptible  transpi- 
rations which  they  send  forth  are  ventilated  and  dispersed  with  the 
least  breath  which  is  stirring,  whereas  the  columns  and  clowds  of 
smoake  which  are  belched  forth  from  the  sooty  throates  of  those  works, 
are  so  thick  and  plentiful,  that  rushing  out  with  great  impetuosity,  they 
are  capable  even  to  resist  the  fiercest  winds,  and  being  extremely  siir- 
charg'd  with  a  fuliginous  body,  fall  down  upon  the  City,  before  they  can 
be  dissipated,  as  the  more  thin  and  weak  is ;  so  as  two  or  three  of  these 
fumid  vortices  *,  are  able  to  whirle  it  about  the  whole  City,  rendering  it 
in  a  few  moments  like  the  picture  of  Troy  sacked  by  the  Greeks,  or  the 
approches  of  Mount-Hecla. 

I  propose  therefore,  that  by  an  Act  of  this  present  Parliament,  this 
infernal  nuisance  be  reformed ;  enjoyning,  that  all  those  works  be  re- 
moved five  or  six  miles  distant  from  London  below,  the  river  of  Thames  ; 
I  say,  five  or  six  miles,  or  at  the  least  so  far  as  to  stand  behind  that 
promontory  jetting  out,  and  securing  Greenwich  f  from  the  pestilent 
Aer  of  Plumstead-marshes  :  because,  being  placed  at  any  lesser  interval 
beneath  the  City,  it  would  not  only  prodigiously  infect  that  his  Majesties 
royal  seat  (^and  as  Barclay  calls  it)  pervetusta  Itegum  JBritatinicorum 
domus ;  but  during  our  nine  months  Etesians  (for  so  we  may  justly 
name  our  tedious  Western-winds)  utterly  darken  and  confound  one  of 
the  most  princely,  and  magnificent  J  prospects  that  the  world  has  to 
shew :  whereas,  being  seated  behind  that  mountain,  and  which  seems 
to  have  been  thus  industriously  elevated ;  no  winds,  or  other  accident 
whatever  can  force  it  through  that  solid  obstacle ;  and  I  am  perswaded 
that  the  heat  of  these  works,  mixing  with  the  too  cold  and  uliginous 

*  Pliny.  t  Or  WooUedge. 

}  Meinorabilis  amoenitas  pene  citius  animum  quam  oculos  difFudit,  aspectu  non  Britannia  tan- 
tum,  sed  fortasse  tota  Europa  pulcherrimo,  &c.  Sed  pulcherrimum  spectaculum  preebet  ipsa'urbs 
inter  exiinias  Europae  celebrata,  &c,    Jo.  Barcl.  Euphor.  Sat.  part.  4.  c.  2. 


233 

vapours  which  perpetually  ascend  from  these  fenny  grounds,  might  be 
a  means  of  rendring  that  Aer  far  more  healthy  then  now  it  is  ;  because 
it  seems  to  stand  in  need  of  some  powerful  drier ;  but  which  London, 
by  reason  of  its  excellent  scituation,  does  not  all  require.  And  if  it 
shall  be  objected  that  the  brakishnesse  of  the  spring-tides,  happening 
hereabout  at  some  periods,  may  render  the  waters  lesse  useful  for  some 
purposes  :  it  is  an  extraordinary  accident,  which,  appearing  rarely,  is 
cured  again  at  the  reversion  of  the  next  tide  :  or  if  it  only  concern  the 
brewer,  I  know  no  inconveniency,  if  even  some  of  them  were  prescrib'd, 
as  far  as  any  fresh-waters  are  found  dissemboguing  into  the  Thames ; 
since  the  commodiousnesse  of  the  passage  may  bring  up  their  wares 
with  so  great  ease.  He  that  considers  what  quantities  are  transported 
from  Dantzick,  Lubeck,  Hamborough,  and  other  remote  places  into 
Holland,  cannot  think  this  an  unreasonable  proposition  :  but  if  their 
fondnesse  to  be  nearer  London,  procure  indulgence  for  some  of  them, 
thetowne  of  Bowe,  in  regard  of  its  scituation  from  our  continual  winds, 
may  serve  for  the  expedient,  and  a  partial  cure  :  but  the  rest  of  thosfe 
banish'd  to  the  utmost  extreme  propounded  on  the  river. 

At  least  by  this  means  thousands  of  able  watermen  may  be  employed 
in  bringing  commodities  into  the  City,  to  certain  magazines  &  wharfs, 
commodiously  situated  to  dispense  them  by  carrs  or  rather  sleds,  into 
the  several  parts  of  the  town ;  all  which  may  be  eflfected  with  much  faci- 
lity, and  small  expense ;  but,  with  such  conveniency  and  benefit  to  the 
inhabitants  otherwise,  as  were  altogether  inestimable ;  and  therefore,  to 
be  vallu'd  beyond  all  other  trifling  objections  of  sordid  and  avaricious 
persons  whatsoever.  Nor,  indeed,  could  there  at  all  the  lest  detriment 
ensue  upon  this  reformation,  since,  the  places  and  houses  deserted 
(which  commonly  take  up  a  great  space  of  ground)  might  be  converted 
into  tenements,  and  some  of  them  into  noble  houses  for  use  and  plea- 
sure, respecting  the  Thames  to  their  no  small  advantage.  Add  to  this, 
that  it  would  be  a  means  to  prevent  the  danger  of  fireing,  those  sad 
calamities,  for  the  most  part,  proceeding  from  some  accident  or  other, 
which  takes  beginning '  from  places^  where  such  great  and  exorbitant 
fires  are  perpetually  kept  going. 

2  H 


234 

l^Joi:  \vere  this  a  tjiing  yet  sp  extravagant,  ao4  witUpiit:  »U  president 
of  former  tinips ;  slqpe  even  ithie  siaa^^jse  ^xl^  burning  of  les^e  fqetid  asn^ 
noxious  fueU  prodpc'd  ^n  inqqnveniepce  so  vii^iversal  in  po^e  cQuntries 
of  |:his  nation  :  not  tq  menjtion  the  complaint  which  I  haye  heard  ^pme 
parts  even  of  France  itself  lying  Sou(;h-west  of  England,  did  formerly 
make  of  being  infested  with  smoakes  driven  from  o«r  maritime  coasts, 
which  injur'd  their  vinps  jn  flower  %  that  ^t  was  thoughj:  expedient  an 
Act  of  Parliamfipt  should  be  pjiade  purposply  to  reform  \t,  in  the  seventh 
year  of  the  reign  of  his  Majesties  grandfather  that  now  is,  which,  to 
take  oflF  all  prgudice,  X  shall  here  rpcite,  as  it  remains  upon  record. 


Anno  vii  Jacohi  liegis. 

An  Act  against  burning  of  Ling,  and  Heath,  a,nd  other  Moar-burning 
in  the  Counties  of  Yorke,  Durhaip,  Northumberland,  Cumberland, 
"Vl^estmorland,  Lancaster,  Darbie,  Nottingham,  and  Leicester,  at 
unseasonable  times  of  the  y?ar. 

Whereas,  many  inconveniencies  are  observed  to  happen  in  divers 
counties  of  this  realm,  by  moore-burnings,  and  by  raising  of  fires  in 
moorish  grounds  and  mountaneous  countries,  for  burning  of  ling,  heath, 
hather,  furres,  gorsse,  turflfe,  fearn,  whjnnes,  broom,  and  the  like,  in  the 
spring  time,  and  summer-times  :    For  as  much  as  thereby  happeneth 


*  An  elegant  French  writpr,  since  our  author's  time,  describes  the  effects  of  pur  sea-coal  thus: 
Aspicis  effosso  terris  carbone  Britanni   , 
QUam  malfe  dissolvunt  fiigus,  quam  ducitur  aegrfe 
Spiritus  ;  infesto  nisi  tabescentibus  igne 
Atpnspeliensis  opetn  tulerit  pulmonibus  aer. 
***** 

^gra  salutifero  potiatur  ut  aSre  tepuin 
Gallia,  quae  foculos  uno  carhone  Britann{ini 
Mqx  strjiet  ad  ritum,  lignp  caritura^  gravc§que 
Hauriet  et  fumos,  et  anheli  semina  morbi ; 
Ni  caveant  quibus  est  nemorum  mandata  pptestas. 

Jac.  Vanierii  Pk^d.  Ru«t.    12mo,  Par.  17€5,  p.  33. 


235 

yearly  a  great  destruction  of  the  bifood  of  wild-fowle  and  moor-gaifitie, 
and  by  the  multitacfe  of  grosse  va|)ours,  and  clouds  arising  from  those 
great  fires,  the  Aer  is  so  distemper'd,  and  such  unseasonable  and  un- 
natural storms   are  ingendred,  as  that  the  corn,   and  the  fruites  of 
the  earth  are  thereby  in  divers  places  blasted^;  and  greatly  hindered  in 
their  due  course  of  ripening-  and  reaping.     As  also,  for  that  sometimes 
it:  hath  happened,  that  by  the  violence  of  those  fires  driven  with  the  ' 
wind,  great  fields  of  corn  growing,  have  been  consumed,  and  meadbws- 
spoyl'd,  to  the  great  hurt  and   dammage:  of  his  Majesties  subjects  ;• 
which   moor-burnings,   neverthelesse,  may  be  used,  and  practised  at 
some  other  convenient  times,  without  such,  eminent  dainger  or  prejudice. 
Be  it  therefore  enacted   by   our  Soveraign   Lord  the.  Kings  most 
excellent  Miajesty,  with  the  assent  of  the  Lords  spiritual  and;  temporkl, 
and  of  the  Commons  in  this  Parliament  assembled,  and  by  the  authoi-> 
rity  of   the   same ;    that  from  and  after  the   last  day  of   July  next 
ensuing  the  end  of  this  present  Session  of  Parliament,  it  shall;  not  be 
lawful  for  any  person  or  persons  whatsoever,  in  the  months  of  April, 
May,  June,  July,  August,   and  September,   nor  in  any  of.  them.^  to 
raise,  kindle,  or  begin,   or  to  cause  or  practise  to  be  raised,  kindled, 
or  beguni,  any  fires  or  moor-burnings  in  the  said  counties  of  York, 
Durham,    Northumberland,    Cumberland,    Westmorland,    Lancaster, 
Darby,  Nottingham,  and  Leicester,  or  in  any  of  them,  for  burning  of 
ling,  heath,   hather,  furs,  gorsse,  turflFes,  fearne,   whinnes,  broome  or 
the  like  ;    neither  to  assist,   further;  nourish  or  continue  the  same ; 
and  that  all  and  every  person  or  persons  which,  from,  and  after  the 
said   last  day  of    July,   shall   offend   contrary  to  the  true  intent  and 
meaning  of  this  statute,  the  same  offence  being  proved  by  confession 
of  the  party,  or  by  the  testimonies  of  two  sufficient  witnesses   upon 
oath,  before  one  or  more  Justices  of  the  Peace  of  the  same  county,  city, 
or  town  corporate,  where  the  offence  shall  be  committed ;  or  the  person 
or  persons  offending,  apprehended,   shall  be  by  the  said  Juistice  or 
Justices  of  the  Peace  for  every  such  offence,  committed  to  the  common 
goale  of  the  county,  city,  or  town  corporate,  where  the  offence  shall  be 
committed,  or  the  person  or  persons  apprehended,  there  to  remain  for 
the  space  of  one  month  without  bail  or  main-prise. 


236 

And  further,  be  it  enacted,  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  that  £ 
every  person  or  persons,  which  shall  be  so  convicted  and  impris( 
aforesaid  shall  not  be  enlarged  from  their  said  imprison  mem 
shall  there  remain  after  the  said  month  is  expired,  without  bail  oi 
prise,  untill  such  time  as  every  such  offender  respectively  sha 
or  cause  to  be  paid  to  the  churchwardens,  or  unto  the  overseers 
poor  of  the  parish  or  place  where  the  same  offence  shall  be  comi 
or  the  offender  or  offenders  apprehended,  or  unto  some  of  them, 
use  of  the  poor  of  the  said  parish  or  place  where  the  same 
shall  be  committed,  the  summe  of  twenty  shillings  for  ever 
offence  committed  or  done  contrary,  to  this  Act,  This  Act  to  cc 
until  the  end  of  the  first  Session  of  the  next  Parliament. 

So  far  the  Act.     And   here  you  see  was  care  taken  for  the  fo 
the  game,  as  well  as  for  the  fruits,  corn,  and  grasse,  which  were  i 
sally  incommoded  by  these  unwholsome  vapours,  that  distempei 
Aer,  *  to  the  very  raising  of  storms  and  tempests  ;   upon  which  a 
sopher  might  amply  discourse.     And  if  such  care  was  taken 
country,    where    the    more    aereall     parts    predominate,    and 
comparison  free ;    how  much  greater  ought  there  to   be  for  th 
where  are  such  multitudes  of  inhabitants  concern'd  .?  and  surely  it 
of  old,  when  (to  obviate  all  that  can  be  replied  against  it)  even  ] 
very  service  of  God,  the  sacrifices  were  to  be  burnt  without  the 
amongst  the  Jews ;  as  (of  old)  amongst  the  Romans,  hominen 
tuum  in  urbe  ne  sepelito,  neve  urito.     That  men  should  burn  c 
the  dead  within  the  city  walls,  was  expresly  prohibited  by  a  law 
XII  tables;  and  truely,  I  am  perswaded,  that  the  frequency  of  c 
yards  and  charnel-houses  contaminate  the  Aer  in  many  parts  ( 
town,  as   well  as  the  pumps  and  waters  which  are  any  thing  nea 
them,  so  that  those  pipes  and  conveyances  which  passe  through 
(obnoxious  tomany    dangerous  accidents)  ought  either  to  be  d 
some  other  way,  or  very  carefully  to  be  looked  after. 

We  might  add  to  these,   chandlers  and   butchers,  because  ol 
horrid  stinks,  niderous  and  unwholsome  smells  which  proceed  fn 

*  See   Hipp,  de  Flatibus,  &  Gal.  1.  Cib.  boni  &  mail  succi>  instancing  in  corn  and  wj 
son'd  by  ill  Aer. 


237 

tallow  and  corrupted  blood :  at  least  should  no  cattel  be  kill'd  within 
the  city  (to  this  day  observ'd  in  the  Spanish  great  towns  of  America*) 
since  the  flesh  and  candles  might  so  easily  be  brought  to  the  shambles 
and  shops  from  other  places  lesse  remote  then  th^  former;  by  which 
means  also  might  be  avoided  the  driving  of  cattel  through  the  streets, 
which  is  a  very  great  inconvenience  and  some  danger.  The  same  might 
be  affirm'd  of  fishmongers,  so-wittily  perstringed  by  Erasmus f,  per  sal- 
samentarios  nempe,  hiquinari  Civitatem,  infici  terram,  jiumina^  aerem 
^  ignem,  §•  si  quod  aliud  est  elementum.  Then  for  the  butcher ;'  that 
the  lex  carnaria  of  the  Romans  forbad  them  to  kill,  or  ^lave  their 
slaughter-houses  within  the  walls ;  that  they  had  a  certain  station  as- 
sign'd  them  without ;  we  si  passim  vivant,  totam  urhem  reddani pesti- 
lentem.  So,  as  were  the  people  to  choose,  malunt  (says  he)  habere 
vicinos  decern  leriones,  quam  unum  lanionem ;  they  would  rather 
dwell  neer  ten  bawds,  then  one  butcher.  But  this  is  insulsus  salsa- 
mentarius,  a  quibble  of  the  fishmongers.  I  could  yet  wish  that  our 
nasty  prisons  and  common  goales  might  bear  them  company ;  since  I 
affirm  they  might  all  be  remov'd  to  some  distant  places  neer  the  river, 
the  situation  whereof  does  so  invite,  and  rarely  contribute  to  the  effect- 
ing of  it.  But  if  the  avarice  of  the  men  of  this  age,  be  so  far  deplor- 
able, that  we  may  not  hope  for  so  absolute  a  cure  of  all  that  is  offen- 
sive;  at  least  let  such  vi'hose  works  are  upon  the  margent  of  the 
Thames,  and  which  are  Indeed  the  most  Intollerable,  be  banished  fur- 
ther off,  and  not  once  dare  to  approach  that  silver  channel  (but  at  the ' 
distance  prescrlb'd)  which  glides  by  her  stately  palaces,  and  irrigates 
her  welcome  banks. 

*  This  is  also  the  custom  in  Paris,  as  will  be  seen  in  the  following  extract  from  Planta's  New 
Picture  of  Paris,  18'-22  : — "  The  slaughter-houses,  which  are  considered  the  nuisance  and,  disgrace 
of  the  English  metropolis,  are  placed  in  the  outskirts  of  Paris,  and  under  the  inspection  of  the 
police.  The  slaughter-house  of  Montmartre,  at  the  end  of  Rue  Rochechouart,  rivals'  many  of  the 
public  buildings  in  its  external  appearance.  It  .is  no  less  than  1,074  feet  in  length,  and  384  in 
depth,  and  is  watered  by  sluices  from  the  Ourcq.  On  entering  it,  the  stranger  perceives  ho  dis- 
agreeable smell ;  he  witnesses  no  disgusting  sight  j  and  often  he  would  not  suspect  the  purpose  to 
which  the  building  is  devoted.  The  slaughter-house  of  Pepincourt,  or  Menilmontant,  Rue  dea 
Amandiers,  almost  rivals  that  at  Montmartre.  The  other  slaughter-houses  are.  Abattoir  de  Cre- 
nelle, near  the  Barrifere  de  Sfevres  ;  du  Roule  or  de  Mouceaux,  faubourg  du  Roule  j  and  de  Ville 
Tuif,  or  d'lvry,  boulevard  de  I'Hdpital,"  flx^vo^ayia. 


238 

What  a  new  spirit  would  these  easie  remedies  create  among'  the 
inhahitants  of  London  ?  what  another  genius  infuse  in  the  face  of 
things?  and,  there  is  none  but  observes,  and  feels:  in  himself  the 
chaaige  which  a  serene  and  clear  day  produces ;  how  heavy  and  lesse 
dispos'd  to  motion.  Yea,,  even  to  good  humour  and  friendly  inclinatiojiSj 
we  many  times  find  ourselves  when  the  Heavens  are  clowded,.  and 
discomposed'?/  when  the  south  winds  blow,  and  the  humours  are  fluid, 
for  whafc  we  are  when  the  skie  is  fair,  and  the  aer  in  good  temper? 
And  there  is  reason,,  that  we,  who  are  compos'd  of  the  elements;,,  should' 
participate  of  their  qualities  :  for  as  the  humours  have  their  sourse 
from,  the  elements;,  so  have  our  passions  from  the.  hamors,  and.  the 
soul  which  is  united  to  this  body  of  ourSj  cannot  but  be  affected  with 
itS(  inclinations.  The  very  dumb  creatures  themselves  being  sensible  of 
the  alteration  of  the  Aer,.  though  not  by  ratiocination,,  yet  by  many- 
notorious  symptomes. 

But  I  forbear  to  philosophise  farther  upon  thisi  subject,  capable  of  very 
large  and  noble  reflections;  having  with  my  promis'd  brevity,  endea- 
voured to  shew  the  inconveniencies  and  the  remedies  of  what  does  so 
universally  offend,  and  obscure  the  glory  of  this  our  renowned  metro- 
polis ;  and  which,  I  hope,  may  produce  some  effects  toward*  the  re- 
foirming  of  so-publick  a  nuisance.  At  least,  let  the  continual  sejourn  of 
our  illustrious  Charles,,  who  is  the  very  breath  of  our  nostrils,  in  whose 
health  all  our  happinease  consists,  be  precious  in  our  eyes,  and  make 
our  noble  patriots,  now  assembled  in  Parliament,  consult  for  the  speedy 
removal  of  this  universal  grievajicei 

It  is  certainly  of  far  greater  concernment  (however  light  and  aery 
it  may  appear  to  some)  then  the  drayning  of  a  fen,  or  beautrfying  an 
aqueduct,  for  which  some  have  received  such  publick  honours,  statues,, 
and  inscriptions ;  and  will  (if  ever  any  thing  did)  deserve  the  like 
acknowledgments  both  of  the  present  and  future  ages.  You,  there- 
fore, that  have  houses  in  the  city,  you  that  bring  up  your  wives  and 
families  from  their  sweet  habitations  in  the  country;  that  educate  your 
children  here  ;  that  have  offices  at  court ;  that  study  the  laws  :  in  fine 
all  that  are  ofAOKuwoi,  8f  ad  eundem  fumum.  degentes,  bear  a  part  in 
this   request   of  mine,  which    concerns  the  universal  benefit ;  and  the 


239 

rather,  for  that  having  nerther  habitation,  office,  nor  being  in  the  d 
I  'eannot  be  suspected  to  oblige  any  particular.  The  elegant  ladies  j 
nicer  datnes ;  all  that  are  in  health,  and  would  continue  so  ;  that  are 
firm  or  convalescent,  and  would  be  perfect ;  that  affect  the  glory  of  ( 
court  and  city,  health  or  beauty,  are  concerned  in  this  petition  ;  anc 
will  become  our  wise  Senators, .  and  we  earnestly  expect  it,  that  tl 
would  consult  as  well  the  state  of  the  natural,  as  the  politick  be 
of  this  great  nation,  so  considerable  a  part  whereof  are  inhabitants 
this  august  city  ;  since,  without  their  mtttual  harmony  and  well-bei 
there  can  nothing  prosper,  or  arrive  to  its  desired  perfection. 


PART  la 

AN    OFFER    AT    THE    IMPiaOVEMENT    AND    MELIORATION    OF    THE    A! 
OF    LONDON,    BY   WAY   OF    PLANTATIONS,  &C. 

There  goes  a  pleasant  tale  of  a  certain  S""  Politick,  that  in  the  k 
great  plague  projected,  how  by  a  vessel  fraight  with  peel'd  dnioi 
which  should  passe  along  the  Thames  by  the  city,  when  the  wind  sa 
in  a  favourable  quarter,  to  attract  the  pollution  of  the  aer,  and  si 
away  with  the  infection  to  the  sea  :  transportation  of  diseases  we  som 
times  read  of  amongst  the  magnetically  or  rather  magical  cures  ;  b 
never  before  of  this^  way  of  transfretation  :  but,  however  this  excelle 
conceit  has  often  afforded  good  mirth  on  the  stage,  and  I  now  mei 
tia^i  to  prevent  the  application  to  what  I  here  propound;  there  is  y 
another  expedient,  which  I  have  here  to  offer  (were  this  of  the  pc 
sonous  and  filthy  smoak  remov'd)  by  which  the  city  and  enviroi 
about  it  might  be  rendered  one  of  the  most  pleasant  and  agreeab 
places  in  the  world.     In  order  to  this  I  propose  *, 

*  If  the  reader,  should- find  himself  disposed  to  smile  when  he  sees  the  author  gravely  proposi 
to  counteract  the  offensive  smells  of  London  by  rows  of  trees,  and  borders  of  fragrant  shrubs^  a 
aromatic  herbs ;  he  should  remember  that  this  scheme,  visionary  as  it  may  appear,  was  the  foil 
of  a  writer  wjiose  enthusiasm  for  planting  has  proved  of  singular  service  to  this  kingdom  j  pi 
ductive  of  noble  plantations,  ornamental  to  the  country,  and  useful  to  the  community. 


240 

That  all  low  grounds  circumjacent  to  the  city,  especially  east  and 
south-west,  be  cast  and  contriv'd  into  square  plots,  or  fields  of  twenty^ 
thirty,  and  forty  akers,  or  more,  separated  from  each  other  by  fences  of 
douWe  palisads,  or  contr'spaliars,  which  should  enclose  a  plantation  of 
an  hundred  and  fifty,  or  more,  feet  deep,  about  each  field;  not  much 
unlike  to  what  His  Majesty  has  already  begun  by  the  wall  from  old 
Spring  Garden  to  St.  James's  in  that  park ;  and  is  somewhat  resembled 
in  the  new  Spring  Garden  at  Lambeth  *.  That  these  palisads  be  ele- 
gantly planted,  diligently  kept  and  supply'd,  with  such  shrubs  as  yield 
the  most  fragrant  and  odoriferous  flowers,  and  are  aptest  to  tinge  the 
Aer  upon  every  gentle  emission  at  a  great  distance  :  such  as  are  (for  in- 
stance amongst  many  others)  the  sweet-brier,  all  the  periclymena's  and 
woodbinds  ;  the  common  white  and  yellow  jessamine,  both  the  syringa's 
or  pipe  trees  ;  the  guelder  rose,  the  musk,  and  all  other  roses  ;  genista 
hispanica :  to  these  may  be  added  the  rubus  odoratus,  baye's,  juniper, 
lignum-vitae,  lavender :  but  above  all,  rosemary,  the  flowers  whereof 
are  credibly  reported  to  give  ^heir  scent  above  thirty  leagues  oflFat  sea, 
upon  the  coasts  of  Spain :  and  at  some  distance  towards  the  meadow 
side,  vines  ;    yea,  hops. 

—  Et  arbuta  passim, 


Et  glaucas  salices,  casiamque  crocumque  rubentem,  -     . 

•  Et  pinguem  tiliam,  &  ferrugineos  hyacinthos,  &cf. 

For  there  is  a  s^eet  smelling  sally  J,  and  the  blossoms  of  the  tilia 


*  JM.  MonconySj  in  bis  "  Voyage  d'Angleterre,''  made  in  May  1663,  has  the  following  interesting 
passage  concerning  these  Gardens  which  he  visited.  After  having  seen  Westihinster  Abbey,  he 
continues — "  Au  sortir,  nous  fClraes  dans  un  Bot  de  I'autre  c6t^  de  la  Tamise  voir  deux  Jardins, 
oh  tout  le  monde  se  peut  aller  promener,  &  faire  collation  dans  des  cabaret  qui  y  font :  ou  dans 
les  cahinets/  du  jardin.  On  les.  nomme  Springer  Gaerden,  c'est  a  dire,  Jardins  du  Printemps, 
dont  celui  qu'on  nomme  le  Nouveau  est  plus  beau  de  beaucoup  que  I'autre.  J'y  admirai  la  beautd 
des  allies  de  gazons,  et  la  politesse  de  celles  qui  sont  sabl&s.  11  est  divis6  en  une  grande  quan- 
tity de  quarrez  de  20  ou  30  pas  en  quarr6,  clos  par  des  hayes  de  groselliers,  et  tous  ces  quarr^ssont 
plant^s  aussi  de  framboisiers,  de  rosiers  et  d'autres  arbrisseaux,  comme  aussi  d'herbages,  et  de 
legumes,  comme  pois,  feves,  asperges,  fraises,  &c.  Toutes  les  all&s  sont  bord^es  ou  de  jonquilles, 
ou  de  geroflges,  ou  de  lis."     P.  29.  Par.  1695.  12mo. 

t  Virgil.  +  Sallow  or  willow. 


241 

or  lime-tree  *,  are  incomparably  fragrant ;  in  brief,  whatsoever  is  odori- 
ferous and  refreshing. 

That  the  spaces  or  area  between  these  palisads  and  fences,  be  em- 
ploy'd  in  beds  and  bordures  of  pinks,  carnations,  cloven  stock -gilly- 
flower, primroses,  auriculas,  violets,  not  forgetting  the  white,  which  are 
in  flower  twice  a  year,  April  and  August :  cowslips,  lillies,  narcissus,- 
strawberries,  whose  very  leaves  as  well  as  fruit  emit  a  cardiaque,  and 
most  refreshing  halitus  :  also  parietaria  lutea,  musk,  lemnion,  and  mas- 
tick,  thyme,  spike,  cammomile,  balm,  mint,  marjoram,  pepapernel,  and 
serpillum,  &c.  which,  upon  the  least  pressure  and  cutting,  breathe  out 
and  betray  their  ravishing  odors. 

That  the  fields,  and  crofts  within  these  closures,  or  invironing  gar- 
dens, be  some  of  them  planted  with  wild  thyme,  and  others  reserved 
for  plots  of  beans,  pease  (not  cabbages,  whose  rotten  and  perishing 
stalks  have  a  very  noisom  and  unhealthy  smell,  and  therefore  by  Hyp- 
pocrates  utterly  condemned  near  great  cities)  but  such  blossom-bearing 
brain  as  send  forth  their  virtue  at  farthest  distance,  and  are  all  of  them 
marketable  at  London  ;  by  which. means,  the  aer  and  winds  perpetually 
fann'd  from  so  many  circling  and  encompassing  hedges,  fragrant  shrubs, 
trees  and  flowers,  (the  amputation  and  prunings  of  whose  superfluities 
may  in  winter,  on  some  occasions  of  weather  and  winds,  be  burnt,  to 
visit  the  city  with  a  more  benign  smoak,}  not  onely  all  that  did  approach 
the  region  which  is  properly  design'd  to  be  flowery ;  but  even  the  whole 
City  would  be  sensible  of  the  sweet  and  ravishing  varleiles  of  the  per- 
fumes, as  well  as  of  the  most  delightful  and  pleasant  pbjects  and  places 
of  recreation  for  the  inhabitants ;  yielding  also  a  prospect  of  a  noble 
and  masculine  majesty,  by  reason  of  the  frequent  plantations  of  trees, 
and  nurseries  for  ornament,  profit,  and  security.  The  remainder  of  the 
fields  Included  yielding  the  same,  and  better  shelter,  and  pasture  for 
sheep  and  cattel  then  now ;  that  they  He  bleak,  expos'd  and  abandon'd 
to  the  winds,  which  perpetually  invade  them. 

That,  to  this  end,  the  gardiners  (which  now  cultivate  the  upper,  more 
drie,  and  ungrateful  soil,)  be  encouraged  to  begin  plantations  In  such 


*  Jt  has  been  conjectured  that  piobably  the  lime-trees  in  St.  James's  Park  were  planted  in  con- 
sequence of  this  suggestion. 

2t 


242 

places  onely :  and  the  farther  exorbitant  encrease  of  tenesnaents,,.  poor . 
and  nasty  cottages  near  the  City,  be  prohibited,  which  disgrace  and  take 
off  from  the  sweetness  and  amtEnity  of  the  environs  of  London^  and 
are  already  become  a  great  eye-sore  in  the  grounds  opposite  to  his 
Majesty's  Palace  of  White-hall  j  which  being  converted  to  this  use,: 
might  yield  a  diversion  inferior  to  none  that  could  be  imagined  for 
health,  profit,  and  beauty,  which  are  the  three  transcendencies  that 
render  a  place  without  all  exception.  And  this  is  what  (in  short)  I 
had  to  offer,  for  the  improvement  and  melioration  of  the  Aer  about 
London,  and  with  which  I  shall  conclude  this  discourse. 


SCULPTURA: 

OR 

THE  HISTORY  AND  ART  OF  CHALCOGRAPHY 

AND 

ENGRAVING  IN  COPPER. 

WITH  AN  AMPLE  ENUMERATION  OF  THE  MOST  RENOWNED  MASTERS,  AND  THEIR  WORKS. 

TO  WHICH  IS  ANNEXED 

A  NEW  MANNER  OF  ENGRAVING,  OR  MEZZO  TINTO, 

COMMUNICATED  5Y  HIS  HIGHNESS  PRINCE  RUPERT  TO  THE  AUTHOR  OF  THIS  TREATISE. 


Implevi  eum  Spiritu  Dei,  Sapientia,  et  Intelligentia,  et  Scientia  in  omni  Opere,  Sic. 

XXXI.  EXOD.  XXXV. 


LONDON: 

PRINTED    BY    J.    C.    FOR    G.    BEEDLE    AND    T,    COLLINS,    AT    THE    MIDDLE    TRMPLE    GATE,    AND 
J.    CROOK,    IN    ST.    PAULS    CHURCH-YARD.     1662. 


245 

TO  THE 

HONOURABLE  AND  LEARNED  GENTLEMAN, 
ROBERT  BOYLE*,  Esa. 


Sir, 

Having,  upon  your  reiterated  instances  ("which  are  ever  commands 
with  me)  prepared  this  treatise  concerning  the  history  of  Chalcogra- 
phy, &c.  I  thought  my  self  engag'd  to  signifie-  to  the  rest  that  may 
possibly  receive  satisfaction  or  benefit  from  it,  to  whom  they  are  obliged 
for  the  publication  of  it.  The  truth  is,  as  it  respects  the  pains  which  I 
have  taken,  it  bears  not  the  least  proportion  with  my  ambition  of 
serving  you;  but  as  you  are  pleased  to  judge  it  useful  for  the  encou- 
ragement of  the  gentlemen  of  our  nation,  who  sometimes  please  them- 
iselves  with  these  innocent  diversions  (collections  worthy  of  them  .for 
divers  respects)  and,  especially,  that  such  as  are  addicted  to  the  more 
noble  Mathematical  Sciences,  may  draw  and  engrave  their  schemes 
with  delight  and  assurance,  I  have  been  induc'd  to  think  it  more  worthy 
your  patronage,  and  of  my  small  adventure,  who  professe  to  have 
ijothing  so  much  in  my  desires,  and  which  I  more  avow  the  pursuite 
of,  then  to  employ  the  whole  remainder  of  the  life  which  God  shall 
assigne  me,  and  that  I  can  redeem  from  its  impertinencies,  in  con- 
tributing to  that  great  and  august  designe,  which  your  illustrious  and 
happy  genius  do's  prompt  you  to,  of  cultivating  the  sciences,  and  ad- 
vancing of  useful  knowledge,  emancipated  from  the  strong  contentions 
and  little  fruit  of  the  former ;  envy,  and  imposture  of  the  latter  ages. 

Sir,  this  is  not  in  the  least  to  flatter  you,  nor  can  I  have  other  aime 
in  it,  then  that  by  your  great  example,  I  might  excite  such  as  (like 
you)  have  parts  and  faculties,  to  things  that  are  glorious,  and  worthy 
of  them.     Your  studies  are  so   mature  and  universal,  your  travels  so 

*  "  Jan.  16,  1661.  I  went  to  the  Philosophic  Club,  where  was  examined  the  Torricellian  expe- 
riment. I  presented  my  Circle  of  Mechanical  Trades,  and  had  recommended  to  me  ye  publishing 
what  I  had  written  of  Cateog^ro;)%." — Diary,  vol.  I.  p.  316. 

"  10th  June,  1662.  I  presented  my  History  of  Calcographie  (dedicated  to  Mf.  Boyle)  to  our 
Hociety."— Diary,  vol.  I.  p.  336, 


246 

highly  improv'd,  and  your  experience  so  well  establish'd,  that,  after  I 
have  celebrated  the  conversation  which  results  from  all  these  perfections, 
it  is  from  you  alone  that  I  might  describe  the  character  of  an  accom- 
plish'd  genius,  great  and  worthy   our  emulation.     But  though  your 
modesty  do's  not  permit  me  to  run  through  all  those  transcendencies ; 
yet  the  world   is  sufficiently  instructed  by   what  you  cannot  conceal, 
that  I  say  nothing  of  servile,  and  which  will  not  abide  the  test ;  so  as 
I  have  been  often  heard  to  exult  in  the  felicity  of  this  conjuncture  of 
ours,  which  (since  those  prodigies  of  virtue,  the  illustrious  Ticho,  Ba* 
con,  Gilbert,  Harvey,  Digby,  Galileo,  Peireske,  Des  Cartes,  Gassendi, 
Bernier,  his  disciple  now  in  Persia,  and  the  late  incomparable  Jacomo 
Maria  Favi,  &c.)  has  produc'd  us  nothing  which  will  support   the 
comparison  with  you,  when  I  shall  pronounce  you  (and  as  Indeed  your 
merits  do  challenge  it)  the  Phoenix  of  this  latter  age. 

And  now  that  I  mention'd  Signor  Favi,  I  will  not  conceal  with  what 
extasle  and  joy  I  lately  found  his  memory  (which  I  have  so  much  and 
so  often  heard  mention'd  abroad,  by  such  as  had  the  happiness  to 
know  him  Intimately)  consecrated  by  the  eloquent  pen  of  Monsieur 
Sorbiere,  in  a  discourse  of  his  to  Monsieur  Vitre,  concerning  the  utility 
of  great  travel  and  forreign  voyages ;  because  it  approaches  so  neer  to 
the  idea  which  I  have  propos'd,  and  may  serve  as  an  encouragement 
and  example  to  the  gentlemen  of  our  nation,  who  for  the  most  part 
wander,  and  spend  their  time  abroad.  In  the  pursuit  of  those  vain  and 
lower  pleasures,  fruitless,  and  altogether  intoUerable.  But,  Sir,  I  will 
crowd  no  more  into  this  Epistle  (already  too  prolixe)  which  was  only 
deslgn'd  to  accompany  this  piece,  and  some  other  usefull  and  more 
liberal  diversions  of  this  nature,  which  I  cannot  yet  produce.  But 
every  thing  has  Its  time ;  and  when  I  would  redeem  it  to  the  best  ad- 
vantage, it  is  by  entertaining  It  with  something  that  may  best  declare 
to  all  the  world  how  greatly  I  account  the  honour  of  being  esteem'd 

Sir,  Your  most  humble 

and  most  obedient  Servant, 
SayeS'Court,  J.  Evelyn. 

5  4pril,  1662. 


247 
AN  ACCOUNT  OF  SIGNOR  GIACOMO  FAVI, 


BY 

MONSIEUR  SORBIERE. 


GiAcoMo  Maria  Fayi,  of  the  house  of  the  Marescotti  of  Boulonia, 
died  above  thirty-five  years  of  age,  neer  fifteen  years  since,  in  the  city  of 
Paris.  It  is  a  history  worthy  of  record,  and  that  all  the  v^^orld  should  take 
notice  of  this  incomparable  person,  as  that  great  wit  and  polite  philoso- 
pher Monsieur  Sorbiere  does  describe  him  :    For  as  much  ("saves  he) 
as  it  seems  to  be  a  very  great  reproch,  that  neither  prince    nor  state 
have  hitherto  had  the  consideration  or  the  courage  to  undertake  what 
one  particular  person  alone  did  resolve  upon,  for  the  universal  benefit 
and  good  of  the  publick  :  for  it  was  upon  this  designe  that  he  engaged 
himself  expressly,  making  the  most  exact  observations,  and  collecting 
the  crayons,  prints,  designes,  models  and  faithful  copies  of  whatsoever 
could  be  encountered  through  the  whole  circle  of  the  arts  and  sciences, 
the  laws,  and  the  customs  practised,  wherever  he  arrived.    .He  had 
already  acquired  by  study  a  thousand  worthy  and  curious  particulars ; 
he  design'd  excellently  well,  understood  the  mathematicks,  had  pene- 
trated into  the  most  curious  parts  df  medicine,  and  was  yet  so  far  from 
the  least  pedantry,  that  he  would  (when  so  dispos'd)  play  the  gallant 
as  handsomely  as  any  man,  and  which  indeed  he  was  able  to  do,  enjoy- 
ing a  plentiful  revenue  of  neer  three  thousand  pounds  sterling  a  year, 
which  he  ordered  to  be  paid  him  by  Bills  of  Exchange,  wheresoever  his 
curiosity  should  invite  him.     But   otherwise,  truly  his  equipage  was 
very  simple,  and  his  train  reduced   to  only  one  servant,   which   he 
was  wont  io  take  in  every  town  where  he  made  any  stay.     He  had 
already  visited  Italy,  Germany,  Poland,  Sweden,  Denmarke,  Holland 
?ind  England,  from  whence  he  came  into  France,   to  go  into   Spain. 
Finally,  he  arrived  at  Paris  in  Anno  1645,  with  one  Bourdoni,  a  Sculp- 
tor, dwelling  neer  the  Thuyleries,  where  he  no  sooner  appear'd,  but  he 
was  immediately  found  out,  and  known  by  all  the  Virtuosi,  and  as  soon 


248 


inform'd  himself  of  all  that  were  extraordhiary  and  conspicuous  for  all 
sorts  of  curiosities,  whereof  he  carefully  took  notice  ;  but  especially  he 
made  an  intimate  acquintance  with  one  Monsieur  Petit,  a  very  rare  and 
curious-  person,  and  indeed  greatly  reserabUng  the  genius  of  this  noble 
Gentleman,  as  being  one  who  for  these  fifty  years  past,  discover'd  a  won- 
derful ardor  for  the  sciences,  and  a  diligence  so  indefatigable  in  the  re- 
search of  all  estimable  and  worthy  inventions,  as  that  it  is  a  thousand 
pities  (and  a  thing  not  to  be  conceived  indeed  without  infinite  regret)  that 
this  age  of  ours  could  never  yet  approch  him.    So  laudable  and  worthy  of 
praise  has  his  expenses  been  upon  divers  machines  and  experiments, 
beyond  the  forces  of  a  private  person,  that  had  he  been  supported  (as 
at  first  he  was  by  the  French  King,  and  the  great  Cardinal  de  Richlieu, 
under  whom  he  enjoyed  divers  honourable  and  handsome  employments,, 
he  had  perhaps,  amongst  all  the  Arts  through  which  he  run,  found  out 
some  abridgements  and  perfectionv  new  and  altogether  stilpendious ; 
and  as  indeed  he  has  already  done  to  admiration  so  far  at  least,  as  his 
discretion  and  his  afikirs  would  give  him  leave. 

But  to  return  to  our  new  Democritus,  Signor  Favi ;  he  had   made 
provision  of  sundry  huge  volumes,  which  were  no  other  then  the  de- 
signes  of  all  sorts  of  instruments  and  machines  that  he  had  seen  and 
perused  ;  besides  a  world  more  which  he  had  sent  away  into  Italy :  For 
this  curious  person  neglected   nothing,  but  went  on   collecting  with  a 
most  insuperable   diligence  all  that  the   mechanics   had   invented   for 
Agriculture,  Architecture,  and  the  fabric  of  all  sorts  of  works,  belonging 
to  sports,  and  to  cloathes,  for  use  and  for  magnificence.     There  was 
nothing  so  small,  and  to  appearance  trifling,  which  he  did  not  cast'  his 
«yes  upon,  and  which  he  had  not  some  hand  in,  or  improv'd  even  to 
the  least  minutiae  ;  whether  it  were  a  device  of  some  haspe,  the  latch  of 
a  door,  a  simple  lock,  the  cover  or  patin  of  a  cup,  a  dress,  &c.  even  to 
a  very  tooth-picker* :  so  as  he  shewed  no  less  then  two  hundred  toyes 
for  children  to    play  withall;  fourty  several  wayes    of    plowing    the 
ground,  a  world  of  forges,  and  mills  for  various  uses.    He  visited  all  the 


*  Let  not  the  reader  despise  this  condescention  of  so  great  a  person,  for inest  sua  gratia 

■  parois. 


249 

excellent  workemen  and  artisans,  and  took  samples,  and  patterns  of  all 
their  rare  inventions,  and  something  of  their  making.  Then  for  receits 
and  secFets,  hefpossesa'd  an  infinite  number  of  all  kinds  the  most  rare 
andteKcellent ;  some  whereof  he  purchas'd  at  great  prices^  and  others 
he  procur'd  by  exchange.  He  learned  the  tongues  wherever  he  came,  with 
extraordinary  felicity ;  and  sometimes  would  frequent  the  recreations  and 
exercises  of  the  places  where  hpecgournedj  which  he  used  to  performe  with 
a  facillity  and  address  so  gentile  and  natural,  as  if  he  had  yet-  been  but 
a  very  youth:  For  by  ■  this  means  he  found,,  that  he  gained  the  easier 
and  more  free  accesse  into  the  best  companies,  so  extreamely  noble,  diss- 
intereated  and  agreable  was  his  fashion  and  manner  of  conversation  :  and 
though  in  sundry  encounters  and  courts  of  princes,  he  had  been  frequently 
regal'd  with,  very  considerable  presents,  yet  would  he  never  receive  any 
from  great  persons;  as  chains  of  gold,  and  medailles,.diaiinonds  and 
jewels  that  were  offered  him,  unless  happly  it  were  some  title  of  honour 
and  prerogative ;  as  the  permission  to  bear  an  eagle  or  a  fleur  de  lis  in 
his  coat  of  armes,  or  the  like  :  and  when  he  had  thus  exhausted  a  king- 
dom or  a  place  of  all  that  was  curious,  and  made  acquaintance  with 
all  the  persons  of  merit  in  a  state,  he  travell'd  presently  into  another ; 
so  as  there  was  hardly  a  court  to  be  found,  where  he  had  not  finished 
his  harvest  in  three  or  four  months,  till  he  arriv'd  at  Paris,  where  indeed 
he  was  infinitly  supriz'd,  and  busied  among  such  an  innumerable  many 
of  able  and  curious  persons  of  all  kinds.  He  had  four  lodgings  in 
several  parts  of  Paris,  that  so  he  might  be  neer  a  retreat  in  whatsoever 
quarter  he  should  happen  to  be  in  pursuite  of  curiosities  ;  for  he  us'd  to 
go  much  on  foot,  and  alone,  because  he  would  not  be  troubl'd  nor  ob- 
serv'd  by  impertinent  servants  :  but,  in  fine,  purposing  from  hence  to 
travell  shortly  for  China  by  means  of  the  Portugal,  he  took  so  much 
pains  about  describing  and  observing  the  magnificent  preparations 
which  were  made  for  the  marriage  of  the  Queen  of  Poland,  that  he  fell 
sick  of  a  fever  and  dyed,  to  the  universal  regret  and  sorrow  of  all  that 
had  ever  so  much  as  heard  of  him.  And  no  sooner  did  this  sad  accident 
come  to  the  ears  of  the  king,  but  he  sent  diligently  to  search  out  all  his 
four  lodgings,  to  see  if,  by  any  means,  ought  of  his  collection  could  be 

2k' 


250 

retrlev'd ;  but  ttiey  were  all  immediately  dispers'd,  and  it  was  never  found 
what  became  of  them. 

The  Count  Marescotti,  his  kinsman^  then  at  Paris,  recover'd  only  that 
single  volume  wherein  was  contained,  the  names,  armes,  and  devises  of 
the  hands  of  all  the  Princes  of  Europe,  whom  he  had  had  the  honour 
to  approach  :  but  his  intention  was,  as  I  have  been  credibly  inform'd  by 
one  that  did  often  converse  with  him  (though  Monsieur  Sorbiere  is 
silent  of  it)  after  he  had  travelled  over  all  the  world  (for  his  designe  was 
no  lesse  ample)  at  returne  into  his  native  country,  to  compile,  and  pub- 
lish a  compleat  Cycle  and  History  of  Trades,  with  whatsoever  else  he 
should  judge  of  use  and  benefit  to  mankind  :-  but  this  had  been  a  charity 
and  a  blessing  too  great  for  the  world,  because  It  do's  not  depart  from 
its  vices  and  Impertinences,  and  cherish  such  persons,  and  the  virtues 
which  should  render  it  worthy  of  them; 


X 


251 


A  TABLE  OF  THE   TITLES  OF  THE   CHAPTERS, 


AND    THEIR    SEVERAL  CONTENTS. 


CHAP.   I. 

OF    SCULPTURE,     HOW     DERIV'd,     AND     DISTINGUISHED,     WITH    THE 
STYLES    AND    INSTRUMENTS   BELONGING   TO   IT. 

THE  CONTENTS. 


ScoiPTUKA  and  Ccelatura  how  they  differ  258 
'  TomiceB,  Desectores  what  ib. 

Plaistice,  S5S,  The  Mother  of  Sculpture       269 

Paradigmatice,  what  258 

Gypsochi,  Colaptice,  Lithoxoi,  Glyphice,  what   ib. 

Agogice,  what  ib. 

Anaglypkice,  258,  its  antiquity  269 

Diaglyphice,  Encolaptice,  what  259 

Toreutice  258 

Encaustic  Art,    how  it  occasioned  the  inven- 
tion of  Brass  Prints  ib. 

Proplastic  Art,  Protypus,  Modulus,  Diatretice, 
and  Calices  diatreti,  what  259 

Argentum  asperum  et  pttMulatum  •    ib. 

Ebur  PingUe  ib. 

DimidicB  eminentice  the  same  with  Basso  Re- 
lievo, and  Mezzo  Relievo  ib. 

Scalptus,  Scaptus,  Scalpturatus  ib. 

Scalpo,  Sculpo,  deriv'd  ib. 

Ccelum  Topvos  what,  and  whence  deriv'd        260 


Tori,  ■)(pXKos  260 

Ulysses  shield,  Anceesa  Vasa,  what  ih. 

Cavatores,  what,    Grapkatores,  whence  our 

English  Gravers,  Sculpture  defin'd  261 

Instruments  of  Graving.    Style  what.     Why 

sometimes  made  of  bone.   Scalprum.    Cce' 

lum,  Cceles,  Cceltes.  Allusions  in  Job  19  to 

all  kinds  of  antient  Writing  and  Graving  262 
Graphium,   y\v^ls,   evKoKaTrrrip,   vTraytayevs, 

yXapis,  SfiiXri  ib. 

Function,  Polisher,  Point  ib. 

Graving  Instruments  sometimes  fatal  weapons  ib. 
Cassianus  martyr'd,  and  Erixion  slain  with  a 

Graving  Style  '  ib. 

Arare  campum  cereum,  Cerei  pugiliares,  and 

stylum  vertere,  what  ib. 

Taille  douce.  Burin,  Intaglia,  Bolino,  and  the 

difference  'twixt  Graving  and  Etching  ib. 
BovWa  a  conjecture  of  the  moderne  name  of 

a  seal,  xnpaoru  the  same  with  Charath        ib. 


CHAP.  II. 

OF   THE    ORIGINAL    OP    SCULPTURE. 

THE  CONTENTS. 


Adam  the  first  inventor  of  Sculpture  •  263 

Books  written  by  Adam  .ib. 

The  fall  of  Adam  did  not  impair  his  infused 

habits  264 

Sculpture  long  before  the  universal  Flood      ib. 


Of  the  Antediluvian  Patriarchs  264 

Sculpture  in  stone  and  bricic  at  Joppa  ib^ 

The  Celestial  Sciences  first  engraven  where, 

and  how'long  continuing  ib. 

The  books  of  Seth  and  Enoch  ib. 


252 


Of  Cham  264 

Zoroaster,  when  he  flourished,  his  learning,   , 

curiosity  and  engraving  of  the  Liberal  Arts  ib. 
Picus  Mirandula's  pretence  of  the  books  of 

Zoroaster,  the  Magi,  &c.  265 

Sculpture  after  the  Flood  ib. 

Sculpture  propagated  by  Noah.      Sculpture 

before  Moses  ib. 

Objections  answered  266.  268 

Mercurius  Trismegistus  engraved  in  stone 

many  mysterious  things  265 

Obelisks  erected  by  Misra  400  years  before 

Moses  ib. 

How  many  transported  to  Rome  266 

The  Tables  of  Stone  engraven  by  the  Finger 

of  God.  Sculpture  honoured  by  God  ib. 
Sculpture  abus'd  to  Idolatry  no  rational  pre- 
judice ib. 
Sculpture  elder  then  Idolatry  ib. 
Teraphimand  Penates,  what  ib. 
Sculpture.  preserv''d  the  memory  of  the  dead  ib. 
Bezaleel  and  Aholiab  Sculptors  ib. 
The  Sacerdotal  Pectoral  ib. 
Graving  us'd  by  the  ^Egyptians  before  they 

invented  Letters  ib. 

Hieroglyphics,  what  ib. 

By  whom  interpreted  ib. 

Amongst  the  Danes  273 

And  AcadicB  275 

HorapoUinis  notee  266 


ib. 


ib. 


ib. 


Letters,  by  whom  invented,  and  the  contest 
about  it  266 

How  they  were  derived  to  the  several  Nations  267 

Typographical  art  mistaken  by  Peter  Calaber  ib. 

Sculpture  and  Letters  Coevous  ib. 

Columns  erected  by  Seth 

Writing  with  ink  in  paper  a  novelty  in  re- 
spect of  Parchment 

Sculpture  on  Marbles,  Slates,  writing  on 
Bark,  Leaves,  Tablets  of  Wood,  Paper, 
linnen.  Wax,  Ivory  and  Silk 

Book,  our  English  name  for  Liber,  whence 
deriv'd  ib. 

Laws,  divine  and  humane  how  consign'd  of 
old  268 

Hieronicce,  and  where  preserv'd  ib. 

Writings  before  Homer's  not  known  to  the 
Greeks 

Tatian,  when  he  flourished 

A  passage  cited  out  of  him  proving  the  An- 
tiquity of  recording  by  Sculpture 

Hesiod's  Poems  engraven  in  Lead 

Grecians,  when  they  had  Sculpture  first,  and 
where  it  was  in  its  highest  perfection 

Achilles  and  Hercules  shields  engraven         269 

The  Chariot  of  the  Sun,  and  Vehieula  Ccelata  ib. 

Enoch's  prophecy  ib. 

Rings  engraven,  their  use  and  dignity  ib, 

Intaglias  in  Iron,  Gold,  Stones,  &c.  ib. 

Talismans  and  Constellated  Sculptures  ib. 


ib. 


ib. 
ib. 

ib. 


CHAP.  111. 

OF  THE  REPUTATION  AND  PROGRESS  OF  SCULPTURE  AMONGST  THE 
GREEKS  AND  ROMANS  DOWN  TO  THE  MIDDLE  AGES;  WITH  SOME 
PRETENTIONS  TO  THE  INVENTION  OF  COPPER  CUTS,  AND  THEIR 
IMPRESSIONS. 

THE  CONTENTS. 


Sculpture  where,  and  when  in  its  ascendent'270, 

272 

Statues,  to  what  head-reducible  270 

Sculptores  Marmoris,  Metal,  in  Gypsum,  &c.    ib. 

Signa  at  Rhodes,  Athens,  and  other  places 

in  what  prodigi(Wis>  numbers  ib. 


Statues,  almost  as  many  as  of  men  ib. 

The  contest  betwixt  Art  and  Nature,  in  point 

of  fertility  jj. 

Statues,  improveable  to  a  politiq,  as  well  as 

expencefull  magnificency  ib. 

A'KO(r<j>payt&fiaTa  271 


253 


ib. 

ib. 
ib. 


ib. 


Pyrgoteles  only  permitted  to  engrave  the 
EflSgies  of  Alexander  the  Great  27 1 

The  Pictures  of  Queen  Elizabeth  and  other 
Princes,  how  profan'd  and  abus'd 

Augustus  would  have  his  figure  cut  only  by 
Dioscorides,  and  why 

Sculpture,  in  what  materials  most  eminent 

Dipoenus,  Prometheus,  Ideoeus,  Eucirapus, 
Lysistratus,  Demophilus,  Daedalus,  Leo- 
chares,  Policarmus,  Myrmecides,  all  fa- 
mous Sculptors 

Figulina  vasa  Ccelata,  why  broken  by  Cotys  272 

HydricB  engraven,  and  Bread  ib. 

Gold  seldom  engraven,  and  why  ib. 

Mentor,  his  curious  works  ib. 

Acragus,  his  works  ib. 

Boethus's  Masterpieces  ib. 

The  works  of  Calamis,  Antipater,  Stratonicus 
Tauriscus,  Aristeus,  Eunicus,  Hecates, 
Praxiteles,  Posidonius,  Ledus,  Zopyrus, 
Pytheus  ,  ib. 

Medalists,  who  most  excellent,  and  in  what 
Emperor's  times  the  best  were  cut ;  when 
they  degenerated  273 

Sculpture,  when  it  degenerated  in  Greece, 
and  Rome  ib. 

And  whence  its  decay  proceeded  273 


Sculpture,  when  it  arrived  at  Rome  273 

Sculpture  and  Writing  when  first  among  the 
Danes  and  Norvegians  ib. 

Runic,  Characters  ib. 

Grcef-scBx,  what  ih. 

Vice  and  Avarice,  the  occasion  why  Sculp- 
ture degenerated,  and  is  not  since  arrived 
to  the  perfection  of  the  Ancients  274 

By  what  means  it  may  recover  ih. 

Alexander  MagnuSj  Augustus,  Francis  I. 
Cosimo  di  Medices,  and  Charles  the  V. 
celebrated  for  their  affection  to  Arts  ih. 

Time  and  leisure  required  to  bring  a  work  to 
perfection  ib. 

Sculpture  and  Chalcography  antient  in  China, 
on  what  materials,  and  how  wrought  275 

Letters  in  Europe  first  cut  in  wood  ih. 

The  Ink -maker  for  the  press  dignified 
amongst  the  Chinese  with  a  liberal  salary, 
and  priviledges,  and  not  accounted  a  Me- 
chanic ib. 

Sculpture  found  in  Mexico,  and  other  parts 
of  America  ib. 

Typography  not  found  out  by  the  Greeks 
and  Romans  to  be  much  wondered  at,  and 
why  ib. 


CHAP.  IV. 


OF  THE  INVENTION  AND  PROGRESSE  OF  CHALCOGRAPHY  IN  PARTICU- 
LAR ;  TOGETHER  WITH  AN  AMPLE  ENUMERATION  OF  THE  MOST 
RENOWNED    MASTERS    AND    THEIR    WORKS. 


THE   CONTENTS. 


Engraving  on  Plates  of  Brass  for  Prints, 
when  first  appearing  ■  276 

Typography,  when  first  produc'd  in  Europe    ib. 

Prints,  in  the  infancy  of  this  Art  ib. 

The  Devil  at  Monochrom  ib. 

M.  M.  G.  what  they  import  ib. 

What  Sculptors  added  the  year  of  our  Lord 
to  theit  works  ib. 


Who  were  the  first  Gravers  of  Prints 


ib. 


Martin  Schoen  -. 

TheTodesco    |  of  the  first  Print-gravers      ib. 

The  Italian  Gravers  and  their  works  277 

Maso   Finiguerra,  the  first  Print-graver  in 

Italy  ib. 

Enamelling  gave  the  first  hint  for  the  engrav- 
ing of  Prints  ib. 


254 


The- Graving  of  Prints,  from  how  mean  a 

commencement,  arrived  to  this  perfection  277 
Baccio  Baldini,  his  works,  and  countersign     ih. 
Albert  Durer,  when  he  flourished,  his  incom- 
parable works ;  contest  with  Lucas,  and 
Mark  Antonio,  and  how  pretious  his  works  ib. 
Lucas  Van  Leyden,  his  works,  emulation  of 

Durer  278 

Mark  Antonio,  when  he  flourish'd,  his  works, 

contestation  with  Albert,  &c.  ib. 

For  what  vile  prints  reproved  281 

Raphael  Urbin,  how  he  honoured  the  gravings 

of  M.  Antonio  279 

Martine  of  Antwerp,  his  works,  how  esteem'd 

by  Michael  Angelo  277 

R.  S.  what  it  signifies  280 

Mai  CO  di  Ravenna,  his  works  ib. 

A.  V.  I.  what  it  imports  ib. 

Giovanni  Battista  Mantuano,  his  works  281 

I.  B.  M.  whose  name  it  signifies  283 

Sebastiano  da  Reggio's  works  ib, 

Georgio  Mantuano's  works  ib. 

Etching  in  Aqua  Fortis  when  first  produced  ib. 
Damascus  Symeters  -  ib. 

Ugo  da  carpi,  his  new  manner  of  cutting  for 

divers  colours,  and  his  works  ib. 

The  works  of  Baldassare  Peruzzi,  Francisco 
Parmegiano,  Beccafumi,  Baptista  Vicen- 
tino,  Del  Moro,  Girolamo  Cocu         282.  283 
Giacomo  del  Cavaglio  his  works  both  in  cop- 
per and  stones  283 
Eneas  Vico  de  Parma,  his  Medails  and  other 

Gravings  ib. 

The  works  of  Lamberto  Suave,  Gio  Battista 

de  Cavaglieri  ib. 

The  works  of  Antonio  Lanferri,  Tomaso  Bar- 
,  lacchi,  Antonio  Labbaco,  Titian,   Giulio 
Buonasoni,  Battista  Franco,  Renato,  Luca 
Penni,  Francisco  Marcolini  283-4 

The  works  of  Gabriel  Giolito,  Christophero 
Coriolano,    Antonio    Salamanca,    Andrea 
Mantegna,  Propertia  de  Rossi  (a  sculp- 
tress) 984-5 
Martin  Rota,  Jacomo  Palma,  And:  Mantu- 

ana,  Augustino  and  Annibal  Carraeci  285 

The  works  of  Francisco  Villamena  286 


Giovanni   Maggi,   Leonardo,   Isabella    and 

Bernardino  Parasol  283 

Cutting  and  Engraving  in  Wood  how  difficulty 

and  different  from  Chalcography  ib. 

The  works  of  Antonio  Tempesta,  Cherubino 

Alberti  ib. 

Horatio  Borgiani,  Raphael  Guido,  Jovanni 
Batt.  della  Marca,  Camillo  Graffico,  Ca- 
valier Salirabene,  Anna  Vaiana  288 
Steffano  della  Bella  ib. 
Chart  and  Map-gravers                                   309 
Medaile  Gravers,  and  Gravers  in  metal  and 

pretious  stones,  &c.  289 

The  Diamond,  by  whom  first  engraven         290 
Medails,  the  knowledge  of  them  how  noble 
and  profitable,  and  by  what  means  to  at- 
tain it  effectually.  Gentleman  of  note  skil- 
ful Medallists  ii^ 
The  German  and  Flemish  Chalcographers, 

and  their  works  -ib. 

The  v/orks  of  Albert  Durer  277>  &c. 

Aldegrave  and  his  cypher,  Hans  Sibald  Be- 
ham  his  mark,  291.  Jerom  Cock,  Francis 
Floris,  Cornelius  Cort,  292.  Justus,  5o. 
jEgid,  Giles  and  Raphael  Sadelers,"292. 
Herman  Muller,  293.  Sim.  Frisius,  Matr 
thew  Miriam,  ib.  Hans  Holbein,  Justus  Am- 
mannus  Tigur,  294.  Holtzhusen,  Hans 
Brossehaemer,  Virgilius  Solis,  whose  eyes 
.  were  put  out  for  his  lewd  gravings  ;  Hen. 
Goltzins,  Geor.  Nouvolstell,  Matt,  and 
Fred.  Greuter,  Saenredamus,  Cor.  Galle, 
Count  Goudt,  Swanevelt,  Pandern,  Bron- 
chorst,  P.  Brill,  Mathara,  Nieulant,  Boeti- 
us,  Londerselius,  Van  Velde,  N.  de  Bruyn, 
^g.  Coninxlogensis,  294,  295.  Strada- 
nus,  Mallery,  Bolswert,  P.  Pontius,  Swan- 
nenbourg,  Nesse,  Vosterman,  Vorst,  296. 
Clir.  Jegher  297 

Van  Vorst,  Sir  Anthony  Van  Dyie  ib. 

Sir  P.  P.  Rubens  celebrated  ih. 

The  works  of  P.  de  Jode,  Collaert  in  steel'; 
Suyderhoef,  Jo.  Baur,  Vander  Thulden, 
Abr.  and  Corn.  Blomaert,  Natalis,  298. 
Ferdinand,  Uriesse,  Verdin,  Winegard, 
W.  Hondius,  Van  Kessell,  Caukern,  Lucas 


255 


Eilianus,  Cor.  Vischerj  Yovillemoht,  299. 
Nolp,  Lombart,  Hertocks,  Rembrandt, 
WincesU  Holiar,  300.  Hevelius  cele- 
brated, Anna.  Maria  h.  Schurman  cele- 
brated, Breughel,  Ostade,  Clock,  Que- 
borne,  Gustos,  Le  Delfe,  Dors,  Falck,. . 
Gerard,  Moestuer,  ,  Grebber,  Geldorp, 
Hopfer,  Gerard,  Chein,  Ach,  tl'Egmont, 
De  Vinghe,  Heins,  Dltmer,  Cronis,  Lin- 
doven,  Mirevel,  Kager,  Coccien,  Mau- 
bease,  Venius,  Firens,  Pierets,  Quelinus, 
Stachade,  Schut,  Soutman,  Vanulch,, 
Broon,  Valdet,  Loggan, .  Biscop,  Druef- 
ken,  P.  Van  Aelst,  Swart  Jan  Van  Groen- 
nighen,  L.  Cranach,  Jos.  Ammanus,  Hub. 
Goltzius  301, 302 

The     French    Chalcographers     and     their 
works:  when  they  begaiL  to  be  in  reputa-  . 
tion  303  ad  309 

Tiie  works  of  P.   Bernard,  Nic  Beatrice, 
Phil.   Thomasinus,  Crispinus,  .  Magdalen,  . 
and  Simon  de  Pas,  303.    Claudius  Melan, , 
Mauperch,  La  Pautre,  Morin,  N.  Chape- 
ron, Fra.  Perrier,   Audran,  Couvay,  Pe- 
relle,  304.  Chauveau,  Poilly,  Heince,  Beg- 
non,  Huret,  Bernard,  Rognesson,  Rousse- 
let,  Bellange,  Richet,  L'Alman,  Quesnel, 
Soulet,  Bunel,  Boucher,  Briot,  Boulange, 
Bois,  Champagne,  Charpignon,  Corneille, , 
Caron,  CI.  de  Lorain,  Audran,  Moutier, 
Rabel,.  Denisot,   L'Aune,   De  la   Rame^ 
Hayes,  Herbin,  David  de  Bie,  Villemoot, 


Marot,  Toutin,  Grand-homrae,  Cereau, 
Trochel,  Langot  du  Loir,  L'Enfant,  Gaul- 
tier,  .D'Origni,'.Prevost,  De  Son,  Perei, 
Nacret,  Perret,  Daret,  Scalberge,  Vibert, 
R;agot,  Boissart,  Terelin,  De  Leu,  Mau- 
perch, L'Ashe,  Huret  3D5 

Calligraphers  ib. 

The  works  of  La  Hyre,.  Goyrand.  Colig- 
non,  Cochin,  Isr.  Sylvester,  Rob.  Nantg- 
uil,  306.     Jaq.  Callot,  307.     Abr.  Bosse    309 

Chart  Gravers :  Cordier  Riviers,  Peroni, 
Bleau,  Gomboust  ib. 

The  English  Chalcographers  and  their  works, 
viz.  Paine,  Cecil,  Wright,  Faithorne,  Bar- 
low, Gaywood,  Lightfoot,  Glover,- J.  Fel- 
lian,  Switzer,  309,  310 

Medaile  Gravers,  and  for  Intaglias,  Simon, 
Rawlins,  Restrick,  Johnson  310 

Calligraphers,  Coker,  Gray,  Gething,  Bil- 
lingly,  &c.  ib. , 

An  Invitation  to  the  English  Chalcographers 
to  publish  his  Majesties  collection ;  the  be- 
nefit and  honour  of  it  ib. 

The  Landskips,  Views,  Palaces,  of  Eng- 
land, '  Levantine  parts,  Indies,  &c.  toge- 
ther with  the  Cities,  Isles,  Trees,  Plants, 
Flowers,  and  Animals,  to  be  cut  in  Cop- 
per and  reformed,  were  a  most  accept- 
able and  useful  work  31 1 

Painters  encouraged  to  set  their  hands  to 

the  Graver  ib. 

The  use  of  this  Collection  ib. 


CHAP.  V. 


OF  DRAWING,  AND  DESIGNE  PREVIOUS  TO  THE  ART  OF  CHALCOGRA- 
PHY; AND  OF  THE  USE  OF  PICTURES  IN  ORDER  TO  THE  EDUCA- 
TION   OF    CHILDREN. 

THE  CONTENTS. 


Measure  and  proportion  have  Influence  on 
all  our  Actions  312 

A  saying  of  Thomas  Earfe  of  Arundel  and 
Surrey  »S- 


Drawing,  of  what  consequence  to  the  Art  of 
Graving  313 

Designe  the  basis  of  Sculpture,  and  of  many 
other  free  and  noble  Sciences  ib. 


256 


Original  Drawings  esteemed,  and  for  what    313 

Antiquity,  of  what  effect  ih, 

Designe  and  Drawing  defin'd,  and  distin^ 
guish'd,  its  antiquity,  and  invention  ib. 

Accident  and  chance  fruitful  mothers  314 

Drawing  with  crayon,  pen,  &c.  the  method, 
and  how  to  be  performed  with  successe       ib. 

Hatching,  what  and  how  attained  by  imitat- 
ing good  Masters,  and  by  what  method       ib. 

Overmuch  exactness  and  finishing,  a  fault  in 
Drawing,  and  why  :.  Polycletus's  Cannon  315 

Accurate  Designes  with  the  pen  not  esteem'd, 
and  why,  315.  Who  yet  excelled  in  them 
to  admiration  316 

Vander  Douse,  Francis  and  John  Cleyn, 
Francis  Carter,  &c.  celebrated  ib. 

Colours,  the  production  of  a  middle  colour 
wrought  on  two  extreams  ib. 

Rubens,  and  Van  Dykes  first  studies  in  Italy  317 

Drawing,  how  necessary  ib. 

Academies  erected  for  the  Virtuosi,  by  whom   ib. 

For  what  purpose,  and  how  furnished  ib. 

Greeks,  and  Romans,  how  they  cherish'd  and 
enobled  men  of  Art  ib. 

Sculptors  and  Painters  chief  of  the  Court 
and  retinue  to  the  Emperour  of  Japan  ib. 

Courts  of  great  Princes,  how  formerly  com- 
posed 318 

How  the  antient  and  most  renowned  Sculp- 
tors were  some  encouraged,  and  others 
obscured  ib. 

Painters  should  sometimes  draw  with  the 
pen  319 

What  Painters  made  use  of  prints  jfi. 

And  caused  their  works  to  be  published  ib. 

How  to  express  the  sensation  of  the  Re- 
lievo or  Extancie  of  objects,  by  the 
Hatches  in  Graving  330 

What  shadows  are  most  graceful  323 

And  what  Artists  works  best  to  imitate  ib. 

Of  Counter-Hatches  ib. 

One  colour,  the  use,  and  effect  of  it  ib. 

Zeuxis  used  but  one  colour  ib. 

What  other  Painters  were  Monochromists, 
and  who  introduced  the  rest  of  the  co- 
lours       .  ib. 


Lights  and  shades,  their  stupendous  effects  323 

Colored,  what  it  means  ib. 

The  invention  of  Chevalier  Woolson  to  Bla- 
zon bearings  in  coate-armour  by  hatches 
without  letters  ib. 

Tonus,  what  it  imports  in  Graving  324 

Of  copying  after  designes  and  painting  ib. 

What  Prints  are  to  be  called  excellent  ib. 

How  to  detect  the  copy  of  a  Print  from  an 
Original  print  ib. 

Aqua  Fortis,  for  what  Gravings  most  proper  325 

His  Highness  Prince  Rupert  celebrated,  and 
the  Gravings  by  him  published  ib. 

The  French  King  an  Engraver  ib. 

Earle  of  Sandwich  dextrous  at  Graving  ib. 

What  Emperours,  Philosophers,  Poets,  and 
other  of  the  noble  Greeks  and  Romans  ex- 
celled in  painting  and  Graving  ib. 

Never  any  of  the  Antients  excelled  in  these 
Arts,  but  what  were  Gentlemen  '  326 

A  Slave  might  not  be  taught  to  Grave  or 
Paint,  and  why  ib. 

Graving  accounted  one  of  the  Liberal  Arts 
by  Pliny  and  Galen  ib. 

Children  instructed  in  the  Graphical  arts  for 
what  Oeconomick  consideration  ib, 

Martia,  the  daughter  of  Varro,  the  Princesse 
Louise,  and  Anna  Schurman  celebrated       ib. 

Great  scholars  of  late  skilfuU  in  the  art  of 
Graving,  &c.  ib. 

How  far  the  art  of  Drawing  conduces  to  the 
Sciences  Mathematical  ib. 

Dr.  Ch.  Wren,  Blagrave,  Hevelius,  &c.  ce- 
lebrated 327 

An  Orator  ought  to  be  skilled  in  these  Arts, 
and  why  ib. 

Of  what  great  use  and  benefit  the  art  of 
Graving  may  be  to  the  Education  of  Child- 
ren, superiour  to  all  other  inventions,  326, 
and  how  339 

The  Abbot  de  Marolles,  his  singular  affection 
to,  and  prodigious  collections  of  Prints      327 

Prints  more  estimable  than  Paintings,  and 
why  328 

What  Gentlemen  of  quality  are  the  greatest 
collectors  of  prints  in  France  H, 


257 


At  how  high  rates  the  Prints  of  the  most  fa- 
mous Masters  are  now  sold  328 

Collections  of  Prints  recommended  to  Princes 
and  great  persons,  and  why  329 

An  Hieroglyphical  Grammar  ib. 

By  whom  Draughts  and  Prints  are  celebrat- 
ed fqr  the  Institution  of  Youth  ib. 

LaMartelay  taught  all  the  Sciences  by  cuts  alone  ib. 


Commenius  his  Orbis  sensualium  pictus  cele- 
brated 330 

The  Universal  Language,  how  to  be  most 
probably  accomplished  ib. 

Passions  expressible  by  the  art  of  Designe      331 

An  useful  caution  for  the  Lovers  of  these 
Arts  332 


CHAP.  VI. 

OF    THE    NEW  WAY  OF  ENGRAVING,    OR  MEZZO   TINTO,   INVENTED  AND 
COMMUNICATED    BY    HIS    HIGHNESS    PRINCE    RUPERT,    &C. 

THE  CONTENTS. 


An  advantageous  Commutation  for  omitting 
the  description  of  the  Mechanical  part  of 
the  vulgar  Graving  333 

A  paradoxical  Graving  without  Burin,  Points 
or  Aqua  Fortis  ib. 


The  new  Mezzo  Tinto,  invented  by  his  High- 
ness P.  Rupert,  aenigmatically  described, 
and  why  334 


*»*  The  additions  mthin  [  ]  are  taken  from  the  margin  of  the  Author  s  printed  Copy,  communicated 
by  Sir  John  Evelyn,  Bart,  and  were  prefixed  to  the  second  edition,  printed  in  1755  • 


AUTHORS    AND    BOOKS    WHICH    HAVE    BEEN    CONSULTED    FOR   THIS   T&EiATISE.. 


iElianus. 

Alberti  Leon. 

Angelus  Rocca. 

Aquinas. 

Aristotle. 

S.  Augustinus. 

Ausonius. 

L.Baptista  Alberti. 

Biblia  Saci'a. 

Bibliander. 

Bosse  A. 

Caneparius. 

Cassianug. 

Cedrenus. 

Cicero. 

Comenius. 

Crinitus. 

Curtius, 

Cyprianus. 

Diodorus. 


Diomedes. 

DonatUs. 

Durer,  Alb. 

Epiphanius. 

Eusebius. 

Gaffarell. 

Galenus. 

Gorlseus. 

Guarinus. 

Greuter. 

Herodotus. 

Hesiodus. 

Homerus. 

Horatius. 

Josephus. 

Junius  F. 

Juvenal  is. 

Kircherus. 

Laet,  Joh.  de. 

Libanius. 


Licetus. 

Littleton,  Adam. 

Livius. 

Lubinus. 

Lucanus. 

Luitprandus. 

Maimonides, 

Manutius. 

Marblles. 

Martialis. 

Mirandula  Picus, 

Nazianzen  Greg. 

Origines. 

Ovidius. 

Pancirollus. 

Petronius. 

Philo. 

Pbilosteatus. 

Pietro  Santo. 

Plato. 

2   L 


Plinius. 

Plutarchus. 

Pois,  Ant.  le. 

Pollux,  Jul. 

Pomponius  Laetus. 

Prudentius. 

Quintilianus. 

Rhodiginus  Csel. 

Hue,  Ch.  de  la, 

Sabinus. 

Salmasius. 

Scaliger,  Jos. 

Semedo. 

Seneca. 

Solinus. 

Statins. 

Suetonius. 

Suidas  ' 

Tacitus. 


T4tianusi 

TertuUianUs. 

Theocritus. 

Trallianus. 

Trismegislus. 

■Thucydides. 

Varenius. 

Varro. 

Vassari. 

-Vatablus. 

Vermander,  Car. 

Verulamius. 

Virgilius.     ~ 

Vitruviufe. 

Vopiseus. 

Vossitts, 

Worraitis. 

WottoH,  Si*  H. 


258 


SCULPT  U  R  A; 


OR 


THE  HISTORY  AND  ART  OF  CHALCOGRAPHY. 


BOOK  I. 


CHAPTER  I. 

OF    SCULPTURE,    HOW    DERIv'd,    AND    DISTINGUISh'd    WITH    THE 
STYLES,    AND    INSTRUMENTS    BELONGING   TO    IT. 

Those  who  have  most  refined  and  criticiz'd  upon  Technical  notions, 
seem  to  distinguish  what  we  commonly  name  Sculpture  into  three 
seveiial  arts;  and  to  attribute  specifical  differences  to  them  all:  for 
there  is,  besides  Sculptura  (as  it  relates  to  Chalcography)  Scalptura 
(so  Diomiedes*)  and  Ccelatura ;  both  which,  according  to  Quintilian  f , 
differ  from  the  first  ratione  materice.  For  to  make  but  a  brief  enume- 
ration only:  it  was'apply'd  to  several  things;  as  to  working  in  wood, 
or  ivory,  tomice,  the  artists,  desectores :  in  clay,  plastice,  plastce : 
in  playster,  paradigmatice,  the  workmen  gt/psochii  In  stone  cutting 
colaptice,  the  artists  lithoxoi;  and  lastly,  in  metals  glyphice ;  which 
again  is  two-fold  ;  for  if  wax  be  us'd,  agogice ;  if  the  figure  be  of 
cast-work,  chemice ;  anaglyphice,  when  the  image  was  prominent ; 
diaglyphice,  when  hollow,  as  in  scales  and  intaglias;  encolaptice,  when 
lesse  deep,  as  in  plates  of  brasse  for  lawes  and  monumental  inscrip- 
tions :  then  the  toreutice  X  ;  and  the  encaustic  for  a  kind  of  enamel ; 
proplastice  forming  the  future  work,  ex  creta,  or  some  such  matter,  as 


*  Lib.  1.  t  Lib.  3.  c.  51.  9.  J  Gael.  Rodig.  Antiq.  Lect.  1.  29.  c.  34. 


259 

ihe  protypus  was  of  wax  for  efformation,  and  the  modulus  of  wood ; 
not  to  omit  the  antient  diatretice,  which  seems  to  have  been  a  work 
upon  chrystal,  and  the  calices  diatreti  (of  which  somewhere  the  Poet 
Martial)  *  whether  emboss'd  or  engraven,  as  now  with  the  point  of  a 
diamond,  &c. ;  for  I  can  onely  name  them  briefly  :  the  field  would  be 
too  luxurious  to  discourse  upon  them  severally ;  and  as  they  rather  con- 
cern the  statuary  art,  fusile  and  plastic  head,  which  would  serve  better 
to  adorne  some  designe  of  architecture,  or  merit  an  expresse  treatise, 
then  become  the  present,  which  does  only  touch  the  metalls,  and  such 
other  materials  as  had  not  the  figure  finished  through  all  its  dimen- 
sions ;  though  we  might  yet  safely  I  think  admit  some  of  the  Greek 
anaglyptics :  argentum  asperum  et  pustulatum,  and,  as  the  Latines 
terme  it,  ebur  pingue :  for  so  the  Voet,  Ewpositumque  alt^  pingue 
poposcit  ebur,  8j-c.  f  Manutius  calls  them  dimidice  eminentice,  and  the 
Italians  do  well  interpret  by  basso  and  mezzo-relievo;  hence  the  figure 
is  said  stare,  or  exstare :  for  so  Mart,  stat  caper,  and  Juvenal,  stantem 
extra  pocula  caprum.  As  from  the  similitude  and  perfection  of  the 
work,  vivere,  spirare,  calere,  it  seemed  to  breath,  and  be  living,  as 
Virgil  expresses  it, 

Excudent  alii  spirantia  moUius  aera. — ^n.  vi.  848. 
And  Horace, 

Et  ungues 
Exprimet,  Sc  poUes  imitabitur  sere  capillos. — Ars  Poet.  32. 

Ludit  Acidalio,  sed  non  manus  aspera,  nodo 

Candida  n,on  tacita  respondet  imagine  Lygdos, — Martial,  l.  6. 13. 

For  in  this  manner  they  us'd  to  celebrate  those  rare  pieces  of  art, 
distinct  from  the  diagliphice  and  encolaptice,  more  properly  according 
with  our  purpose;  and  which  may  happly  be  as  well  express'd  by  cce- 
laturd,- and  from  the  signification  made  a  derivative  dm  t5  (rKaTrrnv  to 
dig,  or  make  incision.  I  think  Varro  may  have  scaptus  ioT  ccelatus; 
as  Cicero  scalptus,  and  Plinie  scalpturatus ;  yet  we  rather  follow  them 
who  derive  scalpo,  scuVpo,  ivova  ykojpta  and  yKxx^ta',  because  the  best 
origination  is  to  preserve  the  foundation  in  the  antienter  languages,  if 
the  mutation  of  letters  be  warranted,  as  here  in  y^oL^u  scriho.     The 

*  Lib.  xiv,  Epig.  94.  edit.  Schrevelii,  L.  Bat.  1670.  t  Mart.  Epig.  Lib,  ix.60. 


260 

word  in  the  Holy  tongue  WlD,  which  imports  an  opening  (because  the 
plate,  stone,  or  whatever  else  material  they  vised,  aperitur  aiiqua  sui 
parte,  somewhere  opened  when  any  thing  is  engraven  upon  it)  attests 
rather  to  the  former  etymon  and  signification,  then  to  any  other  mate-* 
rial  affinity;  besides  that 'tis  also  transferable  to  those  who  carve  with 
the  chissel,  or  work  in  bosse  with  the  puntion,  as  our  statuaries,  gold- 
smiths and  repairers  do.  In  the  glosse  we  meet  with  ccelum  ro^vog,  &c. 
which  though  some  admit  not  so  freely  in  this  sence ;  yet  Martial,* 
speaking  of  emboss'd  cups,  more  then  once  calls  them  toreumata. 
Miratus  fueris  cum  prisca  toreumata  multum. 

And  why  may  not  the  tori,  brawn,  or  coUops  of  fat  be  expressed  by 
these  raised  figures,  and  they  torosce,  plump,  and  (as  the  French  has  it) 
en  bon  point,  as  well  as  fusil  and  fictile  ones?  some  round  chissel  or 
lathe  perhaps  it  was;  but  we  dare  only  conjecture.  Others  ccelum,  a 
ctBdo,  which  is  to  beat,  strike,  cut  or  dig;  but  by  what  parallel  autho- 
rity of  such  a  derivative  we  know  not :  Varro  -f"  yet  e  coelo  heaven  it 
self,  reaching  its  original  from  the  very  stars.  XoTKog  is  another,  more 
consonant  and  harmonious  with  the  antient  vhp  halangh,  which 
imports  to  excavate  and  make  hollow,  as  it  is  frequently  interpreted, 
particularly  1  Reg.  6.  32,  35,  where,  what  the  vulgar  Latine  renders 
sculpsit,  Vatablus  makes  ceelavit,  and  Junius  incidit,  best  of  all  cor- 
responding with  our  purpose;  and  so  in  the  famous  wrought  shield 
which  Ulysses  .purchased  by  his  eloquence,  Quintilian  J  applies  the 
word,  In  ccelatura  clypei  jdchillis  et  lites  sunt  et  actiones :  for  so  it 
seems  to  have  been  much  used  on  their  harnesse.  Livy  reports  of  two 
famous  armies  so  represented  §  :  or  as  more  allusive  yet  to  our  plate, 
where  'tis  said,  ccelatura  rumpit  tenuem  lajninam,  if  the  question  be 
not  rather,  whether  these  works,  like  the  anccesa  vasa,  were  not  rais'd 
and  emboss'd,  those  expressions  of  Plinie  so  much  favouring  their  emi- 
nency,  where  he  tells  us,  speaking  of  this  very  art,  ita  exolevit,  ut  sola 
Jam  vetmtate  censeatur,  usque  adeo  attritis  ccelaturis,  ne  Jigura  dis- 
cerni  possit,  time  and  age  had  so  greatly  defac'd  them. 

But  this  may  suffice  for  the  division  and  denomination  of  the  art  in 


*  Lib.  viii.  6.  f  Varro  1.  4.  de  Ling.  Lat.  J  Lib.  2.  c.  18.  §  Liv.  hist.  1.  9. 


261 

geoferal;  since  the  title  which  we  have  niade  choice  of  is  universally 
applicable  :  for  so  loquendi  Gonmetudine,  in  ordinary  discourse,  Scvdp^ 
tura  and  Scalptura  import  but  one  and  the  same  thing,  as  Salmasius  has 
well  noted  on  Solinus ;  and  therefore  those  who  wrought  any  of  these 
hollow  cut-woriss  were  by  some  eall'd  Caz7a^ore5  and  Gmphatpr^,  sayes 
that  learned  person,  whence  doubtless  our  Gravers  may  have  deriv'd 
their  appellation. 

By  this  then  it  will  not  be  difficult  for  any  to  define  what  the  art  it 
self  is ;  whether  consider'd  in  the  most  general  and  comprehensive 
acceptation ;  or,  as  it  concernes  that  of  Chalcography  chiefly,  and  such 
as  have  most  affinity  with  it;  since  (as  well  as  the  rest)  it  may  be 
describ'd  to  be  an  art  which  takes  away  all  that  is  superfluous  of  the 
subject  matter,  reducing  it  to  that  forme  or  body  which  was  design'd 
in  the  idea  of  the  artist:  and  this,  as  sufficiently  universal;  unless  in 
favour  of  the  plastic  (which  yet  does  not  come  under  our  cognizance) 
we  will  rather  receive  the  distinction  which  Michael  Anfi-elo  was  us'd 
to  observe  between  them,  that  this  last  was  made  by  apposition,  which 
is  quite  the  contrary.  But  indeed  neither  the  paradigmatic,  agogic,  or 
any  of  the  plastic,  can  genuinely,  and  in  propriety  of  speech  be  call'd 
Sculpture,  without  a  catachresis  and  some  violence ;  since,  nullum  simi- 
le est  idem,  whether  applied  to  the  matter  or  the  tools.  And  now  we 
speak  of  instruments  we  shall  find  that  there  has  been  little  less 
controversie  amongst  the  grammarians,  touching  them  also,  then  con- 
cerning the  very  art  itself :  as  whether  the  yXvquov  stylus,  or  scalprum, 
is  to  be  call'd  ccelum,  cmles,  or  ceeltes;  noted  by  the  critics  from  that 
text  in  19  Job.  Quis  mihi  det,  ut  exarentur  in  libro  stylo  ferreo,  aut 
plumbi  hmrnm,  vel  ccelte  sculpantur  in  silice  ?  (where  by  the  way, 
'tis  observ'd,  that  this  verse  comprehends  and  alludes  to  almost  all  the 
sorts  of  ancient  writing  and  engraving  :  books,  plates,  stone,  and  stile,) 
and  from  an  old  inscription  out  of  Aldus  and  Gruter.  Martial,  Auso- 
nius,  and  the  poet  Statius  use  ccelum  frequently. 

— — Laberiferi  vivant  quae  raarmora  caelo 

'    Praxitelis,  &c.  * 
But  we  will  be  sparing.     rXoipij,  yXixpuov,  yKv^uyov,  as  Junius :    also 

*  Sylv.  lib.  4.  vi.  26. 


262 

eyKoXxTTT^o,  v'ffayuysug,Xa,^svT'^piov,  as  much  as  (ri^^iov  XtOov^yw* ',  so  is  yXa^i^ 
and  XeTov  in  Pollux.  Scalprum  is  KOTrevg,  ^ua-T'^p ;  with  the  same  Junius 
grapMum.  Lastly,  stylus  ypa<p6tov,  (TTvXog-,  a-fjtiXiii ;  in  Suidas  ;  lyxevT^)?;  thfe 
same  Pollux.  Call  them  point,  stile,  graver,  punction,  polisher,  or  what 
else  you  please,  we  will  contend  no  farther  about  it ;  for  these  instru- 
ments (as  despicable  as  they  appear}  have  sometimes  proved  fatal  and 
dangerous  weapons;  as  the  blessed  Cassianus  found  by  sad  experience, 
whose  cruel  martyrdom  with  these  stiles  is  gloriously  celebrated  by 
Prudentius,  crept  <rTe(pecyuv,  Hymn.  ix.  And  thus  was  also  Erixion  slain, 
for  his  unnatural  affection,  by  the  enraged  people,  with  other  examples 
to  be  produc'd  out  of  Seneca,  Plutarch,  Suetonius,  and  others:  for 
when,  upon  several  of  those  disorders,  cnSi^^opopeTv  (or  the  carrying  about 
them  any  weapons  of  iron)  was  made  capital,  they  did  mischief  with 
these  instruments,  till,  like  children's  knives,  they  were  converted  into 
bone,  which  did  only  serve  them  to  write  withall,  and  arare  campum 
cereum,  to  ploiagh  up  their  superinduced  tables,  and  cerei  pugillares ; 
not  much  unlike  to  our  etching  with  points  and  needles  on  the  vernish, 
in  shape  and  use  resembling  them,  save  where  the  obtuser  end  was 
made  more  delitive,  apt  to  put  out,  and  obliterate,  when  they  would 
stylum  vertere,  which  our  burnisher  (another  tool  us'd  by  Chalcogra- 
phers)  and  polisher  performes.  But  to  descend  to  the  modern  names 
both  of  the  art  and  instrument :  the  French  call  it  in  particular  ia«7fc 
fZoMce,  sweet,  or  tender  cut;  whither  wrought  with  the  burin  ((or  so 
they  tearm  the  instrument  which  we  the  graver)  or  with  aqua  fortis ; 
the  Italians,  intaglia,  or  stamp,  without  adjunct,  and  Ao/mo,  which  is 
doubtless  the  more  antient  and  warantable,  as  prondpting  the  use  both 
of  the  point,  needle,  and  etching  in  aqua  fortis,  by  some  so  happily 
executed,  as  hardly  to  be  discern'd  from  the  holio  or  graver  it  self :  but 
the  main  difference  is  this,  that  with  the  hurine  one  cuts  the  peice  all 
at  once  out  of  the  plate,  immediately;  whereas,  with  the  point  or  stile, 
we  only  cut  the  varnish,  razing,  and  scalping  as  it  were,  the  superficies 
of  the  plate  a  little,  which  afterwards  the  aqua  fortis  corrodes  and 
finishes:  a  rare  invention,  new,  expeditious,  and  wholly  unknown  to 
the  past  antiquity.  JBunwe  then  from  holino;  and  why  not?  yea 
(doubtless,  this  from  BouXXa,  the  modern  name  of  a  seal,  and  instru- 

*  Theocr.  Thucyd. 


263 

ment  of  making  seals.  To  this  we  might  also  add  tain  cheret :  and  we 
find  charasch  and  eharath  of  the  same  import  with  ^aaatrarw  and  %«p«ttw 
in  the  Greek,  as  Mr.  Adam  Littleton  has  acutely  observ'd,  in  his  com- 
plexion of  roots.  But  least  too  much  of  this  stufFe  should,  as  Theocritus 
(on  another  occasion)  stiles  it,  y>A)<poao\}  v^oa-To^eiv  smell  of  the.Burine, 
we  will  here  make  an  end  of  hard  names  .(the  pedantrie  and  various 
acceptions  of  the  words),  and  in  the  chapters  following  endeavour  to 
investigate  the  original  of  the  art  it  self,  and  discourse  somewhat  of 
the  progress  it  has  made  to  arrive  at  this  perfection  ;  for  it  is  not  to 
shew  how  diligently  we  have  weeded  the  Calepines  and  Lexicons 
(amongst  all  which  there  is  none  over  fertill  upon  these  arts,  or  so  well 
furnish'd  as  we  could  have  wish'd,)  but  the  result  of  much  diligent  col- 
lection, produc'd  out  of  sundry  Authors  to  meet  in  this  chapter,  for 
the  ease  and  instruction  of  such  as  may  possibly  encounter  with  diffi- 
culties ip  the  course  of  their  reading  such  books  as  treat  of  the  me- 
chanical or  more  liberal  subjects  ;  and,  that  there  might  be  nothing  of 
deficient  as  to  our  institution,  seeing  it  behoov'd  him  that  would  deduce 
an  history  ab  origine,  to  let  nothing  escape  that  was  in  the  least  or 
useful],  or  instructive. 


CHAP.  II. 

OP   THE    ORIGINAL    OP    SCULPTUEE   IN    GENERAL. 

We  shall  not,  with  Epigenes  in  Pliny*,  depose  that  this  art  had  its 
being  from  eternity,  because  it  is  not  sence,  and  would  contradict  its 
invention ;  but,  if  that  may  passe  which  St.  Augustine  affirmes,  that 
the  protoplast  our  father  Adamf,  or  (as  others)  his  good  genius  the 
angel  Raziel,  were  the  first  inventor  of  letters.  Sculpture  may  derive 
its'  pedigree  from  the  infancy  of  the  world,  and  contend  for  its  pre- 
eminence with  most  of  the  antiquities  which  it  so  much  celebrates. 
For,  that  there  went  several  books  about  (some  whereof  had  been  long 
since  read  in  the  Primitive  Church)  bearing  his  venerable  name,  as 
that  which Epiphanius  andothers  cite,  ex  libroBehu^de PcsnitentiaAdce, 


*  L.  7.  c,  6,  t  L.  18.  Civit.  Dei.  c.  3. 


264 

ice  Revelatio,  Sfc.   we   have  no  reason   to  contradict :    and  Tho. 
[uinas,  in  his  Treatise  de  Ente  et  Essentia,  speaks  of  a  volume  of 
mts  described  by  Adam ;  and  there  are  traditions  of  a  whole  Natural 
story,  with  several  other  works  of  this  most  learned  of  all  men  living, 
Suidas  doubts  not  to  call  him  ;  nor  do  we  think  that  his  unhappy 
1  did  so  much  concern  his  rare  and  infus'd  habits,  as  not  to  leave  him 
;  most  accomplished,  and  perfectly  instructed  in  all  those  arts  which 
re  so  highly  necessary,  arid  therefore  thus  early  invented ;   though 
lether  these  books  of  his  were  so  miraculously  found  but  and  preserv'd 
the  renowned  Trismegistus,  we  leave  to  the  more  credulous.  But  that 
tters,  and  consequently  Sculpture,  was  long  before   the  Flood,  we 
ike  no  scruple  of.     Suidas,  whom  but  now  we  mention'd,  is  perem- 
y,  ascribing  (as  was  affirm'd)  both  Letters,  and  all  the  rest  of  the 
lences,  to  Adam,  tovtou  tcmito,  etj^^fAara,  &c.  We  shall  not  add  hereunto 
lat  the  Rabbins  assert  he  compos'd  of  the  prsecepts  giyen  him  in 
radise,  with  the  like  trash ;  but  pass  from  these  conjectures  to  others 
the  Antediluvian  Patriarchs  mention'd  by  Josephus,  Cedrenus,  and 
ue  other  authors,   concerning   the  Sculptures   in  stone   and  brick 
cted  at  Joppa,  containing  (as  some  depose)  the  sideral  and  celestial 
ences,  proofe  against  the  two  most  devouring  and  subverting  ele- 
nts,  and  lasting  some  thousands  of  years  after  the  Universal  Cata- 
sm.     The  ^^thiopians  are  said   at   this  day  to  glory  much  in  pos- 
sing  the  books  of  Seth  and  Enoch,  as  those  who  have  lately  written 
the  Abyssines  relate.     Origen,   St.  Augustine,  and  Hierom  have 
jwise   made   honourable  mention   of  them;    and  TertuUian  plainly 
roves  those  who  (in  his  time)  thought  they  could  not  be  preserved*, 
ah  being  himself  one  of  the  great  nephews  of  Seth ;  and  the  pro- 
»ility  that  these  antient  men  of  renoun  would  transmit  to  posterity 
glorious  actions  and  atchievements  which  they  had  perform'd  ; 
ecially  Cham  (that  is  Zoroaster),  a  spirit  so  universally  curious,  and 
irishing  above  an  hundred  years  before  this  publick  calamity.     But 
apply  this  to  the  honour  now  of  Chalcography,  and  justifie  our 
ign.     The  Author  of  the  Scholastical  History  upon  Genesis  speaks 


*  Turtul.  de  habit,  mulicr. 


265 

of  this  Zproaster's  engraving  the  Libefel  Arts  on  fotirteen  columns, 
seven  whereof  he  affirms  to  haVe  been  of  brasse,  and  the  rest  of  brick ; 
the  sslme  is  also  reported  by  Serenus*,  where  he  adds  diversorufn 
metallonvm  laminis,  together  with  some  other  inscriptions  thus  pre*- 
servedj,  and  which  the  noble  and  lea r tied  Earl  of  Mirandula,  in  a'certaia 
Epistle  of  his  to  Marsilius  Ficinus,*boaSts  to  have  the  possession  of  : 
his  words  are  these,  Chaldaijci  hi  tihri  sunt,  si  lihri  sunt,  et  non 
thesauri :  jdudi  inseriptiones :  Patris  Ezrce,  Zoroastris,  et  Melchdor 
Magormn  Oracula ;  in  guibus  et  ilia  quoque  quc$  apud  Grcecos 
mendosa  et  mutila  cireumferuntur,  leguntur  integra  et  absoluta,  8fe. 
The  books  (saith  PIcus),  if  books  it  be  lawful  to  call  them,  and  not 
rather  most  inestimable  treasures,  are  all  in  the  Chaldy  tdngue  :  observe 
their  titles  :  The  Oracles  of  those  famous  Magi,  Ezra,  Zoroaster,  and 
Melchior ;  in  which  those  particulars  also  which  have  been  carried 
about  by  the  Greeks,  maim'd  and  miserably  corrupted,  are  here  to  be 
read  perfect  and  intire. 

Concerning  the  Art  of  Sculpture  immediately  after  the  Flood,  there 
are  few  we  suppose  make  any  considerable  question,  as  that  it  might 
not  be  propagated  hy  Noah  to  his  postferity  ;  though  some  there  be 
that  indeed  admit  of  none  before  Moses  ;  but  what  then  shall  we  think 
of  that  Book  of  the  Warres  of  the  Lord,  which  this  sacred  Author 
mentions  Num.  21  ?  not  to  insist  upon  the  88  and  109  Psalmes,  hy 
many  ascrib'd  to  some  of  the  Patriarchs  his  predecessours.  The  above 
mention'd  Mercurius  Trismegistus,  three  hundred  years  after  the  Flood, 
and  long  before  Moses  engrav'd  his  secret  and  mysterious  things  in 
stone,  as  himself  reports,  -reforming  what  had  been  depraved  by  the 
wicked  Cham  ;  some  in  letters,  some  in  figures  and  enigmatical 
characters;  such  happly  as  were  those  contain'd  in  the  magnificent 
and  stupendous  obelisks  er-eeted  hy  Misra,  the  firfet  JEgypfciart  Pharoah, 
which  being  at  least  four  hundred  years  before  Moses  (as  ithe  most 
indefatigable  Kircher  has  computed),  does  greatly  presage  their. antiquity 
to  have  been  before  that  holy  prophetf.  But  not  to  put  too  much  stresse 
upon  superannuated  tradition,  this  we  are  sure  is  of  faith,  and  without 


*  Apud  Cassianum.  t  Obeliscus  Phamphilius. 

2  M 


266 

controversy ;  that  in  Moses  we  have  the  tables  of  stone  engraven  by 
the  finger  of  God  himself:  where  the  commandement  is  expresse, 
even  against  the  abuse  of  this  very  Art,  as  well  as  an  instance  of  the 
antiquity  of  Idolatry  attesting  that  of  Sculpture  :  thou  shalt  not 
MAKE  TO  THYSELF  ANY  GRAVEN  IMAGE*.  But  this  which  is  indeed 
the  first  writing  that  we  have  Scripture  to  vouch  for,  does  yet  presup- 
pose Engraving  to  have  been  of  much  greater  antiquity.  What  else 
were  the  Teraphim  ?  What  the  Penates  of  Laban  stolen  by  Rachel  ? 
The  Idols  of  Terah  ?  or  the  Egyptian  ?  &c.  But  we  forbear  to  expatiate, 
onely  that  which  is  by  Ben.  Syrac  somewhere  in  Ecclesiasticus  f  deliver- 
ed, that  the  original  of  Idolatry  was  from  images  to  preserve  the  memory 
of  the  dead  J,  as  in  processe  of  time  by  the  flatterers  of  great  men  it 
was  turn'd  to  be  an  object  of  adoration,  plainly  inferrs,  Graving  to 
have  been  elder  then  Idolatry. 

But  now  to  recover  its  esteem  again  beyond  all  prejudice  (how  ever 
by  others  abus'd,  as  indeed  many  of  the  best  things  have  been,)  it  was, 
we  know,  imputed  for  a  spiritual  talent  in  Bezaleel  and  Aholiah^,  who 
made  Intaglias  to  adorne  the  High  Priests  pectoral.  And  we  have  said 
how  the  Egyptians  reverenced  it,  as  seeming  to  have  us'd  it  before 
letters  ;  or  rather  their  hieroglyphics  (importing  sacred  Sculpture)  were 
those  elements  by  which  they  transmitted  to  posterity  what  they 
esteem'd  most  worthy  of  record  ;  and  not  (as  some  have  imagin'd)  wrap- 
ped up  in  those  enigmatical  figures,  the  secrets  of  their  arts  both  divine 
and  secular :  For 

Nondum  Flumineas  Memphis  contexere  biblos 
Noverat ;  et  Saxis  tantum  volucrisque  ferseque, 
Sculptaque  servabant  magicas  animalia  Linguas  ||. 
Whence  Tacitus  calls  them  Antiquissima  monumenta  memorice  humance 
impressa  Saxis.     Such  as  were  also  the  Horapollinis  notee,  and  all 
those  other  venerable  antiquities  of  this  nature,  transported  to  Rome 
out  of  ^gypt,  in  no  less  then  two  and  forty  prodigious  obelisks,  of  late 
interpreted  by  the  industrious  Kircher  before  cited.     Suidas  attributes 
the  invention  to  the  Father  of  the  Faithful ;  others  tp  Theut  or  Hermes, 


*Eicod.  XX.  tc.  xiv.  +  Sc.Sap.  c.  16.  {  31  Exod.  U  Lucanus,  lib.  3. 


267 

some  to  Cadmus  and  the  Phoenicians.  Bibliander  will  have  Letters  and 
Sculpture  from  Adam  ;  Josephus  from  Henoch  ;  Philo  from  Abraham  ; 
Eusebius  from  Moses ;  Cyprian  from  Saturne,  where,  by  the  way,  be- 
cause 'tis  said  he  did  Litteras  imprimere^  Peter  Calaber  (who  much 
affects  to  call  himself  Pomponius  LcetiisJ  foolishly  deduces,  that  even 
the  Typographical  Art*  was  known  in  the  age  of  this  hero ;  but  thence, 
as  we  said,  it  descended  to  the  Egyptians  by  Misraim,  and  so  was 
communicated  to  the  Persians,  Medes,  and  Assyrians,  thence  to  the 
Greeks,  and  finally  to  the  Romans,  from  whom  it  was  deriv'd  to  us,  as 
Peter  Crinitus  in  his  17th  book  ■j',  de  Honestd  DiscipUnd,  out  of  a  very 
antient  MS.  Bibliothecce  SeptimianeBf  seems  to  deduce,  and  thus 
summe  them  up  together. 

Moyses  primus  Hebraicas  exaravit  Literas. 

Mente  Phoenices  sagaci  condiderunt  Atticas. 

Quas  Latini  scriptitamus,  edidit  Nicostrata. 

Abraham  Syras,  &  idem  repperit  Chaldaicas. 

Isis  arte  non  minore  protulit  iEgyptiacas. 

Gulfila  promsit  Getarum  quas  videmus  Literas. 
Now,  should  all  this  but  relate  to  the  several  characters  only,  it  shall 
yet  serve  our  purpose ;  since  whoever  was  the  inventor  of  Letters,  was 
also  doubtless  the  father  of  Sculpture,  as  is  apparent,  if  not  by  the  for- 
mer columns  erected  by  Seth  (one  whereof  Angelus  Roccha  in  his 
JBibliotheca  Vaticana  presumes  to  have  been  of  brasse),  by  several  other 
instances;  the  writing  with  ink,  on  paper  or  parchment,  being  al- 
together a  novelty  in  comparison  to  the  more  antient  formes  and 
materials,  such  as  were  the  slitstones,  or  slates  which  succeeded  the 
stately  marbles,  and  preceded  the  thinner  leaves  of  bark,  and  tab- 
lets of  wood,  which,  from  the  German  hucher,  signifying  i\ie  fagus 
or  beech-tree,  (whose  fruit  does  still  with  us  retain  the  name  of 
huch-mastj  were  called  books,  to  whatever  voluble  or  folding  mat- 
ter applyed :  for  before  the  invention  of  paper,  they  us'd  the  leaves 
of  Palmes,  as  Yoxro  de  Sibylla;  then  the  rinds  of  trees;  afterwards 
sheets  of  lead,  linnen,  wax,  and  ivory,  as  PJInie  and  Vopiscus  tell  us. 
They  writ  in  silk  amongst  the  Persians  and  Chineses ;  and  lastly,  were 

*  Vossius  in  Art.  Hist.  t  Cap.  1. 


'268 

invented  parchmerit  and  paper.  But  whether  in  all  these,  or  whatever 
the  subject  were  (some  few  latter  excepted),  it  was  still  by  insculping, 
scarrifying,  and  making  a  kind  of  incision  into  it:  especially  intending 
to  consign  to  posterity  their  lawes,  divine  and  humane,  Roman,  -^Egyp- 
tian, or  Hebrew  :  for  so  of  old 

^ verba  miliiantia  fixo 

^re  ligabantur  *, 
according   to  the  Poet.     Thus  were  the  Hieronicse  preserv'd  in    the 
temple  of  Olympian  Jove,  and  the  Roman  Consuls  in  the  Capitol ;  and 
as  by  those  innumerable  inscriptions  of  irrefragable  and  undeniable  an- 
tiquitie  does  appear. 

We  have  already  computed  how  probable  it  is  that  Sculpture  was  in 
use  in  ^gypt  somewhat  before,  or  at  least  as  soon  as  the  Patriarch 
Abraham  set  his  foot  there :  but  the  lesse  discerning  Greeks  who  re- 
ceiv'd  it  from  the  Egyptians,  could  tell  us  of  no  writings  of  theirs  ex- 
tant before  Homer,  if  we  will  give  ear  to  Josephus,  before  that  of 
Tatian  (a  learned  Assyrian,  and  contemporary  with  Justin  Martyr) 
where  he  affirmes,  ovx,  tuv  'Of^yi^ov  f/uowv  TS-^ecr[3uT.Bt^ogeirTiv,  oVLovcn^s  en  ^  tou 
•jffpo  auTOU  (ruyypu(ptuv,  Aivov,  (piXafn^uvoq,  QetfMjoiOOS,  ' AfjL<piuvoi  fLO\j(r.oi,io\i.,  'Op(pBea,g, 
AwoSoKov,  ^vjiAiov,  l,iS,v7Q^g:,'E7ri[A£vi^au  Tou'K^iiirog,  ha-ng  ei;  ti^v  l,7rcepTiiiv  a(piKBTo 
^oKTrea.  tou  VpoKornvjcnou  rou  tx  'AptiJ-uirma  avYypai\/ciU)TQ5.,  'A(rj3oXov  re  ro\i  Kev- 
Ttxhaov^  v.oii  'lo'aT/^o?  Apv[Ji.mo5  re  kxi  'Ev[ir,Xou  tou  KuTrgtou,  kui  £laou  tw  .Sa^/ou 
Koci  Upoa-TuvTi^ou  TOO 'Ao-flTji/ai'oLi,  &c.  Where  we  have  no  lesse  then  seven- 
teen Graecians  nam'd  elder  then  Homer.  There  are  also  enumerated 
the  names  of  twenty  Argive  Kings  from  Inachus  to  Agamemnon, 
which  strongly  infers  the  means  of  recording  by  Sculpture  and  Writing 
to  have  been  very  antient.  For  so  we  read  that  the  poems  of  Hesiod 
were  eng-i'aven  in  lead.  Aristotle  mentions  Daphne,  a  certain  devotresse 
of  Apollo;  Sabinus  and  Diodorus  many  others.  But  when,  or  who- 
ever it  were,  thence  (as  we  said)  it  travelled  into  Greece,  that  theater 
of  the  Arts,  where  it  soon  arriv'd  to  the  supreamest  height  of  perfection, 
when  being  applied  to  the  forming  of  Inures,  it  was  celebrated  by  all 
the  witty  men  of  those,  and  the  succeeding  ages.     Homer  tells  us  of 

*  Ovidj  Metam.  1. 


269 

the  engraving  in  the  shield  of  Achilles  *;  Hesiod  that  of  Hercules  ;  not 
to  mention  the  Sculptures  upon  the  charriot  of  the  Sun,  described  by 
the  Poet,   because  it  is    fictitious,  though    extreamly  ingenious,    arid 
whence  happly  they  might  have  their  Vehicula,  CJcelata  meijtion'd  by 
Q.  Curtius  \,     But  whether  now  these  antient  and  famous  pieces  were 
hollow,  like  those  of  our  burine,  or  the  work  of  our  chissel  and  repair'd 
embossments,  might  seem  a  difficulty  to  resolve,  from  the  frequent  in- 
terpretations we  attributed  to  the  verbe  in  the  former  chapter ;  if  what 
we  have  here  attested  concerning  the  antiquity  of  letters,  and  conse- 
quently of  flat  incisions,  pronounce  not  for  its  preheminence,  however 
this  may  appear  to  the  more  judicious.     Add  to  it,  that  both  Plasiica, 
(whatever  others  may  fancy)  unless  we  will  ascend  to  the  divine  figura- 
tion of  the  first  breathing  Statue  that  was  ever  form'd  (and  with  Pliny, 
derive  it  to  be  before,  and  the  Mother  of  Sculpture),  and  the  Anaglyptic 
Art,  (not  prpduc'd  in  the  world  'till  about  the  time  of  Belus,  and  the 
jbeginning  of  Gentilisme).  were  not  'till  long  after  the  use  of  letters ;   if 
Enoch's  prophesy  were  not  preserved  by  unwritten  tradition,  and  the 
former  apocryphal    monuments  have  other  foundation  then  the  wit  of 
the  Rabbins,  which  we  can  by  no  means  assent  to  in  the  general!.     Be- 
sides, if  we  apply  it  to  intaglias  in  stone,  seals,  and  the  like,  for  having 
been  almost  coevoiis  vvith  rings,  (what  was  else  the  signet  which  Judah 
left  with  his  daughter  Tamar  J  ?)   it  questionless  derives  its  original  be- 
fore any  history  at  present  extant  in  the  world,  divine  or  humane,  was 
committed  to  writing.     Of  which  he  who  has  a  thirst  to  satisfie  his  cu- 
riosity farther,  may  consult  >Gorlseus,  or  Fortun.  'L<icetus  de  ulnnulis 
jdntiquorum;  where  also  concerning  their -Sculpture,  first  in  iron,  then 
in  gold,  other  metals  and  stones  ;  and  of  which  might  very  much  be 
SKlded,  both  touching  their  dignity,  signification,  and  how  they  came  at 
length  to' be  worne  so  universally.     Something  we  might  here  likewise 
insert  of  their  constellated  figures,  or  talismans,  long  since  engraven 
upon  certain  instants  and  periods  of  the  sun's  ingresse  into  such  and 
such  partieular  signes  of  the  Zodiac,  treated  of  by  Francis  Rueus  the 
physitian,  Tralianus,  and,  instar  omnium,  by  the  learned  Gafiarel  at 
large  ;  but  we  hasten  to  that  which  followes. 

*  Iliad,  3.  Metam.  1.  3.  t  L.  3.  c.  3.  J  Gen.  xxxviii.  18. 


270 


CHAP.  III. 

or  THE  REPUTATION  AND  PROGRESSE  OF  SCULPTURE  AMONGST  THE 
GREEKS  AND  ROMANS,  DOWN  TO  THE  MIDDLE-AGES;  WITH  SOME 
PRETENSIONS  TO  THE  INVENTION  OF  COPPER-CUTS,  AND  THEIR 
IMPRESSIONS. 

We  have  now  done  with  the  original,  and  will  next  endeavour  to 
investigate  what  progress  it  has  made  amongst  those  glorious  and  uni- 
versal monarchs,  when  Sculpture  and  all  other  noble  arts  Were  in  their 
ascei^dent  and  highest  reputation  ;  I  mean  the  Greeks  and  the  Romans ; 
for  to  the  first  does  Herodotus  appropriate  the  perfection  of  this  art,  not 
admitting  it  to  have  arriv'd  at  the  latter  till  about  the  time  of  Spurius 
Cassius,  when  Baptist  Alberti  ascribes  it  to  his  countrymen  the  Tuscans. 

Those  who  have  well  surveied  the  natural  history  of  Pliny,  will  easily 
commute  for  the  omission,  if,  out  of  pure  indulgence  to  their  eyes  only 
we  forbear  the  transcribing  of  at  least  three  or  four  intire  chapters,  in- 
dustriously baulking  those  ample  and  luxurious  fields  of  statues,  as  under 
the  fusile  and  plaistic  head  *;  because  it  suites  not  with  our  present  design 
and  institution  :  for  to  passe  over  the  figures  in  metal,  those  of  gypsum 
and  other  materials,  the  Sculptores  Marmoris  were  so  many,  and  the 
Greeks  so  extravagantly  fond  of  their  works,  that  at  Rhodes  alone,  that 
small  island,  were  no  less  than  73,000  signa  ;  nor  were  there  fewer  at 
Athens,  Olympia,  Delphi,  and  several  other  cities,  whereof  whole  armies 
of  them  were  transferred  to  Rome,  after  Achaia  had  been  conquered  by 
L.  Mummius,  at  which  period  the  Greek  arts  began  to  rise,  and  be  in 
such  reputation  amongst  them  ;  and  this  to  so  high  an  excesse,  as  Pliny 
records  of  his  age,  that  there  were  almost  as  many  statues  as  men,  by  a 
kind  of  noble  contention  (saves  Sr.  H.  Wottonf)  in  point  of  fertility 'twixt 
art  and  nature,  and  which  he  and  my  Lord  Bacon  improves  to  a  politique 
as  well  as  altogether  an  expenceful  magnlficency.  It  shall  then  suflBce 
that  we  be  sparing  in  these  instances,  and  keep  ourselves  to  those  vvorkes 
and  intaglias  only,  which  do  nearest  approach  our  design;  of  which  sort 


*  1.  33.  c.  8.    1.  34.  c.  13.    1.  36.  c.  6.  f  Element.  Architect.  Instaurat.  Scient 


271 

may  be  esteemed  those  uTTOT^^etyia'fMtTct  mentioned  by  Pliny,  in  which  art 
that  famous  Pyrgoteles  did  so  excell,  as  made  Alexander  the  Great  or- 
dain that  none  should  presume  to  carve  his  effigies  save  him  only ;  to 
paint  or  cast  him,  besides  Apelles  and  Lysippus, 

Edicto  vetuit,  ne  quis  se,  praeter  Apellem, 
Pingeret,  aut  alius  Lysippo  duceret  aera 
Fortis  Alexandri  vultum  simulantia*. 

Had  Queen  Elizabeth  been  thus  circumspect,  there  had  not  been  so 
many  vile  copies  multiplyed  from  an  ill  painting  ;  as  being  called  in,  and 
brought  to  Essex-house*!*,  did  for  several  years  furnish  the  pastry-men 
with  peels  for  the  use  of  their  ovens. 

We  wish  the  same  might  please  his  Majesty,  and  that  none  save  such 
as  for  their  excellent  tallent  had  particular  indulgence,  might  any  more 
dare  to  represent  his  sacred  person  in  painting  or  carving,  then  in  his 
coyne  and  royal  signature ;  for  it  is  seriously  a  reproachfull  thing  only 
to  behold  how  it  is  profan'd  by  the  hand  of  so  many  vile  and  wretched 
bunglers  (they  deserve  not  the  name  of  workmen)  as  blush  not  daily  to 
expose  their  own  shame,  in  so  precious  and  rever'd  a  subject ;  and  that 
the  heads  of  kings  and  heroes  should  be  permitted  to  hang  for  signes, 
among  cats  and  owles,  dogs  and  asses,  at  the  pleasure  of  every  tavern 
and  tippling-house,  we  have  frequently  stood  in  admiration  of.  But  so 
did  not  that  of  Alexander,  as  we  noted ;  nor  would  Augustus  make 
himself  cheaper  then  that  great  master  of  his  time,  Dioscorides,  pleas'd, 
whom  he  particularly  chose  to  preserve  and  derive  his  divine  effigies  to 
the  after  ages,  and  to  the  honour  of  his  memory,  by  what  he  left  in  those 
signets  and  other  stones  which  he  cut  for  that  renown'd  Emperour.  Thus 
Sculpture  began  to  be  most  eminent  in  stones  and  gemms,  auro,  argento, 
tBre,ferrOfligno,  ehore,marmore,  vitro,  Sec.  as  this  author  affirms,  where, 
discoursing  of  the  famous  works  which  were  left  by  the  masters  of  note 
upon  record  in  his  time,  he  seems  to  ascribe  the  invention  to  one  DIpoenus 
and  Scyllis  ;  for  we  shall  not  here  ascend  so  high  as  Prometheus,  or 
speak  much  of  Ideocus,  Eucirapus,  Lysistratus,  Demophilus,  Dedalusj 
Leochares,  Policarmus,  Myrmecides,  and  innumerable  others.    It  would 


*  Hor.  E.  Epist  2.  t  Where  my  L.  of  Leicester  then  lived. 


272 

Aiehis  (as  we  said)  to  transcribe  the  names  biit  of  the  peiees  only  of  all 
!  retibwried  men  \<?hom  he  there  celebrates'  for  their  engravings  oti 
uTj  eupsi  rings,  glass  j  even  to  the  very  Figulina,  Vasa  coelaiaj  such  as 
s  brake  of  purpose,  lest  some  other  unexpected  accident  or  mischance 
it  put  him  into  passion,  as  Plutarch  tells  the  story*.  Hydrice  and 
r-pots  were  thus  wrought,  and  Pliny  speaks  of  the  engraving  even 
'ead.  'Tis  yet  observable,  that  very  few  were  found  who  took  any 
ure  to  engrave  in  gold  (as  we  conceive),  being  too  soft  a  met&ll :  hut 
itudes  that  wrought  insilVeri  ^Specially  the  famous  Mentor,  of  whose 
.  Varro  affirmes  he  had  a  pieqe  in  his  possession,  which  he  infinitely 
id ;  for,  it  seems,  he  had  never  finished  above  eighty  which  \vere 
of  them  lost.  Two  more  of  his  cups  had  L.  Crassus  the  orator, 
i  at  C.  HS.-f-  Confessus  est  tamen  se  nunquafn  his  uti,  propter 
"Undidm  ausum  ;  so  richy  it  seems,  and  magnificent  they  were^,  that 
this  great  person  professed  he  never  durst  make  use  of  them  out  of 
modefsty,  and  to  avoid  the  censure  of  being  thought  too  luxurious, 
ial  describes  another,  where  a  lizard  was  so  lively  represented,,  men 
afraid  it  Wbuld  bite. 

Inserta  Phialae  Mentoris  manu  ducta 
Lacerta  vivit,  et  timetur  argentum. 

2xt  to   Mentor  was   Acragus,  Boethus-,  and  Mys,  whose  master- 
was  expos'd  at  Rhddes  ;  especially  those  glorious  vasas  and  goblets 
e  Bacchanalia,   engraven  by   the  forefflention'd   Acragus,  and  of 
ige,  chases,  and  hunting.     Famous  also  were   Calamis,  Antipater, 
StratonicUs,  who  engraved  the   Satyr  sleeping,  a  stupendous  piece 
t.  Then  th^rei  flourlshfed  Taurisdus,  ofCizicum;  Aristus  and  Eumcjus, 
of  them  Mityleniarts  ;  likewise  Hecates,  and  the  renowned  Praxi- 
,  about  the  titne  of  Pompey  ;  Posidonius  of  Eph^Sus,  and  Ledus, 
lus  for  representing  of  battails,  &c.     To  be  brief  (for  their  works  are 
5ss),  Zdpirus   whoengrav'd  the  dotir^;  of  the  Areopagi  in  a  cup,  and 
rial  of  Orestes.  After  him  lived  PytheUs,  and  sfeveral  othei-s  too  long 
to  recite.     Nor  werfe  all  these  Gravers  in  flat,  but,  as  w6  said,  in 
vo  some  of  them,  and  more  approaching  to  the  Statuary.     Besides 


Plut.  in  Apotheg.  f  "  An  hundred  sesterces,  about  8001." 


.     .•'■273 

*  such  as  were  excellent  medaillists,  from  Augustus,  Caligula,  Claudius, 
Nero,  Galba,  &c.  down  to  the  reigns  of  Coiftmodiis  and  Pertinax;  for 
from  Severus  it  greatly  decay'd,  and  the  •  most  toUerable  engravings  of 
the  former  lasted  but  to  Nerva,  the  best  being  those  whibh  were  cut  and 
stamped  in  the  time  of  Caligula,  Claudius,  and  Nero,  about  which  period 
Sculpture  beginning  to  degenerate  in  Greece,  it  travell'd  and  came  to 
Rome,  now  opulent  and  victorious.     But  after  these,  andthe  formerly 
recorded  by  Pliny,  there  were  not  many  who  left  either^  name  or  work 
famous  to  posterity;  for,  besides  that  the  monarchy  was  soon  broken 
and  disorder'd,  the  later  Emperors  became  less  curious,  rich,  and  magni- 
ficent; so  as  even  in  the  time  of  the  Great  Constantine  it  self,  arts  began 
manifestly  to  degenerate  :  but,  when  afterwards  the  Goths  and  Saracens 
had  broken  in  Upon  the  Roman  empire,-  and  made  those  horrid  devas- 
tations, they  were  in  a  manner  utterly  lost,  as  the  reliques  which  they 
left  in  Statuary,  Sculpture,  Architecture,  Letters,  and  all  other  good 
axts,  do  yet  testifie.     It  is  true,  that  the  ruder  Danes  and  Nbrvegians 
had  in  these  times  their  Runic  writings,  or  engraven  letters,  as  in  their 
Rimstoc  or  Primstaf,  some  square  or  long  piece  of  board,  or  staflF,  having 
an  almanac  carved  on  it.     So  they  engrav'd  their  letters  on  bones,  either 
whole  or  sliced,  and  bound  up  together,  like  our  tallies;  also  upon 
ja;,w-bones  of  the  greater  fishes  taken  on  their  coasts;   and  PFbrmim 
in  Fasti  Danici  L.  1.  cAttjo.  18.  mentions  Danish  hieroglyphics,  on  the 
tombs  of  their  old  heroes  ;  lyons,  bears,  horses,  dogs,  dragons,  snakes, 
&c.  wrought  on  the  hardest  rocks,  together  with  Runic  characters  ;  so 
as  these  nations  seldom  travell'd  without  their  g-r-eef,  Qxgrcef*s&x:,aVvt\d, 
of  point  or  stiletto,  with  which  they  us'd  to  carve  out  letters  and  other 
figures  upc^n  occasion ;  but  it  was  yet  so  rude,  and  their  gusto  so  deprav'd, 
that  they  demolisb'd  and  ruin'd  all  those  goodly  fabricks  and  excellent 
works    wherever  they   became    masters,  introducing   their  lame  and 
wretched  manner  in  all  those  arts  which  they  pretended  to  restore,  even 
when  now  they  became  a  little  more  civiliz'd  by  the  conversation  of  the 
more  polish'd  and  flourishing  countries ;  for  it  was  not  any  general  add 
imaginary  decay,  which  some  have  conceited  to  be  difFus'd  upon  the 
universal  face  of  nature,  that  the  succeeding  periods  did  not  emerge  or 
attain  to  the  excellency  of  the  former  ages,  antient  masters,  and  renowned 

2  N 


274 

wprkes  ;  b^t  to  th^  universal  decgy  of  n<xblQ  aiid  heroic  genius's  t-Q 
enpoMirjigft  ihism.  .  JPriscis  enim  temporibus,  (saies  Petronius)*  cum 
<i!^h/uc  Mtda  virhts  placeret,  vigehant  unites  ingenuce^  sjfmmumqtjLe 
^(^t^wen  int^f  homines  eraty  ne  gui4  profaturum  sceculis  diu  lateret. 
J[t0q^e,I^ercules!  herharum  omnium  iSMccp^s  Deippcritus  expressif;  et,  ne 
KLpidmn  vi9;gultariimque  vis  lateret,  eetatemin^r  mperimenta  consump^ 
sit :  Eudoxus  quidem  in  cacuntiT^  excelsissimi  miosis  consenuit,  ut  astrof 
X^m  ccelique  mopus  deprehenderet :  p/  GljJ'ysiippus  utad  i;n,pentvonem  s%^<- 
fpQeret,  ter  helj^lhoro  ani^m?n  detfr^it.  Verum,  ut  adpiastas  qonvertar, 
(which  coroejs  ppa^esjl;  our  instance)  Lysippo^,  ^tt^t^a^  unius  li;neam€^n 
^^  inhcBventem,  inppia  ex.tinxit ;  et  Myron,  qui  pcene  J^or^inum  animas, 
ferarumque,  cer,e  comprekendit,  nan  invenit  heredem.  At  nos,  vino 
sportisque  d^mersi,  ne  paratas  quidem  q.rMs  aud&mus  eognoscere  ;  sed, 
accusatores  antiquitatis,  vitia  tantum  doqemus  et  discimus,  Sfc.  He 
conchidesj  ^plito  ergo  mirariy  si  pictfira  deficit,  cum  qnenihus  d%is 
hominibusque  formosior  videatur  massa  awi,  quam  quicquid  Apelles, 
Phidiasue,  Grcefmli  deliranfes,J'eeerunt. 

And  if  thus,  even  in  the  greatest  height  and  perfection  of  the 
sciences,  the  eloquent  satyrjst  could  find  just  reason  to  deplore  their 
decadence,  and  censure  the  vices  of  that  agej  wh^t  shall  we  say  of 
purs,  so  miserably  declining,  and  prodigioijsly  degenerate  ?  We  want 
Alexanders,  Augustus's,  such  as  Francis  the  1.  Cpsimp  di  Medices, 
Charles  the  V. ;  those  fathers  an4i  Mecsenas's  of  the  arts,  who  by  thpir 
liberality  and  affection  to  virtue  na^y  stimulate  and  provoke  men  to 
gallant  exploits;  and  that  being, thereby  once  at  their  ease  from  the 
penurie  and  necessities  which  depresse  the  noblest  mindes,  they  might 
work  for  glory,  and  not  for  those  trifling  and  iUiberal  re war<ls  which 
hardly  would  find  them  bread,  should  they  employ  but  half  that  time 
upon  their  studies,  which  were  requisite  to  bring  their  labours  to  the 
supremest  perfection ;  since,  according  to  that  saying,  ou^ilv  tuv  fji.fya\av 
Hpu  ymrou ;  nothing  which  is  great  can  be  done  without  leasure.  If  a 
quarter  of  that  which  is  thrown  away  upon  cards,  dice,  dogs,  mistresses, 
base  and  vitious  gallanteries,  arid  impertinent  follies,  were  employ'd  to 


*  Petronii  Arb.  Satyrieon.    Cap.  88. 


275 

the  encouragement  of  arts,  and  promotion  of  Science,:  how  iikstflous 
and  magnificent  wrndd  that  age  be ;  how  glorious  and  itifiiiiteiy  happy  ? 
We  complain  of  the  times  presewt,  'tis  we  that  make  them  had ;  we 
admire  the  formed,  *tis  the  efi^ct  of  our  ignorance  only ;  and  which  is 
yet  more  criminal,  in  that  we  have  had  their  examples  to  instruct,  and 
have  made  them  to  reproch  «s.  Pardon  this  indignation  of  ours,  O  ye 
that  love  vertue  and  cultivate  the  sciences ! 

To  returne  to  our  institution  again :    Sculpture  and  Chalcography 

seem  to  have  been  of  much   antienter  date  in  China  then  with  us ; 

where  all  their  writings  and  printed  records  were  engraven  either  on 

copper  plates  or  cut  in  tablets'  of  wood,  of  which  some  we  possesse,  and 

have  seen  more,  representing  (in  ill  pictures)  landskips,  stories,  and 

the  likci     Josephus  Scaliger  affirmes  that  our  first  letters'  in  Europe 

were   thus  cut  upon  vt'ood,  beftw^  they  invented  the   ti/pck  ceneos ; 

instancing  in  a  certain  Horologium  JB.  Matties^*  which  he  sayes  he 

had  seen  printed  upon  parchment  a  great  while  since :  but  Semedo 

Would  make  the  world  believe  that  the  foremention'd  Chinezes  have 

been  possess'd  of  this  invention  about  sixteen  hundred  years,   some 

others  affirme  SJ^OO.     However,  that  they  were  really  masters  of  it 

Jong  before  uis,  is  universally  agreed  Upon  ;  and  is  yet  in  such  esteeiit 

stmongst  them^  that  the  very  artisan  wh»>  compounds  this  ink  for  thie 

piidsse,-  is  not  accounted  amongst  the  mechanic  professors  ;  but  is  dig- 

Eaf;^d  with'  a  liberal  salary,  and  particular   priviledges.     They  also 

engrave  uponi  stone,  and  imprint  with  it ;  but  with  this  difference  in 

the  worfcing-off,  that  the  p£^er  being  black  the  Sculpture  remains  white. 

More  admirable  is  that  whiehthey  attest  was  fouiid  in  Mexico  and  other 

places  of  the  new  Worldj  where  they  hieroglyphiz'd  both  their  thoughtis, 

histories,  and  inventions  to  posterity,,nbt  much  unlike  to  the  Egyptians, 

though  in  lesse  durable  and  permanent  maiterf:  the  same  likewise  Jo. 

Laet  afiBrmes  of  the  Sculpture  among  the  Acadise,  and  those  of  Nova 

Firancia  ;  so  natural!(it  seems)  and  useful  was  this  art,  everi  to  the  least 

civilized  amongst  the  Heath^isi.     And  there  is  indeed  nothing  at  which 

*  Hist.  Chin,  part.  1.  cap.  7- 

t  Several  curious  specimens  -are  engraved  in  the  "  Voyage  de  Humboldt  et  Bonpland."    Folio. 
Paras,  1810. 


276 

we  more  admire,  and  deplorej  then  that  this  facile  and  obvious  inven- 
tion ;  and  which  would  have  transmitted  to  us  so  many  rare  and  admir- 
able things,  was  never  hit  upon  among  the  Greeks  and  inventive 
B.omans,  who  engrav'd  so  many  inscriptions  both  in  brasse  and  marble  ; 
impressed  and  publish'd  so  many  thousands  of  medails  and  coynes  as 
are  in  the  hands  and  collections  of  the  virtuosi,  and  the  bowels  of  the 
earth,  wherever  their  conquests  extended  themselves,  or  eagles  dis- 
play'd  their  wings. 


CHAP.  IV. 

OF  THE  INVENTION  AND  PROGRESSE  OF  CHALCOGRAPHY  IN  PAR- 
TICULAR, TOGETHER  WITH  AN  AMPLE  ENUMERATION  OF  THE 
MOST    RENOWNED    MASTERS,    AND    THEIR    WORKES.  ^  ... 

The  Art  of  Engraving  and  working  off  from  plates  of  copper, 
which  we  call  Prints,  was  not  yet  appearing  or  born  with  us  till  about 
the  year  1490,  which  was  near  upon,  50,  years  after  Typography  had 
been  found  out  by  John  Guittemberg ;  or  whoever  that  lucky  person 
were  (for  'tis  exceedingly  controverted)^  that  first  produc'd  the  inven- 
tion. There  is  a  collection  of  antient  Offices  adorned  with  several 
Sculptures  (if  so  we  may  terme  those  wretched  Gravings  in  the  infancy 
of  this  Art)  where  the  Devil  is  but  one  great  blot  (as  indeed  he  is  the 
foulest  of  the  Creation)  and  the  rest  of  the  figures  monochroms  as 
ridiculous  and  extravagant ;  though  still  as,  the  invention  grew  older, 
refining  and  improving  upon  it.  One  of  the  antientest  Gravings  which 
we  have  seew,  to  which  any  mark  is  oppos'd,  hath  M.  3.  and  M.  C.  in 
one  of  the  corners  of  the  plates;  and  it  was  long  that  they  used  the 
initial  letters  of  their  names  only,-  and  sometimes  but  one,  as  in  those 
of  Lucas.  Albert  Durer  did  frequently  add  the  year  of  the  Lord,  and 
his  own  age  from  ten  to  fourteen,  &c.  performing  such  things  as  might 
shame  most  of  the  best  masters,  for  the  true  and  steady  design,'  the 
incomparable  proportion,  and  stroke  of  his  graver.  But  Israel,  Martin 
Schoen,  and  the  Todesco  (who  is  by  some  sirnamed  the  Master  of  the 
Qandlestick,  because  of  tlie  foulnesse  of  his  ink)  were  of  the  very  first, 
as  far  as  we  can  collect,  who  published  any  works  of  this  kind  under 


277 

tfeeir.  names,  wrought  off  by  the  roUing-presse,  and  whose  slender 
attempts  gave  encouragement  to  those  who  have  succeeded. 

George  Vasari,  who  has  been  exceedingly  curious  in  this  enquiry, 

attributes  the  first  invention  of  this  art  to  one  Maso  Finiguerra,  a  Flbr-^ 

entine,   about  anno  1460,  which  exceeds  our  former  computation  .by 

thirty  years  ;  but  then  we  are  to  consider  by  what  progresse  and  degrees, 

for  it  was  first  only  in  silver,  to  fill  with  a  certain  encaustic  or  black 

enamel,  which  it  seems  gave  him  the  first  hint  how  to  improve  it  in 

plates  of  brass,  which  having  engraved,  he  did  onely  fume,  taking  off 

the  impression  with  a  moyst  paper  and  a  rolling  pin.     This  mean  com^ 

mencement  was  yet  afterwards  pursu'd  by  Baccio  Baldini,  a  Goldsmith, 

his  countryrman,  whose  works  coming  to  the  sight  of  Andrea  Mantegna 

in  Rome,  invited  that  great  painter  to  give  him  some  deslgnes  of  his 

own  for  his  encouragement ;  and  from  thence  it  travell'd  into  Flanders 

to  one  Martine  of  Antwerp,  whose  works  (as  we  observ'd}  were  usually 

countersign'd  with  M.  the  first  whereof  were  the  Five  wise  and  Jive 

foolish  VirginSf  and  a  Crucifix,  which  was  so  well  cut  that  Gerardo,  a 

Florentine  Painter,  would  needs  copy  it.     After  this  he  published  his 

Four  Fvangelists  ;  our  Saviour  and  the  Twelve  Apostles ;  a  Veronica, 

S.  George;  Christ  before  Pilate,  a.uA\Assumption  of  the  JB.  Virgin, 

one  of  the  rarest  that  ever  he  did ;  besides  that  St.  Anthonies  Tempr 

tation,  which  was  so  well  performed  that  Michael  Angelo  (exceed >- 

ingly  ravished  with  it)  would  needs  wash  it  over  with  his  own  hands. 

The  next  that  >  appeared  of  note  was  the  formerly ,  mention'd  and 
renowned  Albert  Durer,  who  flourished  about  the  year  1503,  and  who 
had  performed  wonders  both  in  copper  and  wood,  had  he  once  fortun'd 
upon  the  least  notion  of  that  excellent  manner  which  came  afterwards 
to  be  in  vogue,  of  giving  things  their  natural  distances  and  agreeable 
sweetnesse,  the  defect  of  which  SirH.  Wotton  does  worthily  perstringe 
both  in  him  and  some  others*.  But  to  proceed ;  Albert  being  very 
young,  set  forth  Our  Lady ;  mme  designes  oi  JSorses  after  the  life; 
the  Prodigal i  S.  Sebastian,  in  little;  &  Nymph  ravished  by  a  Mon^^ 
ster ;  a  Woman  on  Horseback;  Diana  chastising  a. Nymph  whofties 

*  Elements  of  Architecture.    4to.  1624. 


2/8 

to  a  Sutler  for  protection^  In  which  he  discovered  his  admirable  talent 
and  skill  in  expressing  nudities ;  a  Countiyman  and  Woman  playing 
on  bagpipes,  with  Poultry y  &^c.  about  diem  ;   Venus  or  the  Temptation 
of  the  Stove ;  his  two  St.   Christophers,  rare  cuts.     After  that,   he 
engraved  several  stamps  in  wpo^j  proof  whereof  he  gave  in  the  decol- 
lation of  St.  Jo.  Baptist  with  Herodias  ;  Pope  Sixtus  ;  St.  Stephem; 
Lazarus  ;  St.  George  ;  a  Passion  in  great ;  the  La>st  Swpiper  ;  Christ's 
apprehension  in  the  Garden  ;  Descent  into  Limbo,  and  Resurrections i 
with  eight  ,more  prints  of  this  subjject,  which  are  held  to  be  spurious. 
All  th^e  he  published  anno  1510.  The  year  following  he  set  forth  the 
Life  of  Our  Lady,  in  twenty  sheets,  rarely  conducted ;  the  ^pocalyps 
in  fifteen  sheets,  of  which  the  Painters  have  made  sufficient  use  j  Chrisi 
hem&anvng  our  sins.     Then  applying  himself  to  grave  in  copper  again, 
he  published  his  Mehnc^oMa,   three  different  Mmdonas,   with,  thirty 
pieces  besides  concerning  the  Passiom;.  aijd  which  being  afterwards 
imitated  by  that  rare  Artist  Marca  Antonio  (who  had.  procuu'd  them  ai 
Venice)  and  published  for  originals  (so  exactly  it  seems  they  were  per- 
form'd)  did  so  insense  Albert,  that  he  made  a  journey  to  Venice  ex- 
presly  to  complain,  of  the  injury  to  the  Senate,  and  obtain'd  at  laist,  that 
M.  Antonio  should  no  more  be  permittedi  to  set  his  mark  or  plagia^ 
which  was  all  he  could  procure  of  them.    Another  emulator  of  Albert's 
was  Lucas  van  Leyden,  whom  at  his  returne  into  Germany,  he  found 
had  well  neer  overtaken  him  for  the  sweetnesse  of  his  burine,  though 
something  inferiour  of  deagn  :  such  were  a  Christ  heamng  the  Crosse, 
and  another  of  his  Crucificaion  ;  Sampson;  David,  on  a  Hor&e  ;  Mar- 
tyrdome  of  S.  Peter,;  Saul  and  David;  the  Slhughter  of  Goliah; 
the  Famous- Piper ;   Virgil's,  and  some  other  heads;  all  which  works 
did  so  inflame  his  antagonist  Alberty.  that  in  a  laudable  re v^ige  he 
^\ih]ish.'dhiBjirm'd  CaViulier,  or  Dream,  in  which  the  brightnesse  and 
lustre  of  the  armour  and  horse  is  rarely  conducted.     Then  in  the  year 
1512  he  set  forth- siss- other  small  stories  of  tha  Posmon,  which  Lucas 
also  imitated,  though  hardly  reach'd J     Then  a. /S.  George;  Solomon's 
Idolatry  ;  ike  Baptisme  of  our  Lord;  Pyramws  andThisMe;  Aha<- 
suerus  afnd  Hester,  ^-e.     These  again  incited  Albert-  to  publish-  that 
Temperantia,  whom  he  elevates  above  the  clouds,  S.  Eustathius  and 


279 

the  Hart,  a  most  incomparable  cu*;  his  Death' »  Head  in  a  ScutcheoHi 
ajftd  several  German  Cmtes  full  of  rare  «iau»tli«gs  affld  invention.  Also 
S,  Mi^ram,  a  Christ  and  twelve  Aposties  in  small :  anno  1523,  many 
heads,  as  that  of  Erasmus,  Co^rdmed  <A]^ti  the  Imperial  Mlector^s^ 
and  his  own,  with  divers  other. 

Lucas  again,  i-n  emulation  ©f  these,  set  f<»rth  his  Jbs^h  and  four 
Mvangelists ;  the  Angels  aip^eanng  to  Jj^raham;  Susanna;  David 
fraying  I  Mmdeccly  triumphmg ;  Lot;  the  Creation  ^  Adam  and 
Eve ;  the  StOry  of  Cwm  and  Abel,  anna  1529.     But  what  procur'd 
him  immortal  glory  was  bis  great  Crucifm;  Mece  Homo,  and  Conver- 
sion Q^  SoMii  Pmd;  in  whaich  he  exceeded  himself  b®th  for  the  work 
and  ordonance  ;   the  distances,  being  better  e'cmdlicted  then  Albert's, 
and  indeed  so  well  observ'd,  as  ga^ve  light  even  to  some  of  the  best 
painters  that  succeeded  him ;  so  much  are  they  oblig'd  to  this  art,  and 
to  this  rare  worfemfwi.    He  graved  also  several  Madonas,  our  blessed 
Saviowr^nA  Apostles  ;  together  with  divers  Saints,  Armes  and  Mant-, 
Vmgs,  a  Mountebanc,  and  many  more. 

But  to  returne  now  into  Italy,  from  Vvhence  we  first  sallied.  In  the 
time  of  Raphael  Urblne  flourished  die  renouned  Marco  Antonio,  who 
gTaved  after  those  incomparible  pieces,  of  that  famous  painter  to  whom 
he  was  so  dear,  that  the  honour  he  has  done  him  to  posterity  will  ap- 
pear as  long  as  that  School  of  Raphael  remains  in  the  Pope's  chamber 
at  the  Vatican,  or  any  memorial  of  it  lasts;  though,  to  speak  truth, 
even. of  this  rare  graver,  the  pieces  which  he  hath  published  seem  to  be 
more  estimable  yet  for  the  choice  and  imitation,  then  for  any  other  , 
perfection  of  the  burine;  as  forming  most  of  his  figures  and  touches  of 
too  equal  force,  and  by  no  means  well  observing  the  distances,  according 
to  the  rules  of  perspective,  that  tehdernesse  and,  as  the  Italians  terme 
it,  Morbidezza  in  the  hatchings,  which  is  absolutely  requisite  to  render 
apiece  accomplish'd  and  without  reproch. 

We  have  recited  above  what  he  coppied  aftei:  Albert  Durer ;  but  being 
at  Rome,  and  applying  himself  to  Raphael,  he  cut  that  rare  Lucretia 
of  his,  which  he  perform 'd  so  miich  to  satisfaction,  that  divers  excellent 
painters  desir'd  him  to  publish  many  of  their  works.  This  produc'd 
CJrbine's  Judgmei^t  of  Pmris,  at  which  the  city  was  so  ravish'dj  that 


280 

they  decreed  the  golden  apple  to  Antonio  before  the  fair  goddesse' 
Then  he  set  forth  the  Slaughter  of  the  Innocents^  Neptune,  the  Bape 
of  Helena,  all  of  them  of  Raphael's  designing  :  ^Iso  the  Martyrdoms 
of  St.  Felix  in  the  hoyling  oyl,  which  purchas'd  him  so  much  fame  and 
credit;  but  this  excellent  painter  would  alwayes  frona  that  time  for- 
wards have  one  of  his  servants  to  attend  only  M.  Antonio's  rolling- 
press,  arid  to  work  oflF  his  plates,  which  then  begian  to  be  marked  with 
R.  S.  for  Raphael  Sancio,  which  was  the  name  of  Urbine,  and  with 
M.  F.  for  Marco  Fecit.  Of  these  there  is  a  Venus  design'd  by  Raphael, 
Abraham  and  his  Handmaid.  After  this  he  graved  all  those  rounii 
designes  painted  in  the  Vatican  by  the  same  hand ;  likewise  the  Ga- 
liope,  Providentia,  Jiistitia,'  the  Muses,  Apollo,  Parnassus^  the  Poets, 
JEneas  and  Anchises,  the  famous  Galatea,  all  of-  them  after  Raphael : 
also  the  three  Theological  Per'tues  and  four  Moral,  Poor,  Christ  and 
the  Twelve ;  several  Madonas,  St.  Hierome,  Tobit,  St.  John  Baptist, 
and  divers  other  saints ;  besides  many  prints  after  the  Cartoons  of  Ra- 
phael, which  had  been  design'd  to  be  wrought  in  tapestry  and  arras  ;  as 
the  stories  of  St.  Peter,  Paul,  Stephen^  John,  St.  Catharine,  and  sun- 
dry heads  to  the  life,  &c.  especially  that  incomparable  one  of  Pietro 
Aretino  the  poet.  Some  things  likewise  being  sent  by  Albert  Durer  out  of 
Germany  to  Raphael,  were,  upon  his  recommendation,  afterwards  cut  by 
M.  Antonio,  together  with  the  Innocents,  a  Ccenaculum,  and  St.  Ceci- 
lia's Martyrdom  of  Raphael's  invention  :  then  he  publish'd  his  Twelve 
Apostles  in  little,  and  divers  Saints  for  the  help  of  painters,  as  St. 
.  Hierome ;  the  naked  Woman  and  the  Lion,  after  Raphael ;  Aurora, 
and  from  ^e  antique  the  Three  Graces. 

,  Marco  di  Ravenna  was  one  of  Antonio's  sehollars,  who  had  also,  to- 
gether with  Augustino  Venetiano,  the  honour  to  dignifie  his  gravings 
with  Raphael's  cypher ;  though  the  latter  often  Us'd  A.  V.I.  his  own 
initial  letters ;  of  both  their  cutting  are  a  Madond,  with  a  Christus 
mortuus;  and  in  a  large  sheet  the  B.  Virgin  praying,  and  a  Nativity 
in  great  also  :  'the  Metamorphoses  of  Lycaon  ;  a  Perfumer  ;  Alexan- 
der^ magnus  and  Boxana ;  a  Ceena  Domini;  the  Annuntiation,  all 
design'd  by  Raphael.  Besides  these  were  set  forth  two  stories  of  the 
Marriage  of  Psyche;  and  indeed  there  was  hardly  any  thing  which 


281 

ever  Raphael  either  painted  or  design'd,  but  what  were  graven  by  one 
or  both  of  these  workmen;  besides  divers  other  things  after  Julio 
Romano,  viz.  all  that  he  painted  in  Raphael's  Lodge,  or  gallery  6f  the 
Vatican ;  some  whereof  are  signed  with  M.  R.  and  others  with  A.  V. 
to  shew  they  had  been  imitated  by  others,  as  was  the  Creation ;  the 
'Sacrifice  of  Cain  and  Ahel;  Noah  ;  Abraham  ;  the  Passage  over  the 
■Med  Sea;  ^e  Promulgation  of  the  Law ;  the  Fall  of  Manna  ;  David 
and  Goliahi  which  also  M.  Antonio  had  published  before;  as  likewise 
the  Temple  of  Solomon  ;  his  Judgment  on  the  Harlots  ;  the  Queen  of 
Sheba's  Visit,  and  many  other  histories  collected  Out  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment, all  of  which  were  published  before ,  Raphael's  decease  :  for  after 
that  Augustino  wrought  with  Baccio  Bahdinelli>  a  sculptor  of  Florence, 
.who  caus'd  him  to  grave  his  Antonitis  and  Cleopatra,  very  rare  things, 
with  divers  other  designs ;-  as  the  Slaughter  of  the  Innocents,  divers 
Nudities,  2ixi^  Clad  Figures ;  not  to  omit  those  excellent  and  incom- 
parable drawings  and  paintings  of  Andrea  del  Sarto,  after  which  he 
graved ;  though  In  the  Christo  mortuo  not  altogether  succeeding  so 
well  as  had  been  vsdshed. 

But  to  come  again  to  Marco  Antonio,  because  there  is  not  a  paper  of 
his  to  be  lost.  After  Raphael's  death  did  Julio  Romano  publish,  some 
of  his  own  deslghes  in  print.  I  say  after  his  death,  for  before,  though 
he  were  an  excellent  painter,  yet  durst  he  never  take  the  boldness  upon 
him.  Such  were  the  Duel  of  Horses ;  a  Venus,  which  he  had  formerly 
painted ;  the  Penance  of  Mary  Magdalen ;  the  Four  Evangelists;  and 
some  bassi  relievi,  with  many  things  that  Raphael  had  design'd  for  the 
Corridor  of  the  Vatican,  and  which  were  afterwards  retouched  by  Tomaso 
Barlacchi.  We  will  not  contaminate  this  discourse  with  those  twenty 
vile  designes  of  Jiillo,  cut  by  M.  Antonio,  and  celebrated  with  the  Im- 
pure verses  of  Peter  Aretino,  by  which  he  so  dishonour'd  this  excellent 
art,  as  well  as  himself,  because  it  deserved  a  severer  animadversion  and 
chastisement  then  was  indicted  upon  him  for  it ;  though  to  commute  for 
this  extravagancy,  he  publish'd  the  Martyrdom  of  St.  Laurence,  in 
which  he  also  reformed  those  designes  of  Baccio  Bandlnelli  to  the  great 
reputation  of  the  art  of  Chalcography. 

About  the  same  time  flourlsh'd  GiouannI  Battista  Mantuano,  disciple 

2o 


282 

of  Julio  Romano,  who  published  a  Madona,  his  armed  Mars  and 
Venus ;  the  Burning  of  Troy,  an  extraordinary  piece  (his  prints  are 
usually  sign'd  LB.  M.);  also  his  three  sheets  of  BdttaUs,  cut  by  some 
other  hand,  a  Physitian  applying  of  Cupping-glasses  to  a  JVoman ; 
Christ's  Journey  into  JEgypt ;  Romulus  and  Rhefnus;  the  Stories  of 
Pluto,  Jupiter  and  Neptune;  the  Miseries  of  Imprisonment ;  Int^r^ 
view  of  the  Armies  of  Scipio  and  Hannibal ;  St.  John  Baptist's  Na- 
tivity, cut  by  Sebastiano  de  Reggio,  all  after  Julio  Romano. 

Giorgio  Mantuano  set  forth  the  Facciata  of  the  Pope's  chappel ;  M. 
Angelo's  Judgement ;  St.  Peter's  Martyrdome ;  the  Conversion  of  St. 
Paul,  &c. ;  and  some  plates  were  sent  abroad  about  the  year  1530, 
eaten  with  aqua  fortis  after  Parmesano  ;  for,  as  ah  cere,  deventum  ad 
Tabular  ceratas  in  writing,  the  use  of,  the  Palimpsestus,  table  books, 
plumhce  lamellce  and  the  like ;  so  happened  it  also  in  this  art  of  Chal- 
cography ;  and  etching  with  corrosive  waters  began  by  some  to  be 
attempted  with  laudable  success,  as  in  this  recital  we  shall  frequently 
have  occasion  to  remember:  but  whether  those  symeters  and  blades 
brought  us  from  Damascus,  and  out  of  Syria,  and  wrought  with  these 
strong  waters,  might  giv6  any  light  to  this  expeditious  and  useful  in- 
vention, we  are  not  yet  inform'd ;  and  the  effect  was  suflScientlv  ob- 
vious after  that  of  the  burine  had  been  well  considered. 

Ugo  da  Carpi  did  things  in  stamp  which  appear'd  as  tender  as  any 
drawings,  and  in  a  new  way  of  chiaro-scuro,  or  mezzo-tinto,  by  the  help 
of  two  plates,  exactly  conter-calked,  one  serving  for  the  shadow,  the 
other  for  the  heightning  ;  and  of  this  he  publish'd  a  Sybilla  after  Ra- 
phael, which  succeeded  so  rarely  well,  that  he  improv'd  the  curiosity  to 
three  colours ;  as  his  JEneas  and  Anchises,  Descent  from  the  Cross, 
story  of  Symon  Magus,  a  David  after  the  same  Urbin,  and  a  Venus,  do 
testifie.  This  occasioned  many  others  to  imitate  him,  as  in  particular, 
Baldassare  Peruzzi,  who  graved  the  Hercules,  Parnassus,  and  the 
Muses;  and  Francisco  Parmegiano,  who  having  set  out  Diogenes  in 
this  guise,  a  very  rare  print,  instructed  Antonio  di  Trento  in  the  art, 
who  published  his  Peter  and  Paul  in  chiaro-obscuro,  the  Tyburtine 
Syhill,  and  a  Madona;  but  none  was  there  who  exceeded  those  of  Bee- 


283 

cafumi,  especially  his  two  Apostles  in  wood,  and  the  Alchemist  \n 
aqua  fortis. 

Fran.  Parmegiano  (whom  we  already  mentioned)  may  be  esteemed  for 
one  of  the  first  that  brought  the  use  of  aqua-fortis  into  reputation ;  so 
tender  and  gracefull  were  some  of  his  etchings,  as  appears  in  that  rare 
Descent  of  the  Cross,  Nativity,  and  several  other  pieces. 

Baptista  Vicentino  and  Del  Moro  set  forth  many  curious  landskips, 

Girolamo  Cocu,  the  Liberal  Sciences,  &c. 

Giacomo  del  Cavaglio  cut  many  things  after  Rosso  Fiorentino,  as  the 
Metamorphosis  of  Saturn  into  a  Horse ;  the  Rape  of  Proserpine  ; 
Antcminus  and  the  Swan  ;  some  of  the  Herculean  Labours  ;  a  book  of 
the  Gods  and  their  Transformations,  whereof  part  are  after  Perino  del 
Vaga ;  also  the  Rape  of  the  Sabines,  an  incomparable  print,  had  it 
been  perfect ;  but  the  city  of  Rome  happening  at  that  time  to  be  in  some 
disorder,  the  plates  were  lost.  He  graved  likewise  for  Parmegiano  the 
Espousals  of  our  Lady,  and  a  rare  Nativity  after  Titian ;  not  to  conceal 
his  admirable  talent  in  cutting  of  onixes,  chrlstals,  and  other  estimable 
stones. 

Eneas  Vico  de  Parma  engraved  the  Rape  of  Helena  after  old  Rosso ; 
a  Vulcan  with  some  Cupids  about  him ;  Leda  after  Mich.  Arigelo ;  the 
Annuntiation  designed  by  Titian ;  the  story  of  Judith,  the  portrait  of 
Cosimo  di  Medices,  &c. ;  also  the  Contest  'twixt  Cupid  and  Apollo 
before  the  Gods ;  the  Conversion  of  St.  Paul  in  great,  a  very  rare 
stamp  ;  the  head  of  Jovanni  dij\fedici,  Charles  the  V.  and  some  rare 
medails  whjch  are  extant  in  the  hands  of  the  curious.  He  also  published 
St.  George  ;  several  Habits  of  Countries  ;  the  Stemmata,  or  trees  of 
the  JEmperours,  and  divers  other  famous  pedigrees. 

Lamberto  Suave  set  forth  13  prints  of  Christ  and  his  Disciples,  far 
better  graved  than  design'd ;  also  the  Resurrection  of  Lazarus,  and  a 
St.  Paul,  which  are  skilfully  and  very  laudably  handled. 

Gio.  Battista  de  Cavaglieri  has  cut  the  Descent  from,  the  Cross,  a 
Madona,  and  many  others. 

Antonio  Lanferri  and  Tomaso  Barlacchi  graved  divers  things  after 
Michael  Angelo,  and  procured  so  many  as  were  almost  numberlesse  : 
but  what  they  publish'd  of  better  use  were  divers  grotescos,  antiquities. 


284 

and  pieces  serving  to  architecture,  taken  out  of  the  old  buildings  an4 
ruines  yet  extant ;  which  afterwards  Sebastiano  Serlio  refining  upon, 
compos'd  the  better  part  of  that  excellent  book  of  his  :  and  of  this  nature 
are  the  things  published  by  Antonio  Labbaco  and  Barozzo  da  Vrgnola, 

The  famous  Titian  himself  left  some  rare  things  graven  with  his  own 
hand  in  wood,  besides  his  Pharo  in  the  great  Cartoons,  divers  Land- 
sJcips,  a  Nativity,  St.  Hiej'om,  St.  Francis:;  and  in  copper,  a  Tanta- 
lus, jddonis  ;  also  in  box,  the  Triumph  of  Faith,  Patriarchs,  Sybills, 
Innocents,  j^postles,  Marty  res,  with  our  Saviour  borne  up  in  a  Chariot 
by  the  four  Evomgelists,  Doctors,  and  Confessors ;  also  the^.  Virgin^ 
a  St.  Anna,  which  he  first  painted  in  chiaro-oscuro  on  the  sepulcher 
of  Luigi  Trivisano,  in  St.  Giovanni  e  paola  at  Venice ;  Samson  and 
Dallila  ;  some  Shepheards  and  Animals;  three  ^erifMccj  sitting,  and 
encompassed  with  serpents  like  the  Ldocoon  ;  not  to  mention  what  were 
published  by  Giulio  Buonasoni,  and  those  which  were  cut  after  Raphael, 
Giulo  Romano,  Parmegiano,  and  several  othersi 

Baptista  Franco,  a  Venetian  painter,  has  shewed  both  his  dexterity 
in  the  graver  and  aqua-fortis  also ;  by  the  Nativity,  Adoration  of  the 
the  Magi,  Predication  of  St.  Pete?;  some  Acts  of  the  Apostles,  His- 
tories of  the  Old  Testament,  after  several  excellent  masters. 

Renato  did  divers  rare  things  after  Rosso,  as  in  that  of  Francis  the 
First  his  passing  to  the  Temple  of  Jupiter  ;  the  Salutation  of  the  B^ 
Virgin ;  and  a  Dance  of  Ten  TVomen,  with  several  others. 

Luca  Penni  published  his  two  Satyrs  whipping  of  Bacchus ;  a 
Leda,  Susanna,  and  some  things  after  Primaticcio :  also  the  Judge- 
ment of  Paris;  Isaac  iipon  the  Altar  ;  a  Christ ;  a  Madona  espousing 
of  St.  Catharine;  the  Metamorphosis  of  Calista,  Concilium  Deorum, 
Penelope,  and  some  others  in  wood.  Who  does  not  with  admiration 
and  even  extasie  behold  the  works  of  Francesco  MarcolinI  ?  especially 
his  Garden  of  Thoughts;  Fate,  Envy,  Calamity,  Ftar,  Praise,  so 
incomparably  cut  in  wood. 

Nor  lesse  worthy  of  commendation  are  the  gravingsof  Gabrielle  Giolito, 
in  the  Orlando  of  Ariosto ;  as  also  those  eleven  pieces  of  Anatomic  made 
for  Andrea  Vessalino,  design'd  by  Calcare  the  Fleming,  an  excellent 
painter,  and  which  Were  afterwards  engraven  in  copper  by  Valverde  in  little. 


285 

•  Christophero  Coriolano  graved  the  heads  in  Vasari's  Lives  of  the 
Painters,  being  after  the  designes  of  the  same  Vasari ;  they  are  in  Wood,. 
and  rarely  done. 

Antonio  Salamanca  did  put  forth  some  very  good  things. 

Andrea  Mantegna,  that  admirable  painter,  engraved  (from  the  paint- 
ings now  at  Hampton  Court)  his  Triumphs  ofi  Ccesar  with  great  art ; 
as  likewise  Baccanalias,  and  Sea- Gods  ;  a  Christ  tahen from  the  Cross, 
his  Burial,  and  Resurrection ;  which  being  done  both  in  brass  and 
wood,  were  conducted  with  that  skill,  as  for  the  softness  and  tendernesse 
of  the  lights,  they  appeared  as  if  they  had  been  painted  in  miniature. 

Nor  may  we  here  omit  to  celebrate,  for  the  glory  of  the  sex,  Propertia 
de  Rossi,  a  Florentine  sculptress,  who  having  cut  stupendous  things  in 
marble,  put  forth  also  some  rare  things  in  .Stampi  to  he  encountred 
amongst  the  collections  of  the  curious. 

And  about  this  age,  or  a  little  after,  flourished  Martin  Rota,  famous  for 
his  Judgment  after  Michael  Ahgelo  in  a  small  volume,  much  to  be  pre- 
ferred to  that  which  is  commonly  sold  at  Rome  in  so  many  sheets;  likewise 
his  St.yjinthfxny,  and  divers  more.  Jacomo  Palma  has,  besides  his  ex-p 
cellent  book  of  drawing,  set  forth  many  rare  pieces,  very  much  esteemed. 

Andrea  Mantuana  graved  both  in  wood  and  copper  :  of  his  were  the 
Triumph  of  our  Saviour,  after  Titian,  and  some  things,  in  chiaro-oscuro 
after  Gio :  di  Bologna  and  Domenico  Beccafumi,  whom  but  now  we 
mentioned ;  also  the  Roman  Triumphs  in  imitation  of  Mantegna ;  a 
Christus  mortuus  after  Alexand.  Casolini,  &c. 

Finally,  towards  the.  end  of  this  century  appeared  Augustino  and 
Annibal  Carracci,  most  rare  Painters  and  exquisite  Engravers;  for,  in- 
deed, when  these  two  arts  go  together,  then  it  is,  and  then  only,  that 
we  may  expect  to  see  the  utmost  efforts  and  excellency  of  the  JBolino. 
Amongst  the  famous  pieces  communicated  to  us  by  these  masters,  we  - 
may  esteem  the  Monellif  JEneas  of  Barrochio's  invention,  and  St. 
Hierom.  After  Tintoret,  the  large  and  famous  Crucifix  of  three  sheets 
in  S.  Rocco's  school,  which  so  ravished  the  painter ;  Mercury  and  the 
Graces;  Sapientia  ;  Pax ;  jibundantia  chasing  Mars  away  ;  the  .£'cce 
jyomo  of  Correggio ;  St.  Francis  oi  CqmsWqv  Vanni;  a  Venus  in  littlci, 
with  a  Satyr,  and  some  other  Nudities,  with  something  a  too  luxurious 


286 

;raver ;  S.  Glustina's  Martyrdom  of  Paulo  Veroneze ;  St.  Catharine  ; 
nd  that  renown'd  St.  Hierom  of  Corregglo :  also  in  aqua-fortis  his 
rother  Annibal  etched  another  Venus  ;  the  Woman  of  Samaria  at  the 
Veil;  a  Christ  in  little  j  and  a  Madona  with  the  Bambino,  and  St. 
^ohn;  the  famous  St.  Roch;  and  the  spiteful  Coronation  with  Thornes; 
he  Christus  mortuus  bewailed  by  the  devout  sex,  the  original  painting 
i^hereof  hangs  in  the  D.  of  Parma's  palace  at  Caprarvola,  and  is  in  the 
ut  one  of  the  tenderest  and  rarest  things  that  can  be  imagined, 
bating  the  vileness  of  the  plate,  which  was  most  unfortunately  chosen, 
hough  through  that  accident  rendered  inimitable,  and  never  to  be 
ounterfeited.  There  is  likewise  his  Magdalen,  and  a  Landskip, 
ouch'd  with  the  graver  a  little ;  likewise  a  Sylenus,  all  of  them  incom- 
larably  design'dj  nor,  indeed,  did  any  of  the  fore-celebrated  artists 
xceed  the  Carracci,  especially  Annibal,  for  the  noblenesse  and  freedom 
f  his  postures,  bodies,  and  linibs,  which  he  express'd  in  greatest  per- 
ejction.  We  may  not  omit  the  Purification  which  he  grav'd ;  and  Vil- 
amena,  made  in  large;  nor  the  St.  Anthony,  the  original  whereof  is  in 
he  palace  of  Signior  Francisco  della  Vigna,  at  Venice ;  nor,  lastly,  the 
Resurrection,  and  the  two  Ccenaculce. 

In  the  time  of  Sixtus  Quintus,  and  since,  lived  Francisco  Villamena, 
.  rare  workman,  whether  consider'd  for  the  equality  of  his  hatches, 
vhich  he  conducted  with  a  liberty  and  agreeableness  suitable  to  the  per- 
ection  of  his  design  (as  is  sufficiently  apparent  in  that  famous  plate 
vhich  he  engrav'd  after.  Paulo  Veroneze,  representing  Christ  in  the 
Temple),  or  in  those  things  after  the  Vatican  paintings  by  Raphael, 
ome  whereof  being  never  finished,  came  into  a  private  hand.  The 
Triumphant  Veniison  the  Sea;  Moses;  some 'cuts  aft^  Frederick  Bar- 
occio  in  aqua-fortis ;  divers  Catafalcos  of  excellent  architecture  ;  Igna- 
ius  Loyola  ;  the  story  of  Psyche,  containing,  many  sheets ;  a  Combate 
f  Men  casting  stones  at  one  another ;  and,  lastly,  that  laborious  and 
isefull  book,  comprehending  the  Historical  Columne  of  Trajan,  de- 
iign'd  by  Julio  Romano  and  Girolamo  Mutiano,  which  at  my  being  at 
iome  (then  quite  out  of  print)  I  procur'd  of  his  widow,  who  was  then 
iving,  but  would  not  part  with  the  plates  out  of  her  sight. 

Giovanni  Maggi  was  an  excellent  painter  and  etcher,  as  he  has  suffi- 


1287 

ciently  discovered  in  his  rare  Perspectives]  Landskips,  and  his  Roma 
in  the  larger  Cartoon  ;  likewise  in  the  Nine  priviledg'd  and  stationary 
Churches;  with  the  three  Jfog-?,  who  oflfer  presents  to  our  >SiamoMr,  in 
allusion  to  his  name. 

Leonardo,  Isabella,  and  Bernardino  Parasol,  that  we  may  furnish  all 
the  sorts  of  art  in  this  kind,  cut  exquisitively  in  wood,  which  is  a  graving 
much  more  difficult,  because  all  the  work  is  to  be  abated  and  cut  hol- 
low, which  is  to  appear  white ;  so  that  (by  a  seeming  paradox)  as  the 
matter  diminishes  the  forme  increases ;  as  one  wastes,  the  other  grbwes 
pdiffect.  These  all  flourished  about  the  year  1560,  and  left  us  three 
little  histories  of  the  Salutation,  Visitation,  and  St.  John  Baptist :  also 
Christ's  Washing  his  Disciples Jeet ;  and  the  cuts  to  Castor  Durante's 
Herbal.  Isabella,  who  was  his  (Leonardo's)  wife,  publlsh'd  a  book 
of  all  the  sorts  of  Points,  Laces,  and  Embroderies,  with  other  curious 
works  for  the  ladies,  being  all  of  her  own  invention  (except  the  frontis- 
piece only,  which  is  Vilamena's),  and  the  Plants  in  the  Herbal  of  the 
Prince  Gesi  d'Aquasporte,  a  learned  person  of  that  age.  Lastly,  the 
son  did  also  put  forth  some  few  things  of  his  work ;  but  was  a  far  better 
painter  in  fresco. 

Antonio  Tempesta  was  a  most  exact  and  rare  designer,  for  which  his 
works  are  much  more  estimable  then  for  the  excellency  of  his  points  and 
needles.  He  has  left  us  of  his  essayes  in  aqiia-fortis,  the  Histories  of 
the  Fathers  ;  the  Twelve  Moneths  of  the  Year  ;  Roma,  in  a  very  large 
volume ;  an  incomparable  book  of  Horses,  another  of  Hunting,  the 
plates  now  worn  out  and  retouch'd  with  the  JBolino  ;  St.  Hierom,  and 
a  Judgement :  the  PFars  of  Charles  the  Fifth,  rarely  perform'd ;  the 
Metamorphoses  of  Ovid;  the  Bdttails  of  the  Jewes,  especially  that 
of  the  Amalakitesm  great;  the  Crea^zowand  Old  Testament;  Torquato 
Tasso's  Jerusalemma  Liberata;  the  Birds  and  Falconry  in  Pietro 
Gliha's  book ;  with  divers  others  well  known,  and  much  esteemed  by 
the  Virtuosi. 

Cherubino  Albert!  has  celebrated  his  incomparable  graver  in  that  Pre- 
sentation of  our  Lord  in  the  Temple;  the  Adam  expulsed  out  of  Para- 
dise :  in  the  Puti,  divers  Fasas,  and  other  pieces;  which  he  wrought 


288 

after  Polydoro  de  Caravagglo  and  Michael  Angelo,  commonly  sold  at 
Rome,  and  universally  collected. 

Horatio  Borgiani  cut  the  History  of  the  Bible  in  the  Peristyle  of 
Raphael  at  the  Vatican,  so  often  made  mention  of,  and  out  of- which, 
as  from  a  school  of  the  noblest  science,  most  of  the  great  painters  of  the 
world  have  since  taken  forth  their  lessons.  He  likewise  published  some 
things  in  chiar-oscuro,  which  were  rarely  heightned. 

Raphael  Guido,  a  Tuscane,  engraved  many  pieces  after  Cavalier 
Arpino,  as  the  Flagellation,  Romulus,  Icarus,  the  Angelus  Custos, 
Ceres,  Bacchus,  a  Christus  mortuuSj,  and  St.  Andrew  the  Apostle, 
after  Barrocio. 

Jovanni  Baptista  della  Marca  put  forth  many  devices  of  Shields,  Ar- 
mours, Busts,  and  Trophies  cut  in  wood. 

To  these  we  might  add  those  excellent  things  of  Camillo  GrafBco,  and 
Cavalier  Salimbene,  Anna  Vaiana,  with  innumerable  more ;  but  we  have 
yet  other  fruitful  countries  to  visit,  to  whose  praises  we  must  be  just ;  only 
we  may  not  forget  the  incomparable  Stephano  Delia  Bella,  a  Florentine 
painter  now  or  lately  living,  whose  intire  collection  in  aqua-fortis  is  de- 
servedly admir'd,  and  here  in  particular  to  be  celebrated  by  mCj  in 
acknowledgement  of  some  obligation  I  have  for  his  civilities  abroad  ; 
iand  of  this  artist's  works,  flowing  and  most  luxurious  for  invention,  are 
those  things  which  in  imitation  of  Callot  he  did  in  little,  being  yet  veiy 
young ;  as  the  Scenes  a.nd  Dances  of  the  Horses  at  the  Marriage  of 
the  Duke  of  Tuscany ;  Compartimenti,  Cartells,  Ornaments  and  Ca- 
pricios  for  carvers  and  embroiderers;  a  book  of  Gobbi,  and  divers 
Pasas,  Landskips  in  rounds  and  others  ;  a  book  of  Beasts^  done  ex- 
ceedingly to  the  natural ;  the  principles  of  Designe,  Heads,  and  other 
touches,  very  rare  and  full  of  spirit ;  several  pieces  of  our  Lady,  Christ, 
St.  Joseph,  &c. ;  Jacob's  Descent  into  Egypt ;  the  Procession  and 
JExposure  of  the  Sacrament,  where  there  is  an  altar  of  curious  architec* 
ture  enriched  with  festival  ornaments  ;  the  Cavalcado  of  the  Polonian 
Embassadour  into  Borne,  with  divers  other  proceedings,  pieces  of  Po- 
lonians,  Persians,  and  Moores  on  Horseback,  breathing  a  rich  and 
noble  fancy :  also  Sieges,  Engines  for  war,  with  Skirmishes,  Land 


289 

andSeaMghtS;  the  Metamorphdses  6f  Ovid;  the  Sultana  and  her 
Son  taken  hy  the  Knights  of  Malta;  and,  to  conclnde  (for  there  is  no 
end  of  his  indwatry),  the  Prospect  of  the  Pont  Neuf  at  Parisf  than 
which  there  is  not  certatnly  extant  a  more  Kvely  representation  of  the 
basie  genius  of  that  m-ercuriail  natron;  nor  &  piece  of  greatesr  variety,  as 
to  all  encounters  and  aeeideuts-  which  one  can  imagine  may  happen 
amongst  so  numerotis  a  people  and  concourse  of  mankind. 

Lastly  (for  they  were  likewise  some  of  them  gxavers  in  copjjer  and 
very  rare  chalcographers),  we  msust  mot  omit  to  make  honourable  men- 
tion here  of  those  incomparable  sculptors  and  cuttets  of  medails,  whether 
in  gems  or  metals;  such  as  were  (besides  those  we  touch'd  in  the  foTmejf 
chapter)  Vittor,  Gambelloy  Giovanni  dal  Cavino  the  Fadouan,  and  a 
son  of  his ;  Benevento  Cellini,  Leone  Aretino,  Jacopo  da  Tresso,  Fred. 
Bonza;gna ;  and,  above  all,  Gio.  Jacopo,  who  have  almost  exceeded,  at 
least  approach'd,  the  antients.  To  these  may  we  add  Giovanni  da  Gastel 
Bolognese,  Matteo  dal  Nasaro,  Giovanni  dal  Cornivole,  Dbmsenica 
Milaneze,  Pietro  Mairia  de  Pescia,  Marraaita,  and  Ludovico  his  son, 
Valeria  Vincentino,  who  had  been  in  England,  in  the  time  of  Queen 
Elizabeth,  and  left  a  sardonix  which  he  cut  |^which  Jerome  Lennier 
shewed  me,  and:,  I  think,  is  now  in  his  Majesty's  cabinet]-,  representing 
the  head  of  that  famous  heroine,  inferiour  to  none  of  the  antients.  There 
was  Kkewise  M^chelino,  who,  with  the  afcove-named  Ludovico  and 
Vincentino,  had  so  accurately  counterfeited  the  antient  medails,  that 
the  most  knowing  antiquaries  were  often  at  a  loss  toi  distinguish  them. 
Such  were  also  Luigi  Arichini,  Alessaimdro  Ceesari,  caUed  the  Greek, 
so  much  celebrated  for  that  stupendous  medalionof  Paul  the  Thitd,  and 
the  head  of  Photius  the  Athenian,  which  he  cut  in  an  onix,  comparable, 
by  the  universal  suffrages,  to  any  of  the  antients.  We  could  reckon  up 
the  works  also  of  many  of  the  re8t,.but  it  is  not  requisite,,  after  we  have 
given  this  tasite,  and  would  merit  an  express  treatise.  Likewise  those 
of  Antonio  de  Rossij  Cosimo  da  Trezzo,  Philip'po;  Negaroloi  Gaspar 
and  Girolamo  Misuroni,  Pietro  Paulo  Galcotto,  Pastorino  da:  Sieniia^ 
not  omitting  that  famous  Pharoddxus  of  Milan,  Fran.  Furnius,  and 
Severus  of  Ravenna,  &c.  whose  works  were  in  ^Id,  silver,  copper, 
steel,  achates,  cornelians,  onixes,    christal,  jasper,  heliotrope,  lazuli, 

2  p 


290 

amethysts,  &c. ;  yea,  and  to  shew  how  much  some  of  those  modern 
masters  exceeded  the  antients,  even  the  diamond,  that  hitherto  insu- 
perable gemme,  was  subdu'd  by  the  famous  Treccia  of  Milan,  who, 
with  stupendous  successe  cutting  the  King  of  Spain's  armes  in  a  noble 
table,  was  the  first  that  ever  engrav'd  or  made  impression  into  that 
obdurate  stone.  It  will  become  such  to  be  well  acquainted  with  these 
masters  labours,  and  their  manner,  who  aspire  to  be  knowing,  and  to 
improve  their  judgment  in  medaills  and  intaglias,  that  necessary,  orna- 
mental, and  noble  piece  of  learning;  and  not  only  to  be  v;ell  skill'd  in 
their  way  of  design,  but  to  be  able  also  to  perform  something  in  the  art 
themselves  :  for  such  were  those  ingenious  and  illustrious  spirits,  Geo. 
Battista  Sozini  of  Sienna,  and  Rosso  de  Giugni  of  Florence,  gentlemen 
of  note ;  and  such,  with  us,  is  our  noble  and  worthy  friend,  Elias  Ash- 
mole,  Esq.*  whose  learning  and  other  excellent  qualities  deserve  a  more 
glorious  inscription. 

Finally,  that  excellent  medalist  Mounsieur  Roti,  now  entertain'd  by 
his  Majesty  for  the  Mint,  and  a  rare  workman  as  well  for  IntagHas  in 
stone,  as  metal,  is  not  to  be  here  omitted. 

We  shall  speak  in  the  next  of  those  Germans  and  Flemmings  who 
excell'd  in  the  art  of  Chalcography,  not  that  they  have  exceeded  some 
of  the  French,  but,  because  they  were  before  them,  and  universally 
admired;  of  these,  the  aniesignani,  were  the  fore-mentlon'd  Albert 
Durer ;  that  prodigie  of  science,  whose  works  we  have  already  recount- 
ed upon  occasion  of  Marco  Antonio,  and  therefore  shall  here  forbear  the 
repetition ;  as  also  those  of  Lucas ;  whose  works  (consisting  in  all  of 
about  Ixx  sheets,  and  which  I  have  known  sold  for  near  an  hundred 
pounds  sterling,  to  one  \  that  as  well  understood  the  value  of  money, 
as  of  that  rare  collection,  he  being  one  of  the  greatest  merchants  of 
books  in  Europe)  are  to  be  taken  blind  fold  as  they  say;  provided  the 
impressions  be  black,  well  conserved,  of  equal  force,  and  not  counterfeit, 
as  there  are  several  of  them  which  be  discernable  only  by  the  curious 
and  accurately  skllfull ;  for  such  (amongst  others  of  Durers)  are   the 

*  Founder  of  the  Ashmolean  Museum  in  Oxford,  and  author  of  the  "  Institution,  Laws,  and 
Ceremonies  of  the  most  Noble  Order  of  the  Garter,"  folio,  1672 ;  also  "  Antiquities  of  Berkshire," 
3  vols.  8vo.  1719.  f  Master  Bleau,  of  Amsterdam. 


291 

Jreaiion  of  Adam ;  the  Storiji  of  Lot ;  Siisanna ;  The  Crucifix,  which  he 
at  in  a  small  round  plate  of  gold  for  theEmperours  sword,  and  is  fixed 
n  the  pummel,  not  before  mention'd ;  his  armed  Cavalier  and  Satyre ; 
nd,  indeed,  almost  all  that  ever  he  or  Lucas  graved  and  set  forth. 

The  works  of  Aldegrave,  who  came  verv  near  Albert,  and  flourish'd 
bout  the  same  age,  are  worthy  the  collection.  His  pieces  are  distin- 
;uish'd  by  the  cypher  of  his  initial  letters  A  in  imitation  of  Durer, 
s  likewise  the  author  of  the  Septem  opera  misericordice,  stories  of  the 
3ook  of  the  Kings,  Artemisia^  &c.  whose  gravings  are  counter- 
ign'd  with  G.  P.  J.  B.  publish'd  the  Four  Evangelists,  Adam,  a 
'Country  Fellow,  a  Bishop,  a  Cardinal,  Satyrs,  Sfc.  M.  the  Prodigal 
Son,  the  Evangelists,  &c.  some  whereof  are  copies  after  Albert,  and 
nost  of  their  works  done  in  small  plates. 

Hans  Sibald  B^me  [Beham]  hath  done  wonders  in  those  small 
Igures,  stories,  and  nakeds,  which  he  publish'd ;  it  shall  not  be  re- 
juisite  to  recite  here  the  catalogue,  because  his  mark  H.S.B.  (BB)  is  fixed 
:o  most  of  his  works,  though  now  and  then  profan'd  by  the  hands  of 
sthers. 

Jerome  Cock,  a  Flemming,  cut  a  Mioses,  32  sheets  of  the  story  of 
Psyche,  design'd  by  one  Michael  a  painter  of  the  same  country,  very 
rarely  conducted :  also  Dalila  and  Samson ;  the  J)esti'Uction  of  the 
Philistines  ;  the  Creation  of  Adam,  8fc. ;  27  stories  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment, nobly. design'd  by  Martino,  and  as  well  graved  :  also  the  His- 
tory of  Susanna  ;  another  book  of  the  Old  and  New  Testament ;  the 
Triumph  of  Patience,  a  rare  cut;  the  Heart  on  the  anvile,  and  divers 
EmMems  full  of  curious  figures;  many  sacred  Triumphs;  Fraud; 
Avarice;  q.  Bacchanalia ;  and  a  Moses,  after  Bronzini,  in  emulation 
whereof  Gio.  Mantuano  publish'd  \\\^  Nativity,  an  incomparable  print; 
after  which  Jerome  graved  for  the  inventor,  twelve  great  sheets  of 
Sorceresses,  the  Battails  of  Charles  the  V. ;  and  for  Uries,  a  painter, 
the  Perspectives  which  pass  under  his  name,  with  20  leaves  of  several 
buildings  ;  besides  the  St.  Martine  in  a  book  full  of  devils.  For  Girol. 
Bos,  the  Alchemist,  the  Seven  deadly  Sins ;  the  last  Judgment;  a 
Carnival;  and  after  Francis  Floris,  ten  pieces  of  Hercules'  Jjabours ; 
the  J)uel  of  the  Horatii  and  Curatii ;  the  Comhate  of  the  Pigmies 


292 

and  Hercules ;  Cain  q,nd  Abel ;  Ahrahan^, ;  the  Decision  of  Solomori 
between  the  two  Harlots ;  and,  in  summe,  all  the  actions  of  human 
life. 

And  now  that  we  mention'd  Francis  Floris  of  Antwerp,  the  rare 
things  which  he  publish'd  in  stamp,  purchas'd  him  the  name  of  the 
Flemroish  Michael  Angelp. 

Of  the  same  country  was  that  incomparable  Cornelius  Cort.  We 
will  commence  with  the  Judgment  of  Michael  Angelo  which  he  cut  in 
little  :  most  of  his  things  were  after  Frederic  Zucchero,  and  some  few 
of  Raphael's,  besides  his  landskips  and  other  gravings,  after  Girolamo 
Mutiano,  which  are  very  excellent :  also  John  the  Baptist,  St. 
Ilierom,  Stt  Francis,  Mary  Magdalen,  St.  Eustachius,  the  Lapida- 
tion  of  S.  Stephen  design'd  by  Marco  Venusto  the  Mantuan  ;  a  Nati- 
vity after  Thadeo  Zucchero,  St.  Anne,  8fc. ;  also  a  Nativity  in  great, 
aft0r  Polydore ;  the  Transjigaration ;  the  School  at  Athens  ;  the  Bat- 
tail  of  Elephants ;  some  gravings  after  Don  Julio  Clovio,  and  Titian, 
which,  had  they  been  acqompanled  with  that  tenderness  and  due  obser- 
vation of  the  distances  that  accomplish'd  the  succeeding  gravers,  had 
render'd  him  immortal,  so  sweet,  even,  and  bold,  was  his  work  and 
design  in  all  other  considerations.  We  mention'd  Titian  ;  for  about 
1,570,  Cor.  Cort  did  use  tq  work  in  that  famous  painter's  house,  and 
graved  for  him  thsi.t  Paradise  he  made  for  the  Emperour ;  St.  J^azarics's 
Martyrdom  ;  Calista  and  the  Nymphs ;.  Prometheus ;  Andromeda, 
the  for^-nam'd  Magdalen  in  the  desart,  and  St.  Hierom,  all  of  them  of 
Titian's  invention. 

We  come  novv  to  Justus,  John,  ^gidius  (Giles),  and  Ralph  Sade- 
lers,  who  lived  in  the  time  of  the  Emperour  Rodulphus,  and  publish'd 
their  almost  numberless  labours ;  we  can  therefore  instance  but  in  some 
of  the  most  rare  ;  such  as  were  that  book  divided  into  three  parts  ;  1. 
Imago  bonitatis  -,  2.  Boni  et  mali  seientice ;  3.  Bonoriim  et  malorum 
Consensio,  design  d  by  Martin  de  Vos  ;  the  Vestigia  of  Rome,  ten- 
derly and  finely  touch'd,  in  fifty  sheets  :  the  Twelve  Roman  Emperours 
^nd  Mmpr^SSfiS  stfter  Titian,  rarely  graved  by  Giles ;  a  Madona,  with 
our  Saviour  and  Sf.  Joseph,  after  Raphael ;  Christus  Flagellatus  ;  and 
the  Head  of  Rodulphus  //.  with  various  capriccios  and  inventions  about 


293 

it ;  as  also  that  of  the  Emperour  Mathim,  adorn'd  with  the  chaplet  of 
Medails ;  the  calling  of  S.  Andrew,  by  John  fand  Giles  in  brotherly 
emulation  ;  four  books  of  Eremites  admirably  (Conducted  by  Raphael ;  a 
Ceena  Domini  after  Tintoret ;  and  another  Flagellation  of  Arpino's ;  di* 
vers  Landskips ;  the  Twelve  Monet ks ;  the  great  Hall  at  Prague  i  the 
Effigies  of  Martin  de  Vos,  by  ^gidius ;  the  Emperour  and  Empress 
in  their  robes  of  State ;  an  Adoration  of  the  Mdgi  after  Zucchero ; 
Adonis  and  Venus  after  Titian  ;  a  Crucifix  after  Jac.  Palma ;  a  HeSUr^ 
rection  in  great ;  the  rich  Epulo  ;  St.  Stephens  Lapidation,  the  origi- 
nal whereof  is  at  Friuli ;  a  S.  Sebastian  ;  these  by  Giles.  John  engrav'd 
after  M,  de  Vos,  a  scholar  of  Tintoret's  already  mentioned,  the  Crea^ 
tion,  and  many  Histories  out  of  Genesis  ;  Ralph  cut  also  the  Life  of 
Christ,  and  the  Cr^edo,  by  way  of  embleme.  In  summe  (for  their  whole 
collection  is  not  to  be  crouded  into  this  catalogue)  they  have  all  of  them 
published  such  incomparable  gravings,  that  'tis  the  greatest  pitty  in  the 
world  they  had  not  flourished  in  the  time  of  the  great  Raphael,  and  the 
good  masters  ;  for  they  were  not  only  accurate  and  punctual  imitators, 
but  gave  to  their  works  that  softnesse,  life,  and  colore  (as  artists  terme 
it},  which  accomplishes  all  the  rest ;  especially  John  and  Raphael,  in 
what  they  graved  after  Mich,  de  VoSj  Bassano,  and  others,  whose  rusti- 
cities they  set  forth  :  those  of  ^gidius  in  great,  being  a  Descent  from 
the  Crosse,  of  Barroccio's  invention,  the  other  a  Magellation,  design'd 
by  Josepho  Pin  [q.  Gioseppino  }~\  can  never  be  suflBciently  celebrated. 

After  the  Sadelers,  appeared  Herman  Muller  with  a  very  bbld  bulino, 
and  likewise  Janus,  who  graved  many  things  after  Sprangers,  worse  exe- 
cuted (for  the  convulsive  and  even  demoniac  postures)  then  ehosen. 

But  the  imitations  of  the  graver  by  Simon  Frisius  the  Hollander,  who 
wrought  with  the  aqua-fortis  of  the  refiners,  are  altogether  admirable 
and  inimitable,  the  stroke  and  conduct  consider'd,  had  the  design  (ex- 
cepting- those  of  his  birds,  which  are  indeed  without  reproach,)  contri- 
buted in  any  proportion  to  his  dexterity. 

After  him  came  the  Swisse  Matthew  Miriam,  who,  had  he  perform'd 
his  heightnings  with  more  tendernesse,  and  come  sweetly  off  with  the 
extremities  of  his  hatchings,  had  proved  an  excellent  master ;  his  works 
are  useful  and  Innumerable  in  Towns,  Landskips^  Battails  (those  espe- 


294 

daily  fought  by  the  great  Gustavus),  &c.  The  soft  vernish  and  sepa- 
rating aqua-fortis  was  the  instrument  he  used. 

We  have  seen  some  few  things  cut  in  wood  by  the  incomparable  Hans 
Holbein,  but  they  are  rare,  and  exceedingly  difficult  to  come  by ;  as  his 
Licentiousnesse  of  the  Friers  and  Nuns;  Erasmus;  [Morice  enco- 
mium ;  the  Trial  and  Crucifixion  of  Christ  f]  the  Daunce  Macchabree, 
the  Mortis  imago,  which  he  painted  in  great,  in  the  church  at  Basil, 
and  afterwards  graved  with  no  lesse  art,  and  some  few  others.  But  there 
is  extant  a  book  of  several  figures  done  in  the  same  material  by  one  Jus- 
tus Ammannus  Tigur,  mdlxxviii,  which  are  incomparably  design'd 
and  cut.  In  the  epistle  whereof,  one  Holtzhusen,  a  gentleman  of 
Frankfort,  is  commended  for  his  universal  knowledge,  and  particularly 
his  rare  talent  in  this  art,  which  it  is  there  said  he  shewed  by  wonder- 
ful contrivances  at  the  celebration  of  Martin  Luther's  nuptials,  and 
therefore  worthy  to  be  taken  iiotice  of. 

Hans  Brossehaemer,  besides  several  other  things,  ha;th  cut  in  wood 
u4  triumph  of  the  Emperour  Maximilian  into  Neuremherge. 

Virgilius  Solis  graved  also  in  wood  the  Story  of  the  Mible,  and  the 
Mechanic  A7'ts  in  little  ;  but  for  imitating  those  vile  postures  of  Aretine, 
had  his  eyes  put  out  by  the  sentence  of  the  Magistrate. 

Henry  Goltzius  was  a  Hollander,  and  wanted  only  a  good  and  judi- 
cious choice  to  have  render'd  him  comparable  to  the  profoundest  mas- 
ters that  ever  handled  the  burin,  for  never  did  any  exceed  this  rare 
workman  :  witnesse  those  things  of  his  after  Gasparo  Celio,  the  Gala- 
tea of  Raphael  Santio,  and  divers  other  pieces  after  Polydore  da  Carra- 
vaggio,  a  Hierom  ;  Nativity ;  and  what  he  did  of  the  Acts  of  the  Apos- 
tles, with  Ph.  Galle,  &c.  ;  but  he  was  likewise  an  excellent  painter. 

George  Nouvolstell  was  of  Mentz,  in  Germany,  an  admirable  graver 
in  wood.  He  publish'd  that  ^neas  in  little,  and  some  historical  parts 
of  the  Bible  very  well  perform'd  ;  also  divers  of  the  Fathers  after  Tem- 
pesta,  besides  the  Jerusalemma  Liherata  of  Bernardino  Castelli  in 
quarto,  with  many  Cartels  of  Armes  and  Harnesses,  and  some  pictures 
to  a  Breviary,  &c. 

Matthew  Greuter  publish'd  a  curious  Book  of  Letters,  the  City  of 
Home  in  an  ample  forme,  and  a  large  Map  of  Italy ;  the  Old  and 


295 

New  Testament ;  the  Church  of  Strasburge ;  an  Harmony  *twixt  the 
Decalogue  and  the  Lords  Prayer,  very  ingeniously  represented  in  pic- 
ture, with  several  other  things  laudably  performed. 

But  his  son  Frederic  did  infinitely  exceed  the  father,  as  may  be  seen 
by  those  many  curious  gravings  which  he  has  cut  after  Pietro  Beretin 
Cortona,  and  the  famous  Andrea  Sacchi,  egregious  painters. 

Saenredamus  did  publish  many  excellent  cuts,  especially  those  which 
he  copied  after  Lucas  van  Leiden,  of  which  we  have  formerly  given  a 
hintj^  for  their  sakes  who  are  collectors  of  these  curiosities,  and  may  not 
happly  be  yet  arriv'd  to  the  judgment  of  being  able  to  discerne  them 
from  the  originals ;  also  some  things  after  Goltzius. 

Cornelius  Galle,  in  his  St.  Prison's  Bapti^mf  Papenheim's  and  other 
heads  after  Vandyke,  has  shew'd  what  he  was  able  to  perform  ;  not  to 
mention  abundance  of  Frontispieces  and  other  lesse  considerable  of  his 
workes. 

But  the  Count  Goudt,  a  knight  of  the  Palatinate,  has  publish'd, 
though  very  few,  yet  some  stupendous  things,  especially  that  of  our 
JB.  Saviours  flight  into  JEgypt  by  night ;  the  Stoiy  of  Tobit,  and 
about  three  or  four  more  worthy  of  all  admiration. 

Swanevelt's  History  of  St.  John,  with  divers  Landships. 

Pandern's  Descent  from,  the  Cross ;  Matham's  Christ  and  St.  John ; 
a  Venus  after  Rotenhamer,  Pope  Innocent  X.  8fc. 

Bronchorst's  rare  etching^,  especially  those  Huines  and  Anticalia^  of 
Rome  ;  and  superiour  to  all,  the  incomparable  Landskips  set  forth  by 
Paul  Brill  (some  of  which  have  been  etched  in  aqua-fortis  by  Nieu- 
lant)  do  extreamly  well  merit  to  be  placed  in  this  our  theater  :  for  to 
be  brief,  because  we  can  only  recite  the  most  remarkable  and  worthy  the 
collection.  Matham  is  famous  for  fruits  ;  Boetius,  or  Adam  Bolswert, 
for  his  rusticks  after  Blomaert ;  Londerselius  has  taken  excessive  pains 
in  his  landskips ;  and  so  has  Van  Velde  in  some  few ;  but  above  all, 
Nicholas  de  Bruyn  (after  ^gidius  Coninxlogensis)  is  wonderful  for 
Boscage,  and  the  industry  of  his  undertaking  works  of  that  large  vo- 
lume which  Theodore  de  Bry  (resembling  him  in  name)  has  been  as 
famous  for  contracting  ;  though  both  of  them  of  a  Dutch  heavy  spirit, 
and  perfectly  suiting  with  the  times  and  places :  notwithstanding  has 


^96 

tbU  latter  perfari«,'cl  some,  things  in  little,  very  laudably.  Nor  with  lease 
ingratitude,  Eimangst  others,  may  we  forget  the  Novareperta  of  Sir&- 
danus  by  Theodore  Galle  ;  who  also  published  the  whole  Proeesse.  of 
making  Silk  of  the  Worm,  and  Qertain  other  works  in  Maimfactwe, 
9II  of  them  represented  in  Sculpture. 

Mallery,  in   his  Peccati  fo.me&  after  Mic?h.  de  Vos,  has  perform'd 
wonders  as  to  the  subtilty  and  imperceptible  duetm  of  the  graver. 

Bolswert  set  forth  the  Sacra  Mremus  udsceticarum,  after  Blomart 
and  others ;  but  above  all  is  he  to  be  celebrated  for  those  rare  heads,  and 
other  stories  grav'd  after  the  paintings  of  Reubens,  and  Van  Dyke,  which, 
for  their  sakes  who  are  diligent  eolleetors  of  the  renouned  persons  of  the 
late  age,  we  shall  not  think  amiss  to  mention.  Such  were  the 
JJlutchesse  of  OrUam,  A7:eh-J)uke  Albert,  Justu&  JJ^sius,  and  others 
after  Van  Dyke  ;,  Lessius  and  3ellarmine,  jesuites,  after  Diepenbeck. 
After  the  same  hands  did  Paulas  Pontius  grave  the  head  of  Sigismund, 
King  of  Poland,  C@U7it  Pimentelo,,  Sec;  after  Reubens,  Z>on  Phil, 
de  Gusman  ;  Don  Alvarez  Buzan,  an  incomparable  cut ;  Don  Carolus 
cfer  CohmV'O' }  Rubens'  picture  bare-'headed',_  for  there  is  another  in.  a 
hat ;  Gasp,  de  Grayer ;  Simon  d'e  Vbs ;  Maria,  de  Medices ;  Cassar 
Aleocand.  ScdgUm.;  Const.  Huygens,  the  learned  father  of  our  most  in- 
genious friend  Monsieur  Zuylichen,  so  worthily  celebrated  for  his  dis- 
coveries of  the  annulus  about  Saturne,  thje"  pendule  clocks,  and  universal 
mathematical  genius,;  Gasper  Garartius^  the  lawyer ;  Gasp-.  Mevestyn ; 
Gustavus  j^dolpjms.  King  of  Sweden  ;  Jacobus  de  JBreueh  ;  the  Prin- 
cesse  of  JB^ohonson;  that  rare  head  of  Frederic  Hsnmc  Prince  of 
Orange,  and  his  own,  with;  many  more  after  Van  Dyke ;.  besides  the 
Jesuit  Canisius,  Ji,  Urbin,.  painter,  and  others  whom  he  grav'd  after 
Diepenbeck,  ^c. ;  and  since  we  mentipn'd  Sir  Peter  Paul  Rubens,  we 
may  not  pretermit  those  many  exeellent  things  of  that  great  polititian,  a 
learned  and  extraordinary  person,  set  forth  in  so  many  incomparable 
gravings  by  the  admirable  works  of  Swanenbourg,the  above-named  Pon* 
tius  and  !Polswert,  Nesse,  Vosterman,  Vorst,  and  other  rare  masters,in  this 
art;  such  are  (to  instance  in  some  only)  his  Battail  of  the  Amazons, 
St.  S^ch,  ourB.  Sfiviow  composed  to  Burial,  t\ie,Mg.ht  of  Lions,  his 
great  Crucifiifi,^  Conversion  of  St.  Paul,  St..  Peter  in   the   Ship^  a 


297 

Nativity^  the  Magi;  the  hloody,  Catastv&phe  of  Cyrus;  Solomon's 
Jirst  Sentence ;  St.  Catharine's  Espousals ';  the  Tribute  demanded  of 
our  Lord;  Susanna  and  the  Elders ;  St.  Laurence  martyred;  the  Pa- 
laces of  Genoa,  with  divers  othei's  to  be  encountr'd  amongst  the  mer- 
chants of  prints,  who  frequently  vend  the  copies  for  the  originals  to  the 
lesse  wary  chapmen.  Chr.  Jegher  has  cut  the  Temptation  of  our 
Saviour  in  wood,  very  rarely  perform'd  after  this  great  master. 

Besides  the  former  mention'd,  Lucas  Vosterman  and  Vorst  are  never 
to  be  forgotten  so  long  as  the  memory  of  his  (Rabens's)  scholar,  Sir 
Ant.  Van  Dyke,  is  famous,  for  the  heads  of  the  Marquesse  Spitiola, 
Char,  de  Mattery,  Horatius  Gentilescus,  Jo.  Count  of  Nassau,  Van 
Milder,  P.  Stevens,  and  Cor.  Sachtleven,  which  he  engrav'd  after  a 
new  way  of  etching  it  first,  and  then  pointing  it  (as  it  were)  with  the 
burine  afterwards,  which'  renders  those  latter  works  of  his  as  tender  as 
miniature ;  and  such  are  the  heads  of  Van  Dyke  himself,  Jo.  Elevens, 
Car.  Schut,   Corn,  de  Vos,  Deodato  Delmont,  I/ucas  Vanuden,-  Jo- 
docus  de  Momper,  Wencesl.  Koeherger,  painters  ;   Count  de  Ossono^ 
Duke  of  Bavaria,  the  Arch-Dutchesse  Clara,  the  last  Duke  of  Or- 
leans, j^nton.    Connebison,    P.  Stevens,  and  many  others ;    together 
with  those  other  pieces  of  history,  viz.  the  Sepulture  of  Christ,  and  St. 
George^  after  Raphael ;.  Magdalene  under  the  Ci'oss  ;  our  B.  Saviour 
in  his  :Agony,  after  Carracche ;  the  Susanna,  St.  Laurence,  and  what 
but  now  we  mention'd  after  Rubens,  divers -heads  after  Holbein,  as  that 
o{Erdsm,us^  the  D.  of  Norfolk,  and  others  of  the  Arundellan  collection. 
Van  Vorst,  competitor  with  Vosterman,  has  likewise  graven  a  number 
of  heads  after  Van  Dyke.    I  shall  only  name  the  learned  Sr.Kenelme 
Digby  in  a  philosophical  habit ;  oiir  famous  architect  Inigo  Jones,  and 
those  two  incomparable  figures  of  Charles  the  Martyr,  and  his  royal 
consort  the  Q.  Mother,  now  living  :  and  to  shew  what  honour  was 
done  this  art  by  the  best  of  painters,  Sr.  Ant.  Van  Dyke  did  himself 
etch  divers  things  in  aqua-fortis ;  especially > a  il/atZowcr,  Ecce  Homo, 
Titian  and  his  Mistress,  Erasmus  Moterodamus ;  and  touched  several 
of  the  heads  before  mentioned  to  have  been  grav'd  by  Vosterman. 

After  this  great  master  s  paintings,  did  Peter  de  Jode  grave   the 
eflfigies  of  Genovefa,  widow  to  Car.  Alex.  Duke  of  Croi;  Paulus  Hel- 

2  Q 


298 

matius;  the  learned  Puteanus;  the  Bishop  of  Gendt,  the  face  whereof 
is  thought  to  be  etched  by  V.  Dyke  himself :  he  graved  Jo.  Snellinx, 
a  painter ;  besides  a  book  of  designing  very  rare ;  and  the  many  other 
prints  after  his  master  Goltzius  (whose  disciple  he  was),  which  both 
Peter,  and  his  son  of  the  same  name,  have  engraved  for  Monsieur  Bon 
Enfant  of  Paris,  &c. 

CoUaert  graved  some  things  rarely  in  steel.  Suyderhoef  has  engraven 
the  heads  of  most  of  the  learned  Dutch,  after  several  painters,  with 
good  success  ;  as  those  of  Heinsius,  Grotius,  JBarleus,  &c.  ;  not  for- 
getting that  stupendous  Lady  Anna  Maria  a  Schureman,  &c. 

Jo.  Baur  has  deslgn'd  his  Battails  with  a  fine  spirit,  but  without 
care  in  the  etching. 

Vander  Thulden  published  the  whole  History  of  Ulysses,  being  the 
work  of  the  famous  Primatlcclo,  at  Fontaln  Bleau,  etched  also  in  aqua- 
fortis, and  so  designed,  as  few  pretenders  to  this  art  did  ever  exceed 
him  :  and  so,  as  we  but  lately  mention'd,  are  the  papers  of  the  inimita- 
ble Suanebourge,  which  strike  a  ravishing  effect  In  all  that  behold  them, 
for  the  admirable  tenderness  and  rare  conduct  of  the  hatches;  especially 
those  which  he  cut  after  the  drawings  of  Abraham  Blomaert  and 
Rubens. 

But  now  that  we  mention  Blomaert,  whose  works  we  have  celebrated 
in  general,  because  they  smell  something  of  a  Dutch  spirit,  though 
otherwise  well  engraven,  there  is  at  Rome  (If  we  mistake  not)  a  son  of 
his  named  Cornelius,  who  in  that  St.  Francis  after'  Guldo  Reni,  and 
those  other  pieces  after  the  design  of  those  great  masters,  Monsieur 
Poussln,  Pletro  Cortona,  &c.  to  be  seen  in  the  books  set  forth  by  the 
Jesuit  Ferrarius,  his  Hesperides,  Flora,  JFides  JBarberini,  &cv  hath 
given  ample  testimony  how  great  his  abilities  are;  for,  certainly,  he 
has  In  some  of  these  stamps  arrived  to  the  utmost  perfection  of  the  So- 
lino,  though  some  workmen  will  hardly  allow  him  this  elogle.  But 
those  things  of  the- Incomparable  Natalis  a  Ligeois  (and  therefore 
reckoned  here  amongst  the  Germans),  pass  without  the  least  contradic- 
tion for  the  utmost  eflfort  of  that  instrument.  Such  are  that  of  St.  Ca'- 
tharines  Espousalls  after  Bourdon,  which  seems  to  be  a  very  piece  of 
painting ;  the  Two  Madonas  in  contest  with  Poilly ;  the  Thesis ;  and 


299 

.f 

the  Chapter  of  the  Carthusians,  all  after  the  life  and  his  own  design, 
a  stupendous  work  :  also  the  heads  of  Jacob  Catz  :'  one  of  the  States 
of  Holl,  and  painted  hy  Dubordieu  ;  and  some  few  things  more,  as  the 
exactness  and  curiosity  of  what  he  undertakes  requires,  sufficient  to 
discover  the  admirable  perfection  of  this  great  artist :  for  we  do  not 
mention  several  frontispieces  which  he  has  likewise  engraven,  with 
equal  industry. 

Ferdinand  has,  besides  many  others,  graved  after  the  same  Bourdon, 
the  story  of  Ulysses  and  Andromache. 

Uriesse  and  Verden  are  famous  for  their  perspectives. 
Winegard  his  Roman  Vestigia,  Sec. 

William  Hondius,  besides  those  things  which  adorn  his  Mapps, 
which  are  the  largest  planispheres,  has  very  rarelv  engraven  his  own 
head  after  a  painting  of  Vandyke  :  nor  with  less  art  has  Vankessell 
done  that  of  Charles  the  Fifth  after  Titian  :  Clovet  and  Car.  Scribo- 
nius  the  Jesuits. 

Caukern  has  graven  the  story  of  that  Pious  Daughter,  who  gave 
suck  to  her  imprison'd  father  ;  a  Fight  of  Boores  ;  with  divers  others 
after  Rubens  and  Vandyke,  &c. ;  besides  those  which  are  extant  in  Mr. 
Qgilbye's  Homer,  Bible,  my  Lord  of  New  Castles  Cavalerizzo,  8fd. 
design'd  by  Deipenbec,  whose  rare  talent,  that  Theatre  or  Temple  of  the 
■Muses,  published  by  that  curiously  learned  and  universal  collector  of 
prints,  the  Abbot  of  Villoin  (of  whoni  we  shall  have  occasion  to  dis- 
course in  the  next  chapter),  does  sufficiently  illustrate. 

Lucas  Kilianus  has  rarely  graved  the  Murther  of  the  Innocents; 
the  Miracles  of  the  Fish ;  Annuntiation ;  Circumcision ;  iand  some 
plates  in  the  Hortus  Eystettensis,  &c. 

Vischer,  viz.  Cornelius  (for  there  is  another  who  has  published  divers 
landskips}  hath  most  rarely  etched  a  certain  Dutch  Kitchen,  where 
there  is  an  old  man  taking  Tobacco,  whilst  his  wife  is  frying  of  pan- 
cakes ;  also  a  Fiddler  accompanied  with  boyes  and  girles,  painted  by 
Ostade ;  but  above  all,  admirable  is  the  Descent,  or  Christus  Mortuus, 
after  Tintoret,  both  graved  and  etch'd,  as  indeed  I  should  have  said  of 
the  rest. 

Vovillemont  has  etched  our  Saviour  chasing  the  sacrilegious  Mer- 


300 

chants  out  of  the>  Temple,  after  the  same  Tiiitoret ;- which  ia  vqiy  rare, 
Nolp,  the  Twelve  Moneths,  especially  the  boystrous  March, 
Lomhart,  many  plates  for  Mr.  Oglebyes  Virgil;  as  likewise  that 
industrious  interpreters  .picture  after  our  famous  Mr.  Lilly,  in  which  he 
has  performed  laudably  :  nor  must  I  here  forget  Mr.  flertpcks,  who  has 
grav'd  the  frontispiece  for  EIKXIN  BAS.  in  fol.  and.  [for  my  parallel  of 
Architecture  better  then]  that  of  this  treatise,  with  many  other,    . 

To  these  we  may  add  the  incomparable  Reimbrandt,  whose  etchings 
and  gravings  are  of  a  particular  spirit ;  especially  the  Old  Woman,  in 
thefurr;  the  Good  Samaritane  ;  the  Angels  appearing  to  the, Shep- 
herds ;  divers  Landskips- and  Heads  to  the  life  ;  St.  Hi^rom,  of  which 
there  is  one  very  rarely  graven  with  the  burine  ;  but  above  all  his  Ecce 
Homo  ;  Descent fr-om  the  Cross  in,  large ;  Philip  and  the  Eunuch,  &c. 
Winceslaus  Hollar,  a  gentleman  of  Bohemia,  comes  in  the  next  place, 
not  that  he  is  not  before.most  of  the  rest  for  his  choyce  and  great  indus- 
try (for  we  rank  them  very  promiscuously  both  as  to  time  and  pre-emi- 
nence) but  to  bring  up  the  rear  of  the  Germans  with  a  deserving  per- 
son^ whose  indefatigable  works  in  aqua-fortis  do  infinitely  recommend 
themselves  by  the   excellent  choyce  which  he  hath  made  of  the  .rare' 
things  furnish'd  out  of  the  Arundelian  Collection  ;  and  from   most  of 
the  best  hands  and  designs;  for  such  were  those  of  Leonardo  da  Vinci, 
Fr.  Parmensis,  Titian,  Jul.  Komano,  A.  Mantegna,  Corregio,  Perino 
del  Vago,  A.  Urbin,  Seb.  del  Piombo,  Palma,  Alb.  Durer,  Hans .  Hol- 
bein, Vandike,  Rubens.,  Breughel,  Bassan,  jElsheinaer,  Brower,  Artois, 
and  divers  other  masters  of,  prime  note,  whose,  drawings  and  paintings 
he  hath  faithfully  copied  ;  besides  several  bpoks  of  Landships^  Townes, 
Solemnities,  Histories,  Heads,  JBeasts,  Fouls,.  Insects,  Pessels,  a^d 
other  signal  pieces^  not  omitting  what  he  hath  etched  after  De  Clyne, 
Mr.   Streter,  and,  Dankert,  for  Sir  Rob.  Stapletpn's  Juvenal,  Mr,  Ross 
his   Silius,   Polyglotta  Biblia,  the  Monasticon,  first  and   second  part, 
Mr.  Dugdales  Paules,  and  Survey  of  Warwickshire,  £Mr.  Ashmolefs 
Garter]  with  other  .innumerable  frontispieces,  and  things  by  him  pub- 
lished and  done  aifter.the  life  ;  and  to  be  feo  nominej  more  valued,  and 
Esteemed,  then  where  there  has  been  more  curiosity  about  Chimcertis 
ind.  things  which  are  not  in  nature;   so  that  of  Mr,  Hollars  works  we 


301 

may  justly  pronounce,  there  is  not  a  more  useful  ,and  instructive  col- 
lection to  be  made. 

Th©  learned  Hevellus  lias  shewed  his  admirable  dexterity  in  this 
art,  by  the  several  Phases  and  other  Ichonisms  which  adorn  his  SelenO'- 
graphy,  and  is  therefore  one  of  the  noblest  instances  of  the  extraordi- 
nary use  of  this  talent,  for  men  of  letters,  and  that  would  be  accurate 
in  the 'Diagramms  which  they  publish  in  their  works. 

The?  no  lesse  knowing  Anna  Maria  kSchurman  is  likewise  skilled  in 
this  art,  with  innumerable  others,  even  to  a  prodigy  of  her  sex.  For 
the  rest,  we  shall  only  call  over  their  names,  after  we  have  celebrated 
the  extravagant  fancies  of  both  the  Breughels ;  as  those  of  the  Seven 
deadly  Sins;  So-tyrical  pieces  against  the  Nuns  and  Friers ;  with 
divers  Histories,  Drolleries,  Landskips,  fantastic  Grylles  and  Grotesques 
of  these  too  rare  Rhyparographs ;  i  not  farther  to  tire  our  reader  with  the 
particulars  and  several  works  of  Ostade,  Cornelius  Clock,  Queborne, 
Gustos,  [Dominicus  Custos,  and  Wolfangus  Kilian,  from  the  paintings 
of  Wiokgram  and  others,  the  Effigies  of  the  Duke  of  Bavaria,  with 
the  rest  in  his  jfltrium,  Heroicum,  for  all  the  famous  persons  of  that 
century,  both  of  Europe  and  Asia,]  Le  Delfe,  (who  has  put  forth  the 
portraits  of  many  learned  persons)  Dors,  Falck,  Gerard,  Bens,  Moes- 
tuer,  Grebber,  Geldorp,- Hopfer,  Gerard,  Bens,  Chein,  Achi  d'  Egmont, 
de  Vinghe,  Heins,  Ditmer,  Cronis,  Lindoven,  Mirevel,  Kager,  Coccien, 
Maubease,  Venius,  Firens,  Pierets,  Quelinus,  Stachade,  Sehut,  Soutman 
Vanulch,  Broon,  Valdet,  Loggari,  whom  we  expresly  omit,  because 
we  have  introduc'd  a  sufficient  number,  and  that  this  chapter  is  already 

too  prolix.    • 

Only  we  would  not  pass  Min  Here  Biscop,  a  learned  advocate  now  of 
Holland,  who  for  his  story  of  Joseph  and;Benjamin,  where  the  cup 
is  found  in  his  sack,  and  those  other  few  cuts  among  the  hands  of  the 
curious^  must  not  be  passed  over  in  oblivion  ;  as  we  had  like  to  have 
done  some  of , the  old  and  best  masters,  by  having  hitherto  omitted.- 

Druefken  his  King  of  the  Boors  in  Hungarimr  eaten  alive  by  the 
Rebels  whom  he  seduced  ;  with  some  other  cuts  in  wood,  known  by  his 
mark,  which  was  commonly  a  cluster  of  grapes. 


302 

Pleter  Van  Aelst,  his  Cavalcade  of  the  Grand  Signior  to  Sancta 
Sophia,  and  several  Turkish  Habits,  on  which  subject  also 

Swart  Jan  Van  Groennighen  has  set  forth  many  remarkable  things, 
Caravanns,  Pilgrimages  to  Mecca,  &c. 

Lucas  Cranach,  Tiltings,  Huntings,  German  Habits,  and  the  por- 
traits of  all  the  Dukes  of  Saxony  to  his  time. 

Joos  Ammanus,  of  whom  we  already  mention'd,  divers  of  the  mecha- 
nic arts ;  not  omitting  all  those  excellent  wood-cuts  of  Hans  Schinflyn 
and  Adam  AUorf,  especially  this  last,'  known  by  the  two  capital  AA 
of  the  Gothick  forme,  including  one  within  the  other,  as  the  D  is  in 
that  of  Albert  Durers. 

Hubert  Goltzius  has  cut  in  wood  a  book  of  the  Roman  Empe- 
rours  in  two  colours.  This  name  recals  to  mind  an  omission  of  ours 
in  some  of  those  excellent  Chalcographers  already  recorded,  and  in 
particular  the  incomparable  imitations  of  Henry  Goltzius  after  X<ucas 
Van  Leyden  in  the  Passion,  the  Christus  mortuus  or  Pieta;  and 
those  other  six  pieces,  in  each  of  which  he  so  accurately  pursues 
Durer,  Lucas,  and  some  others  of  the  old  masters,  as  makes  it  almost 
impossible  to  discerne  the  ingenious  fraud. 

We  did  not  speak  of  the  heads  of  the  famous  men  in  the  Court  of 
the  Emperor,  set  forth  by  ^gidius  Sadeler ;  as  Raphael  (his  brother) 
had  the  JBavaria  Sancta,  representing  all  the  saints  of  that  pious 
country. 

Albert  Durer's  Tewrdannekhs,  or  romantic  description  of  the  Amours 
of  Maximilian  and  Maria  de  Burgundy  :  the  book  is  in  high 
Dutch  :  *  he  has  likewise  cut  Petrarch's  Utriusque  Fortunes  Remedia, 
which  admirable  treatise  being  translated  into  the  German  language, 
is  adorn'd  with,  the  gravings  of  Hans  Sibald  Behem,  Ammanus,  Aide- 
grave,  and  most  of  the  rare  masters  of  that  age.  Finally,  he  has  cut 
the  Stories  of  ^puleius  his  golden  Asse ;  and  sprinkled  divers  pretty 
inventions  and  capriccios  in  an  old  impression  of  Cicero's  Epistles : 
and  with  this  recollection  of  what  we  had  omitted  in  the  foregoing 

*  It  is  written  in  Teutonic  Verse  by  Mel.  Pfintzing,  and  published  in  folio  at  Nuremburg,  1519. 


303 

paragraphs  (to  which  they  are  reducible)  we  will  take  leave  of  the 
Dutch  Sculptors,  and  passe  on  to 

The  French,  who  challenge  the  next  place  in  this  recension ;  for 
their  gravlngs  in  laille  Douce,  which  began  to  be  In  reputation  after 
Rosso,  the  Florentine  painter,  had  been  invited  and  caress'd  by  that 
worthy  and  illustrious  Meccenas  of  ithe  arts,  Francis  the  First :  about 
which  time  Petit  Bernard  of  Lyons  publish'd  the  stories  for  the  JBible 
of  St.  Hierom,  performing  such  things  In  little,  for  the  design  and 
ordinance  as  are  worthy  of*  Imitation  :  so  greatly  he  apprOach'd  the 
antique  in  the  garb  of  his  figures,  distances,  architecture,  and  other 
accessories  of  the  storle.  We  have  some  of  these  engraven  by  this 
artist,  and  printed  long  since  at  Lyons,  with  the  argument  under  each 
cut,  in  the  English  verse  of  those  times^  which  appears  to  have  been 
done  about  the  beginning  of  the  Reformation,  when.  It  seems,  men 
were  not  so  iliuch  scandallz'd  at  holy  representations. 

Nicholas  Beatricius  k  Loraneze  graved  his  Horse  Conflicts,  and 
several  books  of  Animals  and  Wildheasts  ;  the  TViddowe's  son  raised 
to  Liife  ;  the  Annuntiation,  after  M.  Angelo  ;  the  Ark  of  the  Catholick 
Church,  after  that  rare  table  of  Mosaic  In  S.  Peter's  of  Giotto,  &c. 

Phillppus  Thomaslnus's  labours  are  worthy  of  eternity,  so  excellent 
was  his  choice,  so  accurate  his  graver ;  witnesse  the  Fall  of  Lucifer ; 
the  Universal  Judgment ;  the  Ship  we  but  now  mentlon'd ;  the  Seven 
fVorks  of  Mercy ;  JB.  Felix ;  the  Miracles  of  the  Capucin<es ;  the 
Statues  of  Home  In  little ;  the  labours  of  many  famous  persons  ;  the 
JBaptisme  of  our  Saviour,  after  Salviatl;  St.  John  the  Evangelist  in 
the  boyling  Oyle  ;  St.  Stephens  Lapidation,  after  Ant.  Pomarancio  j 
the  Magi  of  Zuccharo ;  Mary  presented  in  the  Temple,  of  Barrop:- 
clo ;  the  Ijife  of  St.  Catharine ;  Fama,  divers  Sea  Monsters  after 
Bernardino  Passero ;  and  some  things  of  VannI ;  not  to  omit  his 
Camea,  collected  from  several  curious  Achates  and  other  precious 
stones ;  besides  shields,  trophies,  gordlan  knots,  with  variety  of  Instru- 
ments and  other  works  too  long  here  to  recite  minutely. 

Chrlsplnus  de  Pas  and  his  sister  Magdalen  (whether  French  or 
Dutch)  have  engraven  many  excellent  things  after  Breughel ;  espe- 
cially Landskips;   the  Persecution  of  the  Prophets  and  Apostles; 


304 

with  several  more  :  but  that  Liberum  Belgium,  by  Simon  de  Pas  his 
Father,  or  Brother  (1  know  not  whether),  dedicated  to  Prinise  Maurice 
of  Nassau,  is  a  very  rare  cut. 

Who  has  not  beheld  with  admiration  the  incomparablei  burine  of 
Claudius  Melan,  celebrated  by  the  great  Gassendus,.  and  employed  by 
the  most  noble  and  learned  Perieskius*  The  Sudarium  of  St.  Vero- 
nica, where  he  has  formed  a  head  as  big  as  the  life  it  self  with  one  only 
line  beginning  at  the  point  of  the  nose,  and  so  by  a  spiral  turning  of 
the  graver  finishing  at  the  utmost  hair,  is  a  prodigy  of  his  rare  art 
and  invention;  because  it  is  wholly  new,  and  perform'd  with  admira- 
ble dexterity  :  nor  has  he  less  merited  for  his  St.  Francis,  St.  Bruno, 
the  Pointed  Magdalen,  Pope  Urbane  the  VIII.  and  divers  others  to  the 
life,  especially  those  of  the  illustrious  Justiniani,  Perieskius,  and  the 
several  frontispieces  to  those  truly  Royal  works,  Poets,  and  other 
authors,  printed  at  the  Louvre. 

Mauperch  has  published  some  pretty  landskips ;  La  Pautre  many 
most  usefull  varieties  and  ornaments  for  Architects  and  other  work- 
men ;  florid,  and  full  of  fansie  ;  especially  the  Ceremonies  at  the  Gbro- 
nation  of  the  present  French  King, 

Morin  has  left  us  a  St.  Bernard,  s.  Scull,  his  great  Crucifix,  some 
rare  Heads;  especially  that  representing  our  B.  Saviour,  and  other 
things  in  aqua-fortis,  perform'd  with  singular  art  and  tendernesse ;  as 
also  some  rare  Landskips  and  Ruines,  after  Polemburch  and  others. 

N.  Chaperon  has  etched  the  Xystus  or  Gallery  of  Raphael  in  the 
Vatican,  with  incomparable  successe,  as  to  the  true  draught ;  and  so  has 
that  excellent  painter  the  late 

Francis  Perrier  those  statues  and  bass-relievos  of  Rome,  preferable  to 
any  that  are  yet  extant. 

Audran's  St.  Gathariim,  after  Titian,  who  is  not  ravish'd  with  ? 
Couvay  has  engraven  the  Three  devout  captive  Knights  and  what  may 
appear  very  extraordinary,  ut  qucB  celant  nomina  ccelatura  aperiak,  the. 
first  part  of  Despauterius' s  Grammar  in  picture  or  hieroglyphic  for 
the  Duke  of  Anjou,  the  now  Monsieur. 

Perelle  has  discovered  a  particular  talent  for  landskips,  if  not  a  little 


305 

exceeded  in  the  darknesse  of  his  shades :  but  his  Ruines  of  Home  are 
very  rare.     He  has  likewise  a  son  that  graves. 

The  excellency  of  invention  in  the  romances  and  histories  adorn'd  by 
the  hand  of  Chauveau  is  not  to  be  passed  by ;  especially  those  things 
which  he  has  done  in  the  Entretienne  de  Beaux  Msprits  of  Monsieur 
De  Marests,  and  in  several  others. 

But  the  pieces  which  Poilly  has  set  forth  may  be  ranked  (as  they 
truly  merit)  amongst  the  greatest  masters  we  have  hitherto  celebrated  : 
such  as  (for  instance  in  a  few)  that  admirable  Theses,  with  the  portrait 
of  Cardinal  Richlieu;  and  in  enumeration  with  the  formerly  warned 
Natalis  (besides  the  St.  Catharine  of  Sourdo7i),  those  things  which 
he  hath  graved  after  Mignard,  which  are  really  incompat-able ;  also 
divers  Histories  after  Le  Brun,  &c. 

But  we  should  never  have  done- with  the  artists  of  this  fruitful  and 
inventive  country,  as   Heince,  Begnon,  Huret,  Bernard,  Rognesson, 
Rousselet,  a  rare  workman,  witrtesse  his  Frontispiece  to  the  French 
Polyglott  bible,  design'd  by  Bourdon  and  lately  put  forth  ;  Belknge, 
Richet,  I'Alman,  Quesnel,  Soulet,  Bunel,  the  laudable  Boucher,  Bfiot, 
Boulange,  Bois,  Champagne,  Charpignon,  Cornelllej  Caron,  Claude  de 
liorain,  Audran,  Moutier,  Rabel,  Denisot,  L'Aune,  De  la  Ram^,  Hayes, 
Herbin,  David  de  Bie,  Villemont,  Marot,  excellent:  for  his  buildings 
and  Architecture ;  Toutin,  Grand-hommej  Cereau,  Trochel,  Langot  du 
Loir,  L'Erifant,  disciple  of  Melan,  Gaultierj  D'Origni,  Prevost,  De  Son, 
Perei,  Nacret,  Perret,  Daret,  Scalberge,  Vibert,  Ragot,  who  has  graved 
some  things  well  after  Rubens^   Boissart,  Terelin,  De  Leu ;    besides 
Mauperche  for  histories,  L'Asne  who  has  grav'd  above  300  portraits 
to  the  life,  and  is  a  rare  artist  j  Huret,  fall  of  rich  invention,  Hot  oniit- 
ting  the  famous  Gravers  of  letters  and  Calli^aphers,  such  as  are  Le 
Gagneur,  Lucas  Materot,  Erisius,  Duret,  Pauce,  Le  Beaugran,  Beau- 
lieu,  Gougenot,  Moulin,  Raveneau,  Jea,  Jaques  de  His,  Moreau,  Li- 
mosin.  La  Be,  Vignon,    Barbe  d'Or,  and   a  world  of  others,  whose 
works  we  have  not  had  the  fortune  to  see.     For  as  heretofore,  so  espe- 
cially at  present,  there  is  no  country  of  Europe  which  may  contend  with 
France  for  the  numbers  of  such  as  it  daily  produces,  that  excell  in  the 
art  of  Chalcography,  and  triumph  with  the  burine. 

2  R 


306 

La  Hy re  has  etched  many  things  after  the  antique,  as  Bacchanalias^ 
and  several  other. 

Goyrand  is  second  to  none  for  those  towns  and  ruines  which  he  has 
publish'd,  especially  what  he  has  performed  in  JEdibus  Barherini. 

Colignon,  no  lesse  excellent  in  his  gravings  after  Lincler. 

And  Cochin  in  those  large  Charts  and  sieges  of  townes  after  the 
engineer  Beaulieu :  But 

Israel  Sylvester  is  the  Hollar  of  France,  for  there  is  hardly  a  town, 
castle,  nobleman's  house,  garden,  or  prospect,  in  all  that  vast  and 
goodly  Kingdom  which  he  has  not  set  forth  in  aqua-fortis,  besides 
divers  parts  and  views  of  Italy ;  above  all  in  those  which  are  etched 
after  the  designes  of  Monsieur  Lincler,  (whilst  he  lived,  my  worthy 
friend !)  as  the  City  of  Rome  in  profile ;  a  morcel  of  St.  Peter's  by 
it  self;  and  that  Prospect  of  the  Louvre,  which  last  doth  far  trans- 
cend the  rest  of  his  works,  and  may  be  esteem'd  one  of  the  best  of  that 
kind  which  the  world  has  extant,  for  the  many  perfections  that  assem- 
ble in  it. 

There  is  at  present  Robert  Nanteuil,  an  ingenious  person,  and  my  par- 
ticular friend,  whose  burine  renders  him  famous  through  the  world,  I 
have  had  the  happinesse  to  have  my  portrait  *  engraven  by  his  rare 
burine ;  and  it  is  therefore  estimable,  though  unworthy  of  the  honour 
of  being  placed  amongst  the  rest  of  those  illustrious  persons  whom 
his  hand  has  rendered  immortal.  For  such  are  the  French  king,  the 
Queens  of  Poland  and  Sweden,  Cardinal  Mazarine,  whose  effigies  he 
has  graven  no  less  then  nine  times  to  the  life ;  the  Duke  of  Longueville, 
D.  of  Boullion,  Mantua,  Marishal  Turenne,  President  Jeannin,  MoUjB, 
Teller,  Ormesson,  the  Archbishop  of  Tours,  Bishop  of  S.  Malo,  L'Abb^ 
Fouquet,  and  divers  others  of  the  long  robe  ;  also  Monsieur  Hesselin, 


*  Florent  Le  Comte,  in  his  Singuliaritez  d' Architecture,  &c.  gives  a  catalogue  of  the  works  of 
Nanteuilj  in  which  he  mentions  my  effigy  graven  by  this  rare  sculptor,  with  this  impertinent  mis- 
take :  "  YvELiN,  (lit,  le  petit  mi.  Lord  Anglois,  ou  le  portrait  Grec,  parcequ'il  y  adu  Grec  au  has; 
ou  est  ecrit  aussi,  Meliora  retinete :  il  est  en  oval.  yvELiti,  called  the  little  English  lord,  or  the 
Greek  portrait,  because  there  is  a  Greek  inscription  at  bottom ;  where  likewise  is  written,  retain 
the  best ;  it  is  in  oval."  This  print  was  .prefixed  to  the  folio  editions  of  our  Author's  Sylva,  and 
was  subsequently  inserted  in  the  first  volume  of  his  Memoirs,  p.  241, 


307 

;nage,  Scuderi,  Chaplain,  MaroUesj  and  the  reist  of  the  wits ;  in 
nme,  almost  all  the  great  persons  of  note  in  France. 
But  that  we  may  conclude  this  recension  with  such  as  have  most 
:eird  in  this  art,  and  give  the  utmost  reputation  it  is  capable  of, 
[jues  Callot,  a  Gentleman  of  Lorrain,  (if  ever  any)  attain'd  to  its 
alimity,  and  beyond  which  it  seems  not  possible  for  human  industry 

reach,  especially  for  figures  in  little;  though  he  hath  likewise 
blished  some  in  great,  as  boldly  and  masterly  perform'd  as  can  possi- 
f  be  imagin'd.  What  a  losse  it  has  been  to  the  virtuosi,  that  he  did 
t  more  delight  in  those  of  a  greater  volume,  such  as  he  once  graved 
Florence  do  sufficiently  testifie,  and  which  likewise  have  exalted  his 
comparable  talent  to  the  supreamest  point.  It  might  not  seem  requi- 
e  to  minute  the  works  which  he  has  published,  because  they  are  so 
iversally  excellent  that  a  curious  person  should  have  the  whole  eol- 
;tion,  (and  be  carefull  that  he  be  riot  impos'd  upon  by  the  copies 
lich  are  frequently  vended  under  his  name,  especially  those  which 
onsieur  Bosse  has  published,  and  which  nearest  approach  him,)  were 
not  highly  injurious  to  his  merit  not  to  mention  some  of  the  princi- 
1;  such  are  his  St.  Paul;  JEcce  homo;  the  Demoniac  cured,  after 
idrea  BoscoH  ;  a  Madona,  after  Andrea  del  Sarto  ;  the  four  Come- 
ins;  all  these  of  the  larger  volume,  and  some  of  them  with  the 
rine ;  also  thfe  Passage  of  the  Israelites ;  St.  Luke's  Fair,  dedi- 
ted  to  Cosmo  di  Medices,  a  most  stupendous  work  consider'd  in  all 

circumstances  and  encounters  ;  so  full  of  spirit  and  invention,  that 
lon  several  attempts  to  do  the  like,  it  is  said,  he  could  never  approach 
;  so  much  (it  seems)  he  did  in  that  piece  exceed  even  himself. 
This  is  also  well  copied.  The  History  of  the  B.  Virgin,  in  14 
ives  ;  the  jlpostles  in  great ;  the  Murder  of  the  holy  Innocents,  an 
comparable  work,  and  almost  exceeding  our  description,  as  to  the 
jalluess,  life,  perfection  and  multitude  of  figures  expressed  in  it.  The 
ory  of  the  Prodigal;  the  Life  and  Death  of  our  Saviour,  in  20  small 
als  very  rarely  perform'd.  The  Martyrdom  of  the  Apostles,  in  16 
ives,  worthy  of  admiration ;  the  Passion  of  our  Saviour,  in  7  larger 
ts;  St.  Anthonitis  Temptation,  prodigious  for  the  fancy  and  inven- 
n ;  St.  Mansuetus  raising  a  dead  Prince;:  a  Bishop  preaching  in  a 


308 

wood;  divers  Boohs  of  Landships  and  Sea  pieces \  especially  those 
admirable   cuts  of  his  in  a  book  intituled  Trattato  di  terra  Santa, 
wherein  most  of  the  religious  places  of  Jerusalem,  temples,  prospects, 
j&c.  about  the  Holy  Laqd  are  graved  to  the  life  by  the  hand  of  this 
excellent  master;  the  book    is  very  rare  and  never  to  be  encountred 
amongst  the  collection  of  his  prints.     The  Duke  of  Lorrain'a  Palace 
and  Garden  at  Nancy;    also  another  paper  of  a  Tournament  there, 
both  of  them  most  rare  things;  Military  exercises ;  the  Miseries  of 
War,  in  18  leaves  very  choice;  the  Battail  of  Theseus;   Combat  at 
the  Barriere ;  Entrance  of  the  Great  Duke,  vs^ith  all  the  scenes  and 
representations   at   the  Duke  of  Florence's   nuptials;   the    Catqfalco 
erected  at  the  Emp.  Matthias's  death  ;  the  famous  Seige  at  Rochelle,  a 
very  large  print ;  also  the  Night  piece  of  the  Cheats  and  Wenches  at 
Play;    Mascarades,    Gohbi,  Beggars,   Gypsyes,  Balli  and  Dances, 
Fantasies,   Capriccios,  Juhilatio  Triumphi  B.  Virgvnis,  which  was, 
it  seems,  grav'd  for  a  Thesis  [the  Seige  of  la  Bochelle  in  large]  ;  and, 
finally,  the  Cabaret,  or  meeting  of  Debauchees,  which  (being  the  last 
plate  that  ever  he  grav'd)  had  not  the  aqua-fortis  given  it  till  after  his 
decease.,  And  thus  we  have  in  brief  posted  over  the  stupendous  works  of 
this  inimitable  master,  whose  point  and  manner  of  etching  was  nothing 
inferlour,  nay  sometimes  even  exceeded,  the  most  skilful  burine.     But  at 
length  sit  pudor  et  finis,  I  desist,  and  ahall-  here  conclude  the  recital  of 
the  French  Chalcographers  so  many  for  their  immhers,  laborious  in  their 
works,  and  luxurious  of  their  inventions,  after  we  have  done  reason  to 
Monsieur  Bosse,  who  has  made  him  self  so  well  known  by  his  most  accur- 
rate  imitation  of  Callot,  beside  the  many  rare  things  he.  has  himself  pub- 
lished.    It  were  altogether  unpardonable  that  such  as  would  accom- 
plish themselves  in  etching,  should  be  destitute  of  his  entire  work ; 
especially  those  of  his  latter  manner  perform'd  in  single  and  masterly 
atroaks,  without  decussations  and  cross  hatchings,  in  emulation  of  the 
Graver,     Those   Ftgnets,  Fleurons,   Capital  letters,  Puti  and  Comr 
partiments,  made  to  adorn  the  royal  impressions  at  the  Louvre,  are 
worthy  of  celebration,  because  it  is   impossible  for  the  neatest  burine 
to  excell  his  points  and  eschoppes  ;  and  for  that  it  is  to  him  that  we 
have  been  chiefly  obliged  for  a  treatise,  which  we  had  prepared  of  the 


309 

practical  and  mechanical  part  of  this  art  of  Chalcography,  whereof  I 
have  already  given  accompt  elsewhere.  It  is  to  the  same  Monsieur  du 
Bosse  that  the  world  is  beholden  for  his  ingenuity  in  publishing  many 
other  rare  and  usefuU  arts  assistant  to  architecture,  dyalling,  squaring 
of  stoness,  and  encountering  the  difficulties  of  the  Free-mason,  besides, 
those  excellent  treatises  of  perspective^  which,  from  the  dictates  of  Mon- 
sieur des  Argues,  he  has  so  laudably  communicated.  This,:  and  much 
more,  we  owe  to  this  hon^t  man's  fame  and  particuliar  friendship. 

And^  lastly,  the  excellent  chart-gravers  may  not  be  totally  excluded  of 
this  Catalogue ;  because  it  is  a  particular  address,  and,  of  late,  infinitely 
improv'd  by  the  care  of  Tavernier,  Sanson,  the  Jesuit  Briets,  de  la  Rue, 
du  Val,  graven  by  Cordier,  Riviers,  Peroni,  and  others ;  not  forgetting 
the  most  industrious  Bleaus  of  Amsterdam,  who  have  published  the 
atlasses,  and  other  pieces  which  celebrate  their  names  to  posterity,  and 
such  an  undertaking  has  the  ingeneere  [engineer]  Gomboust  per- 
form'd  in  his  Ichnographieal  plan  of  Paris,  lately  set  forth,  being  the 
result  of  near  a  five  years  continual  labour  of  measuring,  plotting,  and 
observing,  to  render  it  the  most  accomplish'd,  and  testifie  to  what  use 
and  perfection  this  noble  art  is  arriv'd.  This  we  the  more  readily  men- 
tion, that  thereby  we  may  stimulate  and  encourage  the  lovers  of  their 
country  freely  to  contribute  to  the  like  attempt  of  the  above  mention'd 
Mr.  Hollar,^  and  enable  him  to  proceed  with  what  is  now  under  his 
liaiad,  for  the  honour  of  our  imperial  city. 

And  now  it  is  certainly  time  that  we  should  think  of  home  a  little, 
and  celebrate  likewise  some  of  our  own  country-men,  who  have  worthily 
merited  with  their  graver^  And  although  we  may  not  yet  boast  of 
such  multitudes  by  reason  of  the  late  unhappy  differences  which  have 
disturb'dthe  whole  nation,  endeavouring  to  level  Princes,  and  lay  the 
Mecaenas's  of  this  and  all  other  arts  in  the  dxist  j  yet  had  we  a  Paine 
for  a- ship,  some  heads  to  the  life,  especially  that  of  Dr.  Alabaster,  Sir 
Ben.  Rudyard,  and  several  other  things ;  a  Csecil  and  a  Wright,  little 
inferiour  to  any  we  have  enumerated  for  the  excellency  of  their  burins 
and  happy  design  j  as  at  present  we  have  Mr.  Faithorne,  Mr.  Barlow, 
Gaywood,  and  others,  who  have  don©  excellently  both  with  the  graver 
and  in  aqua-fortis,  especially  in  those  birds  and  beasts  which  adorne  the 


310 

apologues  of  iEsope  published  by  Mr.  Ogleble;  and  of  Mr.  Faithorne,  we 
have  that  Christ  after  Raphael  from  some  excellent  master,  as  big  as  the 
life;  a  Madona,  Christ,  Joseph  and  a  Lamb  after  La  Hyre,  a  very  good 
painter;  the  eflBgies  of  my  Lord  Viscount  Morddunt,  Sir  W.  Paston 
and  his  lady,  with  several  others  after  Van  dyke,  Honiman,  &c. 

Lightfoot  hath  a  very  curious  graver,  and  special  talent  for  the  neat- 
nesse  of  his  stroak,  little  inferiour  to  Weirx,  and  has  published  twd  or 
three  Madonas  with  much  applause  ;  also  Glover  divers  heads ;  as  at 
present  J.  Fellian,  disciple  of  Mr.  Faithorne,  who  is  a  hopeful  young 
man ;  lastly,  for  medails  and  intaglias  we  have  Mr.  Symonds  []Tho, 
Simon],  Rawlins,  Restrick,  Johnson,  and  some  others,  whose  works  in 
that  kind  have  hardly  been  exceeded  in  these  later  times  ;  not  omitting 
the  industrious  Mr.  Coker,  Geryj  Gething,  Billingly,  &c.  who,  in  what 
they  have  published  for  letters  and  flourishes,  are  comparable  to  any  of 
those  masters  whom  we  have  so  much  celebrated  amongst  the  Italians 
and  French  for  Calligraphy  and  fair  writing  ;  we  have  likewise  Switzer 
for  cutting  in  wood,  the  son  of  a  father  who  sufficiently  discover'd  his 
dexterity  in  the  herbals  set  forth  by  Mr.  Parkinson,  Lobel,  and  divers 
other  works  with  due  commendation,  not  to  mention  the  rest,  as  yet 
unknown  to  us  by  their  names,  from  whose  industry  we  are  yet  to  hope 
for  excellent  progresse. 

We  do  therefore  here  make  it  our  suite  to  them,  as  what  would,  ex- 
treamly  gratifie  the  curious,  and  virtuosi  universally,  that  they  would 
endeavour  to  publish  such  excellent  things  as  both  his  Majesty  fthe 
Duke  of  Norfolk]  and  divers  of  the  noblesse  of  this  nation  have  in  their 
possession ;  and  to  which  there  is  no  ingenious  person  that  will  be 
deny'd  access  ;  since,  if  their  collections  were  well  engraven  and  dis- 
pers'd  about  the  world,  it  would  not  only  exceedingly  advance .  their 
profit  and  reputation,  but  bring  them  likewise  into  a  good  manner  of 
designing,  which  is  the  very  life  of  this  art;  and  render  our  nation 
famous  abroad,  for  the  many  excellent  things  which  it  has  once  again 
(by  the  blessing  of  God  and  the  genius  of  our  most  illustrious  Prince) 
recover'd ;  especially,  if,  joyned  to  this,  such  as  exceed  in  the  talent 
would  entertain  us  with  more  landskips  and  views  of  the  environs,  ap- 
proches,  and  prospects  of  our  nobly  situated  metropolis,  Greenwich, 


311 

Windsor,  and  other  parts  upon  the  goodly  Thames  ;  and  in  which  (as 
we  said)  Mr.  Hollar  has  so  worthily  merited,  and  other  countries 
abound  with,  to  the  immense  refreshment  of  the  curious,  and  honour 
of  the  industrious  artist :  and  such,  we  farther  wish,  might  now  and 
then  be  encourag'd  to  travail  into  the  Levantine  parts ;  Indies  East  and 
West;  from  whose  hands  we  might  hope  to  receive  innumerable  and 
true  designes,  drawn  after  the  life,  of  those  surprising  landskips,  me- 
morable places,  cities,  isles,  trees,  plants,  flowers,  and  animals,  &c. 
which  are  now  so  lamely,  and  so  wretchedly  presented,  and  obtruded 
upon  us  by  the  ignorant,  and  for  want  of  abilities  to  reforme  them. 

And  thus  we  have  (as  briefly  as  the  subject  would  admit)  finished 
what  we  had  to  offer  concerning  the  original  and  progress  of  this  noble 
art ;  not,  but  that  there  may  have  been  many  excellent  masters  omitted 
by  us  whose  names  were  worthy  of  record,  but  because  they  did  not 
occur  at  the  writing  hereof,  and  that  we  have  already  introduc'd  a 
competent  and  sufiicient  number  to  give  reputation  to  the  art,  and 
verifie  our  institution.  For  the  rest,  if  we  have  somewhat  exceeded  the 
limits  of  a  Chapter  (comparing  it  with  those  which  did  precede)  it  has 
not  been  without  prospect  had  to  the  benefit  of  such  as  will  be  glad  of 
instruction  how  to  direct  their  choice  in  collecting  of  what  is  curious, 
worthy  their  procuring,  and,  as  the  Italian  calls  them,  di  buon  gusto  ; 
for  we  are  far  from  opining  with  those  who  fly  at  all  without  judge- 
ment or  election.  In  summe,  it  were  to  be  wished  that  all  our  good 
painters  would  enrich  our  collections  with  more  of  their  studies  and  or- 
donances,  and  not  despise  the  putting  of  their  hands  now  and  then  to 
the  graver  :  we  have  given  instances  of  great  masters  who  excell'd  in 
both,  and  the  draught,  if  it  be  good,  does  sufliciently  commute  for  the 
other  defects,  or  what  it  may  seem  to  want  in  the  neatnesse  and  accur 
rate  conducting  of  the  hatches  ;  since  by  this  means  we  should  be 
stored  with  many  rare  designes,  touches,  and  inventions,  which,  for  being 
only  in  crayone,  are  casual,  and  more  obnoxious  to  accidents;  and  can 
be  communicated  but  to  those  few  who  have  the  good  fortune  to  ob- 
tain their  papers ;  and  (which  is  yet  more  rare)  the  happinesse  to  under- 
stand as  well  as  to  talk  of  them. 


312 


CHAP.  V. 

OF  DRAWING  AND  DESIGN,  PREVIOUS  TO  THE  ART  OF  CHALCOGRAJPHY; 
AND  OF  THE  USE  OF  PICTURES  IN  ORDER  TO  THE  EDUCATION  OF 
CHILDREN. 

As  the  rules  of  measure  and  proportion  have  an  universal  influence 
upon  all  the  actions  of  our  lives,  it  was  a  memorable  and  noble  saying 
of  a  great  person  of  our  nation*,  discoursing  to  us  once  concerning  the 
dignity  of  painting,  and  the  arts  which  attend  it,  "  that  one  who  could 
not  designe  a  little,  would  never  make  an  honest  man :"  how  that  ob- 
servation succeeds  in  the  general,  we  have  not  made  it  much  our  obser- 
vation ;  but  this  we  are  bold  to  pronounce,  "  That  he  shall  never  attain 
"  to  the  excellency  of  a  good  Chalcographer,  who  is  not  more  then 
"  ordinarily  skill'd  in  the  faculty  and  art  of  drawing;"  a  thing  so  highly 
necessary,  that  Donatellus  was  wont  to  tell  his  disciples  (discoursing 
sometimes  concerning  the  accomplishment  of  this  art),  "  That,  to  de* 
"  liver  it  in  a  single  word,  he  would  say,  Designe ;  because  it  was  the 
"  very  basis  and  foundation,  not  only  of  this,  but  even  of  all  those  free 
"and  noble  sciences  of  Fortification,  Architecture,  Perspective,  and 
"  whatsoever  also  pretended  to  any  affinity  with  the  Mathematicks,  as 
"  really  leading  the  van,  and  perfective  of  them  all." 

But  to  treat  methodically  of  this,  or  as  we  have  already  enlarged  in 
the  history  and  progresse  of  Chalcography,  and  the  surviving  labours 
of  the  most  renowned  masters,  would  require  no  lesse  time  and  pains. 
It  were  indeed  a  noble,  curious,  and  useful  work,  but  almost  impossible 
to  accomplish ;  because  the  original  drawings  of  the  great  masters 
being  dispersed  amongst  the  hands  of  the  greatest  princes  and  men  of 
science  only,  are  preserved  with  jealousie,  and  esteem'd  as  so  many 
jewels  of  greater  value  then  those  of  pearles  and  diamonds ;  for  some 
of  them  being  the  very  last  workes,  though  but  imperfect  draughts  of 

*  Thomas  Earl  of  Arundel,  Earl  Marshal  of  England,  ancestor  to  the  present  Duke  of  Norfolk. 


313 

so  excellent  artists,  they  have  for  the  most  part  been  in  greater  esteem 
then  even  those  of  larger  bulk  and  more  finished,  as  Pliny  instances  in 
the  Iris  of  Aristidfes,  the  Medea  of  Timomachus,  and  some  others; 
because  (as  he  there  speaks)  such  touches  did  even  expresse  the  very 
thoughts  and  prime -conception  of  the  workman,  as  well  as  the  lineaments 
which  he  presents  us ;  and  that  there  is  a  certain  compassion  in  our  na- 
tures which  indears  them  to  us,  so  as  we  cannot  but  love  and  desire  the 
hands  which  perished  in  the  midst  of  such  famous  pieces.  Add  to  this, 
their  inimitable  -antiquity,  then  which  (according  to  Quintilian,  Inst, 
c.  3.)  nothing' does  more  recommend  things  to  us,  from  a  certain  autho- 
rity which  it  universally  carries  with  it ;  so  as  we  seem  to  review  what 
they  did  of  old  in  this  kind  as  if  (with  Libanius)  the  Gods  had  imparted' 
something  of  extraordinary  to  the  masters  of  the  ages  past,  which  the 
nature  of  man  is  not  now  capable  of  attaining. 

Y  These  diflBculties  therefore  consider'd,  it  will  not  be  required  of  us  in 
this  chapter,  which  pretends  to  celebrate  the  art  of  Drawing  and  Designe, 
only  as  it  has  relation  and  is  an  absolute  requisite  to  that  of  Chalcogra- 
phy, and  to  prescribe  some  directions  and  encouragements,  which  may 
prepare  and  fit  the  hand  with  a  competent  addresse  therein.' 

Whether  Design  was  the  production  of  chance  or  excogitation,^ 
we  determine  not ;  certain  it  is  that  practice  and  experience  was 
its  nurse  and  perficient ;  by  some  thus  defin'd  to  be  A  visible  ex- 
pression of  the  hand  resembling  the  conception  of  the  mind:  by  which 
definition  there  are  who  distinguish  it  from  Drawing  both  as  to  its  ori- 
ginal and  formality ;  for  Design  (say  they)  is  of  things  not  yet  appear- 
ing, being  but  the  picture  of  ideas  only;  whereas  Drawing  relates  more 
to  copies  and  things  already  extant.  In  sum,  as  the  historian  differs 
from  the  poet,  and  Horace  has  well  express'd  it,' 

, Pictoribus  atque  Poetis 

Quidlibet  audendi  semper  fuit  aequa  potestas.* 

We  could  easily  admit  this  art  to  have  been  the  most  antient;  and, 
with  PhilostratuSj^oyyei'so-TaToi/  t?  <pv(ret,  "  of  kin  even  to  Nature  her  self." 
But  to  take  it  some  what  lower,  there  goes  a  tradition  that  some  inge- 


*  De  Arte  Poet. 
2  S 


314 

shepheard  was  the  inventor  of  it,  who,  espying  the  shadow  of  one 
3  sheep  on  the  ground  (interpos'd  between  him  and  the  culminating 
jclining  sun),  did,  with  the  end  of  his  crook,  trace  out  the  profile 

the  dust :  and  truly  some  such  vulgar  accident  (for  chance  has 
a  fruitful  mother)  might  first  probably  introduce  it;  however  after- 
s  subtiliz'd  upon  and  cultivated,  till  it  at  length  arriv'd  to  that  degree 
cellency  and  esteem,  which  it  has  happily  gained,  and  so  long  con- 
d. 

it  to  quit  these  nicer  investigations,  and  proceed  ta  some  thing  of 
as  it  concerns  the  title  of  this  chapter  :  the  first  and  principal  man- 
ff  Drawing  is  that  with  the  pen  j  the  next  with  crayon,  whether 
;,  white,  red,  or  any  of  the  intermedial  colours,  upon  paper  either 
3  or  coloured.  We  will  not  say  much  concerning  washing  with  the 
11,  or  rubbing  in  the  shades  with  pastills  and  dry  compositions ; 
ise  it  is  not  till  our  disciple  be  a  consummate  artist  that  he  can  be 
d  with  designes  of  this  nature,  and,  after  which,  they  are  of  excel- 
ase  and  effect. 

le  pen  is,  therefore,  both  the  first  and  best  instructor,  and  has  then 
11  the  other  kinds)  attain'd  its  desired  end  when  it  so  deceives  the 
ly  the  magic  and  innocent  witch-craft  of  lights  and  shades,  that 
ited  and  solid  bodies  in  nature  may  seem  swelling,  and  to  be  em- 
id  in  Piano,  by  art. 

»  arrive  at  this,  you  must  first  draw  the  exact  lineaments  and  pro- 
ons  of  the  subject  you  would  expresse  in  profile,  contours,  and  single 
only ;  and  afterwards,  by  more  frequent  and  tender  hatches  in  the 
er  places,  strong,  bold,  or  cross  in  the  deeper. 

r  haiching  is  understood  a  continual  series  or  succession  of  many 
,  shorter  or  longer,  close  or  more  separate,  oblique  or  direct,  ac- 
ng  as  the  work  requires,  to  render  it  more  or  lesse  enlightened ; 
is  attain'd  by  practise  with  a  swift,  even,  and  dextrous  hand, 
gh  sometimes  also  by  the  help  of  the  rule  and  compass ;  every  man 
r  not  an  Apelles  or  Pyrgoteles  to  work  without  them.  Now  the 
expedient  to  gain  a  mastery  in  this  address,  will  be  to  imitate  suc^ 
:s  and  cuts  as  are  most  celebrated  for  this  perfection :  such  (amongst 
ty  of  others)  are  those  of  Henry  Goltzius,  the  Sadelers,  Harman, 


315 

Sanredam,  Vosterman,  and,  above  all,  that  rare  book  of  Jacomo  Palma, 
graven  by  Odoardo  Fiaktti :  of  the  more  modern,  the   incomparable 
Natalis,  Nanteuil,  Poilly,  and  Cornelius  Blomaert.  These  for  the  burin  ; 
for  etching,  Callot,  Morine,  and  Bosse  ;  especially  in  those  his  latter 
pieces,  which  have  so  nearly  approach'd  the  graver.     After  these,  let 
our  learner  design  the  several  members  of  bodies  apart,  and  then  united, 
with  intire  figures  and  stories,  till  he  be  able  to  compose  something  of 
his    own,  which    may  support    the  examination   of  qualified  judges. 
But  the  ir^x''^pay[Mi  or  first  draughts  of  these  should  not  be  with  too 
great  curiosity,  and  the  several  minutice  that  appear  in  many  copies ;  but 
with  a  certain  free  and  judicious  negligence,  rather  aiming  at  the  origi- 
nal, than  paining  of  yourself  with  overmuch  exactness ;  for  noc&re  scepe 
•nimiam  diligentiam,  was  an  old  observation  ;  and  therefore  the  antient 
painters  (&-ays  Philostratus)  more  esteem'd  a  certain  true  and  liberal 
draught  then  the  neatness  of  the  figure,  as  he  expresses  it  in  Am/ghia- 
ravs's  Horse,  sweating'  after  the  Comfiict ;  since  drawings  and  designes 
are  not  to  be  like  Polycletus's  Canon,  which  took  its  several  parts  fi-om 
as  many  perfect  bodies,  bv  a  studied  and  most  accurate  symmetrie.     It 
shall  suffice  that  the  prime  conceptions  of  our  artist  be  perform'd  with 
less  constraint :  a  coal  or  pensil  of  black-lead  will  serve  the  turn,  re- 
serving the  stronger  and  deeper  touches  for  a  second  pass  of  the  hand 
over  your  work  j  and  last  of  all,  penning  the  contours  and  outlines  with 
a  more  even  and  acute  touch,  neatly  finishing  the  hatches  with  a  reso- 
lute, constant,  and  flowing  hand,  especially  as  it  approaches  to  the  fainter 
shadows,  terminating  them  in  lost  and  misty  extreams,  and  thwarted 
(if  you  will  counter-hatch)  at  equal  and  uniform  intervals  (but  not  till 
the  first  be  dry),  or,  if  with  single  stroaks  (which  to  us  renders  the 
most  natural  and  agreeable  efiects),  with  full,  deep  hatches,  and  their 
due  diminishings. 

But  it  would  haply  be  objected,  that  these  accurate  designes  of  the  pen 
were  never  esteemed  among  the  nobler  parts  of  Drawing,  as  for  the  most 
part  appearing  too  finical,  stiff,  and  constrain'd.  To  this  we  reply,  that 
the  remark  is  not  impertinent,  as  commonly  we  find  by  experience ;  but  it 
has  not  proceeded  from  the  least  defect  in  the  instrument,  but  from  that 
of  the  artist,  whose  aptitude  is  not  yet  arriv'd  to  that  perfection  which  is 


316 

requisite,  and  does  infallibly  confirme  and  dispose  the  hand  to  whatever 
it  addresses ;  affording  so  great  a  delight  and  satisfaction  to  some  excel- 
lent workmen,  as  that  they  never  desir'd  to  advance  further  then  this 
triumph  of  the  pen,  wliich  has  celebrated  their  names,  and  equaliz'd 
their  renown  with  that  of  the  most  famous  painters.  For  such  were  (in 
this  nature)  the  incomparable  drawings  of  Don  Giulio  Clovio,  Albert 
Durer,  Passarotto,  yea  Titian  himself,  when  the  fancy  took  him ;  the 
foremention'd  Goltzius,  especially  for  his  Diana  sleeping,  drawn  with  a 
pen  on  a  cloth  prim'd  in  oyl,  which  was  sometimes  sold  at  Amsterdam 
for  200  pounds ;  and  that  laborious  and  most  stupendous  work  of  hisj 
now  part  of  his  Majesties  collection,  where  he  has  drawn  with  the  pen, 
upon  a^  heightning  of  oyl,  a  Venus,  Cupid,  Sat^r,,  and  some  other 
figures,  as  big  as  the  life  it  self,  with  a  boldness  and  dexterity  incom- 
parable :  and  such  are  some  things  which  we  have  seen  done^by  Slgnlor 
Thomaso,  a  Florentine,  and  our  ingenious  friend  Mr.  Vart^er  Douse 
(descended  of  that  noble  Janus  Dousa,  whose  learning  and  courage  the 
great  Scaliger  and  Grotius  have  so  worthily  celebrated),  now  in  the 
court  of  England.  To  these  we  add  Robert  Nanteull,  at  Paris;  and  of 
our  own  country- men,  those  eight  or  ten  drawings  by  the  pen  of  Francis 
and  John  Cleyn  (two  hopefull,  but  now  deceas'd,  brothers),  after  those 
^rea.t  Cartoons  of  Raphael,  containing  the  stories  of  the  Acts  of  the  Apos- 
tles, vjh^re.  In  a  fraternal  emulation,  they  ,haye  done  such  work  as  was 
never  yet  exceeded  by  mortal  men,  either  of  the  former  or  present  age  j  and 
worthy  they  are  of  the  honour  which  his  Majesty,  has  don^e  their  memo- 
ries, by  having  purchased  these  excellent  things  out  of  Germany,  whi- 
ther they  had  been  transported,  or  dt  least  Intended.  There  is  likewise 
one  Mr.  Francis  Carter  (now  In  Italy),  not  to  be  forgotten  amongst 
those  whose  pens  deserve  to  be  celebrated.  But  it  is  not  here  that  we 
are  to  expatiate  far  on  this  particular,  as  designing  a  chapter  only,  much 
less  shall  we  have  leisure  to  proceed  to  black  and  white  chalke  (as  they 
call  it)  upon  coloured  paper,  in  which  those  many  Incomparable  and 
original  drawings  of  the  old  and  great  masters  are  yet  extant,  wherein  a 
middle  colour,  wrought  upon  two  extreams,  produces  (on  an  Instant) 
that  wonderfull  and  stupendous  roundness  and  extancy,  which  the  pen 
Is  so  long  in  doing,  though  so  infallible  a  guide  to  Its  well  doing,  that 


317 

having  once  attain'd  the  command  of  that  instrument,  all  other  drawings 
whatsoever  will  seem  most  easie  and  delightfull.  Neither  shall  it  then 
be  requisite  to  continue  that  exactness,  since  all  drawing  is  but  an 
hand-maid  and  attendant  to  what  you  would  either  grave  or  paint 

But  by  this  perfection  and  dexterity  at  first,  did  even  those  renouned 
masters,  Julio,  Parmegiano,  and  sometimes  Polydore  himself,  (not  to 
insist  on  Rubens  and  Vandyke)  proceed,  whose  drawings  in  this  kind, 
when  first  they  made  their  studies  in  Italy,  were  exceedingly  curious  and 
finished  ;  though  in  all  their  more  recent  and  maturer- desigues,  rather 
judicious  then  exact,  because  of  that  time  which  such  minute  finishingis 
did  usually  take  up;  and  that,  when  all  is  done,  it  is  still  but  a  drawing, 
which  indeed  conduces  to  the  making  of  profitable  things,  but  is  it  self 
none.  ^  ^ 

Yet  so  highly  necessary  is  this  of  Drawing  to  all  who  pretend  to 
these  noble  and  refined  arts,  that  for  the  securing  of  this  foundation, 
and  the  promotion  and  encouragement  of  it,  the  greatest  Princes  of 
Europe  have  erected  academies,  furnished  with  all  conveniencies  for  the 
exercise  and  improvement  of  the  Virtuosi.  Such  illustrious  and  noble 
geniuses  were  Cosmo  di  Medices,  Francis  the  First,  Carlo  Borromeo, 
and  others,  who  built  or  appointed  for  them  stately  apartments  even  in 
their  own  palaces,  and  under  the  same  roofe;  procuring  models,  and 
endowing  them  with  charters,  enfranchisements,  and  ample  honoraries ; 
by  which  they  attracted  to  their  courts  and  countries  most  of  the  refin'd 
and  extraordinary  spirits  in  all  the  arts  and  sciences  that  were  then  cele- 
brated throughout  the  world.  ' 

.,  Nor  it  seems  has  it  been  the  sole  glory  of  those  illustrious  Princes  to 
cherish  and  enoble  men  of  art :  the  Greek  and  Roman  of  old  had  them 
in  special  veneration  ;  but  in  none  of  their  courts  were  men  of  science 
caressed  to  that  degree  as  in  that  we  have  read  of  the  Emperor  of  Japan 
at  present,  who  does  not  only  entertain  and  nobly  accommodate  them, 
but  never  stirs  abroad  without  their  company.  These  great  men,  says 
my  authour,*  (meaning  physitians,  painters,  sculptors,  musitians,  &c. 
quos  propria  nomine  appellant  Contubernium .  Ccesaris,^  march  before 


*  Descrip.  Reg.  Japaniae  Bern.  Varenii. 


318 

the  King  whether  he  go  forth  in  litter  or  on  horseback;  and  being 
elected  of  persons  of  the  greatest  birth  in  his  dominions,  they  always 
continue  at  his  court,  richly  appointed  with  sallaries ;  but  otherwise,  to 
bear  no  office  whatsoever  which  may  in  the  least  importune  them,  eo 
solum  elecH,  ut  Imperatori  ad  voluptatem  et  delectationem  consortium 
preBstent,  as  being  therefore  only  chosen  to  recreate  and  divert  the  Prince 
with  their  excellent  conversation.  These  being  men  of  the  rarest  parts 
and  endowments  in  his  empire,  have  pre-eminence  in  all  places  next  the 
King;  then  come  the  guards  in  the  reare,  which  consist  of  a  more  infe- 
riour  nobility  :  thus  far  the  historian.  We  know  not  how  this  instance 
Ujay  in  these  days  be  interpreted ;  but  certainly  the  courts  of  Princes 
were  in  former  ages  composed  of  men  of  the  greatest  virtue  and  talents 
above  the  rest,  and  such  as  possess'd  something  of  extraordinary  (besides 
the  wearing  of  fine  cloaths,  and  making  the  bone  mine)  to  recommend 
them.  We  insist  not  on  Sculptors  and  Painters  only,  especiaJly  as  such 
men  are  now  for  the  most  part  vitious,  or  else  of  poor  and  mechanick 
spirits  ;  but  as  those  antient  and  noble  geniuses  were  heretofore  accom- 
plish'd,  and  such  as  of  late  were  Raphael,  Durer,  Leon  Alberti,  Da 
Vinci,  Rubens ;  and  at  present,  Cavalier  Bernini,  &e.  persons  of  most 
excellent  endowments,  and  universally  learned,  which  rendred  their  fau- 
tors  and  protectors  iamous,  by  leaving  such  marks  of  their  admired  virtue 
as  did  eternize  their  merits  to  after  ages. 

Thus  it  was  that  Myron,  Polycletus,  Phydias,  Lysippus,  and  others  of 
the  antients,  procured  such  lasting  names  by  their  divine  labours.  Thet 
wrought  for  Kings,  great  cities,  and  noble  citizens ;  whereas  others,  on 
the  contrary,  (men  haply  of  no  lesse  industry  and  science,)  had  little  or  na 
notice  taken  of  them,  because  they  received  no  such  encouragement, 
were  poor  and  neglected,  which  did  utterly  eclipse  and  suppress  their 
fame ;  such  as  those  whereof  Vitruvius  does  in  the  Preface  to  his  thii*d 
book  make  mention,  where  he  speaks  of  Chiron  the  Corinthian,  Hellas  of 
Athens,  Myagrus  of  Phocia,  Pharax  the  Ephesian,  besides  Aristomenes, 
Polycles,  Nichomachus,  and  several  others,  who  being  excellent  masters 
and  rarely  endowed,  perished  in  obscurity,  and  without  any  regard  from 
the  unequal  hand  and  distribution  of  fortune,  and  for  want  of  being  che- 
rished by  Princes  and  great  men.      But  to  return  : 


319 

Iti  these  places  they  had  books  of  drawings  of  all  the  old  and  re- 
nowned masters,  rounds,  busts,  Relievos,  and  entire  figures,  cast  off  from 
the  best  of  the  antique  statues  and  monuments,  Greek  and  Roman. 
There  was  to  be  seen  the  Laocoon,  Cleopatra,  Antinons,  Flora,  Her- 
cules, Comtmdus,  Venus,  Melec^er,  Niobe,  Sfc;  whereof  the  originals 
are  still  extant  at  Rome.  There  were  likewise  divers  rare  and  excellent 
statues,  both  of  brass  and  marble ;  modells  and  divers  fragments  of 
bases,  columns,  capitals,  freezes,  cornices,  and  other  pieces,  moulded 
from  the  most  authentique  remains  of  the  antient  famous  buildings ; 
besides  a  universal  collection  of  medaills,  things  artificial  and  natural. 

But  to  recover  our  drawing  again,  as  it  concernes  the  art  of  Chal- 
cography, we  have  already  mentioned  such  of  the  most  accomplish'd 
gravers,  whose  labours  and  works  were  proposed  for  exemplars  and 
imitation ;  nor  let  the  most  supercilious  painter  despise  what  we  have 
here  alledged,  or  imagine  it  any  diminution  to  his  art,  that  he  now 
and  then  put  his  hand  to  the  pen,  and  draw  even  after  some  of  those 
masters  we  have  so  much  celebrated :  what  Andrea  del  Sarto  has  taken 
out  of  the  prints  of  Albert  Durer,  improving  and  reducing  them  to 
his  manner  (not  for  want  of  invention,  and  plagiary  like,  as  all  that 
have  any  knowledge  of  his  works  can  justifie)  has  no  way  eclipsed^  hat 
rather  augDsented  his  glory ;  as  on  the  other  aide,  that  divine  piece  of 
his,  the  Chris tus  mortmis,  which  he  gave  to  be  cut  by  Augustino  Ve- 
netlano ;  the  Trmmphs,  Vasas,  and  Anatomies  of  old  Rosso,  by  whom- 
soever engraven,  and  those  other  things  of  his  after  Oomenico  Bar- 
bieri ;  Paulo  Veroneze  did  much  study  the  prints  of  Durer,  and  that 
incomparable  painter  Antonio  Vassalacci  (call'd  otherwise  Aliense) 
made  notable  use  of  that  his  prodigious  collection  of  stamps  of  the  most 
rare  hands ;  not  to  recapitulate  what  were  published  by  Raphael  him* 
self,  and  infinite  otliers,  by  which  they  have  suffictently  made  appear 
the  value  they  attributed  to  this  art,  by  desiring  (as  much  as  in  them 
lay)-  to  rendeir  their  works  famous  to  posterity,  by  thus  communicating 
them  to  the  worid,  though  many  times  through  the  hands  but  of  very 
vulgar  and  ordinary  gravers. 

And  here  we  should  have  put  a  period  to  this  essay,  and  the  present 
chapter,  as  having  abundaady  vindicated  the  necessity  and  worthiness 


320 

of  deslgne  and  drawing,  as  it  is  previous  and  introductory  to  the  art  of 
Chalcography,  had  not  one  curiosity  .more  prevented  us;  which  be- 
cause it  so  much  concernes  the  conducting  of  hatches  and  strOaks,  whi- 
ther with  pen,  point,  or  graver,  pretending  (at  least  very  ingeniously 
hinting)  to  a  method  how,  by  a  constant  and  regular  certitude,  one 
may  express  to  the  eye  the  sensation  of  the  relievo,  or  extancie  of  ob- 
jects, be  it  by  one  or  more  hatches,  cross  and  counter,  we  think  not 
impertinent  here  to  recite  as  briefly  as  the  demonstration  will  permit. 

The  principal  end  of  a  graver  that  would  copy  a  design  or  piece  com- 
pos'd  of  one  or  more  objects  is,  to  render  it  correct  both  in  relation  to 
the  draught,  contours,  and  other  particularities,  as  to  the  lights  and 
shades  on  the  front,  flying  or  turning  in  bold  or  faint  touches  so  as 
may  best  express  the  reliefe,  in  which  gravers  have  hitherto,  for  the 
most  part,  rather  imitated  one  another  then  improved  or  refined  upon 
nature ;  some  with  more,  some  with  fewer  stroaks  :  having  never  yet 
found  out  a  certain  and  uniforme  guide  to  follow  in  this  work,  so  as  to 
carry  their  stroaks  with  assurance,  as  knowing  where  they  are  to  de- 
termine, without  manifestly  offending  the  due  rules  of  perspective. 

If,  in  truth,  nakeds  and  other  polite  bodies  were  so  formed  as  that 
we  might  detect  the  course  and  inclination  of  the  threads,  fibres,  and 
grain,  so  as  we  perceive  it  In  stuff^s,  cloth,  linnen,  and  other  draperies, 
nothing  would. appear  more  facile;  for  let  them  assume  what  ply  they 
will,  it  does  not  at  all  concern  the  tissue,  tenor,  or  range  of -the.  threads 
and  wailes  (as  they  call  them)  which  is  easily  imitated,  both  as  to  their 
inclinations  ;and  distances  from  the  point  of  sight. 

But  since  we  are  much  at  a  loss,  and  can  perceive  no  such  direction 
or  clue  in  nudities  and  other  smooth  surfaces,  it  were  haply  worth  the 
while  to .  find  out  some  expedient  which  should  assist  the  imagination 
in  this  affair,  and  that  might  encounter  the  difficulty  upon  other  terse 
and  even  objects,  by  forming  such  stroaks,  and  directors  upon  them  In 
our  Imagination ;  observing,  that  there  are  some  parts  in  them  com- 
monly to  be  distinguished  from  the  mass  in  gross  ;  for  example,  the 
hairs  in  men,  eyes,  teeth,  nails,  &c.  that  as  one  would  conceive  such 
lines  or  hatches  on  those  masses,  others  may  likewise  be  as  well  fancied 
upon  those  lesser  and  more  delicate  members  : 


321 

To  effect  this,  the  annexed  Iconlsme  is  thus  explained. 

Suppose,  in  the  uppermost  figure  of  this  plate,  the  object  CQ)  to  be 
the  representation  in  perspective  of  the  portion  of  a  bowle,  expos'd  to 
the  beams  of  the  Sun  ;  and  the  letters  c.  s.  r.  t.  a  frame,  or  square  of 
wood  barr'd  and  strung  in  even  and  straight  lines,  parallel  inter  se. 

-  Then  another  thread,  viz.  m.  n.  crossing  them  in  perpendicular.  The 
frame  in  the  mean  time  suppos'd  to  incline  towards  the  Bowie  O.  be- 
tixt  it  and  the  Sun,  which  represents  to  you  all  these  threads  project- 
ing their  shadowes  upon  the  Bowie,  and  the  surface  where  it  is  situate. 

Suppose  now  the  same  upon  the  relievo  or  mass  it  self;  it  is  evident, 
that  these  threads,  in  whatever  manner  you  interpose  the  said  frame 
betwixt  the  Bowie  and  the  Sun,  that  they  will  perpetually  cast  their 
shadowes  parallel  inter  se,  cutting  it,  as  it  were,  into  several  plains, 
uniforme  and  parallel  also. 

You  see  likewise  in  this  very  figure,  that  the  oblique  and  direct 
shades  o  u  x  y  are  caused  by  the  cathetus  m  t  n,  and  the  pointed  curved 
lines  upon  the  Bowie  O,  viz.  o  z  n  1,2,  &c.  are  formed  by  the  parallels 
which  intersect  the  perpendicular. 

But  the  same  frame  posited  between  the  Sun  and  a  Head  in  Relievo 
of  white  marble,  or  the  like  (as  in  the  inferiour  example)  will  not  ren- 
der the  shadow  of  the  threads  alike  upon  all  the  parts  parallel  inter  se 
(as  in  the  former),  though  the  same  were  suppos'd  to  be  cut  by  like 
plane  and  mutual  parallels  as  was  the  Bowie  O.  However,  so  shall 
they  appear,  as  to  hint  the  tracing  of  parallels  on  the  relievo,  or  assist 
the  imagination  of  them  there,  and  consequently,  how  to  deslgne  them 
upon  objects  made  after  the  same  ordonance  in  perspective  parallel,  as 
one  may  conceive  them  upon  the  relievo  of  an  ordonance  in  geometrical 
•parallel,  viz.  as  in  the  figure  O,  or  to  speak  more  distinctly,  suppo&ing 
them  the  same  on  the  irregular  as  on  the  regular. 

Consider  then  upon  the  head,  the  concourse  of  those  imaginary 
parallels  in  perspective,  shaded  with  the  pointed  lines ;  and  how  the 
intercurrent  hatches,  which  they  comprehend,  pursue  the  same  course 
and  tenor,  or  perspective  parallelisme. 

From  these  instances  now,  it  will  not  be  difficult  how  to  apply  the 
same  upon  all  the  sorts  of  bodies  representable  by  gra;ving,  and  to  com- 

2t 


322 

prehend  in  one's  imagination,  the  concurrency  and  uniforme  tenor  of 
the  particles,  as  we  may  so  call  them  ;  only,  there  is  this  particular  to 
be  observed,  that  the  projecture  of  the  threads  will  not  appear  alike 
perspicuous  in  the  deep  and  shady  parts  of  relievos  as  upon  the  illu- 
minated, being  lost  in  the  dark  :  but  this  is  easily  supplyed  by  the 
imagination,  or  by  holding  a  loose  thread  parallel  to  the  shaded,  near 
to  the  body  of  the  figure ;  by  which  the  course  of  the  rest  may  be  well 
conceived.  And  this  may  serve  to  give  great  light  to  him  that  shall 
either  grave  in  copper,  or  draw  with  the  pen  ;  for  the  symmetrically 
conducting  of  his  hatches,  determinatively,  and  with  certitude,  by  thus 
imagining  them  to  be  geometrically  marked  upon  the  relievo  or  em- 
bossement  of  the  natural,  wherever  he^  encounter  it,  and  after  this  con- 
ception, to  trace  them  out  upon  his  plate  or  draught  in  perspective.   - 

And  indeed,  that  which  is  chiefly  considerable  and  ingenious  in  thisj 
is,  that  of  their  Perspective ;  since  the  shades  of  the  lines  (in  the  fore- 
mention'd  example)  which  were  upon  the  parts  more  or  lesse  turn'd, 
appear  to  our  eye  accordingly,  with  more  or  less  force,  which  renders 
clear  a  different  effect,  as  to  the  swelling  and  extancies  of  the  parts, 
then  we  find  it  in  works  where  this  method  has  not  been  observed  ;  so 
as  truly  this  may  seem  to  be  the  most  certain  expedient  of  expressing 
by  hatches  the  relievo  of  objects,  whether  with  the  pen  or  burine.  And 
this  is  the  sense  of  a  much  larger  discourse,  which  Monsieur  du  Bosse 
has  proposed,  treating  of  the  practise  of  Perspective  upon  irregular  sur- 
faces, and  we  have  thought  fit  to  insert  into  this  Chapter  ;  not  only 
because  it  is  new  and  pretty ;  but  for  that  (to  us)  it  appears  to  be  of 
good  use,  and  as  may  be  seen  in  some  of  the  late  heads  graven  by  the 
incomparable  Nantueil,  who  had  been  the  sole  occasion  of  this  ingenious 
consideration,  about  the  time  of  our  last  being  at  Paris. 

But  if  this  (like  the  diligence  of  Mechopanes,  which  Pliny  affirmes 
none  was  able  to  understand  but  an  artist  only)  seem  to  be  a  disquisi-  ' 
tion  more  refin'd  then  useful,  for  that  few  of  our  gravers  work  off  from 
the  round,  upon  which  alone  the  observation  is  practicable ;  yet  shall 
it  be  necessary  to  admonish,  that  shadowes  over  dark,  too  deep  and 
suddain,  are  not  commendable  in  these  works,  as  seldom  so  appearing 
in  the  life ;  and  therefore  hatchings  express'd  by  single  stroaks  are  ever 


323 

most  graceful  and  natural ;  tliough  of  greater  difficulty  to  execute, 
cialy  being  any  wayes  oblique ;  because  they  will  require  to  be 
e  broader  and  fuller  iii  the  middle,  then  either  at  their  entrance,  or 
;  an  addresse  much  more  easie  with  the  burin  and  the  pen  then 
I  the  point;  though  Monsieur  Bosse's  invention  of  the  esc/ioppe 
render  the  making  of  this  Sulcus  much  more  facile  :  but  to  attain 
masterly,  and  with  assurance  of  hand,  our  workmen  may  do  well 
nitate  the  gravings  of  the  Sadelers,  Villamena,  Suanneburg,  Gaul- 
;  but  especially  Claudius  Mellan,  Natalis,  Poilly,  Nantueil,  Corne- 
Blomart,  H.  Goltzius  :  and  for  the  letchers  in  aqua  fortis,  Callot 
Du  Bosse,  in  some  of  their  last  cuts  especially.  Though  even  the 
iter  hatchings  also,  coming  tenderly  off,  and  well  conducted,  (so  as 
to  be  seen  in  some  of  the  prints  of  M.  i^ntonio's,  C.  Cort.  Aug. 
racip  and  other  masters)  render  both  an  admirable  and  stupendous 
;t :  for  it  is  in  this  well  placing  of  white  and  black,  wherein  all  this 
and  even  that  of  painting  does  consist:  thus  Aglaphontes  used  but 
colour,  no  more  did  Nitia  the  Athenian  painter;  and  it  was  this 
jvo  also  for  which  the  famous  Zeiixis  became  so  renoun'd  :  not  to 
3t  on  Hieredices  the  Corinthian,  and  Thelophanes  the  Sicyonian, 
(  were  both  of  them  but  Monochromists  ;  and,  ""till  Cleophanes  came 
»ngst  them,  no  dissemblers,  as  owning  no  other  colours  but  those 
nent  contraries ;  that  is,  the  lights  and  the  shades,;  in  the  true 
laging  whereof  so  many  wonders  are  to  be  produc'd  by  this  art, 
even  a  certain  splendor,  and  beauty  in  the  touches  of  the  burin,  so 
he  very  union  and  colouring  it  self  may  be  conceiv'd  without  any 
e  upon  the  imagination,  as  we  have  before  observed  in  these  excel- 
:  gravings  of  Natalis,  Rousselet,  and  Poilly,  after  Bourdon,  and  in 
it  Greuter,  Blomart,  and  some  others  have  done  after  Monsieur 
issin,  Guido  Reni,  Cortbna,  &c. 

5nt  here,  by  the  way,  let  no  man  think  we  mean  by  this  color^e  (as 
■f  term  it)  in  drawing  and  graving,  such  a  position  of  the  hatches 
he  Chevalier  Wolsori  has  invented,  and  Pletro  Santo  the  Jesuite  has 
3w'd,  to  distinguish  their  blazons  by*:   but  a  certain  admirable 

*  Theatre  d'honneur.  Tessera  Gentil,  * 


324 

eflFect  emerging  from  the  former  union  of  lights  and  shadowes ;  su( 
the  antients  would  expresse  by  tonus,  or  the  Pythagoreans  in 
proportions,  and  imitated  in  this  art,  where  the  shades  of  the  hal 
intend  and  remit,  to  the  best  resembling  of  painting,  the  commisi 
of  the  light  and  dark  parts,  imperceptibly  united,  or  at  least  so  sw 
conducted,  as  that  the  alteration  could  no  more  certainly  be  de 
then  the  semi-tones,  or  harmoge  in  musick,  which  though  in 
diflFering,  yet  it  is  so  gentle  and  so  agreeable,  as  even  ravishes  our  s( 
by  a  secret  kind  of  charme  not  to  be  expressed  in  words,  or  disce 
by  the  ignorant.  And  this  it  is  which  has  rendered  it  so  difficult  to 
after  d6signes  and  painting,  and  to  give  the  true  heightnings  w 
there  are  no  hatchings  to  express  them,  unless  he  that  copies,  d« 
perfectly  himself,  and  possess  more  then  the  ordinary  talent  and  ju 
ment  of  gravers,  or  can  himself  manage  the  pencil. 

But  to  return  to  prints  again.  We  are  to  understand,  that  wha 
artists  do  many  times  call  excellent  does  not  alwayes  signlfie  tc 
advantage  of  the  graver ;  but  more  freqiiently  the  design  consistir 
the  lineaments,  proportion  and  ordonance,  if  these  be  well  a,nd  mas 
perform'd,  and  for  which  we  have  so  recommended  the  practise  of 
art  to  our  English  painters  in  chap.  iv. ;  though  to  speak  of  an  aci 
plish'd  piece  indeed,  it  is  the  result  of  integral  causes  only,  and  w 
they  universally  encounter. 

We  do  farther  add,  that  for  this  reason,  copies  are  in  prints  n 
more  easily  detected  then  in  paintings,  and  by  consequence  more  f 
also  to  imitate,  as  using  all  one  kind  of  instrument,  and  fewer  w 
of  expression.  But  if  there  be  a  difficulty  in  it,  those  which  are  et 
in  aqua  fortis  make  it  most  conspicuous;  both  because  the  natu 
the  plates,  and  quality  of  the  waters,  and  their  operations,  may  s( 
times  fall  out  to  be  so  very  unlike  :  but  to  discern  an  oriffinal 
from  a  copy  print  (not  to  speak  of  such  plates  as  have  been  retou 
and  therefore  of  little  value)  is  a  knack  very  easily  attain'd ;  bee 
'tis  almost  impossible  to  imitate  every  hatch,  and  to  make  the  stroa 
exact  and  equal  dimensions,  where  every  the  least  defect  or  flaw  ii 
copper  itself,  is  sufficient  to  detect  and  betray  the  imposture  as  in 
little  Vescentjrom  the  Cross  of  Annibale  Caracci  (already  mention 


325 

perspicuous,  and  which  it  were  absolutely  impossible  to  counterfeit.  In 
the  mean  time,  such  as  are  profound  and  well  knowing,  do  establish 
their  judgments  upon  other  particulars  of  the  art,  and  the  very  handling 
itself. 

Lastly,  that  aqua  fortis  gives  a  tenderness  to  landskips,  trees,  and 
buildings,  superiour  to  that  of  the  burlne  (^though  that  exceed  infinitely 
in  figures)  may  be  seen  in  that  of  Israel's  View  of  the  Louvre,  before 
recited,  and  in  some  other  works  where  there  is  an  industrious  and 
studied  mixture,  as.  in  that  second  manner  of  Vosterman's,  which  did 
so  much  please  Rubens  and  Vandyke,  even  in  the  portraits  which  that 
excellent  graver  published  after  those  great  mens  paintings. 

It  was  in  the  former  chapter  that  we  made  rehearsal  of  the  most 
renowned  gravers  and  their  workes ;  not  that  we  had  no  more  to  add  to 
that  number,'  but  because  we  would  not  mingle  these  illustrious  names 
and  qualities  there,  which  we  purposely  reserved  for  the  crown  of  this 
discourse,  we  did  therefore  forbear  to  mention  of  what  his  Highness 
Prince  Rupert's  own  hands  have  contributed  to  the  dignity  of  that  art ; 
performing  things  in  graving  (of  which  some  enrich  our  collection) 
comparable  to  the  greatest  masters.     Such  a  spirit  and  address  there 
appears  in  all  that  he  touches,  and  especially  in  that  of  the  mezzo 
tinto,  of  which  we   shall  speak  hereafter  more  at  large,  having  first 
enumerated. those  incomparable  gravings  of  that  his  new  and  inimita- 
ble stile,  in  both  the   great  and  little  decollations  of  St.  John  the 
JBaptist ;   i\\e  Souldier  holding  a  spear   and  leaning  his  hand  on  a 
shield;    the  two  Mary  Magdalens ;    the  Old  Mans  Head:  that  of 
Titian,  &c.  after  the  same  Titian,  Georgione^  and  others.     We  have 
also  seen  a  plate  etched  by  the  present  French  King,  and  other  great 
persons;  the  Right  Honourable  the  Earl  of  Sandwich  sometimes  (as 
we  are  told)  diverting  himself  with  the  burine,  and  herein  imitating 
those  antient  and  renown'd   heroes,  whose   names   are  loud    in   the 
trumpet  of  Fame  for  their  skill  and  particular  affection  to  these  arts. 
For  such  of  old  were  Lucius  Manilius,  and  Fabius,  noble  Romans : 
Pacuvius  the  tra^ck  poet,  nephew  to  Ennius ;  Socrates,  the  wisest  of 
men,  and  Plato  himself.     Metrodorus,  and  Pyrrhus  the  philosopher  did 
both  design  and  paint  j  and  so  did  Valentinian,  Adrian,  and  Severus, 


326 

Emperors :  so  as  the  great  Paulus  ^milius  esteem'd  it  of  such  high'- 
importance,  that  he  would  needs  have  his  son  to  be  instructed  in  it,  as  in 
one  of  the  most  worthy  and  excellent  accomplishments  belonging  to  a 
Prince.  For  the  art  of  graving,  Quintihan  likewise  celebrates  Euphra- 
nor,  a  polite  and  rarely  endow'd  person ;  and  Pliny,  in  that  chapter 
where  he  treats  of  the  same  art,  observes,  that  there  was  never  any  one 
famous  in  it,  but  who  was  by  birth  or  education  a  gentleman  :  therefore 
he  and  Galen  in  their  recension  of  the  liberal  arts,  mention  that  of 
graving  in  particular  amongst  the  most  permanent;  and  in  the  same 
catalogue  numbers  it  with  rhetorick,  geometry,  logic,  astronomic,  yea 
grammar  itself;  because  there  is  in  these  arts,  say  they,  more  of  fancy 
and  invention  then  strength  of  hand ;  more  of  the  spirit  then  of  the 
body.  Hence  Aristotle  *  informes  us  that  the  Grecians  did  universally 
institute  their  children  in  the  art  of  painting  and  drawing,  for  an 
oeconomique  reason  there  signified,  as  well  as  to  produce  proportions  in 
the  mind,  Varro  makes  it  part  of  the  ladies  education,  that  they  might 
have  the  better  skill  in  the  works  of  embroidery,  &c.  and  for  this  caiise 
is  his  daughter  Martia  celebrated  amongst  those  of  her  fair  sex.  We 
have  already  mentioned  the  learned  Anna  Schurman ;  but  the  Princess 
Louise -j"  has  done  wonders  of  this  kind,  and  is  famous  throughout 
Europe  for  the  many  pieces  which  enrich  our  cabinets,  examples  suffici- 
ent to  vindicate  its  dignitv,  and  the  value  that  has  been  set  upon  it; 
since  both  emperours,  kings  ttnd  philosophers,  the  great  and  the  wise, 
have  not  disdained  to  cultivate  and  cherish  this  honourable  quality,  of 
old  so  nobly  reputed,  that  amongst  the  Greeks,  a  slave  might  not  be 
taught  it.  How  passionately  does  Pereskius,  that  admirable  and  univer- 
sal genius,  deplore  his  want  of  dexterity  in  this  art !  Baptista  Alberti, 
Aldus,  Pomponius  Guaricus,  Durer,  and  Rubens  were  politely  learned 
and  knowing  men :  and  it  is  hardly  to  be  imagin'd  of  how  great  use 
and  conducible,  a  competent  address  in  this  art  of  drawing  and  designing 
is  to  the  several  advantages  which  occur ;  and  especially  to  the  more 
noble  mathematical  sciences,  as  we  have  already  instanced  in  the  lunary 

*  Polit.  1.  8.  c.  3.  t  Daughter  of  Frederic  King  of  Bohemia,  and  niece  to  K.  Charles  I.  "  Her 
paintings, "  says  Granger,  "  are  highly  esteemed  by  the  curious  ;  not  only  for  their  rarity,  but  their 
merit ;  and  are  to  be  seen  in  foreign  cabinets  with  the  works  of  the  greatest  masters." 


327 

IR'orks  of  Hevelius^  and  are  no  less  obliged  to  celebrate  some  of  our  own 
countrymen  famous  for  their  dexterity  in  this  incomparable  art ;  such 
was  that  Blagrave,  who  himself  cut  those  Diagramms  in  his  Mathema- 
tical Jewel;  and  such  at  present  is  that  rare  and  early  prodigy  of  uni- 
versal science,  Dr.  Chr.  Wren,  our  worthy  and  accomplish'd  friend. 
For,  if  the  study  of  Eloquence  and  Rhetorick  were  cultivated  by  the 
greatest  genius's  and  heroic  persons  which  the  world  has  produc'd,  and 
that  by  the  suflFrage  of  the  most  knowing,  to  be  a  perfect  orator,  a  man 
ought  to  be  universally  instructed,  a  quality  so  becoming  and  usefull 
should  never  be  neglected.  Omnium  enim  jdrtium  peritus  erit  Orator, 
side  Omnibus  ei  dicendum  est.*  He  that  would  speak  well  upon  all 
subjects  should  be  ignorant  of  none.  It  was  Cicero  that  taught  Quin- 
tilian  the  importance  of  it,  where  he  tells  us  that,  in  his  opinion,  no 
man  could  pretend  to  be  Omni  laude  cumulatus  Orator,f  a  perfect  and 
accomplish'd  orator  indeed,  nisi  erit  omnium  rerum  magnarum  atque 
jlrtium  scientiam  consecutus.  It  is  the  sentence  of  that  great  man; 
and  therefore  to  be  embraced  by  us,  especially  on  this  occasion  :  because 
it  was  immediately  after  he  had  expressly  instanc'd  in  Ccelatura  et 
Sculptura,  that  of  cutting  and  engraving ;  for  it  is  worth  the  observa- 
tion, that  the  ages  which  did  most  excell  in  eloquence,  did  also  flourish 
most  In  these  arts,  as  in  the  time  of  Demosthenes  and  the  same  Gicero. 
and  as  they  appear'd,  so  they  commonly  vanish'd  together;  and  this 
remark  is  universal. 

But  now  for  close  of  all,  and  toverifie  the  admirable  use  which  may  be 
derlv'd  from  this  incomparable  art  above  the  rest,  let  us  hear  what  the 
learned  Abbot  of  Villeloin,  Monsieur  de  MaroUes,  has  left  upon  record 
in  the  Memoires  of  his  own  life,  anno  1644,  after  he  had  made  a  very 
handsome  discourse  (which  we  recommend  to  all  good  Roman  Catho- 
liques)  concerning  images,  upon  occasion  of  a  superstitious  frequenting 
of  a  certain  renowned  shrine,  pretended  to  have  done  miracles  at  Paris, 
but  was  detected  to  be  an  imposture.     The  passage  Is  thus, 

Dieu  m'a  fait  la  grace,  &c. 

"  I  am  (saith  he)  greatly  obliged  to  God,  that  though  I  have  ever  had 


*  Quint.  Inst.  1.  2.    '  t  De  Orat.  1. 


328 

a  singular  aiFection  to  images,  I  was  never  in  my  life  superstitious 
have  yet  made  a  collection  so  prodigious,  that  they  amount  to  no 
than  seventy  thousand  (he  adds  afterwards  ten  thousand  more), 
they  are  all  copper-cuts  and  engravings  of  all  sorts  of  subjects  imagi 
hie.  I  began  to  be  addicted  to  this  kind  of  curiosity  -but  sincethe  y 
1641  ;  but  have  so  cherish'd  the  humour,  that  I  may  truly  affirm,  wi 
out  the  least  exaggeration,  that  I  have  some  prints  of  all  the  masi 
that  are  any  where  to  be  found,  as  well  Gra.vers  as  Designers  and 
ventors,  to  the  number  of  above  four  hundred  ;  and  these  are  rangec 
books  of  Charts  and  Maps,  Calligraphy,  Architecture,  Fortificati 
TacticJcs,  Sieges,  Circuinvallations,,Sattails,  Single- Combats,  Na 
Fights,  Mai'itime  Pieces,  Landships,  Townes,  Castles,  Seas,  Rivi 
Fountains,  Vasas,  Gardening,  Flowers,  JRuines,'  Perspective,  Clot 
Watches,  Machines,  Goldsmiths  TVdrTcs,  Joyners,  and  Workers 
Iron,  Copper,  Embroydering,  Laces,  Grotesque,  Animals',  Habits 
several  Countries,  Anatomies,  Pdrtraictures,  Cartouches  and  Comp 
timents,  Antiques,  Bas-relievos,  Statues,  Cataphalcos,  Tombs,:  M 
taphss  Funeral  Pomps,  Entries,  Cavalcados,  Devises,  Medaills,  J5 
blems.  Ships,  Cabinet  Pieces,  Trees,  Fruits,  Stones,  Dances,  Corned 
Bacchanalias,  Huntings,  Armories,  Tournaments,  Massacres,  Egce 
tions.  Torments,  Sports,  Heroic  and  Moral  Fables,  Histories,  Lives 
Saints  and  Martyrs,  Pieces  of  the  Bible,  Religious  Orders,  Thet 
and  above  ten  thousand  Portraits  of  renowned  persons ;  without  counti 
(amongst  these)  above  six  score  volumes  of  masters  whose  names 
there  enumerates  alphabetically.  This  curiosity  (says  he);  I  affec 
from  my  youth,  but  did  not  much  cultivate  till  of  late  years,  preferrin| 
even  before  paintings  themselves  (for  which  yet'I  have  infinite  esteer 
not  only  for  that  they  are  more  proportionable  to  my  purse,  but  becai 
they  better  become  our  libraries ;  so  that  had  we  a  dozeij  only,  tl 
were  curious  of  these  collections  in  France,  especially  amongst  pers( 
of  condition  (such  as  Monsieur  de  I'Orme,  the  late  Monsieur  de  la  IV 
chinier,  &c.  Taille-Douces  would  come -to  be  extraordinary  rariti( 
and  the  works  of  Lucas,  Durer,  Mark  Antonio,  and  the  polite  mast 
which  are  now  sold  at  four  or  five  hundred  crownes  a-piece,  would 
then  valued  at  three  times  as  much;  a,  thing  incredible,  did  not  exi 


329 

rlence  convince  us  of  it.  Those  \vho  are  touch'd  with  this  kind  of  affec- 
tion hardly  ever  abandon  it,  so  full  of  charmes,  variety,  and  instruction 
it  is.  Truly,  methinks,  that  all  Princes  especially  and  great  men 
should  be  stored  with  these  works,  preferable  to  a  world  of  other  trifling 
collections,  and  less  fruitfuU,  as  comprehending  so  many  considerable, 
remarkable  things,  and  notices  of  almost  all  sorts  of  subjects  imaginable." 
Thus  far  the  learned  Abbot. 

But  it  leads  us  yet  farther,  when  we  seriously  reflect  how  capable  this 
art  is  above  all  other  whatsoever  to  insinuate  all  sorts  of  notions  and 
things  into  children,  and  be  made  an  instrument  of  education  superiour  to 
all  those  abstrjicted  termes  and  secondary  intentions  ivherewith  masters 
commonly  torment  and  weary  their  tender  and  weak  capacities  :  and  this 
we  have  discover'd  by  much  experience,  and  could  here  produce  examples 
beyond  belief  in  a  child  at  present  not  six  years  old,  who  does  both 
know  and  perfectly  comprehend  such  things  and  actions  as  hardly  any 
at  sixteen,  some  at  twenty,  have  yet  attained,  who  pursue  the  common 
methods  of  our  Grammar  Schools,  without  these  aids  and  advantages  ; 
for,  since  nihil  est  in  intellectu,  quod  non  prius  fuit  in  sensu ;  *  and 
that,  as  the  Poet  had  well  observ'd, 

Segnius  irritant  animos  demissa  per  Aurem 
Quam  quae  sunt  Oculis  subjecta  fidelibus.'f' 

What  can  there  be  more  likely  to  Inform  and  delight  them,  dum  ani- 
mus majora  non  capit,  then  the  pictures  and  representations  of  those 
things  which  they  are  to  learn  ?  We  did  mention  before  the  Hiero- 
glyphical  Grammar,  published  by  Dr.  Couvay ;  and  it  is  well  known 
how  Ellhardus  Lublnus,  in  an  JEpistle  to  the  Duke  of  Stetin,  has  cele- 
brated and  contrlv'd  an  Institution  of  youth  by  this  art.  Such  as  was  also 
the  design  of  that  prodigie  of  a  man.  La  Martelay,  who  had  already  col- 
lected and  digested  such  a  choice  number  of  cuts,  and  so  unlversall,  as 
by  which  he  more  then  pretended  (for  he  really  effected  it)  to  tedch  all 
the  sciences  by  them  alone,  and  that  with  as  much  certitude,  and  infi- 
nitely more  expedition,  then  by  the  most  accurate  method  that  was  ever 
yet  produced.     What  a  specimen  of  this,  Jo.  Amos.  Commenlus,  in  his 

*  Aristotle.  +  Horat,  Ars.  Poet.  1. 180. 

2  u 


330 

Orbis  sensualium  pictus,  gives  us  in  a  nomenclator  of  all  the  funda- 
mental things  and  actions  of  men  in  the  whole  world,  is  publick ;  and  I 
do  boldly  afiBrm  it  to  be  a  piece  of  such  excellent  use,  as  that  the  like  was 
never  extant,  however  it  comes  not  yet  to  be  perceived.     A  thousand 
pitties  it  is,  that  in  the  edition  published  by  Mr.  Hoole,  the  cuts  were  so 
wretchedly  engraven.     I  do  therefore  heartily  wish  that  this  might  ex- 
cite some  gallant  and  publick  minded  person  to  augment  and  proceed 
farther  upon  that  most  usefull  design,  vl'hich  yet  comes  greatly  short  of 
the  perfection  it  is  capable  of,  were  some  additions  made,  and  the  prints 
reformed  and  improved  to  the  utmost  by  the  skillfull  hand  of  some  rare 
artist.  In  the  mean  time,  what  a  treasury  of  excellent  things  might  by  this 
expedient  be  conveyed  and  impressed  into  the  waxen  tables  and  imagina- 
tions of  children ;  seeing  there  is  nothing  more  preposterous  then  to  force 
those  things  into  the  ear  which  are  visible  and  the  proper  objects  of  the  eye; 
for  picture  is  a  kind  of  universal  language,  how  diverse  soever  jthe  tongues 
and  vocal  expressions  of  the  several  nations  which  speak  them  may  appear. 
Solet  enim  pictura  tacens  loqui,  maximeque prodesse,  as  Nazianzen  has  it. 
So  as,  if  ever,  by  this  is  that  long  sought  for  art  most  likely  to  be  accom- 
pllsh'd.     Nor  can  any  words  whatever  hope  to  reach  those  descriptions 
which,  in  a  numberlesse  sort  of  things,  picture  does  immediately,  and  as  it 
were  at  one  glance,  interpret  to  the  meanest  of  capacities.  For  instance,  in 
our  Herbals,  books  oi  Insects,  Mirds,  JBeasts,  Fishes,  JBuildings,  Monu- 
ments, and  the  rest  which  make  up  the  cycle  of  the   learned   Abbot, 
some  of  them  haply  never  seen  before,  or  so  much  as  heard  of,  as  Julian 
does  upon  occasion  ingenuously  acknowledge.     And  what  do   we  find 
more  in  request  amongst  the  antient,  then  the  images  of  their  heros  and 
and   illustrious  predecessors  ?  such  as   Atticus  and  Marcus  Varro  col- 
lected ;  all   which   consider'd,  we  do  not  doubt  to  affirm,  that  by  the 
application  of  this  art  alone,  not  only  children,  but  even  striplings  well 
advanced  in  age,  might  receive  incredible  advantages,  preparatory,  to 
their  entrance  into  the  schoole  intellectual,  by  an  universal  and  choice 
collection  of  prints  and  cuts  well  design'd,  engraven,  and  dispos'd,  much 
after  the  manner  and  method  of  the  above-nam'd  Villeloin,  which  should 
contain,  as  it  were,  a  kind  of  Encyclopaedia  of  all  intelligible  and  me- 
morable things  that  either  are  or  have  ever  been  in  rerum  Natura.     It 


331 

is  not  to  be  conceived  of  what  advantage  this  would  prove  for  the  in- 
stitution of  Princes  and  noble  persons,  who  are  not  to  be  treated  with 
the  ruder  difficulties  of  the  vulgar  Grammar  Schooles  only,  and  abstruser 
notions  of  things  in  the  rest  of  the  sciences,  without  these  auxiliaries ; 
but  to  be  allur'd  and  courted  into  knowledge  and  the  love  of  it,  by  all 
such  subsidiaries  and  helps  as  may  best  represent  it  to  them  in  picture, 
nomenclator,  and  the  most  pleasing  descriptions  of  sensual  objects, 
which  naturally  slide  into  their  fluid  and  tender  apprehensions,  speedily 
possessing  their  memories,  and  with  infinite  delight  preparing  them  for 
the  more  profound  and  solid  studies. 

Seneca,  indeed,  seems  to  refuse  the  graphical  sciences  those  advan- 
tages which  others  of  the  philosophers  have  given  to  them  amongst  the 
most  liberal,  as  reckoning  them  somewhat  too  voluptuary  for  his  stoical 
humour ;  yet  did  Socrates  learn  this  very  art  of  carving  of  his  father ; 
Diogenes  drew  the  picture  of  Plato ;  and  the  orator  Messalla  commends 
it  most  highly.  But  what  more  concernes  our  present  instance  is,  that 
it  was  by  the  approbation  of  the  great  Augustus  himself,  that  Q.  Podius 
the  mute  should  be  diligently  taught  it.  We  could  tell  you  of  a  person 
of  good  birth  in  England,  who  (labouring  under  the  same  imperfection) 
does  express  many  of  his  conceptions  by  this  art  of  drawing  and  design- 
ing. And  if  (as  'tis  observ'd)~  it  furnish  us  with  maximes  to  discern  of 
general  defects  and  vices,  especially  in  what  relates  to  the  proportions  of 
human  bodies,  it  is  certainly  not  to  be  esteemed  so  inconsiderable  as  by 
many  it  is.  Polygnotus  could  express  the  passions,  and  Aristides  the 
very  interiour  motions  of  the  soul,  if  we  will  believe  what  is  recorded. 
But  whether  it  advance  to  that  prerogative,  this  we  read  of  for  certain 
(as  to  our  pretence  for  the  education  of  children),  that  when  L.  Paulus 
demanded  of  the  conquered  Athenians  a  philosopher  to  instruct  his  little 
ones,  they  prefer'd  one  Metrodorus,  an  excellent  painter,  before  any  of 
the  rest.  What  Quintillan  sayes  of  Euphranor  is  sufficiently  known  ; 
and  if  some  great  Princes  have  not  disdain'd  to  take  the  pencil  in  the 
same  hand  in  which  they  sway'd  the  scepter  and  the  sword,  and  that  the 
knowledge  of  this  divine  art  was  usefull  even  to  the  preservation  of  the 
life  of  an  Emperor*  (for  such  was  that  Constantinus  Porphyrogenitus),  it 


*  Xiuitpraadi.  Rerum  Gest.  per  Europ. 


332 

is  not  without  examples  sufficient  to  support  the  dignity  of  these  arts, 
that  we  have  with  so  much  zeal  recommended  them  to  Princes  and  illus- 
trious persons. 

And  now  we  have  but  one  thing  more  to  add  before  we  conclude  this 
Chapter,  and  it  is  for  caution  to  those  who  shall  make  these  collections 
for  curiosity  and  ornament  only ;  that  where  we  have  said  all  that  we 
can  of  this  or  any  other  particular  art,  which  may  recommend  it  to  the 
favour  and  endearment  of  great  persons,  our  intention  is  not  that  it 
should  so  far  engage  them  in  its  pursuit  as  to  take  from  the  nobler 
parts  of  life,  for  which  there  are  more  sublime  and  worthy  objects;  but 
that,  with  this  (as  with  the  rest  which  are  commendable,  innocent,  and 
excellent  company)  they  would  fill  up  all  such  spaces  and  opportuni- 
ties as  too  often  lye  open,  expose,  and  betray  them  to  mean  comply- 
ances,  and  lesse  significant  diversions  ;  for  these  was  Aratus  a  great 
collector,  nor  less  knowing  in  the  judgement  of  pictures ;  so  was  Vindex 
and  many  others. 

Namque  haec  quoties  Chelyn  exuit  ille 


Desidia  est,  hie  Aoniis  amor  avocat  antris  *. 

He  allowes  himself  these  relaxations  only  when  he  is  tyred  with  the 
more  weighty  affairs  and  concernments  :  finally,  that  they  would  uni- 
versally contend  to  do  some  great  thing,  as  who  should  most  merit  of 
the  sciences,  by  setting  their  hands  to  the  promotement  of  experimen- 
tal and  usefuU  knowledge,  for  the  universal  benefit  and  good  of  man- 
kind. ' 

This,  this  alone,  would  render  them,  deservedly  honorable  indeed ; 
and  add  a  lustre  to  their  memories  beyond  that  of  their  painted  titles, 
which  (without  some  solid  virtue)  render  but  their  defects  the  more 
conspicuous  to  those  who  know  how  to  make  a  right  estimate  of  things, 
and,  by  whose  tongues  and  pens  only  their  trophies  and  elogies  can 
ever  hope  to  surmount  and  out-last  the  vicissitudes  of  fortune. 

*  Statius,  Hercules  Epitrapezios  Nonii  Vindicis,  1.  30. 


•  --»;>.  ■  S'^s\3^  -"""':'■  ■■'■.'---v.;. 


•IF 


Mm.  VI 


':^5VlJKTl|t-. 


:.tl  k. 


it^Wi, 


:'^  aa:i  fisepst  ^l«i^;n'  .      .t.  platts) .  A<>u?u  ^     Jiere  Ae  fe^-M     ■.■ 
Mc,  and  the  most  ex|>cdittotis  ^  that.  o«  ui*-  :.,ti»ter|,  'ifcv   r^rb^- 
:  He  Jft  this  tlif^  most  h-horicya^,  and  ;,et  perfem*d  x^lth  the  | .-:;-"  •■.  ^ 
r'  f  4liat„  wlirit  appears  to_l>e  effected  with  m  little  cioto^sjy  ^h<M4 
aoj^tti^*  rcsi'mb'..  -  ■{>£,  !^  gejia-^ily  esteem 'd  ifet  v*^av  t,'.:.ftu:*t: 

'*^'*»  **'     ,,--*..        ■,■,        .;'-..;4|,  »*rt»<*.  -|ll«|»rt  s-'he^''d   I*';    -V^ij     •■■,^  tfwat-vsiftt,*  .-    ,■„ 


333 


CHAP.  VI. 

OF  THE  NEW  WAY  OP  ENGRAVING,  OR  MEZZO  TINTO,*  INVENTED,  AND 
COMMUNICATED  BY  HIS  HIGHNESSE  PRINCE  RUPERT,  COUNT  PALA- 
TINE OF  RHYNE,  &C. 

We  have  already  advertis'd  the  Reader  in  one  of  our  prseliminaries, 
why  we  did  omit  what  had  been  by  us  prepar'd  for  the  accomplishment 
of  the  more  mechanical  part  of  the  Chalcographical  art ;  but  it  was 
not  out  of  the  least  design  to  abuse  him  in  the  title  at  the  frontispiece  &f 
this  History  ;  since  we  believed  he  would  most  readily  commute  for  the 
defect  of  a  mystery  so  vulgar,  to  be  gratified  with  another  altogether 
rare,  extraordinary,  universally  approv'd  of,  admired  by  all  which  have 
consider'd  the  eflFects  of  it,  and,  which  (as  yet)  has  |by  none  been  ever 
published; 

Nor  may  I  without  extraordinary  ingratitude  conceal  that  illustrious 
name  which  did  communicate  it  to  me,  nor  the  obligation  which  the 
curious  have  to  that  heroic  person  whp  was  pleas'd  to  impart  it  to  the 
world,  though  by  so  incompetent  and  unworthy  an  instrument. 

It  would  appear  a  paradox  to  discourse  to  you  of  a  graving  without  a 
graver,  burin,  point,  or  aqua-fortis ;  and  yet  is  this  perform'd  without 
the  assistance  of  either  :  that  what  gives  our  most  perite  and  dextrous 
artists  the  greatest  trouble,  and  is  longest  finishing  (for  such  are  the 
hatches  and  deepest  shadowes  in  plates),  should  be  here  the  least  con- 
siderable, and  the  most  expeditious  ;  that,  on  the  contrary,  the  lights 
should  be  in  this  the  most  laboriou?,  and  yet  perform'd  with  the  greatest 
facility ;  that  what  appears  to  be  effected  with  so  little  curiosity  should 
yet  so  accurately  resemble  what  is  generally  esteem'd  the  very  greatest; 


*  \3th  March,  1661,— This  afternoon  Prince  Rupert  shew'd  me  with  his  owne  hands  ye  new 
way  of  graving,  call'd  Mexzo  Tinto,  which  afterwards,  by  his  permission,  I  published  in  my  His- 
tory of  Chalcography,  This  set  so  many  artists  on  worlie,  that  they  soone  arriv'd  at  yt  perfection 
it  is  since  come  to,  emulating  the  tenderest  miniatures.— Memoirs,  vol,  I,  p,  318. 


334 

viz.  that  a  print  should  emulate  even  the  best  of  drawings,  chiaro 
oscuro,  or  (as  the  Italians  term  it)  pieces  of  the  Mezzo  Tinto,  so  as 
nothing  either  of  Vago  da  Carpi,  or  any  of  those  other  masters  who 
pursu'd  his  attempt,  and  whose  works  we  have  already  celebrated,  have 
exceeded,  or  indeed  approach'd;  especially,  for  that  of  portraits,  figures, 
tender  landskips,  and  history,  &c.  to  which  it  seems  most  appropriate 
and  applicable  *. 

This  obligation,  then,  we  have  to  his  Highness  Prince  Rupert,  Count 
Palatine  of  Rhine,  &c.  who  has  been  pleas'd  to  cause  the  instruments 
to  be  expressly  fitted,  to  shew  me  with  his  own  hands  f  how  to  manage 
and  conduct  them  on  the  plate,  that  it  might  produce  the  effects  I  have 
so  much  magnified  and  am  here  ready  to  shew  the  world,  in  a  piece  of 
his  own  illustrious  touching,  which  he  was  pleas'd  to  honour  this  work 
withall,  not  as  a  venal  addition  to  the  price  of  the  book  (though  for 
which  alone  it  is  most  valuable),  but  a  particular  grace,  as  a  specimen 
of  what  we  have  alledged,  and  to  adorn  this  present  Chapter. 

It  is  likewise  to  be  acknowledged,  that  his  Highness  did  indulge  me 
the  liberty  of  publishing  the  whole  manner  and  address  of  this  new 
way  of  engraving  with  a  freedome  perfectly  generous  and  obliging; 
but,  when  1  had  well  consider'd  it  (so  much  having  been  already  ex- 
pressed which  may  suffice  to  give  the  hint  to  all  ingenious  persons  how 
it  is  to  be  perform'd),  I  did  not  think  it  necessary  that  an  art  so  curious, 
and  (as  yet)  so  little  vulgar  (and  which  indeed  does  not  succeed  where 
the  workman  is  not  an  accomplished  designer,  and  has  competent  talent 
in  painting  likewise,)  was  to  be  prostituted  at  so  cheap  a  rate  as  the 
more  naked  describing  of  it  here  would  too  soon  have  expos'd  it  to. 

Upon  these  considerations  then  it  is  that  we  leave  it  thus  senigma- 
tical ;  and  yet  that  this  may  appear  no  dissiugenous  rodomontade  in  me, 

*  [This  art,  since  the  publishing  of  this  (first)  edition,  is  arrived  to  the  utmost  curiosity  and 
accurateness  even  of  the  rarest  miniatures,  in  black  and  white,  and  takes  in  all  subjects.  The  only 
defect  is,  that  the  plates  last  not  so  long  under  the  roUing-press.] 

t  [MoNiER,  a  painter  of  the  French  King's,  has  published  the  History  of  Painting,  Sculpture, 
Architecture,  and  Graving,  in  three  books ;  which  is  translated  into  English,  and  printed  in  London 
1699.  In  the  last  Chapter  of  the  third  Book,  c.  22,  he  treats  of  Taille-iouce,  but  little  which  is 
not  already  in  mine.] 


335 


or  invidious  excuse,  I  profess  my  self  to  be  alwayes  most  ready  (sub 
sigillo,  and  by  his  Highnesse's  permission)  to  gratifie  any  curious  and 
worthy  person  with  as  full  and  perfect  a  demonstration  of  the  entire  art 
as  my  talent  and  addresse  will  reach  to  if  what  I  am  now  preparing 
to  be  reserv'd  in  the  Archives  of  the  Royal  Society  concerning  it,  be  not 
sufficiently  instructive. 


AN  ADVERTISEMENT. 


Theke  is  a  Treatise  of  Monsieur  du  Bosse  in  French,  concerning 
etching  in  aqua-fortis,  construction  of  the  rolling  press,  &c.  which 
(with  some  improvement  of  the  method)  I  did  long  since  interpret  and 
deliver  to  the  Royal  Society,  in  obedience  to  their  commands :  it  was 
my  intention  to  have  added  it  to  this  History  of  mine,  as  what  would 
have  render'd  it  a  more  accomplish'd  piece ;  but,  understanding  it  to 
be  also  the  design  of  Mr.  Faithorn,  who  had  (it  seems)  translated  the 
first  part  of  it,  and  is  himself  by  profession  a  Graver,  and  an  excellent 
Artist ;  that  I  might  neither  anticipate  the  world's  expectation,  nor 
the  workman's  pains,  to  their  prejudice,  I  desisted  from  printing  my 
copy,  and  subjoyning  it  to  this  discourse.  In  the  mean  time  it  is  to 
be  acknowledged,  that  the  Author  thereof  has  discover'd  his  skill  so 
honestly  and  intlrely,  that  there  seems  nothing  more  desirable  as  to 
that  particular ;  and  I  could  wish,  with  all  my  heart,  that  more  of  our 
workmen  would  (in  imitation  of  his  laudable  example)  impart  to  us 
what  they  know  of  their  several  trades  and  manufactures  with  as  much 
candor  and  integrity  as  Monsieur  Bosse  has  done.  For  what  could  so 
much  conduce  to  their  profit  and  emolument  ?  when  their  several  mys- 


336 

s  being  subjected  to  the  most  accurate  inspection  and  examen  of 
more  polite  and  enquiring  spirits,  they  should  return  to  their  Au- 
s  again  so  greatly  refin'd  and  improved,  and  when  (through  this 
ns  also)  Philosophy  her  self  might  hope  to  attain  so  considerable  a 
jress  towards  her  ultimate  perfection. 


THE 


EPISTLES    DEDICATORY 


PREFIXED    TO    THE    TRANSLATION    OF    THE 


PARALLEL, 


BETWEEN 


ANTIENT    AND    MODERN    ARCHITECTURE," 


ORIGINALLY    WRITTEN    IN    FKENCH, 


BY  ROLAND  FREART,  SIEUR  DE  CHAMBRAY. 


First  Printed  in  English  in  1664.'    Folio. 


2  X 


339 

TO    THE    MOST    SERENE   MAJESTY    OF 

CHARLES    THE    SECOND.* 


Since  the  great  Augustus  vouchsafed  to  patronize  a  Work  of  this 
nature  which  was  dedicated  to  him  by  Vitruvius,  I  had  no  reason  to 
apprehend  your  Majesty  would  reprove  these  addresses  of  mine,  if,  in 
presenting  you  with  those  Antiquities  on  which  that  excellent  master 
fprm'd  his  studies,  I  intituled  your  Majesty  to  a  Work  so  little  inferiour 
to  it,  and  so  worthy  to  go  in  pai-agon  with  it.  And  indeed  to  whom 
could  I  more  aptly  inscribe  it,  a  Discourse  upon  Building;  than  to  so 
Royal  a  Builder,  whose  august  attempts  have  already  given  so  great  a 
splendor  to  our  imperial  city,  and  so  illustrious  an  example  to  the  nation  ? 
It  is  from  this  contemplation.  Sir,  that  after  I  had  (by  the  commands 
of  the  Royal  Society)  endeavour'd  the  Improvement  of  Timber  and 
the  Planting  of  Trees,  I  have  advanced  to  that  of  Building,  as  its  proper 
and  natural  consequent.  Not  with  a  presumption  to  incite  or  instruct 
your  Majesty,  which  were  a  vanity  unpardonable ;  but  by  it  to  take 
occasion  of  celebrating  your  Majesties  great  example,  who  use  your 
empire  and  authority  so  vi^orthily,  as  Fortune  seems  to  have  consulted 
hier  reason  when  she  poured  her  favours  upon  you ;  so  as  I  never  cast 
ray  eyes  on  that  generous  designation  in  the  Epigram,f 

■ Ut  donem.  Pastor,  et  aedificem. 

without  immediate  reflections  on  your  Majesty,  who  seems  only  to  value 
those  royal  advantages  you  have  above  others,  but  that  you  may  oblige. 


*  26  Oct.  1664.     "  Being  casually  in  the  privy  gallery  at  Whitehall,  his  Majesty  gave  me  thanks 

before  divers  lords  and  noblemen  for  my  Book  of  Architecture,  and  again  for  my  Sylva,  saying 

they  were  the  best  design'd  and  useful  for  the  matter  and  subject,  ye  best  printed  and  designed 

(meaning  the  taille-douces  of  the  Paralel  of  Architecture)  that  he  had  scene." 

Memoirs,  vol.  i.  p,  353. 
t  Credis  ab  hoc  me.  Pastor,  opes  fortasse  rogare. 

Propter  quod  vulgus,  crassaque  turba  rogat  ?  &c. 
Est  nihil  ex  istis :  superos,  ac  sidera  testor. 
Ergo  quid  ?    Ut  donem.  Pastor,  et  aedificem. 

Mart.  Ep.  Lib.  9.— xxiii. 


340 

and  that  you  may  build.  And  certainly,  Sir,  your  Majesty  has  con- 
sulted the  noblest  way  of  establishing  your  greatness,  and  of  perpetuat- 
ing your  memory ;  since,  whilst  stones  can  preserve  inscriptions,  your 
name  will  be  famous  to  posterity ;  and  when  those  materials  fail,  thie 
benefits  that  are  engraven  on  our  hearts  will  outlast  those  of  marble. 
It  would  be  no  paradox,  but  a  truth,  to  affirm,  that  your  Majesty  has 
already  built  and  repair'd  more  in  three  or  four  years  (notwithstanding 
the  difficulties,  and  the  necessi-ty  of  an  extraordinary  oeconomy  for  the 
publick  concernment,)  than  all  your  enemies  have  destroyed  in  twenty ; 
nay  than  all  your  Majesties  predecessors  have  advanc'd  in  an  hundred, 
as  I  can  easily  make  Out,  not  only  by  what  your  Majesty  has  so  magni- 
ficently designed  and  carried  on  at  your  antient  honour  of  Greenwich, 
under  the  conduct  of  your  most  industrious  and  worthy  Surveyor,  but  in 
those  splendid  apartments,  and  other  useful  reformations  for  security 
and  delight,  about  your  Majesties  Palace  at  White-Hall;  the  chargeable 
covering,  first  paving,  and  reformation  of  Westminster-Hall ;  care  and 
preparation  for  St.  Paul's,  by  the  impiety  and  iniquity  of  the  late  confu- 
sions almost  dilapidated  ;  with  what  her  Majesty  the  Queen  Mother  has 
added  to  her  Palace  at  Somerset-House,  in  a  structure  becoming  her 
royal  grandeur,  and  the  due  veneration  of  all  your  Majesties  subjects  for 
the  honour  she  has  done  both  this  your  native  city  and  the  whole  nation. 
Nor  may  I  here  omit  (what  I  so  much  desire  to  transmit  to  posterity) 
those  noble  and  profitable  amsenities  of  your  Majesties  Plantations, 
wherein  you  most  resemble  the  Divine  Architect,  because  your  Majesty 
has  proposed  in  it  such  a  pattern  to  your  subjects  as  merit  their  imitation 
and  profoundest  acknowledgements,  in  one  of  the  most  worthy  and 
kingly  improvements  that  nature  is  capable  of.  I  know  not  what  they 
talk  of  former  ages,  and  of  the  now  contemporary  Princes  with  your 
Majesty :  these  things  are  visible ;  and  should  1  here  descend  to  more 
particulars,  which  yet  were  not  foreign  to  the  subject  of  this  discourse, 
I  would  provoke  the  whole  world  to  produce  me  an  exampje  parallel 
with  your  Majesty,  for  your  exact  judgment  and  marvellous  ability  in 
all  that  belongs  to  the  Naval  Architecture,  both  as  to  its  proper  terms 
and  more  solid  use  ;  in  which  your  Majesty  is  master  of  one  of  the  most 
noble  and  profitable  arts  that  can  be  wished  in  a  Prince,  to  whom  God 


341 

has  designed  the  dominion  of  the  Ocisati,  which  rendefs  your  Majesties 
empire  universal ;  when  by  exercising  your  royal  talent  and  knowledge 
that  wayi  you  can  bring  even  the  Antipodes  to  '  meet,  and  the  Poles  to 
kiss  each  other;  for  so  likewise  (not  in  a  metaphorical  but  natural 
sense)  yoar  equal  and  prudent  government  of  this  nation  has  made  it 
good,  whilst  your  Majesty  has  so  prosperously  guided  this  giddy  bark 
thn)ugh  such  a  storm,  as  no  hand  save  your  Majesties  could  touch  the 
helm,  but  at  the  price  of  their  temerity.  But  to  return  to  that  of  Archi- 
tecture again  (for  it  is  hard  not  to  slide  into  the  panegyrick  when  once 
one  begins  to  speak  of  your  Majesty),  I  am  witness  not  only  how  perti- 
nently you  discourse  of  tbe  art,  but  how  judiciously  you  contrive  ;  and 
as  in  all  other  princely  and  magnificent  things  your  notices  are  extraor- 
dinary, so  I  cannot  but  augure  of  their  effects,  and  that  your  Majesty 
was  designed  of  God  for  a  blessing  to  this  nation  in  all  that  can  render 
it  happy,  if  we  can  have  the  grace  but  to  discern  it,  and  be  thankful  for  it. 
This  is.  Sir,  the  glorious  idea  which  I  have  conceiv'd  of  your  Serene 
Majesty,  and  which  I  propose  for  as  emulous  an  example  as  any  age  has 
hitherto  produc'd ;  nor  can  there  any  thing  be  added  more  but  that 
permanency  which  the  rest  of  your  virtues  do  promise  us.  If  such 
were  those  glorious  heros  of  old,  who  first  brought  men  out  of  wilder- 
nesses into  walled  and  well-built  cities,  that  chased  barbarity,  intro- 
duced civility,  gave  laws  to  Republicks,  and  to  whose  rare  examples  and 
industry  we  are  accomptable  for  all  that  we  possess  of  usefuU  in  the 
arts,  and  that  we  enjoy  of  benefit  to  the  Publick :  how  much  cause 
have  we  in  these  nations  to  rejoyce,  that  whilst  your  Majesty  pursues 
these  laudable  undertakings,  that  race  of  demy-gods  is  not  altogether 
extinct !  And  if,  after  the  support  of  Religion  and  the  establishment  of 
Laws,  the  perfection  of  Sciences  be  the  next  in  order  to  the  well-being 
of  a  State,  this  of  Architecture  (as  one  of  the  most  beneficial  and  useful 
to  mankind)  owes  her  renascency  amongst  us  to  your  Majesties  encou- 
ragements, and  to  as  many  of  those  illustrious  persons  as  by  their  large 
and  magnificent  structures  transcribe  your  royal  example ;  in  parti- 
cular, my  Lord  High  Chancellor  of  England,*  my  Lord  High  Trea- 

■  *  Sir  Edward  Hyde,  Earl  of  Clarendon :  alluding  to  his  splendid  mansion,  which  he  erected 
on  the  spot  where  Albemarle-street  is  now  built,  and  which  was  taken  down  in  16S3. — See 
Evelyn's  Diary,  4to.  vol.  i.  p.  380,  519,  *c. 


342 

surer*,  and  my  Lord  the  Earl  of  St.  Albansf,  whose  memories  deser 
this  consecration. 

I  have  now  but  one  thing  more  to  speak,  Sir,  and  that  is  for  the  r 
putation  of  the  Piece  I  present  to  your  Serene  Majesty.  It  is  indeed 
translation,  but  it  is  withal  the  marrow  and  very  substance  of  no  le 
than  ten  judicious]authors,  (viz.  Palladio,  Scamozzi,  Serlio,.Vignola,  1 
Barbaro,  Catanco,  L.  B.  Alberti,  Viola,  Bullant,  and  De  Lorme ;)  ai 
of  almost  twice  as  many  the  most  noble  Antiquities  now  extant  up< 
the  bosom  of  the  earth ;  'twere  else  a  difficult  province  to  conceive  ho 
one  should  entertain  your  Majesty  without  a  spirit  and  a  subject  wort! 
your  application.  There  is  something  yet  of  addition  to  it,  which  is  ne\ 
and  of  mine  own,  the  defects  whereof  do  supplicate  your  Majesty's  pa 
don  ;  to  say  nothing  of  the  difficulty  of  rendering  a  Work  of  this  natu 
intelligible  to  the  vulgar,  and  not  unworthy  the  stile  of  a  gentlemai 
seeing  it  is  not  the  talent  of  every  one  who  understands  the  languag 
unless  he  also  understand  the  art.  But  these  may  seem  to  defer  to  n; 
own  glory,  which  is  conspicuous  in  nothing  so  much  as  in  laying  it  i 
your  Majesty's  feet,  and  the  permission  of  that  sacred  name  to  protec 
Sir,  your  Majesties  ever  loyal,  most  obedient,  and  faithful  subject, 

.      ,  J.    EVELY] 

Sai/s-Court,  20  Aug.  1664. 


*  Thomas  Wriothesley,  Earl  of  Southampton,  who  was  at  this  time  (1664)  building  a  nob 
house  in  Bloomsbury,  which  was  afterwards  called  Bedford-House,  and  taken  down  in  1800. — S 
Diary,  vol.  i.  p..355. 

f  Henry  Jermyn,  Earl  of  St.  Albans,  had  a  house  where  Jermyn  and  St.  Albans  streets  nc 
stand.     St.  James's  Church  is  likewise  erected  on  part  of  the  ground  belonging  to  it. 


343 

SECOND    DEDICATION   ATTACHED   TO   THE    SAME   WORK. 


TO  SIR  JOHN  DENHAM, 

KNIGHT     OF     THE     HONOUBABLE     OKDER     OF    THE     BATH,    SUPERINTENDANT     AND 
SURVEYOR    OF    HIS    MAJESTIES    BUILDINGS    AND    WORKS. 

Sir, 

It  is  now  some  ten  years  since,  that  to  gratifie  a  friend  of  mine  in 
the  country,  I  began  to  interpret  this  "  Parallel"  (which  I  think  I  first 
brought  out  of  France) ;  but  other  things  intervening  it  was  laid  £iside, 
and  had  so  continued  without  thought  of  re-assumption,  had  not  the 
passion  of  my  worthy  friend,  Mr.  Hugh  May  *,  to  oblige  the  publick, 
and  in  commiseration  of  the  few  assistances  which  our  workmen  have 
of  this  nature  (compared  to  what  are>  extant  in  other  countries)  found 
out  an  expedient,  and  by  procuring  a  most  accurate  edition  of  the 
plates,  encourage  me  to  finish  what  I  had  begun ;  and  to^make  a  will- 
ing present  of  my  labour,  and  of  whatever  else  I  was  able  to  contribute 
to  so  generous  a  design. 

Sir,  I  am  not  to  instruct  you  in  the  merits  and  use  of  this  excellent" 
piece ;  but  it  is  from  your  approbation  and  particular  influence,  that  our 
workmen  ought  to  esteem  it,  and  believe  me  too  when  I  aflBrm  it,  that 
the  ten  authors  in  this  assembly,  which  compose  both  so  many,  and 
(for  not  being  vulgar)  unintelligible  volume,  will  neither  afford  them 
so  full  instructions  in  the  art,  nor  so  well  inable  them  to  judge  and  pro- 
nounce concerning  the  true  rules  and  maxims  of  it,  as  this  one  little 
but  incomparable  collection.  You  well  know,  that  all  the  mischiefs 
and  absurdities  in  the  modern  structures  proceed  chiefly  from  our  busie 
and  Gothick  .triflings  in  the  composition  of  the  Five  Orders ;  and  that 
an  able  workman,  who  is  master  of  his  art,  and  has  a  true  relish  in- 
deed, carries  on  all  his  undertakings  with  applause  and  satisfaction  : 


»  Architect,  and  afterwards  one  of  the  Commissioners  for  repairing  St.  Paul's  Church,  previously 
to  the  great  fire. — See  Diary,  vol.  i.  p.  371. 


344 

that  there  is  not,  in  the  whole  catalogue  of  authors  who  have  wril 
on  this  subject,  a  more  safe,  expedite,  and  perfect  guide  than 
"  Parallel ;"  where,  from  the  noblest  remains  of  antiquity  accura 
measur'd  and  perspicuously  demonstrated,  the  rules  are  laid  down  ; 
from  a  solid,  judicious,  and  mature  comparison  of  modern  examp 
their  errours  are  detected ;  so  that  were  but  a  little  more  pains  ta 
by  our  young  architects  and  their  subsidiaries,  about  the  easier  prii 
pies  of  geometry,  the  rudiments  of  perspective,  and  a  ready  address 
well  designing,  we  might,  by  the  conversation  of  this  Author  al( 
promise  our  country,  and  the  age  to  come,  a  miraculous  improveir 
of  their  buildings  in  a  short  time.  Nor  would  this  be  in  the  leas< 
the  augmentation  of  their  expenses ;  since  there  is  nothing  costs  dea 
and  displeases  more,  than  our  undigested  contrivances,  and  those 
tollerable  defects  which  we  have  enumerated.  It  is  from  the  asymi 
try  of  our  buildings,  want  of  decorum  and  proportion  in  our  hou 
that  the  irregularity  of  our  humours  and  affections  may  be  shrew 
discerned  :  but  it  is  from  his  Majesties  great  genius,  and  the  choice 
has  made  of  such  an  instrument,  that  we  may  hope  to  see  it  all 
form'd  ;  it  being  in  so  worthy  an  imitation  of  that  magnificent  Empe 
that,  touch'd  with  the  like  indignation  at  the  encroachments  and  de 
mities  of  the  publick  edifices  and  ways,  caused  a  like  reformation  a] 
so  as  we  may  now  affirme  of  London,  as  the  poet  once  of  Rome, 
Nunc  Roma  est,  nuper  magna  taberna  fuit  *  j' 

*  Abstulerat  totam.  temfirarius  iustitor  urbem, 
Inque  suo  nullum  limine  limen  erat. 
Jussisti  tenues,  Germanice,  crescere  vicos  j 

£t  modo  quae  fuerat  semita,  facta  via  est. 
Nulla  catenatis  pila  est  praecincta  lagenis ; 

Nee  Praetor  medio  cogitur  ire  luto. 
Stringitur  in  deusa  nee  caeca  novacula  turba: 

Occupat  aut  totas  nigra  popina  vias. 
Tonsor,  CaupOj  Coquus,  Lanius  sua  limina  servant. 
Nunc  Roma  est,  nuper  magna  taberna  fuit. 

Mart.  lib.  vii.  epig.  61. 
The  particulars  of  that  reformation  in  Rome  so  njuch  resemble  what  his  Majesty  has 
manded  for  the  cleansing  and  enlarging  the  streets,  the  demolition  of   bulks,  and  other  obst 
that  the  whole  epigram  merits  the  application. 


345 

that  it  now  begins  to  have  the  face  of  a  City  indeed.  And  truly  it  is 
an  imprbvemient  so  extraordinary  which  it  has  receiv'd  since  his  Ma- 
jesties gracious  influence  upon  it,  that  should:  I  have  been  silent  in  his 
praises,  I  might  justly  apprehend  mox  lapides  cldmaturos,  that  the  very 
stones  would  cry  out  and  become  vocal ;  but  neither  here  must  I  forget 
what  is  alone  due  to  you  Sir,  for  the  reformation  of  a  thousand  defor- 
mities in  the  streets,  as  by  your  introducing  that  incomparable  form  of 
paving,  to  an  incredible  advantage  of  the  publick  ;  when  that  which  is 
begun  in  Holbourn  shall  become  universal,  for  the  saving  of  wheels 
and  carriages,  the  cure  of  noysom  gutters,  the  destruction  of  encounters, 
the  dispatch  of  business,  the  cleanness  of  the  way,  the  beauty  of  the 
object,  the  ease  of  the  infirm,  and  the  preserving  of  both  the  mother 
and  the  babe  ;  so  many  of  the  fair-sex  and  their  oif-spring  having 
perished  by  mischances  ("as  I  am  credibly  inform'd)  from  the  rugged- 
ness  of  the  unequal  streets,  &c  *. 

But  I  know  not.  Sir,  how  these  instances  may  be  relished  and  valu'd 
amongst  the  vulgar,  nor  am  I  much  solicitous ;  sure  I  am,  that  more 
has  been  done  for  the  ornament  and  benefit  of  the  publick  in  two  years 
time  that  your  self,  with  the  commissioners  who  undertook  the  inspec- 
tion, have  acted,  then  in  five  hundred  before.  They"  were  not  a  foolish 
or  impolitick  people,  who  from  the  very  principles  of  humanity  destin'd 
for  the  ease  of  their  subjects  so  many  spacious  ways,  cool  fountains, 
shady  walks,  refreshing  gardens,  and  places  of  publick  recreation,  as 
well  as  stately  temples,  and  Giurts  of  Justice,  that  religion  and  the 
laws  might  be  published  with  the  more  pomp  and  veneration  ;  and  if 
his  Majesty,  with  your  pains  and  industry,  hath  contributed  to  some- 
thing of  all  this,  it  is  that  for  which  the  whole  nation  becomes  obliged ; 
as  the  promoting  of  such  publick  and  useful  works  (and  especially  that 
of  building),  a  certain  indication  of  a  prudent  government,  of  a  flourish- 
ing and  happy  people  :  so  that  if  there  remain  but  one  thing  more  to 
be  desired  in  order  to  the  consummation  of  its  perfect  felicity,  how  in- 
finitely were  it  to  be  wished,  that  whilst  the  beauty  and  benefit  of  the 
city  increased  in  one  part,  the  deformity  and  apparent  ruin  of  it  might 


*  These  directions  were  printed  two  years- before  the  conflagration. 

2y 


346 

cease  on  the  other ;  but  this  we  are  to  hope  for  when,  to  bring  this 
monstrous  body  into  shape,  and  scatter  these  ungovernable  enormities, 
either  the  restraint  of  building  irregularly  shall  polish  the  suburbs,  or 
(which  I  rather  could  wish)  some  royal  purchase  contract  and  demolish 
them.  But,  Sir,  I  have  done,  and  I  know  you  will  pardon  this  zeal, 
and  accept  of  this  expression  of  my  profound  respects  from, 

Sir, 

Your  most  humble  Servant, 

J.  Evelyn. 


347 


AMICO   OPTIMO   ET   CHARISSIMO 

JOHANNI    EVELYN  O,     Armig. 

E.    SOCIET.    KEGALI   LOND.   ETC. 

JO.    BEALE,  S.P.D. 

IN   ARCHITECTURAM   AB    IPSO   ANGLICE   REDDITAM   ET   GRAPHICE    EXORNATAM. 


Sic,  ubi  de  Coelo  quondam  primordia  rerum 

Effulsere,  chaos  discutiente  Deo, 
Hortus  erat  primus :  tunc  tecta,  et  moenia,  et  urbes : 

Tandem  et  Pyramidum  nobile  surgit  opus. 
His  aliquis  molenj  subjungit:  in  aere  pendet 

Hortus  ;  et  unde  venit,  quaerere  jure  licet. 
Nee  satis  est  vitam  ducamus  in  arce  beatam 

Qualem  agit  aetherea  Juppiter  ipse  domo  ; 
Sed  talis  superesse  juvat  post  funera  longa, 

(Quamvis  hie  cineres  urnula  parva  capit) 
Mausolaea  ex  in  coelos  tactura  sepulchra 

Inscriptum  Herois  nomen  ad  astra  vehunt. 
Stat  quoque,  si.favit  victoria,  grande  tropoeura  ; 

A-ttoU^nsque  apicem  tunc  obeliscus  ovat. 
Mox  spirare  trucem  poteris  jurare  colossum, 

Sic  movet,  ut  trepidant,  et  mihi  membra  labent. 
Sunt  quibus  excidium  laudi  est,  et  lata  ruina ; 

Atqui  exornandi  gratia  major  erit. 
Parcite  mortales,  famam  prohibete  Nepotes  j 

Ni  scelus  in  causa  deteriore  cadit. 
Sunt  quoque  Taenariis  quibus  est  sufFulta  columnis 

Alta  et  larga  nimis,  sed  minus  apta  domus  : 
Sumptibus  Mc  turgent  operosa  palatia  vanis ; 

Materia  exsuperat ;  splendor,  et  ordo  deest. 
Ecce  Avibus  nidos,  Apibus  compingere  cordi  est, 

Pastor  Aristeus  quos  stupet  ipse,  favos. 


348 

Aurea  sic  textrix  subter  laquearia  Arachne 

Divini  artificis  provocat  ingenium. 
Hospitium  sibi  quxque  parant  animalcula  gratutn  ; 

Solus  homo  impensis  plectitur  ipse  suis. 
Machina  quid  praestet  Thuscis  tractanda  peritis, 

Angligeriae  ut  discant,  dare  Evelyne,  facis. 
Nee  tantum  debent  Volsaeo  pristina  saecla, 

Quantum  debebunt  posterioratibi. 
Creditur  AmphioH;  molimina  saxea  quondam 

Thebarum  in  muros  concinuisse  Lyra  : 
Tu  Saxa  et  Silvas  (nam  sic  decet  Qrphea)  plectro 

Aurato  in  Regnum  Tecta  coire  doces. 


AN 


ACCOUNT 


OF 


CHITECTS     AND     ARCHITECTURE; 


TOGETHER    WITH 


,N    HISTORICAL,  ETYMOLOGICAL   EXPLANATION    OF   CERTAIN  TERMS, 


J^acticularl!?  affected  bp  arcijitectsJ. 


MUCH    INLAUGD    AND    IMPROV  D    SINCE    THE    FORMER    IMPRESSION. 


By  JOHN  EVELYN,  Esq. 

FELLOW  OF  THE  KOYAL  SOCIETY. 


351 


To  my  most  honoured  Friend,  Sir  Christopher  Wren,  Kt. 

Surveyor  of  His  Majesties  Buildings  and  Works. 
Sir, 

That  I  take  the  boldness  to  adorn  this  little  work  with  the  name  c 
the  Master  of  the  Works  (whose  patronage  alone  can  give  it  reputa 
tion)  I  have  no  excuse  for,  but  an  ambition  of  publickly  declaring  th 
great  esteem  I  have  ever  had  of  your  virtues  and  accomplishments,  no 
only  in  the  art  of  building,  but  thro'  all  the  learned  cycle  of  the  mos 
usefull  knowledge  and  abstruser  sciences,  as  well  as  of  the  most  polit 
and  shining,  all  which  is  so  justly  to  be  allow'd  you,  that  you  nee 
no  panegyric  or  other  history  to  eternize  them,  than  the  greatest  cit 
of  the  universe,  which  you  have  rebuilt  and  beautified,  and  are  stil 
improving ;  witness  the  Churches,  the  Royal  Courts,  Stately  Halls 
Magazines,  Palaces,  and  other  public  structures;  besides  what  yoi 
have  built  of  great  and  magnificent  in  both  the  Universities,  at  Chelsey 
and  in  the  country;  and  are  now  advancing  of  the  Royal  Marim 
Hospital  at  Greenwich,  &c.  AH  of  them  so  many- trophies  of  you 
skill  and  industry,  and  conducted  with  that  success,  that  if  the  who! 
art  of  building  were  lost,  it  might  be  recover'd  and  found  again  in  St 
Pauls,  the  Historical  Pillar,  and  those  other  monuments  of  your  happ^ 
talent  and  extraordinary  genius. 

I  have  named  St.  Pauls,  and  truly  not  without  admiration,  as  oft  a 
I  recall  to  mind  (as  frequently  I  do)  the  sad  and  deplorable  condition  i 
was  in,  when  (after  it  had  been  made  a  stable  of  horses  and  a  den  o 
thieves)  you,  with  other  gentlemen,  and  myself,  were  by  the  iat< 
King  Charles  nam'd  Commissioners  to  survey  the  dilapidations,  and  t( 
make  report  to  his  Majesty,  in  order  to  a  speedy  reparation.  You  wil 
not  I  am  sure,  forget  the  struggle  we  had  with  some  who  were  fo; 
patching  it  up  any  how,  (so  the  Steeple  might  stand)  instead  of  nev 
building,  which  it  altogether  needed ;  when  (to  put  an  end  to  thi 
contest)  five  days  after,  that  dreadful  conflagration  happen'd  *  out  o 


*See  Diary,  27  Aug;  and  2  Sept.  1666. 


352 

whose  ashes  this  Phoenix  is  risen,  and  was  by  providence  design'd  for 
you  :  the  circumstance  is  too  remarkable,  that  I  could  not  pass  it  over 
without  notice.  I  will  now  add  do  more,  but  beg  your  pardon  for  this 
confidence  of  mine  ;  after  I  have  acquainted  you,  that  the  Parallel  (to 
which  this  was  annex'd)  being  out  of  print,  I  was  importun'd  by  the 
book-seller,  to  add  something  to  a  new  impression,  but  to  which  I  was 
no  way  inclin'd,  till  not  long  since,  going  to  St.  Pauls,  to  contemplate 
that  august  pile  and  the  progress  you  have  made,  some  of  your  chief 
workmen  gratefully  acknowledging  the  assistance  it  had  afforded'them ; 
I  took  this  opportunity  of  doing  myself  this  honour,  who  am. 

Sir, 
Wotton,  21  Feb.  1696-7.  Your  most  humble  Servant, 

J.  JEvELYlf. 


353 


TO  THE  READER. 

The  author  of  the  "  Parallel  of  the  Ancient  Architecture  with  the 
Modern"  (which  many  years  since  I  made  English)  had  at  the  end  of  his 
Treatise  begun  to  explain  a  few  of  the  hard  words,  technical  terms  be- 
longing to  the  art,  the  etymologies  whereof  he  thought  necessary  to 
interpret ;  and,  as  I  said,  they  are  but  a  few  indeed,  compared  to  those 
which  remain,  about  a  dozen  at  the  most ;  nor  was  it  necessary  he 
should  exceed  that  number,  in  a  country  where  workmen  are  generally 
more  intelligent  in  the  proper  expressions  of  the  terms  of  the  arts  unto 
which  they   addict  themselves,  than  ours  for  the  most  part  are  ;  and 
therefore,  if,  waving  the  formal  translation  of  that  page  (for  it  exceeds 
very  little  more),  I  have,  in  lieu  thereof,  considerably  enlarg'd  upon  this 
occasion  by  a  more  finish'd  and  compleat  enumeration  of  the  several 
parts  and  members  of  the  orders,  as  they  gradually  succeed  orie  another 
in  work,  illustrated  with  more  full  and  exact  definitions  (than  by  any 
has  yet  been  attempted  for  the  benefit  of  our  countrymen),  I  hope  my 
adventure  may  find  both  pardon  and  acceptance.     Nor  let  any  man 
imagine  we  do  at  all  obscure  this  design  by  adorning  it  with  now  and 
then  a  refin'd  and  philological  research  ;  since,  whilst  I  seek  to  gratify 
the  politer  students  of  this  magnificent  art,  I  am  not  in  the  least  dis- 
dainful of  the  lowest  condescentions  to  the  capacities  of  the  most  vulgar 
understandings ;  as   far  at  least  as  the  defects  and  narrowness  of  our 
language  will  extend,  which  rather  grows  and    abounds   in   comple- 
mental  and  impertinent  phrases,  and  such  froth  (as  Sir  H.  Wotton  well 
observes  from  Gualterus  Rivius's  incomparable  version  of  Vitruvim  in 
the  German  tongue,  and  is  now  so  far  out-done  by  the  learned  Perrdult), 
than  in  the  solid  improvements  of  it ;  by  either  preserving  or  intro- 
ducing what  were  truly  needful.     And  really,  those  who  are  a  little 
conversant  in  the  Saxon  writers  clearly  discovered,  by  what  they  find 
innovated   or  now  grown  obsolete,  that  we  have  lost  more  than  we 

2z 


354 

have   gain'd;    and   as  to   terms  of  useful  arts    in   particular,  forgot- 
ten and  lost  a  world  of  most  apt  and  proper  expressions  which  our 
forefathers    made    use    of,    without    being    oblig'd  to  other  Nations; 
and  what  care  the  French  have  taken  upon  this  account  only,  may 
in  part  be  judged  from  that  pretty  though  brief  Essay  des  Merveilles 
de  Nature,  et  des  plus  Nobles  Artifices,  8j-c.  ;  but  especially  by  the 
late   Dictionaries,    wherein   the   proper  terms  of  the  most  vulgar  as 
well  as  more  polish'd  arts  are  industriously  delivered,  whilst  (to  speak 
ingenuously)  I  find  very  little  improvement  in  the  most  pretending 
Lexicons  and  Nomenclators  yet  extant,  that  of  Bernardinus  Baldus  only 
upon  FiVrMmW  excepted ;  which  yet  is  neither  after  my  method,  nor 
fot  our  Workmens  turn,  being  a  book  of  price,  and  written  in  the  most 
learned  tongue.     It  is  a  very  great  deficient  indeed,  and  to  be  deplor'd, 
that  those  industrious  compilers  did  make  it  no  more  their  business  to 
gratifie"  the  world  with  the  interpretation  of  the  terms  of  so  many  useful 
arts^I  mean  the  mechanical.     Adrianus  Junius  has  deserved  well  on 
this   occasion,   to  his  great  commendation ;  and  much  it  were  to   be 
wished;  that  some  universal  and  practical  genius  would  consummate 
what  he  has  so  happily  begun,  and  that  not   only  in   the  arts  illiberal 
(as  they  are  distinguished)  and  things  artificial,  but  furnish  us  likewise 
with  more  exact  notices  of  the  several  and  distinct  species  of  natural 
things ;  such  as  are  the  true  names  of  birds,  fishes,  insects,  stones,  co- 
lours, &c.  in   which  divers  worthy   members  of  the  Royal   Society  * 
have  already  made  so  considerable  a  progress ;  since  it  is  then,  and  not 
till  then,  our  Lexicons  will  have  arrived  to  their  desired  perfection,  and 
that  men  will  be  taught  to  speak  (like  orators  indeed)-  properly  on  all 
subjects,  and  obliged  to  celebrate  their  labours. 

J.  Evelyn. 


*  Francis  Willughbie,  D.  D.,  Merel,  Charleton,  Waller,  Ray,  &t. ;  and  Mr.  Harris  in  his  late 
most  useful  Lexicon  Technicum. 


355 


AN  ACCOUNT 


ARCHITECTS    AND    ARCHITECTURE. 


The  knowledge  of  this  sumptuous,  magnificent,  and  useful  art,  for 
having  been  first  deriv'd  to  us  from  the  Greeks,  we  should  not  without 
infinite  ingratitude  either  slight,  or  innovate  those  terms  which  it  has 
pleased  them  to  impose  upon  the  particular  members  and  ornaments 
belonging  to  the  several  orders ;  and  that  as  well  for  the  veneration 
which  is  due  to  aivtiquity,  as  that,  by  comprehending  the  signification 
of  them,  we  may  with  the,  more  facility' and  address  attain  to  the  intel- 
ligence and  genuine  meaning  of  what  the  masters  in  this  profession 
have  deliverd  to  us  in  their  several  writings  and  works ;  not  to  insist 
upon  (what  is  yet  not  to  be  despis'd)  the  decorum  of  speaking  properly 
in  an  art  which  the  greatest  Princes  and  Potentates  of  the  earth  have 
vouchsafed  to  honour  by  so  many  signal  and  illustrious  monuments,  as 
do  to  this  day  consecrate  their  memories  to  posterity. 

Since  the  agent  does  always  precede  the  action,  and  the  person  or 
workman  is  by  natural  order  before  his  work,  we  are  by  an  Architect  * 
to  understand,  a  person  skilful  in  the  art  of  building:  the  word  is 
'A|);;j;<t£xt«v,  a  compound  in  the  original,  and  signifies  Fabntm preefectiis, 
or,  if  you  will,  informdtor,  which  the  president,  superintendent,  or  sur- 
veyor of  the  works  does  fully  express  ;  his  'Apxv  being  relative  to  the 
fabri  that  are  under  him,  as  the  opei'ce,  or  labourers,  are  subservient  to 
them. 

Budseus  calls  him  structorum  princeps ;  and  such  a  person  as  is 
capable  of  rendring  a  rational  and  satisfactory  accompt  of  what  he  takes 

*  Architcotus. 


356 

n  hand.     Ratiocinatio  autem  est,  quce  7'es  fahricatas  solertia,  ac  ra- 
ione  proportionis  demonstrare  atque  explicare  potest.  Vitruv.  1. 1.  c.  i. 
>o  our  master ;  and  such  a  one  it  seems  was  that  Philo  the  Athenian  ar- 
ihitect,  of  whom  the  orator,  Neque  eninif  siPhihnem  ilium  Architectum, 
fui  Atheniensibus    armamentarium  fecit,  constat  perdiserte  populo 
'ationem  operis  sui  reddidisse,   existimandum  est  .Architecti  potius 
irtificio   disertum,  quctm    Oratoris,  fuisse.*      Seeing  his  knowledge 
ind  ability  in    this    faculty    did  not  at  all  eclipse  and  diminish   his 
iloquence  and  other  excellent  parts,  but  rather  added  to  them ;  and 
his  I  urge  to  shew  that  it  was  no  mean  thing  for  a  man  to  arrive  to 
he  talents  of  an  accomplished  architect,  as  he  that  shall  take  his  cha- 
acter  out  of  Vitruvius  will  easily  conclude ;  itaque  Architecti  (says  he) 
mi  sine  Uteris  contenderunt,  ut  manibus  essent  exercitati,  non  poiuerant 
fficere  ut  haberent  pro  laboribus  authoritatem ;  as  if  hands  could  do 
ittle  in  this  art  for  their  credit  without  letters  :  nay,  so  universal  will 
his  great  dictator  have  him,  that  in  those  duodecim  necessaria,  he 
ums  up  no  less  than  twelve  rare  qualities  which  he  would  have  him 
arnish'd  withal ;   itaque  eum  et  ingeniosum,  &c.     I  will  but  only 
3uch  them  :  1.  He  must  be  docil  and  ingenious.     2.  He  must  be  lite- 
ite.     3.  Skilful  in  designing  and  drawing.     4.  In  geometry.     5,  Op- 
cks.  6.  Arithmetick.  7-  History.  8.  Philosophy.   9.  Musick.   10.  Me- 
icine.    11.  Nay,  in  Law;  and  12.  Astrology;  and  really,  when  (as  in 
tie  following  Chapter)  he  there  assembles  his  reasons  for  all  this,  you 
^ill  be  both  satisfied  with  them,  and  justify  his  curiosity.     Not  that  an 
Lrchitect  is  obliged  to  be  an  accurate  Aristarchus  in  grammar,  or  an 
Lristoxenus  in  musick,  an  Appelles  or  a  Raphael  for  designing;  in 
am  an  exact  professor  in  all  these  faculties,  sed  in  his  non  imperitus  : 
iifficient  it  is  he  be  not  totally  a  stranger  to  them ;  since  without  let- 
;rs  he  cannot  consult  with  authors ;  without  geometry  and  the  gra- 
hical  arts,  he  will  never  be  able  to  measure  out,  and  cast  the  area, 
raw  the  plot  and  make  the  scale  ;  being  ignorant  of  the  opticks  he 
an  never  well  understand  the  due  placing  of  his   lights,   distance, 
lagnitude,  and  dimensions  of  ornaments  ;  by  the  assistance  of  arith- 

*  Cicerp  de  Orat.  lib.  1. 


357 

metick  he  calculates  the  proportions  of  the  several  orders,  sums  up  his 
accompts,  and  makes  an  estimate  of  the  charge.     Being  read  in  history, 
he  comes  to  discourse  of  the  reasons  and  original  of  many  particular 
members  and  decorations,  the  height,  improvement,  and  decay  of  this 
art;  why  the  Greeks  instituted  the  order  of  the  Caryatides^  and  the  Per- 
sian entablatures  were  supported  by  slaves  ;  how  the  Corinthian  capitals 
came  to  be  adorn'd  with  foliage,  the  lonique  with  a  matron-like  voluta, 
&c.     By  the  study  of  philosophy*  he  arrives  to  the  knowledge  of  natural 
things,  and  is  able  to  discern  the  quality  of  the  elements,  and  the  mate- 
rials which  he  makes  use  of.     From  soihe  insight  in  medicine,  he  can 
reason  of  the  temperature  and  salubrity  of  the  air  and  situation.  Musick 
will  assist  him  in  contriving  how  in   churches,  tribunals,  and  publick 
theatres,  men  may  with  best  advantage  hear  the  preachers,  magistrates, 
and  actors  voices.     Without  some  tincture  in  the  laws,  he  cannot  be  se- 
cure of  his  title ;  and  being  wholly  ignorant  of  astrology,  position,  and 
influences  of  the  celestial  bodies,  the  days,  winds,  weather,  equinoxes* 
and  course  of  the  heavenly  orbs  (as  to  bruites)  pass  over  without  ob- 
servations, benefit,  or  prevention  of  their  effects.  To  this  purpose  (though 
much  more  at  large)  Vitruvius.     But  by  this  you  may  see  how  neces- 
sary it  is  that  an  accomplish'd  Master-builder  should  be  furnish'd  beyond 
the  vulgar ;  and  I  have  been  the  longer  in  the  repetition,  not  only  that 
I  may  advance  his  reputation,  and  for  endouragement,  but  to  shew  that 
in  the  proper  notion  (and  as  the  great  Plato  has  somewhere  design'd 
him)  Nullus  ArcMtectus  utitur  manuum  operd,  sed  uteniibus  prceest.* 
An  Architect  is  not  to  be  taken  for  the  commonly  illiterate  Mechanick 
(which  may  bring  it  into  contempt),  but  for  the  person  who  superin- 
tends, and  presides  over  him  with  so  many  advantages.     Yet  neither  is 
this  to  the  dishonour  of  those  excellent  workmen  who  make  use  of  their 
hands  and  tools  in  the.  grosser  materials,  since  God  himself,  and  Nature, 
the  universal  builders,  are  by  translation  truly  styl'd  architects,  both  as  to 
what  they  have  excogitated  so  wisely,  and  wrought  so  artificially. 

Be  this  then  spoken  of  the  Superintendent  in  particular,  whom,  for 
distinction  sake  and  the  character  assign'd  him,  we  may  name  Archi- 


*  Dial,  de  Regno.    See  also  his  Philebus. 


.      358 

t 

tectus  Ingenio  :  for  since  to  the  perfection  of  an  accomplish'd  building 
there  were  three  transcendencies  required,   1.  strength;  2.  utiHty;  and 
3,  beauty,  for  the  apt  distribution,  decor  and  fitness,  symtnetrie  and  pro- 
portion, there  was  hkewise  necessary  as  many  capacities  ;  and  that  be- 
sides the  judicious  head,  there  should  be  a  skilful  hand ;  to  which  let  us 
add,  Architectus  Sumptuarius,  a  full  and  overflowing  purse :  since  he 
who  bears  this  mayjustly  be  also  stiled  a  builder,  and  that  a  master  one 
too,  as  being  the  person  at  whose  charge  and  for  whose  benefit  the  fa- 
brick  is   erected ;   and   it   is   indeed   the  primum  inohile  which  both 
begins  and  consummates  all  designs  of  this  nature;  for  if  that  ingre- 
dient come   once   to  fall   short,   men   build  their  monuments  instead 
of  their  houses,  and  leave  marks  of  dishonour  for  tables  of  renown,* 
Homo  iste  ccepit  cedifi,care,  et  neqicivit  perficere,  *■' This  man  began  to 
build,  and  was  not  able  to  finish."  Yet  thus  I  have  known  some  excellent 
persons  abus'd,  who,  trusting  to  the  computation  of  either  dishonest  or 
unskilful  artists,  have  been  forc'd  to  desist,  sit  down  by  the  loss,  and 
submit  to  the  reproach.     But  so  it  seems  would  not  the  Greeks  suffer 
themselves  to  be  over-reach'd,  when  those  great  builders  of  Ephesiansf 
(^who  knew  sufficiently  what  a  mischief  it  was  to  the  publick,  as  well  as 
private  men,)  ordain'd  it  for  a  law,  that  if  a  clerk  undertook  a  work,  and 
spent  more  than  by  his  calculation  it  amounted  to,  he  should  be  obliged 
to  make  it  good  out  of  his  own  estate ;   whilst  they  most  liberally  and 
honourably  rewarded  him,  if  either  he  came  within  what  was  first  de- 
sign'd,  or  did  not  much  exceed  it.     And  this  was  esteem'd  so  reasonable 
(upon   consideration  how  many  noble  persons  had   been  undone,  and 
magnificent  structures  left  imperfect),  that  Vltruvius, J  writing  to  the 
great  Augustus  concerning  this  subject,  wishes  the  same  constitution 
were  in  force  at  Rome  also.     But  thus  I  .have  done  with  our  Architecius 
Sumptuarius.     I  come  to  the 

Manuarius,  the  third  and  last,  but  not  the  least  of  our  subsidiaries; 
for  in  him  I  comprehend  the  several  artizans  and  workmen,  as  masons, 
stone-cutters,  quarry-men,  sculptors,  plasterers,  painters,  carpenters, 
joyners,  smiths,  glaziers,  and  as  many  as  are  necessary  for  carrying  on 

*  See  31 .  Eccles.  8.  f  Vitr.  in  Praef.  lib.  10.  +  2.  Reg.  22. 7. 


359 

of  a  building  till  it  be  arriv-d  to  the  perfection  of  its  first  idea.  But  tho' 
it  is  not  (as  I  said)  exjpected  that  these  should  trouble  themselves  with 
much  learning,  or  have  any  thing  to  do  with  the  accomplishments  of  our 
Master  Superintendent,  yet,  since  an  exact  and  irreproachable  piece  of 
architecture  should  be  koXo^uv  totms  Mathesetas,  the  flower  and  crown  as 
it  were  of  aU  the  sciences  mathematical,  it  were  infinitely  desirable  that 
even  every  vulgar  workman,  whose  calling  is  conversant  about  building, 
had  attain'd  to  some  degree  of  competent  knowledge  in  the  moi'e  easy 
ajid  useful  principles  of  those  lineary  arts,  before  they  were  admitted  to 
their  freedom,  or  employed  in  designs  of  moment.  And  truely,  if  a 
thorough  insight  of  all  these  (as  undoubtedly  they  are)  be  necessary  to 
a  good  artist,  I  know  no  reason  but  such  a  person  (however  it  hath 
pleased  our  Universities  to  employ  and  decree  their  chaires)  might  with 
very  just  reason  be  also  numbred  inter  liberalium  discipUnarum  Pro- 
fessoreSy  and  not  thrust  out  as  purely  mechanical,  inter  opifices,  a 
conversation  hitherto  only  admitted  them  ;  as  if  talking,  speculation,  and 
theories,  were  comparable  to  useful  demonstrations  and  experimental 
knowledge.  In  a  word,  the  very  name  import's  an  excellency  above 
other  sciences  ;  so  as  when  the  orator*  would  expresis  a  superiority  above 
them,  for  its  vast  extent  and  comprehension,  he  mentions  Architecture 
with  the  first,  distinct  from  the  illiberal.  Great  pity  then  I  say  it  is, 
tha:t  amOngst  the  professors  of  humanity  (as  they  call  it)  there  should 
not  be  some  lectures  and  schools  endowed  and  furnished  with  books, 
instruments,  plots,  types  and  modells  of  the  most  excellent  fabricks  both 
in-  Givil-  and  Military  Architecture,  where  these  most  noble  and  neces- 
sary arts  might  be  taught  in  the  English  and  vulgar  tongue,  retriev'd  to 
their  proper  and  genuine  significations ;  and  it  Is  to  be  hoped,  that  when 
his  Majesty  shall  perfect  his  royal  Palace  of  White-Hall  according  to 
the  design,  he  will,  in  emulation  of  those  heroes,  Francis  the  First, 
Henry  the  Fourth,  Cosimo  de  Medices,  the  Dukes  of  Urbin,  Richelieu, 
and  other  munificent  spirits,  destine  some  apartments  for  the  ease  and 
encouragement  of  the  ablest  workmen  in  this  as  in  all  other  useful, 
princely,  and  sumptuous  arts  :  I  mean  for  Printers,  Painters,  Sculptors, 


*  Gic.  de  Offic,  1.  2, 


360 

Architects,  &c.  by  such  liberal  honoraries  as  may  dra^w  them  ;frqm  all 
parts  of  the  world  to  celebrate  his  Majesty,  by  their  works,  to  posterity, 
and  to  improve  the  nation.  From  such  a  bounty  and  provision  as  this 
it  appears  to  have  been,  which  made  Vitruvius*  to  leave  us  those  his  in- 
comparable books,  that  we  have  now  enjoy'd  for  so  many  ages ;  for  so  he 
acknowledges  it  to  the  great  Augustus,  Cum  erigo  eo  benejicifx  essem 
ohligatuSi  ut  ad  exitum  vitce  non  haherem  inopice  timorem,  &c. 

I  might  upon  this  occasion  speak  something  here  concerning  the 
matter  and  form  of  buildings,  which,  after  the  persons  who  undertake 
them,  are  their  most  solid  and  internal  principles ;  but  I  purposely  pass 
them  over  at  present,  because  they  do  not  properly  belong  to  this  Dis- 
course, but  to  some  more  intire  Treatise  of  the  whole  art  than  is  yet  extant 
amongst  us,  and  to  be  delivered  by  some  industrious  person  who  shall 
oblige  the  nation  with  a  thorough  examination  of  what  has  already  been 
written  by  Vitruvius,  1.  2.  c.  3.  ad  9. ;  Palladio  1.  c.  2. ;  I^eon  Alberti 
1.  2.  c.  45.  46.;  Don  Barbaro,  1.  11.  SirH.  Wotton,  in  his  concise  and 
useful  Theorems  ;  Desgodetz,  D'Avilder,  Perrault,  Blondel,  and  others ; 
and  in   what  shall  be  found  most  beneficial  for  our  climat.    It  were, 
I  ^ay,  becoming  our  great  needs  that  some  ingenious  person  did  take  this 
in  hand,  and  advance  upon  the  principles  already  ^establish'd,  and  not  so 
acquiesce  in  them  as  if  there  were  a  non  ultra  engraven  upon  our  cor 
lumns  like  those  of  Hercules,  after  which  there  remained  no  more  to  be 
discovered ;  at  least  in  the  apprehension  of  our  vulgar  workmen,  who, 
for  want  of  some  more  solid  directions,  faithful  and  easy  rules  in  this 
nature,  fill  as  well  whole  cities  as  private  dwellings  with  rubbish  and  a 
thousand  infirmities,  as  by  their  want  of  skill  in  the  profession,  with  the 
most   shameful  incongruities   and  inconveniences  in  all  they  take  in 
hand ;  and  all  this  for  want  of  canons  to  proceed  by,  and  humility  to 
learn,  there  being  hardly  a  nation  under  heaven  more  conceited  of  their 
understanding?  and  abilities,  and  more  impatient  of  direction,  than  our 
ordinary  mechanicks  :  for  let  one  find  never  so  just  a  fault  with  a  work- 
man, be  the  same  of  what  mistery  soever,  immediately  he  shall  reply, 
"  Sir,  I  do  not  come  hither  to  be  taught  my  trade ;  I  have  serv'd'an  ap- 


*  Vitruv.  in  Prsef.  ad  Lib.  1. 


361 

prenticeship,  and  have  wrought  e're  now  with  gentlemen  that  have  been 
satisfied  virith  my  work;"  and  sometimes  not  without  language  of  re- 
proach, or  casting  down  his  tools,  and  going  away  in  wrath,  for  such  I 
have  frequently  met  withal.  I  do  not  speak  this  to  diminish  in  the  least 
from  the  capacity  and  apprehension  of  pur  nation  who  addict  themselves 
to  any  of  the  most  polite  and  ingenious  professions,  but  to  court  them  to 
more  civility,  and  to  humble  the  ignorant ;.  for  v/e  daily  find  that  wh^n 
once  they  arrive  to  a  thorough  inspection  and  address  in  their  trade,s, 
they  paragon,  if  not  exceed,  even  the  most  exquisite  of  other  countries, 
as  we  may  see  in  that  late  reformation  and  improvement,  of  our  lock- 
smiths-work, joyners,  cabinet-makers,  and  the  like,  who  from  very^  vul- 
gar and  pitiful  artists,  are  now  come  to  produce  works  as  curious  for  the 
filing,  and  admirable  for  their  dexterity  in  contriving,  as  any  we  meet 
with  abroad  ;  and  in  particular  to  our  smiths  and  joyners,  they,  excell  all 
other  nations  whatsoever. 

But  as  little  supportable  are  another,  so.rt  of  workmen,  who,  from  a 
good  conceit  of.  their  abilities,  and  some  lucky  jobb.  (as  they  call  it),  do 
generally  ingross  all  the  work  they  can  hear  of,  while  in  the  mean  time 
they  disdain  almost  to  put  their  own  hands  to  the  tool,  but  fpr  the  most 
part  employ  their  apprentices,  or  some  other  ignorant  journey-men;  as 
if  the  fame  of  their  masters  abilities  did  any  thing  contribute  to  the  well 
performance  of  work  undertaken ;  whilst  in  the  interim  he  hardly 
appears  himself  till  all  the  faults  be  slubber'd  over,  the  remedy  either 
impossible  or  expensive,  and  our  master  ready  to  receive  his  money, 
which  such  gentlemen  mechanicks  commonly  consume  on  ease  and 
bravery,  being  puffed  up  with  an  empty,  conceit  of  their  own  abilities, 
which  (God  knows)  is  very  indiflFerent,  and  the  less  for  want  of  exer- 
cise and  humility  ;  a  practice  contrary  to  the  usage  of  all  other  nations, 
that  even  such  as  by  their  knowledge  in  this  kind  have  meritoriously 
attained  to  the  titles  of  military  dignity,  have  notwithstanding  pursued 
their  employments  and  callings  in  personal  cares  and  assiduous  labours, 
to  their  eternal  fame  so  long  as  one  stone  shall  lie  upon  another  in  this 
-world,  as  I  could  abundantly  exemplifie  in  the  works  of  Cavalieri  Fon- 
tane,  Bramanti,  Sansovino,  Baglione,  Bernini,  Fiamingo,  &c.  whose 
egregious  labours,  both  before  and  since  the  accumulation  of  their  hq- 

3  A 


362 

nours,  do  sufficiently  justify  what  I  report  concerning  them.     And  that 
all  such  may  know  I  reproach  no  man  out  of  spleen  or  the  least  animo- 
sity to  their  persons  (for  such  as  are  not  guilty  will  never  be  offended  at 
my  plainness,  or  take  this  for  a  satyr),  I  cannot  but  exceedingly  regret 
the  want  of  more  acquaintance  in  these  so  necessary  and  becoming  arts, 
even  in  most  of  our  nobility  and  gentry,  vifho  either  imagine  the  study 
of  Architecture  to  be  an  absolute  non-necessary,  or,  forsooth,  a  diminution 
to  the  rest  of  their  education,  from  whence  proceeds  that  miserable  loss 
of  so  many  irrecoverable  advantages  during  their  travels  in  other  coun- 
tries, as  appears  at  their  return  ;  whereas,  if  they  were  truly  considered, 
there  is  nothing  which  does  more  properly  concern  them,  as  it  contri- 
butes to  their  external  honour,  than  the  effects  of  this  illustrious  art. 
Besides,  these  being  persons  of  better  parts,  are  most  likely  to  be  fur- 
nished with  the  best  abilities  to  learn,  and  so  consequently  enabl'd  to 
examine,  and  direct  such  as  they  shall  set  on  work,  without  reproach 
either  to  their  conveniency  or  expence  when  they  at  any  time  build,  not 
forgetting  the  ornament  and  lustre  which  by  this  means  rich  and  opulent 
structures  do  add  to  the  commonwealth;  there  remaining  at  this  day  no 
one  particular  for  which  Egypt,  Syria,  Greece,  nay  Rome  herself,  (beheld 
in  all  their  state,  wisdom,  and  splendor,)  have  been  more  admir'd  and 
celebrated,  than  for  the  glory,  strength,  and  magnificence  of  their  incom- 
parable buildings.     And  even  at  present,  the  most  noble  youth  of  Italy 
are  generally  so  well  furnish'd  with  instructions  touching  this  laudable 
art,  that  the  knowledge  of  Architecture  (and  to  speak  properly  in  its 
terms,  &c.)  is  universal,  and  so  cherish'd,  even  in  men  of  obscure  ex- 
traction, that  (as  is  already  instanc'd)  Architects  (I  mean  the  manuary 
as  well  as  ingeniary)  have  been,  and  are  yet  often  rewarded  with  knight^ 
hood,  and  the  art  profess'd  as  a  most  becoming  and  necessary  accomplish- 
ment in  divers  of  their  academies.     Add  to  this,  the  examples  of  so 
many  great  and  illustrious  persons,  as  (without  mentioning  those  our 
master  has  recorded  in  the  Preface  to  his  seventh  Book)  I  might  here 
bring  upon  this  theatre,  famous  for  their  skill  and  encouragement  of  this 
sumptuous  art :  Emperours,  Kings,  Popes,  Cardinals  and  Princes  innu- 
merable, who  have  all  of  them  left  us  the  permanent  monuments  of  it 
in  the  several  places  of  their  dominions,  besides  the  infinite  advantage 


363 

of  well  managing  of  great  and  publick  expenees,  as  well  as  the  most 
private  and  oeconomical,  an  handsom  and  well-contriv'd  house  being 
built  at  a  far  less  charge  than  commonly  those  irregular  congestions, 
rude  and  brutish  inventions,  which  generally  so  deform  and  incommode 
the  several  habitations  of  our  gentry  both  in  city  and  country. 

But  I  have  done,  and  I  hope  all  that  love  and  cherish  these  arts,  and 
particularly  that  of  Architecture,  will  not  be  offended  at  this  zeal  of  mine 
in  bespeaking  their  esteem  of  it;  since,  if  I  have  said  any  thing  in  reproof 
of  the  errors  either  of  the  persons  who  pretend  to  it,  or  of  the  works 
which  they  do  to  its  disgrace,  I  have  only  spoken  it  that  both  may  be  re- 
formed and  made  the  better.  But  least  whilst  I  thus  discourse  of  the  ac- 
complishments of  our  artists,  and  defects  of  the  pretenders,  I  my  self 
be  found  Logodsedalus,  and  as  they  sayj  Architectus  verhorum  only,  I 
proceed  from  the  person  to  the  thing. 

Architecture,  consider'd  as  an  art,  was  doubtless  (as  all  others  were) 
very  inean  and  imperfect  at  first;  when  from  dark  caverns,  hollow  trees, 
despicable  and  sorry  hovells  and  cabanes,  made  with  their  rude  trunks, 
^over'd  with  sods  of  turf  or  sedge,  to  protect  themselves  from  the  inju- 
ries of  the  weather,  and  wild  beasts  (as  at  present  savage  people  do), 
men  liv'd  not  much  better  iaccommodated  than  beasts  themselves,  wan- 
dering from  place  to  place,  either  to  hunt,  and  in  quest  of  food,  or  to  find 
pasture ;  where  like  the  Nom^des,  with  little  care  or  labour,  they  make 
them  huts  again,  to  shelter  them  selves  as  before;  till  coming  into  some  more 
fertile  and  fruitful  country*  and  finding  no  more  necessity  of  straying 
farther,  or  removing  so  often,  they  then  'tis  likely  begun  to  build  more 
substantially  and  commodiously ;  and  as  plenty,  their  families,  and  civi- 
lity increas'd,  began  to  inlarge,  and  make  their  habitations  as  well  less 
rudely,  as  more  convenient ;  proceeding  in  tract  of  time  to  great  polite- 
ness, and  to  that  height  of  splendor  and  magnificence,  as  at  last  inge- 
nious men,  from  long  experience  still  advancing  in  improvements,  began 
to  frame  such  rules  and  precepts  for  building,  as  should  answer  to  all 
those  perfections  desirable  in  a  building  namely,  solidity,  use,  and 
beauty ;  and  this  art  was  called 

Architectura,a.  term  deriv'd  from  the  Greek  substantive  'ApxtremovTifAec, 
and  which  is  by  some  taken  for  the  art  it  self,  by  others  for  the  work, 


364 

cedificio  ipso  et  opera  (hj  us  for  both'),  is  thus  defin'd  :  scientia  pluri* 
bus  disciplinis  et  variis  eruditionibus  ornata,  cujijls  judicio  probantur 
omnia,  quce  a  cceteris  artibus  perficiuntur,  opera.  Architecture  (says 
our  master  Vitruvius)  is  a  science  qualified  with  sundry  other  arts,  and 
adorn'd  with  variety  of  learning,  to  whose  judgment  and  approbation 
all  other  works  of  art  submit  themselves.  Or  rather,  in  short,  and 
as  effectual,  citfus  prceceptis  diriguntur,  et  judicio  probantxi^,  ^Ci 
for  so  it  seems  to  be  more  explicite;  since  in  a  geometrical  problem 
there  are  both  the  construction  or  direction,  operis  faciendi,  which 
these  Prcecepta  define ;  and  also  the  demonstration,  or  probation,  ope- 
ris jam  facti,  which  is  specified  by  the  judicium  in  the  Vitruvian  defi- 
nition. I  conceive,  therefore,  the  first  part  to  be  the  more  essential  and 
inseparable ;  the  latter  to  be  but  the  result  of  the  former,  and  no  more 
ingredient  into  the  art,  than  the  image  of  ones  face  in  a  glass  is  consti- 
tutive of  the  man. 

But  to  forbear  any  farther  gloss,  you  see  what  a  large  dominion  it  has, 
and  I  might  go  on  :  Ea  nascitur  ex  fabrica  et  ratioeinatione,  to  shexy 
that  she  is  the  daughter  of  Building  and  Demonstration.  Then  (for  so 
I  aifect  to  render  it)  that  building  is  the  result  of  an  assiduous  and  ma- 
nual practice  or  operation  upon  apt  materials,  according  to  the  model 
propounded ;  and,  lastly,  that  our  ratiocination  is  an  ability  of  explicating 
what  we  have  done  by  an  account  of  the  just  proportions.  In  a  word,  it 
is  the  art  of  building  weill,  which  (taken  in  the  large  sense)  compre- 
hends all  the  sorts  and  kinds  of  buildings  whatsoever,  of  which  there  are 
more  especially  three,  which,  though  differing  in  their  application,  de- 
sign, and  purpose,  are  yet  of  neere  relation  to  one  another,  and  therefore 
not  improperly  under  the  same  denomination  with  their  respective  ad- 
juncts of  distinction.  For  instance^  the  building  of  ships,  and  other 
vessels  for  sailing,  war,  and  commerce,  &c.  is  called  Naval  Architecture  ; 
the  art  of  fortification  and  defence  of  places.  Military  Architecture ; 
which,  tho'  under  the  same  rules  and  general  principles  whereby  to  work 
and  proceed  (but  indeed  making  use  of  different  terms  of  art),  yet  pass 
they  under  the  same  general  name  of  Architecture.  Now  for  as  much 
as  there's  only  one  of  these  which  properly  concerns  the  present  subject 
(as  bdng  indeed  the  most  eminent,  and  first  in  order),  we  are  here  to 


365 

understand  by  Architecture,  the  art  and  skill  of  civil  building  for  dwel- 
ling-houses; commodious  habitations,  and  more  publick  edifices. 

What  pretence  this  part  of  Architecture  has  to  both  the  other  kinds, 
namely,  the  Naval  and  Military,  the  foundation  and  building  of  cities, 
walls,  towers,  magazines,  bridges,  ports,  moles,  and  havens,  abundantly 
shew ;  together  with  what  our  great  master  Vitruvius  has  taught  in  the 
construction  of  divers  machines' and  warlike  engines,  as  well  for  oflFence 
as  defence;  and  to  shew  how  reconcileable  all  these  diiFerent  sorts  of 
buildings  are  to  one  another,  we  have  a  modern,  but  an  illustrious  in- 
stance, in  that  surprizingly  magnificent  piece  of  art,  the  Pentagonal 
Palace  erected  for  Cardinal  Alexander  Furneze  at  Gaprarola  (within 
twenty  miles  of  Rome),  by  that  excellent  and  skilful  architect  Vignola, 
one  of  the  first  rank  and  class  of  artists  in  the  foregoing  Parallel. 

With  reason  therefore,  as  well  as  right,  has  the  Surveyor  of  his  Majes- 
ties works  and  buildings,  both  the  Military  as  well  as  Civil  Architec- 
ture properly  under  his  intendency  and  inspection,  by  a  grant  (as  I  have 
heard)  of  many  hundred  years  past.     But 

To  enlarge  on  the  several  heads. of  Civil  Architecture  (of  which  there 
are  verv  many),  would  be  to  extend  this  discourse  to  a  length  not  so 
proportionable  to  that  which  is  designed.  Let  it  then  suffice  to  take  no- 
tice, that  it  is  the  ancient  Greek  and  Roman  Architecture  only  which  is 
here  intended,  as  most  entirely  answering  all  those  perfections  required 
in  a  faultless  and  accomplish'd  building ;  such  as  for  so  many  ages  were 
so  renowned  and  reputed  by  the  universal  suffrages  of  the  civiliz'd  world, 
and  would  doubtless  have  still  subsisted,  and  made  good  their  claim, 
and  what  is  recorded  of  them,  had  not  the  Goths,  Vandals,  and  other 
barbarous  nations,  subverted  and  demolish'd  them,  together  with  that 
glorious  empire,  where  those  stately  and  pompous  monuments  stood  ; 
introducing  in  their  stead  a  certain  fantastical  and  licencious  manner  of 
building,  which  we  have  since  call'd  Modern  (or  Gothic  rather),  cbn- 
gestions  of  heavy,  dark,  melsLncholy,  and  monkish  piles,  witl^out  any  just 
proportion,  use,  or  beauty,  compar'd  with  the  truly  Antient.  So  as 
when  we  meet  with  the  greatest  industry,  and  expensive  carving,  full  of 
fret  and  lamentable  imagery,  sparing  neither  of  pains  nor  cost,  a  judicious 
spectator  is  rather  distracted  and  quite  confounded,  than  tajjch'd  with 


366 

that  admiration  which  results  from  the  true  and  just  symmelrie,  regular 
proportion,  union  and  disposition,  great  and  noble  manner,  which  those 
august  and  glorious  fabrics  of  the  ancients  still  produce. 

It  was  after  the  irruption  and  swarmes  of  those  truculent  people  from 
the  North,  the  Moors  and  Arabs  from  the  South  and  East,  over-running 
the  civiliz'd  world,  that  wherever  they  fix'd  themselves,  they  soon  beg-an 
to  debauch  this  noble  and  useful  art ;  when,  instead  of  those  beautiful 
orders,  so  majestical  and  proper  for  their  stations,  becoming  variety,  and 
other  ornamental  accessories,  they  set  up  those  slender  and  misquine 
pillars,  or  rather  bundles  of  staves,  and  other  incongruous  props,  to  sup- 
port incumbent  weights,  and  pondrous  arched  roofs,  without  entabla- 
ture ;  and  tho*  not  without  great  industry  (as  M.  D' A  viler  well  ob- 
serves), nor  altogether  nakedof  gaudy  sculpture,  trite  and  busy  carvings, 
'tis  such  as  rather  gluts  the  eye  than  gratifies  and  pleases  it  with  any 
reasonable  satisfaction.  For  proof  of  this  (without  travelling  far  abroad)^ 
I  dare  report  my  self  to  any  man  of  judgment,  and  that  has  the  least 
taste  of  order  and  magnificence,  if,  after  he  has  look'd  awhile  upon  King 
Henry  the  Vllth's  Chappel  at  Westminster,  gaz'd  on  its  sharp  angles, 
jetties,  narrow  lights,  lame  statues,  lace  and  other  cut- work,  and  crinkle 
crankle,  and  shall  then  turn  his  eyes  on  the  Banqueting-House  built 
at  White-Hall  by  Inigo  Jones  after  the  antient  manner ;  or  on  what  his 
Majesties  present  Surveyor,  Sir  Christopher  Wren,  has  lately  advanc'd 
at  St.  Paul's,  and  consider  what  a  glorious  object  the  desigu'd  cupola, 
portico,  colonnades,  and  other  (yet  unfinish'd)  parts,  will  then  present 
the  beholder  :  or  compare  the  Schools  and  Library  at  Oxford  with  the 
Theatre  there ;  or  what  he  has  lately  tuilt  at  Trinity  College  in  Cam- 
bridge, and  since  all  these  at  Greenwich  and  other  places  (by  which 
time  our  home  traveller  will  begin  to  have  a  just  idea  of  the  antient  and 
modern  Architecture) ;  I  say,  let  him  well  consider,  and  compare  them 
judiciously,  without  partiality  and  prejudice,  and  then  pronounce  which 
of  the  two  manners  strikes  the  understanding  as  well  as  the  eye  with 
the  more  majesty  and  solemn  greatness ;  tho'  in  so  much  a  plainer  and 
simple  dress,  conforme  to  the  respective  orders  and  entablature,  and  ac- 
cordingly determine  to  whom  the  preference  is  due.  Not,  as  we  said, 
that  there  is  not  something  of  solid,  and  odly  artificial  too,  after  a  sort ; 


367 

but  then  the  universal  and  unreasonable  thic]kness  of  the  walls,  clumsy 
buttresses,  towersj  sharp  pointed  a^rches,  doors,  and  other  apertures, 
^vithout  proportion ;  nonsensical  insertions  of  various  marbles  imperti- 
nently plac'd,  turrets  and  pinnacles  thick  set  with  monkies  and  chimseras 
(and  abundance  of  buisy  work  and  other  incongruities),  dissipate  and 
break  the  angles  of  the  sight,  and  so  confound  it,  that  one  cannot  consi- 
der it  with  any  steadinesSj  where  to  begin  or  end  ;  taking  off  from  that 
noble  air  and  graudure,  bold  and  graceful  manner,  which  the  antients 
had  so  well  and  judiciously  established.  But  in  this  sort  have  they,  and 
their  followers  ever  since,  fill'd  not  all  Europe  alone,  but  Asia  and 
Aft'ica  besides,  with  mountains  of  stone,  vast  and  gygantic  buildings  in- 
deed, but  not  worthy  the  name  of  Architecture.  Witness  (besides  fre- 
quent erections  in  these  kingdoms,  inferior  to  none  for  their  utmost 
performances)  what  are  yet  standing  at  Westminster,  Canterbury,  Salis- 
bury, Peterborow,  Ely,  Wells,  Beverly,  Lincoln,  Gloucester,  York, 
Durham,  and  other  cathedrals  and  minsters ;  what  at  Utrecht,  Har- 
lem, Antwerp,  Strasburg,  Basil,  in  the  lower  and  upper  Germany ; 
at  Amiens,  Paris,  Rouen,  Tours,  Lyons,  &c.  in  France;  at  Milan,  Ve- 
nice, Florence,  nay  in  Rome  herself;  in  Spain,  at  Barges,  and  Seville, 
with  what  the  Moors  have  left  in  Athambrant,  Granada,  the  Santa  So-. 
phia  at  Constantinople,  that  of  the  Temple  of  the  Sepulchre  at  Jerusalem 
(at  the  decadence  at  least  of  the  art) ;  the  Zerifs  Palace  at  Morocco,  &c. ; 
besides  the  innumerable  monasteries  and  gloomy  cells,  built  in  all  these 
places  by  the  Christians,  Greeks,  Latines,  Armenians,  Moors,  and  others, 
since  the  ruin  of  the  empire ;  and  compare  them  (almost  numberless  as 
they  are)  with  one  St.  Peter's  at  Rome  only,  which,  with  the  rest  of 
those  venerable  churches,  superb  and  stately  palaces  there  and  ait  Naples, 
Florence,  Genoa,  Escurial,  Paris,  Amsterdam,  &c.  were  yet  all  but  soi'ry 
buildings,  till  Bramante,  Raphael,  Mich.  Angelo,  Palladio,  Bernini, 
and  other  heroes  and  masters  of  our  Parallel,  recover'd  and  even  raised 
this  art  to  life  again,  and  restor'd  her  to  her  pristine  splendor  and  mag- 
nificence, after  so  tedious  and  dismal  a  night  of  ignorance  and  supersti- 
tion, in  which  Architecture  had  lain  buried  in  rubbish,  and  sadly  de- 
form'd  for  so  many  ages.  The  same  may  likewise  be  affirm'd  of  all  those 
other  arts  attendant  upon  her,  Sculpture  and  Painting  especially,  and 


368 

indeed  of  I«etters,  and  all  good  learning  too,  which  had  about  this  time 
their  resuscitation  also.  In  a  word,  and  after  all  that  has  been  said  of 
Architecture,  ancient  or  modern, 'tis  not  we  see  enough  to  build  for 
strength  alone  (for  so  those  Gothic  piles  we  find  stand  their  ground^,  and 
the  Pyrainids  of  ^gypt  have  out-lasted  all  that  art  and  labour  have  to 
shew),  or  indeed  for  bare  accommodation  only,  without  due  proportion, 
order,  and  beauty,  and  those  other  agreements  and  genuine  characters  of 
a  perfect  and  consummate  buildipg ;  and  therefore  an  art  not  so  easily 
attain'd  by  every  pretender,  nor  in  truth  at  all,  without  a  more  than. or- 
dinary disposition,  accompanied  withjudgmentj  industry,  and  application, 
due  instruction,  and  the  rales  of  art  subservient  to  it.  Thus  accom- 
plish'd,  an  Architect  is  perfectly  qualified  to  answer  all  the  transcenden- 
cies of  this  noble  art,  which  is  to  build  handsomly,  solidly,  and  usefully. 

We  have  already  spoken  of  workmen,  and  manuary  assistants,  in  the 
foregoing  paragraphs;  without  whose  more  than  ordinqj?:y  skill  and 
diligence,  the  learned'st  architect  mistakes  the  shadow  for  substance, 
umbram  non  rem  consecutus  videtur,  and  may  serve  to  rear  a  tabernacle, 
not  build  a  temple,  there  being  as  much  difference  between  speculation 
and  practice  in  this  art,  as  there  is  between  a  shadow  and  a  substance. 
But  with  what  advantages  those  persons  proceed  who  both  know  and  can 
apply,  I  have  already  demonstrated;  and  when,  we  consider  that  the 
whole  art  consists  in  the  most,  exact  and  elegant  order  imaginable,  it  is 
not  to  be  wondered  there  have  been  so  few  able  men  of  the  profession. 
Sir  H.  Wotton,  who  reckons  those  two  parts  for  one,  that  is,  the  fixing 
of  the  model  to  a  full  expression  of  the  first  idea,  passes  (with  our  master) 
to  the  species  or  kinds  of  this  disposition. 

Taxis,  or,  as  Architects  call  it,  Ordonance,  as  defined  by  our  master  to 
be  that  which  gives  to  every  part  of  a  building  the  just  dimension  relating 
to  its  uses,  Mr.  Perrault  supposes  neither  so  explicit,  nor  as  the  thing 
it  self  requires,  or  answerable  to  the  intention,  which  he  takes  to  consist 
in  the  division  of  the  plan  or  spot  of  ground  on  which  one  intends  to 
build,  so  to  be  apportioned  and  laid  out  (as  to  the  dimension  of  the  re- 
spective parts,  referring  to  their  use)  as  consists  with  the  proportion  of 
the  whole  and  intire  fabric,  which  in  fewer  wor^s,  I  conceive  diflFers  little 
from  the  determinate  measures  of  what's  assigned  to  compose  the  several 


369 

rtments  j  to  ^hich  some  add,  that  which  givies  the  utmost  perfection 
11  the  parts  and  members  of  the  building.     But  (to  proceed  with 
[earned  commentator)  'tis  the  judicious  contrivance  of  the  plan  or 
el,  which  he  means  by  ordonance  here  :  as  when,  for  instance,  the 
t,  the  hall,  lodgings,  and  other  rooms,  are  neither  too  large  nor  too  little; 
that  the  court  afford  convenient  light  to  the  appartments  about  it, 
be  large  enough  for  usual  access ;  that  the  hall  be  of  fit  capacity  to 
ive  company ;  the  bed-chambers  for  persons  of  quality,  and  others ; 
Ise  when  these  divisions  are  either  too  great  or  too  small,  with  re- 
it  to  the  place,  as  a  very  large  court  would  be  to  a  little  house,  or  a 
e  chamber  in  a  great  and  noble  palace ;  whereas  diathesis,  disposi- 
,  is  where  all  the  parts  and  members  of  a  building  are  assign'd  their 
and  proper  places,  according  to  their  quality,  nature,  office,  rank, 
genuine  collocation,  without  regard  to  the  dimension  or  quantity, 
ch  is  another  consideratio^i,  as  parts  of  Architecture,  tho'  still  with 
tion  to  its  perfection.     Thus  the  vestibule  or  porch  should  precede 
hall ;  the  hall  the  parlor,  next  the  withdrawing-room,  which  are  of 
smonie,  I  speak  (as  with  us  in  England)  where  the  first  floore  is 
imonly  so  composed  of;  the  anti-chambers,  bed-chambers,  cabinets, 
leries,  and  rooms  of  parade  and  state  in  the  second  stage,  suitable  to 
expense  and  dignity  of  the  owner.     I  say  nothing  of  the  height,  and 
sr  dimensions,  because  there  are  establish'd  rules ;  but  it  is  what  I 
e  generally  observ'd  gentlemen  (who  are  many  times  at  considerable 
rges  in  otherwise  handsome  and  convenient  houses)  most  of  all  to 
in  ;  not  allowing  decent  pitch  to  the  respective  roomes  and  appart- 
its,  which  I  find  they  constantly  repent  when  "tis  too  late.     One 
uld  seldom  therefore  allow  less  than  fourteen  feet  to  the-  first  floore, 
Ive  or  thirteen  to  the  second,  in  a  dwelling-house  of  any  considerable 
ility ;  to  greater  fabrics,  and  such  as  approach  to  palaces,  16, 18,  20, 
with  regard  to  other  capacities.     Nor  let  the  less  benign  temper  of 
clime  (compared  with  other  countries)  be  any  longer  the  pretence ; 
le  if  the  building  and  finishing  be  stanch,  the  floors  well  lay'd,  ap- 
tures  of  doors  and  windows  close,  that  objection  is  answered.     The 
le  rules  as  to  the  consequence  of  rooms  and  oeconomie  is  to  be  ob- 
red  in  the  distribution  of  the  other  oflices,  even  the  most  inferior,  in 

3  B 


370 

which  the  curious  consult  their  health  above  all  conveniency,  by  design- 
ing their  best  lodging-chambers  towards  the  sun-rising ;  and  so  libraries, 
cabinets  of  curiosities,  and  galleries,  more  to  the  north,  affording  the 
less  glazing  and  fittest  light  of  all  other  to  pictures,  &c.  unless  where 
some  unavoidable  inconvenience  forbid  it.  Another  great  mistake,  I 
likewise  have  observ'd  to  be  the  cause  of  many  errors  as  incurable, 
namely,  a  fond,  avaritious,  or  obstinate  resolution  of  many,  who,  having 
choice  of  situations,  for  the  sparing  of  an  old  kitchen,  out-house,  lodge, 
or  vulgar  office,  nav  and  sometimes  of  an  antient  wall,  a  fine  quick -set 
hedge,  particular  tree  or  two,  or  tiie  like,  continue  to  place  the  new 
building  upon  the  old  foundation,  tho'  never  so  much  awry  and  out  of  all 
square,  and  (as  often  I  have  seen)  neere  some  bank  of  earth  which 
cannot  be  mov'd ;  pleas'd  with  front  or  gaudy  out-side,  whilst  all  is 
gloomy  and  melancholy  within,  and  gives  occasion  of  censure  to  the 
judicious,  and  reproach  to  others ;  in  a  word,  I  have  very  rarely  or  as 
seldom  found  a  new  building  joyn'd  with  any  tolerable  decency  or  advan- 
tage to  an  old  one,  as  a  young  and  beautiful  virgin  to  an  old,  decay'd, 
and  doating  husband.  I  might  almost  affirm  as  much  concerning  re- 
paires,  where  there  are  great  dilapidations  ;  since  by  that  time  they  have 
calculated  all  expences  of  pulling  down  and  patching  up,  they  might 
have  built  intirely  new  from  the  ground  with  the  same,  and  oftentimes 
with  less  charge,  but  with  abundance  more  beauty  and  conveniency. 
Frequent  instances  of  like  nature  might  I  produce,  and  of  such  as  have 
too  late  repented  j  but  I  am  to  beg  pardon  for  this  transcursion,  for 
which  I  have  no  other  apology  than  that  since  another  edition  of  this 
piece  is  never  likely  to  come  under  my  hand  again,  I  have  taken  the 
liberty  of  this  to  speake  my  thoughts  the  more  freely  ;  not  without  hope 
that  some  may  be  edified  by  it,  and  have  cause  to  thank  me  for  it. 

To  return  therefore  whence  I  diverted,  I  now  proceed  to  the  proper 
argument  and  design  of  this  discourse,  which  concerns  the  terms  of  Ar- 
chitecture, with  such  improvements  as  fall  in  with  the  subject;  not  that 
our  politer  workmen  do  not  understand  them  well,  but  for  the  benefit 
and  Instruction  of  the  less  knowing,  or  such  who,  tho'  learn'd,  and 
knowing  in  other  arts,  may  haply  not  have  much  consider'd  this  :  and  the 
first  is. 


371 

lehno^aphy,  hy  which  we  are  to  understand  the  very  first  design  aiKl 
ordinance  of  a  work  or  edifice,  together  with  every  partition  and  open- 
ing drawn  by  rule  and  compass  upon  the  area  or  floor,  by  artists  often 
call'd  the  geometrical  plan  or  plat-forme,  as  in  our  reddition  of  the  Pa- 
rallel. The  Greeks  would  name  it  J^couj  •y§ei(f>^,  vestigii  description  or 
rather  vestigium  operis,  the  superficial  efl^ormation  of  the  future  work, 
which  our  ground-plot  does  fully  interpret.  This  is  properly  the  talent 
and  work  of  the  chief  Architect  or  Surveyor  himself  (and  indeed  the 
most  abstruse  and  difficult),  by  which  he  expresses  his  conception  and 
idea  for  the  judicious  collocation,  idoneous  and  apt  disposition,  right 
casting  and  contrivement  of  the  several  parts  and  rooms,  according  to 
their  distinct  offices  and  uses ;  for  as  ordonation  imports  the  quantity, 
so  does  this  the  quality  of  the  building:  but  of  this  already.  To  this 
succeeds 

Orthography,  or  the  erect  elevation  of  the  same  in  face  or  front,  de- 
scrib'd  in  measure  upon  the  former  idea,  where  all  the  horizontal  lines 
are  parallels.  Some  do  by  this  comprehend  the  sides  likewise  (but  so 
will  not  I)  to  be  seen  as  well  within  as  without  the  model.  It  is  in 
truth  but  the  simple  representation  of  that  part  opposite  to  the  eye  of 
the  beholder,  and  thence  by  Italian  I'^lzato,  or  VImpiedi  Facciata,  and 
frontispiece,  without  shadows  or  other  deceptions,  and  the  second  species 
of  disposition.     The  last  is 

Scenography,  or,  as  some,  Sciography,  which  is  the  same  object  ele- 
vated upon  the  same  draught  and  centre  in  all  its  optical  flexures,  dimi- 
nutions and  shadows,  together  with  a  fbre-shortning  of  a  third  side,  so 
as  the  whole  solid  of  the  edifice  becomes  visible  in  perspective,  as  th^ 
say,  because  compos'd  of  the  three  principal  lines  used  in  that  art,^  viz. 
that  of  the  plan  or  plot,  belonging  to  the  first  idea ;  that  of  the  horizon 
or  eye-line,  which  denotes  the  second  ;  and  the  line  of  distance,  which 
makesthe  t  bird,  with  all  its  adumbrations  and  shadowings,  which  dis- 
tinguishes it  from  what  they  call  the  profile,  signified  by  the  edging 
stroaks,  by  some  call'd  out-lines,  and  contours  only,  without  any  of  this 
solid  finishing;  From  all  which  it  appears,  that  not  the  bare  idea,  or 
species  (as  the  term  is  in  Vitruvius),  or  as  others,  the  various  kinds  of 
disposition  is  to  be  understood,  but  the  several  designs  and  representa- 


372 

tlons  of  the  division.  Seeing,  in  truth,  these  three  draughts  upon  pa] 
belong  as  much  to  the  ordonance  as  the  disposition,  shewing  and  ( 
scribing  the  measures  and  dimensions  of  the  inspeetive  parts,  order,  2 
position.  From  these  three  ideas  then  it  is  that  same  Eurythmia,  n 
jestic  and  Venusta  species  ^difidi  does  result,  which  creates  tl 
agreeable  harmony  between  the  several  dimensions,  so  as  nothing  see 
disproportionate,  too  long  for  this,  or  too  broad  for  that,  but  correspoi 
in  a  just  and  regular  symmetry  and  consent  of  the  parts  with  the  who! 
for  symmetry  is  the  parity  and  equality  between  the  parts  opposite, 
as  one  be  not  bigger,  higher,  longer,  sViorter,  closer,  or  wider  than  1 
other.  Suppose  a  column  swelling  more  at  one  side  than  the  other,  a 
not  a?  those  who  thought  it  to  consist  in  the  proportion  of  some  princi] 
part  or  member  only,  capital^  or  cornice,  grosser  or  projecting  fartl 
than  the  order  permits,  which  seem  two  different  things ;  whilst  pi 
portion  among  Architects  consists  in  such  an  agreement  and'  consent 
we  find  in  every  well  limb'd  and  compos'd  living  animal,  of  whate^ 
species  or  kind  soever,  where  the  due  make  of  each  member  of  the  bo 
denominates  the  compleatness  of  the  figure,  be  it  statue,  or  the  life;  a 
the  same  in  building,  and  the  parts  thereof;  in  a  wordj  where  con^ 
nience,  strength,  and  beauty  meet,  and  render  it  accompllsh'd.     Lasti 

Decor,  which  is  not  only  where  the  inhabitant  and  habitation  su 
seeing  that  is  many  times  accidental,  but  where  a  building,  and  partic 
larly  the  ornaments  thereof,  become  the  station  and  occasion,  as  Viti 
vius  expressly  shews  in  appropriating  the  several  orders  to  their  natu; 
affections ;  so  as  he  would  not  have  set  a  Corinthian  column  at  the  e 
trance  of  a  prison,  nor  a  Tuscan  before  the  portico  of  a  church,  as  soi 
have  done  amoBg  us,  with  no  great  regard  to  the  decorum.  Here,  thesi 
fore,  it  is  that  the  judgment  of  an  Architect  ought  to  be  consulted ;  sir 
even  in  the  disposition  of  the  offices  of  our  most  private  houses,  we  fii 
no  where  greater  absurdities  committed,  whilst  we  many  times  find  t 
kitchen  where  the  parlour  should  have  been ;  and  that  in  the  first  a 
best  story,  which  should  have  been  consigned  to  the  lowermost  and  t 
worst. 

Philander  seems  to,  be  in  some  doubt  whither  the  Architect  did  af 
all  this  make  a  model  of  his  future  work,  but  at  last  resolves  it  in  t 


37S 

affirmative  for  many  reasons,  Ua  enim  futura  deprehenduntur  errata^ 
et  minimo  impend/iof  rmlhque  mcommodoi  Sec. ;  for  so  (says  he)  future 
errors  may  be  timely  prevented,  with  little  cost,  and  virithout  atiy  trou- 
ble, before  the  remedy  proves  incorrigible.  Ndw  tho'  perhaps  an  ac-i 
compUsh'd  Architect  needs  it  not,  yet  as  there  is  nothing  eertahily  spar'd 
to  less  purpose,  and  more  to  the  detriment  of  builders  than  the  small 
expence  of  making  this  prototype,  so  it  has  been  known  that  some  ex- 
cellent masters  have  without  reproach,  caused  several  to  be  made  of  th€ 
same  building,  and  for  the  better,  and  whifch  should  be  fram'd  with  all 
its  orders  and  dimensibns,  by  the  assistance  of  some  skilful  joyner,  or 
other  ingenious  artist  in  some  slight  material,  which  may  be  to  remove; 
uncover,  and  take  in  pieces,  for  the  intuition  of  every  contignation,  par- 
tition, passage,  and  aperture,  without  other  adulteration  by  painting  or 
gaudy  artifice,  but  in  the  most  simple  manner  as  Sir  H.  Wotton  pru- 
dently advises,  for  reasons  most  material  aiid  unanswerable ;  this  is  by 
some  supplied  with  a  perpendicular  section  of  the  orthographical  eleva- 
tion, which  lets  the  eye  into  the  rOotns  in  front  only ;  the  model  intb 
the  whole  ;  but  from  all  which  we  may  deduce  how  absolutely  necesaary 
it  is  that  an  Architect  have  more  than  a  vulvar  dexterity  in  the  art  of 
designing  and  drawing,  quee  autem  confeVant,  into,  quce  sint  architectd 
penitljis  necessarid  ex  artibus,  hcec  sunt,  picturct  et  mathematica ;  in 
cceteris  doctusne  sif,  non  lahoro  :  so  the  Patriarch,  lib.  9,  upon  that  of 
our  master,  lib.  1.  c.  1.  Peritus  Graphi(J<is,  &c.  and  then  concludes, 
necessariu  igitur  est  architectb  Grdphidis  (i.  e.J  designationis  ut  Itali 
dicwnt  peritia,  as  being  a  thing  altogether  indispensable  ;  but  of  this 
already,  for  by  the  method  of  a  complete  course  or  body  of  Architecture, 
one  should  proceed  ta  the  more  particular  distributions  of  this  art,  whi- 
ther in  respect  to  private  or  publick  buildings  ;  but  I  leave  it  for  some 
perfect  edition  of  what  remaifis  of  the  incomparable  Palladio ;  when 
either  by  the  same  it  is  begun,  or  by  some  other  charitable  hand j  that, 
or  our  master,  Vitruvius  himself,  as  p'ublish'd  by  the  learned  Perrault 
shall  be  taught  to  speak  English ;  and  the  title  of  this  discoursifr,  which 
minds  me  of  a  thorough  explanation  of  the  more  difficult  terms  of  this 
art,  for  being  principally  if  not  only  conversant  about  the  five  orders 


374 

?ind  their  ornaments  (the  subject  of  our  learned  Parallel)  calls. me  bacic 
to  a  distuict  survey  of  them,  and  I  will  begin  at  the  foundation. 

Now  tho'  all  that  is  buried  in  the  ground  to  the  area  be  so  call'd,  yet 
properly  foundation  is  the  very  cofer  or  ground-bed  search' d  ad  solidum 
et  in  solido,  as  our  master  advises,  and  upon  which  a  vi-ise  man  would 
only  build  and  raise  the  proto  substruction,  or  first  beginning  of  his 
wall,  and  ought  commonly  to  be  double  the  thickness  of  the  superstruc- 
tion.     This  the  Greeks  call'd, 

Stereobata,  trrepeo^dT'^s,  solidum fulcimentum,  for  Its  artificial  firmness, 
as  Immediately  succeeding  the  underfilling  of  Ttie  former  (for  so  we 
name  those  dry  materials  upon  the  surface}  to  be  the  basis  of  the  whole 
edifice.  I  am  not  ignorant  that  some  contend  about  this  ofiice,  con- 
founding It  with  the  stylobata  and  pedestals  of  columns,  assigning  them 
a  regular  thickness  of  half  as  much  more  as  the  Orders  they  support ; 
and  then  the  Italians  call  It  the  zoccolo,  pillow,  or  die  (because  of  its  cu- 
bique  and  solid  figure ;  hut  I  rather  take  It  for  the  basamento  of  the  whole 
which  I  would  therefore  rather  augment  than  contract  to  that  stinted  di- 
mension. The  Reverend  Daniel  Barbaro  *,  c.  8.  1.  2,  describes  us  all  the 
kinds  of  them,  and  calls  this  In  particular  (and  which  confirms  this  di- 
vision) the  concealed  part,  or  Jundatio  in  imo  :  and  then  by  this  ele- 
gant distinction  Ae^nes  structicra  to  be  that  of  fronts;  instruction,  that 
of  the  middle  parts  ;  and  substruction^  of  the  lower  ;  though  this  last 
notion  does  likewise  many  times  Import  some  vast  and  magnificent 
building;  for  so  Baldus  has  cited  that  passage  In  Liv.  1.  6,  where  he 
names  the  stately  capital  a  substruction  only,  and  other  authors  sub' 
structiones  insanas,  for  such  vast  and  enormous  fabrlcks.  But  that  we 
may  not  omit  the  pedestal  (though  of  rarer  use  amongst  the  ancients) 
1  come  next  to  the 

Stylobata ;  for  our  pedestal  is  vox  hybrida  (a  very  mungrill)  not 
a  stylo,  as  some  imagine,  but  a  stando,  and  is  taken  for  that  solid  cube 
or  square  which  we  already  mentioned  to  be  that  to  the  column  im- 
posed which  the  superstructure  Is  to  t\i\s,  fulcimentum  columnce.  It  is 
likewise  call'd  truncus,  the  trunk,  (though  more  properly  taken  for  the 


*  A  learned  Venetian,  born  1513,  who  published,  in  1567,  an  Italian  translation  of  Vitruvius, 
with  annotations  ;  and  died  1570. 


375 

shaft  or  body  of  an  order)  contained  between  tbe  cornice  and  base  (iot 
pedestals  have  likewise  those  ornaments  inseparably) ;  also  abacus,  dado, 
zocco,  &c.  which  is  sometimes  carv'd  with  bass-relievo  in  historical 
emblems,  as  that  of  Trajan's  at  Rome,  and  ours  on  Fish -street  hill; 
but  as  it  was  rarely  used  among  the  antients,  so  they  were  all  square 
alike  to  all  the  orders,  till  from  good  examples,  by  later  Architects, 
(and  especially  Palladio)  reduc'd  to  proportion,  and  very  graceful.  Those 
which  are  more  large  than  high,  are  called  double  pedestals  supporting 
double  columns,  and  some  which  are  continu'd  thro'  the  whole  building. 
Also  poggio,  from  its  office  of  supporting,  and  then  'tis  constantly 
adbm'd  with  a  cornice  consisting  of  a  cymatium  on  a  corona  with  lists,, 
and  sometimes  scotia  or  shallow  cavities,  and  an  addition  of  an  upper 
zocco  or  plinth  of  a  smaller  hollow  and  part  of  the  cymatium,  upon 
which  the  scamilli  impares  Vitruviani  were  set,  if  design'd  for  statues  ^ 
or,  if  without,  for  columns.  The  base  has  likewise  an  ornament  of  a 
c^ma^mm  inverted  upon  a  plinth,  as  may  be  seen  in  the  Corinthian  Sty- 
lohata.  The  general  rule  is  to  divide  the  whole  into  1 9  parts ;  the  pe- 
destal shall  have  four,  the  entablature  three  ;  but  if  a  column  be  without 
pedestal,  divide  the  height  but  into  five  equal  parts,  four  to  the  column, 
and  to  the  entablature  one  -,  but,  as  we  affirm'd,  the  ancients  did  seldom 
use  pedestals  at  ally  unless  where  railes  and  balusters  were  requisite^ 
and  parapet  walls  for  meniana,  pergolas,  and  balconies,  and  where  they 
serv'd  for  podia  or  posaries  of  a  leaning  height,  for  which  they  had  a 
slight  cornice  asslgn'd  them  ;  and  this  minds  me  of  the  a-Tvikai  among  the 
Greeks,  as  indeed  seeming  to  have  been  deriv'd  from  the  Eastern  ■|^"'2i* 
used,  and  to  the  Jews  (we  read)  enjoyn'd  upon  their  flat-roofed  houses, 
these  balusters  being  in  truth  but  a  kind  of  petty, columns  under  the 
railes  or  architrave  between  pedestal  and  pedestal,  for  that  moral  reason, 
the  security  of  the  walkers,  especially  at  what  time  they  used  to  spread 
tents  upon  them,  as  frequently  they  did.  But  if  (as  we  said)  for  the 
better  eminence  of  figures,  then  with  the  imposition  of 

Scamilli  impares,  of  which  there  is  so  much  contention  amongst  our 
hypercritical  Architects,  though  in  fine  they  prove  to  be  but  certain 
henches,  %occos,  or  blocks,  elevating  the  rest  of  the  members  of  an  order^ 
column,  signum,  or  statue,  from  being  drowned  or  lost  to  the  eye,  which 


376 

may  chance  to  be  pkc'd  below  their  horizon ;  that  is,  beneath  the  pro- 
jecturea  of  the  stT/lobata  cornices  and  other  saillies,  by  an  agreeable 
reconciliation  of  geometry  with  the  opticks.  In  a  word,  the  pedestals  of 
statues  do  well  express  them,  and  those  half-round  elevations,  or  other 
unequal  eminences  upon  the  stylobata,  be  they  one  or  more  plinths,  like 
so  many  steps  succeeding  one  another  for  the  advantage  of  what  stands 
upon  them.  In  the  mean  time,  we  find  no  proportions  or  form  assign'd 
for  the  placing  statues,  busts,  or  other  figures,  which  seems  to  be  left 
arbitrary,  with  regard  to  the  subject ;  the  lower  pedestals  best  suiting 
with  the  higher,  contrary  to  busts,  or  where  more  than  one  together,  as 
groups  sittings  and  cumbent  figures,  which  require  longer,  &c.  with 
such  ornament  and  decoration  as  best  becomes  them  ;  as  to  nymphs, 
tritons,  sea-gods.,  esealop -shells,  &c.  to  Deesses,  the  more  delicate;  to 
satyrs,  rustic  work,  &c.  But  to  proceed  to  the  orders  and  their  several 
members,  as  they  naturally  rise  in  work. 

The  Base,  derived  from  the,  Greek  verb  B»fvetv,  Imports  the  sustent, 
prop,  or  foot  of  a  thing,  and  is  in  architecture  taken  not  for  the  lower- 
most member  of  an  order,  but  for  all  the  several  ornaments  and  mould- 
ings from  the  apophyg^s,  or  rising  of  the  columns  shaft,  to  the  plinth. 
Sometimes  also  for  the  spire,  which,  lying  on  the  plinth  like  the  coile  of 
a  cable,  derives  thence  its  name,  though  something  improperly,  me- 
thlnks,  considering  these  members  do  not  run  spiral,  but  obliquely  rather 
awA  in  orbem ;  In  sum,  the  basis  Is  to  the  column  and  Its  entablature 
what  the  stylobata  Is  to  the  basis,  and  the  stereobata  to  the  pede&tal. 
Here  note,  that  when  a  cornice  is  added  to  a  base,  it  becomes  a  pedestal 
and  that  to  the  Corinthian  or  Composlta  the  A,ttlc  base  ;  and  though 
fairest  of  all,  and  us'd  In  other  orders,  by  no  means  so  properly.  It  is 
often  enrlch'd  with  sculpture,  especially  in  the  Composlta  :  for  bases 
(Jlffer  according  to  the  order.  Tuscan  has  a  torus  only  ;  the  Doric,  an 
astragal  more,  by  some  esteem'd  a  modern  addition.  The  Ionic's  torus 
Is  larger,  on  a  double  seotia,  betwixt  which  are  two  astragals.  The 
Composlta  an  astragal  fewer  than  the  Corinthian.  The  Attic  base  (or  as 
some,  the  j:lttic  curgij  consists  of  a  plinth,  two  torus's  and  seotia,  pro- 
perly pl^c'd  under  the  Ionic  and  Composlta,  and  indec^d,  as  was  said,  to 
all,  Tuscan  excepted,  which  has  its  peculiar  base.  But  to  proceed  to. 
other  particulars. 


,       377- 

The  Plinth  is  the  first  and  very  lowest  member  of.  the  base;     The, 
word  denotes  a  brick  or  square  tyle,  of  which  happly  they  were  usually 
made,  but  rather  for  the  resemblance,  because  of  the  weight  it  was  to 
bear,  and  therefore  more  probably  of  something  more  solid  to  preserve 
the  foot  of  the  column  from  rotting,  when  first  pillars  were  made  but  of, 
the  tapering  bodies  of  trees,  as  we  shall  shew  hereafter.     Plinth  is  like- 
wise taken  for  a  like  member  about  the  capital,  but  then  always  with  its 
adjunct,  the  plinth  of  the  capital,  &c.  because  placed  just  above  the 
Echinus,  as  in  the  Doric,  Ovoloov  quarter  round  in  the  other  orders. 
The -Italians  familiarly  name  it  Orlo^  which,  importing  a  round  welt, 
hem,  or  brim,  methinks  is  not  so  properly  applied  to  it.     By  plinth  is 
also. to  be  understood  any  flat,  thick  moulding  in. the  fore- walls  pf  any 
building,  ranging  like  a  broad  list  with  the  several  floors  or  stages.    The; 
next  is, 

ZoTMSithe  third  member  of  the  base  (of  which  there  is  superior  and 
inferior  in  the  bases.of  all  the  orders,  the  Tuscan  excepted),  comes  from. 
Topog,  denoting  the  roundness  and  smoothness  of  it;  Torus,  enim  quic- 
quid  rotundum  ;  or  rather  as  Scaliger,  quod  artijicialiter  elahoratur  et 
tometur,  because  artificially  made  so ;  but  why  not  from  its  swelling 
and.  brawniness  ?  It  much  resembles  the  shape  of  a  round  cushion, 
torques,  or,  wreath,  thence  a-rt^ag,  and  the  imposed,  weight  makes  it  seem 
to  swell  out  as  if  indeed  it  were  stuffed,  and  that  with  reason,  say  the 
critics,  for  the  more  easy  and  safe  position  of  the 

Trochile,  from  t/)s%w  or,T/)o%a,  arundle  or  pully- wheel,  W;hich  it  much 
resembles,  and  is  that  cavity  appearing  next  to  the  torus.  The  Italians 
name  it  Bastone,ov  more  properly  CavettOi  and  Cornice,  tanquam  baculi' 
cortex,  the  hollow  rind  of  a  tree,  as  Barbaro.,  Our  workmen  retain  the 
ancient  Scotia,  from  Xkotm,  its  obscurity  proceeding  from  the  shade  of 
the  hollowness.;  but  more  vulgarly  they  call  it  the  Casement,  and  it  is 
ever  the  cavitys  between  the  former  tor,us's,  and  also  beneath  the.Doriq 
cornice  separated  from  the  plain  margin  or  regula  call'd  mentum  and 
corona  by- a  small  cymatium,  or  sometimes  a  list  only,  The  capital  letter 
C  is  almost  a  perfect  resemblance  of  this  mouldings  and  it  is  indeed  fre- 
quently bordured  or  rather  shut  in  with  lists.     Lastly, 

The  jistragal,  which,  besides  divers  other  things  (as  the  Septem 

3  c 


378 

spince  vertebr'cs  neer  the  neck)  has  here  its  analogy  from  that  bone  a 
little  above  the  heel,  whence  the  French  name  it  the  talon,  or  heel  it  self 
(as  our  author  of  the  Parallel),  nor  improperly ;  but  by  the  Italians,  il 
tondino,  being  a  kind  of  half  torus,  sometimes  wrought  in  the  richer 
orders  like  an  over-cast  hem  or  hedge  to  the  larger  tore,  which  frequently 
is  plac'd  between,  as  in  the  Ionic  base  with  two  scotias,  and  sometimes 
(though  rarely)  just  about  the  plinth  of  the  base,  as  some  marshal  it. 
Otherwhiles  again  it  is  taken  for  the  hoop,  cincture  or  collar  next  the 
hypotrachelium  and  diminution  of  a  column  listed  on  both  edges,  and  it 
runs  also  under  the  echinus  of  the   Ionic.     Our   Englisher  of  Hans 
Bloome  names  it  a  boltell,  or  fillet  in  any  part  of  a  pillar ;  but  I  take  a 
fillet  to  be  more  flat,  this  more  swelling  and  (as  I  say)  torus-like.  More- 
over, we  sometimes  find  it  dividing  the  fascia  of  the  Corinthian  archi- 
trave where  it  is  wrought  in  chapletts  and  beads,  olives  or  berries ;  and 
finally  in  two  places,  both  above  and  beneath  the  lists  joyning  imme- 
diately to  the  square  or  die  of  a  pedestal  where  stylobata  is  introduced : 
and  so  we  have  done  with  the  ornaments  and  mouldings  of  the  base. 
We  come  now  to  the  column  itself. 

iZxog,  nakedly,  and  strictly  taken,  is  that  part  of  an  order  only  which 
is  the  prop  or  columen,  placed  to  support  something  superior  to  it,  and  is 
here  properly  that  round  and  long  cylinder  diversly  named  by  authors 
scapus,  vivo,  tige,  shaft,  fust,  trunke,  &c.  containing  the  body  thereof 
from -the  spire  of  the  base,  or  lately  mentioned  astragal,  to  the  capital; 
sometimes  for  the  substance  and  thickness  of  the  bottom  of  the  pillar,  and 
in  authors  for  the  checks  of  a  door,  secundum  cardines  ef  antepagmenta, 
of  which  consult  the  learned  Baldus,  de  Signif.  Vocab.  Vitruv.  in  the 
word  i2epZMW,also  the  perpendicular  post  of  a  winding  staires;  but  for  the 
most  part  for  that  solid  of  a  column  which  being  divided  into  three  parts, 
has  (as  some  delight  to  form  them,  but  without  any  reason  or  good 
authority)  an  entasis  or  swelling,  and  under  the  collerine  or  cimba  of 
the  capital,  a  contracture  and  comely  diminution,  by  workmen  call'd  the 
breaking  of  the  pillar ;  which,  in  imitation  of  the  natural  tapering!  of  trees 
is  sometimes  too  much  contracted,  in  others  excessively  swell'd.     The 
manner  of  operation  by  applying  a  thin  flat  flexible  rule,  of  the  length 
of  the  whole  column,  divided  inta  three  equal  parts,  beginning  at  the 


379 

endicular  of  the  lowest,  is  so  well  known,  that  I  need  say  nothing 
;  of  it,  than  that  there  is  hardly  any  sensible  swelling  to  be  per- 
d  in  the  best  examples,  and  therefore  to  be  sparingly  us'd,  and  with 
etion,  if  at  all :  or  as  Desgodet  and  some  aflFect,  tapering  very  in- 
ibly  all  the  way.  Monsieur  Perrault  prescribes  another  method  foi.' 
diminution  (speaking  of  Nicomedes's  first  Conchoid  in  his  learned 
iment,  1.  3.  cap.  2d.)  But  (returning  to  where  we  left)  the  primary 
5  or  rise  of  the  shaft  next  the  astragal  or  neather  cincture  is  called 
Apophyges,  from  the  Greek  word  'k^7ro\)y^ ;  because  in  that  part 
:olumn  taking  as  it  were  a  rise,  seems  to  emerge  and  fly  from  the 
s  like  the  processus  of  a  bone  in  a  man's  leg ;  and  so  it  is  now  and 
applied  to  the  square  of  pedestals  likewise.  In  short,  'tis  no  more 
an  imitation  of  the  rings'  or  feruls  heretofore  used  at  the  extremities 
ooden  pillars,  when  formerly  they  were  made  of  that  material,  to 
2rve  them  from  splitting,  afterward  imitated  in  stone-work  as  an 
iarable  part  thereof,  and  thence  doubtless  it  is  they  tpok  their  origi- 
jontraction;  such  trees  as  grew  in  the  most  upright  tenor  and  comely 
nution  being  chosen  for  this  employment. 

hese  being  resembled  in  stone  (that  is  of  one  entire  one)  by  solidce 
I  distinguish'd  from  the  structiles,  or  were  such  pillars  as  were  com- 
ided  of  many. 

ut  it  is  not  here  only  that  these  rings  have  place,  but  next  the  above 
[ib'd  astragal  likewise,  and  where-ever  encounter'd  by  the- names  of 
ilus,  cincta,  cimbia,  listello,  fillets,  regula,  &c.  broader  or  more 
3w,  as  best  suits  with  the  consecutive  member,  like  those  very  small 
llos  or  annulets  under  the  echinus  of  the  Doric  capital,  by  the  Ita^ 
called  gradettif  degrees,  and  by  the  interpreters  of  P.  Lomazsso, 
s ;  and  so  in  like  manner  the  cimbia  beneath  the  astragal  imme- 
ly  above  the  contraction.  But  regulse  and  fillets  are  somewhat 
jr  in  places  where  they  edge  and  shut  in  the  cymatium  of  a  corrrice, 
as,  or  voluta.  Moreover,  I  note,  that  listello  and  cincta  are  broader 
annulets,  which  I  take  to  be  the  very  least  of  all  the  mouldings  in 

der. 

le  capital,  with  its  ornaments,  comes  now  to  be  the  next  colljective 

ber. 


380 

We  have  already  ^hew'd  what  we  are  to  understand  by  a  column, 
which,  nakedly  considered,  does  not  assume  the  name  of  order  till  it  be 
dressed  and  habited  with  its  distinguishing  ornaments,  the  capit'alj,  &c. 
For  tho'  by  ornament  Architects  in  one  word  signifie  architrave, frieze, 
and  cornice,  which  ever  accompany  and  compleat  the  order,  yet  'tis  the 
capital  only  which  gives  it  its' distinction  and  denomination  ;  and  albeit 
their  diflferences  may  indeed  be  also  taken  from  the  height,  shape  and 
substance,  yet  hardly  without  their  heads,  as  the  lonicae  and  Corinthian. 
We  proceed  therefore  to  the  second  member  towards  the  upper  part  or 
diminution  of  a  column  (which  is  always  the  less  abatied  if  very  tall, 
because  the  distance  eiFects  that  in  them,  which  art  produces  in  the 
lower,)  the 

Ui/potraehelium,  which  from  the  Greek  UTror^xx^^^tov  cblli  pars  infra 
eerviceniy  denotes  the  neck  of  the  column,  being  that  part  of  scapus  be- 
low the  astragal :  it  is  as  it  were  the  freeze  of  the  capital,  and  so  by 
some  term'd;  as  also  the  collar  and  gorgerin,  where  the  pillar  is  most 
contracted,  and  seems  as  if  it  were  strangled,  and  may  well  be  taken  for 
a  part  of  the  capital  it  self,  having  both  in  the  Tuscan  and  Doric  another 
annulus  or  cinCta  about  it  next  to  the 

Echinus,  a  bottle  cut  with  an  edge,  as  in  our  Blonie'lis  rudely  ex- 
plained. It  is  indeed  a  quarter  round,  and  sometimes  more,  swelling 
above  the  cinctures,  and  commonly  next  to  the  abacus,  carv'd  with  ovals 
and  darts  (by  our  workmen  call'd  eggs  and  ankers  as  little  pbjitely), 
which  is  frequently  shut  up  with  a  smaller  ovolo  of  beacis  and  cbaplets,, 
or  like  ornament :  but  so  adorn'd,.  it  commonly  runs  under  the  Ionic 
voluta  and  that  of  the  Composlta,  and  next  the  Doric  abacus  ;  as  in  that 
singular-example  of  the  Trajan  Column  it  creeps  under  the  plinth  of  the 
capital.  Such  as  pretend  to  etymologies  for  every  thing  they  hear  will 
have  it  I^h/o?  ira^a  to  e^ewj  or '<rvv£y(j£tuiaajTov,  because  of  a  kind  of  self  con- 
traction; others  more  rationally,  from  the  resemblance  and  roughness  in 
the  carving  £;:(jH/ouT^a%JTe|jo?,  as  bristling  with  its  darts  like  a  hedge-bog, 
or  rather  the  thorny  husk  of  a  chest-nutj  which  being  open'd  discovers 
a  kind  of  oval  figur'd  kernell  which  dented  a  little  at  the  top,  the  Latins 
call  decacuminata  ova.  Under  this,  as  we  said,  is  a  smaller  bracelet 
again^  which  incircles  the  capital  under  the  voluta  in  the  Coijaposita, 


38i 

taken  for  the  fuserole ;  and  so  likewise  in  the  other  orders  where  the 
bvolo  or  echinus  properly  enter,  having  a  small  moulding  beneath  it,  by 
Palladio  wBiia  d.  gradetto ;  but  of  this  already.  In  the  Corinthian,  an 
echinus  frequently  comes  in  betwixt  the  corona  and  dentilli. 

The  Voluta,  or  as  we  terra  it,  properly  enough,  the  scroul,  is  not  the 
derivative  of  any  Greek  word,  but  the  Latin,  valuta,  h  volvendo,  for  that 
it  indeed  seems  to  be  roll'^  upon  an  axis  or  staflF.  Alberti  calls  them 
snails-shells  from  their  spiral  turn.  It  is  the  principal  and  onlv  appro- 
priate member  of  the  Ionic  capital,  which  has  four  in  imitation  of 
a  female  ornament,  as  both  our  master  Vitruvius  and  the  author  of  the 
Parallel  have  learnedly  illustrated.  The  face  of  it  is  called  Jrons,  the 
fore-hfead,  a  little  hoUow'd  between  the  edge  or  list,  and  the  return,  pul- 
vin  or  pillow  betwixt  the  abacus  and  echinus,  resembles  the  side-plaited 
tresses  of  womens  hair,  to  defend  as  it  were  the  ovolo  from  the  weight 
of  the  abacus  (over  which  the  voluta  hangs)  and  superior  members, 
for  the  same  reason  as  was  intimated  in  the  torus  of  the  base. 

There  are  alst)  volutas  in  the  Corinthian  and  compounded  capitals, 
whereof  the  first  hath  eight,  which  are  angular,  the  rest  consisting 
rather  of  certain  large  stalkes  after  a  more  grotesco  design,  as  may  be 
gathered  from  those  rams  horns  in  the  capital  of  the  columns  taken 
out  of  the  bathes  of  Dioclesian  ;  and  in  truth  they  are  only  the  pretty 
flexures  and  scrowlings  of  Vitici,  like  the  tendrells  of  vines,  whereof  the 
four  larger  ones  bend  under  the  horns  or  corners  of  the  abacus,  the  other 
four  of  lesser  size,  just  under  the  middle  of  the  arch  thereof,  beneath  the 
flower :  then  the  bottom  or  foot  of  the  calatbus  or  panier  (for  that's 
divided  into  three  equal  parts,  as  will  hereafter  appear)  shows  in  front 
two  entire  leaves,  and  as  many  half  ones,  viz.  at  the  angles,  and  betwixt 
those  again  two  stalkes,  which,  with  a  tall  one  in  the  middle  (that 
touches  the  midst  of  the  arch,  as  we  said,  it  puts  forth  a  flower  upon 
the  brim  of  the  abacus)  make  in  all  sixteen  in  number.  To  be  yet  as 
accurate  as  may  be  in  so  nice  and  florid  an  ornament,  these  leaves  did  of 
old  resemble  either  the  acanthus  (though  a  little  more  indented  and 
disguised),  from  the  inventor  Callimachus,  or  (as  some)  the  olive  and 
paime,  for  so  it  is  warranted  hy  VillalpanduS,  from  that  capital  of  his 
descriptionstdndingin  the  Temple  of  Solomon.     At  the  extrearaes  of 


382 

these  leaves  do  issue  the  caules,  and  codds  breaking  with  the  helices, 
the  rest  of  the  stalkes  adorn'd  and  furnish'd  with  buds  and  tender  foliage 
by  the  discretion  and  invention  of  the  ingenious  carver.  But  the  domi- 
neering tendrells  and  flexures  consist  of  greater  or  smaller  volutas, 
emerging  from  between  the  abacus  and  echinus  in  smaller '  leaves  and 
stalks,  middling  and  inferior  foliage,  as  they  are  distinguish'd  by  work- 
men in  the  three  above-nam'd  divisions  of  the  calathus ;  but  instead 
of  those  helices,  at  our  Corinthian  horns,  the  Composita  has  her  voluta 
much  more  resembling  the  lonica,  and  in  lieu  of  those,  divers  capricious 
fantaisies,  as  horses  heads,  eagles,  and  the  like ;  sed  ea  doctis  non  pro- 
bantuVf  they  are  rejected  by  all  good  Architects,  says  Philander.  Voluta 
is  likewise  among  the  ornaments  of  mutuli,  curtouses,  &c. 

Now  the  center  or  eye  of  the  Ionic  voluta  is  made  by  artists  with  a 
Cathetus,  which  (not  over  nicely  to  distinguish  from  perpendicular, 
because  the  operation  of  them  proceeds  from  distinct  terms)*  is  meant  by 
a  line  let  down  from  above,  intersecting  the  line  of  the  collar  (as  'tis 
demonstrated  in  chap.  24  of  the  "Parallel,"  with  the  history  of  its  in- 
vestigation) and  that  small  circle  at  this  point  of  intersection,  is  meta- 
phorically oculus,  the  eye,  from  whence  the  perfect  turning  of  the  voluta 
has  been  after  an  exquisite  manner  (tho'  by  few  observ'd  and  practis'd) 
found  out ;  it  being  here  indeed  that  our  workman  will  be  put  to  the 
exercise  of  his  arithmetic,  as  appears  by  that  accurate  calculation  in 
Nicholas  Goldmanus's  Restitution  of  this  becoming  ornament.     Lastly, 

The  jdhacus  (from  a6«|  or  d^ctKiov,  which  signifies  a  square  trencher 
or  table)  is  that  quadrangular  piece  commonly  accompanied  with  a 
cymatium  (except  in  the  Tuscan),  and  serving  instead  of  a  corona  or 
drip  to  the  capital,  whereof  it  is  the  plinth  and  superior,  as  has  already 
been  noted.  This  it  is  which  supports  the  neather  face  of  the  archi- 
trave, and  whole  trabeation.  In  the  Corinthian  and  Composita  the 
corners  of  it  are  nam'd  the  horns,  and  are  somewhat  blunted  and  hol- 
lowed ;  the  intermedial  sweep  and  curvature  with  the  arch,  has  com- 
monly a  rose  or  some  pretty  flower  carv'd  in  the  middle  of  it. 

Thus  we  have  finished  that  head  of  our  column,  which  being  taken  in 
general  for  all  these  members  together,  is  commonly  distinguish'd  by 
the  name  of  capital  (an  essential  member  of  every  order  :)  taken,  I  say. 


383 

for  the  intire  ornament  from  the  astragal  and  first  cincture  of  it,  to  th 

plinth  which  bears  up  the  architrave.     But  it  is  not  to  be  omitted,  thj 

the  main  body  of  the  Corinthian  chapiter,  of  which  we  have  given 

large  description  under  the  title  of  Fbluta,  consists  of  a  bell,  or  bask< 

rather,  \diich  is  that  plain  and  solid  part  under  the  cauliculi  and  stalki 

and  out  of  which  they  are  carved  with  helices,  tendrells,  and  flowei 

already  mentioned,  and  which,  in  order  to  their  triple  series  of  foliag 

(which  seems  to  include  and  shadow  the  body  of  it  as  'tis  represente 

in  that  curious  design  of  Callimachus's  invention),  is  divided  intothre 

equal  parts  :  but  of  this  hereafter.     There  is  likewise  another  capita' 

or  rather  a  diminutive  of  it,  by  the  Greeks  called  Kt^otkihov^  which  doe 

not  only  signifie  (as  sometimes)  the  former  calathus  and  basket,  bu 

more  properly  that  braid  or  list  above  the  triglyph  in  the  freeze. 

Moreover,  to  the  bodies  or  shafts  of  some  columns  appertain 

Striges,  which  (not  to  insist  upon  what  the  learned  Vossius  and  othe 

critics  have  contended)  are  those  excavated  channels,,  by  our  workmei 

called  flutings  and  groeves.     These  are  particularly  alFected  to  the  Ioni( 

order  (rarely  the  Doric)  uti  stolarum  rugce^  in  imitation  of  the  plait 

<rf  womens  robes,  as  our  master  resembles  them  ;  and  some  of  thesi 

diannels  we  find  to  go  winding  about  pillars,  &c.  but  it  is  not  approved 

Between  these  are  the  Striee,  we  may  properly  English  them  raies  o 

lists ;  which,  being  twenty  in  the  Ooric,  in  the  Ionic  24  in  number,  an 

those  plain  spaces  between  the  flutings  in  the  Ionic,  Doric,  Corinthian 

and  Composed  Orders,  which  ornament  the  three  last  have  (with  som< 

small  difference)  borrow'd  from  the  Ionic;  and  in' some  of  those  (as  Ir 

that  Dioclesian  J)oric  example)  they  are  so  made,  as  to  reduce  the  rays 

to  a  sharp  edge  only,  by  their  contiguity  without  any  spaces  at  all.    Bui 

sometimes  we  find  the  striges  to  be  fill'd  up  with  a  swelling,  athirdparf 

from  the  base,  and  these  we  may  call  stav'd,  or  cabled  columns  ;  for  so 

I  think  fit  to  interpret  the  French  embastone,  and  Alberti's  rudem. 

Thus  we  find  some  Corinthian  pillars  often  treated ;  the  stria  being 

commonlv  a  third  or  fourth  part  of  the  wideness  of  thp  flutings,  (in  the 

Doric  not  top  deep)  and  diminishing  with  the  contraction  of  the  scapiis, 

unless  the  shaft  be  very  high,  in  which  case  the  distance  does  it  without 


384 

the  aid  of  the  workman;  sometimes  also  we  have  seen  them  totally 
fiU'd,  and  sometimes  wrought,  but  better  plain.  Note,  that  where  the;^ 
exceed  twenty  or  twenty-four,  they  make  the  columns  appear  gouty, 
We  should  now  come  to  the  Entablature,  but  a  word  of 

Pillasters,  or  square  columns,  call'd  by  the  Greeks  (if  standing 
single)  Parastatce,  or  by  the  Italians  Memhretti.     Observing  the  same 
module  and  ornament  in  base  and  capital,  if  alone,  with  that  of  the  intire 
column ;  but  so  they  do  not  for.  their  promlnencie,  which  being  to  gain 
room  and  to  strengthen  works  (for.tlfie  and  uphold  capacious  vaults] 
reduces  them  sometimes  to  the  square,  whereof  one  of  the  sides  is  fre- 
quently applied  to  walls,  by  which  alone  some  will  only  have  them. to 
differ  from  columns  themselves  ;  but  that  ought  to,  be  understood  oi 
such  as  have  no  imposts  and  arches,  upon  which  occasions  the  lights 
they  let  in  do  much  govern  their  proportions,  as  Palladio  has  judiciously 
shew'd  in  1.  1.  c.  13.  &c.     Likewise,  where  they  happen  to  he  at  angles, 
and  according  to  the  surcharg'd  weight;  and  therefore  a  rustic  super- 
ficies, as  Sir  H.  Wotton  has  discreetly  observ'd,  does  best  become  them, 
as. well  as  a  greater  latitude,  for  so  they  have  sometimes  been  inlarged  to 
almost  a  whole  vacuity ;  unless  where,  for  their  better  fortifying,  w€ 
find  half,  and  sometimes  whole  columns  applied  to  them.     As  to,  the 
extancy,  engaged  In  the  thickness  of  the  walls,  for  so  we  must  suppose 
them  to  be,  they  sometimes  shew  above  a  fourth,  fifth,,  or  sixth  part  oi 
their,  square ;  but  this  is  regulated  according  to  the  nature  and  difference 
of  the  work,  which  not  seldom  reduces  it  to  an  eight,  without  any  ma 
regards  to  what  were  requisite  if  they  stood  alone,  seeing  they  are  ofter 
destin'd  to  stations  which  require  the  most  substantial  props.     For  thi 
rest,  they  carry  the  same  proportion   with  their  respective  orders,  anc 
are  very  rarely  contracted,  unless  where  they  are  plac'd  behind  whol< 
columns  :  if  fluted,  with  not  above  seven  or  nine  at  most.     Be  this  als< 
observed ;  that  as  in  the  fronts  of  large  and  noble  buildings  they  shev 
very  gracefully,  being  plac'd  one  over  the  other  before  the  first  and  se 
cond   stories :  so   In  lesser  fronts  and  houses  they  look  but  poorly 
Lastly,  be.  this  farther  noted  :  tjiat  tho'  we  find  the  Doric  plllaster  witl 
trlgylph  and  metop  placed  about  the  cupola, 'tis, by  no  means  to  b 


385 

in  any  sort,  to  humor  the  angle  of  an  upright  wall,  tho'  there 
t  to  be  a  cornice  above  it,  as  we  frequently  find,  allowing  half  to 
e,  and  as  much  to  the  other, 

isters  are  likewise  smaller  or  shorter  applied  to  balconies,  &c. 
ow  and  then  bases,  plinth  and  capital,  and  so  in  rails  upon  stairs, 
lents,  &c,  They  also  do  properly  and  handsomely,  where  they 
to  support  cornices. and  freezes  in  wainscoted  rooms,  provided 
ae  proportion  be  observed,  without  those  ridiculous  disguisements 
sstals  and  idle  fancies  commonly  wrought  about  them.  They 
ill  adorn  door-cases,  chimney-pieces,  gallerle-fronts,  and  other 
whence  they  are  called 

e,  not  improperly  (as  Mons.  Perault  shews}  from  the  Latin  antce, 
ir  being  plac'd  before  the  ancient  Temple  walls,  and  colnes  stand- 
:  to  secure  them,  and  so  at  the  sides  of  doors.  In  short  they  are 
lly  own'd  among  pilasters,  observing  the  same  rule  in  advancing 
the  work,  as  columns  themselves  also  do  ;  otherwise  (as  was 
ilasters  us'd  to  appear  very  little  beyond  the  perpendicular  of  the 
•  work,  where  there  happen'd  to  be  no  ornament  above,  which 
'  farther,  in  which  case  the  projecture  of  both  ought  to  be  alike, 
er  comply  with  that  of  the  pilaster. 

Imposts  (by  Vltruvius  call'd  Incumbce)  which  I  mentioned,  are 
5  but  their  capitals,  or  more  'protuberant  heads,  upon  which  rest 
ds  of  the  arches,  which  also  must  conform  to  their  orders  ;  so  as 
scan  has  a  plinth  only,  the  Doric  two  faces  around,  the  Ionic  a 
re  or  cavity  betwixt  the  two  faces,  with  now  and  then  carved 
ngs,  as  has  likewise  the  Corinthian  and  Composita  a  freeze ;  so  as 
lies  of  the  Imposts  exceed  not  the  body  of  the  pilaster.  Sometimes 
the  entablature  of  the  order  serves  for  the  Impost  of  the  arch,  which 
stately,  as  we  see  in  divers  Churches,  to  which  the  height  exceed- 
ontrlbutes,  where  the  projecture  is  suitable;  in  the  meantime 
they  exceeded  the  square  and  regular  thickness,  they  were  nam'd 
B,  and  their  quadras  or  tables  (as  we  yet  see  them  in  antier^t  altars 
onuments)  were  employ'd  for  inscriptions;  but  if  shorter  and 
lassy,  they  serve  for  the  arches  of  bridges,  for  buttresses,  and 
tentatlon  of  more  solid  works,  as  indeed  they  need  to  be,  stand- 

3d 


386 

ing  in  tl|?  water,  and  gradually  built  as  far  as  its  level.;  nor  ought  their 
breadth  to  be  less  than  a  sixth  part  of  the  wideness  of  the  arch,  nor 
more  than  a  fourth.  They  were  sometimes  made  half  circular ;  but  the 
antients  prefer'd  the  pointed  fit  right  angles,  as  better  to  resist  the  im- 
petuous current,  before  the  more  acute  and  sharper. 

Arches  or  vaults,  consisting  generally  of  simple  half  circles,  and  now 
and  then  of  some  lesser  point,  of  all  other,  require  the  conduct  of  an 
able  Architect  well  skill'd  in  geometry.  I  shall  not  need  to  criticize  on 
the  several  species  of  fornices  and  cradle  works,  as  of  late  subdivided 
into  more  than  we  find  among  the  antients,  which  were  not  above  three 
or  four ;  the  simple  fornix,  or  hemicircular,  straite  or  turning ;  the  tes- 
tudo  or  more  circular,  and  that  which  by  the  French  is  call'd  Cul-de-Four 
and  oven-like ;  and  the  concha,  which  like  a  trumpet  grows  wider  as  it 
lengthens,  &c.  Of  these  some  are  single,  some  double,  cross,  diagonal, 
horizontally  on  the  plaine ;  others  ascending  and  descending,  angular, 
oblique,  pendent;  some  that  sallie  out  suspending  an  incumbent  burden, 
of  which  there  are  both  concave  and  convex,  as  for  the  giving  passage 
under  upon  occasion.  But  of  whatever  form  or  portion  of  the  circle,  care 
must  he  had  that  where  they  cross  the  reins  or  branches  springing  from 
the  same  point,  and  their  moulding  alike,  they  neither  crowd  too  neere 
one  another,  nor  entangle  confusedly  ;  but  meeting  from  angle  to  angle, 
unite  at  the  key-stone,  which  is  commonly  carv'd  with  a  rose  or  some 
other  ornament ;  it  being  in  this  disposition  of  the  nerves  and  branches 
wherein  consists  the  artist's  great  address,  and  that  the  concamerated 
spaces  be  exceeding  close  joynted,  needing  no  pegs,  or  fillings  up  with 
mortar ;  and  above  all,  that  the  butments  he  substantial.  As  now  in 
cellars,  churches,  &c.  vault  and  arch,  work  in  warmer  climates,  both  in 
the  first  and  second  stories,  not  without  frequent  and  costly  sculpture, 
various  fretts  and  compartments,  of  which  we  have  examples  antient 
aiid  modern,  far  more  rich,  grave,  and  stately,  than  those  Gothic  sofiits, 
gross  and  heavy,  or  miserably  trifling.  Another  gre^t  address  in  vaults 
work  is,  to  render  them  light  and  cheerful,  where  they  are  rais'd  above 
ground,  as  well  as  solid ;  especially  where  there  is  occasion  to  contrive 
them  as  flat  as  possible  ;  such  as  are  to  be  seen  in  many  bridges,  espe- 
cially at  Pisa  over  the  Arno,  so  flat  as  the  curviture  is  hardly  discern- 


387 

able  ;  and  tho'  it  consists  of  three  arches,  yet  they  are  very  large,  and 
there  are  many  at  Venice,  but  not  neere  of  that  length.  That  of  thfe 
famous  Rialto^  over  the  Grand  Canale,  is  more  exalted,  being  in  the  base 
neere  200  foot,  the  chord  muqh  less  than  half  the  diameter,  arches  being 
ever  strongest  as  they  approach  the  half  circle.  The  masonry  at  the 
front  of  these,  being  cut  by  a  peculiar  slope  of  the  stone,  is  cali'd  pen- 
nanted  till  it  come  to  joyn  with  th'e 

Jk[ensulai  which,  quasi  ^tiva,  seems  to  be  locked  to  the  pennants  in 
guize  of  a  wedge,  and  therefore  by  our  artists  nam'd  the  key-stone: 
we  have  shewed  their  use  where  two  arches  intersect,  which  is  the 
strongest  manner  of  cameration.  Under  the  title  of  arch-work,  may 
not  improperly  come  in  those  Scalce  Cochlides,  spiral,  annular,  oval, 
^nd  of  whatsoever  shape,  pensile,  and  as  it  were,  hanging  with  or  with- 
out column,  receiving  sight  from  above;  all  of  them  requiring  the 
skiUfiil  geometrician,  as  well  as  a  inaster-mason ;  stairs  in  general  being 
one  of  the  most  usefull  and  absolutely  necessary  parts  of  an  house,  and 
therefore  to  be  contrived  with  good  judgment,  whither  of  stone  or 
timber ;  and  so  as  with  ease  and  cheerfulness  one  may  be  led  to  all  the 
upper  rooms.  With  ease  I  mean,  that  the  flights  be  not  too  long, 
before  one  arrives  to  the  reposes  and  landings,  without  criticizing  con- 
cerning the  number  of  steps  (which  tHe  antients  made  to  be  odd)  pro- 
vided they  exceed  not  5  inches  in  height^  or  be  less  than  15  in  breadth, 
one  foot  being  scarcely  tolerable ;  and  albeit  the  length  cannot  so  posi- 
tively be  determin'd,  but  should  answer  the  quality  and  capacity  of  the 
building;  it  ought  not  to  be  shorter  than  five  and  an  half,  or  six  foot, 
that  two  persons  may  commodiously  ascend  together.  I  speak  not  of 
those  (Scalce  occult ce)  back  stayers,  which  Sometimes  require  much 
contraction  (and  are  more  obnoxious  to  winding  steps)  but  a  noble  and 
ample  hovtse  may  extend  even  from  8  to  12  foot  ito  length.  And  here 
I  think  not  amiss  to  note,  that  the  antients  very  seldom  made  use  of 
arched  doors  or  windows,  unless  at  the  entrance  of  castles,  cittys,  and 
triumphal  intercolumnations  for  the  more  commodious  ingress  of  horse- 
men arm'd  with  spears,  and  ensigns,  &d.  This  barbarity,  therefore,  we 
may  Idok  upon  as  purely  Gothique,  who,  considering  nothing  with  rea- 
son, have  intrjBduc'd  it  Into  private  houses,  and  been  imitated  but  by  io6 
many  of  our  late  Architects  also,  to  the  no  small  diminution  of  the  rest, 


388 

which  is  better  conducted.  By  intercolumnatioiis  I  do  likewise  com- 
priehend  all  terraced  and  cloister'd  buildings,  porticos,  galleries,  attria's, 
&c.  as  before,  contiguous  to,  or  standing  out  from,  the  body  of  edi- 
fices, in -which  cases  they' are  becomingly  proper.  And  this  does  natu- 
rally lead  me  to  our  pillars  again,  and  to  consider  the  spaces  between 
them. 

Inter columnation  (antiently  much  the  same  in  all  the  orders  withoiJt 
arches,  where  spaces  may  be  wider  than  betwixt  single  columns)  signi- 
fies the  distance  or  void  between  pillar  and  pillar ;  but  this  not  suffi- 
ciently explaining  the  various  distance  of  the  several  orders  in  work, 
renders  it,  even  in  divers  of  our  English  authors  where  they  treat  of 
this  art,  of  sundry  denominations.     For  thus  it  was  usually  call'd 

Jnsulata  Columna,  where  a  pillar  stood  alone  like  an  island  or  rock 
in  the  Sea,  the  one  inviron'd  with  air  as  the  other  with  water. 

jlreostylos  belonging  chiefly  to  the  Tuscan  order,  was  where  the  inter- 
columnatibn  Is  very  wide,  as  at  the  entrance  of  great  cities,  forts,  &c. 
upon  which  occasions  at  the  least  four  or  five  modules  (taken  for  the 
whole  diameter)  may  be  allowed,  and  commonly  requires  a  timber  archi- 
trave. Others  almost  contrary,  when  they  stand  at  only  a  moderate 
distance. 

JDeaslfyZo*,  though  sometimes  improperly  taken  for  any  intercolumna- 
tion,  is  most  natural  to  the  Doric,  and  may  have  three  or  four  diameters, 
nay  sometimes  more  in  the'  Ionic,  as  fittest  for  gates,  galleries,  and 
porches  of  Pallaces  or  lesser  buildings,  and  thence  were  call'd  tetras- 
tylos  and  hexastylos. 

The  JSystylos  -nam'd  also  Pycnostylos  (as  much  as  to  say  thick  of 
pillars,  because  seldom  allow'd  above  a  module  and  an  half,  though 
some  distinguish  the  first  by  an  half  module  more  for  the  Corinthian), 
belongs  chiefly  to  the  Composita,  and  it  was  us'd  before  temples  and 
other  public  and  magnificent  works  of  that  nature  :  as  at  present  in  the 
peristyle  of  St.  Peter's  at  Rome,  consisting  of  neere  300  columns  ;  and 
as  yet  remain  of  the  antients  among  the  late  discover'd  ruins  of  Pal- 
myra. But  where  in  such  structures  the  intercolumnation  did  not  ex- 
ceed two  diameters,  or  very  little  more,  (as  in  the  Corinthian,  and  espe- 
/cially  the  Ionic,)  the  proportion  of  distance  was  so  esteemed  for  its 


38Si 

Beauty  and  other  petfections,  that  it  was  by  a  particular  eminence  termed' 
eustylos,  as  being  of  all  other  the  most  graceful.  But  it  is  not  now  so 
frequent  as  of  old,  to  be  at  that  vast,  charge,  as  the  number  and  multi- 
tude of  columns  (which  were  usually  of  one  entire  stone,  exceeding  all 
the  other  pairts  and  ornaments  of  building,)  would  ingage  the  most 
opulent  Prince.  Whilst  we  find  those  enormous  structures  of  temples, 
amphitheaters,  naumachia,  circus,  baths,  porches,  tribuna,ls,  courts, 
and  other  places  of  public  convention,  were  built  and  advanced  not 
only  by  the  general  contribution  of  the  people,  or  out  of  the^^cA  and 
charge  ■  of  the  state ;  but  very  often  by  the  munificence  of  Emperors, 
who,  glorying  in  nothing  more  than  in  that  of  beautifying  and  adorn- 
ing of  the  most  famous  cities  in  the  several  provinces,  us'd  to  imploy' 
thousands  of  their  slaves  to  hew  and  work  in  the  quarrys,  abounding 
tvith  all  sorts  of  the  richest  marbles,  or  with  serpentins,  ophites,  por-' 
phyris,  and  -such  as  for  hardness  and  difficulty  of  polishing,  our  tobl^- 
wilt  now  hardly  enter ;  and  when  the  pillars  (and  attire  about  them) 
were  finish'd,  to  send  and  bestow  them  gratis  towards  the  encourage- 
ment and  advancement  of  those  public  works,  &c.  But  after  this  Con- 
stantine  the  Great,  meditating  the  translation  of  the  Imperial  Seat, 
(from  the  West  to  the  East)  took  another  course  (tho''  by  no  means  so- 
laudable),  causing  many  of  the  most  magnificent  buildings  to  bedepriv'd 
of  their  columns,  -  statues,  inscriptions,  and  noblest  antiquities,  to  be 
taken  away  and  caryed  to  Byzantium  (now  Constantinople),  to  adorn- 
his  new  City  with  the  spoyks  of  Rome;  whilst  what  ruins  and  frag- 
ments were  left  (and  had  escap'd  the  savage  Goths  and  Vandals),  were 
stripp'd  of  all  that  yet  remained  of  venerable  and  useful  antiquity,  by 
the  succeeding  Pontiflfe,  for  the  building  of  stately  palaces,  villas^  and 
country-houses  of  the  upstart  Nepotismcj  as  are  standing  both  ait  pre- 
sent in  the  cltys,  and  the  sweetest  and  most  dehcious  parts  of  the  coun- 
try about  it;  proud  of  what  yet  stood  of  the  miserable 'demoHtion  of 
temples,  arches,  mausoleas,  &c.  so  justly  perstring'd  in  that  sarcasme, 
Quodnonfecerunt  barbari,  fecerunt  Barharini :  and  indeed,  the  su- 
perb Palaces  of  Card.  Antonio,  Panfilio,&c.  nephews  to  Pope  Urban 
the  VIII.  and  his  successors,  are  instances  of  this  :  so  ias  I  hardly  can^ 
tell  of  any  one  antient  structure  (not  excepting  the  Pantheon)  but  what 


390 

has  suflFer'd  such  ignominious  marks  and  disguises,  as  that  the  learned 
author  of  the  "Paralell,"  together  with  all  the  asSiembly  of  the  most  skil- 
ful artists  (which  he  has  brought  together),  have  hardly  been  able  (with 
infinite  pains,  charge,  and  industry,)  to  recover  the  just  proportions  and 
necessary  adjuncts  of  the  antient  orders.  But  to  return  where  we  left 
speaking  of  columns  :  we  are  not  there  obliged  to  reckon  any  of  them 
as  meaning  different  orders,  kinds,  or  species  of  building  (as  in  the  fol- 
lowing enumeration),  but  as  relating  to  the  several  dispositions  of  them, 
agreeable  to  their  interoolumnation.  For  where  the  sides  had  ranges  of 
columns^  as  in  those  large  xystas,  temples,  porticos,  atrias  and  ves- 
tibula  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  (which  were  certain  arched  or  plainly 
architrav'd  buildings  in  form  of  cloysters  and  galleries,  commonly  stand- 
ing out  from  the  rest  of  the  edifice,  and  now  and  then  alone,  and  within 
also^)  the  antients  named  no  fewer  than  seven,  according  as  they  were- 
applied  to  the  several  species,  disposition,  or  comiposition  of  the  fabric, 
or  more  plainly,  such  as  were  more  proper  for  a  temple,  according;  as  it 
was  built  and  plac'd  designedly  for  more  or  fewer  ranks  of  columns,  at 
the  entrance  only,  on  every  side  about  it,  without  or  within  ;  not  regard-; 
ing  their  proportion  or  ornament,  which '  is  a  different  consideration  (for 
so  I  think  Vitruvius  may  be  taken)  of  these.     The  first  is 

1.  :Antes,  of  which  we  have  already  spoken. 

2.  The  Prostyle^  whose  station  being  at  the  front,  consisted  of  only 
four  columns.  ' 

3.  Amfhyprastyle,  where  the  building  had  a  double  ^ronao*  or  porch, 
consisted  but  of  four  at  each. 

4.  Periptere,  where  the  columns  range  quite  about  the  building, 
six  in  front ;  the  intercolumnation  two  diameters  of  whatever  order  it 
consist,  the  pillars  standing  downward. 

5.  Pseudodiptere  (bastard  or  imperfect),  as  consisting  of  a  single 
rank  only,  yet  of  eight  columns  in  front  at  two  diameters  distance ;  so 
as  left  space  enough  for  another  row  from  the  main  building.  Whereas 
the 

6.  Diptere  has  a  double  row  of  as  many  quite  about,  and  octostyle 
in  front  also,  at  the  distance  of  emtyle,  that  is,  two  diameters  artd  a 


391 

quarter.     This  made  as  it  were  a  double  portico,  which  we  call  Isles. 
Lastly,  the  . 

.  7-  £fypethre,  consists  of  two  ranks  of  columns  all  about,  with  ten  at 
each  face  of  the  building,  and  n  peristyle  within  of  single  columns; 
the  rest  being  ex pos'd  to  the  air,  that  is,  not  walled  in  (and  plac'd  as  the 
^cnostyle  closer  to  one  another),  we  have  call'd  peristyle,  which  tho' 
importing  a  colonade  or  series  of  columns  ranging  quite  about,  yet  are 
not  all  which  are  so  plac'd,  ■to  be  call'd  so,  unless  standing  within  the 
walls,  which  is  essential  to. their  denomination  ;  since  otherwisie,  as  well 
the  periptere  as  monoptere  (both  consisting  but  of  a  single  range  or 
wing  a  piece)  should  then  be  peristyles,  which  they  are  not:  besides, 
the  monoptere  is  only  where  a  roof  is  supported  without  any  wall  or 
closure  whatsoever,  as  in  that  example  of  Vitruvius,  lib.  4.  cap.  7.  all 
which  I  have  only  mention' d  for  the  benefit  of  our  country  workmen, 
who  do  frequently  even  amongst  our  English  translators  of  Architecto- 
nical  Treatises,  meet  with  those  hard  names  without  their  interpreta- 
tion, when  they  discourse  of  these  open  and  airy  ornaments,  whether 
adjoyning  to  and  supporting  more  contignations  and  stories,  or  invi-, 
roning  them,  and  prominent  from  them  ;  and  because  it  is  for  this  that 
our  master  Vitruvius  so  passionately  wishes  that  his  Architect  should 
be  (as  of  old  they  styl'd  Callimachus)  Phllotechnos,  an  industrious 
searcher  of  the  sciences,  which  is  the  same  that  a  good  Philologer  is 
amongst  our  literati. 

Moreover,  instead  of  columns  the  antients  (as  how  the  modern  but 
too  often)  used  to  place  the  whole  figures  of  men  and  women  to  sup- 
port and  bear  up  intire  cornices,  and  even  huge  masses  of  buildings; 
but  of  this  at  large  in, Gap.  22,  23,  of  the  Parallel,  Part  I.  These  they 
also  nam'd  Telamones  or  Atlas's,  the  French  Consoles,  where  they 
usually  set  them  to  sustain  the  architrave,  which  for  being  the  next 
member  in  order  to  the  capital  we  come  next  to  explain. 

The  Greeks  nam'd  that  epistilium,  which  we  from  a  mungril  com- 
pound of  two  languages  d^x't-trabs  (as  much  as  to  say  the  principal  beam 
and  summer  or  rather  from  arcus  and  trabs,)  call  architrave  ;  Ut  velint 
irabem  hrnipArcus  vices  sustinere  qui  ct  columna  ad  columnam  sinuari 
solet,  as  Baldus,  with  reason,  from  its  position  upon  the  column,  or  rather 


392 

indeed  the  abacus  of  the  capital.  It  is  the  very  first  member  of  that 
which  we  call  entablature  in  our  translation  of  the  Parallel ;  and  for- 
merly in  the  Tuscan  ordei',  framed  for  the  most  part  of  timber  in. regard 
of  the  distant  intercolumnation.  It  is  also  frequently  broken  into 'two 
or  three  divisions,  call'd  by  artists 

Fascias,  or  rather,  plain  fasces,  a  little  prominent,  the  lowest 
being  ever  the  narrowest.  These  breaks  arriving  sometimes  to  1/, 
sometimes  to  18  minutes  in  breadth,  some  rather  choose  to  call  faces 
than  fascias,  swathes,  fillets,  or  bands,  by  which  they  are  usually  dis- 
tlnguish'd  into  first,  second,  and  third,  especially  in  the  three  latter 
orders;  Yor  in  the  Tuscan  and  Doric  they  do  not  so  properly  enter, 
though  our  Parallel  yield  us  two  approv'd  examples.  These  are  fre- 
quently, and  indeed  for  the  most  part,  separated  with  a  small  astragal 
cut  into  heads,  or  some  such  slight  carving ;  the  fascias  of  the  archi- 
trave likewise  curiously  wrought,  as  in  that  wonderful  instance  of  a 
Gbrinthlan  entablature  taken  out  of  Dioclesian's  bathes.  Fascia,  in 
the  notion  I  would  rather  take  it,  should  be  for  that  narrower  band 
about  the  Tuscan  and  other  basis  as  some  call  it ;  or  rather  the  square  list 
under  the  superior  forM5  in  some  pedestals  nam' d  supercilium,:  and  not 
properly  the  to7-us  it  self,  as  in  divers  English  profiles- they  erroneously 
make  it ;  for  supercilium  seems  to  be  a  kind  of  corona  or  drip  to  the 
subjacent  members.  In  chimneys  the  architrave  is  the  mantle ;  and 
over  the  antepagmenta  or  jambs  of  doors,  and  llntells  of  windows,  the 
Aj/joer^Aj/r-on,  which  the  Italians  call  sopprafrontale,  and  our  carpenters 
the  king-piece,  immediately  under  the  corona  as  a  large  table  to  supply 
the  freeze,  especially  in  the  Doric  order,,  and  chiefly  over  porticos  and 
doors;  whilst,- as  to  the  precise  rule  for  the  fillet  of  the  architrave,  the 
Tuscan  challenges  one;  the  Doric  and  Composita  two ;  the  Corinthian 
three; -sometimes  interrupted  to  let  in  a  table  for  an  inscription. 

The  uppermost  fascia  of  the  architrave  for  the  most  part  is,  and 
Indeed  always  should  be  (the  Tuscan  only  excepted),  adorn'd  with  a 
Lysis, -br 

Cymatium  m\evted,\v\nch  is  no  more  than  a  wrought  or  plain 
o-gee  as  our  workmen  barbarously  name  it;  the  term  is  KujttaT-'ov  undiilu, 
dnd -signifies  a  rolling  wave  to  the  resemblance  whereof  it  is  moulded. 


393 

•By  some  it  is  call'd  the  tkroat,  as  from  the  Italian  and  French,  gi 
geule,  or  doucine,  and  of  these  there  are  two  kinds ;  the  first  s 
principal  hath  always  its  cavity  above,  and  doth  constantly  jett  over 
ctmena  or  drip  like  a  wave  i?eady  to  fall,  and  then  is  properly  ea 
sima ;  the  other  has  its  hollow  below,  and  is  nam'd  irwersa,  the  ( 
convex,  the  other  concave  :  the  letters  /thus  placed  do  reasonably  \ 
express  these  kind  of  mouldings,  which  not  only  enter  into  the  mem 
of  the  architrave  where  'tis  ever  inverted,  but  (as  we  said)  perpetm 
above  the  corona,  where  they  do  frequently  encounter  and  meet  toget 
with  a  small  Fegaila  between  them,  whichj  as  it  were,  separate  the  ps 
as  the  freeze  from  the  cornice  and  the  like ;  but  then  the  neather  is 
Lesbyan  ever  reversed,  and  very  narrow ;  though  ofttimes  both  of  th 
carv'd  and  adoxn'd  with  foliage,  &c.  In  the  Doric  order  the  upm 
c^maitium  of  the  entablature  is  somewhat  different,  consisting 
of  a  single  hollow  only  under  the  list :  in  the  mean  time,  there  is 
small  nicety  among  Architects,  about  this  necessary  ornament,  both 
to  the  name  and  placing ;  giving  to  the  Itirger  the  name  of  i^mati 
revers'd,  or  doucine;  to  the  smaller.,  that  of  simus  or  flat-nos 
commonly  placed  beneath  the  other,  under  a  ^mall  fillet;  yetJaol 
essentially,  but  that  it  has  been  supplied  by  the  astragal ;  however, 
most  natural  place  of  the  great  cymativm  is  upon  the  superior  corr 
where  our  master  gives  it  the  name  of  epictheates,  and  should  c 
cover  the  sloping  sides  oi  Jrontoons  or  tynvpanum. 

Cymatium  is  also  about  the  heads  of  modilions,  and  constitutes  | 
of  them,  as  likewise  it  enters  into  abacus,  and  on  pedestals  as  in  st^ 
batee  corona,  and  the  base  thereof,  where  we  find  them  both  inverti 
though  I  remember  sto  have  seen  the  upmost  with  the  recta  also  in 
cornice  abovemention'd.  But  instead  of  cymatium  separating  the  arc 
trave  and  freeze,  teeida  oftentimes  supplies  tlie  room. 

Tcmia  is  properly  Diadema,  a  bandlet  or  small  fillet  with  ivhich  tl 
used  to  bind  the  head ;  and  rather  those  Lemnisci  and  rubans  which 
see  carv'd  and  dangling  at  the  ends  of  gyrlands.  The  interpre 
«f  Hans  Bloome  names  it  the  top  of  a  pillar  but  very  insolent 
it  being  indeed  the  small  fescia  part  of  the  Doric  architrave  (oi 
Perault,  strictly  belonging  to  the  cornice  alone)  sometimes,  but  seld< 

3e 


394 

with  a  narrow  "cymatium  or  regula  under  it,  as  that  runs  under  the 
triglyphis  as  a  kind  of  base :  some  ciall  it  the  neather  Taenia  (as 
Philander  frequently)  to  distinguish  it  from  the  bandage  which  com- 
poses the  tapitelli  of  the  triglyphs,  and  continues  between  them  over 
the  metops,  and  hot  seldom  under  a  cavetto  or  small  cymatium  with 
which  Suidas  iand  bther  learned  critics  many  times  confound  it.  In  a 
Word  'tis  that  in  the  Doric  architrave  which  cymatium  is  in  the  other 
order,  and  separates  the  epistylium  or  architrave  from  the 

Freeze,  the  word  in  Gi'eek  is  Z'uo<po^og  and  does  genuinely  import  the 
imaginary  circle  of  the  zodiac  depicted  with  the  twelve  signs ;  but  by 
tour  Architects  'tis  taken  for  the  second  division  of  the  entablature  above 
the  columns,,  being  like  a.  fair  iand  ample  table  between  the  former 
teniae,  and  which  though  oftentimes  plain  should  he  pulvinatus,  pillow'd, 
or  swelling  in  the  Ionic  order ;  but  in  the  Doric  enrich'd  with  the 
triglyph  and  metops,  and  with  a  thousand  Historical,  Symbolic,  Gro- 
tesque and  other  florid  inventions  in  the  rest  of  the  orders  (Tuscan 
excepted),  especially  the  Corinthian  and  Composita,  and  sometimes  with 
inscriptions.  Our  term  is  deriv'd  either  from  the  Latin  phij/gia  a 
border,  or  from  the  Italian  freggio,  which  denotes  any  fring'd  or 
embroider'd  belt.  Philander  says  a. phrygionibiis,  not  from  the  Phryges, 
a  people  of  the  Minor  Asia^  as  some  erroneously,  but  phrygionejs,  a 
certain  broidery  or  flowr'd  needle  work,  as  one  should  say  Troy-stitch, 
whence  haply  our  true-stitch)  in  imitation  whereof  they  wrought  flowfers 
and  compartments  upon  the  freeze;  which  is  commonly  no  broader 
than  the  architrave :  in  the  Ionic  if  plain,  a  fourth  part  less ;  if  wrought 
a  fourth  part  larger,  of  which  see  more  where  we  spake  of  ornaments. 

Besides  this  bf  the  entablature,  the  capitals  of  both  Tuscan  and 
Doric  have  the  freeze  likewise  commonly  adorn'd  with  four  roses  and 
as  many  smaller  flowers,  for  which  cause  'tis  called  the  freeze  of  the 
capital  also,  as  we  noted,  tc*  distinguish  it  from  the  other ;  likewise 
hypotracheliunij  from  its  posture  between  the  astragal  and  the  regula, 
or  annulus  of  the  echinus :  this  Tuscan  freeze  is  plain  and  very  simple  \ 
but  in  the  rest  of -the  orders  it  is  ertipldyed  with  the  echinus,  as  in  the 
lonica,  and  the  capital  cauhculi  or  stalkes  in  thef  other  two;  theses 


3m 

roses  are  also  sometimes  insculped  under  the  prominent  horns  or  an^es 
of  the  Doric  abacus. 

The  Triglt/phs^  which  I  afl5rm'd  to  be  charged  on  the  Doric  freeze, 
is  a  most  inseparable  ornament  of  it.  The  word  T^/yXui^oj  in  Greek 
imports  a  three  sculptur'd  piece,  quasi  tres  habens  glyphas.  By  their 
triangular  furrows,  or  gutters  rather,  they  seem  to  me  as  if  they  were 
meant  to  convey  the  guttae  or  drops  which  hang  a  little  under  them ; 
though  there  are  who  fancy  them  to  have  been  made  in  imitation  of 
Apollo's  lyre,  because  first  put  in  work  (as  they  affirm)  at  the  Delphic 
temple.  You  are  to  note  that  the  two  angular  hollows  are  but  half 
chanell'd,  whence  they  are  call'd  sermcanaliculce,  to  distinguish  them 
from  the  canaliculi  whose  flutings  are  perfect,  and  make  up  the  three 
with  their  interstices  or  spaces,  being  as  many  flat  and  slender  shanks, 
for  so  we  may.  interpret  the  Latineyemora  :  one  of  these  is  ever  plac'd 
'twixt  two  columns,  and  should  be  about  the  breadth  of  half  its  diameter 
below.  The  Italians  name  them  pianetti,  small  plains,  and  so  do  we ; 
and  they  constantly  reach  the  whole  diameter  of  the  freeze,  being 
crown'd  with  the  formerly  mention'd  capital,  part  of  the  upper  taenia, 
and  determining  with  th«  neather,  where  it  intercepts  them  from  the 
prominent* 

GuttcB,  or  Drops.  It  is  certainly  the  most  conspicuous  part  of  the 
Doric  freeze,  supposed  to-  have  been  at  first  so  carved  upon  boards,  only 
that  had  been  clap'd  on  the  extremities  of  the  cantherii,  joists  or 
rafters  ends,  which  bore  upon  the  upper  fascia  of  the  architrave,  to  take 
oflp  from,  the  deformity,  as  also  were  the  triglyphs..  How  indispensably 
necessary  they  are  both  to  be  placed  in  a  just  and  due  square  from  each 
other,  and  perpendicularly  over  their  columns,  the  author  of  the  ''Paral- 
lel" has  ahew'd,  chap.  2,  part  1 ;  as  in  that  of  the  temple  of  Solomon, 
according  to  Villalpandus's  design,  how  they  have  been  admitted  into  the 
Qprinthian  freeze  but  vyithout  the  guttce  and  so  in  the  Persique*  These 
gultcei  are,  as  I  said;,  those  six  appendant  drops  or  tears-  affected  only^  to 
the  Doric  order,  seeming  as  it  were  to  trickle-  down-  and,  flow-  from  the 
dhannels  and  shanks  of  the  triglyphs  through  the  neather  taenia.,  and 
small  reglet  or  moulding  under  it. 

Gutice'  are   sometimes  made  in  shape  of  flat  triangles,  sometimes 


3^6 

swelling  like  the  section  of  a  cone  or  bell  (but  isquare  at  the  botto 
and  therefore  so  call'd  by  the  French  Architects.  They  are  also  vtt 
the  planton  and  the  modilions  which  support  the  cornice,  eighteer 
number,  dxaetly  over  the  triglyphs,  as  in  that  most  conspicuous  eleval 
of  the  profile  after  the  stately  relitjue  at  Albano  near  Rome,  than  wh 
nothing  can  be  iraagln'd  more  noble  and  magnificent.  Albert!  c 
these  ^uttae  clavos,  as  conceiving  them  to  be  in  resemblance  of  na 
but  without  any  reason  for  his  conjecture. 

JMeiopee  are  the  next  in  order,  and  are  nothing  else  save  those  em 
spaces  in  the  freeze  'twlxt  the  triglyphs  in  the  Doric  order,  either  pz< 
and  plain,  or  figur'd,  for  that  is  not  necessary  always,  to  the  great  e 
of  Architects,  who  oftentimes  find  it  so  difficuflt  to  place  them  at  j 
distances,  that,  except  in  church-works,  they  frequently  leave  them  o 
The  word  is  derlv'd  of  fiera  ottij^  which  is  foramen,  intervallum  in 
Seidpturce  cava,  or  if  you.  will,  Inter tignium,  as  importing  here  rati 
the  forenamed  spaces,  than  what  those  pretend  who  will  fetch  it  fr 
the  MsTUTTov,  or  forehead  of  the  beasts  whose  sculls  (remaining  after  I 
sacrifices)  were  usually  carved  in  these  intervals ;  because  in  these  ' 
Guitles  were  the  passages  for  the  ends  of  the  joysts,  timbers  and  raft 
which  rested  upon  the  architrave,  and  were  to  fill  up  that  deformii 
they  usually  made  it  up  with  some  such  ornaments,  suppose  of  skul 
dishes,  and  other  vessels;  nay  sometimes  with  Jupiter's  squib  or  thund 
bolt,  targets,  battle-axes,  roses,  and  such  other  trophies,  as  were  fou 
most  apposite  to  the  occasion,  and  not  preposterously  fillM  them  (as  c 
workmen  too  often  do)  without  any  relation  to  the  subject ;  so  as  I  he 
frequently  seen  oxes  heads  carved  on  the  freeze  of  an  house  of  pleasi 
in  a  garden,  where  roses  and  flowers  would  have  been  more  prop 
There  are  sundry  other  ornaments  likewise  belonging  to  the  freeze,  su 
as  encarpa,  festoons,  and  frutages,  tyed  to  the  horns  of  the  skulls  w: 
taeniae  and  ribbands  tenderly  flowing  about  this  member,  and  sometin 
carried  by  little  Pm^z,  boys,  cupids,  and  a  thousand  other  rich  inventic 
to  be  found  in  good,  examples.  But  we  are  now  arriv'd  to  the  thmk  a 
last  member  of  the  entablatwre^  separated  from  the  freeze  by  the  super 
taenia,  the  cornice. 

The  Cornice,  Coronis^  or  as  it  is  cdHectively  taken  for  its  se\(?eral  a 


397 

distinct  mouldings  and  ornaments,  eompTebends  1.  regula ;  2.  cymatiium; 
S.dentelli;  4.  ovob  or  echinus;  5.  modiltons  or  bedding-mouldings 
which  support  the  corona;  6.  sima  recta  and  mversa  (rarely  a  cavette); 
7.  and  lastly,  another  regula,  which  concludes  the  whole  order.  We 
will  begin  with  the  first,  being  sometimes  a  small  scotia  consisting  of  an 
half  or  quarter  Poun<i,  that  now  and  then  also  both  in  the  Tuscan  and 
Dori<j  divides  th«  freeze  from  the  cornice  in  pl<ace  of  the  taenia,  as  does 
the  cymatiura  in  the  rest  of  the  orders.     The 

Ovolo  is  next  in  the  plainer  orders  ;  but  it  is  inrich'd  in  the  Corin- 
thian like  the  echinus,  which  (if  you  please)  you  may  take  for  the  same 
thing  in  an  Italian  dress,  some  like  eggs,  some  like  hearts  with  darts 
sy?mbolizing  love,  &c.  In  the  Tuscan  and  Doric  'tis  turn'd  like  a  scima 
or cymatium,  and  is  substituted  for  support  of  the  corona;  but  in  the 
last  'tis  usually  accompanied  with  a  slender  regula  above  it,  and  in  the 
Corinthian  both  above  and  beneath,  where  it  is  likewise  frequently 
carv'd  and  adorn'd  with  a  broad  welt  like  a  plinth. 

Dentelli,  are  the  teeth  (a  member  of  the  cornice)-  Immediately  above 
the  cymatium  of  the  freeze,  by  some  named  also  assert  from  their  square 
fo^m;  I  say  in  the  Corinthian  and  Ionic,  &c.  for  in  the  Doric  order 
they  were  not  antiently  admitted,  or  rather  not  properly,  according  to 
the  opinion  of  our  master^  though  we  must  needs  acknowledge  to  have 
found  them  in  the  most  authentic  pieces  extant.  As  for  their  dimen- 
sions, they  kept  to  no  certain  rule,  but  made  them  sometimes  thicker, 
sometimes  thinner,  squam,,  or  long,  and  more  in  number ;  but  commonly 
the  spaces  less  by  an  half,  sometimes  by  a  third  part  than  the 
teeth,  which  were  themselves  twice  as  high  as  their  breadth,  and  fre- 
quently (especially  in  the  more  polite  orders)  beginning  with  the  cone 
(rf  a  pine,  pendent  at  the  vevy  point  over  the  angular  column.  Loma- 
tius  is  yet  more  precise  in  this  particular,  and  gives  them  as  much  height; 
a&  the  middle  fascia  of  the  architrave,  prcg^cture,  equal  (somewhat  too 
much)  front  twice  the  breadth  of  their  height,  and  a  third  part  less  than 
their  breadth  for  vacuity.  The  dentelli  have  oftentimes  a  small  uegufe', 
and  now  and  then  more  than  one,  as  usually  in  the  lonica,  where  it  has 
likewise  an  o vote  or  echinus  for  the  bedding  o^  the  corona  ^  but  if  in- 
riched,  and  that  two  o^them  encounter,  one  shipuld*be  simple  and' plain. 


398 

as  where  it  happens  to,  be  be  inserted  beniCath.  it.  Next  to.  this  superior 
echinus  are  the  modilions;  but  instead  of  them  dentelU  are  thpught  to 
have  been, first  instituted,  and  for  that  reason  superfluously  Joyn'd  where 
inu,t.ules  are;  and  therefore  where,  we  find  taenia  under  modilions,  it  is 
not  properly  divided  into  teeth,  nor  is  it  rashly  to  be  imitated,  though 
we  have  some  great  examples  to  countenance  it.  That  of  the  Pantheo.n. 
may  safely  guide  us  herein,  where  it  is  left  plain  for  this  very  cause,  and 
that  the  reason  of  the  thing  does  not  in  truth  allow  it.  However,  it, 
must  be  acknovyledged,  nothing  has  been  more  grossly,  abused  even 
amongst  our  most  renowned  masters. 

Modilions,  being  certain  supports  in  form  of  corhells,  cortouzes,  and 
mutules,  are  a  kind  of  bragets  to  the  corona,  and  in  those  orders  whe^e 
they  enter,  supply  the  part  of  the  bedding-moulding,,  as  our  workmen 
style  the  ovolo  in  this  place;  for  so  they,  frequently  do  in  the  Doric. apd 
Ionic,  but  then  without. any  other  ornament  than  a  slight  Gymatium.  to 
hedge  them,  and  to  be  always  placed  over  the  triglyphs.  In,  the  Corin- 
thian and  Composita,  (which  is  their  true  place)  they  are  enriched  with 
all  the  delicateness  and  curiosity  imaginable  (^especially  in  the  Corin-^ 
thian)  capp'd,  as  1  said,  with  a  curiously  carv'd  small  cymatium,.  where 
they  are  contiguous  to  ihe  plancere  or  roof  of  the  corona.  Our  ordinary 
workmen  make  some  distinction  between  modilions  and  those  other  sorts 
of  bragets  whlcK  they  call  cartells  and  mutules^  usually  carv'd  like,  the 
handels  of  vessels,  scroul'd,  flow'rd,  and.  sometimes  sculptur'd  with  the. 
triglyph :  and  such  were  the  ancones  amongst  the  Greeks  ;  and  such 
are  often  found  supporting  little  tables  for  inscriptions,  the  stools  of 
windows,  which  jetty  out,  and,  shields,  and  compartments  for  coats,  of. 
arras,  &c.  That  there  should  be  no  guttce  under  mutules,  or  dentelli 
under  modilllons,  is  the  opinion  of  divers,  learn'd  Architects,  though 
(a?  was  said)  we  frequently  find  them  chanell'd  like  the  triglyph,  and  that 
in  authentick  examples,  Philander  is  forit,  and  pronounces  them  more 
proper  than  eveu  under  the  purest  triglyph,  fojr  signifying  (says  he)  Canie-, 
riorum  Capita,  undestillicidium  fieri  certurn  est,  drgps.agd  icicles,  com-, 
monly  hanging  at  the  ends  pf  our  rafters  upon  every  weeping  shower, 
whereas  triglyphi  import  only  the  projectures  of  the  beams  and  tim- 
berSj  pothing  so  much  exposed  :  but  this  I  leave  to  the  more  judicious ;. 


399 

whilst  as  to  their  shape,  they  should  be  square  under  the  corona  at  double 
their  breadth  the  interval,  and  just  over  the  middle  of  the  columns:  how 
otherwise  us'd,  see  in  Tympanum,  Mutules. 

Mutules,  quasi  fiuriXog  (a  kind  of  modilions  also,  or  rather  the  same 
under  an  Italian  term)  have  their  name  from  their  defect,  as  being  made 
thinner  and  more  abated  below  than  above,  and  therefore  naturally  and 
discreetly  destin'd  to  places  where  they  are  but  little  burthen'd  with 
weight,  as  here  under  that  little  remainder  of  the  cornice,  are  to  bear  up 
little  statues,  busts,  vasas,  &c. ;  and  so  where  they  are  set  under  the  peda- 
ments  and  lintels  of  doors  and  windows.  Most  preposterous,  there- 
fore, and  improper  is  our  frequent  assigning  such  weak  supporters 
to  isuch  monstrous  jetties  and  excessive  superstructures  as  we 
many  times  find  under  balconies,  bay-windows,  and  long  galle- 
ries ;  where  instead  of  mutules  the  antients  would  have  plac'd  some 
stout  order  of  columns.  But  by  these  unreasonable  projectures  (ob- 
scuring the  lights  of  the  rooms  under  them)  it  comes  to  pass,  that  in 
time  our  strongest  houses  are  destroyed,  and  drawn  to  their  irrecoverable 
ruin.  For  the  proportion  of  mutules,  I  commonly  find  them  a  fourth 
jjart  higher  than  their  breadth,  their  intervals  being  as  wide  as  two ; 
but  neither  do  I  find  these  so  constantly  regular,  only  that  there  be  ever 
one  plac'd  at  the  corners  and  returns  of  the  corona ;  and  then  if  they 
interchangeably  diflfer  as  to  the  spaces,  and  as  the  rafters  direct,  there 
are  examples  abundant  for  their  justification.  And  after  all,  they  little 
differ  from  modilions,  save  that  they  are  most  proper  td  the  Doric  cor- 
nice, representing  and  covering  the  ends  of  the  rafters;  whereas  modilion 
serves  for  any  order. 

I  shall  not  need  to  define  what  is  meant  by  Projectures,  ,when  I  have 
said  it  is  the  same  our  English  authors  call  the  sailings  over  and  out-jet- 
tings  of  any  moulding  beyond  the  upright  wall.  The  Italians  name 
them  sporti,  the  Greeks  ecphoras,  and  for  the  same  reason  all  margins 
whatsoever  which  hang  over  beyond  the  scapus  of  a  column  are  Projec- 
tures ;  and  for  a  general  rule  it  should  be  equal  to  the  breadth  of  what 
projects,  relation  being  discreetly  had  to  the  height,  which  best  deter- 
mines it. 

Corona,  is  next  the  last  considerable  member  remaining  of  the  intire 


400 

^ntaWatm-e,  and  (tho'  bat  a  part  only  of  the  cornice)  seems  indeed  to 
set  the  crown  upon  the  whole  work.  I  say  considerable,  because  being 
regularly  plac'd  so  near  the  uppermost  ovolo  or  mutules,  it  serves  to  de- 
fend all  the  rest  of  the  edifice  from  the  rain  and  injuries  of  the  weather, 
and  therefore  has  its  prefectures  accordingly,  and  should  be  one  of  the 
strongest  square  members  of  the  cornice.  It  is  sometimes  taken  for  the 
inftire  cornix  or  cornice  with  all  its  ornaments,  but  strictly,  for  that  part 
^f  it  above  the  modilions,  ovolo,  echinus  or  ogee,  by  a  turn  under  the 
plunceere.  We  find  the  corona  omitted  and  quite  left  out  of  that  stately 
ji^rco  di  Leoni,  but  it  is  worthily  reproved  by  our  author  of  the  Pa- 
rallel, as  being  a  member  of  indispensable  use.  Corona  is  by  some  call'd 
supercilium,  but  rather  I  conceive  stillicidium  the  drip  (Corona  el/v- 
colata  vite),  and  with  more  reason;  so  the  French '/ar'm^er•,  gocciola- 
toio  and  ventalehy  the  Italians,  to  denote  its  double  office  of  protecting 
both  from  water  and  wind.  For  this  reason  likewise  have  our  ILatin 
authors  nam'd  this  broad  plinth  mentum,  a  chin  ;  because  it  carries  off 
the  wet  from  falling  on  the  rest  of  the  entablature,  as  the  prominency 
of  that  part  in  mens  faces  keeps  the  sweat  of  the  brows  and  other  liquid 
distillations  from  trickling  into  the  neck ;  and  in  imitation  hereof,  the 
antient  potters  invented  the  brimming  of  their  vessels,  by  turning  over 
some  of  the  ductile  matter  when  the  work  was  on  the  wheel.  Some- 
times there  have  been  two  coronas  in  a  cornice,  as  in  that  Corinthian 
instance  of  the  Rotunda ;  and  so  it  is  frequently  used  in  the  stxflobatie 
under  g^Za  inversa;  and  truly  it  may  be  justly  repeated,  as  the  expo- 
sure and  occasion  requires  it  (so  it  be  not  too  near  one  another),  all 
projectures  being  but  a  kind  of  corona  to  the  subjacent  members  ;  and 
therrfore  their  projectures  are  accordingly  to  be  assign'd,  and  by  no 
means  to  be  cut  and  divided  to  let  in  windows  and  tables.  Coroim  is 
also  taken  for  the  interior  and  exterior  curvature  of  an  arch  or  vault. 

The  under  part  of  the  roofs  of  coronas  (which  are  oomaionly  wrought 
hollow,  by  sometimes,  as  we  said^  making  part  of  the  cymatium)  are 
by  our  Artists  call'd  planceeres,  and  those  the  cqfers^  wherein  are  cut 
the  roses,  pomgranades,  flowers  or  fretts  which  adorn  the  spaces  betwixt 
the  heads  of  the  modilions  and  mutules.  This  ceiling  the  Italians  name 
mffito,  and  it  signifies  not  only  "that  part  of  the  corona  which  sallies 


401 

over,  but  the  lacunar,  lacus,  or  plain  of  all  other  roofs  made  of-  tabu- 
lations and  boards  appsarlng  between  the  joysts,  and  which  (as  now, 
especially  in  other  countries)  were  also  formerly  gilded,  carv'd,  and  most 
magnificently  emboss'd  with  fretts  of  wonderful  relievo  ;  nay  sometimes 
to  the  excess  of  inlayings  with  ivory,  mosaique  and  other  rich  and  charge- 
able works.  Pliny,  1.  35.  cap.  11.  tells  us  of  one  Pamphilius,  the  master 
of  Apelles,  to  have  been  the  first  which  brought  this  roof-painting  into 
vogue.  But  I  refer  the  reader  who  thirsts  after  more  of  this,  to  the 
learned  Salmasiuis  on  Solinus,  p.  1215.  Nor  is  yet  the  corona  perpe- 
tually plain  as  we  commonly  see  it;  sometimes  (though  rarely  indeed) 
I  find  it  carv'd  also,  as  in  that  incomparable  Composita  of  Titus's  Arch, 
jind  that  of  Dioclesian's  Baths  in  the  Corinthian  order,  and  as  is  indeed 
every  individual  member  of  that  entire  entablature  to  the  utmost  excess 
of  art;  but  how  far  this  may  be  imitable,  consult  the  judicious  *'  Parallel;" 
while  'tis  yet  considerable  that  it  is  there  but  with  a  kind  of  Sulcus  or 
channel,  in  imitation  of  triglyph,  or  a  short  fluting  rather,  being  indeed 
more  proper  for  carrying  off  the  water  than  any  other  work  could  liave 
been  devised.  .Corona  has  over  it  a  small  regula,  or  an  inrichment  of 
some  sleight  chaplet  in  the  Corinthian,  &c.  after  which  cymatium,  as  in 
that  of  Titus's  Arch  before  rehearsed ;  sometimes  likewise  with  an  ovolo 
or  echinus  cut  with  ovals  and  darts-(or  as  we  call  them  eggs  and  ankers) 
as  in  that  example  of  Nero's  Frontispiece^  and  upon  this  again  the  double 
cymatium,  whereof  the  first  is  inverted,  and  over  the  neathermost  and 
most  narrow,  the  other  recta,  very  large  and  prominent,  being  now  and 
then  adorn'd  with  lyons  heads  plac'd  just  opposite  to  the  modilions  (of 
which  see  that  curious  research  ofthe  learned  Dr.  Brown  in  his  Vulgar 
Mrrors)y  though  sometimes  they  are  adorn'd  with  foliage  only.  Lastly, 
for  a  final  sTrtd'nxn  or  super-imposition  (if  I  may  be  indulg'd  so  to 
name  it),  w€  are  now  climb'd  to  the  most  supream  projecture,  and  ulti- 
mate part  of  the  whole  cornice,  namely,  the 

Hegula,  which  some  make  a  part  of  the  sima  or  gula  recta,  by 
Palladio  the  intavolato,  and  which  I  think  to  be  the  sole  member  which  I 
never  remember  to  have  seen  anywhere  carv'd,  but  always  plain,  though 
in  some  of  the  orders  of  near  eight  minutes  In  breadth.  It  is  very  true,  that 
fcotia  (which  I  now  and  then  call  eavetto  or  small  hollow)  does  in  some 

3   F 


402 

l^wdjwhle  exiampks  9uppP¥t  this  me»ber  iastead  of  cymatium,  but  not  so 
frequeaitly;   and  that  the  Tuscan  cornice  terminates  in  a  cymatium 
without  this  regula,  or  rather  in  an  ovolo,  as  iu  those  examples  after 
Sebastian  Serlio,  &c, ;  but  it  is  not  after  a  true  gusto,  and  the  fancy  is 
particul^t.      Regwhy  call'd  also*  U&telia,  cincta,  &c.  (of  which    some- 
thipg  akeady  hath  been  spoken)  is  always  that  sup^eiU'Um  or  superior 
member  of  the.  cornice,  though  it  b®  likewise  taken  for  that  which  is  by 
some  call'd  quadrdi  being  those  two  lists  commonly  call'd  seotia,  as  we 
find  it  ia  the  lojiic  spira  both,  above  and  beneath.     Sometimes  also  it 
signifies  the  rings  or  small  ferub,  begirting  the  scapus  of  a  column  near 
the  apophyges,  or  the  plinth  ©fa  pedestal :  therefore  I  distinguish  them, 
though  yet  they  may  h^  accounted  the  same,  seeing  they  usually  import 
any  small  plain  fillet  dividing  greater  members ;  for  so  Philander  calls 
almost  all  simiple  parts  broader  or  narrower,  which  like  fillets  encompass 
the  rest;    or  rather  as  sycis  separates  the  members  from  contiguity, 
both  for  variety  and  distinction,  as   in  the  Doric  trabeation,  regula, 
sima,   cymatium,  ^c. ;    in  the  capital,  regula,  cymatium,  plinthus;  in 
the  cornice   of  the  stylpbata,  also  regula,  cymatium,  astragalus  :  but 
vjfhere  it  is  no  less  conspicuous,  is  in  that  part  of  the  triglyph  which 
jetts  out  under  the  tgenia^  and  from  which  the  guttse  depend,  where  it 
seems  to  be  a  part  of  the  very  architrave,  it  self.     Lastly,  before  I  alto- 
gether leave  the  cornice  (which  is  indeed  the  top  of  all,  and  may  be 
called  the  crown  of  th^  corona  it  self),  it  may  rot  be  amiss  to  add  this 
short  note,  for  joyners  and  such  as  make  cornices  of  wainscot,  or  fret- 
work, concerning  the  projectures,  which  having  relation  to  the  height, 
an  inch  allow'd  toe  very  foot  suffice  for  a  room  of  15  foot  pitch,  which  is 
one  foot  three  inches,  where  there  is  freeze  and  cornice  ;  if  much  higher, 
and  that  there  be  the  whole  entablature,  each  shall  require  a  tenth  part. 
To  conclude,  the  very  meanest  building,  farm,  or  out-house,  deserves  a 
moulding,  cornice  with  a  quarter  round  or  ovolo,  a  cymatium  and  fillet. 

And  may  thus  much  suffice  to  have  been  spoken  of  the  cornice  or 
upper  memlier  of  the  tra>beatioo,  which  we  mean  by  the  entablature, 
for  both  these  terms  sigoifie  but  one  and  the  same  thing,  viz.  the  archi- 
trave, freeze,  and  cornice ;  which  1  therefore  the  more  precisely  note, 
because  some  writers  apply  it  only  to  the  very  cover  and  upmost  top  of 


403 

ihe  orders;  but  so  does  not  our  country-iflan  John  Shute,  whose  book 
being  printed  anno  1584,*  (and  one  of  the  first  that  was  published  of 
-Ai-ehitecture  iii  the  English  tongue)  keeps  rathei"  to  the  antient  terms 
than  by  mixing  them  with  such  barbarous  ones  as  were  aftferwai'ds  intro- 
duc'd,  indanger  the  confusion  of  young  students,  and  siiich  as  applied 
themselves  to  the  art.  Finally,  to  reform  another  riii^tialtfe  I  think  good 
to  note  that  where  we  find  coronix  in  otki*  authorsj  it  is-  rath«r  meant 
for  all  that  moulding  projecting  over  the  dye  or  square  of  the  pedestal 
(by  some  call'd  cimd)  then  this  conclusive  superior  member  of  the  en- 
tablature which  we  name  the  cornicei  But  I  have  done,  nor  needs 
there  more  be  added  for  the  perfect  intfellig&rice  of  the  most  minute 
member,  and  ornament  mentioned  in  this  PctralM',  or  I  ctniceive  in  any 
other  author  whatsoever  treating  concfertiing  this  Art,  aiid  naturally  ap- 
plicable to  the  order,  by  which  we  are  all  along  to-  understand  certain 
rules  and  members  agreed  on  for  the  proportions  and  differences  of  co- 
lumns, the  characters,  figures  and  ornd.aiehts  belonging  to  every  part 
and  memjber,  whether  bigger  or  lesser,  plain  or  ittrich'd  :  or  as  others, 
a  regular  arrangement  of  the  principal  and  constituent  parts  of  a  co- 
lumn, from  whence  there  insults  that  cortiposition  which  gives  it  useful- 
ness, with  grace  and  beauty.  This  for  cdfisisting  then  of  the  Several 
shapes  and  measures,  obliges  us  to  say  soinething  rtiorfe  of  proportion,  as 
being  indeed  the  very  foundation  of  Architecture  it  self,  rising,  as  We 
shew,  from  the  representation  of  natural  things ;  noi'ife  it  in  thife  Art 
only  applicable  to  the  dispositions  and  kinds  of  thofee  edifices  (which  we 
have  already  spoken  of),  but  to  eVefy  individual  meihbei'  of  an  orffer, 
which  Vitruvius  will  have  t&k^n  from  the  rcgtilar'  dimensions  arid  prd- 
portions  of  the  parts  of  the  humane  body,  in  relatiott  to  any  one  moderate 
measure  of  the  same  body,  diflFereiltly  multiplied  iti  several  parts  :  as  for 
instance,  the  head  for  an  eighth  part  of  the  whole ;  twice  from  tliie  point 
of  one  shoulder  to  the  other  extream,  &c. ;  thiice  in  the  arm,  four  times 
from  the  hip  downwards,  &c. ;  or,  as  Albert  Durer,  by  multiplyirig;  the 


•  In  folio,  and  entitled,  "  The  first  and  chief  Grounds  of  Architecture  vsed  in  all  the  auncient 
and  famous  Monyments;  with  a  farther  and  more  ample  Discourse  vpon  the  same  than  hitherto 
hath  been  set  out  by  any  other."     1 563,  and  reprinted  in  1584. 


404 

face  from  the.  bottom  of  the  chin  to  the  upper  part  of  the  forehead, 
reckons  the  whole  length  to  be  ten,  et  sic  de  cceteris ;  according  to  which 
the  diameter  of  a  column  shall  be  ten  times  in  the  height  of  the  Corin- 
thian ;  the  intercolumniation  eustyle,  two  and  a  quarter,  &c.  of  which 
let  the  curious  consult  our  master  learned  interpreter^  lib.  _  3.  cap.  1. 
where  he  discourses  of  positive  and  unalterable  establishments ;  whilst 
that  which  we  mean  by  proportion  here,  is  the  scale  by  which  all  the 
parts  are  regujated  as  to  their  just  measures  and  projectures,  and  this 
has  by  Artists  been  call'd  the 

Moduli  or  as  Vitruvius  (and  some  will  Have  it)  ordonation ;  ex- 
plained by  modica  commoditas,  to  be  taken  for  the  parts  or  quantities 
by  which  the  several  members  of  an  order  are  calculated  and  adjusted  in 
their  composition.  In  the  mean  time,  to  avoid  all  uncertainties  and  per- 
plexity of  measures  differing  in  most  countries,  some  dividing  into  more, 
others  into  fewer  parts,  to  the  great  ease  of  both  Architect*  and  Work^ 
men,  by  Modtds*  is  to  be  understood  the  diameter  or  semi-diameter  ofa 
column  of  whatever  order,  taken  from  the  rise  of  the  shaft  or  superior 
member  of  the  base,  namely,  at  the  thickest  and  most  inferior  part  of 
the  cylinder ;  from  whence  Monsieur  de  Chambray  (following  Palladio 
and  Scamozzi),  taking  the  semi -diameter  divided  into  30  equal  parts  or 
minutes,  make  it  to  be  the  universal  scale.  Now  tho'  Architects  gene- 
rally measure  by  the  whole  diameter  (excepting  only  in  the  Doric, 
which  they  reckon  by  the  half,)  it  makes  no  alteration  here,  so  as  the 
workman  may  take  which  he  pleases.  We  proceed  next  to  the  orders  , 
thetpse^yes ;  nor  let  it  be  thought  a  needless  repetition,  if  having  given 
the  learner  (for  to  such  I  only  speak)  so  minute  and  full  a  description  of 
all  those  parts  and  members  whereof  the  several  orders  are  compos'd 
and  distinguish'd,  I  go  on  to  shew  how  they  are  put  together  in  work, 
by  what  they  have  in  common,  or  peculiar  to  denominate  the  species, 
and  bring  the  hitherto  scattered  and  dispersed  limbs  into  their  respective 
bodys. 

We  have  already  shew'd  (speaking  of  capitals)  that  a  column,  which 
is  strictly  the  naked  post  or  cylinder  only,  does  not  assume  the  name 


*  Note,  that  to  distinguish  it  from  Modell/by  which  is  signified  the  type  (or  geometrical  i'epre- 
sentation  ofa  building)  this  is  to  be  read  with  the  fifth  vowel,  that  by  the  second. 


40S 

and  dignity  of  any  drderj  till  compleatly  qualified  with  those  parts  antJ 
accessaries  which  give  it  name,  pre-eminence  and  rank ;  but  being  sd 
distinguish'd,  they  are  to  Architects  what  the  several  Modes  are  in 
Mixsic^  and  carminum genere  among  the  Poets:  all  buildings  whatso- 
ever coming  properly  under  the  regiment  of  some  one  or  other  of  them, 
or  at  least  ought  to  do,  and  they  are  five  (according  to  the  vulgar  ac- 
count), namely,  Tuscan,  Doric,  Ionic,  Corinthian,  and  Composita.  But 
since  the  first  and  last  of  these  are  not  admitted  by  our  great  niasters,  as 
legitimate  orders  (to  which  indeed  the  antient  Greeks  claim  only  title), 
we  might  with  Vitruvius,  and  our  author  of  the  "Parallel,"  leave  them 
to  bring  up  the  rear;  did  not  custom,  as  we  said,  and  common  use  suflB- 
ciently  justify  our  assigning  this  place  for  the 

Tjisean,  Rustic,  or  by  whatever  name  dignified,  or  disgrac'd :  for 
being  seldom  found  in  the  antient  fabrics  of  the  Romans  themselves, 
•by  which  name  it  is  also  call'd,  it  seems  yet  to  challenge  some  regard 
from  its  resemblance  to  those  plain  and  simple  rudiments  of  those  primi- 
tive buildings,  where  they  laid  a  beam  on  the  top  of  two  forked  posts, 
newly  cut  and  brought  out  of  the  forest,  to  support  that  which  gave 
covering  and  shade  to  the  first  Architects,  such  as  they  were,  and  we 
have  descrlb'd;  till  time  and  experience,  which  mature  arid  perfect  all 
things,  brought  it  into  better  form  and  shape ;  when  the  Asiatic,  Ly- 
dians,  who  are  said  first  to  have  peopled  Italy,  brought  it  into  that  part  of 
it  call'd  Tuscany.  Nor  let  it  altogether  be  despis'd  because  of  its  native 
plainness,  which  rarely  admits  it  into  buildings  where  ornament  is  ex- 
pected ;  since  besides  its  strength  and  suflSciency  (which  might  com- 
mute for  its  want  of  other  beauty,  and  give  place  at  the  ports  and  en- 
trances of  great  cities,  munitions,  magazines,  amphitheatres,  bridges,: 
prisons,  &c.  that  require  strength  and  solidity),  we  find  It  capable  also 
of  such  illustrious  and  majestic  decorations,  as  may  challenge  all  the 
Grecian  orders  to  shew  any  thing  approaching  to  it,  so  long  as  those 
three  famous  Columns,  those  of  Trajan  and  Antoninus's  at  Rome,  and  a 
third  of  Theodosius's  at  Constantinople,  stand  yet  triumphant,  and 
braving  so  many  thousands  of  the  other  orders,  which  lie  prostrate,  bu- 
ried in  their  dust  and  ruins.  Nor  is  this  the  first  example  (as  some 
pretend)  as  appears  by  that  antient  Pillar  erected  to  Valerius  Maxlmus, 


406 

sirnam'd  Gorvinus,  on  which  was  plac'd  a  raven,  in  memory  of  what 
happen'd  in  the  famous  duel  between  that  hero  and  the  gygantic  Gaule. 
Thus  whilst  the  rest  of  the  orders  are  assisted  to  support  their  charge 
and  heavy  burdens  by  their  £eIlo\vs,  and  a  conjugation- of  entablature 
not  allow'd  to  this,  the  Tuscan  stands  alone  like  an  island,  steady  and  as 
immoveable  as  a  rock. 

This  column,  with  its  base  and  capital,  is  in  length  seven  diameters, 
taken  at  the  thickest  part  of  the  shaft  below ;  the  pedestal  one ;  the 
base  one  module  or  half  diameter,  which  divided  into  two  equal  parts, 
one  shall  be  the  plinth,  the  other  for  the  torus  and  cincture,  which  being 
but  a  fourth  part  of  the  breadth  in  this  order  only,  makes  a  part  of  the  base 
("peculiar  to  it  self  alone),  as  in  the  other  it  does  of  the  shaft  it  self. 

The  capital  is  one  module,  which  divided  into  three  equal  parts,  one 
shall  be  for  the  abacus,  the  other  the  ovolo,  the  third  parted  into  seven, 
whereof  one  is  the  list,  and  the  remaining  six  for  the  column.  The  lower 
astragal  is  double  the  height  of  the  list  under  the  ovolo*  Note,  that 
Vitruvius  makes  no  difference  'twixt  the  capital  of  this  order' from  the 
Doric,  as  to  proportions,  tho'  Artists  dispute  it,  who  (as  was  said)  allovV 
it  a  semi-diameter. 

Now,  tho'  they  have  not  granted  it  any  fixt  and  certain  entablature, 
but  chosen  what  they,  thought  fit  out  of  other  orders,  yet  they  seldom 
give  it  less  than  a  fourth  part  of  the  height  of  the  shaft,  like  the  DoriCj 
which  commonly,  and  very  properly,  supplies  the  place  of  the  Tuscan, 
and  that  with  a  great  deal  of  more  grace,  where  they  stand  in'consort,  as 
in.arfihes,  and  the  like.  The  distance  or  intercolumniation  of  this  order, 
sometimes  amounting,  to  four  diameters,  sometimes  requires  an  architrave 
of  timber;  or  if  of  stone,  to  be  plac'd  much  nearer,  unless  (^as  we  said) 
in  vaulting- and  underground  work,  to  which  some  almost  wholly  con- 
demn it. 

The  Doric,  so  nam'd  from  Dorus  King  pf  Achasis,  reported  to  have 
been  the  first  who  at  Argos  built  and;  dedicated  a  temple  to  Juno  of  this 
order,  is  esteem'd  one  of  the  most  noble,  as  well  as  the  first  of  the 
Greeks,  for  its  masculine,  and,  as  Scamozzi  calls  it,  Herculiean  aspect, 
not  for  its  height  and  stature,  but  its  excellent  proportion,  which  fits  it 
in  all  respects,  and  with  advantage,  for  any  work  wherein  the  Tuscan  is 


made  use  of,  and  renders  that  column  (among  the  learned)  a  supernu- 
merary, as  well  as  the  Composita. 

The  Doric,  base  and  capital,  challenges  eight  diameters  set  alone ; 
but  not  so  many  by  one,  in  porticos  and  mural  woi-k. 

The  capital,  ahe  module,  with  its  abacus,  ovolo,  andulets,  hypotra- 
chelium,  astragal,  and  list  beneath  the  capital,  making  a  part  of  the  shaft 
or  column. 

The  entablature  being  more  substantial  tlian  the  rest  of  the  Greek 
orders,  requires  a  fourth  part  of  the  height  of  the  columns ;  whereas  the 
others  have  commonly  but  a  fifth. 

The  architrave  one  module,  compos'd  but  of  a  single  fascia,  as  best 
approved,  (tho'  the  modern  sometimes  add  a  Second)  with  a  taenia  or 
band  which  crowns  it. 

The  freeze  with  its  list,  which  separates  it  from  the  cornice,  is  1  modi.  ^. 
The  cornice  holds  the  same  proportion,  with  this  note,  that  when  the 
column  is  above  7  diameters,  both  freeze  and  architrave  have  their  regu- 
lated measure,  one  being  of  a  single  module,  the  other  being  three 
quarters,  and  the  remainder  being  a  fourth  part  of  the  column  is  cast 
into  the  cornice. 

This  order  had  of  old  no  pedestal  at  all,  and  indeed  stands  handsomely 
without  it ;  but  where  it  is  us'd,  Palladio  allows  it  two  diameters  and  a 
third  of  the  column,  and  is  often  plac'd  upon  the  attic- base,  for  antiently 
it  had  none.  We  find  it  sometimes  fluted  with  a  short  edge  without 
interstice,  as  there  is  in  other  orders ;  but  that  which  is  indeed  the  proper 
and  genuine  character  of  the  Doricj  is  (with  very  moderate  enrichment 
besides)  the  triglyph  and  metop  in  the  freeze,  with  guttse  in  the  archi- 
trave beneath  ;  the  due  collocation  and  placing  of  whieh>  often  objects 
our  Architects  to  more  difficulty  than  any  other  accessary  in  the  other 
orders ;  because  of  the  intercolumniation,  which  obliges  them  to  leave 
such  a  space  'twixt  two  columns,  as  may  not  be  less  than  for  one  triglyph 
to  five,  counting  what  falls  just  on  the  head  of  the  columns  ;  which  if 
plac'd  at  the  entrance  of  a,  building,  the  distance  must  be  for  three,  which 
to  adjust  is  not  very  easy,  seeing  the  intercolumniation  ought  to  coiTespond 
with  the  distance  of  the  spaces  of  the  triglyphs  and  metops ;  which  point 


408 

of  critlcistne  is  the  cause  we  often  find  them  quite  left  out  in  this  ordef, 
which  suits  so  well  in  the  pycnostyle  and  acrostyle, 
:  The  /omc,  invented  orintroduc'd  by.  Ion,  sent  by  those  of  Athens 
with  a  colony  into  that  part  of  Greece  bearing  his  name,  (and  where  he 
erected  a  temple  to  Diana,)  consists  of  proportions  between  the  solid 
and  manly  Doric,  the  delicf^te  and  more  feminine  Corinthian,  from  which 
it  but  little  differs,  save  in  the  matron-like  capital ;  it  contains  eighteen 
modules  or  nine  diaiheters  (tho'  by  one  less  at  first),  together  with  j:he 
capital  and  base,  which  last  was  added  to  give.it  stature, 

The  entablature  is  allowed  a  fifth  part  of  the  height  of  the  column  of 
which  the  base  takes  one  module,  (with  sometimes  a  small  moulding  of 
twenty  minutes,)  the. capital  very  little  exceeding  a  third ;  but  its  dis- 
tinguishing characteristic  is  the  voluta,  concerning  which  sundry  Archi- 
tects have  recommended  their  peculiar  methods  for  the  tracing,  and 
turning  that  ornament,  especially  Vignola  and  Goldman.  ,  The  famous 
Mich.  Angelo  had  one  after  his  own  mode,  and  so  others ;  but  that 
which  has  been  chiefly  folld^ed,  is  wliat  Philibert  de  Lorme  contends 
to  be  of  his  own  invention. 

This  column  is  fluted  with  four  and  twenty  plaits;  the  spaces  or  in- 
terstices not  sharp  and  edg'd  like  the  Doric  (which  is  allowed  but 
twenty,)  tho'  of  the  same  depth  and  hollow  to  about  a  third  part  down- 
ward, where  they  are  convexly  staved,  and  thence  nam'd  radiant,  by 
sonae  r«c?en^,  tho' of  old  we  find  them  fluted  the  whole  length.  Thus 
as  the  capital  resembled  the  modest  tresses  of.  a  matron,  so  did  the 
fluting,  the  folds  and  plaits  of  their  garments. 

The  pedestal  is  of  two  diameters  and  as  many  thirds.  Several  othet^ 
observations  pretend  to  this  order,  to  render  it  elegant,  which  are  left  to 
the  curious,  but  these,  are  the  more  essential. 

The  Corinthian  had  her  hirth  from  that  luxurious  city ;  trick'd  up  and 
adorn*d  like  the  wanton  sex,, and  is  the  pride  and  top  of  all. the  ord^ris  : 
for  the  rest  it  agrees  with  the  proportion  of  the  Ionic,  excepting  only  in 
the  capital ;  in  a  word,  it  takes  with  its  base  nine  diameters  and  three 
quarters,  and  sometimes  ten.  If  fluted,  with  as  many  as  the  Ionic,  half 
as  deep  as, large;  the  listel  or  space  between  the  groves,  a  third  of  the 


<tepth ;  yfet  not  so  precisely,  bufe  that  according  to  the  compass  and  sta^- 
t\m  of  the  column,  the  fctes  may  be  Augmented  to  thirty  and  above. 

Ourmodern  Architects',  foil  the  taost  part,  allow  but  on6  fifth  of  the 
height  of  this  cohitun  to  the  entablature,  com^irehending  ba^e  and  capi- 
tal :■  I  say  for  the  most  part,  but  in  the  noblest  and  most  intire  exam- 
ples of  antiquity,  which  is  that  of  the  Romaw  Pantheon,  the  etiteblafttire 
is  indeed  somewhat  deeper ;  bu*  with  thiis  circumspection  to  be  imitated, 
*hat  the  fabric  to  which  it  is-  applied,  be  great  and  magnificent  as  that 
famous^temple  is,  and  whkh  will  depend  on  the*  judgment  of  the  Ar^ 
chitect. 

•  The  Capital  is  of  one  diatneter,  or  two  modules  in  height;  the  abacus 
a  si^i^th  or  seventh  part  of  the  diameter  taken  at  the  bigger  end  of  tfete 
column,  which  is  universally  to  be  understood  in  the  measure  of  all  the 
orders.  The  rest  shall  be  divided  into  three  equal  parts:  one  for  the  first 
feotder  or  toure  of  leaves;  the  other  for  a  second ;  the  third*  part  divided  in 
two;  and  of  that  which  is  next  the  abacus,  thevolutas  are  fbrm'd.  Of 
the;  other,  the  cauliculi,  the  bell  or  btirTs*  under  the  feaves,  resemblmg 
€allimachus's  basket,  under  which  they  are  carv'd,  fall  exactly  with  the 
hollow  of  the  flutings.  In  the  mean  time  there  is  no  small  inquiry 
about  the  foliage,  of  what  i^peeies  of  thistle- the  antients  fornj'd^  this  florid 
ornament,  which  is  generally  attributed  to  the  Branchce  Ursmce,  but 
of  a  tender,  more  indented  and'  flexible  kind,  than  the  wild  and' prickly, 
which  we  see  us'd  in  the  Gothic  buiMiftgsf;  whilst  the  Cbmposita  capi- 
tals stuck  it  with  laurel  arid  olive  leaves,  emerging  ou't  of  the  vessel, 
with  the  voluta  above  the  echinus,  and  as  Palladio' would  ha.ve'it  (espe- 
cially of  the  olive)  the  sprigs  plac'd  from  five  to  five  like  the  filagers  of 
one's  hand,  as  becoming  it  better  than  four,  and  commends  some  capitals 
h&  had  seen  whose  cauliculi  were  fac'd  #ith^  oaken  leaves.  Note,  that 
th«  scrolls  seeming  to  be  form'd  out  of  the  cauliculi,  the  rostes  in  the 
middle  of  the  abacus,  was  sometimes  by  the  antients  of  the  satite^brtadtll, 
which'  since  they  make  to  bend  on  the  middle  voluta. 

The  Base  of  this  order  is  fift?een  minutes  of  a  module.    Thcf  Pedestal 
requires  a  fourth  part  of  the  height  of  the  columns,  and  shall  be 
divided  into  eights  parts!  ^   ©ne  to    the   c^tn^ium,  two  for  the  base  J 
(yhich  is  the  Attic),  the  rest  for  the  zoccol^  or  die  ;  and  thus  do  the 

3  G 


410 

thre6  Greek  ordera  represent  those  three  species  of  buildings  the  ^olid, 
the  modest-meafi,  and  the  delicate,  between  the  siniple  plain,  the  gay, 
arid  wanton,  which  are  the  I^atin  extreams ;  whilst  the  Gothic  is  risen 
from  the  corruption  of  them  all;  for  after  all,  there's  none  has  been 
more  grossly  abused,  than  this  flourishing  and  noble  order,  by  such  as 
with  their  impertinence  have  sometimes  rendered  it  neither  Corinthian 
nor  Comppsita,  which  is  the  fifth  and  last. 

The  Composita  being  the  junior  of  all  the  rest,  and  foreigner  to  the 
Greek,  is  of  a  Roman  extraction,  arid  therefore  by  some  called  Italian ; 
and  tho'  not  without  sufficient  insolence,  taking  place  of  the  Corinthian, 
between  whom  and  the  Ionic  she's  but  a  spawn  and  mungrell,  as  well  as 
the  Tuscan,  and  so  reckoned  among  judicious  Architects,  and  by  our  master 
himself  not  so  much  as  own'd  an  order,  as  not  thinking  it  possible  to 
invent  a  more  noble  and  compleat  than  the  Corinthian.  They  would 
fain,  it  seems^  have  one  to  bear  the  country's  name,  and  that,  as  they 
insulted  Over  and  brav'd  the  rest  of  the  world,  should  sit  triumphant 
over  the  rest  of  the  orders,  from  whom  they  have  pluch'd  their,  fine  and 
galwdy  pltimage,  priding  it  over  the  Corinthian, "from  whom  and  the 
Ionic  she  only  differs  one  diameter  more  in  height.  i 

"The  Capitals,  four  angular  scrolls,  take  up  all  that  space  which  in 
the  Corinthian  is  partly  fiU'd  with  the  cauliculi  and  stalks,'  and  now  and 
then  an  eagld  or  griffon  is  found  to  nestle  among  the  foliage,  of  which, 
it  has  a  series  of  two  i-ows,  and  under  "the  ovolo  the. Ionic  neck-lace; 
'v?'hilst  others  affirm,  that  the  variety  of  the  capital  changes  not  the 
species,  which  consists  (as  Perrault  will  have  it)  in  the  length  of  the 
shaft  only ;  so  as  no  body  is  to  wonder  at  the  prodigious  licentiousness 
which  some  we  find  have  run  into,  to  gratify  their  ambition.  The 
French  (of  all  the  nations  under  Heaven,  beirig  the  fondest  of  their  own 
inventions,  how  extravagant  soever,  and  to  imposie  them  on  all  the  world 
beside)  call  it,  forsooth,  the  Gallic  order,  and  with  a  confidence  peculiar 
to  themselves,  to  alter  and  change  what  for  almost  two  thousand  years, 
none  has"  been  so  bold  to  attempt  with  that  exhorbitance  ;  for  they  hdve 
gafnish'd  this-capital  with  tocks -feathers  and  cocks-combs  too  among 
the  flower-de-luces,  ridiculously  enough ;  hanging  the  leaves  arid  stalks 
about  with  the  chains  arid  ribbons  of  the  orders  of  the  St.  Esprit  arid 


411 

St.  Michael,  with  its  dangling  coekle-shells>  in  imitation  doubtless  of 
Xerxes's  tying  the  scarfs  and  garters  of  his  concubine  and  misses- 
among  the  boughs  of  the  famous  platan;  whilst  one  would  think  we 
might  be  content  with  what  the  Romans  have  already  set  for  a  pattern 
on  those  antient  columns  of  this  order  ;  as  I  am  sure  the  judicious  au- 
thor of  the  'f  Parallel"  would  have  been^  who,  contrary  to  the  genius  of 
his  country-men,  had  the  greatest  aversion  td  the  least  innovation  in 
this  profession  ;  what  (as  we  said)  the  Romans  have  left  us  being  abuur- 
dantly  more  graceful,  and  rather  in  excess.  Wherefore,  by  another  nice 
distinction,  this  learned  commentator  calls  that  the  Composita  which 
keeps  to  its  fix*d  rules  and  stated  proportions ;  and,  that  which  others 
every  day  invent,  the  de  composit,  or  as  his  term  is,  compo-composit, 
and  so  sets  it  up  for  a  sixth  order.     But  to  proceed. 

The  Entablature  has  by  some  been  allow'd  a  fourth  part  of  the 
column,  but  by  Palladio  only  five,  as  to  the  Corinthian. 

The  £ase  is  as  the  jlttic,  or  a  compound  of  it  and  the  Ionic. 
The  Pedestal  has  a  third  of  the  height  of  the  shaft :  not  but  that  any 
of  these  proportions  so  establish'd  (as  sometimes,  and  upon  just  occa- 
sion) may  be  varied  according  to  the  quality  aqd  grandeur  of  the  build- 
ing, as  to  the  inlarging  or  diminishing  of  a  member,  if  the  judicious 
Architect  see  cause,  and  to  be  more  graceful,  which  is  a  good  f ule  in 
all  such  cases  in  the  other  orders,  and  for  which  Vitruvius  gives  excel- 
lent precepts,  as  he  likewise  does  to  their  number  and  placing  in  single 
or  double  ranks,  with  their  diflFerent  application,  as  whether  close  to 
the  wall  or  to  the  angle  and  extremes,  wh^re,  if  irisulat  and  without 
touching,  more  thickness  is  allowable ;  since,  being  surrounded  by  the 
air  only,  it  is  made  to  appear  so  much  the  slenderer,  as  that  some 
which  have  been  found  but  of  seven  diameters  only,  have  become  their 
stations  better  than  if  they  had  held  their  intire  dimensions.  There 
now  remains  the 

Caryatides,  of  which,  and  of  the  Persian,  we  have  an  ample  account  in 
the  "Parallel"  out  of  Vitruvius,  introduced  as  a  mark  of  triumph  over 
the  Caryans  of  Peloponnesus,  whom  the  Greeks,  having  vanquish'd 
vnth  their  confederates,  caus'd  the  images  and  resemblances  of  both 
sexes  and  nations  (as  Slaves,  Atlantes  and  Talamones,)  to  be  plat'd 


and  st^nd  ^(jl^r  massie  weight  aiul  supers^uejlxir^  ii^stead  of  ccdumiail, 
thj^  wqmeQ  to  signifie  those  of  Gary  a,  whonn  they  only  spared ;  and  the 
njenj  as  captive  Persians,  which  gave  denomination  to  the  order,  if  at 
least  tbey  may  he  caU'd  so  for  distinction  sake  only ;  since  they  differ 
in  nothing  either  of  height,  suhstancq,  orsntahlament  from  the  feminine 
Ionic,  and  mascujine  Doric;  but  how,  oj  where  they  had  originally 
heen  employed  in  any  remarkable  ^building,  is  not  so  perspic»ous  from 
any  antient  tje^i^^^g-ia ,at  present  remaining;  hut  as  they  seem  most  pro-r 
perly  to  ;be  plac'd  at  entrances,  and  before  arches  and  porticos,  instead 
^f  pillasters,  so  doubtless  they  ,gave  occasion  to  many  Gothic  absurdi- 
ties,, and  extravagant  postures  of  men,  monkeys,  satyrs,  &c.  for  the  bear' 
ing  up  of  cornices,  in  place  of  mutuls  and  cartousqg,  to  that  shampfuf 
impudence  as  we  see  them  not  seldom  in  our  very  i(3hi*rche^,. 

There  remain  yet  of  columns  divers  other  sorts,  (to  mejotion  jpply 
the  duilian,  rostrad,  mural,  obsidional,  futiehral,  astronomial,  and  other 
symbolical  jnonuments,  which  may  upon  some  particular  occasions 
have  their  places,)  but  no  more  that  can  honestly  derive  a  legitimiate 
pedegree ;  for  some  are  wfeath'd,  others  spiral  and  the  like :  hut  as  w^e 
meet  th^m  not  In  any  approved  author,  or  antient  fabric,  so  are  they 
very  sparingly  to  be  made  use  of,  if  at  all.  Indeed  the  famous  Archir 
tect,  Gayalier  Bernini,  has  cast  a  set  of  these  torsed  coluimis  of  a  vast 
Wjght,  twisted  about  again  with  branches,  among  whidi  are  JRuM, 
little  Angels,  Pope  Urhan's  BeeSj,  and  other  embossed  Sculptures,  all 
of  gilded  copper,  to  sustain  the  bal(iacchmo,  or  sacred  canopy,  over  ithe 
high  altar  under  the  cupola  at  St.  Peter's,  ti^hich  are  exceedingly  mag- 
nificent ;  blit  it  does  not  always  succeed  so  Well  where  it  is  praictic'd. 
'Tis  yet  reported  that  there  was  an  antient  wreath'd  column  found  some- 
wherie,  wound  about  with  a  serpent,  (as  painters  represent  the  tree  in 
Paradise)  taking  nothing  away  from  the  straightness  of  the  shaft;  for 
so  the  antients  prefer'd  the  solid  and  substantial  in  all  their  works, 
admitting  nothing  to  bear  any  weight  that  should  seem  in  the  least  to 
plie,  yiel4,  or  shrink  under  it,  as  those  sorts  of  columns  appear  to  do  :  but 
as  the  gr^t  masters,  and  such  as  Mich.  Angelo,  &c.  invented  certain  new 
corhells,  scrolls,  and  modilions,  which  were  brought  into  use,  so  their 
foUQwers,  animated  by  their  exam,ple  (but  with  much  less  judgment). 


4113 

keive  ptesuna'd  to  introcl^ioe  siuidry  baubles  astid  trifling  <d!eeovatioia|s 
they  fancy)  in  tl^ir  works,  aaibitious  saf  being  tfeought  inventors, 
the  ^^reat  reproach  of  this  noble  study ;  so  dangerous  a  thimg  it  h 
innovate  eidier  in  art  or  go^erament,  vi»hefi  opoe  the  laws  and  n 
are  prudently  sefttl'd  and  establish'd,  withoat  ^glieat  coiasideration  ^ 
necessity  :  and,  therefore,  l^o'  such  devices  and  inventions  may  s« 
pretty  in  cabiiaet-work,  mblies,  &am<ss,  and  other  |oyMe»8  'work, 
Va«riety,  to  place  ehina-disihes  upon,  one  would  by  no  means  encomi 
err  admit  them  m  gr-ea^  and  noble  buildings.     Lastly, 

As  to  the  placing  of  the  orders  and  stations  of  <;olumns  in  woi 
the  'simpjlest,  strongest,  and  most  •stthstantlal,  are  ever  to  be  assign'( 
support  the  weaker.  The  Romans  indeed  'somethnes  set  the  Compo 
above  the  'GoiMtMan,  but  it  was  riot  appro/d  of  by  the  judicious, 
in  ^ruth  should  they  appear  together  in  the  same  building.  ■Genera 
then,  the  rule  is  this,  to  place  the  highest  and  ri(^est  order  over 
more  solid  and  plain ;  especially  where  -they  are  to  decore  the  face  < 
fronts  of  buildings,  consls^rng  of  two  or  three  stages  :  but  whether 
all,  or  not,  their  proportions  should  be  chang'd  or  abated,  is  ni( 
disputed  by  our  Architects,  of  which  see  Monsieur  Perrault  0*1  Vitmi 
lib.  vii.  cap.  7-  speaking  of  scenes ;  condluding,  that  it  ought  to 
done  very  sparingly,  and  with  great  consideration.  In  the  mean  tii 
columns  plac'd  Over  arches  produce  this  inconvenience,  that  the  arc 
of  any  of  the  €ve  orders,  if  well  proportion'd  (suppose,  for  instar 
Doric),  it  will  become  defective  in  the  Ionic  and  Corinthian,  4sy  rea 
of  the  5nte*columnation ;  the  distance  hindering  their  collocation 
exactly  over  one  another  as  become  them.  There  is  after  all  a  les 
sort  of  column  than  any  we  have  «sp6ken  of,  which  now  and  then 
find  piac*d  over  a  much  greater,  next  the  *oof,  or  rather  a  kind  of  j 
fester  after  the  Attic  mode.    To  conclude. 

The  position  of  double  columns  upon  the  same  |»edestal,  I  find  qi 
condemned  by  M.  Blondell  as  intolliefrable,  accounting  it  licentious  e 
ajnong  the  antients ;  which  (as  great  artists  do  not  always  agn 
Monsieur  Perrault  as  learnedly  defends  and  vindicates ;  and  that  ont 
not  so  precisely  oblig'd  to  piles  and  examples,  but  that  in  some  ca 
they  may  safely  be  dteparted  from  for  the  better ;  since  it  were  to  ] 


414 

a  stop  to  the  improvements  of  all  arts  and  inventions  whatsoever,  none 
o£  which  were  consummately  perfect  at  the  first ;  besides  that,  there  i9 
nothing  positive  in  the  case  :  however,  as  to  this  particular,  the  antients 
did  frequently  use  to  join  columns,  two  and  two  very  near  to  one 
another  upon  the  same  pedestal,  leaving  a  distance  of  two  intercplum- 
nations  in  one ;  which,  tho'  Perrault,  holds  to  be  a  little  Gothic  and 
much  aflFected  by  his  country-men  the  French  (as  they  do  all  novelties), 
so  they  would  have  it  pass  for  a  peculiar  manner  of  disposition :  the 
Pseudo  style  is  yet  we  find  made  use  of  by  great  Architects,  ancl 
therefore  to  be  referr'd  to  able  judges. 

Notwithstanding,  inasmuch  as  there  do  yet  happen  some  superstruc- 
tures which  both  in  works  and  books  of  this  magnificent  science  have 
likewise  names  of  doubtful  signification,  and  to  satisfie  all  that  may  be 
farther  desir'd  for  the  rendering  of  this  undertaking  more  useful  and 
instructive,  I  will  in  brief  proceed  to  what  is  used  to  appear  further  in 
buildings,  where  they  did  not  flatten  the  roofs  and  cover  of  edifices,  and 
which  tho'  certainly  of  all  other  the  most  graceful,  is  of  necessity 
alterable  according  to  the  climate. 

Those  roofs  which  exalted  themselves  above  the  cornices  had  usually 
in  face  a,  triangular  plain  or  gabel  within  the  mouldings  (that  when  our 
workmen  make  not  so  acute  and  pointed  they  call  a  pediment)  which 
the  antients  nam'd 

Tympanum ;  but  this  is  to  be  taken  now  and  then  for  the  whole 
frontispiece  from  the  cornice  to  the  upmost  part  of  the  fastigium  or 
superior  angle  of  it,  and  is  commonly  circumscrib'd  with  the  same 
corniqe,  that  the  subjacent  order  is  of.  It  is  properly  plac'd  at  the 
front  and  entrance,  and  over  the  porches,  windovi^s,  niches,  &c.  to 
protect  them  from  the  injuries  of  the  weather ;  and  therefore,  very 
impertinently  broken  or  flatted  by  some,  which  exposes  all  that  is  under 
to  many  inconveniences ;  nor  should  it  be  at  all  allowed,  save  where  an 
absolute  necessity  of  setting  in  sight  (not  otherwise  to  be  had)  pleads 
for  it :  now,  tho'  they  are  commonly  made  triangular,  we  frequently 
find  them  semi-circular  (or  of  some  other  section)  whereof  the  base  is 
the  diameter.  Some  again  have  a  double  tympanum,  as  in  that  Tuscan 
example  describ'd  by  Perrault,  Vitr.  I.  3.  where  the  standing  out  of 


415 

the  porch  frona  the  rest  of  the  main  wall  of  a  temple  of  that  order 
requires  it.  I  say  before  a  temple,  since  they  were  never  made  In  the 
fronts  of  any  other  buildings  ;  the  ancients  dwelling-houses  being 
generally  flat  at  the  top,  Julius  Caesar  being  the  first  whom  they 
indulg'd  to  raise  his  Palace  in  this  fastigious  manner,  as  Salmasius  tells 
us  in  Solin.  I  need  not  add,  that  the  die  of  a  pedestal,  and  other  flat 
and  naked  parts  in  out-side  work  and  pannels  of  wainscot,  is  sometimes 
call'd  tympana,  since  it  may  be  to  better  purpose,  to  give  some  direc- 
tions about  the  proportion  and  accessaries  belonging  to  it,  it  being 
much  disputed;  Vitruvius  allowing  neither  of  dentelli,  or  modillion, 
but  a  simple  cornice  onely ;  tho'  we  find  them  both  very  ornamentally 
applied ;  some  affecting  to  place  them  according  to  the  slope,  others 
perpendicular  to  the  horizon,  and  not  to  the  cornice  which  they  seem 
to  support,  as  well  as  beautifie ;  or  rather  to  the  posture  of  the  rafter 
ends,  which  they  represent.  We  sometimes  find  dentelli  under  the 
modillion,  but  by  none  approv'd ;  a  single  row  of  teeth,  or  a  plain  list 
only,  more  becoming  on  those  occasions,  as  well  as  for  the  height  of 
the  drum  or  tympan  (by  which  some  distinguish  the  round  from  the 
pointed,  which  they  name  frontons,)  which  some  noble  statue  or  bass 
relieve  may  require  a  more  than  ordinary  elevation  of.  In  the  mean 
time,  D'  Aviler's  figure  following  may  give  some  direction  to  workmen . 


Divide  the  line  a  h  (which  suppose  the  kypothermse  of  the  base)  into 
two  equal  parts  at  the  point  c,  let  down  the  perpendicular /e  </ indefi- 
nite, in  which  e  rf  being  equal  to  ab  from  d  as  the  centre,  describe  the 
arch  a  eh,  and  where  it  intersects  the  perpendicular,  as  at  e,  there  shall 
be  iH^iefastigium  or  point  of  the  tympane. 

There  are  other  methods  in  Serlio,  and  the  masters:  some  isoceZe, 
whose  angles  opposite  to  the  base  are  more  obtuse ;  others  yet  lower, 


416 

arid  higher  even  to  a  full  .diai»eitQr,.as  were  those  Plyiy  call'd  plg^ee  f<*r 
statues  and  taller  figures,  as  also  ^t  the  cicoa  or  point,  aad  at  ^ch^ajo^or 
there  stood  of  thos^  smaller  pedeslals  we^pakej  of  for,  the  placing  of 
s.tatues,  busts-,  Urnes,  lamps  of  fire,  pine  cones,.  bowl,€s>  or  the  li^e 
ornaments,  aind  these  styhbffta  were  call'd 

j^^roteria,  from  mpov  summa  pars',  we  may  properly  name  them  pin- 
aeles,  for  so  pmntB.  and  battlements  were  mad^  sometimes  more  sharp, 
kwwring,  or  spiry,  as  pleased  the  workman.  Where  they  S'tood  in  ranges, 
(as  not  unfrequently),  with  rail  and  balausters  upon  flat  buildings,  they^ 
still  retain'd.  their  name,  with  this  only  difference,  that  such  as  were 
plkc'd  between  the  angular  points  were  (like  ranges  of  pillars)  styl'd 
the  medium  or  mti^le  aerotevia:  for  the  most  part  a  small  die  withoat 
any  basey  in  proportioni  soraaewhat  less  than  the  breadth  of  the  neck  of 
the  column  (if  there  stand  any  directly  under  it),  and  equal  in  height  to 
the'  middle  of  the  middle  tympane  and  that  at  the  veryfastigmm  may 
be  allow'd  an  eightk  pirt  more. 

They  did-^  likewise  cover  (especially  temples,  and  such  magnificextt-. 
and  sacred  buildings),  with  a  CMjoofe,  which  is  that  dome  or  hemisphe- 
rical concave  made  in^  resemblance  of  the  heavens,  and  admitting  the 
light  at  the  top  centre  or  navil  only,  without  any  lantern,  as  is  to  be 
seen  in  that  incomparable  piece  of  the  Pantheon  yet  extant :  this  is 
much  in  vogue  yet  in  Italy,  and  of  late  in  France,  espefcially  at  Rome 
and  Florence,  but  it  is  commonly  'svith  the  lantern  and  other  apertures 
to  let  in  day  without  exposure  to  the  weather,  as  appears  by  that  on  the 
summit  of  Saint  Peters ;  but  it  takes-  away,  in  my  poor  judgment, 
something  from  the  solemness  and;  natural  resemblance  of  the  other, 
which  yet  are  happly  better  to  be  endur'd  in  the  more  eastern  countries 
where  the  weather  Is  constant;  as  we  see  It  practic'd  In  what  the  pious 
Helena  erected  in  the  Holy  Land,  and  her  son  Gonstantine  the  Great,, 
or  rather,  that  at  present,  by  the  Emperor  Justinian-,  (one  Anthemius  of 
Trales,  and  Isador  the  Miletan  being  the  Architects,)  upon  that  magjai- 
ficent  structure  of  Santa  Sophia  yet  remaining  at  Constantinople,  and 
to  this  day  imitated  by  the  Turks  for  the  covering  qf  their  Mosques  . 
and  that  it  was  an  oriental  covering  and  invention,  the  QaXos  of  the 


Gtreeks  was  doubtless  deriv'd  from  the  Hebrew  '^HTri  MaZaj  signify ing  t< 
suspend  or  hang  as  it  were  in  the  air;;  but  the  Italian  name  seems  tc 
eome  from  cuppa  a.  cvue  or  great  washing-bowl,  which  it  much  resem- 
bles. As  to  the  name  dome,  whether  from  the  Greek  Sufia,  a  covering, 
as  Du  Cange,  or  as  Vossius,  domus,  I  am  not  concern'd  (^but  when 
they  call  it  dome,  it  ever  signifies  the  cathedral);  'tis  commonly  erected 
over  the  middle  of  the  building  where  the  isles  cross,  and  ought  to  be  in 
he^ht  half  the  diameter  of  the  church,  meaning  the  cuppa  otfly  (by 
some  nam'd  the  pyramis),  and  not  the  lantern  or  flos,  by  Architects  so 
call'd,  from  some  flower,  or  like  ornament  which  was  placed  upon,  it 
In;  the  mean  time,  we  find  some  of  these  coverings  in  other  shapes,  and 
multangular,  not  exceeding  eight ;  but  they  are  nothing  so  graceful  as 
the  dome-spheroid :  sometimes  also  they  are  made  to  let  in  greatei 
light  by  a  sort  of  lucar  windows ;  by  which  are  meant  those  suht'egu- 
Idrian  windows  that  appear  in  our  roofs  above  the  cornices,  of  which 
some  are  square  with  pediments,,  others  round  or  oval  and  oxe^yed  as 
they  term  them,  most  accommodate  to  the  cupola,  and  had  need  have 
twice  and  an  half  the  height  of  breadth,  by  reason  of  the  distance, 
with  circular  frontoons,  whilst  windows  in  upright  walls  ought  not  to 
be  above  a  fifth  part  less  wide-  than  those  beneath  them,  which  are  ever 
to  be  even  with  the  cornices  of  the  ceiling.  Antiently,  windows  were 
open  to  the  very  floor,  or  only  clos'd  with  a  ballustre  and  raile,  much 
safer,  and  as  commodious-  altogether  to  look  into  streets,,  or  enjoy  the 
prospect  as  our  late  meniana  and  balconies  are,  which  jette  out,,  and 
rest  only  upon  scrolls  and  mutules.  For  reasons  already  mention'd 
arched  vaults  in  cellars  should  have  arched  apertures  and  windows. 

Other  accessories  and  ornaments  are  also  used  in  buildings  which  I 
will  onlv  touch. 

Niches,  quasi  nidi,  nests,  of  old  concha,  are  a  kind  of  Plateus  or 
smaller  tribunals  (as  they  are  yet  called  in  Italy)  wherein  statues  are 
placed  to  protect  them  from  the  down  right  injuries  of  the  weather,  as 
well  as  for  ornament  to  plain  and  simple  walls :  as  to  their  regular 
sections  (tho',  as  we.have  already  noted,  there  be  nothing determin'd)  one 
may  allow  them  double,  half,  or  quarter  more  of  their  breadth,  and 
half  for  the  cavitie,.  whether  circular  or  square ;  the  rest  suitable  to  the 

3  H 


418 

character  of  the  main  buildiug,  and  proportion  of  the  statue  designM, 

and  therefore  in  placing  an  Hercules,  Commodus,  or  larger  figure,  a 

rustic,  or  Doric  work  and  ornament  would  become  them  better  than 

the  Corinthian  or  Composit  delicacy  j  fitter  for  the  less   robust  and 

more  effeminate,  whether  naked  as  the  Greek  statues,  or  clad  as  were 

the  Roman  :  and  so  in  respect  to  situation,  if  low,  or  even  to  the  area, 

or  much  higher,  the  statelier  and  taller  figures  should  be  plac'd  in  the 

lower  niches  ;  the  shorter  over  those,  and  their  niches  thrice  the  height 

of  the  breadth,  tho'  the  figure  exceed  not  that  of  the  imposts.     Square 

niches  have  a  third  of  their  largeness  in  depth,  and  twice  the  height : 

when  there  happens  a  very  large  peere  or  square  (as  sometimes  between 

the  windows),  they  should  observe  the  proportion  of  the  aperture  both 

for  height  and  breadth,  with  suitable  decoration  :  but  between  columns 

or  pillasters  standing  one  upon  the  other,  niches  are  not  so  proper, 

because  they  fill  the  spaces  too  much ;  and  where  more  than  one  is 

plac'd,  the  interval  should  be  equal  to  their  breadth ;  and  never  to  admit 

them  at  the  coines  of  a  building,  as  frequently  we  see  them  abroad  to 

inshrine  some  Saint,  that  the  image  may  be  seen  in  several  streets ;  in 

a  word,  the  too  thick  and  frequent  niches  become  no  building,  and  are 

unsufferable  where  a  cornice  is  broken  to  let  them  into  groups  and 

assemblies  of  more  figures,  as  the  action  may  require.     The  niche  is  to 

be  suited,  and  should  begin  at  the  floor  or  pavement  with  plinth  or 

pedestal,  higher  than  for  a  standing  figure,  which  is  ever  to  be  allow'd 

the  first ;  and  if   plac'd  in  a  spacious  court  or  garden,   the  pedestal 

should  be  higher,  so  as  the  statue  may  be  viewed  round  about :  as  to 

farther  decoration,  it  were  absurd  to  carve  a  mask,  satyr's  or  lyon's  head, 

as  we  sometimes  see  them  upon  the  key-stone,  least  standers  by  take  the 

statue  for  some  two  headed  monster  ;  nothing  more  becoming  it  withinj 

than  the  usual  esculop,  whether  wrought  in  the  stone,  or  plaster  :  indeed 

niches  shew  best  without  much  ornament," columns,  or  pillasters,  unless 

plac'd  at  the  end  of  some  long  gallery,  portic,  Vestibule  of  church, 

exchange,  or  courts  of  justice,  &c,     Oval  niches  do  handsomely  for 

busts  and  vases,  if  not  set  in  too  deep ;  and  therefore  may  be  allow'd  to 

stand  on  a  scroll  or  mutule :  lastly,  when  niches  are  made  very  much 

larger  and  higher,  beginning  from  the  pavement,  they  were  call'd 


419 

Tribunals,  as  of  old  it  seems  applied  to  all  high  and  eminent  places^ 
where  the  Tribunes  of  the  people  us'd  to  sit  as  judges.  We  have  a  no- 
ble resemblance  of  this  in  that  magnificent  throne  described  J  Reg.  10. 
19.  built  by  Solomon,  which  seems  to  me  to  have  been  such  an  ample 
niche,  in  which  a  principal  person  might  sit,  as  it  were,  half  canopied  over 
within  the  thickness  of  the  wall. 

In  walls  likewise  did  they  insert  many  noble  and  most  exquisite  sculp- 
tures and  historical  fables,  half  wrought  up,  emboss'd,  and  swelUng,  and 
sometimes  more  than  half,  which  eminencies  they  now  call  in  Italy  by 
the  name  of  basse,  and  mezzo  relievo.  These  were  sometimes  wrought 
in  marble,  as  in  that  famous  abacus  and  stylobata,  yet  extant,  of  Trajan's 
Pillar.  Their  ordinary  placing  was  in  the  fronts  of  edifices,  as  is  yet  to 
be  seen  in  divers  palaces  at  Rome,  and  especially  in  their  villas  and  re- 
tirements of  pleasure,  which  are  frequently  incrusted  with  them,  but 
vilely  imitated  in  our  exposed  fretworks  about  London,  to  the  reproach 
of  Sculpture,  especially  where  it  pretends  to  figures  on  the  out  sides  of 
our  citizens  houses.  I  well  remember  there  was  in  one  of  the  courts  of 
Nonsuch,*  several  large  squares  of  historical  relieue  moulded  off,  or 
wrought  in  stucco  by  no  ill  artist  (I  think  Italian),  which  upon  the  de- 
molition of  that  royal  fabrick,  I  hear,  have  been  translated,  and  most 
ornamently  plac'd  by  the  late  most  Honourable  Earl  of  Berkeley,  at  his 
delicious  villa,  Durdens  in  Surry,  not  far  from  Nonsuch,  which  is  thus 
describ'd  by  Camden,  (as  lately  publish'd  by  the  very  learn'd  Mr.  Gib- 
son,)-|"  where,  speaking  of  that  kingly  palace,  he  calls  it  "  magnificent  to 
so  high  a  pitch  of  ostentation,  as  one  would  think  the  whole  art  of  Ar- 
chitects were  crowded  into  this  simple  work  :"  and  then  as  to  the  rielieuo 
(which  appears  to  have  stood  expos'd  there  ever  since  the  reign  of  Henry 
VIII.  who  built  the  house),  "  so  many  images  to  the  life,  upon  the  walls 
thereof;  so  many  wonders  of  an  accomplish'd  workmanship,  as  even  vie 
with  the  remains  of  Roman  antiquity."     Indeed,  this  sort  of  decoration 

*  "At  the  extremity  of  the  town  (of  Epsom)  stands  DurcIaTU,  formerly  belonging  to  the  Earl 
of  Berkeley,  and  built  out  of  the  materials  of  Nonsuch,  a  palace  erected  by  King  Hen.  VIIl.  not 
ferfrom  hence,  and  given  by  K.  Charles  II.  to  the  Dutcliess  of  Cleveland,  who  pulled  it  down,  and 
sold  these  materials.  It  is  built  a  la  Modeme:  the  front  to  the  downs,  and  the  other  to  the  garden, 
are  very  regular  and  noble."— rAubrey's  Nat.  Hist,  of  Surrey,  8vo.  vol.  ii.  p.  218. 

t  Afterwards  Bishop  of  London. 


420 

has  of  late  been  supplied  by  painting  in  fcesco,  and  that  by  very  able 
hands,  especially  Signior  Verrio,  &c.  as  it  is  frequently  In  Italy  by  the 
most  famous  masters;  which  I  wish  the  inclemency  of  our  severer  cli- 
mate were  as  favourable  to  as  the  work  deserves. 

Ornaments, however  gayandfinetheyappear  to  the  eye,andarein  many 
cases  very  laudable  and  necessary,  there  is  yet  no  small  judgment  required, 
how  and  when  to  place  them  appositely,  so  as  they  do  not  rather  de- 
tract from  the  beauty  of  the  work  than  at  all  contribute  to  it.  Now  by 
ornament  we  understand  whatsoever  of  Sculpture  and  Carving  is  not  of 
constant  use,  or  absolutely  necessary  in  all  members  ;  such  as  frutages, 
festoons,  chaplets,  wreaths,  and  other  coronary  works ;  frets,  guilloches, 
modillons,  mutuls,  chartoches,  dentelli,  metops,  triglyphs,  ovola,  pine- 
cones,  niches,  statues,  busts,  relievos,  urns,  &c.:;  in  a  word,  all 
sorts  of  mouldings.  Vitruvius,  under  the  name  of  ornament,  reck'ning 
the  whole  entablature,  in  which  the  frieze  seems  to  be  the'most  proper 
field  for  decoration,  as  the  most  conspicuous  place,  and  where,  tho'  the 
Sculptor  shew*d  his  address  and  invention,  the  antlents  (who  spared 
nothing  which  might  accomplish  the  publick  buildings)  were  not  all  so 
lavish,  in  over  frequent  and  unnecessary  gayities.  Their  temples,  am- 
phitheatres, circus's,  courts  of  justice,  fora,  ports  and  entries  of  cities, 
prisons,  bridges,  basilica,  royal  palaces  and  other  buildings  of  state, 
were  grave  and  solid  structures,  void  of  those  little  membrets,  trifling 
mouldings,  and  superfluous  carvings,  which  take  away  from  that 
majestic  and  grand  maniere  that  most  becomes  them  ;  reserving  those 
richer  accessories  and  costly  finishings  for  theatres,  triumphal  arches, 
historical  columns,  and  other  ostentatious  pomps  :  nor  even  in  these  did 
they  use  them  profusely,  but  with  great  judgment,  symbolical  to  the 
subject  and  occasion.  And  therefore  those  antlent  ornaments  would  not 
suit  so  properly  with  the  ages  since,  and  may  I  conceive  lawfully.be 
chang'd,  without  presumption  or  injury  to  any  essential  member ;  as  if 
(for  instance)  instead  of  sphinxes  and  griffons  plac'd  before  the  Pagan 
Temples  (guardians  of  treasure  which  was  kept  in  those  sacred  build- 
ings), angels  should  be  set  before  our  churches;  and  In  the  Doric 
friezes,  instead  of  ox-sculls,  the  priests  secespita,  guttce,  acerra,  sim- 
pula,  and  other  sacrificing  utensils,  we  chang'd  them  in  our  churches 


421 

(where  that  jorder  best  beseems  them)  into  cherubs,  flaming  hearts,  book? 
laid  open,  the  patin,  chalice,  mitre,  crosier,  &e.  The  frontons  of  maga- 
zines and  public  munitions  had  the  sculps  of  antique  casks,  targets, 
battle-axes,  thunderbolts,  the  battering-ram,  catapults,  &c.  which  we 
may  answer  with  our  modern  artillery  of  cannon,  bombs,  mortars,  drums, 
trumpets,  and  other  warlike  engines;  and  to  their  rostra,  rudders,  anchors, 
tridents,  scalops,&c.  the  wonder-working  nautic-box,  with  whatever  else 
of  useful  and  conspicuous  has  improv'd  our  navigation.  The  tympan 
before  courts  of  justice  may  become  her  statue,  sitting  on  a  cube,  with 
fasces,  axes,  and  other  emblems  of  magistracy. 

Therm<s  were  adorn'd  with  jarrs,  ampullae,  strigils  in  the  friezes ;  the 
Mausolea,  urns,  lamps,  and  smoaking  tapers ;    Hippodroms,  Circus's, 
had  the  statues  of  horses  on  the  fronts,  metae,  obohses,.&c.  The  publick 
Fountains  were  seldom  without  the  river-gods.  Nymphs,  Naides,  Tritons, 
Hipoppotoms,  Crocodiles,  &c.  Theatres  were  set  out  with  mascara,  satyrs 
heads,  Mercury's  caduceus,  the  statues  of  Apollo,  Pegasus,  the  Muses, 
little  Cupids,  and  Genii,  laureat  busts,  &c.  Arches  triumphal  with  relievo 
of  the  conqueror's  expedition,  trophies,  spoiles  and  harness,  palms  and 
.  crowns.    And  where  Tables  for  inscriptions  were  inserted  to  continue,  or 
but  only  for  a  shorter  time,  as  to  celebrate  some  solemn  entrie,  a  Princes 
coronation,  royal  nuptials,  adorn'd  with  devises,  and  compartments,  for 
pomp  and  show,  the  contrivance  was  under  the  direction  of  the  archi' 
tectum  scenicusy  arid  requir'd  a  particular  talent  and  address,  poetic  and 
inventive.     In  sum,  all  ornaments  and  decorations  in 'general  should  be 
agreeable  to  the  subject,  with  due  and  just  regard  to  the  order,  which 
the  antients  .religiously  observ'd ;  tho'  where  (as  we  said)  it  was  not 
absolutely  essential,  leaving  out  or  putting  in  as  they  thought  conve- 
nient; for  excepting  the  dress  and  tire. of  the  Ionic,. Corinthian,  and 
Gomposita  capitals,  they  were  not  obliged  to  charge. the  other  members 
with  costly  ornaments ;  so  as  they  frequently  left  out  the  metors  and 
triglyph  in  the  friezes  of  the  first  (as  we  have  already^ noted),  the  den- 
telli,  ovolo,  and  quarter  round,  in  the  grand  cornice  of  the  latter,  plain 
and  without  carving;  neither  did  they  often  fill  the  pedestals  with  relieuo, 
nor  the  staves  in  the  flutings ;  and  rarely  ever  allow  the  corona  any  en- 
richment at  all,  or  so  much  as  rounded ;  and  were  free  to  leave  the  Doric 


422 

phncere  naked,  or  with  simple  guttse  only.  They  were  careful  not  to 
multiply  larger  mouldings,  which  sometimes  they  alter'd,  and  now  and 
then  would  separate  them  with  a  smaller  list  or  simple  611et ;  some- 
times using  the  carved  astragal,  and  at  another  the  plain;  always  leaving 
the  list  of  the  superior  cornice  flat,  to  shew  us  that  the  safest  rule  to  go 
by  is  to  follow  the  character  of  each  respective  order ;  and  indeed  how 
oddly  would  the  Tuscan  or  Doric  become  the  Corinthian  coifure,  or  the 
spruce  and  florid  Corinthian  a  Tuscan  entablature.  The  same  is  to  be 
considered  in  the  key-stone  of  arches ;  plain  in  the  Tuscan  and  Doric, 
with  a  moderate  projecture.  The  Ionic  scroll,  serving  as  a  prothi/rides, 
on  such  occasions  may  be  richly  flower'd  and  carv'd  in  a  Corinthian  or 
Cbmposit  entrance,  and  where  they  support  tables  and  mensulee  for 
some  inscription.  Roses,  lyons-heads,  escalops,  and  other  decorations^ 
are  allowable  under  the  corona  with  this  rule,  that  whether  here,  or  un- 
der any  roof  or  cieling  interlacing  fretts,  be  ever  made  as  fight  angles. 
Lastly,  as  to  poclice,  rails  and  balusters,  so  to  humour  the  order,  that 
the  Tuscan  be  plain,  but  not  too  gouty,  or  too  close  to  one  another,  or 
far  assunder,  that  is,  not  exceeding  twice  the  diameter  of  the  necks;  nor 
are  they  oblig'd  to  a  constant  shape,  for  some  swell  below,  others  above, 
and  some  are  made  like  termes,  all  of  them  having  their  peculiar  grace 
and  beauty.  What  is  said  of  Tuscan,  Is  to  be  understood  of  the  rest;  so 
as  the  Corinthian  and  Composita  may  be  carv'd  and  enrich'd  without  any 
scrupule,  for  any  thing  that  appears  to  the  contrary  among  the  antients, 
or  our  ablest  masters.  To  conclude,  not  only  the  roofs  of  houses  and 
their  fronts  had  their  adornments,  but  the  floors  also  were  inlaid  with 
pavements  of  the  most  precious  materials,  as  of  several  coloured  stones 
and  woods,  and  this  they  call'd 

Emblema,  continued  to  this  day  by  the  Italians  in  their  Pietra  Co- 
messa;  of  which  the  most  magnificent  and  stupendious  chappel  of  Saint 
Laurence  at  Florence,  Paul  the  First  at  Sancta  Maria  Maggiore  in 
Rome,  are  particular  and  amazing  instances,  where  not  only  the  pave- 
ment, but  likewise  all  the  walls,  are  most  richly  incrusted  with  all  sorts 
of  precious  marbles,  serpentine,  porphirie,  ophitis,  achat,  rants,  coral, 
cornelian,  lazuli,  &c.  of  which  one  may  number  nearly  thirty  sorts,  cut 
and  laid  into  a  fonds  or  ground  of  black-marble,  (as  our  Cabinet-makers 


423 

do  their  variegated  woods,)  in  the  shape  of  birds,  flowers,  landskips, 
grotesks,  and  other  compartiments  most  admirably  polished,  a  glorious 
and  everlasting  magnificence.  But  where  it  is  made  of  lesser  stones,  or 
rather  morsels  of  them,  assisted  with  small  squares  of  thick  glass,  of 
which  some  are  gilded  or  cemented  in  the  stuc  or  plaster,  it  is  call'd 
Mosaic- work,  opus  musivum^  and  it  does  naturally  represent  the  most 
curious  and  accurate  sort  of  painting,  even  to  the  life,  nor  less  durable 
than  the  former,  as  is  most  conspicuous  in  that  front  of  St.  Mark's  Church 
at  Venice,  the  nave  or  ship  of  Giotto  under  the  cupola  of  Saint  Peter's 
at  Rome,  and  the  altar-piece  of  Saint  Michael  near  it.  These  are  the 
tesselata  and  vermiculata,  or  pavimenta  osar'ota  of  the  antients,  which 
no  age  or  exposure  impairs,  but  of  which  I  do  not  remember  to  have 
seen  any  publick  work  in  our  country.  In  the  mean  time,  not  to  be 
forgotten  are  the.floorings  of  wood  which  her  Majesty  the  Queen  Mo- 
ther has  first  brought  into  use  in  England  at  her  Palace  of  Somerset- 
House,  the  like  whereof  I  directed  to  be  made  in  a  bed-chamber  at  Ber- 
keley-House. The  French  call  it  parquetage,  a  kind  of  segmenlatum 
opus,  and  which  has  some  resemblance  to  these  magnificencies,  because 
it  is  exceeding  beautiful,  and  very  lasting.  And  this  puts  me  in  mind 
of  that  most  useful  Appendix  joyn'd  to  Mr.  Richards'  late  Translation  of 
the  first  Book  of  Palladio,  and  those  other  Pieces  of  La  Muet  the  French 
Architect,  wherein,  besides  what  he  has  publish'd  concerning  these  kinds 
of  timber-floors,  &c.  you  have  at  the  conclusion  of  that  Treatise  a  most 
accurate  account  of  their  contignations  and  timberings  of  all  sorts  of 
stories,  roofings,  and  other  erections,  with  their  use,  scantlings,  and 
proper  names,  which,  for  being  so  perspicuously  describ'd,  deserves 
our  commendation  and  encouragement. 

May  this  then  suffice,  not  only  for  the  interpretation  of  the  terms  af- 
fected  to  this  noble  art,  but  to  justifie  the  title,  and  in  some  measure  also 
for  the  instruction  and  aid  of  divers  builders,  on  some  occasions  wherein 
they  not  seldom  fail ;  especially  in  the  country  (where,  for  the  saving  a 
little  charge,  they  seldom  consult  an  experienc'd  Artist,  besides  the 
neighbour  Brick-layer  and  Carpenter,)  till  some  more  dextrous  and 
able  hand,  and  at  greater  leisure,  oblige  the  publick  and  our  countrymen 


424 

with  such  a  body  and  course  of  Architecture,  as  with  others,  Monsieur 
Blondel,  D'Avilar  and,  instar  omnium,  the  learned  Perrault  (by  his 
version  and  useful  comments  on  Vitruvius),  have  done  for  theirs. 

Eura  Architectum  oportet  usu  esse  peritum  &  solertem,  qui  demere     ^ 
aut  adjicere  praescriptiis  velit. 

J.  E. 


.■:*. 


\ 


kalembaeh; III    m o lu.  r  \ m,; 


•'**■'    "•"^"■;:-:B  ^iir'fe    '^i'-r:^|5?''g  J 


''V*l*.*fii^.t,  lit,,  i 


:J»  rnn 


v.V  14^1X51* 


.f*s. 


■s-ss 


^  4'    ; 


,fi; '--.  v-'-.i-'/.v'wm 


4 


i^^^P 


KALENDARIUM     HORTENSE ; 


OR 


CJe  ([^atDner'si  ^Imanatfe; 


DIBECTING 


WHAT   HE   IS    TO    DO    MONTHLY  THROUGHOUT  THE    YEAR; 


AND  WHAT  FRUITS  AND   FLOWERS  ARE  IN  PRIME. 


By   JOHN  EVELYN,    Esq. 

FELLOW  OF  THE  ROYAL  SOCIETY. 


■  Labor  actus  in  orbem,         Virg.  Geor.  2. 


Satis  admirari  oequeo,  quod  prima  scriptidrum  meorum  exordio  jure  conquestus  sum :  Cieterarum  Ariium  minus  vitse 
necessariarum  repertos  Antistites,  Agrieutturis  neq.  Discipulos,  neq.  Fraeceptores  inventos. 

CoLUMELL.  Lib.  ix.  cap.  l  ■ 


LONDON: 

PRINTED    FOK    JOHN    MARTIN,    PRINTER    TO   THE    ROYAL    SOCIETY,    1664. 


TENTH  EDITION  : 

PRINTED    FOR    ROB.    SCOT,    RIC.  C^ISWELt,    GEORGE    SAWBKIDGB,    AND    BEN.    TOOKE.       1706. 


3  I 


427 


This  Tract  originally  appeared  in  8vo.  in  1664.  A  second  edition, 
with  many  useful  additions,  was  printed  in  1666,  dedicated  to  Evelyn's 
"  worthy  friend "  Abraham  Giwley.  Several  additions  were  likewise 
added  to  the  "  Sylva,"  in  folio ;  it  wias  again  reprinted  in  octavo  in  1699 ; 
and  for  the  tenth  time  in  1^06,  in  12mo.  In  a  letter  to  Lady  Sunder- 
land, dated  4th  August,  1690,  the  Author  says,  "  As  for  the  Kalendar 
your  Ladyship  mentions,  whatever  assistance  it  may  be  to  some  novice 
gardener,  sure  I  am  his  Lp  will  find  nothing  in  it  worth  his  notice  but  an 
old  inclination  to  an  innocent  diversion,  and  the  acceptance  it  found  with 
my  deare  and  (while  he  lived)  worthy  friend  Mr.  Cowley,  upon  whose 
reputation  only  it  has  survived  seaven  impressions,  and  is  now  entering 
the  eighth,  with  some  considerable  improvements,  more  agreeable  to  the 
present  curiosity.  ^Tis  now,  Mad"*,  almost  fourty  yeares  since  first  I 
writ  it,  when  Horticulture  was  not  much  advanc'd  in  England,  and  neere 
thirty  since  first  "'twas  publish'd,  which  consideration  will,  I  hope,  excuse 
its  many  defects." 

The  Kalendarium  Hortense  cannot  fail  of  being  highly  interesting 
to  the  Horticulturist,  since  it  is  the  foundation  on  which  all  our  best 
books  on  Gardening  have  been  erected ;  and  no  better  plan  can  be 
adopted  for  the  amateur  gardener,  than  that  of  giving  directions  under 
the  head  of  each  month.  It  is  also  valuable,  as  forming  a  Catalogue  of 
the  Fruits  and  Flowers,  as  well  as  the  Culinary  Vegetables,  of  the  day  in 
which  the  Author  lived. 


429 


TO   ABRAHAM   COWLEY,   Esq. 

Sir, 
This  Hortulan  Kalendar  is  yours,  mindful  of  the  honour  once  con- 
"err'd  on  It,  when  you  were  pleas'd  to  suspend  your  nobler  raptures,  and 
:hink  it  worthy  your  transcribing.  It  appears  now  with  some  advan- 
lages  which  it  then  wanted  ;  because  it  had  not  that  of  publishing  to 
:he  world,  how  infinitely  I  magnifie  your  contempt  of  (not  to  say.re- 
i^enge  upon)  it ;  whilst  you  still  continue  in  the  possession  of  your  self, 
ind  of  that  repose  which  few  men  understand,  in  exchange  for  those 
pretty  miseries  you  have  essay'd.  O  the  sweet  evenings  and  mornings, 
md  all  the  day  besides  which  are  yours  ! 

....  while  Cowley's  made 
The  happy  tenant  of  the  shade  ! 

And  the  sun  in  his  garden  gives  him  all  he  desires,  and  all  that  he  would 
enjoy  ;  the  purity  of  visible  objects  and  of  true  Nature,  before  she  was 
vitiated  by  imposture  or  luxury  ! 

....  Books,  wise  discourse,  gardens  and  fields. 
And  all  the  joys  that  unmixt  Nature  yields. 

Misc. 

You  gather  the  first  roses  of  the  spring,  and  apples  of  autumn ;  and  as 
the  philosopher  in  Seneca  desir'd  only  bread  and  herbs  to  dispute  felicity 
with  Jupiter,  you  vie  happiness  in  a  thousand  easy  and  sweet  diver- 
sions ;  not  forgetting  the  innocent  toils  which  you  cultivate,  the  lei- 
sure and  the  liberty,  the  books,  the  meditations,  and,  above  all,  the 
learned  and  choice  friendships  that  you  enjoy.  Who  would  not,  like 
you,  cacher  sa  vie  t  'Twas  the  wise  impress  of  Balzac,  and  of  Plutarch 
liefore  him ;  you  give  it  lustre  and  interpretation.  I  assure  you.  Sir,  it 
is  what  in  the  world  1  most  inwardly  breathe  after  and  pursue,  not  ta 
say  that  I  envy  your  felicity,  deliver'd  from  the  gilded  impertinences  of 
lifei  to  enjoy  the  moments  of  a  solid  and  pure  contentment ;  since  those 
who  know  how  usefully  you  employ  this  glorious  recess,  must  needs  be 
forced  either  to  imitate,  or,  as  I  do,  to  celebrate  your  example. 

J.  Evelyn. 


430 


INTRODUCTION  TO  THE  KALENDAR. 


f^s  Paradise  (though  of  God's  own  planting)  was  no  longer  Para- 
e,  than  the  man  put  into  it  continued  to  dress  it  and  to  keep  it*,  so, 
•  will  our  Gardens  (as  near  as  we  can  contrive  them  to  the  resemblance 
that  blessed  abode)  remain  long  in  their  perfection,  unless  they  are 

0  continually  cultivated.     For  when  we  have  so  much  celebrated  the 

1  and  felicity  of  an  excellent  Gard'ner,  as  to  think  it  preferable  to  all 
ler  diversions  whatsoever ;  it  is  not  because  of  the  leisure  whibh  he 
oys  above  other  men  ;  ease  and  opportunity  which  ministers  to  vain 
1  insignificant  delights  ;    such  as  fools  derive  from  sensual  objects  : 

dare  boldly  pronounce  it,  there  is  not  amongst  men  a  more  labori- 
I  life  than  is  that  of  a  good  Gard'ner ;  but  because  a  labour  full  of 
aquillity  and  satisfaction,  natural  and  instructive,  and  such  as  (if 
(')  contributes  to  piety  and  contemplation,  experience,  health,  and 
gevity,  munera  nondum  intellecta  Dedm  :  in  sum,  a  condition  it  is, 
nished  with  the  most  innocent,  laudable,  and  purest  of  earthly  felici- 
5,  and  such  as  does  certainly  make  the  nearest  approaches  to  that 
ssed  state,  where  only  they  enjoy  all  things  without  pains  ;  so  as 
»se  who  were  led  only  by  the  light  of  nature,  because  they  could  fancy 
le  more  glorious,  thought  it  worthy  of  entertaining  the  souls  of  their 
>arted  heroes,  and  most  illustrious  of  mortals. 

But  to  return  to  the  labour,  because  there  is  nothing  excellent  which 
to  be  attained  without  it.  A  Gard'nerS  work  is  never  at  an  end  ;  it 
rins  with  the  year,  and  continues  to  the  next :  he  prepares  the 
>und,  and  then  he  sows  it ;  after  that  he  plants,  and  then  he  gathers 
;  fruits  ;  but  in  all  the  intermedial  spaces  he  is  careful  to  dress  it ;  so  as 

*  Gen.  c.  ii.  15. 


431 

Columella,  speaking  of  this  continual  assiduity,  tells  us  *,  "  A  Gard'ner 
is  not  only  to  reckon  upon  the  loss  of  bare  twelve  hours,  but  of  an  whole 
year,  unless  he  perform  what  is  at  the  present  requisite  in  its  due 
period;  and  therefore  is  such  a  monthly  notice  of  his  task  as  depends 
upon  the  signs  and  seasons  highly  necessary  f." 

Gard'ners  had  need  each  star  as  well  to  know, 
The  Kid,  the  Dragon,  and  Arcturus  too, 
As  seamen,  who  through  dismal  storms  are  wont 
To  pass  the  oyster-breeding  Hellespont  X- 

All  which  duly  weighed,  how  precious  the  time  is,  how  precipitous  the 
occasion,  how  many  things  to  be  done  in  their  just  season,  and  how 
intolerable  a  confusion  will  succeed  the  smallest  neglect,  after  once  a 
ground  is  in  order,  we  thought  we  should  not  attempt  an  unacceptable 
work,  if  here  we  endeavour  to  present  our  Gard'ners  with  a  compleat 
cycle  of  what  is  requisite  to  be  done  throughout  every  month  of  the 
year  :   we  say  each  month,  because  by  dividing  it  into  parts  so  dis- 


*  Praetermissas  duodecim  horas,  sed  annum  periisse,  nisi  sua  quaque  quod  instat  effecerit :  quare 
necessaria  est  menstrui  cuj  usque  o£Scii  monitio  ea  qus  pendet  ex  ratione  Syderum  Oieli,  &c. 
Columella  de  Re  Rust.  1.  ix. 

f  This  observation,  which  may  appear  like  superstition  to  us  who  reside  in  an  irregular  climate, 
is.  highly  necessary  to  the  inhabitants  of  mor^  settled  skies,  where  the  rains  generally  set  in  or  the 
sun  shines  with  greater  force  at  stated  seasons,  which  are  marked  by  astronomical  observations : 

"  Beneath  what  star  fair  flow'rs  first  shew  their  heads." 

The  directions  which  Columella  gave  to  the  Romans  of  his  own  day,  are  equally  applicable  to  the 
Italians  of  the  present  age. 

"  Now,  when  the  thirsty  Dog-star  shall  have  drank 

Full  draughts  of  Ocean's  streams  j  and  when  his  orb 

With  equal  hours  bright  Titan  shall  have  pois'd. 

And  Autumn,  glutted  with  all  sorts  of  fruit. 

Shaking  his  hoary  head^  with  apples  deck'd. 

And  all  his  garments  wet  and  stain'd  with  must. 

Shall  from  ripe  grapes  the  foaming  liquor  squeeze  r 

Then  let  the  lowly  ground,-  with  streng^th  of  spades 

Well  arm'd  with  iron,  be  turned  upside  down." — Book  X. 

X  " tam  sunt  Arcturi  sidera  nobis 

Haedordmque  dies  servandi,  et  lucidus  Anguis, 
Quam  quibus  in  patriam  ventosa  per  tequora  vectis 
Pontus,  et  Ostriferi  fauces  tentantur  Abydi."— Geor.  I. 


432 

tinct,  the  order  in  which  they  shall  find  each  particular  to  be  disposed 
may  not  only  render  the  work  more  facile  and  delightful,  but  redeem  it 
from  that  extreme  perplexity,  which,  for  want  of  a  constant  and  uniform 
method,  we  find  does  so  universally  district  the  vulgar  sort  of  them  : 
they  know  not  (for  the  most  part)  the  seasons  when  things  are  to  be 
done  * ;  and  when  at  any  time  they  come  to  know,  there  often  falls  out 
so  many  things  to  be  done  on  the  sudden,  that  some  of  them  must  of 
necessity  be  neglected  for  that  whole  year,  which  is  the  greatest  detri- 
ment to  this  mystery,  and  frequently  irrecoverable. 

We  are  yet  far  from  imposing  (by  any  thing  we  have  here  alledged 
concerning  these  menstrual  periods)  those  nice  and  hypercritical  punc- 
tilios which  some  astrologers,  and  such  as  pursue  their  rules,  seem  to 
oblige  our  Gard'ners  to  ;  as  if,  forsooth,  all  were  lost,  and  our  pains  to 
no  purpose,  unless  the  sowing  and  the  planting,  the  cutting  and  the 
pruning,  were  performed  in  such  and  such  an  exact  minute  of  the 
moon  :  In  hac  autem  ruris  disciplina  non  desideratur  ejusmodi  scrupu- 
lositasf.  There  ai'e  indeed  some  certain  seasons,  and  suspecta  tempora, 
which  the  prudent  Gard'ner  ought  carefully  (as  much  as  in  him  lies)  to 
prevent :  but  as  to  the  rest,  let  it  suffice,  that  he  diligently  follow  the 
observations  which  (by  great  industry)  we  have  collected  together,  and 
here  present  him,  as  so  many  Synoptical  Tables,  calculated  for  his 
monthly  use,  to  the  end  he  may  pretermit  nothing  which  is  under  his 
inspection,  and  is  necessary,  or  distract  his  thoughts  and  employment 
before  the  seasons  require  it. 

And  now,  however  this  may  seem  but  a  trifle  to  some  who  esteem 
books  by  the  bulk,  not  the  benefit ;  let  them  forbear  yet  to  despise 
these  few  ensuing  pages,  for  never  was  any  thing  of  this  pretence  more 
fully  and  ingenuously  imparted,  1  shall  not  say  to  the  regret  of  all  our 
mercenary  Gard'ners,  because  I  have  much  obligation  to  some  above 
that  epithete  :  Mr.  Rose  J,  Gard'ner  to  his  Majesty,  and  lately  at  Essex- 

*  Quia  caput  est  in  omni  negotio,  nosse  quid  agendum  sit,  &c.    Columella  de  Re  Rust.  1.  i.  c.  1. 

f  Columella. 

J  Mr.  Rose  raised  the  first  pine-apple  that  was  grown  in  England.  In  ^  picture  at  Kensington 
Palace  he  is  represented  presenting  a  pine-apple  to  King  Charles  j  and  the  Earl  of  Waldegrave  has 
a  similar  picture  at  Strawberry-hill,  Twickenham,  which  is  supposed  to  have  been  painted  by 
Daneker.  A  print  in  the  line  manner  has  recently  been  engraven  from  the  former  picture  by 
Mr.  Graves. 


433 


le  to  her  Grace  the  Duchess  of  Somerset ;  and  Mr.  Turner*,  formerly 
i^lmbledon  in  Surry,  who,  being  certainly  amongst  the  most  expert 
leir  profession  in  England,  are  no  less  to  be  celebrated,  for  their  free 
munications  to  the  publick,  by  divers  observations  of  theirs,  which 
'.  furnished  to  this  design.  And  it  is  from  the  result  of  very  much 
;rience,  and  an  extiaordinary  inclination  tp  cherish  so  innocent  and 
able  a  diversion,  and!  to  incite  an  affection  in  the  Nobles  of  this 
an  towards  it,  that  I  begin  to  open  to  them  so  many  of  the  interior 
2tSj. and. most  precious  rules  of  this  mysterious  art,  without  impos- 
,  or  invidious  reserve.  The  very  Catalogue  of  Fruits  and  Flowers, 
he  Orchard  and  the  Parterre,  will  gratifte  the  most  innocent  of  the 
es,  and  whoever  else  shall  be. to  seek  a  rare  and  universal  choice  for 
)lantation. 

ouching  the  method,  it  is  so  obvious,  that  there  needs  no  farther 
:tion  ;  and  the  consequent  will  prove  so  certain,  that  a  work  of  the 
est  pains  is  by  this,  little  instrument  rendered  the  most,  facile  and 
eable,  as  by  which  you  shall  continually  preserve  your  Garden  in  that 
action  of  beauty  and  lustre,  without  confusion  or  prejudice ;  nor 
ed  could  we  think  of  a  more  comprehensive  expedient,  whereby  to 
it  the  frail  and  torpent  memory  through  so  multifarious  and  nume- 
an  employment  (the  daily  subject  of  a  Gard'ners  care),  than  by  the 
lomy  and  discipline  which  we  have  here  consigned  it  to,  and  which 
industrious  Gard'ner  may  himself  be  continually  improving  from 
own  observations  and  experience.  In  the  mean  time,  we  have,  at 
instance  of  very  many  persons,  who  have  been  pleased  to  acknow- 
e  the  effects  of  a  former  less  perfect  impression,  thought  good  to 
ish  an  Edition  in  a  smaller  volume,  that  as  an  Enchiridion  it  may 
le  more  ready  and  useful ;  but  the  Kalendar  might  be  considerably 
nented,  and  recommend  itself  to  more  universal  use,  by  taking  in 


ilr.  Turner  was  an  apothecary  m  London,  and  Herbarist  to  James  the  First  and  Charles  the 

His  work,  entitled  "Paridisi  in  Sole  Paradisus  Terrestris,"  was  dedicated  to  Henrietta 

I,  Queen  of  Charles  the  First,  in  the  year  1629.    In  1640  Parkinson  published  his  "Thea- 

Botanicum,"  a  valuable  work.    It  appears  that  Parkinson  had  the  superintendence  of  the 

Gardens  at  Wimbledon,  which  were  broken  up  and  sold  by  order  of  the  Parliament  in  1649. 

3  K 


434 

the  monthly  employments  of  all  the  parts  of  agriculture,  as  tl 
been  begun  to  us  in  Columella,  *  Palladius,  de  Serres,  Augustin 
Vincenzo  Tanara,  Herrera,  our  Tusserf,  Markham,  and  others 
cially  if  well  and  judiciously  applied  to  the  climate  and  several  c< 
But  it  were  here  besides  our  institution,  nor  would  the  pages 
them  ;  what  is  yet  found  vacant  has  been  purposely  left,  that  oui 
ner  may  supply  as  he  finds  cause  ;  for  which  reason  like' 
have  rang'd  both  the  Fruits  and  Flowers  in  prime  after  some 
promiscuous  order ;  and  not  after  the  letters  of  the  alphabet, 
method  might  be  pursued  with  the  least  disorder.     Lastly, 

The  Fruits  and  Flowers  in  prime  are  to  be  as  well  considered 
tion  to  their  lasting  and  continuance,  as  to  their  maturity  and  b 

J.  Evi 

***  The  references  to  the  "  Discourse  on  Earth,"  are  only  to  hefour^ 
Third  Edition  folio,  printed  with"  Sylva"  and  "  Pomona"  S^c,  1' 


*  Col.  de  R.  R.  lib.  11,  c.  11.    Pall.  lib.  1.    Tit.  1. 

t  Tusser's  "  Five  Hundred  points  of  good  Husbandry,"  which  was  first  published  i: 
1557,  may  still  be  perused  with  benefit  to  the  reader,  being  full  of  useful  hints,  as  well  i 
an  interesting  picture  of  the  agricultural  progress  of  those  days. 


435 
THE    GARDEN.* 


To  John  Evelyn,  Esq. 

I  never  had  any  other  desire  so  strong,  and  so  like  to  covetuousness 
as  y*  one,  w^*"  I  have  had  always,  y*  I  might  bee  master  at  last,  of 
a  small  Hous  and  larg  Garden,  w''^  very  moderat  conveniences  joyned 
to  them,  and  there  dedicat  the  remainder  of  my  life,  onely  to  the 
culture  of  them,  &  study  of  Nature, 

And  there,  with  no  design  beyond  my  wall, 
Whole,  and  entire  to  lye, 

In  no  unactive  Eas,  and  no  unglorious  Poverty 
Or,  as  Virgil  has  said,  shorter  and  better  for  mee  that  I  might  there 
studiis  Jiorere  ignobilis  otti,  (though!  could  wish,  meethinks,  y*  he 
had  rather  said,  nobilis  otiif  when  hee  spoke  of  his  own,)  but  severall 
accidents  of  my  ill  fortune  have  disappointed  mee  hitherto,  and  still  do, 
of  y*  fselicitie  ;  for  though  I  have  made  the  first  and  hardest  step  to  it, 
by  abandonning  all  ambitions  and  hopes  in  this  world,  and  by  retiring 
from  the  nois  of  all  busines,  and  almost  company,  yet  I  stick  still  in 
the  Inne  of  a  hired  Hous  and  Garden,  amoung  weeds  and  .rubbish ;  and 
w*''out  y*  pleasantest  work  of  human  industry,  y^  improvement  of  some- 
thing, w"''  wee  call  (not  very  properly,  but  yet  wee  call)  our  own.     I  am 
gon  out  from  Sodom,  but  I  am  not  arrived  yet  at  my  little  Zoar.     Oh 
let  mee  escape  thither,  (is  it  not  a  little  one .?)  and  my  Soul  shall  live. 
I  do  not  look  back  yet,  but  I  have  ben  forced  to  stop  and  make  too 
many  halts.     You  may  wonder.  Sir,  (for  this  seems  a  little  too  extra- 
vagant and  Pindarical  for  prose)  what  I  mean  by  all  this  preface ;  it  is 
to  let  you  know,  y*  though  I  have  mist,  like  a  chymist,  my  main  end, 
yet  I  account  my  affections  and  endeavours  well  rewarded  by  something 
w"^  I  have  gotten  by  y*  by,  w"*"  is,  that  they  have  procured  to  mee  some 
part  in  y'  kindnes  and  esteem,  and  thereby  the  honour  of  haveing  my 
name  so  advantageously  recommended  to  posterity  by  y^  Epistle  you 

*  Carefully  corrected  by  the  original  manuscript  in  the  hand-writing  of  Abraham  Cowley,  now 
in  the  possession  of  W.  Upcott,  and  to  whom  it  was  kindly  presented  by  the  late  Lady  Evelyn. 


436 

are  pleased  to  prefix  to  the  most  useful!  book  y*  has  ben  writtt 
kind,  and  w'=^  is  to  last  as  long  as  Months  and  Years.  Cum 
Lund  Tu  quoq;  semper  eris. 

Amoung  many  other  arts  and  excellencies  w'^'^  you  enioy,  1  i 
to  find  this  favourite  of  mine  the  most  prsedominant ;  that  yo 
this  for  y'  Wife  though  you  have,  like  Solomon,  hundreds  of  ot 
for  your  Concubines.  Though  you  know  them,  and  beget  sonn 
them  all  Cto  w'^*'  you  are  rich  enough  to  allow  great  legacies) 
Issue  of  this  seems  to  bee  designed  by  you  to  y^  main  of  the 
You  have  taken  most  pleasure  in  it,  and  bestowed  most  charg 
its  education;  and  I  doubt  not  to  see  y*  Book,  w'^''  you  are  pie 
promise  to  the  world,  and  of  w"^  you  have  given  us  a  larg  earne 
Calendar,  as  accomplished  as  any  thing  can  bee  expected  from  ar 
ordinary  Witt,  and  no  ordinary  expences,  and  a  long  experie 
know  no  body  y*  possesses  more  private  happines  then"  you 
y^  Garden,  and  yet  no  man  who  makes  his  hajppines  more  publ 
a  free  communication  of  y^  art  and  knowledg  of  it  to  others 
w'=''  I  myself  am  able  yet  to  do,  is  onely  to  recommend  to  n 
the  search  of  y*  faelicity  w"^  you  instruct  them  how  to  find 
enjoy. 

.  I. 
Happy  art  Thou  whom  God  does  bless 
W*  ye  full  choice  of  thine  own  happiness ! 
And  happier  yet,  becaus  thou'rt  blest 
W*  prudence  how  to  choos  the  best ! 
In  Books  and  Gardens  thou  hast  plae'd  aright 

(Things  w'=''  thou  well  dost  understand, 
And  both  dost  make  w**?  thy  laborious  hand) 
Thy  noble,  innocent  delight : 
And  in  thy  virtuous  Wife,  where  thou  again  dost  meet 
Both  pleasures  more  refin'd  arid  sweet : 
The  fairest  garden  in  her  looks. 
And  in  her  mind  the  wisest  books. 
Oh  who  would  change  theis  soft,  yet  solid  joys. 
For  empty  shows  and  senceless  noise, 
And  all  w*^^  rank  Ambition  breeds, 
W"''  seem  such  beauteous  flowers,  and  are  such  poisonous  weed 


437 

II. 

When  God  did  Man  to  his  own  Kkenes  make, 

As  much  as  Clay/though  of  the  purest  kind, 
By  the  great  Potters  art  refin'd, 
Could  the  Divine  impression  take : 
Hee  thought  it  fit  to  place  him  where 
A  kind  of  Heav'enrtoo  did  appear, 

As  far  as  Earth  could  such  a  likenes  bear : 
That  man  no  happines  might  want, 

W"*"  earth  to  her  first  master  could  afford ; 
He  did  a  garden  for  him  plant" 

By  y^  quick  hand  of  his  omnipotent  word. 

As  y*  cheif  hplp  and  joy  of  human  life, 
ee  gave  him  y*  first  gift,  first,  even  before  a  Wife. 

III. 

For  God,  the  universale  Architect, 
'T  had  ben  as  i^asy  to  erect 
A  Louvre,  or  Escuriall,  or  a  Tower 

That  might  with  Heaven  communication  hold. 

As  Babel  vainly  thought  to  do  of  old : 
Hee  wanted  not  the  skill  or  power, 
In  the  world's  fabrick  those  were  shown. 

And  the  materials  were  all  his  own. 

But  well  hee  knew  what  place  would  best  agree 

With  innocence  arid  with  faslicitie  : 

And  wee  elsewhere  still  seek  for  them  in  vain, 

If  any  part  of  ether  still  remain  ; 

If  any  part  of  ether'wee  expect. 

This  may  our  judgment  in  y''  search  direct ; 

God  the  first  garden  made,  and  the  first  city,  Cain. 

IV. 

Oh  blessed  shades !  oh,  gentle  cool  retreat, 

From  all  th'  immoderat  heat 

In  w"*"  the  frantick  world  does  burn  and  sweat ! 

This,  does  y-  Lion-star,  Ambitions  rage  ; 

This  Avarice,  the  dog-stars  thirst  assuage  ; 

Every  where  els  their  fatall  power  wee  see, 

They  make  and  rule  mans  wretched  destinie : 
They  nether  set,  nor  disappear. 
But  tyrannize  ore  all  y^  year ; 

Whil'st  wee  ne're  feel  their  flame  or  influence  here. 


438 

The  birds  y*  dance  from  bough  to  boagh. 
And  sing  above  in  every  tree. 
Are  not  from  fears  and  cares  more  free 
Then  wee  who  ly,  or  sit,  or  walk  below. 
And  should  by  right  bee  singers  too. 

What  princes  quire  of  musick  can  excel 
(That  w*^^  w'Mn  this  shade  does  dwel  ? 
For  w"^  wee  nothing  pay  or  give. 
They  like  all  other  poets  live 

Without  reward  or  thanks  for  their  obliging  pains ; 
'Tis  well  if  they  become  not  prey  )  : 

The  whistling  winds  add  their  less  artfuU  straines. 

And  a  grave  base  the  murmuring  fountains  play ; 

Nature  does  all  this  harmony  bestow, 
But  to  our  plants,  arts,  musick  too. 

The  pipe,  theorbo,  and  guitarr  wee  owe  ; 

The  lute  itself,  w'^^  once  was  green  and  mute. 
When  Orpheus  strook  th'  inspired  lute, 
The  trees  danc'd  round,  and  und-erstood 
By  sympathy  the  voice  of  wood. 

V. 

Theis  are  the  spels  w°^  to  kind  sleep  invite. 
And  nothing  does  within  resistance  make : 

W'^^'  yet  wee  moderately  take  ; 

Who  would  not  choos  to  bee  awake. 
While  hee's  encompasst  round  with  such  delight. 
To  th'  ear,  the  nose,  the  touch,  the  tast,  and  sight  ? 
When  Venus  would  her  dear  Ascanius  keep 
A  pris'oner  in  the  downy  bands  of  sleep. 
She  odorous  herbs  and  flowers,  about  him  spred. 

As  the  most  soft  and  sweetest  bed ; 
Not  her  own  lap  would  more  have  charm'd  his  head. 

Who  y*  has  reason,  and  his  smel. 
Would  not  amoungst  roses  and  jasmin  dwel, 

Rather  then  all  his  spirits  choak 
With  exhalations  of  dirt  and  smoak  ? 

And  all  th'  uncleannes  which  does  drown 
In  pestilentiall  clowds  a  populous  town  ? 


439 


The  earth  it  self  breaths  better  perfumes  here, 

Then  all  the  female  men  or  women  there, 

(Not  without  cause  'tis  thought)  about  them  bear. 

VI. 
When  Epicurus  to  the  world  had  taught 

That  pleasure  was  the  chiefest  good, 
(And  was  perhaps  i'th'right,  if  rightly  understood,) 

His  life  hee  to  his  doctrine  brought, 
And  in  a  gardens  shade  y*  sovereign  pleasure  sought. 
Whoever  a  true  Epicure  would  be6, 
May  there  find  cheap  and  virtuous  luxurie. 
Vitellius  his  Table,  w'^  did  hold 
As  many  creatures  as  the  Ark  of  old. 
That  Fiscal  Table,  to  w'^  every  day 
All  countries  did  a  constant  Tribute  pay,  • 
Could  nothing  more  delicious  affoord, 

Then  Natures  liberality, 
Helpt  by  a  little  art  and  industry. 

Allows  the  meanest  gard'ners  board. 
The  wanton  tast  no  fish  or  fowl  can  choos, 
For  w'^''  the  grape  or  melon  shee  would  loos. 
Though  all  th'  inhabitants  of  sea  and  air 
Bee  listed  in  the  gluttons  bill  of  fare ; 

Yet  still  the  fruits  of  earth  wee  see 
Plac'd  the  third  story  high  in  all  his  luxurie. 

VII. 
But  with  no  sense  the  garden  does  comply ; 
;  None  courts  or  flatters,  as  it  does  the  eye : 
When  the  greSat  Hebrew  King  did  almost  strain 
The  wound'rous  treasures  of  his  wealth  and  brain, 
His  royal  southern  guest  to  entertain  ; 

Though  shee  on  silver  floores  did  tread, 
With  bright  Assyrian  carpets  on  them  spred, 

To  hide  the  metals  poverty : 

Though  shee  lookt  up  to  roofs  of  gold, 

And  nought  around  her  could  behold 

But  sUk,  and  rich  embrodery, 

And  Babylonian  tapestry. 


440 

And  wealthy  Hirams  princely  dye, 
Though  Ophirs  starry  stones  met  every  where  her  eye ; 
Though  shee  herself,  and  her  gay  host  were  drest 
In  all  the  shining  glories  of  the  east ; 
When  lavish  art  her  costly  work  had  done, 
The  honour  and  the  prize  of  bravery, 
Was  by  y^  garden  from  y^  palace  wonne  ; 
And  every  rose  and  lilly  there  did  stand 

Better  attir'd  by  Natures  hand : 
The  case  thus  judg'd  against  the  king  wee  see. 
By  one  who  not  bee  so  rich,  though  wiser  far  than  hee. 

VIII. 
Nor  does  this  happy  place  onely  dispense 

Such  various  pleasures  to  the  sense ; 
Here  health  it  self  does  live, 
That  salt  of  life  wbich  does  to  all  a  relish  give ; 
Its  standing  pleasure,  and  intrinsick  wealth, 
The  bodies  virtu,  and  the  souls  good  fortune,  health. 
The  tree  of  life  when  it  in  Eden  stood. 
Did  its  immortal  head  to  heaven  rear ; 
It  lasted  a  tall  cedar  till  the  flood ; 
Now  a  small  thorny  shrub  it  does  appear ; 

Nor  will  it  thrive  too  every  where  : 

It  here  is  always  freshesf  seen ; 

'Tis  only  here  an  ever-green. 

If  through  the  strong  and  beauteous  fence 

Of  temperance  and  innocence, 

And  wholesome  labours,  and  a  quiet  mind, 

Any  diseases  passage  find, 

They  must  not  think  here  to  assail 
A  land  unarmed  or  without  a  guard ; 
They  must  fight  for  it,  and  dispute  it  hard. 

Before  they  can  prevail : 

Scarce  any  plant  is  growing  here 
Which  against  Death  some  weapon  does  not  bear. 

Let  cities  boast  y*  they  provide 

For  life  the  ornaments  of  pride ; 

But  'tis  the  Garden  and  y«  Feild, 

That  furnish  it  with  staff  and  sheild. 


441 

IX. 

Where  do  y^  wisdome  and  y^  power  divine 
In  a  more  bright  and  sweet  reflextioh  shine  ? 
Where  do  wee  finer  strokes  and  colours  see 
Of  the  Creators  real  poetrie. 
Then  when  wee  w**"  attention  look 
Upon  y^  third  days  volume  of  the  book  ? 
If  wee  could  open  and  intend  our  eye. 

We  all,  like  Moses,  should  espy 
Ev'n  in  a  bush  the  radiant  Deity. 
But  wee  despise  theis  his  inferior  ways, 
(Though  no  less  full  of  miracle  and  praise) 

Upon  y*  flowers  of  heaven  wee  gaze ; 
The  stars  of  earth  no  wonder  in  us  raise, 

Though  theis  perhaps  do  more  then  they, 
The  life  of  mankind  sway. 
Although  no  part  of  inighty  natuirej  bee 
More  stored  with  beauty,  power,  and  inysterie  ; 
Yet  to  encourage  human  Industrie,  ^ 
God  has  so  ordered  y*  no  other  part 
Such  space  and  such  dominion  leaves  for  Art. 

X. 

Wee  no  where  Art  do  so  triumphant;  see. 

As  when  it  grafts  or  buds  the  tree  ; 
In  other  things  wee  count  it  to  excell, 
If  it  a  docile  scholar  can  appear 
To  Nature,  and  but  imitate  her  well ; 
It  over- rules,  and  is  her  master  here. 
It  imitates  her  makers  power  divine, 
And  changes  her  sometimes,  and  sometimes  does  refine : 
It  does,  like  grace,  the  fallen  tree  restore 
To  iits  blest  state  of  Paradise  before  : 
Who  would  not  joy  to  see  his  conquering  hand 
Oe'r  all  the  vegetable  world  command  ? 
And  the  wild  gyants  of  the  wood  receive 
What  law  hee's  pleas'd  to  give  ? 
3l 


442 

Hee  bids  th'  ill-natur'4  cfab  produce 
The  gentler  apples  winy  juice ; 
The  golden  fruit  y*  worthy  is 
Of  Galatea's  purple  kiss } 
Hee  does  the  savage  hawthorn  teach 
To  bear  the  Medlar  and  y«  Pear  ; 
Hee  bids  the  rustique  Plum  to  rear 
A  nobler  trunck,  and  bee  a  Peach, 
Even  Daphnes  coyness  hee  does  mock, 
And  weds  the  Cherry  to  her  stock ; 
Though  shee  refus'd  ApoUos  suit ; 
Ev'n  she,  the  chast  and  virgin  tree, 
Now  wonders  at  her  self,  to  see 
That  shee's  a  mother  made,  and  blushes  in  her  fruit. 

XI. 

Meethinks  I  see  great,  Dioelesian  walk 
In  the  Salonian  gardens  noble  shade, 
W"**  by  his  own  Imperial  hands  was  made  : 
I  see  him  smile,  meethinks,  as  hee  does  talk 
W*^>  the  Arabassadours  who  come  in  vain 

T'entice  him  to  a  throne  again : 
If  I,  my  friends  (said  hee)  should  to  you  show 
All  the  contents  which  in  this  garden  grow, 
'Tis  likelier  much  y*  you  should  with  mee  stay, 
Then  'tis  y*  you  should  carry  mee  away  : 
And  trust  mee  not,  my  friends,  if  every  day, 

I  walk  not  here  with  more  delight. 
Than  ever,  after  the  most  happy  fight. 
In  triumph  to  the  Capitol  I  rod, 
To  thank  y^  Gods,  and  to  bee  thought,  my  self  almost  a  God. 

A.  Cowley. 
Chertsea,  Jug.  l6  1666. 


KALENDARIUM    HORTENSE. 


^    JANUARY 

Hath  xxxi  days  — long,  8h  am, gun  rises  S^  0™  — sets  4h  om.    * 

To  be  done  in  the  Orchard  and  Olitory  Garden. 

'eench  the  ground,  and  make  it  ready  for  the  Spring :  prepare  also 
,  and  use  it  where  you  hav,e  occasion;  for  which  purpose  make 
itiful  provision  of  neats,  horse,  and  sheeps  dung  especially,  that 

may  have  some  of  two  years  preparation,  by  now  and  then  stirring 

opening  it  to  the  air,  and  lastly,  screening  it,  reserve  it  for  use 
iome  hard-bottom'd  shady  place,  a  little  excavated,  that  the  rain 
h  not  away  the  vertue  of  it :  suffer  no  weeds  to  grow  on  it ;  have 
e  heaps  of  sweet  under-pasture  natural  mould,  and  fine  loam,  to 
gle  with  your  dung,  as  occasion  requires. 

[ote,  that  the  dung  of  pigeons  and  poultry,  mix'd  with  mould,  is 
illent  for  the  fig-tree  (io  which  I  now  advise  you  to  lay  it),  aspara- 

strawberries,  &c.  but  then  it  must  have  pass'd  its  first  heat,  lest, 
y'd  before,  it  burn  the  plant. 

[orse-dung,  if  not  exceedingly  rotted,  will  infect  the  ground  with 
:-grass,    the   very  worst  of  garden-weeds  j   and  is  therefore  onlv 
ler  for  moist  and  cold  grounds,  and  to  be  us'd  for  the  hot-bed. 
bricots  and  peaches  require  rather  a  natural,  rich,  and  mellow  soil, 

much  dung. 

ress  yoiir  sweet-herb  beds  rather  with  a  new  moulding  everv- 
id  vear,  than  with  over-dunging  or  rank  soil. 


or  the  rising  and  setting  of  the  sun,  and  length  of  the  days,  I  compute  from  the  first  of 
nonth,  London  lat. 


444 

Mould  made  of  the  rotting  of  weeds,  &c.  Is  apt  to  produce  the  same 
weeds  *. 

Dig  borders,  &c.  Uncover,  as  yet,  roots  of  trees,  where  ablaquea- 
tion  Is  requisite  f. 

Plant  quick-sets,  and  transplant  fruit-trees,  if  not  finish'd :  set 
vines;};,  and  begin  to  prune  the  old;  prune  the  branches  of  orchard 
fruit-trees,  especially  the  long  planted,  and  that  towards  the  decrease;  but 
for  such  as  are  newly  planted,  they  need  not  be  disbranched  till  the 
sap  begins  to  stir,  that  is,  not  till  March ;  that  so  the  wound  may  be 
healed,  with  the  scar,  and  stub,  which  our  frosts  do  frequently  leave : 
besides,  one  then  best  discerns  the  fruit- buds.  In  this  work  cut  off  all 
the  shoot  of  August,  unless  the  nakedness  of  the  place  incline  you  to 
spare  it :  consult  my  French  Gard'ner,  Part  I.  Sect.  3  §.  For  this  Is  a 
most  material  address,  towards  which  these  short  directions  may. 
contribute. 

Learn  first  to  know  and  distinguish  the  bearing  and  fruit-buds  from 
the  leaf-buds  :  the  fruit-buds  are  always  fuller  and  more  .turgid  :  these 
you  are  carefully  to  spare,  and  what  you  prune  from  the  rest  cut  off 
slanting  above  the  bud,  with  a  very  sharp  knife,  leaving  no  rags. 

In  taking  off  a  whole  branch,  or  limb,  cut  close  to  the  stem,  that 
the  bark  may  cover  it  the  sooner. 

Those  buds  which  either  put  forth  just  between  the  stem  and  wjall 
(in  mural-trees  only),  or  opposite  to  them,  are  to  be  rubbed  off  as  soon 
as  they  appear,  sparing  only  the  collateral  branches. 

Keep^'our  wall  and  palisade-trees  from  mounting  too  hastily,  that 
they  may  form  beautiful  and  spreading  branches,  shap'd  like  a  ladies 
fann,  and  close  to  the  ground. 

Take  the  water-boughs  quite  away,  which  are  those  that  on 
standards  being  shaded,  and  drip'd  upon,  remain  smooth  and  naked 
without  buds. 

Where  you  desire  mural  fruit-trees  should  spread,  garnish,  and 
bear,  cut  smoothly  off  the  next  unbearing  branch. 


*  Vide  "Discourse  of  Earth,"  p.  21. 

\  See  the  Directions  in  my  Treatise  of  Earth,  p.  24,  folio  edit. 

X  See  Mr.  Rose's  Vineyard  vindicated,  c.  v.  J  "  Pomona,"  c.  8. 


445 

Forbear  pruning  wall-fruit  that  is  tender,  till  February. 

Where  branches  are  so  thick  and  intangl'd  that  they  gall  one  an- 
other, or  exclude  the  sun  and  air,  thin  the  place  at  discretion. 

You  may  now  begin  to  nail  and  trim  your  wall-fruit  and  espaliers. 

Cleanse  trees  of  moss,  &c.  the  weather  moist. 

Gather  cyons  for  graflPs  before  the  buds  sprout;  and  about  the  latter 
end  grafF  them  in  the  stock,  pears,  cherries,  and  plums;  and  remember 
this  for  a  special  rule,  that  you  always  take  the  cyon  from  some  goodly 
and  plentifully  bearing  tree  :  for  if  it  be  from  a  young  tree,  or  one  which 
has  not  yet  born  fruit  (tho'  of  never  so  excellent  a  kind),  it  will  be  a 
long  time  e'er  your  graff  produce  any  fruits  considerable. 

Now  also  remove  your  kernel-stocks  to  more  commodious  distances 
in  your  nursery,  cutting  off  the  top  root  *.     Set  beans,  pease,  &c. 

Sow  also  (if  you  please)  for  early  cauly-flowers. 

Sow  chervil  f,  lettuce,  radish,  and  other  (more  delicate)  salletings,  if 
you  will  raise  in  the  hot-bed. 

In  over- wet,  or  hard  weather,  cleanse,  mend,  sharpen,  and  prepare 
garden-tools  ij;. 

Turn  up  your  bee-hives,  and  sprinkle  them  with  a  little  warm  and 
sweet  wort ;  do  it  dexterously. 

Fruits  in  prime,  and  yet  lasting. 

Apples. — Kentish  pippin,  russet  pippin,  golden  pippin,  french  pippin, 
kirton  pippin,  holland  pippin,  john-apple,  winter  queening,  marigold, 
harvey-apple,  pomewater,  pome-roy,  golden  doucet,  apis,  reineting, 
Lones  pear-main,  winter  pear-main,  &c. 

Peaks. — Winter  musk  (bakes  well),  winter  Norwich  (excellently 
baked),  winter  bergamot,  winter  bon-crestlen  (both  mural),  vergoules, 
the  great  surrein,  &c. 


*  Vide  March. 

f  Scandix  cerefolium.  This  plant,  so  celebrated  by  the  ancients,  has  nearly  disappeai'ed  in  the 
English  kitchen-garden,  nor  is  it  any  longer  regarded  in  our  salads,  or  admitted  into  modei'n 
practice,  although  it  still  holds  a  considerable  rank  in  all  these  situations  on  the  Continent. 

J  This  is  a  part  of  the  gardener's  duty  which  has  been  most  lamentably  neglected  in  modern 
times. 


446 


To  he  done  in  the  Parterre  and  Flower  Garden. 

Set  up  your  traps  for  vermine ;  especially  in  your  nurseries  of  kernels 
and  stones,  and  amongst  your  bulbous  roots ;  which  will  now  be  in  dan- 
ger. A  paste  made  of  coarse  honey,  wherein  is  mingled  green-glass 
beaten,  with  copperas,  may  be  laid  near  their  haunts.  About  the  mid- 
dle of  this  month,  plant  now  your  anemony  roots,  and  ranunculus's, 
which  you  will  be  secure  of  without  covering,  or  farther  trouble.  Pre- 
serve from  too  great  and  continuing  rains  (if  they  happen),  snow,  and 
frost,  your  choicest  anemonies  and  ranunculus's  sow'd  in  September  or 
October  for  earlier  flowers  :  also  your  carnations,  and  such  seeds  as  are 
in  peril  of  being  wash'd  out,  or  over-chilled  and  frozen,  covering  them 
under  shelter,  and  striking  ofiF  the  snow  where  it  lies  too  weighty  ;  for  it 
certainly  rots  and  bursts  your  early-set  anemonies  and  ranunculus's,  &c. 
unless  planted  now  in  the  hot-beds ;  for  now  is  the  season,  and  they  will 
flower  even  in  London.  Towards  the  end,  earth-up  with  fresh  and 
light  mould  the  roots  of  those  auricula's  which  the  frost  may  have  un- 
cover'd,  filling  up  the  chinks  about  the  sides  of  the  pots  where  your 
choicest  are  set,  but  they  need  riot  be  hous'd  :   it  is  a  hardy  plant. 

Flowers  in  prime,  or  yet  lasting. 

Winter  aconite,  some  anemonies,  winter  cyclamen,  black  hellebor, 
brumal  hyacinth,  oriental  jacinth,  levantine,  narcissus,  hepatica,  prim- 
roses, laurus-tinus,  mezereon,  prsecoce  tulips,  &c.  especially  if  raised  in 
the  hot-bed.     Note, 

That  both  these  fruits  and  flowers  are  more  early  or  tardy,  both  as  to 
their  prime  seasons  for  eating,  and  perfection  of  blowing,  according  as 
the  soil  and  situation  are  qualify'd  by  nature  or  accident.     Note  also, 

That  in  this  recension  of  monthly  flowers,  it  is  to  be  understood  for 
the  whole  period  that  any  flower  continues,  from  its  first  appearing  to 
its  final  withering. 


447 


K     FEBRUARY 

Hath  xxviii  days  — long,  ogh  24">. Sun  rises  7^  13'".  — Sets  04h  45m. 

To  be  done  in  the  Orchard  and  Olitoty  Garden. 

Prune  fruit-trees  and  vines  as  yet;  for  now  is  your  season  to  bind, 
plash,  nail,  and  dress,  without  danger  of  frost :  this  to  be  understood  of 
the  most  tender  and  delicate  wall-fruit,  not  finish'd  before ;  do  this  be- 
fore the  buds  and  bearers  grow  turgid ;  and  yet  in  the  nectarine  and 
like  delicate  mural-fruit,  the  later  your  pruning  the  better,  whatever  has 
been  and  still  is  the  contrary  custom. 

And  let  your  gard'ner  endeavour  to  apply  the  collateral  branches  of 
his  wall-fruits,  as  near  as  possible  he  can  (without  violation  and  unna- 
tural bending  and  reverting)  to  the  earth  or  borders ;  so  as  the  fruit 
(when  grown)  may  almost  touch  the  ground  :  the  rest  of  the  branches 
following  the  same  order  will  display  the  tree  like  a  ladies  fan,  and 
repress  the  common  exuberance  of  the  leading  and  middle  shoots,  which 
usually  make  too  hasty  an  advance.  A  gard'ner  expert  in  this  and  the 
right  art  of  pruning,  may  call  himself  a  workman  sans  reproch. 

Remove  graflfs  of  former  years  graflBng.  Cut  and  lay  quick-sets ;  and 
trim  up  your  palisade  hedges  and  espaliers.  Plant  vines  as  yet,  other 
shrubs,  hops,  &c. 

Set  all  sorts  of  kernels  and  stony  seeds,  which  field-mice  will  cer- 
tainly ruine  before  they  sprout,  unless  prevented:  also  sow  beans, 
pease,  rounsevaJs,  corn-sallet,  marigold,  anniseeds,  radish,  parsenips, 
carrots,  onions,  garlick,  &c.  And  plant  potatoes*  in  your  worst  ground. 

Now  is  your  season  for  circumposition  by  tubs  or  baskets  of  earth,  and 


*  ''The  potatoe  first  became  an  object  of  national  impoitance  in  1662-3^  as  appears  by  the 
record  of  the  RoyafSociety  held  March  18th  in  that  year ;  when  a  letter  was  read  from  Mr.  Buck- 
land,  a  Somerset  gentleman,  recommending  the  planting  of  potatoes  in  all  parts  of  the  Kingdom, 
to  prevent  famine.  This  was  referred  to  a  Committee,  and,  in  consequence  of  their  report,  Mr. 
Buckland  had  the  thanks  of  the  Society :  such  members  as  had  lands  were  entreated  to  plant 
them  with  potatoes ;  and  Mr.  Evelyn  was  desired  to  mention  the  proposals  at  the  close  of  his 
Sylva."— Phillips's  Hist,  of  Cultivated  Vegetables,  vol.  H.  p.  87. 


448 

for  laying  of  branches  to  take  root.     You  may   plant  forth  your  cab- 
bage-plants. 

Rub  moss  off  your  trees  after  a  soaking  rain,  and  scrape  and  cleanse 
them  of  cankers,  &c.  draining  away  the  wet  (if  need  require)  from  the 
too  much  moistned  roots,  and  earth  up  those  roots  of  your  fruit-trees,  if 
any  were  uncover'd.  Continue  to  dig  and  manure,  if  weather  permit. 
-Cut  oflF  the  webs  of  caterpillars,  &c.  from  the  tops  of  twigs  and  trees  to 
.burn.     Ga,thei*  worms  in  the  evenings  after  rain. 

Kitchin-garden  herbs  may  now  be  planted,  as  parsly,  spinage,  onions, 
leeks,  and  other  hardy  pot-herbs.  Towards  the  middle  or  latter  end  of 
this  month,  till  the  sap  rises  briskly,  grafFin  the  cleft,  and  so  continue 
till  the  last  of  March  :  they  will  hold  apples,  pears,  cherries,  plums,  &c. 
The  new  moon  and  the  old  wood  is  best.  Now  also  plant  out  j^our 
caulyflowers  to  have  early ;  and  begin  to  make  your  hot-beds  for  the 
first  melons  and  cucumbers  to  be  sow'd  in  the  full ;  but  trtist  not  alto- 
gether to  them.  You  may  all  this  month,  and  the  former,  have  early 
sallets  on  the  hot -bed,  and  under  glass  frames  and  bells.  Sow  aspa- 
ragus. .    Lastly, 

Half  open  your  passages  for  the  bees,  or  a  little  before  (if  weather  in- 
vite), hut  continue  to  feed  weak  stocks,  &c. 

Fruits  in  prime,  or  yet  lasting. 

Apples. — Kentish,  kirton,  russet,  hoUand  pippins;  deux-ans,  win- 
ter queening,  harvy  sometimes,  pome-water,  pome-roy,  golden  doucet, 
reineting,  Lones  pearmain,  winter  pearmain,  &c. 

Pears. — Bon-chrestien  of  winter,  winter  poppering,  little  dago- 
bert,  &c. 

To  be  done  in  the  Parterre  and  Flower  Garden. 

Continue  baits,  vermine^traps,  &c.  Sow  alaternus  seeds  in  cases,  or 
open  beds ;  cover  them  with  thorns,  that  the  poultry  scratch  them  not 
out.     Sow  also  lark-spurs,  &c. 

Now  and  then  air  your  hous'd  carnations,  in  warm  days  especially, 
and  mild  showers ;  but  if  like  to  prove  cold,  set  them  in  again  at  night. 

Furnish  (now  towards  the  end)  your  aviaries  with  birds  before  they 


449 

couple,  &c.  and  hang  up  materials  for  them  to  build  their  nests  with. 
Note,  That  such  birds  as  feed  not  on  seeds  alone  should  be  separati 
by  a. partition  of  wyre  from  those  who  feed  on  bruised  seeds,  paste 
fleshy  or  pulpy  mixtures ;  as  the  sky-lark,  wood-lark,  throstle,  robii 
redbreast,  &c. 

Flowers  in  prime,  or  yet  lasting. 

Winter  aconite,  single  atiemonies,  and  some  double,  tulips  prsecoc 
hyacinthus,  stellatus,  vernal  crocus,  black  hellebore,  single  hepatic 
persian  iris,  leucoium  bulbosum,  dens  caninus  three  leav'd,  vernal  c^ 
clamen  white  and  red,  mezereon,  ornithogal.  max.  alb.  Yellow  viole 
with  large  leaves,  early  daffodils,  &g. 


r     MARCH 

Hath  xxxi  days — long,  \V^  22". -Sunrises  6l>  ID"  —  sets  5l>  41°>. 

To  be  done  in  the  Orchard  and  Olitory  Garden. 

Yet  stercoration  is  seasonable,  and  you  may  plant  what  trees  are  ],ef 
tho'  it  be  something  of  the  latest,  unless  in  very  backward  or  moi 
places. 

Now  is  your  chiefest  and  best  time  for  raising  on  the  hot-bed  melon 
cucumbers,  gourds,  &c.  which  about  the  sixth,  eighth,  or  tenth  da; 
will  be  ready  for  the  seeds ;  and  eight  days  after  prick  them  forth  ! 
distances,  according  to  the  Method,  &c. 

If  you  will  have  them  later,  begin  again  in  ten  or  twelve  days  aft 
the  first ;  and  so  a  third  time,  to  make  experiments.  Remember  i 
preserve  the  hot-bed  as  much  as  possible  from  rain  ;  for  cool  it  yc 
may  easily,  if  too  violent,  but  not  give  it  a  competent  heat,  if  it  I 
spent,  without  new-making  *. 

Now  is  the  best  time  for  pruning  young  murals,  and,  indeed,  oth 
wall-trees.     See  the  reason  in  January. 

GraflF  all  this  month,  beginning  with  pears,  and  ending  with  apple 
unless  the  spring  prove  extraordinary  forwards  -j-. 


*  See  "  Discourse  of  Earth,"  &c.  f  See  our  "  Pomona/',  c.  3. 

3    M 


450 

Now  also  plant  peaches  and  nectarines,  but  cut  not  off  the  top-roots, 
as  you  do  of  other  trees  ;  for  it  will  much  prejudice  them.  Prune  last 
years  graflFs,  and  cut  oflFthe  heads  of  your  budded  stocks.  Take  off  the 
littier  from  your  kernel-beds  (see  Octob.),  or  you  may  forbear  till  April. 
Stir  your  new-planted  ground,  as  directed  in  "  Disc,  of  Earth,"  p.  14, 
and  for  the  nursery,  p.  15. 

You  may  as  yet  cut  quick-sets,  and  cover  such  tree  roots  as  you  laid 
bare  in  autumn. 

It  were  profitable  now  also  to  top  your  rose-trees  (which  always  bear 
on  the  fresh  sprouts  of  the  same  spring)  a  little  with  your  knife  near  a 
leaf-bud,  and  to  prune  off  the  dead  and  withered  branches,  keeping,  them 
lower  than  the  custom  is,  and  to  a  single  stem.  Cut  away  some 
branches  of  the  monthly  rose-tree  close,  after  the  first  bearing. 

Slip  and  set  sage,  rosemary,  lavender,  thyme,  &c. 

Note,  that  rosemary  thrives  better  by  cutting  off  the  sprigs,  than  by 
ragged  slips,  which  leaves  an  incurable  scar  on  the  old  plant.  Cut 
them,  therefore  at  a  little  distance  from  the  stem,  and  this  so  soon  as 
it  flowers,  which  is  commonly  in  this  month. 

Where  the  soil  is  clay,  or  over  moist,  mingle  it  plentifully  with 
brick-dust; 

Sow  in  the  beginning  endive,  succory,  leeks,  radish,  beets,  chard- 
beet,  scorzonera,  parsnips,  skirrets.  Sow  skirrets  in  rich,  mellow,  fresh 
earth,  and  moist,  and  when  about  a  finger  long ;  plant  but  one  single 
root  in  a  hole,  at  a  foot  distance.  Sow  also  parsly,  sorrel,  bugloss, 
borage,  chervil,  sampier  (to  re-plant  in  May),  sellery,  smallage, 
alisanders,  &c.  Several  of  which  continue  many  years  without  renew- 
ing, and  are  most  of  them  to  be  blanch'd  by  laying  them  under  littier, 
and  earthing  up. 

Sow  also  lettuce,  onions,  garlick,  orack,  purslain,  turnips,  (to  have 
early)  monthly  pease,  i&c.  these  annually.  Begin  to  tie  up  some 
lettuce. 

Transplant  the  beet-chard  which  you  sow'd  in  August,  to  have  most 
ample  chards. 

Sow  also  carrots,  cabbages,  cresses,  nasturtium,  fennel,  majoran, 
basil,  tobacco,  &c.  and  transplant  any  sort  of  medicinal  herbs. 


451 

Whatsoever  you  now  sow  or  plant  of  this  sort,  water  not  over  hastily, 
nor  with  too  great  a  stream,  for  it  hardens  the  ground,  without  pene- 
trating; rather  endeavour  to  imitate  the  natural  shower;  but  spare  not 
water  if  necessary. 

Never  cast  water  on  things  newly  planted,  nor  on  flowers,  but  at 
convenient  distance,  so  as  rather  to  moisten  the  ground,  without 
sobbing  the  leaves  of  the  plant,  which  ends  in  scorching. 

Mid-March  dress  up  (with  a  little  fresh  manure)  and  string  your 
strawberry-beds,  clipping  away  all  their  runners  till  they  blossom. 
And  note,  that  you  can  hardly  over-water  your  strawberry -beds  in  a 
dry  season ;  yet  better  not  water  at  all  than  too  sparingly.  Uncover 
your  asparagus,  spreading  and  loosning  the  mould  about  them,  for 
their  more  easy  penetrating ;  flourishing  the  beds  thinly  with  a  little 
fine  fresh  manure.  Also  may  you  now  transplant  asparagus  roots  to 
make  new  beds  *.  Uncover  also  artichoaks  cautiously,  and  by  degrees. 
The  like  your  fig-trees,  cutting  ofi"  the  dead  wood. 

By  this  time  your  bees  sit ;  keep  them  close  night  and  morning,  if 
the  weather  prove  unkind. 

Turn  your  fruit  in  the  room  where  it  lies,  but  open  not  yet  the 
windows. 

Fruits  in  prime,  or  yet  lasting. 

Apples. — Golden  ducket  [doucet],  peplns,  reineting,  Lones  pear- 
main,  winter  pearmain,  winter  bon-cretienne,  john-apple,  &c. 
Pears.— Later  bon-chrestieni  double  blossom  pear. 

To  be  done  in  the  Parterre  and  Mower  Garden. 

Stake  and  bind  up  your  weakest  plants  and  flowers  against  the  winds, 
before  they  come  too  fiercely,  and  in  a  moment  prostrate  a  whole  year's 
labour. 

Plant  box,  &c.  in  parterres.  Sow  pinks,  sweet-williams,  and  car- 
nations, from  the  middle  to  the  end  of  this  month.  Sow  pine-kernels, 
firr-seeds,  bays,  alaternus,  phillyrea,  and  most  perennial  greens,  &c. ; 
or  you  may  stay  till  somewhat  later  In  the  month.    Sow  auricula-seeds, 

*  See  "  Discourse  of  Earth,"  p.  38. 


452 

in  pots  or  cases,  in  fine  willow  earth,  a  little  loamy,  and  place  what 
you  sow'd  in  September  (which  is  the  more  proper  season)  now  in  the 
shade,  and  water  it. 

Plant  some  anemony-roots,  to  bear  late  and  successively,  especially 
in  and  about  London,  where  the  smoak  is  any  thing  tolerable ;  and,  if 
the  season  be  very  dry,  water  them  well  once  in  two  or  three  days ;  as 
likewise  ranunculus's.  Fibrous  roots  may  be  transplanted  about  the 
middle  of  this  month;  such  as  hepaticas,  primroses,  auriculas,  cam- 
momile,  narcissus,  tuberose,  matricaria,  gentianella,  hellebore,  and 
other  summer  flowers.  Set  leucoium ;  slip  the  keris,  or  wall-flower ; 
and,  towards  the  end,  lupines,  convolvolus's,  Spanish  or  ordinary 
jasmine.  You  may  now,  a  little  after  the  iEquinox,  prune  pine  and  fir 
trees.    See  September. 

Towards  the  middle  or  latter  end  of  March  sow  on   the  hot-beds 

such  plants  as  are  late  bearing  flowers  or  fruit  in  our  climate ;   as 

balsamine,   and   balsamum    mas,    pomum    amoris,  datura,  ^SEthiopic 

apples,  some  choice  amaranthus,  dactyls,  geraniums,  hedysarum  clypea- 

tum,  humble   and   sensitive  plants,  lentiscus,  myrtle-berries  (steep'd 

awhile),   capsicum    indicum,    canna   indica,    flos    africanus,    mirabile 

peruian.    nasturtium  ind.   indlan   phaseoli,  volubilis,  myrrh,   carrobs, 

marcoc,  sive  flos  passionis,  and  the  like  rare  and  exotic  plants,  which 

are  brought  us  from  hot  countries.     Note,  that  the  nasturtium  ind. 

african  marygolds,  volubilis,  and  some  others,  will  come  (though  not 

altogether  so  forwards)  in  the  cold- bed,  without  art :  but  the  rest  require 

much  and  constant  heat,  and  therefore  several  hot-beds,  till  the  common 

earth  be  very  warm  by  the  advance  of  the  sun,  to  bring  them  to  a  due 

stature,  and  perfect  their  seeds  :  therefore,  your  choicest  amaranthus 

being  risen  pretty  high,  remove  them  into  another  temperate  hot-bed ; 

the  same  you  may  do  with  your  African  and  sensitive  plants,  especially, 

which  always  keep  under  glasses  *. 

About  the  expiration,  of  this  month  carry  into  the  shade  such  auri- 
culas, seedlings,  or  plants,  as  are  for  their  choiceness  reserved  in  pots. 

Transplant  also  carnation  seedlings,  giving  your  layers  fresh  earth, 
and  setting  them  in  the  shade  for  a  week ;  then  likewise  cut  off  all 

*  See  "  Discourse  of  Earth,"  pp.  4G,  41. 


453 

the  sick  and  infected  leaves,  for  now  you  may  set  your  choice  ones  out 
of  covert,  as  directed  in  February. 

Now  do  the  farewell  frosts  and  easterly  winds  prejudice  your  choicest 
tulips,  and  spot  them;  therefore  cover  such  with  mats,  or  canvas,  to 
prevent  freckles,  and  sometimes  destruction.  The  same  care  have  of 
your  most  precious  anemonies,  auriculas,  chamae-iris,  brumal  jacynths, 
early  cyclamen,  &e.  Wrap  your  shorn  cypress  tops  with  straw  wisps, 
if  the  Eastern  blasts  prove  Very  tedious,  and  forget  not  to  cover  with 
dry  straw,  or  pease  hame,  your  young  exposed  evergreens,  as  yet 
seedlings,  such  as  firr,  pine,  phillyrea,  bays,  cypress.  Sec.  'till  they 
have  pass'd  two  or  three  years  in  the  nursery,  and  are  fit  to  be  trans- 
planted ;  for  the  sharp  Easterly  and  Northerly  winds  transpierce  and 
dry  them  up.  Let  this  also  caution  you  upon  all  such  extremities  of 
the  weather  during  the  whole  winter ;  but  be  mindful  to  uncover  them 
in  all  benign  and  tolerable  seasons  and  intermissions ;  it  being  these 
acute  winds,  and  seldom  or  never  the  hardests  frosts  or  snows,  which 
do  the  mischief.  About  the  end,  uncover  even  your  choicest  plants, 
but  with  caution,  for  the  tail  of  the  frosts  yet  continuing,  and  sharp 
winds,  with  the  sudden  darting  heat  of  the  sun,  scorch  and  destroy 
them  in  a  moment :  and  in  sUch  weather  neither  sow  nor  transplant. 

Sow  stock-gillyflower  seeds  in  the  full,  to  produce"  double  flowers. 

In  the  mean  time,  let  gentlemen  and  ladies  who  are  curious,  trust 
little  by  mangonisme,  insuccations,  or  medecine,  to  alter  the  species, 
or  indeed  the  forms  and  shapes  of  flowers  considerably,  that  is,  to 
render  that  double  which  nature  produces  but  single,  &c.  but  by 
frequent  transplanting,  removing,  &c.  inriching  the  mould,  to  multiply 
and  double ;  and  by  sterving  and  hardning  the  earth,  and  consequently 
taking  from  the  roots  the  freer  nourishment,  for  variation  and  change- 
Make  much  of  this  document. 

Now  you  may  set  your  oranges,  lemmons,  myrtles,  oleanders,  lentisci, 
datesj  aloes,  amomums,  and  like  tender  trees  and  plants,  in  the  portico, 
or  with  the  windows  and  doors  of  the  green-houses  and  conservatories 
dpen,  for  eight  or  ten  days  before  April,  or  earHer,  if  the  season  invite 
(that  is,  if  the  sharp  winds  be  past),  to  acquaint  them  gradually  with 
the  air;  I  say  gradually  and  carefully,  for  this  change  is  the  most 


454 

critical  of  the  whole  year ;  trust  not,  therefore,  the  nights  too  confidently, 
unless  the  weather  be  thorowly  settled.  Now  is  also  your  season  to 
raise  stocks  to  bud  oranges  and  lemmons  on,  by  sowing  the  seeds  early 
this  month,  in  such  mould  as  is  mentioned  in  May.  Let  the  seeds  be 
of  the  Sevil  orange,  half  a  dozen  in  a  pot  is  enough,  plunging  it  in  the 
hot-bed ;  renew'd  some  time  in  May.  Thus  they  will  have  shot  near  a 
foot  before  winter,  and  at  the  end  of  three  years  be  fit  for  inoculation ; 
which  you  may  now  also  bud  at  the  end  of  this  month,  placing  two 
buds  opposite  to  each  other,  within  an  inch  of  the  earth.  Make  much 
of  this  direction.       '  '  '' 

Some  of  the  hardiest  evergreens  may  now  be  transplanted,  especially 
if  the  weather  be  moist  and  temperate.     Lastly, 

Bring  in  materials  for  the  birds  in  the  aviary  to  build  their  nests 

withal. 

Mowers  in  prime,  and  yet  lasting. 

Anemonies,  spring  cyclamen,  winter  aconite,  crocus,  bellis,  white 
and  black  hellebore,  single  and  double  hepatica,  leucoion,  chamse-iris  of 
all  colours,  dens  caninus,  violets,  fritillaria,  chelidonium  (small  with 
double  flowers),  hermodactyls,  tuberous  iris,  hyacinth  zeboin,  brumal, 
oriental,  &c.  junquills,  great  chalic'd,  dutch  mezereon,  persian  iris, 
auriculas,  narcissus  with  large  tufts,  common,  double,  and  single 
primroses,  praecoce  tulips,  Spanish  trumpets  or  junquils,  violets,  yellow 
dutch  violets,  ornithogalum  max.  alb.  crown  imperial,  grape  flowers, 
almonds  and  peach  blossoms,  rubus  odoratus,  arbor  judae,  &c. 


0     APRIL 

Hath  XXX  days  —  long,  \3>^  23m.  .  Sun  rises  5^  ISm  —  sets  6^  42". 

To  be  done  in  the  Orchard  and  Olitory  Garden. 

Sow  sweet  marjorum,  |jyssop,  basil*,  thyme,  winter  savory,  scurvy- 
grass,  and  all  fine  and  tender  seeds  that  require  the  hot-bed.  > 

Note,  that  sweet  herbs  should  be  stirr'd  up,  and  new  moulded,  to 
make  them  strike  fresh  roots. 

*  This  excellent  herb  is  but  little  regarded  at  present,  notwithstanding  the  introduction  of 
French  cookery  into  this  country. 


455 

Sow  also  lettuce,  purslan,  caulyflower,  radish,  leeks,  &c. 
One  may  sow  radish  and  carrots  together  In  the  same  bed,  so  as  the 
first  may  be  drawn,  whilst  the  other  Is  ready.  Sow  radish,  lettuce, 
purslan,  sampler,  parsnips,  carrots,  on  the  same  ground,  gathering 
each  kind  In  their  seasons,  leaving  the  parsnips  to  winter  :  but  It  were 
good  to  change  the  ground  for  carrots  and  parsnips  now  and  then. 

Remember  to  weed  them  when  they  are  about  two  Inches  high,  and 
a  little  after  to  thin  them  with  a  small  haugh. 

Plant  artichoak-slips,  &c. 

Set  French-beans,  &c.    And  sow  turnips,  to  have  them  early. 

You  may  yet  slip  lavendar,  thyme,  penny-royal,  sage,  rosemary,  &c. 
and  the  oftener  you  clip  and  cut  them  the  more  will  they  thrive.  Sage 
so  dress'd  at  the  spring  and  autumn  will  cause  It  to  continue  long  and 
fair,  without  re-planting. 

To  have  excellent  salleting  all  the  year  round,  sow  turnip-seed, 
radish,  lettuce,  purslan,  borrage,  tarragon,  and  all  other  kinds,  in  very 
rich  ground,  and  in  winter  and  spring  on  the  hot-bed,  cover'd,  &c. 
dirawing  them  root  and  all  as  soon  as  they  open  a  leaf  as  broad  as  a 
threepenny  piece,  and  so  repeat  sowing  monthly. 

Geld  and  prune  strawberries.  Now  also  wall-trees,  especially  the 
peach,  should  have  a  second  pruning,  shortning  the  branches  just 
ajbove  the  knit  fruit. 

-Towards  the  middle  of  this  month  begin  to  plant  forth  your  melons 
and  cucumbers,  and  so  to  the  latter  end,  your  rjdges  well  prepared. 

Gather  up  worms  and  snails  after  evening  showers;  continue  this 
after  all  summer  rains. 

Soot-ashes,  refuse  sweepings  of  tobacco-stalks,  made  Into  a  fine 
powder  or  dust,  and  strewed  half  an  Inch  in  thickness  at  the  foot  of 
trees,  and  now  and  then  renewed,  prevents  pismires,  and  other  crawling 
insects,  from  Invading  the  fruit,  &c. 

Weed  and  haugh  betimes.  (See  July.)  In  such  bordures  as  you 
plant  wall-fruit,  or  espaliers,  (which  bordures  *should  be,  at  the  least, 
four  or  five  foot  in  breadth,)  plant  neither  herbs  nor  flowers,  that  you 
may  be  continually  stirring  the  mould  with  the  spade,  and  (as  need  Is;) 


456 

recreating  it  with  composts.  This  may  be  instead  (and  far  better)  of 
hand-weeding ;  only  you  may  adorn  the  outward  verge  with  an  edging 
of  pink,  limon,  thyme,  veronica,  &c.  renewing  them  when  you  perceive 
them  to  grow  sticky  and  leave  gaps ;  and  you  pnay  sprinkle  the  rest  of 
the  surface  with  lettuce,  radish,  turnip-seeds,  for  tender  salleting,.  so 
you  be  sure  to  pull  them  up  root  and  all  by  that  time  they  are  an 
inch  high,  and  shew  a  leaf  no  broader  than  a  three-pence. 

Open  now  your  bee- hives,  for  now  they  hatch;  look  carefully  to 
them,  and  prepare  your  hives,  &c. 

Fruit  in  prime,  or  yet  lasting. 

jApples. — Pippins,    deux-ans,    west-berry  apple,   russeting,   july- 
flowers,  flat  reinet,  &c. 

Pears. — Later  bon-crestien,  oak-pear,  &c.  double  blossom,  &c. 

To  be  done  in  the  Parterre  and  Flower  Garden. 

Sow  divers  annuals  to  have  flowers  all  summer;  as  double  marigolds, 
digitalis,  delphinium,  cyanus  of  all  sorts,  candy-tufts,  garden  pansy, 
muscipula,  scabius,  scorpoides  medica,  holyhocks,  columbines,  bell- 
videre,  which  renew  every  five  or  six  years,  else  they  will  degenerate,  &c. 

Continue  new  and  fresh  hot-beds  to  entertain  suxjh  exotic  plants  as 
arrive  not  to  their  perfection  without  them,  till  the  air  and  common 
earth  be  qualified  with  sufficient  warmth  to  preserve  them  abroad.  A 
catalffgue  of  these  you  have  in  the  former  month. 

Transplant  such  fibrous  roots  as  you  had  not  finish'd  in  March  (for 
this  is  the  better  season),  as  violets,  hepatica,  primroses,  hellebore, 
matricaria,  &c.     Place  auricula  seedlings  in  the  shade. 

Sow  pinks,  carnations,  which  you  may  continue  to  trim  up,  and 
cleanse  from  dead  and  rotten  leaves,  viz.  your  old  roots.  Sow  sweet- 
williams,  &c.  to  flower  next  year  :  this  after  rain.     Set  lupines,  &c. 

Sow  leucoium  in  full  moon,  sprinkle  it  thin,  frequently  remove  them, 
and  replant  in  moist  weather  the  foUowing  spring. 

Sow  also  yet  pine-kernels,  fir-seede,  phillyrea,  alaternus,  and  most 
perennial  greens.     Vide  September. 


457 

Now  take  out  your  Indian  tuberoses  *,  parting  the  oflF-sets  (but  with 
care,  lest  you  break  their  fangs,  for  it  is  from  ofF-sets  only  that  you 
may  expect  flowers  in  due  time,  and  not  from  the  mother"  bulb),  then 
pot  them  in  natural  f  (not  forc'd)  earth ;  a  layer  of  rich  mould  beneath 
and  about  this  natural  earth,  to  nourish  the  fibres,  but  not  so  as  to 
touch  the  bulbs  :  then  plunge  your  pots  in  a  hot -bed  temperately 
warm,  and  give  them  no  water  till  they  spring,  and  then  set  them 
under  a  South  wall  :  in  dry  weather  water  them  freely,  and  expect  an 
incomparable  flower  in  August.  Thus  likewise  treat  the  narcissus  of 
japan,  or  guernsey  lilly,  mingling  the  earth  with  sea  sand,  for  a  later 
flower;  although  that  nice  curiosity,  set  only  in  a  warm  corner, 
expos'd  to  the  South,  without  any  removal  at  all  for  many  years,  has 
sometimes  prospered  better.  Sea  sand  mingled  with  the  mould  more 
plentifully  towards  the  surface,  exceedingly  contributes  to  the  flourishing 
of  this  rare  exotick.  The  protuberant  fangs  of  the  yuca  are  to  be 
treated  like  the  tuberoses.     Make  much  of  this  precious  direction. 

Set  out  and  expose  flos  cardinalis.  Slip  and  set  marums.  Water 
anemonies,  ranunculus's  especially,  and  plants  in  pots  and  cases  once  in 
two  or  three  days,  if  drought  require  it. 

Note,  that  even  anemonies,  and  flowers  of  that  class,  should  be  dis- 
creetly prun'd,  where  they  mat  too  thick  j  as  also  gillyflowers  and 
carnations,  to  produce  fair  flowers. 

But  carefully  protect  from  violent  storms  of  rain,  hail,  tails  of  the 
frosts,  and  the  too  parching  darts  of  the  sun,  your  pennach'd  tulips, 
ranunculus's,  anemonies,  auriculas,  covering  them  with  matrasses  sup- 
ported on  cradles  of  hoops,  which  have  now  in  readiness.  Now  is  the 
season  for  you  to  bring  the  choice  and  tender  shrubs,  &c.  out  of  the 
conservatory,  such  as  you  durst  not  adventure  forth  in  March ;  let  it  be 
in  a  fair  day;  only  your  orange-trees  may  remain  in  the  house  till 
May  (see  the  caution  there),  to  prevent  all  danger.  Yet  if  the  weather 
prove  benign  you  may  adventure,  about  the  middle  of  this  month, 
giving  a  refreshment  of  water,  not  too  cold :  about  four  gallons  of 


»  This  beautiful  flower  has  been  much  neglected  of  late  years.  t  See  May. 

3    N 


458 

heated  water  to  twenty,  will  render  it  blood-warm,  which  is  the  fittest 
temper  on  all  occasions  throughout  the  year.  Above  all  things,  beware 
both  of  cold  spring,  pump,  or  stagnant  shaded  waters;  that  of  the 
river  is  best,  but  of  rain  incomparable.  In  heat  of  summer,  let  the 
water  stand  in  the  sun  till  it  grow  tepid.  Cold  applications,  and  all 
extrearas,  are  pernicious. 

Now  is  the  season  (about  the  beginning  of  this  month)  to  prune 
and  cut  off  the  tops  of  such  trees  as  have  shot  above  four  or  five  inches. 

You  may  now  graff  these  tender  shrubs,  &c.  by  approach,  viz. 
oranges,  lemmons,  pomegranads,  jasmines,  &c. 

Now,  towards  the  end  of  April,  you  may  transplant  and  remove 
your  tender  shrubs,  &c.  as  Spanish  jasmines,  myrtles,  oleanders,  young 
oranges,  cyclamen,  pomegranads,  &c. ;  but  first  let  them  begin  to  sprout, 
placing  them  a  fortnight  in  the  shade.  But  about  Xiondon  it  may  be 
better  to  defer  this  work  till  mid-August.  Vide  also  May,  from  whence 
take  directions  how  to  refresh  and  trim  them.  Prune  now  your 
Spanish  jasmine  within  an  inch  or  two  of  the  stock ;  but  first  see  it 
begin  to  shoot.  Mow  carpet-walks,  and  ply  weeding,  &c.  Be 
diligent  In  ridding  this  work  before  they  run  to  seed  and  grow  downy, 
and  speedily  to  rake  away  what  you  pull  or  haugh  up,  lest  they  take 
root  and  fasten  again,  and  infect  the  ground. 

Note,  that  an  half-spit  deep  stirring  and  turning  up  of  the  earth 
about  your  bordures  of  mural  trees,  &c.  is  to  be  preferred  to  hand- 
weeding,  and  more  expeditious. 

Towards  the  end  (if  the  cold  winds  are  past),  and  especially  after 
showets,  clip  phillyrea,  alaternus,  cypress,  box,  myrtles,  barba  jovis,  and 
other  tonsile  shrubs,  &c. 

,  Here,  to  take  off  a  reproach  which  box  may  lie  under,  (otherwise  a 
most  beautiful  and  useful  shrub,  for  edgings,  knots,  and  other  ornaments 
of  the  coronary-garden,)  because  its  scent  is  not  agreeable  to  many,  if 
immediately  upon  clipping  (when  only  it  is  most  offensive)  you  water 
it,  the  smell  vanishes,  and  is  no  more  considerable. 

Flowers  in  prime,  or  yel  lasting. 
Anemonies,  ranunculus's,  arricula  ursi,  chamae-iris,  crown  imperial. 


459 


caprifollum,  cyclamen,  bell-flower,  dens  canlhus,  fritillaria,  gentianella' 
hypericum  frutex,  double  hepatlca's,  jacinth  starry,  double  dasies, 
florence  iris,  tufted  narcissus,  white,  double,  and  common,  English 
double,  primrose,  cowslips,  pulsatilla,  ladies  smock,  tulips  medias, 
ranunculus's  of  Tripoly,  white  violets,  musk  grape-flower,  geranium,' 
radix  cava,  caltha  palustris,  parietaria  lutea,  leucoium,  persian  lilies^ 
peonies,  double  jonquils,  muscaria  reversed,  cochlearia,  persian  jas- 
mine, acanthus,  lilac,  rosemary,  cherries,  wall-pears,  almonds,  abricots, 
peaches,  white  thorn,  arbor  Judae  *  blossoming,  &c. 


n    MAY 

Hath  xxxi  days  —long,  15*  9"". Sun  rises  at  4»  25"  —sets  7*  42''. 

In  the  Orchard  and  Olitory  Garden. 

Sow  sweet  marjoran,  basil,  thyme,  hot  and  aromatick  herbs  and 
plants,  which  are  the  most  tender.  Transplant  sampler  to  some  very 
warm  exposure,  as  under  a  South  wall.  You  cannot  provide  too  much 
of  this  excellent  ingredient  to  all  crude  sallads. 

Sow  purslan,  to  have  young ;  lettuce,  large-sided  cabbage,  painted 
beans,  &c.  Plant  out  cabbages  and  caully-flowers,  nasturces,  bete- 
chard,  sellery. 

Look  carefully  to  your  melons ;  and  towards  the  end  of  this  month 
forbear  to  cover  them  any  longer  on  ridges,  either  with  straw  or 
matrasses,  &c. 

Prune  fig-trees. 

You  may  now  give  a  third  pruning  to  peach-trees,  taking  away  and 
pinching  oflF  unblossoming  branches. 

Break  and  pull  ofi^  all  crumpl'd  dry'd  leaves  and  wither'd  branches  of 
mural  trees,  and  cleanse  them  from  snails,  caterpillars,  &c.  every  where. 

Fig-trees  may  be  graffed  by  inarching. 

Ply  the  laboratory,  and  .distil  plants  for  waters,  spirits,  &c. 


•  This  early-flowering  tree  has  never  become  common  in  this  country 


460 

Continue  weeding  before  they  run  to  seeds ;  carefully  observing  the 
directions  of  April  and  July,  as  of  extraordinary  importance  both  for 
saving  charge,  improvement  of  the  fruit,  and  the  neat  maintaining  of 
your  garden. 

Now  set  your  bees  at  full  liberty,  look  out  ofteji,  and  expect 
swarms,  &c. 

Fruits  in  prime,  or  yet  lasting. 

Apples. — Pippins,  deux-ans,  or  john-apples,  west-berry  apples, 
russettings,  gilly-flower  apples,  the  maligar,  &c.  codling. 

Pears. — Great  kairville,  winter  bon-chrestien,  black  pear  of  Worces- 
ter Surrein,  double-blossom  pear,  &c. 

Cherries,  &c. — ^The  May- cherry*,  strawberries,  &c. 

To  be  done  in  the  Parterre  and  Flower  Garden. 

Now  forasmuch  as  gentlemen  are  very  inquisitive  when  were  the  best 
and  securest  season  for  exposing  their  orange-trees  f,  and  more  tender 
curiosities,  I  give  them  this  for  a  rule  the  most  infallible :  that  they 
observe  the  mulberry-tree,  when  it  begins  to  put  forth  and  open  the 
leaves  (be  it  earlier  or  later),  bring  your  oranges,  &c.  boldly  out  of  the 
conservatory;  'tis  your  only  season  to  transplant  and  remove  them. 
Let  this  be  done  with  care,  if  the  tree  be  too  ponderous  to  be  lifted 
perpendicularly  by  the  hand  alone,  by  applying  a  triangle  and  puUy, 
and  so  with  a  rope,  and  a  broad  horse-girth  at  the  end,  lapped  about 
the  stem-  (to  prevent  galling),  draw  out  the  tree,  with  competent 
mould  adhering  to  it,  having  before  loosned  it  from  the  sides  of  the 
case,  and  so  with  ease  transfer  it  into  another.  Let  the  cases  be 
filled  with  natural  earth   (such  as  is  taken  the  first  half  spit  from 


*  Have  we  lost  an  early  variety  of  this  fruit,  or  is  our  season  later  ? 

t  Orange-trees  virere  the  principal  ornament  of  the  English  greenhouse  in  Evelyn's  time,  as  they 
still  continue  to  be  of  those  on  the  Continent. 

The  Queen  of  Charles  the  First  had  an  orange-house  and  orange-garden  at  Wimbledon,  in 
Surrey,  which  were  sold  by  order  of  the  Parliament  in  1649;  when  42  orange- trees  were  valued 
at  ^420,  and  one  lemon-tree  at  sg20  j  and  18  orange-trees,  that  had  not  borne  fruit,  sold  for 
£90.    See  Phillips's  Pomarium  Britannicura. 


461 

just  under  the  turf  of  the  best  pasture-ground  *,  in  a  place  that  has  been 
well  fother'd  on),  mixing  it  with  one  part  of  rotten  cow-dung,  (some 
prefer  horse-dung,)  or  very  mellow  soil,  screen'd  and  prepar'd  some 
time  before.     If  this  be  too  stiff,  sift  a  little  lime  discreetly  with  it,  or 
rather  sea-coal  ashes,  or  the  rotten  sticks  and  stuff  found  in  hollow 
willows ;  and  if  it  want  binding,  a  little  loamy  earth.     Then  cutting 
the  too  thick  and  extravagant  roots  a  little,  especially  at  bottom,  set 
your  plant,  but  not  too  deep  ;  rather  let  some  of  the  roots  appear.     If 
you  see  cause  to  form  the  heads  of  your  trees,  by  cutting  off  any  consi- 
derable branch,  cover  the  wound  or  amputation  with  a  mixture  of  bees- 
wax, rosin,  and  turpentine ;  of  the  wax  and  turpentine  each  one  ounce, 
of  rosin  two ;  some  add  a  little  tallow.     Lastly,  settle  it  with  tem- 
perately enriched  water  (such  as  is  impregnated  with  neat  and  sheeps 
dung  especially,  set  and  stirr'd  in  the  sun  some  few  days  before,  but 
be  careful  not  to  drench  them  too  much  at  first,  but  giving  it  by  degrees 
day  after  day,  without  wetting  the  stem  or  leaves),  having  before  put 
some  rubbish  of  lime-stones,  pebbles,  shells,  faggot-spray,  or  the  like, 
at  the  bottom  of  the  cases,  to  make  the  moisture  passage,  and  keep  the 
earth  loose,  for  fear  of  rotting  the  fibres.     See  November.     Then  set 
them  in  the  shade  for  a  fortnight,  and  afterwards  expose  them  to  the 
sun ;  vet  not  where  it  is  too  scorching  by  the  reflection  of  walls,  but 
rather  where  they  may  have  the  gentle  shade  of  distant  trees,  or  a 
palisade  thin  hedge  or  curtain  drawn  before  them,  which  may  now  and 
then  be  sprinkl'd  with  water,  as  seamen  do  their  sails.     The  morning 
sun,  till  about  three  in  the  afternoon,  is  best.    Be  not  yet  over-hasty  in 
giving  them  the  full  sun ;  for  in  your  discreet  acqainting  them  with 
this  change  consists  their  prosperity  during  all  the  summer  after  ■[•. 

Give  now  also  your  hous'd  plants  (such  as  you  do  not  think  requisite 
to  take  out)  fresh  earth  at  the  surface,  in  place  of  some  of  the  old  earth 
(a  hand  depth  or  so),  and  loosning  the  rest  with  a  fork,  without 
wounding  the  roots.     Let  this  be  of  excellent  rich  soil  J,  such  as  is 


*  See  "  Discourse  of  Earth,"  pp.  40,  41.  f  Ibid,  p;  41.  J  Vide  July. 


462 

throughly  consum'd,  and  will  sift,  that  it  may  wash  in  the  vertue,  and 
comfort  the  plant.  Brush  and  cleanse  them  likewise  from  the  dust 
contracted  during  their  enclosure.  If  you  do  not  transplant  or  remove 
them  about  the  middle  of  the  month,  take  off  the  surface-earth  about 
an  inch  or  two  deep,  and  put  cow-dung  of  the  last  year's  preparation  in 
place  of  it,  covering  it  over  with  the  same  mould.  (See  July.)  But  now 
for  a  compendium,  and  to  gratifie  gentlemen  with  what  is  most  effec- 
tual, as  well  as  easie.  Let  them  always  be  provided  with  a  plentiful 
stock  of  old  neats'-dung,  well  air'd  and  stirr'd  for  two  years.  Then 
with  three  parts  of  this,  and  one  of  the  bottom  of  the  tanner's  pit  (with 
some  addition  of  a  light  under-turf  mould),  they  will  be  provided  with 
an  incomparable  composition,  not  only  for  their  orange-trees,  but  for 
all  other  sorts  of  verdures.  But  after  all,  where  there  is  to  be  found  a 
natural  earth,  with  an  eye  of  loam  in  it  (such  as  is  proper  for  most 
flowers,  carnations  especially),  mixing  it  with  well-consumed  horse- 
dung,  and  something  of  a  drying  nature,  such  as  is  the  ashes  of  sea- 
coal,  in  due  proportion,  to  keep  it  loose  and  from  clogging,  you  need 
seek  for  nothing  more.  Neither  shall  they  need*  much  to  trim  the 
roots  (unless  they  find  them  exceedingly  matted  and  straggling),  or  put 
so  much  loose  trash  at  the  bottom  of  their  cases ;  but  it  were  good  to 
change  them  once  in  three  or  four  years  into  larger  ones,  if  they  prosper; 
The  least  size  of  cases  ought  to  be  of  sixteen  inches,  the  middle  sort  of 
two  foot,  and  the  largest  near  a  yard  diameter,  supported  from  the- 
ground  with  knobs  or  feet,  four  inches. 

These  last  directions  have  till  now  been  kept  as  considerable  secrets 
amongst  our  gard'ners.     (Vide  August  and  September.) 

Shade  your  carnations  and  gilly-flowers  after  mid-day  about  this 
season.  You  may  likewise  sow  clove  gilly-flowers,  new-moon.  Sow 
also  your  stock -gilly-flowers  in  beds,  full- moon. 

Continue  watering  ranunculus's.  Transplant  forth  your  amaranthus's 
where  you  would  have  them  stand.  Sow  antirrinum;  or  you  may 
set  it. 

Gather  what  anemony-seed  you  find  ripe,  and  that  is  worth  saving ; 
preserve  it  very  dry.  You  may  plant  single  anemonies.  Prune  jasmine 
close,  within  half  an  inch. 


463 

Cut  likewise  the  stalks  of  such  bulbous  flowers  as  you  find  dry. 

Towards  the  end  take  up  those  tulips  which  are  dry'd  in  the  stalk  ; 
covering  what  you  find  to  lie  bare  from  the  sun  and  showers.  And  if 
you  find  any  to  be  canker'd,  bury  them  immediately  in  the  ea^th  again, 
before  they  be  dry ;  'tis  the  best  cure. 

Flowers  in  prime,  or  yet  lasting. 

Late  set  anemonles  and  ranunculus  omn.  gen.  anapodophylon,  blat- 
taria,  chamse-iris,  augustifol.  cyanus,  cytisus,  maranthe,  cyclamen, 
helleborine,  columbines,  caltha  palustris,  double  cotyledon,  digitalis, 
fraxinella,  gladiolus,  geranium,  hormlnum  creticum,  yellow  hemero- 
callis,  strip'd  jacinth,  early  bulbous  iris,  asphodel,  yellow,  lillies,  lychnis, 
jacea,  bellis  double,  white  and  red,  millefolium  luteum,  phalangium 
orchis,  lilium  convallium,  span,  pinks,  deptford  pinks,  rosa  common, 
cinnamon,  guelder,  and  centifol.  &c.  oleaster,  cherry-bay,  trachelium, 
cowslips,  hesperis,  antirrhinum,  syringas,  sedums,  tulips  serotin,.  &c. 
valerian,  veronica  double  and  single,  musk  violets,  ladies  slipper,  stock- 
glUy-flowers,  spanilh  nut,  star-flower,  chalcedons,  ordinary  crowfoot, 
red  martagon,  bee-flowers,  campanellas  (white  and  blue),  persian  lilly, 
honey-suckles,  buglos,  homer's  moly,  and  the  white  of  dioscorides, 
pansis,  prunella,  purple  thalictrum,  sisymbrium  (double  and  simple}, 
leucoium  bulbosum  serotinum,  peonies,  sambucus,  rosemary,  stsechas, 
sea-narcissus,  barba  jovis,  laurus,  satyrion,  oxyacanthus,  tamariscus, 
apple  blossoms,  &c. 


s     JUNE 

Hath  XXX  days  —long,  le?-  17"". Sun  rises  S""  SI"  —  sets  8"  9": 

2oL  be  done  in  the  Orchard  and  Olitory  Garden. 

Sow  lettuce,  chervil,  radish,  &c;  to  have  young  and  tender  salleting. 

About  the  midst  of  June  you  may  inoculate  pea!ches,  abricots,  cher- 
ries, plums,  apples,  pears,  &c.  On  \yhat  stocks,  see  November. 

You  jnay  now  also  (or  in  May  before)  cleanse  vines  of  exuberant 
branches  and  tendrels,  cropping  (not  cutting)  and  stopping  the  second 


464 

joint,  or  immediately  before  the  fruit,  and  some  of  the  under  branches 
which  bear  no  fruit ;  especially  in  young  vineyards,  when  they  first 
begin  to  bear,  and  thence  forwards,  binding  up  the  rest  to  props.  More 
ample  directions  for  the  nursery  this  month's  beginning,  see  "  Discourse 
of  Earth,"  p.  15. 

Gather  herbs  in  the  full  to  keep  dry.  They  keep  and  retain  their: 
vertue  and  sweet  smell,  provided  you  take,  the  same  care  as  you  do  in 
hay,  that  you  expose  them  not  in  too  thin  but  competent  heaps,  which 
you  may  turn  and  move  till  they  be  reasonably  dry,  not  brittle,  and  the 
sooner  it  be  dispatch'd  the  better.  The  gard'ner  therefore  should 
attend  it  himself;  for  theire  is  very  great  difference  in  the  vertue  of 
plants,  according  as  they  are  dry'd. 

To  preserve  the  colour  of  flowers  or  herbs,  they  should  be  dry'd  in 
the  shade ;  but  they  will  be  apt  to  contract  mustiness  unless  shewed  to 
the  sun  a  little. 

Now  is  your  season  to  distill  aromatidk  plants,  &c. 
Water  lately  planted  trees,  and  put  moist  and  half-rotten  fearn,  &c. 
about  the  foot  of  their  stems,  having  first  clear'd  them  of  weeds,  and  a 
little  stirr'd  the  earth. 

Now  because  the  excessive  scorchings  of  this  and  the  two  following 
months  (and  not  seldom  the  winters  also),  do  frequently  indanger  the 
untimely  falling  both  of  blossom  and  fruit  before  their  maturity,  place 
a  vessel  of  impregnated  water  near  the  stem  of  the  tree,  and  lap  a  rea- 
sonable long  piece  of  flannel,  or  other  woollen  or  linnen  clout  about  it 
letting  one  end  thereof  hang  in  the  water,  by  which  the  moisture 
ascending  will  be  suck'd  thro'  the  very  bark,  and  consequently  nourish 
and  invigorate  the  tree  to  re-produce  its  former  verdure.  The  water  is 
to  be  supply'd  as  you  find  it  convenient,  and  no  longer,  lest  it  sob  your 
stem  too  much.  This  manner  of  refreshing  is  more  to  be  preferr'd  than 
by  suffering  it  to  drop  only  upon  the  earth  (which  yet  in  other  occa- 
sions is  profitable)  per  lingulam;  which,  if  too  plentifully,  endangers 
the  chilling  and  rotting  of  the  fibres. 

Note,  that  sick  trees,  as  orange,i&c.  frequently  impair'd  by  removes, 
carriage,  ill  handling,  and  other  accidents,  are  many  times  recover'd  by 
a  milk  diet;  that  is,  diluting  it  with  a  portion  of  water  discreetly 


465 

admlnlster'd,  as  you  find  amendment.  Sometimes  also  by  plunging 
them  in  the  hot-bed ;  or  by  letting  the  tree  down  into  a  pit  of  four  or 
five  foot  depth,  covering  the  head,  and  the  rest  pf  the  tree  above,  with 
a  glaz'd  frame.  Either  of  these  remedies  projSt  according  as  the  plant 
is  affected,  wanting  warmth  or  nourishment. 

Ply  weeding  as  in  the  former  month. 

Look  to  your  bees  for  swarms  and  casts ;  and  begin  to  destroy  insects 
with  hoofs,  canes,  and  tempting  baits,  &c.  Gather  snails  after  rain,  &c. 

Fruits  in  primes  or  yet  lasting. 

Apples. — Juniting  (first  ripe),  pippins,  john-apples,  robillard,  red 
Fennouil,  &c.  French. 

Pears. — The  maudlin  (first  ripe),  madeira,  green-royal,  St. Lawrence 
pear,  &c. 

Cherries,  &c. — Duke,  flanders,  heart  (black,  red,  white),  luke- 
ward,  early  flanders,  the  common  cherry,  Spanish  black,  naples 
cherries,  &c. 

Rasberries,  corinths  *,  strawberries,  melons,  &c. 

To  be  done  in  the  Parterre  and  Flower  Garden. 

Transplant  autumnal  cyclamens  now,  if  you  would  change  their 
place ;  otherwise  let  them  stand.     Take  up  iris  chalcedon. 

Gather  the  ripe  seeds  of  flowers  worth  the  saving,  as  of  choicest 
oriental  jacinth,  narcissus  (the  two  lesser,  pale,  spurious  daffodils,  of  a 
whitish  green,  often  produces  varieties),  a^iculas,  ranunculus's,  &c. 
and  preserve  them  dry.    Shade  your  carnations  from  the  afternoon  sun. 

You  may  now  begin  to  lay  your  gilly-flowersf .  Sow  some  annuals  to 
flower  in  the  later  months. 


*  Currants  were  formerly  considered  to  be  a  species  of  the  gooseberryj  and  had  no  other  name 
until  they  were  called  CorinthSj  from  their  similitude  to  the  small  Z&Dte  grapes  (the  currants  of 
the  grocers),  which  grew  in  great  abundance  about  Corinth,  and  which  now  bear  also  the  cor- 
rapted  name  of  currants. 

f  This  alludes  to  the  clove  gilly-flower,  Dianthus  Cary&phyllm.  The  name  of  gillyflower  was 
common  to  several  plants,  as  the  stock-gillyflower,  and  the  wall-gillyflower.  Our  great  Lexicogra- 

3o 


466 

Take  up  your  rarest  anemonies  and  ranunculus's  after  rain  (if  it 
come  seasonable,  not  before),  the  stalk  wither'd,  and  dry  the  roots  well. 
This  about  the  end  of  the  month.  In  naid-June  inoculate  jasmine, 
roses,  and  some  other  rare  shrubs.  Sow  now  also  some  anemony  seeds. 
Take  up  your  tulip  bulbs,  burying  such  immediately  as  you  find  naked 
upon  your  beds,  or  else  plant  them  in  some  cooler  place ;  and  refresh 
over-parch'd  beds  with  water.  Water  your  pots  of  narcissus  of  Japan 
(that  precious  flower),  &c.  Stop  some  of  your  scabious's  from  running 
to  seed  the  first  year,  by  now  removing  them,  and  next  year  they  will 
produce  excellent  flowers.  Also  you  may  now  take  up  all  such  plants 
and  flower-roots  as  endure  not  well  out  of  the  ground,  and  replant 
them  again  immediately;  such  as  the  early  cyclamen,  jacinth  oriental, 
and  other  bulbous  jacinths,  iris,  fritillaria,  crown  imperial,  martagon, 
muscaris,  dens  caninus,  &c.  The  slips  of  myrtle  set  in  some  cool  and 
moist  place,  do  now  frequently  take  root.  Also  cytisus  lunatus  will  be 
multiplied  by  slips  in  a  damp  place,  such  as  are  an  handful  long  of  that 
spring,  but  neither  by  seeds  nor  layers.  Look  now  to  your  aviary ;  for 
now  the  birds  grow  sick  of  their  feathers ;  therefore  assist  them  with 
emulsions  of  the  cooler  seeds  bruised  in  their  water,  as  melons,  cucum- 
bers, &c.  Also  give  them  succory,  beets,  groundsel,  chickweed,  fresh 
gravel,  and  earth,  &c. 

Flowers  in  prime,  or  yet  lasting. 

Amaranthus,  anemonies  single,  antirrhinum,  asphodel,  campanula, 
convolvolus,  cyclamen,  clematis  panonica,  cyannus,  blattaria,  digitalis, 
gladiolus,  hedysarum,  geranium,  horminum  creticum,  hieracium,  hes- 
peris,  bulbous  iris,  and  divers  others,  lychnis  var.  generum,  martagon 
(white  and  red),  millefolium  (white  and  yellow),  nasturtium  indicum. 


pher  concludes  that  the  word  is  corrupted  from  July  flower,  because  Lord  Bacon  says,  "  in  July 
come  gillyflowers  of  all  varieties ;"  and  Mortimer  is  also  quoted,  who  writes,  "  Gillyflowers,  or 
rather  July  flowers,  are  called  from  the  month  they  blow  in;"  or,  says  Johnson,  "  from  GixoJUe, 
of  the  French."  It  is  evidently  not  derived  from  July,  since  Chaucer,  who  frequently  uses  French 
words,  spells  it  gilofre.  The  learned  Dr.  Turner,  in  his  History  of  Plants  of  1568,  calls  it  gelouer. 
Gerard,  who  succeeded  Turijer,  and  after  him"  Parkinson,  call  it  gilloflower,  and  thus  it  travelled 
from  its  original  orthography,  until  it  was  called  July-flower.    Flora  Historica,  vol.  II. 


467 

nigella,  aster  atticus,  hellebore,  alb.  gentlana,  trachelium,  ficus  indica, 
fraxinella,  shrub  nightshade,  jasmines,  honey-suckles,  genista  hisp. 
carnations,  pinks,  armerius,  ornithogalum,  pansy,  phalangium  virgini- 
anum,  larksheel  (early),  philosella,  roses,  thlaspi  creticum,  &c.  vero- 
nica, viola  pentaphyl.  campions  or  sultans,  mountain  lillies  (white, 
red),  double  poppies,  palm  christi,  stock -gilly-flowers,  corn-flag,  holly- 
hock, muscaria,  serpillum  citratum,  phalangium  allobrogicum,  oranges, 
rosemary,  gelder,  and  cynomon  roses,  tuber-rose,  lentiscus,  pomgranade, 
the  lime-tree,  &c. 


SI    JULY 

Hath  xxxi  days  —  long,  IS"-  69<°. Sun  rises  4''  0"  — sets  8"  1». 

To  he  done  in  the  Orchard  and  Olitory  Garden. 

Sow  lettuce,  raddish,  &c.  to  have  tender  salleting. 

Sow  later  pease,  to  be  ripe  six  weeks  after  Michaelmas. 

Water  young  planted  trees,  and  layers,  &c.  and  re-prune  now  abri- 
cots  and  peaches,  saving  as  many  of  the  young  likeliest  shoots  as  are 
well  placed ;  for  the  now  bearers  commonly  perish,  the  new  ones  suc- 
ceeding. Cut  close  and  even,  purging  your  wall-fruit  of  superfluous 
leaves,  which  hinder  from  the  sun,  but  do  it  discreetly ;  as  also  vines. 

It  were  now  fit  (and  especially  when  the  fruit  is  either  forming  or 
requires  filling,  and  before  if.  the  season  be  very  dry),  to  give  plentiful 
refreshments  to  your  mural  fruit-trees,  pouring  it  leisurely  into  holes 
made  with  a  wooden-pointed  stake,  at  competent  distance  from  the 
stem,'  and  so  as  not  to  touch  or  wound  any  of  the  roots.  You  may 
leave  the  short  stakes  in  the  holes  for  a  while,  or  fill  them  with  mould 
again.  Thus  may  you  feed  your  vines  with  blood,  sweet,  and  mingled 
with  water,  &c.  But  this,  and  all  pther  summer  refreshings,  is  only 
to  be  done  early  in  the  morning,  or  late  in  the  evenings. 

You  may  now  also  begin  to  inoculate. 

Let  such  olitory-herbs  run  to  seed  as  you  would  save. 


468 

Towards  the  latter  end,  visit  your  vineyards*  again,  &c.  and  stop  the 
exuberant  shoots  at  the  second  joint  above  the  fruit  (if  not  finish'd 
before),  but  not  so  as  to  expose  it  to  the  sun,  without  some  umbrage. 

Remove  long-sided  cabbages  planted  in  May,  to  head  in  autumn ;  'tis 
the  best  cabbage  in  the  world.  Remember  to  cut  away  all  rotten  and 
putrify'd  leaves  from  your  cabbages,  which  el^e  will  infect  both  earth 
and  air. 

Now  begin  to  streightfen  the  entrance  of  your  bees  a  little,  and  help 
them  to  kill  their  drones,  if  you  observe  too  many :  setting  the  new- 
invented  cucurbit-glasses  of  beer  mingled  with  honey,  to  entice  the 
wasps,  flies,  &c.  which  waste  your  store.  Also  hang  bottles  of  the 
same  mixture  near  your  red  roman  nectarines,  and  other  tempting 
fruits  and  flowers,  for  their  destruction ;  else  they  many  times  invade 
your  best  fruit.  Set  therefore  up  hoofs  of  neats'-feet  for  the  earwigs, 
and  remember  to  cleanse  and  shake  them  out  at  noon,  when  they  con- 
stantly repair  for  the  shade.  They  are  cursed  devourers;  nor  ought 
vou  to  be  less  diligent  to  prevent  the  ants,  which  above  all  invade  the 
orange-flower,  by  casting  scalding  brine  on  their  hills  and  other 
receptacles. 

Look  no'iy  also  diligently  under  the  leaves  of  mural-trees  for  the 
snails ;  they  stick  commonly  somewhat  above  the  fruit.  Pull  not  off" 
what  is  bitten,  for  then  they  will  certainly  begin  afresh. 

Have  still  an  eye  to  the  weeding  and  cleansing  part.  Begin  the 
work  of  hau'ghing  as  soon  as  ever  they  begin  to  peep ;  you  will  rid 
more  in  a  few  hours  than  afterwards  in  a  whole  day ;  whereas,  neglect- 
ing it  till  they  are  ready  to  sow  themselves,  you  do  but  stir  and  pnepare 
for  a  more  numerous  crop  of  these  garden-sins :  I  cannot  too  often 
inculcate  and  repeat  it. 

Fruits  in  primes  or  yet  lasting. 

ApPLES.-^-Deux-ans,  pippins,  winter  russeting,  iandrew  apples,  cin- 
namon-apple, red  and  white  juneting,  the  margaret-apple,  &c. 


*  Vineyards  were  common  in  England  in  the  time  of  Evelyn.    See  "  Pomarium  Britannicum," 
.3d  edit.  p.  185. 


469 

Pears.— The  primat,  russet  pears,  summer  pears,  green  chesil  pears, 
orange  pear,  cuisse  madame,  pearl  pear,  &c. 

Cherries. — Carnations,  morella,  great-bearer,  morocco  cherry,  the 
egriot,  bigarreux,  &c. 

Peaches. — Nutmeg,  isobella,  persian,  newington,  violet,  muscat, 
rambouillet. 

PruMs,  &c. — Primordial,  myrobalan,  the  red,  blue,  and  amber 
violets,  damasc.  denny  damasc.  pear-plum,  damasc.  violet,  or  cheson 
plum,  abricot-plum,  cinnamon  plum,  the  king's  plum,  Spanish,  mo- 
rocco-plum, lady  Eliz.  plum,  tawny,  damascene,  &c.  figgs. 

Rasberries,  gooseberries,  corinths,  strawberries,  melons,  &c. 

To  be  done  in  the  Parterre  and  Flower  Garden. 

Slip  stocks,  and  other  lignous  plants  and  flowers.  From  henceforth 
to  Michaelmas  you  may  also  lay  gilly-flowers  and  carnations  for  in- 
crease, leaving  not  above  two  or  three  spindles  for  flowers,  and  nipping 
off  superfluous  buds,  with  supports,  cradles,  canes,  or  hoofs,  to  establish 
them  against  winds,  and  destroy  earwigs. 

The  layers  will  (in  a  month  or  six  weeks)  strike  root,  being  planted 
in  a  light  loamy  earth,  mixed  with  excellent  rotten  soil,  and  sifted. 
Plant  six  or  eight  in  a  pot  to  save  room  in  winter.  Keep  them  well 
from  too  much  rains ;  yet  water  them  in  drought,  sparing  the  leaves. 
If  it  prove  too  wet,  lay  your  pots  side-long ;  but  shade  those  which 
blow  from  the  afternoon  sun,  as  in  the  former  month- 

Yet  also  you  may  lay  myrtles,  laurels,  and  other  curious  greens. 

Water  young  planted  shrubs  and  layers,  &c.  as  orange-trees,  myrtles, 
granades  *,  amonlum  especially,  which  shrub  you  can  hardly  refresh 
too  often,  and  it  requii'es  abundant  compost ;  as  do  like\vise  both  the 
myrtle  and  granade-trees ;  therefore,  whenever  you  trim  their  roots, 
or  change  their  earth,  apply  the  richest  soil  (so  it  be  sweet  and  well 
consum'd)  you  can  to  them,  &c.  Clip  box,  &c.  in  parterres,  knots, 
and  compartiments,  if  need  be,  and  that  it  grow  out  of  order :  do  it 
after  rain. 

*  Note,  that  the  granade  flourishes  best  in  earth  not  over-rich. 


470 

Graff  by  approach,  inarch,  and  inoculate  jasmines,  oranges,  and 
other  your  choicest  shrubs. 

Take  up  your  early  autumnal  cyclamen,  tulips,  and  bulbs  (if  you 
will  remove  them,  &c.)  before  mentioned ;  transplanting  them  imme- 
diately, or  a  month  after,  if  you  please,  and  then  cutting  off  and  trim- 
ming the  fibres,  spread  them  to  air  in  some  dry  place.  But  separate 
not  the  off-sets  of  tulips,  &c.  until  the  mother  bulb  be  fully  dry. 

Gather  tulip-seed,  if  you  please ;  but  let  it  lie  in  the  pods. 

Gather  now  also  your  early  cyclamen-seed,  and  sow  it  presently  in, 
pots. 

Remove  seedling  crocus's  sow'd  in  September  constantly  at  this 
season,  placing  them  at  wider  intervals  till  they  begin  to  bear. 

Likewise  you  may  take  up  some  anemonies,  ranunculus's,  crocus, 
crown  imperial,  persian  iris,  fritillaria,  and  colchicums ;  but  plant  the 
three  last  as  soon  as  you  have  taken  them  up,  as  you  did  the.cyclamens ; 
or  you  may  stay  till  August  or  September  ere  you  take  them  up, 
and  replant  colchicums. 

Remove  now  dens  caninus,  &c. 

Take  up  your  gladiolus  now  yearly,  the  blades  being  dry,  or  else 
their  off-sets  will  poison  the  ground. 

Latter  end  of  July,  treat  your  orange-trees,  &c.  as  directed  in  Mav, 
by  refreshing  the  surface  of  the  cases,  to  nourish  and  keep  the  fruit 
cool  and  in  vigour.  Sift  your  beds  for  off-sets  of  tulips,  and  all  bulbous 
roots ;  also  for  anemonies  ranunculus's,  &c.  which  will  prepare  for  re- 
planting with  such  things  as  you  have  already  in  pots,  to  plunge  or  set 
in  the  naked  earth  till  the  next  season  ;  as  amaranths,  canna  ind.  mira- 
bile  peruv.  capsicum  ind.  nasturtium  ind.  &c.  that  they  may  not  lie 
empty  and  disfurnished. 

You  may  sow  some  anemonies,  keeping  them  temperately  moist. 

Continue  to  cut  off  the  wither'd  stalks  of  your  lower  flowers,  &c.  and 
all  others,  covering  with,  earth  the  bared  roots,  &c. 

Now  (in  the  driest  season)  with  lime,  brine,  pot-ashes  (which  is  the 
very  best  of  all,  because  being  cast  on  fine  turf  it  destroys  the  worms, 
and  improves  the  grass,  which  most  other  applications  mortify),  and 
water,  or  a  decoction  of  tobacco  refuse,  water  your  gravel-walks,  &c. 


471 

to  destroy  both  worms  and  weeds,  of  which  it  will  cure  them  for  some 

years. 

Flowers  in  primes  or  yet  lasting. 

Amaranthus,  asphodel,  antirrhinum,  campanula,  clematis,  cyanus, 
convolvolus,  sultana,  veronica  purple  and  odoriferous,  digitalis,  eryn- 
gium  planum  ind.  phaseolus,  geranium  triste,  nocte  olens,  and  creti- 
cum,  gladiolus,  gentiana,  hiesperis,  nigella,  hedysarum,  fraxinella, 
lychnis  chalcedon,  jacea  (white  and  double),  nasturt.  ind.  millefolium, 
musk-rose,  flos  africanus,  thlaspi  creticum,  veronica  mag.  et  parva, 
volubilis,  balsam-apple,  holy-hoc,  corn-flower,  alkekengi,  lupines,  scor- 
pion-grass, caryophyllata  omn.  gen.  stock-gilly-flower,  scabiosa,  mirab. 
peru,  spartum  hispan.  monthly  rose,  jasmine,  indian  tuberous  jacinth, 
limonium,  linaria  cretica,  pansies,  prunella,  delphinium,  phalanglum, 
periploca  virgin,  flos  passionis,  flos  cardinalis,  yucca,  oranges,  amomum 
plinii,  oleanders  (red  and  white),  agnus  castus,  arbutus,  olive, 
ligustrum,  tilia,  &c. 


m    AUGUST 

Hath  xxxi  days  —  long,  14''  SS".  ■: Sun  rises,  4"'  43"'  —  sets  7l»  17m. 

To  be  done  in  the  Orchard  and  Olitory  Garden. 

Inoculate  now  early,  if  before  you  began  not,  and  gather  your  bud 
of  that  year.     Let  this  work  be  done  before  you  remove  the  stocks. 

Prune  off  yet  also  superfluous  branches  and  shoots  of  this  second 
spring;  but  be  careful  not  to  expose  the  fruit  without  leaves  sufficient 
to  screen  it  from  the  sun,  furnishing  and  nailing  up  what  you  will 
spare  to  cover  the  defects  of  your  walls.  Continue  yet  to  cleanse  your 
vines  from  exuberant  branches  that  too  much  hinder  the  sun.  Do  this 
discreetly,  lest  the  fruit  shrivel,  being  too  much  expos'd. 

Pull  up  the  suckers. 

Clip  roses  now  done  bearing. 

Sow  radish,  especially  the  black,  to  prevent  running  up  to  seed,  pale 
tender  cabbages,  cauly-flowers  for  winter  plants,  corn  sallet,  marigolds, 


472 

lettuce,  carrots,  parsnips,  turnips,  spinage,  onions ;  also  curl'd  endive, 
angelica,  scurvy-grass,  &c. 

Strip  or  tread  down  onions,  and  strip  the  leaves  of  beets,  carrots, 
parsnips,  &c.  to  improve  the  roots. 

Note,  that  if  plants  run  up  to  seed  over-hastily  (as  they  will  be  apt 
to  do,  being  early  sown,  and  the  weather  hot),  pull  their  roots  a  little 
out  of  the  ground,  and  lay  them  along  in  it  somewhat  slanting,  and 
clap  some  mould  about  them. 

Cauly-flowers  over-speeding  to  pome  and  head  (before  they  have 
quite  perfected  their  heads)  should  be  quite  eradicated,  and  may  be 
buried  in  a  cellar,  or  some  cool  place,  both  root  and  stalk  up  to  the 
very  head,  and  so  they  will  furnish  goodly  heads,  without  sun  or 
exposure  abroad. 

Likewise  now  pull  up  ripe  onions  and  garlick,  &c. 

Towards  the  end  sow  purslan,  chard-beet,  chervil,  &c. 

Transplant  such  lettuce  as  you  will  have  abide  all  winter. 

Gather  your  olitory-seeds,  and  clip  and  cut  all  such  herbs  and  plants 
within  one  handful  of  the  ground  before  the  full.     Lastly, 

Unbind  and  release  the  buds  you  inoculated,  if  taken,  &c. ;  likewise 
stop  and  prune  them. 

Pluck  up  strawberry  runners,  extirpate  the  tall  stalks,  and  purge  the 
old  tufts  and  leaves. 

Now  vindeniiate,  and  take  your  bees  towards  the  expiration  of  this 
month,  uidess  you  see  cause  (by  reason  of  the  weather  or  season)  to 
defer  it  till  mid-September ;  but,  if  your  stocks  be  very  light  and  weajs, 
begin  the  earlier. 

Make  your  summer  perry  and  cider.  See  "  Discourse  of  Cider,"  at 
the  end  of  our  "Pomona." 

Fruits  in  prime,  and  yet  lasting. 

Apples. — The  ladies  longing,  the  kirkham  apple,  johji-^pple,  the 
seaming  apple,  cushion  apple,  spicing,  may-flower,  sheeps  snout. 

Pears. — Windsor,  sovereign,  orange,  bergamot,  slipper  pear,  red 
Catherine,  king  Catherine,  denny  pear,  prussia  pear,  summer  peppering, 
sugar  pear,  lording  pear,  &c. 


473 

Peaches  and  Abricots. — Roman  peach,  man  peach,  quince  peach, 
rambouillet,  musk  peach,  grand  carnation,  portugal  peach,  crown  peach, 
bourdeaux  peach,  lavar  peach,  maudlen,  minion  peach,  the  peach  des 
pot,  savoy  malacoton,  which  lasts  till  Michaelmas. 

Nectarines. — ^The  muroy  nectarine,  tawny,  red  roman,  little  green 
nectarine,  cluster  nectarine,  yellow  nectarine. 

Plums.— Imperial,  blue,  white  dates,  yellow  pear-plum,  black  pear- 
plum,  white  nutmeg,  late  pear-plum,  great  anthony,  turkey-plum,  the 
jane- plum. 

Other  Fruit.— Cluster-grape,  muscadine,  corinths,  cornelians  *, 
mulberries,  figs,  filberts,  melons,  &c. 

To  be  done  in  the  Parterre  and  Flower  Garden. 

Now  (and  not  till  now,  if  you  expect  success)  is  the  just  season  for 
the  budding  of  the  orange-tree.  Inoculate,  therefore,  at  the  commence- 
ment of  this  month,  upon  seedling  stocks  of  four  years  growth.  And 
to  have  excellent  buds,  cut  off  the  head  of  some  very  old  orange-tree  of 
a  good  kind,  which  making  large  shoots,  will  furnish  the  best. 

Now  likewise  take  up  your  bulbous  iris ;  or  you  may  sow  their  seeds, 
as  also  those  of  larks-^heel,  candy-tufts,  columbines,  iron-colour'd  fox- 
gloves, holly-hocks,  and  such  plants  as  endure  winter,  and  the  approach- 
ing seasons. 

Plant  some  anemony  roots  to  have  flowers  all  winter,  if  the  roots 
escape,  and  take  up  your  seedlings  of  last  year,  which  now  transplant 
for  bearing.  Also  plant  dens  caninus,  autumnal  crocus,  and  colchicums. 
Note,  that  English  saflPron  may  be  suflfered  to  stand  for  increase  to  the 
third  or  fourth  year  without  removing. 

You  may  now  sow  narcissus  and  oriental  jacinths,  and  re-plant  such 


*  This  fruit  is  no  longer  seen  in  our  orchards  or  at  our  tables.  Phillips  says,  in  his  "  Sylva 
Florifera,"  "The  cornelian  cherry,  carnvs  mascula,  is  now  removed  from  the  orchard  to  the 
shrubbery;  but  in  this  latter  situation  it  is  at  present  so  seldom  seen,  that  many  persons  do  not 
even  know  that  this  beautifully-transparent  fruit  exists,  which  flourished  in  the  earliest  English 
gatdens,  graced  the  desserts  of  our  forefathers,  and  furnished  their  dames  with  fruit  for  tarts,  rob, 
and  marmalade."    Vol.  I.  p.  185. 

3  p 


474. 

as  will  not  do  well  out  of  the  earth ;  as  fritlUaria,  hyacinths,  martagon, 
dens  caninus,  lillies. 

GlUy-flowers  may  yet  be  slipp'd. 

Continue  your  taking  up  of  bulbs,  dry  them,  and   lay  them  up; 
lillies,  &c.  of  which  before. 

Gather  from  day  to  day  your  alaternus  seed  as  it  grows  black  and 
ripe,  and  spread  it  to  sweat  and  dry  before  you  put  it  up ;  therefore 
move  it  sometimes  with  a  broom  or  whisk,  that  the  seeds  clog  not 
together,  unless  you  will  separate  It  from  the  mucilage ;  for  then  you 
must  a  little  bruise  it  wet :  wash  and  dry  them  in  a  cloth. 
Water  well  your  balsamine  fcem. 

Most  other  seeds  may  now  likewise  be  gather'd  from  shrubs,  as  you 
find  them  ripen. 

About  mid-August  transplant  auriculas,  dividing  old  and  lusty  roots  ; 
also  prick  out  your  seedlings.  They  best  Jike  a  loamy  sand,  or  light 
moist  earth,  yet,  rich  and  shaded.     You  may  likewise  sow  auricula. 

Now,  towards  the  latter  end,  you  may  sow  anemony  seeds,  ranun- 
culus's, &c.  lightly  cover'd  with  fit  mould  in  cases,  shaded,  and  fre- 
quently refreshed.  Also  cyclamen,  jacinths,  iris,  hepatica,  primroses, 
fritillaria,  martagon,  fraxinella,  tulips,  &c.  but  with  patience,  for  some 
of  them,  because  they  flower  not  till  three,  four,  five,  six,  and  seven 
years  after,  especially  the  tulips,  unless  you  sow  the  seeds  so  shallow 
that  they  cannot  penetrate  or  sink  above  an  inch  or  two ;  which  is  a 
secret.  Therefore  disturb  not  their  beds  (but  hand-weed  them),  and 
let  them  be  under  some  warm  place,  shaded  yet,  till  the  heats  are  past, 
lest  the  seeds  dry;  only  the  hepaticas  and  primroses  may  be  sow'd  in 
some  less  expos'd  beds. 

Now,  about  Bartholomew-tide,  is  the  only,  secure  season  for  removing 
and  laying  your  perennial, greens,  oranges,  lemons,  myrtles,  phillyreas, 
oleanders,  jasmines,  arbutus,  and  other  rare  shrubs,  as  pomegranads, 
monthly  roses,  and  whatever  is  most  obnoxious  to  frosts ;  taking  the 
shoots  and  branches  of  the  past  spring,  and  pegging  them  down  in 
very  rich  earth,  and  soil  perfectly  consum'd,  watering  them  upon  all 
occasions  during  the  summer ;  and  by  this  time  twelventionth  they  will 
be  ready  to  remove,  transplanted  In  fit  earth,  set  in  the  shade,  and  kept 


475 

moderately  moist,  not  over- wet,  lest  the  young  fibres  rot':  after  three 
weeks  set  them  in  some  more  airy  place,  but  not  in  the  sun  till  fifteen 
days  more.  Vide  our  observations  in  April  and  May,  for  the  rest  of 
these  choice  directions. 

Flowers  in  prime,  or  yet  lasting. 

Amaranthus,  anagallis,  lusitanica,  aster  atticus,  blattaria,  Spanish 
bells,  belvedere,  carnations,  campanula,  clematis,  cyclamen  verhum, 
datura  turcica,  eliochryson,  eryngium  planum  et  amethystinum,  gera- 
nium creticum,  and  triste.  Yellow  stocks,  hieracion  minus  alpestre, 
tuberose  hyacinth,  limonium,  linaria  cretica,  lychnis,  mirabile  peruvian, 
yellow  millefolium,  nastur.  ind.  yellow  mountain  hearts-ease,  maracoc, 
africanus  flos,  convolvolus's,  scabious,  asphodils,  delphinium,  lupines, 
colchicum,  leucoion,  autumnal  hyacinth,  holly-hock,  starwort,  heliotrop, 
french  marigold,  daisies,  geranium  nocte  olens,  common  pansies,  larks- 
heels  of  all  colours,  nigella,  helleborus,  balsamin.  fcem.  Lobels  catch- 
fly,  thlaspi  creticum,  rosemary,  musk  rose,  monthly  rose,  oleanders, 
Spanish  jasmine,  yellow  Indian  jasmine,  myrtles,  oranges,  pomegranads 
(double  and  single  flowers),  shrub  spiraea,  agn us  castus,  the  virginian 
martagon,  malva  arborescens,  &c. 


^     SEPTEMBER 

Hath  XXX  days  —  long,  12li  37™. Sun  rises  5li  4ini  —  sets  6^  19™. 

To  be  done  in  the  Orchard  and  Olitory  Garden. 

Gather  now  (if  ripe)  your  winter-fruits,  as  apples,  pears,  plums,  &c. 
to  prevent  their  falling  by  the  great  winds.  Also  gather  your  wind- 
falls from  day  to  day.     Do  this  work  in  dry  weather. 

Release  inoculated  buds,  or  sooner,  if  they  pinch.  You  may  yet 
inoculate  peaches. 

Sow  lettuce,  radish,  splnage,  chervil,  parsnips,  skirrets,  &c.  cauly- 
flowers,  cabbages,  onions,  &c.  scurvy-grass,  anniseeds,  &c.  And  fill 
your  vacant  beds  with  sallading,  this  month  and  the  next. 


476 

Now  you  may  transplant  most  sorts  of  esculent  or  physical  plants,  &c. 

Also  artichoaks  and  asparagus -roots  *. 

Sow  also  winter  herbs  and  roots,  and  plant  strawberries  out  of  the 
woods.     Set  them  a  foot  or  more  asunder. 

Bind  up  and  blanch  sellery,  chardon,  &c.  but  tie  not  up  in  wet 
weather. 

Towards  the  end,  earth  up  your  winter-plants  and  sallet-herbs,  and 
plant  forth  your  caulyflowers  and  nursery-cabbages  under  shelter,  for 
winter  store,  which  were  sown  in  August.  Prepare  compost  (see 
January) ;  and  for  trenching  and  preparing  the  earth,  see  "  Discourse 
of  Earth,"  p.  14. 

No  longer  now  defer  the  taking  of  your  bees,  streightening  the 
entrances  of  such  hives  as  you  leave  to  a  small  passage,  and  continue 
still  your  hostility  against  wasps,  and  other  robbing  insects. 

Cider-making  continues. 

Fruits  in  prime,  or  yet  lasting. 

Apples. — ^The  belle-bonne,  the  william,  summer  pear-main,  lording- 
apple,  pear-apple,  quince-apple,  red-greening  ribb'd,  bloody  pippin, 
harvy,  violet-apple,  &c. 

Pears. — Hamden's  bergamot  (first  ripe),  summer  bon-chrestien, 
norwich,  black  Worcester  (baking),  greenfield,  orange,  bergamot,  the 
queen  hedge-pear,  lewis-pear  (to  dry  excellent),  frith-pear,  arundel 
pear  (also  to  bake),  brunswick-pear,  butter-pear,  winter  poppering, 
bing's-pear,  bishop's  pear  (baking),  diego,  eraperor's-pear,  cluster- 
pear,  messire  jean,  rowling-pear,  balsam-pear,  bezy  d'hery,  pear 
Evelyn,  &c. 

Peaches,  &c. — ^Violet  peach,  admirable,  purple  peach,  malacoton, 
and  some  others,  if  the  year  prove  backwards. 

Almonds,  &c.     Quinces.     Figs  perfectly  ripe. 


*  See  "  Discourse  of  Earth,"  p.  38. 


477 

Litde  blue  grape,  nmacadine-grape,  frontiniac,   p^rsly,  great  blue 
grape,  the  verjuice  grape,  excellent  for  sauce,  &c. 
Barberries,  &c.     Melons  as  yet. 

To  he  done  in  the  Parterre  and  Flower  Garden. 

Plant  some  of  all  the  sorts  of  anemonies  in  good,  rich,  natural  earth, 
especially  the  latifol.  after  the  first  rains,  if  you  will  have  flowers  very 
forward ;  but  it  is  surer  to  attend  till  October,  or  the  month  aft^r,  lest 
the  over  moisture  of  the  autumnal  seasons  give  you  cause  to  repent. 

Now  is  the  most  proper  season  to  sow  auricula-seeds,  setting  the 
cases  in  the  sun  till  April.    (See  April.) 

Begin  now  also  to  plant  some  tulips,  unless  you  will  stay  till  the 
latter  end  of  October,  to  prevent  all  hazard  of  rotting  the  bulbs.  Plant 
daffodils  and  colohicum. 

All  fibrous  plants,  such  as  hepatica,  hellebore,  camomile,  &c.  also 
the  capillaries,  matricaria,  violets,  primroses,  &c.  may  now  be  trans- 
planted:  as  likewise  iris  chalcedon,  cyclamen,  &c. 

Now  you  may  also  continue  to  sow  alaternus,  phillyrea  (or  you  may 
forbear  till  the  spring),  irig,  crown  imperial,  martagon,  tulips,  del- 
phinium, nigella,  candy-tufts,  poppy;  and  generally  all  the  annuals 
which  are  not  impaired  by  the  frosts. 

Sow  primroses  likewise.  Remove  seedling  digitalis,  and  plant  the 
slips  of  lychnis  at  the  beginning. 

Your  tuberoses  will  not  endure  the  wet  of  this  season,  therefore  set 
the  pots  (having  laid  them  side-long  to  drain)  into  your  conserve,  and 
keep  them  very  dry.  It  is  best  to  take  them  out  pf  the  pots  about  the 
beginning  of  this  month,  and  either  to  preserve  them  in  dry  sand,  or 
wrap  them  up  in  papers,  and  so  put  them  in  a  box  near  the  chimney. 

Bind  now  up  your  autumnal  flowers  and  plants  to  stakes,  to  prevent 
sudden  gusts,  which  will  else  prostrate  all  you  have  so  industriously 
raised. 

Now  you  may  take  off  gilly-flower-layers  with  earth  and  all,  and 
plant  them  in  pots  or  borders  shaded. 

Crocus  will  now  be  rais'd  of  seeds. 


478 

You  may  yet  transplant  evergreens,  and  other  rare  shrubs  of  the  last 
month. 

Prune  pines  and  firs  a  little  after  this  Equinox,  if  you  omitted  it  in 
March  (much  the  better  season).    Vide  March. 

About  Michaelmas,  sooner  or  later,  as  the  season  directs,  the 
weather  fair,  and  by  no  means  foggy,  retire  your  choice  greens  and 
rarest  plants  (being  dry),  as  oranges,  lemons,  indian  and  Spanish  jas- 
mine, oleanders,  barba  jovis,  amomum  plin.  cytisus  lunatus,  chamelsea 
tricoccos,  cistus  ledon  clusii.  dates,  aloes,  sedums,  &c.*  into  your  con- 
servatory ;  ordering  them  with  fresh  mould,  as  you  were  taught  in  May 
and  July,  viz.  taking  away  some  of  the  upmost  exhausted  earth,  and 
stirring  up  the  rest,  fill  the  cases  with  rich  and  well-consumed  soil,  to 
wash  in  and  nourish  the  roots  during  winter ;  but  as  yet  leaving  the 
doors  and  windows  open,  and  giving  them  free  air,  so  the  winds  be  not 
sharp  and  high,  nor  weather  foggy ;  do  thus  till  the  cold  *being  more 
intense,  advertise  you  to  inclose  them  altogether.  Myrtles  will  endure 
abroad  near  a  month  longei". 

The  cold  now  advancing,  set  such  plants  as  will  not  endure  the 
house  into  the  earth ;  the  pots  two  or  three  inches  lower  that  the 
surface  of  some  bed  under  a  Southern  exposure.  Then  cover  them 
with  glasses,  having  cloathed  them  first  with  sweet  and  dry  moss;  but 
upon  all  warm  and  benign  emissions  of  the  sun,  and  sweet  showers, 
give  them  air,  by  taking  off  all  that  covers  them.  Thus  you  shall  pre- 
serve your  costly  and  precious  marum  syriacum,  cistus's,  geranium 
nocte  olens,  flos  cardinalis,  marcocs,  seedling  arbutus's  (a  very  hardy 
plant  when  greater),  choicest  ranunculus's  and  anemonies,  acacia, 
aegypt,  &c.  Thus  governing  them  till  April.  Secrets  not  till  now 
divulged. 

Note,  that  cats  will  eat  and  destroy  your  marum  syriacum,  if  they 
can  come  at  it ;  therefore  guard  it  with  a  furse  or  holly-branch. 

Flowers  in  prime,  or  yet  lasting. 
Amaranthus  tricolor  (and  others),  anagallis  of  portugal,  antirrhi- 

*  This  contains  a  catalogue  of  nearly  all  the  green-house  plants  of  the  day  in  which  the  Author 
lived. 


479 

nam,  afrlcan  flo.  amomum  pllnii,  aster  atticus,  belvedere,  bellis,  cam- 
panula's, colchlcum,  autumnal  cyclamen,  clematis,  chrysanthemum 
angustlfol.  eupatorium  of  Canada,  sun-flower,  stock  gll.  flower,  geranium 
creticum  and  nocte  olens,  gentianella  annual,. hieracion  minus  alpestre, 
tuberous  indian  jacinth ,(  linaria  cretica,  lychnis,  constant,  (single  and 
double),  limonium,  indian  lilly,  narciss.  pomum  aureum,  amoris,  et 
spinosum  ind.  marvel  of  peru,  millefolium  (yellow),  moly  monspeliens. 
nasturtium  indicum,  persian  autumnal  narcissus,  Virginian  phalangium, 
indian  phaseolus,  scarlet ,  beans,  convolvolus  divers,  gen.  candy-tufts, 
veronica,  purple  volubilis,  asphodil,  crocus,  or  english  safiron,  garnsey 
lilly,  or  narcissus  of  japan,  poppy  of  all  colours,  single  and  double, 
malvse  arborescens,  indian  pinks,  aethiopick  apples,  capsicum  ind.  gilly- 
flowers, passion  flower,  datura  (double  and  single),  portugal  ranuncu- 
lus's, Spanish  jasmine,  rhododendron  (white  and  red),  oranges,  myrtles, 
balaustia,  musk  rose,  and  monthly  rose,  &c. 


iri    OCTOBER 

Hath  xxxi  day  —  long,  10''  47°!. —  Sun  rises  6^  38™  —  sets  5''  22™. 

To  be  done  in  the  Orchard  and  Olitory  Garden. 

Trench  grounds  for  orcharding  and  the  kitchen -garden,  to  lie  for  a 
winter  mellowing  *.     Finish  what  you  begun  the  last  month. 

Plant  dry  trees:  1.  Fruit  of  all  sorts,  standard,  mural,  or  shrubs 
which  lose  their  leaf,  and  that  so  soon  as  it  falls;  but  be  sure  you 
chuse  no  trees  for  the  wall  of  above  two  years  grafting  at  the  most, 
sound  and  smooth  -j". 

Now  is  the  time  for  ablaqueation,  and  laying  bare  the  roots  of  old, 
unthriving,  and  over-hastily  blooming  trees;  stirring  up  new  planted 
grounds,  as  directed  in  March. 

Moon  now  decreasing,  gather  winter-fruit  that  remains,  weather 
dry ;  take  heed  of  bruising ;  lay  them  up  clean,  lest  they  taint.  Cut 
and  prune  roses  yearly,  reducing  them  to  a  standard  not  over  tall. 

*  See  "Discourse  of  Earth,"  p.  13.  t  Ibid,  p.  39;  and  "Pomona,"  cap.  6. 


480 

To  prevent  bruising  by  windfalls  and  gusts,  now  usually  hapning, 
lay  some  sweet  straw  under  your  fruit-trees. 

Plant  and  plash  quick-sets. 

Remove  graffs  after  the  second  year,  unless  dwarfs,  which  you  may 
let  stand  till  the  third. 

Save  and  sow  all  stotty  and  hard  kernels  and  seeds,  such  as  black 
cherry,  morellos,  black  heart,  all  good ;  pear-plum,  peaches,  almond- 
stones,  &c.  Also  nuts,  haws,  ashen,  sycamore,  and  maple  keys ; 
acorns,  beech-mast,  apple,  pear,  and  crab  kernels,  for  stocks  ;  or  you 
may  defer  it  till  the  next  month,  towards  the  latter  end,  keeping  them 
drv  and  free  from  mustiness,  remembering  to  cover  the  beds  with  littler. 
See  Directions  in  our  "  Sylva  for  Forest  Trees,"  and  "  Pomofrta,"  c.  1. 

You  may  yet  sow  genoa  lettuce,  which  will  last  all  the  winter*, 
radish,  &c.  Make  winter  cider  and  perry.  Towards  the  latter  end 
plant  abricots,  cherries,  plums,  vines,  winter  pears,  &c. 

Fruits  in  prime,  or  yet  lasting. 

Apples. — Belle -et-bonne,  william,  costard,  lording,  parsley-apples, 
pearmain,  pear-apple,  honey-meal,  apis,  &c. 

Pears. — The  caw-pear  (baking),  green-butter-pear,  thorn-pear, 
clove-pear,  roussel-pear,  winter  bon-chrestien,  town -pear,  lombart-pear, 
russet-pear,  saffron- pear,  and  some  of  the  former  month,  violet-pear, 
petworth-pear,  otherwise  called  the  winter-windsor,  lansac,  bearn- 
pear,  admirable,  violet  peach,  rambouUet,  paves,  &c. 

BuUis,  and  divers  of  the  September  plums,  the  chasselas,  and  other 
grapes,  pines,  arbutus-f,  &c. 

To  he  done  in  the  Parterre  and  Flower  Garden. 

Now  your  narcissus  tuberose,  not  enduring  the  wet,  must  be  set 
into  the  house,  and  preserved  very  dry  till  April.    (See  September.) 


*  Especially  under  glass  bells,  or  frames,  with  a  little  straw  over  them,  when  the  hard  frosts 
come  ;  but  then  touch  them  not  till  they  thaw,  lest  you  break  the  glasses. 

t  The  arbutus,  or  strawberry-tree,  was  rare  in  Evelyn's  time.  This  fruit  has  never  been  held 
in  estimation  in  England,  although  it  frequently  ripens  well  in  this  country.  It  is  common  in  the 
markets  of  Constantinople. 


481 

Continue  sowing,  what  you  did  in  September,  if  you  please.  Like 
wise  cypress  may  be  sown,  but  take  heed  of  the  frost;  thetrefore  forbea 
much  clipping.  (Vide  March.)     Also, 

You  may  plant  some  anemonies  *,  :eispecially  the  tenuifolias,  -am 
ranunculus's  in  fresh  sandish  earth,  taken  from  under  the  turf,  but  la 
richer  movild  at  the  bottom  of  the  bed,  which  the  fibres  may  reach,  bu 
not  to"  touch  the  main  roots,  which  are  to  be  cover'd  with  the  natura 
earth  two  inches  deep ;  and  so  soon  as  they  appear  secure  them  wit] 
mats  or  dry  straw  from  the  winds  and  frosts,  giving  them  air  in  al 
benign  intervals,  if  possible  once  a  day. 

Plant  also  ranunculus's  of  Tripoly,  vernal  crocus's,  &c.  Remov 
seedling  hollyhocks,  or  others. 

Plant  now. your  choice  tulips,  &c.  which  you  fear'd  to  interr  at  th 
beginning  of  .September ;  they  will  be  more  securfej  and  forward  enough 
but  plant  them  in  natural  earth  somewhat  impoverish'd  with  ver 
fine  sand,  else  they  will  soon  loose  their  variegations  i  some  more  ricl 
earth  may  lie  at  the  bottom,  within  reach  of  the  fibres  (as  above).  No\ 
have  a  care  your  carnations  catch  not  too  mudi  wet ;  therefore  retir 
thena  to  covert,  where  they  may  be  keptirom  the  rain,  not  the  air,  o 
lay  them  on  their  sides,  trimming  them  wiith  fresh  mould. 

AH  sorts  of  bulbous  roots  may  now  alsfr  be  safely  btaried;  likewis 
iris's,  &c. 

.  You  may  yet  sow  alatemus  and  phillyrea  seeds.  It  will  now  b 
good  to  beat,  roll,  and  mow  carpet  walks  and  camomile ;  for  now  th 
grQundbkisiupple,  and  it  will  even  all  inequalities.  Finish  your  las 
weeding,  &c. 

Sweep  and  cleanse  your  walks,  and  all  Other  places,  from  autumna 
leaves  fallen,  lest  the  worms  draw  them  into  their  holes,  and  foul  you 
gai^ens,  &c. 

t^lowefs  in  prime,  or  yet  lasting. 
Amaranthus   tricolor,  &cv;  aster   attieuSj  amomums,  antirrhinum 


*  The  observations  on  planting  anemonies,  ranunculuses,  and  tulips,  have  not  been  improve 
upon  since  the  Author's  time;  and  were  they  more  generally  attended  to,  we  should  see  thes 
flowers  in  greater  beauty  than  the  generality  of  modern  gardens  present  them. 

3q 


482 

colchicum,  saiFron,  cyclamen,  clematis,  heliotrops,  stock -gilly-flowqr, 
geranium  triste,  ind.  tuberose,  jacinth,  limonium,  lychnis  (white  and 
double),  pomum  amorls  and  "aethiop.  marvel  of  peru,  miilefol.  luteam, 
autumnal  narciss.  pansies,  aleppo  narciss.  sphserical  narciss.  nasturt. 
persicum,  gillyfl.  virgin  phalangium,  pilosella,  violets,  veronica,  arbu- 
tus, span,  jasmine,  and  yellow  ind.  jasmine,  monthly  rose,  oranges, 
myrtks,  balaustor,  pomegranade. 


f     NOVEMBER 

Hath  XXX  days  —  long,  8h  S?". Sun  rises  7^  34m  —  sets  4h  Sem, 

To  be  done  in  the  Orchard  and  Olitory  Garden. 

Carry  compost  out  of  your  melon-ground,  or  turn  and  mingle  it  with 
the  earth,  and  lay  it  in  ridges  ready  for  the  spring.  Also  trench,  and 
fit  grounds  for  artichoaks,  &c.  * 

The  hot-bed  must  now  supply  for  sallets,  young  lettuce,  cresses, 
chervil,  &c.  and  trust  not  to  the  accidental -mildness  of  the  weather, 
so  as  to  neglect  timely  cover  to  your  tender  olitorles.  Shelter  fig-trees^ 
Plant  also  gooseberries,  raspis,  corinths,  and  other  shrub  fruit. 

Note,  that  the  leaves  fallen  in  the.  woods  may  supply  for  long-dung, 
laid  about  artichoaks  and  other  things,  even  to  the  end  of  March.  ' 

Continue  your  setting  and  transplanting  of  trees  ;  lose,  no  time,  hard 
frosts  come  on  apace.    Yet  you  may  lay  bare  old  roots  ^. 

Remember  in  all  transplantings  to  observe  the  former  aspects  and 
quarter  of  the  compass,  as  of  much  importance,  whatever  some  fancy. 
Nor  set  any  deeper  than  it  stood,  establishing  it  against  winds.  You 
cannot  plant  too  early  in  autumn,  wind  South  or  West. 

To  sow  moderately  dry,  plant  inoist,  a  general  rule ;  but  cover  not 
too  thick  with  earth  what  you  sow,  for  nature  covers  nothing.  You 
cannot  sow  too  shallow,  so  you  preserve  the  seeds  from,  birds. 

Plant.young  trees,  standards,  or  mural  J. 

*  See  "  Discourse  of  Eartli,"  p.  38.  f  Ibid.  p.  39.  +  Ibid.  p.  39. 


483 

Furnish  your  nursery  with  stocks  to  grafF  on  the  following  year. 

Prepare  now  stocks  for  all  sorts  of  fruit.  The  proper  ones  are,  the 
€rab-stock  for  standards.  For  dwarfs,  stocks  of  the  paradise  or  sweet 
apple-kernel,  which  are  likewise  to  be  had  from  layers  and  suckers. 
Pears,  on  the  pear-kernel  stock  or  sucker.  Dwarfs,  on  the  suckers  of 
the  Portugal  quince. 

Cherry  standards,  on  the  black  cherry-stone  stock.  Dwarfs  for  walls 
or  palisades,  on  the  morello  stock,  black  heart,  or  small,  bitter,  early 
cherry-stock. 

Peaches,  inoculate  on  the  peach  or  plum-stock.  If  you  bud  upon 
the  almond,  let  it  be  on  a  stock  which  has  never  been  removed,  and  so 
continue.  But  the  best  way  to  prepare  these  stocks,  see  in  M.  de  la 
Quintinye's  Gompleat  Gard'ner,  vol.  ii.  part  vi.  p.  I72,  too  long  here 
to  be  inserted. 

Nectarines,  on  peach,  or  pear-plum  stock.  Abricots,  oq  the  white 
pear-plum  stocks. 

Plums,  on  plum-stocks.     The  white  and  black  pear-plum  stock  are 
best,  and  from  the  stones  of  damsons,  and  may  all  be  gotten  also  from . 
their  suckers. 

Graff  the  medlar  on  the  white-thorn  or  quince  stock,  near  the 
ground,  it  vi^ill  bear  the  second  year. 

Figs  and  mulberries  will  be  propagated  by  their  suckers,  cuttings, 
and  layers;  of  all  which  see  our  Treatise  of  Earth,  for  their  culture  in 
the  nursery. 

Sow  and  set  early  beans  and  pease  till  Shrovetide  ;  and  now  lay  up 
in  your  cellars  for  spending,  and  for  seed,  to  be  transplanted  at  spring, 
carrots,  parsnips,  turnips,  cabbages,  caulyflowers,  &c. 

Cut  off  the  tops  and  stalks  of  asparagus,  and  cover  it  with  long  dung, 
or  make  beds  to  plant  in  spring,  &c. 

Now,  in  a  dry  day,  gather  your  last  orchard-fruits. 

Take  up  your  potatoes  for  winter  spending ;  there  will  enough  remain 
for  stock,  tho'  never  so  exactly  gathered  *. 

Ablaqueation  now  profitable,  and  to  visit  the  roots  of  old  trees,  purge 

*  This  shows  how  little  the  eultivation  of  this  excellent  root  was  understood. 


484 

the  sickly,  and  apply  fresh  mould.  Cover  also  your  most  delicate 
stone-fruit  and  murals,  skreening  them  with  straw-hurdles,  as  long  as 
the  East  and  Northern  winds  continue,  even  to  the  end  of  March,  to  be 
sure  of  fruit.  Stand  therefore  not  so  much  u-pon,  the  beauty,  as  for  its 
preservation  and  production. 

Fruits  in  prime,  or  yet  lasting. 

Apples. — ^The  belle -bonne,,  the  william,  summer  pearmain,  lording- 
apple,  pear-apple,  cardinal,  winter  chestnut,  calvil,  shortstart,  &c,  and 
some  other  of  the  former  two  last  months. 

Pears. — Messire  jean,  lord-pear,  long  bergamot,  warden  (to  bake)*, 
burnt-cat,  sugar-pear,  lady-pear,  amadot,  ambret,  ice-pear,  dove-pear, 
virgoule,  deadman's  pear,  winter  bergamot,  bell-pear,  &c. 

Arbutus,  bullis,  medlars,  services. 

« 

To  be  done  in  the  Parterre  and  Flower  Garden. 

Sow  auricula  seeds  thus  :  prepare  very  rich  earth,  more  than  half 
dung ;  upon  that  sift  some  very  light  sandy  mould,  and  the  earth 
gotten  out  of  old  hollow  willow  trees,  and  then  sow.  Set  your  cases 
or  pans  in  the  sun  till  March  or  April. 

Cover  your  peeping  ranunculus's,  &g.  And  see  the  advice  in  March 
for  evergreen  seedlings,  especially  if .  long  snows  and  bitter  winds  be 
feared:  prepare,  therefore,  store  of  coverings. 

Now  is  your  best  season  (the  weather  open)  to,  plant  your  fairest 
tulips  in  places  of  shelter,  and  under  espaliers;  but  let  not  your  earth 
be  too  rich.  (Vide  October.)     Transplant  ordinary  jasmine,  &c. 

About  the  middle  of  this  month  (or  sooner  if  weather  require)  quite 
enclose  your  tender , plants,  and  perennial  greens,  shrubs,  &c>  in  your 
conservatory,  secluding  all  entrance  of  cold,  and  especially  sharp  winds  ; 
and  if  the  plants  become  exceeding  dry,  and  that  it  do  not  actually 
freeze,  refresh  them  sparingly  (see  April)  with  qualified  water  mingled 
with  a  little   sheep's   or  cow-dung.     If  the  season  prove   exceeding 

*  The  fifteenth  Plate  of  P.  Tempest's  "Cryes  of  the  City  of  London,  drawne  after  the  Life,"^ 
and  publfahed  in  the  seventeenth  century,  represents  a  female  carrying  a  covered  vessel  on  her 
head,  with  these  words  subjoined,  "  flb«  6aO  Wardens  Aqa." 


485 

piercing,,  (whieh  yoa  may  know  by  tfeie  freezing  of  a  dish  of  water 
or  moistned  cloth,  set  foe  that  purpose  in  your  greenhouse,)  kindle 
some  charcoals,  and  when  they  have  done  smoaking,  put  them  in  a  hole 
s«nk  a  little  into  the  floor,  about  the,  middle  of  it;;  unless  your  green- 
house have  a  subterranean!  stove*,,  which  moderately  and  withjudgment 
temper'd,  is  much  to  be  preferr'd.  In  the  mean,  time,  I  could  wish,  that 
some  curious  person  would  make  trial  of  what  we  have  described  at 
the  end  of  this  Kalendar.  At  all  other  times,;  when  it  does  not 
actually  freeze,  or  the  weather  not  raiay  or  misty,,  and  that  the  air  is 
warm'd  by'  the  beams  of  a  fine  day,,  (and  the  sun  darts  full  upon  the 
house,  vwthout  the  least  wind  stirring,  shew  them  the  light  through 
the  glass  windows,  (for  light  is  half  their  nourishment,  philosophically 
consider'd,)  but  inclose  them  again  before  the  sun  be  gone  ofl',  if  it  be 
inclin'd  to  frost,  otherwise  keep  open  housejall  ni^tlong. 

Note,  that  when,  thro'  continuance  of  hard  and  sharp  weather,  housed 
trees  grow  tainted  with  mustiness,  make  fire  in  your  stove,  and  open 
all  the  windows  from  ten  in  the  morning  till  three  in;  the  afternoon. 
Then  closing  the  double-shuts,  (or  chasses  rather^)  continue  a  gentle 
heat,  renewing  the  fire  at  night  t)nly.. 

Note,  that  you  must  never  give  your  aloes  or  sedums  one  drop  of 
water  during  the  whole  winter;  and  indeed  you,  can  hardly  be  too 
sparing  of  water  to  your  hous'd  plants  (orange- trees  especially).;  the 
not  observing  of  this^  destroys  more  plants  than  all  the  rudenesses  of  the 
season.  To  know  when  they  want  refreshing,  consider  the  leaves  :  if 
they  shrivel  and  fold  up,  give  them  drink;  if  pale  and  whitish,  they 
have  already  too  much,  and  the  defect  is  at  the  roots,  which  are  in 
peril  ©f  rotting,  and  require  larger  cases.  Take  also^  this;  for  a  rule, 
that  you  are  not  much  to  regard  the  surface  mould  alone,  which  will 
oftentimes   be    dust,   when   the   earth  about  the  roots  is  sufficiently 


*  The  heating  of  greenhouses  by  means  of  stoves  was  not  understood  at  this  period,  but  in  the 
year  1685  this  method  is  noticed  by  Evelyn,  who  writes  thus  in  his  Diary,  7th  AugfiSt  of  that  date  : 
"I  wentttjsee  Mr.  Wats,  keeper  of  the  i^ottoecariBs" Gatxlen  of  Simples, at  Chelsea,  where.there 
is  a  coUection  of  innumerable  rarities  of  that  sort  particularly,  besides. many  rare  annuals,  the  tree 
bearing  Jesuits  bark,  which  had  don  such  wonders  in  quartan  agues.  What  was  very  ingenious, 
was  the  subterranean  heate  conveyed  by  a  stove  under  the  conservatory,  all  vaulted  with  brick,  so 
as  he  has  the  doores  and  windowes  open  in  the  hardest  frosts,  secluding  only  the  snow." 


486 

moist ;  search  it,  therefore,  by  thrusting  down  your  hand,  and  as  you 
find  it,  govern  the  watering,  for  in  this  secret  of  seasonably  refreshing, 
consists  the  health,  and  even  life,  of  all  your  hous'd  curiosities. 

Note,  that  water  made  over-rich  with  dung,  and  too  frequently  us'd, 
is  apt  to  infect  the  orange-leaves,  and  those  of  other  rare  plants,  with  a 
black  smut,  which  must  be  wip'd  off. 

If  your  aloes  grow  manifestly  too  dry,  expose  them  a  while  to  the 
air,  when  clear,  'twill  immediately  recover  them ;  but  give  them  not  a 
drop  of  water,  how  dry  soever  their  pots  be. 

House  your  choicest  carnations,  or  rather  set  them  under  a  penthouse 
against  a  South  wall,  so  as  a  covering  being  thrown  over  them  to  pre- 
serve them  in  extremity  of  weather,  they  may  yet  enjoy  the  freer  air  at 
all  other  times. 

Prepare  also  matrasses,  boxes,  cases,  pots,  &c.  for  shelter  to  your 
tender  plants  and  seedlings  newly  sown,  if  the  weather  prove  very 
bitter. 

Plant  roses,  althea  frutex,  lalac,  syringas,  cytisus,  pseonies,  &c. 

Plant  also  fibrous  roots  specified  in  the  precedent  month. 

Sow  also  stony  seeds  mentioned  in  October. 

Plant  all  forest-trees  for  walks,  avenues,  and  groves. 

Note,  that  you  may  transplant  not  only  any  fruit  trees,  but  remove 
almost  any  of  the  foresters,  even  in  the  midst  of  summer,  if  taking  the 
trees  up  with  some  mould  about  the  roots,  you  immediately  plunge 
them  into  earth  made  into  a  pap  like  mortar,  keeping  it  fresh  and 
under  shade,  and  not  suffering  the  ground  quite  to  dry  up  and  harden 
till  rain  comes  down. 

Sweep  and  cleanse  your  garden  walks,  and  all  other  places,  from 
autumnal  leaves,  the  last  time. 

Flowers  in  prime,  or  yet  lasting. 

Anemonies,  meadow  saffron,  antirrhinum,  stock -gilly-flowers,  bellis 
clematis,  pansies,  some  carnations,  double  violets,  veronica,  Spanish  and 
indian  jasmine,  myrtles,  musk  rose,  &c. 


487 


H     DECEMBER 

Hath  xxxi  days  —long,  7^  40m. Sun  rises  8n  lom—  sets  3I1  SO™. 

To  be  done  in  the  Orchard  and  Olitory  Garden. 

Prune  and  nail  wall-fruit  (which  yet  you  may  better  defer  a  month 
or  two  longer),  and  standard  trees  that  are  hardy. 

You  may  now  plant  vines,  &c.  *     Also  stocks  for  graffing,  &c. 

Sow,  as  yet,  pomace  of  cideT-pressings  to  raise  nurseries;  and  set  all 
sorts  of  kernels,  stones,  &c. 

Sow  for  early  beans  and  pease,  but  take  heed  of  the  frosts ;  therefore 
surest  to  defer  it  till  after  Christmas,  unless  the  winter  promise  very 
moderate. 

Expect  no  fresh  sallet  but  from  your  hot-bed  f. 

All  this  month  you  may  continue  to  trench  ground,  and  dung  it,  to 
be  ready  for  borders,  or  the  planting  of  fruit-trees,  &c     (See  the  note 
,  in  January.) 

Either  late  in  this  month  or  in  January,  prune  and  cut  ofF  all  your 
vine  shoots  to  the  very  root,  save  one  or  two  of  the  stoutest,  to  be  left 
with  three  or  four  eyes  of  yOung  wood.     This  for  the  vineyard. 

Now  feed  your  weak  stocks. 

Turn  and  refresh  your  autumnal  fruit,  lest  It  taint,  and  open  the 
windows  where  it  lies,  in  a  clear  and  serene  day. 

Fruits  in  prime,  or  yet  lasting. 

Apples.^ — Roiisseting,  pippins,  leather-coat,  winter  reed,  chestnut 
apple,  apis,  fennel  apple,  great-belly,  the  go-no-further,  or  catshead, 
with  some  of  the  precedent  month. 

Peahs. — -The  squib  pear,  spindle  pear,  doyonere^  virgin,  gascogne 
bergomot,  scarlet  pear,  stopple  pear,  vergbules,  portail,  white,  red,  and 
french  wardens  (to  bake  or  roast),  the  dead-man's,  pear,  excellent,  &c. 


*  See  "  Discourse  of  Earth/'  pp.  14,  26.  ' 

t  See  how  to  majke  it,  and  to  force  asparagus,  in  M.  de  la  Quintinye,  vol.  ii.  part  vi.  pp.  169, 181. 


488. 

To  be  done  in  the  Parterre  and  Flower  Garden. 

As  in  January,  continue  your  hostility  against  vermine. 

Preserve  from  too  much  rain  and  frost  your  choicest  anemonles, 
ranunculus's,  carnations,  &c. 

Be  careful  now  to  keep  the  doors,  and  windows  of  your  conservatories 
well  matted  and  guarded  from  th«  piercing  air;  f^f  your  oranges,  &c. 
are  now  put  to  the  test.  Temper  the  eoJd  with  a  few  charcoal, 
governed  as  direetefd  in  November ;  but  never  accustom  your  plants  to 
it,  unless  the  utmost  severity  of  the  season  require;  therefore,  if  the 
pjlace  be  exquisitely  close,  they  wiU  even  then  ihardly  require  it. 

:Set  bayberries,  &c.  dropping  lipe. 

Look  to  your  fountain-pipes,  and  cover  them  with  fresh  and  warm 
littier  out  of  the  stable,  a  good  thickness,  lest  the  frosts  crack  them  : 
remember  it  in  time,  and  the  advice  m\\\  save  you  both  itrouble  and 
charge  *. 

Flowers  in  prime,  or  yet  lasting. 

Anemonies'(some),  ipersiau  and  common  wihiter  cyclamen,  antirrhi- 
num, black  hellebore,  laurus-tinus,  single  primroses,  stock-giUy-flo. 
iris  clusii,  snow;flawers  or  drops,. yucca,  &c. 

sFoKiby  such  a  Kalendar  it  is  that  a  Royal  Garden  or  Plantation 
may  be  contrived  according  to  my  Lord  Verulam's  design,  pro  singulis 
anni  mensihus,  for  every  month  of  the  year. 

But,  because  it  is  in  this  cold  season  that  our  gard'ner  is  chiefly 
diiigenfc'jabfiatt  pr^erving  his  more  tender,  rare,  exotic,  and  costly 
shrubs,  plants,  and; flowers,  w^  have  thought  fit  to  add  the  Catalogue 
as  it  is  (^much  after  this  sort)  collected  to  our  hands,  by  tbejearned  and 
industrious  J>Qctor  jSbajriiods.  (thaa'  with  some  refonnation  and  improve- 
meat)  of  all  such  as^  according  to.  their  different  natupes,  do  require 
more  or 'ies;s  indulgence.  And: these  we  have  distributed  likewise  into 
the  ihrea  foUowin^  classes. 

*  This  was  one  of  the  expensive  and  principal  ornaments  of  the-  pleasure-gardefls  of  Evelyn's 
dap,  and  we  cannot  but  regret  that  it  has  so  nearly  disappeared  in  this  country,  since  it  might  fre- 
quently be  introduced  so  as  to  add  to  the  charms  of  the  grove,  and  to  the  benefit  of  the  parterre. 


489 


»  I.    CliASSE. 

Beirtg  hast  patient  of  cold,  and  therefore  to  be  first  set  into  the 
,  Conservatory,  or  other  ways  defended. 

Acacia  aegyptiaca,  aloe  american.  amaranthus  tricolor,  aspalathus 
cret.  balsamum,  helichryson,  chamelsea  tricoccos,  nasturtium  indicum, 
indian  narcissus,  ornithogalum  arab.  ind.  phaseol.  capsicum  ind,  pomum 
aethiop.  aureum  spinosum,  summer  sweet  ibajoran,  the  two  marums 
syriac,  &c.  dactyls,  pistacio's,  the  great  indian  fig,  lilac  flo.  alb. 
lavendula  multif.  clus.  cistus  ragusaeus  flo.  alb.  colutea  odorata,  cretica, 
narcissus  tuberosus,  styrax  arbor,  &c. 

II.    CLASSE. 

Enduring  the  second  degree  of  Cold,  and  accordingly  to  he  secured 

in  the  Conservatory. 
Amomum  plinii,  carob.  chamela  alpestris,  cistus  ledon.  clus.  citron, 
vernal  cyclamen,  summer  purple  cyclamen,  digitalis,  hispan.  geranium 
triste,  hedysarum  clypeatum,  aspalathus  creticus,  Spanish  jasmine,  virgin, 
jasmine,  suza  iris,  jacobsea  marina,  alexandrian  laurel,  oleanders,  limo- 
nium  elegans,  myrtles,  oranges,  lentiscus,  levantine  tufted  narcissus, 
-gill.  flo.  and  choicest  carnations,  phalangium  creticum,  asiatic  double 
and  single  ranunculus's,  narcissus  of  japan,  cytisus  rub.  canna  indica, 
thymus  capitatus,  verbena  nodi  flo.  cretica,  &c. 

III.    CLASSE. 

TVhich,  not  perishing  hut  in  excessive  Colds,  are  therefore  to  he  last 
set  in,  or  rather  protected  under  mattrasses,  and  slighter  coverings, 
ahroad  in  the  earth,  cases,  boxes,  or  pots,  §"<?, 

Abrotanum  mas.  fcem.  winter  aconite,  adianthum  verum,  bellis  hispan. 
calceolus  mariae,  capparis,  cineraria,  cneorum  matthioli,  cytisus  maran- 
thse,  rub.  lunatus,  eryngium  planum  totum  cseruleum,  fritillaria 
mont.  genista  hispan.  flo.  alb.  pomegranads,  orient,  jacinth,  bulbous 
iris,  laurels,  cherry  laurel,  lychnis  (double  white),  matricaria  (double 
flo.)  olives,  pancratium,  papaver  spinosiss.  marcoc,  rosemary,  sisyri- 
chium,   tupentine    tree,    teuchriummag    tithyraal.    myrtifol.    veronica 

3   R 


490 

double  flo.),  single  violets,  lavender,  serpentaria  trifol.  &c.  ornithoga- 
um  arab.  (white  and  doub.},  narcissus  of  Constantinople,  late  pine 
ipplee,  moly,  persian  jasmine,  opuntia,  or  the  smaller  indian  fig,  jticca, 
eseli  sethiop,  agnus  castus,  medva  arborescens,  cistus  mas.  althaea 
iutex,  sarsaparilla,  cupressus,  crithmum  marinum,  &c. 

For  to  these  might  innumerable  others  be  added ;  but  we  conceive 
hem  sufficient,  and  more  than  (we  fear)  some  envious  and  mercenary 
prd'ners  will  thank  us  for;  but  they  deserve  not  the  name  of  that  com- 
nunicative  and  noble  profession.  However,  this  as  a  specimen  of  our 
iffection  to  the  publick,  and  to  gratify  divers  honourable  and  industri- 
ms  persons,  whose  inclination  to  this  innocent  toil  has  made  them  spare 
lo  treasure  nor  pains  for  the  furniture  of  their  parterres  with  variety ; 
he  miscarriage  whereof  being  sometimes  universal  to  the  curious,  has 
nade  us  the  more  freely  to  impart  both  what  we  have  experimentally 
earned  from  our  own  observations,  and  from  others  of  undoubted 
andor  and  ingenuity. 


A   NEW   CONSERVATORY,   OR   GREEN-HOUSE. 

'Tis  now  after  many  severe  winters  observation,  both  whilst  they  made 
ise  of  the  ordinary  iron  stoves,  and  other  inventions,  to  moderate  the 
harp  air  in  the  Green-house  (as  they  call  it),  and  even  since  the  sub- 
erranean  caliducts  have  been  introduc'd,  I  often  took  notice,  that  tho' 
he  most  tender  and  nicer  plants,  such  as  commonly  are  brought  in  out 
)f  the  air,  for  their  preservation  (during  the  rigid  frosts  and  piercing 
vinds),  did  out-live  and  escape  those  rigorous  seasons  for  the  most 
)art,  and  some  of  them  make  considerable  advance,  producing  and 
Maintaining  both  fruit  and  flowers ;  yet,  that  even  the  hardiest  among 
;hem  very  rarely  pass'd  their  confinements  without  sickness,  a  certain 
angour  or  taint,  discoverable  by  their  complexions  :  many  of  their 
eaves  parch'd  about  their  edges,  or  falling,  dry,  and  depriv'd  of  their 
latural  verdure,  with  other  symptoms,  which  can  proceed  from  no  other 
;^so  likely)  cause,  as  their  being  kept  from  breathing  (as  I  presume  to 


491 

call  it)  the  pure  and  genuine  air,  impregnated  with  its  nitrous  pabulum, 
which  is  not  only  the  nourishment  and  life  of  animals,  but  of  all  plants 
and  vegetables  whatsoever, 

This,  whilst  I  could  not  but  impute  to  the  consumption  of  that 
inspiring  balsamick  nouriture,  by  reason  of  dry  heat  emitted  from  the 
common  stoves,  pans  of  charcoal,  and  other  included  heaters,  which 
continually  prey'd  upon,  wasted,  and  vitiated  the  stagnant  and  pent-in 
air,  without  any  due  and  wholsom  succession  of  a  more  vital  and  fresh 
supply :  it  came  into  my  thoughts,  that  there  might  haply  be  found 
out  some  contrivance  whereby  to  remedy  this  inconvenience,  with  con- 
siderable improvement,  and  no  great  charge  or  difficulty  ;  if,  instead  of 
that  imprison'd  and  effaete  air  within  the  green- house,  there  might  a 
constant  stream  of  fresh  and  untainted  be  let  in  and  issue  out  as  freely, 
and  that  so  qualified  in  its  intermediate  composition  (which  is  another 
consideration  I  suspend  the  mentioning  at  present)  as  should  be  very 
agreeable  to  the  nature  and  constitution  of  the  several  plants  that  were 
to  pass  their  hybernation  in  the  green-house. 

Communicating  these  thoughts  to  some  of  the  Royal  Society  *  (not 
only  approving  but  concurring  with  the  proposal),  it  produced  the  fol- 
lowing Scheme,  which  I  recommend  to  the  curious  at  adventure,  the 
speculation  being,  I  think,  so  very  rational,  and  (by  some  experiments 
on  that  element  demonstrated)  the  practice  so  little  chargeable,  and  the 
benefit  of  so  great  concernment  to  our  gard'ner. 

In  describing  this,  I  shall  not  need  to  say  any  thing  concerning  the 
necessary  dimensions  or  ornaments  of  the  structure  :  every  experienc'd 
gardener  will  consider,  that  of  whatsoever  length  his  green-house  be, 
the  depth  should  not  much  exceed  twelve  or  thirteen  feet  (tho'  as  our 
stove  is,  and  may  be  contriv'd,  it  may  be  of  much  greater  capacity), 
nor  the  height  above  ten  or  eleven  at  most.  That  being  placed  at  the 
most  advantageous  exposure  to  the  sun,  that  side  be  made  to  open  with 
large  and  ample  windows  or  chasses  (for  light  itself,  next  to  air,  is  of 
wonderful  importance),  the  joints  and  glazing  accurately  fitted  arid 
cemented.    And  (to  the  end  that  having  occasion  at  any  time  to  go  into 

*  Sir  Christopher  Wren,  and  Mr.  Hooke. 


492 

the  house,  no  crude  air  rush  in)  I  add,  that  it  were  convenient  a  porch 
were  so  made  that  the  door  of  it  may  shut  very  close  after  the  gard'ner, 
before  he  open  the  green-house  door,  which  he  is  to  shut  again  at  his 
going  out,  before  he  open  the  door  of  the  porch  at  which  he  entred 
from  abroad.  And  this  may  be  contriv'd  to  a  small  wicket,  at  the  end 
of  the  green-house,  without  being  oblig'd  to  open  any  of  the  larger 
valves  and  double  doors  without  necessity.  This  work  of  the  doors, 
windows,  and  porch  requiring  good  season'd  stuflF,  aind  a  skilful  work- 
man, I  pass  to  the  explanation  of  the  following  Table. 

At  one  of  the  ends  of  the  conservatory  or  green-house  ('tis  not 
material  whether  the  East  or  West)  erect  on  the  outside  wall  your 
stove,  be  it  of  brick,  or  (which  I  prefer)  of  Rygate-stone,  built  square, 
of  the  ordinary  size  of  a  plain  single  furnace,  (such  as  chymists  use  in 
their  laboratories  for  common  operations,)  consisting  of  a  fire-hearth 
and  an  ash-hole  only;  which  need  not  take  up  above  two  feet  from  out 
to  out.  Let  it  be  yet  so  built  that  the  fire-grate  stand  about  three  feet 
higher  than  the  floor  or  area  of  the  house.  The  flue,  shaft,  fire,  and 
ash-hole,  to  be  without,  tho'  joining  close  to  the  end  wall,  as  in 
Figure  I.  which  represents  the  conservatories  inside,  with  the  South 
side  quite  open,  and  stove  abroad  in  the  air. 

Note,  that  in  the  following  Plate  or  Perspective  of  the  Green-house, 
Fig.  I.  D.  the  stove-pipes  at  3  are  plac'd  a  little  too  low  and  near  the 
grate ;  and  somewhat  too  high  from  it  in  Fig.  3.  c  c  c  \  easily 
reform'd  in  the  structure  of  the  furnace. 


^93 


FIGURES    1.    AND   3. 

'The  whole  Green-house  and  Furnace  in  Perspective. 

A.  The  roof,  whether  round  or 
flat  withinr 

B.  The  North  blind  wall. 

C.  The  area,  or  floor  within. 

D.  The  stove  or  furnace. 

1.  The  ash-hole.      >Themouths 

2.  The  fire-hearth.  J  of  both  to 
be  fitted  with  doors  or  plugs,  for 
regulating  of  the  heat. 

3.  The  extremities  of  certain 
pipes,  passing  thorow  the  brickwork 
and  furnace,  and  projecting  both 
without  and  within  the  house. 

4.  The  funnel  or  shaft  applied  to 
the  wall  without,  which  carries  up 
both  the  smoke  pf  the  fuel  and  ex- 
hausted air  of  the  green-house,  tho- 
row the  air-pipe,  &c. 

5.  The  air  ground-pipe,  laid,  the  whole  length  of  the  green-house, 
in  the  middle  of  the  floor,  a  little  under  the  ground  or  pavement 
thereof,  and 'reaching  from  end  to  end. 

6.  The  hole,  or  opening  at  the  end  of  the  ground  pipe,  opposite  to 
the  stove  end;  which  hole  is  to  be  left  open,  or  govern'd  with  its 
register,  to  attemper  the  air,  which  entring  by  the  furnace-pipes, 
circulates  thro'  this  to  the  grate  of  the  stove,  and  blowing  the  fire, 
issues  out  of  the  funnel. 

7-  The  thermometer  hanging  over  the  nose  of  the  ground-pipe,  by 
which  to  govern  the  heat. 

F.  Represents  the  whole  stove,  or  furnace. 

a.  The  ash-hole. 

b.  The  fire-grate. 

c  c  c.  The  projection  of  the  air-pipes  which  pass  thorow  the  furnace 
and  green-house  end  wall  into  the  house. 


494 


d  d.  The  air-pipes  to  be  seen  as  tbey  pass  thro'  the  furnace, 
e.  The  funnel,  or  shaft. 

ff.  Part  of  the  end  wall  of  the  green-house,  thorow  which  the  air- 
pipes  pass,  and  project  their  noses. 

^i9^-  Fig.  2. — E.  Represents  the  furnace  air-pipes,  and  how 

they  are  plac'd  to  pass  thro'  the  fire  and  brickwork,  with 
'^^the  projecture  of  their  noses,  to  take  fresh  air  from  with- 
out, and  carry  it  into  the  house. 
a.  The  frame,   or  square  of  brickwork,  on  which  they  lie  horizon- 
tally to  receive  the  heat  of  the  fire. 
b  b  b.  The  air-pipes. 

c  c  c.  The  noses  of  the  pipes  projecting  beyond  the  brickwork  both 
without  and  within. 

j^4  jTjQ  4 — Q  Represents  the  ash. 

1^^^  hearth. 

a.  The  ash-hole. 

b  b.  One  of  the  ends  of  the  floor- 
pipe,  turning  up,  and  inserted  into 
the  ash  hearth,  within  a  little  of  the 
grate. 
c  c  cc.  The  ground,  or  floor  pipe,  communicating  with  the  inserted 
pipe  b  b. 

d  d.  The  fire-grate. 

e.  The  register  at  the  other  end  of  the  ground-pipe. 
Thus  the  fresh  air  entring  perpetually  thorow  the  heated  earthen 
pipes  into  the  conservatory,  and  as  constantly  circulating  thorow  the 
orifice  of  the  floor  pipe,  will  give  continual  supply  of  qualified  air  and 
nutrition  to  the  plants,  as  far  as  concerns  that  element  j  and  as  they 
are  placed  nearer  or  farther  from  the  noses  of  the  stove-pipes,  enjoy  the 
several  climates  and 'degrees  of  warmth  which  shall  be  found  most 
natural  and  agreeable  to  them. 

The  best  pipes,  and  only  proper  for  this  purpose,  are  such  as  are  made 
of  the  best  crucible-earth ;  for  should  they  be  of  the  best  cast  iron,  a 
too  intense  heat  of  seacoal  or  charcoal  fire  would  indanger  their  melting. 
Let,  therefore,  the  fire  be  rather  constant  than  vehement. 


mm^^ 


495 

I  doubt  not  but  one  single-  pipe  of  competent  bore  would  be  as 
effectual  as  three  or  four,  which  should  not  be  of  above  inch  and  half 
bore. 

Note,  that  any  sort  of  fuel  whatsoever  may  be  used  safely  in  this  stove. 

I  conclude  all  with  a  Catalogue  of  such  excellent  Fruit-trees,  as  may 
direct  gentlemen  to  the  choice  of  that  which  is  good,  and  store  sufficient 
for  a  moderate  plantation.  Species  and  curiosities  being  otherwise 
boundless,  and  without  end. 

[^Note,  that  (M)  signifies  mural,  or  wall  fruit ;  (S)  standard ;  (D) 
dwarf.] 

Apples. — Kentish,  russet,  holland,  golden  (S),  and  golden  russet 
pippin,  pearmain,  Loane's  permain,  hervy-apple,  reinet  flat  (S_),  deux- 
ans,  or  John,  passe-pome,  pome  apis,  cour  pendue,  calvile  of  all  sorts 
golden  mundi  (excellent),  July -flower,  queen,  marigold,  winter  queening, 
leather-coat,  chesnut,  kirkham,  cats-head,  juniting  (red  and  white, 
first  ripe),  codling  (Kentish,  &c.)  red  strakes  and  genet  moyle  (cider). 
Peaks.— Bonne  Chrestienne  (M)  summer  and  winter,  bergamot 
(ordinary),  bergamot  de  .busy,  vergoleuse  (excellent),  poire  a  double 
fleure,  windsor  sovraigne,  green-field,  boeurie  du  roy,  ambret,  chessom, 
espine  d'yever,  petit  muscat,  petit  blanquet,  blanquet  musque  (S), 
orange  bergamot,  petit  rouslet  (excellent),  cuisse  madame,  boudin 
mpsque,  mouille  en  bouehe,  brute  e  bonne,  king  pear^  lewes,  bezy 
d'hery,  rouslet  de  rhemes,  vert  longue,  cussolet,  rousslet  carapagne,  petit 
topin,  messire  jean,  amadot,  french  king,  jargonelle,  st.  andrew  (D), 
ambrosia,  vermilian,  lunsac,  elias  rose,  calliot  rosat,  swans  egg,  musque 
robin,  golden  de  xaintonge,  poire  sans  pepin,  popering,  rolling  pear  of 
lewes,  madera,  hampdens  bergamot  (S),  norwich,  Worcester,  arundel, 
lewes  warden  (best  without  compare),  dove,  squib,  stopple,  deadmans 
(S),  winter  musque,  chesil,  Catherine  (red,  king),  sugar,  lording;  red 
squash,  bosbery,  and  watford  (for  perry). 
Quinces. — Portugal,  brunswick,  barbery. 

Peaches  and  Nectarins.— rAdmirable  (M),  alberge.  Sir  H. 
Capels,  alberge  (small  yellow),  almond  violet,  bourdin,  belle  cheuv- 
reuse,  elrage  nectarin  (excellent),  maudlin,  mignon,  inorella,  musque 


496      ' 

violet,  murry  nectarin,  red  roman  nectarin,  nutmeg  (white,  red),  man 
peach,  newington  (excellent),  persique,  rambuUion,  syoii  (excellent), 
Orleans,  savoy  mala  cotton,  &c. 

Abricots.— Musk  abricot,  bishop  of  london,  fulham  (excellent) (M), 
orange,  great  bearer,  or  ordinary. 

PliUMS. — Perdrigon  (white,  blue),  primordial,  reine  claud  (S),  and 
mirabel,  white  nutmeg  (M),  pear-plum  (white,  black),  peasecod, 
prune  de  I'isle  vert,  damasq.  violet  date,  Catharine,  date  (S)  white, 
damazeene,  damson  (white,  black),  muscle,  chessom,  imperial,  jane, 
saint  Julian,  queen-mother,  morocco,  bullas  (white,  black). 

Figs. — Scio  (M)  white  and  purple,  blue  (D),  yellow,  dwarf. 

Cherries. — Carnation  (D),  Hartlib,  duke  flander  (S),  and  kentish, 
black  cherry  of  Sir  William  Temple  (M),  black  heart  (true),'  black 
Orleans,  great  bearer,  duke,  luke  ward,  morocco,  prince  royal,  petworth 
amber,  croone,  bleeding  heart,  may  cherry,  begareux,  egriot,  guynnes, 
cluster,  cologne,  Darking  wild  cherry  for  wine,  excellent.    . 

ViNES.-r—Ambpise,  frontinac  (grizlin  excellent,  white  excellent,. blue), 
burgundian  grape,  early  blue,  muscatell  (black,  white  excellent), 
morillon,  chasS^ela,  cluster  grape,  parsley,  raisin,  bursarobe,  burlet, 
corinth,  large  verjuice  (excellent  for  sauces  and  salleting). 

Gooseberries. — Crystal,  amber  great,  early  red,  englisb  and  great 
yellow. 

CoRiNTHS. — White  and  red  (English,  Dutch),  black  (medicinal). 

Raspis. — White  and  red  (large),  black  (wild). 

MuLiBERRiES. — Black  or  red,  white  Virginia,  for  the  silkworm. 

Berberries. — Great  berberry,  berberry,  without  stones. 

Strawberries. — Common  wood,  englisb  garden,  american  or  Vir- 
ginian, polonian,  white  coped,  long  red,  the  green  strawberry,  scar- 
let, &c. 

Medlars. — The  great  dutch,  neapolitan,  and  one  without  stones. 

Services*. — Wild,  pear  sorb,  azerole. 


*  This  fruit,  which  is  a  native  of  England,  is  now  as  little  known,  and  as  rare  in  the  London 
market,  as  the  fruits  of  the  most  distant  parts  of  the  world ;  and  the  service-berry  tree  is  now  so 
thinly  scattered  over  the  country,  that  many  farmers  do  not  even  know  its  existence. 


497- 

Walnuts. — The  early,  great  double,  tender  scull  and  hard,  bird-nut. 

Filberts. — White  and  red  avelans,  large  hasel,  long,  thin,  and 
great  round  nuts. 

CoRNELiONS. — White,  red,  &c. 

Most  of  which,  and  innumerable  more,  dispers'd  (for  most  part) 
after  the  several  months  in  the  foregoing  Kalendar,  were  here  recited 
for  such  as  will  be  contented  with  a  confin'd  and  choice  furniture  for 
their  plantations.  And  such  as  would  not  be  impos'd  upon,  will  find 
the  best  ware  and  dealing  at  Brampton  Park  near  Chelsey,  cultivated 
by  Mr.  Wise,  and  the  joint  direction  of  that  excellent  gard'ner  Mr. 
London,  worthy  of  his  royal  title. 


^  Letter  from  Sir  Dudley  Cullum  *  to  John  Evelyn,  Esq.  con- 
cerning the  lately  invented  Stove  for  the  Preservation  of  tender 
Plants  and  Trees  in  the  Green-house  during  Winter ;  formerly 
published  in  the  Phil.  Trans.  Vol.  xviii.  No.  212.  p.  191. 

Sir, 
I  cannot  but  think  my  self  oblig'd  in  gratitude  to  give  you  an 
account  how  well  your  lately  invented  Stove  for  a  Green-house  succeeds 
(by  the  experiment  I  have  had  of  it),  which  certainly  has  more  perfec- 
tion than  ever  yet  art  was  before  master  of.  Sir,  I  have  pursu'd  your 
directions  in  laying  my  pipes  (made  of  crucible  earth),  not  too  near  the 


*  Eldest  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Cullum,  Bart,  of  Hawsted,  co.  Suffolk.  He  was  educated  at  Bury 
school,  from  whence  he  removed  to  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge  in  1675.  On  the  death  of  his 
father,  he  resided  chiefly  at  his  family  seat,  being  remarkably  fond  of  his  garden,  into  which  he 
introduced  most  of  the  curious  exotics  then  known  in  England ;  and  speaks  in  particular,  in 
1694,  of  his  orange-trees,  which  were  then  much  less  common  here  than  at  present,  as  thriving 
in  the  most  luxuriant  manner.  His  gi-een-house  was  58  feet  long,  14  feet  wide,  and  10  feet  high. 
He  corresponded  with  the  philosophic  gardener  and  planter,  Mr.  Evelyn,  who  directed  his  botani- 
cal pursuits,  and  whose  stove  for  the  preservation  of  green-house  plants  he  adopted.  He  died 
without  issue  in  1720.  See  the  Rev.  Sir  John  CuUum's  Hist,  and  Antiq.  of  Hawsted  and  Hardwick," 
4to.  1813. 

3s 


498 

fire-grate,  which  Is  nigh  lipon  or  better  than  sixteen  Inches ;  and  by 
making  a  trench  the  whole  length  of  my  house,  under  the  paving  (for 
the  air  to  Issue  out  and  blow  the  fire),  of  a  convenient  breadth  and 
depth  (that  Is,  eighteen  Inches  both   ways,  cover'd  with  an  arch  of 
bricks),  and  at  the  other  end  of  the  trench,  having  a  square  Iron  plate 
answerable  to  that  of  my  paving  (which  is  eighteen  Inches),  to  take  off 
and  put  on,  with  a  round  hole  at  the   corner,  of  about  three  Inches 
diameter,  with  a  lid  to  slide  open  and  shut,  upon  every  end  of  them,  as 
you  may  have  seen  upon  some  porridge-pot  covers;  so  that  by  opening 
any  of  these  holes,  or  all  of  them,  more  or  less,  or  taking  off  the  whole 
plate,  I  can  release  such  a  quantity  of  air  out  of  the  house  to  blow  the 
fire,  so,  as  to  Increase  or  diminish  thp  blasts;  and,  as  you  were  pleas'd 
by  letter  to  inform  me  concerning  dlstrlbiitlng  the  air  at  its  admission 
more  equally  thro'  the  houSe,  I  have  Inserted  my  pipes  Into  a  channel 
all  along  the  wall,  at  the  end  of  the  house,  with  those  several  overtures 
you  mention'd.     All  which.  Sir,  I  assure  you,  prove  most  admirably 
well ;  and  by  which  free  and  generous  communication  of  yours,  you 
have  most  highly  oblig'd  all  the  lovers  of  this  hortulan  curiosity  and 
recreation,  as  well  as,  Sir, 

Your  most  faithful  and  humble  Servant, 

D.  CXJLLUM, 


499 


DEDICATORY  EPISTLE  TO  THE  MYSTERY  OF  JESUITISM. 


The  following  dedicatory  Epistle  is  attached  to  a  presentation  copy 
of  the  "  Mysterion  tou  Anomias,  or  another  Part  of  the  Mystery"  of 
Jesuitism,"  Lo'nd.  1664,  12mo.  preserved  in  the  British  Museum,  and 
to  which  the  following  manuscript  note  is  prefixed  on  a  fly-leaf,  bv 
which  Evelyn's  connection  with  the  work  is  suflBciently  identified: 
"  For  my  most  honor'd  friend  the  hon^|^  S-^  Hen.  Herbert,  from  his 
most  humble  servant,  J.  Euelyn." 

To  my  most  honour' d  Friend  from  whom  I  received  the  Copy. 
Sir, — I  transmit  you  here  the  French  Copy  which  you  were  pleased  to 
consign  to  me,  and  with  it  the  best  effects  of  your  injunction  that  my  weak 
talent  was  able  to  reach  to ;  but  with  a  zeal  so  much  the  more  propense, 
as  I  judged  the  publication  might  concern  the  world  of  those  miserably- 
abused  persons  who  resign  themselves  to  the  conduct  of  those  bold  impos- 
tors, and  who  may  indeed  be  said  to  be  what  the  Athenians  mistook  St. Paul 
for,  Sivtav  AatiJioviuv  KuTuyyEXeTg,  Setters  forth  6f  strange  Gods*,  as  well  as 
of  strange  and  unheard-of  doctrines,  whilst  they  take  upon  them  thus  to 
attribute  as  much  to  Dominus  Deus  Papaf,  their  Lord  God  the  Pope, 
as  to  God  Almighty  himself.  I  stand  amaz'd  that  a  Church  which  pre- 
tends so  much  to  puritie,  and  that  is  so  furious  against  the  least  dissenters 
to  her  novelties  amongst  Protestants,  should  suffer  such  swarms  of 
impure  insects  amongst  themselves ;  lest  these  cancerous  members  (in- 
stead of  edifying  the  Church  and  conducting  consciences)  eat  out,  in 
fine,  the  very  heart  and  vitals  of  the  common  Christianity.  For  my 
part,  after  I  have  seen  what  Mr.  White  has  lately  publish'd  J  concern- 
ing the  method  of  the  Roman  Court  in  her  decrees,  and  of  her  rare 

*  17  Acts  xviii,  t  Gloss,  in  Extr.  Jo.  c.  22.  de  verborum  signif. 

J  Extasis  sive  Tho.  Albii  Purgatio. 

/ 


500 

ability  to  discern  as  he  there  afFords  us  the  prospect,  I  have  no  great 
reason  to  hope  for  any  redress  of  these  enormities  :  and  then  to  what  a 
monstrous  growth  this  head  is  like  to  arrive,  let  all  the  world  com- 
pute by  the  strange  pretences  of  these  audacious  sycophants.  Nor  let 
any  man  wonder  how  those  other  errors  are  crept  into  their  religion, 
who  in  a  day  of  so  universal  light  permit  such  pernicious  doctrines  to 
be  publickly  asserted,  to  the  dishonour  of  our  B.  Lord,  the  scandal  of 
his  beloved  Spouse,  and  the  hinderance  of  that  glorious  Unity, 
which  none  do  more  earnestly  breathe  after  then  he  who  subscribes 
himself,  Sir,  your  most  humblfe  and  most  obedient  Servant. 
21  Sept.  1664. 

1665.  2d  Jan.  This  day  was  publish'd  that  part  of  "The  Mysterie  of 
Jesuitism*"  translated  and  collected  by  me,  tho'  without  my  name, 
containing  the  imaginarie  heresy,  with  4  Letters,  and  other  pieces. 

25th  Jan*  This  night  being  at  Whitehall,  his  Ma*y  came  to  me 
standing  in  the  withdrawing  roome,  and  gave  me  thanks  for  publishing 
"the  Mysterie  of  Jesuitism,"  which  he  said  he  had  carried  two  days  in 
his  pocket,  read  it,  and  encouraged  me,  at  which  I  did  not  a  little, 
wonder :  1  suppose  Sir  Robert  Morray  had  given  it  to  him.  Sfee 
Memoirs,  vol.  I.  pp.  354^  355 ;  and  vol.  II.  p.  100. 

Also,  1  March,  1666,  we  find  the  following  notice :  Gave  his 
Ma*y  my  book,  intitl'd,  "The  pernicious  Consequences  of  the  new 
Heresy  of  the  Jesuits  against  Kings  and  States." 

*  In  the  library  at  Wotton  there  are  three  volumes,  in  duodecimo,  upon  this  subject,  uni- 
formly bound  in  morocco,  viz. 

1.  "LesProvinciales,  or  the  Mystery  of  Jesuitisme,  discovered  in  certain  Letters  vfrritten  upon 
occasion  of  the  present  difference  at  Sorbonne  between  the  Jansenists  and  the  Molinists,  displaying 
the  pernicious  maxims  of  the  late  Casuists."     Second  Edition,  1658. 

2.  The  volume  to  which  the  foregoing  Dedication  is  affixed  is  entitled,  "  Mtirrnfiov  tjj;  'Avo^jiaf 
that  is.  Another  Part  of  the  Mystery  of  Jesuitism,  or  the  new  Heresie  of  the  Jesuites,  publickly 
maintained  at  Paris,  in  the  College  of  Clermont,  the  xii  of  December,  1661,  declared  to  all  the 
Bishops  of  France,  1664."  In  a  Letter  to  Lord  Cornbury,  dated  9th  Feb.  1664,  Mr.  Evelyn 
states  ihat  he  undertook  the  translation  of  this  second  part,  by  command  of  his  Lordship  and  his 
father,  the  Chancellor  (Clarendon). 

3.  "  The  Mqral  Practice  of  the  Jesuites,  demonstrated  by  many  remarkable  Histories  of  their 
Actions  in  all  Parts  of  the  World :  collected  either  from  books  of  the  greatest  authority,  or  most 
certain  and  unquestionable  records  and  memorials.'"  This  volume  was  translated  by  Dr.  Tongue 
for  Mr.  Evelyn,  and  was  printed  in  1670. 


PUBLIC    EMPLOYMENT, 

AND 

AN  ACTIVE  LIFE,  WITH  ALL  ITS  APPANAGES, 

M>\icii  ai  $amt,  CommatiD,  ^ititt^,  €on1aec^atitin,  $c. 

PREFER' D  TO  SOLITUDE; 

IN  REPLY  TO   A  LATE  INGENIOUS  ESSAY  OF  A   CONTRARY  TITLE. 


By  J.  E.  Esq.  S.R.S. 


"AvBpiiinos  S&ov  voXiTixdv'     Arist.  1.  PoLIT. 

Excute  istos,  qui  quae  cupiere  deplofant,  et  de  earum  rerum  loqnuntur  lagi  quibus  carere  non  possunt :  videbis 
voluatariam  esse  illis  in  eo  moram,  quod  segrfe  ferre  ipsos  et  tniser^  loquuntur.     Sen,  £p.  xxii. 


LONDON: 

pniNTED    BY    J.    M.    FOR    11.    HERRINGMAN,     AT    THE    SIGN    OF    THE    BLEW    ANCHOR, 
IN    THE    LOWER    WALK    OF    THE    NEW    EXCHANGE. 

1667. 


The  volume  to  which  the  following  reprint  is  an  answer,  was  the  production  of  Sir. 
George  Mackenzie,  of  Rosehaugh,  King's  Advocate  for  Scotland,  whose  numerous  works 
were  published  with  his  life  at  Edinburgh  in  1716 — 1722,  in  two  volumes  folio,  and  was 
entitled  "  a  Moral  Essay  upon  Solitude,  preferring  it  to  Publick  Employment  and  all  its 
Appendages,  such  as  Fame,  Command,  Riches,  Pleasures,  Conversation,  &c."  Edinb. 
1665,  8vo.  reprinted  in  London  1685  and  1693,  12mo. 


503 


Notwithstanding  the  .  asperity  which  is  usually  supposed  to  be 
attached  to  literary  and  philosophical  disputes ;  and  although  the 
ensuing  Tract  is  not  deficient  of  good-humoured  and  gentlemanly 
satire,  yet  the  annexed  Letters,  now  first  printed  from  the  originals  in 
the  Editor's  possession,  which  passed  between  Sir  George  Mackenzie 
and  his  amiable  opponent,  shew  how  little  of  the  spirit  of  angry  dispu- 
tation was  to  be  found  within  the  breast  of  either. 

Sir  George  Mackenzie  to  John  Evelyn. 
Sir,  5  Mart.  I667. 

IflF  yee  had  not  bryb'd  mee  with  too  much  compliment  (wherby  I  am 
becom  incapable  to  be  a  judge  of  these  your  abilities,  which  wer  for- 
merlie  too  great  to  be  subject  to  my  censure),  I  had  assur'd  you  that 
your  book  is  rarely  weel  writ,  and  yet  yee  have  shew'd  more  kyndnesse 
to  morall  philosophie,  In  Introducing  this  civill  way  of  replying,  then  I 
have  in  pleading  for  these  recesses  to  which  philosophie  is  so  oblidg'd. 
It  is  strange  for  ane  opposit  to  shew  no  passion  bot  that  of  kyndnesse, 
and  yee  compliment  mee  to  such  ane  excesse  beyond  my  merit,  that  I 
begin  to  be  jealouse  that  yee  magnifie  mee  only  to  shew  how  easilie  yee 
canne  vanquish  such  as  deserve  praise,  and  that  yee  thus  attire  mee  in 
these  titles  as  the  Romans  did  ther  prisoners  with  riche  robbes,  that 
therby  they  might  adorne  so  much  the  more  these  ther  triumphs,  to 
which  they  were  destinat  as  trophees.  But,  Sir,  without  enquyring  too 
superstitluslie  into  your  designs,  I  shall  resolve  to  returne  you  no  other 
answer  besyds  this ;  and  to  evidence  how  much  I  am  prbselited  by  your 
booke,  I  resolve  to  continue  in  employment,  but  I  hope  not  so  longe  as 
I  shall  in  the  resolution  of  bearing  the  name  and  inclinations  of 

Deare  Sir, 
Your  most  humble  Servant, 

Geo.  Mackenzie. 
For  my  honoured  friend  Master  Eveline. 

Thus  endorsed  by  J.  Evelyn  :  "  S'  Geo.  Mackenzie,  5  Mar.  I667, 
Edenburg,  vpon  my  reply  to  his  booke." 


504 


J.  Evelyn's  Anstver. 

I  had  often  repented  me  of  the  faults  you  have  forgiuen,  that  is,  of 
my  whole  booke,  'til  this  most  ciuil  lett',  which  I  now  receiu'd  from  you 
by  the  favour  of  S'  R.  Muray  :  because  I  find,  but  for  that  attempt,  I 
had  not  receiv'd  the  honour  you  have  don  me,  by  the  notice  you  are 
pleased  to  take  of  y'  servant,  nor  ben  so  fully  assur'd  that  my  hand  did 
not  erre,  when  to  describe  y""  character  it  assembled  all  those  perfections 
which  make  up  a  consum'ate  vertue.  S%  upon  y"^  acc'pt,  I  do  justifie  a 
victory,  and  a  triumph  too,  w*  no  vulgar  ambition  :  but  it  is  to  see  the 
acc|uisition  I  have  made,  and  to  assure  you  that  I  will  use  it  with  all 
the  modesty  and  deference  which  becomes  me  to  a  person  so  infinitely 
obliging  as  you  are  to,  S% 

Y-,&c,    ,       ' 
'  .  Land.  15  Mar.  ^  ^v^ly^. 

7. 


505 


TO  THE 


HON.  SIR  RICHARD  BROWNE,  Kt.  and  Bart. 

LATE  RESIDENT  AT  "THE  COURT  OF  FRANCE  FOR  THEIR  MAJESTIES  OF  GREAT 
BRITAIN,  CHARLES  I.  AND  II.,  GENTLEMAN  OF  THE  PRIVY-CHAMBER,  AND  ONE 
OF  THE  CLERKS  OF  HIS  MAJESTIES  MOST  HONOURABLE  PRIVY-COUNCIL,  MY 
MOST  HONOURED  FATHER-IN-LAW. 


Sir, 
I  AM  bold  to  present  this  liberal  discourse  with  the  greater  confidence 
to  you,  becausej  you  alone  being  witness  with  how  little  application  I 
have  been  able  to  frame  it  (importuned  as  I  was  by  several  avocations'), 
it  may  with  the  better  grace  presume  upon  your  indulgence ;  there  is 
this  only  which  I  have  infinite  cause  to  regret,  that  the  tenuity  of  the 
oblation  bears  so  little  proportion  to  the  duty,  and  the  service  which  I 
owe  you  ;  but,  though  I  might  happily  have  oppressed  you  with  a 
larger  volume,  I  could  not  with  a  more  illustrious  and  becoming  argu- 
ment ;  nor  indeed,  made  choice  of  a  fitter  arbiter  than  yourself  to  deter- 
mine- between  us,  who  have  passed  so  much  of  your  time  in  the  public 
service  of  your  Prince  and  Country,  and  in  a  period  when  a  less  steady 
virtue  must  have  succumbed  under  your  temptations.     With  what  fide- 
lity and  success  you  discharged  that  Ministry,  and  how  honourably  you 
supported  the  change  during  the  nineteen  years  space  of  your  honour- 
able character  abroad,  I  leave  others  to  report,  and  to  the  great  and 
most  illustrious  persons  of  this  nation,  whose  loyalties  mingle  their  glori- 
ous misfortunes  with  yours  :  I  say  nothing  of  your  hospitality,  and  of 
the  civility  of  your  house,  which  cannot  but  be  gratefully  recounted  by 
as  many  as  have  made  any  stay  at  Paris,  and  that  shall  consider  the 
circumstances  of  those  lessning  times :  and  your  modesty  since  your 
Royal  Master's  most  signal  Restauration,  has  made  it  appear,  that  you 
served  him  without  designe,  as  esteeming  your  whole  fortune  a  sacrifice 
too  cheap,  to  preserve  the  dignity  of  a  charge  in  which  his  Majesties 

3t 


506 

reputation  was  concerned.  I  might  here  mention  the  constant  asylum 
whiqh  the  persecuted  Clergy  found  within  your  walls  upon  all  occasions, 
because  I  have  seen  the  instances,  and  have  heard  them  frequently  ac- 
knowledged both  to  yourself,  and  to  your  most  excellent  lady,  when 
your  Chappel  was  the  Church  of  England  in  her  most  glorious  estate, 
at  least  in  the  account  of  Heaven ;  for  she  was  then  the  most  perse- 
cuted Church  in  the  world ;  but  this  is  already  recorded  by  better  *  pens. 
Shall  I  descend  to  your  other  noble  and  more  personal  qualifications  ? 
That  amidst  your  busie  employments  for  the  concern  of  States,  and  the 
interest  of  Kingdomes,  you  still  held  correspondence  with  the  Muses, 
and  conversation  w""  letters;  so  as  what  others  know  but  at  a  great 
distance,  and  by  reflection  only,  you  derive  from  the  fountaines  them- 
selves, and  have  beheld  what  has  pass'd  in  thfe  world  from  the  very  summit 
of  Olympus:  thus  Xenophon,  Thycidides,  Bolybius,  Caesar,  and  Taci- 
tus, conceal  nothing  from  you  who  are  a  critic  both  in  the  Greek  and  the 
Latine  tongues,  as  well  as  in  all  the  modern  languages  :  to  these  I  might 
add  the  sweetness  and  comity  f  of  your  disposition,  the  te(iiper  of  your 
customes,  the  sedatenesse  of  your  mind,  your  infinite  contempt  of  vanity 
and  gilded  appearances  ;  and,  in  short,  all  those  perfections  which  are  the 
result  of  a  consunimate  experience,  a  prudent  and  just  estimation  of  th^ 
vicissitude  of  things  :  but  I  am  first  to  beg' pardon  for  this  attempt  on 
your  modesty,  or  rather  indeed  for  this  imperfect  description  of  your 
virtues:  but,  Sir,  I  pretend  not  to  oblige  you  by  your  character,  but  the 

*  Sir,  the  benediction  the  Doctor  gives  to  you  and  yours,  in  allusion  to  that  which  issued  from 
the  Ark  to  Obed.  Edoms  house,  I  have  a  particular  obligation  to  sufFrage  in,  &c.  ' 

The  publick  exercise  of  our  Liturgy,  is  the  antitype  we  reflect  upon,  which,  by  God's  singular 
indulgence  to  you,  hath,  when  chaced  out  of  the  Temple  took  refuge  in  your  house  j  so  that  we 
have  been  forced  many  times  to  argue  from  your  oratory  for  a  visibility  of  our  Church  ;  your  easie 
admission  of  me  to  oiliciate  in  it  for  some  moneths,  and  your  endeavours  to  have  such  an  esta- 
blishment for  me,  as  whereby,  in  the  most  difficult  of  times,  I  might  have  had  a  comfortable  sub- 
sistence, and  a  safe  protection  under  your  sacred  roof,  beside  the  other  graces  and  civilities  I  had 
from  you,  exact  this  open  retribution  of  my  thanks,  &c.  to  you,  whose  name  and  memory  must 
be  ever  venerable  to  the  English  Clergy,  as  your  person  hath  been  most  obliging  to  many  pf 
us,  &c.  See.Richard  Watson,  in  his  Epist.  Dedicat.  before  Dr.  Basiers  Treatise  of  the  Antient  Liberty 
of  the  Britannick  Church,  and  exemption  thereof  from  the  Roman  Patriarchate,  &c.  Printed  Lend. 
1661. 
■   t  Courtesy,  civility,  good  breeding,  from  the  Latin  comi<as. 


507 

publiek  by  yoar  example;  and  if  that  have  beeri  the  chief  design  of 
thislittle  piece  to  declare  it  id  thfe  -Wttrld,  I  dttain  my  purpose.  Yoii 
haye  obliged  me  with  toany  signal  kindnesses,  with  a  continu'd  affec- 
tion, a  prdlitable  and  noble  conveiisation,  and  in  a  wofd,  with  all  these 
in  Qne,  with  an  excellent  wife,  to  make  this  just  acknowledgement,  aiid 
to  subscribe  myself.  Sir, 

Your  most  obedient  htimble  servant,  and  Son-in-Law, 

Says-Court,  J.  EvelyjSt. 

Feb.  5,  1666-7. 


TO   THE    READER. 

I  HAVE  this  request  to  make,  and  this  account  to  give  of  the  ensuing 
Discourse ;  that,  as  it  was  but  the  effects  of  a  very  few  hours,  a  cursory 
pen,  and  almost  but  of  a  sitting,  the  Reader  will  be  favourable  in  his 
suffrage,,  and  not  hastily  pronounce  against  the  merits  of  the  cause.  I  do 
not  speak  this  tojusti6e  my  .discretion,  that  being  conscious  of  my  defects, 
I  would  presume  to  engage  :  let  me  be  looli't  on  but  as  the  forelorn,  who 
though  resign'd  for  lost,  do  service  in, the  day  of  battel;  and  lead  on 
the  rest :  I  dare  assure  the  most  instructed  for  fight,  that  it  will  be  no 
disgrace  to  be  o'erthrown  by  such  an  hero ;  who,  if  I  discern  rightly  of 
his  spirit  by  that  o;f  his  style,  is  too  generous  to  insult  over  tlie  van- 
quish'd;  and  it  will  be,  no  shame,  to  resigne  our  arms. 

I  ingenuously  acknowledge,  that  amongst  so  many  pens  as  the  writ- 
ers of  this  age  employ,.  J  find  not  many  that  are  better  cut.  On  the 
other  side,  it.must.be  granted,  that  he  has  all  the  topics  and  discourses 
of  almost  all  the  Philosophers  who  ever  writ;  and  that,  whilst  he  de- 
clares for  solitude,  I  am  forc'd  to  tread  the  most  unfreqi^ented  and  soli- 
tary paths;  an4  if  for.  that  reason  I  jjia,vp  not  ablig'd  myself  to  the 
exactest  method,  ^^  have  yet  pursu'dmy  antagonist,  rightly  paraff'dand 
compar'd,  who  has  himself  laid  down  and  resum'd  as  pleas'd  him;  nor 
in  these  prolusive  and  oratorious.  contentions,  Jsthe_liberty.  without  good 
example  :  but  that  which  wo^ld  best  of  all  justifie  me,  and  the  seeming 


508 

incohereticies  of  some  parts  of  my  discburse,  would  be  the  noble  authors 
piece  it  self,  because  of  the  antithesis  and  the  forms  of  his  applications. 
But,  as  I  said,  I  do  not  pretend  to  laurels  and  palms,  but  to  provoke 
some -stronger  party  to  undertake  our  aggressor.  The  war  is  innocent, 
and  I  would  be  glad  this  way  of  velitation  *  and  short  discourses  upon 
all  arguments,  in  which  other  languages  greatly  outdo  us,  might  exercise 
our  reasons,  and  improve  the  English  style,  which  yet  wants  the  culture 
of  our  more  Southern  neighbours,  and  to  be  redeem'd  from  the  province, 
without  wholly  resigning  it  to  the  pulpits  and  the  theatre,  to  the  neglect 
of  those  other  advantages  which  made  the  Romans  as  famous  for  their 
eloquence  as  for  their  armes,  and  enabl'd  them  to  subdue  more  with 
their  tongues  then  with  their  swords.  Let  us  consider  It  was  but  their 
native  language,  which  they  familiarly  us'd,  and  brought  to  that  per- 
fection ;  and  that  there  is  nothing  so  course  and  stubborn  but  is  polished 
by  art. 

This  ingenious  stranger  for  some  expressions  and  some  words  (yet 
apt,  and  well  inserted),  perswade  me  he  is  so  (though  a  subject  of  his 
Majesties),  will  justifie  what  I  aim  at;  and  the  felicity  which  we  have 
of  gracefully  adopting  so  many  languages  and  idioms  into  our  own, 
frustrates  all  pretences  of  not  infinitely  improving  it.  This  was  once 
the  design  of  the  Royal  Society ;  and  as  it  was  worthy  their  thoughts, 
so  I  hope  they  will  resume  it.  I  add  not  this,  as  presuming  my  self  to 
have  attain'd  the  most  vulgar  talent  of  this  kind;  my  business  has  been 
only  the  vindication  of  an  oppress'd  subject,  and  to  do  honour  to  em- 
ployment. In  the  mean  time,  'twere  pretty,  if  at  last  it  should  appear 
that  a  public  person  has  all  this  while  contended  for  solitude,  as  it 
is  certain  a  private  has  done  for  action ;  but  as  I  perswade  myself 
if  it  be  so,  he  has  power  to  retreat  from  business ;  I  protest  I  have 
not  the  least  inclination  to  it,  though  for  want  of  a  better,  I  have 
undertaken  this. 

The  gentleman  is  pleas'd  to  call  his  book  but  an  Essay ;  mine  hardly 
pretends  to  so  much ;  which  makes  me  presume  he  will  not  judge 
me  uncivil,  nor  take  any  thing  I  have  said  in  ill  part,  the  nature  of  this 


Quarrelling  or  disputing  with  Vvords,  from  the  Latin  veliiaiio. 


509 

der'd.  But  if  he  shall  esteem  it  so  important,  and  think  fit  to 
so  far  promise  to  assert  his  cause,  and  the  just  conceptions  I 
is  rare  abilities,  that  though  I  would  willingly  incite  some  bet- 
[)  wait  on  him,  that  I  may  still  enjoy  the  diversion  and  benefit 
icpurses,  I  will  for  ever  be  silent  my  self,  and  after  all  I, have 
to  the  contrary,  prefer  his  Solitude. 

J.  E. 


5ia 
PUBLIC    EMPLOYMENT,    &c. 

PkEt'ERR'D    TO    SOLITUM*. 


It  was  an  ill  omen  to  the  success  of  his  argument,  that  in  ipso  limine, 
the  very  threshold  of  his  Essay,  he  should  think  to  establish  it  upon  so 
wide  a  mistake  as  what  is  derived  from  the  sense  of  an  impious  poet, 
and  the  sentences  of  a  few  philosophers ;  insinuating,  by  the  uncon- 
cerned and  inactive  life  of  Him  who  gives  life  and  activity  to  all  beings, 
that  to  resemble  God  (wherein  consists  our  greatest  perfection)  we 
should  sit  still  and  do  nothing.  Dissolvitur  autem  religio,  si  credamus 
JEpicuro  ilia  dicentif.  Be  this  our  faith,  says  Lactantius,  and  farewell 
religion  :  and  if  Memmius  be  persuaded  to  gratifie  his  ease  by  being 
made  to  believe  that  the  supreme  Arbiters  of  our  actions  would  take 
little  notice  of  them,  it  was  no  conclusion  to  the  more  illuminated 
Christian,  that,  to  approach  the  tranquillity  of  the  Deity,  men  should 
pursue  their  ease,  or  hide  their  talents  in  a  napkin.  God  is  always  so 
full  of  employment,  that  the  most  accurate  definers  of  him  stile  him  to 
be  actus  purus,  to  denote  his  eternal  and  incomprehensible  activity, 
creating,  preserving,  and  governing;  alwaies  doing  justice  and  giving 
laws,  rewarding  the  virtuous,  and  defending  the  innocent.  For  what 
Cicero  affirms  of  the  philosophic  life,  relates  to  their  science,  not  their 
solitude ;  and  so,  indeed,  the  conscience  of  our  duty,  joined  with  our 
performance  of  it,  renders  us  like  our  Maker,  and  therefore  rightly  in- 
ferred by  Plutarch,  that  the  lives  of  great  persons  should  resemble  that 
of  the  gods,  who  delight  in  such  actions  as  proceed  from  beneficence, 
and  doing  good  to  others ;  since  the  contemplation  of  it  alone  was  supe- 
rior to  all  other  satisfactions.  But  what  if  the  same  Cicero  tell  us  in 
another  place,  that  those  who  do  nothing  considerable  in  this  world  are 


*  "Feb.  1667.  My  'Answer  to  Sir  George  Mackenzie  on  Solitude'  was  published,  intitled, 
'  Public  Employment,  and  an  active  Life,  with  all  its  Appanages,  preferred  to  Solitude'."  Diary, 
yol.  I.  381. 

In  a  Letter  to  A.  Cowley,  dated  12th  March  1666,  printed  in  the  second  volume  of  Memoirs, 
p.  S??'.  he  apologizes  for  becoming  an  advocate  for  that  life  which  he  had  joined  with  Mr.  Cowley 
in  so  much  admiring,  assuring  him  he  neither  was  nor  could  be  serious. 

t  De  ira  Dei,  c.  8. 


m 

o  be  reputed  but  ^a  so  mny  dead  m^n  in  it  ?     MiM  enim  qui  nihil 
igit,  esse  omnino  nonvidetur,  s^ys  Ije*;  and  what  is  yet  more  remark- 
ible,  as  it  is  opp9§ed  to  ^hat  he  seepos,  to  press  from  the  lazy  deity  pf 
Epicurus  :  certainly  God  that  would  nof  permit  th?  world  it  self  to 
•emain  in  idea  only,  but  published  aqd  brought  it  forth  to  lighjt,;  by  thp 
^ery  noblest  of  all  his  actions  (for  such  was  its  educing  out  of  nothing), 
md  that  of  seven  whole  days  ^nd  nights  f  reposed  but  one  himself,  and 
m  been  ever  since  preserving  and  governing  what  he  made,  shews  us 
)y  this,  and  by  the  continual  motion  of  tlje  stars,  and:  revolutions  of  the 
leavenly  bodies,  that  to  respmhle  him  (whjch  is  the  sum  of  felicity)  we 
ihould  alwaies  be  in  action,  and  that  there  is  no<;hing  more  agreeable  to 
lis  nature.     If  we  have  recourse  to  the  mystic  theology  pf  the  antients, 
ve  shall  find  there  also,  that  even  Minerva  could  not  conceive  without 
he  operations  of  Vulcan,  which  signifies  labour  and  the  a<?]tive  life,  no 
nore  than  Jupiter  himself;  and  that  Hercules  was  not  admitted  into 
he  coelestial  courts,  'till  he  had  first  produc'd  the  tiophies  of  his  heroic 
itchievements.     To  all  tlijs  the  mythology  of  the  heathens  refer;  an^ 
herefore,  doubtless,  if  beatitude  be  our  summiim  bonum  (as  all  consent  it 
o  be),  'twas  y<ell  said  of  the  philosopher,  evSoii[^ovici  ^ft^l'ff  Utiv,  that  besatir, 
ude  was  action  J,  and  that  action,  by  way  of  transcendency,  was  proper 
•nly  to  man. 

But  to  pursrue  the  method  of  our  ingenious  author.  Whilst  he  is 
hus  eloquently  declaiming  against  public  employment,  fame,  command, 
Iches,  pleasure,  conversation,  and  all  the  topics  of  his  frontispiece,  and 
should  perswade  us  wholly  to  retire  from  the  active  world,  why  js  he  at 
11  concern'd  with  the  empty  breath  of  fame,  and  so  very  fond  of  it, 
hat  vi^ithout  remembering  the,  known  saying,  Nemo  eodeni  tempore 
ssequi  potest  i^agnam  famam,  §•  magnam  quietem,  would  have  men 
elebrated  for  doing  nothing  ?  Verily,  there  is  more  of  ainbition,  and 
mpty  glory  in  some  solitudes,  and  aflFected  retreats,  tl^ap  in  the  mo;st 
xp^psed  and  conspicuous  actions  whatsoever,  ^mbitjon,  i^  no|;  only  in 
ublic  places,  and  pompous  circumstances,  but  at  home,  and  in  the 
iterior  life ;  heremlts  themselves  are  not  recluse  enough  to  seclude  that 

*  Cicero  de  Nat.  Deorum,  Lib-.  2.  t  Gen.  ch.  2.  verse  2. 

%  Arist.  7-  de  Repub.  c.  3.    Ethic.  1.  1.  c.  12. 


512 

subtle  spirit — vanity  *  :  Gloriari  otio  iners  amhitio  est :  'tis  a  most 
idle  ambition  to  vaunt  of  idleness,  and  but  a  meer  boast  to  lie  concealed 
too  apparently,  since  it  does  but  proclaim  a  desire  of  being  observed. 
Wouldst  tbou  be  indeed  retir'd,  says  the  philosopher,  let  no  man  know 
it.     Ambition  is  never  buried ;  repress'd  it  may  be,  not  extinguish'd. 

Neocles,  brother  to  Epicurus,  as  Suidas  tells  us,  veas  the  father  of 
that  wary  expression,  Latenter  esse  vivendum,  whence  Balzac  assumed 
it.  What  says  Plutarch  ?  Even  he  that  said  it,  said  it  that  he  might 
be  known.  I  will  not  add  how  severely  he  pursues  it  (because  our 
author  may  be  concern'd,  that  a  second  impression  has,  I'm  told,  trans- 
mitted us  his  name),  but  if  it  be  the  property  of  those  who  are  exces- 
sively ambitious  themselves  to  redargue  f  the  glory  and  dignity  of  their 
corrivals,  that  they  alone  may  possess  it,  the  resemblance  was  not  inept, 
which  compar'd  those  decriers  of  public  employment  to  the  slaves  in 
gallies  J,  whose  faces  are  averse  from  the  place  to  which  they  tend,  and 
advance  forward  whilst  they  seem  to  go  backwards.  That  which  ren- 
ders public  employment  culpable  is,  that  many  affect  gi'eatness,  few 
virtue,  for  which  honours  are  alone  desirable ;  be  good  and  you  cannot 
be  too  popular,  community  makes  it  better ;  for  permit  me  to  affirm, 
that  there  is  an  honourable  and  noble  ambition,  and  nothing,  I  think, 
which  more  distinguishes  man  from  brutes,  their  low  and  useless  ape- 
tites ;  whilest  this  |MwpoiI/u%/«,  this  despising  of  glory,  is  the  mother  of 
sloth,  and  of  all  unworthy  actions ;  well,  therefore,  did  the  philosopher 
assign  its  contrary,  magnanimity  §,  and  even  some  sort  of  ambition  too, 
a  kind  of  rank  amongst  the  virtues;  and  we  know  contemptus  Jamee, 
contemni  virtutes,  and  that  even  life  it  self  (if  the  circumstances  be 
handsome)  will  be  parted  withal  to  preserve  It. 

But  let  us  suppose  the  motives  why  men  pursue  greatness  to  be  some 
of  the  particulars  here  enumerated;  may  we  not  as  well  affirm  Celador 
flies  It  for  the  appendant  burthen,  and  because  'tis  expensive,  out  of 
closeness  and  avarice,  humour,  or  want  of  ability  ?  Some  grow  sullen 
and  peevish  that  they  be  not  advanc'd ;  others  are  naturally  bypocon- 


*  Sen.  Ep.  78.  f  To  refute,  from  the  Latin  redarguo. 

*  Plut,  §  fityaXo^vxix,  Eth.  ad  Eud.  c.  5. 


513 

driacs  and  saturnine,  tempers  of  the  basest  aloy.  But  when  opulent 
and  great  persons  (says  he)  undertake  publick  charges,  the  very  rabble 
have  so  much  of  prudence  as  to  condemn  them  for  mad  ;  when  philo- 
sophers, they  serve  their  country,  not  their  inclinations,  &c.  None, 
indeed,  but  the  rabble  make  that  judgment ;  for,  being  commonly  mad, 
they  think  all  other!  like  themselves ;  and  when  philosophers  pretend 
it,  it  seems  by  him  they  cease  to  be  philosophers,  and  then  'tis  no  matter 
what  they  say.  The  truth  is,  men  then  begin  to  praise  retirement, 
when  either  no  longer  vigorous  and  capable  to  act,  that  their  spirits 
and  bodies  fail,  through  age,  infirmity,  and  decay  of  senses,  or  when 
they  cannot  otherwise  attain  to  what  they  aspire;  which  sufficiently 
justifies  the  preference  of  employment,  since  to  be  thus  happy  they 
must  first  begin  to  dote.  Nor  does  the  merchant  traffick  so  dearly  for 
solitude,  but  for  his  ease,  and  the  difference  is  wide  between  them.  If 
to  be  owner  of  a  stately  house,  to  be  bravely  furnish'd,  to  have  a  fair 
lady,  a  rich  coach,  and  noble  retinue ;  if  to  eat  good  meat,  drink  the 
most  generous  wine,  and  make  more  noise  amidst  his  jolly  friends  than 
ever  he  did  either  at  sea  or  the  camp,  be  a  merchants  or  a  souldiers  soli- 
tude, who  would  not  desire  the  pretty  retreat  which  he  describes  ?  For 
this  (I  take  it)  'tis  that  both  merchants  plow  the  seas,  that  lawyers 
break  their  brains,  and  souldiers  fight  battels  ;  in  sum,  to  live  at  ease 
and  splendidly,  who  before,  and  whitest  employ'd,  were  the  pillars  and 
ornaments  of  their  country.  When  Caesar  is  brought  for  an  instance, 
aliquando  licehit  mihi  vivere,  were  it  possible  to  wrest  it  to  the  sense 
of  this  argument,  it  ought  yet  so  far  to  disswade  us  from  the  pursuit  of 
his  example,  as  'tis  perfectly  opposite  to  an  evangelical,  as  well  as  moral 
position.  No  man  (saith  St.  Paul)  liveth  to  himself*.  No  man,  says 
Cicero  is  born  for  himself.  Certainly  the  great  Augustus  had  learn'd 
that  lesson  too  well  to  aflFect  repose  for  himself  only,  or  with  an  inten- 
tion to  relax  the  excellent  government  which  rendred  that  age  of  his  so 
happy  above  others.  He  knew  justice  and  fortitude  were  active  vertues, 
and  that  princes  are  shepherds,  whose  function  'tis  not  to  play  all  day  on 
the  pipe,  and  make  love  to  Amarillis,  but  to  attend  to  the  good  of  their 


*  Rom.  xiv.  7, 

3  u 


514 


flock.  Nor,  indeed,  ghould  they  trifle  their  hours  in  giving  audience  to 
bouflFoons,  or  sport  with  apes.  Would  it  become  an  Emperor,  who 
should  march  before  legions,  and  give  laws  to  kingdoms,  to  play  with 
cockle-shells,  or  be  stabbing  flyes  when  Ambassadors  are  attending  him, 
as  Domitian  did  ?  For  what  can  this  mihi  vivere  less  signifie  in  a 
Prince,  whose  greatest  glory  proceeds  from  adions,  profitable  and 
publick,  and  to  live  for  others,  such  as  renown'd  the  memory  of  this 
gallant  hero  ?  whilest  the  rest,  abandoning  themselves  to  ease,  effemi- 
nacy, and  phantastique  pleasures  (like  Tiberius  in  his  Caprit^J,  became 
the  pity  of  their  age,  and  the  subjects  of  tragedy  and  satyr.  Caesar, 
then,  breath'd  after  retirement  for  relaxation  only,  and  that  he  might 
revert  to  his  charge  with  the  more  courage  and  vigour.  Thus  Scipid 
and  Lselius  went  apart,  thus  Cicero  and  Varro,  and  not  to  sing  verses 
to  the  forests  and  rocks,  and  dialogize  with  echoes,  the  entertainments 
of  solitude.  Neither  does  he  less  erre  in  preferring  it  to  publick  busi- 
ness in  respect  of  dignity,  seeing  that  which  takes  care  for  the  being  of 
so  many  societies,  is  infinitely  more  honourable  than  what  has  only  re- 
gard to  it  self;  and  if  his  logic  hold,  quod  efficit  tale,  est  magis  tale, 
those  are  most  to  be  reputed  happy  who  render  others  so,  since  God  and 
nature  come  under  the  consideration.  Could  his  happy  man  remain  in 
that  desirable  estate  without  the  active  lives  of  others  to  protect  him 
from  rapine,  feed  and  supply  him  with  bread,  cloaths,  and  decent  neces- 
saries ?  For  'tis  a  grand  mistake  to  conceive  that  none  are  employ'd 
but  such  as  are  all  day  on  horse-back,  fighting  battels,  or  sitting  in 
tribunals.  What,  think  you  of  plowmen  and  artificers?  nay,  the 
labours  of  the  brain,  that  excogitates  new  arts,  and  produce  so  many 
useful  things  for  humane  society,  opposed  to  our  gentleman-hawker  and 
hunter,  who  rises  so  early,  and  takes  so  much  pains  toso  little  purpose? 
A  good  architect  may,  without  ^eat  motion,  operate  more  than  all  the 
inferior  workmen  who  toil  in  the  quarries,  and  dip  their  hands  in  mortar. 
And  when  the  historian  had  summ'd  up  a  world  of*  gallant  persons 
who  fought  braively  for  their  country,  he  did  not  esteem  those  to  be  less 
honourably  employed  who  serv'd  it  by  their  counsel.   The  commonwealth 


*  EJtij  Jt»  •yvuiins  iim<ri  tiv»?j  ^te  Jt  0!r^«v.     £lian. 


515 

is  an  assembly  regulated  by  active  laws,  maintain'd  by  commerce,  dis- 
ciphn  d  by  vertue,  cultivated  by  arts,  which  would  fall  to  universal  con- 
tusion and  solitude  indeed,  without  continual  care  and  publickinten- 
dency ;  and  he  that  governs  as  he  ought,  is  master  of  a  good  trade,  in 
the  best  of  poets  sense  as  well  as  mine  : 

Strive,  thou,  brave  Roman,  how  to  govern  well, 
Be  these  the  arts  in  which  thou  dost  exceil ; 
Subjects  to  spare,  and  the  bold  rebels  quell  *. 

For  when  Epicurus  (who  chose  the  private  life  above  all)  discourses  of 
publick  ministers,  he  is  forc'd  to  acknowledge  that  to  be  at  helme  is  better 
than  lying  along  in  the  ship;   not  as  'tis  indeed,  more  honourable  and 
conspicuous  alone,  but  because  *tis  more  noble  benejicium  dare  quhm 
UQcipere;    and  the  sentence  is  of  God  as  well  as  man;   for  so  the 
Apostlef,  it  is  more  blessed  to  give  than  to  receive.     But  'tis  not  for 
nothing  that  patron  of  the  idle  does  now  and  then  so  much,  celebrate 
action,  and  public  employment;  since  unless  salva  Jit  respublicq^  the 
commonwealth  be  secure,  even  the  slothful  man  himself  cannot  enjoy  his 
sloth. 

We  may  with  more  justice  condemn:  the  ambition   of  jPyrrhus  than 
derive  any  advantage  from  his  reply.      For  my  part  I  think  we  are 
obliged  to  those  glorious  conquerors  for  the  repose,  knowledge,  and 
morality  they  have  imparted  to  us  ;  when,  hut  for  their  atchievenients 
and  heroic  actions,  more  than  half  the  world  had  still  remained  barba- 
rous, and  the  universe  but  one  vast  solitude  indeed.  The  activity  of  men 
does  best  cover  their  frailties  :   arts  and  industry  having  supplyed  that 
which  nature  had  denyed  us  ;  and  if  felicity  consist  in  perfection,  cer- 
tainly whatever  makes  us  to  approch  it  neerest,  renders  us  most  happy. 
But  his  wise-rmans  wit  consists,  it  seems,  in  repute  only.    I  had  rather 
be  wise  than  so  r^fmted;  and  then  this  is  no  more  advantage  to  Soli- 
tude than  the  melancholy  and  silence  he  speaks  of;  .  the  onie  being  tlie 
basest  of  humors,  and  the  other  the  most  averse  from  instruction,  which, 
is  the  parent  of  virtue  ;  whilst  felicity  in  this  .article  appears  the  result  of 

*  ^n.  6.  Tu  regere  imperio  popu|os f  Acts  xx.  35. 


516 

cheat  and  imposture,  and  in  making  men  seem  what  indeed  they  are 
not ;  whereas  active  persons  produce  themselves  to  the  world,  and  are 
sooner  to  be  judged  what  they  are  by  what  they  do,  according  to  that 
well  known  test,  officium  indicat  virum.  As  therefore  truth. is  prefer- 
able to  hypocrisie,  so  is  employment  before  this  solitude.  Had  he 
affirm'd  peace  was  better  than  war,  he  had  gain'd  my  suffrage  almost 
to  an  unjust  one  ;  but  whilst  his  antitheta  are  Solitude  and  Employment 
to  state  the  period  of  felicity,  he  as  widely  mistakes,  ias  one  that  should 
affirm  from  the  text,  that  the  milk  and  honey  of  Canaan  dropp'd  into 
the  mouths  of  the  Israelites  without  a  stroke  for  it;  whilst  it  cost  so 
many  years  travels  in  the  desert,  and  bloody  battels,  and  that  the  wisest 
and  happiest  men  in  it,  were  the  most  active  and  the  most  employed. 

To  instance  in  the  passion  of  statesmen  breathing  after  self-enjoy- 
ment, and  that  to  possess  it  a  moment,  they  are  even  ready  to  disoblige 
their  dearest  interest,  is  not  certainly  to  commend  retirement*,  but  declaim 
against  it.  Had  David  been  well  employed,  fair  Bathsheba  had  washed 
in  her  garden  securely,  and  poor  Uriah  outlived  many  a  hard  siege.  Tis 
an  old  saying  and  a  true  one.  Quern  Diaholus  non  invenit  occupdtum, 
ipse  occupat,  the  Devil  never  leaves  the  idle  unbusied  ;  but  if  nature,  in- 
clination, and  pleasure  vote  (as  is  pretended)  for  Solitude,  even  the  most 
contemplative  men  will  tell  us,  as  well  as  philosophers  and  divines,  that 
nature  is  deprav'd,  inclination  prepense  to  evil ;  and  pleasure  itself, ;  if 
not  simply  evil,  no  moral  virtue.  PubHck  employment  is  not  unnatural 
in  its  ascent,  for  there  are  degrees  and  methods  to  it ;  but  if  ambitious 
men  will  needs  leap  when  they  may  safely  walk,  or  run  themselves  out 
of  breath  when  they  may  take  time  and  consider,  the  fault  is  not,  in  the 
steps  but  in  the  intemperance  of  the  person.  Those  who  indeed  arrive  to 
greatness  by  their  vices,  sit  in  slippery  places,  whilst  virtue  only  is  able 
to  secure  her  favourites;  and  in  these  sublunar  orbs,  if  men  continue 
humble  and  govern  their  passions  amidst  the  temptations  of  pride  and 
insolence ;  if  they  remain  generous,  chast,  and  patient  against  all  the 
assaults  of  avarice,  dissolution,  and  the  importunity  of  clients  ;  how  does 
such  a  person's  example  improve  the  world,  illustrate  and  adorn  his 
station?  how  infinitely  exceed  the  miser's  diampnd  and  all  his  tinsell, 
which  shines  indeed,  but  is  lock'd  up  in  the  dark,  and  like  a  candle  is  set 


517 

under  a  bushell  ?     Men  of  parts  should  produce  their  talents,  and  not 
enclosing  themselves  as  conjurors  within  their  circles,  raise  a  thousand 
melancholy  devils  that  pervert  their  abilities,  and  render  them,  if  not 
dangerous,  useless  to  their  generation.     Anaxagoras  was  a  wary  person, 
yet  he  conversed  with  Pericles ;  Plato  with  Dion  ;  Panetius  with  Scipio  ; 
Gato  with  Athenodorus,  and  Pythagoras  with  all  the  world.     Would 
Philosophers  be  more  active  and  Socratical,  Princes  and  great    men 
would  become  philosophers,  and  states  consummately  happy  ;  you  know 
who  said  it.   The  truth  is,  '  a  wise  man  is  a  perpetual  magistrate  *,'  and 
never  a  private  person ;  not  one  city  or  place,  but  the  world  is  his  domi- 
nion ;  whilst  those  who  introduce  the  example  of  Dioclesian  and  the 
Fifth  Charles,  to  justifie  the  honour  and  delices  of  Retirement,   take 
for  the  one  a  proscribed  Prince,  whose  former  tyrannies  had  deiprived 
him  of  a  kingdom,  and  his  fears  of  a  resumption  ;   and  for  the  other  a 
decrepid  old  Emperor,  whose  hands  were  so  unable  to  manage  a  scepter, 
that,  as  one  tells  us,  he  had  not  strength  enough  to  open  a  letter ;  not 
to  insist  on  his  other  infirmities  and  suspicion  which  induc'd  the  more 
impartial  historians  to  write  ;  he  did  it  plainly  to  prevent  an  ungrateful 
violence ;    or  (as  others)  out  of  indignation  to  see  himself  so  far  out- 
done by  our  English  Harry  •}•.     Whatever  motive  it  were  (for  there  are 
more  assign' d),  so  far  was  this  felicity  from  smiling  on  those  who  acted 
the  scene,  that  the  very  grimaces  of  fortune  alone  so  affrighted  them 
from  society  and  the  publick,  as  to  unking  themselves  whilst  they  were 
living.     I  will  say  nothing  of  another  pageantry  resembling  this,  wliich 
has  happened  in  our  own  times;   because  the  frailty  of  the  sex  carries 
more  of  excuse  with  it.     But  it  seems  no  retreat  can  secure  greatness 
from  the  censures  and  revenge  of  those  they  have  once  injured  ;  and' 
therefore  even  Solitude  it  self  is  not  the  asylum  pretended.     But  that 
which  can  best  protect  us  Is,  and  that  certainly  is,  grandeur,  as  more 
out  of  reach,  and  neerest  to  Olympus  top.    Mleas,  the  king  of  Scythia, 
was  wont  to  say  ingenuously,  that  whilst  he  was  doing  nothing,   he 


*  Plato. 

t  Los  degno  di  veder  si  soprafar  dal  Re  Arrigo,  &  altri  che  esso  havea  voluto  a  questo  modo 
schifare  la  fortuna  aversa,  &c.    See  more  in  Lodovico  Dolci's  Vita  di  Carlo  V. 


518 

differed  nothing  from  his  groom ;  and  Plutarch  exceedingly  reproves 
this  shameful  abdication  of  Princes  without  cause.     What  a  dishonour 
(says  he)  had  it  been  for  Agesilaus,  Numa,  Darius,  Pericles,  Solon,  or 
Cato  to  have  cast  off  their  diadems,  torn  their  purple,  and  broken  their 
scepters  in  pieces  for  the  despondency  of  a  Dioclesian  ;  or  to  have  given 
place  to  proud  and  aspiring  boys  ?    How  was  Caius  Gracchus  reproch'd 
but  for  retiring  from  his  charge  a  little,  though  on  the  death  of  his  own 
brother  ?     If  ever  such  retreat  be  justifiable,  'tis  when  tyrants  are  at 
the  helm,  and  the  commonwealth  in  the  power  of  cruel  persons.    When 
the  wicked  (says  Solomon)  rise,  men  hide  themselves  * ;   then,  hene 
vixit,  bene  quilatuit,  if  it  were  not  infinitely  more  laudable,  with  Demos-^ 
thenes,  even  then  to  be  most  active,  and  endeavour  its  rescue  ;  for  things 
can  never  arrive  at  that  pass,  ut  nuUi  actioni  honestcesit  locus ;  'tis 
Seneca's  inference  from  the  bravery  of  Socrates,  who  resisted  no  less 
than  thirty  of  those  Athenian  monsters  together ;  and  how  many  thirtys 
more  our  glorious  Prince  did  not  desist  to  oppose,  we  have  Ilv'd  to  see 
in  the  fruits  of  our  present  felicity  ;  and  to  the  eternal  renown  of  that 
illustrious  Duke,  who  so  resolutely  unnestled  the  late  juncto  of  iniquity, 
Turpe  est  cedere  oneri,  'tis  a  weakness  to  truckle  under  a  burthen,  and 
be  weary  of  what  we  have  with  good  advice  undertaken  ;  he  is  neither 
worthy  nor  valiant  that   flies  business,    but  whose  spirit  advances  in 
courage  with  the  pressure  and  difficulties  of  his  charge.     Were  it  not 
gallant  advice  (says  Plutarch)  to  dissuade  Epaminondas  from  taking 
care  of  the  army  ?  bid  Lycurgus  enact  no  more  wholesome  laws  ?  and 
Socrates  to  teach  wisdom  no  longer  ?    Would  you  bring  vertue  into 
oblivion  ?    should  not  arts  improve  ?    becomes  it  doctors  to  be  silent  ? 
This  were  taking  light  out  of  the  world,  and  pulHng  the  sun  from  his 
glorious  orbe  ;  would  dissolve  laws,  humane  sciences,  and  even  govern- 
ment itself.     But  he  proceeds  :  had  Themistocles  never  been  known  of 
the  Athenians,  Greece  had  never  given  Xerxes  a  repulse ;    had  the 
Romans  still  slighted  Camillus,  where  had  that  renowned  city  been  ? 
if  Plato  had  not  known  Dion,  Sicily  had  yet  groan'd  under  tyranny. 
But  as  the  light  not  only  makes  us  known  to  each  other,  but  also  ren- 


*  Prov.  xxviii.  38. 


519 

'  ders  us  mutually  useful ;  so  the  being  public  and  conspicuous  to  i 
tvorld,  does  not  only  acquire  glory,  but  presents  us  with  the  means 
illustrating  our  virtues ;  whilst  those  who  through  sloth  or  diffidei 
never  exercise  themselves,  though  they  possibly  may  have  godd  in  the 
yet  they  do  none.  •-  !  i. 

".  Indeed  tKe  Petalism  in  Sicily  caused  the  most  able  statesmen 
retire  themselves  ;  becaiise  they  would  not'  be  subject  to  the  aspiri 
humour  of  those  pragmatical  spirits  who  affected  a  rotation  In  the  pu 
lick  affairs ;  by  which  means  experienced  persons 'being  laid  aside,  th( 
pretenders  to  the  politics  had  in  a  short  time  so  confounded  thin 
together,  that  the  very  people  who  assisted  to  the  change,  were  the  fi 
that  courted  them  to  resume  their  power ;  abrogating  that  foolish  h 
which  themselves  had  more  foolishly  enacted.  To  the  like  conditi 
had  the  Athenian  Ostracisme  neer  reduced  that  once  glorious  republi 
and  what  had  like  to  be  the  catastrophe  even  of  this  our  nation,  up 
the  same  model  (when  every  man  forsooth  would  be  a  magistrate)  s 
has  been  the  experience.  Men  may  be  employed,  though  not  all  as  sen 
tors  and  kings ;  every  wheel  in  a  watch  has  its  operation  in  the  mov 
ment  without  being  all  of  them  springs.  Let  every  man  (says  Ef 
curus}  well  examine  his  own  genius,  and  pursue  that  kind  of  life  whli 
he  is  best  furnished  for  :  If  he  be. of  a  slothful  nature,  he  is  not  f 
action  f  if  active,  he  will  never  become  a  good  private  man ;  for  as 
the  one  rest  is  business,  and  action  labour ;  so  to  the  other  otium 
labour,  and  activity  the  most  desirable  repose. 

•  I  am  now  arrived  to  the  second  period,  which  commiences  with  tl 
anxiety  of  great  and  public  persons,  upon  the  least  subtraction  of  .the 
jjast  enj(^ments.  To  this  I  rejoin,  that  we  can  produce  so  many  prej 
nant  instances  of  the  contrary,  even  in  this  age  of  ours,  as  all  antiquii 
can  Iiardly  parallel.  Never  was  adverse  fortune'  encountred  with  greatc 
fortitude  and  gallantry,  than  when  so  many  brave  men  suffered  patient] 
the  spoiling  of  their  goods,  sequestring  their  estates,  dissipating  the 
substance,  imprisoning  their  bodies,  exiling  their  relations,  and  all  thi 
can  be  named  calamity,  to  preserve  their  loyalty  and  religion.  In  sun 
when  our  Princes  submitted  to  the  axe,  and  our  heroes  to  the  haltai 
whilst  we  beheld  people  of  meaner  fortunes  and  private  condition,  lovei 


520 

of  solitiide  and  ease,  repining  at  every  inconsiderable  loss,  prostitute 
both  their  honour  and  conscience  to  preserve  or  recover  what  they  but 
feared  the  loss  of,  and  this  elogy  is  due  to  thousands  of  them  yet  surviv- 
ing.    I  acknowledge  that  the  ambitious  person  is  in  his  sense  a  bottom- 
less pit,  and  that  ingratitude  and  treason  are  too  often  pay'd  for  favour 
and  good  offices.  Though  I  have  likewise  asserted  in  what  circumstances 
even  anfcibition  itself  is  laudable  and  maybe  stiled  a  vertue  ;  but  have  pri- 
vate men  no  thoughts  of  amplifying  their  fortunes,  and  of  purchasing  the 
next  lordship  ?     Marrying,  not  to  say  sacrificing,  their  children  to  the 
next  rich  heir,  and  marketing  for  the  portion  ?     Is  there  not  in  the  best 
governed  families  of  country  gentlemen,  as  much  purloyning,  ingrati- 
tude, and  infidelity  amongst  their  few  servants  and  small  retinue  (not 
to  naention  ungracious  and  disobedient  children),  as  in  the  greater  eco- 
nomy of  a  commonwealth,  proportionably  speaking  ?     Where  is  there 
more  emulation,  contention,   and  canvasing,  than  in  the  remoter  vil- 
lages, or  the  next  good  towns  ?     They  sell  us  repose  too  dearly  (says 
Plutarch  *)  which  we  must  purchase  at  the  rate  of  idleness  ;  ■  and  adds  a 
pretty  instance.     If,  says  he,  those  who  least  meddle  in  publick  em- 
ployment, enjoy  the  greatest  serenity  of  mind,  then  should,  doubtless, 
women  be  of  all  other  the  quietest  lambs  in  the  world,  and  far  exceed 
men  in  peaceableness  and  tranquillity,  since  they  seldom  stir  out  of  their 
houses  ;    yet  we  find  the  contrary  so  notorious,  and  this  gentle  sex 
(whom  so  much  as  the  wind  dares  not  blow  on)  as  full  of  envy,  anger, 
anxiety,  jealousie,   and  pride,  as  those  who  most  of. all  converse  in 
publick,  and  are  men  of  business.     And  therefore  we  are  not  to  mea- 
sure felicity  and  repose  from  the  multitude  and  number  of  affairs,  but 
from  the  temper  and  vertue  of  the  subject ;  besides  that,  'tis  often  as 
criminal  to  omit  the  doing  well  as  to  commit  evil,  and  some  wise  states 
have  accounted  them  alike.      Indeed  If  all  the  world  inhabited  the 
desarts,  and  could  propagate  like  plants  \vithout  a  fair  companion  ;  had 
we  goods  In  common,  and  the  primitive  fervour  of  those  new  made  prose-? 
litesf;  were  we  to  be  governed  by  Instinct ;  In  a  word,,  were  all  the  uni- 
verse one  ample  con  vent,  we  might  all  be  contented,  and  all  be  happy;  but 

*  De  tranq.  animi.  f  Acts  ii.  44. 


521 

this  is  an  idea  no  where  existant  on  this  side  Heaven ;  and  the  hand  may 
as  well  say,  I  have  no  need  of  the  feet  *,  and  the  ears  I  have  no  need  of 
the  eye,  as  the  world  he  governed  without  these  necessary  subordina- 
tions. Men  must  be  prohibited  all  rational  conversation,  and  so  come 
under  the  category  of  brutes,  to  have  no  appetites  besides  eating  and 
drinking  ;  no  passions  save  the  sensual.  I  have  known  as  great  animo- 
sities among  the  vulgar  sort,  as  much  bitterness  of  spirit,  partiality, 
sense  of  injury,  and  revenge  upon  trifling  occasions  and  suggestions,  as 
ever  I  observed  in  the  greater  and  more  busied  world ;  'twas  evident  that 
the  Lacedemonians  were  more  proud  of  their  mean  apparel  at  the 
Olympic  courses,  than  the  most  splendid  Rhodians  in  all  their  bravery 
SLudciinquant ;  and  Socrates  soon  espied  the  insolence  of  a  slovenly  phi- 
losopher through  his  tatter'd  mantle.  The  Cynic  in  his  tub  currishly 
flouted  the  Eastern  Monarch,  and  despised  his.purple  that  secluded  him 
from  the  common  beamsof  the  sun.  He  ought  to  be  a  wise  and  good 
man  indeed  that  dares  trust  himself  alone ;  for  ambition  and  malice,  lust 
and  superstition,  are  in  solitude  as  in  their  kingdom  :  Peritstulto,  says 
Seneca :  recess  is  lost  to  a  fool,  or  an  ill  man  ;  and  how  many  weak 
heads  are  there  in  the  world  for  one  discreet  person  ?  It  was  Crates, 
the  disciple  of  Stilpo,  that  bid  the  morose  walker  take  heed  he  talked 
not  with  a  fool.  Some  men,  says  Epictetus,  like  unskilful!  musitians, 
sing  no  where  tolerably  but  in  consort ;  and  'tis  noted,  that  he  must 
have  an  excellent  voice  that  can  charm  the  ear  alone,  which  renders 
them  so  difficult  to  be  entreated.  There  are  few  plants  that  can  nourish 
themselves  with  their  own  juice  ;  every  man  grinds  indeed,  but  the  mill 
that  has  no  corn  in  it  grinds  either  chaffs,  or  sets  fire  on  it  self. 

But  he  declaraes  only  against  the  most  conspicuous  vices ;  and  every 
defect  in  the  brightest  luminaries  is  observed,  whilest  the  lewd  recesses 
of  Tvberius  eclipsed  none  of  his  prodigious  debaucheries.  So  true  is 
that  of  the  philosopher  f ,  wherever  men  abscond  themselves,  humane 
miseries  or  their  Tices  find  them  out  and  attaque  them.  Malta  intus, 
says  he ;  many  tilings  within  enslave  us  even  in  the  midst  of  solitude,  v 
Were  not  the  greatest  philosophers,  nay  the  very^  fathers  of  them. 


*  1  Cor.  xii.  21.  t  Sen.  Ep.  82. 

3  X 


522 

severely  taxed  for  the  lowest  pleasures,  and  sins  not  fit  to  be  named  ? 
Seneca  himself  escaped  not  the  censure  of  covetous  and  ambition ;  Pliny 
of  excess  of  curiosity ;  Epicurus  of  riot ;  Socrates  of  psederastie  ;  The- 
mistocles  of  morosity;  all  of  them  of  vanity,  contempt,  and  fastidi- 
ousness. 

To  the  instance  of  great  men's  submissions  to  the  commands  of 
Princes,  be  they  just  or  unjust,  it  holds  well,  had  the  discourse  con cern'd 
tyrants  only  and  barbarians  ;  but  to  produce  that  example  of  Parmenio 
and  Oleander,  is  to  quit  the  subject,  and  borrow  the  extravagance  of  a 
mad-man  and  a  drunkard,  to  decry  princes  and  statesmen  who  are  the 
most  conspicuous  examples  of  temperance.  But  I  proceed  to  the  maxime. 
If  nothing  be  good  which  labours  of  the  least  defect,  then  so  long  as 
his  Celador  is  not  an  angel,  he  does  no  more  come  within  the  first  part 
of  the  definition,  than  the  greatest  and  most  employ'd  person  living ; 
and  if  he  insist  upon  degrees,  I  answer,  he  lyes  not  under  the  same 
temptation,  and  therefore  neither  can  he  pretend  to  approch  his  merit ; 
but  if  I  prove  the  most  diabolical  arts  and  cursed  machinations  to  have 
been  forg'd  by  persons  of  the  most  obscure  condition,  and  hatch'd  by 
the  sons  of  night,  recluse,  and  little  conversant  in  affairs,  I  shall  infi- 
nitely distress  that  opinion  of  its  virtue  or  advantage  ;  for  being  either 
happy  in  it  self,  or  rendering  others  so.  The  monkeshave  been  so  dex- 
trous at  the  knife,  and  other  arts  of  mischief,  that  they  have  not 
trembled  to  make  the  holy  and  salutary  Eucharist  the  vehicle  of 
destruction,  when  they  had  any  kings  to  dispatch  and,  put  out  of  the 
way ;  and  have  made  such  havoc  of  the  French  Henrys,  that  but  for 
these  solitary  birds,  those  princes  might  have  survived  all  their  sad  mis- 
fortunes. It  was  not  for  nothing  that  Jeroboham  withdrew-  so  long 
into  ^gypt  (that  kingdom  of  darkness  *)  when  he  contriv'd  the  defection 
of  no  less  than  ten  whole  tribes  at  a  clap ;  and  how  much  mischief,  sin, 
and  bloodshed  it  caus'd,  the  sacred  story  has  accurately  recorded.  The 
blackest  treasons  have  been  forged  in  the  closets  and  gloomy  recesses  ; 
who  is  not  amaz'd  at  the  very  image  and  thought  of  the  Gun^powder 
Conspiracy  ?  carried  on  and  excogitated  by  the  devil,  and  a  pack  of  these 

*  1  Kings,  chap  xii. 


523 

solitary  spirits  !  'Twas  but  an  Arian  Monk  and  an  obscure  Jew  who 
first  encouraged  and  instructed  that  mighty  Impostor,  occasioning 
more  evil  in  the  Christian  church  and  state  than  was  ever  done  by  all 
the  tyrants  since  it  began ;  for  it  spawn'd  not  only  an  heresy  but  blas- 
phemy :  razing  the  Christian  name  out  of  almost  half  the  world  ;  and 
the  issues  of  the  cell  are  to  this  day  conspicuous  in  the  fire  and  the 
sword  which  has  destroyed  not  cities  only,  but  whole  empires,  and  made 
more  fatherless  and  widows,  more  desolation  and  confusion,  and  done 
more  harm  to  letters,  than  can  be  recounted  ;  nor  did  the  uttermost 
machination  of  the  greatest  person  in  employment,  ever  approch  what 
one  monk  set  on  foot  out  of  his  holy  den,  that  ever  I  could  read  in 
story  ;  and  what  are  all  our  truculent  champions  of  the  Fift-Monarchy 
amongst  us  at  this  day,  but  so  many  persons  who  seem  to  be  the  most 
self-denying  people,  and  the  highest  affected  with  solitude  and  devout 
enthusiasme,  despising  honours  and  public  charges,  whilst  they  breathe 
nothing  save  ruine  and  destruction  ?  They  are  the  close,  stagnate,  and 
covered  waters  which  stink  most,  and  are  fullest  of  mud  and  ordure, 
how  calm  and  peaceable  soever  they  seem  upon  the  surface  ;  whilst  men 
of  action  and  publick  spirits,  descending  as  from  the  highest  rocks  and 
eminences,  though  they  sometimes  make  a  noise,  have  no  leisure  to 
corrupt,  but  run  pure  and  without  mixture.  There  is  an  heavy  woe 
denounced,  in  Scripture  to  those  who  thus  settle  on  their  lees  *.  Physi- 
cians tell  us  the  body  is  no  longer  in  health  than  the  bloud  is  in  motion 
and  duely  circulates,  action  is  the  salt  of  life,  and  diligence  the  life  of 
action"!  All  things  in  Heaven  are  in  motion,  and  though  'tis  there  only 
that  we  can  promise  repose  to  our  selves  ;  yet  neither  dare  I  say,  we  shall 
do  nothing  there,  since  the  admiration  of  the  beatifical  vision  will  certainly 
take  up  and  employ  all  our  faculties,  and  set  them  in  operation ;  nor 
whilst  we  shall  there  be  in  perpetual  ecstasie,  shall  we  live  tbour  selves, 
but  to  God  alone.  There  is  then,  doubtless,  no  such  thing  as  rest 
(unless  it  be  that  from  earthly  toil,  anxieties,  and  the  works  of  sin, 
which  is  that  repose  mentioned  by  the  Apostle) ;  since  action  is  so 
essential  to  our  Hves  f  that  it  constitutes  our  being ;  and  even  in  all 


*  Zeph.  i.  12.  t  Hebrews,  iv.  9. 


524 

theory  and  contemplation  it  self,  there  is  a  kind  of  action,  as  philoso- 
phers do  universally  agree. 

Let  it  be  confess'd,  the  Court  is  a  stage  of  continual  masquerade,  and 
where  most  men  walk  incognito  ;  where  the  art  of  dissimulation  (which 
Donna  Olympia  has  named  the  Keys  of  the  Vatican)  is  avow'd;  yet  it 
cannot  be  deny'd  but  there  are  some  in  that  warm  climate  too,  as  per- 
fectly sincere  as  in  the  country  ;  and  where  virtue  shines  with  as  much 
lustre  as  in  the  closest  retirement,  where,  if  it  givie  any  light,  it  is  but  in 
a  dark-lanthorn  ;    and  to  -be  innocent  there,  where  there  is  so   much 
temptation,  is  so  much  the  greater  merit.     Believe  it,  to  conserve  one- 
self in  Court  is  to  become  an  absolute  hero  ;    and  what  place  more  be- 
coming heros  than  the  Courts  of  Princes  ?   for  not  only  to  vanquish 
armies  in  the  field,  defend  our  country,  and  free  the  oppressed,  are  the 
glorious  actions  of  those  demi-gods  ;   but  to  conflict  with  the  regnant 
vices,  and  overcome  our  selves,  greater  exploits  than  the  winning  of 
enchanted  castles  and  killing  of  gyants  ;    for  what  violence  must  be 
apply'd  to  be  humble  in  the  midst  of  so  much  flattery ;  chast  amongst 
such   licence,    where   there   is   so   much   fire,   and   so   much   tinder, 
and  not  to  look  towards  the  fruit  which  in  that  Paradise  is  so  glorious 
to  the  eye  and  so  delicious  to  the  taste  ?     What  a  disposition  to  purity 
to  come  forth  white  from  the  region  of  smoke,  and  where  even  the  star% 
themselves  are  not  without  their  spots  !      In  sum,  not  to  fall  into  the 
nets  which  the  noon-day  Devils  spread  under  our  feet,  above  our  heads, 
and-  about  us  ;  and  who  pursue  those  that  flye,  and  bear  down  those  who 
resist.     But,  as  I  said,  if  the  difficulties  be  so  great,  how  much  greater 
the  glory  ?     Whilst  pretending  to  no  such  temptation  in  his  solitude, 
there  is  less  exercise  for  his  virtue ;   it  being  rather  a  privation  from 
evil,   than  any  real  habit  to  good.      Certainly,  there  is  not  in  the 
country  that  admirable  slmplielty  pretended,  nor  do  they  altogether 
transact  with  that  integrity.    For  is  there  not  among  them  as  much  ini- 
quity in  buying  and  selling  ?  as  much  over-reaching  in  the  purchase  of 
a  cow,  or  a  score  of  sheep  ?  as  much  contention  about  the  encrochment 
of  a  dirty  fence  ?   as  much  regreatlng  with  the  farmer,  keeping  up  the 
prlce-of  corn,  when  the  pOor  are  starving  ?     How  ma«y  oaths  and  exe- 
crations are  spent  to  put  off"  a  diseas'd  horse  ?     Have  we  not  seen  as 


525 

much  ambition  and  state  where  the  country  Justices  convene  on  the 

market-days  at  the  petty  towns,  to  have  the  caps  land  the  knees  of  the 

bumkins?  as  much  canvassing  for  suffrages  and  voices  ?  not  to  insist  on 

the  prodigious  debauches,  drinkings,  emulation,  and  perjuries  at  elections; 

and  even  greater  pride,  deadly  feud,  railing,  and  traducing,  amongst 

the  she-Pharisees,  or  little  things  of  the  neighbourhoodj  for  the  upmost 

place    in  the  church  pew,   Or  at  a  gossiping-meeting,  as  at  court, 

and  in  the  city,  between  the  ladies  of  the  best  quality  ?  and  all  this 

while  we  grow  weary  of  the  publick,  and  resolve  against  employment, 

and  the  sound  of  affairs,  repenting  of  the  lost  moments  that  are  past  in 

conversation;  and  yet,  in  every  cave  and  every  cottage  there  is  a  chair 

for  ambition,  and  a  bed  for  luxury,  and  a  table  for  not,  though  Hell  be 

raining  out  of  Heaven.     And  it  may  be  observ'd,  that  we  do  not  hear 

the  least  evil  of  Lot,  or  the  virtue  of  his  daughters,  whilst  they  liv'd 

in  the  midst  of  Sodom*  it  self,  'till  abandoning  even  his  little  Zoar  to 

his  more  solitary  and  cavernous  recess,  he  fell  into  those  prodigious 

crimes  of  ebriety  and  incest.     Verily,  that  is  truly  great  to  retire  from 

our  vices,  not  from  cities  or  conversations.     If  you  be  virtuous,  let  your 

example  profit ;  if  vitious,  repent  and  amend.     Striye  not  so  much  to 

conceal  your  passions  as  to  reform  them ;  for  little  do  solitary  persons 

profit,  without  a  mind  adapted  for  it ;  wise  men  only  enjoy  themselves, 

not  the  voluptuous  or  morose ;  and  I  have  seen  some  live  discontented 

even  in  houses  of  pleasure,  and  so  in  their  solitudes,  as  if  none  were 

more  full  of  business. 

When  he  celebrates  recess  for  the  little  it  wants,  he  gratifies  the 
Cinick ;  he  could  attribute  as  much  to  his  tub,  and  the  treen  disji  that 
he  drank  in,  which  was  all  the  house  and  furniture  we  read  of;  and  an 
owl  and  a  pelican  want  as  little  as  the  philosopher;  but  he  does  not 
say  by  this  that  solitude  is  fertile ;  it  is  not  from  the  abundance  that  it 
supplies  them,  but  from  its  sterility  and  defects,  which,  if  it  be  a  com- 
mendation to  that,  is  so  to  nothing  else  in  nature. 

He  proceeds  again  to  the  passions  of  great  men,  which  are,  indeed, 
more  conspicuous,  as  lightning  and  thunder  are  amongst  the  meteors, 


*  Gen.  xix.  32. 


526 

and  in  the  air ;  but  we  do  not  take  notice  of  the  corruscations,  conflicts, 
and  emotions,  which  are  every  day  in  the  bowels  of  the  earth.     How 
impatient  and   unjust  are  some  of  your  country  gentlemen  to  their 
domestics  ?  how  griping  to  their  tenants  ?  how  unnatural  to  their  chil- 
dren, and  uncivil  to  their  wives  ?     Pardon  me  these  reflections,  he  has 
compell'd  me ;  and  it  is  for  your  justification  (O  ye  great  ones  !)  that  I 
find  my  self  obliged  to  produce  these  odious  comparisons ;  whilest  I 
could  give  Celador's  friend  such  an  example  in  our  first  Charles,  of 
blessed  memory,  Philip  the  Second  of  Spain,  Alphonso  of  Arragon, 
and  divers  of  the  later  Emperors,  for  acts  of  the  highest  patience,  forti- 
tude, dfevotion,  constancy,  and  humanity,  as  would  shame  all  the  pre- 
tenders to  moral  vertues,  in  his  so  celebrated  retirements  and  private 
persons.     With  what  constancy,  spirit,  and  resignation,  did  our  royal 
Martyr  unjustly  suff'er  from  the  machinations  of  the  most  insolent  and 
implacable  of  his  vassals,  is  not  certainly  to  be  parallel'd  by  any  thing 
posterity  has  recorded,  save  that  grand  exemplar,  our  blessed  Saviourj 
who  was  a  King  too,  but  more  than  man ;  from  whose  emulous  pattern 
he  has  transmitted  to  us,  not  only  all  the  perfections  of  the  most  inno- 
cent private  persons,  but  the  vertues  of  the  most  eminent  Saints.     He 
was  imprison'd  and   revil'd,  spit  on  and  injuriously  accused;  he  was 
arraign'd,  and,  by  a  barbarous  contradiction,  condemn'd  and  despoil'd 
of  three  kingdoms,  by  the  most  nefarious  parricide  that  ever  the  sun 
beheld,  and  that  before  his  own  very  palace.     Tell  me  yet,  you  admirers 
of  solitude,  in  what  corner  of  your  recesses  dwelt  there  a  more  excellent 
soul,  abstracted  from  all  the  circumstances  of  his  birth  and  sacred  cha- 
racter, and  considered  only  as  a  private  person  ?     Where  was  there  a 
more  sincere  man  in  his  actions  ?  a  more  constant  devotee  to  his  religion  ? 
more  faithful  husband  to  his  wife  ?  and  a  more  pious  father  to  his  chil- 
dren ?  In  a  word,  a  more  consummate  Christian  ?     Look  on  him  then 
as  a  King,  to  be  superlatively  all  this,  and  all  that  a  good  and  a  most 
vertuous  Prince  can  be  to  his  subjects,  and  you  have  the  portralcture  of 
our  Charles  opposed  to  all  the  petty  images  of  your  solitary  gentlemen, 
and  decryers  of  publick  employment.     One  day  that  Philip  the  Second 
had  been  penning  a  tedious  dispatch,  Importing  some  high  afiair  of 
state,  which  employed  almost  the  whole  day,  he  bid  the  secretary  that 


527 

waited  by  him  to  throw  some  dust  on  the  paper ;  he,  instead  of  the 
sand,  snatching  up  the  ink-bottle,  poured  it  on  all  tlie  letters;  the 
Kmg,  taking  a  large  sheet  of  clean  paper,  wrote  it  verbatim  over  again, 
and  when  he  had  finished,  calmly  delivering  it  to  the  confounded  secre- 
tary, bid  him  dry  it :  but,  says  the  Prince,  take  notice  that  this  is  the 
ink,  and  this  the  sand-box ;  which  was  all  the  reproof  he  gave  him. 
I  instance  in  this  (because  of  the  rest  of  those  vertues  I  have  enumerated 
there  are  such  volumes  of  examples)  to,  put  to  silence  all  that  can  be 
produc'd  upon  the  account  of  that  passion  which  is  so  frequently  charg'd 
on  great  persons,  but  which,  indeed,  upon  the  most  trifling  occasions, 
use  to  discompose  the  most  retired  persons.  And  what  if  amongst 
these,  besides  many  others,  I  should  instance  in  S.  Hierome  himself, 
and  other  fathers  of  the  church,  as  recluse  and  private  as  they  were  known 
to  be  religious, 

As  to  the  comparative  exemption  of  solitude  from  vice  for  the  want 
of  opportunity,  the  advantage  is  very  slender,  since  (with  what  I  have 
already  furnish'd  to  evince  it)  it  implies  only  what  monsters  it  would 
else  produce ;  and  indeed  the  most  formidable  that  were  ever  hatch'd 
have  thence  had  their  original,  as  I  have  abundantly  prov'd  by  the  dark 
and  infernal  machinations  of  solitary  persons;  so  as  his  happy  man 
seems  at  best  to,  be  but  a  starv'd  or  chained  lyon,  who  would  do  mischief 
enough  had  he  liberty,  and  a  power  eqiial  to  his  will.  'Tis  iristanc'd  in 
the  madness  of  some  few  heathen  Emperors;  but  he  passes  by  the 
salutary  laws  promulg'd  by  them  for  the  universal  good.  Nor  were 
there  so  many  debauch'd  and  vicious  of  the  Roman  heretofore,  but  I 
can  name  you  as  many  Christian  Princes,  religious  to  miracle,  and 
without  reproach,  if  what  is  already  said  be  not  suflficiently  irreplicable. 
As  for  the  rest,  whatever  they  might  once  have  been  in  their  ascent,  it 
was  said  of  Caesar,  that  either  he  should  never  have  aspir'd  to  dominion, 
or,  having  once  attaiii'd  it,  been  immortal;  so  j list,  sO  equal,  and  so 
merciful,  was  his  successive  reign.  Never  was  it  pronounc'd  of  any 
private  person,  that  he  was  a  man  after  God's  own  heart ;  but  we  may 
know  it  was  so  of  a  King,  and  that  from  the  Almighty  himself.  And 
not  to  mention  Hezekias,  Josias,  Jehosaphat,  and  many  others  recorded 
in  holy  writ,  I  durst  oppose  an  Augustus,  a  TituS,  a  Trajan,  Antoninus, 


528 

Aurelius ;    to   omit  Constantine,   Theodosios,  Jastinian,   Charles  the 
Great,  S.  Edward,  S.  Lewes,  both  the  Alphonsos,  and  divers  more  of 
the  crowned  heads,  before  any  or  all  he  can  produce.     It's  true  they  ail 
dyed  not  in  their  beds ;  no  more  do  all  in  his  solitude ;  for  they  often 
hang  themselves,  linger  in  consumptions,  break  their  necks  in  hunting, 
inflame  themselves  with  tipling,  perish  of  the  unactive  scorbut,  country 
agues,  and  catharrs.     And  if  he  speak  it  out  who  they  were  that  stabb'd 
the  two  Henrys,  and  our  gallant  Buckingham  whom  he  mentions,  it 
must  be  avow'd  they  were  all  murther'd  by  private  persons.     But  whikt 
he  is  thus  exact  in  recording  all  the  vices  of  ill  princes,  because  the 
spots  in  the  sun  are  so  easily  discern'd  by  his  optic,  he  takes  no  notice 
of  the  light  it  universally  diffuses,  and  is  silent  of  the  virtues  of  the 
good  and  the  beneficent,  who  have  both  in  all  ages  rewarded,  cherished^ 
and  protected,  gallant  men.     But  when  he  shall  have  passed  through 
all  the  examples  of  the  great  ones  who  are  come  to  ruine  and*destruction, 
he  does  not  examine  how  many  private  men,  gentlemen  and  others, 
remain  in  any  one  country,  whose  patrimonial  estates  are  not'impair'd 
by  as  trifling  contests,  neglects,  prodigality,  and  ill  husbandry,  as  any 
he  charges  upon  those  eminent  persons. 

If  solitude  be  assistant  to  religion  and  devotion,  how  much  more  is 
society  ?  "  Where  two  or  three  are  assembled  together  in  my  name 
there  am  I  in  the  midst  of  them*."  I  know  no  text  where  acts  of  religion 
are  commended  for  being  solitary.  It  is  true,  our  blessed  Saviour  went 
apart  into  desart  places  ■f  to  avoid  the  importunities  of  a  malicious  and 
incredulous  people,  but  he  was  tempted  there  J ;  and  though  he  some- 
times retired  to  pray,  and  which  was  commonly  in  the  night  §,  when 
conversation  with  the  world  was  less  seasonable,  he  was  all  day  teaching 
in  the  temple,  or  continually  going  about  doing  good  ||,  and  healing  all 
manner  of  diseases  among  the  people^,  giving  counsel  to  and  instructing 
his  disciples,  whom  he  dispersed  over  the  world  to  evangelize  his  holy 
doctrine  **.  We  are  indeed  bid  to  oflFer  up  our  prayers  to  our  Heavenly 
Father  in  secret,  and  to  do  our  almes  without  a  trumpet  ++,  not  because 


*  Matt,  xviii.  20.  f  Luke,  ix.  10.  J  Matt.  iv.  1.  §  Luke,  vi.  1% 

II  Luke,  xxi.  37.  i[  Matt.  iv.  23.  **  Mark,  xvi.  15.  ff  Matt.  vi.  2,  6. 


529 

it  adds  to  the  dignity  of  the  service,  but  to  avoid  the  temptation  of 
hypocrisie,  and  because  we  have  infirmities  ;  whilest  vi^e  are  yet  in  ano- 
ther place  commanded  to  render  our  works  so  illustrious,  that  both  men 
may  see  them,  and  God  may  have  the  glory*.  Certainly  the  most 
instructive  motives  to  religion  are  from  our  imitation  of  others,  and  the 
incentives  of  devout  congregations,  as  they  approach  the  neerest  resem- 
blance to  the  church  catholick  militant  here  on  earth,  so  doubtless  do 
they  to  the  communion  of  Saints  triumphant  in  Heaven,  Is  there, 
then,  no  devotion  save  in  conventicles  and  cells  ?  and  yet  even  the  most 
recluse  Carthusians  spend  eight  hours  of  the  twelve  in  divine  offices 
together.  The  commendation  of  a  true  Christian  consists  in  doing,  not 
in  meditating- only ;  and  it  were  doubtless  an  admirable  compendium  of 
all  our  notional  disputes  In  religion,  if  less  were  believed  and  more  were 
practised.  'Tis  true,  Mary's  sitting  at  the  feet  of  our  Saviour,  and 
hiearkening  to  his  instructions,  was  preferr'd  before  busie  Martha's  em- 
ployment ;  but  the  man  who  laid  up  his  master's  talent,  and  actively 
improv'd  it  not  f ,  did  worse ;  she  was  gently  reprov'd,  he  severely  con- 
demn'd. 

,  But  he  adds,  that  most  temptations  are  in  solitude  dlsarm'd  of  the 
chains  which  render  them  formidable  to  us  In  publick,  as  there  wanting 
the  presence  of  an  inflaming  object,  &c.  But  what.  If  I  sustain  that 
absence  does  oftentimes  augment  the  passion  he  speaks  of,  and  that  our 
fansles  operate  more  eagerly  when  alone,  than  when  we  are  possess'd 
of  the  object  ? 

Nor  is  there  half  so  warm  a  fire 
In  fruition  as  desire  ; 
When  we  have  got  the  fruit  of  pain, 
Possession  makes  us  poor  again ; 
Sense  is  too  niggardly  for  bliss. 
And  pays  as  dully  with  what  is : 
Whilst  Phancy's  liberal  and  gives, all 
That  can  within  her  largeness  fall,  &c. 

Thus  we  are  ever  the  most  Inquisitive  after  mysteries  and  hidden 


*  Matt.  V.  16.  t  Luke  xix.  20.  and  Matt.  xxv.  26,  30. 

3    Y 


530 

things,  whilest  those  we  enjoy,  we  neglect  or  grow  weary  of.  But  I 
proceed.  The  most  superstitious  of  men  have  been  the  greatest  Eremites, 
and  besides  the  little  good  they  do  by  their  example,  there  is  not  in  the 
world  a  life  more  repugnant  to  nature,  and  the  opportunities  of  doing 
our  duty;  since  even  the  strongest  faith  without  works  will  not  save  us. 
For  how  can  he  that's  immur'd  perform  those  acts  of  misericord,  which 
shall  be  so  severely  exacted  of  us  at  the  last  judgment ;  to  feed  the 
hungry,  visit  the  sick,  cloath  the  naked  *,  unless  it  be  in  the  mock 
sense  of  St.  James — "depart  in  peace,. be  you  warmed  and  filled -f"," 
whilst  they  give  neither  meat  nor  cloaths  to  refresh  the  miserable? 
But  I  am  altogether  astonished  at  his  instance  in  David  again,  as 
prompted  to  his  lust  and  murther  by  the  ill  fate  of  hispublick  character; 
when  'tis  evident  had  he  been  employ'd,  or  but  in  good  company/he 
had  never  fallen  into  so  sad  a  crime.  Let  it  be  remembered  that  he  was 
alone  upon  the  battlements  of  his  palace,  and  then  all  ^the  water  in 
Bathsheba's  fountain  was^not  cold  enough  to  extinguish  his  desires  J;  so 
mighty,  a  protective  is  society  from  that  particular  temptation,  that  even 
the  presence  of  a  child  has  frustrated  an  opportunity  of  being  wanton. 
If  it  were  God's  own  verdict,  that  to  be  alone  was  an  evil  state  §,  how 
come  we  to  have  Adam's  society  blam'd  .^  for  even  Adam,  he  says, 
could  not  live  innocent  a  day.  in  it.  But,  besides  that  the  short  dura- 
tion, of  his  felicity  is  but  a  conjecture,  I  have  some  where  read,  that 
but  for  Eve's  curiosity,  which  prompted  her  to  stray  from  the  company 
and  presence  of  her  husband,  the  serpeftt  (as  subtle  as  he  was)  had 
never  found  an  opportunity  to  tempt  her.  He  was  indeed  too  easily 
enticed  by  her  example,  and  no  marvel  God  had  forsaken  his  sweet 
associate,  and  then  the  first  effects  of  both  their  shame  and  disobedience 
was  their  dark  retirement  ||.  Doubtless  there  are  many  heinous  sins 
which  company  preserves  us  from ;  for  it  is  a  shame  to  speak  of  some 
things  which  are  done  by  men  in  secret. 

I  suppose  it  was  no  widow  (as  he  speaks  her  to  be)  who  so  hospita- 
bly entertained  the  great  Elisha,  but  a  married  lady,  and  of  an  ample 


*  Matt.  XXV.  35, 36,  f  Ja.  ii.  16.  +  2  Sam.  xi.  2. 

§  Gen.  ii.  IS.  ||  Gen.iii.  10. 


531 

;ne;  for  the  text*  calls  her  a  great  woman;  and  we  find  her 
king  to  her  husband  in  another  place,  concerning  the  building  and 
iture  of  the  prophet's  chamber ;  nor  does  the  answer  she  return'd 
at  all  imply  her  wants,  she  plainly  needed  nothing  that  the  court 
i  confer  upon  her,  only  an  heir  she  wanted  to  inherit ;  she  lived 
ngst  her  people,  and  had  company  enough ;  and  verily  we  shall 
the  solitude  of  the  same  prophet  to  be  the  effect  of  a  persecution, 
of  his  preferring  it  before  society  ;  and  we  meet  the  holy  man 
h  oftner  at  court,  in  the  camp,  at  the  colledge,  and  perpetually 
loy'd,  than  either  in  the  mountains  or  in  the  wilderness.  But  let 
rant  that  some  devotions  are  best  performed  in  our  closets,  yet  does 
life  of  a  christian  consist  only  in  wearing  the  marble  with  our  knees  ? 
ave  already  shew'd  that  there  are  works  of  charity  that  can  no 
re  be  so  well  performed  as  in  company ;  nor  can  I  assent  that  the 
g  alone  contributes  half  so  much  to  our  zeal  as  the  examples  of 
rersation.  How  frequently  does  David  repeat  his  ardent  affections, 
address  to  the  tabernacle  and  the  great  congregation -f*  ?  and 
igh  the  countrv  round  about  Sinai  were  a  howling  desart  J,  yet 
it  at  one  time  in  it  no "  less  than  six  hundred  thousand  fighting 
I  together  §,  whereof  the  most  devout  were  the  most  publickly  em- 
fed  ;  witness  Moses,  Aaron,  Joshua,  Caleb,  Phineas,  &c.  which 
ig  but  in  the  minority  and  pupillage  of  the  churchy  were  all  this 
le  but  preparing  for  God's  publick  worship,  and  the  constitution  of 
!ople  in  the  world  the  most  busie  and  employed, 
^o  the  text  in  Hosea  ii.  14,  where  God  says  he  will  "  comfort  his 
rch  in  the  wilderness,"  I  oppose  his  innumerable  sweet  compellations 
er  the  type  of  the  daughter  of  Zion,  which  was  a  great  and  mdst 
nent  part  of  that  populous  city,  and  that  glorious  accession  of  the 
itiles  described  by  Isaiah  ||.  The  tabernacle  was  indeed  for  a  time 
he  wilderness  ;  but  neither  did  that,  nor  the  extraordinary  presence 
jod  in  it,  restrain  a  rebellious  people  from  committing  more  crimes  and 
ilences  in  it  in  forty  years,  than  in  four  hnndred  before,  when  they 


2  Reff.  viii.  1.  t  Psalm  xxii.  22.  xxxv.  18.  ix.  H.  J  Deut.  xxxU.  10. 

Numb.  i.  46.  II  Chap.  Ix.  3. 


532 

dwelt  in  the  cities  of  iEgypt ;  for  (as  the  Psalm)  "  Lust  came  upon 
them  in  the  wilderness,  and  they  tempted  God  in  the  desart  *."     It  is 
well  known  that  the  first  occasion  of  the  monastical  life,  was  because 
men  could  no  longer  live  quietly  in  the  more  frequented  places,  by 
reason  of  the  heat  of  persecution,  and  yet  even  in  their  remotest  re- 
cesses,  he  that  looks  into  St.  Hieroms   description  of  itf  shall  find 
that  they  were  so  near  to  one  another,  that  they  were  almost  perpe- 
tually in  company  ;    nor  does  any,  I  think,  consider   the   stories   of 
Onuphrus,  Anthony,  Simon  Stylites,  and  the  rest  of  that  spirit,  but  as 
hypocondriacs,  singular  persons  and  authors  of  much  superstition  and 
unprofitable    severity.     The  invasion  of  the    Gotbes  on    the  Roman 
Ernpire,  drove  multitudes  of  those  holy  persons  to  these  Latehrce,  and 
the  present  distress  (to  use  St.  Paul's  expression  J)  might  sometimes 
be  a  sufficient  argument  to  recommend,  if  not  prefer  the  coelibate  be- 
fore the  conjugal  estate,  and   the  barbarity  of  that  age  to  the  extraor- 
dinary mode   of  living  which,  from   compulsion  and  a    certain   cruel 
necessity,  became  afterwards  to  be  of  choice   and  a  voluntary  obliga- 
tion.    But  does   he  think  to  derive  any  force  to   his  darling  solitude,^ 
from  the  servile  and  busie  occupations  which  none,  save  Heathens  and 
Mahometans  teach,  shall    be   among   infernal   torments  ?    Turks  and 
scoffing  Lucians  may  possibly  broach  those  fancies  of  the  impertinent 
employments  of  Alexander  and  Csesar  in  the  other  world  ;  but  I  pre- 
sume he  takes  them  but  for  the  dreams  of  that  philosophical  drol,  and 
to  have  no  solid  foundation   besides  their  scoffing  and  Atheistical  wits. 
He  is  now  pleased  again  to  imagine  that  there  is  nothing  which  does 
more  prevail  with  men  to  affect    grandure,  than  what  he  thinks  due 
only  to  phantasms  and  ghosts ;  though  Fame  be  indeed  a  bubble  in  the 
estimation  of  those  who  are  not  much  concerned  for  the  future,  I  find 
yet  how  impossible  it  was  for  him  to  secure  any  praise  to  solitude  it  self 
by  the  neglect  of  it;   whilest  he  so  carefully  has  consecrated  to  pos- 
terity the  names  and  elogies  of  so  many  as  seemingly  despis'd  it,  on 
purpose  to  obtain  it;  but  this  stratagem, is  very  thin  and  transparent; 


*  Psalm  cvi.  14.  f  Passim  in  Epist.  +  i  Cor.  vii.  96. 


533 


for  sack  as  he  mentions  not,  I  presume  never  were,  and  those  he  does 
J-ecord,  have  purchas'd  more  by  that  artifice  than  if  they,  had  continu'd 
men   of  the  busiest  employment.     Chiles  the  Fifth  and  the  rest  he 
enumerates,  being  more  celebrated  for  their  supposed  voluntary  abdica- 
tion (whatever  the  true  motives  were)  than  for  all  the  most  glorious 
passages  of  their  former  reigns ;  but   however   these  great  men   are 
beholden  to  their  patron,  I  confess  the  pedants  (as  he  calls  them)  and 
the  poets  are  not  less  obliged  to  him   for  the   power  he  attributes  to 
them  of  bemg  able  to  make  great  whomsoever  theyplease;   but  those 
persons,  I  should  think,  to  have  little  merited  of  posterity,  whose  me- 
mory has  no  other  dependance  than  their  ayrie  suffrages;  when  it  is 
from  the  sober  pens,  and  the  veritable  memoires  of  grave  and  faithful 
historians,  that  the  heroick  lives  of  deserving  men  receive  life  and  im- 
mortality after  death.     Let  the  pedants  and  the  poets   then  celebrate 
the  soft  and  weakest  circumstances  of  the  reignes  of  those  princes  they 
^ould  justifie  ;  the  pens  of  great  and  illustrious  authors  shall  eternize 
those  who  persever'd  in  their  grandure,  and  publick  charges  to  the  end ; 
for    such   were  Xenophon,  Polybius,  Tacitus,  Livy,  and  even  Caesar 
himself,  besides  many  others,  as  well  of  antient  as  modern  times,  from 
whose  writings  we  have  received  the  noblest  characters  of  their  virtues; 
and  if  it  be  retorted,  that  whilst  they  actually  writ,  they  were  retired, 
I  grant  it;  but  if  men  had  not  done  things  worthy  writing,  where  had 
been  either  the  use  or  fame  of  what  they  so  bravely  acted  and  trans- 
mitted   to  posterity  ?    In    the   mean  time  I  acknowledge,    that    the 
greatest  empire  is  to  command  one's  self,  and  that  the  courts  of  princes 
have  alwaies  had  this  of  ungrateful  to  generous  souls,  that  they  but 
too   frequently  subject   galJant    men  to  caparison'd    asses;    gay,    but 
vitious  or  insipid.     Princes    are  not  always  happy  in   their  choice  of 
favourites;  but  it  is  not  universally  so,  and  that  it  is  in  the  breast  of 
the  same  prince  to  turn  them  off,  or  lay  by  the  counters,  to  advance 
good  men,  and  bring  virtue  into  reputation  ;  these  external  submissions 
may  the  better  be  supported,  for  wise  men  do  not  bend  the  kijee  to 
the  beast  (we  have  the  example  of  Mordecai*)  but  to  the  shrine  it  bears 


*  Esther  iii.  2. 


534 

as  those  who  adored  Isis  upon  the  back  of  the  animal  that  carried  it, 
and  so  the  sunne  may  shine  upon  a  dung-hill  unpolluted,  and  thus  it 
shall  be  done  to  the  man  whom  the  king  is  pleas'd  to  honour ;  which 
though  it  denotes  obedience  in  the  observer,  does  no  real  dignity  to  the 
recipient,  nor  can  they  themselves  but  believe  it,  with  some  useful  re- 
flection, as  oft  as  they  see  a  respect  paid  them,  which  they  must  needs 
be  conscious  to  themselves  they  do  not  deserve.     I  cannot,  therefore, 
accuse  the  deferent  of  so  much  adulation,  as  praise  him  for  his  obedi- 
ence, so  long  as  he  offers  no  divine  or  consumptive  oblations  to  the 
idol,  and  offends  not  God ;  for  there  is  certainly  no  man,  meerly  by 
being  a  courtier,  obliged  to  imitate  their  vices,  or  subject  themselves 
to  the  unworthy  cotnplyances  he  would  insinuate  ;  since  in  that  ease,  a 
fair  retreat  is  alwaies  In  one's  power  ;  and  if  on  that  score,  or  the  expe- 
rience of  his  personal  frailty,  he  be  prompted  to  it,  how  infinitely  more 
glorious  will  be  the  example  of  his  quitting  those  specious  advantages, 
which  can  neither  be  conserved  or  attain'd  without  succumbing  under 
a  temptation  ?  And  when  he  discourses  of  society,  instancing  In  the 
trifling  conversation  of  idle  persons  and  knights  of  the  carpet,  who 
consume  their  precious  moments  at  the  feet  of  some  insipid  female,  or 
in  the  pursuit  of  the  pleasures  of  the  lower  belly,  I  heartily  assent. 
There  are  a  sort  of  bouffoons  and  parasites  which  are  the  very  excre- 
ments of  conversation,  as  well  In  country  as  courts ;  and  to  be  there- 
fore  treated  as  such,  wip'd  off,  and  east  from  us  ;  and  there  are  wor- 
thier diversions  for  men  of  refin'd  sense,  when  they  feel  themselves 
exhausted  with  business,  and  weary  of  action.     Certainly,  those  who 
either  know  the  value  of  themselves  or  their  imployments,  may  find  useful 
entertainments,  without  retiring  Into  wildernesses  immuring  themselves, 
renouncing  the  world  and  deserting  publick  affairs ;  and  wheti  ever  you 
see  a  great  person  abandon'd  to  these  dirty  and  mean  familiarities,  he 
Is  an  object  of.  pity,  arid  has  but  a  little  soul ;  nothing  being  more  true^ 
Noscitwr  ex  socio y  qui  non  cognoscitur  ex  5e;  but,  God  be  thanked 
the  age  is  not  yet  so  barren  of  ingenuous  spirits,  but  that  man  rnay 
find  virtue  with  facetiousnesse  and  worthy  conversation,  without  mo- 
roslty  to  entertain  the  time  with ;  he  has  else  been  strangely  unhappy 
in  his  acquisitions,  who  is  to  seek  for  good  company  to  pass  an  hour 


535 

with,  if  ever  he  sought  one  of  the  sweetest  condiments  of  life:  and 
doubtlesse,  did  great  persons  but  once  taste  the  diflFerence  which  Is 
between  the  refined  conversation  of  some  virtuous  men,  who  can  be 
injfinitely  witty,  and  yet  inoflFensive ;  they  would  send  some  of  their 
f?imiUars  with  a  dog- whip  .out  of  .'their  companies;  because  a  "man 
of  honour  (to  use  Job's  expression  *)  would  disdain  to  set  them  with 
the  dogs  of  his  flock ;"  for  after  their  prostituted  and  slavish  sense 
and  contrivances  are  spent  upon  the  praise  or  acquisition  of  some  fair 
sinner,  or  the  derision  of  what  is  more  excellent  then  themselves,  to  sup- 
ply their  want  of  furniture,  fill  their  emptinesse,  and  keep  up  a  worthy 
and  truely  recreative  and  profitable  conversation,  they  degenerate  into 
flatness  and  shame,  and  are  objects  rather  of  pity  then  envy.  Men  of 
businesse  do  not  sell  their  moments  to  these  triflers ;  conversation 
should  whet  and  adorn  our  .good  parts,  and  the  most  excellent  endow- 
ments both  of  nature,  industry,  and  grade,  would  grow  dull  and  effete 
without  culture  and  exercise ;  let  men  chuse  their  company  as  they 
ought,  and  let  them  keep  as  much  as  they  please ;  it  is  but  to  sit  on  a 
bright  place,  and  the  camelion  it  self  is  all  shining ;  men  will  contract 
both  colour  and  perfume  from  the  qualities  of  their  associates ;  this 
made  Moses's  face  to  glister,  and  the  conversation  of  good  men  as  well 
as  bad,  is  alike  contagious. 

But  'tis  objected,  that  "familiarity  creates  contempt."  1  reply,  it 
was  never  seen,  amongst  those  who  know  truly  what  it  signified  :  'tis  one 
thing  to  be  civil  and  affable,  useful,  and  accessible,  without  being  im- 
pudent, rus  tick,  or  cheap  in  our  addresses.  They  skill  little  of  the 
pleasure  and  delices  of  a  worthy, friendship,  who  know  not  how  to  enjoy 
or  preserve  it  without  satiety.;  that's  left  to  the  meaner  sort,  and  was 
indeed  not  to  have  been  instanc'd  in  so  generous  a  discourse.  There  is 
no  better  means  to  preserve  our  esteem  with  others,  then  by  setting  a 
value  on  our  selves. 

To  what's  alledg'd  of  the  variety  private  persons  enjoy  in  their  own 
eogitationsj  and  the  reading  of  other  men's  books,  so  much  superior  to 
conversation,  and  the  reading  of  men;  one  of  the  greatest  bookrwriters 


*  Job  XXX.  1. 


536 

in  the  world  will  tell  you  *,  that  should  a  man  ascend  as  high  as  Heaven 
it  self,  not  by  contemplation  only  but  ocular  intuition,  and  survey  all 
the  beauty  and  goodly  motions  of  the  starrs  ;  it  would  be  little  delight 
or  satisfaction  to  him,  unlesse  he  had  some  Body  to  communicate  his 
speculations  to — Sic  natura  solitarium  nihil  amat ;  whence  he  nobly 
infers,  how  highly  necessary  conversation  is  to  friendship  ;  and  that  he 
must  certainly  be  of  no  good  nature/  who  does  not  prefer  it  before  all 
other  enjoyments  of  life  whatsoever.  We  know  who  it  is  has  pro- 
nounced the  vce  soli,  and  how  necessary  God  has  found  the  conjugations 
of  mankind  f,  without  which  nor  had  the  earth  been  inhabited  with 
men,  nor  heaven  fill'd  with  saints.  Solomon  says,  "  Two  are  better  than 
one,  and  a  threefold  cord  is  not  easily  broken  J;"  and  Plutarch  tells  us, 
that  of  old  they  were  wont  to  call  men  Phota,  which  imports  light ;  not 
only  for  the  vehement  desire  which  there  is  in  him  to  know  and  to  be 
known  ;  but  (as  I  would  add)  for  it's  universal  communication  ;  there 
being  few  of  whom  it  may  be  affirm'd,  as  'twas  of  Scipio,  that  he  was 
never  Fesse  idle  than  when  alone,  and  which,  as  the  Oratour  has  it,  do  in 
Otio  de  negotiis  cogitare,  8f  in  solitudine  secum  loqui.  But  thus  did 
those  great  persons  neither  affect  nor  use  it,  other  than  as  the  greater 
vessels  and  beaten  ships  after  a  storme,  who  go  aside  to  trim  and 
repair,  and  pass  out  again  :  so  he,  tanquam  inportum,  and  therefore  by 
that  master  of  eloquence,  infinitely  preferr'd  to  those  who  quite  retir'd 
out  of  business  for  ease  and  self-indulgence  only.  Seneca,  in  his  book 
De  Otio  Sapientis,  totally  condemns  this  cogitative  virtue,  as  a  life 
without  action,  an  imperfect  and  languishing  good ;  and  in  the  same 
chapter,  why  does  a  wise  man  retire  himself  but  as  a  bow  is  unbent, 
ut  cessanda  majora  ;  instancing  the  recess  of  Zeno  and  Chrysippus, 
whose  vei-y  repose  was,  it  seems,  more  busie  than  other  men's  actions  ; 
but  let  us  hear  him  speak  :  what,  says  he !  "  Solitude  makes  us  love 
our  selves,  conversation  others;  the  one  to  comfort,  the  other  to  heal; 
the  one  allays,  the  other  whets  and  adds  new  vigour  :  nothing  pleases 
alwaies  ;"    and  therefore  God  who  has  built  us  for  labour,  provides  us 


*  Cic.  de  Amicit.  -I-  Eccles.  iv.  10. 

X  Eccles.  iv.  9.  12. 


537 

also  with  refreshment.  Socrates  himself  was  not  ashamed  to  play  the 
child  with  children ;  severe  Cato  took  sometimes  a  chirping  cup ;  and 
Asinius  PoUio  diverted  himself  after  pleading ;  and  the  wisest  I^egisla- 
tbrs  ordain'd  holy-daysj  and  some  grave  men  took  their  pastime  at  dinner, 
or  walking  in  their  gardens,  and  among  their  facetious  friends,  when  the 
greatest  persons  laid  off  their  state,  constraint,  and  other  circumstances 
which  their  characters  obliged  them  to  personate  ;  but  they  did  never 
grow  angry  with  business,  and  depose  themselves,  for  multum  interest, 
remittas  aliquid  an  solvas,  there's  a  wide  difference  'twixt  relaxation 
and  absolute  relinquishing ;  and  to  imagine  that  great  persons  have 
little  repose,  when  'twixt  every  stroke  of  the  anvil  the  very  smith  has 
leisure  to  breathe,  is  an  egregious  mistake.  The  compas  which  moves 
in  the  largest  circle  has  a  limb  of  it  fix'd  to  the  center ;  and  do  we  think 
that  honour,  victory,  and  riches  (which  render  all  things  supportable, 
besides  the  benefits  which  it  is  in  the  power  of  great  ones  to  place  on 
worthy  persons,)  are  not  pleasures  equal  to  all  other  refreishments  of  the 
spirits  ?  For  my  part,  I  believe  the  capacity  of  being  able  to  do  good 
to  deserving  men  so  excessive  a  delight,  that  as  'tis  neerest  to  the  life 
of  God  himself,  so  no  earthly  felicity  approches  it.  Wherefore  wisely 
(says  Plutarch)  did  the  ancients  impose  those  names  upon  the  Graces, 
to  shew  that  the  joy  of  him  that  does  a  kindness,  exceeds  that  of  the 
beneficiary.;  many  (says  he)  blushing  when  they  receive  favours,  but 
never  when  they  bestow  them. 

As  for  books,  I  acknowledge  with  the  philosopher,  Otiufn  sine 
Uteris*,  to  be  the  greatest  infelicity  in  the  world  ;  but  on  the  other 
side,  not  to  read  men,  and  converse  with  livitig  libraries,  is  to  deprive 
ourselves  of  the  most  useful  and  profitable  of  studies.  This  is  that  de- 
plorable defect  which  universally  renders  our  bookish -men  so  pedantically 
morose  and  impolish'd,  and  in  a  word,  so  very  ridiculous  ;  for,  believe 
it.  Sir,  the  wisest  men  are  not  made  in  chambers  and  closets  crowded 
with  shelves,  but  by  habitudes  and  active  conversations.  There  is  nothing 
more  stupid  than  some  of  these  jjLova-oireiTcai.Toi,  letter-struck  men  ;  fpr 
Toafiftctru.  fAeiOetv  JeT  xai  (luBovTa.  vqvv  emv;  learning  should  not  do  men  ill 


*  Seneca. 

3z 


sag 

offices.     Action  is  the  proper  fruit  of  science,  and  therefore  they  should 
quit  the  education  of  the  coUedge  when  fit  to  appear  in  btisineiss,  and 
take  Seneca's  advice,  Tamdiu  istis  immorandwm,  quamdiu  nihil  agere 
animus  majus  potest;  rudimenta  sunt  nostra,  non  opera;  and  lam  able 
to  prove,  that  persons  of  the  most  pubHck  note  for  great  affairs,  have  stored 
the  world  with  the  most  of  what  it  knows,  even  out  of  books  them- 
selves ;  for  such  were  Csesar,  Cicero,  Seneca,  both  the  Piinys,  Aristotle, 
^schylus,  Sophocles,  Plato,  Xenophon,  Polybius,  not  to  omit  those  of 
•later  ages,  and  reaching  even  to  our  own  doors,  in  our  Sidney,  Verulam, 
Raleigh,  the  Count  of  Mirandula,  Scaliger  the  father,  Ticho  Bralie, 
Thuanus,  Grotius,  &c.  profound  men  of  letters,  and  so  active  in  their 
lives,  as  we  shall  find  them  to  have  managed  the  greatest  of  publick 
charges,  not  only  of  their  native  countries,  but  some  of  them  of  the 
world  it  self,     ^lian  has  employed  two  entire  chapters  expressly  to 
vindicate  philosophers  from  the  prejudices  and  aspersions  of  those  (who 
like  our  antagonist)  deem'd  the  study  of  it  inconsistent  with  their  admi- 
nistration  of  publick  affairs.     There   he  shews  us  that  Zaleucus  both 
constituted  and  reformed  the  Locrian  Republick  *  ;   Charondas  that  of 
Catana,  and  after  his  exile  that  of  Rhegium  ;  the  Tarentine  was  exceed- 
ingly improv'd  by  Archytas  ;  Solon  governed  the  Athenians  ;  Bias  and 
Thales  much  benefited  Ionia,  Chilo  the  Lacedemonians,  and  Pittacus 
that  of  Mitylena  ;  the  Rhodians  Cleobulus  ;  and  Anaximander  planted 
a  colony  at  ApoUonia  from  Miletus  ;  Xenophon  was  renowned  for  his 
military  exploits,  and  approv'd  himself  the  greatest  captain  amongst  all 
the  Greeks  in  the  expedition  of  Cyrus,  who  with  many  others  perish'd ;  for 
when  they  were  in  a  strait  for  want  of  one  to  make  good  their  retreat^  he 
alone  undertook  and  effected  it ;  Plato,  the  son  of  Ariston,  brought  back 
Dio  into  Sicily,  instructing  him  how  he  should  subvert  the  tyranny  of 
Dionysius ;    only  Socrates  indeed  deserted  the   care  of  the  Athenian 
Democracy,  for  that  it  more  resembled  a  tyranny,  and  therefore  refused 
to  give  his  suffrage  for  the  condemning  those  ten  gallant  commanders, 
nor  would  he  by  any  means  countenance  the  thirty  tyrants  in  any  of 
their  flagitious  actions  ;.  but  when  his  dear  country  lay  at  stake,  then  he 


*  Van  Hist.  1,3,  c.  17, 


539 

cheerfully  took  up  arms,  and  fought  bravely  againBt.Delium,  Amphi- 
polls,  and  Potidea  ;  Aristotle,  when  his  country  was  not  only  reduc'd  to 
a  very  low  ebb,  but  almost  Utterly  ruin'd,  restored  her  again  ;    Deme- 
trius Phalarius  govern'd  Athens  with  extraordinary  renown  till  their 
wonted  malice  expell'd  him;    and  yet,  after  that,   he  enacted  many 
wholesome  laws,  whilst  he  sojourn'd  with  KIngPtolomy  in  ^gypt.  Who 
will  deny  Pericles  the  son  of  Xanthippus  to  have  been  a  most  profound 
philosopher  ?    or  Epaminoiidas,  Phocion,  Aristides  and  Ephialtes  the 
sons  of  Polymnes,  Phocus,  Lysander,  and  Sophonidas,  and  some  time 
after  Carnedas  and  Critolaus  ?    Who  were  eoiploy'd  Embassadours  to 
Rome,  and  obtain'd  a  peace,  prevailing  so  far  by  their  eloquence  and 
discreet  behaviour,  as   that  they  us'd  to  say,  the  Athenians  had  sent 
Embassadors  hot  to  perswade  them  to  what  they  pleased,  but  to  compel 
them.       Nor  can   we   omit  Perseus   his    knowledge    in    politics,    who 
instructed  Antigdnus  ;  nor  that  of  the  great  Aristotle,  who  instituted  the 
young,  but  afterward  great  Alexander  in  the  study  of  letters  ;  Lysis,  the 
disciple  of  Pythagoras,  instructed  Epaniinondas.     I   shall  not  need   to 
importune  you  with    more  recitals  (^though   he  resumes  the  same  in- 
stances in  the  14th  chapter  of  his  7th  book)  to  celebrate  the  renown  of 
learned  men  for  their  knowledge  and  success  in  armies,  as  well  as  in 
civil  government,  where  he  tells  us  of  Plato's  exploit  at  Tanagra,  and 
many  other  great  scholars;    but  shew  you  rather  how  he   concludes: 
He  (says  ^lian,    for  it   seems  there  were   some  adniirers'of  solitude 
before  our  days,)  that  shall  affirm  philosophers  to  be  dv^dxrpus,  unfit  for 
publick  employment  and  businesse,  talks  childishly  *,  and  like  an  igno- 
rant :  and,Seneca-|'  gives  so  harsh  a  term  to  those  who  pretended  that 
publick  affairs  did  hinder  the  progresse  of  letters  and  the  enjoyment  of 
our  selves,  that  the  language  would  be  hardly  sufferable  from  any  save  a 
stoic:  Mentiuntur,  says  he  :  "  Wise  men  do  not.subject  themselves  to  the 
employments  they  undertake,  but  accommodate  and  lend  themselves  to 
them  only."     So  as  our  antagonist  could  not  have  chosen  a  topic  lesse 
to  the  advantage  of  SoHtude,  or  the  humour  of  his  happy  Celador,  whilst 
being  confin'd  to  speculation  and  books  alone,  he  deprives  himself  of 

*  'Af,%.  '  '  t  Ep.  62. 


540 

that  pleasing  variety  which  he  contends  for.  These  great  men  were 
men  of  action,  and  men  of  knowledge  too,  and  so  may  persons  of  the 
busiest  employments,  were  they  as  careful  to  improve  their  time  and 
opportunities  as  those  glorious  heroes  were ;  which  puts  me  in  mind  of 
what  I  have  heard  solemnly  reported,  that  'tis  an  ordinary  thing  at 
Amsterdam  to  find  the  same  merchant,  who  in  the  morning  was  the 
busiest  man  in  the  world  at  Exchange-tinje,  to  be  reading  Plato  or 
Xenophon  in  Greek,  or  some  other  of  the  learnedst  authors  and  poets, 
at  home  in  the  afternoon.  And  there  is  no  man  (says  my  Lord  Bacon) 
can  be  so  straitned  and  oppress'd  with  businesse  and  an  active  course  of 
life,  bat  he  may  reserve  many  vacant  times  of  leasure  (if  he  be  diligent  to 
observe  it,  and  how  much  he  gives  to  play,  insignificant  discourses,  and 
other  impertinences,)  whilst  he  expects  the  returns  and  tides  of  affairs  ; 
and  his  own  example  has  sufficiently  illustrated  what  he  writes,  those 
studies  and  productions  have  been  so  obliging  to  the  learned  world,  as 
have  deservedly  immortafe'd  his  name  to  posterity. 

But  he  proceeds,  and  indeed  ingenuously  acknowledges,  that  men  of 
letters  are  in  constraint  when  they  speak  before  great  persons  and  in 
company  :  and  can  you  praise  solitude  for  this  virtue  ?  Oh  prodigious 
effect  of  learning,  that  those  who  have  studied  all  their  lives-time  to 
speak,  should  then  be  mute,  when  they  have  most  occasion  to  speak ! 
Loquere  ut  te  videam,  said  the  philosopher ;  but  he  would  have  men 
dumb  and  invisible  to«;  the  truth  is,  'tis  the  only  reproch  of  men  of 
letters,  that,  for  want  of  liberal  conversation,  some  of  them  appear  in 
the  world  like  so  many  fantasmes  in  black,  and  by  declining  a  season- 
able exerting  of  themselves,  and  their  handsome  talentsj  which  use  and 
conversation  would  cultivate  and  infinitely  adorn,  they  leave  occasion 
for  so  many  insipid  and  empty  fopps  to  usurp  their  rights,  and  dash 
them  out  of  countenance. 

Francis  the  First,  that  great  and  incomparahle  prince  (as  Sleidan 
calls  him),  was  never  brought  up  to  letters,  yet  by  the  reading  of 
good  trans^lations,  the  delight  he  took  to  hear  learned  discourses,  and 
his  inviting  of  scholai^s  to  converse  freely  with  him  upon  all  subjects 
and  occasions,  he  became  not  only  very  eloquent,  but  singularly  know- 


541 

ing ;  for  this  doubtless  it  was,  that  Plutarch   composM  that  express 
treatise  amongst  his  morals,  PhiloSophandum  esse  cum  Principibus, 
where  he  produces  us  several  rich  examples  of  these  profitable  eflFects  •, 
and  indeed  (says  one)  a  philosopher  ought  not  to  be  blam'd  for  being  a 
courtier,  and  that  we  now  and  then  find  them  in  the  company  of  great 
and  opulent  persons ;  nor  imports  it  that  you  seldom  see  their  visits 
return'd,  since  'tis  a  mark  he  knows  what  he  wants  of  accomplishments, 
and  of  their  ignorance,  who  are  so  indifferent  for  the  advantages  they 
may  derive  from  their  conversations.  But  I  might  proceed  and  shew  youj 
not  only  what  makes  our  learned  book-worm^  come  forth  of  their  cells 
with  so  ill  a  grace  into  company,  but  present  you. likewise  with  some  of 
the  most  specious  fruits  of  their  so  celebrated  recesses ;  were  it  not 
better  to  receive  what  I  would   say  from   the  lively  character  whicb 
Seneca  has  long  since  given  us  of  them.     In  earnest,  marvellous  is  the 
pains  which  some  of  them  take  after  an  empty  criticism,  to  have  all  the 
points  of  Martial  and  Juvenal  ad  unguem,  the  scraps  of  the  ancient 
poets  to  produce  upon  occasion.      Some  are  for  roots,   genealogies, 
and  blazons;  can  tell  you  who  married  whb,  what  his  great  grand- 
father was,  and  the  portion  that  came  by  his  aunt.     This  was  of  old 
(says  Seneca  *)  the  epidemical  disease  for  men  to  crack  their  brains  to 
discover  how  many  oars  Ulysses  gaily  carried ;  whether  it  were   first 
written  Ilias  or  Odyssea  ;  and  a  profound  student  amongst  the  learned 
Romans  would  recount  to  you  who  was  the  first  victor  at  sea ;  when 
elephants  came  into  use  at  triumphs  ;  and  wonderful  is  the  concern 
about  Caudex,  for  the  derivation  of  Codices,  Caudicarius,  &c, ;  Gellius 
or  Agellius,  Vergilius  or  Virgilius ;  with  the  like  trifles  that  make  men 
idly  busie  indeed,  not  better ;  yet  are  these  amongst  the  most  consider- 
able effects  and  rare   productions  of  recess,  solitude,  and  books,  and 
some  have  grown  old  in  the  learning,  and  been  greatly  admired  for  it; 
but  what  says  our  philosopher  to  it  ?  "  Cujus  isti  errores  minuent  ? 
cuj'us  cupiditates  prement,  quern  fortiorem,   quern  justiorems,  quern 
liberaliorem  facient  ?  "  Who's  the  better^  less  covetous,  more  valiant, 


*  De  Brevitate  Vitae. 


542 

justj  or  liberal,  for  them  ?  I  tell  you  Fabianus  preferr'd  ignorance  be^ 
fore  this  unprofitable  science;  and  certainly  therefore  useful  and  pub- 
lic employment  is  infinitely  superior  to  it ;  if  need  we  will  be  learned 
out  of  books  only,  let  it  be  in  something  more  useful;  qui  fructuosa, 
non  qui  multa  scit,  sapit ;  for  'tis  no  paradox  to  affirm  a  man  may  be 
learned  and  know  but  little,  and  the  greatest  clerks  are  not  alwales  the 
wisest  men.  The  Greek  orator*  gives  us  this  description  of  usefully 
knowing  men.  "  Reckon  not  those  (says'  he)  for  philosophers,  whom 
you  find  to  be  accurate  disputants,  and  that  can  contest  about  every 
minute  scruple  ;  but  those  who  discourse  pertinently  of  the  most  im- 
po'-tant  affairs,  who  do  not  entertain  men  about  a  felicity  to  which  they 
can  never  arrive;  but  such  as  speak  modestly  of  themselves,  and  nei- 
ther want  courage  nor  address  on  all  emergencies,  that  are  not  in  the 
least  discomposed  with  the  common  accidents  of  life,  but  that  stand 
unshaken  amidst  all  vicissitudes,  and  can  with  moderation  support  both 
good  and  adverse  fortune;  in  sum,  those  who  are  fit  for  action,  not 
discouraged,  or  meditating  retreat  upon  every  cross  adventure;"  to  this 
purpose  the  orator:  but  neither  would  I  by  this  be  thought  to  dis- 
countenance even  this  kind  of  erudition,  which,  more  than  any  other,  is 
the  effect- of  solitude  and  very  great  leisure,  not  to  call  it  pedanti'y, 
much  less  bookish  and  studious  persons,  who  would  prove  the  most 
dear  to  princes  and  great  men  of  all  other  conversations,  had  they  such 
generous  encouragements  as  might  sometimes  invite  them  to  leave  their 
beloved  recesses,  as  did  those  great  philosophers  whom  we  have  brought 
on  the  stage  ;  but  we  bestow  more  now-a-days  in  painting  of  a  scene, 
and  the  expense  of  a  ridiculous  farce,  than  in  rewarding  of  the  poet  or  a 
good  historian,  whose  laurels  no  longer  thrive  and  are  verdant,  than 
they  are  irriguous  and  under  showers  of  gold,  and  the  constellations  of 
crowns,  for  which  they  give  immortality  even  to  crowns  themselves. 
For  what  would  there  remain  of  so  many,  pyramids  and  obelises  of 
marble,  so  many  amphitheaters,  circi,  colosses,  and  enormous  pomps, 
if  books  and  bookmen,  cere  perenniores,  did  not  preserve  them  to 
posterity  ?  If  under  Heaven  then,  there  be  any  thing  great  that  ap- 

*  Isocrates. 


543 

*^  pK)aches  eternity,  it  is  from  their  hands  who  have  managed  the  pen. 
Tis  from  their  labours  (ye  great  ones)  that  you  seek  to  live,  and  are 
not  forgotten  as  the  dust  you  He  mingledwith.  Never  had  we  heard 
of: Achilles  hut  for  poor  Homer;  never  of  the  exploits  of  thousands 
more,  but  from  the  books  and  writings  of  learned  men,  who  have  it  in 
their  power  to  give  more  lustre  to  their  heroes  than  their  crown  and 
puxple  ;  and  can  with  one  dash  of  the  pen,  kill  more  dead,  then  a  stab 
with  a  stiletto. 

There  is  no  man  alive  that  affects  a  country  life  more  than  my  self ; 
no  man  it  may  be,  who  has  more  experienc'd  the  dellces  of  it;  but 
even  those  without   action  were  intoUerable,     You  will  say  it  is  not 
publick.     If  it  contribute  and  tend   to  it,  what  wants  it  but  the  name 
and.  the  sound  ?  for  he  does  not  mean  by  business  to  reside  only  in 
lanes  or  courts;   since  without  that  of  the  country,  there  would   be 
neither  court  nor  city;  but  if  he  would  have  this  life  spent  only  in 
theory  and  fancy,  extasie  and  abstractions,  'twere  fitter  for  bedlam,  and 
a  potion  of  hellebor,  then  for  sober  men,  whose  lives  and  healths,  wits 
and  understanding  were  given  them  for  action,  and  not  to  sit  with  their 
arms  acrosse,  and  converse  with  shadows;  whilst  the  fates  of rPytha-^ 
goras,  Archimedes  and  Pliny,  whose  curiosity  cost  them  their  lives, 
may  well  be  ranked  amongst  those  whom  he  ils  pleas'd  to  name  the 
nobly  senselesse,  as  far  indeed  transported  beyond  themselves,  as  they 
had  transported  themselves  beyond  the  world  ;  but 

It  is  after  he  has  celebrated  the  pedant  for  being  inchanted  at  >  the 
story  of  Pompey,  that  he  again  introduces  the  Country  Gentlemen, 
whose  easie  and  insignificant  life  is  preferr'd  before  that  of  the  happiest 
favourite ;  and  can  be  as  well  pleased  with  a  few  bawling  currs,  or 
what  he  calls  an  happy  chase,  as  with  the  acquisition  of  the  most  use- 
ful office  In  the  state.  But  does  he  call  this  solitude  and  recesse  }  •  'Tis 
exceedingly  pretty  what  Seneca*  observes  of -Servillus  Vatia,  who,  it 
seems,  had  long  retired  himself  to  the  most  pleasant  part  of  the  Baise  : 

•there  it  was' (says  he)  that  this  gentletoan  pass'd  his  time,  and  had 
never  been  known  but  from  his  famous  solitude  :  no  man  eat  nor  drank 

r  T    *  Ep.  55. 


544 


better:    he  had  rare  fish-ponds  and  parks  (1  suppose  he  kept  good 
hawks  and  excellent  dogs),  in  sum,  he  was  thought  the  only  happy 
man;  for  arrive  what  wpuld,  as  to  change  in  the  Commonwealth,  Vatia 
still  enjoy'd  himself;  and  O  Vatia  (they  us'd  to  say)  tu  solus  scis  vi- 
vere  :  for  my  part  (adds  my  author)  I  never  pass'd  by  his  house,  but  I 
cry'd  Fatia  hie  situs  est;  " Here  lies  Vatia,"  esteeming  him  as  dead 
and  buried,  whom  others  thought  the  only  man  alive  :  but  he  proceeds ; 
There  are  a  number*  (says  he)  who  seem  to  have  abandon'd  the  world, 
that  are  as  full  of  businesse  in  their  villas  and  rural  retirements  as  other 
men  who  live  in  towns  and  cities,  and  trouble  themselves  extreamly  in 
their  very  solitude :  though  there  be  no  body  with  them,  yet  are  they 
never  in  repose  :  of  these  we  must  not  say  their  life  is  idle,  but  an  idle 
occupation.     Do  you  fancy  him  retired  that  goes  a  madding  after  me- 
dals and  curiosities,  and  spends  his  time  in  raking  a  tinker's  shop  for  a 
rusty  piece  of  copper  ?  or  that  is  dieting  and  breathing  his  jockies  for 
the  next  running  match  ?  or  that  consumes  his  time  trifling  amongst 
barbers,  razing  and  sprucing  himself,  powdering,  combing,  and  sum- 
moning a  council  upon  every  hair ;  raging  like  an  Hector  at  a  slip  of  the 
scissars,  or  a  lock  out  of  curl ;  and  of  which  sort  of  wretches  are  some 
who  had  rather  see  the  cotiimon  wealth  out  of  order  than  one  of,  their 
hairs  :  call  you  these  retir'd  and  at  rest,  who  are  so  eternally  inter  pec- 
tinem  speculumque  occupati  ?  or  those  who  are  alwaies   humming  or 
whistling  of  a  tune  as  they  go  about  ?  These  persons  (says  Seneca)  are 
not  in  repose,  but  impertinently  active.     If  at  any  time  they  make  a 
feast,  there's  nothing  more  pretty  than  to  observe,  but  the  grave  con- 
sultations about  plaiting  of  the  nappery,  ordering  the  plate  and  glasses, 
and  setting  out  the  services  :  O  how  sollicitous  shall  you  have  them, 
that  the  courses  come  up  in  time  ;  that  the  fowl  be  skilfully  carv'd,  and 
the  isauces  exquisitely  miade  !  and  all  this  forsooth  that  men  may  say, 
such  a  one  knows  how  to  treat,  lives  handsomely,  and  at  his  ease,  &c. 
when,  God  knows,  all  this  while  they  are  of  all  other  in  the  most  mise- 
rable anxiety.     There  were  of  these  soft  and  retir'd  gentlemen,  that  had 
their  officers  to  mind  them,  when  'twas  time  to  go  to  supper,  and  aban- 


*  De  Brevitate  Vitae,  c.  11, 12. 


545 

doned  themselves  so  prbdigiously  to  their  ease,  that  they  hardly  knew 
when  they  were  ,'hungry.  I  read  of  one  of  them,  who  when  he  was  lifted 
out  of  his  bath,  and  put  on  his  cushion^  asked  his  attendant  whether  he 
sate  or  stood,  and  was  so  buried  in  sloth  that  he  could  riot  tell  it  with- 
out witnesses.  Such  another  we  have  in  Stobseus,  that  was  wont  to 
demand  of  his  men  if  he  had  wash'd,  arid  whether  he  had  din'd  or  no  ? 
'Twere  endless  to  proceed  with  the  like  instances  of  retir'd  persons^  and 
who  seem  to  be  so  full  of  self-enjoyment,  and  yet  whose  very  pleasures 
are  of  the  lowest  and  sordid'st  actions  of  our  life.  What  shall  we  then 
say  of  our  lazy  Gamesters,  who  sit  long  at  the  cards,  the  wine,  and  the 
smoke,  without  a  grain  of  sense  from  dinner  to  midnight  ?  because  they 
are  all  of  them  slothful  diversions,  inactive,  and  opposed  to  publick  em- 
ployment ;  since  those  who  are  qualified  with  business,  and  have  any 
thing  to  do  in  the  worlds  cannot  part  with  such  portions  of  their  time 
to  so  little  purpose  :  by  all  which  we  see,  that  ease  and  solitude  presents 
us  ,with  some  pleasures  that  are  not  altogether  so  fit  for  our  recreation, 
and  as  little  suitable  to  our  reason  and  stoical  indifferency ;  nor  seldom 
less  dangerous  and  ridiculous  in  their  objects  than  the  most  publick  em- 
ployment :  for  I  find  that  one  of  the  chief  prerogatives  of  our  happy-man 
('and  whom  by  a  contradiction  to  his  argument,  he  thinks  ill  defiri'd  by 
being  termed  a  little  world)  is  by  the  advantage  of  his  recess  to  mould 
ideas  of  a  thousand  species,  never  yet  in  being ;  and,  to  use  his  own  ex- 
pression, produces  more  monsters  than  Africa  itself;  more  novelties 
than:  America;  to  fancy  building  navies,  courts,  cities,  and  castles  in 

the  air. ' 

On  the  other  side,  do  we  think  that  men  of  business  never  vacate  to 
admire  the  works  of  Nature,  because  they  possess  so  many  works  of  Art  ? 
I  have  sufficiently  she w'd  how  competent  philosophy  is  with  pdblick 
empjoyment;  and  instanc'd  In  as  great  persons  as  ever  the  world  pro- 
duct;  and  yet  I  said  nothing  of  Moses,  learn'd  in  all  that  .^Sgypt 
knew  * ;  nor  of  Solomon,  to  whom  God  gave  wisdom  f  and  understand- 
ing, exceediiig  much ;  that  spake  of  trees  and  plants ;  of  beasts,  fowls, 
fishes,  and  reptiles ;.  those  fruitful  subjects  of  natural  experience;  and 


*  Acts  vii.  2a.  t  1  Reg-  iv-  29—33. 

4   A 


546 

as  to  that  of  Astrology,  and  those  other  parts  of  Mathematics  which  he 

mentions,  we  have  deriv'd  to  us  more  science  from  princes^  Chaldeanj 

Arabian,  and  Egyptians,  than  from  all  the  world  besides.     The  great 

Caesar  was  so  skilful,  that  with  admirable  success  he  reformed  the  year, 

when  to  perfect  that  sublime  knowledge  he  was  wont  (even  when  his 

army  lay  in  the  field)  to  spend  so  much  of  his  time  in  studious  pernoc-^ 

tations. 

media  inter  praelia  semper 

Stellarura,  Cqelique  plagis,  superisque  vacarit. — Lucan. 

Alphonsus,  the  tenth  King  of  Spain  was  author  of  those  tables  which 
adorn  his  memory  to  this  day:  and  Charles  "the  Second,  Emperor  of 
Germany,  was  both  a  profound  astronomer  and  great .  mathematician  ; 
arts  which  have  been  so  conspicuous  and  lucky  in  princes  and  men  of 
the  most  public  employment ;  as  if  those  high  and  lofty  studies  did  in- 
deed only  appertain  to  the  highest,  and  most  sublime  of  men. 

But  if  the  unmeasurable  pursuit  of  riches  have  plung'd  so  many  great 
ones  into  vices,  and  frequently  become  their  ruine;  we  may  find  more 
private  persons,  who  neither  built,  feasted,  nor  gam'd,  as  greedy  and 
oppressive;  -defrauding  even  their  own  belliesy  and  living  in  steeples, 
squalid  cottages,  and  sordid  corners, -to  gratifie  an  unsatiable  avarice;  and 
■that  have  no  other  testimony  to  prove  they  have  liv'd  long,  besides  their 
ease,  their  avarice,  and  the  number  of  their  years.     None  to  appearance 
more  wise  and- religious  than  these  wretches,  whose  apology  is  commonly 
their  declining  of  power,  and  contempt  of  worldly  vanities.     The  sole 
diflference  which  seems  to  be  between  them  is,  that  the  great  rich  man 
disposes  of  his  estate  in  building  some  august  fabrick  or  public  work, 
which  cultivates  art,  and  employs  a  world  of  poor  men  that  earn  their 
bread ;  and  that  the  other  unprofitably  hoards  it  up  :   besides,  that  co- 
vetousness  seldom  goes  unaccompanied  with  other  secret  and  extermi- 
nating vices.    But  the  wisest  of  men  has  said  so  much,  and  so  well  con*- 
earning  this  evil  under  the  sun,  that  I  shall  only  need  address  yott  to 
his  book  of  Vanities.     As  for  the  recreative  part  of  solitude,  which  he 
again  resolves  here  into  hunting,  hawking,  angling,  and  the  like,, would 
any  man  think  it  in  earnest,  when  he  undertakes  to  oppose  them  to  an 
useful  and  active  life  ?     But  even  as  to  these  also,  who  is  fit  more  to 


B47 

enjoy  them  than  those  that  can  best  support  them  ?  whereas  they  are 
pleasures  which  for  the  most  part  undo  private  persons,  and  draw 
expences  along  with  them,  to  the  ruine  of  some  no  inconsiderable 
families. 

For  the  rest  which  he  mentions  as  sinful  and  of  so  ill  report,  I  cannot 
suppose  that  all  great  men  aflFect  them,  because  I  know  of  many  who 
detest  them  ;  nor  that  all  private  persons  use  them  not,  because  I  know 
of  too  many  which  do. 

The  greatest  persons  of  employment  are  frequently  the  simplest  and 
plainest  in  their  apparel,  and  enjoy  that  prerogative  above  the  meaner 
sort,  that  they  can  make  their  ease  the  mode,  and  can  adopt  it  into 
fashion  without  any  note  of  singularity.  Herein,  therefore,  I  suppose 
they  are  worthy  of  imitation  ;  for  I  suppose  he  will  not  rank  the  gallanta 
of  the  antit^chsambers  and  Hectors  of  the  town  amongst  the  garbati 
and  men  of  fashion  in  the  sense  of  his  essay.  For  my  part,  I  take  no 
more  notice  of  these  gay  things  than  of  so  many  feathers  and  painted 
kites  that  the  giddy  air  tosses  about^  and  therefore  cannot  so  much  as 
consider  them  in  a  paragraph.  The  same  may  I  affirm  of  food  as  of 
cloaths ;  for  though  great  men  keep  noble  tables  (or  at  least  should  do), 
yet  no  man  constrains  them  to  intemperance,  and  if  they  be  persons  of 
real  employment  indeed,  they  will  procure  as  good  an  appetite  to  their- 
meat  as  those  who  thrash,  and  do  the  most  laborious  exei'cise ;  and  th6 
affairs  of  many  are  so  methodical  and  regular,  that  there  is  nothing 
more  admirable  than  their  excellent  oeconomy,  besides  the  honour  of 
their  hospitality,  which  1  take  to  be  an  evangelical  and  shining  virtue*; 
not  to  praetermit  the  benefit  which  even  a  whole  country  receives  by 
liberal  tables,  for  so  the  grazier  and  the  farmer  are  made  able  to  pay 
their  rents,  assist  the  publick,  and  support  their  families. 

So  that  when  he  has  done  all,  and  run  through  all  the  topics  of  his 
promising  frontispiece,  turn'd  it  to  all  sides  and  lights,,  he  is  at  last,  I 
find^  oblig'd  to  acknowledge,  that  publick  employment  and  an  active 
life  is  at  least  necessary,  nay,  preferable,  even  in  his  own  estimation 
of  it.      For  if  (as  he  says)  it  be  the  object  of  our  duty,   it  is  un>- 

*  Rom.  arii.  la.     1  Tim.  iii.  2.    Tit.  i.  8.     1  Pet.  iv.  9. 


548 

doubtedlv  to .  be  preferr'd  before  our  choice,  since  the  depravedness  of 
our  nature  renders  that  (for  the  most  part)  amiss.  We  seldom  elect 
the  best. 

He  would  have  men  in  employment,  only  he  would  have  them  drawn 
to  it  (like  bears  to  the  stake),  or  never  to  serve  their  country  till  it  were 
sinking;  as  if  a  statesman  or  a  pilot  could  be  made  on  an  instant,  aind 
emerge  a  politician,  a  Secretary  of  State,  or  a  souldier,  like  Gincinriatus' 
from  the  plough ;  but  no  man  certainly  is  made  an  artificer  so  soon. 
Nemo  repent^,  says  the  proverb,  and*  I  suppose  there  is  required  as 
much  dexterity,  at  least  to  the  making  of  a  statesman,'  as  to  the  making 
of  a  shooe,  and  yet  no  man  sets  up  that  mystery  without  an  apprentice- 
ship. The  truth  is,  and  I  confess,  this  petulant  and  hasty  pretending 
of  men  to  places  of  charge  in  the  comraonwealthj  without  a  natural 
aptitude,  a  previous  and  solid  disposition  to  business^  is  the  baiie  of 
states.  Men  should  not  immoderately  press  into  eraployihent ;  'tis  a 
sacred  thing,  and  concerns  the  well-being  of  so  great  a  bodyj  as  nothing 
can  be  more  pi'ejudicial  to  it  than  the  ignorant  experiments  of  stat6 
emperics  and  new  counsellors,  though  I  do  not  deny  that  some  young 
persons  are  of  early  hopes,  and  have  in  all  ages  been  admitted  to  no 
mean  degrees  of  access.  Augustus,  Tyberius,  and  Nero,  enter'd  very 
young  into  affairs,  and  Pompey  we  know  triumphed  bptimes.  Let  men 
be  early  great  on  God's  name  if  men  be  early  fit  for  it;  they  shallhave 
my  vote.  And  'twas  very  wittily  said  of  one  of  the  Scipios  (who  was 
another  young  gentleman  of  early  maturity),  se  sat  annoruni  habiturum, 
si  P.  Mo.  voluerit,  that  he  should  soon  be' old  enough  if  the  1  people 
pleas'd;  and  accordingly  the  people  thought  fit  to  send  him  general 
into  Spain,  which  he  reduc'd  into  a  Roman  province  by  his  valour  and 
discretion,  when  so  many  older  men  refus'd  the  charge,  for  the  difficulty 
„  of  the  enterprise  and  the  miscarriage  of  their  predecessors.  Great 
men,  therefore,,  should  not,  like  overgrown  trees,  too  much  shade  the 
sujbnascent  plants  and  young  imps,  who  would  grow  modestly  under 
their  influence;  but  receive,  protect,  and  encourage  them,  by  inductive 
opportunities  and  favourable  entrances,  to  inform  and  produce  their  good 
parts,  preserving  the  more  arduous  difficulties  to  the  aged  and  more 
experienc'd.     This  noble  and  worthy  comity  of  great  men  in  place, 


549 

tarch  has  much  commended  in  that  excellent  discourse  of  his,  An 
\  gerenda  sit  Repub.  But,  as  I  said,  it  became  not  every  one  to 
ire;  so  I  carmot  but  pronounce  it  glorious  to  those  who  are  accom- 
h'd  for  it,  and  can  be  useful  to  their  generation  in  the  most  important 
.irs,  and  alleviation  of  the  common  burthen.     But  if  all  wise  persons 

0  have  qualified  genius's,  cannot  attain  to  be  (as  it  were)  Intelligences 
these  sublimer  orbs  of  publick  administration,  let  them  gratifie  theoi-;; 
^es  yet  with  this,  that  (as  the  philosopher  says)  every  virtuous,  man* 
L  magistrate,' and  that  Seneca,  Zeno,  Chrysippus,  and  infinite  otheriS,: 
^e  done  as  much  for  the  publick  by  their  writings  and  conversation 
y,  as  the  greatest  politicians  of  their  times ;  and  withal  consider, 
iv  difiBcult  a  province  he  assumes  who  ddes  at  all  engage  himself  in 
blick  business :  since  if  he  govern  ill  he  shall  displease  God,  if  well, 

!  people.  At  least  call  to  mind  the  prudent  answer  of  Antisthenes^ 
lO,  being  demanded  quomodo  ad  JRefnpuh.  accedendum,  how  he  should 
Iress  himself  to  publick  affairs,  reply 'd  as  to  the  fire  :  neither  too  neer, 
fear  of  scorching,  nor  yet  too  far  off,  lest  he  be  starv'd  with  'cold, 
id  I  confess  the  suffrage  is  so  axiomatical  with  me,  that  I  know  no 
diocrity  I  would  sooner  recommend  to  a*person  whom  I  lov'd  ;  whitest 
to  an  absolute  and  final  retreat,  though  it  appear  indeed  great  in  story, 
jvided  the  resignation  be  not  of  compulsion,  I  should  in,  few  cases 
prove  the  action ;  'tis  (as  Seneca  has  it)  ex  vivorum  numero  eodre 
tequam  morieris,  to  die  even  before  death,  and  as  aftecward  he  adds, 
imum  malorum.  Counsel  is  with  the  gray  head  *  ;  and  for  the  man 
lom  experience  in  publick  affairs  has  ripen'd  and  consummated  to 
thdraw  aside,  prsesages  ill.  With' reverence  be  it  spoken,  no  man 
tting  his. hand  to  that  plow,  and  looking  back,  is  fit  for  so  high  a 

■vice  -j". 

1  know  not  whose  advice  it  is,  that  since  governors  of  states  and  men 
action,  favourites  and  prime  ministers,  cannot  always ;  secure  them- 
ves  of  envy  and  competition  J,  they  should  so  order  circumstances  as 
netimes  to  hold  the  people  in  a  kind  of  appetite  for  them,  by  letting 
;m  a  little  feel  the  want  of  their  influence  and  addresses  to  solve 
1  dispatch  the  weighty  and  knotty  affairs  of  state.     For,  thus  did  the 


Job.  xii.  13.  t  Luke,  ix.  62.  j:  Platarch  prsec.  de  Repub.  regend. 


550 

African  Scipo  retire  into  the  country  to  allay  his   emulous  delators, 
and  some  others  have  more  voluntarily  receded,  but  freiquently  without 
success ;  for  as  envy  never  makes  holiday,  so  nor  does  distance  of  place 
protect  men  from  her  malignity  ;  and  therefore  Seneca  *  does  some  where 
describe  with  what  flying  colours  men  of  business  (even  in  the  greatest 
infelicities  of  times,  and  when,  it  may  be,  there  is  a  kind  of  necessity 
of  more  caution)  should  manage  their  retreat  from  action.     But  in  the 
mean  time,  let  those  who  desire  to  take  their  turns  attend,  in  the  name 
of  God,  till  it  fairly  invites  them.      I  am  not  for  this  prseposterous 
rbtation  suggested  in  our  essay ;  'twas  born  to  Oceana,  and  I  hope  shall 
never  manage  the  Scepter,  save  in  her  romantick  commonwealth ;  since, 
should  great  men  foresee  their  employments  were  sure  to  determine  in 
so  short  a  space,  the  temptation  to  rapine  and  injustice  (which  he  there 
instances  in)  would  prove  infinitely  more  prejudicial.    Frequent  changes 
of  officers  are  but  like  so  many  thirsty  spunges,  which  affect  only  to  be 
fill'd,  and  invite  to  be  squeez'd ;  and  therefore 'twas  wittily  insinuated 
by  the  apologue,  that  the  fox  would  not  suffer  the  hedge- hog  to  chase 
away  the  flies  and  ticks  that  sucked  him,  lest  when  those  were  replete, 
more  hungry  ones  should  sudfceied  in  their  places.     But  the  rest  is  clos'd 
with  a  florid  apology  for  ease  (not  to  give  it  a  less  tender  adjunct),  in 
the   specious  pretences  of  contemplation   and  philosophy,   oppos'd  to 
those  little  indifferent  circumstances,  which  the  vainer  people,  who  yet 
converse  with  the  world  without  any  considerable  design,  are  obnoxious 
to ;  whilst  there's  no  notice  taken  of  the  vanity  of  some  men's  contem- 
plations, the  dangers  and  temptations  of  solitude,  which  has  no  other 
occupation  superior  to  that  of  animals,  but  that  it  thinks  more  and  acts 
less,  and  cannot  in  his  estimate  be  wise  or  happy  without  being  morose 
and  uncivil.      Doubtless   action  is  the  enamel   of  virtue;   and  if  any 
instance  produc'd  in  that  large  paragraph' merit  the  consideration,  it  is 
when  it  exerts  itself  in  something  profitable  to  others;  since  those  who 
have  derived  knowledge  the  most  nicely,  according  to  the  philosophy 
he  so  amply  pleads  for,  to  degrade  man  of  his  most  political  capacityf 
(ranking  him  beneath  bees,  ants,  and  pigeons,  who  affect  not  company 
more  passionately  than  man),  allow  him  society  as  one  of  the  main 


•  De  Tranq.  c.  3.  f  i  Eth.  c.  2. 


551 

ingredients  of  his  definition ;  and  'tis  plain  immanity,  says  Cicero,  to 
flie  the  congress  and  conversation  of  others,  even  when  Timon  was  not 
able  to  endure  himself  alone ;  no,  though  man  had  all  that  nature  could 
aflPord  him  to  render  him  happy,  society  only  deny'd  him,  quis  tarn  esset 
ferus  ?  who  could  have  the  heart  to  support  it  ?  solitude  alofte  would 
embitter  the  fruits  of  all  his  satisfactions.  And  verily  solitude  i$ 
repugnant  to  nature ;  and  whilst  we  abandon  the  society  of  others,  we 
many  times  converse  with  the  worst  of  men — our  selves.  But  neither 
is  the  life  and  employment  of  our  sociable  creature  taken  up  (as  has 
sufficiently  been  shew'd)  in  those  empty  impertinencies  he  reckons,  nor 
as  a  Christian  in  ideas  only,  but  in  useful  practice;  and  wisdom  is  the 
result  of  experience,  experience  of  repeated  acts. 

Let  us  therefore  rather  celebrate  public  employment  and  an  active 
life,  which  renders  us  so  nearly  ally'd  to  virtue,  defines  and  maintains 
our  being,  supports  society,  preserves  kingdoms  in  peace,  protects  them 
in  war;  has  discover'd  new  worlds,  planted  the  Gospel,  encreases 
knowledge,  cultivates  arts,  relieves  the  afflicted ;  and  in  sum,  without 
which,  tlie  whole  universe  it  self  had  still  been  but  a  rude  and  indi- 
gested chaos.  Or  If  (to  vie  landskips  with  our  Celador)  you  had  rather  see 
it  represented  in  picture,  behold  here  a  Sovereign  sitting  in  his  august 
assembly  of  Parliament  enacting  wholesome  laws  ;  next  him  ray  Lord 
Chancellor  and  the  rest  of  the  reverend  Judges  and  Magistrates  dis- 
pensing them  for  the  good  of  the  people  ;  figure  to  yourself  a.  Secretary 
of  State,  making  his  dispatches  and  receiving  intelligence ;  a  Statesman 
countermining  some  pernicious  plot  against  the  commonwealth,;  here  a 
General  bravely  embattailing  his  forces  and  vanquishing  an  enemy; 
there  a  colony  planting  an  island,  and  a  barbarous  and  solitary  nation 
reduc'd  to.  civility  ;  cities,  houses,  forts,  ships,  building  for  society, 
shelter,  defence,  and  commerce.  In  another  table,  the  poor  relieved 
and  set  to  work,  the  naked  clad,  the  oppress'd  deliver'd,  the  malefactor 
punish'd,  the  labourer  busied,  and  the  whole  world  employed  for  the 
benefit  of  mankind.  In  a  word,  behold  him  in  the  neerest  resemblance 
to  his  Almighty  Maker,  always  in  action,  and  always  doing  good. 

On  the  reverse,  now  represent  to  yourself,  the  goodliest  piece  of  the 
creation,  sitting  on  a  cushion  picking  his  teeth  ;  his  country-gentle- 
man taking  tobacco,  and  sleeping  after  a  gorgeous  meal ;  there  walks  a 


552 

contemplator,  like  a  ghost  in  a  church-yard,  or  sits  poring  on  a  book 
whiles  his  family  starves  ;  here  lies  a  gallant  at  the  feet  of  his  pretty 
female,  sighing  and  looking  babies  in  her  eyes,  whilst  she  is  reading  the 
last  npw  romance,  and  laughs  at  his  folly  ;  on  yonder  rock  an  ancho- 
rite at  his  beads  ;  there  one  picking  daisies,  another  playing  at  push- 
pin, and  abroad  the  young  potcher  with  his  dog  and  kite,  breaking  his 
neighbours',  hedges  or  trampling  o're  his  corn  for  a  bird  not  worth  six- 
pence: this  sits  basking  himself  in  the  sun,  that  quivering  in  the  cold; 
here  one  drinks  poyson,  another  hangs  himself;  for  all  these,  and  a 
thousand  more,  seem  to  prefer  solitude  and  an  inactive  life  as  the  most 
happy  and  eligible  state  of  it.  And  thus  have  you  land-skip  for  your 
land-skip. 

The  result;  of  all  is,  solitude  produces  ignorance,  renders  us  barbarous, 
feeds  revenge,  disposes  to  envy,  creates  witches,  dispeojples  the  world, 
renders  it  a  desart,  and  would  soon  dissolve  it :  and  if  after  all  this,  yet 
he  admit  not  an  active  life  to  be  by  infinite  degrees  more  noble  ;  let  the 
Gentleman  whose  first  contemplative  piece*  he  produces  to  establish 
his  discourse,  confute  him  by  his  example ;  since  I  am  confident,  there 
lives  not  a  person  In  the  world  whose  moments  are  more  employed  than 
Mr.  Boyle's,  and  that  more  confirms  his  contemplations  by  his  actions 
and  experience ;  and  if  it  be  objected,  that  his  employments  are  not 
publick,  I  can  assure  him,  there  is  nothing  more  publick  than  the  good 
he's  always  doing. 

How  happy  in  the  mean  time  were  it  for  this  ingenious  adventurer, 
could  it  produce  us  more  such  examples,  were  they  but  such  as  himself; 
for  I  cannot  imagine,  but  that  he  who  writes  so  well,  must  act  well ;  and 
]that  he  who  declaimes  against  Publick  Employment  in  Essay,  would 
refuse  to  essay  a  Publick  Employment  that  were  ^worthy  of  him.  These 
,  notices  are  not  the  result  of  inactive  contemplation  only,  but  of  a  pub- 
lick, refin'd,  and  generous  spirit ;  or  if  in  truth  I  be  mistaken,  1  wish  him 
store,  of  proselytes,  and  that  we  had  more  such  solitary  gentlemen  that 
could  render  an  account  of  their  retlrments,  and  whilst  they  argue  against 
conversation  (which  is  the  last  of  the  appanages  he  disputes  against), 
prove  the  sweetest  conversation  in  the  world. 

*  Seraphic  Love  j  or,  some  Motives  and  Incentives  to  the  Love  of  God,    By  the  Hon.  Robert 
Boyle.    8vo.  1660. 


AN 


IDEA  OF  THE  PERFECTION  OF  PAINTING, 

DEMONSTRATED  FROM  THE  PRINCIPLES  OF  ART,  ■    ' 

AND    BY 

EXAMPLES   CONFORMABLE   TO   THE  OBSERVATIONS  WHICH   PLINY  AND   QUINTIUAN   HAVE 
MADE  UPON  THE  MOST  CELEBRATED  PIECES  OF  THE  ANCIENT  PAINTERS, 

TARAILEl'd   with    SOMiE   WORKS   OP   THE   flioST   FAMOUS   MODERN   PAINTERS, 

LEONARDO  DA  VINCI,  RAPHAEL,  JULIO  ROMANO,  AND  N.  PQUSSIN. 


WRITTEN  IN  FRENCH  BY  ROLAND  FREART,  SIEUR  DE  CAMBRAY, 


AND   RENDERED   ENGLISH 


-By  J.  E.  EsQuiBE,  Fellow^  of  the  Royal  Society. 


IN   THE  SAVOY  : 

PRINTED    FOR    HENRY    HEKRINGMAN,    AT    THE    SIGN    OF    THE    ANCHOR, 
IN    THE    LOWER    WALK    OF   THE    NEW    EXCHANGE, 


1668. — Octavo,  pp.  174. 


4  B 


"  28  Aug.  1668,  Published  my  book  of  '  The  Perfection  of  Painting,"  dedicated  to  Mr. 
jward."  The  foregoing  was  Evelyn's  own  notice  of  his  Translation  of  M,  Freart's  French 
ict ;  but  the  only  original  article  added  by  him,  was  the  Dedication,  which  follows  the  pre- 
it  note, 

"  This  excellent '  Idea,'  very  lately  come  out  of  the  London  press,  in  thin  8vo,  is  drawn  in  that 
mner,  as  that  'tis  demonstrated  from  the  principles  of  art,  and  by  examples  conformable  to  the 
servations  which  Pliny  and  jQuintillian  have  made  upon  the  most  celebrated  pieces  of  the  an- 
nt  painters ;  parallel'd  with  some  works  of  the  most  famous  modern  painters,  Leonardo  da  Vinci, 
iphael  Urbino,  Julio  Romano,  and  N.  Poussin, 

"Those  principles  of  art,  constantly  observed  by  the  antients  in  this  work,  are  here  enumerated 
be  five: — 1.  Invention,  or  the  History.  2.  Proportion,  or  Symmetry.  3,  Colour  (as  herein  is 
ntained  the  just  dispensation  of  lights  and  shades).  4.  Motion,  in  which  are  expressed  the  ac- 
ns  and  passions.  5.  The  regular  position  of  the  figures  of  the  whole  workj  of  which  the  in- 
ition  and.  expression  are  more  spiritual  and  refined ;  the  proportion,  colouring,  and  perspective, 
i  more  mechanical  part  of  this  art. 

"The  works  made  use  of  among  those  of  our  most  eminent  painters,  for  applying  those  princi- 
!S  unto,  are,  1,  The  Judgment  of  Paris.  2.  "The  Massacre  of  the  Innocents,  3,  Our  Lord's  De- 
!nt  from  the  Cross,  all  three  by  Raphael.  4.  The  Last  Judgment  of  Michael  Angelo.  5.  The 
ipresentation  of  a  vast  Cyclop,  in  a  narrow  table  by  Timanthes.  6,  Imitation  of  the  same  kind, 
Julio  Romano.  7,  The  Gymnasium,  or  Academy  of  the  Athenian  Philosophers,  by  Raphael. 
The  Seven  Sacraments,  by  Poussin,  the  real  parallel  of  that  famous  master-piece  of  Timanthes 
on  the  sacrifice  of  Iphigenia, 

"All  this  is  now  represented  in  English  with  so  much  perspicuity,  and  rendered  so  weighty  by 
sry  period  of  the  excellent  interpreter's  addition,  that  it  justly  deserves  high  recommendation, 
d  will,  doubtless,  animate  many  among  us  to  acquire  a  perfection  in  pictures,  draughts,  and 
alcography,  equal  to  our  growth  in  all  sorts  of  optical  aydes,  and  to  the  fulness  of  our  modern 
icoveries.  Painting  and  Sculpture  are  the  politest  and  noblest  of  antient  arts,  true,  ingenuous, 
d  claiming  the  resemblance  of  Life,  the  emulation  of  all  beauties,  the  fairest  record  of  all  appear- 
ces,  whether  celestial  or  sublunary,  whether  angelical,  divine,  or  humane.  And  what  art  can  be 
3re  helpful,  or  more  pleasing  to  a  philosophical  traveller,  an  architect,  and  every  ingenious  ine- 
anician  ?  All  which  must  be  lame  without  it." — Phil.  Trans,  vol.  iii.  No.  39,  p.  784. 


555 


TO  THE  ILLUSTRIOUS 

HENRY    HOWARD,    OF    NORFOLK, 

HEIR- APPARENT   TO   THAT   DUKEDOM. 


Sir, 

There  is  no  man  who  has  heard  of  the  house  of  Norfolk,  and  espe- 
cially of  that  of  Arundel  and  Surrey,  but  will  justifie  the  resolution  I 
have  taken  to  inscribe  your  name  in  the  front  of  this  piece ;  since  the 
names  of  Painting  and  Sculpture  (two  of  the  most  celebrated  and  re- 
nowned arts  that  ever  appear'd  in  the  world)  had  scarce  been  known 
amongst  us  in  England,  but  for  your  illustrious  Grandfather,*,  who 
brought  into  and  adorn'd  this  nation  with  more  polite  and  useful  things 
than  it  had  received  for  some  ages  before,  and  who  continu'd  a  Mecae- 
nas  and  protector  of  all  the  sublimer  spirits,  as  long  as  this  island  was 
vvorthy  of  him,  which  was  as  long  as  it  remained  loyal. 

I  have  great  reason  to  consecrate  thus  his  memory,  of  whose  more 
particular  favours  I  have  so  frequently  tasted  both  at  home  and  abroad ; 
especially  in  Italy,  where  I  had  the  honor  to  be  cherish'd  by  him,  and 
from  whence  I  afterward  receiv'd  one  of  the  last  letters  that  ever  he  writ, 
which  I  reserve  by  me  amongst  the  choicest  of  my  treasures. 

From  him,  through  a  most  illustrious  Father,  this  aflPection  to  great 
and  noble  things  is  deriv'd  to  you.  Witness,  the  asylum  which  the 
Royal  Society  found  in  your  own  palace,  when  the  most  fierce  and  mer- 
ciless of  the  elements  subverted  her  first  abodes ;  and  now  (besides  other 
accumulations)  your  free  and  glorious  donation  of  a  fonds  upon  your 
own  ground ;  to  establish  her  on  for  ever,  and  fix  her  at  your  very 
threshold,  by  which  you  not  only  oblige  the  most  grateful  and  useful 
Assembly  that   any  age  has  produc'd ;  but  do  honor  likewise  to  his 


*  Thomas  Howard,  Earl  of  Arundel,  justly  celebrated  for  his  large  collection  of  Sculpture, 
Design,  and  Painting.    He  died  at  Padua  in  1646. 


556 

Majesty,  our  founder,  by  signifying  your  respect  so  eminently  to  his 
Royal  Institution  *. 

But,  Sir,  I  have  something  yet  to  add,  and  the  very  stones  would  even 
exclaim  against  me,  should  I  omit  your  never-to-be  foi'gotten  munifi- 
cence to  the  University  of  Oxford ;  because  it  was  upon  my  first,  and  sole 
suggestion  (for  instigation,  the  generosity  of  your  nature  needs  not,) 
that  you  were  pleas'd  to  inrich  that  renowned  seat  of  the  Muses  with  a 
greater  gift, than  all  the  world,  can  present  it,  because  the  world  cannot 
shew  such  a  Collection  of  Antiquities ;  and  this  great  thing  you  did. 


*  About  the  year  1645,  several  ingenious  men,  wlio  resided  in  London,  and  were  interested  in 
tiie  progress  of  niathematics  and  natural  philosophy,  agreed  to  meet  once  a  week  io  discourse 
upon  subjects  connected  with  these  sciences.     The  meetings  were  held  sometimes  in  Dr.  God- 
dard's  lodgings,  in  Wood-street,  because  he  kept  in  his  house  an  operator  for  grinding  glasses  for 
telescopes ;  sometimes  in  Cheapside ;  and  sometimes  in  Sir  Thomas  Gresham's  house,  which  stood 
on  the  East  side  of  Winchester-street,  fronting  to  Bishopsgate-street.     In  1648  and  1649,.  several 
of  these  gentlemen  being  appointed  to  situations  in  the  University  of  Oxford,  institiited  a  similar 
society  in  that .  City,  in  conjunction  with  several  eminent  men  already  established  there.     The 
greatest  part  of  these  Oxford  gentlemen  coming  to  London  in  1659,  held  their  meetings  twice  a 
week  in  Gresham  College,  in  New  Broad-street,  by  permission  of  the  Professors  of  the  founda- 
tion of  Sir  Thomas  Gresham,  and  on  the  15th  July  1662  were  incorporated  by  Royal  Charter. 
About  the  beginning  of  1667,  Mr.  Henry  Howard,  afterwards  Duke  of  Norfolk,  at  the  instigation 
of  John  Evelyn,  made  the  Society  a  present  of  the  Arundel  Library,  which  had  been  purchased  by 
his  grandfather,  during  an  embassy  to  Vienna.     It  had  formerly  been  part  of  the  library  of  Mat- 
thew Corvinus,  King  of  Hungary,  erected  by  him  at  Buda,  in  1485,  and  after  his  death,  in  1490, 
it  came  into  the  possession  of  Biiibaldus  Pirckeimerus,  of  Nuremburg,  who  died  in  1530.     At 
the  same  time,  Mr.  Howard  gave  the  Society  convenient  apartments  in  Arundel  House  in  the 
Strand,  where,  according  to  Evelyn  (see  "  Diary,"  vol.  I.  p.  380),  they  held  theii-  first  meeting  9th 
January  166?',  and  to  which  they  removed,  because  Gresham  College  had  been  rendered  unfit  for 
that  purpose  in  consequence  of  the  Fire  of  London.     In  1673  they  were  invited  back  to  Gresham 
College,  by  a  deputation  of  the  Professors  and  of  the  Mercers'  Company ;  and  were  induced  to 
accept  the  oflFer  because  their  apparatus  and  collection  of  curiosities  were  deposited  there    and 
because  Mr.  Hooke,  their  operator,  resided  in  that  building.    A  grant  of  old  Chelsea  College  had 
been  given  them  by  King  Charles  II.  and  they  formed  the  project  of  converting  it  into  a  house 
proper  for  their  meetings.     Lord  Henry  Howard  had  likewise  made  them  a  present  of  a  pi^ce  of 
ground  near  Arundel  House  (alluded  to  by  Evelyn  in  this  Dedication),  upon  which  they  resolved 
to  build  convenient  apartments  by  subscription.     But  neither  of  these  designs  was  put  into  execu- 
tion.   They  at  last  purchased  a  very  convenient  house  in  Crane-court,  Eleet-street,  in  which  they 
continued  to  hold  their  meetings,  till  the  British  Government,  about  forty  years  ago,  furnished  them 
with  apartments  in  Somerset  House,  where  their  meetings  have  ever  since  been  held,  and  their 
library  and  apparatus  deposited.     See  Thomson's  History  of  the  Royal  Society,  4to.  1812 ;  and 
Pennant's  London. 


55T 

\vhen  you  plae'd  the  Marmora  Arundeliana  there  *  '>  First,  the  Greek, 
and  then  the  Latlne  Inscriptions;  by- which  you  not  only  nobly  cbn^ 
Suited  the  most  la'stitig  way  to  perpetuate  your  name  in  the  learned  world, 
and  gav«  eternity  to  those  (almost)  obliterated  titles,  by  transferring 
them  to  a  less  corrosive  ayr;  but  did  likewise  a  piece  of  justice,  and 
piety  too,  in  restoring  that  to  the  daughter,  which  came  from  the  mo- 
ther, and  consigning  those  antiquities  to  Oxford,  which  were  taken  away 
from  Athens. 

-     Sir,  m  my  Letter  to  you  into  Surrey  (now  about  a  year  since)  con- 
cerning this  largesse,  I  cannot  forbear  to  repeat  a  line  or  two,  which  was 
to  move  your  honor  in  one  particular  more  ;  and  that  is,  that  you  Would 
one  day  cause  the  choicest  of  your  statues,  basse  relievos,  arid  other 
noble  pieces  of  Sculpture,  standing  in"  your  galleries  at  Ariindel-house, 
to  be  exquisitely  design'd  by  some  sure  hand,  and  engraven  in  copper, 
as  the  late  Justiniano  set  forth  those  of  Romef ,  and  since  him  (and  seve- 
ral others)  Monsieur  de  Lion-Court,  by  the  draughts  of  Perrier|,  as  for- 
merly that  incomparable  historical  Column  of  the  Emperor  Trajan,  was 
cut  by  Villamena,  with  the  notes  of  divers  learned  men  upon  them  :  be- 
cause by  this  means,  the  world  might  be  inform'd  in  whose  possession 
those  rarities  are ;  and  that  it  would  so  much  contribute  to  the  glory  of 
the  countrey,  their  illustrious  owner,  and  his  family;  as  it  has  formerly, 
and  yet  does,  to  those  noble  Italians,  and  great  persons  beyond  the  Alps, 
who  have  not  been  able  to  produce  such  a  collection  as  you  are  furnish'd 
with,  but  who  are  honor'd  and  celebrated  for  it  all  the  world  over,  by 
this  virtuous  and  yet  no  very  expenseful  stratagem. 

I  was  the  rather  incited  to  mention  this  here,  because  I  understand 
there  are  some  learned  persons  now  at  Oxford,  adorning  a  new  impres- 
sion of  the  Marmora  §,  in  which  such  a  work  could  not  pass  without  due 
]f_ ^^_ 

*  See  Diary,  Sept.  19,  1667,  vol.  1.  p.  388. 

f  Galleria  March.  Giustiniana,  2  vol.  Rom.  1631. 

J  Statuae  Antiquae,  Rom.  1 638,  folio. 

§  Of  the  publications  to  which  J.  Evelyn  excites  the  Duke  of  Norfolk,  there  were  four  separate 
editions,  bearing  the  following  titles : 

I.  Marmora  Arundeliana:  sive  Saxa  Graecfe  incisa  ex  venerandis  priscae  Orieritis  Glorise  Ruderi- 
bus,  auspiciis  et  impensis  Herois  Illustrissimi  Thoraae  Comitis  Arundelliae  et  Surriae,  Comitis  IVIares- 
calli  Anglise,  pridem  vindicata  et  in  ^dibus  ejus  Hortisque  cognominibus,  ad  Thamesis  Ripam, 


558 

veneration,  and  would  prove  a  considerable  ornament  to  the  deslgne  j 
and,  indeed,  because  the  argument  of  the  discourse  I  am  entertaining 
your  honour  with  (dedicated  lately  to  the  French  king's  onely  brother) 
does  prompt  me  to  it,  as  my  very  great  obligations,  to  subscribe  myselfe, 

Illustrious  Sir, 
your  most  obedient,  and  most  humble  servant, 
Says-Court,  J.  Evelyn. 

June  24,  1668. 


dikposita:  publicavit  et  Comtneutariolos  adjecit  Joannes  Seldenus,  I.C.  Lond.  1629,  4to;  re-printed 
by'H.  Prideauxj  with  additions,  folio,  Oxford,  1676. 

2.  Marmorum  Arwndellianorum,  Seldenianorum,  aliorumque,  Academiee  Oxoniensi  donatorum  : 
cum  variis  Ck)mmentariis  et  Indice  M.  Maittaire.  Lond.  1732,  folio,  with  19  plates  on  the  letter- 
press. 

3.  Marmora  Oxoniensia :  edidit  R.  Chandler.     Folio,  Oxon.  1763,  76  plates. 

4.  Marmorum  Oxoniensium  Inscriptiones  Graecae  ad  Chandler!  exempla  edit«e,  curanti  Gul. 
Roberts,  A.  M.    Octavo,  Oxon.  1791.  268  pages. 


559 


TO    THE     READER. 


I  DID  once  think,  and  absolutely  resolve,  that  I  had  for  ever  don 
with  the  drudgery  of  translating  of  books  (though  I  am  still  of  the  opi 
nion,  that  it  were  a  far  better  and  more  profitable  work  to  be  still  dig 
ging  in  that  mine,  than  to  multiply  the  number  of  ill  ones  by  produc 
tions  of  my  own) ;  but  this  small  piece  coming  casually  to  my  hands 
and  from  an  author  whose  knowledge  of  the  most  polite  and  useful  art 
has  celebrated  him  abroad ;  and  upon  a  subject  I  had  formerly  bestowe 
some  reflections  on;  partly,  in  that  "Parallel  of  Architecture  "  (whic 
from  the  same  hand,  I  not  long  since  publish'd  for  the  assistance  an 
encouragement  of  Builders),  and  partly  in  my  "  History  of  Sculpture ; 
I  did  believe  I  might  do  some  service,  not  only  to  Architects  and  Sculp 
tors,  but  to  our  Painters  also,  by  presenting  them  with  this  curious  tree 
tise,  which  does,  I  think,  perfectly  consummate  that  deslgne  of  mine,  c 
recommending  to  our  countrey,  and  especially  to  the  nobless,  those  thre 
illustrious  and  magnificent  arts,  which  are  so  dependent  upon  eac 
other,  that  they  can  no  more  be  separated  than  the  very  Graces  them 
selves,  who  are  always  represented  to  us  holding  hand  in  hand,  and  mu 
tually  regarding  one  another. 

The  Reader  will  find  in  this  discourse  (though  somewhat  verbost 
according  to  the  style  of  this  overflowing  nation)  divers  useful  remarks 
especially,  where  he  treats  of  costume,  which  we  have  interpreted  de 
corum,  as  the  nearest  expression  our  language  will  bear  to  it;  and 
was  glad  our  author  had  reprov'd  it  in  so  many  instances ;  because  i 
not  only  grows  daily  more  licentious,  but  even  ridiculous  and  intollera 
ble.  But  it  is  hop'd  this  may  universally  be  reform'd,  when  on 
modern  workmen  shall  consider,  that  neither  the  exactness  of  the! 
designe,  nor  skilfulness  in  colouring,  has  been  able  to  defend  thei 
greatest  predecessors  from  just  reproaches,  who  have  been  faulty  i 
this  particular.  I  could  exemplifie  in  many  others  whom  our  authc 
has  omitted;  and  there  is  none  but  takes  notice  what  injury  it  ha 
done  the  fame  of  some   of  our  best   reputed  painters ;    and   how  in 


560 

decorous  it  is  to  introduce  circumstances  wholly  improper  to  the  usages 
and  genius  of  the  places  where  our  histories  are  suppos'd  to  have  been 
acted.  This  was  not  only  the  fault  of  BassSnO,  \yho  would  be  ever 
bringing  in  his  wife,  children,  and  servants,  his  dog  and  his  cat,  and  very 
kitchin  stuff,  after  the  Padualn  mode;  but  of  the  great  Titian  himselfe, 
Giorgiorie,  Tintoret,  and  the  rest;  as  Paolo  Veronese  is  observ'd  also  to 
have  done,  in  his  story  of  Pharaoh's  diaughter  drawing  Moses  out  of  the 
river,  attended  with  a  guard  of  Swisses.  This  puts  me  in  mind  of  that 
piece  of  Mabugius  in  his  majesties  gallery  at  Whitehall,  which  not  only 
represents  our  first  parents  with  navils  upon  their  bellya,  but  has  plac'd 
an  artificial  stone-fountain  carv'd  with  imagerys  in  the  midst  of  pai 
radise*.  Nor  does  that  excellent  and  learned:  painter  Rubens,  escape 
without  being  perstring'd,  not  onely  for  making  most  of  his  figures  of 
the  shapes  of  brawny  Flemmings,  but  for  other  sphalmata  and  circum* 
stances  of  the  like  nature;  though  in  some  he  has  acquitted  himself 
to  admiration'  in  the  diie  observation  of  costume,  particularly  In  his 
crucifixes,  &c.  as  I  might  largely  exempllfie.  Raphael  Urbino  was 
doubtless  one  of 'the  first  who  reform'd  these  inadvertencys  ;  but  it  was 
more  conspicuous  In  his  latter,  thari  in  his  former  piec?. 

As  for  Michael  Ang^lo,  though  I  heartily  consent  with  our  critic  in 
reproving  that  almost  idolatrous  veneration  of  his  works,  who  had  cer- 
tainly prodigiously  abus'd  the  art,  not  only  in  the  Table  this  discourse 
arraigns  him  for,  but  several  more  which  I  have  seen  ;  yet  I  conceive 
he  might  have  omitted  some  of  those  imbitterr'd  reproaches  he  has 
revll'd  him  with,  who  doubtless  was  one  of  the  greatest  masters  of  his 
time;  arid  (howevfer  he  might  succeed  as  to  the  decorum)  was  hardly 
exceeded  for  what  he  perform'd  In  sculpture  and  the  statuary  art  by 
many  even  of  the  antlents  theiliselves,  arid  happ'ly  by  none  of  the 
moderns';  witness  his  Moses,  Christo  in  gremio,  and  several  other 
figures  at  Rome ;  to  say  nothing  of  his  talent  in  architecture,  and  the 
obligation  the  world   has  to  his  memory,  for  recovering  many  of  its 

*  This  painting  is  described  in  Vertue'^  Catalogue  of  King  Charles's  Colleetion  as  "  a  defaced 
old  picture  at  length,  being  Adam  and  E,ve,_  intire  figures,  being  little  less  than  the  life,  painted 
upon  a  board,  in  an  old  defaced  gilded  frame."  It  is  stated  in  a  MS  note  to  the  copy  5n  the  Editor's 
possession  to  be  at-this  time  iii  the  Palace  of  St.  James. 


561 

piost  useful  ornaments  and  n^embers,  put  of  the  neglected  fragments 
which  lay  so  long  buried ;  and  for  vindicating  that  antique  and  mag- 
nificent manner  of  building,  from  the  trifling  of  Goths  and  Barbarians. 

The  next  usual  reproach  of  painting,  has  been  the  want  of  judge- 
ment in  perspective,  and  bringing  more  into  history  then  is  justifiable 
upon  one  aspect,  without  turning  the  eye  to  each  figure  in  particular, 
and  multiplying  the  points  of  sight  j  which  is  an  error  into  which,  our 
very  author  (for  all  the  pains  he  has  taken  to  magnifie  that  celebrated 
decision  of  Paris)  has  fail'd  in  ;  for  the  knowing  in  that  art  do  easily 
perceive,  that  even  Kaphael  himself  has  not  so  exactly  ohserv'd  it; 
since  instead  of  one  (as  Monsieur  de  Cambray  takes  it  to  be,  and  as 
indeed  it  ought  to  have  been),  there  are  no  less  than  four  or  five,  as 
Du  Bosse  has  well  consider'd  in  his  late  Treatise  of  the  Converted 
'Painter ;  where  by  the  way  also,  he  judiciously  numbers  amongst  the 
faults  against  costume,  those  landskips,  grotesques,  figures,  &c.  which 
we  frequently  find  (abroad  especially,  for  in  our  countrey  we  have  few 
or  none  of  those  graceful  supplements  of  steeples)  painted  horizontally, 
or  vertically  on  the  vaults  and  cielings  of  cupolas ;  since  we  have  no 
examples  for  it  from  the  antients,  who  allow'd  no  more  than  a  frett  to 
the  most  magnificent  and  costly  ones  which  they  erected. 

But  would  you  know  from  whence  this  universal  caution  in  most  of 
their  works  proceeded,  and  that  the  best  of  our  modern  painters  and 
architects  have  succeeded  better  than  others  of  that  profession: ;  it  must 
be  consider'd  that  they  were  learned  men,  good  historians,  and  gene- 
rally skill'd  in  the  best  antiquities.  Such  were  Raphael,  and  doubtless 
his  scholar  Julio ;  and  if  Polydqre  arriv'd  not  to  the  glory  of  letters, 
he  yet  attain'd  to  a  rare  habit  of  the  ancient  Gusto,  as  may  be  inter- 
preted from  most  of  his  designs  and -paintings :  Leon  Baptist  Alberti 
was  skill'd  in  all  the  politer  parts  of  learning  to  a  prodigy,  and  has 
written  divers  curious  things  in  the  Latine  tongue.  We  know  that  of 
later  times  Rubens  was  a  person  universally  studied,  as  may  be  seen  in 
several  Latine  epistles  of  his  to  the  most  famous  scholars  of  his  age :  and 
Nicholas  Poussin,  the  Frenchman,  who  is  so  much  celebrated,  and  so 
deservedly,  did,  it  seems,  arrive  to  this  culture  by  his  indefatigable  in- 
dustry ;  as  the  present  famous  statuary  Bernini,  now  living,  has  done  to 

4  c 


562 

so  universal  a  mastery ;  that  not  many  years  since,  he  is  reported  to  have 
built  a  theatre  at  Rome,  for  the  adornment. whereof  he  not  only  cut  the 
figui'eSj  and  painted  the  scenes,  but  writ  the  play,  and  compos'd  the 
musick  which  was  all  in  recitativo.  And  I  am  perswaded  that  all  this 
is  not  yet  by  farre  so  much  as  that  miracle  and  ornament  of  our  age 
and  countrey,  Dr.  Christopher  Wren,  were  able  to  perform  if  he  were 
so  dispos'd,  and  so  encouraged ;  because  he  is  master  of  so  many  admir- 
able advantages  beyond  them. 

I  alledge  these  examples  partly  to  incite,  and  partly  to  shew  the  dig- 
nity and  vast  comprehension  of  this  rare  art ;  and  that  for  a  man  to 
arrive  to  its  utmost  perfection,  he  "should  be  almost  as  universal  as  the 
orator  in  Cicero,  and  the  architect  in  Vitruvius  :  but  certainly  some  tinc- 
ture in  history,  the  optics,  and  anatomy,  are  absolutely  requisite,  and 
more  (in  the  opinion  of  our  author)  than  to  be  a  steady  designer,  and 
skill'd  in  the  tempering  and  applying  of  colours,  which,  anfongst  most 
of  our  modern  workmen,  go  now  for  the  onely  accomplishments  of  a 
painter. 

I  had  once  thoughts  to  have  added  the  stamps  and  prints  themselves, 
which  our  author  does  so  critically  discourse  upon  ;  but  then  considering 
that  as  this  piece  is  of  most  use  to  the  virtuosi,  and  that  such  as  are  curi- 
ous must  needs  already  be  furnish'd  with  them ;  and  that  it  had  been 
doubtless  impossible  to  have  procur'd  originEils  sufficient  to  adorn  this 
impression,  and  would  have  immensely  exalted  its  price(I  myself  having 
been  ofFer'd  twenty  shillings  but  for  one  of  them),  I  soon  laid  those  in- 
tentions aside  :  besides  that  our  author  has  also  publish'd  his  book  with- 
out them,  and  to  have  gotten  them  well  copied,  had  been  equally  dif- 
ficult. 

J.  Evelyn. 


THE 

HISTORY 


OF  THE 


THREE  LATE  FAMOUS  IMPOSTORS; 


PADRE  OTTOMANO,  MAHOMED  BEI,  AND  SABATAI  SEVI. 

TU£   ONE, 

PRETENDED  SON  AND  HEIR  TO  THE  LATE  GRAND  SIGNIOR; 

THE  OTHER, 

A  PRINCE  OF  THE  OTTOMAN  FAMILY,  BUT,  IN  TRUTH,  A  VALACHIAN  COUNTERFEIT; 

AND   THE   LAST, 

THE  SUPPOSED  MESSIAH   OF  THE  JEWS,   IN  THE  YEAR  OF   THE  TRUE  MESSIAH,   1666. 

WITH 

A  BRIEF  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  GROUND  AND  OCCASION 

O;   THE 

PRESENT  WAR  BETWEEN  THE  TURK  AND  THE  VENETIAN. 

TOGETHER   WITH    THE    CAUSE    OF     THE    FINAL    EXTIRPATION,    DESTRUCTION,    AND    BXILE    OF 
THE    JEWS    OUT    OF    THE    EMPIRE    OF    PERSIA. 


IN  THE  SAVOY: 

PRINTED    FOR    HENRY    HERRINGMAN,     AT    THE    SIGN    OF    THE    ANCHOR, 

IN    THE  XOWER    WALK    OF    THE    NEW    EXCHANGE. 

1669. 


565 


TO  THE 

Right  Honourable  HENRY  LORD  ARLINGTON,  &c. 

PRINCIPAL   SECRETARY   OF   STATE. 


My  Lord, 
These  ensuing  Discourses  intitle  their  original  to  the  noble  industry 
and  affection  to  truth  of  an  illustrious  person,  and  to  the  great  and 
worthy  ingenuity  of  a  Persian  stranger  lately  amongst  us  *,  from  whose 
mouth  I  have  received  the  two  following  first  narrations,  and  from 
whom  I  have  been  abundantly  satisfied,  that  the  particulars  are  of  un- 
doubted verity.     For  the  third  and  last,  which  concerns  the  story  of 
that  impudent  Jew,  it  will  need  little  apology;  since  it  proceeds  not 
onely  from  an  eye-witness,  but  from  the  hand  of  a  person  who  has 
already  gratified  the  publique  with  the  fruit  of  many  rare  and  excellent 
observations,  and  which  becomes  due  to  your  Lordship  upon  a  just 
claim  ;  so  as  your  Lordship  having  been  so  pleased  with  the  first  rela- 
tion, cannot  be  less  with  the  following,  though  I  should  never  have 
presum'd  to  be  their  deferent  in  this  unpolish'd  dress  had  I  not  received 
some  assurances  of  your  pardon. 

It  will  doubtless  appear  very  strange,  that  impostures  of  this  magni- 
tude should  so  long  abuse  the  world,  were  there  no  other  interest  in  it 
than  the  vanity  of  the  persons  who  assume  to  themselves  the  titles: 
whatever  the  reason  of  it  be,  here  we  have  matter  of  fact ;  and  it  was 
more  than  time  the  world  should  at  last  be  disabus'd  which  has  been  so 
long  impos'd  on,  and  even  labour'd  under  the  common  mistake,  that 
the  cause  of  this  obstinate  war  and  quarrel  'twixt  the  Turk  and  the 
Venetian  was  grounded  onely  upon  the  taking  of  Sultan  Osmon  and  his 
mother  (pretended  son  and  wife  of  Sultan  Ibrahim}  by  the  gallies  of 
Malta.     This  was,  my  Lord,  the  believed  report  at  my  being  at  Venice 
the  very  year  this  action  fortun'd ;  and  it  has  since  gain'd  credit,  and 


*  Signer  Pietro  Cisij,    See  Diary,  vol.  I.  p,  394. 


566 

fill'd  our  ears,  and  all  the  histories  of  this  age,  as  a  thing  unquestion- 
able, but  with  what  pretence  of  truth  these  papers  will  both  inform 
your  Lordship,  and  give  day  to  some  other  passages  worthy  the  notice 
of  inquisitive  men,  and  of  a  conjuncture  so  seasonable  for  it,  while  the 
eyes  and  thoughts  of  all  Europe  are  intent  upon  the  success  of  Candia. 
What  concerns  the  Va:lachian  vagrant  will  be  a  service  both  to  his 
Majesty  and  other  Christian  princes  whom  this  bold  Impostor  has  had 
the  front  to  abuse  ;  but,  eripitur  persona — the  mask  is  now  off;  and 
I  have  no  more  to  add,  than  that  pf  being, 

My  Lord, 
Your  Honors  most  obedient, , 

obliged,  and  humble  servant, 

J.  E. 


567 


TO   THE   READER. 

The  great  Scaliger  was  wont  commonly  to  say,  omnis  historia  bona, 
that  all  history  was  good ;  meaning,  that  it  was  worthy  of  notice  so  it 
were  true  and  matter  of  fact,  though  the  subject  of  it  were  never  so 
trivial.  This,  though  but  a  pamphlet  in  bulke,  is  very  considerable  for 
the  matter  it  containes,  and  for  that  it  endeavours  to  informe  and  dis- 
abuse  the  world  of  a  current  error,  which  has  mingled  and  spread  it 
selfe  into  divers  grave  relations  that  have  been  printed,  and  confidently 
published  many  yeares  without  suspition. 

How  I  came  to  be  enlightened  for  these  pieces,  I  have  in  part  declared 
in  my  dedicatory  addresses ;  and  if  I  forbear  to  publish  the  name  of 
that  intelligent  stranger,  and  that  other  person,  from  whom  I  receiv'd 
my  informations,  you  are  to  know  that  it  is  not  out  of  fear  of  being 
detected  of  impostures,  whil'st  we  declare  against  it,  and  which  cannot 
serve  any  interest  of  the  relators,  but  because,  being  strangers,  or  itine- 
rants, and  one  of  them  upon  his  return  into  his  native  country  (which 
may  possibly  engage  them  to  passe  by  Malta,  and  other  Levantine  parts 
obnoxious  to  these  Discourses),  it  would  appear  but  ingrateful  in  us  to 
expose  them  to  an  inconvenience.  Let  it  suffice,  to  assure  you,  that 
they  are  persons  of  no  mean  parts,  ingenuity,  and  candor;  well  ac- 
quainted with  the  Eastern  countrevs  and  afiaires,  and  that  have  them- 
selves been  witnesses  of  most  of  these  transactions. 

It  were  to  be  wish'd  that  our  Christian  Monarchs  had  alwayes  near 
them  some  dextrous  person  of  this  gentlemans  abilities,  were  it  but  to 
discover  such  cheates,  as  frequently  appearing  under  the  disguise  of  dis- 
tressed princes,  merchants,  &c.  are,  in  truth,  but  spies  and  bold  impos- 
tors, and  whom  otherwise  'tis  almost  impossible  to  detect,  not  to  sug- 
gest the  many  other  good  offices,  as  to  the  Eastern  commerce  and 
affaires,  they  might  be  useful  in  :  but  this  is  more  than  I  have  commis- 
sion to  say,  from  those  who  have  no  other  design  in  what  they  relate 
than  their  affection  to  truth.  It  is  not  yet  a  full  year  since  there  went  a 
crafty  varlet  about  the  countrey,  who  pretended  himself  to  be  the  brother 


568 

of  the  famous  Peter  Serini  (whose  brave  and  heroick  actions  had  so 
celebrated  him  against  the  Turkes),  and  related  a  story  by  his  feign'd 
interpreter,  how  he  fortun'd  to  be  cast  on  shore  on  the  West  of  Eng- 
land, as  he  was  conducting  supplies  from  abroad.  This  he  perform'd 
with  a  confidence  and  success  so  happily,  as  caus'd  him  to  be  receiv'd, 
presented,  and  assisted  (like  another  Mahomed  Bei)  by  divers  persons 
of  quality,  and  some  of  them  my  nearest  acquaintance,  in  his  pretended 
journey  to  court ;  but  being  at  last  discover'd  in  a  tipling  house  on  the 
rode,  where,  un-mindful  of  his  part  and  character,  he  call'd  for  a  pot  of 
ale  in  too  good  English,  and  a  more  natural  tone  than  became  so  great 
a  stranger,  and  the  person  he  put  on,  we  heard  no  more  of  the  game- 
ster. I  wish  our  Fin-land  spirit,  who  is  of  late  dropt  out  of  the  clouds 
amongst  us,  prove  not  one  of  his  disciples,  for  the  age  is  very  fertile, 
and  I  am  told  that  our  Mahomed  having  receiv'd  his  Adjuda  de  Costo 
from  the  bounty  and  charity  of  a  great  person  of  more  easie  belief,  is 
slipt  aside  for  fear  of  the  porters-lodge ;  and  yet  'tis  possible  you  may 
hear  more  of  him  before  his  ramble  be  quite  at  a  period. 

You  have  at  the  end  of  the  last  Impostor  an  account  of  the  Jews  exile 
out  of  that  vast  empire  of  Persia,  happening  but  the  other  day  ;  which, 
together  with  the  miscarriage  of  their  late  Messiah  (the  twenty-fifth 
pretender  of  it,  as  I  am  crfedibly  inform'd  it  stands  in  their  own  records), 
it  might,  one  would  think,  at  last  open  the  eyes,  and  turne  the  hearts  of 
that  obstinate  and  miserable  people  :  but  whil'st  the  time  is  not  yet 
accomplish'd,  I  could  wish  bur  modern  enthusiasts,  and  other  prodigious 
sects  amongst  us,  who  dreame  of  the  like  carnal  expectations,  and  a 
temporal  monarchy,  might  seriously  weigh  how  dearly  their  characters 
approach  the  style  and  design  of  these  deluded  wretches,  least  they  fall 
into  the  same  condemnation,  and  the  snare  of  the  devil. 


569 


THE  HISTORY  OF  PADRE  OTTOMANO, 

THE  FIRST  IMPOSTOR  *. 


Sultan  Ibrahim  began  his  reign  In  the  year  1049,  according  to  the 
Turkish  Hegira  pr  period,  which  was  of  our  style  anno  1640.  He  was 
about  nine  years  Emperorj  and  had  born  to  him  (after  the  first  three 
years)  a  son  nam'd  Mahomed,  who  Is  the  present  Grand  Signlor  now 
swaying  the  Ottoman  scepter  :  the  HasakI  or  Great  Sultana,  his  mother 
("for  by  that  adjunct  of  Great  she  is  distinguished  from  the  rest  of  that 
high  title),  being  extreamly  weak  after  her  delivery,  necessitated  them 
to  seek  out  and  provide  a  fitting  nurse  for  the  new-born  Infant.  But, 
before  we  can  proceed  In  the  event  of  that,  some  other  circumstances 
require  the  readers  attention. 

It  fortun'd  that  from  the  year  1640  to  1644  there  llv'd  In  Constanti- 
nople one  Giovanni  Jacobo  Cesli,  native  pf  Persia,  but  descended  from  a 
noble  family  In  Rome,  who,  being  by  profession  a  merchant,  did  use  to 
traflBque  not  onely  In  this  port,  but  held  commerce  likewise  In   divers 
other  places  of  the  Levant ;  so  as  being  a  man  of  more  than  .ordinary 
note,  he  came  at  last  to  be  particularly  favour'd  by  the  Grand  Signlors 
chief  eunuch,  whose  name  was  Jumbel  Aga,  otherwise  called  Kuslir 
AgasI,  a  great  minion  of  Sultan  Murad,  who  deceasing  a  while  after, 
his  following  successor  confirm'd  to  him  his  former  charge,  which  was  ta 
take  care  of  the  ladles,  who  were  kept  In  the  seraglio,  and  superintended 
the  women  (for  so  the  name  Imports),  nor  Is  the  dignity  of  less  esteem 
than  that  of  the  vizier  himself,  within  the  precincts  of  the  seraglio; 
since  it  intitules  him  to  the  same  access  to  the  emperor  his  lord  and 
master,  whom  he  serves  as  pimp  of  honour,  if  there  be  any  true  honour 
in  so  vile  an  employment. 

*  13  Feb.  1669.  I  presented  his  Majesty  with  my  "  Historie  of  the  Foure  (Three)  Impusters  j'- 
he  told  me  of  other  like  cheates.  I  gave  my  bboke  to  Lord  Arlington,  to  whom  I  dedicated  it. — ' 
It  was  now  that  he  began  to  tempt  me  about  writing  "  The  Dutch  War."  ,  "  Diaiy,"  vql.  I.  p.  397. 
This  narrative  is  reprinted  almost  verbatim  in  Knolles's  History  of  the  Turks,  edited  by  Sir  P. 
Rycaut^  folio,  vol.  II.  p.  55. 

4   D 


570 

This  Kuslir  Aga,  eunuch  as  he  was,  would  for  all  this  be  thought  a 
lover  of  women,  because  it  is  the  style  of  the  countrey,  and  a  mark  of 
good  breeding  and  courtly  grandeur. 

It  was  upon  this  occasion  that  he  one  day  sent  for  Jacobo  Cesii,  and 
desir'd  that  he  would  search  out  and  purchase  for  him  the  most  elegant 
and  handsome  wench  he  could  possibly  light  upon  amongst  such  slaves 
as  are  daily  expos'd  to  sale  in  the  Turkish  donj'inions.  The  merchant 
was  not  long;  ere  he  happen'd  upon  a  very  beautiful  creaturE,  of  a.  mo- 
dest countenance,  and>  as  near  as  could  be  guess'd;,  a  virgin.  He  bought 
her,  and  brought  her  to  the  Aga,  who  being  extreamly  taken  with  her 
shape  and  mien,  pay'd  hini  for  her  450  dollars,  which  was  the  price  she 
was  valued  at.  But  this  pretty  girle  had,  for  all  .her  simpering  and 
innocent  demieanour,  been  corrupted,  it  seems,  before  she  came  to  the 
eunuch;  and  after  some  time  that  she  had  been  with  him  (for  he  kept 
her  in  a  house  bf  his  own,  ahd  not  in  the  seraglio)  was  suspected  to 
be  vsath  child.  Her  lord  was  wonderfully  importunate  to  sift  out. who 
it  was  that  tnight  be  the  father  of  the  offspring;  but  she  wouldf  by'no 
means  be  induc'd  to  discover  it,  which  so  incensed  him,  that  the  Aga 
forthwith  causes  her  to  be  turn'd  out  of  doores  ;  and  thus:  for  some  time 
she  remained  in  disgrace,  though  in  the  house  of  his  major  domo,  tq 
whom  he  had  given  her  to  be  disposed  of,  till  she  was  at  last  brought  to 
bed  of  a  goodly  boy.  n.  .  ~;,' 

Some  time  after  the  child  was  born,  the  Aga,  whether  mov'd  with 
compassion  or  curiosity,  we  need  not  enquire,  begins,  to  discpver  a  most 
passionate  desire  to  sfee  the  little  bastard,  which  was  no  sooner  brought 
to  him,  but,  being  exceedingly  pleas'd  with  the  babe,  he  immediately 
orders  it  a  rich  vest,  and'  other  fine  things  to  wear,  though  it  was  then 
not  above  eight  or  nine  moneths  old;  commanding  that  it, should  still 
be  kept  in  his  stewards  house,  where  it  was  born. 

It  fortun'd,  that  not  long  after  was  the  birth  of  the  present  Turkish 
emperor;  and  the  Great  Sultana  (as  we  said)  being  indisposed,  the 
grand  Aga  was  sent  for  to  provide  a  nurse  for  the  young  prince,;  that 
care  belonging  likewise  particularly  to  his  charge  :  immediately  tjhe  Aga 
reflects  upon  his  disgrac'd  slave,  whom  he  speedily  sent  for  to  him,  and 
brought  to  court  (together  with  her  pretty  by-blow,  the  present  Padre 


571 

Ottomano)i  recommending  her  for  a  nurse  to  the  =royal  infant ;  upon 
which  account  she  stay'd  near  two  whole  years  in  the  seraglio.  Sultan 
Ibrahim  (father  of  the  yoiing  prince)  during  this  time  grew  so  taken 
with. the  nurses  boy,  as  being  much  a  lovelier  child  than  his  own,  that 
he  became  infinitely  foiider  of  him,  which  so  inraged  and  displeas'd  the 
Great  Sultana'i  who  being  now  no  longier  able  to  dissemble  her  resent' 
rnent,;  grew  in  Wroth  with  Ibrahim,  and  gave  a  second  and  more 
cruel  exilement  to  the  unfortunate  nurse  and  her  darling  child,  whom 
she  banish'd  out  of  the  seraglio,  and  could  never  after  abide  the  Aga 
that  introduc'd  them. 

This  violent  action  of  the  Sultana  madej  you  may  imagine,  a  foul 
house  in  the  court,  and  it  grew  at  last  to  that  height  that  the  Emperour 
(who  took  it  greatly  to  heart,  his  pretty  favourite  should  be  thus  thrown 
out  of  the  seraglio)j  running  one  day  to  the  Sultana,  he  snatches  his  son 
out  of  her  arms,  and  threw  him  into  a  piscina,  oriarge  fountain,  which 
was  near  them,  where  he  had  like  to  have  been  drown'd.  This  pas- 
sionate and  unnatural  action  of  Ibrahim  inrag'd  the  Sultana  now  more 
then  ever  against  the  Aga,  so  as  she  sought  all  occasions  possible  to 
put  him  to  death,  as  imputing  the  ill-nature  of  her  lord  the  emperor  to 
some  wicked  impressions  of  his  favorite ;  -  but  chiefly,  for  his  bringing 
the  fair  slave  and  her  bastard  into  the  sieraglio. 

The  continual  hatred  and  machinations  of  the  G.  Sultana  caused  the 
Aga  to  consult  his  safety;  and  besides,  he  was  not  a  little  apprehensive 
of  the  capricious  a:nd  unconstant  humour  of  Ibrahim,  who  .being  of  a 
weak  complexion  and  understanding,  he  feared  might  in  time  be  wrought 
upon  by  the  Sultana  to  destroy  him;  and  therefore  makes  suit  to  the 
Emperour  that  he  would  permit  him  to  go  on  pilgrimage  to  Mech a,  since 
absence  might  possibly  mitigate  her  fury ;  And  for  that  he  was  now 
grown  aged,  and  less. capable  of  doing  him  service  in  his  charge,  which 
he  desired  he  would  give  him  leave  to  resign. 

But  Ibrahim,  finding  him  by  long  experience  to  be  a  discreet  person, 
and  one  that  had  faithfully  served  the  EmperOul"  his  brother,  would  by 
no  means  hearken  to  his  request,  or  permit  him  to  go  from  him ;  since, 
as  the  constitution  of  the  seraglio  stands,  that  had  been  for  ever  to  have 
depriv'd  him  of  a  servant  whom  he  so  deaHy  loved.     For  you  are  to 


572 

understand,  that  whoever  obtains  leave  to  go  that  holy  pilgrimage  is 
ipso  facto  made  free:  no  eunuch  belonging  to  the  seraglio  (being  slaves 
of  honour  to  the  Grand  Signior)  can  obtain  his  liberty  but  by  the 
Emperours  especial  grace  ;  which  also  entitles  him  to  a  certain  annual 
pension,  arising  from  the  revenue  of  Grand  CairOj  set  apart  for  suqh 
rewards.  And  for  this  reason  it  was,  that  Ibrahim  was  very  unwilling 
to  part  with  his  eunuch  :  however,  being  vanquish'd  at  last  with  his 
continual  importunity,  and  for  that  it  was  upon  condition,  that  notwith- 
standing the  custome  and  style  of  the  seraglio  in  such  cases,  he  should 
go  but  as  his  slave,  and,  having  perform'd  his  devotion,  return  to  him 
again,  and  to  the  office  which  he  would  have  resign'd  ;  he  grants  him 
his  request.  Upon  this  stipulation  he  dismisses  his  favourite,  and  the 
eunuch  prepares  for  his  journey  in  the  caravan  of  Alexandria,  the  Grand 
Signior  having  at  that  time  never  a  man  of  war  in  the  port. 

The  whole  fleet  consisted  of  but  eight  vessels,  whereof  Giafer  com- 
manded the  first ;  Mahumedj  the  second ;  Arab  Ogli,  the  third,  (this 
Arab  Ogli  was  partner  with  the  above-named  Gio.  Jacobo  Cesii) ;  Cura 
Mahumed  commanded  the  fourth;  Memi,  the  fifth;  Bodur,  the  sixth; 
Nicola,  a  Christian,  the  seventh ;  and  Jani,  another  Christian  captain, 
the  eighth,  who  brought  up  the  rear.  These  being  ready  to  set  saile, 
the  Aga  embarkes  with  his  family^  and  whole  equipage  (amongst 
which  was  his  beautiful  slave  and  her  little  son),  in  the  first  ship, 
whereof,  as  we  said,  Giafer  wasrcommander.  And  now  directing  their 
course  towards  Alexandria,  they,  touch'd  a  while  at  Scio  (an  island  in 
the  Archipelago),  where  lingering  some  little  time,  they. happen'd  to 
meet  with  a  certain  Dominican  fryar  (well  beloved  of  the  chief  of  the 
country),  whom,  for  a  former  prevarication  with  them  In  matter  of  reli- 
gion, they  would  needs  have  constrained  to  abjure  his  faith,  and  become 
a  Turke ;  which  the  religious  man  refusing  to  do,  the  cruel  eunuch 
caus'd  him  to  be  immediately  burnt  alive.     This  was  in  the  year  1644. 

Loosing  from  Scio,  they  were  surpriz'd  with  a  dismal  tempest,  which 
caus'd  them  to  put  in  at  Rhodes^  where  they  were  likewise  forc'd  to 
continue  for  some  days  ere  they  durst  adventure  out ;  but  at  last  pur- 
suing their  intended  voyage  from  thence  (being  now  about  15  leagues 
distant  from  Rhodes),   they  discover  six  gallies.     It  fortun'd  to  be  a 


great  calme,  and  yet  they  were  hardly  within  ken,  so  as  to  distinguish 
what  they  were;  yet  supposing  they  might  be  the  gallies  of  Bailo 
(who  are  certain  Turkish  guardians  of  the  Archipelago)  that  were 
making  towards  them,  they  seem'd  not  to  be  so  much  concern'd ;  but 
when  a  little  after  they  came  to  find  their  mistake,  and  that  they  be- 
longed to  Malta,  they  were  strangely  surpriz'd,  and  in  great  confusion 
what  to  resolve  on,  for  divers  vessels  of  their  company  were  so  dis- 
pers'd,  by  reason  of  the  calme,  that  they  could  not  possibly  joyn  them 
for  want  of  wind.  This  happen'd  upon  the  tenth  of  May,  in  the  year 
1644. 

Well,, for  all  this,  the  Aga  resumes  courage,  prepares  for  the  conflict, 
and,  upon  their  approach,  begins  bravely  to  defend  himself.  The  fight 
continues  for  some  time  very  fiercely  on  either  part,  and  not  without 
mutual  loss,  till  by  an  unlucky  broad-side  from  one  of  the  Malta -rgallies 
the  eunuch  receives  a  cannonade  on  his  breast,  which  dash'd  him  into 
the  sea;  and  at  that  same  instant  fallen  dead  the  fair  Sciabas  (for  so  was 
that  female  slave  nam'd,  a  Russe  by  nation,  and  mother  of  our  Padre 
Ottomano),  without  any  mark  or  wound,  or  so  much  as  the  least  bruise 
to  be  found,  which  made  divers  believe  she  dy'd  of  very  fright  and  ap- 
prehension ;  and  with  these  perish'd  likewise  divers  others  in  that  vessel, 
upon  which  the  rest  immediately  struck  saile,  and  submitted  tq  mercy. 

The  Maltezes  now  boarding  their  prizes,,  and  seeing  so  many  women, 
eunuchs,  and  other  passengers  (for,  as  we  recounted,  one  of  these  ves- 
sels was  wholly  taken  up  by  the  Aga  and  his  domestlcks),  asked,  what 
pretty  child  that  was  ?  The  distracted  peoplcj  partly  out  of  terror, 
and  haply,  uponliope  of  better  quarter,  tell  them,  that  he  was  the  son 
of  Sultan  Ibrahim,  going  to  Mecca  to  be  circumcis'd.  Greatly  pleas'd 
with  their  success,  they  set  saile  immediately  for  Malta,  where  the 
hopes  of  their  fancied  prize  had  so  far  exalted  them,  that  they  soon 
noys'd  it  over  all  Christenddme,  that  they  had  taken  the  Grand  Signiprs 
son,  and  the  Sultana  his  mother,  with  many  like  stories  that  pass'd 
about  the  world  for  current,  and  it  gain'd  credit,  and  was  indeed  gene- 
rally bellev'd  by  themselves :  nay,  the  whole  CoUedge  and  Religious  of 
Malta  were  so  elated  and  possessed  with  the  conceit  of  it,  that  they 
began  seriously  to  consult  of  proposing  an  exchange  for  Rhodes,  which 


574 

had  been  their  antient  seat,  and  which  they  almbst  made  themselves  as 
good'  as  sure  of. 

The  Great  Master  and  the  Grand  Croci  were  absolutely  of  this  (Opi- 
nion, and  did  thereupon  write  letters  to  Constantinople,  to  Smyrna,  and 
to  several  other  places  and  correspondences,  to  certifie  where  they  might 
find  their  young  prince,  and  his  mother,  provided  they  would  come  up 
to  their  conditions.  For  though  she  were  dead  in  the  coin  bate,  yet  it 
seems  they  had  either  drest  up  a  property  to  personate  her  amongst  the 
she-slaves  that  were  taken,  or  willing  to  have  it  belicA^ed  so,  and  both 
her  own  and  the  portrait  of  her  young  son  were  painted  to  the  life,  ahd 
familiarly  ^old  in  Italy  and  France,  for,  the  better  confirmation  of  this 
bellefe  ;  but  after  long  expectations,  receiving  ilo  answer  to  their  satis- 
faction, they  begin  to  be  in  some  doubt,  and  could  not  well  divine  what 
to  make  of  it,  and  whether  they  were  not  all  this  while  deluded  of  their 
boast,  and  entertain'd  in  suspense  to  abuse  them  ;  for  so  it  appears  they 
were  to  the  very  year  1649.  But  how  far  this  contributed  to  the  quar- 
rel with  the  Venetians,  whom  they  unexpectedly  surpriz!d  soon  afterj 
will  be  made  appear  by  the  sequel. 

It  was  in  this  year  that  the  person  who  gives  us  this  information 
returning  from  Rome,  where  he  hiad  finish'd  his  studies  in  the  Colledge 
de  propagandu  Fide,  into  his  native  country  of  Persia,  happeii'd  in  his 
journey  to  arrive  at  Malta,  where  making  some  stay,  he  came  to  be 
known  to  divers  of  the  Order,  and  principal  persons  there;  as,  namely, 
to  the  Treasurer,  several  of  the  Grand  Croci,  to  the  Great  Master  him- 
self, the  Commahdator,  the  General  of  the  gallies,  and  most  of  the  no- 
bility. The  Grand  Master  was  then  Joharnles  Lascaris,  the  Grand 
Commandatori  Monsieur  de  la  Helle,  the  General,  Monsieur  de  Beau- 
champ,  &c.  to  omit  the  rest.  These  enter  into  a  solemn  consultation, 
what  was  to  be  done  to  sift  out  the  truth  and  value  of  their  prize ;  that 
is,  to  know  whether  the  child  were  indeed  Sultan  Ibrahims  son  or  not; 
and  finding  this  person,  as  they  conceiv'dj  a  fit  instrument  for  their  pur- 
pose, being  well  experienc'd  in  the  Turkish  language',  and  the  cus- 
tomes  of  their  country,  and  for  some  other  relations  of  his  at  the  Porte, 
and  one  who  had  given  them  good  marks  of  his  capacity  and  faithfulness, 
they  resolve  to  dispatch  him  forthwith  to  Constantinople,  accompanyed 


575 

onely  with  three  or  four  Turkish  slaves,  who  had  redeem'd  themselves, 
and  with  instructions  to  their  Envoye  how  the  design  was  tq* -be  managed! 
Signior  Pietrq  (for  so  we  will  now  call  him)  sailes  from  Malta;  arrives 
at,  Constantinople  j  makes  friends  in  the  Seraglio ;  enquires  with  all  the 
sedulity  imaginable,  whether  any  child  of  the  Grand  Signiors   were 
missing  :  and  whether  it  were  true,  that  the  Hasaki,  or  Great  Sultana, 
had  some  years  since  been  lost,  or  takpn  by  the  Malteze  in  her  pilgrim- 
age towards  Mecha,  &c.     But  after  all  the  diligence  he  could  possibly 
make,  he  could  never  discover  any  likelihood,  or  so  much  as  shadow  of 
it.     In  sum,  he  finds  there,  was  not  a  syllable  of  it  true;  and  that  the 
Religion  *  of  Malta  had  all  the  while  but  abused  themselves  in  their  cre- 
dulity, apd  all  Christendom  in  the  report  of  it.     Pietro  writes  back   to 
the  Beligion,  and  assures  them  by  many  indubitable  evidences,  nay 
oathes  and  aflBdavits,  which  he  had  procur'd,  and  several  other  effects 
of  his  diligence,  that  it  was  all  imposture,  and  that  they  ought  to  give 
credit  to  the  romance  no  longer,  or  hope  for  the  least  advantage  by  it. 
This  was  in  the  year  1650  ;  for.  so  long,  and  somewhat  longer  it  was, 
ere  they  would,  be  dis-abus'd.     And  now  at  last  they  begin  to  defide 
themselves,  and  by  little  and  little  to  let  their  boasting  dye,  andto  neg- 
lect any  farther  ceremony  to  their  pretended  royal  captive;  in  short,; 
they  now  grew  very  cold,  hardly  made  anymore  account  of  him;  yet 
so,  that  having  for  a  long  time  abus'd  the  world,  as  asham'd  at  their 
credulity,  and  to  prevent  repyoach^  they  continually  endeavour'd  to  have 
it  still  thought  true  ;  and  therefore  gave  the  boy  the  title  of  Ottomano, 
which  he  weares  to  this  day,  non  per  dignita  (sayes  our  ingenious  in- 
former) ma  per  la  vanita. 

This  is  the  true  and  real  history  of  the  so  much  talk'd-of  Padre  Ot- 
tomano, and  consequently  of  that  groundless  and  vulgar  opinion  which 
has  been  spread  so  long  about,  that  this  accident  alone  was  the  onely 
source. and  cause -of  the  Grand  Signiors  quarrel  with  the  Venetians,  but 
of -which  there  is  so  little  appearance;  the  interest  of  that  republick 
being  so  different  from  that  of  the  Malteze,  who  are  sworn  never  to  be 
at  peace  with  those  miscreants;  whil!st  the  Venetians^  on  the  contrary, 
were  in  a  profound  and  un -interrupted  league  with  them. 

'  *  Viz.  of  the  Knights  of  Malta. 


576 

It  is  indeed  commonly  pretended,  that,  contrary  to  a  stipulation  with 
the  Grand  Signior,  the  Venetians  had  protected  the  Knights  of  Malta, 
after  this  exploit  of  surprizing  the  Sultana  and  her  son,  going  with  an 
infinite  treasure  to  Mechq, ;  but  the  truth  is,  finding  no  occasion  to  com- 
mence the  war  upon  this  suggestion,  they  give  out  another,  and  which 
is  believed  was  the  more  real  ground  of  it. 

In  the  reign  of  Sultan  Amurat,  there  were  destroy'd  and  burnt  by  the 
Venetians  no  less  than  five  and  twenty  Fusti  Harbaresche,  or  Barbarv 
gallies,  who  were  rovers  and  pyrates  upon  those  seas,  and  greatly  infested 
the  commerce  ;  these  they  attaqu'd  in  the  Port  of  Avelona,  demolishing 
withal  their  castle.  Complaint  hereof  being  made  to  Morat  (or  Amurat), 
he  was  provok'd  to  declare  war  against  them  as  the  first  aggressors ; 
though  in  truth  this  had  been  no  violation  of  any  article  between  them. 
However,  upon  their  earnest  instigation,  Amurat  seems  highly  to  resent 
the  afii'ont,  as  done  against  his  allies.  Hereupon  the  Venetians  offer 
to  give  ihevaivfo  galeasses  in  satisfaction,  and  to  pay  for  all  the  losse 
which  they  had  sustain'd.  But  in  this  interim  the  Grand  Signior  in- 
gag'd  in  the  war  at  Babylon,  dyes  soon  after  his  return,  and  leaves  the 
quarrel  to  his  brother  Ibrahim  ;  who,  insensed  also  somewhat  more  for 
the  vessels  that  were  destroy'd,  upon  the  neck  as  it  were  of  this,  by  the 
Malteze,  when  Padre  Ottomano  was  taken  by  them,  and  his  favorite 
Aga  slain  (his  design,  which  was  first  against  the  Malteze  failing), 
without  the  least  pretence  of  reiiewing  his  predecessors  quarrel  with  the 
Venetians,  or  declaring  any  formal  war,  with  a  fleet  of  near  500  saile, 
he  lands  an  army  of  threescore  thousand  men  near  the  city  Canea,  and 
in  little  time  became  master  of  that,  and  of  the  whole  kingdome  be- 
side ;  Candia  the  metropolis.  Spina  Longa,  Carbusa,  Suda,  and  some 
very  few  posts  more  excepted,  and  leaves  the  pursuit  of  this  war  to  his 
son  Mahomed,  who  has  continued  it  to  this  present  day.  By  what  ac- 
cident the  Malteze  contributed  to  the  fatal  rousing  of  this  immane  lyon 
we  have  seen,  but  without  the  least  appearance  of  intituling  it  to  the 
merit  of  this  supposititious  child  and  his  mother,  upon  which  yet  it  is 
so  vulgarly  and  so  weakly  founded. 

But  what  may  farther  elucidate  the  utter  impossibility  of  Padre  Otto- 
mano's  title,  as  heir  to  that  family,  'tis  notoriously,  known,  that  the  last 


5ff 

Eimperor  of  the  Turks  (father  to  the  Sultan  now  reigning)  never  had 
but  three  sons  ;  that  the  present  Grand  Sigriior  was  always  the  eldest ; 
and  that  the  other  two  (by  an  extraordinary  eflFect  of  their  brothers 
good-nature,  or  address  of  the  present  Valadir  or  dowager)  are  still 
Ijving  in  the  seraglio,  out  of  whose  precincts  they  are  never  allow'd  to 
stir  abroad,  but  in  company  of  the  Grand  Signior,  and  under  the  strict- 
est guard.  Next,  that  no  prince  of  the  Ottoman  blood,  or  the  Sultana 
herself,  does  ever  travel  to  any  place  whatsoever  out  of  the  palace,  but 
when  the  Emperor  goes  himself  in  person.  ■  This  being  so,  hpw  proba- 
ble and  likely  it  is  he  should  hazard  the  Great  Sultana,  and  the  heir  of 
the  crown  in  a  weak  and  ordinary  caravan,  with,  so  small  aq  equipagp, 
arid  so  little  concernment  for  their  losse  as  never  so  much  as  totreate 
about  their  release,  &g.  let  any  Tatiohal  man  determine  upon  mature  con- 
sideration, and.  prospect  of  the  circumstances. 

Besides,  as  our  intelligence  airgues,  and  assures  us,  those  of  Malta  are 
so  insatiably  covetous,  that  if  they  could  sell  even  the  very  Malteze 
themselves,  they  would  not  stick  jto  make  money  of  them  ;  and  that  it  is 
familiar  with  these  holy  CorSaires  to  spoil  all  the  Oriental  Christians 
without  distinction^  who  come  in  their  way;  neither  regarding  their 
faith  nor  their  iprofession  :   so  as  when  ever  they  surprize  any  miserable 
slaves,  who  for  the  dread  of  torment  have  been  forc'd  to  turne  renega- 
does,  but  would  now  most  chearfuUy  revert  to  their  faith  again ;  the 
Malteze  will  not  hearken  to  them,  but  sell  them  a  second  time  to  the 
Turkes,  to  satisfie  their  prodigious  avarice.     How  much  more  then  (as 
our  informer  concluded)  had  it  been  to  their  advantage,  to  have  sold  this 
pretended  royal  boy,  being  a  natural  Turke,  than  to  have  sufier'd  him 
to  become  a  Christian  ?    But  they  reserv'd  him  upon  future  hopes,  and 
when  they  perceiv'd  that  fail  them,  to  rid  their  hands  of  the  expense  of 
the  mock-state,  they  had  so  long  been  at,  and  yet  tq  preserve  their  re- 
putation, make  out  their  boast,  and  credit  their  religion  ;  they  find,  a 
pretence  of  sending  him  to  be  bred  in  Italy,  and  now  suffer  him  to  be 
made  a  Dominican  Fryar  forsooth,  under  the  pompous  title  of  "  Padre 
Ottoiriano." 


4  E 


578 
THE   STORY   OF   MAHOMED   BEI, 

WHO    CALLS    HIMSELF, 

JOHANNES  MICHAEL  CIGALA ; 

BEING    AT    THE    WRITING    HEREOF    IN    THE    COURT    OF    ENGLAND,    WHERE    THIS    SECOWD 
IMPOSTOR   WAS    FIRST    DETECTED. 


The  better  to  acquaint  our  reader  with  the  successful  impudence  of 
this  famous  impostor,  he  is  to  understand,  that  this  rodomontade  has 
lately  publish'd  a  book,  at  his  being  not  long  since  in  France,  to  which 
he  has  procur'd  the  French  Kings  licence,  with  all  the  formalities  of  it, 
which  he  intitles,  "  The  History  of  Mahomet  Bei,  or  John  Michel  de 
Cigala,  Prince  of  the  Imperial  Blood  of  the  Ottomans ;"  to  which  he 
annexes  other  his  dignities,  Bassa  and  Soveraign  Plenipotentiary  of 
Jerusalem,  and  of  the  kingdome  of  Cyprus,  Trebizond,  &c.  Dedicated 
to  the  French  King,  with  a  front  of  Steele*. 

In  this  treatise,  or  rather  romance  of  his  knight-errantry,  he  sums 
up  the  antiquity  of  the  family  of  Cigala,  which  he  extracts  out  of  seve- 
ral grave  and  sober  authors ;  intituling  it  to  most  of  the  royal  houses 
and  crown'd-heads  of  Europe  ;  making  himself  at  last  to  be  descended 
from  Scipio,  son  of  the  famous  Vicount  de  Cigala,  who  was  taken  pri-- 
soner  by  the  Turkes,  anno  1561,  after  that  signal  battel  and  victory  of 
the  great  Andrea  d'Oria.  This  Scipio  being  now  a  captive  with  his 
father,  and  perswaded  to  renounce  the  faith,  was,  as  he  pretends,  ad- 
vanc'd  to  the  dignity  and  charge  of  Grand  Visier,  by  Solyman  tlie 
Magnificent,  under  the  new  name  of  Sinan  Bassa ;  after  that  honour, 
he  was  made  prime  Aga,  or  Generalissimo  of  the  Janizaries ;  then 
Seraschieror  General  of  the  whole  army ;  sometimes  higher,  and  some- 
times lower ;  and  at  last  again  First  Vizier,  and  Second  Bassa  of  the 
Porte,  and  had,  above  all  this,  preferred  to  him  in  marriage  several  great 
ladies,  whom   he  narnes,   and  among   the  rest,  Canou  Salie  Sultana, 

*  Originally  printed  in  12mo,  in  1 668,  viz.  "  Histoire  de  Mahomet  Bei  auiourd'huy  nomin^  lean 
Michel  de  Cigala,  Prince  du  Sang  Imperial  des  Ottomans."  See  Mor6ri,  Dictionnaire  Historique  j 
also,  Les  Impostures  Insignes,  par  1.  B.  de  Roeoles,  12mo,  Amst.  1683,  and  published  in  English 
in  1686,  octavo. 


579 

daughter  of  Sultan  Achmetj  sister  of  Osman,  and  Sultan  Amurad  (wha 
took  Babylon),  and  of  Ibrahim,  father  to  the  Emperour  now  reigning. 

From  this  illustrious  mother  our  Bei  deriving  himself,  he  goes  on  to 
relate  the  story  of  his  princely  education  under  the  Mufti,  and  of  the 
strange  and  prodigious  accidents  that  advanc'd  him  first  to  Tephlici  or 
Vice-roy  of  the  Holy-land,  where  we  have  the  miraculous  dream,  and 
vision,  and  the  assistance  of  the  good  hermite,  and  his  own  Christian 
physitian,  by  which  he  became  converted  to  the  faith,  and  diverted  from 
his  sacrilegious  purpose  of  plundering  thechappel  of  the  Holy  Sepulchre 
in  Jerusalem  of  the  silver  lamps,  and  other  sacred  treasure,  which  h^ 
reports  to  be  there  in  great  abundance ;  but  that  still  dissembling  his 
profession,   he  got  to  be  advanc'd  to  the  government  of  Cyprus,  &c. 
Hene  he  acquaints  the  reader  how  he  came  to  be  made  absolute  com- 
mander of  all  the  forces  design'd  against  Candy;  and  that  being  of  the 
first  who  entred  that  city,  he  privately  heard,  and  assisted  at  mass,  de^ 
liver'd  many  Christian  slaves,  &c.     Hence,  after  two  years  gallantry, 
and  notorious  exploits  (which  no  man  ever  heard  of  but  himself)  the 
succeeding  Emperor  constituted  him  Soveraign  of  Babylon,  Caramania, 
Magnesia,  and  divers  other  ample  territories.     In  his  journey  about 
these  governments  another  miracle  confirms  him  at  Iconium,  by  the 
wonderful  luster  of  an  inclosed  Host,  in  which  a  splendid  child  appear'd 
through  the  chest  or  cabinet  of  a  certain  Christian  woman  that  had 
procur'd  and  lock'd  up  a  consecrated  wafer,  for  fear  of  her  jealous  and 
unbelieving  husband ;  to  this  adding  the  phenomenon  of  no  less  than 
nine  ex^traordinary  and  refulgent  stars,  which  appear'd  for  divers  nights 
over  a  place  where  certain  Christians  had  lately  been  martyr'd.    Coming 
back  from  Iconium  to  Candy  a  second  time,  he  communicates  his  reso-. 
lution  of  openly  declaring  his  conversion,  and  consequently  of  quitting 
his  high  employments  :   but  the  poor  Jesuit  (his  ghostly  father)  unhap-* 
pily  dies  before  it  could  be  accomplished,  and  so,  as  fate  would  have  it, 
does  that  other  intimate  confident  of  his  designs,  Lazaro  Moccenigo, 
the  Venetian  General.     Upon  this  disaster  our  illustrious  Bei  conveys 
himself  again  to  Constantinople,  where  hie  is  made  Vice-roy  of  Trabi- 
sond,  and  Generalissimo  of  the  Black  Sea,  in  order  to  his  purpos'd 
retreat.^     Upon  the  confines  of  this  it  was,  that  he  trusts  a  vast  treasure 


580 

©f  jewels,  &c.  to  a  great  person  whom  he  had  redeemed  out  of  slkvery 
from  the  Tartars,  and  dispatch'd  before  him  into  Moldavia,  which  was 
the  rendezvous,  agreed  upon,  and  where  he  had  appointed  to  meet  him 
upon  the  first  opportunity  of  totally  renouncing  the  Grand  Signiors  ser- 
vice, to  declare  himself  the  Christian,  which  he  had  hitherto  but  dis- 
guised.   Chamonsi  (Tor  so  was  this  confidents  name),  in  stead  of  receiv- 
ing his  friend  and  benefactor,  at  the  place  design'd,  plotted  with  the 
Governour  of  Moldavia  to  have  perfidiously  surpriz'd  and  slain  him; 
but  our  Don  Herchio  Bei^   after  wondrous  proofs  of  his  valour,  and 
giving  death  to  almost  all  that  oppos'd  him,  escapes  their  hands,  though 
extreamly  wounded  :   in  this  plight,  he  meets  with  a  poor  shepherd, 
with  whom  he  changes  his  princely  robes  for  the  shepherds  gray  coat, 
and  travels  on  his  ten-toes  a  tedious  and  unknown  way  for  many  days 
together.     In  this  unfortunate  encounter  it  was  that  he  lost  his  faithful 
counsellour,  another  Jesuite,  and  all  his  glorious  retinue^  who  were 
evei'y  one  of  them  kill'd  upon  the  spot,  save  one  poor  honest  Jew,  and 
in  this  lamentable  condition  came  our  devout  prince  on  foot,  and  in  the 
snow  to  the  Cossaque  army,  then  in  hostility  against  the  Muscovite, 
amongst  whom  he  found  three  souldiers  that  he  had  formerly  freed  froni 
Turkish  captivity.     These  were  the  first  who  made  his  quality  known 
to  their  chief,  by  whom  he  was  civilly  treated,  arid  perswaded  to  honour 
Muscovy  with  his  intended  baptism  :   but  our  prince  designing  from  the 
beginning  to  make  his  solemn  profession  at  Rome,  and  receive   that 
sacrament  from  his  Holiness's  own  hands,  the  captain  beirig,  it  seems, 
a  schismatick,  and  of  another  church,  neglects  and  des^pises  him,  whom 
he  had  hitherto  so  generously  treated.     Upon  this  the  Prince  steals  se- 
cretly away  from  the  Cossaques,  and  by  the  assistance  of  another  vir- 
tuous Jew  (who  likewise  knew  him)  he  at  last  got  safe  into  Poland 
where  the  then  Queen,  Lovize  de  Gonzagues,  hearing  the  report  of  his 
approach,  and  illustrious  quality,   receives  him  (as  himself  relates  it) 
with  infinite  respect;  ^nd,  in  fine,  prevails  with  him  to  honotir  the 
cathedral  of  Warsovia   with  his   baptism,   which  is  perform'd  by  the 
Archbishop  of  the  place,  the  Queen  her  self  standing  at  the  font,  and 
giving  the  name  of  John,  to  our  cousen  gerikian  of  the  Ottoman  Empe- 
rour.     Here  we  have  a  relation  of  the  extraordinary  pomp  of  that  cere- 


581 

laome,  as  well  as  of  that  of  his  confirmation,  which  dignified  him  with 
another  name. 

Taking  now  leave  of  Warsovia,  he  travels  towards  Lauretto  in  pilgf  i- 
mage  to  our  Lady;  fronfv  thence  he  goes  to  Rome;  at  first  incognito, 
making  himself  known  onely  to  his  sanctity,  with  a  brief  recajiitulatlon 
ofiiis  adventures.    This  was  to  Alexander  the  Vllth,  whose  benediction 
receiv'd,  he  returns  into  Poland  again  to  visit  and  pay  his  duty  to  his 
royal  god-mother.     In  this  joutney  he  was.know^n  to  divers  great  per- 
sons travelling  through  Germany,  especially  to  the  famous  N.  Serini  *, 
and  this  being  at  a  time  when  the  Eniperour  was  at  difference  with  the 
Tiirk,  our^Jaero  could  not  but  shew  some   marks  of  his  courage,  and 
affection  to  the  cause  he  had  espoused,  which  he  now  signalizes;  in  not 
onely  ofiering  himself  a  voluntier,  but  by  fighting  hand  to  hand  with 
the  Turkish  General  himself,  whom  he  kill'd  upon  the  spot  before  both 
the  armies,  performing  other  stupendous  lexploits,  which  would  have 
seem'd  incredible  had  not  himself  related  it. 

For  this,  and  other  his  egregious  services,  his  Imperial  Majestie  after 
fi  thousand  caresses  and  presents  of  infitiite  value,  creates  him  Captain 
Gaardian  of  his  artillery^,  and  'tis  a  wonder  how  he  escap'd  the  golden 
fleece.     But  nothing  of  all  this  would  prevail  with  him  to  stay,  longer 
at  Vienna.     For  the  peace  being  now  conclujded,  he  returns  incognito 
to  Lauretto  again,  thence  makes  an  excursion  into  Sicily  to  visit  some 
alliances  and  great  kindred,  which  he  had  living  there.     Excessive  are 
the  complements  and  presents  that  he  received  from  the  great  princes 
of  Germany  and  Italy  in  this  progress.     Arriv'd  in  SicUy,  Don  Pedro 
d'Arragon  receives  and  treats  him  iii  his  palace,  and  the  whole  city  of 
Messina  meet  and  attend  him,  acknowledging  him  of  the  illustriouis 
house  of  the  Cigala's,  fr6m  which  that  Country  had,  it  seems,  received 
many  great  benefits.     From  Sicily  he  passes  through  Calabria  towards 
Rome  again,  visiting  divers  of  his  friends  and  kindred  in  the  way,  and 
arriving  at  Naples  has. done  him  the  same  honors  of.  the  Vice-roy  and 
nobility  there,  and  so  by  sea  inabaJrks  for  Rorne,  into  which  he  now 
makes  his  publike  entry,  and  obtain'd  audience  accordingly  of  Clement 

*  See  Mor^ri,  Diet  Hlstorique,  torn.  IX.  p.  364, 


682 

the  IX*"",  before  whom,  in  a  bravado,  he  draws  and  flourishes  his  dres 
ful  cimeter,  in  token  of  his  defiance  of  the  enemies  of  the  Church-  H« 
it  is  you  have  him  received,  and  presented  by  the  Pope,  the  nephew,  t 
Cardinals,  Ambassadors,  and  in  summe  by  all  the  nobility  of  this  m 
tress  of  the  world  ;  till  resolving  to  bless  France  with  his  present 
touching  a  little  at  Venice  and  Turino,  he  at  last  arrives  at  Paris,  wK« 
he  was  received .  of  that  great  monarch,  who  no  sooner  hears  of  1 
arrival,  but  he  forthwith  commands  the  Duke  of  St.  Agnan,  with  coacl 
and  an  equipage  suitable  to  this  princely  guest,  to  introduce  thisgloric 
Stranger*.  The  King  receives  him  according  ^' to  his  higb  qualify, 
nearly  related  to  his  antient  allie  the  Tut'k ;  and  so  does  Monsieur  t 
Dauphin,  his  Vitesse-royal,  and  all  the  grandees  of  that  Court,  not  f( 
getting  the  Grand  Prior,  and  to  be  sure,  the  Knights  of  Malta,  &c. 
palace  being  assign'd  him,  and  at  last  a  present  made  him,  no  less  th 
two  chains  of  gold  (they  should  have  been  doubtless  something  els 
with  the  King  and  Queens  effigies  medalized,  at  his  taking  leave 
that  kingdom. 

Thus  far  goes  the  printed  relation  of  our  Errant,  I  had  almost  sa 
recreant  Knight,  with  the  elogies  Latine  and  French,  which  prepj 
the  reader  for  the  wonders  and  adventures  of  his  JL*}fe. 

But  now,  if  upori  examination  of  all  this  geer  and  enormous  rha 
sody,  we  take  the  boldness  to  deplume  our  gallant  of  his,  mutuatitic 
and  borrow'd  feathers  ;  and  that  our  Ottoman  Prince,  who  has  brav'd 
so  long,  and  so  successfully  Amongst  the  birds  of  feather,  shall  prove 
last  but  a  jack-daw. 

Spectatum  admissi  risum  teneatisj  amici  ? 

This  Impudent  vagabond  then,  and  pretended  Mahomed  Bei,  that  1 
indeed  abused  the  French  King,  and  believ'd  he  should  have  done  t 
same  to  his  Majestic  of  England,  Is  in  fine  a  native  of  Walachia,  be 
of  Christian  parents  in  the  city  of  Trdgovisti.  They  were  formerly  v< 
opulent  and'well  to  pass,  and  his  father  In  good  esteem  with  the  Prir 
Matthias  Vaivoda  of  Moldavia.  His  father  dying,  our  pretended  Cigi 
was  taken  into  the  service  of  the  Prince,  as  his  father  had  been  befi 
him,  and  sent  in  the  retinue  of  his  resident  to  Constantinople  ab( 
twenty  years  since  5  after  some  time  spent  there,  he  returns  into] 


583 

teountrey,  where  he  grew  intimately  acquainted  with  a  married  priest 
(as  in  that  place  they  are  permitted  to  be),  and  made  love  to  his  wife  ; 
but  the  woman,  the  better  to  colour  and  conceal  the  familiarity  and 
courtship  that  was  between  them,  makes  her  husband  believe  he  had 
a  kindness  for  her  daughter,  and  in  so  honourable  and  decent  a  way, 
that  the  simple  man  believes  her,  and  entertaining  him  more  like  a 
domestique  now  than  a  lover,  suffers  him  even  to  govern  his  little 
family.  But  it  seems  our  rampant  Amoroso  could  not  so  govern  him- 
self, but  the  priest  began  to  suspect  and  discover  his  villany';  for  either 
he  did,  or  would  have  lain  with  both  mother  and  daughter. 

Upon  this  he  is  complained  of  to  the  Vaivoda,  who  sought  all  means 
possible  to  have  apprehended  and  executed  him  according  to  their  law  ; 
and  that  not  only  for  this  his  inhospitable  crime,  but  for  sundry  other 
most  notorious  delicts  and  misdemeanors,  of  which  he  had  been  for- 
merly convicted.  But  it  seems,  having  timely  notice  of  it,  he  gets 
away  again,  to  Constantinople,  where  he  remained  till  the  decease  of 
Prince  Matthias,  after  which  he  came  back  impudently  into  Walachia 
again,  thinking  all  had  been  now  forgotten,  and  that  by  some  address 
or  other  he  might  procure  to  be  receiv'd  amongst  the  great  men  of  his 
countrey ;  but  when  upon  some  attempts  that  he  made,  he  perceived 
they  had  discovered  who  he  was,  and  would  have  laid  hold  on  him, 
and  chastiz'd  him  for  his  former  insolencies ;  to  Constantinople  he 
retires  a  third  time,  where,  despairing  after  awhile  of  his  designs  at 
home,  he  makes  himself  Turk,  and  turns  perfect  renegado. 

Since  these  exploits  he  has  rang'd  from  place  to  place  about  Chris- 
tendom, and  in  countries  where  he  was  wholly  unknown,  with  that 
specious  story,  or  rather  monstrous  imposture,  of  his  being  so  nearly 
related  to  the  present  Grand  Signior,  and  the  dignities'  and  charges  he 
has  quitted  for  the  love  of  Christ ;  by  which  he  has  roam'd  about  the 
world,  been  caress'd  and  really  presented  by  divers  great  persons,  and 
especially  by  the  French  king,  &c.  With  this  confidence  and  expecta- 
tion he  came  lately  into  England,  had  the  fore-head  to  present  him- 
self and  the  legend  of  his  life  to  his  Majestie;  frequented  the  court 
in  his  Ottoman  garb  and  Eastern  mode,  'till  a  person  of  great  quality, 
who  bad  seen  him  the  last  year  at  Vienna  in  Austria  (where  he  durst 


584 

Fetend  to  nothing  of  all  this),  defeated  the  iniposture,  and  a  Persian 
entleman,  lately  a  stranger,  and  by  meer  accident  here  at  that  time, 
)nfirms  this  relation  of  him,  from  whose  mouth  ive  receiVd  it,  to- 
ether  with  this  account  of  the  illustrious  family  of  the  Cicala,'  which, 
ith  a  few  reflections  upon  some  passages  of  the  pamphlet  we  riien- 
on'd  (which  does  abundantly  discover  this  audacious  hypocrite),  shall 
ispatch  this  second  impostor. 

SiNEN  Bassa,  otherwise  called  Cigala,  had  but  two  sons,  grand-* 
lildren  of  Sultan  Soliman.  The  eldest  son  of  Sinen  was  named  Alii, 
le  second  Mahomed.  Alii  deceas'd  after  his  father  Sinen,  a  little 
(ice,  and  the  second  remained  alive.  This  Mahomed  married  the 
3ters  daughter  of  Sultan  Mahomed  about  the  year  of  their  Hegira 
)03,  and  of  our  sera  1594,  of  which  daughter  he  had  born  a  son, 
lied  also  Mahomed,  after  the  name  of  his  father.     Tiiis  youth  was 

a  singular  good  disposition,  ingenious,  and  of  a  sprit-full  wit,  with- 
it  great  ambition,  or  affecting  of  command,  but  addicted  rather  t'b 
e  softer   pleasures   of  life,  and  was  in  sum  me  the  darliiig  both   of 
dtan  Mahomet  and  Achmet,  and  indeed  of  all  that  succeeded  in  the 
apire  to   the   reign    of  Sultan  Mahomed  Han,  the    present    Grand 
gnior,  who  called   him  Giovan  Capuci  Pasha,  a  title  the   Eniperor 
ually  bestows  on   those  who  are   dignified  with  the  office  of '  secret 
irters  of  the  Seraglio,  and  whose  charge  it  is  to  attend  upon  all  extra- 
dinary  occasions,  and  that  are  sometimes  dispatch'd  to  cut  off  the 
:ad  of  a  Visier  or  Bassa,  and  such  signal  executions. 
This  Capuci  Pasha  we  find  afterward   made  general  in  Candia,'and 
'  degrees,  ascended  to  be  Grand  Visier,  but  he  enjoys  not  that  honor 
Qg,  for  he  died  in  that  war  about  fifteen  or  sixteen  years  since. 
This  is  what  we  can  yet  discover  concerning  Sinen,  otherwise  Cigala! 
it  there  is,  indeed,  besides  this,  another  very  noble  fa  rail  v  of  the 
gal^s  about  Scio ;   who  are,  'tis  believed,  a  branch  of  the  race  of  the 
anoveses,  and  who  are  at  present  called  at  Scio,  Cigal  Ogli,  which 
ports  as  much  as  to  say,  as  son  of  Cigali,  or  sons  of  Meni  Pasha 
gala. 

This  Meni  Pasha  had  two  sons  that  arriv'd  both  to  be  Bassas  arid 


585 

3  of  galHes  ;  one  of  which  was  called  Beker  Pasha^  the  other 
Bassa.  Beker  died  some  while  since,  and  Hol'ein  is  yet,  I  sup- 
iving;  it  is  not  to  be  believed  that  our  impostor  Mdhomed 
brother  to  Holein,  as  he  somewhere  boasts  himself,  because  it 
1st  all  appearance  of  truth;  neither  is  it  probable,  that  though 
F  the  Cigali  might  be  merchants,  -  that  therefore  any  of  them 
go  into  Christendom  to  change  their  religion,  and  renounce  a 
ment  so  great  and  glorious,  as  that  of  being  sole  Moderator  of 
ole  Ottoman  empire  (for  to  no  less>does  this  impostor  pretend), 
t  that  ever  we  should  hear  of  it  but  from  his  own  trumpet.  -  If 
ure  may  be  admitted  in  this  case,  how  this  braggadocio  comes 
me  the  name  of  Cigala,  'tis  possible  his  fathers  name  may  be 
:o  have  been  Cigo ;  which  sounding  near  that  of  Cigala',  might 
:!  him' to  usurp  the  title  of  that  illustrious  house.  * 
re  are  innumerable  instances  throughout  his  legend  which  fall 
the  same  suspicion ;  some  whereof  are  notorious  falsities,  divers 
m  incongruous  and  contradictory;  and  if  there  were  no  other 
lat  of  his  egregious  ignorance  in  the  Turkish  language,  (which 
tends  to  be  his  maternal  tongue,  but  blatters  very  iinperfectly,) 
i  his  gross  unskilfulness  in  the  Ottoman  court  and  'Oriental 
it  were  sufficient  to  disabuse  the  world,  and  to  brand  him.  for  a 
Mpudent  impostor.  .      i 

Some  Passages  out  of  his  Book  animadverted. 

e  14.  That  the  Viscount  Cigala  dying  in  Constantinople  in  the 
F  his  captivity,  his  funeral  was  openly  solemniz'd  by  permission 
yman ;  his  corps  publiquely  carried  through  the  town  with  the 
nd  holy  water,  followed  and  accompanied  by  all  the  ambassadors 
istian  Princes  then  at  the  Porte,  and  all  the  religious  orders  of  the 
)  the  church  of  St.  Francis,  where  he  was  interred  according  to 
ms  of  Christian  burial ;  almost  every  particular  of  which  carries  a 
lus  confutation,  as  all  who  understand  any  thing  of  that  time  and 
lo  well  know. 

e  1.     Selim  made  Cipio  Cigala  Visier,  and  second  Bassa  of  the 
Consider  if  this  were  likely,  that  being  a  descent ;  and 

4f 


586 

F-age  21."!  Whether  to  be  Gaptaip  BjSssa  be  a  greater  honor  than  to 
be  Prime  Vizier  ? 

Pagis  45.  Whether  the  Grdad  Sigtiior  uses  to  permit  any  oflScer  to 
suspend  execution^  or  use  ceremony  in  decollation^  when  he  is  the  high^ 
est 'incensed  ? 

Page  58i  Whether  there  be  any  such,  treasures  of  plate,  &c;  and 
other  precious  things  among  the  poor  Friers  >at  the.  Holy.' Sepuldhrei  in 
Jerusalem* 

Page  86s  Whethesr  the  Turks  make  use  ofttay  Christian  physicians  } 
:i  Page  9O4)  Whether f  the  war  with  the  Venetian  was  onely  for  .the 
suj!prisi(Hg  :  of  Ibrahims  eldest 'Son,  by.  the  Knights  of  Malta:^  with  the 
Siiiltana  -hisKmotherj  as  shewent  to>  hayehim  eirouBioised:  at  Mecca.? 
which  we  have  already  confuted. 

Page  112.  'T*s-  to.  be*, considered,  how^timiely  he  makes- hisi  two 
Jesuits  and  Maccenigo  die,  the  cshief  and  onely tacEthentique;  testimonies 
,ef  his  conversion  and  rpreteffldedfea^loits* 

•  Page  150,  ■?  That>  thrisi:  bappcBa  to  be  know«  by  none  «ave.  two  or 
three  poor  slaves,  and  as  many  Je  way -neither  of  which  appear  with  him* 
(.  Page  167<  That  he^i produces  not  his  story  'till  after  the; death  of 
both"tli)B  Qiueen  of  Poland  his  god'-mother,  .and^  I  suppose,. the  Arch- 
bishop too,  who  he  pretends  to  have  baptiz'd  him. 

Page  I67.  The  Captain  Guardianship  of  the  Emperor's  aridUeryj 
is  (as  we  are  informed)  no  more  than  Master  of  the  Carriages;  which 
is  all  he  had  to  produce  here  for  his  gi^hd  diploma-,  without  a  word  of 
any  thing,  elise  to  the  purpose  of  4;he  rest  of  his  high  pretences. ' 


587 


THE 

HISTOR-K   OF   SABATAI  'SEVI, 

THE  PRETENDED  MESSIAH  OF  THE  JEWES,  IN  THE  YEAR  OF  OUR  LORD,  1666. 

THE   THIRD    II^jPQSTOR. 


'.  According  to  the  predactionsof  severai  Ghn«tiaJ:i  writers,  especially  ©f 
;such ;  wkoi  convment  on  the  Apocaly ps,  of  ReVelatioHS j  'this  year  of  1566 
was  to! prove  a  year  of  woiidieTs,'  of  strange  revelutions  in  the  worldj  ^and 
particularly  of. blessing  to  fcbe  Jewess ieitheii?  in  respect  of  th«ir. conversion 
to  the  Christian;  faith,  or  jof  their  restoration  to  their  temporal  ■king'- 
.doXBe ;  ithis  Qpiaian  was  sa^ dilated,. and  fixt-in  thecountreys  of*  the  re-- 
formed religion^aHdin  the  hfia^siof  fanatical  enthusiasts^  whodreanaed 
pf  a  fift  monardhy,  the  idownfall ;  of  ( jthe,  Sope^  i and  Antiohristy  aiwl  the 
greatnesa  of  the  Jewes ;  in  so  much,  that  this  subt-le  people  jimdgedi this 
year  the  time  tor  stir,  and  to  fit  their  motion,' a«cordifflg«  to  the  season' of 
the  modern  prophesies ;>  whereupon.strangei  reports  flew  from. place  to 
place,  of  the  march  ;of  multitudesirf.  people  from-  unknown  p»Tts> into 
the  jremote .  desarts  of  Arabia,  supposed  to  be  the  Ten  Tribes  and  halfe, 
Jipsteifor  so  juanytages.  That  a  ship  was  arrived  in'Jthe  nopfchern* parte 
pf  Scotland  with  hec  sails;  aaad>oewlage  of  silke^  navigsited  by  niprioers 
who:iSpake  nothing  but  Hebrew; 'with  this  motto  on-  their  sails,*  th<e 
Twelve  ;Tribes.  of  Israel.  ; These  reportes  agreeing  thus  'near  to,  for- 
mer predictions,  ipiui  the  wild  sort  of  the  world  into  an  expectation  of 
strange  accidentsjibis  year  should  produce  in  reference  to  the  Jewish 

monarchy. 

:  In  this  majnner  .millions  of  people  were  ipossessed^whenSabataiSevi 
first  appear'd  at  Smyrna,  and  published  himself  to  the  Jewes  for  their 
jVIessiah,  ^elating  the  greatness  of  their  approaching  jkingdome,  the 
strong. hand  whereby. God  was  about  to  deliver  them  ir&m  bondage, 
and-ggther  them  from  all  partes  of  the  world,  It  was  strange  to  see 
hpw  the  fancy  tookj  and  how  fast  the  report  of  ^Sabatai  and  his  doctrine 
fiew^thFOUghall  partes  where  Turkes  and  Jews  inhabited  ;  the  latter  of 
w\mh  were,  so  deeply  pos»essied^witiiiabeliefe.of.  their  newkingdome^ 


588 

and  riches,  and  many  of  them  with  promotion  to  offices  of  government, 
renown,  and  greatness,  that  in  all  parts  from  Constantinople  to  Buda 
(which  it  was  ray  fortune  that  year  to  travel)  I  perceiv'd  a  strange  trans- 
port in  the  Jewes,  none  of  them  attending  to  any  business  unless  to 
winde  up  former  negotiations,  and  to  prepare  themselves  and  families 
for  a  journey  to  Jerusalem.  All  their  discourses,  their  dreames,  and 
disposal  of  their  affaires,  tended  to  no  other  design  but  a  re-establishment 
in  the, land  of  promise,  to  greatness,  glory,  wisdome,  and  doctrine  of  the 
Messiah,  whose  original,  birth,  and  education  are  first  to  be  recounted. 

Sabatai  Sevi  was  son  of  Mordechai  Sevi,  an  inhabitant  and  natural 
of  Smyrna,  who  gained  his  livelihood  by  being- broker  to  an  English 
marchant  in  that  place;  a  person,  who  before  his  death  was  very  decre- 
pit in  his  body,  and  full  of  the  goute,  and  other  infirmities ;  but  his  son j 
Sabatai  Sevi,  addicting  himself  to  study,  became  a  notable  proficient  in 
ihe  Hebrew  and  raetaphysicks,  and  arrived  to  that  point  of  sophistry  in 
divinity  and  metaphysicks,  that  he  vented  a  new  doctrine  in  the  law, 
drawing  to  the  profession  of  it  so  many  disciples  as  raised  one  day  a 
tumult  in  the  synagogue,  for  which  afterwards  he  was  by  a  censure  of 
the  ohochams  (who  are  expounders  of  the  law)  banished  the  city. 

During  the  time  of  his  exile  he  travelled  to.Thessalonica,  now  called 

Salonica,  where  he  iharryed  a  very  handsom'e  woman;  but  either  not 

having  that  part  of  oeconomy  as  to  govern  a  wife,  or  being  impotent 

towards  women,  as  was  pretended,  or  that  she  found  not.  favour  in  his 

eyes,  .she  was  divorc'd  from  him.     Again,  he  took  a  second  wife,  more 

beautiful  than  the  former,  but  the  same  causes  of  discontent  raising  a 

difference  between  them,  he  obtained  another  divorce  from  this  wife 

also.   And  being  now  free  from  the  incumbrances  of  a  family,  his  wan- 

dring  head  mov'd  him  to  travel  through  the  Morea,  thence  to  Tripoli 

in  Syria,  Gaza,  and  Jerusalem ;  and  by  the  way  picked  up  a  Ligerhese 

lady,  whom  he  made  his  third  wife,  the  daughter  of  some  Polonian  or 

German,  her  original  and  parentage  not  being  verv  well  known.     And 

being  now  at  Jerusalem,  he  began  to  reforme  the  law  of  the  Jewes 

and  abolish  the  Fast  of  Tamuz  (which  they  keep  in  the  moneth  of 

June)  ;  and  there  meeting  with  a  certain  Jew  called  Nathan,  a  proper 

instrument  to  promote,  his  design,  he  communicated  to  him  his  condi^ 


589 

,  his  course  of  life,  and  intentions  to  proelaime  himselfe  Messiah  of 
world,  so  long  expected' and  desired  by  the  Jewes.  This  diesigrf 
:  wonderfully  with  Nathan,  and  because  it  was  thought  necessaW, 
>rding  to  Scripture  and  antient  prophesies,  that  Elias  was  to  pre- 
:  the  Messiah,  as  St.  John  Baptist  was  the  fore-runner  of  .Christ, 
han  thought  no  man  so  proper  to  act  the  part  of  the  prophet  as 
self;  and  so  no  sooner  had  Sabatai  declared  himself  the  Messiah,' 
a  Nathan  discovers  himself  to  be  his  prophet,  forbiditig  all  the  fasts 
;he  Jewes  in  Jerusalem,  and  declaring,  that  the  bridegroom  being 
»e,  nothing  but  joy)  and  triumph  ought  to  dwell  in  their  habitatityns, 
ting  to  all  the  assemblies  of  the  Jewes  to  perswade  them  to  the 
le  beliefe. : 

Lnd  now  the  schisme  being  begun,  and  many  Jewes  really  believing 
it  they  so  much  desired,  Nathan  took  the  courage  and  boldness  to 
phesie,  that  one  year  from  the  27th  of  Kislen  (which  is  the  moneth 
Tune)  the  Messiah  shall  appear  before  the  Grand  Signor,  and  take 
n  him  his  crown,. and  lead  him  in  chaines  like  a  captive, 
mbatai  also  at  Gaza  preached  repentHnce  to  the  Jewes,  and  obe- 
nce  to  himself  and  doctrine,  for  that  the  coming  of  the  Messiah  was  at 
id  :  which  novelties  so  affected  the  Jewish  inhabitants  of  those 
tes,  that  jthey  gave  up  themsejves  wholly  to  their  prayers,  almes, 
1  devotions  ;  and  to  confirme  this  beliefe  thei  more,  it  happen'd  that 
the  same  time  that  newes  thereof,  with  all  perticulars,  were  dis- 
ched  from  Gaza,  to  acquaint  the  brethren  in  foreign  partes^  the 
lour  of  the  Messiah,  hath  flown  so  swift,  and  gained  such  reception, 
t  intelligence  came  from  all  partes  and  countreys  where  the  Jewes 
abit,  by  letters  to,  Gaza  and  Jerusalem,  congratulating  the  happiness 
:heir  deliverance,  and  expiration  of  the  time  of  their  servitude,  by  the 
tearance  of  the  Messiah.  To  which  they  adjoyned  other  prophe- 
i  relating  to  that  dominion  the  Messiah  was  to  have  over  all  the 
rid:  that  for  nine  moneths  after  he  was  to  disappeare,  during  which 
e  the  Jewes  were  to  suffer,  and  many  of  them  to  undergoe  martyr- 
n;  but  then,. returning  againy  mounted  on  a  celestial  lyon,  with  his 
lie  made  of  serpents  with  seven  heads,  accompanyed  with  his  bre- 
en  the  Jewes  who  inhabited  on  the  other  side  of  the  river  Sabation, 


■J 

I 


mo 

he  should  be  acknowledged  .for  the  solemotwaKch  of  the  univepse, 
then,  the  Holy  Temple  should  descend  from  Heavien^  akeafdy<  b 
framed,  and  beautlfied^wherein  they  should  offisr  sacrifi<sei  for  ever. 

And  here  I  leave  you  tocoRsider  how  istriangeJy  this  dfeceivedpec 
was.  amttsedy  when  these,  eonfijientaied  vain  xeports  and  dreamer  os^po 
and  kingdom^s  had  wholly  transported  thera;  frotti  the  oEdinafyeoi 
of  their  trade  and  interest. 

This  noise  and  rumour  of  the  Messiah  havingibegura  toifillall  plai 
Sabatai  Sev.i. resolved  to- travel  towards  Smyrna^  the  country  of  his  n 
vity,  and;  thence  to  Constantinople,  :the :  leaipltal  city^wherethe  prii 
pal  work  of  preaching  was  to  have  heen  perfiaEoaed.^' Nathan)  thou 
it  not  fit  to  be  long  after  him,  and  therefore  travels  by  the  wayjof  0 
mascus,  where,  resolving  to  continue)  some. timeifor (better  pro^aga^ 
of  this  new,  doctrine,  in .  the  meane  while  wrJJtes  .^his'  letter  to  Sabi 
Sevi,  as  followetb : 

22.  Kesjianiof'this  yem 

To  the  Kingj,,  our  King,  Jjord  of  our  Lordisii. who  gathers  ihe  i 
perspd  of  Israel,  who  redeems  our  captivity,  the  man  elevated- to 
height  of  all  sublimity,  the  Messiah  of  the  God  of  Jaenb,  the  true  M 
siah,*  the  Coelestial  Lyon,  Sabatai  Sevi,; whose  honour  be iexalted,; 
his  dominion  raised  in  a  short  time,  and  for  ever,  Amen.  ; '.  -After  hav 
kissed  your  hands,  and,  swept  the  dust  frflm  your  feet,  as  my  duty  i: 
the  King  of  Kings,- whose  majesty  be  exalted,  and  his  enupire  enlarg 
these  are  to  make  known  to  the  supreme  iexcellency  of; that/ plaeej  wh 
is  adorned  with  the:  beauty  of  your  sanctity, ithat i the  word  of  the  Ki 
and  of  his  law,  hath  enlightened  our  faces :;  thaticlay.'hajth  ibeen  a  sole 
day  unto  Israel,,  and  a  day  of  light  unto  our  rulers,  for  immediately 
applyed  our  selves  to  performe  your  commands^  as  our  duty  is.  J 
though  we  have:  heard  of  many  strange  things,  yet:  we  are  courag-it 
and  our  heart  is  as  the  heart  of  a  lyon  5  nor  ought  we  to  inquire  «  1 
son  of  your  doings,  for  your  workes:  are  anaTweUousii  and  past  find 
out :  and  we  are  confirmed  in  our  fidelity  without :all  exception,  resi 
irig  up  our  very  souk  for  the  holiness  of  your  name  j  And  now  we 
come  as  fer  as  Damascus,  intending  shortly  to  proceed  in  our  joiir 
to  Scanderone;  according  as  ^jou  have  command^  us ;  that  so  we  r 


591 

vrid  see  the  face  of  Godin-ligkt^  a»  the  light*  of  th€  face  d^f  the 
life:  and  wej-servants  of  your^s^vaatSf  shall  cleanse  the  dost 
ar  feet,  beseeching  the  majesty  of  your  excellency  and  glory  to 
le  from  your  habitation  to  have  a  care  of  us,  and  help  us  with 
i  of  your  right  hand  of  strength^  and  shorten  our  way  which  is 
s  :  and  we  have  our  eyes  towards  Jah,  Jah,  who  will  make 
ielp;US,  and  save  us,  that  the  children  of  iniquity  shall  not  hurt 
towards  whom  our  hearts  paijt,  and  are  consumed  within  us; 
11  give  us  tallons  of  iron  to.be  worthy  to  stand  under  the  shadow 
asse.  These  are  the  words  of  the  servant '.of  yoiir  servants j  who 
^himself  to  be  trod  on  by  the.,soles  of  your  feet, 

Nathan  Benjamine. 

;hat  he  might  publish  this  doctrine  of  himself  and  th&^^s^iah 
linlyj  he  wrote  from  Damascus  this  following  letter  to  the  Jewes 
)o,  and  parts' thereabouts : 

the  residue  or  remnant  of  the  Israelites,  peace  without  end. 

J  my  words  are,  to  give  you  notice,. how  that  I  am  arrived  in 
t  Damascus,  and  behold  I  go  tq  meet,  the  face  of  our  Lord, 
lajesty  be:  exalted ;  .for  he  is.  the  sovereign  of  the  King  of  Kings, 
mpire  be  enlarged.  According  as  he  liath  commanded  us  and 
ribes  to  elect  unto  him  12  men,  so.-have  we  done*  :  and  we  now 
^inderone  by:  iiis  command,<to  shew  our  faceS' together,  with 
the  principal,  of  those  particular  friends,  to  whom  he  bath 'given 
to  assemble  in.  that  same  place.  And  now  I  come  to  make 
into  you,  that  though  you  have  heard  strange  things  of  our 
3t  let  not  your  hearts  faint,  or  fear j  but  rather  forti fie  your  selves 
faith,  because  aUiiis  actionsare  miraculous  and  secret,  which 
ttB^derstanding  cannot  comprehend,  and  who  cannot  penetrate 
h;of  them.  In  a  shonfc.time  all  things  shall  be  manifested  to  you 
n  their  purity ;  and  you ;  shall  know,  and  shall  consider,  and  be 
id.  by  the  inventor  hjmselfji  blessed  is  he  who  can  expect,  and 


*  Subatai-wrote-a  letter  to  elect  one.  man  out  of  everytf'Jbe, 


592 

arrive  to  the  salvation  of  the  true  Messiah,  who  will  speedily  publish 
his  authority  and  empire  over  lis,  now  and  for  ever. 

,  .  Natitan.    ■ 

.    And  now  all  the  cities  of  Turky  where  the  Jewes  inhabited  were  full 
of  the  expectation  of  the  Messiah ;  no  trade  nor  course  of  gaine  was  fol- 
lowed :  every  one  ifnagin'd  that  dayly  provisions;,  riches,  hon outs,  and 
government,,  were  to  descend  upon  them  by  some  unknown  and  mira- 
culous manner;  an^example  of  which  is  most  observable  in  the  Jewes  at 
Thessalonica,  who  now,  full  of  assurance  that  the  restoration  of  their 
kingdome,  arid  the  accomplishment  of  the  time  for  the  coming  of  the 
Messiah  was  at  hand,  judged  themselves  obliged  to  double  their  devo- 
tions, and  purifie  their  conscienciss  from  all  sins  and  enormities  which 
might  be  obvious  to  the  scrutiny  of  him  who  was  now  come  to  pene- 
trate into  the  very  thoughts  and  imaginations  of  mankinde.     In  which 
work  certain  chochams  were  appointed  to  direct  the  people  how  to  regu- 
late their  prayers,  fasts,  and  other  acts  of  devotion.    But  so  forward  was 
every  one  now  in  his  acts  of  penance,  that  they  stay'd  not  for  the  sen- 
tence of  the  chocham,  or  prescription  of  any  rules,  but  apply'd  them- 
selves immediately  to, fasting:  and  some  in  that  manner  beyond  the 
.abilities  of  nature,  that  having  for  the  space  ■  of  seven  dayes  taken  no 
sustenance,  were  famished  to  death.     Others  buried  themselves  in  their 
'gardens/  covering  their  naked  bodies  with  earth,  their  heads  onely  ex- 
cepted, remained  in  their  beds  of  dirt  until  tbeir  bodies  were  stifned 
with  the  cold  and  moisture  :  others  would  endeavour  to  have  melted  Avax 
•dropped  upon  their  shoulders;  others  to  rowle  themselves  in  sriow,  and 
throw  their  bodies  in  the  coldest  season  of  winter  into  the  sea,  or  frozen 
-waters.     But  the  most  common  way  of  mortification  was  fir^t  to  prick 
their  backs  and  sides  with  thornes;?  and  theli  to  give  thbmselves  thirty 
nine  lashes.     All  business  was  laid  aside  ;  none  worked  or  opened  shop, 
unless  to  clear  his.  warehouse  of  merchandize  at  any  price;   who  had 
'Superfluity  in  hoUsehdld-stuffe  sold  it  for  what  be  could,  but  yet  not  to 
Jewes,  for  they  were  interdicted  from  bargaines- or  sales,  on  the  pain  of 
excommunication,  pecuniary  mulcts,  or  corporal  punishments ;  for  all 
business  and  employment  was  esteemed  the  test  and  touchstone  of  their 


593 

feith.  It  being  thq  general  teneiit,  that  in  thedayes  that  the  Messiah 
peares,  the  Jewes  shall; become  masters  of  the  estates  and  inheritanci 
the  infidels,  until  when  they  are  tQ  Content  themselves  with  matters  or 
necessary  to  maijitiain  and  support  life.  But  because  every  one  was 
master  of  so  much, fortune  and  provision  as  to  live  without  dayly  labc 
therefore  to  quiet  the  clataours  of  the  poor,  and  prevent  the  enorm 
lives  of  some  who  upon  these  occasions  vvould  becpme  vagabonds  : 
desert  their,  cities,  due  order  was  taken  to  mate  collections,  which  w 
so  liberally  bestow'd,  that  in  Thessalonica  onely  400  poore  were  si 
ported  by  the  meer  charity  of  the  richer.  And  as  they  indeayour'd 
purge  their  consciences  of  sin,  and  to  apply  themselves  to  good  wort 
that  the  Messiah  might  find  the  city  prepared  for  his  reception; 
least  he  should  accuse  them  of  any  omission  in  the  law,  and  parti( 
larly  in  their  neglect  of  that  antient  precept  of  increase  and  multip 
they  marryed  together  children  of  ten  yeares  of  age,  and  some  und 
without  respect  to  riches  or  poverty,  condition  or  quality ;  but,  bei 
promiscuously  jpyned,  to  the  number  of  6  or  700  couple,  upon  bet 
and  cooler  thoughts,  .after  the  deceipt  of  the  false ^  Messiah  was  dis( 
vered,  or  the  expectation  of  his  coming  grew  cold,  were  divorced,  or 
consent  separated  from  each  other. 

In  the  heat  of  all  this  talk  and  rumour  comes  Sabatai  Sevi  to  Smyri 

the  pity  of  his  nativity,  infinitely  desir'd  there  by  the  common  Jew< 

but  by  the  chpchams,  or  doctors  of  the  law,  who  gave  little  or  no  ci 

dence  to  vyhat  he  pretended,  was  iU  receiv'd,  not  knowing  what  misch 

or  ruine  this  doctrine  and  prophesie  of  a  new  kingdome  might  produ 

Yet  Sabatai  bringing  with  him  testimonials  -of  his  sanctity,  holy  li 

wisdom,  and  gift  of  prophesie,  so  deeply  fixed  himself  in  the  heart 

the  generality,  both  as  being  holy  and  wise,  that  thereupon  he  to 

courage  and  boldness  to  enter  into  dispute  with  the  Grand  Chochs 

(who  is  the  head  and  chief  expositor;  of  the  law,  and  superintendent 

their  will  and  government),  between  whom  the  arguments  grew  so  big 

and  language  so  hot,  that  the  Jewes  who  favoured  the  doctrine  of  Sab 

tai,  and  feared  the  authority  of  the  Chocham,  doubtful  what  might 

the  issue  of  the  contest,  appear'd  in  great  numbers  before  the  Cadi 

Smyrna,  in  justification  of  their  new  prophet,  before  so  much  as  ai 

4  G 


594 

accusation  came  against  him.  The  Cadi,  according  to  the  custom  of 
the  Turkes,  swallows  money  on  both  sides,  and  afterwards  remits  them 
to  the  determination  of  their  own  justice.  In  this  manner  Sabatai 
gaines  ground  dayly;  and  the  Grand  Chocham,  with  his  party,  losing 
both  the  affection  and  obedience  of  his  ^eoplte^  is  displaced  from  his 
office,  and  another  constituted,  more  affectionate  and  agreeable  to  the 
liew  prophet,  whose  power  daily  increased  by  those  confident  reports, 
that  his  enemies  were  struck  with  phrensies  and  madness,  until  being 
restdr'd  to  their  former  temper  and  wits  by  him,  became  his  friends, 
admirers^  and  disciples.  No  invitation  was  now  made  in  Smyrna  by 
the  Jewes,  nor  marriage  or  circumcision  solemnized,  where  Sabatai  was 
not  present,  accompahyed  with  a  multitude  of  his  followers,  and  the 
streets  cover'd  with  carpits  or  fine  cloath  for  him  to  tread  on ;  but  the 
humility  of  this  Pharisee  appeared  such,  that  he  would  stoop  and  turne 
them  aside,  and  so  pass.  And  having  thus  fixed  himself  in  the  opinion 
and  admiration  of  the  people,  he  began  to  take  on  himself  the  title  of 
Messiah,  and  the  Son  of  God;  and  to  make  this  foUovi^ing  decjaration 
to  all  the  nations  of  the  Jewes,  which  being  wrote  originally  in  Hebrew, 
was  translated  for  me  faithfully  into  Italian,  in  this  manner  : 

L'  unico  figliolo,  e  primogenito  d'  Dio,  Sabatai  Sevi,  il  Messiah,  e 
Sedvatore  d'  Israel,  eletti  di  Dio  pace  essendo  che  seta  fatti  degni  di  veder 
quel  grangiorno  della  deliberatione  e  salvatione  d'  Israel,  e  consumma- 
tione  delle  parole  di  Dio,  promessa  per  gli  sur  profeti,  e  padri  nostri,  per 
il  suo  diletto  figlio  d'  Israel,  ogni  vestra  amaritudine  si  converta  in  alle- 
grezza,  e  li  vestri  digjuni  facino  feste,  per  che  non  piangerete,  O  miei 
figliole  d'  Israel  havendovi,  dati  Iddio  la  consolatione  inenarrabile,  feste- 
giate  cbntimpani  e  musiche,  ringratiando  quello  chi  ha  adempitb  il  pro- 
messo  dalli  secoli,  facendo  ogni  giorno  quelle  cose  che  solete  fare  nelle 
callende,  e  quel  gierno  dedicato  all'  afflictione  e  mestitia,  convertite  lo 
in  giorno  giocondo  per  la  mia  comparsa,  e  non  spaventate  niente,  per 
che  haverete  Dominio  sopra  le  genti,  non  solamente  di  quelle,  che  si 
vedodono  in  terra,  ma  quelle  che  sono  in  fondi  del  mare,  il  tutto  pro 
vestra  consolatione  &  allegrez^aii 

Which,  translated  into  English,  runs  thus : 


595 

The  onely  and  firat^born  Son  of  God,  Sabatai  Sevi,  the  Messiah  and 
Saviour  of  Israel,  to  all  the  sons  of  Israel,  peace.  Since  that  you  are  made 
worthy  to  see  that  great  day  of '  deliverance  and  sdlvation  unto  Israel, 
and  accomplishment  of  the  word  of  God,  promised. by  his  prophets,  and 
our  fore-fathers,  and  by  his  beloved  3on  of'  Israel,  let  your  bitter  sor- 
rowes  be  turned  into  joy,  and  your  fasts  into  festivals,  for  you  shall 
weep  no  more,  O  my  sons  of  Israel,  for  God  ha^i^iijg  given  you  this  un- 
speakable comfort,  rejoyce  with  drums,  organs,  and  musick,  giving 
thanks  to  him  for'performing  his  promise  from  aUages;  doing  that  every 
day,  which  is  usual  for  you  to  do  upon  the  new-moons ;  and,  that  day  de- 
dicated to  affliction  and  sorrow  convert  you  into  a  day  of  mirth  for  my 
appearance  j  and  fear  you  nothings  for  you  shall  have  dominion  over 
the  nations^  and  not  onely  over  those  who  are  on  earth,  but  over  those 
creatures  also'  which  are  in  the  depth  of  the  sea.  All  which  is  for  your 
consolation  and  rejoycing. 

Sabatai  Sevi. 

Notwithstanding  the  disciples  of  Sabatai  Sevi  were  not  so  numerous, 
but  many  opposed  his  doctrine,  publiquely  avpuching  that  he  was  an 
imposter  and  deceiver  of  the  people,  amongst  which  was  one  Samuel 
Pennia,  a  man  of  a  good  estate  and  ireputation  in  Smyrna,  who  arguing 
in  the  synagogue  that  the  present  signs  of  the  coming  of  the  Messiah 
were  not  apparent,  either  according  to  Scripture,  or  the  doctrine  of  the 
Rabbins,  raised  sucha  sedition,  and  tumult  among  the  Jews  as  not  onely 
prevailed  against  arguments,  put  had  also  against  his  life,  had  he  not 
timely  conveyed  himself  out  of  the  synagogue,  and  thereby  escaped  the 
hands  of  the  multitude^  who  now  could  more  easily  endure  blasphemy 
against  the  law  of  Moses,  and  the  prophanation  of  the  Sanctuary,  than 
contradiction  or  misbelief  of  the  doctrine  of  Sabatai.  But,  howsoever,  \t 
fell  out,  Pennia  in  a  short  time  becomes  a  convert,  and  preaches  up  Saba- 
tai for  the  Son  of  God  and  deliverer  of  the  Jews:  and  not  onely  he,  but 
his  whole  family;  his  daughters  prophesie,  and  fall  into  strange  extasies; 
and  not  onely  his  house,  but  four  hundred  men  and  women  prophecie  of 
the  growing  kingdom  of  Sabatai ;  and  young  infants,  who  could  scarce 
stammer  out  a  syllable  to  their  mothers,  repeat  and  pronounce  plainly  the 


596 

name  of  Sabatai,  the  Messiah  and  Son  of  God.  For  thus  far  had  God 
permitted  the  devil  to  delude  this  people,  that  their  very  children  were 
fpr  a  time  possessed,  and  voices  heard  to  sound  from  their  stoHiach  and 
intrails.  Those  of  riper  years  fell  first  into  a  trance,  foamed  at  the 
mouth,  and  recounted  the  future  prosperitie  and  deliverance  of  the  Isra- 
elites, their  visions  of  the  Lion  of  Judah,  and  the  triumphs  of  Sabatai, 
all  which  were  certainly  true,  being  eflfects  of  diabolical  delusions,  as 
the  Jews  themselves  since  have  confessed' unto  me.  ' 

With  these  concomitant  accidents  and  successes,  Sabatai  Sevi,  grow- 
ing more  presumptuous,  that  he  might  correspond  with  the  prophesies  of 
greatness  and  dominion  of  the  Messiah,  proceeds  to  an  election  of  those 
princes  which  were  to  govern  the  Israelites  in  their  march  towards  the 
Holy  Land,  and  to  dispense  judgement  and  justice  over  their  restora- 
tion. The  names  of  them  were  these  which  follow,  men  well  known  at 
Smyrna,  who  never  (God  knows)  had  ambition  to  aspire  to  the  title  of 
princes,  until  a  strange  spirit  of  deceit  and  delusion  had  moved  them, 
not  onely  to  hope  it  as  possible  but  to  expect  it  as  certain  : 


Isaac  Silvera,  King  David. 

Saloman  Lagnado,  was  Salomon. 
Salom.Lagnado,jun.  named  Zovah. 

Joseph  Cohen,  Uzziah. 

Moses  Galente,  Josaphat. 

Daniel  Pinto,  Hilkiah. 

Abraham  Scandale,  Jotham. 

Mokiah  Gaspar,  Zedekiah. 

Abraham  Leon,  Achas. 

Ephraim  Arditi,  Joram. 

Salam  Carmona,  Achab. 


Matassia  Aschenesi,  Asa. 
Meir  Alcaira,  Hehoboam. 

Jacob  Loxas,  Ammon. 

Mordecai  Jesserun,  Jehoachim. 
Chaim  Inegna,  Jeroboam. 

Joseph  Scavillo,        Abia. 
Conor  Nehemias,  was  Zarobabel. 
Joseph  del  Calre,  named  Joas. 
Elcukin  Schavit,       Amasia. 
Abraham  Rubio,       Joslah. 

iCing  of  the  King  of  Kings. 


Elias  Sevi  had  the  title  of  the 
Elias  Azar,  his  Vice-king,  or  Vizier, 
Joseph  Sevi,  the  King  of  the  Kings  of  Judah. 
Joseph  lernuch,  his  Vice-king. 

In  this  manner  things  ran  to  a  strange  height  of  madness  amongst 


597 

the  Jews  at  Smyrna,  where  appear'd  such  pageantry  of  greatness^  that 
no  comedy- could  equal  the  mock-shews  they  represented,  aiid  though 
none  durst  openly  profess  any  scruple  or  doubt  of  this  common  receiv'd 
belief,  yet  for  confirmation  of  the  Jews  in  their  faith,  and  astonishment 
pf  the  Gentiles,  it  was  judged  no  less  than  necessary  that  Sabatai  should 
shew,  some  miracles  whereby  to  evince  to  all  the  world  that  he  was  the 
true  Messiah ;  and  as  the  present  occasion  seemed  to  require  an  evi- 
dence infallible  of  this  truth,  so  it  was  daily  expected  by  the  vulgar, 
with  an  impatience  sutable  to  humours  disposed  to  noveltie,  who  out  of 
every  action  and  motion  of  their  prophet  began  to  fancy  something  ex- 
traordinary and  supernatural.     Sabatai  was  now  horribly  puzzled  for  a 
miracle,  though  the  imagination  of  the  people  was  so  vitiated  that  any 
legerdemaine  or  slight  of  hand  would  have  passed  more  easily  with 
them  for  a  wonder  than  Moses  striking  the  rock  for  water,  or  dividing 
the  Red  Sea.  •  And  occasion  happening  that  Sabatai  was,  in  behalf  of 
his  subjects,  to  appear  before  the  Cadi,  or  judge  of  the  citie,  to  demand 
ease   and  relief  of  some  oppressions  which  aggrieved  them,  it  was 
thought  necessary  a  miracle  should  now  be  wrought  or  never ;  when 
Sabatai  appearing  with  a  formal  and  pharisaical  gravitie,  which  he  had 
starcht  on,  some  on  a  sudden  avouched  to  see  a  pillar'  of  fire  between 
him  and  the  Cadi,  which  report  presently  was  heard  through  the  whole 
room,  filled  with  Jews  that  accompanied  Sabatai,  some  of  wht)my  who 
strongly  fancied  it,  vow'd  and  swore  they  saw  it;  others  in  the  outward 
yard,  or  that  could  not  come  near  to  hear  or  see  for  the  crowd,  as 
speedily  took  the  alarm,  and  the  rumour  ran,  and  belief  receiv'd  by  the 
women  and  children  at  home  in  a  moment,  so  that  Sabatai  Sevi  returned 
to  his  house  triumphant,  fixed  in  the  hearts  of  his  people,  who  now 
needed  no  further  miracles  to  confirm  them  in  their  faith.    And  thus  was 
Sabatai  exalted,  when  no  man  was  thought  worthy  of  communication 
who  did  not  believe  him  to  be  the  Messiah:  others  were  called  kophrOn^ 
infidels  or  heretics,  liable  to  the  censure  of  excomnmuication,  with  whom 
it  was  not  lawful  so  much  as  to  eat:  every  man  produc'd  his  treasure,  his 
goldj  and  jewels,  ojBfering  them  at  the  feet  of  Sabatai,  so  that  he  could 
have  commanded  all  the  wealth  of  Smyrna,  but  he  was  too  subtil  to 
accept  their  money, .  least  he  should  render  his  design  suspected  by  any 


598 

act  of  covetousness.     Sabatai  Sevi  having  thu^  fully  fixed  himself  in 
Smyrna,  and  filled  other  places  with  rumors  of  his  fame,  declared  that 
he  was  called  by  God  to  visit  Constantinople,  where  the  greatest  part 
of  his  work  was  to  be  accdmplisht ;  in  order  whereunto  he  privately  ships 
himself,  with  some  few  attendants,  in  a  Turkish'  saick^  "in  the  mbneth  of 
January  1666,  least  the  crowd  of  his  disciples,'  and  such  who  would 
press  to  follow  him,  should  endanger  him  in  the  eyes  of  the  Turks,  who 
already  began  to  be  scandalized  at  the  reports  and  prophecies  concern- 
ing his  person.     But  though  Sabatai  took  few  into  the  vessel"  to  him, 
yet  a  multitude  of  Jews  travell'd  overland  to  meet  him  again  at  Con- 
stantinople, on  whom  all  their  eyes  and  expectations  were  intent.     The 
wind  proving  northernly,  as  comtnonly  it  is  in  the  Hellespont  ajid  Pro- 
pontis,  Sabatai  was  thirty  nine  days  in  his  voyage,  and  yet  the  vessel 
not  arriv'd,  so  little  power  had  this  Messiah  over  the  sea  atid  winds,  in 
which  time  news  being  come  to  Constantinople  that  the  Jews  Messiah 
was  near,  all  that  people  prepared  to  receive  him  with  the  same  joy  and 
impatience  as  was  exprestin  other  parts  where  he  arrived.     The  great 
Vizier  (then  also  at  Gonstantinopley  being  not  yet  departed  on  his 
expedition-  for  Candaa)  having  heard  some  rumors  of  this  man,  and 
the  disorder  and  madness  he  had  raised  amongst  the  Jews,  sent  two 
boats,  whil'stfthe  saick  was  detained  by  contrary  winds,  with  com- 
mands to  bring  him  up  prisoner  to  the  Porte ;  where  accoi:dihgly  Sabatai 
being  come,  was  committed  to  the  most  loathlsom  and  darkest  dungeon 
in  the  town,  there  to  remain  in  farther  expectation  of  the  Viziers- sen- 
tence.    The  Jews  were  not  at  all  discotffaged  at  this  ill  treatment  of 
their  prophet,;  but  rather  confirmed  in  their  belief  of  him,  as  being  the 
accomplishment  of  the  'prophefeie  of  those  things  which  ought  to  pre- 
cede his  glory  and  dominion  ;  which  consideration  induc'd  the  chiefest 
persons  amongst. the  Jews  to  make  their  visits  and  addresses  to  him 
with  the  same  ceremony  dnd  respect  in  the  dungeon  as  they  would  have 
done  had  herthen  satfexalted  oh  the  throne  of  Israel.     Severeil  of  them, 
with  one  Anacago  by  name,  a  man  of  great  esteem  amongst  the  Jews, 
attended  a  whole  day  before  him.  With  their  eyes  cast  down,  their 
bodies  bending  forward,  and  hands  crost' before  them  (which  are  pos- 
tures of  humility  and  service  ita'^the  Eastern  cduntreys),  the  undecency 


599 


of  the  place,  and  present  subjection,  not  having  in  the  least  abated 
their  high  thoughts  and  reverence  towards  his  person.  The  Jews  in 
Constantinople  were  now  become  as  mad  and  distracted  as  they  were  in 
other  places,  all  trade  and  traffique  forbidden^  and  those  who  owed  mo- 
ney in  no  manner  careful  how  to  satisfie  it;  amongst  which  wild  crew 
some  were  indebted  to  our  merchants  at  Galata^  who  not  knowing  the 
way  to  receive  their  money,  partly  for  their  interest,  and  partly  for  curi- 
osity, thought  fit  to  visit  this  Sabatai,  complayning  that  such  particular 
Jews,  upon  his  coming,  took  upon  them  the  boldness  to  defraud  them 
of  their  right,  desired  he  would  be  pleased  to  signifie  to  these  his  sub- 
jects his  pleasure  to  have  satisfaction  given ;  whereupon  Sabatai  with 
much  affectation  took  pen  and  paper,  and  wrote  to  this  effect : 

"  To  you  of  the  nation  of  the  Jews,  who  expect  the  appearance  of  the 
Messiah,  and  the  salvation  of  Israel,  peace  without  end.  Whereas  we 
are  informed  that  you  are  indebted  to  several  of  the  English  nation,  it 
seemeth  right  to  us  to  enorder  you  to  make  satisfaction  to  these  your 
just  debts ;  which  if  you  refuse  to  do,  and  not  obey  us  herein,  know 
you,  that  then  you  are  not  to  enter  with  us  into  our  joys  and  dominions." 

In  this  manner  Sabatai  Sevi  remained  a  prisoner  at  Constantinople 
for  the  space  of  two  moneths ;  at  the  end  of  which,  the  Vizier  having 
designed  his  expedition  for  Candia,  and  considering  the  rumour  and  dis- 
turbance the  presence  of  Sabatai  had  made  already  at  Constantinople, 
thought  it  not  secure  to  suffer  him  to  remain  in  the'  Imperial  citie, 
whil'st  both  the  Grand  Signior  and  himself  were  absent,  and  therefore 
changes  his  prison  to  the  Dardanelli,  otherwise  called  the  Castle  of 
Abydos,  being  on  the  Europe  side  of  the  Helespont,  opposite  to  Sestos, 
places  famous  in  Greek  poetrie.  This  removal  of  Sabatai  from  a  worse 
prison  to  one  of  a  better  air,  confirmed  the  Jews  with  greater  confidence 
of  his  being  the  Messiah,  supposing  that  had  it  been  in  the  power  of 
the  Vizier,  or  other  officers  of  the  Turks,  to  have  destroyed  his  person, 
they  would  never  have  permitted  him  to  have  lived  to  that  time,  in 
regard  th^ir  maximes  enforce  them  tp  quit  all  jealousies  and  suspitions 
of  ruine  to  their  state  by  the  death  of  the  party  fearedj  which  much 


600 

rather  they  ought  to  execute  on  Sabatai,  who  had  not  onely  declared 
himself  the  King  of  Israel,  but  also  published  prophesies  fatal  to  the 
Grand  Signior  and  his  Kingdoms. 

With  this  consideration,  and  others  preceding,  the  Jews  flock  in  great 
numbers  to  the  castle  where  he  was  imprisoned,  not  onely  from  the 
neighbouring  partsi,  but  also  from  Poland,  Germanie,  Legorne,  Venice, 
Amsterdam,  and  other  places  where  the  Jews  reside ;  on  all  whom,  as 
a  reward  of  the  expence  and  labours  of  their  pilgrimage,  Sabatai  be- 
stowed plenty  of  his  benedictions,  promising  increase  of  their  store^  and 
enlargetttent  of  their  possessions  in  the  Holy  Land.     And  so  great  was 
the  confluence  of  the  Jews  to  this  place,  that  the  Turks  thought  it 
requisite  to  make  their  advantage  thereof,  and  so  not  only  raised  the 
price  of  their  provision,  lodgings,  and  other  necessaries,  but  also  denied 
to  admit  any  to  the  presence  of  Sabatai  unless  for  money,  setting  the 
price,  sometimes  at  five,  sometimes  at  ten  doUers,  or  more  or  less,  ac- 
cording as  they  guessed  at  their  abilities  or  zeal  of  the  person,  by  which 
gain  and  advantage  to  the  Turks  no  complaints  or  advices  were  carried 
to  Adrianople,  either  of  the  concourse  of  people,  or  arguments  amongst 
the  Jews  in  that  place,  but  rather  all  civilities  and  libertie  indulged  unto 
them,  which  served  as  a  farther  argument  to  ensnare  this  poor  people 
in  the  belief  of  their  Messiah. 

During  this  time  of  confinement,  Sabatai  had  leisure  to  compose  and 
institute  a  new  method  of  worship  for  the  Jews,  and  principally  the 
manner  of  the  celebration  of  the  day  of  his  nativity,  which  he  prescribed 
in  this  manner:, 

"  Brethren,  and  my  people,  men  of  religion  inhabiting  the  city  of 
Smyrna  the  renowned,  where  live  men,  and  women,  and  families,  peace 
be  unto  you,  from  the  Lord  of  Peace,  and  from  me  his  beloved  Son,  King 
Salomon.  I  command  you  that  the  .  ninth  day  of  the  moneth  of  Ab 
(which  according  to  our  account  answered  that  year  to  the  moneth  of 
June)  next  to  come,  you  make  a  day  of  invitation  and  of  great  joy,  ce- 
lebrating it  with  choice  meats  and  pleasing  drinks,  with  many  candles 
and  lamps,  with  musick  and  songs,  because  it  is  the  day  of  the  birth 
of  Sabatai  Sevi,  the  high  King  above  all  the  Kings  of  the  earth.     And 


601 

as  to  matters  of  labour,  and  other  things  of  like  nature,  do,  as  becomes 
you,  upon  a  day  of  festival,  adorned  with  your  finest  garments.  As  to 
your  prayers,  let  the  same  order  be  used  as  upon  festivals.  To  converse 
with  Christians  on  that  day  is  unlawful,  though  your  discourse  be  of 
matters  indiflferent;  all  labour  is  forbidden,  but  to  sound  instruments  is 
lawful.  This  shall  be  the  method  and  substance  of  your  prayers  on  this 
day  of  festival :  After  you  have  said,  '  Blessed  be  thou,  O  holy  God  ! ' 
then  proceed  arid  say,  '  Thou  hast  chosen  us  before  all  people,  and  hast 
loved  us,  and  hast  been  delighted  with  us,  and  hast  humbled  us  more 
than  all  other  nations,  and  hast  sanctified  us  with  thy  precepts,  and  hast 
brought  us  near  to  thy  service,  and  the  service  of  our  King.  Thy  holy, 
great,  and  terrible  name  thou  hast  published  amongst  us;  and  hast  given 
us,  O  Lord  God,  according  to  thy  love,  time  of  joy,  of  festivals,  and 
times  of  mirth,  and  this  day  of  consolation  for  a  solemn  convocation 
of  holiness,  for  the, birth  of  our  King  the  Messiah,  Sabatai  Sevi,  thy 
servant  and  first-born  son  in  love,  through  whom  we  commemorate  our 
coming  out  of  Egypt. '  And  then  you  shall  read  for  your  lesson  the  1, 
2,  and  3  chapters  of  Deut.  to  the  1/  verse,  appointing  for  the  reading 
thereof  five  men,  in  a  perfect  and  uncorrupted  Bible,  adding  thereunto 
the  Blessings  of  the  morning,  as  are  prescribed  for  days  of  festival ;  and 
for  the  lesson  out  of  the  Prophets  usually  read  in  the  synagogue  every 
Sabbath,  you  shall  read  the  31  chapt.  of  Jeremiah.  To  your  prayer 
called  mussaf  (used  in  the  synagogue  every  Sabbath  and  solemn  festi- 
val) you  shall  adjoyn  that  of  the  present  festival ;  in  stead  of  the  sacri- 
fice of  Addition,  of  the  returning  of  the  Bible  to  its  place,  you  shall 
read  with  an  audible  voice  and  clear  sound,  the  Psalm  95.  And  at  the 
first  Praises  in  the  morning,  after  you  have  sang  Psalm  91,  and  just  be- 
fore you  sing  Psalm  98,  you  shall  repeate  Psalm  132;  but  in  the  last 
verse,  where  it  is  said,  as  for  his  enemies  I  shall  cloath  them  with 
shame,  hut  upon  himself  shall  his  crown  flourish,  in  the  place  of  {upon 
himself)  you  shall  read, upon  the  most  high;  after  which  shall  follow 
the  126  Psalm,  and  then  the  113  to  the  119. 

At  the  consecration  of  the  winp  upon  the  vigil,  or  even,  you  shall 
make  mention  of  the  Feast  of  Consolation,  which  is  the  day  of  the  birth 
of  our  King  the  Messiah,  Sabatai  Sevi,  thy  servant  and  first-born  son, 

4  H 


602 

giving  the  blessing,  as  followeth :  '  Blessed  be  thou,  our  God,  king  of  the 
world,  who  hast  made  us  to  live,  and  hast  maintain'd  us,  and  hast  kept 
us  alive  unto  this  time.'  Upon  the  eve  of  this  day  you  shall  read  also 
the  81  Psalm,  as  also  the  132  and  126  Psalmes,  which  are  appointed 
for  the  morning  praises.  And  this  day  shall  be  unto  you  for  the  remem- 
branee  of  a  solemn  day  unto  eternal  ages,  and  a  perpetual  testimony 
between  me  and  the  sons  of  Israel." 

Audita  audiendo  &  manducate  bonam. 

Besides  which  order  and  method  of  prayers  for  solemnization  of  his 
birth,  he  prescribed  other  rules  for  divine  service,  and  particularly  pub- 
lished the  same  indulgence  and  privilege  to  every  one  who  should  pray 
at  the  tomb  of  his  mother,  as  if  he  had  taken  on  him  a  pilgrimage  to 
pray  and  sacrifice  at  Jerusalem. 

The  devotion  of  the  Jews  toward  this  pretended  Messiah  increased 
still  more  and  more,  so  that  not  onely  the  chief  of  the  city  went  to 
attend  and  proffer  their  service  toward  him  in  the  time  of  his  imprison- 
ment, but  likewise  decked  their  synagogue  with  S.  S.  in  letters  of  gold, 
making  for  him  on  the  wall  a  crown,  in  the  circle  of  which  was  wrote 
the  91  Psalm  at  length,  in  faire  and  legible  characters ;  attributing  the 
same  titles  to  Sabatai,  and  expounding  the  Scriptures  in  the  same  man- 
ner in  favour  of  his  appearance,  as  we  do  of  our  Saviour.     However, 
some  of  the  Jews  remained  in  their  wits  all  this  time,  amongst  which 
was  a  certain  Choqham  at  Smyrna,  one  zealous  of  his  law,  and  of  the 
good  and  safety  of  his  nation :  and  observing  in  what  a  wilde  manner 
the  whole  people  of  the  Jewes  was  transported  with  the  groundless  be- 
Uefe  of  a  Messiah,  leaving  not  onely  their  trade  and  course  of  living, 
but  publishing  prophesies  of  a  speedy  kingdom?,  of  rescue  from  the 
tyranny  of  the  Turk,  and  leading  the  Grand  Signior  himself  captive  in 
chaines ;  matters  so  dangerous  and  obnoxious  to  the  state  wherein  they 
lived,  as  mightjustly  convict  them  of  treason  and  rebellion,  and  leave 
them  to  the  mercy  of  that  justice  which  on  the  least  jealoilsie  and  sus- 
picion of  matters  of  this  nature  used  to  extirpate  families,  and  subvert  the 
martsion-houses  of  th^ir  own  people,  much  rather  of  the  Jewes,  on  whom 
the  Turkes  would  gladly  take  occasion  to  dispoile  them  of  their  estates. 


603 

and  condemn  the  whole  nation  to  perpetual  slavery.  And  indeed  it 
would  have  been  a  greater  wonder  than  ever  Sabatai  shewed,  that  the 
Turkes  took  no  advantaige  from  all  these  extravagances,  to  draine  the 
Jewes  of  a  considerable  sum  of  money,  and  set  their  whole  race  in 
Turkey  at  a  ransome,  had  not  these  passages  yielded  them  matter  of 
pastime,  and  been  the  subject  of  the  Turkes  laughter  and  scorne,  sup- 
posing it  a  disparagement  to  the  greatness  of  the  Ottoman  empire,  to  be 
concerned  for  the  rumours  and  combustions  of  this  dispersed  people. 
With  these  considerations,  this  Cocham,  that  he  might  clear  himself  of 
the  blood  and  guilt  of  his  countrey-men,  and  concern'd  in  the  common 
destruction,  goes  before  the  Cadi,  and  there  protests  against  the  present 
doctrine,  declaring  that  he  liad  no  hand  in  setting  up  of  Sabatai,  but 
was  an  enemy  both  to  him  and  to  his  whole  sect.  This  freedome  of  the 
Cocham  so  enraged  and  scandalized  the  Jewes,  that  they  judged  no 
condemnation  or  punishment  too  severe  against  such  an  offender  and 
blasphemer  of  their  law  and  holiness  of  the  Messiah ;  and  therefore  with 
money  and  presents  to  the  Cadi,  accusing  him  as  disobedient  in  a  capi- 
tal nature  to  their  government,  obtain'd  sentence  agaitist  him,  to  have 
his  beard  shaved,  and  to  be  condemn'd  to  the  gallies.  There  wanted 
nothing  now  to  the  appearance  of  the  Messiah,  and  the  solemnity  of 
his  coming,  but  the  presence  of  Elias,  whom  the  Jews  began  to  expect 
hourely,  and  with  that  attention  and  earnestness,  that  every  dreame  or 
phantasme  to  a  weak  head  was  judged  to  be  Elias,  it  being  taught,  and 
averred,  that  he  was  seen  in  divers  formes  and  shapes,  not  to  be  cer- 
tainly discovered  or  known,  before  the  coming  of  the  Messiah  ;  for  this 
superstition  is  so  far  fixed  amongst  them,  that  generally  in  *heir fami- 
lies they  spread  a  table  for  Elias  the  prophet,  to  which  they  make  an 
invitation  of  poor  people,  leaving  the  chief  place  for  the  Lord  Elias, 
whom  they  believe  to  be  invisibly  present  at  the  entertainment,  and 
there  to  eate  and  drink,  without  diminution  either  of  the  dishes  or  of 
the  cup.  One  person  amongst  the  Jewes  commanded  his  wife,  after  a 
supper  of  this  kind,  to  leave  the  eup  filled  with  wine,  and  the  meat 
standing  all  night,  for  Elias  to  feast  and  rejoyce  alone ;  and  in  the 
morning  arising  early,  affirmed,  that  EHas  took  this  banquet  so  kindly, 
that  in  token  of  gratitude  and  acceptance  he  had  repleni^h'd  the  cup 


.604 

oyle  in  stead  of  wine.  It  is  a  certaine  custome  amongst  the  Jewes 
he  evening  of  the  Sabbath  to  repeat  certain  praises  of  God  (called 
Ula),  which  signifies  a  distinction  or  separation  of  the  Sabbath  from 
prophane  dayes  (as  they  call  them),  which  praises  they  observe  to 
3rme  in  this  manner.  One  takes  a  cup  filled  with  wine,  and  drops 
rough  the  whole  house,  saying,  "  Elias  the  prophet,  Elias  the  pro- 
:,  Elias  the  prophet,  come  quickly  to  us  with  the  Messiah,  the  son 
rod  and  David ;"  and  this  they  affirme"  to  be  so  acceptable  to  Elias, 

he  never  failes  to  preserve  that  family  so  devoted  to  him,  and  aug- 
t  it  with  the  blessings  of  increase.  Many  other  things  the  Jews 
ich  of  Elias,  so  ridiculous  as  are  not  fit  to  be  declar'd,  amongst  which 

one  is  not  far  from  our  purpose ;  that  at  the  circumcision  there  is 
lyes  a  chair  set  for  Elias.  And  Sabatai  Sevi  being  once  invited  at 
rna  to  the  circuincision  of  the  first'-borne  son  of  one  Abraham  Gu- 
,  a  kinsman  of  Sabatai,  and  all  things  ready  for  the»  ceremony, 
itai  Sevi  exhorted  the  parents  of  the  child  to  expect  a  while  until 
farther  order.  After  a  good  halfe  hour,  Sabatai  order'd  them  to 
eed  and'cut  the  prepuce  of  the  child,  which  was  instantly  perform'd 
I  all  joy  and  satisfaction  to  the  parents :  and  being  afterwards  de- 
ded  the  reason  why  he  retarded  the  performance  of  that  function, 
inswer  was,  that  Elias  had  not  as  yet  taken  his  seat,  whom,  as  soon 
e  saw  placed,  lie  ordered  them  to  proceed ;  and  that  now  shortly 
s  would  discover  himself  openly,  and  proclaime  the  news  of  the 
;ral  redemption.  -; 

his  being  the  common  opinion  amongst  the  Jevves,  and  that  Sabatai 

was  the  Messiah,  being  become  an  article  of  faith,  it  was  nbt  hard 
erswade  them,  that  Elias  was  cpme  already,  that  they  met  him  in 
r  dishes,  in  the  darke,  in  their  bed-chambers,  or  any  where  else  in- 
ile,  in  thfe  same  manner  as  our  common' people  in  England  believe 
lobgbblins  and  fairies.  For  so  it  was,  when  Solomon  Cremona,  an 
ibitant  of  Sinyr'na,  making  a  great  feast,  to  which  the  principal 
s  of  the  city  were  invited,  after  they  had  eaten  and  drank  freely,  one 
lem  starts  from  his  seat,' and  avouches  that  he  saw  Elias  upon  the 
,  and  with  that  bowes  to  him,  and  complements  him  with  allreve- 
e  and  humility.     Some  others  having  in  like  manner  their  fancies 


605 

prepossessed,  and  their  eyes  with  the  fume  of  wine  ill  prepared  to  di 

tinguish  shadowes,  immediately  agreed  upon  the  object,  and  then  the 

was  not  one  in  the  company  who  would  say  he  did  not  see  him  : 

which  surprize  every  one  was  struck  with  reverence  and  awe  ;  and  tl 

most  eloquent  amongst  them,  having  their  tongues  loosed  with  joy  ai 

wine,  directed  orations,  encomiums,  and  acts  of  thankfulness  to  EHe 

courting  and  complimenting  him  as  distracted  lovers  doe  thfe  suppos 

presence  of  their  mistresses.     Another  Jew  at  Constantinople  report€ 

that  he  met  EHas  in  the  streets,  habited  likeaTurke,  with  whom  he  h 

a  long  communication,  and  that  he  enjoyn'd  the  observation  of  many  ne 

lected  ceremonies,  and  particularly  the  Zezlt  (Numb.  15,  v.  38):  "Spe 

unto  the  children  of  Israel,  and  bid  them  that  they  ra&kQ  fringes  in  t 

borders  of  their  garments  throughout  their  generation,  and  that  they  p 

upon  the  fringe  of  the  border  a  ribbon  of  blue."  Also  the  Peos  (Levit.  1 

V.  27) :  "Ye  shall  not  round  the  corners  of  your  heads,  neither  shalt  th 

marr  the  corners  of  thy  beard."  This  apparition  of  Elias  being  believed 

soon  as  published,  every  one  began  to  obey  the  vision,  by  fringing  thi 

garments;  and  for  their  heads,  though  alwayes  shaved,  according  to  t 

Turkish  and  Eastern  fashion,  and  that  the  suffering  hair  to  grow,  to  m 

not  accustomed,  was  heavy,  and  incommodious  to  the  healths  and  head 

yet  to  begin  again  to  renew,  as  far  as  was  possible,  the  antient  ceretr 

nies,  every  one  nourished  a  lock  of  hair  on  each  side,  which  might 

visible  beneath  their  caps :  which  soon  after  began  to  be  a  sign  of  d 

tinction  between  the  believers  and  Jcophrims,  a  name  of  dishonour,  si 

jiifying  as  much  as  unbelievers  or  hereticks,  given  to  those  who  co 

fessed  not  Sabatai  to  be  the  Messiah;  which  particulars,  if  not  observe 

it  was  declared,  as  a  menace  of  Elias,  that  the  people  of  the  Jewes  w 

come  from  the  river  Euphrates,  as  is  specified  in  the  second  book  of  Esdr: 

chap.  13,  shall  take  vengeance  of  those  who  are  guilty  of  these  omissioi 

But  to  return  again  -to  Sabatai  Sevi  himself,  we  find  him  still  remai 

ing  a  prisoner  in  the  Castle  of  Abydos  upon  the  Hellespont,  admii 

and  ador'd  by  his  brethren  with  more  honour  then  before,  and  visit 

by  pilgrimes  from  all  parts  where  the  fame  of  the  coming  of  the  Mt 

siah  had  arriv'd ;  amongst  which  one  from  Poland,  named  Nehemi 

Cohen,  was  of  special  note  and  renown,  learned  in  the  Hebrew,  Syriac 


and  ChaWee,  and  versed  in  the  doctrine  and  Ara&qZa  of  the  rabines  as 
welias  Sabatai  himself,  one  of  whom  it  was  said,  had  not  this  Sevi  anti- 
cipated the  design,  esteemed  himself  as  able  a  fellow  to  act  the  part  of 
a  Messiah  as  the  other :  howsoever,  it  being  now  toolate  to  publish  any 
su(>h  pretence,  Sabatai  having  now  eleven  points  of  the  law  by  posses- 
sion of  the  office,  and  with  that  the  hearts  and  belief  of  the  Jewes, 
N&hemiah  was  contented  with  some  small  appendage,  or  relation  to  the 
Messiah ;  and  therefore,  to  lay  his  design  the  better,  desired  a  private 
conference  with  Sabatai.  These  two  great  Rabines  being  together,  a 
hot  dispute  arose  between  them ;  for  Cohen  alledged  that  according  to 
Scripture,  and  exposition  of  the  learned  thereupon,  there  were  to  be  two 
Messiahs,  one  called  Ben  Ephraim,  and  the  other  Ben  David  :  the  first 
was  to  be  a  preacher  of  the  law,  poor  and  despised,  and  a  servant  of  the 
secpjid,.  and  his  fore-runner;  the  other  was  to  be  great  and  rich,  to  re- 
store the  Jewes  to  Jerusalem,  to  sit  upon  the  throne  of  David,  and  to 
performe  and  act  all  those  triumphs  and  conquests  which  were  expected 
froin  Sabatai,  Nehemiah  was  contented  tobe  Ben  Ephraim,  the  afflicted 
and  poor  Messiah  ;  and  Sabatai  (for  any  thing  I  hear)  was  well  enough 
contented  he  should  be  so  :  but  that  Nehemiah  accused  him  for  being 
too  forward  in  publishing  himself  the  latter  Messiah,  before  Ben 
Ephraim  had  first  been  known  unto  the  world.  Sabatai  took  this  re- 
prehension, so  ill,  either  out  of  pride,  and  thoughts  of  his  own  infallibi- 
lity, or  that  he  suspected  Nehemiah,  being  once  admitted  for  Ben 
Ephraim,  would  quickly  (being  a  subtile  and  learned  person)  perswade 
the  world  that  he  was  Ben  David,  would  by  no  means  understand  or 
admit  of  this  doctrine,  or  of  Ben  Ephraim  for  a  iiecessary  officer  :  and 
thereupon  the  dispute  grew  so  hot,  and  the.  controversie  so  irreconcile- 
able,  as  \yas  taken  notice  of  by  the  Jewes,  and  controverted  amongst 
them,  as  every,  one  fancy'd  :  but  Sabatai  being  of  greater  authority,  his 
sentence  prevall'd,  and  Nehemiah  was  rejected  as  schismatical,  and  an 
enemy  tp  the  Messiah,  which  afterward  proved  the  ruine  and  downfal 
of  this  impostor. 

For  Nehemiah  being  thus  baffled,  and  being  a  person  of  authority, 
and  a  haughty  spirit,  meditated  nothing  but  revenge  ;  to  execute  which 
to  the  full,  he  takes  a  journey  to  Adrianople,  and  there  informes  the 


607 

chief  ministers  of  state  and  officers  of  the  courts  who  (by  reason  of  the 
gain  the  Turks  made  of  their  prisoner  at  the  castle  on  the  Hellespont) 
heard  nothing  of  all  this  concourse  of  people,  and  prophesies  of  the  re- 
volt (^  the  Jews  from  their  obedience  to  the  Grand  Signior;  and  taking 
likewise  to  his  counsel  some  certain  discontented  and  unbelieving  Cho- 
chams,  who  being  zealous  for  their  nation,  and  jealous  of  the  ill- con- 
sequences of  this  long-continued  and  increasing  madness,  took  liberty 
to  inforrae  the  Chimacham  (who  was  deputy  of  the  Great  Vizier  then  at 
Candia)  that  the  Jew,  prisoner  at  the  castle,  called  Sabatai  Sevi,  was  a 
Jewd  person,  and  one  who  endeavoured  to  debauch  the  mindes  of  the 
Jewes,  and  divert  them  from  their  honest  course  of  livelihood  and  obe- 
dience to  the  Grand  Signior ;  and  that  therefore  it  was  necessary  to 
dear  the  world  of  so  dangerous  and  factious  a  spirit.  The  Chimacham, 
being  thus  informed,,  could  do  no  less  then  acquaint  the  Grand  Signior 
with  all  the  particulars  of  this  man's  condition,  course  of  life,  and  doc- 
trine ;  which  were  no  sooner  understood,. but  a  Chiaux,  or  messenger, 
was  immediately  dispatched  to  bring  up  Sabatai  Sevi  to  Adrianople. 
The  Chiaux  executed  this  commission  after  the  Turkish  fashion  in  haste, 
and  brought  Sabatai  in  a  few  days  to  Adrianople,  without  further  ex- 
cuse or  ceremony  ;  not  affording  him  an  hours  space  to  take  a  solemn 
farewell  of  his  friends,  his  followers  and  adorerSj  who  now  were  come  to 
the  vertical  point  of  all  their  hopes  and  expectations. 

The  Grand  Signior  having  by  this  time  received  divers  informations 
of  the  madness  of  the  Jews,  and  the  pretences  of  Sabatai,  grew  big  \vith 
desire  and  expectation  to  see  him;  so  that  he  no  sooner  arriv'd  at  Adria- 
nople, but  the  same  hour  he  was  brought  before  the  Grand  Sigiiior. 
Sabatai  appeared  much  dejected,  and  failing  of  that  courage  which  he 
shewed  in  the  synagogue,  and  being  demanded  several  questions  in 
Turkish  by  the  Grand  Signior,  he  would  not  trust  so  farr  to  the  vertue 
of  his  Messiahship  as  to  deliver  himself  in  the  Turkish  language,  but 
desired  a  doctor  of  physick  (who  had  from  a  Jew  turned  Turk)  to  be 
his  interpreter,  which  was  granted  to  him,  but  not  without  reflection  of 
the  standers  by,  that  had  he  been  the  Messiah  and  Son  of  God,  as  he 
fornjerly  pretended,  his  tongue  would  have  flown  with  varietie  as  well 
as  with  the  perfection  of  languages!     But  the  Grand  Signior  would  not 


608 

be  put  off  without  a  miracle,  and  it  must  be  one  of  his  own  choice, 

which  was,  that  Sabatai  should  be  stript  naked,  and  set  as  a  mark  to  his 

dexterous  archers;  if  the  arrows  passed  not  his  body,  but  that  his  flesh 

and  skin  was  proof  like  armour,  then  he  would  believe  him  to  be  the 

Messiah,  and  the  person  whom  God  had  design'd  to  those  dominions 

and  greatnesses   he   pretended.      But  now  Sabatai,  not  having  faith 

enough  to  stand  to  so  sharp  a  trial,  renounced  all  his  title  to  kingdoms 

and  governments,  alledging  that  he  was  an  ordinary  Chocham,  and  a 

poor  Jew,  as  others  were,  and  had  nothing  of  priviledge  or  vertue  above 

the  rest.     The  Grand  Slgnlor,  notwithstanding,  not  wholly  satisfied 

with  this  plain  confession,  declared,  that  having  given  publlque  scandal 

to  the  professors  of  the  Mahometan  religion,  and  done  dishonour  to  his 

soveraign  authoritie,  by  pretending  to  draw  such  a  considerable  portion 

from  him  as  the  Land  of  Palestine  ;  his  treason  and  crime  was  not  to  be 

expiated  by  any  other  means  then  by  a  conversion  to  the  Mahometan 

faith,  which  if  he  refus'd  to  do,  the  stake  was  ready  at  the  gate  of  the 

seraglio  to  empale  him.     Sabatai  being  now  reduced  to  extremltie  of  his 

latter  game,  not  being  the  least  doubtful  what  to  do  (for  to  die  for 

what  he  was  assured  was  false  was  against  nature,  and  the  death  of  a 

ipad  man),  replyed  with  much  chearfulness,  that  he  was  contented  to 

turn  Turk,  and  that  It  was  not  of  force,   but  of  choice,  having  been  a 

long  time  desirous  of  so  glorious  a  profession ;   he   esteemed   himself 

much  honoured  that  he  had  opportunity  to  own  it  first  in  the  presence 

of  the  Grand  Slgnlor.     And  here  was  the  non  plus  ultra  of  all  the 

bluster  and  noise  of  this  vain  impostor.     And  now  the  reader  may  be 

pleased  to  pause  a  while,  and  contemplate  the  strange  point  of  conster- 

*natlon,  shame,  and  silence  to  which  the  Jews  were  reduc't,  when  they 

understood  how  speedily  their  hopes  were  vanished,  and  how  poorly  and 

ignomlnlously  all  their  fancies  and  promises  of  a  new  kingdom,  their 

pageantry,  and  offices  of  devotion,  were  past  like  a  tale,  or  a  midnights 

dream.     And  all  this  was  concluded,  and  the  Jews  sunk  on  a  sudden, 

and  fallen  flat  In  their  hopes,  without  so  much  as  a  line  of  comfort  or 

excuse  from  Sabatai,  more  than  in  general  to  all  the  brethren,  that  now 

they  should  apply  themselves  to  their  callings  and  services  of  God,  as 

formerly,  for  that  matters  relating  unto  him  were  finished,  and  the  sen- 


609 

tence  past.  The  news  that  Sabatai  was  turned  Turk,  and  the  Messiah 
to  a  Mahumetan,  quickly  filled  all  parts  of  Turkey.  The  Jews  were 
strangely  surprised  at  it,  and  ashamed  of  their  easie  belief,  of  the  argu-. 
ments  with  which  they  had  persuaded  one  the  other,  and  of  the  prose- 
lytes they  had  made  in  their  own  families.  Abroad  they  became  the 
common  derision  of  the  towns  where  they  inhabited  :  the  boys  houted 
after  them,  coyning  a  new  word  at  Smyrna  (^poAftai)  which  every  one 
seeing  a  Jew,  with  a  finger  pointed  out,  would  pronounce  with  scorn 
and  contempt;  so  that  this  deceived  people  for  a  long  time  after  remained 
with  confusion,  silence,  and  dejection  of  spirit.  And  yet  most  of  them 
affirm  that  Sabatai  is  not  turned  Turk,  but  his  shadow  onejy  remains 
on  earth,  and  walks  with  a  white  head,  and  in  the  habit  of  a  Mahome- 
tan ;  but  that  his  natural  body  and  soul  are  taken  into  Heaven,  there  to 
reside  until  the  time  appointed  for  accomplishment  of  these  wonders. 
And  this  opinion  began  so  commonly  to  take  place,  as  if  this  people 
resolved  never  to  be  undeceived,  using  the  forms  and  rules  for  devotion 
prescribed  them  by  their  Mahumetan  Messiah  ;  insomuch,  that  the 
Chocharos  of  Constantinople,  fearing  the  danger  of  this  error  might 
creep  up,  and  equal  the  former,  condemned  the  belief  of  Sabatai  being 
Messiah  as  damnable,  and  enjoyned  them  to  return  to  the  antient  me- 
thod and  service  of  God  upon  pain  of  excommunication.  The  style  and 
tenor  of  them  was  as  followeth  : 

To  you  who  have  the  power  of  priesthood,  and  are  the  knowing,  learned, 
and  magnanimous  Governours  and  Princes,  residing  in  the  citie  of 
Smyrna,  may  the  Almighty  God  protect  you.  Amen  :  for  so  is  his  will. 

These  our  letters,  which  we  send  in  the  midst  of  your  habitations, 
are  upon  occasion  of  certain  rumors  and  tumults  come  to  our  ears  from 
that  citie  of  your  holiness.  For  there  is  a  sort  of  men  amongst  you  who 
fortifie  themselves  in  their  error,  and  say,  let  such  a  one,  our  King, 
live,  and  bless  him  in  their  publique  synagogue  every  Sabbath  day ; 
and  also  adjoyn  psalms  and  hymns  invented  by  that  man  for  certain 
days,  with  rules  and  methods  for  prayer,  which  ought  not  to  be  done, 
and  yet  they  will  still  remain  obstinate  therein ;  and  now  behold  it  is 

4i 


610 

known  unto  you,  how  many  swelling  waters  have  passed  over  our  souls 
for  his  sake,  for  had  it  not  been  for  the  mercies  of  God,  which  are  with- 
out end,  and  the  merit  of  our  forefathers,  which  hath  assisted  us,  the 
foot  of  Israel*  had  been  razed  out  by  their  enemies.  And  yet  you 
continue  obstinate  in  things  which  do  not  help,  but  rather  do  mischief, 
which  God  avert.  Turn  you  therefore,  for  this  is  not  the  true  way,  but 
restore  the  crown  to  the  antient  custom  and  use  of  your  forefathers,  and 
the  law,  and  from  thence  do  not  move.  We  command  you,  that  with 
your  authoritie,  under  pain  of  excommunication,  and  other  penalties, 
that  all  those  ordinances  and  prayers,  as  well  those  delivered  by  the 
mouth  of  that  man,  as  those  which  he  enjoyned  by  the  mouth  of  others, 
be  all  abolished  and  made  void,  and  to  be  found  no  more,  and  that  they 
never  enter  more  into  your  hearts,  but  judge  according  to  the  antient 
commandment  of  your  forefathers,  repeating  the  same  lessons  and 
prayers  every  Sabbath  as  hath  been  accustomary,  as  also  collects  for 
kings,  potentates,  and  anointed,  &c. ;  and  jjless  the  King,  Sultan  Ma- 
homet, for  in  his  days  hath  great  salvation  been  wrought  for  Israel, 
and  become  not  rebels  to  his  kingdom,  which  God  forbid.  For  after 
all  this,  which  is  past,  the  least  motion  will  be  a  cause  pf  jealousie,  and 
you  will  bring  ruine  upon  your  own  persons,  and  upon  all  which  is  near 
and  dear  to  you,  wherefore  abstain  from  the  thoughts  of  this  man,  and 
let  not  so  much  as  his  name  proceed  out  of  your  mouths.  For  know, 
if  you  will  not  obey  us  herein,  which  will  be  known  who  and  what  those 
men  are  vyho  refuse  to  conform  unto  us,  we  are  resolved  to  prosecute 
them,  as  our  duty  is.  He  that  doth  hear,  and  obey  us,  may  the  blessing 
of  God  rest  upon  him.  These  are  the  words  of  those  who  seek  your 
peace  and  good,  having  in  Constantinople,  on  Sunday  the  fifth  of  the 
moneth  Sevat,  underwrote  their  names. 

JoAM  ToB,  son  of  Chananiah  Ben  Jacar. 

Isaac  Alnacagna.  Eliezer  Castie. 

Joseph  Kazabi.  Eliezer  Gherson. 

Manasseh  Barneo.         Joseph  Accohen. 

Kalib,  son  of  Samuel.      Eliezer  Alupf, 


*  The"  Jews  scruple  to  say,  the  head  of  Israel. 


611 

During  the  time  of  all  these^transactions  and  passages  at  Constanti- 
nople,  Smyrna,   Abydos,   iipon  the  Hellespont,  and  Adrianople,  the 
Jews  leaving  their  merchantlie  course,  and  advices,  what  prizes  com- 
modities bear  and  matters  of  traffique,  stuffed  their  letters  for  Italy 
and  other  parts,  with  nothing  hut  wonders  and  miracles  wrought  by 
their  false  Messiah  :  as  that  when  the   Grand  Signior  sent  to  take 
him,  he  caused  all  the  messengers  immediately  to  die;  upon  which 
other  Janizaries  being   again   sent,    they  all  fell   dead  with  a  word 
only  from  his  mouth;    and   being  desir'd  to  revive   them   again,  he 
immediately  recall'd  them  to  life,  but  of  them  only  such  who  were 
true  Turks,  and  not  those  who  had  denied  that  faith  iri  which  they 
were  born  and  had  profest.     After    this  they  added,   that   he   went 
voluntarily  to  prison,  and  though  the  gates  were  barr'd  and  shut  with 
strong  locks  of  iron,  yet  that  Sabatai  was  seen  to  walk  through  the 
streets  with  a  numerous  attendance,  and  when  they  laid  shades  on  his 
neck  and  feet,  they  not  onely  fell  from  him,  but  were  converted  into 
gold,  with  which  he  gratified  his  true  and  faithful  believers  and  disci- 
ples.    Some  miracles  also  were  reported  of  Nathan,  that  bnely  at  read- 
ing the  name  of  any  particular  man  or  woman,  he  would  immediately 
recount  the  story  of  his  or  her  life,  their  sins  or  defaults,  and  accord- 
ingly impose  just  correction   and    penance  for  them.      These   strong 
reports  coming  thus  confidently  into  Italy  and  all  parts,  the  Jews  of 
Casel  di  Monferrato  resolved  to  send  three  persons  in  behalf  of  their 
society,  in  the  nature  of  extraordinary  legates,  to  Smyrna,  to  make 
inquiry  after  the  truth  of  all  these  rumours,  who  accordingly  arriving  in 
Smyrna,  full  of  expectation  and  hopes,  intending  to  present  themselves 
with  great  humility  and  submission  before  the  Messiah  and  his  prophet 
Nathan,  were  entertain'd  with  the  sad  news  that  Sabatai  was  turned 
Turk,  by  which  information  the  character  of  their  embassy  in  a  manner 
ceasing;  every  one  of  them  laying  aside  the  formalities  of  his  function,  en* 
deavoured  to  lodge  himself  best  to  his  own  convenience.     But  that  they 
might  return  to  their  brethren  at  home,  with  the  certain  particulars  bf 
the  success  of  the  affairs,  they  made  a  visit  to  the  brother  of  Sabatai, 
who  still  continued  to  perswade  them  that  Sabatai  was  notwithstanding 
the  true  Messiah ;  that  it  was  not  he  who  had  taken  on  him  the  habit 


612 

aild  form  of  a  Turk,  but  his  angel  or  spirit,  his  body  being  ascended 
into  Heaven,  until  Gpd  shall  again  see  the  season  and  time  to  restore  it, 
adding  further,  that  an  effect  hereof  they  should  see  by  the  prophet  Na- 
than certified,  now  every  day  expected,  who,  having  wrought  miracles  in 
many  places,  would  also  for  their  consolation  reveal  hidden  secrets  unto 
them,  with  which  they  should  not  onely  remain  satisfied  but  astonished. 
With  this  onely  hope  of  Nathan,  these  legates  were  a  little  comforted, 
resolving  to  attend  his  arrival,  in  regard  they  had  a  letter  to  consign 
into  his  hands,  and,  according  to  their  instructions,  were  to  demand  of 
him  the  grounds  he  had  for  his  prophesies,  and  what  assurance  he  had 
that  he  was  divinely  inspir'd,  and  how  these  things  were  reveal'd  unto 
him  which  he  had  committed  to  paper,  and  dispersed  to  all  parts  of 
the  world.    At  length  Nathan  arrives  near  Smyrna,  on  Friday  the  third 
of  March,  towards  the  evening,  and  on  Sunday  these  legates  made 
their  visit  to  him.     But  Nathan,  upon  news  of  the  success  of  his  be- 
loved Messiah,  began  to  grow  sullen  and  reserved,  so  that  the  legates 
could  scarce  procure  admittance  to  him  ;  all  that  they  could  do  was  to 
inform  him,  that  they  had  a  letter  to  him  from  the  brother-hood  of 
Italy,  and  commission  to  conferr  with  him  concerning  the  foundation 
and  authority  he  had  for  his  prophesies;  but  Nathan  refused  to  take  the 
letter,  ordering  Kain  Abolafio,  a  Chocham  of  the  city  of  Smyrna,  to 
receive  it;  so  that  the  legates  returned  ill  contented,  but  yet  with  hopes 
of  Nathan's  arrival  at  Smyrna  to  receive  better; satisfaction.  .     . 

But  whir st  Nathan  intended  to  enter  into  Smyrna,  the  Chochams  of 
Constantinople,  being  before  advised  of  his  resolution  to  take. a  journey 
into  their  parts,  not  knowing  by  which  way  he  .might  come,  sent  their 
letters  and  orders  to  Smyrna,  Prussia,  and  every  way  round,  to  hinder 
his  passage,  and  interrupt  his  journey,  fearing  that  things  beginning 
now  to  compose,  the  Turks  appeas'd  for  the  former  disorders,  and  the 
minds  of  the  Jews  in  some  manner  settled,  might  be  moved,  and  com- 
bustions burst  out  afresh  by  the  appearance  of  this  new  impostor,  and 
therefore  dispatched  this  letter  as  followeth  : 


613 

To  you  who  are  the  shepherds  of  Israel,  and  rulers,  who  reside  for  the 
great  God  of  the  whole  world  in  the  city  of  Smyrna,  which  is  mother 
in  Israel,  to  her  princes,  her  priests,  her  judges,  and  especially  to  the 
perfect  wise  men,  and  of  great  experience,  may  the  Lord  God  cause 
you  to  live  before  him,  and  delight  in  the  multitude  of  peace,  Ame|i ; 
so  be  the  will  of  the  Lord. 


These  our  letters  are  dispatched  unto  you,  to  let  you  understand,  that 
in  the  place  of  your  holiness  we  have  heard  that  the  learned  man  which 
was  in  Gaza,  called  Nathan  Benjamin,  hath  published  vaine  doctrines, 
and  made  the  world  tremble  at  his  words  and  inventions ;  and  that  at 
this  time  we  have  receiv'd  advice,  that  this  man  some  dayes  since  de- 
parted from  Gaza,  and  took  his  journey  by  the  way  of  Scanderone, 
intending  there  to  imbarke  for  Smyrna,  and  thence  to  go  to  Constanti- 
nople or  Adrianople  :  and  though  it  seem  a  strange  thing  unto  us,  that 
any  man  should  have  a  desire  to  throw  himself  into  a  place  of  flames 
and  fire,  and  into  the  sparkes  of  hell,  notwithstanding  we  ought  to 
fear  and  suspect  it,  fw  ihefeehof  man  dlwayes  guide  him  to  the  ivorst : 
wherefore  we  under-written  do  advertise  you,  that  this  man  coming 
within  the  compass  of  your  jurisdiction,  you  give  a  stop  to  his  journey, 
and  not  suffer  him  to  proceed  farther,  but  presently  to  return  back.  For 
-We  would  have  you  know,  that  at  his  coming  he  will  again  begiti  to 
move  those  tumults  which  have  been  caused  through  the  imaginations 
.of  a  new  kingdome,  and  that  miracles  are  not  to  be  wrought  every  day. 

God  forbid  that  by  his  coming  the  people  of  God  should  be  destroy'd 
in  all  places  where  they  are,  of  which  he  will  be  the  firstj  whose  blood 
be  upon  his  own  head ;  for  in  this  conjuncture  every  little  error  or  fault 
is  made  capital.  You  may  remember  the  rdanger  of  the  first  combus- 
tion ;  and  it  is  very  probable  that  he  will  be  an  occasion  of  greater, 
which  the  tongue  is  not  able  to  express  with  wprds.  And  therefore, 
by  vertue  of  ours  and  your  own  authorityj  you  are  to  hinder  him  frpm 
proceeding  farther  in  his  journey,  upon  paine  of  all  those  excommuni- 
cations which  our  law  can  impose,  and  to  force  him  to  return  back  again, 
both  he  and  his  company.     But  if  he  shall  in  any  manner  oppose  you, 


6U 

and  rebel  iagaioist  your  word,  your  indeavours  and  law  are  sufficient  to 
hinder  him,  for  it  will  be  well  for  him  and  all  Israel. 

For  the  love  of  God,  let  these  words  enter  into  your  eares,  since  they 
are  not  vain  things  ;  for  the  lives  of  all  the  Jewes,  and  his  also,  consist 
therein.  And  the  Lord  God  behold  from  Heaven,  and  have  pitty  upon 
his  people  Israel,  Amen.  So  be  his  holy  will.  Written  by  those  who 
seek  your  peace. 

JoAM  TOB,  son  of  Cha-     Caleb,  son  of  Chocham 
nania  Jacar.  Samuel,  deceased. 

MoisE  Benveniste.  Moise  Barndo. 

Isaac  Alcenacagne.       Elihezer  Aluff. 

Joseph  Kazabi.  Jehoshuah  Raphaei* 

Samuel  Acaz  sine*  BenVeniste, 

By  these  meanes  Nathan  being  disappointed  of  his  wandring  pro- 
gress, and  partly  ashamed  of  the  event  of  things,  contrary  to  his  pro- 
phesie,  was  resolved,  without  entring  Smyrna,  to  returne  again :  howso- 
ever, he  obtained  leave  to  visit  the  sepulchre  of  his  mother,  and  there 
to  receive  pardon  of  his  sins  (according  to  the  institution  of  Sabatai 
before  mentioned),  but  first  washed  himself  in  the  sea,  in  manner  of 
purification,  and  said  his  tephilld,  or  prayers,  at  the  fountain,  called  by 
us  the  fountain  Sancta  Veneranda,  which  is  near  to  the  cymeterie  of  the 
Jewes,  and  then  departed  for  Xio,  with  two  companions,  a  servant,  and 
three  Turks  to  conduct  him,  without  admitting  the  legates  to  audience, 
or  answering  the  letter  which  was  sent  him  from  all  the  communities 
of  the  Jewes  in  Italy.  And  thus  the  embassy  of  these  legates  was  con- 
bluded,  and  they  returned  from  the  place  from  whence  they  came,  and 
the  Jewes  again  to  their  wits,  following  their  trade  of  merchandize  and 
brbkage  as  formerly,  with  more  quiet  and  advantage  then  the  meanes  of 
regaining  their  possesisioris  in  the  Land  of  Promise.  And  thus  ended 
this  ritiad  phrensie  amongst  the  Jewes,  which  might  have  cost  them 
dear,  had  not  Sabatai  renounc'd  his  Messiah-ship  at  the  feet  of  Mahomet. 


ei5 


THE   HISTORY 

OF  THE 

LATE  FINAL  EXTIRPATION  AND  EXILEMENT  OF  THE  JEWES 

OUT  OF 

THE  EMPIRE  OF  PERSIA. 


You  have  heard  in  the  foregoing  9tory  from  what  glorious  expectar 
tions  i  the  whole  nation  of  the  Jewes  were  precipitated  by  the  itnpogtQ- 
rious  but  improsperous  villany  of  their  late  pretended  Messiah:  you 
will  in  this  Relation  perceive  farther,  how  signally  the  hand  of  Almighty 
God  (about  the  same  time)  wept  out  to  their  yet  greater  shame  and 
extermination  :  and  if  any  thing  were  capable  to  reduce  that  miserably 
deluded  people,  certainly  one  would  think  these  continu'd  frownes  and 
accents  of  his  displeasure  against  all  their  enterprises,  as  it  ought  to 
confirme  the  truth  of  the  Christian  profession,  so  it  should  even  con- 
straine  them  to  hasten  to  it,  for  the  wrath  is  come  upon  then^  to  the 
uttermost. 

In  the  reign  of  the  famous  Abas,  Sophy  of  Persia,  and  grand-father, 
to  the  present  Emperour,  the  nation  being, low,  and  somewhat  exhausted 
of  inhabitants,  it  entred  iiito  the  mind  of  this  prince  (a  wise  and  prudent 
man,  and  one  who  exceedingly  studied  the  benefit  of  his  subjects)  tq 
seek  some  expedient  for  the  revival  and  improvement  of  trade,  and  by 
all  manner  of  priviledges  and  immunities  to  encourage  other  contiguous 
nations  to  negotiate  and  trade  ampngst  them ;  and  this  project  he  forti- 
fied with  so  many  immunities,  and  used  them  so  well  who  came,  that 
repiairing  from  all  partem  to  his  cquntrey,  in  a  short  time  the  whole 
kingdome  was  filled  with  multitudes  of  the  most  industrious  people  and 
strangers  that  any  way  bordered  on  him. 

It  happened,  that  amongst  those  who  came,  innumerable  flocks  of 
Jewes  ran  thither  from  all  their  dispersions  in  the  East^  attracted  by  the 
gaine  which  they  universally  make  where  ever  they  set  footing,  by 
their,  innate  craft,  sacred  avarice,  and  the  excessive  extortions  which 


616 

they  continually  practice.  And  it  was  not  many  yeares  but  by  this 
meanes  they  had  so  impoverished  the  rest,  and  especially  the  natural 
subjects  of  Persia,  that  the  clamor  of  it  reached  to  the  eares  of  the  Em- 
perour;  and  indeed  it  was  intollerable,  for  even  his  own  exchequer 
began  to  be  sensible  of  it,  as  well  as  his  peoples  purses  and  estates, 
which  they  had  almost  devoured. 

How  to  repress  this  inormity,  and  remedy  this  inconvenience,  without 
giving  umbrage  to  the  rest  of  those  profitable  strangers  now  settled  in 
his  dominions,  by  falling  severely  upon  the  Jewes  on  the  sudden,  he 
long  consulted ;  and  for  that  end  call'd  to  his  advice  his  chief  ministers 
of  state,  the  Mufti,  and  expounders  of  the  law.  After  much  dispute 
'twas  at  last  found,  that  the  Jewes  had  already  long  since  forfeited  theii; 
lives  by  the  very  text  of  the  Alcoran,  where  it  is  express'd,  that  if 
within  six  hundred  yeares  from  the  promulgation  of  that  religion  they 
did  not  universally  come  in  and  profess  the  Mahumetan 'faith,  they 
should  be  d.estroy'd.  The  zealous  Emperor  would  immediately  have 
put  this  edict  into  execution  ;  but,  by  the  intercession  of  the  Mufti,  and 
the  rest  of  the  doctorsj  'twas  thought  fit  to  suspend  it  for  the  present : 
but  that  these  growing  evils  might  in  time  have  a  period,  his  majesty 
commanded  that  all  the  Chochammi,  Rabbins,  and  chiefe  among  the 
JeweS,  should  immediately  appear  before  his  tribunal,  and  make  answer 
to  some  objections  that  were  to  be  propounded  to  them. 

The  Jewes  being  accordingly  conven'd,  the  Sophy  examines  them 
about  several  passages  of  their  law,  and  particularly  concerning  the 
prbphet  MoySes,  and  those  rites  of  his  which  seem'd  to  have  been  so 
long  annihilated  amongst  them,  since  the  coming  of  Isai  (for  so  they 
call  Jesus),  after  whom  they  pretended  their  Mahomet  was  to  take  place, 
and  all  other  predictions  to  determine. 

The  Jewes,  much  terrified  with  the  manner  of  these  interrogatories, 
and  dubious  what  the  meaning  and  drift  of  them  might  signifie,  told  the 
Emperor,  that  for  Christ  they  did  not  believe  in  him,  but  that  they 
expected  a  Messiah  of  their  own  to  come,  who  should  by  his  miraculous 
power  deliver  them  from  their  oppressors,  and  subdue  all  the  world  to 
his  obedience. 

At  this  reply  the  Sophy  appear'd  to  be  much  incens'd.     How  !  sayes 


ei7 

he;  do  you  not  then  believe  Christ,  of  whom  our  very  Alcoran  makes 
so  honourable  mention?  as  that  he  was  the  spirit  of  God,  sent  down 
from  himy  and  returning  to  him  ?  If  we  believe  him,  why  do  not 
you  ?  What  say  you  for  your  selves,  you  incredulous  wretches  ?  The 
confounded  Jewes,  perceiving  the  Emperor  thus  provoked,  immediately 
prostrated  themselves  on  the  ground,  humbly  supplicating  him  to  take 
piity  on  his  -slaves,  who  acknowledged  themselves  altogether  unable  to 
dispute  with  his  Majesty ;  that  for  the  Christians  they  seem'd  indeed  to 
them  to  be  gross  idolaters,  men  who  did  not  worship  God,  but  a  cruci- 
fied malefactor,  and  a  deceiver ;  which  still  the  more  displeased  the 
Sophy,  not  induring  they  should  so  blaspheme  a  person  for  whom  their 
Alcoran  had  so  great  a  reverence.  However,  for  the  presenthe  dissem- 
bles his  resentment.  "  'Tis  well,"  sayes  he,  "  you  do  not  believe  the  God 
of  the  Christians  :  but,  tell  me,  what  think  you  of  our  great  prophet 
Mahomet  ?"  This  demand  exceedingly  perplexed  them,  not  knowing 
what  to  reply :  and  Indeed  it  was  contriv'd  on  purpose,  that  convincing 
them  of  blasphemy  (as  they  esteem'd  it)  against  their  prophet,  the 
Sophy  might  find  a  specious  and  legal  pretence  to  ruine  and  destroy 
them,  without  giving  any  jealousie  or  suspition  to  the  rest  of  the 
strangers,  who  were  traficking  in  his  country,  of  several  other  religions, 
but  who  were  not  in  the  least  obnoxious  to  his  displeasure. 

After  a  long  pause,  and  secret  conference  with  one  another,  it  was  at 
last  resolved  atnong  them,  that  though  they  had  deny'd  Christ,  they 
would  yet  say  nothing  positively  against  Mahomet ;  therefore  they  told 
the  Emperour,  that  though  their  reHgion  forbad  them  to  believe  any 
prophet  save  Moses,  &c.  yet  they  did  not  hold  Mahomet  for  a  false 
prophet,  in  as  much  as  he  was  descended  of  Ismael  the  son  of  Abraham; 
and  that  they  desii-ed  to  remaine  his  Majesties  humble  vassals  and  slaves, 
and  cirav'd  his  pity  on  them. 

The  Sophy,  easily  perceiving  the  cunning  and  wary  subterfuge  of 
their  reply,  told  them,  this  should  not  serve  their  turne ;  that  they 
were  a  people  of  dissolute  principles,  and  that  under  pretence  of  their 
long  expected  Messiah  they  persisted  in  a  false  religion,  and,  kept  off 
from  proselyting  to  the  true  bellefe,  and  therefore  required  of  them  to 
set  a  positive  time  When  their  Messiah  was  to  appear,  for  that  he 

4  K 


618 

would  support  them  no  longer,  who  had  impos'd  on  the  world,  ar 
cheated  his  people  now  so  many  yeares;  but,  withal  assuring  them,  thi 
he  would  both  pardon  and  protect  them  for  the  time  they  should  assigi 
provided  they  did  not  go  about  to  abuse  him  by  any  incompetent  ptt 
crastinations,  but  assign  the  year  precisely  of  his  coming,  when,  if  a< 
cordingly  he  did  not  appear,  they  were  sons  of  death,  and  should  all  ( 
them  either  renounce  their  faith,  or  be  certainly  destroyed,  and  the 
estates  confiscated. 

The  poor  Jewes,  though  infinitely  confounded  with  this  unexpecte 
demand  and  resolution  of  the  Sophy,  after  a  second  consultation  amon 
themselves  (which  the  Emperor  granted),  contriv'd  to  give  him  thi 
answer.  That  according  to  their  books  and  prophesies  their  Messia 
should  infallibly  appear  within  seventy  yeares ;  prudently  (as  the 
thought)  believing,  that  either  the  Emperor  or  they  should  be  all  c 
them  dead  before  that  time,  and  that,  in  the  interim,  such  alteration 
might  emerge,  as  all  this  would  be  forgotten  or  averted,  and  that,  s 
the  worst,  a  good  summe  of  money  would  reverse  the  sentence;  buttha 
something  was  of  necessity  to  be  promis'd  to  satisfie  his  present  humc 
rous  zeal. 

The  Emperor  accepts  of  the  answer,  and  immediately  causes  it  to  b 
recorded  in  form  of  a  solemn  stipulation  between  them ;  that  in  cas 
there  were  no  news  of  their  Messiah  within  the  Seventy  years  asslgn'i 
(to  which  of  grace  he  added  five  more),  they  should  either  turn  Mahu 
metans,  or  their  whole  nation  utterly  be  destroyed  throughout  Persia 
and  their  substance  confiscated :  but  with  this  clause  also  inserted ;  tha 
if  their  Messiah  did  appear  within  that  period,  the  Emperor  wouli 
himself  be  obliged  to  become  a  Jew,  and  make  all  his  subjects  so  witl 
him.  This,  drawn  (as  we  said)  in  form  of  instrument,  was  reciprocal! 
sign'd  and  seal'd  on  both  parts,  and  the  Jews  for  the  present  dis 
miss'd  ;  with  the  payment  yet  of  no  less  than  two  millions  of  gold  (a 
my  author  affirms)  for  the  favour  of  this  long  indulgence. 

Since  the  time  of  this:  Emperor  Abas,  to  the  present  Sophy  nov 
reigning,  there  are  not  only  these  seventy  yeares  past,  but  one  hundrei 
and  fifteen  expir'd  ;  during  which  the,  Persians  have  been  so  moleste( 
by  the  Turks,  and  by  continual  war  in  the  East  Indias,  &c.  that  th 


619 

succeeding  princes  no  more  minded  this  stipulation  of  their  predecessors, 
'till  Jjy  a  wonderful  accident  in  the  reign  of  the  second  Abas  (father  of 
him  who  now  governs),  a  person  extreamly  curious  of  antiquities, 
searching  one  day  amongst  the  records  of  his  palace,  there  was  fouud 
this -writing  in  the  journal  of  his  father,  intimating  what  had  so  so- 
lemnly pass'd  between  him  and  the  chiefs  of  the  Jews  in  the  name  of 
their  whple  nation. 

Upon  this,  the  Sophy  instantly  summons  a  council,  produces  the  in- 
strument before  them,  and  requires  their  advice,  what  was  to  be  done; 
and  the  rather,  for  that  there  began  now  to  be  great  whispers,  and  some 
letters  had  been  written  to  them  from  merchants  out  of  Turkey,  of  the 
motions  of  a  pretended  Messiah,  which  was  the  famous  Sabatai.  This 
so  wrought  with  the  Emperor  and  his  council,  that  with  one  voice,  and 
without  longer  pause,  they  immediately  conclude  upon  the  destruction 
of  the  Jews,  and  that  this  wicked  generation  of  impostors  and  oppressors 
of  his  people  were  no  longer  to  be  indured  upon  the  earth. 

In  order  to  this  resolution  proclamations  are  issu'd  out  and  published 
to  the  people,  and  to  all  that  were  strangers  and  inhabitants  amongst 
them,  impowering  them  to  fall  immediately  upon  the  Jews  in  all  the 
Persian  dominions,  and  to  put  to  the  sword  man,  woman,  and  child, 
but  such  as  should  forthwith  turn  to  the  Mahumetan  belief,  and  to  seize 
on  their  goods  and  estates  without  any  remorse  or  pity. 

This  cruel  and  bloody  arrest  was  accordingly  put  in  execution  first  at 
Ispahan,  and  suddenly  afterwards  in  all  the  rest  of  the  cities  and  towns 
of  Persia.  Happy  was  he  that  could  escape  the  fury  of  the  inraged 
people,  who  by  vertue  of  the  public  sentence,  grounded  upon  the  de- 
clared stipulation,  and  now  more  encouraged  by  the  dwindling  of  their 
pretended  Messiah,  had  no  commiseration  on  them,  but  slew  and  made 
havock  of  them,  where-ever  they  could  find  a  Jew  through  all  the  vast 
territories,  falling  upon  the  spoil,  and  continuing  the  carnage  to  their 
utter  extermination.  Nor  did  the  persecution  cease  for  several  years, 
beginning  from  about  sixty-three  till  sixty-six,  at  Ispahan,  the  cities  and 
countries  of  Seyra,  Ghelan,  Humadan,  Ardan,  Tauris,  and,  in  summe, 
through  the  whole  empire,  without  sparing  either  sex  or  .age,  excepting 
(as  was  said)  such  as  turned  Mahumetans,  or  escaped   through   the 


620 

deserts  into  Turkey,  India,  and  other  farr  distant  regions,  and  tha 
without  hopes  of  ever  re-establishing  themselves  for  the  future  in  Per' 
sia,  the  hatred  of  that  people  being  so  deadly  and  irreconcilable  agains 
them.  And,  in  truth,  this  late  action  and  miscarriage  of  their  pre- 
tended Messiah  has  rendred  them  so  universally  despicable,  that  nothing 
but  a  determined  obstinacy,  and  an  evident  and  judicial  maledictior 
from  Heaven,  could  possibly  continue  them  in  that  prodigious  blind- 
ness, out  of  which  yet,  God,  of  his  infinite  mercy,  one  day  delivei 
them,  that  they  may  at  last  see  and  believe  in  him  whom  they  have 
pierced ;  and  that  so  both  Jew  and  Gentile  may  make  one  flock  under 
that  one  shepherd  and  bishop  of  our  souls,  Jesus  Christ  the  true  Mes- 
siah.    Amen. 


621 


A  LETTER  OF  JOHN  EVELYN,  Esq. 

TO  THE 

LORD    VISCOUNT    BROUNCKER,    P.  R.  S. 

CONCERNING  THE  SPANISH  SEMBRADOR,  OR  NEW  ENGINE  FOR  PLOUGHING,  EQUAL 
,    SOWING,  AND  HARROWING  AT  ONCE*. 

My  Lord, 

I  CANNOT  devise  better  how  to  express  my  great  respects  to  you 
Lordship,  than  by  my  utmost  endeavours  to  promote  the  interest  of  tha 
Society  over  which  you  hav6  so  long,  with  so  much  ability  and  aiFec 
tion,  and  so  faithfully  presided.  Tfpis,  therefore,  will  plead  my  excus 
with  your  Lordship,  if  in  some  confidence  of  gratifying  the  generou 
designes  of  that  noble  assembly,  I  communicate  to  them,  through  yQU 
hands,  ;not  only  the  instrument  (which  1  herewith  present  them),  bu 
the  description  of  the  use  and  beri^fit  of  it  from  such  a  deferent,  as  I  an 
sure  they  will  very  highly  value.  -My  Lord,  it  is  now  almost  two  year 
since,  ;that  (by  somewhat  an  odd  accident),  lighting  upon  a  paper  lateh 
printed  in  Spanish,  I  found  a  short  passage  in  it,  giving  notice  of  a  cer 
ta^nplougM  newly  brought  out  o^ Germany  into  Spain;  in  both  whicl 
places  it  had,  upon  tryal,  so  generally  obtain'd,  as  (besides  the  roya 
priviledge.yw\i\ch.  was  granted  to  the  investor)  to  procure  the  universa 
approbation.  Upon  this  hint,  I  took  the  boldness  to  write  to  iny  Lore 
Ambassador,  intreating  his  Excellency,  that,  as  his  more  weighty  affairs 
would  give  him  leave,  he  would  not  disdaih  to  inform  himself  mort 
particularly  concerning  it.  This  his  Lordship  was  not  only  pleas'd  tc 
do,  but  so  highly  obliging  as  to  transmit  to  me  the  engine  itself,  toge- 
ther with  a  full  description  of  it  and  its  use;  -all  of  it  written  with  his 
own  noble  hand,  which  I  do  here  consecrate  to  the  Royal  Society,  to  b€ 
inserted  among  their  precious  cimelia. 


*  A  description  of  the  contrivance  and  use  of  this  instrument,  by  Don  Joseph  Lucatelo,Knighl 
of  the  Province  of  Corinthea,  a  subject  of  the  House  of  Austria,  inventor  of  the  engine,  accom- 
panies this  dedication,  with  an  engraving,  by  which  a  great  quantity  of  seed  corn  is  saved,  and  g 
rich  increase  yearly  gained.    Phil.  Trans.  June  1670.  No.  60.  vol.  V.  p.  1056. 


622 

My  Lord,  being  not  so  happy  as  to  wait  on  you  myself  with  it  at 
your  publick  assembly  this  day,  I  desire  your  Lordship  will  cause  these 
papers  to  be  read  there,  and  expose  the  instrument  to  their  examina- 
tion and  tryal.  There  are  many  gentlemen  who  will  not  he  offended 
with  these  rusticities,  and  who  know  how  highly  such  inventions,  and 
even  attempts,  have  been  valued  by  the  greatest  and  best  of  men. 
Something,  'tis  possible,  may  happen  to  be  out  of  order,  by  reason  of 
the  long  journey  it  hath  passed;  but  their  ingenious  Curator*  will  soon 
be  able  to  reform,  and,  if  need  be,  improve  it.  ^ 

My  Lord  of  Sandwich  is  that  illustrious  person  to  whom  the  Society 
is  obliged  for  this,  and  many  other  favors  and  productions  of  his  own 
more  consummate  genius,  which  enrich  their  registers.  But,  let  me 
tell  them,  his  Lordship  hath  made,  and  brought  home  with  him,  such 
other  polite  notices  and  particulars  of  Spain  and  other  forrain  parts,  as 
I  know  no  person  of  the  most  refined  mind  and  publick  spirit  who  hath 
approached  him,  besides  your  Lordship ;  an  emulous  and  worthy  ex- 
ample, certainly,  to  the  rest  of  our  Noblemen  and  Ministers  of  State 
abroad,  who  may  travel  with  so  many  advantages  to  inform  themselves 
above  others  :  and  it  is  to  me  a  shining  instance  of  both  your  Lordship's 
happy  talents  and  great  comprehension,  that  in  the  throng  of  so  many 
and  so  weighty  employments,  you  can  think  of  cultivating  the  arts,  and 
of  doubly  obliging  your  country.  How  do  such  persons  enamel  their 
characters,  and  adorne  their  titles  with  lasting  and  permanent  honors  ! 
This  testimony  of  my  just  veneration  to  both  your  Lordships  I  could 
not,  upon  this  occasion,  but  superadd,  who  am, 

My  Lord, 
Your  Lordship's  most  humble,  most  devoted, 

and  most  obedient  servant,  , 

J.  Evelyn. 
Says  Court,  23  Feb.  \6%. 


*  Robert  Hooker,  a  man  of  great  mechanical  genius^  elected  Curator,  by  office,  to  the  Royal 
Society  January  11,  1664-5.     He  died  in  1702. 


623 
DEDICATION  TO  RENATUS  RAPINUS  OF  GARDENS; 

IN  FOUR  BOOKS : 
ORIGINALLY  WRITTEN  IN  LATIN E  VERSE,  AND  MADE  ENGLISH 

By  JOHN  EVELYN*. 


M- 


TO  THE  RIGHT  HONOURABLE 

HENRY  EARL  OF  ARLINGTON,  VISCOUNT  THETFORD,  &c. 

HIS    MAJESTIES    PRINCIPAL    SECRETARY   OF    STATE,    OF    HIS    MOST    HONOURABLE    PRIVY 
COUNCIL,   AND    KNIGHT    OF    THE    MOST    NOBLE  ORDER    OF    THE    GARTER,    &c. 

My  Lord, 
'Tis  become  the  mode  of  this  writing  age  to  trouble  persons  of  the 
highest  rank,  not  only  with  the  real  productions  of  wit,  but  (if  so  I 
may  be  allowed  to  speak)  with  the  trifles  an3  follyes  of  it :  hardly  does 
an  ill  play  come  forth  without  a  dedication  to  some  great  Lady,  or  man 
of  Honour;  and  all  think  themselves  sufficiently  secure,  If  they  can  ob- 
tain but  the  least  pretence  of  authority  to  cover  their  imperfections. 
My  Lord,  I  am  sensible  of  mine ;  but  they  concern  only  my  self,  and 

*  London,  printed  by  T.R.  &  N.T.  for  Thomas  Collins  and  John  Ford,  at  the  Middle-Templq 
Gate,  and  Benjamin  Tooke,  at  the  Ship  in  St.  Pauls  Church  Yard,  lf)73.  Octavo,  276  pages. 
Although  the  transposition  of  a  Latin  poem  into  English  has  usually  a  considerable  degree  of  on-. 
ginality  in  itself,  yet  the  prose  Dedication  of  this  tract  only  is  printed,  because,  in  general,  the 
verses  of  Evelyn  were  far  from  being  in  the  first  rank  of  merit ;  and  on  the  same  account  also,  his 
translation  of  the  first  book  of  Lucretius,  printed  in  1656,  and  his  "  Panegyric  at  his  Majesty  K. 
Charles  [I.  his  Coronation,"  1661,  are  omitted  in  the  present  collection  of  his  minor  pieces. 


624 

can  never  lessen  the  dignity  of  a  subject  which  the  best  of  poets,  and 
perhaps  the  greatest  wits  too,  have  celebrated  with  just  applause. 

I  know  not  how,  my  Lord,  I  may  have  succeeded  with  this  adven- 
ture, in  an  age  so  nice  and  refined ;  but  the  die  is  cast,  and  I  had  rather 
expose  my  self  to  the  fortune  of  it,  then  loose  an  occasion  of  acknow- 
ledging your  Lordship's  favours,  which,  as  they  have  oblig'd  the  father, 
so  ought  they  to  command  the  gratitude  of  the  son  :  nor  must  I  forget 
to  acquaint  your  Lordship,  that  the  author  of  this  Poem  addressed  it  to 
one  of  the  most  eminent  persons  in  France* ;  and  it  were  unhappy  should 
it  not  meet  with  the  same  good  fortune  in  England.  I  am  sure  the 
original  deserves  it,  which,  though  it  may  have  lost  much  of  its  lustre 
by  my  translation,  will  yet  recover  its  credit  with  advantage,  by  having 
found  in  your  Lordship  so  illustrious  a  patron.  Great  men  have  in  all 
ages  bin  favourable  to  the  Muses,  and  done  them  honour ;  and  your 
Lordship,  who  is  the  true  model  of  virtue  and  greatness,  cannot  but 
have  the  same  inclinations  for  the  delights  which  adorn  those  titles, 
especially  when  they  are  innocent,  and  useful,  and  excellent,  as  this 
poem  is  pronounced  to  be  by  the  suffrages  of  the  most  discerning.  I 
had  else,  my  Lord,  suppress'd  my  ambition  of  being  in  print,  and  set- 
ting up  for  a  poet,  which  is  neither  my  talent  nor  design.  But,  my 
Lord,  to  importune  you  no  further,  this  piece  presumes  not  to  in- 
trude into  your  cabinet,  but  to  wait  upon  you  in  your  garden  at  _Em5^ow, 
where,  if,  when  your  Lordship's  more  weighty  affairs  give  leave,  you 
vouchsafe  to  divert  your  self  with  the  first  blossoms  of  my  youth,  they 
may,  by  the  influence  of  your  Lordship's  favour,  one  day  produce  fruits 
of  more  maturity,  and  worthy  the  oblation  of. 

My  Lord, 
Your  Lordship's  most  dutiful 

and  most  obedient  servant, 

J.  Evelyn. 


*  William  de  Lamoignon,  Marquis  de  Baville,  First  President  of  the  Parliament  of  Paris,  born 
23  Oct.  1617,  and  died  10th  Dec.  1677- 


NAVIGATION     AND     COMMERCE, 

THEIR    ORIGINAL    AND    PROGRESS. 


CONTAINING 


A   SUCCINCT  ACCOUNT  OF   TRAFFICK  IN  GENERAL;     ITS   BENEFITS   AND   IMPROVEMENTS: 
SDf  ^cotieiie0,  saSars,  anS  Conflirta  at  Sea,  &am  tf)z  ottQtnal  of  Babieation  to  t^is  Das  j 

WITH   SPECIAL   REGARD   TO    THE   ENGLISH   NATION  ; 

THEIR   SEVERAL  VOYAGES  AND  EXPEDITIONS,  TO  THE  BEGINNING  OF  OUR 
LATE  DIFFERENCES  WITH  HOLLAND; 

IN   WHICH    HIS    MAJESTIES    TITIE    TO    THE   DOMINION   OF   THE   SEA    IS    ASSERTED, 
AGAINST   THE   NOVEL   AND    LATER   PRETENDERS. 


By   JOHN  EVELYN,   Esq.  S.  R.  S. 


Qui  mare  teneat,  eum  necesse  est  Reram  potiri.  Cicero  ad  Attic.  L.  1 0,  £p.  8. 


LONDON: 

PKINTED    BY    T.    K.    FOR    BENJ.    TOOKE, 
AT    THE    SIGN    OF   THE    SHIP    IN    ST.    PAUI.'s    CHURCH-YAfiD. 

1674. 


4   L 


'.'    ) 


TO  THE   KING. 


Sir, 


That  I  take  the  boldness  to  Inscribe  your  Majesties  name  on  the  front 
of  this  little  history,  is  to  pay  a  tribute,  the  most  due,  and  the  most 
becoming  my  relation  to  your  Majesties  service  of  any  that  I  could< 
devise ;  since  your  Majesty  has  been  plieas'd,  among  so  many  noble  arid 
illustrious  persons,  to  name  me  of  the  Councel  of  your  Commerce,  and 
Plantations  :  and  if  it  may  afford  your  Majesty  some  diversion,   to 
behold,  as  in  a  table,  the  course,  and  importance  of  what  your  Majesty 
is  the  most  absolute  arbiter  of  any  potentate  on  earth,  arid,  excite  in 
your  loyal  subjects  a  courage  and  an  industry  becoming  the  advantages 
which  God  and  Nature  have  put  into  their  hatlds,  I  shall  have  reach'd 
my  humble  ambition,  and  Your  Majesty  will  riot  reprdve  these  expres- 
sions of  it  in, 

Sir, 
Your  Majestie's  most  dutiful,  most  obedient, 

and  ever  loyal  subject,  and  servant, 

J.  Evelyn. 


628 


NAVIGATION    AND    COMMERCE, 

THEIR   ORIGINAL  AND    PROGRESS.* 


1.  Whosoever  shall  with  serious  attention  contemplate  the  divine 
fabrick  of  this  inferiour  orb,  the  various  and  admirable  furniture  which 
fills  and  adorns  It;  the  constitution  of  the  elements  about  It;  and, 
above  all,  the  nature  of  man  (for  whom  they  were  created),  he  must 


*  Navigation  and  Commerce,  their  Originial  and  Progress,  &c.  By  J.  Evelyn,  Esq.  F.  R.  S. 
1674.  8vo. 

"Inthis  elegant  discourse,  besides  the  largeness  of  the  historical  collections,  the  worthy  author 
eKcites  England,  and  adviseth  the  most  advantageous  preparations  for  our  future  defence,  and  for 
aggrandising  our  Trade  and  Commerce  :  vrhich  ought  to  be  our  care,  whilst  we  have  the  oppor- 
tunity, and  whilst  we  are  less  concern'd  spectators  of  the  wars  round  about  us." — Phil.  Trans. 
Vol,  IX.  June  1674.- No.  104.  p.  88. 

"  18  June  1670..  My  Lord  Arlington  carried  me  from  Whitehall  to  Goring  House,  with  the 
Marquis  of  Worcester:  there  we  found  Lord  Sandwich,  Viscount  Stafford  (since  beheaded),  the 
Lieutenant  of  the  Tower,  and  others.  After  dinner  my  Lord  communicated  to  me  his  Matys  desire 
that  I  would  undertake  to  write  the  History  of  our"  late  War  with  the  Hollanders,  which  I  had 
hitherto  declined:  this,  1  found,, was  ill-taken,  and  that  I  should  disoblige  his  Maty,  who  had  made 
choice  of  me  to  do  him  this  service ;  and  if  I  would  undertake  it,  I  should  have  all  the  assistance 
the  Secretary's  office  and  others  could  give  me,  with  other  encouragements,  which  I  could  not 
decently  refuse."     Diary,  vol.  L  p.  403. 

"  19th  Aug.  1674.  '  His  Majesty  (Charles  H.)  told  me  how  exceedingly  the  Dutch  were  dis- 
pleased at  my  treatise  of  "  The  Historic  of  Commerce,"  that  the  Holland  Ambassador  had  com- 
plained to  him  of  what  I  had  touched  of  the  Flags  and  Fishery,  &c.  and  desired  the  booke  might 
be  called  in;  whilst- on  the  other  side  he  assured  me  he  was  exceedingly  pleas'd  with  what  I  had 
done,  and  gave  me  many  thanks.  However,  it  being  just  upon  the  conclusion  of  the  Treaty  of 
Breda  (indeed,  it  was  designed  to  have  been  published  some  moneths  before,  and  when  we  were 
at  defiance),  his  Maty  told  me  he  must  recall  it  formally,  but  gave  order  that  what  copies  should  be 
publiqly  seiz'd  to  pacific  the  Ambassador,  should  immediately  be  restored  to  the  printer,  and  that 
neither  he  nor  the  vendor  should  be  molested.  The  truth  is,  that  which  touch'd  the  Hollander  was 
much  lesse  then  what  the  King  himselfe  furnished  me  with,  and  oblig'd  me  to  publish,  having 
caus'd  it  to  be  read  to  him  before  it  went  to  the  presse  ;  but  the  error  was,  it  should  have  been 
publish'd  before  the  peace  was  proclaim'd.  The  noise  of  this  book's  suppression  made  it  presently 
be  bought  up,  and  turn'd  much  to  the  Stationer's  advantage.  It  was  no  other- than  the  Preface 
prepared  to  be  prefixed  to  my  History  of  the  whole  warr,  which  I  now  pursu'd  no  further.''  Diary 
vol.  L  p.  444. 

In  the  Index  attached  to  the  Diary  and  Letters,  under  the  article  "  Dutch  War,"  will  be  found 


629 

needs  acknowledge,  that  there  is  nothing  more  agreeable  to   reason, 
than  that  they  were  all  of  them  ordain'd  for  mutual  use  and  communi- 
cation. •  t,    a  t-    ,   , 
.^2.  The  earth,  and  every  prospect  of  her  superficies,  presents  us  with  a 
thousand  objects  0f.  utility  and  delight,  in  which  consists  the  perfection- 
of 'all  sublunary  things:  and  though,  through  her  rugged  and  dissever'd 
parts,  rocks,  sieasj  and. remoter  islands,  she  seem  at  first  to  chsck  our 
addpesses ;  yet,  when  we  ag'en  behold  in  what  ample  baies,.  creeks, 
trending-shores, :  inviting  harbours  and  stations,  she  appears  spreading 
her  arms  upon. the  bordures  of  the  ocean  ;  whiles  the  rivers,  who  re-pay: 
their), (ributies  to  it,  glide  not  in  direct  and  praecipitate  courses  from 
their conceil'd  and- distant  heads,  but  in  various  flexures  and,  meanders 
(as:well  to  temper,  the  rapidity  of  their  streams,  as  to  water  and  refresh 
the  fruitful  plains),  niethinks  she  seems,  from  the  very  beginning,  to 
have:been  dispos'd  for  trafick  and  commerce,  and  even  courts  us  to  visit. 
her  most  solitary  recesses.   < 

3.  This  meditation  sometimes  affecting  my  thoughts,  did  exce,edingly 
confirm,  and  not  a  little  surprize  me  ;  when  reflecting^  on  the  situation 
of  the  Mediterranean  sea  (so  aptly  contriv'd  for  inter-course  to  so  vJast 
apart  of  the  wofld},  I  coriclud'ed,  that  if  the   Hollanders:  themselves) 
(who  of-all  the  inhabitants  in  it,  are  the  best  skill'd  in  making  canalesi 
and'trenches,  and  to  derive  waters)  hadjoyn'd  in  consultation,  how  the 
scattered-  parts  of  the  earth  might  be  rendred  most  accessible,  and  easie' 
for  Coinmerce,  they  could  not  have  contriv'd  where  to  have  made  the 
in-let-, with  so  much . advantage  as ; .'God  and  Nature  have  dOne  it  for* 
us  ;  since  'by  means  of  this  sea  we  have  admission  to  no  less  than  three 
parts  of  the  habitable   worldy  and   there  seems  nothing,  left  (in  this 
regard)  to  humane  industry,  which  could  render  it  more  consummate ; 
so   impious  was  the  saying  of!  Alphonsus  *  (not  worthy  the  name  of 


several  references  to  the  various  circumstances  connected  with  this  subject.  Evelyn,  from  his  own 
account  of  his  proceedings,  appears  to  have  used  considerable  labour  in  the  composition  of  his 
work,  as  In  the  reading  of  the  numerous  oificial  papers  which  were  sent  him  for  the  purpose ;  but 
when  he  had  only  planned  the  History,  finding  his  intentions  unsupported,  he  resigned  them  with 
fidmething  like  disgust,  and  the  ensuing  fragment  is  all  th^t  remains  of  them. 
*  Roderigo  de  Toledo,  lib.  I.e.  6. 


630 

Prince)  that  had  be  been  of  counsel  with  the  Creator  when  he  made  the 
universe,  he  could  have  fram'd  it  better. 

4.  If  we  cast  our  eyes  on  the  plains  and  the  mountains,  behold  them 
naturally  furnish'd  with  goodly  trees ;  of  which  some  there  are  which 
ffFow  as  it  were  spontaneously  into  vessels  and  canoes,  wanting  nothing 
but  the  launching  to  render  them  useful :  but  when  the  heart  of  man, 
or  of  God  rather  (for  it  was  he  who  first  instructed  him  to  build),  con- 
spires, and  that  he  but  sets  his  divine  genius  on  work,  the  same  earth 
ftirnishes  materials  to  equip  and  perfect  the  most  beautiful,  useful,  and 
stupendious  creature  (so  let  us  be  permitted  to  call  her)  the  whole  world 
has  to  shew  :  and  if  the  winds  and  elements  prove  auspicious  (which 
was  the  third  instance  of  our  contemplation),  this  enormous  machine 
(as  if  inspir'd  with  life  too)  is  ready  for  every  motion  ;  and  to  brave  all 
encounters  and  adventures  undertakes  to  fathom  the  world  itself; 
to  visit  strange  and  distant  lands;  to  people,  cultivate,  and  civilize 
uninhabited  and  barbarous  regions ;  and  to  proclaim  to  the  universe 
the  wonders  of  the  architect,  the  skill  of  the  pilot,  and,  above  all,  the 
benefits  of  Commerce. 

5.  So  great  and  unspeakable  were  the  blessings  which  mankind  re- 
ceived by  his  yet  infant  adventures,  that  it  is  no  wonder  to  see  how 
every  nation  contended  who  should  surpass  each  other  in  the  art  of 
Navigation,  and  apply  the  means  of  Commerce  to  promote  and  derive 
it  to -themselves ;  God-Almighty  (as  we  have  shew'd)  in  the  consti- 
tution of  the  world,  prompting  us  to  awaken  our  industry  for  the  supply 
of  our  necessities  :  for  man  only  being  obliged  to  live  politickly,  and  in 
society,  for  mutual  assistance,  found  it  would  not  be  accomplish'd 
without  labour  and  industry.  Nature,  which  ordains  all  things  necessary, 
for  other  creatures,  in  the  place  where  she  produces  them,  did  not  so 
for  man ;  but  ennobling  him  with  a  superiour  faculty,  supply'd  him  with 
all  things  his  needs  could  require.  Wheresoever  therefore  men  are 
born  (unless  wanting  to  themselves),  they  have  it  in  their  power  to 
exalt  themselves,  even  in  these  regards,  above  the  other  creatures ;  and 
the  lilUes  which  spin  not,  and  are  yet  so  splendidly  clad,  are  npt  in  this 
respect  so  happy  as  ^n  industrious  and  prudent. man;  because  they 
have  neither  knowledge  nor  sense  of  their  being  and  perfections  :  and 


631 

though  few  things  indeed  are  necessary  for  the  animal  life,  yet  has  it 
no  prerogative  by  that  alone  ahove  the  more  rational,  which  man  onely 
enjoys,   and  for  whom  the  world  was  made;    seeing    the  variety  of 
blessings  that  were  ordained  to  serve  himj  proclaims  his  dominion,  and 
the  vastness  of  his  nature ;  nor  had  the  great  Creator  himself  been  so 
glorified,  without  an  intellectual  being,  that  could  contemplate  and 
make  use  of  them.     We  are  therefore  rather  tO  admire  that  stupendious 
mixture  of  plenty  and  want,  which  we  find  disseminated  throughout 
the  creation ;  what  St.  Paul  afiirms  of  the  members  of  the  little  world 
being  so  applicable  to  those  of  the  greater,  and  no  one  place,  or  country 
able  to  say,  *  I  have  no  need  of  another,'  considered  not  onely  as  to  con- 
summate perfections,  but  even  divers  things,  if  not  absolutely  necessary, 
at  least  convenient. 

6.  To  demonstrate  this  in  a  most  conspicuous  instance,  we  need  look 
no  farther  than  Holland,  of  which  fertile  (shall  we  say)  or  inchanted 
spot  'tis  hard   to  decide,  whether  its  wants  or  abundance  are  really 
greater  than  any  other  countries  under  Heaven ;  since  by  the  quality 
and  other  circumstances   of    situation  (though  otherwise  productive 
enough),  it  affords  neither  grain,  wine,  oyle,  timber,  mettal,  stone, 
wool,  hemp,  pitch,  nor  almost  any  other  commodity  of  use  ;    and  yet 
we  find  there  is  hardly  a  nation  in  the  world  which  enjoyes  all  these 
things  in  greater  affluence  ;  and  all  this  from  commerce  alone,  and  the 
effects  of  industry,  to  which  not  onely  the  neighbouring  parts  of  Europe 
contribute,  but  the  Indies,  and  Antipodes  :  so  as  the  whole  world  (as  vast 
as  it  appears  to  others)  seems  but  a  farm,  scarce  another  province' to  them ; 
and  indeed  it  is  that  alone  which  has  built  and  peopled  goodly  cities, 
where  nothing  but  rushes  grew  j  cultivated  an  heavy  genius  with  all 
the  politer  arts ;  enlarged  and  secured  their  boundaries,  and  made  them- 
a  name  in  the  world,  who>  within  less*  than  an  age,  were  hardly  con- 
sider'd  in  it, 

7.  What  fame  and  riches  the  Venetians  acquir'd  whilsl  they  were 
true  to  their  spouse,  the  sea  (and  in  adsJQowledgment  whereof  they 
still  repeat  and  celebrate  the  nuptials),  histories  are  loud  of:  but  this, 
no  longer  continu'd  thaa  whUst  they  had  fegard  to  their  fleets  and  their 
traffick,  the  proper  business,  and  the  most  genuine  to  their  situation. 


632 

From  hence  they  founded  a  glorious  city,  fixt  upon  a  few  muddy  and 
scatter'd  islands;  and  thence  distributed  over  Europe  the  product  of 
the  eastern  world,  'till,  changing  this  industry  into  ambition,  and  applyr 
ing  it  to  the  inlarging  of  their  territories  in  Italy,  they  lost  their 
interests  and  acquists  in  the  Mediterranean,  which  were  infinitely  more 
considerable.  Nor  in  this  recension  of  the  advantages  of  Cpmmerce 
is  her  neighbour  Genoa  to  be  forgotten  ;  whose  narrow  dominions  (not 
exceeding  some  private  lordships  in  England)  have  grown  to  a  consi- 
derable state ;' ,  and  from  a  barren  rock  to  a  proud  city,  emulous  for 
wealth  and  magnificence,  with  the  stateliest  emporiums"  of  the  world. 

'  8.  The  Easterlings  arid  Anseati.ck  towns  (famous  for  early  traffick) 
had  perhaps  never  been  heard  "of,. but  for  courting  this  mistress;  no 
more  than  those  vaster  tracts  of  Sweden,  Norway,  Muscovy,  &c.  which  ., 
the 'late  industry  of  our  own  people  has  rendred  considerable.  The 
Danes,  'tis  confess'd,  ,had  long  signaliz'd  themselves  by. their  importu- 
nate descents  on  this  island, , and  universal  piracies,  whilst  negligent  of 
oilr  advantages  at  sea,  we  often  became  obnoxious  to  them;  but,  when; 
once  we  set-up  our  moving  fortresses,  and  grew  numerous  in  shipping,- 
we  liv'd  in  profound  tranquillity,  grew  opulent  and  formidable  to  our 
enemies.  •    , 

9.'  It  was  Comtnerce  and  Navigation  (the  daughter  of  peace  -  and 
good  intelligence)  that  gave  reputation  to  the  most  noble  of  our.  native 
staples.  Wool,  exceedingly  improv'd  by  forreigriers  ;  especially  since :.the' 
reigns  of  Edward  the  Second,  and  Third;  and  has  been  the  principal* 
occasion  of  instituting  and  establishing  our  merchant  adventurers,  and 
other  worthy  fraternities  ;  to  mention  onely  the  esteem  of  our  horses," 
corn,  tin,  lead,  iron,  saffron,  fullers-earth,  hid^s^  wax,  fish,  and  other 
natural  and   artificial  commodities,   most  of  which  are^  indigene  and 
domestick,  others  imported,  and  brought  from  forraign  countries. .  Thus^ 
Asia  refreshes  us  with  spices,  recreates  us  with  perfumes,  cures  us  with! 
drougs,  and  adorns  us  with  jewels ;  Africa  sends  us  ivory  and  •  gold  ; 
America,,  silver, ,  isugar,  and  cotton  ;  France,  Spain,  and  Italy;  giveus 

wine,  oyl,  and  silk;  Russia  warms  us  in  furrs  ;  Sweden  supplies  us 
with  copper;  Denmark  and  the  Northern  tracts,  with  masts  an^  mate- 
rials for  shipping,  withoutvwhich  all  this  .were  nothing.  :  It  is  Com-* 


633 

merce  and  Navigation  that  breeds  and  accomplishes  that^most  honour- 
able and  useful  race  of  men  (the  pillars  of  all  magnificence)  to  skUl  in 
the  exportation  of  superfluities,  importation  of  necessaries;  to  settle 
Staples  with  regard  to  the  public  stock  :  what  'tis  fit  to  keep  at  horae, 
and  what  to  send  abroad  ;  to  be^  vigilant  over  the  oours^e  of  exchange ; 
to  employ  hands  for  regulated  salaries;  and  by  their  dexterity  to  mode- 
rate all  this  by  a  true  and  solid  interest  of  state,  which,  without,  this 
mystery,  cannot  long  subsist,  as  not  alwaies  admitting  permanent  and 
immutable  rules  :  in  a  word,  the  sea  (which  covers  half  the. patrimony 
of  man,  renders  the  whole  world  a  stranger  to  it  self  and  the  inhabitants 
for  whom  'twas  made,  as  rude  as  Canibals)  becomes  but  one  family  by 
the  miracles  of  Commerce,  and  yet  we  have  said  nothing  of  the  most 
illustrious  product  of  it;  that  It  has  taught  us  religion,  instructed  us 
in  polity,  cultivated  our  manners,  and  furnish'd  us  with  all  the  delica- 
cies of  virtuous  and  happy  living, 

10.  Whether  the  first  author  of.  traffick  were  the  Tyrians,  Trojans, 
Lydians,  those  of  Carthage,  or  (as  Josephus*  will)  the  mercurial  spirits 
soon  after  the  flood,  to  repair  and  supply  the  ruines  of  that  universal 
overthrow,  we  are  not  solicitous :  that  it  entered   with  the  earliest  and 
best  dales  of  thef  restored  world  we  shall  prove  hereafter,  by  the.  timely 
applications  of  industrious  men  to  inlarge  and  improve  their  condition. 
The  Romans,  indeed,  were  not  of  a  good  while,  favourable  to  merchan- 
dizing;   for  the   patricians,   senators,  and  great  men    might  not   be 
owners,  in  particular,  of  any  considerable  vessel,  besides  small  barks, 
and  pleasure  boats;  and  the  most  illustrious  nations  have  esteem'd  the 
gain  by  traflSck  and  commerce  ineompatible  with  nobhs&e.;  not  for  being 
enemies  tO  trade,  but  because  they  esteem'd  it  an  ignoble  way  of  gain 
CqutEstus  omnis  indecorus  patribus,  sales  Livy),  and  were  all  for ,  con- 
quest and  the  sword;  for,  otherwise,  they  so  encourag'd  this, industry,  that 
the  Latins  §  (whom  for  a  long  time  they  held  under  such  servitude  that 
they  might  not  devise  their  estates  when  they  dyed)i^if  any. one  of  them 
came  to  be  able  to  build  an  handsome  ship,  fit  for  burthen  and  traflick, 

*  Antiq.l.  ]. 
■  f  .Latini  multis  modis  consequuntur  civitatem  Rotnanam ;  ut,  si  navem  eedificaverint  duorum. 
millium  modiorum  capacenij  &c.    Ulpian.  In'stit.  Tit.  Latinis,  N.  6. 

4  M 


,    634 

he  was  libertate  donatus,  anA  obtained  his  freedom,  with  power  to 
make  his  testament,  and  capable  of  hearing  office.  And  one  would  won- 
der that  traffick  being  so  profitable,  Lycurgus  (that  great  law- giver 
amongst  the  Lacedemonians)  should  prohibit  it :  some  believe  it  was 
for  its  being  so  obnoxious  to  corruption,  and  the  luxury  introduc'd 
amongst  the  people  by  commerce  with  strangers  ;  the  lying  and  deceit, 
perjury  and  theft,  in  buying,  selling,  and  making  bargains;  for  which 
reason  Plato  design'd  the  towns  of  his  common-wealth  to  be  built  far 
distant  from  the  sea;  and  our  Saviour  scourg'd  the  money-changers  out 
of  the  temple;  so  difficult  a  thing  it  is  for  those  who  deal  much  to 
preserve  their  hands  clean.  But  'tis  said  Plato  chang'd  his  mind;  and 
we  all  know  that  as  the  Romans  themselves  grew  wiser,  so  they  dig- 
nified it,  and  took  off  that  ill-understood  reproach,  as  the  Orator  has 
himself  told  us,  when  (condemning  the  pedlary  and  sordid  *  vices  of 
retailers)  he  acknowledges,  that  where  staple  and  useful  commodities 
can  be  brought  in  to  supply  the  needs  of  whole  countries,  'tis  a  com- 
mendable service,  videturque  Jure  optimo,  posse  laudari;  nay,  shew'd 
by  their  own  example,  that  for  the  greatest  men  to  turn  merchants  did 
less  taint  their  blood  than  their  sloth  and  effeminacy;  and  upon  this 
account  the  wisest  of  the  heathens  (for  such  were  Thales,  Solon,  Hip- 
pocrates, and  even  Plato  himself,)  have  honour'd  merchandize,  and,  of 
latter  times,  many  kings  and  princes  ;  and  then  indeed  does  traffick  rise 
to  its  ascendent,  when  'tis  dignified  by  their  example,  and  defended  by 
their  power.  This  the  Dukes  of  Florence  and  other  potentates  have 
long  since  understood,  and  now,  at  last,  the  French  King:  witness  the 
repair  of  his  ports,  building  of  ships,  cutting  new  channels,  instituting 
companies,  planting  of  colonies,  and  universal  encouragement  of  manu- 
factures, by  cherishing  and  ennobling  of  sedulous  and  industrious  per- 
sons. But,  more  yet  than  all  this,  or,  rather,  all  this  in  more  perfect 
tion,  his  Majesty  (our  glorious  monarch),  by  whose  influences  alone 
(after  all  the  combinations  of  his  late  powerful  enemies)  such  a  trade 
has  been  reviv'd  and  carried  on,  and  such  a  fleet  and  strength  at  sea  to 


*  Cicero  de  Offic.  lib.  i.  cap.  43.  Mercatura  autem,  si  tenuis  est,  sordida  putanda  est. Nihil 

enim  proficient,  nisi  admodum  mentiantur. 


635 

,  as  never  this  nation  had  a  greater,  nor  any  other  of  the  past 
approach'd  ;  witness,  you  three  mighty  neighbours,  at  once, 
submit  to  him  !  For  the  blessings  of  navigation  and  visiting 
imes  does  not  stop  at  traffick  only;  but  (since  'tis  no  less  per- 
keep  than  obtain  a  good)  it  enables  us  likewise  with  means  to 
lat  our  honest  industry  has  gotten,  and,  if  necessity  and  jus- 
re,  with  inlarging  our  dominions  too,  vindicating  our  rights, 
injuries,  protecting  the  oppress'd,  and  with  all  the  offices  of 
'  and  good  nature;  in  a  word,  justice,  and  the  right  of  na- 
i  the  objects  of  commerce;  it  maintains  society,  disposes  to 
nd  communicates  the  graces  and  riches  which  God  has  va- 
mparted :  from  all  which  considerations  'tis  evident  that  a 
commerce,  and  strength  at  sea  to  protect  it,  are  the  most  cer- 
ks  of  the  greatness  of  empire,  deduced  from  an  undeniable 
hat  whoever  commands  the  ocean,  commands  the  trade  of  the 
id  whoever  commands  the  trade  of  the  world,  commands  the 
the  world,  and  whoever  is  master  of  that,  commands  the  world 
as  had  the  Spaniard  treble  his  wealth,  he  could  neither  be  rich 
vith  his  prodigious  sloth;  since,  whilst  he  has  been  sitting  still, 
ather  nations  have  driven  the.  trade  of  the  East  Indies  with 
ire  of  the  West,  and,  uniting,  as  it  were,  extreams,  made  the 
kiss.  They  are  not  therefore  small  matters,  you  see,  which 
□auch  contend  about,  when  they  strive  to  improve  commerce, 
Bgrees  promote  the  art  of  navigation,  and  set  their  empire  in 
from  whence  they  have  found  to  flow  such  notable  advantages. 
I  of  this  we  might  add  in  abundance;  and  that  it  is  not  the 
3f  territory,  but  the  convenience  of  situation;  nor  the  multitude 
)ut  their  address  and  industry,  which  improve  a  nation.  Cosmo 
es  would  often  say,  that  the  prince  who  had  not  the  sea  for  his 
as  but  half  a  prince;  and  this  Charles  the  Fifth  had  well  con- 
irhen  he  gave  it  for  a  maxime  to  his  son  Philip,  that  if  ever  he 
quiet  at  home,  and  advance  his  affairs  abroad,  he  should  be 
sep  up  his  reputation  on  the  waters.  The  truth  is,  this  great 
had  neglected  his  interest  at  sea,  and  it  laid  the  foundation  of 
ion  of  his  Low  Country  subjects  agairist  his  successor.     To 


636 

pretend  to  universal  monarchy  without  fleets,  was  long  since  looked  on 
as  a  Dolitick  chymaera,  and  was  wittily  insinuated*  to  Antigonus  by 
Patroclus,  when  (being  a  commander  under  Ptolemy  Lagus's  son)  he 
sent  him  a  present  of  fish  and  green  figgs,  intimating  that  unless  he 
had  the  sea  in  his  power,  he  had  as  good  sit  at  home  and  trifle;  it  was 
but  labour  in  vain.     And  this  was  the  sense  of  another  as  great  a  cap- 
tain, when  reckoning  up  the  infinite  prerogatives  which  the  sea  afforded. 
Xenophon  f  seems  to  despise  the  advantages  of  the  land  in  comparison. 
Truly,  the  Romans  themselves  were  longer  in  struggling  for  a  little  earth 
in  Italy  only,  than  in  subduing  ,the  whole  world  after  once  their  eagles 
had  taken  flight  towards  the  sea,  and  urg'd  their  fortune  on  the,  deep. 
When  once  they  subdu'd  Agrigentum  J,  Carthagfe  was  no  longer  im- 
pregnable ;  and  after  they  had  pass'd  Gades  and  the  Herculean  Streight, 
nothing  was  too  hard  for  them;  they  went  whither  they  would,  and 
cruiz'd  asfar  as  Thule.  * 

11.  We  shall  not  adventure  to  divine  who  the  hardy  person  was  who 
first  resolv'd  fo  trust  himself  to  a  plank,  within  an  inch  of  death,  §,  to 
compel  the  woods  to  descend  into  the  waters,  and  to  back  the  most  im- 
petuous and  unconstant  element ;  though  probably,  and  for  many  rea- 
sons, some-body  long  before  the  deluge ;  isti  sunt  potentes  (6.  Gen.  4). 
Grotius,  on  the  place,  will  have  the  navigationis  repertores piratce,  such 
as  in  succeeding  ages  were  Jupiter  Gretensis,  Minos,  &c.  since  it  is 
not  imaginable  the  world,  that  must  needs  be  so  populous^  and  was  so 
curious,  should  have  continu'd  so  many  ages  without  adventures  by  sea: 
but  the  first  vessel  which  we  read  of,  was  made  by  divine  instinct  and 
direction,  and  whilst  the  prototype  lasted  (which,  histories  tell  us,  was 
many  hundred  years),  doubtless  they  built  many  strong  and  goodly 
ships.     But,  as  all  things  are  in  continual  flux  and  vicissitude,  so  the 
art  in  time  impair'd,  and  men  began  anew  to  contrive  for  their  safety 
or  necessity  in  rafts  and  hollow  trees;  nay^  paper,  reeds,  twigs,  and  lea- 
ther (for  of  such  were  the  rude  beginnings  of  the  finish'd  pieces  we  now 
admire);  till,  advancing  the  art,  by  making  use  of  more  durable  mate- 


*  Athenaeus  Deipnosoph.  1.  S.  f  In  Repub.  Athen.  %  Polybius. 

§  Illi  robur  &  ass  triplex  circa  pectus ,    Hor. 

Digitis  k  morte  remotus  quatuor. 


637 

rials,  they  then  began  to  build  like  ship-wrights,  when  Pyrrhon  the 
Lydlan  invented  the  bending  of  planks  by  fire,  and  made  boats  of  several 
eontignations ;    nor   contented    with  the  same   model,   the  Platenses, 
Mysians,  Trojans,  and  other  nations,  contended  for  the  various  shapes. 
Thus  to  Sesostrls  is  ascribed  the  long-ship  fitted  for  expedition  :  Hippus 
the  Tyrian  devis'd  carricks  and  onierary  vessels  of  prodigious  bulk,  for 
traffick  or  offence :  Athenseus  speaks  of  some  that  for  their  enormous  struc- 
ture had  been  taken  for  mountains  and  floating  islands  ;  such  was  that  of 
Hiero  describ'd  by  the  Deipnosophist  *,  a  moving  palace,'  adorn'd  with 
gardens  of  the  choicest  fruit,  and  trees  for  shade  :   Hippagines  -j-  is  said 
to  have  transported  the  first  horses  in  larger  boats  ;  others  ascribe  it  to 
Darius,  when  he  retir'd  into  Thrace;  though  we  think  them  rather  of 
antienter  date,  for  what  else  means  the  ferrying  over  King  David's  goods 
and  carriages,  mention'd  in  the  second  book  of  Samuel  J?     Thus.far 
,the  keel ;  for  to  the  divers  parts  of  vessels,  for  better  speed  and  govern- 
ment, several  were  the  pretender^.     The  Thasii  added  decks ;  Piseeus 
ihe  rostrum,  or  beak-head ;  Tiphys  the  rudder ;  Epalamius  compleated 
the  anker,  which  was  at  first  but  of  one  flook  ;  but  before  all  these  was 
the  use  of  oars,  which  from  the  Bireme  §,  invented  by  the  Erythrsei, 
came  at  last  to  no  less  than  fpurty  ordines,  or  banks  (for  so  many  had 
Ptolomy  Philopater's  gaily  ||),  which,' how  to  reconcile  with  possible 
(though  that  famous  vessel  were  built  for  pomp  and  ostentation  only, 
and  therefore  with  a  double  prow),  together  with  those  monstrous  ships 
of  war  set  forth  by  Demetrius,  which  had  in  thena  4000  rowers,  let;  the 
curious  consult  the  most  learned  Palmerius,  in  his  Diatriba'  upon  a 
fragment  of  Memnon  %  ;  and  for  portentous  and  costly  vessels,  the  late 
Vendosme  built  by  Lewis  the  Xlllth  of  France,  the  Swedish  Maga- 
leza,  the  Venetian  Bucentoro,  not  to  omit  those  carricks  which  the 
Spaniard  emploies  yearly  to  his  Indies.     But,  neither  did  all  these  helps 
suffice,  'till  they  added  wings  too :  they  attribute  indeed  the  invention 
of  masts  and  cross-yards  to  those  of  Greete;  but  to  Thesetis,  Icarus, 


*  Oneraria  cerealis  Siracusia,  ^.  , 

t  Vide  Plin.  Hist.  Nat.  lib.  vii.  cap.  57.  edit.  I.  G.  Franzio.  Lips.  1779.  vol.  III.  p.  303,  note  s, 

+  2  Sam.  xix.  18.  §  Biremis  pistrix,  vallata  turrita,  &c. 

II  Plutarch,  in  Demet.  Athenaeus,  lib.  c.  9.  IT  Phoc.  717. 


638 

andDedalus  the  application  of  sails,  which,  'tis  said,  Proteus  first  skill'd 
to  manage,  and  shift  with  that  dexterity,  as  he  was  fain'd  to  turn 
himself  into  all  shapes  ;  and  it  was,  doubtless,  no  little  wonder  to  see 
that  a  piece  of  cloth  (or,  as  Pliny,  wittily,  a  despicable  seed,  for  so  he 
calls  that  of  hemp,  of  which  sails  were  made,)  should  be  contriv'd  to 
stir  such  a  bulk,  and  carry  it  with  that  incredible  celerity  from  one  ex- 
tream  of  the  earth  to  the  other.     Of  that  esteem  was  this  ingenious 
invention,  that,  besides  Prometheus  and  the  rest  we  nam'd,  whole  coun- 
tries challeng'd  it,  and  the  Rhodians,  lonians,  CorinthianSj  those  of  Ty- 
rus,  Mgypt,  JEgineta,  Boetia,  with  innumerable  other,  vaunt  themselves 
masters  of  the  science ;  nor  is  there  any  end  of  their  names.     It  were  a 
thing  impossible  to  investigate  by  whom  the  several  riggings  of  vessels 
and  compleat  equipments  were  brought  into  use  :  the  skill  of  pilotage 
has  aids  from  mathematics  and  astronomy*;  and  that  of  governing 
ships  in  fight  is  another  and  a  different  talent.     These,  and  many  more, 
were  the  daughters  of  time,  necessity,  and  accident ;  so  as  even  to  our 
daies  there  is  ever  something  adding  or  still  wanting  to  the  complement 
of  this  incomparable  art.     Of  the  magnet  we  shall  speak  hereafter,  nor 
are  we  to  despair  in  the  perfecting  of  longitudes,  dies  diem  docet,  and 
whilst  many  pass,  science  shall  be  still  improv'd.      We  shall  onely  ob- 
serve, concerning  men  of  war,  fleets,  and  armadas  for  battel,  that  Minos 
was  reported  to  be  the  author,  which  shews  that  manner  of  desperate 
combat  on  the  waters  to  be  neer  as  antient  as  men  themselves,  since  the 
Deluge:  indeed,  to  this  prince  do  some  attribute  the  first  knowledge  of 
Navigation  f ,  and  that  he  disputed  the  empire  of  the  seas  with  Neptune 
himself,  who,  for  his  power  on  the  watry  element,  was  esteem'd  a  god. 
But    however  these  particulars  may  be  uncertain,  we  are  able  to  make 
proof,  that  the  first  fregats  were  built  by  the  English,  and,  generally, 
the  best  and  most  commodious  vessels  for  all  sort  of  uses  in  the  world ; 
and,  as  the  ships,  so  those  who  man  them  acknowledg'd  for  the  most 
expert  arid  couragious  in  it.     But, 

12,'  From  the  building  of  ships  we  pass  to  the  most  celebrlous  expe- 
ditions that  have  been  made  in  them.     The  Gentiles  (who  doubtless 

*  Consult  Vegetiusj  Pollux,  Laz.  Bayfius,  CrescentiuSj  &c.  f  Diodorus,  1.  6 ;  Strabp,  1.  10. 


639 

took  Saturn  for  Noah,  and  his  sons  for  other  of  the  deities,)  naagnifie 
sundry  of  their  adventures  by  sea  :  and,  if  from  the  immediate  off- 
spring of  that  ancient  patriarch,  Shem  and  Japhet,  the  Asiatick-Iles, 
and  those  at  remoter  distances  in  the  Mediterranean  and  European  seas, 
were  peopl'd  (^whilst  the  Continent,  and  less  dissever'd  Africk,  was  left 
to  Cham),  we  have  a  certain  epoch e  for  the  earliest  expeditions,  and 
shall  less  need  to  insist  on  those  of  the  mythical  a!rid  heroic  age ;  the 
exploits  of  Osiris,  Hercules,  Cadmus  J  the  wandrings  of  Ulysses,  and 
the  leaders  that  expugn'd  Troy.  To  touch  but  a  few  of  these :  Bacchus, 
whose  dominion  lay  about  the  Gulph  of  Persia,  made  of  the  first  adven- 
tures, when  from  him  (after  the  rape  of  Ariadne)  the  Tyrrian  pirates 
learn'd  the  art  of  navigation,  or  rather  to  become  more  skillful  rovers ; 
if  at  least  they  were  not  of  the  first  for  antiquity  in  this  art ;  since  the 
Phoenicians  (whether  expell'd  by  Joshua,  or  transported  by  their  curio- 
sity,) having  spread  their  name  in  the  Mediterranean,  were  admir'd  as 
gods  for  their  boldness  on  the  waters,  and  esteera'd  among  the  first  that 
navigated,  according  to  that  of  the  Poet, 

Prima  ratem  ventis  credere  docta  Tyros*. 

That  Cadmus  sail'd  into  Greece,  peopl'd  those  iles  in  the  ^gean,  taught 
them  letters  and  sciences,  as  he  had  learn'd  them  from  the  Hebrews, 
we  have  undoubted  testimony.  Some  affirm  that  the  Phoenicians  circl'd 
the  world  long  since ;  and  Herodotus  has  something  to  that  purpose, 
where  in  his  Melpomene  he  speaks  of  those  whom  King  Necus  caus'd 
to  embark  from  the  Red  Sea,  and  that  ten  years  after  return'd  home  by 
the  Columns  of  Hercules  through  the  Streights :  however,  that  they 
penetrated  far  beyond  the  Western  Ocean,  and  the  shores  of  Africk,  the 
expedition  of  Hanno,  in  a  navy  of  lx  ships,  makes  out  by  grave  writers ; 
so  their  coming  as  far  as  our  Britain,  the  pillars  which  they  fixt  at 
Gades  and  Tingis  f ,  to  which  some  report  they  were  crept  in  early  daies : 
and  as  towards  the  West,  so  Eastward,  taking  colonies  from  Elana  and 
the  Persian-Gulph.  As  to  what  they  might  be  for  merchants,  illus- 
trious is  the  proof  out  of  Esay  J,  where  Tyrus  is  call'd  "  the  crowning 


*  Tibullus,  lib,  i.  eleg.  vii.  +  Procopius.  t  Isaiah,  jcxiii.  S. 


640 

ciVj/y  whose  merchants  are  princes,  whose  traffickers  are  the  honourabl&sf 
the  earth  ;"  when,  under  the  pretence  of  transporting  commodities  into 
Greece,  they  carried  away  lo,  daughter  of  Inaqhus,  which  the  Cretans 
requited,  when  shortly  after  their  amorous  god  sail'd  away  with  the 
fair  Europa  in  the  White-Bull ;  for  so  was  the  vessel  call'd,  which  gave 
occasion  to  the  fable,  and  serves  to  prove  howantient  is  the  giving 
names  and  badges.*.  Indeed,  so  expert  were  those  of  Crete  in  sea-aflFairs, 
and  so  numerous  in  shipping,  as,  by  the  suffrage  of  ancient  times,  there 
were  none  durst  contend  with  them  for  sovereignty.  Let  us  hear  the 
tragedian :  ,  . 

O  Magna  vasti  Cr eta  dominatrixfreti,  . 

Cujus  per  omne  littus  innumerae  rates 
;  Tenuere  pontum,  quidquid  Assyria  tenus 

Tellure  Nereus  pervium  rostris  secat-j~. 

13.  The  Colchick  exploit  in  the  famous  ,  Argo  (so  call'd  i  from ,  her 
nimble  sailing)  was  perform'd  by  above  50  gallants,  of  which  nine 
were  chief  under  Jason,  and  Glaucus  his  experienc'd  pilot :  but,  whe-; 
ther  they  went  to  those  countries  about  the  Euxine  shores  in  hopes  of 
golden  mines  (shadow'd  by  the  fleece),  or  in  expectation  of  the  philoso- 
pher's stone  (said  to  be  in  possession  of  King  JEta),  we  leave  to  the 
romancers.  There  is  in  Homer  a  list  of  heros,  and  ships  under  their 
command,  mention'd  lo  be  set  out  by  the  n«ya%a/o<,  or  States-General  of 
those  provinces,  reported  to  have  been  no  less  than  a  thousand  : 

Non  anni  domu^re  decern,  non  mille  Carinaet. 

And  that  this  number  is  not  fictitious,  not  only  the  wondrous  exactness  of 
the  poet  in  describing  the  commanders  by  name,  but  the  nun^ber  of  ships 
under  each  flag,  as  the  learned  Mr.  Stanley  shews  vis,  makes  it  good 
beyond  exception  in  his  excellent  notes  upon  ^schylus,  and  we  propose 
the  instance,  because  it  is  so  very  remarkable  for  its  aiitiquity. 

14.  But,  to  quit  these  dark  and  less  certain  memorials,  and  mingle 
that  of  commerce  with  martial  undertakings.     The  first  for  whorn  we 


*  Vide  Valer.  Flaccum  Argonaut,  1.  8.  Herodot.  Hesychium,  Suidam,  Senecam,  Lucianum,  Stra- 
bonem.     Amongst  the  Poets,  Virgil,  Persius,  Statius,  &c, 
t  Senec.  Trag.  in  Hippolyto,  act.  1.  +  Jliad.  2^.  * 


641 

have  divine  and  infallible  recqrd,  is  of  the  greatest  and  the  wisest  pr 

that  ever  sway'd  a  scepter:  for  though  it  appear  the  Phoenicians  had 

the  sea  before,  and  perhaps  were  the  first*  merchants  in  the  world  s 

the  deluge,  yet  it  was  Solomon  doubtless  who  open'd  the  passage  to 

South ;  when,  animated  by  his  directions,  and  now  leaving-off  t 

Tkfts,  and  improving  their  adventures  in  ships  and  stouter  vessels,  < 

assay'd  to  penetrate  the  farthest  Indies,  and  visit  an  unknown  hemisph 

or,  if  haply  they  prevented  him,  yet  were  now  glad  to  joyn  with  this  | 

rious  monarch,  because  of  those  advantagious  ports  his  father  had  ta 

from  the  Idiimeans,  which  might  otherwise  interrupt  their  expedite 

What  a  mass  of  gold  and  other  precious  things  (the  peculiar  treasur 

princes)  this  fleet  of  his  brought  home  the  succeeding  story  relatesf .  1 

there  is  farther  notice  of  mariners,  whose  trading  was  for  spices 

curiosities ;  and  the  voyage  to  Tarshish  (which  by  some  is  interpre 

the  Ocean,  as  indeed  it  signifies  in  the  Chaldean  language,  but  do'u 

less  means  Tartessus  in  Spain),  is  again  repeated.     Jehosaphat,  a 

Solomon,  neglected  riot  these  prosperous  beginnings,  though  not  v, 

'  equal  success ;  for  the  ships  were  broken  at  Esion-Geber.     We  si 

onely  remark,  upon  the  account  of  cohjmerce,  that  Solomon  had  no  ] 

than  two  fleets  destin'd  for  traffick,  of  which  one  went  to  Ophir  (p 

haps  Sophra,  Taprobana,  or  Ceilon)  in  the  East  Indies,  and  the  othei 

Tarsis,  that  is  (Tartessus)  Cales ;  which  being  then  and  long  after 

teem'd  the  utmost  confine  of  the  world,  had  its  name  from  the  Phce 

cians,  as  well  as  divers  other  places,  and  ports  of  Europe  (even  as  fai 

Italy,  France,  and  Brltanny  it  self),  which  both  they  and-  we  reserve 

this  day  in  no  obscure  footsteps  :  and  that  Spain  abounded  in  plenty 

gold  too  (whatever  some  superficial  searchers  think)  we  learn  fn 

Strabo,  Diodorus,  Mela,  Pliny,  and  several  grave  authors  J,  whose  atti 

tation  may  be  of  good  weight,  the  Tyrians  and  Phoenicians  frequen 

sailing  into  those  parts.     But,  though  we  had  yet  no  print  of  this  fn 

the  sacred  volumes,  it  is  not  to  be  devls'd  how  the  isles  of  the  Gentll 

and  other  places  of  inaccessible  distance,  could  be  planted  and  furnisl 

u' •■  — 

*   IIjaTOj  o    £jiMrojf»i5  a%t,SU-.0(;  l/jivvircano,      Dionvs,   Tlifiny, 

f  2  Chron  ix.  21.  J  See  Doehartus  Phaleg.  1.  3.  c.  7.     Canaan,  1.  I.e.  34. 

4    N  ' 


642 

without  those  early  intercourses  by  sea,  which  by  degrees,  (as  in  part  is 
shew'd)  accomplish'd  the  dominions  of  warlike  men  and  states,  and 
encourag/'d  some  to  stupendious  attempts.        sn 

=-  15:  To  proceed  to  instances  of  unquestionable  credit,:  we, have  those 
of  the  Persians  and  Greeks,  both  before  and  since  the  Peloponnesiack 
war  :.  and,  indeed,  the  Greeks  were  the  first  of  the  heathens  "that  joyn'd 
learning  with  arms,  that  did  both  do  and  write  what  was  worthy  to 
be  remembred ;  and  that  small  parcel  qf  ground,  whose  greatness  was 
then  onely  valu'd  by  the  vertue  of  the  inhabitants,  planted  Trapizond 
in  the  East,  and  divers  other  cities  in  Asia  the  Less,  the  protection 
of  whose  liberties  was  the  first  cause  of  war  between  them  and  the 
Persians.  As  to  exploits,  the  Athenians,  and  smaller  islands  of  the 
JEgean,  excdediogly  amplified  their  bounds  vpith  their  naval-power;  so 
as  -Thucydides  enumerates  their  annual  descents  upion  Peloponnesus, 
•during  that  quarrel.  But  the  feploits.  of  Alcibiades,  both  when  so 
ungratefully  exil'd  from  his  country  and  after  he  was  again  restor'd  to 
it,  werecelebratied  in  story,  as  well  as  those  of 'Conon*,  under  whom 
we  first  hear  of  a  treasurer  of  themavy,  for.  the, better  paying  of  the' 
sea-men,  even  in  those  early  daies:  but  these  conflicts  did  many  of 
-thera  concern  the  Persian  by  Tissaphernes  under  Darius,  Artaxerxes, 
and  others  :  the  differences  also  with  the' Megarences,  where  Pisistratus 
obtain'd  the  Victory,  and  the  iexploits  of  Themistocles  ;  but  especially 
that  decretory  battle  in  which  Xerxes's  fleet  of  1500  men  of  War,  was 
vanquish'd  by  less  than  400,  which  gave  the  absolute  dominion  of  the 
sea  to  one  city,  and  so  inrich'd  it  that  the  Lacedemonians  (envious  at 
her  prosperity)  maintain'd  a  war  against  it,  to  the  almost  ruine  of  both. 
See  the  effects  of  avarice  !  But  this  was  indeed  before  the  Peloponne- 
sian  war,  between  the  xxxx  and  i^xxxi  v  Olympiad,  and  first  com- 
menc'd  against  strangers,  and  then  the  Lacedemonians,  Gorcyreans, 
and  other  their  neighbours,  for  the  space  of.  seven  years  continu- 
ance, till  by  the  courage  and  good  conduct  of  Lysander,  a  peace  was 
at  last  concluded,  with  the  destruction  of  Athens,  as  it  usually  happens 
to  the  first  who  give  the  occasion,  and  are  the  a^ressors.     She  was  yet 


*  Justini,  Hist.  PhilippicBe,  lib,  5. 


643 

set-up  once  again,  by  that  gillant  exile  whom  we  nam'd,  under  the. 
banner  of  Artaxerxes*;  but  so  to  the  desok'tion'of  poor  Greece  (weakn'd- 
by  her  many  conflicts)  that  King. Philip,  and  \u&  son  Alexander,  soon 
took  their  advantage,  to  make  themselves  first  masters:  at  sea,  and  then: 
of  the  world;  for  they. are  infallible  consequents.  And  here.we  mi^ht 
speak:  something  of  Corinth^  a  city  (if  ever  any)  emulous'  of  the 
highest  praises  for  trafiSct  and  exploits  at  sea;  but  we  involve,  her 
amongst  the  Grecians,  and  pass  over  to  the  opposite  shpar; ,  where, 
upon  division  of  the  Macedonian  empire,  we  find  the  Carthaginians 
(a  people  originally:  from  Tyrus)  of  the  earliest  famefor  Gommerce, 
and  so  well  appointed  for  the  sea,  as  gave  terrour  to  Rdmei  herself: 
nor  do  we  forget  the  Syracusans,  reriown'd  for  their  many  glorious 
actions  at  sea,  which  continu'd  to  the  very  Punick  War,  the  most  obsti- 
nate that  history  has  recorded.    .  .  < 

16.  It  was  49iJ  years  from  the  foundation  of  the  city,  before  they  had 
atchieved  any  thing  considerable  on  the  waters ;  when  finding  the 
wonted  progi-ess  of  their  victories  obstructed  •-  by  those  of  Carthage 
(then  lords  at  sea),  they  fell  in  earnest  to  the  building  of  ships  of  war, 
and  devising  engines  of  offence,  which  before  they  hardly  thought  of. 
Their  first  expedition' by  sea  was  under  Appius  GlaudiuSj  against  the 
Sicilians,  which  made  those  of,  Africa  look  about  them,  and  gave  rise  to 
the  Punick  War  under  GajusDuillius,  and  his  coUegue,  with  an  .hun- 
dred rostrated  vessels^*  and  seventy-five  gallies  :  but  the  most  memo- 
rable for  number  was  when  the  two  admirals  M.  Regulus  and  L.  Manlius,; 
with  above  an  hundred  thousand  men  (In  ships  that  had  every  one 
three  hundred  at  the  oar),  were  encounter'd  with  a  yet  more  prodigious 
force  in  the  battle  at  Heraclea,  unfortunate  to  the  Carthaginians :  but, 
neither  did  it  so  determine:  for,  when  Hannibal  (returning  out  of 
Spain)  invaded  Italy,  the  Romans  ,found  no  better  expedient  to  divert 
him,  than  by  dispatching  Scipio,  witha  fleet  into  Africa.  The  third  and 
last  contest  (after  a  little  repose)  deteririin'd  not  till  the  utter  ruineand- 
subversion  of  that  emulous  neighbour.  These  several  conflicts  with 
this  hostile^  city  (which  Jasted  near  twenty  years)  are^admitably  de- 
scrlb'd  by  Polybius  ;  especially;  that, of  M.  Regulus,  who  with  that 
unequal  power  fought    three    battels  in  one  day ;    and    in  another. 


644 

^milius  (with  about  the  same  number  of  ships)  took  and  sunk  abov© 
an  hundred  more,  and  slew  near  forty  thousand  of  the  enemy,  though; 
by  the  terrible  and  unfortunate  wrack  which  afterwards  surpriz'd  hiniy 
such  another  victory  had  undone  them.  They  made  war,  after  this,' 
with  the  Achaians,  Balearians,  Cilicians,  Sertorlans,  and  those  of  Crete ; 
indeed,  wheresoever  they  found  rji^^istance,  diffident  yet  at  first  of  this 
unaccustom'd  manner  of  combate,  and  which  for  sometime  cans'd  them 
to  lay  it  by  ;  but  they  quickly  resum'd  it,  and  overcoming  all  difficul- 
ties, then  onely  might  be  said  to  speed  conquerours  of  the  world  when 
they  had  conquer'd  the  sea,  and  subdu'd  the  waters. 

17.  The  Piratick- War  of  Pompey  we  find  celebrated  by  Tully,  pro 
lege  Manilia:  he  inyaded  the  Cyclades,  won  Corcyra,  got  Athens,. 
Pontus,  and  Bithynia*,  and  cleared  the  seas  with  that  wonderful  dili-. 
gence,  that  in  forty  daies  time  he  left  not  a  rover  in  all  the  Mediterra- 
nean, though  grown  to  that  power  and  number  as  to  give  terrour  to 
the  Gommon-wealth.  We  forbear  to  speak  of  Sextus,  his.  unfortunate 
son,  vanquish'd  by  the  treachery  of  his  liibertus  Menodorusf,  and 
pass, to  the  great  Augiistus,  who  in  many  sea  conflicts  signaliz'd  his 
courage;  especially  in  that  decretory  battail  at  Actium,  where  the 
contest  was  de  summa  rerum,  and  the  world  by  sea,  first  subdu'd  to 
the  empire  of  a  single  person.  What  discoveries  this  niighty  prince 
made,  did  as  far  exceed  his  praedecessours,' as  the  frozen  north  and 
horrid  coasts  of  Cimbria  tlie  milder  clime  of  our  Britain,  which  was 
yet  in  those  daies  esteem'd  another  world,  and  her  boundaries  as  much 
unknown  as  those  of  Virginia  to  us;  't  was  call'd -^^Zfer  Orhis ;  arid 
grave  authors  J,  who  speak  of  the  unpassibleness  of  the  ocean,  mention 
the  worlds  that  lay  beyond  it :  Morinorum  gentem  ultimam,  esse  mor- 
taliumy  says  Ptolomy;  and  the  prince  of  poets, 

Extremique  hominum  Morini. 


For  it  appears  no  late  fancy,  that  all   was  hot  discover*d  long  before 
Gblumbus  ;  though  those  who  took  the  heavens  for  a  kind  of  hollow 

*  Florusand  Plutarch.  t  Call'd  also  Menas  by  Horace,  lj!pod.  on  Ode  IV. 

J  Especially  Clem.  Komanus.    See  also  Josephus,  Die,  Eutronius,,Scaliger,  &c. 


645 

arch,  covering  orrely  what  was  then  delected,  little  jdream'd  of  A 
pddes.  'Tis  famous  yet  what  .the  prophetick  tragaedian*  has  pffer'd 
and  a  thing  beyond  dispute,  that  the  antients  had  the  same  notion 
our  country  as  of  America :  but  to  leave  these  enquiries ,  at  pre: 
(till  we  come  more  particularly  to  speak  of  our  country  in  the  foil 
ing- series),  we  shall  onely,  as  to  the  Romans,  give  the  curious  a.ti 
what  care  these  wise  people  had  of  their  naval  preparations,  when  c 
(as  we  have  shew'd)  they  found  the  importance  of  it,  and, after  1 
prudent  a  method  they  dlspos'd  it. 

18.  Augustus  had  in  his  military  establishment  one  squadron  of  r 
of  war  at  Ravenna,  as  a  constant  guard  of  the  Adriatic ;  and  anol 
riding  at  Misenum  f ,  to  scowr  the  Tyrrhen-Sea,  together  with  a  brig 
(»f  foot-souldiers  at  either  port,  to  clap  on.  board  upon  any  sud 
occasion.  The  Misenian  fleet  lay  conveniently  for  France,  Sp, 
Morocco,  Africk,  ^gypt,  Sardinia,  and  Sicily  J ;  that  at  Ravenna, 
Eplrus,  Macedon,  Achaia,  Propontls,  Pontus  ;  the  Levantine  pa 
Creete,  Rhodes,  and  Cyprus,  &c.  §  So  as  by  the  number  of  tl 
vessels  and  arms  they  made  a  bridge  (as  it  were)  to;  all  their  p 
vlnces  and  vast  dominions,  at  what  distance  soever  ||  :  and  mi 
of  these  particulars  we  could  farther  illustrate  by  medals  and  nc 
ifiscriptions  to  be  gather'd  out  of  good  records,  did  we  need 
ostentation  of  any  farther  researches  ^  :  we  shall  only  observe,  t 
they  had  their  prcetorio  prtBfectus,  who  Inspected  all  this.  ]\ 
■rlne  laws  and  customes  they  also  had  :  vyhence  was  it  else  that 
corn  fleet  was  still  from  Alexandriato  make  Puteoli,  as  it  were 
coquet  bound ;  so  the  ships  of  that  port:  SeeActs  xxvlll.  11,  12, 
Whence  else  was  it  that  onely  the  same  corn  fleet  as  being  of 
absolute  necessity  for  the  sustenance  of  the  imperial  city,  had  the  j 
vlledge  to  come  into  harbour  with  top  and  top  gallant;  unless  the  r 
did  supparum  dimere,  or  strike  sail  to  the  ports  of  the  empire  ? 
early  was  the  claim  to  the  flag,  and  the  ceremonies  of  naval-hon< 
stated.     Yet  higher;  their  rostrate  crowns*,  and  that  pretty  ipsolei 

»  Senec.  in  Med.  \  Sueton.  in  Aug.  c.  49.  }  Vegetius.  §  Notitia  Imperii. 

IJ  MIL.  CL.  P.  R.  AR.  Miles  Clnssis  Pratoria  Ravennatis. 

^  PRiETOR.  MAR.  ET.  CL.  M.  R  MilUus  Ravennatis.  **  See  Tiilly  de  Senec 


64fi 


by  act  of  senate  allow'd  to  C.  Duilllus,  after   having  won  the  Romans 
their  first  victory  at  sea,  that  he.  should,  all  his  life  after,  be  brought  to 
the  publick   entertainments   in  the  Town-Hall  with  a  pipe   playing 
before  him,  and  flambeaux  on  each   side*;  that  column  too,  whose 
fragments  yet  preserv'd,  exhibit  with  the  memory  of  that  illustrious 
action  perhaps  the  ancientest  piece  of  Latin  now  extant,  at  least  in  the 
originals.     All  these  allegations  do  abundantly  testifie  with  what  trans- 
ports of  joy  that  aspiring  people  receiv'd  the  accession  of  power  by  sea. 
They  also  had  their  Demrice  fabi^onim  JRhavennatiumy  master  shvp- 
wrights  of  the  dock  at  Rhavenna  ;  and  we  fiiid  fire-ships  mention'd  in 
Frontinusf ;  stinkTpots,  nay   snake-pots,   and   false-colours ;  for  such 
we  read  were  usM  by  Cassius,  Scipio,  Annibal,  M.  Fortius,  Iphicrates, 
Pisistratu.Sj  and  others.     And   if  the  Trajan  port  at  Ostia  were  now 
extant,  we  might  see  such  a  pattern  of  a  mole,  Jantern,  magazine  for 
ships,  and  accommodation  for  merchants  goods,  as  was  never-  before  in 
the  world,  and  would  put  to  shame  all  modern  industry  of  that  nature; 
to  shew  the  care  they  had,  and  the.  prodigious  expences  they  made,  for 
this  so  important  and  necessary  a  work  :   but  these  things  hapning  in 
her  early  and  best  daies,  the  fervour  quickly  abated  ;  for  from  the  death 
of  Augustus,  and  some  few  of  the  succeeding  em perours  (as   in  that 
decline  J,  by  the  conduct  of'  Behsarius,    Artabanes,  and  some  of  the 
later  captains)  the  Romans,  as  powerful  by  land  as  they  were,  performed- 
not  much  at  sea :    those   glorious  actions   were   the   consequents  of  a 
frugal  and  vigilant  people;  but,  when  softness  and  prodigality  took 
off  their  minds  from  the  great  and   noble   enterprizes  of  their  ances- 
tors   and  the  defence  of   their  country  was   discompos'd   by   factions 
among  themselves,    the   Goths,  Vandales,    Lombards,   and    Saracens 
broke  in  upon  them,  to  the  utter  ruine  and  subversion  of  that  renowned 

empire. 

■    19.  But  the  business  of  Navigation  and  Commerce  (which  could  not 

long:  be  eclips'd,  so  soon  as  a  magnanimous  prince  appear'd)  was  again 

reviv'd  under  Charles  the  Great ;  about  whose  time  it  were  not  hard  to 


*  Grutei's  Inscripiions.  t  Front.  Stratagem,  1.  4.  c.  7. 

+  Vide  Piocopium,  1.  3.    Paulus  Diaconus,  1.  14. 


647 

find  out  the  original  of  almost  all  the  naval- offices,  a.nd  thalassiarchia 
or  admiralty,  to  this  day  continuing;  as  appears  in  both  the  Notitiee 
Imperii  Qcddentalis  Sp  Ch'ientalis,  wherein  there  octur  divers  notable 
particulars  concerning  them,  even  till  the  loss  of  Gonstantinople  and 
the  imperial  seat  itself:  but  to  trace  this  great  article  from  its  source, 
arid  shew  the  progress  it  has  made  in  the  ages  past,  we  have  but  to  look 
over  the  catalogue  which  Eusebius*  has  given  us,  adjusted  to  the 
epoche  in  which  they  had  successive  dominion  of  the  sea  :  namely,  the 
LydiansXvhom  (as  appearing  the  most  conspicuous)  he  sets  in  the  van  : 
then  the  Pelasgi,  Thrac^s,  Rh'odians,  Phrygians, Phoenicians,  the  Egypt- 
ians, Milesians,  those  of  Caria,  Lesbia,  the  Phocenses,  Naxli,  Eretrlen- 
ses,  JEginetae,  and  others -too  long  to  recite:  let  us  lookback  to  the 
JEgyptians,  who  we  read  were  so  addicted  to''"traffick  as  they  essayed  to 
joyn  the  Mediterranean  with  the  Red-Sea,  and  "thereby  open  a  passage 
to  the  Commerce  of  Arabia,  Ethiopia,  and  the  shears  of  India :  which 
attempt  (unsuccessful  as  it  prov'd)  did  not  yet  impeach  the "  Alexan- 
drian staple,  from  whence  Rome  of  old,  the  Genoezes,  Venetians,  and 
others  of  later  datte,  have  inricht  themselves  :  for  the  eastern  scale  being 
in  Caesars  time  at  Coptos,  arid  afterwards  remov'd  to  Alexandria ; 
when  the  Arabs  and  Goths  overran  the  world  (a,nd  the  Indian  trade 
interrupted),  was  convey'd  to  Trebezdnd  upon  the  Euxine,  and  from 
thence  by  caravan  to  Aleppo,  thence  again  recover'd  to  the  Red-Sea, 
and  Alexandria  by  the  Sultan,  who  then  possessed  Cairo^  where  it  was 
long  monopoliz'd  by  the  Venetians,  of  whom  we  give  a  more  .particular 
account.  What  immense  treasure  the  Romans  received  out  of  Asia 
and  Syria;  out  of  Afiica  from  Egypt,  and  by  the  Nile;  the  Persian 
Gulf,  and  from  India,  we  are  told  out  of  Strabof.  This  merchandize 
was  first  convey'd  over-land  from  Berenice,  by  Philadelphus  (to  avoid 
the  perils  of  navigating  the  Red-Sea  (to  Popta  on  the  Nilus  ;  and 
thence  (with  the  stream)  to  Alexandria,  though  many  ships  adventur'd 
to  pass  from  Muris  (or  the  Berenice  above-men tion'd)  even  to  the  very 
Indies  ;  by  which  means  there  came  yearly  to  Rome  no  less  than  1000 
tuns  of   gold,   besides  other  precious  commodities.     But,  whfin   the 


*  In  Thesaurus  Tetoporum.  t  Lib.  17. 


648 

empire  fell  to  decay,  the  Venetians  (as  we  noted)  took  their  advantage, 
till  then  a  few  scatter'd  cottages  of  poor  fisher-men  and  others,  fugitives 
from  the  Gotic  Inundation,  and  setling  by  degrees  upon  a  cluster  of 
divers  muddy  and  almost  inaccessible  islands  :  see  what  Commerce  can 
effect !  But  these  industrious  people  assay'd  another  way,  namely,  from 
Ganges  through  Baclria,  and  the  River  Oxus,  and  so   by  the  Caspian 
Lake,  Astracan,  and  the  Volga ;  thence  to  Tanais  by  the  Euxine,  and  so 
to  Venice  ;  trulv  an  immense  circle,  and  which  soon  wearied  them  out, 
when   even  of    later  times  the  negoce    of  India   was   supplied  from 
Tripoly,  and  Alexandretta  (cities  of  Syria),  and  from  Aleppo  by  cara- 
van, to  which  scale  merchants  came  from   Armenia,  Arabia,   ^gypt, 
Persia,  and   generally  from  all  the  oriental  countries.     From  Alepjx) 
again  they  return'd  to  Bir  near  the  Euphrates  ;  thence  to  Badaget,  or 
Ophram  in   Media ;    Balsara,  and   the  gulph  all  down  the  stream  :  to 
this  Balsara  is  yet  brought  all  sorts  of  Indian  commodities,  as  far  as 
-Ethiopia,  and  the  islands   of  that  oeean  ;  where,    being   charg'd   on 
smaller  vessels,  they  are  tow'd-up  against  the  Euphrates  to  Bagdet ; 
in  which    passage    being   now  and  then  interrupted   by  the   thievish 
Arabs  (especially  at  the  frontiers),  in,telligence  is  familiarly  convey'd  by 
the  inter-nunce  of  pidgeons  trained  up  for  the  purpose,  that  is,  carried 
in  open  cages   from  the   dove-houses,  and  freed   with   their  letters  of 
advice  (contriv'd  in  narrow  scrowls- about  their  bodies,  and  under  the 
wing),  whiclr  they  bring  with  wonderful  expedition  :  as  they  likewise 
practise  it  from  Scanderoon  to  Aleppo  upon  the  coming  in  of  ships,  and 
other  occasions.     These  were  the  later  intercourses  from  Venice  to  and 
from   the   oriental  parts,  till  in    the  year  149/   that  the  famous  Vasco 
de  Gama  (that  fortunate  Portugueze,  and  whom  we  may  truly  call  the 
restorer  of  Navigation,)  found  out  a  nearer  way,  by  going  farther  about  : 
for  Henry,  the  third  son  of  John  the  First  of  Portugal*,  hearing  that 
Bethencourt,  a  Norman,,had   detected   certain  islands  in  the  Atlantick 
Ocean  some  years  before  f,  sent  two  ships  in  search'  of  the  Africa  shoars 
southwards  :   ten   years  after  this,  Gonsalves   Zargo  and  Tristan    Vaz 
made  discovery  of  Madera  J,  and  certain  Genoezes  had  sail'd  as  far  as 


*  mO-  t  1344.  +  Detected  before  by  one  Machin,  an  English  man. 


649 

,^lerra  Leonai  wjthjn  eight  degress  of  tlie  Equator ;  after  which,  there 
was  little  advance  till  the  reign  of  Alphonsus  the  Second,  in  whose 
time  the  Portuguezes  coasted  as  far  as  the  promontory  of  St.  Katherine, 
jander  the  second  degree  of  southern  latitude ;  but  John  the  Second 
sending  men  by  the  old  way  of  Alexandria,  and  the  Midland-Sea  to 
Goa,  Peter  Covilan,  an  active  spirit  amongst  them,  hearing  of  a 
famous  cape,  which  extending  itself  far  into  the  sea,  and  that  being 
doubl'd,  did  open  a  passage  into  the  east,  brought  news  of  It  to  King 
Emianuel  (then  reigning),  who  thereupon  employ'd  the  two  brothers 
Vasques  (whom  we  nam'd)  and  Paulo,  with  four  vessels  and  1 60  men, 
with  that -success,  as  to  discover  a  passage  to  the  Indies  bv  Loi^-Sea, 
to  the  almost  utter  ruine  of  Venice  ;  and,  in  a  short  time  after,  to  the 
total  interruption  of  that  tedious  circle  by  land,  rivers,  and  lakes, 
which  we  have  been  describing;  nor  are  we  to  forget  Petrus  Alvarez, 
Alriieida,  and  others  :  and  in  this  manner  for  divers  years  (at  least  till 
the  reign  of  John  the  Third)  did  the  Portugals  and  Spaniards  carry  the 
trade  of  the  world,  from  the  rest  of  the  world,  till  the  Hollanders 
(bding  prohibited  all  intercourse  with  the  ports  belonging  to  the 
Gatholick-Kings)  attempted  the  same  discovery,  and  in  short  time  so 
out-did  the  former,  that  by  the  year  1595  they  had  establish'd  a 
company  for  the  East-Indies,  and  within  a  while  after,  another  for  the 
West*,  which  has  subduM  the  best  part  of  Brazile,  and  in  the  year 
rl628  fought  and  took  the  ^Spanish  Plate-fleet  to  their  immense 
inrichment:  but  in  what  manner  they  have  setled  themselves  and 
factories  in  those  parts,  and  by  what  arts  maintain'd  it,  will  require  a 
fuller  discovery.  ; 

20.  We  hot  long-since  mention'd  the  Goths  and  Vandals,  and  who 
almost  has  taken  notice  of  the  ancient  port  of  Wisby,  formerly  a 
receptacle  of  ships,  and  famous  emporium  in  those  parts  ?  when  even 
the  laws  and  ordinances  of  Wisby  tjook  place,  like  those  of  Oleron, 
frorn  Muscovy,  to  the  streights  of  Gibraltar;  and  though  both  Olaus 
Magnus,  Herbestan,  and  others,  have  exceedingly  celebrated  this  city, 
and  haven  ;  yet  we  cannot  learn  how  it  came  to  be  deserted,  unless  by 

*  1624. 

4  o 


650 

luxury  and  dlssentions  of  the  inhabitants ;  by  none  (that  we  can  find 
recorded  :  but  that  it  was  once  in  so  flourishing  a  state,  testifie  the  ye 
remaining  heaps,  the  columns  of  marble,  jasper,  and  porphyrie ;  th( 
gates  of  brass  and  iron,  exquisitely  wrought,  and  other  foot-steps  o 
august  foundations.  Albertus  the  Swedish  King  endeavour'd  by  grea 
privileges  to  have  (it  seems)  establish'd  again,  and  restor'd  it  to  it 
ancient  splendour,  but  it  did  not  succeed :  nevertheless,  the  laws  W( 
mention'd  (written  in  the  old  Theutonick  language,  and  without  date) 
obtain'd  amongst  the  Germans,  Danes,  Flemmings,  and  almost  all  th( 
northern  people ;  we  mention  the  instance  to  shew,  that  as  some  places 
have  Tset-up  and  thriven  by  their  industry,  so  others  have  lost  whai 
they  once  possess'd  ;  and  that  this  vicissitude  is  unavoidable,  Tyrus,  anc 
Carthage,  and  Corinth,  and  Syracuse  (that  in  their  turns  contendec 
with  all  the  world  for  Navigation  and  Commerce),  are  pregnant  exam- 
ples. The  famous  Brundusium  (whence  the  great  Pompey  fled  frona 
the  fortune  of  Caesar)  is  now  quite  choak'd-up  :  Joppa  is  no  more,  and 
Tinjis,  which  of  old  deriv'd  its  name  from  Commerce,  and  was  a 
renown'd  emporium  near  three  hundred  years  before  Carthage  was  a 
city,  was  lately  the  desolate  Tangiers ;  though  now  again,  by  the  influ- 
ence of  our  glorious  monarch,  raising  its  aged  head  with  fresh  vigour. 
But  what's  become  of  hundreds  we  might  name ;  Spina  near  Ravenna, 
Luna  in  Etruria,  Lesbss,  and  even  Athens  her  self*?  When  nearer 
home,  and  at  our  own  doors,  Stavernen  in  Friezland,  anciently  a  famous 
port,  now  desolate ;  Antwerp  (lately  the  staple  for  the-  spice  and  riches 
of  the  East,  and  that  sold  more  in  one  month  than  Venice  did  in  four 
and  twenty)  lies  abandoned.  The  stately  Genoa  (which  once  employ'd 
twice-twenty  thousand  hands  in  the  silken  manufacture)  is  now,  with 
her-elder-sister  Venice,  ebbing  apace  ;  Venice,  I  say,  the  belov'd  of  the 
sea,  seems  now  forlorne,  compar'd  to  what  she  was,  and  from  how 
small  a  principle  she  had  spread  ! 

21.  The  Bretons  and  Normans  (especially  against  the  Saracens),  those 
of  Province,  Marseilles,  Narbonne,  &c.  had  long  since  been  famous  at 
We  say   long  since,  for  the   ancient  Gaules  had  great  commerce  with 


*  Strabo,  Dionys.  Halicainas.    See  Isaiah,  chap,  xxiii. 


651 

those  of  Carthage  (as  appears  out  of  Polybyus  and   Livy),  but  the 
French  in  general  have  of  later  dales,  and  since  the  reign  of  Charles 
the   Eighth,  performed   little   considerable.     Francis  the  First  (that 
magnificent  Prince,-  who  had  made  the  famous  Andrea,  Dorla  his  admi- 
ral) built  indeed  no  less  than  fifty  gallies  for  the  Italick-War,  and  had 
some  conflicts  with  our  king  his  neighbour;    but  Henry  the  Fourth 
seem'd  wholly  negligent   of  sea-afiPairs,  relying  upon  the  generosity 
of  Queen  Elizabeth,   in  whose  dales  neither  he  nor  any  other  poten- 
tate about  her,  durst  pretend  to  shipping,  or  such  fleets  as  might  give 
jealousie  to   their  allies ;  which,   had  this  incomparable  Princess,  or 
rather  her  peaceful  successor,  as  well  observ'd  with  the  Hollanders  in 
point  of  Commerce  and  Trade  too,  the  ages  to  come,  as  well  as  present, 
had  been  doubly  oblig'cl  to  their  memory.  But  the  scene  is  now  chang'd, 
as  well  with  them  as  with  France;  since  Cardinal  de  Richelieu,  in  the 
reign  of  Lewis  the  Thirteenth,  instituting  a  colledge  and  fraternity  of 
merchants  about  thirty  years  since ;  and  by  opening,  enlarging,  and  im- 
proving their  ports  and  magazines,  has  put  the  present  Monarch  into 
such  a  condition,  as  has  exceedingly  advanc'd  his  Commerce,  and  given 
principle  to  no  inconsiderable  navy ;  and  if  Claud.  Pat.  Sesellius  *,  the 
Bishop  of  Marseilles'  prophecies  succeed  (who  writ  about  the  time  of 
Lewis  the  Twelfth),  the  northern  world  is  like  to  have  an  importunate 
neighbour  within  few  years  to  come,  from  his  growing  power,  even  upon 
the  ocean, 

22.  The  Danes  and  more  northern  people  were  formidable  (especially 
to  this  island)  under  the  conduct  of  their  brave  Canute,  Ubbo  the  Fri- 
zian,  and  other  captains ;  making  frequent  descents  upon  us  in  mighty 
fleets,  encounter'd  by  the  Saxons  :  but  all  these  living  more  by  brigandize 
and  piracy  than  by  traffick,  gave  place  to  the  Spaniard  and  Portugals, 
whose  successful  expeditions  and  discoveries  have  rendred  them  deserved- 
ly more  worthy  for  these  last  six  or  seven  hundred  years,  than  any  we  have 
hitherto  mention'd,  for  their  shedding  of  blood  and  invasions.  Nor  with 
less  glory,  and  timely  application  of  themselves  to  sea-affairs,  did  the  for- 
merly-mention'd  Genoezes,  and  others  of  the  Ligurian  coast,  signalize 

*  De  Repub.  Galli2e,  I.  2. 


652 

their  courage,  as  well  as  their  dexterity  in  traffick,  especially  i 
the  Saracens;  since  which  they  did  exceedingly  flourish,  till  the 
of  Tuscany,  by  better  policy,  and  the  direction  of  Count  Dudle 
tended  Duke  of  Northumberland),  raising  its  neighbour  Ligorn 
despicable  and  neglected  place  to  a  free  and  well-defended  p( 
well  nigh  ruin  it ;  for  by  this  means  the  greatest  merchants  for 
in  the  world  (namely,  those  of  Genoa)  are  become  the  greate 
sordidst  usurers  in  it ;  as  having  otherwise  little  means  to  empl 
riches  which  they  formerly  got  by  a  more  honest  and  natural 
trade.  But  as  the  opening  of  Marseilles  may  in  time  endanger 
Ligorn,  whilst  the  French  King  is  courting  all  the  world  with  i 
lization,  and  other  popular  immunities  ;  other  princes  are  ins 
how  to  render  themselves  considerable,  who  are  blest  with  any 
tagious  post  upon  the  bordures  of  the  ocean ;  and  of  this.  Got 
(not  to  mention  Villa-Franca,  and  some  other  ports,)  is  now  a 
instance,  which  till  of  late  was  hardly  known  beyond  its  i 
suburbs,  though  it  must  be  acknowledg'd  that  both  the  Dan 
Sweeds  had  perform'd  notable  exploits  ;  the  former  from  Hei 
Third,  by  the  conduct  of  Ubbo  the  Frisian  (not  to  insist  o 
heavy  impositions  on  this  island),  and  the  latter  from  Gustavus  thi 
who  serv'd  himself  of  gallies  even  upon  the  Northern  Seas,  bi 
him  by  the  Venetians,  and  set  out  that  enormous  ship  we  men 
which  carryed  thirteen  hundred  men.  What  conquests  the  lati 
Adolphus  made,  with  an  armada  of  two  hundred  ships,  is  knowr 
amazement  of  Europe. 

23.  We  have  more  than  once  shew'd  from  how  humble  a  rise 
had  exalted  her  head,  and  spread  the  fame  of  her  conquests,  as 
Navigation,  over  Asia,  -^gypt,  Syria,  Pontus,  Greece,  and  othei 
tries  bordering  upon  the  ocean  :  she  war'd  against  the  Istrians,  ai 
quish'd  the  Saracens.  In  the  Holy-land  they  won  Smyrna,  d 
all  the  Phoenician  shpars,  especially  under  Dominico  Michael 
with  two  hundred  vessels,  having  rais'd  the  siege  of  Joppa,  took 
Samos,  Lesbos ;  to  omit  their  successes  against  the  Genoezes  e 
of  their  growth,  but  never  to  forget  the  former,  and  of  late  sti 
resistance  against  the  Turk  ;  especially  in  that  signal  battle  of  L 


653 

and  what  their  famous  general  Capello  did  at  Tunis   and  Algiers  fjf 
later  time,  and   the   building,  furniture,  and   oeconomy  of  their  arsenal 
and  magazines   celebrated  throughout    the  world ;  when   (before  the 
lucky  Portuguezes  had  doubl'd  the  Cape  of  Bon-Esperanza)  the  sweet 
of  the  Levantine  Commerce  (transfer'd  from  this  port  onely)  invited 
men  to  build  not  ships  alone,  but  houses  and  palaces  in  the  very  bosom 
of  Neptune,  with  a  stupendious  expence,  and  almost  miraculous.     The 
government  of  their  maritime  affairs,  care  of  their  forrests,  victualling, 
courage  and  Industry  of  their  greatest  noble-men,  \vho  are  frequently 
made  captains  of  single   gallies,  and  sometimes  arriving  to  be  chief 
admirals,  come  near  a  dictatorship  ;  are  things  worthy  of  praise,  and 
of  the  name  they  have  obtain'd.     Genoa  (whom  we   mentlon'd)  had 
signaliz'd  It  self  against  the  Saracens,  the  Republic  of  Pisa,  and  even 
Venice  it  self,  especially  under  Paganus  Doria  In  the  year  1352,  near 
the  Bosphorus  strelght ;  and  with  the  Island  of  Tenldos  had  been  hir'd 
by  the  young  Andronlcus  to  come  into  his  assistance.     From  the  time 
of  Cosmo  dl  Medices,  and  Sylvius  PIccolomlnl  their  Admiral,  the  Flo- 
rentines gave  proof  of  their  valour  In  Africa,  and  of  their  care  for  sea 
affairs,  the  Arsenal  at  Pisa  gives  a  commendable  instance. 

24.  The  Rhodans  (to  whom  some  attribute  even   the  invention   of 
Navigation,  and  whose  constitutions  were  universally  recelv'd,)  obtain'd 
a  mighty  repute  at  sea  ;  and  the  courageous  exploits  of  the    Maltezes 
and  other  military  orders  against   the   common  enemy,  the  Turk,  are 
renown'd  over  the  world  ;   vvltness  ten  thousand  which  they  slew,  and 
half  as  many  that  they  took  In  the  year  1308,  with  hundred  thousands . 
of  those  miscreants  destroy'd  by  them  since  their  removal  to  Malta ; 
especially  when  joyn'd  with  the  gallies  of  Venice  and   Genoa,  in  the 
years  1601,  1625,  1638,  and  other  slaughters  Innumerable.     We  name 
the  Turk,  and  they  give   us   cause  to  remember  them,  by  what  the 
Christian  Pale  has  too  often  felt,  when,  more  by  their  numbers  than 
their  courage,  they  took  from  It  Cyprus,  Rhodes,  and  the   never  to  be 
forgotten  Candla,  besides  their  conquests  and  incursions  on  the  rest  of 
Europe  and  Asia  ;  they  are  not,  'tis  confess'd,  of  any  name  for  much 
Commerce,   but  for  the  disturbance  of  It,  which  calls  aloud  upon  the 
Christian  world  to  put  a  timely  period  to  their  insolence,  before  It  be 


654 

incorrigible,  and  to  pursue  the  bold  and  brave  exploits  of  our  Blakes, 
Lawsonsj  and  Sprags,  against  the  Moores  and  Barbares,  and  by  example 
of  our  heroic  prince,  to  restore  that  security  to  trade,  which  can  oaelv 
make  it  re-flourish. 

25.  The  Ethiopians,  Persians,  Indians,  and  .Chinezes  (for  those  of 
Tartary  present  or  ancient  Scyths  come  hardly  into  this  account),  may 
be  reckon'd  among  the  nations  of  traffic ;  especially  the  last  nam'd,  as 
who  are  by  some  thought  to  have  had  knowledge  of  the  magnet  before 
the  Europeans ;  nay,  so  addicted  were  they  to  sailing,  that  they  in- 
vented veliferous  chariots,  and  to  sail  upon  the  land  :  it  was  long  since 
that  they  had  intercourse  with  those  of  Madagascar,  and  came  some- 
times as  far  as  the  Red-Sea  with  their  wares ;  and  for  vessels  have  to 
this  day  about  Nankin,  jonks  of  such  prodigious  size,  as  seem  like  cities 
rather  than  ships,  built  full  of  houses,  and  replenish'd  with  whole  fami- 
lies :  in  short,  there  is  hardly  a  nation  so  rude,  but  who  in  some  degree 
cultivate  navigation,  and  are  charm'd  with  the  advantages  of  commerce. 
But  it  would  cost  an  immense  volume  to  discourse  at  large  of  these 
things  in  particular,  and  to  mention  onely  the  brave  men  who  have  in 
all  ages  signalized  themselves  at  sea  for  their  arras,  or  more  peaceful 
arts ;  to  count  the  names  of  the  famous  captains  and  adventures  of  later 
times,  whose  expeditions  have  been  war-like,  and  for  invasion,  and 
many  for  discoveries  and  commerce.  Here  then  we  contract  our  sails, 
and  shall  direct  our  course  nearer  home,  from  whence  we  have  been  so 
long  diverted. 

26.  The  first  that  presents  itself  to  our  second  consideration,  are  the 
Spaniards  and  Castilians,  who  (upon  the  success  of  their  neighbours  the 
Portugals),  making  use  of  that  fortunate  stranger  Columbus,  prompted 
by  a  magnanimous  genius  and  a  little  philosophy,  discover'd  to  us  a 
new  world.  This  great  man  being  furnish'd  out  by  Ferdinand  and 
Isabella  of  Castile,  in  four  voyages,  which  he  made  from  the  year  1492 
to  1502,  detected  the  Antillias,  Cuba,  Jamaica,  &c.  with  some  of 
the  Terra  jirma  ;  though,  to  let  pass  Zeno  (a  noble  Venetian,  reported 
to  have  discover'd  the  North-east  part  of  America  above  an  hundred 
years  before  *),  there  be  who  tells  us,  that  a  certain  obscure  mariner 

»  1390. 


655 

(Alphonso  Zanches  de  Huelva  by  name)  had  the  first  sight  of  this 
goodly  prospect  eight  years  before  this  glorious  Genoeze  (for  Columljus 
was  of  that  city),  or  any  of  the  pretenders.  This  poor  sea- man,  hurried 
upon  those  unknown  coasts  by  tempests,  which  continu'd  for  almost  a 
full  month,  was  carried  as  far  as  St.  Domingo  in  Hispaniola  :  how  be 
return'd  is  not  Said  ;  but  that  from  the  observations  of  this  adventure 
Christophero  receiv'd  the  first  notices  of  what  he  afterwards  improv'd, 
being  at  that  time  in  the  Maderas,  where  Zanches  arriving,  died  not 
long  after,  and  bequeath'd  him  all  his  charts  and  papers.  There  are  per- 
sons likewise  who  affirm,  that  some  mean  Biscayers  (losing  themselves  in 
pursuit  of  whale-fishing)  had  fall'n  upon  some  of  the  American  Islands, 
above  an  hundred  years  before  either  of  the  former ;  but,  since  of  this 
we  have  no  authentic  proofs :  certain  it  is  that  Columbus,  taking  his 
conjectures  from  the  spiring  of  certain  winds  from  the  Western  points, 
by  strong  impulse,  concluded  that  there  must  needs  be  some  continent 
towards  those  quarters.  Upon  this  confidence,  he  offers  first  his  service 
to  John  King  of  Portugal,  and  then  to  our  Henry  the  Seventh  of  Eng- 
land, by  both  which  princes  rejected  for  a  rbmantlc  dream,  he  repairs  to 
the  Court  of  Spain,  where,  partly  by  his  importunity,  and  much  by  the 
favour  of  Isabella,  he  was  with  great  difficulty  set  out  at  last ;  when  to 
equip  him,  the  royal  lady  was  fain  to  pawn  some  of  her  jewels  :  but  it 
was  well  repaid,  when  for  the  value  of  17>000  crowns  he  not  long  after 
return'd  her  almost  as  many  tuns  of  treasure,  and  within  eight  of  nine 
years,  to  the  Kings  sole  use,  above  1,500,000  of  silver,  and  360  tuns 
of  gold*.  See  the  reward  of, faith,  and  of  things  not  seen!  These 
fortunate  beginnings  were  pursu'd  by  Americus  Vesputius  (a  Floren- 
tine, and  a  stranger  too),  who  being  sent  by  Emanuel  of  Portugal  to, 
the  Molucca  Islands  (five  years  after),  hapning  to  be  driven  upon  the 
same  coast,  carried  away  the  name,  though  not  the  honour,  from  all  the 
former,  though  there  be  who  upon^good  proof  affirm  that  John  Chabot, 
a  Venetian,  and  his  son  Sebastian  (born  with  us  at  Bristol),  had  disco- 
ver'd  Florida,  and  the  shoars  of  Virginia,  with  that  whole  tract  as  far  as 
New-found-land,  before  the  bold  Genoeze ;  nay,  that  Thorn  and  Eliot 
Cboth  countrymen  of  ours)  detected  this  New-world  before  Columbus 

*  1497. 


656 

ever  set  foot  upon  it;  for  we  will  say  nothing  of  the  famous  Owen  Gwy- 
nedd,  whose  adventures  are  of  yet  greater  antiquity,  and  might  serve 
to  give  reputation  to  that  noble  enterprize,  if  we  had  a  mind  to  be  con- 
tentious for  it.     But, 

27-  That  indeed  the  most  shining  exploits  of  this  age  of  discoveries 
were  chiefly  due  to  the  several  heros  of  this  island,  we  have  but  to  call 
over  the  names  of  Drake,  Hawkins,  Cavendish,  Frobisher,  Davis,  Hud- 
son, Raleigh,  and  others  of  no  less  merit :  for  Impossible  it  was  that 
the  English  should  not  share  in  dangers  with  the  most  renowned  in  so 
glorious  an  enterprize;  our  Drake  being  the  first  of  any  mortal  to  whom 
God  vouchsafed  the  stupendious  atchievement  of  encompassing  not  this 
New-World  alone,  but  New  and  Old  together;  both  of  them  twice  em- 
brac'd  by  this  demi-god ;  for  Magellan,  being  slain  at  the  Manlllias, 
was  interrupted  in  his  intended  course  *,  and  left  the  exploit  to  Sebas- 
tian Camus  his  colleague. 

28.  This  voyage  of  Drake  was  first  to  Nombre  de  Dios;  where  coming 
to  a  sight  of  the  South-Seas,  with  tears  of  joy  in  his  eyes,  his  mind  was 
never  in  repose  till  he  had  gotten  into  it,  as  in  five  years  after  he  accom- 
plish'd  it,  when  passing  through  the  Magellan  Streight  towards  the 
other  Indies,  and  doubling  the  famous  promontory,  he  circumnavigated 
the  whole  earth,  and  taking  from  the  Spaniard,  St.  Jago,  Domingo, 
Cartagena,  and  other  signal  places,  crown'd  in  the  name  of  his  mistress 
the  Queen,  at  Nova  Albion,  he  return'd  to  his  country,  and  to  a  crown 
of  immortal  honour.  This  gallant  man  was  leader  to  Cavendish,  an- 
other countryman  of  ours,  of  no  less  resolution  ;  for  these  brave  persons, 
scorning  any  longer  to  creep  by  shoars,  and  be  oblig'd  to  uncertain 
constellations,  plow'd-up  unfathomable  abysses,  without  ken  of  earth 
or  heaven,  and  really  accomplish'd  actions  beyond  all  that  the  poets  of 
old,  or  any  former  record,  fruitful  in  wonders,  could  invent  or  relate. 

29.  And  now  every  nation,  stimulated  by  these  adventures,   daily 
,  added  new  things  to  the  accomplishment  of  the  art ;  things,  I  say,  un- 
known to  former  ages.     And  herein  were  the  Portugals  very  prosperous, 
one  of  whose  princes  brought  first  into  use  the  astrolabe,  and  tables  of 
declination,  with  other  arithmetical  and  astronomical  rules  applicable  to 

*  1528, 


657 

navigation ;  besides  what  several  others  had  from  time  to  time  invented : 
but  neither  were  these  to  be  compar'd  to  the  nautic  box  and  feats 
of  the  magnet,  before  which  the  science  was  so  imperfect,  and  mari- 
ners so  terrified  at  long  voyages,  that  there  were  laws  to  prohibit  sail- 
ing, even  upon  the  Mediterranean,  during  the  winter  season ;  and, 
however  great  things  have  been  reported  of  Plato's  Atlantic,  the  dis- 
coveries of  Hanno,  Eudoxius,  and  others  of  old  time,  from  the  Per- 
sian Gulph,  as  far  as  Cales :  it  was  still  with  sneaking  by  the  shoar,  in 
continual  sight  of  land,  or  by  chance,  which  indeed  has  been  a  fruit- 
ful mother  in  these  and  most  other  discoveries,  that  men  might  learn 
humility,  and  not  sacrifice  to  their  own  uncertain  reasonings.  In  that 
memorable  expedition*  of  the  French  to  invade  our  country,  there 
was  hardly  a  pilot  to  be  found  who  durst  adventure  twenty  leagues 
into  the  main;  and  those  who  had  been  the  most  assur'd  did  hardly 
reach  within  many  degrees  of  the  ^Equinoctial.  The  Azores  were 
first  stumbl'd  upon  by  a  roaming  pirat,  surpriz'd  by  storm:  all  the 
Asiatic  Indian  seas,  and  some  of  Africa,  lay  almost  as  much  in  the  dark 
as  the  Hyperboreans  and  horrid  North.  And  though  this  defect  was 
encounter'd  more  than  two  ages  past  ■j',  by  that  ever  to  be  renown'd 
Italian,  Flavio  of  Mel  phi  (for  we  pass  what  is  reported  of  the  ancient 
Arabs,  Paulus  Venetus,  and  others),  yet  was  it  near  fourscore  years  after 
ere  it  came  so  far  North  as  these  countries  of  ours,  to  which  his  needles 
continually  pointed.  But  it  was  now  when  the  fullness  of  time  was 
come,  that  bv  this  means  the  Western  Indies  should  be  no  longer  a 
secret  and  what  have  been  the  incomparable  advantages  which  this 
despicable  stone  has  produc'd  (the  property  whereof  is  ever  to  have  Its 
poles  converted  to  the  poles  of  the  world,  and  its  axes  directed  parallel 
to  the  axes  of  the  world).  Is  argument  of  admiration  :  but  that  by  virtue 
of  this  dull  pebble  such  a  continent  of  land,  such  myriads  of  people, 
such  inexhaustible  treasures,  and  so  many  wonders  should  be  brought  to 
light,  plainly  astonishes,  and  may  instruct  the  proudest  of  us  all  not  to 
contemn  small  things,  since  so  it  oftentimes  pleases  the  Almighty  to 
humble  the  loftiness  of  men,  and  to  choose  the  base  things  of  the  world 
to  confound  the  things  that  are  mighty.     And  less  than  this  we  could 

*  1305.  t  1465.       ^ 

4p 


658 

not  say  concerning  that  inestimable  jewel  by  whose  aid  and  direction^ 
the  coniBaerce  and  jtraffick  of  ^he.  world  has  receiv'd  such  advantages.  : 

30.  We  have  now  dispatcli'd  the  JRortugals  and  the  Spaniards  :  there 
remain  the  English  and  the  Hollanders,  who,  courting  the  good  graces 
of  the  same  mistress,  the  trade  of  the  world,  divide  the  world  between 
them.  Deservedly  thpn  wCr, celebrate  the  industry  of  the  Batavians  : 
they  must  really  be  look'd  upon  as  a  wqnderful  people;  nor  do  we  di- 
minish our  selves  whilst  we  magrjifie  any  Worthy  actions  of  theirs,  since 
it  capnipt  but  redound  to  our  glory,  who  have  been  the  occasion  pf  it, 
and.thatasi. often  as  they  have. forgotten  it,  we  have  been  able  to  chas- 
tize them  for  it :  it  is,  I  say,  a.  miracle,  that  a  people  (who  have  no 
principle  of  trade  among  theijiselves):  should  in  so  short  a  space  become 
such  masters  of  it :  their  growth  ('tis  confess' d)  is  admirable  ;  and  if -it 
prove  as  solid  and  permanent-  as  it  has  been  speedy,  Rome  must  her  self 
submit  to  the  comparisoi^ :  but  we  know  who  has  calculated  her  nati- 
vity *,  and  that  violent  things  are  not  alwaies  lasting.;  We  will  yet  give 
them  their  due;  they  are  gyants  for  stature,  fierce  in  beard  and  counte- 
nance, full  of  goodly  towns,  strong-  in  munition,  numerous;  in  shipping ; 
in  a  word,  highland  n;iighty  states,  and  all  this  the  product  of  commerce 
and  navigation ;  but  by  w^hat  just  arts  equally  and  in  all  parts  improv'd, 
we  may  hereafter  enquire,  as  well  as  to  whose  kindness  they  have  been 
the  most  obliged  and  the  most  ingratefiul.  We  omit  to  speak  here  of 
their  discoveries  and  plantations,  which  the  curious  may  find  in  the 
journals  of  Heem^kerk,  Oliver  Vander-Nordt,  Spilberg,  Le  Maire  (wfeo 
went  six  degrees  farther  South  than  Magellan  himself,  and  found  a 
shorter  passage  into  those  seas) ;  to  these  we  may  add  L'Eremite,  the 
late  compilers  of  their  Atlasses,  and  others,  which  many  volumes  would 
hardly  comprehend,  because  they  are  generally  known.  Tacitus,  and 
other  famous  authorjs,  have  celebrated  their  early  exploits  at  sea; 
and,  of  later  times  f,  Fredric  Barburossa  did  bravely  against  the  Sara- 
cens at  Pelusium  in  ^gypt.  The  Frisians  greatly  infested  the  Danes 
and  those  of  Flanders,  especially  under  William  the  son  of  John  Count 
pf  Holland,  and  in  the  time  of  Philip  the  good  Duke  of  Burgundy. 
They  were  the  first  that  wore  the  broome,  when,  anno  1438,  they  had 


*  Bentivoglio,  Guerra  di  Fiandra.  -f  1219. 


659 

clear'd  the  Levantine  seas,  subdu'd  the  Geribezes,  and  vanqulsh'd  the 
French  about  an  bundred  years  after*:  how  they  plagu'd  the  Spaniard  and 
Portugals,  from  the  year  1572  to  almost  this  day,  there  is'no  body  igno- 
rant of ;  and  for  that  of  their  discoveries,  (^eei)ero  i^rioM  ntariUni  U- 
tora^quasvedesinentis  mundi  oras  scrutata  noii  est  Belgar^umndiiticdf} 
was  justly  due  to -them  from  Strada;  and  the  truth  is,  they  hkve  merited 
of  fame  for  mapy  vertues,  and  shew'd  from  what  small  and  despJcabk 
rudiments  great  things  have  emerged;  and  that  trafEck  alone,  which  at 
the  first  raised,  has  hitherto  supported  this  grandure  against  a  most 
puissant  toonarch  for  almost  an  age  intire  :  but;  their  admission  of'for- 
reigners,  increase  of  hands,  encouraging  manufactures,  free  and  open 
ports,  low  customes,  toUeration  of  Teligions,' natural  frugality,  and  in- 
defat^able  industry,  could^  indeed,  portend  no  less.  We  conblude  then 
with  England,  which,  though  last  in  order,  was  not  the  last  in  our  de- 
sign; whet)',  upon  refleetibn  on  our  late  differences  with  our  neighbours 
of  Holland^  \ve  thought  it  not  unsuitable  to  preface  something  concern- 
ing the  progress  of  that  commerce  which  has  been  the  subject  of  so 
many  conflicts  between  us.     •  ,  ..  i' .  , 

31.  To  the  little  which  has  been  hithertb  said  of  the  great  things 
which  our  nation  hasperform'd  by  sea  in  the  latfer  ages,'  we  might  super- 
add the  gallantry  and  brave  adventures  of  former';  since  from  no  obscure 
authors  we  learn  J,  'the  Britains  to  have  accompanied  the  CImbrians 
and  Graulsin  their  meniorable  expedition  into  Greebe,  long  before  the 
Incarnation  of  our  Lord,  and  whilst  they  were  yet  strangers  to  the  Ro- 
man ^  world;  not  to  insist  on  the  C^asslterides^  known  to  thie  Phceniciansj 
and  wItb;sovmuch  judgment  vindicated  by  a  learned  author  §  in  that  his 
exceUent  and  useful  Institution.  In 'all  events  we  resort  to  the  greateist 
captain,  and,  .without  dispute,  the  purest  bf  ancient  writfers:  the  descrip- 
tion which  Caesar  II  makes  of  the  supplies' this  island  afforded  the  Gauls 
(and  which  miade  him  think  it  worth  his  while  to  brifig  bver  his  legions 
hither)-,  will  Inform  us,  that  the  structure  of  their  vessels  was  not  altp- 

*  V.  Pont,  Heuterus  Austr.  1.  13.  ■' 

f  Stradae  de  Bello  Belgico,  Decas.  1.  lib.  1,  pa^.  18.  folio,  Rom.  1632. 

+  Camden  ;  Strabo,  1.  3. 

§  W.  Howell,  Institution  of  Gen.  Hbt, — Bocharti  Canaan,  1.  1.  c.  39.  &  1. 3.  c.  9. 

II  DefielloGall.lib.  3. 


660 

gether  of  twigs  and  oxes-hides ;  and  the  Veneti,  it  seems,  had  then 
navy  of  no  less  than  200  sail,  built  of  goodly  oak,  tall,  and  so  brave 
equipped  for  war,  and  to  endure  the  sea,  as  that  great  general  ackno\ 
ledg'd  the  Romans  themselves  had  nothing  approach'd  it :  which  v 
mention,  because  divers  grave  authors  believe  the  British  vessels  (se 
sometime  as  auxiliaries)  were  thought  to  be  like  them.  And  the  slend 
experience  which  the  Gauls  (or,  in  truth,  any  other  neighbour  of  their 
had  of  the  opposite  shoars,  when  the  Britains  were  thus  instructed  boi 
for  defence  and  commerce  (and  at  that  time  permitted  certain  me 
chants  onely  to  frequent  their  coasts),  is  a  fair  praescription  how  ear 
she  intituled  her  self  to  the  dominion  of  the  seas;  which,  if  at  any  tin 
interrupted  by  barbarous  surprise  or  invasion  (as  in  the  ages  followin 
it  seem'd  to  be),  yet  neither  did  that  continue  any  longer  than  till  tl 
prevalent  force  was  established,  which  soon  asserting  the  title,  as  lord 
and  in  right  of  England^  raaintain'd  her  prserogative  from  time  imme 
morial.  I  know  not  why,  therefore,  a  solitary  writer  or  two  should  g 
about  to  deprive  this  nation  of  more  than  twelve  hundred  years  at  onci 
because  an  heroick  prince  has  had  the  misfortune  to  have  his  mighl 
actions  reported  by  some  weak  and  less  accurate  pens ;  yet  such  as  tl 
times  wherein  they  liv'd  could  furnish,  especially  too,  since  this  hi 
been  the  fate  of  as  brave  men  as  any  wh,om  history  has  recorded :  bu 
by  this  pretence,  some  there  are  who  would  take  from  us  the  renowne 
Arthur,  who  is  reported  to  have  led  his  squadrons  as  far  as  Ice-land  ^ 
and  brought  the  Northern  people  under  his  flag,  planting  the  confint 
of  the  British  Ocean  as  far  as  the  Russian  tracts  ;  and  this  (togeth< 
with  all  the  Northern  and  Eastern  isles)  to  be,  de  Jure,  appendice 
unto  this  kingdom,  we  may  find  in  the  leges  Edwardi,  confirm'd  by  tli 
Norman  Conquerour,  for  so  it  had  been  left  to  the  famous  Edgar  (< 
mention  onely  Egbert,  Alfred,  Ethelred,  &c.  princes  all  of  them  sig 
nally  meritorious  for  their  care  of  the  sea),  who,  soon  finding  by  expt 
rience  what  benefit  and  protection  his  country  receiv'd  by  the  extraord 
nary  vigilancy  on  the  coasts,  and  the  vindicating  of  his  dominions  o 
the  waters,  cover'd  them  at  once  with  no  less  than  four  thousand  sail 


*  See  'APXAIONOMIA,  sive,  de  Priscis  Anglorum  Legibus,  written  by  Lambard,  and  publishf 
by  Mr.  Wheelock, 


661 

nor,  it  seems,  without  cause  (the  time  consider'd),  since  we  lay  so  ex- 
pos'd  to  a  barbarous  enemy.  Alfred  (whom  we  mention'd)  found  it  so 
in  his  daies  (a  sober  and  well-consulted  prince),  and  therefore  provided 
him  self  of  the  same  expedient  against  the  troublesome  Danes,  whom  he 
not  seldome  humbl'd;  but  this  maxime,  as  often  neglected,  did  as  cer- 
tainly expose  the  nation  to  prey  and  contempt,  as  not  long  after  it,  to 
the  Norman  power*,  and  may  so  again  to  a  greater,  when  through  a  fatal 
supineness  we  shall  either  remit  of  our  wonted  vigilance  and  due  provi- 
sions, or  suffer  our  upstart  neighbours  to  incroach  upon  us ;  so  true  is 
that  saying,  hy  what  means  any  thing  is  acquir'd,  by  the  same  'tispj'e- 
serv'd.  Did  this  island  wisely  consider  the  happiness  of  not  needing 
many  frontiers  to  protect  her  from  hourly  alarms,  or  inland  fortresses 
to  check  the  suddain  and  rude  incursions  to  which  all  continents  are  ob^ 
noxious,  she  would  not  think  her  bounty  to  her  Prince  a  burthen,  who, 
by  maintaining  a  glorious  and  formidable  navy  at  sea,  not  onely  renders 
her  inhabitants  secure  at  home,  without  multiplying  of  governours  and 
guarnisons  (which  are  ever  jealous  to  a  free  and  loyal  people),  but,  un- 
less wanting  to  themselves,  repairs  their  layings-out  with  immense 
advantages ;  and  by  securing  and  improving  that  trade  and  commerce 
which  onely  can  render  a  nation  flourishing,  and  which ,  has  hitherto 
given  us  the  ascendant  over  the  rest  of  the  world  :  so  true  is  another 
axiom.  Qui  mare  teneat,  eum  necesse  est  rerum  potiri-\\  but  without 
which  'tis  in  vain  to  talk  of  sovereignty. 

32.  By  these  politicks  King  John  was  enabl'd  to  pass  the  seas  into 
Ii:eland  with  a  fleet  of  500  sail,  imperiously  commanding  whatever  ves- 
sels they  should  meet  withal  about  the  eight  circumfluent  seas,  to  arrest 
them,  and  bring  them  to  understand  their  duty  :  but  our  third  Edward 
(to  whom  the  house  of  Burgundy  ow'd  so  much)  equipp'd  above  a 
thousand  tall  ships  upon  another  occasion,  with  gin  handful  whereof  he 
defeated  a  prodigious  navy  of  the  French  and  Spaniard  that  were  gotten 
together ;  and  we  have  seen  a  perfect  and  undoubted  list  of  no  fewer 
than  700  men  of  war  which  this  Prince  brought  before  Calais,  though 


*  Nimis  multa  exstare  documenta  Britanniae  esse  dominos  qui  assent  maris.    Grotii,  Annales 
et  Hist.  Belgicis,  lib.  13. 
t  Cic.  ad  Attic.  1. 10.  ep.  8. 


662 

he  made  use  of  but  200  of  them,  to  vanquish  a  fleet  consisting  of  moi 
than  double  the  number,  with  the  loss  of  thirty  thousand  French ;  whic 
had  such  an  infliience  on  his  neighbours,  that  whereas  till  then  ther 
had  been  some  remisness  in  the  nation,  and  a  declension  of  sea-affair; 
the  bravest  and  greatest  men  in  the  land  began  greedily  to  eimbrac 
maritime  empl®yments,  and  the  title  of  Admiral*,  introduc'd  in  h' 
prsedecessors  time,  was  now  held  in  the  highest  esteem. 

33.  We  inention'd  the  house  of  Burgundy,  and  it  had  reason  to  n 
member  us  and  our  wool,  which  was  the  fairest  flower  of  that  duc£ 
coronet^  and,  as  some  good  antiquaries  remark,  really  gave  institutio 
to  their  goldeti  fleece  :  however  it  were,  this  wise  prince,  represehtio, 
to  the  Flemings  their  miserable  posture  (at  that  time  obnoxious  to  th 
French,  as  of  late  they  have  likewise  been),  and  inhibiting  the  imports 
tionof  forraign  cloths,  the  serene  and  quiet  condition  of  this  happ 
island  invited  them  over  to  settle  here,  erect  their  manufacture  amongs 
us,  and  joyn  their  art  to  our  nature. 

34.  We  pass  by  the  exploits  and  glorious  atchievments  perform'd  b 
our  Kings  against  the  Saraicens  in  the  Holy- War,  which  charg'd  th 
shields  of  the  ancient  nobless,  and  of  which  all  Asia  resounded.  Her 
our  Edwards,  Henries,  and  Richards,  did  memorable  things  ;  in  parti 
cular,  Richard  the  Second  took  tif  the  French  almost  an  hundred  ship 
at  once,  of  which  some  were  vessels  of  great  burthen,  richly  fraite ;  an 
an  Earl  of  Arundel  (bearing  this  Princes  name)  beat,  took,  and  destroy' 
226  ships,  deep  laden^  with  13,000  tuns  of  wine,  coming  from  La  Ro 
chelle,  after  an  obstinate  encounter,  and  many  brave  exploits.  To  these  w 
might'  add,  the  gallant  preparations  of  Henry  the  Fifth^  and  of  seven 
more,  had  we  a  design  or  any  need  to  accumulate  instances  of  our  puis 
sance  and  successes  at  sea,  so  thickly;sown  in  forreign  as  well  as  dbmesti 
histories  :  but  he  that  would  be  instructed  for  a  more  ample  discourse 
may  take  notice  of  the  League  made  between  Charles  the  Great  and  on 
Mercian  Offa  (now  more' than  700  years  since),  as  he  may  find  it  in  a 
epistle  of  the  learned  Albinus,  or  the  learned  Alcuin  ('tis  all  one),  an 
consult  our  countrymen  Walsingham,  (William  of)  Malmesbury,  ani 

*  Thalassiarcha.    See  Vossius  de  Vitiis  Sermonis  et  Glossematis  Lat.  1.  2.    It  is  deriv'd  froj 
EmiT,  or  Amir  Prcefectus,  in  Arab. 


663 

other  writers,  where  he  will  see  In  what  higL repute  ihis  nation  has  been, 
both  for  its  riumerous  shipping  and  the,  flourishing  coajnierce  it  wain- 
tain'd:  in  the  most  known  parts  of  the  \<^orld ;  and  .which  we  may  farther 
confirm  by  the  several  autfienticstatutes.and immunities, yet  extant,  not 
omittingthe;3QZic3/  of  keeping  the  sea,  f^qetio^isly,  yet  solidly  set  forth  in 
the  good  old  prologue,  intituled.  The  Process  of  the  Libel,  written  more 
than  200  years  past,  not  unworthy  our  deepest  reflexions  :  and  -verily, 
it  were  a  madness  in  us  to  neglect  the  care  of  tho^e  causes  from  wbenqe 
(as  by  a  series  of  them  will  yet  appear)  the  effects  of  all  our  temporal 
blessings  spring,  and  by  vertue  whereof  they  can  only  be  maintain'd. 
-  35.  Henry  the  Seventh,  and  his  magiiificent  successor,  were  both  of 
them  powerful  at  sea,  though  the  too  weak  faith  of.  the  former  deprlv'd 
him  of  the.most  glorious  accession  that  was  ever  offer'd  to. mortal  ma©. 
This  he  endeavour'd  to  have  repair'd  by  the  famous  Cahott,  whom  he 
afterwards  employ'd  to  seek  adventures ;  and,  though  the  success  were 
not  equal,  it  was  yet  highly  laudable,  and  (as  we  hayg  shew'd)  notako- 
gether  without  fruit; 

36.  Henry  the  Eighth,  his  son,  had  divers  qonflicts  with  the  Freneh^*, 
triumphing  sometimes  in  sails  of  cloth-of-gold, '  and  cordfige  of  silk: 
but  that  which  indeed  ;repair'd  the  remissness  of  the  one  and  profusion 
of  the  other,  and  gave  a  demo^nstration  of  how  absolute  concern  traflSc 
and  strength  at  seaiare  to  this  island,  was  the  care  which  Queen  Eliaa* 
beth  took,  when,  by  her  address  alone,  she  not  only  secur'd  her  king- 
doms from  the  formidable  power  of  Spain,  but  reap'd  the  harvest  too  ofi 
thait  opulent  monarch^  and  brought  his  Indies  into  her  own  Exchequer  ^ 
whilst  that  mighty  prince  had  onely  the  trouble  to  conquer  the  New- 
World,  and  prepare  the  treasure  for  her  :  ^nd  this  she  did  fey  her  influ»» 
ence  on  navigation,  and  by  the  courage  and  conduct  of-  those  renowned' 
heros  who  made  her  reign  so  famous.  ' 

■  37.  This  glorious  Princess  had  130  sail  of  fair  ships,  when^  she  sent 
over  for  the  Island  voyages,  of;  whiqh  60  were  stout  men  of  War ;  andi 
with' these  (besides  mpiy  other  exploits)  she  defended  Holland^  defied-' 


*  Lord  Herbert  of  Cherbnry,  Hist.  Hen.  VHI.  See  also  that  rare  piece  of  Hans  Holbein's  in  his 
Majesty's  Gallery  at  Whitehall. 


664 

Parma,  and '  aw'd  the  whole  power  of  Spain  :  with  an  handful  of  the 
(comparatively)  she  defeated  the  invincible  Armada  in  1588,  encou 
ter'd  and  took  gallions  and  other  vessels  of  prodigious  strength  ai 
bulk ;  and  what  havock  was  made  at  Cales,  by  yet  a  smaller  niimbe 
her  enemies  to  this  day  feel.  Grotius  *,  speaking  of  this  actio 
tells  us,  that  the  wealth  gotten  there  by  the  Earl  of  Essex  was  nev 
any  where  parallel'd  with  the  like  naval  success ;  and  that  if  these  b 
ginnings  had  been  pursu'd  (as  with  ease  they  might,  had  the  bra 
man's  counsel  been  follow'd),  it  had  prov'd  one  of  the  most  glorious  ei 
terprises  that  history  has  recorded :  however,  besides  the  immense  sp( 
and  treasure  they  took,  and  the  marks  they  left  of  their  fortitude  ( 
the  loss  of  12.00  great  guns  of  the  enemies,  irreparable  in  those  daies 
the  Spaniard  was  not  so  redoubted  abroad  -  as  they  left  him  miserab 
weakn'd  at  home.  To  these  we  may  number  the  trophies  won  by  part 
cular  adventurers  :  Sir  Francis  Drake  having,  with  four  ships  onel 
taken  from  the  Spaniard  a  million  and  189,200  ducats  in  one  eJcped 
tion,  anno  158/ ;  in  a  single  bottom,  25,000  pezos  of  the  most  refine 
gold;  and  after,  with  a  squadron  of  five  and  twenty  sail,  terrifying  tl 
whole  ocean,  he  sack'd  St.  Jago,  Domingo,  and  Cartagena  (as  befo: 
mention'd),  and  carried  away  with  him,  besides  other  incredible  boot 
240  pieces  of  artillery,  which  was  a  prodigious  spoil  in  those  early  daie 
and  when  those  instruments  of  destruction  were  not  in  such  plenty  ; 
now  they  are.  What,  shall  we  say  of  John  Oxenham,  one  of  the  Argc 
nauts  with  Drake  ?  who,  in  a  slender  bark,  near  Nombre-de-Dio 
having  drawn  up  his  vesselto  land,  and  cover'd  it  with  a  few  bough 
marched  with  his  small  crew  over  unknown  paths,  till  arriv'd  at  a  certai 
river,  and  there  building  a  pinnace  with  the  timber  which  they  felF 
upon  the  spot,  he  boldly  launches  into  the  South  Sea,  and,  at  the  Islan 
of  Pearls,  took  from  the  Spaniard  60,000  lb.  weight  of  massie-gold,  an 
200,000  in  silver  !  though  lost  in  his  return  with  it,  by  the  perfidy  t 
his  associates.  Such  an  exploit  is  hardly  to  be  parallel'd  in  any  ston 
Sir;Richard  Grinvill,  in  another  voyage  to  Cadiz,  with  but  180  soul 
diers  (of  which  90  were  sick  and  useless)  in  the  ship  Revenge,  main 


*  Annal.  I.  5. 


665 

^\nd  a  conflict  for  24  hours  against  50  Spanish  galllons,  sinking  four  of 
their  best  vessels.  Than  this,  what  have  we  more !  what  can  be 
greater  \  In  sum,  so  universal  was  the  reputation  of  our  countrymen 
in  those  dales  for  their  strenuous  exploits  at  sea,  that  even  those  who 
took  all  occasions  to  depress  and  extenuate  them,  are  forc'd  here  to 
acknowledge,  and  that  from  the  pen  of  an  author  whose  word  goes 
far  "  That  the  Greeks  and  Romdns,  who  of  old  made  good  all  their 
mighty  actions  by  naval  victories,  were  at  this  time  equal'd  by  the  for- 
titude and  courage  of  the  English  *." 

38.  'Twas  in  her  dales  they  dlscover'd  far  Into  the  North-east,  and 
North-west,  Catbaian,  and  China  passages,  by  the  indefatigable  dili- 
gence of  Willoughby,  Burrough,  Chancelor,  Button,  Baffin,  Froblsher, 
James,  Middleton,  Gilbert,  Cumberland,  and  others  f ,  worthy  to  be  con- 
sign'd  to  fame  :  in  her  brother's,  the  Sixth  Edward's  reign,  the  formerly- 
mentlon'd  Chabott  had  six  times  attempted  the  North-\test  tracts  to  the 
Indies  ;  and  long  before  these,  a  bold  prince  of  ours  essay'd  to  pass  the 
Moluccas  by  the  same  course,  entred  the  streights  of  Anlan,  and  is  by 
some  intituled  to  the  first  discovery  of  the  Canaries.  The  Summer- 
Islands,  and  the  goodly  continent  of  Virginia,  were  first  detected,  and 
then  planted  by  the  English  ;  among  whom  we  may  not  pass  by  the  in- 
dustry of  Captain  Jones,  Smith,  and  other  late  adventurers,  whose  great 
exploits  (as  romantic  as  they  appear)  were  the  steady  effects  of  their  cou- 
rage and  good  fortune.  We  have  said  yet  nothing  of  Pool,  who  began 
the  whale-fishing;  nor  of  Captain  Bennet,  who  dlscover'd  Cherry- 
Island  ;  Pet  and  Jackman,  that  pass'd  the  Vaigates,  Scythian  Ices, 
and  the  river  Ob,  as  far  as  Nova  Zembla  ;  of  John  Davis,  who  had  per- 
netrated  to  86  degrees  of  latitude,  and  almost  set  his  foot  upon  the 
Northern  Pole  :  here  let  us  also  remember  Captain  Gillan,  to  the  last- 
ing honour  of  his  highness  Prince  Rupert,  and  the  rest  of  those  illus- 
trious adventurers;  nor  forget  to  celebrate  the  heroic  Inclination  of  his 
sacred  Majesty,  our  great  Charles,  under  whose  auspices  Sir  John  Nai^- 


*  Graiorum  Romanorumque  gloriee,  qui  res  oHm  suas  navales  per  acies  asseruerunt,  non  dubite 
tunc  Anglorum  &  fortuna,  &  virtus  respondit.    Grptii,  Annales  et  Hist.  Belg. 
t  See  Hakluyf  s  Ctollection  of  Voyages,  folio,  1599. 

4q 


666 

borough  has  lately  pass'd  and  repass'd  the  Magellan  Streight,  by  whi 
that  modest  and  industrious  man  has  notonely  performed  what  w 
never  done  before,  but  has  also  made  way  for  a  prospect  of  immen 
improvement.    Finally, 

39.  It  was  Queen  Elizabeth  who  began  and  establlsh'd  the  trade 
Muscovy,  Turky,  Barbary,  and  even  that  of  the  East  Indies  too,  ho\ 
ever  of  late  interrupted  by  ungrateful  neighbours  :  nor  less  was  si 
vigilant  at  land  than  at  sea  ;  mustering  at  once  no  fewer  than  oi 
hundred  and  twenty  thousand  fighting-men  of  her  own  vassals,  not  1 
uncertain  computation,  but  effectually  fit  for  war.  And  indeed,  hi 
for  the  extraordinary  virtue  of  this  brave  virago,  not  England  alon 
but  even  France  and  Holland,  had  truckl'd  under  the  weight  of  Spaii 
whose  ambition  was  then  upon  its  highest  pinnacle  :  in  one  won 
Navigation  and  Commerqe  were  in  her  days  in  so  prosperous  a  conditio] 
that  they  seem  to  have  ever  since  subsisted  but  upon  the  reputation  < 
it ;  and  the  success  of  our  countrymen  in  their  attempts  at  sea  was  5 
far  superiour  to  other  nations,  as  by  the  suffrage  of  the  most  learnt 
strangers  (and  to  shew  it  was  universal)  they  could  but  acknov 
ledge.  Omnibus  hodie  gentibus  Navigandi  industrid  8f  peritid,  sup( 
riores  esse  Anglos,  8f  post  Anglos,  Hollandos  * ;  for  we  do  not  fear  i 
give,  even  our  greatest  enemies  their  dues,  when  they  deserve  it.. 

40.  We  now  arrive  to  King  James  and  Charles  the  First  (Princes  « 
immortal  memory) ;  and  for  the  former,  there  was  in  his  time  bui 
(besides  many  others)  those  two  gallant  ships,  the  Trades-Increase,  an 
the  Prince;  the  one  for  encouragement  of  Commerce,  and  th 
other  a  Man  of  War;  and  though  upon  different  accounts,  and  e 
different  times,  they  both  unhappily  miscarried,  yet  they  serv'd  to  tes 
tifie  that  neither  defence  nor  trade  were  neglected,  since  as  to  that  c 
the  first,  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  doubts  not  to  affirm,  that  the  shipping 
of  this  nation,  with  a  squadron  of  the  Navy-Royal,  was  in  this  Prince 
time  able,  in  despight  of  Europe,  to  command  the  ocean,  much  more  t 
bring  the  Nether-Lands  to  due  obedience  :  but  says  he,  as  I  shall  neve 
think  him  a  lover  of  his  country  or  Prince  who  shall  perswade  hi 
Majesty  from   cultivating  their  amity,    so   would   I  counsel   them  t( 


*  Keckermanni,  Systema  Politicum,  Svo,  1635. 


femefnber  arid  consider  it ;  that  seeing  their  intercourse  lies  so  much 
through  the  British  seas  that  there  is  no  part  of  France,  from  Cakia 
to  Flushing,  capable  of  succouring. them;  that,  frequently,  out- wards 
by  Western-winds,  and  ordinarily,  home-wards,  both  from  the  Indies, 
Straites,  and  Spain,  all  Southerly-winds  '(the  breezes  of  our  climate) 
thrust  them  of  necessity  Into  his  Majesties  harbours  ;  how  much  his 
Majesties  favour  does  import  them.  For  if  (as  themselves  confess) 
they  subsist  by  Commerce  onely,  the  disturbance  of  that  (and  which 
Bngland  alone  can  disturb)  will  also  disturb  their  subsistence.  I  omit 
the  rest ;  because  I  can  never  doubt  either  their  gratitude  or  their 
prudence.  But  this  brave  man  was,  it  seems,  no  prophet  to  foresee 
how  soon  they  would  forget  themselves  :  they  began  in  his  days  to  be 
hardly  warm  in  comparison,  and  indeed  it  is  not  (as  observes  the  same 
person)  much  beyOnd  a  century,  that  either  the  French,  Spanish,  or 
Hollander,  had  any  proper  fleets  belonging  to  them  as  kingdoms  or 
states  ;  the  Venetians,  Genoezes,  and  Portugals,  being  then  (as  we  have 
noted)  the  only  competitors  both  for  strength  and  traffick;  the  Dutch 
little  considerable,  since  within  these  fifty  years,  the  Spanish  and 
Portugals  employ'd  many  more  ships  at  sea  than  the  Hollander  (their 
fishing-busses  excepted),  who,  'til  furnish'd  with  our  artillery,  were 
iVery  contemptible,  as  may  be  made  out  by  undeniable  evidence  :  inso- 
much that  the  formerly-mention'd  Raleigh  affirms,  one  lusty  ship  of 
his  Majesties  would  have  made  forty  Hollanders  strike  sail,  and  come 
to  an  anchor  :  they  did  not  then  (says  he)  dispute  de  Mari  Libera. 
But  will  you  know  in  a  word  from  him,  what  It  was  that  has  exalted 
them  to  this  monstrous  pitch  ?  It  was  the  employing  their  own  people 
in  the  fishery  upon  our  coasts  ;  by  which  they  infinitely  Inrich'd  them, 
selves;  2.  Their  entertaining  of  auxllliaries  in  their  difficult  land- 
services,  by  which  they  preserved  their  own  vassals  ;  3.  The  fidelity  of 
the  house  of  Nassaw,  from  which  they  had  a  wise  and  experienc'd 
general ;  4.  The  frequent  excursions  of  the  Duke  of  Parma  into 
France,  hindring  the  prosecution  of  his  growing  successes ;  5.  The 
imbargo  of  their  ships  in  Spain,  and  interdicting  them  free  trade  with 
that  nation,  which  first  set  them  upon  their  Indian  adventures  ;  6.  And, 
above  all,  the  kindness  of  Queen  Elizabeth.     But  the  case  is  (it  seems) 


668 

much  alter'd  since  that  worthy  Knight  made  his  observationsj  and  took 
his  leave  of  the  Prince  of  Orange  at  Antwerp ;  when  (after  Leicester's 
return)  he  pray'd  him  to  say  to  her  Majesty,  Suh  umbra  alarum  tuarum 
protegimur;  for  that  they  had  wither'd  in  the  bud  without  her  assist- 
ance. 

41.  We  have  yet  but  only  mention'd  the  inherent  right  of  the  crown  of 

England  to  the   dominion  of  the  seas,  because  the  legality   and   the 

reason  of  it  have  been  asserted  by  so  many  able  and  famous  pens,  from 

which  we  learn  that  it  doth  of  justice  appertain  to  the  Kings  of  Great 

Britain  *,  not  only  as  far  as  protection  extends  (though  there  were  no 

other  argument  to  favour  us),  but  of  sacred  and  immemorial  royalty : 

but  'tis  pretended  by  those  great  names  ■j' who  have  of  late  disputed 

this  subject,  and  endeavoured  to  depose  our  Princes  of  this  empire  Jure 

naturce  §•  gentium,  that  the  sea  is  Fluxile  elementum,  §■  quod  nun- 

quam  idem  possideri  non  posse  ;  that  'tis  always  in  succession,  and, 

that  one  can  never  anchor  on  the  same  billow ;  that  water  is  as  free  as 

the  air ;  and  that  the  sea  terminates  empires   which  have  no  bounds  ; 

and  therefore  that  no  empire  can  terminate  that  which  acknowledges 

none;  and  though   all  this  were  nothing;  that  his   Majesties   father 

had  tamely  lost  it   to  the  late   usurpers,  which  is  an  insolent  scofF  of 

Marisotus's,  triumphing  over  a  fetter'd   lion  ;    whilst  for  all  this,    to 

patch  up  a  wretched  pretence,  he  descends  to  take  hold   of  a  certain 

obsolete  and  foeudatarie  complement,  sometime  since  passing  between 

the  two  Kings  ;  as  if  a  ceremonious  acknowledgment  for  a  province  or 

two  in  France  (which  is  an  usual  deference  among  Princes  upon  certain 

tenures)   gave  sufficient  title  and  investiture  to  all  that  the  Kings  of 

England   possess  in  the  world  besides.     But  in  this  sort  do  the  parti- 

zans  of  aspiring  monarchs  manage  their  egregious  flatteries,,  whilst  to 

silence  all  the  world,  we  can  shew  it  prescription  so  far  beyond  the 

present  race  of  Kings,  that  even  the  name  of  their  Pharamond  was  not 

known  J  when  the  empire  on  the  sea  set  limits  to  the  coasts   of  Gaul, 

and  said^  "  hitherto  shall  ye  come."^ — Nor  to  that  alone,  but  even  as  far 


•    *  Seldenij  Mare  Clausum,  folio,  1635.  f  Grotius.  Is.  Pontanus.  Moriscoti  oibis 

Maritimii  fol.  1643.    Cleirac  Coustuiiqes  de  la  Mer,  4to,  1647.  +  Mela. 


669 

as  Spain  it  self;  for  to  what  pretence  could  those  Princes  have  to  thb 
dominion,  whose  very  monarchy  is  but  of  yesterday,  in  respect  to  the 
goodly  extent  which   now  they  call  France?  and  especially  wh«n  the 
only  maritime  provinces   were   shread   into   so  many   fragments  and 
cantons,  under  their  petty  Princes ;  for  so  were  N^rhonne,  Bretayne, 
Aquitaine,  and  even  Normandy  it  self  (portions  belonging  then  to  our 
Kings),  nor  had  they  'till  of  later  days  so  much  as  the  office  of  admiral 
belonging  to  the  sea,  that  is,  till  their  expedition  into  the  Holy-Land, 
when  yet  they  were  fain  to  make  use  of  the  Genoezes  to  transpbrt 
them,   as  we  have  it  confess'd  by  their  own  authors*.     As  to  their 
other   arguments,  we   need  not   spend   much   breath  to  dilute  those 
pittiful  cavils  of   the  instability  and   fluctuation  of  the  waves,  &c. ; 
which  could  not  be  there  without  a  channel  and  a  bottom  to  contain 
them,  as  if   we  contended  for  the  drops  of  the  sea,  and  not  for  its 
situation,  and  the  bed  of  those  waters ;  and  since  rivers  and  streams 
have  the  same  reason  on  their  side  to  exempt  them  from  being  in  com- 
mon, and  at  every  man's  disposure. 

,  And  these  things  I  have  only  touch'd  to  repress  the  pruriency  of 
some  late  flatterers,  who  not  only  injure  a  truth  as  resplendent  as  the 
sun,  but  the  justice  of  a  great  Prince,  whom  by  these  false  colours 
they  would  provoke  to  unrighteous,  disputes;  whilst  we  pretend  to 
nothing  but  what  carries  with  it  the  strongest  eviction  a  thing  of  this 
nature  is  capable  of.- 

.  42.  Needless  it  would  be  to  amuse  the  reader  with  recounting  to  him 
at  large  how,  in  the  ancient  division  of  things,  the  sea  having  been 
assign'd  over  with  the  land,  there  sprung  up  from  the  same  original  a 
private  dominion ;  but  undoubtedly,  when  God  gave  to  man  the  sove- 
raignty  of  the  ocean,  by  intitl'ing  him  to  the  fish  which  were  produced 
in  the  bowels  of  it,  (that  is,  to  the  thing  itself  by  its  use  and  enjoy? 
meat,)  by  the  same  grant  he  passed  over  to  him,  and  consign'd  to  his 
disposure  the  distribution  of  it,  and  introduction  of  a  separate  and 
peculiar  jurisdiction.  There  is  nothing  more  perspicuous  than  our  case, 
and  as  to  his  Majesties  claim  (the  reasons  for  it  rightly  consider'd)  from 


*  Jo.  Tilius  de  Rep.  Gall.  1.  2. 


6;o 

nany  royal  predecessours,  and  so  long  a  tract  of  years,  who  for 
arlty  of  Navigation  and  Commerce  between  their  neighbours  and 
es  were  at  such  vast  expences  to  equip  and  set  forth  great  ships  and 
ies;  and  that  upon  the  intreaty  and  solicitation  of  those  who  recurr'd 
:heir  protection,  and  might  themselves  justifie  the  prescribing  rules 
I  boundaries  to  such  as  should  pass  the  seas,  and  receive  such  recog- 
ons  and  emoluments  as  were  peculiar  and  within  their  circle,  both  for 
ir  honour  and  maintenance. 

The  deduction  shall  be  very  short,  considering  how  vast  an  ocean  of 
tter  lies  before  us  ;  but  it  shall  be  full. 

13.  Caesar,  ere  he  had  invaded  Britain*,  summoning  the  Gallic mer- 
ints  to  inform  him  of  the  shores  and  situation  of  our  ports,  could  it 
ms  learn  nothing  from  them ;  for,  says  he,  not  a  man  ^  of  them 
juented  that  rivage  without  licence ;  and  when  Claudius  had  subdu'd 
:  more  Southern  parts  of  the  nation,  the  British  Sea  following  the  fate 
the  whole  island,  came  with  the  same  privileges  to  be  annex'd  to 
empire,  and  did  never  loose  them  through  all  the  revolutions  which 
jpen'd  ;  but  that  as  soon  as  the  prevalent  power  came  to  he  settl'd, 
sy  immediately  asserted  their  dominion  on  the  sea.  *  That  of  very 
le  extent  this  nation  had  peculiars  of  its  own,  the  consternation  of 
:  Calldonians  evince  f,  when  in  the  time  of  Domitian,  Agricola 
ling  round  the  island,  they  were  in  such  perplexity  to  see  him  in 
nr  chambers,  for  so  they  called  those  northern  streams.  But  not 
iger  to  insist  on  these  early  beginnings,  and  what  the  Romans  did 
len  the  frame  of  that  empire  was  chang'd  about  the  time  of  the 
;at  Constantine  J,  the  Comitesof  the  Saxon  shore  (substitutes  to  him 
lo  commanded  the  West)  had  their  jurisdiction  over  all  the  sea,  from 
;  borders  of  that  shoar,  and  West  part  of  Denmark,  to  the  Western 
lUia  all  along  the  other  side. 

44.  There  are  who  put  some  stress  here  upon  ancient  inscriptions, 
jecially  that  mentioned  by  Gruter  of  a  prsefect  of  a  British  fleet ; 
d  on  the  ornaments  and  ensigns  of  dominion  found  in  several  medals 
A  antiquities  to  be  met  withal  in   the   collections   of  learned  men ; 


De  Bello  Gall.  lib.  4.  t  Tacit,  in  Vit.  Agric.  ;  Notitia  Imp.  Occid. 


671 

vindicating  the  peculiar  we  contend  for,  and  continu'd  from  Edward  the 
Third  in  several  fair  stamps,  nor  are  they  to  be  rejected.  It  suffices 
us,  that  whatever  the  government  were,  still  the  dominion  of  the  sea 
return 'd  with  that  of  the  land  to  the  nation  * ;  as  when  the  Britaina 
rejected  the  Roman  yoak,  which  now  extended  when  it  came  under  the 
power  of  the  English  Saxon  Kings  and  Danes,  is  known  to  all  the 
world,  as  well  as  with  what  mighty  navies  Edgar,  Canute,  and  others, 
asserted  and  protected  it,  under  no  lower  style  than  that  of  King, 
Supreme  Lord  and  Governour  of  the  Ocean  lying  round  about 
.Britain  ;  for  so  runs  the  settlement  of  certain  revenues  given  by  King 
Edgar  to  the  Cathedral  of  Worcester,  says  Mr.  Selden. 

45.  Since  the  Norman  conquest,  the  government  of  the  several 
provinces  or  sheriffs  exercised  jurisdiction  on  the  sea  as  far  as  their 
countys  extended.  Henry  the  Third  constituted  captain  guardians, 
and  our  first  Edward  distributed  this  guard  to  three  admirals ;  so  did 
the  second  of  that  name  ;  and  the  form  of  our  ancient  commissions  to 
the  several  admiralties,  mention  the  dominion  of  our  Kings  upon  the 
sea,  nor  did  any  other  nation  whatsoever  contest  it  as  having  little  or 
nothing  on  the  opposite  shoars  j  whilst  'tis  evident  the  English  Mo-, 
narchs  possess'd  their  right  in  its  intire  latitude  for  more  than  a  thou- 
sand years  under  one  intire  empire,  and  an  uninterrupted  enjoyment  of 
the  sea  as  an  appendant, 

46.  To  this  we  might  add  the  pass-ports  sued  for  by  forreigners  from 
the  reign  of  Henry  the  Fourth,  and  so  down  to  Queen  Elizabeth,  who 
during  her  war  with  Spain  soinetimes  gave  leave  to  the  Swedes,  Danes, 
and  Ansiatic  Towns,  and  sometimes  prohibited  them  petitioning  for 
passes  to  sail  through  her  seas  ;  nay  more,  she  caus'd  to  be  taken  and 
brought  into  her  harbours  laden  ships  of  those  nations  transgressing 
her  orders,  as  far  as  the  streights  of  Lisbon,  which  she  could  never 
havejustify'd  had  she  not  been  acknowledged  Sovereign  of  the  seas 
through  which  they  were  to  pass.  And  though  her  successor  King 
James  appointed  certain  hmits  on  the  English  coast  bjr  imaginary 
lines  drawn  from  point  to  point  round  the   island,  in  which  he  some- 


*  Zosimus,  lib.  6.    Vide  Claiidiani  de  Laudibus  StilichOriiS,  lib.  % 


.672 

nes  extended  them  far.  into  the  sea;  it  was  not  to  circumscribe  a 
nsdiction  (a  thing  which  he  most  industriously  caution'd  his  Minis- 
rs  never  to  yield  *  so  much  as  in  discourse)  beyond  which  he  did  not 
etend,  but  in  relation  only  to  acts  of  hostility  between  the  two  great 
itagonists,  the  Spaniard  and  the  Hollander,  declaring  himself  both 
ard  and  Moderator  of  the  British  seas  from  his  royal  predecessors. 

47.  In  several  commissions  -j*  given  to  sea  commanders  by  Edward 
e  Third,  the  words  are,  "  Our  progenitors  the  Kings  of  England  have 
fore  these  times  been  lords  of  the  British  seas  on  every  side ;"  and  in 
certain  bill  prefer'd  in  Parliament  J  to  the  same  Prince,  'tis  said  that 
e  English  were  ever  in  the  ages  past  so  renown'd  for  navies  and  sea 
fairs,  that  the  countries  about  them  usually  esteem'd  and  call'd  them 
(veraigns  of  the.  sea  ;  and  from  the  same  parliamentary  testimony  in 
e  reign  of  Henry  the  Fifth  we  learn  that  the  Estates  in  that  august 
sembly,  did  with  one  consent  affirm  it  as  a  thing  unquestionable  that 
e  Kings  of  England  were  lords  of  the  sea§,  and  that  that  sea  was  ^11 
tiich  flow'd  between  the  streata  on  both  sides,  and  made  no  doubt  but 
tribute  might  be  impos'd  by  authority  of  parliament  upon  all  stran- 
srs  passing  through  them,  as  we  shall  find  Richard  the  Second  to 
ive  done  long  before. 

48.  In  thfe  reign  of  Edward  the  Second  ||,  Robert  Earl  of  Flanders, 
•mplaining  of  injuries  done  his  subjects  at  sea,  alledges  that  the  King 

England  is  bound  in  right  to  do  him  justice,  for  that  he  was  Lord  of 
le  sea.  But  there  cannot  in  the  world  be  a  more  pregnant  instance 
r  the  vindication  of  this  dominion,  and  the  silencing  all  objections) 
;an  the  famous  complaint  against  the  Genoeze  Grimbaldi,  who,  during. 
;e  war  between  the  French  and  those  of  Flanders,  infesting  the  seas 
id  disturbing  Commerce,  occasion'd  all  the  nations  of  Europe  border- 
g  on  the  sea,  to  have  recourse  and  appeal  to  the  kings  of  England.; 
hom  from  time  to  time  and  by  right  immemorial  they  acknowledged  to 
;  in  peaceable  possession  of  the  sovereign  lordship  and  dominion  of 
le  seas  of  England,  and  islands  of  the  same  ;  this  libel  or  complaint 

*: Rot.  Pat.  2  Jac.  part  32.  t  ^ot.  Scot.  10  Ed.  Meiubran.  16. 

X  Rot.  Pat.  46  Ed.  III.  n.  2.  §   Rot.  Pat.  8  Hen,  V,  Mem.  3.  Art.  6. 

II   Rot.  Pat.  14  Edw.  II.  p.  2.  m.  26.  in  dorso. 


673 

was  exhibited"  In  the  time  of  Edward  the  First,  almost  three  hundred 
■years  since,  and  is  still  extant  in  the  archives  of  the  Tower. 

49.  And  thus  we  have  seen  how  the  sea  is  not  only  a  distinct  pro- 
vince, capable  of  propriety,  limits,  and  other  just  circumstances  of 
peculiar  dominion,  as  a  bound,  not  bounding  his  Majesties  empire,  but 
as  Dounded  by  it  in  another  respect ;  and  that  this  was  never  violated  so 
much  as  by  syllogism  'till  some  mercenary  pens  were  set  on  work  against 
Spain,  through  whose  tender  sides,  at  that  time,  and  with  great  arti- 
fice, the  Bafnevelt  faction  endeavour'd  to  transfix  us*.  Soon  it  was  per- 
ceiv'd,  and  as  soon  encounter'd ;  in  the  mean  time  that  one  would  smile 
to  find  their  mighty  champion  then  fairly  acknowledge  upon  another  oc- 
casion, and  when  it  seems  he  resolv'd  to  speak  out, — Anglice  Regina 
oceani  imperium  •j',  that  the  Queen  of  England  was  dominat'rix  of  the 
sea.  So  great  is  the  truth,  and  will  prevail.  In  a  word,  if  the  premier 
occupant  be  a  legal  and  just  plea  to  the  right  of  other  possessions,  the 
Kings  and  Queens  of  England,  descending  from  or  succeeding  to  them 
who  first  asserted  the  title  are  still  invested  with  it :  sure  we  are,  this 
argument  w^s  held  good  and  illustrated  by  the  first  and  best  foundation 
of  empire,  when  the  state  of  Venice  {^claiming  the  Adriatic  by  no  other) 
held  that  famous  controversie  with  Ferdinand  of  Friuli,  by  their  advo- 
cate Rapicio  and  Chizzola,  commissioners  being  mutually  chosen  to  de- 
termine it ;  and  how  far  antiquity  is  on  our  side,  the  Greeks,  Romans, 
Tyrians,  Phoenicians,  and  others,  have  abundantly  declar'd,  arid  with 
what  caution  they  interdicted  strangers  '  here  with  us,  till  the  Claudian 
expedition  annex'd  it,  with  the  dominion  of  all  Britain,  to  that  glorious 
empire,  which  to  protect  against  the  piratical  Saxons  (then  not  seldom 
infesting  our  coasts)  the  comites  maritimi  tractus  were  by  the  Praefeci: 
establish'd,  as  we  have  already  shew'd;.and  so  it  continu'd  for  near 
five  hundred  years  after,  when  the  Saxons,  taking  greater  advantage  of 
the  Roman  remissness  (distracted  as  they  grew  by  intestine  troubles)), 
made  their  descent  upon  us,  and  with  the  fortune  of  conquest  carried 
that  likewise  of  the  sea. 

50.  We  have  but  menjtion'd  King  Edgar,  whose  survey  is  so  famous 


*  1509.  Treaty  with  Spain,  concerning  trade  to  the  Indies.  f  1570.  Grot.  Anna),  lib.  2. 

4    R 


i,    *'  ' 

story,  when  with  more  than  four  thousand  vessels  he  destln'd  a  qua- 
nlon  to  every  sea,  which  annually  circl'd  this  Isle,  and,  as  a'  monu- 
:nt  of  their  submission,  was  sometime  row'd  in  his  royal  gaily  by  the 
nds  of  eight  kings.  This  signal  action  becoming  the  reverse  of  a 
:dail,  was  by  a"  like  device  illustrated  in  the  rose -noble,  in  which  we 
ve  represented  the  figure  of  a  king  invested  with  his  regalia,  standing 
the  middle  of  a  ship,  as  in  his  proper  and  most  resplendent  throne ; 
'  the  same  reason  likewise  (as  some  interpret)  did  Henry  the  Eight 
i  the  portcluse  to  his  current  money,  as  a  character  of  his  peculiar  title 
this  ditlon,  exclusive  to  all  others. 

51.  We  have  spoken  of  the  Danes  and  Normans,  and  their  successive 
im,  and  of  the  custodes  maritimi,  more  antient  than  that  of  Admiral, 
now  constituted,  which  indeed  began  with  the  Edwards,  when  the 
ench,  at  war  with  Flanders,  but  pretending  to  usurp  that  dignity, 
re  fain  to  abolish  their  nevv  office,  and,  acknowledging  they  had  no 
;ht,  pay  the  damages  of  the  depredations  they  made,  as  appears  by 
»t  famous  record  in  the  Tower  mention'd  by  Sir  John  Burroughs,  in 
lich  the  title  of  our  Kings  is  asserted  from  immemorial  prescription ; 
y,  when  at  this  time  he  had  not  all  the  opposite  shoar  to  friend. 

52.  The  constitution  of  our  Cinque-Ports  give  another  noble  testi- 
my  to  this  claim,  and  the  addition  of  two  more  Admirals  by  our  Third 
Iward,  guarding  as  many  seas  as  tKere  were  superiour  officers  of  this 
lomination,  not  omitting  the  title  of  Lords  of  both  Shoars,  anciently 
d  from  hence  to  Henry  the  Fifth ;  nay,  when  Edward  renounc'd  his 
im  to  Normandy  (as  at  the  treaty  of  Charters  *),  the  French  them- 
ves  acknowledg'd  this  right,  and  therefore  neither  here,  nor  at  the 
lurt  of  Delegates  in  France,  did  they  claim  any  pretence  to  the  Islands 
interfluent  seas.  But  what  need  we  a  more  pregnant  instance  than 
It  universal  deference  to  the  laws  of  Oleron  (an  island  of  Aquitania 
Ml  belonging  to  this  Crown),  published  after  the  B-hodan  had  been 
)g  antiquated,  which  obtain'd  over  all  the  Christian  world.  And  to 
is  we  might  add  the  Dane-gelt  (in  plain  English,  a  ship-nioney  tax), 
pos'd  as  well  on  strangers  as'denisons  that  practic'd  commerce  upon 

*  1166. 


675 

oor  coasts  and  seas  East  and  North,  where  the  great  intercursus  was ; 
norexpir'd  it  here,  but  continu'd  customary,  as  appears  by  innumerable 
records  for  enabling  the  King  to  protect  the  seas,  and  to  obstruct  or 
open  them  as  he  saw  convenient,  with  title  to  all  royal  fishes,  wracks, 
and  goods  found  floating  in  alto-mari,  as  we  can  prove  by  several  com- 
missions and  instruments,  and  confirm  by  precedents,  not  of  our  muni- 
cipal constitutions  alone,  but  such  as  have  been  binding,  and  accepted  for 
such,  of  the  nations  about  us ;  witness  that  famous  accord  made  between 
our  Edward  the  First  and  the  French  King,  Philip  the  Fair,  calling 
him  to  account  for  the  piracies  we  have  mention'd.     And, 

53.  To  this  we  might  produce  the  spontaneous  submission  of  the  Fle- 
mings in  open  Parliament,  in  Edward  the  Second's  reign,  and  the  honour, 
or  rather  duty  of  the  flag,  which  King  John,  with  his  Peers,  had  many 
ages  since  challeng'd  upon  the  custom  ordain'd  at  Hastings*,  decreed  to 
take  place  universally,  not  barely  as  a  civility,  but  as  a  right  of  import- 
ance for  the  making  out  and  confirmation*of  our  title  to  the  dominion  we 
have  been  vindicating ;  and  that  this  has  been  claim'd  and  paid  cum  debitd 
reverentid  (to  use  the  express  words  of  those  old  commissions  which  had 
been  long  since  given  by  William  and  Maurice  Princes  of  Orange)  to 
all  rtie  sea  commanders  in  those  daysj  we  have  for  almost  this  whole 
later  century  seen  the  matter  of  fact  testified  not  only  by  continiial 
claims,  orders,  commissions,  and  instructions,  but  by  searching  divers 
authentick  journals,  which  have  noted  the  particulars  in  a  thousand 
instances:  nor  has  this  been  paid  to  whole  fleets  only,  bearing  the  royal 
pavillion,  but  to  single  vessels,  and  those  of  the  smaller  craft  (as  they 
are  stifd)  wearing  his  Majesties  cognizance,  to  whom  this  homage  has 
been  cli>ne,  even  by  the  greatest  navies,  meeting  them  in  any  of  the  Bri- 
tish seas  in  their  utmost  latitudes.  Nor  has  this  been  so  much  as  ques- 
tioned (1672),  till  that  arch  rebel,  for  ends  of  his  own,  would  once  have  be- 
trayed itf,  and  that  the  late  demagogue  De  Witt,  with  no  less  insolenc,, 
would  have  perverted  his  countrymen,  by  entring  into  an  injurious  dis-, 
(juisition  in  justification- of  the  wrong  he  would  have  made  us  swallow; 


*  1200.  MS,  Commen.  de  Rebus  Admir.  fol.  28. 

t  Oliver  Cromwell.  See  his  letter  to  the  Ambassador  at  London. 


6fi5 

but  his  Majesty  was  not  so  to  be  hectot'd  oiit  of  his  right,  |asap|tears  by- 
the  honourable  provision  he  ha||iii»arfe  to  secure  it,  in  the  late  treaty 
with  the  Dutch,  and  what  all  the  world  has^paid  us,  which  puts  it  out 
of  dispute.     In  the  mdan  time  it  Was  necessOT^^  and  no  way  impropef 
to  the*  scope  of  this  Treatise,  that  after  what  has  been  so  newly  pre- 
tended, to  the  prejudice  of  the  title  we  have  asserlfed,  some  thing  should 
be  said  to  abate  the  confidence  of  impertinent  men,  and  to  let  the  world' 
know  that  our  Princes  (to  whom  God  and  Nature  has  imparted  such 
prerogatives)  will  not  be  baffl'd  out  of  them  by  the  sentences  and  sophisms 
of  lawyers,  much  less  .by  sycophants,  and  such  as  cai'ry  not  the  least  sha- 
dow of  'reason.     But  it  would  fill  many  volumes  to  exemplifie  the  forms 
of  our  ancient  comniissions,  from  titne  to  time,-  investing  our  Admirals 
with  the  exercise  of  this  soveraign  power ;  as  well  as  that  of  safe  con- 
ducts, writts  of  seizure  and  arrests,  the  copies  of  giiahts  and  permission 
to  fish  (of  which  in  the  riext  period)  obtain'd  of  our  Kings  by  petition, 
(&c.  to  be  found  at  large  in  oifr  books,  Parliament  Rolls,  and  Mother  au- 
tlientick  pieces  too  long  for  this  tract :  but,  if  any  will  be  contentious, 
because  they  are  some  of  them  of  ancient  date,  we  have,  and  shall  yet 
shew  instances  sufficient,  and  eoc  ahunddnti,  for  this  last  age,  to  which 
our  antagonists  have  from  time  to  time  submitted,  not  only  in  the  wide 
and  ample  sea,  or  at  our  own  coasts,  but  in  the  very  ports  and  harbouirs 
of  strangers,  where  they  looked  for  protection ;  that  all  the  world  may 
blush  at  the  weak  and  unreasonable  contentions  which  would  invalidate 
this  claim,  if  at  least  there  be  in  the  world  any  such  thing  as  right,  pre- 
scription, deference,  or  other  evidence,  which,  amongst  sober  men,  is 
agreed  to  be  law  for  the  clearing  of  a.  title.     To  sum  up  all,  then,  .if 
right  or  prescription,  succession  of  Inheritance,  continual  claim,  matter 
of  fact,  consent  of  history,  and  confessions  even  from  the  mouths  and 
pens  of  adversaries,  be  of  any  moment  to  the  gaining  of  a  cause,, we 
may  bespeak  our  nation,  as  he  did  King  James  upoil  another  occasion 
and  as  justly  transfer  it  to  his  glorious  successor, — Quels  dai  jura 
mart,  Sfc.  *  ;,4» 

And  with  this  I  should  conclude,  did  not  the  fishery,  which  Is  an-. 


*  Grot.  Sylva,  1.  2. 


6f^ 

other  irrefragable  proof  of  his  Majesties  4Bni»nions,  require  a  little  survey 
before  we  shi;t  up  this  jdispour;se, 

(1^4.  How  far  this  royal  jufisdictioii  has  ext«in4ed  may  best  be  gathei:'4 
out  of  the  reverend  Gauiden,  speaking  of  King  James  the  Sixth  of  Scot^ 
land,  and  of  Qijeen  Elizabeth  of  England  *,  who,  fipt  discovering  the 
whale-fishing,  had  consequently  title  to  those  seas,  as  far  as  Green 'land 
!^orthward;  and  wh^t  it  was  to,  the  South  the  proclamation  of  our 
Third  Edvu^a^d  (yet  extant)  abundantly  makes  appear.  This,  confirm'd 
by  the  Fourth  of  that  name,  guards  and  convoys  were  appointed  to  pre- 
serve the  rights, inviolable;  as  was  likewise  continued  by  the  three  suc- 
ceeding Henrys,  Fifth,  Sixth,  and  Seventh,  and  their  des/;endents,  who 
impos'.d  a  certain  tribute  upqn  all  forreiners,  in  recognition  of  their  in- 
dulgence to  them  "I".:  Witness  the  French,  the  Dukes  of  BrJtai%of 
Burgundy  (especially  Philip),  and  those  of  Flanders,  who  never  pre- 
sum'd  to  cast  a  net.  without  permission,  and  a  formal  instrument  first 
obtained,  the  originals  whereof  are  yet  to  be  seen,  and  may  be  collected 
out  of  both  the  French  and  Burgundian  stories ;  and,  as  it  doth  indeed 
to  this  day  appear,  by  his  Majesties  neighbourly  civility, -granted  to,th6 
French  King  for  the  provision  of  his  own  table,  and  to  the  town  of 
Bruges  in  Flanders,  by  a  late  concession  J,  the  number  and  size  of 
boats  and  other  circumstances  being  limited,  upon  transgression  whereof 
the  offenders  have  been  imprison'd,  and  otherwise  mulcted. 

55.  And  as  the  French,  so  the  Spaniards  did  always  sue  to  our  Princes 
for  the  like  privlledge  and  kindness.,  King  Phillip  the  Second  (as- nearly 
^elated  as  he  was  to  Queen  Mary  his  wife),  finding  a. proviso  in  an  act 
pf  Parliament  §,  that  no  forreiner  should  fish  In  those  seas  without  per- 
mission, paid  into  the  Exchequer  no  less  than,  an  annual  rent  of  one 
thousand  pounds,  for  leave  to  fish  upon  the  North  of  Ireland  for  the 
supply  pf  his  dominions  in  Flanders.     Now  for  the  Dutch. 

56.  That  famous  record  pro  hominibus  HoUandice  (so  the  title  runs) 
poini^s  to  us  as  far  as  our  First  Edward  ||,  not  only  how  obsequious  then 
they  were  in  acknowledging  the  King's  dominion  on  the  sea,  but  his 

*~*  Annates  Rerum  Ang.  regnante  Eliz.  et  Britannia. 
^  14^9,  X  Rot.  Franc.  38  Memb.  9  et  14  Hen.  VI. 

J  Stat.  Hib.  Ed.  IV.  cap.  6.— iJacob.  Proclam.  6  Mar.  ||  1295. 


67.8 

C  ■ 

protection  and  permission  to  fish  on  the  environs  of  it*:  and  his  Spc- 
cessor,  Edward  the  Third,  as  he  gave  leave  to  the  Counts  of  Holland 
(who  always  petition'd  for  it),  so  he  prescribed laws  and  orders  concerning 
the  burden  of  the  vessels  to  be  employ'd  aliout  it.  The  like  did  Henry 
the  Sixth  to  the  French  and  others  f,  with  the  season,  place,  and  ifiethod 
to  be  observ'd,  which  are  all  of  main  importance  in  the  cause:  and  this 
was  so  religiously  inspected  in  former  times,  that  Edward  the  Fourth 
constituted  a  triumvirat  power  to  guard  both  the  seas  and  the  fishery 
against  all  pretenders  whatsoever,  as  had  Richard  the  Second  long  be- 
fore him,'  who  impos'd.  a  tribute  on  every  individual  ship  that  pass'd 
through  the  Northern  Admiralty,  for  the  maintenance  of  that  sea-guard, 
amounting  to  six-pence  a  tun  upon  every  fishing  vessel  weekly,  as  ap^, 
pears  by  a  most  authentick  record,  and  the  opinion  of  the  most  eminent 
judges  at  that  early  day  ;  who,  upon  consideration  that  none  but  a  sove- 
reign power  could  impose  such  a  payment,  gave  it  in  as  their  opinion 
that  this  right  and  dominion  was  a  branch  of  the  royal  patrimony,  and 
inseparable.  Nay,  that  wise  Prince,  Henry  the  Seventh,  thought  it  so 
infinitely  considerable,  that  (upon  deeply  weighing  the  great  advan- 
tages) he  was  setting  up  a  trade,  or  staple  of  fish,  in  preference  (say 
some)  to  that  of  wool  itself,  and  all  other  commerce  of  his  dominions; 
which  being  long  before  the  Low-Countries  had  a  name  for  merchants, 
they  had  still  perhaps  neglected,  if  some  renegados  of  our  own  (Violet 
and  Stephens  by  name)  had  not  encourag'd  the  Dutch  of  Enchusen 
(with  other  mal-contented  persons  of  the  craft,  deserting  their  country 
and  their  loyalty,)  to  molest  his  Majesties  streams  upon  the  accompt  of 
these  men,  since  which  they  and  others  have  continu'd  their  presump- 
tions even  to  insolence. 

57.  Neither  was  less  the  care  of  King  James  J  to  vindicate  this  in- 
comparable prerogative  than  any  of  his  predecessors  §,  who,  having  de- 
riv'd  that  accession  of  the  Shetland  Islands  by  marriage  with  a  daugh- 
ter of  Denmark  ||,  publish'd  his  proclamations  immediately  after  his 
coming  into  England  :  for  it  must  be  acknowledg'd  that  Queen  Eliza- 


*  Rot.  Pat.  23  Ed.  I.  memb.  5.  f  Rot.  Pat.  22  Ed.  IV.  mem.  2. 

t  1606.  k  145S.  ^   II  1609. 


670 

l)eth  did  not,  so  nicely  and  warily  look  after  this  jealous  article  as  had 
been  wish'd,  diverted  by  her  extraordinary  pityahd  abundant  indulgence 
to  .the,  distressed  States.  But  this  Prince  roundly  asserts  his  patrimony, 
upon  many  prudent  reasons  of  state*,  and  especially  for  encouragement 
of  the  maritime  towns,  fallen  much  to  decay,  and  plainly  succumbing 
under  the  injurious  dealing  of  such  as  took: the  fish  from  before  their 
dore^,  and  renew'd  his  commands,  that  none  should  for  the  future  pre- 
sume so  much  as  to  hover  about,  much  less  abide  on  our  coasts,  without 
permission  first  obtain'd  under  the  Great  Seal  of  England,  and  upon 
which  the  Hollanders  petition'd  for  leave,  and  acknowledg'd  the  limits 
appointed  them  as  formerly  they  had  done.  Let  us  hear  the  historian 
describe  it,  and  blush.  ;  :  : 

"  The  Hollanders  (says,  he -}-)  taking  infinite  plenty,  of  herring  upon 
this  coast,  and  thereby  making  a  most  gainful  trade,  were  first  to  procure 
leave  (by  antient  custom)  out  of  Scarborow-Castle,  for  the  English  to 
permit  them  to  fish  ;  reserving  indeed  the  honour  to  themselves,  but  re- 
signing the  benefit  to  strangers,  to  their  incredible  inrichihg,'  &c."  What 
could  be  said  noiore  to  our  purpose,  or  to  oiir  reproach  ?  This  was  that 
which  King  James  endeavour'd  to  bring  into  a  better  method,  whfen, 
taking  notice  of  the  daily  incroachment  of  our  neighbours,  he  enjoyn'd 
his  ^bassador  (who  was  then  Sir  Dudley  Carleton  J)  to  expostulate  it 
with  the  States,  as  may  be  seen  in  that  sharp  letter  of  Mr.  Secretaries^ 
dated.thetwenty-first  of  December  1618^  in, which  he  tells  them,  "That 
unless  they  sought  leave  from  his  Majesty,  and  acknowledg  his  right, 
as  other  Princes  had  done  and  did,  it  might  well  come  to  pass,  that 
they  who  would;  needs  bear  all  the  world  before  them  by  their-  mare 
Uberum,  might  soon  fendanger  their  having  neither  terrain,  nee  solum^ 
nee  rempublicam  Uberam."  I  do  only  recite  the  passage  as  I  find  it 
publish'd,  and  take  notice  how  prophetick  it  had  lately  like  to  have  been. 
'  58.  This  happy  Prince,  taking  umbrage  at  the  war  between  the 
Hollander  and  the  Spaniard,  did  fix  limits  by  commission  and  survey, 
nearer  than  which  (though  as  moderator  he  ofier'd  equal  protectiom  to 


»  See  copy  of  a  letter  in  Sir  Robert  Cotton's  library,  and  the  credentials  given  to  Sir  Henry 
^yotton.  t  Camden's  Britannia.  t  1618. 


680 

bodi)  no  eneniy  to  another  state  might  commit  any  ho&tile  act*,  dird 
producing  his  reasons  for  it,  asserted  his  right  so  to  do  j  not  as  if  those 
boundaries  circumscrib'd  his  dominions,  but  as  being  sufficient  for  the 
vindication  of  his  due  in  that  great  article.  And  their  not  observing 
this,  incited  King  Charles  the  First,  of  blessed  memory,  to  animadvert 
upon  it,  when  in  the  year  1639  our  good  friends  behaved  themselves 
with  so  little  respect  in  that  memorable  conflict  with  the  Spaniard ;  and 
when  approaching  too  near  our  shaaiis,  they  were  check'd  for  their  irre^ 
verence  in  his  Majesties  imperial  chambers,  indeed,  for  the  first  (but 
seeming)  affront,  that  this  nation  did  ever  receive  upon  it. 

59.  And  now  it  will  not  be  amiss,  nor  inconsistent  with  our  title,  4o 
let  the  world  see  the  immense  advantages  of  the  trade  which  has  been 
driven  upon  the  sole  account  of  the  fishery,  by  the  prodigious  emd'lu- 
ment  which  it  has  (to  our  cost  and  reproach)  afforded  our  more  indtis- 
trious  neighbours,  the  foundation  of  whose  greatness  has  been  laid  in, 
the  bottom  of  our  seas,  which  has  yielded  them  more  treasure  than  the 
mines  of  Potosi,  or  both  Indies  to  Spain. 

.  Who  would  believe  that  this  people  raise  yearly  by  the  herring  and 
other  fisheries  a  million  of  pounds  sterling,  and  that  Holland  and  Zea> 
land  alone  (whose  utmost  verge  doth  hardly  exceed  many  English 
shires)  should'  from  a  few  despicable  boats  be  able  to  set  forth  above 
twenty  thosand  vessels  of  all  sorts,  fit  for  the  rude  seas,  and  of  which 
more  than  7000  are  yearly  employ'd  upon  this  occasion  ?  'Tis  evident 
that  by  this  particular  trade  they  are  able  to  breed  above  fourty  thousand 
fisher-men,  and  one  hundred  and  sixteen  thousand  mariners  (as  the  cen- 
sus has  been  accurately  calculated),  and  the  gain  of'  it  is  so  universal, 
that  there's  hardly  a  beggar,  nor  an  hatld  in  their  country  which  doth 
not  earn  its  bread.  This  is  literally  true,  and  the  consideration  of  it 
seem'd  so  important,  that  even  in  the  days  of  Charles  the  Fifth,  tliat 
great  monarch  is  reported  to  have  sometimes  visited  the  tomb  of  Buec- 
keld  (where  he  had  been  above  two  hundred  years  interr'd)  in  solemn 
recognition  of  his  merit,  for  having,  as  'tis  said,  been  the  inventor  of 
pickling  and  curing  herrings  :  in  a  word,  so  immense  is  the  advantage 

*  Seldenus,  1.  2.  c.  22.  f  1639. 


681 

which  this  article  aldne  brings  the  state,  that  a  very  favourable  rent, 
still  in  arrear  to  his  Majesties  Exchequer,  for  permission  to  fish  (as 
should  be  prescribed  and  appointed  them),  amounts  to  more  than  half  a 
million  of  pounds,  and  the  custom  only  at  home  of  what  they  take, 
with  the  tenth  fish  for  waftage,  to  near  five  hundred  thousand  pounds 
more ;  but  the  quantities  which  they  sell  abroad,  to  a  sum  almost  not  to 
he  reckon'd.  Then,. let  it  be  computed,  the  hands  employ 'd  for  spinning 
of  yarn,  weaving  of  nets,  and  making  other  necessaries  for  the  salting, 
curing,  packing,  and  barrelling,  building  of  vessels,  and  fitting  them 
out  to  sea  :  it  is  certain  the  shipping  (which  is  more  than  all  Europe 
can  assemble  besides),  sea- men,  commerce,  towns,  harbours,  power, 
publick-wealth,  and  affluence  of  all  other  things,  is  sprung  from  this 
source ;  and  that  in  barter  for  fish  (without  exportation  of  coin)  they 
receive  from  Spain,  Italj',  Germany,  &c.  oil,  wine,  fruit,  corn,  honey-, 
wax,  allum,  salt-,  wool,  flax,  hemp,  pitch,  tarr,  sope-ashes,  iron,  copper, 
steel,  claw-boards,  timber,  masts,  dollars,  armour,  glass,  mill-stones, 
plate,  tapestry,  munition,  and  all  things  that  a  country  (which  has  no 
■one  material  of  these  of  proper  growth),  can  need  to  render  it  consum- 
mately happy.  The  Indies  and  farthest  regions  of  the  earth  participate 
of  this  industry ;  and,  to  our  shame  be  it  spoken,  we  blush  not  to  buy  our 
own  fish  of  them,  and  purchase  that  of  strangers  which  God  and  Nature 
has  made  our  own,  inriching  others  to  our  destruction  by  a  detestable 
sloath ;  whilst  to  encourage  us  we  have  timber,  victuals^  havens,  men, 
and  all  that  at  our  dores  which  these  people  adventure  for  in  remoter 
seas,  and  at  excessive  charges.  And  thus  the  prize  is  put  into  our 
bands,  whilst  we  have  not  the  hearts  to  use  it ;  nor  do  we  produce  any 
reasons  why  we  are  thus  uncoricern'd,  that  ever  I  could  find  were  solid  *  : 
some  objections,  indeed,  are  presented,  but  they  appear-d  to  me  so  dilute 
and  insignificant,  that  'tis  not  possible  to  compose  one's  indignation  at 
the  hearing  of  them,  and  see  a  kingdom  growing  every  day  thinner  of 
people,  and  fuller  of  indigence,  without  some  extraordinary  emotion  : 
to  see  with  what  numerous  and  insulting  fleets  our  neighbours  have 


*  See  Roger  L'Estrange's  late  Discourse  of  the  Fishery,  4to,  1674,  and  8vo,  1695. 

4s 


682 

been  often  prepar'd  to  dispute  our  title  to  theseadvantages^sby  thebene- 
fit.and  supply  of  that  which  we. neglect  and  cpndernn.  as  unpracticable. 
If  thisrbe  not  enough  to  raise  in  us  some  worthy  resentments,  letJthe 
confession  of  the  Dutch  themselves  incite,  us  to  it,  who  (in  a  proclama- 
tion publish'd  near  fifty  years  since*)  have. stil'd  their  fishing  trade, the 
golden  mines  of  their  provinces,  and  stimiilated  an  industrious  and  emu* 
lous  people  with  all  the  topicks  of  encouragement..  Were  this  alone 
well  consider'd  and  briskly  pursu'd,  there  would  need  no. great  magick 
to  reduce  our  bold  .supplanters,  to  a  more  neighbourly  temper  :  the  sub- 
jects of  this  nation  have  no  more  to  do  than  apply  themselves  to  the 
fishery  to  recover  at  once  their  losses,  and  as  infallibly  advance  the  pras-? 
perity  of  the  kingdom  as  'tis  evident  it  has  enabled  our  late  antagonists 
to.humble  Spain,  and  from  little  of  tjiemselves,  tograpple  with  the  most 
puissant  monarch  of  Europe,  andbring  him.  to  the. ground.  For  my 
part,  I  do  not  see  how  we  can  .be  abje  to  answer  this  prodigious  sloath 
of  ours  any  longer,  and  especially  since  'tis  evident  it  will  cost  iis  but  a 
laudable  industry,  and  (in  regard  of  our  situation  and  very  many  advan- 
tages above,  them)  much  less  trouble  and  charge  :  or  suppose  a  consir 
derable  part  of  our  forrein  less-needful. expences  were  diverted  to  this 
work,  what  were  the  disadvantages  ?  We  talk  .npiuch  of  France  (and 
perhaps  with  reason)  ;  but  are  we.  so  safe  from  our  dear  friend,  upon  this 
composure,  as  never  to  apprehend  any  future, unkiridness?  For  my  own 
part,  I  wish  it  with  my  soul :  but  of  this  I  am  sure,  we  may  prevent  or 
encounter  open  defiance  ;  but  whilst  we  are  thus  undermin'd,  we  .suffer  a 
continual  hostility,'  since  the  effects  of  .it  ruine  our  commerce',  and  by 
consequence  the  nation.  Nor  speak  I  here  of  our  neighbours  the  Hol- 
landers only,  but  of  those  of  Hamborough,  Lubec,  Embden,  and  other 
interlopers,  who  grow  exceedingly  opulent  whilst  we  sit  still  and  pet- 
rishi  whose  advantages  for  takmg,  curing,  uttering,  and  employing  of 
hands  (were  the  expedients  mention'd  put  in  .practice,  or  the  ruinous 
.numbers,  of  our  men  daily  flocking  to  the  American, plantations,  and 
from  whence  so  few  return,  prudently  stated,  and  acts  of  naturalization 
promoted,)  are  so  infinitely  superiour  to  theirs;  but  so  our  cursed  neg.- 


*  1634. 


683 

llgehce  will  yet  have  it,  not  for  want  of  all  royal  encouragement;  but  a 
fatality  plainly  insuperable. 

60.  We  have  said  little  yet  of  our  American  fishery,  and  the  loss  we 
make  of  a  vast  treasure  on  the  coasts  of  Virginia,  Grfeen-land,  Barmu- 
das,  &c.  sacrificing  infinite  wealth,  both  at  home  and  abroad,  to  the 
Spaniards,  French,  those  of  Portugal,  and  Biscay.     'Tis  well  known 
that  Green-land  was  first  detected  by  the  English  about  the  latter  end 
of  Queen  Elizabeth's  reign,  and  afterwards  tlje  royal  standard  erected 
there,  in  token  of  dominion,  by  the  name  of  King  James's  New-land, 
his  Majesty  asserting  his  just  rights  by  many  acts  of  state,  as  more  par- 
ticularly on  the  tenth  of  January  1613,  when  he  signified  his  pleasure 
by  Sir  Noel  Carbon,  then  in  Holland,  in  vindication  of  his  title  both  to 
the  Island  fishery,  and  all  other  emoluments  whatsoever y^re  dominii, 
as  first  discoverer,  and  to  prohiblte  strangers  interposing  and  fishing  in 
his  seas  without  permission  *.     For  this  effect,  commissioners  were  esta- 
bhsh'd  f  at  Loiidon  to  grant  Hcences,  yearly  renewable,  for  such  as 
would  fish  on  the  English  coast;  atEdehbrough  on  the  Northern,  and 
by  proclamation  X  ihterdlctlng  all  un-licericed  practices,  the  Duke  of 
Lennox  (as  Admiral  of  Scotland)  being  order'd  to  assert  the  right  of 
the  assize-herring,  which  was  paid. 

61.  The  following  years  §  what  Interruptions  happen'd,   upon   our 
neighbours  desires  of  coming  to  an  a;djustment  for  the  Indulgences  they 
bad',  found,  is  universally  known,  'till  the  year  1635,  when,  to  prevent 
some  incroachments  and  disorders  of  those  who  fished  under  his  protec- 
tion, the  late  King  Charles  of  blessed  memory  issu'd  out  his  proclama- 
tioris,  and  gave  instructions  to  his  ministers  abroad  (|,  signifying  that  no 
strangers  should  presume'  to  fish  in  the  British  seas  without  his  Majes- 
ties licence ;  and  that  those  who  desired  them  might  be  protected,  he 
thought  fit  to  equip  and  set  forth  such  a  fleet  as  became  his  care  and 
vigllancy  for  the  good  and  safety  of  his  people,  and  the  honour  of  the 
nation.     This  was  the  year  and  the  occasion  of  building^  several  consi- 
derable ships,  and,  amongst  others,  that  famous  vessel  the  Royal  Sove- 

*  1608.  t  1609.  ^  %   1616.  §   I6I7. 

II  See  Mr.  Secretary  Cook's  lettef,  .April  16,  1635,  to  his  Majesty's  Resident  at  the  Hague. 


684 

raign,  which  to  this  day  bears  our  triumphant  Edgar  for  its  badge  and 
cognizance,  and  to  raind  the  world  of  his  undoubted  right  to  the  domi- 
nion of  the  seas,  which  he  had  by  this  time  asserted  and  secur'd  beyond 
danger  of  dispute,  had  not  a  deluded  people  (as  to  their  own  highest 
concern,  glory,  and  interest,)  and  the  fatality  of  the  times  disturh'd  the 
project  of  an  easie  tax  as  an  imaginary  invasion  of  their  liberties,  which 
that  blessed  Prince  design'd  only  to  protect  them  :  it  is  fresh  in  memory 
what  were  the  opinions  of  Attourny  Noy,  many  learned  civilians,  and 
near  a  jury  of  grave  Judges  upon  this  conjuncture  ;  and  the  instances  of 
King  Etheldreds  having  levy'd  it  many  hundred  years  before,  shew'd  it 
to  be  no  such  innovation  ;  nor  could  there  be  a  more  pressing  occasion 
than  when  all  our  neighbours  around  us  were  (as  now)  in  a  state  of  hos- 
tility.    But  I  list  not  here  to  interrupt  my  reader  upon  this  chapter, 
which  has  already  sufFer'd  so  many  sore  digladiations  and  contests  ;  only 
as  to  matter  of  fact,  and  as  concern'd  the  navigation  and  improvement  of 
commerce,  I  touch  it  briefly,  and  pass  to  what  followed,  which  was  the 
setting  out  no  less  than  sixty  tall  ships,  first  under  the  Earl  of  Lind- 
sey  *,  and  afterwards  Northumberland  f ,  by  the  account  of  whose  accu- 
rate journal,  it  appears  how  readily  our  neighbour  fishermen  (though 
under  convoy  of  fleets  superiour  to  ours  in  number)  sued  for  and  took 
licences  to  the  value  of  fifteen  hundred  pounds  fifteen  shillings   and 
two  pence,  as  I  have  perus'd  the  particulars.     I  do  only  mention  the 
licences  which  were  also  taken  and  accepted  at  land,  and  they  not  a 
few,  distributed  by  Sir  William  Boswell  at  the  Hague  itself,  upon  which 
his   Majesties  Minister  then  at  Bruxelles  advertis'd  the   Infanta,  that 
the  Dunkerkers  should  take  care  not  to  molest  such  of  the  Hollanders 
(though  at  that  time  in  actual  hostility  with  them)  as  had  his  Majesties 
permission,  and  accordingly  the  Cardinal  did  grant  them  passes,  which 
they  took  without  scruple  ;  so  as  we  find  it  was  not  for  nothing  that 
they  came  under  protection,  but  receiv'd  a  realbenefit.     Nor  was  this  a 
novel  imposition,  but  familiar  and  customary,  as  appears  by  the  many 
precedents  which  we  have  recited ;  to  which  we  may  add  that  of  the 
Scotch  fishery  under  King  James  the  First,  1424,  21  Act  of  the  first 

*  1635.  *    t  1636. 


685 

Parliament,  having  already  spoken  of  what  concern'd  our  own  Princes, , 
especially  what  Richard  the  Second  impos'd,  Henry  I.  V.  VI.  VII. 
Queen  Mary,  &c.  with  that  of  Edward  the  First  pro  hpminibus  Hol- 
landieB,  Sec.  which  protection  Is  yet  extant,  and  granted  frequently  hy 
treaties,  as  a  priviledg  only  during  the  subsistance  of  such  treaties,  and 
no  farther,  totally  rescinding  and  abolishing  the  pretences  grounded  by 
some    upon   the  intereursus  magnus  made  with  the  Dukes   of  Bur- 
gundy*: so  as  to  summ  up  all  that  has  been  produc'd  to  fortlfie  our  do- 
mestlck  evidences,  we  have  many  Acts  of  Parliament,  we  have  the  seve- 
ral successours  of  our  Princes  granting  licences  to  strangers,  we  have 
the  assiduous  instances  made  by  King  James  by  his  Ambassadours  and 
Secretaries  of  State,  we  have  the  acknowledgments  actuallv  and  already 
paid  and  accounted  for  to  the  Exchequer,  and  have  seen  the  occasion  of 
the  late  interruptions  of  it,  and  the  Invalidity  of  mens  pretences ;  and  if 
these  be  not  evidences  sufficient  to  subvert  the  sophisms  of  a  few  merce- 
nary pens,  and  dismount  the  confidence  of  unreasonable,  people,  it  is 
because  there  is  so  little  vigour  in  our  resolutions  at  home,  and  so  little 
justice  in  the  vi^orld  abroad.,    Nor  has  this  been  arrogated, by  the  mo- 
narchs  of  this  nation,  but  a  right  establish'd  upon  just  reason,  namely, 
that  thev  might  be  enabled  to  clear  the  seas  of  rovers  and  pirates,  and 
protect  such  as  foUow'd  their  lawful  affairs  :  and  for  this  effect  the  Kings 
of  England  did  not  only  take  care  to  defend  their  own  subjects,  but  to 
convoy  and  secure  all  strangers,  sometimes  (as  we  have  seen)  by  pro-, 
clamation,  soirietimes  by  fleets  and  men  of  war,  where  they  fish'd  by 
agreement,  upon  treaty,  or  leave  obtain'd,  yet  restraining  them  to  cer- . 
tain  limits,  retaining  the  dominion  of  the,  neighbouring  seas,  as  in  the 
reign  of  Henry  the  Fourth,  where  we  find  an  accord  made  between  him 
and  the  French  Kingf,  that  the  subjects  of  either  nation  migUt.,fish  in 
one  part  of  the  seas  and  not  in  another;  the  possession  of  all  privileges 
of  this  nature  ever  accompanying  the  royal  licence,  and  strangers  having, 
either  special  indulgences,  or  being  under  protection  of  special  officers, 
appointed  in  former  times  J  for  the  safe  guarding  of  the  fishery,  who 
were  so  impower'd  by  patent,  and  had  certain  dues  appointed  for  that 


*  1495.  t  Rot.  Fra.  Hen.  IV.  29.  J  Edw.  IV,  Rich.  III.  Hen.  VH. 


686 

tteivdance,  vt^hich  they  levied  upon  all  forrelilefs,  with  the  express  dl- 
^ction(In  the  reign  of  Henry,  the' Seventh)  that  the  acknowledgment 
?as  to  be  so  levied,  nbtwithstianding  any  letter'  of  safe-conduct  vs^hich 
ti'anger  fishiermen  might  pretend  from  any' king,  prince,  or  government 
whatsoever:  so  as  by  all  the  arguments  of  right,  claim,  and  prescrip- 
ion,  the  title  is  firm  ;  all  other  pretSilces  of  right  or  possession  inter- 
apted,  arrogated,  and  precarious,  or  else  extinguish'd  by  infractions  of 
reaties,  never  since  reviv'd  by  aiiy  subsequent  act. 

62.  We  might  here  mention  the  toll  paid  the  King  of  Denmark  at 
tie  Sundt,  and  the  respect  which  strangers  shew  to  his  castle  at  Cron- 
enberg,  acCoi'ding  to  a  treaty  made  between  them  arid  the  Dutch  * ;  and 
3  the  Swedish  King,  whom  they  acknowledg  soveraign  of  the  Baltick 
nd  Northern  tracts  to  an  immense  extent,  where  he  receives  tribute, 
S  well  as  those  of  Denmark  and  Poland,  by  impositions  at  Dantzick 
nd  the  Pillau,  where  they  orily  enjoy  for  it  a  cold  arid  hungry*  passage, 
?hil^t  with  us  we  give  them  ndt  only  passiage,  harbours  and  protection 
brough  a  dangerous  sea,  but  an  eniolunient  accompanying  it,  which 
iriches  our  neighbours  with  one  of  the  most'  inestimable  treasures  arid 
dvantagious  cbmrilerce  under  heaveri.'  To  this  we  also  might  add  what 
as  obtain'd  the  suffrages  not  orily  of  our  own  countrynien  of  the  long 
obe,  and  othefs,  but  of  almost  all  the  disinterested  learned  persons  who 
lave  discussed  tbis  subject,  universally  agreeing,  that  as  to  a  peculiar  and 
estrictive  right,  fisheries  may  and'  ought  to  be  apipropriated,  and  that  as 
/ell  in  the  high-seas  (as  the  lawyers  term  them)  as  in  lakes  and  rivers, 
nd  narrower  confinements,  and  as  the  Republick  of  Genoa  does  at  this 
lay  let  to  farm  their  fishery  for  Thunnies  in  their  neighbouring  seas ;  and 
he  contract  between  Queen  Elizabeth  arid  Denmark  about  the  like 
iberty"upon  thb  coast  of  Norway,  arid  the  prohibitions  made,  and  the 
icences  given  by  that  crown  at  this  present,  do  abundantly  evince, 
tamely,  that  the  Dane  is,  and  hath  of  long  time  been  in  possession  upon 
he  coasts  we  have  mention'd,  and  of  as  much  as  we  assert  to  be  due 
0  his  Majesty  in  the  British  seas. 


16497 


6^7 


MR.  EVELYN'S  LETTER  TO  MR.  AUBREY*. 


Sir, 

With  incredible  satisfaction  I  have  perus'd  ypur  Natural  History  of 
Swrey,  &c.  and  greatly  admire  both  your  industry  in  undertaking  so 
profitable  a  work,  and  your  judgment  in  the  (several  observations  which 
you  hftve  made.  It  is  so  useful  a  piece,  and  so  obliging,  that  I  cannot 
suflSciently  applaud  it.  Something  I  would  contribute  to  it  if  it  were 
possible  ;  but  your  Spicelegium  is  so  accurate,  that  ypu  have  jeft  no- 
thing almost  for  tho&e  who  shall  come  after.you.  Surrey  is  the  country 
of  my  birth,  and  my  delight;  but  my  education  has  b^en  so  little  Jn  it, 
by  reason  of  several  accidents,  that  I  am  asham'd  to  discover  how 
ignorant  I  am  of  a  thousand  of  those  excellent  remarks  which  I  find 
you  have  taken  notice  of  to  my  reproach.    *" 

You  have  been  pleas'd  to  mention  Wotton  (the, seat  pf  my  brother), 
invirori'd  as  it  is  with  wood  (from  whence  it  takes  its  denomination) 
arid  water,  and  that  from  diflPerent  sources,  capable  of  furnishing  all  the 
amcEuities  of  a  villa  sand  garden  aft^rthe  Italian  manner,  as  running 
fifty  foot  higher  than  the  area  of  the  first  parterre.  That  which  I 
would  observe  to  you  from  the  wood  is,  that  where  goodly  oaks  grew  and 
were  cut  down-by  my  grand-father  almost  a  hundred  years  since,  are 
now  altogether  beech  ;  and  where  my  brother  has  extirpated  .the  beech 
there  rises  birch  :  under  the  beech  spring  up  innumerable  hollies,  which, 
growing  thick  and  close  together  in  one  of  the. woods  next  the  meadow, 
is  a  viretum  all  the  year  'long,  which  is  a  very  beautiful  sight  when  the 
leaves  of  the  taller  trees  are  fallen.  * 

It  is  in  my  Sylva  where  I  give  the  dimensions  of  a  plank  of  prodi- 
gious amplitude,  cut  from  an  oak  growing  in  one  of  the  parks  there 
about  or  near  that  house,  which  holds  almost  six  foot  in  breadth,  and 
about  ten  in  length,  half  a  foot  in  thickness,  as  it  remains  supported  on 
a  frame  of  brick-work  f.     There  are  in  the  skirts  of  this  parish  (which 


*  Extracted  from  his  History  of  Surrey,  1719,  8vo,  vol.  I. 

t  The  table  to  which  Evelyn  alludes  is  still  preserved  in  the  family  house  at  Wotton ;  it  is 
shortened  in  its  length,  andJbut  5  feet  2  inches  in  diametei:,       % 


688 

extends  almost  as  far  as  the  wild  of  Sussex)  certain  pits  out  of  which 
they  dig  jeate.  The  stone  ahout  the  grounds  in  other  parts  is  the  rag, 
and  what  you  call  iron-stone,  of  which  there  lies  abundance  loose 
in  the  sands,  and  about  certain  sugar-loaf  mountains  South-west  of 
Wotton ;  which,  with  the  boscage  upon  them,  and  little  torrents 
between,  make  such  a  solitude  as  I  have  never  seen  any' place  more 
-horridly  agreeable  and  romantick.  In  the  church-yard  at  Wotton, 
digging  to  enlarge  the  vault  where  our  family  lies  interr'd,  was  found  an 
entire  skeleton  of  gigantic  stature;  it  is  not  yet  twenty  years  since ; 
but  after  the  workmen  and  labourers  , had  done  wondering  at  it,  and 
taken  measure  of  divers  of  the  boneSj  &c.  (^which  tho'  I  have-  iipt  at 
present,  I  can  recover  from  an  ingenious  servant  of  my  brothers)  with- 
out farther  curiosity  they  flung  into  the  foundation  they  were  digging, 
and  superstructed  upon  them.  ' 

In  this  parish  upon  Whlre-d'Owri,  (which  is  contiguous  to  that  tract 
of  hills  which  runs  from  Darking  towards  Guildford,  and  so  to  Ports- 
mouth,) in  the  Chalk-delves  is  frequently  foutod  cockle-shells,  peri- 
winkles, &c.  andjn  the  cart-roats  where  the  rains  have  guH'd,  thstt 
: kind  of  pyrites  which  the  country-people  call  thunder-stones.  It  is 
incredible  what  goodly  beeches  grow  upon  that  hill,  expos'd  as  they  are 
'to  the  most  impetuous  winds,  and  with  a  very  little  earth,  and  that 
'.extreamly  loose  adhering:  to  their  roots.  From  hence  is  one  of  the 
latgest  prospects  in  England ;  but  superior  to  this  is  another  about  two 
mjles  South  of  my  brothers  house*,  from  the  summit  whereof  in  a  clear 
day  may  be  seen  (besides  the  whole  vale  or  wild  of  Sussex,  and  much 
of  Kent)  part  of  eleven  other  shires ';' so  as  for  the  extent  and  circum- 
ference of  Vista,  I  take  it  to  be  much  beyond  that  from  the  Keepe'at 
Windsor,  or  any  that  I  have  ever  observ'd  either  in  England  or  else- 
where. The  ascent  to  it  is  yet  northward,  almost  upon  an  even  line 
from  the  foot  of  Whiterdowne.  The  brow  from  whence  this  prospect 
is  beheld  with  little  acclivity  (caused  by  the  sliding  some  parts  of  it 
into  the  grounds  below,  either  by  its  own  weight  or  some  earthquake^) 
goes   descending  nine  or   ten  miles,   almost  as  far  as  Horseham  in 


*  Leith  Hill,  the  highest  ground  ia  this.county. 


689 

Sussex ;   and  the  bare  places  from  whence  the  earth  Is  slid,  I  have  seen 
as  far  as  Lewes,  thirty  miles  from  it.  I 

Somewhat  below  this  rising  is  the  famous  Roman  way,  call'd  now 
Stpne-street  Causeway,  which  had  been  very  well  worth  your  taking 
notiqe  of,  both  for  the  length,  breadth,  and  materials  of  it,  to  have 
continu'd  so  firm  in  so  rotten  and  deep  a  country  for  so  many  years ; 
but  it  is  now  interrupted  by  divers  inclosures  which  would  be  search'd 
by  some  diligent  person.  Not  far  from  my  brothers  house,  upon  the 
streams  and  ponds-  since  fill'd  up  and  drain'd,  stood  formerly  many 
powder-mills,  erected  by  my  ancestors,  who  were  the  very  first  who' 
brought  that  invention  into  England ;  before  which  we  had  all  our 
powder  out  of  Flanders. ,  My  grand-father  transferr'd  his  patent  to 
the  late  Sir  John  Evelyns  grand-father,  of  Godstone  in  the  same 
county  ;  in  whose  family  it  continu'd  'till  the  late  Civil  Wars.  That 
which  I  would  remark  upon  this  occasion'  i%,  the  breaking  of  a  huge' 
beam  of  fifteen  or  sixteen  inches  diameter  in  my  brothers  house  (and* 
since  crampt  with  adeg  of  iron)  ;  upon  the  blowing  up  of  one  of  those 
mills,  without  doing  any  other  mischief  that  I  can  learn;  but  another 
standing  below  towards  Shire,  shot  a  piece  of  timber  thro' a  cottage, 
which  took  oflF  a  poor  womans  head  as  she  was  spinning. 

The  barren  hills  formerly  cover'd  with  a  fine  carpet  of  turf  have 
within  these  forty  years  been  exceedingly  improv'd  by  Devonshirlng, 
as  we  call  it,  that  is  by  paring  off,  drying,  burning,  and  spreading  the 
swarth.  ForiiAerly  they  'were  full  of  sheep  feeding  among  the  wild 
thyme  j  now  they  are  sown  with  corn,  and  m&intairi'd  in  heart  with 
liming  and  other  manuring.  The  mutton  is  small,  but  very  sweet. 
Wheat-ears  do  often  frequent  these  downs.  , 

In  this  parish  were  set  up  the  first  brass-mills  for  the  casting;  ham- 
mering into  plates,  cutting,  and  drawing  it  into  wire,  that  were  in 
England:  first  they  dreW  the  wyre  by  men  sitting  harness'd  in  certain 
swings,  taking  hold  of  the  brass  thongs  fitted  to  the  holes,  with  pincers 
fasten'd  to  a  girdle  which  went  about  them  ;  and  then  with  stretching 
forth  their  feet  against  a  stump,  they  shot  their  bodies  from  it,^  closing 
with  the  plate  again ;  but  afterwards  this  was  quite  left  off,  and  the 
effect  performed  by  an  /wgrem'o  brought  out  of  Sweden;  which  I  sup- 

4  T 


690 


pose  liieyi  still  coritmtie  :  but  the  'nailis  ai-e  ireto'ov'd  to  feifhet  dfetahi* 
from  my  brothers  house.  .  -"i'li..  i     - 

There  was-  likewise  a  fulling-mill  Upofi  the  sdrne  stream,  n6W  de- 
molished ;  ibut  the  him'met  for  iron  remainSv  These  I  rnentiitfn  because 
I  do  not  remember  to  have  seen  such  variety  of  mill^i  iind  Works  "upon 
so  narrow  a  brook,  and  in  so  little  a  compass  ;  there  belrJg  mills  for 
corn,  cloth,  brass,-  iron,  powder^  &c.    -v; 

These  streams  are  naturally  full  of  trouts,  •  but  they  grow  to  no 
bigness,  by  reason  of  the  frequent  di'aming  6f  the  waters  to  irrigate- 
their  lands,  i  c 

You  well  observe  the  number. of  ponds  and  little  lakes  in  this  coun- 
try :  one  of  my  brothers  (now  deceas'd)  had  at  a  place  call'd  Baynafds, 
within-  his  park,  a  pond  of  sixty  acres.  The  house  was  honourably 
built  ty  Sir  George  Moore,  many  years  past  Lieutenattt  of  the  Tower. 
The  soil  is  so. addicted  to  oaks,  that  to  tell  of  their  prodigious  growth 
within  fifty  years  would  astonish  those  who  should  measure  the  timber 
now  growing.     It  is  a  sour  loamy  ground.  '• 

1  do  not  find  you  have  yet  made  your  thordUgh  journey  about  Ban- 
stead,  where  was  tKe  famous  Woodcbt  of  which  you  shall  find  mention' 
in  Mr.  Burtons  notes  upon  Antoninus's  Itinerary.  There  are  to  this 
day  Roman  coins,  urns  and  bricks,  &c.  dug  up  by  the  rusticks. 

At  Ashted  near  Ebisham  (belonging  to  the  Right  Honourable  the' 
Earl  Marshal)  are  found  a  certain  huge  aiid  fleshy  snail,  which  the 
Italians  call  bavoli  or  drivelers  brought  out  of  Italy,  propagnted  here  ' 
and  had  in  delicm  by  his  grand-father  Thomas  Earl  of  Arundel,  &c. 
..  In  the^  sandy  banks  about  Al bury  do  breed  the  trogladytic  niartines, 
who  make  their  boroughs  in  the  earth.  ■-■  . 

-  I' know  not  whether  you  took  notice  of  the  smoke-jack  in  mv 
brothers  kitchen-chimney,  which  has  been  there  I  have  heard  near  a^ 
hundred  years,  and  has  seldom  stood  still  from  its  first  setting  up,  night 
or  day;  it  makes  very  little  noise,  needs  no  winding  up,  and  for  that 
preferable  to  the  more  noisy  inventions.  I  am -told  Mr-.  Smith  of 
Michams  spits  are  turn'd  by  the  Water,  which  indeed  runs  thro'  his 
house.  It  is  indeed  the  most  chrystal  stream  We  have  in  our  country,  and-' 
comes  by  Bedington,  which  I  do  not  find  you  have  yej  visited,  no  more 


mi 

than  Wlmbleton,  Nonsuch,  Richmond,  Oatlands,  Coomb,  Roehampton, 
Cammerwell,  Lambeth,  Battersey,  Kingston,  Ditton,  Southward,  and 
divers  other  observable  places,  whkfc  I  douSt  not  but ,  you  reserve  for 
another  perambulation  *. 

Sir,  I  beseech  you  to  accept  or  pardon  these  trifling  interpolations, 
wKifh.l  have  presum'drto  send  you;  not thast  they  can  a^d  any  thipg 
to  yoiir  wort,  but  testify  the  disposition  I  have  to  serve  you,  if  it  lay  in 
the  power  of,        ;    i ;      Sir,. 

Your  most  faithful  Servantj 

Feb.  8.  1 675-6.  J.  Evelyn. 

;\       Sir, 

My  :hasty  writing  will  require  your  pardon  ;  I  have  set  things  dowft 
tum«ltuarily  as  they  came  into  my  sudden-thoughts. 


Mr.  Aubrey  afterwards  visited  these  places,  anrio  1692. 


692 


AN    ABSTRACT 


OF   A 


LETTER  FROM  THE  WORSHIPFUL  JOHN  EVELYN,  Esq. 

SENT  TO  ONE  OF  THE  SECRETARIES  OF  THE  R.  SOCIETY  CONCERNING  THE  DAMMAGE 
DONE  TO  HIS  GARDENS  BY  THE  PRECEDING  WINTER*. 


Sir, 

I  SHOULD  be  altogether  inexcusable  for  not  having  been  to  wait  upon 
the  Society  of  late  if  my  health  had  permitted,  with  some  other  unex- 
pected occasions,  before  I  remov'd  from  Lbnd.  which  I  could  not  de- 
cently avoid.  This  was,  I  assure  you,  a  sensible  affliction  to  me  ;  and 
now  I  am  come  into  the  country,  have  beheld  the  havock  which  a  rude 
season  has  made  in  my  poor  gardens,  and  receiv'd  your  letter,  wherein 
you  acquaint  me  that  the  Society  expects  an  account  of  my  sufferings. 
I  must  begin  with  the  Poet — -juhes  renovare  dolorem:  in  a  word,  the 
past  winter  has  been  so  severe  in  my  territories,  and  where  it  could  ex- 
pugne  the  more  defensible,  and  such  as  were  inclosed  ;  it  has  ravaged  all 
that  lay  open  and  were  abroad  without  any  mercy. 

As  to  timber  trees.  I  have  not  many  here  of  any  considerable  age 
oj  stature,  except  a  few  elms,  which  (having  been  decaying  many  years)^ 
one  cannot  well  find  to  have  receiv'd  any  fresh  wounds  distinguishable 
from  old  cracks  and  hoUownesses ;  and  indeed  I  am  told  by  divers,  that 
elms  have  not  sufFer'd  as  the  great  oaks  have  done ;  nor  do  I  find 
amongst  innumerable  of  that  species  (elmsj  which  I  have  planted,  and 
that  are  now  about  25  and  30  years  standing,  any  of  them  touched. 
The  same  I  observe  of  limes,  wall-nuts,  ash,  beech,  horne-beams,  birch, 
chesnut,  and  other  foresters.  But,  as  I  said,  mine  are  young  compara- 
tively ;  and  yet  one  would  think  that  should  less  protect  them,  because 
more  tender:  so  as  it  seems  the  rifting  so  much  complain'd  of  has  hap- 


*  See  Philosophical  Transactions,  No.  158,  1684,  p.  559  j  and  Evelyn's  Diary,  vol.  I.  p.  533. 


693 

'petVd  chiefly  among  the  over-grown  trees,  especially  oaks.  My  Lord 
Weymouth  made  his  lamentations  to  me,  and  so  has  the  Earl  of  Chester- 
field, Lord  Ferrars,  Sir  William  Fermor,  and  others  concern'd  in  the  same 
calamity,  which  I  mention  hecause  of  their  distaiit  habitations.  But,  if 
rightly  I  remember^  one  of  these  noble  persons  lately  told  me,  that 
since  the  thaw,  the  trees  which  were  exceedingly, split,  were  come  toge- 
■ther  and  clos'd  again,  and  I  easily  believ'd  it;  but  that  they  are  really  as 
solid  as  before,  1  doubt  will  not  appear  when  they  shall  come  to  be  exa- 
jmin'd  by  the  axe,  and  converted  to  use  :  nor  has  this  accident  happen'd 
only  to  standing  timber,  but  to  that  which  has  been  fell'd  and  season'd, 
as  Mr.  Shish  *,  the  master  builder  in  his  Majesties  ship  yard  here,  in- 
form'd  me.     So  much  for  our  indigince.  <         . 

As  for  exotics^  I  fear  my  cork-trees  will  hardly  recover:  but  the 
spring  is  yet  so  very  backwardj  even  in  this  warm  and  dry  spot  of  minei 
that  I  cannot  pronounce  any  thing  positively,  especially  of  such  whose 
bark  is  very  thick  and  rugged,  such  as  is  the  cork,  enzina,  and  divers 
of   the  resinous  trees.     The  Constantinopolitan,  or  horse-chesnut,  is 
turgid  with  buds,  and  ready  to  explain  its  leaf.     My  cedars y\  think^ 
are  lost ;  the  ilex  and  scarlet  oak  not  so ;  the  arhwtus  doubtful,  and  so 
are  hays,  but  some  will  escape,  and  most  of  them  repuUulate  and  spring 
afresh,  if  cut  down  near  the  earth  at  the  latter  end  of  the  month.     The 
Scotch  fir,  spruce,  and  white  Spanish  (which  last  uses  to  suffer  in  their 
tender  buds  by  the  spring  frosts)  have  receiv'dno  dammage  this  winter  : 
I  cannot  say  the  same  of  the  pine,  which  bears  the  greater  cone,  but 
other  Norway s  waA  pinasters  are  fresh.     iawreZ  is  only  discoloured, 
and  some  of  the  woody  branches  mortified,  which  being  cut  to, the  quick 
\vill   soon   put  forth  again,  it  being  a  succulent,  plant.     Amongst  our 
shrubs,  rosemary  is  entirely,  lost,  and  to  my  great  sorrow,  because  I  had 
not  only  beautiful  hedges  of  it,  but  sufficient  to  afford  me  flowers  for  the 
making  a  very  considerable  quantity  of  the  Queen  of  Hungaries  cele- 
brated water  :   so  universal,  I  fear,  is  the  destruction  of  this  excellent 
plant,  not  only  over  England,  but  our  neighbour  countries  more  South- 
ward, that  we  must  raise  our  next  hopes  from  the  seed.     Halimus,  or 


*  An  account  of  this  ingenious  man  may  be  seen  in  Evelyn's  Diary,  voU  I,  p.  488, 


694 

arseslan,  of  which  I  had  a  pretty  hedgej  is  also  perish'dj  arid  sq 
er  of  '^renchjurses;  the  cypress  are  all  of  them  scorch'd,  and 
to  death,  especially  such  as  were  kept  shorn  in  pyramids;  but 
gst  great  numbers  there  will  divers  escape,  after  they,,  are  well 
ts'd,  that  is,  with  a  tough  hazel  or  other  wand  to  beat.oflF  thejr 
and  dusty  leaves,  which,  growing  much  closer  than  other  shrubs;, 
r  the  air  and  dews  from  refreshing  the  intjej'ipr  parts..    This  disci*- 
I  use  to  all  niy  tonsile  shrubs  vi^ith  good  success,,  as  oft  as  a  winr 
irches.them.     The  berry  l>earing  savine,  which,  if  well  understp.od 
ultivated,  were  the  only,  best  succedaneum  to  cypress,  has  not  suf- 
jn  the  least;  it  perfectly  resembles  the  cypress,  and  grows  very 
id  thick.     I  think  the  arbor  thuya  is  alive,  and  so,  is  the  Amerir 
7dci(i,  acanthus,  paliurxis,  and  poniegranad.   My ^lawustii],us  lopks 
:iously;  some  large  and  oldalaturrius's  are  kill'd,  esj)ecially  suclj 
re  more  expos'd  to  the  sun,  whereas  those  that  grow  in  the  shade 
i  I  the  reason  of  which  I  conjecture  to  be  from  the  reciprocations 
ng  somewhat  relax'd  every  day,  and  then  in^de  rigid  and  stifiF  again 
^ht,  which  hepding  and  unbending  so  often,  opening  and  closing 
li-tfe,  does  exceedingly  moj-tifie  them,  and  ajl  other  tender  plants 
t,  growing  in  shady:  places,  undergo  but  one  thaw  and  change.  Most 
ise  yet  will, revive  again  at  the  root,  being. cut  close  to  the  ground> 
phillyreas  angusti  aviA'  serratif olio's  (both  of  them  incomparahlv 
;st  for  ornamental  bedgeis  of  any  the  perennial  greens  I  know)  have 
f  been  sensible  of  the  least  impression,,  more  than  tarnishing  of 
leaves;  no  more  have  the  Spanish ja^wiienes,  and; Pema^2.;  and  I 
erate  these  particulars^ihe  more  minutely,  that  gentlemen  who  ar^ 
IS  may  take i notice  what  plants  they  may  trusit  to  abroad  in  aU 
s,.  for  I  speak  only  of  such  as  are  exposed.     As  for  the  choicer 
;s  which  are  set  in  for  hyematlonj  they  certainly  escapet,  or  are  im- 
1  accordingly  as  they  are  treated  by  the  more  or  less  experienced  and 
trious  gardener,  or  commodiotisness  of  the  conservatory.     But  to 
hat  may  be  added  on  this- subject  would  require  a  large  chapter^ 
letter:  I  would  in  the  mean  time  advise  such  as  have  suffer'd  de^ 
nt  in  the  green  houses  not  to  despair  when  they  see  the  leaves  of 
rm/rtks,  oranges,  oleanders,  Jasmines,  apd  other  preqious  shrubs, 


'695 

rsisset,  or  ai together  sBrlvell'd  and  falling;  but  to  cut  them  to  ffie,qui»V, 
plaster  the  wounds,  and  plunge  their  cases  and  pots^  trimra'd  with  fresh 
mould,  &c.  in  a  warm  bed/carefully  refresh'd,  shaded,  air'd  and  treated 
as  sick  patients,  and  as  the  prudent  gardener  best  knows  how;  but, 
above  all,  that  he  be  sure  not  to  ^expose  them  'till  these  Eastern  winds 
(which  I  call  our  English  ete^z'aw*,  and  which  makes  our  springs  so  un- 
comfortable, when  we  think  winter  and  all  danger  past)  be  qualifiedi 
for  they  are  deadly  to  all  our  plants  abroad,  and  frequently  do  us  more 
'prejudice  than  the  most  churlish  winters,  as  commonly  finishing  the  de» 
structibn  of  what  the  frosts  have  spared.  Nor  are  we  to  be  flatter'd 
\vilh  a  warm  day  or  two,  which:  are  apt. to  tempt  gardners  to  set  out 
their  plants  before  the  end  of  April,  or  that  we  find  the' wise  malherry 
put  "forth,  which'  is  certainly  the  most  faithftfl  monitor;  hor\shoHld  we 
indeed  cut  or  transplant  any  of  the  'perennials  'till  of  themselves  they 
begin  to  sprout.  ■ 

'  I  need  say  nothing  of  %ally,  yew^  bode,  juniper,  &c.  hardy  and  sponta- 
Tieous  to  our  country  ;  and  yet,  to  my  grief  again,  I  find  an  holly  stan- 
dard, of  near  100  years  old,  drooping  and  of  doubtful  aspect.;  and  a  very 
beautiful  hedge,  tho'  indeed  much  younger,  being  clipp'd  about  MichaeLr 
mas,  is  mortified  near  a  foot  beneath  the  top,  and  in  some  places  to  the 
Very  groijnd  ;  so  as  there's  nothing  seems  proof  against  such  a  winter 
which  is  late  cut  and  expos'd.  This  hedge  does  also  grow  against  the 
South,  and  is  very  russet,  whilst  the  contrary  side  is  as,  fresh  and  green 
•as  ever;  amtin  all  Other  places  of  my  plantations  that  are  shaded,  the 
unshorn  hollies  maintain  their  verdure,  and  ar^,  I  judge,  impregnable 
against  all  assajults  of  weather.  •       '    t ' 

Among  the  fruit  trees  and  murals,  none  seem  to  have  suffer'd,  save 
Jicrs;  but  they,  being  cut  down,  will  spring  again  at  the  root.  The 
vines  have  escaped  ;  and  of  the  esculent  plants  and  sallads  most,  except 
artichokes,  which  are  universally  lost,  and  (what  I  prefer  before  any 
sallad  eaten  raw  when  young)  my  sampier'ih  all  rotted  to  the  very.  root. 
How  to  repair  my  loss  I  know  not,  for  I  could  never  make  any  of  the 
seed  which  came  from  the  rock  sampire,  though  mine  were  of  the  very 

kind  to  grow. 

The  arborescent,  and  other  sedums,  aloes,  &c.  tho'  hous'd,  perished 


696 

with  me;  hut  the  i/ucca  and  opuntia  escap'd.  Tulips,  many  are  lost ; 
and  so  the  Constantinojle  narcissus,  and  such  tuberoscB  as  were  not 
kept  in  the  chimney  corner  where  was  continual  fire :  some  anemojiies 
appear,  but  I  believe  many  are  rotted  ;  but  I  have  made  no  great  search 
in  the  flowery  parterre,  only  I  find  that  most  capillaries  spring,  and 
other  humble  and  repent  plants,  notwithstanding  all  this  rigorous 
season. 

My  tortoise,  which,  by  his  constant  burying  himself  in  the  earth  at 
approach  of  winter,  I  look  upon  as  a  kind  oi  plant -animal,  happning  to 
be  obstructed  by  a  vine-root  from  mining  to  the  depth  he  was  usually 
wont  to  interr,  is  found  stark  dead,  after  having  many  years  escaped  the 
severest  winter.  Of  ^sA  I  have  lost  very  few ;  and  the  nightingales, 
which,  for  being  a  short  wing'd  bird,  and  so  exceeding  fat  at  the  time 
of  the  year,  we  commonly  suppose  them  to  change  the  climate 
(whereas  indeed  they  are  hardly  able  to  flee  an  hundred  yards),  are  as 
brisk  and  froUic  as  ever ;  nor  do  1  think  they  alter  their  summer  stations, 
whatever  becoriie  of  them  all  winter.  I  know  not  yet  of  any  body  wh^o 
has  given  tolerable  satisfaction  in  this  pa!rticular  amongst  our  ornitho- 
logists. 

Thus,  Sir,  I  have  sent  you  a  rhapsody  of  such  obsecvations  as  I  haye 
been  able  to  make  since  my  return  home,  and  I  wish  they  may  prove  pf 
any  importance  to  the  Society,  to  whicTi,  arid  to  yourself, 

I  am.  Sir, 

a  most  devoted  and  obedient  servant. - 
Says  Court,  Deptford, 
April  14,  1684. 


OR, 

THE   LADIES    DRESSING-ROOM    UNLOCK'D, 


AND 


HER  TOILETTE  SPREAD. 


IN  BURLESQUE. 


TOGETHER   WITH 


THE     F  O  P-D  I  CT I  O  N  A  R  Y, 

COMPILED  fOR  THE  USE  OF  THE  FAIR  BEX. 


'  Tanquemfavms  discrimen  agatur, 
jjut  ammis :.  taTda  est  q-U(srendi  cura  decoris.        Juvenal,  Sat.  6. 

Such  care  for  a  becoming  dress  they  take, 
As  if  their  life  and  honour  were  at  stake. 


LONDON: 

PRINTED   FOR   R.   BENTLEY,    IN   RUSSEL-STREET,    IN  COVENT-GARDEN. 

1690. 


Quarto,  30  pages,  including  the  title-page. 


4  u 


lu  the  Diary,  10th  March  1685,  when  delineating  the  character  and  accomplishments  of  his 
scellent  daughter  Mary,  who  died  of  the  small-pox  on  the  14th  of  the  same  mpnth,  J.  Eve- 
n  has  a  slight  reference  to  this  Poenj,  at  that  time  five  years  previous  to  its  publication  ; 
id  from  the  manner  in  which  he  mentions  it,  the  tract  would  almost  seem  to  have  been  of 
er  own  composition,  illustrated  by  his  notes.  The  passage  alluded  to  states  that "  she  could 
impose  happily,  and  put  in  pretty  symbols,  as  in  the  Mundus  Muliehris,  wherein  is  an 
numeration  of  the  immense  variety  of  the  modes  and  ornaments  belonging  to  the  sex." 


699 
PREFACE. 


as 


This  paper  was  not  to  come  abroad  without  a  Preface,  as  well 
Gomment  for  instruction  of  our  young  master,  who,  newly  launch'd 
from  the  University  (where  he  has  lost  a  year  or  two),  is  not  yet  tra- 
vell'd,  or  if  haply  he  has  made  le  petit  tour  (with  the  formall  thing  his 
governour  *),  having  never  read  Tully's  Offices  through  since  he  came 
from  school,  sets  up  for  a  beau^  and  equipp'd  for  the  town  at  his  return, 
comes  to  seek  adventures  in  an  ocean  full  of  rocks  and  shelves,  and  wants 
a  skilful  pilot  to  steer  him  as  much  as  any  vessel  that  goes  to  the  Indies; 
and  oftentimes  returns  home  leaky,  and  as  poorly  freighted  as  those 
who  have  been  near  shipwreck'd,  or  lost  their  voyage. 

It  is  for  direction  of  such  as  are  setting  out  towards  this  great  and 
famous  emporium  (whether  the  design  be  for  miss  or  marriage),  what 
cargo  he  must  provide ;  not  as  merchants  do  for  America,  glass-beads 
and  baubles  in  exchange  for  gold  and  pearl,  but  gold  and  pearl,  and  all 
that's  precious,  for  that  which  is  of  less  value  than  knives  and  childrens 
rattles. 

You  see,  squires,  what  you  are  to  prepare  for  as  adventurers,  or  by 
way  of  barter,  if  you  think  to  traffick  here  and  to  carry  the  fair  one, 
especially  if  she  be  at  her  own  disposal,  or  (being  come  some  consider- 
able time  out  of  the  country)  has  been  initiated  into  the  conversation  of 
the  town.  The  refined  lady  expects  her  servants  and  humble  admirers 
should  couch  her  in  the  forms  and  decencies  of  making  love  in  fashion ; 
in  order  to  this,  you  must  often  treat  her  at  the  play,  the  parJc,  and  the 
musick;  present  her  at  the  raffle;  follow  her  to  Tunhridge  at  tbe  season 
of  drinking  of  waters,  though  you  have  no  need  of  them  your  self :  you 
must  improve  all  occasions  of  celebrating  her  shape,  and  how  well  the 
mode  becomes  her,  though  it  be  ne'er  so  fantastical  and  ridiculous;  that 
she  sings  like  an  angel,  dances  like  a  goddess,  and  that  you  are  charmed 
with  her  wit  and  beauty  ;  above  all,  you  must  be  sure  to  find  some  fault 


*  Whom  the  French  call,  mattre  des  ours,  a  bearward. 


700 

or  imperfection  in  all  other  ladies  of  the  town,  and  to  laugh  at  the  fopps 
like  yourself.  With  this,  a  little  practice  will  qualifie  you  for  the  con- 
versation and  mistery  of  the  ruelle ;  and  if  the  whole  morning  be  spent 
between  the  glass  and  the  comb,  that  your  perruque  fit  well,  and  cravat- 
strings  be  adjusted,  as  things  of  importance;  with  these  and  the  like 
accomplishments  you'll  emerge  a  consummate  i&eerM,^ng-?/C(^  a  cox- 
comb. But  the  dancing-master  will  still  be  necessary  to  preservis  your 
good  meen,  and  fit  you  for  the  winter-ball. 

Thus  you  see,  young  sparlis,  how  the  stile  and  met"hod  of  wooing -is 
quite  changed,  as  well  as  the  language,  since  the  days  of  our  fore-fathers 
(of  unhappy  memory,  simple  and  plain  men  as  they  were),  who  courted 
and  chose  their  wives  for  their  modesty.,  frugality,  keeping  at  hdine, 
good-housewifery,  and  other  oeconomical  virtues  then  in  reputation  : 
and  when  the  young  damsels  were  taught  all  these  in  the  country,  and  at 
their  parents  houses,  the  portion  they  brought  was  more  in  virtue  than 
money,  and  she  was  a  richer  match  than  one  who  could  have  brought  a 
million,  and  nothing  else  to  commend  her.  The  presents  which  were 
made  when  all  was  concluded  were  a  ring,  a  necklace  of  pearls,  and  per- 
haps another  fair  jewel,  the  bona  paraphernalia  of  her  prudent  mother, 
whose  nuptial  kirtle,  gown,  and  petticoat,  lasted  as  many  anniversaries 
as  the  happy  couple  liv'd  together,  and  were  at  last  beq'ueath'd,  with  a 
purse  of  old  gold,  rose-nobles,  spur-rroyals,  and  spankees,  as  an  house- 
loom  to  her  grand -daughter. 

They  had  cupboards  of  ancient  useful  plate,  whole  chests  of  damask 
for  the  table,  and  store  of  fine  Holland  sheets  (white  as  the  driven  snow), 
and  fragrant  of  rose  and  lavender,  for  the  bed  ;  and  the  sturdy  oaken  bed- 
stead, and  furniture  of  the  house,  lasted  one  whole  century ;  the  shovel- 
board,  and  other  long  tables^  both  in  hall  and  parlour,  were  as  fixed  as 
the  freehold  ;  nothing  was  moveable  save  joynt-stools,  the  blackjacks, 
silver  tankards,  and  bowls:  apd  though  many  things  fell  out  between 
the  cup  and  the  lip,  when  happy  ale,  March  beer,  metheglin,  malmesey, 
and  old  sherry,  got  the  ascendant  amongst  the  blew-coats  and  badges, 
they  sung  Old  /S^won  and  Cheviot- Chase,  and  danc'd  JSrctiye  Arthur ^ 
and  were  able  to  draw  a  bow  that  made  the  proud  Monsieur  tremble  at 
the  vvhizze  of  the  grey-goose-feather.     'Twas  then  ancient  hospitality 


701^ 

vvaskeptfup  iii  town  and^cqiintry^  by  whiah  the  tenaqts  were  enabled, 
to:  pay  their  landlords  at  punctual  day;  the,  poor  were  relieved  bouatin) 
fuUyj  and  charity,  w&s  as  warm  as  the  kitchen,  where  the  fire  was  per-, 

PetUa}.  ,  ;  ,        .  , 

In  those  happy  days.  Sure-foot,  the  grave  and  steady  mare,  carried 
the  good  knijght,  and  hiscpurteous  lady  behind  him,  to  church  and;to 
viiS^t {the  neighbourhood,  vvithout  so  many  hell-carts,  ratling; coaches, 
^d.  a  crue  of  Zacsyt/qy*,  which  a  grave  livery  servant  or  two  supply'd, 
who  rid  before  and  made- way 'for  his  worship.  -^  .. 

Things  of  use  were  natural,  plain,  and  wholesome  ;  nothing  was  su- 
perfluous, ijiothing' necessary  \yanting;  and  naen  of  estate,  studied  the; 
publick  good,  and  gave  examples  of  true  piety,  loyalty,  justice,  sobriety,; 
oharity,. and  the  good  neighbourhood ? compd^'d  most  differences;  per- 
jury^ suborning  witnesses,  alimony,  avowed  adulteries,  and  misses  (pub-j 
li<?kly  own'd),  were  prodigies  in  those  days,  and  laws^were  reason,  no^ 
crafty  when  mens  titles ^were' secure,  and  t|iey  served  their  gene^atioa 
with  honour,  leftth^ir  patrimonial  estates  improv'd  to  an  hopeful -heir,, 
whoj  passing  from  the  free-sphool  to  the  college,  and  thence  to  the  inns, 
of  court,  acquaititing  himself  with  a  dpmpeteht  tincture  of  the  laws  of 
hm  country^  followed  the  example  of  his  worthy  ancestors,  and  if  he 
travell'd  abroad,  it  was  riot  to  count  steeples,  and  bring  home  feather 
and  ribbon,  and  the  sins  of  other  nations,  but  to  gain  such  experience  as 
rendred  him  useful  to  his  prince  and  his  country  upon  occasion,  and 
confirm'd  him  in  the  love  of  both  of  'em  above  any  other. 

The  virgins  and  young  ladies  of  that  golden  age*  qucesierunt  lanam 
^  linum,  put  their  hands  to  the  spindle,  nor  disdain'd  they  the  needle ; 
ivere  obsequious  and  helpful  to  their  parents,  instructed  in  the  managery 
jf  the  family,  and  gave  presages  of  making  excellent  wives.  Nor  then  did 
:hey  read  so  many  romances,  see  so  many  plays  and  smutty  farces  ;  set 
ip  for  visits,  and  have  their  days  oi  audience,  and  idle  pass-time :  honest 
rleek,  ruff,  and  horumrs,  diverted  the  ladies  at  Christmas,  and  they  knew 
Jot  so  much  as  the  names  of  ombre,  comet,  and  basset.  Their  retire- 
nents  were  devout  and  religious  books,  and  their  recreations  in  the  dis- 


*  Prov.  ch.  xxxi.  vei'ses  13. 19. 


702 

tillatory,  the  knowledge  of  plants  and  their  virtues,  for  the  coinfc 
their  poor  neighbours  and  use  of  the  family^  which  whalesome 
dyet  and  kitchen  physick  preserved  'in  perfect  health.  In  those 
the  scurvy,  spleen,  &c.  were  scarce  heard  of,  till  forreigii  drink: 
mixtures  were  wantonly  introduc'd.  Nor  were  the  young  gentlewmr 
universally  afflicted  with  hysterical  fits,  nor,  though  extremely  modt 
all  melancholy,  or  less  gay  and  in  good  humour :  they  could  touc 
lute  and  virginal,  sing  like  to  the  damask  rose,  and  their  breath  v, 
sweet  as  their  voices :  they  danc'd  the  Canarys,  Spanish  Pavan 
Selengers  Round,  upon  sippets,  with  as  much  grace  and  lovelini 
any  Isaac,  Monsieur,  or  Italian  of  them  all,  can  teach  with  his  fo] 
and  apish  postures. 

To  shew  you  then  how  the  world  is  alter'd  among  us,  since  for 
manners,  the  luxury  (more  than  Asiatick,  which  was  the  final  rui 
the  greatest,  wisest,  and  most  noble  monarchy  upon  earth)  has  ur 
sally  obtained  among  us,  corrupting  ancient  simplicity ;.  and  in 
extravagant  forms  the  young  gallant  we  describ'd  is  to  court  the 
and  make  his  addresses  (whether  his  expedition  be  for  marriage  or 
tresse),  it  has  been  thought  good  by  some  charitable  hands  that 
contributed  to  this  catalogue,  to  present  him  with  an  enumerati( 
particulars,  and  computation  of  the  charges  of  the  adventurer,  as  fol 


703 
A    VOYAGE    TO    MARRYLAND; 

OR,  THE  LADIES  DRESSING-ROOM. 


Negotii  sibi  qui  volet  vim  parere, 
Navem  St  muUerem,  heec  duo  comparato. 
Nam  nulla  magis  res  duee  plus  negotii 
Habent,  forte  si  occeperis  exomare. 
Neque  unquam  satis  hce  dues  res  ornantur, 
Neque  eis  ulla  omandi  satis  satietas  est. 

Plaut.  PtENULUs,  Act.  1.  SceH.  2. 

Whoever  has  a  mind  to  abundance  of  trouble. 

Let  him  furnish  himself  with  a  ship  and  a  woman ; 

For  no  two  things  will  find  you  more  employment. 

If  once  you  begin  to  rig  them  out  with  all  their  streamers, 

Nor  are  they  ever  sufficiently  adorned. 

Or  satisfy'd,  that  you  have  done  enough  to  set  them  forth  *. 

He  that  will  needs  to  Marry-Iand 

Adventure,  first  must  understand 

For 's  bark  what  tackle  to  prepare, 

Gainst  wind  and  weather,  wear  and  tare  : 

Of  point  d'Espagne  a  rich  cornet. 

Two  night-rails,  and  a  scarf  beset 

With  a  great  lace,  a  coUeret : 

One  black  gown  of  rich  silk,  which  odd  is 

Without  one  colour'd,  embroider'd  boddice : 

Four  petticoats  for  page  to  hold  up. 

Four  short  ones  nearer  to  the  crup : 

Three  manteaus,  nor  can  madam  less 

Provision  have  for  due  und.ress ; 

Nor  demy  sultane,  spagnolet, 

Nor  fringe  to  sweep  the  Mall  forget: 


"  The  man  that  wants  employment  in  abundance. 
Let  him  procure  a  woman  and  a  ship ; 
For  no  two  things  can  furnish  you  more  business : 
Especially  when  you  begin  to  rig  them. 
These  two  things  are  never  rig'd  enough ; 
Nor  is  there  any  end  of 't,  they  so  love  it." 

Thornton's  Translation. 


ro4 

Of  under  bodice  three  neat  pair 
Embroider'd,  and  of  shoos  as  fair : 
Short  under  petticoats  pure  fine, 
Someof  Japan  stuff,  some  of  Chine,.    - 
With  knee-high  galoon  bottomed ; 
Another  quilted  white  and  red  ; 
With  a  broad  F|anders  lace  below  : 
Four  pair  of  has  de  soy  shot  through 
With  silver,  diamond  buckles  too, 
For  garters,  and  as  rich  for  shoo  : 
Twice  twelve  day  smocks  of  Holland  fine 
With  cambric  sleeves,  rich  point  to  joyn 
(For  she 'despises  Colbertine); 
Twelve  more  for  night,  all  Flanders  lac'd. 
Or  else  she  '11  think  her  self  disgra,c'd ; 
The  same  her  night-gown,  must  adorn. 
With  two  point  wastcoats  for  the  morn : 
Of  pocket  mouchoirs  nose  to  drain, 
A  dozen  lac'd,  a  dozen  plain : 
Three  night-gowns  of  rich  Indian  stuff  j' 
Four  cushioii-cloths  are  scarce  enough,. 
Of  point  and  Flanders,  not  forget 
Slippers  embroider'd  on  velvet : 
A  manteau  girdle,  ruby  buckle. 
And  brilliant  diamond  rings  for  knuckle  : 
Fans  painted  and  perfumed  three  : 
Three  muffs  of  sable,  ermine,  grey; 
Nor  reckon  it  among  the  baubles, 
A  palatine  al^so  of  sables. 
A  saphire  bodkin  for  the  hair, 
Or  sparkling  facet  diamond  there  : 
Three  turquois,"  ruby,  emerauld  rings 
For  fingers,  and  such  pretty  things. 
As  diamond  pendants  for  the  ears. 
Must  needs  be  had  ;  or  two  pearl  pears. 
Pearl  necklace,  large  and  Oriental, 
And  diamond,  and  of  amber  pale ;         ^  .n,. 
For  oranges  bears  every  bush,  ■  '  ', 

Nor  values  she  cheiip  things  a  rush. 


705 

Then  bracelets  for  her  wrists  bespeak 

(Unless  her  heart-strings  you  will  break)> 

With  diamond  croche  for  breast  and  — — , 

Till  to  hang  more  on  there  's  no  room. 

Besides  these  jewels,  you  must  get 

Cuff  buckles,  and  an  handsome  set 

Of  tags  for  palatine,  a  curious  hasp 

The  manteau  'bout  her  neck  to  clasp : 

Nor  may  she  want  a  ruby  locket. 

Nor  the  fine  sweet  quilted  pocket; 

To  play  at  ombre,  or  basset. 

She  a  rich  pulvil  purse  must  get, 

With  guineas  fiU'd,  on  cards  to  lay. 

With  which  she  fancies  most  to  play  : 

Nor  is  she  troubled  at  ill  fortune. 

For  should  the  bank  be  so  iipportune 

To  rob  her  of  the  glittering  store. 

The  amorous  fop  will  furnish  more. 

Pensive  and  mute,  behind  her  shoulder 

He  stands,  till  by  her  loss  grown  bolder, 

Into  her  lap  rouleau  conveys, 

Th€  Softest  thing  a  lover  says  : 

She  grasps  it  in  her  greedy  hands. 

Then  best  his  passion  understands  ; 

When  tedious  languishing  has  fail'd. 

Rouleau  has  constantly  prevail'd. 

But  to  go  on  where  we  left  off, 

Though  you  may  think  what 's  said  enough ; 

This  is  not  half  that  does  belong 

To  the  fantastic  female  throng: 

In  pin-up  ruffles  now  she  flaunts. 

About  her  sleeves  are  engageants ; 

Of  ribbon  various  echelles. 

Gloves  trimm'd,  and  lac'd  as  fine  as  Nell's  *. 

Twelve  dozen  Martial^  whole  and  half, 

Of  jonquil,  tuberose  (don't  laugh), 

Frangissan,  orange,  violett. 

Narcissus,  jassamin,  ambrett : 


»  Eleanor  Gwynn,  better  knovm  by  the  familiar  name  of  Nell,  one  of  the  ipistresses  of  Charles  II. 

4  X 


706 

And  some  of  chicken  skin  for  night, 

To  keep  her  hands  plump,  soft,  and  white 

Mouches  for  pushe?,  to  be, sure. 

From,  Paris  the  tnds^ne  procure. 

And  Spanish  paper,  lip,  and  cheek. 

With  spittle  swe^Jy  to  belick  : 

Nor  therjBfore  spare  in  the  next  place. 

The  pocket  sprmMng  lookitig-glass : 

Calembuc  combs  in  pulvil  case 

To  set  aud  trim  the  hair  and  face:: 

And  that  the  cheeks  ijiay  both  agree, 

Plumpers  Jto  fill  the  cavity. 

The  set^^e,  cup^e,  place  aright, 

Frelcmge^fontange,  favorite ; 

Montd  la  haute,  and  palisade, 

Sorti,Jlandan  (great  helps  to  trade), 

Bourgoig^e,jardihS,  cornett, 

Frilal  next  upper  painer  set. 

Round  which  it  does  our  ladies  please, 

Tq\spread  the  hood  .called  rayonn^s : 

Behind  the  npddle  every  baggage 

Wears  bundle  choux,  in  English  cabbage  : 

Nor  cruches  she,  nor  vor^fidetits. 

Nor  passages,  nor  bergers  wants:; 

And  when  this  grace  Nature  denies. 

An  artificial  tour  supplies ; 

All  which  with  meurtriers^unite, 

And  creve  cceurs  silly  fops  to  smite. 

Or  take  in  toil  at  park  or  play, 

Nor  holy  Church  is  safe,  they  say. 

Where  decent  veil  was  wont  to  hide 

The  modest  sex  religious  pride  : 

Lest  these  yet  prove  too  great  a  load, 

Tis  all  corapris'd  in  the  commode ; 

Pins  tipt  with  diamond  point  and  head. 

By  which  the  curls  are  fastened. 

In  radiant  firmament  set-out, 

And  over  all  the  hood  sur-tout : 


707 

Thus  face  that  erst  near  head  was  plac'd, 
Imagine  now- about  the  wast,-;! 
For  tQur  on  tour,  and  tire  on  tire, 
Like  steeple  Bow,  or  Grauthiiin  spire,      ; 
Or  Septizonium,  once  atKome,    •  <  i 

(But  does  nft'half  so  welLbecome 
Fair  ladies  head),  you.  here  hehold 
Beauty  by  tyrknt  inode  controlHd. 
The  graceful  oval,  and  the  rounds, 
This  ho^setbedoeslquite  coiifoiibd; 
And  ears  like  satyr,  large  ajad  raw,'>^i.\ ' 
And  bony  face,  and  bdBow  j  aw  ; 
This  monstrous  dre^  does  now  reveal, 
Whiph  well-plac'd  curls  did  once  conceal, 
Besides  all  these,  'tis  always  meant 
You  furnish  her  apartment . 
With  Moreclacktapestry,  damask  bed, 
Or  velvet  richly  embroidered : 
Branches,  btinsserd,  c4s$oleU, 
A  cofre-Jhrt,  and  cabinets, 
Vasas  of  silver,  porcelan,  store 
To  set,  and  range  about  the  floor : 
The  chimney  furniture  of  plate. 
(For  iron 's  now  quite  out  of  date)  j    , 
Tea-table,  skreens,  trunks,  and  stand. 
Large  looking-glass>  richly  japa.nn'd ;    4.> 
An  hanging  shelf,  to  which  belongs^    ■>"/ 
Romances,  plays,  and  amorous  songs ;     ' 
Repeating  clocks  the  hour  to  show 
When  to  the  play  'tis  time  to;  go. 
In  pompous  coach,  or  else  sedan'd 
With  equipage  along  this  Strand, 
And  with  her  new  beau  fopling  mann'd. 

A  new  scene  to  us  next  presents. 
The  dressing-room  and  implements. 
Of  toilet  plate,  gilt  and  emboss'd. 
And  several  other  things  of  cost . 
The  table  miroir,  one  glue  pot, 
One/or  pomatuma,  and  what  not  ? 


708 

Of  washes,  unguents,  and  cosmeticks ; 

A  pair  of  silver-candlesticks ; 

Snuffers  and  snuff-dish  ;  boxes  more, 

For  powders,  patches,  waters  store. 

In  silver  flasks,  or  bottles,  cups 

Cover'd,  or  open,  to  wash  chaps ; 

Nor  may  Hungarian  Queens  be  wanting. 

Nor  store  of  spirits  against  fainting  ; 

Of  other  waters,  rich  and  sweet. 

To  sprinkle'handkerchief  is  meet ; 

D'ange,  orange,  mill-Jleur,  myrtle, 

Whole  quarts  the  chamber  to  bequirtle  : 

Of  essence  rare,  and7e  meillure. 

From  Rome,  from  Florence,  Montpellieri 

In  filgran  casset  to  repel 

When  scent  of  gousset  does, rebel, 

Though  powder'd  alum  be  as  good. 

Well  strew'd  on,  and  well  understood; 

For  vapours  that  offend  the  lass 

Of  sal-ammoniack  a  glass : 

Nor  brush  for  gown,  nor  oval  salver. 

Nor  pincushion,  nor  box  of  silver. 

Baskets  of  fil'gran,  long  and  round. 

Or  if  Japonian  to  be  found, 

And  the  whole  town  so  many  yield, 

Calembuc  combs  by  dozens  fill'd 

You  must  present,  and  a  world  more, 

She  's  a  poor  miss  can  count  her  store. 

The  working  apron,  too,  from  France, 

With  all  its  trim  apurtenance ; 

Loo  masks,  and  whole,  as  winds  do  blow. 

And  miss  abroad 's  dispos'd  to  go: 

Hoods  by  whole  dozens,  white  and  black, 

And  store  of  coiffs  she  must  not  lack, 

Nor  velvet  scarfs  about  her  back. 

To  keep  her  warm  ;  all  these  at  least 

In  amber'd  skins,  or  quilted  chest 

Richly  p^rfum'd,  she  lays,  and  rare 

Powders  for  garments,  some  for  hair. 


709 

Of  Cyprus,  and  of  Corduba, 

And  the  rich  polvil  of  Goa : 

Nor  here  omit  the  bob  of  gold 

"Which  a  pomander  ball  does  hold ; 

This  to  her  side  she  does  attach 

With  gold  crochet,  or  French  pennache, 

More  useful  far  than  ferula 

For  any  saucy  coxcomb's  jaw ; 

A  graceful  swing  to  this  belongs, 

Which  he  returns  in  cringe  and  songs, 

And  languishing  to  kiss  the  hand. 

That  can  perfumed  blows  command. 

All  these,  and  more,  in  order  set, 

A- large  rich  cloth  of  gold  toilet 

Does  cover,  and,  to  put  up  rags. 

Two  high  embroidered  sweet  bags. 

Or  a  large  perfum'd  Spanish  skin. 

To  wrap  up  all  these  trinkets  in  : 

But  I  had  almost  quite  forgot 

A  tea  and  (likewise)  chocolate  pot, 

With  molionet  and  caudle  cup. 

Restoring  breakfast  to  sup  up  ; 

Porcelan  saucers,  spoons  of  gold. 

Dishes  that  refin'd  sugars  hold ; 

Pastillos  di  Bocca  we 

In  box  of  beaten  gold  do  see, 

Inchas'd  with  diamonds,  and  tweeze 

As  rich  and  costly  as  all  these. 

To  which  a  bunch  of  onyxes 

And  many  a  golden  seal  there  dangles. 

Mysterious  cyphers,,  and  new  fangles. 

Gold  is  her  toothpick,  gold  her  watch  is, 

And  gold  is  every,  thing  she  touches : 

But,  tir'd  with  numbers^  I  give  o'er ; 

Arithmetick  can  add  no  more. 

Thus  rigg'd  the  vessel,  and  equipp'd. 

She  is  for  all  adventures  shipp'd, 

Andfortion,  'ere  the  year  goes  round, 

Does  with  her  vanity  confound. 


710 

THE  FOP -DICTIONARY, 

OH, 

AN  ALPHABETICAL  CATALOGUE  OF  THE  HARD  AND  FOREIGN  NAMES 
AND  TERMS  OF  THE  ART  COSMETICK,  &c. 

TOGETHER  WITH 

THEIR  INTERPRETATIONS,  FOR  INSTRUCTIoiH  OF  THE  UNLEARNED*. 


Attache.     Kivj  thing  which  fastens  to  another,  &c. 

Bas  de  soye  shot  through.     Silk  stockings,  with  gold  or  silver  threac 

wove  into  the  clock. 
Berger.     A  plain  small  lock  fd,  la  sheperdesse)  turn'd  up  with  a  puflf 
Bourgoigne.     The  first  part  of  the  dress  for  the  head  next  the  hair. 
Branches.     Hanging  candlesticks,  like  those  used  in  churches. 
Brasiere.     A  large  vessel,  or  moving-hearth  of  silver,  for  coals,  tranS' 

portable  into  any  room,  much  used  in  Spain. 
Calumbuc.     A  certain  precious  wood,  of  an  agreeable  scent,  brough 

from  the  Indies. 
Campaine.     A  kind  of  narrow  picked  lace. 
Casset.     A  dressing-box. 
Cassolet.     Perfuming  pot,  or  censer. 
Chouoc.     The  great  round  boss  or  bundle,  tesembling  a  cabbage,  fron 

whence  the  French  give  it  that  name.    • 
Cofre-fort.     A  strong  box  of  some  precious  or  hard  wood,  &c.  bouni 

with  gilded  ribs. 
Colhertine.     A  lace  resembling  net-work,  of  the  fabrick  of  Monsieu 

Colbert,  superintendent  of  the  French  King's  manufactures. 
Collaret.     A  sort  of  gorget, 

Commode.     A  frame  of  wire,  cover'd  with  silk,  on  which  the  whol 

head-attire  is  adjusted  at  once  upon  a  bust,  or  property  of  wood  carve( 

to  the  breasts,  like  that  which  perruque-makers  set  upon  their  stalls 

Confidants.     Smaller  curies  near  the  eares. 

,  Cornet.     The  upper  pinner,  dangling  about  the  cheeks  like  hounds  ears 

*  London:  Printed  for  R.  Bentley,  in  RusselUstreet,  in  Covent-garden.  1690. 


711; 

raeticks.     Here  used  for  any  eflFeminate  ornament;  also,  artificial 

)mplections  and  perfumes. 

ve-coeur.     Heart-breakers,  the  two  small  curl'd  locks  at  the  nape  of 

le  neck. 

chet.     The  hook  to  which  are  chain'd  the  ladies  watch,  seals,  and 

ther  intaglias,  &c. 

',ches.     Certain  smaller  curies,  placed  on  the  forehead. 

ip^e.     A  kind  of  pinner. 

helles.     A  pectoral,  or  stomacher,  lac'd  with  ribbon,  like  the  rounds 

f  a  ladder. 

pageants.     Deep  double  ruffles,  hanging  down  to  the  wrists. 

lorites.     Locks  dangling  on  the  temples. 

•ula.     An  instrument  of  wood  us'd  for  correction  of  lighter  faults, 

aore  sensibly  known  to  school-boys  than  to  ladies. 

-grain' d.     Dressing- boxes,  baskets,  or  whatever  else   is  made  of 

ilver  wire-work. 

indan.     A  kind  of  pinner  joyning  with  the  bonnet. 

•mantent.     Diamonds,  or  other  precious  stones  heading  the  pins, 

vhich  they  stick  in  the  tour  and  hair,  like  stars. 

"ilan.     Bonnet  and  pinner  together. 

%t-jln,ge.     The  top-knot,  so  call'd  from  Mademoiselle  de  Fontange, 

)ne  of  the  French  Kings  mistresses,  who  first  wore  it. 

is.     The  grey  furr  of  squirrels  bellies. 

oonian.     Any  thing  varnished  with  laccar,  or  China  polishing,  or 

:hat  is  old  or  fantastical. 

^din^e.     That  single  pinner  next  the  Bourgogne. 

o  Mash.     An  half  mask. 

irtial.     The  name  of  a  famous  French  perfumer,  emulating  the  Fran- 

ripani  of  Rome. 

roir.     In  general,  any  looking-glass  ;  but  here,  for  the  table,  toilet, 

jocket  sprunJcing  glass. 

dionet.     The  instrument  us'd  to  mingle  chocolate  with  the  water. 

mte  la  haui.     Certain  degrees  of  wire  to  raise  the  dress. 

mchoire.    It  were  rude,  vulgar,  and  unseemly  to  call  it  handkerchief. 

mches.     Flies,  or  black  patches,  by  the  vulgar. 


712 

Meurtrieres.  Murderers ;  a  certain  knot  in  the  hair,  which  ties  and 
unites  the  curls. 

Palatine.  Formerly  called  Sables,  or  Tippet,  because  made  of  the  tails 
of  that  animal. 

Palisade.     A  wire  sustaining  the  hair  next  to  the  dutchess,  or  first  knot. 

Passagere.     A  curl'd  lock  next  the  temples. 

Pastillo  di  Bocpa.     Perfum'd  lozenges  to  improve  the  breath. 

Pennache.     Any  bunch  or  tassel  of  small  ribbon. 

Plumpers.  Certain  very  thin,  round,  and  light  balls,  to  plump  out 
and  fill  up  the  cavities  of  the  cheeks,  much  us'd  by  old  Court-Coun- 
tesses. 

Polvil.  The  Portugal  term  for  the  most  exquisite  powders  and  perfumes. 

JRaggs.  A  compendious  name  generally  us'd  for  all  sorts  of  point,  lace, 
&c.  whence  the  women  who  bring  them  to  ladies  chambers  are  call'd 
ragg  women,  but  whilst  in  their  shops,  Exchange  women. 

Rare,  les  meilleures.  Best,  and  most  excellent;  but  in  language de  beau, 
rare  8f  la  meilleure,  happily  rhyming  with  Montpellier. 

Rayonnd.     Upper  hood,  pinn'd  in  circle,  like  the  sun-beams. 

Rouleau.  Is  forty  nine  guineas,  made  up  in  a  paper  roll,  which  Mon- 
sieur F ,  Sir  J ,  and  Father  B ,  lend  to  losing  gamesters 

that  are  good  men,  and  have  fifty  in  return. 

Rttffles.     By  our  fore-fathers  call'd  cuJfFs. 

Settle.     The  double  pinner. 

Sorti.  A  little  knot  of  small  ribbon,  peeping  out  between  the  pinner 
and  bonnet. 

Septizonium.  A  very  high  tower  in  Rome,  built  by  the  Emperor  Seve- 
rus,  of  seven  ranks  of  pillars,  set  one  upon  the  other,  and  diminishing 
to  the  top,  like  the  ladies  new  dress  for  their  heads,  which  was  the 
mode  among  the  Roman  dames,  and  is  exactly  describ'd  by  Juvenal 
in  his  6th  Satyr : 

Tot  premit  ordinibus,  tot  adhuc  compagibus  altum 
JEdificat  caput.     Andromachen  a  fronts  videbis : 

Post  minor  est : 

Such  rows  of  curies  press'd  on  each  other  lye, 
She  builds  her  head  so  many  stories  high. 


713 

That  look  on  her  before,  and  you  would  swear 
Hector's  tall  wife  Andromache  she  were, 
Behind  a  pigmy— r 

panish  Paper.     A  beautiful  red  colour,  which  the  ladies,  &c.  in  Spain 

paint  their  faces  withal. 

pagnolet.     A  kind  of  narrow-sleev'd  gown,  a  la  Spagnole. 
prunking.     A  Dutch  term  for  pruning,  tiffing,  trimming,  and  letting 

out,  by  the  glass  or  pocket  miroir. 
uUane.     A  gown  trimm'd  with  buttons  and  loops. 
urtout.     A  night-hood  covering  the  entire  dress. 
oilet.     Corruptly  call'd  the  twilight,  but  originally  signifying  a  little 

cloth. 

bur.     An  artificial  dress  of  hair  on  the  forehead,  &c. 
res  fine.     Langage  de  beau;  extremely  fine  and  delicate :   cum  muU 

tis  aliis. 

or,  besides  these,  there  are  a  world  more ;  as  assassin,  or  venez  a  may, 
a.  certain  breast-knot,  as  much  as  to  say,  Come  to  me,.  Sir,  ,&c.,: 
Diichesse,.^  knot  next  the  hair,  immediately  above  the;  tqur,  .&c. 
with  innumerable  others  now  obsolete,  and  for  the  present  out  of  use; 
but  we  confine  ourselves  to  those  in  vogue. 

3,  conclude,  those  who  haVe  the  curiosity,  by  comparing  these  terms 
with  the  ancients,  thereby,  to  inform  themselves  how  this  elegant 
science  is  improv'd,  especially  since  we  have  submitted  to  and  still 
continue  under  the  empire  of  the  French  (for  want  of  some  royal  or 
illustrious  ladies  invention  and  courage  to  give  the  law  of  the  mode 
to  her  own  country,  and  to  vindicg.te  it  from  foreign  tyranny),  may 
for  divine  history  consult  Isaiah,  ch.  iii.  Ver.  16,  &c. ;  and  for  pro- 
phane,  read  Plautus  his  Poenulus,  act  i.  seen.  2.  and  his  Aulularia, 
act  iii.  seen.  5. 


4  Y 


714 


ADVERTISEMENT  TO  THE  "COMPLEAT  GAEDENER*," 

BY  MONS.  DE   LA  QUINTINYE, 

CHIEF    DIRECTOR    OF    ALL    THE    GARDENS    OF    THE   FRENCH    KINGS 

MAIliE  ENGLISH  BY  JOHN  EVELYN.  ESQ. 


I  cannot  conceive  but  it  must  needs  be  a  very  acceptable  Advertise- 
ment, and  of  universal  concern  to  all  noble-inen  and  persons  of  quality, 
lovers  of  gardens,  and  improvers  of  plantations,  of  all  diversions  and 
employments  the  most  natural^  usefull,  innocent  and  agreeable  (at 
what  distance  soever)  from  a  place  of  so  easy  and  speedy  correspon- 
dence, and  which  is  so  nere  this  great  city  to  give  this  notice. 

That  of  all  I  have  hitherto  seen,  either  at  home  or  abroad^  or  found 
by  reading  many  books  publish'd  on  this  subject,  pretending  -to  speak 
of  nurseries  and  plantations  for  store  and  variety;  directions  for  the 
designing  (or  as  they  term  it)  the  skillful  making,  plottiiag,  laying-out, 
and  disposing  of  a  ground  to  the  best  advantage  j  f n  a  word  for  what- 
soever were  desireable  for  the  furniture  of  such  a  ground,  with  the 
most^  excellent  and  warantable  fruit  (I  say  warantable,  because  it  is 
peculiarly  due  to  their  honest  industry,  and  so  rarely  to  be  met  with 
elsewhere)  and'  other  accessories  to  gardens  of  all  denominations,  as  in 
that  vast  and'  ample  collection  which  I-  have  lately  seen,  and  well 
considered  at  Brompton  Park    near  Kensington -j? ;  the  very  sight  of 

*  "  Or,  Directions  for  cultiv^ing  and  right  ordering  of  Fruit  Gardens  and  Kitchen  Gardens  ; 
with  divers  Reflection^  on  several  Parts  of  Hingbaudry.  In  Six  Books.  By  the  famous  Mons'  De 
La.  (Quiptinye,  Cfeief  Pirector  of  all  the  Gardens  of  the  French  King,  To  which  is  added,  his 
Treatise  of  Orange  Trees,  with  the  Raising  of  Melons,  omitted  in  the  French  Editions.  Made 
Englisli  by  John  Evelyn,  Esq.  With  Plates.  London:  Printed  for  Matthew  ^llyflower,  at  the 
Spread  Eagle  in  Westminster  Hall,  and  James  Partridge,  at  the  Post-houge  at  Ch^^ing  Cjcoss. 
1693."     Folio,  518  pages. 

t  April  24,  1694.  "  1  went  to  visit  Mr.  Waller,  an  extraordinary  young  gentleman  of  greate 
accomplishments,  an  excellent  botanist,  a  rare  ingraver  on  brass,  writer  in  Latin,  and  a  poet.  I 
carried  him  to  see  Brompiori  Park,  where  he  was  in  admiration  at  the  store  of  rare  plants,  and 
the  method  he  found  in  that  noble  nursery,  and  how  well  it  was  cultivated>'"  Diary,  4to.  vol.  ii.  p.  4 1 , 

"  Brompton  Park  garden,  belonging  to  Mr.  London  and  Mr.  Wise,  has  a  large  long  green-house, 
the  front  all  glass  and  board,  the  north  side  brick.    Here  the  King's  greens,  which  were  in  sum- 


715 

which  alone  gives  an  idea  of  something  that  is  greater  than  I  can  well 
express,  without  an  enumeration  of  particulars ;  and  of  the  exceeding 
industry,  method,  and  address  of  those  who  have  undertaken  and  culti- 
vated it  for  publick  use ;  I  mean  Mr.  George  London  (chief  gardner 
to  their  Majesties^  and  his  associate  Mr.  Henry  Wise^     For  I  have 
long  observ'd  (from  the  daily  practice  and  effects  of  the  laudable  industry 
of  these  two  partners)  that  they  have  not  made  gain  the  only  mark  of 
their  pains  ;  but  with  extraordinary  and  rare  industry  endeavour'd  to 
improve  themselves  in  the  mysteries  of  their  profession,  from  the  great 
advantages,  and  now  long  experience  they  have  had,  in  being  employed 
in  most  of  the  celebrated  gardens  and  plantations  which  this  nation 
abounds  in  ;-  besides  what  they  have  learn 'd  abroady  and  where  horti- 
culture is  in  highest  reputation  *. 

I  find  they  not  only  understand  the  nature  and  genius  of  the  several 
soils,  but  their  usual  infirmities,  proper  remedies,  composts  and  applica- 
tions to  re-invigorate  exhausted  mould,  sweeten  the  foul  and  tainted, 
and  reduce  the  sower,  harsh,  stubborn  and  dry^  or  over  moist  and  dilu- 
ted earth  to  its  genuine  temper  and  constitution;  and  what  aspects  and 
situations  are  proper  for  the  several  sorts  of  mural,  standard,  dwarf, 
and  other  fruit  trees. 

iner  at  Kensington,  are  placed,  but  they  take  but  little  room  in  comparison  of  their  own.  Their 
garden  is  chiefly  a  nursery  for  all  sorts  of  plants,  of  which  tliey  are  very  full."  See  Account  of 
several  Gardens  near  London  upon  a  view  of  them  in  December  1691,  by  li  Giyon,  Archaeolbgia, 
vol.  xii.  p.  189, 

*  Tliese  distinguished  nurserymen  were  the  most  eminent  in  their  profession  at  the  end  of  the 
seventeenth  and  beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century.  George  Ldndon  was  apprentice  to  Rose,  the 
royal  gardener,  often  mentioned  by  Evelyn,  and  sent  by  him  to  France  to  study-  the  beauties  of 
Versailles.  On  his  return  he  was  made  head-gardener  to  Dr.  Compton,  Bishop  of  London,  and  at 
the  beginning  of  the  revolution  was  appointed  superintendant  of  the  royal  gardens,  at  a  salary  of 
200/.  a  year,  and  Page  of  the  Back-Stairs  to  jQueen  Mary,  In  connection  with  Cooke  (gardener  to 
Lord  Essex),  Lucre,  and  Field  (gardeners  to  the  Earl  of  Bedford),  he  established  the  Brompton 
Nursery.  The  first  place  they  laid  out  was  Lord  Weymouth's  (now  the  Marquess  of  Bath). at  Long- 
leat,  where  each  partner  staid  a  month.  Switzer,  in  his  "  Gardener's  Recreation,"  says  that  Lon- 
don might  have  been  called  director-general  of  the  gardens  of  England,  most  of  which  he  visited 
once  or  twice  each  year,  riding  generally  fifty  or  sixty  mites  a  day.  Two  of  the  partners  di^d,  arid 
a  third  selling  his  share  to  Wise,  the  whole  fell  to  London  and  Wise,  and  was  then  worth  from  30 
to  40,000/.  perhaps,  says  Switzer,  as  much  as  that  of  all  the  nurseries  of  France  put  together. 
London's  last  work  was  Edger  in  Essex.    Me  died  in  1713. 

Of  Wise  little  is  known,  excepting  that  he  laid  out  grounds;  and  in  p&rticul&r  Blenheim. 


716 

Fhey  have  made  observations,  and  given  me  a  specimen  of  that  long, 
:  hitherto  waqting  particular,  of  discriminating  the  several  kinds  of 
its  by  their  characterisiical  notes,  from  a  long  and  critical  observa- 
a  :of  the  '  leafe,  taste,  colour,  and  other  '  distinguishiiig  qualities ; 
as  one  shall  not  be  impos'd  upon  with  fruits  of  several  names ;  when 
truth  there  is  but  one  due  to  them.  For  instance,  in  peares  albne^,  a 
itlemen  in  the  country  sends  to  the  nurseries  for  the  liver  hla^ch', 
fAigny  de  chouille,  rattan  blanc,  &c. ;  the  English  St.  Gilbert, 
anboiirn  pears,  and  several  other  names;  when  all  this  while  they  are 

o'ther  than  the  well  known  cadillac.  The  same  also  hap'ning  in 
aches,  apples,  plums,  cherris  and  other  fruit ;  for  want  of  an  accurate 
amination  (by  comparing  of  their  taste,  and  those  other  indications 
bave  mentioned),  for  which  gentlemen  compliain,  and  not  without 
ise, ;  that  the  nursery-men  abuse  them  ;  when  'tis  their  ignorance,  or 
5  exotic  name  of  which  they  are  so  fond. 

I  find  they  have  likewise  apply'd  themselves  to  attain  a  sufficient 
iste'ry  in  lines  and  figures  for  general  design,  and  expeditious  methods 
■  casting  and  levelling  of  grounds ;  and  to  bring  them  into  the  most 
t  form  they  are  capable  of ;  which  requires  a  particular  address ;  and 
determine  the  best  proportions  of  walks  and  avenues,  starrs,  centres, 
;.  suitable  to  the  lengths ;  and  how,  and  with  what  materials,  whe- 
er  gravel,  carpet,  &c.  to  be  layed. 

They  have  a  numerous  collection  of  the  best  designs,  and  I  perceive 
e  able  of  themselves  to  draw  and  contrive  others  applicable  to  the 
aces,  when  busie  works  and  parterres  of  imbroidery  for  the  coronary 
d  flower  gardens  are  proper  or  desired.  And  where  fountains, 
itues,  vases,  dials,  and  other  decorations  of  magnificence  are  to  be 
ac'd  with  most  advantage. 

To  this  add  a  plentiful  aiid  choice  collection  of  orange  trees,  lemon, 
ertil,  baies,  jassminesj  arid  all  other  rarities  and  exotics  requiring  the 
inservatpry  ;  after  they  have  embellish 'd  their  proper  stations  abroad 
iring  the  Summer,  and  for  continuing  a  no  less  ornament  in  the  green 
3use  during  Winter.  ^  ^ 

They  have  a  very  brave  and  noble  assembly  of  the  flowery  and  other 
ees  :  perennial  and  variegated  ever  greens  and  shrubs,  hardy  and  fittest 


717 

for  our  climate  ;  and  understand  what  best  to  plant  the  humble  bos- 
cage, wilderness,  or  taller  groves  with  ;  where  and  how  to  dispose  and 
govern  them,  according  as  ground  and  situation  of  the  place  requires, 
both  for  shelter  and  ornament.  For  which  purpose  (and  for  walks  and 
avenues)  they  have  store  of  elms,  limes,  platans,  Constantinople-ches- 
nuts,  black  cherry-trees,  &c. 

Nor  are  they,  I  perceive,  less  knowing  in  that  most  useful,  though  less 
pompous  part  of  horticulture,  the  potagere,  meloniere,  cullnarie  gar- 
den :  where  they  should  most  properly  be  plac'd  for  the  use  of  the 
family ;  how  to  be  planted,  furnish'd  and  cultivated  so  as  to  afford 
gresat  pleasure  to  the  eye,  as  well  as  profit  to  the  master.  And  they 
have,  also  seeds,  bulbs,  roots,  slips  for  the  flower  garden,  and  shew 
How  they  ought  to  be  order'd  and  maintain'd. 

Lastly,  I  might  super-add  the  great  number  of  grounds  and  gardens 
of  nobW-men  and  persons  of  quality  which  they  have  made  and 
planted  a&  origine,  arid' are  still  ubder  their  care  and  inspection, 
though  at  considerable  distances,  and  how  exceedingly  they  prosper,  to 
justifie  what  I  hear  freely  said  in  their  behalf. 

And  as  for  the  nursery  part  in  voucher,  and  to  make  good  what  I 
have  said  on  that  particular,  one  needs  no  more  than  take  a,  walk  to 
Brompton  Park  upon  a  fair  morning,  to  behold  and  admire  what  a 
magazine  these  Industrious  men  have  provided,  fit  for  age  and  choice  in 
their  several  classes,  and  all  within  one  inclosure  :  such  an  assembly  I 
believe,  as  is  no  where  else  to  be  met  with  in  this  kingdom,  nor  in  any 
other  that  I  know  of. 

I  cannot  therefore  forbear  to  publish  (after  all  the  encomiums  of 
this  great  work  of  Monsr.  de  la  Quintinye  which  I  confess  are  very 
just)  what  we  can  and  are  able  to  perform  in  this  part  of  agriculture ; 
and  have  some  amoenities  and  advantages  peculiar  to  our  own,  which 
neither  France  nor  any  other  country  can  attain  to ;  and  is  much  due  to 
the  industry  of  Mr.  London  and  Mr.  Wise,  and  to  such  as  shall  imitate 
their  laudable  undertakings. 

Be  this  then  for  their  encouragement,  and  to  gratifie  such  as  may 

need  or  require  their  assistance. 

J.  Evelyn. 


718 


ADVERTISEMENT  BY  J.  EVELYN, 

PREFIXED    TO 

M.  DE  LA  QUINTINYES  DIRECTIONS  CONCERNrNG  MELONS. 


It  is  now  more  than  twenty  years  since  Monsieur  de  la  Quintinye, 
being  in  England,  that  receiving  the  honour  of  a  visit  from  him  at  my 
house*,  and  falling  Into  discourse  of  gardens,  he  afterwards,  on  my 
request,  sent  me  some  directions  from  Paris  concerning  the  ordering  of 
melons  ;  it  being  in  effect  the  same,  though  somewhat  more  ample, 
which  was  about  that  time  published  by  Mr.  Oldenburg.  It  may  not 
perhaps  be  unwelcome  to  our  gard'ner,  or  improperly  an  nex'd  to  this 
useful  part  of  horticulture,  especially  coming  from  the  most  experlenc'd, 
(^Trans.  Royal  Soc.)  in  relation  to  this  delicious  fruit :  however  (and  for 
what  reason  I  enquire  not)  omitted  as  to  any  particular  and  full 
Instructions  In  this  long  expected  work  of  his. 

I  give  It  therefore  in  the  method  I  long  since  cast  It  for  some  friends 
of  mine. 

J.  Evelyn. 


AN  ADVERTISEMENT  TO  THE  CURIOUS, 

iPREFIXED    TO 

M.  DE  LA  QUINTINYES  TREATISE  OF  ORANGE  TREES. 

" — ♦— 

It  were  to  be  wish'd  that  the  author  (whom  I  had  the  honour  to 
know)  had  llv'd  to  put  his  last  hand  to  this  whole  work,  and  added  to 
his  potagere  the  culture  of  melons,  in  which  he  was  the  most  exquisite 
master,  hut  has  In  a  manner  quite  omitted  it.  Not  that  what  he  has 
obliged  the  world  withal,  is  not  the  most  perfect  and  consummate  piece 

*  When  Quintinye  came  to  England  to  visit  Evelyn,  King  Charles  the  Second  offered  him  a  pen- 
sion to  stay  and  superintend  the  royal  gardens  here,  but  this  he  declined,  and  returned  to  serve  his 
own  master. 


719 

that  was  ever  I  believe  publi&h'd  on  this  agreeable  subject,  but  because 
tis  said,  he  did  himself  intend  it,  and  perhaps  to  have  abbreviated  some 
periods  and  repetitions  which  now  and  then  occur  to  the  translator,  but 
which  he  cannot  honestly  pretermit  to  justifie  the  version.  As  to  what 
imports  this  little  treatise  in  which  I  have  been  concern'd  out  of  my 
affection  to  this  sweet  and  innocent  toil,  and  to  prevent  mistakea  and 
needles  circumlocution;  (had  I  over-nicely  followed  the  text),  let  the 
reader  take  notice  that,  I  use  the  word  Gx«e  indifferently  for  the  box, 
table,  or  other  vessel,  in  which  these .  choice  trees  are  commonly 
planted.  ^ 

Ori^mtf  for  the  gard'ner  pretending  to  the  culture  of  orange  trees. 

Casing  or  In-easing,,  for  the  action,  or  putting  the  trees  into  the 
case  or  yessel. 

Un- easing ySor  the  taking  them,  out.  of  the  case  or  vessel. 

Me-Casing,  for  the  planting  them  again  into  the  same,  or  some  other 
case  or  vessel. 

Gr^^nrhouseyiov  the  place  or  conservatory  where  the  trees  are  in- 
closed and  silfcutup  during  the  winter. 

Ctod  (or  WXotJi  for  that  earth,  sod,  or  whole  mass  of  mould  adhering 
to  the  roots  :   the  rest  are  obvious. 

As  to  what  the  author  has  mention'd  in  chap.  ix.  speaking  to  the 
prejudice  of  using  fire,  and  supplying  it  with  lighted  flambeaux  and 
lamps  ;  besides  that  he  no  where  says  how  the  smoak  is  to  be  convey'd 
out  of  so  verv  close  a  place,  nor  any  thing  of  the  number  of  lights  and 
lamps,  if  the  house  be  large  and  ample,  which  would  be  a  considerable 
charge  if  maintain'd  with  wax,  or  oyl-olive  (for  such  it  ought  to  be,  to 
avoid  the  intoUerable  smell  anAfuligos  of  gross  and  cheaper  materials), 
it  gives  me  an  opportunity  of  adding  something  to  the  justification  and 
melioration  of  what  I  lately  publish'd  in  the  last  edition  of  my  Horten- 
sial  Kalender.  It  is  certain  that  a  naked  or  stov'd  fire,  pent  up  within 
the  house  without  any  exit  or  succession  of  external,  fresh,  and  unex- 
hausted vital  air,  must  needs  be  extreamly  noxious  and  pernicious  to 
these  delicate  and  tender  plants.  But  that  which  answers  all  the  ends 
and  operations  of  natural  air,  and  the  objections  against  the  use  of  fire, 
any  other  way  save  by  lamps  and  flambeaux,  I  conceive  is  preferable  to 


720" 

them.  I  acknowledge  to  have  seen  by  experrence,  that  the  naked  fire  made 
too  near  the  pipes  is  intolerable,  melting  even  cast  iron  itself:  but  as  I 
no  where  recommend  that  metal,  but  that  the  pipes  be  made  of  crucible 
earth,  and  propose  the  whole  but  as  a  laudable  experiment;  so  I  do  not 
question  but  if  such  pipes  were  contriv'd  to  be  placed  at  farther  distance 
from  the  fire,  or  that  there  were  a**  reasonable  thick  fire-stone  laid  flat 
or  rather  arch-wise  (on  which  there  might  be  strew'd  a  bath  or  bed  of 
sand)  between  the  naked  fire  and  the  pipes,  to  intercept  and  moderate 
the  intenser  heat  (with  due  regard  to  register  and  govern  the  blast}, 
but  that  a  gentle  and  benign  warmth  would  ensue,  and  such  as  should 
only  recreate,  without  the  least  inconvenience' to  our  nicest  exotics  :  add 
to  this,  and  for  the  more  equal  distribution  of  this  genuine  temper,  that 
the  noses  of  the  pipes  might  easily  be  inserted  into  a  larger  pipe  of 
laton,  which  should  be  applied  either  to  the  blind  wall  the  whole  length 
of  the  house  within,  or  in  the  middle,  which  being  pierced  with 
frequent  small  holes,  would  breathe  it  more  equally  through  the  conser- 
vatory. There  might  also  be  placed  a  vessel  or  kettle  upon  the  fire- 
stone-diaphragma,  to  be  at  any  time  fiU'd  and  supplied  by  a  tunnel 
from  without  with  water,  the  vapour  of  which  would  exceedingly 
temper  the  pipes,  and  contribute  to  the  perfection  of  this  experiment. 

Facile  est  inventis  addere. 

J.  Evelyn, 


A  DISCOURSE   OF   SALLETS. 

By  J.  E.   S.  R.  S. 

AUTHOR   OF   THE   KALENDARIUM, 


Oil  vavTos  avSpoi  eariv  aprvaat  KaXZs. 

Crat.  in  Glauc. 


LONDON: 

PRINTED  FOR  B.  TOOKE,  AT  THE  MIDDLE  TEMPLE  GATE 
IN  FLEET  STREET. 

1699. 


4z 


As  this  tract  was  the  last,  and  at  the  same  time  one  of  the  most  singular  of  Evelyn's  publica- 
tions, it  is  probably  entitled  to  a  more  particular  notice  than  most  of  the  preceding,  ^ince  it  was 
written  at  a  very  advanced  period  of  his  life^  he  being  then  upon  the  verge  of  eighty.  His  in- 
dustry and  his  abilities  were  however  still  unimpaired :  but  notwithstanding  the  matured  judg- 
ment and  the  agreeable  vivacity  of  language  which  this  tract  evinces,  it  had  not  the  same  rapi- 
dity of  sale  that  marked  some  of  his  former  productions.  In  1706  it  was  re-published  with  a 
new  title-page  only,  printed  upon  paper  of  a  lighter  colour,  professing  to  be  a  second  edition, 
but  as  a  proof  that  it  was  nbt  so,  the  same  list  of  errata  is  attached  to  it  as  appeared  to  the  first 
edition  of  1699.  Mr.  Evelyn  presented  this  book  to  the  Chancellor  Sommers,  to  whom  it  was 
dedicated,  21st  October  1699,  and  received  his  Lordship's  thanks  in  a  letter  of  extraordinary 
civility  (see  Diary,  vol.  II.  p.  66). 

In  a  letter  to  Dr,  Beale,  dated  11th  July  1679,  he  says,  "  I  have  sometimes  thought  of  pub- 
lishing a  treatise  oi  Acetaria,  which  (though  but  one  of  the  chapters  oi  Elysium  Britannicum*) 
would  make  a  competent  volume,  accompanied  with  other  necessaries,  according  to  my  man- 
ner ;  but  whilst  I  as  often  think  of  performing  my  so  long  since  promised,  more  universal,  hor- 
tulan  work,  I  know  not  how  to  take  that  chapter  out,  and  single  it  for  the  presse,  without,  some 
blemish  to  the  rest.  When  again  I  consider  into  what  an  ocean  I  am  plunged,  how  much  I  have 
written  and  collected  for  above  these  twenty  years,  upon  this  fruitful  and  inexhaustible  subject 
(I  mean  of  horticulture),  not  yet  fully  digested  to  my  mind,  and  what  insuperable  paines  it  will 
require  to  insert  the  dayly  increasirig  particulars  into  what  I  have  already  in  some  measure  pre- 
pared, and  which  must  of  necessitie  be  don  by  my  owne  hand,  I  am  almpst  out  of  hope  that  I 
shall  ever  have  strength  and  leisure  to  bring  it  to  maturity,  having  for  the  last  ten  years  of  my 
life  been  in  perpetual  motion,  and  hardly  two  moneths  in  a  yeare  at  my  owne  habitation,  or  con- 
versant with  my  family." — Ibid.  p.  106. 


*  Never  completed  :  but  amongst  the  MSS.  at  Wotton  there  are  parts  of  a  projected  work 
bearing  this  title,  consisting  of  miscellaneous  observations  on  a  variety  of  subjects,  but  nothing 
digested. 


723 


TO  THE  BIGHT  HONOURABLE 

LORD  JOHN  SOMERS,  OF  EVESHAM, 

LORD  HIGH  CHANCELLOR  OF  ENGLAND,  AND   PRESIDENT  OF  THE  ROYAL  SOCIETY. 


My  Lord, 

The  idea  and  plan  of  the  Royal  Society  having  been  first  conceiv'd 
and  delineated  by  a  great  and  learned  Chancellor,  which  high  office 
youf  Lordship  deservedly  bears,  not  as  an  acquisition  of  fortune  but 
your  intellectual  endovyments ;  conspicuous  (among  other  excellencies) 
by  the  inclination  your  Lordship  discovers  to  promote  natural  know- 
ledge;  as  it  justifies  the  discernment  of  that  assembly  to  pitch  upon 
your  Lordship  for  their  President,  so  does  it  no  less  discover  the  can- 
dor, yea,  I  presume  to  say,  the  sublimity  of  your  mind,  in  so  generously 
honoring  them  with  your  acceptance  of  the  choice  they  have  made. 

A  Chancellor,  and  a  very  learned  Lord  *,  was  the  first  who  honoured 
the  chair ;  and  a  no  less  honorable  and  learned  Chancellor  f  resigns  it  to 
your  Lordship  :  so  as  after  all  the  difficulties  and  hardships  the  Society 
has  hitherto  gone  through,  it  has  thro'  the  favour  and  protection  of  its 
Presidents  not  only  preserv'd  its  reputation  from  the  malevolence  of  ene- 
mies and  detractors,  but  gone  on  culminating,  and  now  triumphantly  in 
your  Lordship,  under  whose  propitious  influence,  I  am  perswaded,  it 
may  promise  it  self  that  which  indeed  has  hitherto  been  wanting  to  jus- 
tifie  the  glorious  title  it  bears  of  a  Royal  Society.  The  emancipating 
it  from  some  remaining  and  discouraging  circumstances,,  which  it  as  yet  ■ 

*  Lord  Viscount  Brouncker,  Chancellor  to  the  late  Queen  Consort  Henrietta-Maria,  now  Dow- 
ager.  His  Lordship  sat  as  President  from  1698,  in  which  year  he  was  elected  a  Fellow,  to  1703, 
and  died  of  an  apoplexy  April  26,  1716. 

f  The  Right  Honourable  Charles  Montague,  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer ;  created  Earl  of 
Halifax  at  the  accession  of.  George  L  He  is  also  known  as  one  of  the  authors  of  the  poem  enti- 
tled "The  Oty  Mouse  and  Country  Mouse,"  a  burlesque  of  Dryden's  "  Hind  and  Panther,"  which 
he  wrote  in  conjunction  with  Prior.  He  was  the  son  of  George  Montague,  a  younger  son  of  the 
Earl  of  Manchester,  was  born  at  Horton  in  Northatnptonshire  April  16,  1661,  and  died  May  19, 
1715. 


724 ; 

labours  under ;  among  which,  that  of  a  precarious  and  unsteady  abode  is 
not  the  least. 

This  honor  was  reserv'd  for  your  LordshipVand  an  honor,  permit  me 
to  call  it,  not  at  all  unworthy  the  owning  of  the  greatest  person  living, 
namely,  the  establishing  and  promoting  real  knowledge ;  and  (next  to 
what  is  divine)^ truly  so  called;  as  far,  at  least,  as  humane  nature  extends 
towards  the  knowledge  of  nature,  by  enlarging  her  empire  beyond  the 
land  of  spectres,  forms,  intentional  species,  vacuum,  occult  "qualities, 
and  other  inadaequate  notions,  which  by  their  obstreperous  and  noisy 
disputes  affrighting,  and  (till  of  late)  deterring  men  from  adventuring 
on  further  discoveries,  confin'd  them  in  a  lazy  acquiescence,  and  to  be 
fed  with  fantasms  and  fruitless  speculations,  which  signifie  nothing 
to  the  specifick  nature  of  things,  solid  and  useful  knowledge  j  by  the 
investigation  of  causes,  principles,  energies,  powers,  and  effects  of  bo.- 
diesand  things  visible;  and  to  improve  them  for  the  good  and  benefit 
of  mankind. 

My  Lord,  that  which  the  Royal  Society  needs  to  accomplish  an  en- 
tire freedom,  and  (by  rendering  their  circumstances  more  easie)  capable 
to  subsist  with  honor,  and  to  reach  indeed  the  glorious  ends  of  its  insti- 
tution, is  an  establishment  in  a  more  settl'd,  appropriate,  and  commo- 
dious place  * ;  having  hitherto  (like  the  Tabernacle  In  the  Wilderness) 
been  only  ambulatory  for  almost  forty  years :  but  Solomon  built  the  first 
temple;  arid  what  forbids  us  to  hope  that  as  great  a  prince  may  build 
Solomon's  house,  as  that  great  Chancellor  (one  of  your  Lordship*s 
learned  predecessors)  had  design'd  the  plan  f,  there  being  nothing  in 
that  august  and  noble  model  impossible,  or  beyon^d  the  power  of  nature 
and  learned  industry. 

Thus,  whilst  King  Solomon's  temple  was  consecrated  to  the  God  of 
nature  and  his  true  worship,  this  may  be  dedicated  and  set  apart  for  the 
works  of  nature,  deliver'd  from  those  illusions  and  impostors  that  are 
still  endeavouring  to  cloud  and  depress  the  true  and  substantial  philo- 
phy;  a  shallow  and  superficial  insight  wherein  (as  that  incomparable 
person  rightly  observes)  having  made  so  many  atheists,  whilst  a  pro- 

*  See  the  note,  p.  556.  t  Verulamil  Atlantis. 


725 

found  and  thorow  penetration  into  her  recesses  (which  Is  the  business  of 
the  Royal  Society)  would  lead  men  to  the  knowledge  and  admiration  of 
the  glorious  Author. 

And  now,  my  Lord,  I  expect  some  will  wonder  what  my  meaning  is, 
ta  usher  in  a  trifle  with  so  much  magnificence,  and  end  at  last  in  a  fine 
receipt  for  the  dressing  of  a  sallet  with  an  handful  of  pot-herbs !  But 
yet,  my  Lord,  this  subject,  as  low  and  despicable  as  it  appears,  chal- 
lenges a  part  of  natural  history ;  and  the  greatest  princes  have  thought 
it  no  disgrace,  not  only  to  make  it  their  diversion  but  their  care,  and  to 
promote  and  encourage  it  in  the  midst  of  their  weightiest  affairs  :  he 
who  wrote  of  the  cedar  of  Llbanus  wrote  also  of  the  hysop  which  grows 
upon  the  wall. 

To  verlfie  this,  how  much  might  I  say  of  gardens  and  rural  employ- 
ments, preferrable  to  the  pomp  and  grandeur  of  other  secular  business, 
and  that  in  the  estimate  of  as  great  men  as  any  age  has  produc'd  !  And 
it  is  of  such  great  souls  we  have  it  recorded,  that  after  they  had  per- 
form'd  the  noblest  exploits  for  the  publick,  they  sometimes  changed 
their  scepters  fof  the  spade,  apd  their  purple  for  the  gardiner's  apron. 
And  of  these,  some,  my  Lord,  were  emperors,  kings,  consuls,  dictators, 
and  wise  statesmen,  who  amidst  the  most  important  affairs,  both  in 
peace  and  war,  have  quitted  all  their  pomp  and  dignity  in  exchange  of 
this  learned  pleasure ;  nor  that  of  the  most  refin'd  part  of  agriculture 
(the  philosophy  of  the  garden  and  parterre  only),  but  of  herbs  and 
wholesome  sallets,  and  other, plain  and  useful  parts  of  geoponicks,  and 
wrote  books  of  tillage  and  husbandry,  and  took  the  plough-tackle  for 
their  banner,  and  their  names  from  the  grain  and  pulse  they  sow'd,  as 
the  marks  and  characters  of  the  highest  honour. 

But  I  proceed  no  farther  on  a  topick  so  well  known  to  your  Lordship; 
nor  urge  I  examples  of  such  illustrious  persons  laying  aside  their  gran- 
deur, and  even  of  deserting  their  stations  (which  would  Infinitely  preju- 
dice the  publick,  when  worthy  men  are  in  place  and  at  the  helm),  but 
to  shew  how  consistent  the  diversions  of  the  garden  and  villa  were  with 
the  highest  and  busiest  employment  of  the  commonwealth,  and  never 
thought  a  reproch,  or  the  least. diminution  to  the  gravity  and  veneiation 
due  to  their  persons  and  the  noble  rank  they  held. 


726 

Will  your  Lordship  give  me  leave  to  repeat  what  is  said  of  the  younger 
Pliny,  nephew  to  the  naturalist,  and  whom  I  think  we  may  parallel 
with  the  greatest  of  his  time,  and  perhaps  of  any  since,  under  the  wor- 
thiest Emperor  the  Roman  world  ever  had  ?  A  person  of  vast  abilities, 
rich,  and  high  in  his  master's  favour,  that  so  husbanded  his  time,  as  in 
the  midst  of  the  weightiest  ajBPairs  to  have  answered,  and  by  his  example^ 
made  good,  what  I  have  said  on  this  occasion.  The  ancient  and  best 
magistrates  of  Rome  allow'd  but  the  ninth  day  for  the  city  and  publick 
business ;  the  rest  for  the  country  and  the  sallet  garden.  There  were 
then  fewer  causes  indeed. at  the  bar,  but  never  greater  justice,  nor  bet- 
ter judges  and  advocates.  And  'tis  hence  observed,  that  we  hardly  find 
a  ^reat  and  wise  man  among  the  ancients,  qui  nullos  habuit  hortos,  ex- 
cepting only  Pomponius  Atticus ;  whilst  his  dear  Cicero  professes,  that 
he  never  laid  out  his  money  more  readily  than  in  the  purchasing  of  gar- 
dens, and  those  sweet  retirements,  for  which  he  so  often  left  the  rostra 
(and  court  of  the  greatest  and  most  flourishing  state  of  the  world),  to 
visit,  prune,  and  water  them  with  his  own  hands. 

But,  my  Lord,  I  forget  with  whom  I  am  talking  thus ;  and  a  gardlner 
ought  not  to  be  so  bold.  The  present  I  humbly  make  your  Lordship 
is  indeed  but  a  sallet  of  crude  herbs  :  but  there  is  among  them  that 
which  was  a  prize  at  the  Isthmian  games;  and  your  Lordship  knows 
who  it  was  both  accepted  and  rewarded  as  despicable  an  oblation  of  this 
kind.  The  favor  I  humbly  beg  is  your  Lordship's  pardon  for  this  pre- 
sumption. The  subject  is  mean,  and  requires  it,  and  my  reputation  in 
danger,  should  your  Lordship  hence  suspect  that  one  could  never  write 
so  much  of  dressing  sallets,  who  minded  any  thing  serious,  besides  the 
gratifying  a  sensual  appetite  with  a  voluptuary  Apician  art. 

Truly,  my  Lord,  1  am  so  far  from  designing  to  promote  those  sup- 
plicia  luosurice  (as  Seneca  calls  them)  by  what  I  have  here  written,  that 
were  it  in  my  power  I  would  recall  the  world,  if  not  altogether  to  their 
pristine  diet,  yet  to  a  much  more  wholesome  and  temperate  than  is  now. 

*  Si  quid  teaiporis  k  civilibus  negotiis,  quibus  totum  jam  intenderat  animum,  sufFuraii  potuit, 
colendis  agris,  priscos  illos  Romanos  Numam  Pompilium,-  Cincinnatum,  Catonem,  Fabios,  Cice- 
I'ones,  aliosque  virtute  claros  viros  imitare  ;  qui  in  inagno  honore  eonstituti,  vit^s  putare,  stereo- 
rare  agros,  et  irrigare  requaquam  turpe  et  inhonestum  putarunt.     In  Vit,  Plin.  2. 


727 

fashion  :  and  what  if  they  find  me  like  to  some  who  are  eager  after 
nting  and  other  field-sports,  which  are  laborious  exercises;  and  fish- 
^,  which  is  indeed  a  lazy  one  ?  who,  after  all  their  pains  and  fatigue, 
ver  eat  what  they  take  and  catch  in  either:  for  some  such  I  have 
own  ;  and  tho'  I  cannot  affirm  so  of  my  self  (when  a  well  drest  and 
cellent  sallet  is  before  me),  I  am  yet  a  very  moderate  eater  of  them. 
I  as  to  this  book -luxury,  I  can  affirm,  and  that  truly,  what  the  Poet 
ys  of  himself  (on  a  less  innocent  occasion),  Lascwa  pagina,  vita 
oba.  God  forbid,  that  after  all  1  have  advanc'd  in  praise  of  -sallets, 
should  be  thought  to  plead  for  the  vice  1  censure,  and  chuse  that  of 
picurus  for  my  lemma;  in  hac  arte  consenui;  or  to  have  spent  my 
ne  in  nothing  else.  The  plan  annext  to  these  papers,  and  the  appa- 
tus  made  to  superstruct  upon  it,  would  acquit  me  of  having  bent  all 
y  contemplations  on  sallets  only.  What  I  humbly  oflFer  your  Lord- 
ip  is  (as  1  said)  part  of  natural  history,  the  product  of  horticulture  and 
e  field,  dignified  by  the  most  illustrious,  and  sometimes  tilled  laureato 
\mere;  which,  as  it  concerns  a  part  of  philosophy,  I  may  (without 
iulty)  be  allow'd  to  have  taken  some  pains  in  cultivating,  as  an  infe- 
3r  member  of  the  Royal  Society. 

But,  my  Lord,  whilst  you  read  on  (If  at  least  you  vouchsafe  me  that 
jnor  to  read  at  all),  I  am  conscious  I  rob  the  publick  of  its  most  pre- 
ous  moments.  '  ' 

1  therefore  humbly  again  implore  your  Lordship's  pardon  ;  nor  in- 
;ed  needed  I  to  have  said  half  this  to  kindle  in  your  breast  that  which 
aljeady  shining  there  (your  Lordship's  esteem  of  the  Royal  Society), 
ter  what  you  were  pleas'd  to  express  in  such  an  obliging  manner, 
hen  it  was  lately  to  wait  upon  your  Lordship,  among  whom  I  had  the 
jnor  to  be  a  witness  of  your'  generous  and  favourable  acceptance  of 

leir  addresses,  who  am, 

My  Lord, 
Your  Lordship's  most  humble 

and  most  obedient  servant, 

J.  Evelyn. 


728 
THE    PREFACE. 


The  favourable  entertainment  which  the  "  Kalendar "  has  found, 
encouraging  the  bookseller  to  adventure  upon  a  ninth  impression,  I 
could  not  refuse  his  request  of  my  revising  and  giving  it  the  best  im- 
provement I  was  capable,  to  an  inexhaustible  subject,  as  it  regards  a 
part  of  horticulture,  and  oflfer  some  little  aid  to  such  as  love  a  diversion 
so  innocent  and  laudable.  There  are  those  of  late  who  have  arrogated, 
and  given  the  glorious  title  of  "  Compleat  and  Accomplish'd  Gardiners  " 
to  what  they  have  publish'd,  as  if  there  were  nothing  wanting,  nothing 
more  remaining,  or  farther  to  be  expected  from  the  field;  and  that 
Nature  had  been  quite  emptied  of  all  her  fertile  store;  whilst  those  who 
thus  magnifie  their  discoveries  have,  after  all,  penetrated  but  a  very 
little  way  into  this  vast,  ample,  and  as  yet  unknown  territory, .  who  see 
not  that  it  would  still  require  the  revolution  of  many  ages,  deep  and 
long  experience,  for  any  man  to  emerge  that  perfect  and  accomplish'd 
artist  gardiner  they  boast  themselves  to  be.  Nor  do  I  think  men  will 
ever  reach  the  end  and  far  extended  limits  of  the  vegetable  kingdom  ;  so 
incomprehensible  is  the  variety  it  every  day  produces,  of  the  most  useful 
and  admirable  of  all  the  aspectable  works  of  God;  since  almost  all  we 
see,  and  touch,  and  taste,  and  smell,  eat  and  drink,  are  clad  with  and 
defended  (from  the  greatest  prince  to  the  meanest  peasant),  is  furnished 
from  that  gi-eat  and  universal  plantation,  epitomiz'd  in  our  gardens, 
highly  worth  the  contemplation  of  the  most  profound  divine  and  deepest 
philosopher. 

I  should  be  asham'd  to  acknowledge  how  little  I  have  advanc'd,  could 
I  find  that  ever  any  mortal  man  from  Adam,  Noah,  Solomon,  Aristotle, 
Theophrastus,  Dioscorides,  and  the  rest  of  Nature's  interpreters,  had  ever 
arriv'd  to  the  perfect  knowledge  of  any  one  plant  or  vulgar  weed  what- 
soever :  but  this  perhaps  may  yet  possibly  be  reserv'd  for  another  state 
of  things,  and  a  longer  day  * ;  that  is,  when  time  shall  be  no  more,  but 
knowledge  shall  be  encreas'd. 

*  Ut  hujusmodi  Historiam  vix  dum  inchaatum,  non  ante  absolvendatn  putem, 

Exitio  terras  quam  dabit  una  dies.  Joan.  Raius  Preefat.  Hist.  Plantarum,  fol.  1686. 


729 

We  have  heard  of  one  who  studied  and  contemplated  the  nature  of 
bees  only,  for  sixty  years ;  after  which,  you  will  not  wonder,  that  a  per- 
son  of  my  acquaintance  shoUld  have  spent  almost  forty  in  gathering  and 
amassing  materials  for  an  hortulan  design,  to  so  enormous  an  heap,  as 
to  fill  some  thousand  pages,  and  yet  be  comprehended  within  two  or 
three  acres  of  ground;  nay,  within  the  square  of  less  than  one  (skilfully 
planted  and  cultivated)  sufficient  to  furnish  and  entertain  his  time  and 
thoughts  all  his  life  long,  with  a  most  innocent,  agreeable,  and  useful 
employment.     But  you  may  justly  wonder,  and  condemn  the  vanity  of 
it  too,  with  that  reproach,  «  This  man  began  to  build,  but  was  not  able 
to  finish  *  !     This  has  been  the  fate  of  that  undertaking,  and,  I  dare 
promise,  will  be  of  whosoever  imagines, (without  the  circumstances  of 
extraordinary  assistance,  and  no  ordinary  expence)  to  pursue  the  plan, 
erect,  and  finish  the  fabrick  as  it  ought  to  be. 

But  this  is  that  which  abortives  the  perfection  of  the  most  glorious 
and  useful  undertakings  ;  the  unsatiable  coveting  to  exhaust  all  that 
should  or  can  be  said  upon  every  head.     If  such  a  one  have  any  thing 
else  to  mind  or  do  in  the  world,  let  me  tell  him,  he  thinks  of  building 
too  late ;  and  rarely  find  we  any  who  care  to  superstruct  upon  the  foun- 
dation of  another,  and  whose  ideas  are  alike.     There  ought  therefore 
to  be  as  many  hands  and  subsidiaries  to  such  a  design  (and  those  mas- 
ters too)  as  there  are  distinct  parts  of  the  whole  (according  to  the  sub- 
sequent table),  that  those  who  have  the  means  and  courage  may  (tho' 
they  do  not  underitake  the  whole)  finish  a  part  at  least,  and  in  time 
unite   their  labours  into  one  intire,  compleat,  and  consummate  work 
indeed.  -.^ 

Of  one  or  two  of  these,  I  attempted  only  a  specimen  in  my  "  Sylva  " 
and  the  "Kalendar;"  imperfect,  I  say,  because  they  are  both  capable 
of  great  improvements :  it  is  not  therefore  to  be  expected.  Let  me  use  the 
words  of  an  old  and  experienc'd  gardinerf,  "  Cuncta  me  dicturum, 
quae  vastitas  ejus  scientise  contineret,  sed  plurima ;  nam  illud  in  unius 
hominis  prudentiam  cadere  non  poterat.  Neque  enim  est  ulla  disciplina 
lut  ars,  quae  singulari  consummata  sit  ingenio. 

*  Luke,  ch.  xiv,  v.  30,  t  Columella,  de  Re  Rustic  a,  lib.  5.  cap.  1. 

5  A 


730 

May  it  then  suflSce  aiiquatn  partem  tradidisse,  and  that  I  have  done 
my  endeavour. 

'—  Inutilis  olim 

Ne  videar  vixisse. 

Much  more  might  I  add  upon  this  charming  artd  fruitful  subject  (I 
mean,  concerning  gardening).  But  this  is  not  the  place  to  expatiate, 
deterr'dj  as  I  have  long  since  beeri,  from  so  bold  an  enterprise  as  the 
fabrick  I  mention'd.  I  content  my  self  then  vi^ith  an  humble  cottage, 
and  a  simple  potagere,  appendaltit  to  the  Kalendar ;  which,  treating  only, 
and  that  briefly,  of  the  culture  of  moderate  gardens,  nothing  seems  to 
me  shou'd  be  more  welcome  atod  agreeable,  than  whilst  the  product  of 
them  is  come  into  more  request  and  use  amongst  us  than  heretofore  (be- 
side what  we  call  and  distinguish  by  the  name  of  fruit),  I  did  annex 
some  particular  directions  concerning  Sallets. 


THE  PLAN  OF  A  ROYAL  GARDEN, 

Describing  and  shewing  the  Amplitude  and  Extent  of  that  Part  of  Georgicks  which  belongs 

to  Horticulture. — In  Three  Books. 

BOOK  I. 

Chap.  I.  Of  principles  and  elements  in  general. 

Chap.  II.  Of  the  four  (vulgarly  reputed)  elements;  fire,  air,  watfer,  earth. 

Chap.  III.    Of  the  celestial  influences,  and  particularly  of  the  sun,  moon 
and  of  the  climates. 

Chap.  IV.     Of  the  four  annual  seisons. 

Chap.  V.     Of  the  natural  mould  and  soil  of  a  garden. 

Chap.  VI.     Of  composts,  and  stercoration,  repastination,  dressing  and  stir- 
ring the  earth  and  mould  of  a  garden. 

BOOK  II. 

Chap.  I.     A  garden  deriv'd  and  defin'd ;  its  dignity,  distinction,  and  sorts. 
Chap.  II.     Of  a  gardiner,  how  to  be  qualify'd,  regarded,  and  rewarded ;  his 

habitation,  cloathing,  diet,  under-workmen  and  assistants. 
Chap.  III.     Of  the  instruments  belonging  to  a  gardiner-;  their  various  uses, 

and  mechanical  powers. 


731 

HAP.  IV.    Of  the  terms  us'd  and  aiFected  by  gardiners. 

HAP.  V.  Of  enclosing,  fencing,  platting,  and  disposing  of  the  ground ; 
and  of  terraces,  walks,  allies,  malls,  bowling-greens,  &g. 

HAP.  VI.  Of  a  seminary,  nurseries ;  and  of  propagating  trees,  plants,  and 
flowers,  planting  and  transplanting,  &c. 

HAP.  VII.  Of  knots,  parterres,  compartiments,  borders,  banks,  and  em- 
bossments. 

HAP.  VIII.  Of  groves,  labyrinths,  dedals,  cabinets,  cradles,  close-walks, 
galleries,  pavilions,  porticos,  lanterns,  and  other  relievos ;  of  topiary 
and  hortulan  architecture. 

HAP.  IX.  Of  fountains,  jettos,  cascades,  rivulets,  piscinas^  canals,  baths, 
and  other  natural  and  artificial  water-works. 

HAP.  X.  Of  rocks,  grotts,  cryptse,  mounts,  precipices,  ventiducts,  conser- 
vatories, of  ice  and  snow,  and  other  hortulan  refreshments. 

HAP.  XI.  Of  statues,  busts,  obelisks,  .columns,  inscriptions,  dials,  vasas, 
perspectives,  paintings,  and  other  ornaments. 

HAP.  XII.  Of  Gazon-theatres,  amphitheatres,  artificial  echos,  automata, 
and  hydraulic  musick. 

HAP.  XIII.     Of  aviaries,  apiaries,  vivaries,  insects,  &c. 

HAP.  XIV.     Of  verdures,  perennial  greens,  and  perpetual  springs. 

HAP.  XV.  Of  orangeries,  oporothecas,  hybernacula,  stoves,  and  conserva- 
tories of  tender  plants  and  fruits,  and  how  to  order  them. 

HAP.  XVI.  Of  the  coronary  garden ;  flowers  and  rare  plants,  how  they  are 
to  be  raised,  governed,  and  improved ;  and  how  the  gardiner  is  to  keep 
his  register. 

HAP.  XVII.     Of  the  philosophical  medical  garden. 

HAP.  XVIII.     Of  stupendous  and  wonderful  plants. 

HAP.  XIX.  Of  the  hort-yard  and  potagere;  and  what  fruit-trees,  olitory 
and  esculent  plants,  may  be  admitted  into  a  garden  of  pleasure. 

HAP.  XX.    Of  sallets. 

HAP.  XXI.  Of  a  vineyard,  and  directions  concerning  the  making  of  wine 
and  other  vinous  liquors,  and  of  teas. 

HAP.  XXII.  Of  watering,  pruning,  plashing,  pallisading,  nailing,  clipping, 
mowing,  rowling,  weeding,  cleansing,  &c. 

HAP.  XXIII.  Of  the  enemies  and  infirmities  to  which  gardens  are  ob- 
noxious, together  with  the  remedies. 

HAP.  XXIV.  Of  the  gardiner  s^almanack,  or  halendarium  hortense,  direct- 
ing what  he  is  to  do  monthly,  and  what  fruits  and  flowers  are  in  prime. 


732 

BOOK  III. 

Chap.  I.  Of  conserving,  properating,  retarding,  multiplying,  transmuting, 
and  altering  the  species,  forms,' and  (reputed)  substantial  qualities  of 
plants,  fruits,  and  flowers. 

Chap.  II.  Of  the  hortulan  elaboratory ;  and  of  distilling  and  extracting  of 
waters,  spirits,  essences,  salts,  colours,  resuscitation  of  plants,  with  other 
rare  experiments,  and  an  account  of  their  virtues. 

Chap.  III.  Of  composing  the  hortus  hyemalis,  and  making  books,  of  natu- 
ral, arid  plants  and  flowers,  with  several  ways  of  preserving  them  in 
their  beauty. 

Chap.  IV.  Of  painting  of  flowers,  flowers  enamell'd,  silk,  calicos,  paper, 
wax,  gums,  pastes,  horns,  glass,  shells,  feathers,  moss,  pietra  comessa, 
inlayings,  embroyderies,  carvings,  and  other  artificial  representations 
of  them.  '  . 

Chap.  V.  Of  crowns,  chaplets,  garlands,  festootfs,  encarpa,  flowerrpots, 
nosegays,  poesies,  deckings,  and  other  flowery  pomps. 

Chap.  VI.     Of  hortulan  laws  and  privileges. 

Chap.  VII.  Of  the  hortulan  study,  and  of  a  library,  authors,  and  books  as- 
sistant to  it. 

Chap.  VIII.  Of  hortulan  entertainments,  natural,  divine,  moral,  and  politi- 
cal ;  with  divers  historical  passages,  and  solemnities,  to  shew  the  riches, 
beauty,  wonder,  plenty,  delight,  and  universal  use  of  gardens. 

Chap,  IX.     Of  garden  burial. 

Chap.  X.  Of  Paradise,  and  of  the  most  famous  gardens  in  the  world,  an- 
cient and  modern. 

Chap.  XI.     The  description  of  a  villa. 

Chap.  XII.     The  corollary  and  conclusion. 

— '■ —  Laudato  ingentia  rura, 
Exiguum  colito. 


733 


AGETARI  A. 


Sallets  in  general  consist  of  certain  esculent  plants  and  herbs,  Im- 
prov'd  by  culture,  industry,  and  art  of  the  gard'ner  ;  or,  as  others  say, 
they  are  a  composition  of  edule  plants  andi»roots  of  several  kinds,' to  be 
eatenraw  or  green,  blanch'd  or  candied;  simple  and  ;jer  se,  or  inter- 
mingl'd  with  others  according  to  the  season.  The  boil'd,  bak'd,  pickl'd, 
or  otherwise  disguis'd,  variously  accommodated  by  the  skilful  cooks,  to 
render  them  grateful  to  the  more  feminine  palate,  or  herbs  rather  for  the 
pot,  &c.  challenge  not  the  name  of  sallet  so  properly  here,  tho'  some- 
times mention'd  j  and  therefore. 

Those  who  criticize  not  so  nicely  upon  the  word,  seem  to  distinguish 
the  olera*,  which  were  never  eaten  raw,  from  acetaria,  which'  were 
never  boil'd  ;  and  so  they  derive  the  etymology  of  olus  from  olla,i\\Q 
pot.  But  others  deduce  it  from  o>ios,  comprehending  the  universal  genus 
of  the  vegetable  kingdom,  as  from  irSiv  pdnis,  esteeming  that  he  who 
had  bread  and  herbs  f  was  suflSciently  bless'd  with  all  a  frugal  man 
could  need  or  desire :  others  again  will  have  it  ah  olendo,  i.  e.  crescendo, 
from  its  continual  growth  and  springing  up :  so  the  younger  Scaliger 
on  Varro.     But  his  father  Julius  extends  it  not  so  generally  to  all 
plants  as  to  all  the  esculents,  according  to  the  text.     "  We  call  those 
olera  (says  Theophrastus  J)  which  are  commonly  eaten  ;"^  in  which  sense 
it  may  be  taken  to  include  both  boil'd  and  raw.     Last  of  all,  ab  alendo'. 


*  Olera  k  frigidis  distinct.    See  Spartianus  in  Pescennio.    Salmas.  in  Jul.  Capitolin. 
,f  Panis  erat  §  primis  virides  mortalibus  herbae  j 
Qu&a  tellus  nullo  sollicitante  dabat. 
£t  modo  carpebant  vivaci  cespite  gramen ; 
Nunc  epulse  tenera  fronde  cacumen  erant. 

Ovid.  Fastor.  lib.  iv.  395. 
}  KaXoD/iE»  y»f  Xa'^ava  ra  itp^.nt  iJftfTBjav,  pt?*^"";  Theophrasti  Plant.  1.  vii.  cap.  7. 


§  Quoted  incorrectly ;  the  original  beginning,  "  Messis  erant." 


734 

as  having  been  the  original  and  genuine  food  of  all  mankind  from  the 
creation  *• 

A  great  deal  mofe  of  this  learned  stuff  were  to  be  pick'd  up  from  the 
cumini  sectores,  atid  impertinently  curious ;  whilst  as  it  concerns  the 
business  in  hand,  we  are  by  sallet  to  understand  a  particular  composition 
of  certain  crude  and  fresh  herbs,  such  as  usually  are,  or  may  safely  be 
eaten  with  some  acetous  juice,  oyl,  salt,  (&C.  to  give  them  a  grateful  gust 
and  vehicle,  exclusive  of  the  ipf^f"*^  rpu'Tre^ai  f,  eaten  without  their  due 
correctives,  which  the  learned  Salmasius  J,  and,  indeed  generally,  the 
old  physicians  §  affirm  (and  that  truly)  all  crude  and  raw  T^d^ocva  require 
to  render  them  wholsome ;  so  as  probably  they  were  from  hence,  as 
Phny  thinks  II ,  call'd  acetaria,  and  not  (as  Hermolaus  and  some  others) 
<icceptarw  ab  accipiendo,  nor  from  accecfere,  though  so  ready  ^  at  hand, 
and  easily  dress'd,  requiring  neither  fire,  cost,  nor  attendance,  to  boil, 
roast,  and  prepare  them,  as  did  flesh  and  other  provisions ;  from  which, 
and  other  prerogatives,  they  were  always  in  use.  ^nd  hence  indeed 
the  more  frugal  Italians  and  French,  to  this  day,  accept  and  gather  qgni 
verdura,  any  thing  almost  that  is  green  and  tender,  to  the  very  tops  of 
nettles ;  so  as  every  hedge  affiprds  a  sallet  (not  unagreeable),  season'd 
with  its  proper  oa;y;6fl|pAow  of  virjegar,  salt,  pyl,  &c,  which  doubtless 
gives  it  both  the  relish  and  name  of  salad,  eTz^flj^ac?®,**,  as  with  us  of 
sallet,  from  the  sapidity,  which  renders  not  plants  and  herbs  alone, 
but  men  themselves,  and  their  conversations,  pleasant  and  agreeable. 
But  of  this  enough,  and  perhaps  too  much  ;  least,  while  I  write  of  salt 
and  sallet,  I  appear  myself  insipid.  I  pass  therefore  to  the  ingredients, 
which  we  will  call 

TURT^ITURE    AND    MATERIALS. 

The  materials  of  sallets,  whibh,  together  with  the  grosser  olera,  con- 
sist of  roots,  stalks,  leaves,  buds,  flovvers,  &;c.  fruits  (belonging  to  a.no- 

*  Gen.  ch.  i.  v.  29.  f  Plutarch  Sytnpos. 

X  Salmas.  in  Solin,  contra  Hieron.     Mercurialis. 
§  Galen.  2  R.  Aliment,  cap.  I.  et  Simp.  Medic.  Averroes,  lib.  v.  coilo'c. 

II  Plin.  lib.  xix.  c.  4.  ^  Convictus  facilis,  sine  arte  mensa.     Mart.  ep.  74. 

**  "Awujov  Tpo^ijy,  which  Suidas  calls  T^xa^a,  olera  quse  cruda  sumuntur  ex  aceto.    Harduin. 
in  loco. 


735 

ler  class)  would  require  a  much  ampler  volume  than  would  suit  our 
^akndar  (to  which  this  pretends  to  be  an  Appendix  only),  should  we 
stend  the  folio wittg  catalogue  further  than  to  a  brief  enumeration  only 
f  such  herbaceous  plants,  oluscula,  and  smaller  esculents,  as  are  chiefly 
sed  in  cold  sallets,  of  whose  culture  we  have  treated  there  ;  and  as  we 
ather  them  from  the  mother  and  genial  bed,  with  a  touch  only  of  their 
Ualities,  for  reasons  hereafter  given. 


1.  Alexanders,  hipposelinum  i  S.  Smi/rnium  vulgare  (much  o£  the 
lature  of  persly)  is  moderately  hot,  and  of  a  cleansing  faculty,  deeb- 
tructing,  nourishing,  and  comforting  the  stomach.  The  gentle  fresh 
proutsj  buds,  and  tops  are  to  be  chosen,  and  the  stalks  eaten  in  the 
pring;  and  when  blanch'd,  in  winter  likewise,  with  oyl,  pepper,  salt, 
fcc.  by  themselves,  or  in  composition.  They  ina?ke  also  an  excellent 
rernal  pottage. 

2.  Artichaux,  cinara^  (eardaus  satwusj^  hot  and  dry.  The  beads 
>eing  slit  in  quarters  first,  eaten  raw,  with  oyl,  a  little  vinegar,  sait,  and 
jepper,  gratefully  recommend  a.  glass  of  wine^  Dr.  MufFet  says,  at  tfe$ 
;nd  of  tneals. 

They  are  likewise,  whilst  teBder*aHd  small,  fried  in  foesH  butter  with 
aersley :  'but  then  become  a  most  delicate  and  excellent  restorative,  when 
■"ull  grown:  they  are  boil'd  the  common  way.  The  bottoms  are  also 
jak''dirn  pies,  with  rdarrow,  dates,  and  other  rich  ingredient-s.  In  Italy 
they  sometimes  broil  them,  and  as  the  scaly  leaves  open,  baste  them  with 
iresh  and  sweet  oyl,  but  with  care  extraordinary,  for  if  a  drop  fall  upon 
the  coals,  all  is  marr'd ;  that  hazard  escap'd,  they  eat  them  with  the 
juice  of  orange  and  sugar. 

The  stalk  is  blanch'd  in  autumn,  and  the  pith  eaten  raw  or  bpil'd. 
The  way  of  preserving  them  fresh  all  winter,  is  by  separating  the  bot- 
toms from  the  leaves,  and  after  parboiling,  allowing  to  every  bottom  a 
small  earthen  glaz'd  pot,  burying  it  all  over  in  fresh  melted  butter,  as 
they  do  wild  fowl,  &c.;  or  if  more  than  one,  in  a  larger  pot,  in  the  same 
ied  and  covering,  layer  upon  layer. 

They  are  also  pfeserv'd  by  stringing  them  on  -pack-thread,  a  clean 
paper  being  put  between  every  bottom,  to  hiiider  them  from  touching 
3ne  another,  and  so  hung  up  in  a  dry  place.     They  are  likewise  pickl'd. 


736 

'TIs  not  very  long  since  this  noble  thistle  came  first  into  Italy,  im- 
prov'd  to  this  magnitude  by  culture;  and  so  rare  in. England,  that  they 
were  commonly  sold  for  crowns  a  piece  :  but  what  Carthage  yearly  spent 
in  them  (as  Pliny  computes  the  sum)  amounted  to  sestertia  sena  millia, 
30,000/.  sterling. 

Note,  That  the  Spanish  cardon,  a  wild  and  smaller  artichoak,  with 
sharp-pointed  leaves,  and  lesser  head;  the  stalks  being  blanch'd.and  ten- 
der, are  serv'd  up  a  la  poiverade  (that  is,  with  oyl,  pepper,  &c.),  as  the 
French  term  is. 

3.  Basil,  ocimum  (as  haulm),  imparts  a  grateful  flavour,  if  not  too 
strong,  somewhat  offensive  to  the  eyes  ;  and  therefore  the  tender  tops 
to  be  very  sparingly  us'd  in  our  sallet. 

4.  Baulm,  melissa,  baum,  hot  and  dry,  cordial  and  exhilarating,  sove- 
reign for  the  brain,  strengthening  the  memory,  and  powerfully  chasing 
away  melancholy.  The  tender  leaves  are  us'd  in  composition  with  other 
herbs;  and  the  sprigs  fresh  gather'd,  put  into  wine,  or  other  drinks, 
during  the  heat  of  summer,  give  it  a  marvellous  quickness.  This  noble 
plant  yields  an  incomparable  wine,  made  as  is  that  of  cowslip-flowers. 

Beet,  beta;  of  which  there  is  both  red,  black,  and  white.  The  costa, 
or  rib  of  the  white  beet  (by  the  French  call'd  the  chard),  being  boll'd, 
melts,  and  eats  like  marrow.  And  the  roots,  especially  of  the  jed,  cut 
into  thin  slices,  boil'd,  when  cold,  is  of  itself  a  grateful  winter  sallet ;  or 
being  mingl'd  with  other  oluscula,  oyl,  vinegar,  salt,  &c.>  'Tis  of  qua- 
lity cold  and  moist,  and  naturally  somewhat  laxative:  but  however 
by  the  epigrammatist  stil'd  foolish  and  insipid,  as  innocentior  quam  olus 
(for  so  the  learned  Harduin*  reads  the  place),  'tis  by  Diphilus  of  old, 
and  others  since,  preferr'd  before  cabbage,  as  of  better  nourishment.  Mar- 
tial (not  unlearn'd  in  the  art  of  sallet)  commends  it  with  wine  and  pep- 
per :  he  narafts  \t  m^e&A  fabi'orum  prandia\,  for  its  being  so  vulgar^ 
But  eaten  with  oyl  and  vinegar,  as  usually  it  is,  no  despicable  sallet. 
There  is  a  beet  growing  near  the  sea,  which  is  the  most  delicate  of  alL 
The  roots  of  the  red  beet,  pared  into  thin  slices  and  circles,  are  bv  the 
French  and  Italians  contriv'd  into  curious  figures  to  adorn  their  sallets. 

*  Plin.  Hist.  Nat.  lib.xix.  cap.  8.  f  Epjg  lib.  xiii.  13. 


737 

'  6.  Elite,  htiturki  English  Mercury,  or  (as  our  country  house-wives 
call  it)  all-good.  The  gentle  turiones  and  tops  may  be  eaten  as  spara- 
^s,  or  sodden  in  pottage.  There  is  both  a  white  and  red,  much  us'd  in 
Spain  and  Italy;  but  besides  its  humidity  and  detersive  nature,  'tis  insi- 
pid enough. 

7.  Borrage,  borrago  (gaudia  semper  ago),  hot,  and  kindly  moist, 
purifying  the  blood,  is  an  exhilarating  cordial,  of  a  pleasant  flavour : 
The  tender  lekves^  and  flowers  especially,  may  be  eaten  in  composition ; 
but  above  all,  the  sprigs  in  wine,  like  those  of  baiim,  are  of  known 
vertue  to  revive  the  hypochondriac,  and  chear  the  hard  student.  See 
Bugloss. 

8. ,  Brooklime,  anagallis  aquatica  ;  moAev^^te\y  hot  and  moist,  preva- 
lent in  the  scorbute  and  stone. 

9.  Bugloss,  huglossum;  in  nature  much  like  borrage,  yet  something 
more  asjtringent.  The,  flowers  of  both,  with  the  intire  plant,  greatly 
restorative,  being  conserved  :  and  for  the  rest,  so  much  commended  by 
Averroes,  that  for  its  effects,  cherishing  the  spirits,  justly  call'd  euphro- 
synum.  Nay,  some  will  have  it  the  nepenthes  of  Homer.  But,  indeed, 
what  we  now  call  bugloss  was  not  that  of  the  ancients,  but  rather  bor- 
rage, for  the  like  virtue  named  corrago. 

Burnet.     See  Pimpinella. 

10.  ~R\JiAs, gemmee^  turiones;  the  fir^t  rudiments  and  tops  of  most 
sallet-plants,  preferrable  to  all  other  less  tender  parts;  such  as  ashen- 
Jieys,  broom-buds,  hot  and  dry,  retaining  the  vertue  of  capers,  esteem'd 
to  be  very  opening,  and  prevalent  against  the  spleen  and  scurvy ;  and 
being  pickl'd,  are  sprinkl'd  among  the  sallets,  or  eaten  by  themsielves. 

11.  Cabbage,  bra&sica  (and  its  several  kinds),  Pompey's  beloved 
dish,  so  highly  celebrated  by  old  Cato*,  Pythagoras,  and  Chrysippus 
the  physician  (as  the  only  panacea),  is  not  so  generally  magnify'd  by 
the  rest  of  doctors,  as  affording  but  a  crass  and  melancholy  juice;  yet 
loosening  if  but  moderately  boil'd  ;  if  over-much,  astringent,  according 
to  C.  Celsus;  and  therefore  seldom  eaten  raw,  excepting  by  the  Dutch. 
The  cynKB,  or  sprouts  rather,  of  the  cole  are  very  delicate,  so  boil'd  as  to 


'*  De  Re  Rustica,  cap.  clvii. 
5  B 


738 

retain  their  verdure  and  green  colour.  In  raising  this  plant  great  care 
is  to  be  had  of  the  seed.  The  best  comes  from  Denmark  and  Russia, 
especially  the  cauly-flower  (anciently  unknown),  or  from  Aleppo.  Of 
the  French,  the  pancalikre  a  la  large  costd,  the  white,  large,  and  pon- 
derous are  to  be  chosen  ;  and  so  the  cauly-flower.  After  boiling,  some 
steep  them  in  milk,  and  seethe  them  again  in  beef- broth :  of  old  tbey 
added  a  little  nitre.  The  broccoli  from  Naples,  perhaps  the  halmerida 
of  Pliny  (or  Athenaeus  rather),  capitata  marina  Sfjlorida,  our  sea-keele 
(the  ancient  erambej,  and  growing  on  our  coast,  are  very  delicate ;  as 
are  the  savoys,  commended  for  being  not  so  rank,  but  agreeable  to  most 
palates,  arid  of  better  nourishment.  In  general,  cabbages  are  thought 
to  allay  fumes,  and  prevent  intoxication.  But  some  will  have  them 
noxious  to  the  sight ;  others  impute  it  to  the  cauly-flower  rather  :  but 
whilst  the  learned  are  not  agreed  about  it,  Theophrastus  affirms  the 
contrary,  and  Pliny  commends  the  juice  raw,  with  a  little  hon^,  for  the 
moist  and  weeping  eye,  not  the  dry  or  dull.  But,  after  all,  cabbage 
('tis  confess'd)  is  greatly  accus'd  for  lying  undigested  in  the  stomach, 
and  provoking  eructations;  which  makes  me  wonder  at  the  veneration 
we  read  the  ancients  had  for  them,  calling  them  divine,  and  swearing 
per  hrassicam.  'Tis  scarce  an  hundred  years  since  we  first  had  cabbages 
out  of  Holland,  Sir  Anth.  Ashley*,  of  Wiburg  St.  Giles  in  Dorsetshire, 
being  (as  I  am  told)  the  first  who  planted  them  in  England. 

12.  Cardon.     See  artichaux. 

13.  Carrots,  dauci,  or  pastinaca  sativa  ;  temperately  warm  and  dry, 
spicy  ;  the  best  are  yellow,  very  nourishing.  Let  them  be  rais'd  in 
ground  naturally  rich,  but  not  too  heavy. 

14.  Chervile,  chcBrophyllum,myrrhis  ;  the  sweet  aromatick  Spanish 
chervile,  moderately  hot  and  dry.  The  tender  cimce,  and  tops,  with 
other  herbs,  are  never  to  be  wanting  in  our  sallets  (as  long  as  they  may 
be  had),  being  exceedingly  wholsome  and  chearing  the  spirits :  the  roots 


*  Ancestor  of  the  Earls  of  Shaftesbury.  He  sat  in  several  Parliaments,  and  was  distinguished 
by  the  favour  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  who  appointed  him  Secretary  to  her  Council  of  War.  He  was 
knighted  for  his  valour  at  the  taking  of  Cadiz  1597.  and  sent  home  to  give  the  Queen  a  relation 
of  it.     He  died  January  13,  16'28. 


739 

re  also  boil'd  and  eaten  cold ;  much  commended  for  aged  persons.  This 

as  likewise  spinach)  is  us'd  in  tarts,  and  serves  alone  for  divers  sauces. 

Cibbols.\ 

p-  YY'ide  onions,  schoenoprasum. 

15.  Clary,  horminum,  when  tender  not  to  be  rejected,  and  in  omlets, 
aade  up  with  cream,  fried  in  sweet  butter,  and  are  eaten  with  sugar, 
uice  of  orange,  or  limpn. 

16.  Cleavers,  aparine;  the  tender  winders,  with  young  nettle-tops, 
re  us'd  in  Lenten  pottages. 

17-  Corn-sallet,  valerianella ;  loos'ning  and  refreshing.  The  tops 
ind  leaves  are  a  sallet  of  themselves,  seasonably  eaten  with  other  sallet- 
ng,  the  whole  winter  long,  and  early  spring.  The  French  call  them 
alad  de  prefer,  for  their  being  generally  eaten  in  Lent. 

18.  Cowslips,  paralysis.     See  flowers. 

19.  Cresses,  nasturtium,  garden  cresses ;  to  be  monthly  sown :  but 
ibove  all  the  Indian,  moderately  hot  and  aromatick,  quicken  the  torpid 
ipirits,  and  purge  the  brain,  and  are  of  singular  effect  against  the  scor- 
)ute.  Both  the  tender  leaves,  calices,  capuchin  capers,  and  flowers,  are 
audably  mixed  with  the  colder  plants.  The  buds,  being  candy'd,  are 
ikewise  us'd  in  strewings  all  winter.  There  is  the  nastur.  hyberni- 
rum  commended  also,  and  the  vulgar  water-cress,  proper  in  the  spring, 
ill  of  the  same  nature,  tho'  of  different  degrees,  and  best  for  raw  and 
:old  stomachs,  but  nourish  little. 

2Q.  Cucumber,  cucumis;  tho'  very  cold  and  moist,  the  most  approved 
sallet  alone,  or  in  composition,  of  all  the  vinaigrets,  to  sharpen  the  ap- 
petite, and  cool  the  liver*,  &c.  if  rightly  prepar'd ;  that  is,  by  rectifying 
;he  vulgar  mistake  of  altogether  extracting  the  juice,  in  which  it  should 
•ather  be  soak'd.  Nor  ought  it  to  be  over  oyl'd,  too  much  abating  of 
ts  grateful  acidity,  and  palling  the  taste,  from  a  contrariety,  of  particles. 
Let  them  therefore  be  pared,  and  cut  into  thin  slices,  with  a  clove  or  two 
)f  onion  to  correct  the  crudity,  macerated  in  the  juice,  often  turn'd,  and 
noderately  drain'd.  Others  prepare  them,  by  shaking  the  slices  be- 
;ween  two  dishes,  and  dress  them  with  very  little  oyl,  well  beaten,  and 


*  'E$9o;,  Joo-wi/oj,  a-TToiKoi,  aKyovrof,  ol/'flTixoj.     Athen. 


740 

mingled  with  the  juice  of  liraon,  orange,  or  vinegar,  salt,  and  pepper., 
Some  again,  arid  indeed  the  most  approv'd,  eat  them  as  soon  as  they  are 
cut,  retaining  their  liquor,  which  being  exhausted  (by  the  former  me- 
thod) have  nothing  remaining  in  them  to  help  the  concoction.  Of  old 
they  boil'd  *  the  cucumber,  and  paring  oflF  the  rind,  eat  them  with  oy], 
vinegar,  and  honey,  sugar  not  being  so  well  known.  Lastly,  the  pulp 
in  broth  is  greatly  refreshing,  and  may  be  mingl'd  in  most  sallets,  with- 
out the  least  damage,  contrary  to  the  common  opinion;  it  not  being  long 
since  cucumber,  however  dress'H,  was  thought  fit  to  be  thrown  away, 
being  accounted  little  better  thao  poyson.  Tavernier  tells  us,  that  in 
the  Levant,  if  a  child  cry  for  something  to  eat,  they  give  it  a  raw  cu- 
cumber instead  of  bread.  The  yoUngones  may  be  boil'd  in  white  wine. 
The  smaller  sort  (known  by  the  name  of  gerckems),  muriated  with  the 
seeds  of  dill,  and  the  mango  pickle, .are  for  the  winter.     .?i 

21.  Daisy,  bwpthalmum,  ox-eye,  or  hellis-major.  The  youn^  roots  are 
frequently  eaten  by  the  Spaniards  and  Italians  all  the  spring  till  June. 

22.  Dandelion,  dens  lisonis,  condrilla  ;  macerated  in  several  waters,  to 
extract  the  bitterness,  tho'  somewhat  opening,  is  very  wholesome,  and 
little  inferior  to  succory,  endive,  &c.  The  French  country-people  eat 
"the  roots-;  and  'twas  with  this  homely  sallet  the  good-wife  Hecate  en- 
tertain'd  Theseus.     See  Sowthistle. 

23.  Dock,  ootylapd,thu7n,  or  sharp-pointed  dock  ;  emollient,  and  tha' 
otherwise  not  for  our  sallet,  the  roots  brewed  in  ale  or  beer,  are  excellent 
for  the  scorbute. 

Earth-nuts,  bulbo  castanum  (found  in  divers  places  of  Surry,  near 
Kingston,  and  other  parts),  the  rind  par'd  off,  are  eaten  crude  by  rus- 
tics, with  a  little  pepper ;  but  are  best  boil'd  like  other  roots,  or  in  pot- 
tage rather,  and  are  sweet  and  nourishing. 

24.  Elder,  sambucus  ;  the  flowers  infus'd  in  vinegar,  grateful  both  to 
the  stomach  and  taste ;  attenuate  thick  and  viscid  humours ;  and  tho' 
the  leaves  are  somewhat' rank  of  smell,  and  so  not  commgndaBle  in  sal- 
let,  they  are  otherwise  (as  indeed  is  the  intire  shrub)  of  the  most  sove- 
Teign  vertue;  and  the  spring  buds  and  tender  leaves,  excellently  whol- 
some  in  pottage  at  that  season  of  the  year.     See  Flowers 

*  Cucumis  elixus  delicatior,  innocentior.     Athenseus. 


741^ 

25.  Endive,  endivium,  intybum  sativum;  the  largest,  whitest,  and 
teuderest  leaves  best  boll'd,  and  less  crude.  It  is  naturally,  cold,  profit- 
able for  hot  stomachs;  incisive,  and  opening  obstructions  of  the  liver* 
The  curled  is  more  delicate,  being  eaten  alone,  or  in  composition,  with 
the  usual  intinctus.  It  is  also  excellent,  being  boil'd ;  the  middle  part 
of  the  blanch'd-stalk  separated,  eats  firm,  and  the  ampler  leaves,  by 
many  preferr'd  before  lettuce.     See  Succory. 

Eschalot.     See  Onions, 

26,  VQimt\,fosniculum;  the  sweetest  of  Bolognia;  aromatick^  hot, 
and  dry ;  expels  wind,  sharpens  the  sight,  and  recreates  the  braini;.  espe-; 
cially  the  tender  umbella  and  seed-pods.  The  stalks  are  ia  be  peel'd 
when  young,  and  then  dress'd  like  sellery.  The  tender  tufts  and  leaves 
emerging,  being  minc'dy  are  eaten  alone  with  vinegar,  or  oyl,  and  pepr 
per,  and,  to  correct  the  colder  materials,  enter  properly  into  composi- 
tion. The  Italians  eat  the  blanch'd  stalk  (which  they  call  cartucci)  all 
winter  long.  There  is  a  very  small  green- worm  which  sometimes  lodges 
in  the  stem  of  this  plant,  which  is  to  be  taken  out,  as  the.. red-  one  in 
that  of  sellery.  . 

27-  Flowers, ^07*65  ;  chiefly  of  the  aromatick  esculents  and  plants  are 
preferable,  as  generally  enddw'd  with  the  vertues  of  their  simples,  in  a 
more  intense  degree,  and  may  therefore  be^  eaten  alone  in  their  proper 
vehicles,  or  composition  with  other  sal leting,  sprinkl'd  among' them ; 
but  give  a  more  palatable  relish,  being  infused  in  vinegar;  especially 
those  of  the  clove-gillyflower,  elder,  orange,  cowslip,  rose-mary,  arch- 
angel, sage,  nasturtium  infiicum,  &c.  Some  of  them  are  pickl'd,  and 
divers  of  them  make  also  very  pleasant  and  wholsome  theas,  as  do  like- 
wise the  wild  time,  bugloss,  mint,  &c. 

28.  Garlick,  allium;  dry  towards  excess;  and  tho'  both  by  Spaniards 
and  Italians,  and  the  more  southern  people,  familiarly  eaten,  with 
almost  every  thing,  and  esteem'd  of  such  singular  vertue  to  help  con- 
coction, and  thought  a  charm  against  all  infection  and  poyson  (by  which 
it  has  obtain'd  the  name  of  the  country-man's  theriacle),  we  yet  think 
it  more  proper  for  our  northern  rustics,  especially  living  in  uliginous 
and  moist  places,  or  such  as  use  the  sea;  whilst  we  absolutely  forbid  it 
entrance  into  our  sallets   bv  reason  of  its  intolerable  rankness,  and  which 


742 

made  it  so  detested  of  old,  that  the  eating  of  it  was  (as  we  read)  part 
of  the  punishment  for  such  as  had  committed  the  horridest  crimes.  To 
be  sure,  'tis  not  for  ladies  palats,  nor  those  who  court  them,  farther  than 
to  permit  a  light  touch  on  the  dish,  with  a  clove  thereof,  much  better 
supply'd  by  the  gentler  roccombo. 

Note,  That  in  Spain  they  sometimes  eat  it  boil'd,  which  taming  its 
fierceness,  turns  it  into  nourishment,  or  rather  medicine. 

Ginny-pepper,  capsicum.     See  Pepper. 

29.  Goats-beard,  tragopogon.  The  root  is  excellent  even  in  sallet, 
and  very  nutritive,  exceeding  profitable  for  the.  breast,  and  may  be 
stew'd  and  dress'd  as  scornozera. 

30.  Hops,  lupulus;  hot  and  moist,  rather  medicinal  than  fit  for  sallet, 
the  buds  and  young  tendrels  excepted,  which  may  be  eaten  raw,  but 
more  conveniently  being  boil'd,  and  cold  like  asparagus.  They,  are  diu- 
retic ;  depurate  the  blood,  and  open  obstructions.  * 

31.  Hyssop,  hyssopiis ;  thymus  capitatus  creticus,  majoran,  mary-^ 
gold,  &c.  as  all  hot  spicy  aromatics  (commonly  growing  in  kitchin-, 
gardens)  are  of  faculty  to  comfort  and  strengthen ;  prevalent  against 
melancholy  and  phlegm.  Plants,  like  these,  going  under  the  name  of 
pot-herbs,  are  much  more  proper  for  broths  and  decoctions  than  the  ten- 
der sallet :  yet  the  top^  and  flowers,  reduc'd  to  powder,  are  by  some 
reserv'd  for  strewings  upon  the  colder  ingredients,  communicating  no 
ungrateful  fragrancy. 

32.  Jack-by-the-hedge,  aZ/ia»'ia,  or  sauce-alone;  has  many  medicinal 
properties,  and  is  eaten  as  other  sallgts,  especially  by  country  people,- 
growing  wild  under  their  banks  and  hedges.    , 

33.  Leeks,  and  cibbols,  porum ;  hot,  and  of  vertue  prolifick  ;  since 
Latona,  the  mother  of  Apollo,  long'd  after  them.  The  Welch,  who  eat 
them  much,  are  observ'd  to  be  very  fruitful.  They  are  also  friendly  to 
the  lungs  and  stomach,  being  sod  in  milk  ;  a  few  therefore  of  the  slender 
and  green  summities,  a  little  shred,  do  not  amiss  in  composition.  See 
Onions. 

34.  Lettuce,  lactuca ;  tho'  by  metaphor  call'd  mortuorum  cibi  *  (to 


*  Eubulus. 


743 

say  nothing  of  Adonis*  and, his  sad  mistriss),  by  reason  of  Its  soporife- 
rous  quality,  ever  was,  and  still  continues  the  principal  foundation  of  the 
universal  tribe  of  sallets,  which  is  to  cool  and  refresh,  besides  its  other 
properties ;  and  therefore  in  such  high  esteem  with  the  ancients,  that 
divers  of  the  Valerian  family  dignify'd  and  enobled  their  name  with  that 
of  lactucinii. 

It  is  indeed  of  nature  more  cold  and  moist  than  any  of  the  rest ;  yet 
less  astringent,  and  so  harmless  that  it  may  safely  be  eaten  raw  in  fevers ; 
for  it  allays  heat,  bridles  choler,  extinguishes  thirst,  excites  appetite, 
kindly  nourishes,  and,  above  all,  represses  vapours,  conciliates  sleep, 
mitigates  paiii ;  besides  the  effect  it  has  upon  the  morals,  temperance, 
and  chastity.     Galen  (whose  beloved  sallet  it  was),  from  its  pinguid, 
subdulcid,  and  agreeable  nature,  says  it  breeds  the  most  laudable  blood., 
No  marvel  then  that  they  were  by  the  ancients  called  sana,  by  way  of 
eminency,  and  so  highly  valu'd  by  the  great  Augustus f,  that  attributing 
his  recovery  of  a  dangerous  sickness  to  them,  'tis  reported  he  erected  a 
statue  and  built  an  altar  to  this  noble  plant.     And  that  the  most  abste- 
mious and  excellent  Emperor  Tacitus  J  (spending  almost  nothing  at  his 
frugal  table  in  other  dainties)  was  yet  so  great  a  friend  to  lettuce,  that 
he  was  us'd  to  say  of  his  prodigality,  somnum  se  mercari  ilia  sumptiis 
effti^ione.     How  it  was  celebrated  by  Galen  we  have  heard ;  how  he 
us'd  it  he  tells  himself,  namely,  beginning  with  lettuce  in  his  younger 
days,  and  concluding  with  it  when  he  grew  old,  and  that  to  his  great 
advantage.     In  a  word^  we  meet  with  nothing  among  all  our  crude  ma- 
terials and  sallet  store  so  proper  to  mingle  with  any  of  the  rest,  nor  so 
vvholsome  to  be  eaten  alone,  or  in  composition,  moderately,  and  with  the 
usual  oxelseum  of  vinegar,  pepper,  and  oyl,  which  last  does  not  so  per- 
fectly agree  with  the  alphange,  to  which  the  juice,  of  orange,  or  llmon 
and  sugar,  is  more  desirable.     Aristoxenus  is  reported  to  have  irrigated 
his  lettuce-beds  with  an  oinomelite,  or  mixture  of  Wine  and  honey: 

*  In  lactuca  occultatum  ^  Venere  Adonin  cecinit  CalUmachus,  quod  allegoric^  interpretalus 
Athenaeus  illuc  referendnin  putat,  quod  in  Venerem  hebetlores  fint  lactucis  vescentes  assidue. 

t  Apud  Sueton. 

•  Vopiscus  Tacir.  For  the  rest,  both  of  the  kinds  and  vertues  of  lettuce,  see  Vlin.  H,  Nat.  1.  xix. 
c.  8.  and  xx.  c,  7.  Fernel,  &c. 


744 

aricl  certainly  'tis  not  for  nothing  that  our  garden-lovers  and  brothers  of 
the  sallet  have  been  so  exceedingly  industrious  to  cultivate  this  noble 
plant,  and  multiply  its  species;  for,  to  name  a  few  in  present  use,  we 
have  the  alphange  of ,  Montpelier  (crisp  and  delicate),  the  Arabic,  A^- 
bervelleres,  Belgrade,  cabbage,  Capuchin,  coss-lettuce,  curl'd,  the  Ge- 
noa (lasting  all  the  winter),  the  imperial,  Iambs  or  agnine,,and  lobbs  or 
lop-lettuces,  the  French  minion  (a  dwarf  kind),  the  oak-leaf,  passion, 
Roman,  shell,  and  Silesian  (hard  and  crimp),  esteemed  of  the  best  and 
rarest,  with  divers  more.  And  here  let  it  be  noted,  that  besides  three 
or  four  sorts  of  this  plant,  and  some  few  of  the  rest,  there  was  within 
our  remembrance  rarely  any  other  salletting  serv'd  up  to  th,e  best  tables ; 
with  unblanch'd  endive,  succory,  purselan  (and  indeed  little .  other 
variety),  sugar  and  vinegar  being  the  constant  vehicles,  without  oyl ; 
but  now  sugar  is  almost  wholly  banishM  from  all,  except  the  more  effe- 
minate palates,  as  too  much  palling,  and  taking  from  the  grateful  acid 
now  in  use,  tho'  otherwise  not  totally  to  be  reproved.  Lettuce,  hoil'd 
and  cohdited,  is  sometimes  spoken  of. 

35.  Uimon,  limonia,  citrea  mala ;  exceedingly  refreshing,  cordial, 
&c.  ;  the  pulp  being  blended  with  the  juice,  secluding  the  over-sweet  or 
bitter.     See  Orange. 

36.  Mallow,  malva;  the  curl'd^  emqllifent  and  friendly  to  the.  ventri- 
cle, and  so  mther  medicinal :  yet  may  the  topsj  well  boil'd,  he  admitted, 
and  the  rest  (tho'  out  of  use  at  present)  was  taken  by  the  poets  for  all 
sallets  in  general.  Pythagoras  held  malvce  folium  sanctissimum ;  and 
we  find  Epimenides  in  Plato*  at  his  mallows  and  asphodel;  and  indeed 
it  was  of  old  the  first  dish  at  table.  The. Romans  had  it  ailso  in  deliciis, 
Malvce  saluhres  CQr'por.i\,  approved  by  Galen  J  and  Disoscorides  §  ; 
namely,  the  garden-mallow,  by  others  the  wild  ;  but  I  think  both  proper 
rather  for  the  pot  than  sallet.  Nonius  supposes  the  tall  rosea,  arbores- 
cent holi-hocks,  that  bears  the  broad  flower,  for  the  best,  and  yery  laxa- 
tive II ;  but,  by  reason  of  their  clamminess  and  lentor,  banished  from  our 


*  De  Leglb.  f  Hor.  epod.  U .  J  De  Simp.  Medic.  1.  vii.  §  Lib.  ii.  cap  3. 

■  II  Exoneraturas  veatretn  mihi  villica-  tnalvas 

Attulit,  et  varias,  (juas  liabet  hortusj  opes. — Mart.  lib.  x.  48. 


745 

sallet,  tho'  by  some  commended  and  eaten  with  oyl  and  vinegar,  and 
some  with  butter. 

Mercury,  bonus  Henricus^  English  mercury,  or  lapathum  unctuosum. 
See  BHtum. 

37.  Melon,  melo,'  to  have  been  reckon'd  rather  among  fruits;  and 
tho'  an  usual  ingredient  in  our  sallet,  yet  for  its  transcendent  delicacy  aiid 
flavor,  cooling  and  exhilarating  nature  (if  sweet,  dry,  weighty,  and  well- 
fed),  not  only  superior  to  all  the  gottrd-kind,  but  paragon  with  the  no- 
blest productions  of  the  garden.  Jos.  Scaliger  and  Casaubon  think  our 
melon  unknown  to  the  ancients  (which  others  contradict),  as  yet  Under 
the  name  of  cucumbers  :  but  he  who  reads  how  artificially  they  were 
cultivated,  rais'd  under  glasses,  and  expos'd  to  the  hot  sun  (for  Tibe- 
rius), cannot  well  doubt  of  their  being  the  same  with  ours. 

There  is  also  a  winter-melon,  large,  and  with  black  seeds,  exceedingly 
cooling,  brought  us  from  abroad,  and  the  hotter  climates,  where  they 
drink  water  after  eating  melons;  but  in  the  colder  (after  all  dispute) 
wine  is  judg'd  the  better.  That  it  has  indeed  by  some  been  accus'd  as 
apt  to  corrupt  in  the. stomach  (as  do  all  things  else  eaten  in  excess)  is 
not  deny'd ;  but  a  perfect  good  melon  is  certainly  as  harmless  a  fruit  as 
any  whatsoever,  and  may  safely  be  mingled  with  sallet,  in  pulp  or  slices, 
or  more  properly  eaten  by  it  self,  with  a  little  salt  and  pepper ;  for  a 
melon  which  requires  sugar  to  commend  it  wants  of  perfection. 
•  Note,  That  this  fruit  was  very  rarely  cultivated  in  England  so  as  to 
bring  it  to  maturity  till  Sir  George  Gardner  came  out  of  Spain,  I  my 
self  remembering  when  an  ordinary  melon  would  have  been  sold  for  five 
or  six  shillings.  The  small  unripe  fruit,  when  the  others  are  past,  may 
be  pickl'd  with  mango,  and  are  very  delicate. 

38.  Mint,  mentha;  the  angmtjfolia  spicata,  spear-mint;  dry  and 
warm,  very  fragrant,  a  little  press'd,  is  friendly  to  the  weak  stomach, 
and  powerful  against  all  nervous  crudities.     The  gentler  tops  of  the 


And  our  sweet  Poet ;  '  * 

. Nulla  est  humanior  herba. 

Nulla  magis  suavi  commoditate  bona  est. 
Omnia  tam  placidfe  regerat,  blandfeque  relaxat, 

EmoUitque  vias,  nee  sinit  esse  rudes. — Cowley,  Plan.  1.  4. 

5c 


746 

ye-mlut  enter  well  into  our  composition,  or  are  grateful  alone  (as 
Iso  the  other  sorts"),  with  the  juice  of  orange  and  a  little  sugar. 
'.  MushfQoms, jft^wg-z! ;  by  the  orator*  call'd  terrce,  by  Porphyry 
umjilii,  without  seed  (as  produc'd  by  the  midwifry  pf  autumnal 
der-storms,  portending  the  mischief  they  cause)  ;  by  the  French 
ipignom,  with  all  the  species  of  the  boletus,  Sec.  for  being,  as  some 
,  neither  root,  herb,  flower,  nor  fruit,  nor  to  be  eaten  crude,  should 
lerefore  banish'd  entry  into  our  sallet,  were  I  to  order  the  composi- 

however  so  highly  jcdntended  for  by  many,  as  the  very  principal 
:op  of  all  the  rest;  whilst  I  think  them  tolerable  only  (at  least  in 
climate),  if,  being  fresh  and  skilfully  chosen,  they,  are  accommo- 
l  with  the  nicest  care  and  circumspection ;  generally  reported  to 

something  malignant  and  noxious  in  them :  nor  without  cause, 

the  many  sad  examples,  frequent  mischiefs,  and  funest  accidents 
have  produc'd,  not  only  to  particular  persons,  but  to  whole  fami- 

Ex;alted  indeed  they  were  to  the  second  course  of  the  Caesarian 
S,  with  .the  noble  title  jS^wjwa  6buk,  a  dainty  fit  for  the  gods  alone ;  to 
n  they  sent  the  Emperor  Claudius  -f,  as  they  have  many  since,  to 
other  world.  But  he  that  reads  how  Seneca  J  deplores  his  lost 
d,  that  brave  commander  Annseus  Serenus,  and  several  other  gal- 
persons  with  him,  who  all  of  them  perish'd  at  the  same  repast, 
d  be  apt  to  ask  with  the  naturalist  §  (speaking  of  this  suspicious 
ty),  QucB  voluptas  tanta  ancipitis  (dbi?  And  who  indeed  would  ba- 
it, so  true  is  that  of  the  Poet,- — ^Hethat  eats  mushrooms  many  times 
impUus  edit,  eats  no  more  perhaps  all  his  life  after.  What  other 
[•ring  epithets  are  given  for  our  caution,  jGa^i?  TruiyqEvra  (jlukvituv,  heavy 

choaking  (Athenaeus  reporting  of  the  Poet  Euripides  finding  a 
lan  an,d  her  three  children  strangl'd  by  eating  of  them),  one  would 
k  sufficient  warning. 

mong  these  comes  in  the  fungus  reticularis,  to  be  found  about 
don,  as  at  Fulham  and  other,  places;  whilst  at  no  small  charge  wei 
1  for  them  into  France :  as  we  also  do  for  trufles,  pig-nuts,  and  other 


*  Cic.  ad  Attic.  t  Sueton.  in  Vit.  Claudian. 

X  Sen.  Ep.  Ixiii.  §  Plin.  Nat.  Hiat;.l,  xxii.  c.  23. 


subterraneous  tubera,  which  in  Italy  they  fry  in  oyl,  and  eat  with  pep- 
per. They  are  commonly  discovered  by  a  Nasute  swine,  purposely 
brought  up;  being  of  a  chesnut  colour,  and  heady  smell,  and  not  seldom 
found  in  England,  particularly  in  a  park  of  my  Lord  Cullen's,  at  Rush- 
ton  in  Northamptonshire  *,  and  doubtless  in  other  places  too,  were  they 
sought  after.  How  these  rank  and  provocative  excrescences  are  to  be 
treated  ^  (of  themselves  insipid  enough,  and  only  famous  for  their 
kindly  taking  any  pickle  or  conditure),  that  they  may  do  the  less  mis- 
chief, we  might  here  set  down.  But  since  there  be  so  many  ways  of 
dressing  them,  that  I  can  encourage  none  to  use  them,  for  reasons  given 
(besides  that  they  do  not  at  all  concern  our  safer  and  innocent  sallet  fur- 
nitui'e),  I  forbear  it;  and  refer  those  who  long  after  this  beloved  ragout, 
and  other  voluptuaria  venena  (as  Seneca  calls  them),  to  what  our 
learned  Dr.  Martin  Lister  says  "^  of  the  many  venomous  insects  har- 
bouring and  corrupting  in  a  new  found-out  species  of  mushroms  had 
lately  in  deliciis.  Those,  in  the  mean  time,  which  are  esteemed  best, 
and  less  pernicious  (of  which  see  the  Appendix),  are  such  as  rise  in  rich, 
airy,  and  dry  pasture-grounds  §,  growing  on  the  staff  or  pedicule  of 
about  an  inch  thick  and  high ;  moderately  swelling  (target-like),  round 
and  firm,  being  underneath  of  a  pale,  saffronish  hue,  curiously  radiated 
in  parallel  lines  and  edges,  which  becoming  either  yellow,  orange,  or 
blac;k,  are  to  be  rejected,.  But  besides  what  the  harvestrmonths  pro- 
duce, they  are  likewise  rais'd  artificially  ||;  as  at  Naples,  in  their  wine- 
cellars,  upon  an  heap  of  rank,  earth,  heaped  upon  a  certain  supposed 
stone,  but  in  truth  (as  the  curious  and  noble  Peiresk^  tells  us  he  found 
to  be)  nothing  but  an  heap  of  old  fungus's,  reduc'd  and  compacted  to  a 
stony  hardness,  upon  which  they  lay  earth,  and  sprinkle  it  with  warm 
water  in  which  mushroms  have  been  steeped  :  and  in  France,  by  making 

*  See  Philos.  Trans,  vol.  xvii.  num.  202.  art.  4,  by  Tancred  Robinson,  M.  D. 

f  Apitius,  lib,  vii.  cap.  13.  J  Philos.  Transact,  vol.  vii.  num.  89.  p.  5U6". 

§  — '  Pratensibus  optima  fungis 

Natura  est :  aliis  male  creditur. — Hor.  Sat.  lib.  ii.  sat.  '4. 
II  Lord  Bacon's  Nat.  Hist.  cent.  vii.  547,  548,  &c. 

^  Gassendus,  in  Life  of  Peiresk,  book  iv.  octavo,  1657,  translated  from  the  Latin  by  Wm. 
Rand,  and  dedicated  "  to  the  ingenious  and  learned  gentleman,  the  worshipful  John  Evelyn,  es- 
quire."   Raderus  Mart.  lib.  iii.  epig'.  60.  in  ponticum,  says,  within  four  days. 


748 

an  hot  bed  of  asses  dung,  and  when  the  heat  is  hi  temper,  water 
(as  above)  well  impregnated  with  the  parings  and  oflFals  of  refus( 
gus's ;  and  such  a  bed  will  last  two  or  three  years ;  and  sometim* 
common  melon-beds  afford  them,  besides  other  experiments. 

40.  Mustard,  sinapi;  exceeding  hot  and  mordicant,  not  only  i 
seed  but  leaf  also ;  especially  in  seedling  young  plants,  like  the 
radishes  (newly  peeping  out  of  the  bed),  is  of  incomparable  effe 
quicken  and  revive  the  spirits  ;  strengthening  the  memory,  exp( 
heaviness,  preventing  the  vertiginous  palsie,  and  is  a  laudable  ceph 
Besides,  it  is  an  approv'd  antiscorbutick ;  aids  concoction,  cuts  an< 
sipates  phlegmatick  humours.  In  short  'tis  the  most  noble  embar 
and  so  necessary  an  ingredient  to  all  cold  and  raw  salleting,  that 
very  rarely,  if  at  all,  to  be  left  out.  In  Italy,  in  making  mustard, 
mingle  limon  and  orange  peel  with  the  seeds.  How  the  best  is  t 
see  hereafter. 

Nasturtium  Indlcum.     See  Cresses. 

41.  Nettles,  wr^zca;  hot,  dry,  diuretic,  solvent;  purifies  the  b 
The  buds,  and  very  tender  cimse,  a  little  bruised,  are  by  some  eaten 
by  others  boil'd,  especially  in  spring-pottage,  with  other  herbs. 

42.  Onion,  cepa,  porrum;  the  best  are  such  as  are  brought  us  c 
Spain,  whence  they  of  St.  Omers  had  them,  and  some  that  have  wei 
eight  pounds.  Choose  therefore  the  large,  round,  and  thin  ski 
Being  eaten  crude  and  alone,  with  oyl,  vinegar,  and  pepper,  we 
them  in  sallet  not  so  hot  as  garlick,  nor  at  all  so  rank  :  boil'd,  they 
a  kindly  relish,  raise  appetite,. corroborate  the  stomach,  cut  phlegm, 
profit  the  asthmatical ;  but  eaten  in  excess,  are  said  to  oflPend  the 
and  eyes,  unless  edulcorated  with  a  gentle  maceration.  In  the  i 
time,  as  to  their  being  noxious  to  the  sight,  is  imputable  only  t( 
vapour  rising  from  the  raw  onion,  when  peeled,  which  some  comr 
for  its  purging  and  quickning  that  sense.  How  they  are  us'd  in 
tage,  boil'd  in  milk,  stew'd,  &c.  concerns  the  kitchin.  In  our  cold 
let  we  supply  them  with  the  porrum  sectile  to)ps  of  leeks,  and  esch 
(ascaloniaj,  of  gust  more  exalted,  yet  not  to  the  degree  of  garlick 
(by  what  of  later  use  is  much  preferr'd)  with  a  seed  or  two  of  raccoi 
of  a  yet  milder  and  delicate  nature,  which,  by  rubbing  the  dish  ( 


749 

imparts  its  vertue  agreeably  enough.  In  Italy  they  frequently  make  k 
sallet  of  scalllons,  cives,  and  chibbols  only,  season'd  with  oyl  and  pep- 
per; and  an  honest,  laborious  country-nian,  with  good  bread,  salt,  and 
a  little  parsley,  will  make  a  contented  meal  with  a  roasted  onion.  How 
ibis  noble  bulb  was  deified  in  Egypt  *  we  are  told,  and  that  whilst  they 
were  building  the  pyramids  there  was  spent  in  this  rootf  ninety  tun  of 
gold  among  the  workmen.  So  luscious  and  tempting  It  seems  thej^ 
were,  that  as  whole  nations  have  subsisted  on  them  alone,  so  the  Israel- 
ites were  ready  to  return  to  slavery  and  brick- making  for  the  love  of 
them.  Indeed,  Hecamedes  we  find  presents  them  to  Patroclus,In  Ho- 
mer, as  a  regalo ;  but  certainly  we  are  either  mistaken  in  the  species 
(which  some  will  have  to  be  melons),  or  use  poetick  licence  when  we 
so  highly  magnify  them. 

43.  Orach,  atriplex;  is  cooling,  and  allays  ihepztuit  humor.  Being  set 
over  the  fire,  neither  this,  nor  lettuce,  needs  any  other  water  than  their 
own  moisture  to  l)oil  them  in,  without  expression.  The  tender  leaves 
are  mingl'd  with  other  cold  salletting,  l^ut 'tis  better  In  pottage.  See 
Blitum. 

44.  Orange,  arantice  (malum  mreumj;  moderately  dry,  cooling; 
and  incisive;  sharpens  appetite,  exc^dingly refreshes,  and  resists  putre- 
faction :  we  speak  of  the  sub-acid,  the  sweet  and  bitter  orange  being  of 
no  use  in  our  sallet.  The  limon  is  somewhat  more  acute,  cooling  aud 
extinguishing  thirst,  of  all  the  o|u/3«(pathe  best  succedaneum  to  vinegar. 
The  very  spoils  and  rinds  of  orange  and  limon,  being  shred  and 
sprlnkl'd  among  the  other  herbs,  correct  the  acrimony.  But  they  are 
the  tender  seedlings  from  the  hot-bed  which  impart  an  aromatic  exceed- 
ingly grateful  to  the  stomach.     Vide  I^Imon/ 

45.  Varsnep,pastinaca,  carrot ;  first  boll'd,  being  cold,  is  of  it  self  a 
wlnter-sallet,  eaten  with  oyl,  vinegar,  &c.  and  having  something'lof 
Spicy,  is  by  some  thought  more  nourishing  than  the  turnep,  -  •  > 

46.  Pease,  pisum ;  the  pod  of  the  sugaf^ease,  when  first  begmnihg 


*  O  sanctas  gentes,  quibus  hsec  nascuntur  in  hortis 

Numina. — Juv;  Sat.  15. 
■\  Herodotus. 


750 

to  appear,  with  the  husk  and  tendrels,  affording  a  pretty  acid,  enter  into 
the  composition,  as  do  those  of  hops  and  the  vine. 

47.  Pepper,  piper ;  hot  and  dry  in  a  high  degree;  of  approv'd  vertue 
against  all  flatulency  proceeding  from  Cold  and  phlegrtiatic  constitutions, 
and  generally  all  crudities  whatsoever ;  and  therefore  for  being  of  tuii- 
versal  use  to  correct  and  temper  the  cooler  herbs,  and  such  as  abound  in 
moisture,  it  is  a  never  to  be  omitted  ipgredlent  of  our  sallets,  provided  it 
be  not  too  minutely  beaten  (as  oft  we  find  it)  to  an  almost  impalpable 
dust,  which  is  very  pernicious,  and  frequently  adheres  and  sticks  in  the 
folds  of  the  stomach,  where,  instead  of  promoting  concoction,  it  often 
causes  a  cq,rdialgium,  ajnd  fires  the  blood.  It  should  therefore  be  grosly 
contus'd  only. ' 

Indian  capsicum,  superlatively  hot  and  burning,  is  yet  by  the  Africans 
eaten  with  salt  and  vinegg.r  by  it  self,  as  an  usual  condiment ;  but  would 
be  of  dangerous  consequence  with  us,  being  so  much  more  of  ,an  acri^ 
monious  and  terribly  biting  quality,  which  by  art  and  mixturie  is  not- 
withstanding render'd  not  only  safe,  but  very  agreeable  in  our  sallet. 

Take  the  pods,  and  dry  them  well  in  a  pan  ;  and  when  they  are  be- 
come sufficiently  hard,  cut  them  into  small  pieces,  and  stamp  them  in  a 
mortar  to  di^st ;  to.  each  ounce  of  which  add  a  pound  of  wheat-flour, 
fermented  with  a  little  levain :  kneed  and  make  them  into  cakes  or  loaves 
cut.  long-wise,  in  shape  of  Naples-biscuit.  These  re-bake  a  second 
time,  till  they  are  stone-hard  :  pound  theoi  again  as  before j  and  serce  it 
through  a  fine  sieve,  for  a  very  proper  seasoning,  Instead  of  vulgar  pep- 
per. The  mordlcancy  thus  allay'd,  be  sure  to  make  the  mortar  very  clean, 
after  haying  beaten  Indian  capsicum,  before  you  stamp  any  thing  in  it 
else.  The  green  husks,  or  first  peeping  buds  of  the  walnut-tree,  dry'd 
to  powder,  serve  for  pepper  in  some  places,  and  so  do  myrtle-berries. 

48.  Persley,  petroselinum,  or  apium  hortense ;  being  hot  and  dry, 
opens  obstructions,  is  very  diuretic,  yet- nourishing,  edulcorated  in 
shifted  warm  water  (the  rpoits  especially),  but  of  less  vertue  than  alex- 
anders ;  nor  so  convenlentSn  our  crude  sallet,  as  when  decocted  on  a 
medicinal  account  Some  few  tops  of  the  tender  leaves  may  yet  be  ad- 
mitted ;  tho'  it  was  of  old,  we  read,  never  brought  to  table  at  all,  as  sa- 
cred to  oblivium  and  the  defunct.     In  the  mean  time,  there  being  no- 


751 

thing  more  proper  for  stuffing  (farces),  and  other  sauces,  we  consign  it 
to  the  olitories.  Note,  That  persley  is  not  so  hurtful  to  the  eyes  as  is 
reported.     See  Sellery. 

49.  Pimpernel,  pimpinella  ;  eaten  hy  the  French  and  Italians,  is  our 
common  burnet ;  of  so  chearing  and  exhilarating  a  quaUty,  and  so  ge- 
nerally commended,  as  (giving  it  admittance  into  all  sallets)  'tis  pass'd 
into  a  proverb : 

L'insalata  non  h  buon,  ne  bella, 
Ove  non  h.  la  pimpinella. 

But  a  fresh  sprig  in  vv^ine  recommends  it  to  us  as  its  most  genuine  ele- 
ment, 

50.  Furslain,  portulaca;  especially  the  golden  whilst  tender,  next  the 
seed-leaves,  with  the  young  stalks,  being  eminently  moist  and  cooling? 
quickens  appetite,  asswages  thirst,  and  is  very  profitable  for  hot  and  bi- 
lious tempers,  as  well  as  sanguine,  and  generally  entertain'd  in  all  our 
sallets,  mingled  with  the  hotter  herbs.  'Tis  likewise  familiarly  eaten 
alone  with  oyl  and  vinegar,  but  with  moderation,  as  having  been  some- 
times found  to  corrupt  in  the  stomach,  which,  being  pickl'd,  'tis  not  so 
apt  to  do.  Some  eat  it  cold,  after  it  has  been  boil'd,  which  Dr.  MufFett 
would^  have  in  wine,  for  nourishment. 

The  shrub  halimus  is  a  sort  of  sea-purslain.  The  newly  peeping 
leaves  (tho'  rarely  us'd)  aflFord  a  no  unpleasant  acidulce,  even,  during 
winter,  if  it  prove  not  too  severe. 

Purslain  is  accus'd  for  being  hurtful  to  the  teeth,  if  too  much  eaten. 

51.  Radish,  ro,phanus;  albeit  rather  medicinal,  than  so  commendably 
accompanying  our  sallets  (wherein  they  often  slice  the  larger  roots),  are 
tnuch  inferior  to  the  young  seedling  leaves  and  roots,  raised  on  the 
monthly  hot-bed*,  almost  the  whole  year  rounds  affording  a  very  grate- 
ful mordacity,  and  sufficiently  attempers  the  cooler  ingredients.  The 
bio-ger  ^oots  (so  much  desir'd)  should  be  such  as  being  transparent,  eat 
short  and  quick,  without  stringiness,  and  not  too  biting.  These  are 
eaten  alone  with  salt  only,  as  carrying  their  pepper  in  them ;  and  were 
indeed  by  Dioscorides  and  Pliny  celebrated  above  all  roots  whatsoever, 

*  Xlm^a  TO  ^aSlu;  (paina^M,  quia  tertio  ^  satu  die  apipareat.^ 


752 

insomuch  as  in  the  Delphic  temple  there  was  raphanus  ex  nuro  dicaiu^, 
a  radish  of  solid  gold ;  and  'tis  said  of  Moschius,  that  he  wrote  a  whole 
volume  in  their  praise.  Notwithstanding  all  which,  I  am  sure,  the 
great  Hippocrates  * '  utterly  condemns  them,  as  vitiosoe,  mnatantes  ac 
^a-re  concoctiles.  And  the  Naturalist  callsit  cibus  illiheralis,  fitter  for 
rustics  than  gentlemens  tables.  And  indeed  (besides  that  they  decay 
the  teeth),  experience  tells  us,  that  as  the  prince  of  physicians  writes, 
it  is  hard  of  digestion,  inimicous  to  the  stomach,  causing  nauseous  eruc- 
tations, and  sometimes  vomiting,  tho'  otherwise  diuretic,  and  thought  to 
repel  the  vapours  of  wine,  when  the  wits  were  at  their  genial  club. 
Dioscorldes  and  Galen f  differ  about  their  eating:  one  prescribes  it  be- 
fore  meals  ;  the  latter,  after.  Some  macerate  the  young  roots  in  warm 
milk,  to  render  them  more  nourishing. 

There  is  a  raphanus  rusticanuSf  the  Spanish  black  horse-radish,  of  a 
hotter  quality,  and  not  so  friendly  to  the  head,  but  a  notable  antiscor- 
butic, which  may  be  all  the  winter,  and  on  that  account  an  excellent 
ingredient  in  the  composition  of  mustard  ;  as  are  also  the  thin  shavings, 
mingled  with  our  cold  herbs.  And  now,  before  I  have  done  with  this' 
root,  for  an  excellent  and  universal  condiment :  Take  horse-radish, 
whilst  newly  drawn  out  of  the  earth,  otherwise  laid  to  steep  in  water  a 
competent  time  ;  then  grate  it  on  a  grater  which  has  no  bottom,  that  so 
it  may  pass  thro',  like  a  mucilage,  into  a  dish  of  earthen  ware :  this  tem- 
per'd  with  vinegar,  in  which  a  little  sugar  has  been  dlssolv'd,  you  have 
a  sauce  supplying  mustard  to  the  sallet,  and  serving  likewise  for  any 

dish  beside. 

52.  Rampion,  I'apunculus,   or  the  esculent  campanula;  the  tender 
roots  eaten  in  the  spring,  like  those  of  radishes,  but  much  more  nou- 

rishine;. 

53.  Rocket,  eruca,  Spanish  ;  hot  and  dry,  to  be  qualified  with  lettuce, 
purcelaln,  and  the  rest,  &c.     See  Tarragon. 

Roccombo.     See  Onions. 

54.  Rosemary,  rosmarinus  ;  soverainly  cephalic,  and  for  the  memory, 
sight,  and  nerves,  incomparable.     And  tho'  not  us'd  in  the  leaf  with  our 

*  De  Diseta,  liU  ii.  cap.  25.  f  De  Aliment.  Faciilt.  lib.  ii. 


753 

sallet  furniture,  yet  the  flowers,  a  little  bitter,  are  always  welcome  i 
vinegar;  but,  above  all,  a  fresh  sprig  or  two  in  A  glass  of  wine.  Se 
Flowers. 

.  55.  Sage,  salvia;  hot  and  dry.  The  tops  of  the  red,  well  pick'd  an 
wash'd  (being  often  defile4  with  venomous  slime,  and  almost  impercep 
tible  insects),  with  the  flowers,  retain  all  the  noble  properties  of  th 
other  hot  plants,  more  especially  for  the  head,  memory,  eyes,  and  a 
paralytical  affections.  In  short,  'tis  a  plant  endu'd  with  so  many  an 
wonderful  properties,  as  that  the  assiduous  use  of  it  is  said  to  reude 
men  immortal.  We  cannot  therefore  but  allow  the  tender  summities  ( 
the  young  leaves,  but  principally  the  flowers  in  our  cold  sallet,  yet  s 
.as  not  to  domineer. 

Salsifax,  scorzonera.  See  Viper-grass. 
•  56.  Sampier,  critji'muin;  that  growing  on  the  sea-clifFs  (asaboi 
Dover,  &c.),  not  only  pickl'd,  bu,t  crude  and  cold,  when  young  and  ten 
der  (and  such  as  we  may  cultivate  arid  have  in  our  kitchin -garden 
almost  the  year  round),  is,  in  my  opinion,  for  its  aromatic  and  other  ex 
cellent  vertues  and  effects  against  the  spleen,  cleansing  the  bassages 
sharpning  appetite,  &c.  so  far  preferable  to  most  of  our  hotter  herb 
and  sallet  ingrediepts,  that  I  have  often  wonder'd  it  has  not  been  Ion 
since  propagated  in  the  potajgere,  as  it  is  in  France,  from  whence  I  hav 
frequently  receiv'd  the  seeds,  which  have  prosper'd  better  and  more  kindl 
with  me  than  what  comes  from  our  own  coasts  :  it  does  not  indee 
pickle  so  well,  as  being  of  a  more  tender  stalk  and  leaf;  but,  in  all  othe 
respects  for  composing  sallets,  it  has  nothing  like  it. ' 

57.  Scalions,  ascaloriia,  cepte;  the  French  call  them  appetites,  whic 
it '  notably  quickens'  and  stirs  up,  corrects  crudities,  and  promotes  con 
coction.  The  Italians  steep  them  in  water,  mince,  and  eat  them  cold 
with  oyl,  vinegar,  salt,  &c.  * 

58.  Scurvy-grass,  cochledria,  of  the  garden,  but  especially  that  of  th 
sea,  is  sharp,  biting,  and  niot;  of  nature  like  nasturtium,  pi-evalent  i 
the  scorbute. '  A  few  of  the  tender  leaves  may  be  admitted  in  our  com 
poisition.     See  Nasturtium  Indicum. 

59.  Sellery,  apium  Italicum  (and  of  thepetroseline  family),  was  for 
merjy  a  stranger  with  us  (nor  very  long  since  in  Italy),  is  an  hot  an 

5  D 


754 

more  generous  sort  of  Macedonian  persley,  or  smallage.  The  tender 
leaves  of  the  blanched  stalk  do  well  in  our  sallet,  as  likewise  the  slices  of 
the  whiten'd  stems,  which  being  crimp  and  short,  first  peel'd  and  slit 
long  wise,  are  eaten  with  oyl,  vinegar,  salt,  and  pepper;  and  for  its  high 
and  grateful  taste  is  ever  plac'd  in  the  middje  of  the  grand  sallet  at  out- 
great  mens  tables  and  praetors  feasts,  as  the  grace  of  the  whole  board. 
Caution  is  to  be  given  of  a  small  red  worm,  often  lurking  in  these  stalks, 
as  does  the  green  in  fennil. 
Shallots.     See  Onion. 

60.  Skirrets,  sisarum;  hot  and  moist,  corroborating  and  good  for  the 
stomach,  exceedingly  nourishing,  wholsome,  and  delicate  ;  of  all  the 
root  kind,  not  subject  to  be  windy,  and  so  valued  by  the  Emperor  Tibei- 
rius,  that  he  accepted  them  for  tribute. 

This  excellent  root  is  seldom  eaten  raw  ;  but  being  boil'd,  stew'd, 
roasted  under  the  embers,  bak'd  in  pies,  whole,  sliced,  or  in  pulp,  is 
very  acceptable  to  all  palates.  'Tis  reported  they  were  heretofore  some- 
thing bitter.     See  what  culture  and  education  eflpects  ! 

61.  Sorrel,  acetosa ;  of  which  there  are  divers  kinds  :  the  French 
acetocella,  with  the  round  leaf,  growing  plentifully  in  the  North  of  Eng-- 
land ;  Roman  oxalis  ;  the  broad  German,  &c. ;  but  the  best  is  of  Green- 
land," by  nature  cold,  abstersive,  acid,  sharpning  appetite,  asswages 
heat,  cools  the  liver,  strengthens  the  heart,  is  an  antiscorbutic,  resisting 
putrefaction,  and  imparting  so  grateful  a  quickness  to  the  rest,  as  sup- 
plies the  want  of  orange,  limon,  and  other  omphacia,  and  therefore 
never  to  be  excluded.     Vide  Wood -sorrel. 

62.  Sow-thistle,  sonchus ;  of  the  intybus  kind.  Galen  was  us'd  to 
eat  it  as  lettuce ;  exceedingly  welcome  to  the  late  Morocco  ambassador 
and  his  retinue. 

63.  Sparagus,  asparagus  Cab  asperitate) ;  temperately  hot  and 
moist,  cordial,  diuretic,  easie  of  digestion,  and  next  to  flesh,  nothing 
more  nourishing,  as  Sim.  Sethius,  an  excellent  physician,  holds.  They 
are  sometimes,  but  very  seldom,  eaten  raw,  with  oyl  and  vinegar;  but 
with  more  delicacy  (the  bitterness  first  exhausted),  being  so  speedllj^ 
boil'd  as  not  to  lose  the  verdure  and  agreeable  tenderness,  which  is  done 
by  letting  the  water  boil  before  you  put  them  in.     I  do  not  esteem  the 


^55 

tch  great  and  larger  sort  (especially  l-ais'd  fey  the  rankness  of  the 
s)  so  sweet  and  agreeable  as  those  of  a  moderate  size. 
'4.  Spinach,  spinachia ;  of  old  not  us'd  in  sallets,  and  the  oftiier 
t  out  the  better:  I  speak  of  the  crude.  But  being  boil'd  to  a  pulp, 
without  other  water  than  its  own  moisture,  is  a  most  excellent  coh- 
lent  with  butter,  vinegar,  or  limon,  for  almost  all  sorts  of  boiled  flesh, 
I  may  accompany  a  sick  man's  diet.  'Tis  laxative  and  emollient, 
I  therefore  profitable  for  the  aged,  and  (tho'  by  original  a  Spaniard) 
y  be  had  at  almost  any  season,  and  in  all  places, 
itone-crop,  sedum  minus.     See  Trick-madame. 

35.  Succory,  cichorium^  intyhus ;  erratic  and  wild,  with  a  narrow 
k  leaf,  different  from  the  sative,  tho'  probably  by  culture  only ;  and 
being  very  bitter,  a  little  edulcorated  with  sugiir  and  vinegar,  is  by 
ae  eaten  in  the  summer,  and  more  grateful  to  the  stomach  than'  the 
ate.     See  Endive.  ' 

36.  Tansy,  tanacetum ;  hot  and  cleansing ;  but  in  regard  of  its  db- 
aeering  relish,  sparingly  mixt  with  our  cold  sallet,  and  much  fitter 
lo'  in  very  small  quantity)  for  the  pan,  being  qualified  with  the  juices 
other  fresh  herbs,  spinach,  green  corn,  violet,  primrose-leaves,  &c. 
entrance  of  the  spring,  and  then  fried  brownish,  is  eaten  hot,  with 
!  juice  of  orange  and  sugar,  as  one  of  the  most  agreeable  of  all  the 
I'd  herbaceous  dishes.  '^ 

67-  Tarragon,  draeo  herha;  of  Spanish  extraction^  hot  and  spicy: 
;  tops  and  young  shoots,  like  those  of  rochet,  never  to  be  secluded  our 
nposition,  especially  where  there  is  much  lettuce.  'Tis  highly  cordial 
1  friendly  to  the  head,  heart,  liver,  correcting  the  weakness  of  the 
itricle,  &c.  • 

68.  Thistle,  carduus  Marice  ;  our  Lady's  milky  or  da;pprd  thistle, 
arm'd  of  its  prickles,  is  worth  esteem.  The  young  stalk,  about  May, 
ing  peel'd  and  soak'd  in  water,  to  extract  the  bitterness,  boil'd  or 
V,  is  a  very  wholsome  sallet,  eaten  with  oyl,  salt,  and  pepper:  some 
:  them  sodden  in  proper  broatb,  or  bak'd  in  pies,  like  the  artichoak : 
t  the  tender  stalk  boil'd  or  fry'd  some  preferr;  both  nourishing  and 

itorative. 

69.  Trick-madame,  sedum  minus,  stone-crop  j  is  cooling  and  moist. 


75& 

grateful  to  the  stomach.  The  cim'ata  and  tops,  when  young  and  ten- 
der, dress'd  as  purselane,  is  a  frequent  ingredient  in  our  cold  sallet. 

70.  Turnep,  rapum;  moderately  hot  and  moist :  napus  ;  the  long 
navet  is  certainly  the  most  delicate  of  them,  and  best  nourishing.  Pliny 
speaks  of  no  fewer  than  six  sorts,  and  of  several  colours,'  some  of  which 
were  suspected  to  be  artificially  tinged.  But  with  us,  the  yellow  is  pre- 
ferr'd;  by  others  the  red  Bohemian.  But  of  whatever  kind,  being 
sown  upon  the  hot-bed,  and  no  bigger  than  seedling  radish,  they  do  ex- 
cellently in  composition  ;  as  do  also  the  stalks  of  the  common  turnep, 
when  first  beginning  to  bud. 

And  here  should  not  be  forgotten,  that  wholsome,  as  well  as  agree- 
able sort  of  bread  we  are  taught*  to  make,  and  of  which  we  have  eaten 
at  the  greatest  persons  tables,  hardly  to  be  distinguish'd  from  the  best 
of  wheat. 

Let  the  turneps  first  be  peel'd,  and  boil'd  in  water  till  soft  and  ten- 
der; then  strongly  pressing  out  the  juice,  mix  them  together,  and  when 
dry  (beaten  or  pounded  very  fine),  with  their  weight  of  wheat-meal, 
season  it  as  you  do  other  bread,  and  knead  it  up;  then  letting  the  dough 
remain  a  little  to  ferment,  fashion  the  paste  into  loaves,  and  bake  it  like 
common  bread. 

Some  roast  turneps  in  a  paper  under  the  embers>  and  eat  them  with 
sugar  and  butter. 

71.  Vine,  vitis  ;  the  capreols,  tendrels,  and  claspers  (like  those  of  the 
hop,  &c.),  whilst  very  young,  have  an  agreeable  acid,  which  may  be  ' 
eaten  alone,  or, with  other  sallet. 

72.  Viper-grass,  tragopogon^  scorzonera,  salsifex,  &c. ;  tho*  medici- 
nal, and  excellent  against  the  palpitation  of  the  heart,  faintings,  ob- 
struction of  the  bowels,  &c.  are  besides  a  very  sweet  and  pleasant  sallet ; 
being  laid  to  soak  out  the  bitterness,  then  peel'd,  may  be  eaten  raw,  or 
condited ;  but  best  of  all  stew'd  with  marrow,  spice,  wine,  &c.  as  arti- 
choak,  skirrets,  &c.  sliced  or  whole.  They  likewise  may  bake,  fry,  or 
boil  them;  a  moi'e  excellent  root  there  is  hardly  growing. 

73.  Wood-sorrel,  trifoUum  acetosum,  Or  lujuld,  of  the  nature  of 
other  sorrels. 

*  Philos.  Trans,  vol.  xvK.  num.  205^  p.  970. 


To  all  which  might  we  add  sundry  more,  foriiierly  had  in  delicm,\ 
since  grown  ohsolete  or  quite  neglected  with  us;  as  amongst  the  noblest 
bulbs  that  of  the  tulip,  a  root  of  which  has  been  valued  not  to  eat,  but 
for  the  flbwer  (aiid  yet  eaten  by  mistake),  at  more  than  an  hundred 
pounds.     The  young  fresh  bulbs  are  sweet  and  high  of  taste.  ■■,  n 

The  asphodil,  or  daffodil;  a  sallet  so  rare  in  Hesiod's  days,  that  Label 
thinks  it  the  parsnep;  tho'  not  at  all  like  it;  however,  it  was  (with  the  * 
mallow)  taken  anciently  for  any  edule-root. 

The  ornitholdgum  roasted,  as  they  do  chestnuts,  is  eaten  by  the 
Italians,  the  wild  yellow  especially,  with  oyl,  vinegar,  and  pepper.  And' 
so  the  small  tuberous  roots  oi  gramen  amygdahsum,  which  they  also 
roast,  and  make  an  emulsion  of,  to  use  in  broaths,  as  a  great  restorative. 
The  oasylapathum,ua'd  of  old,  in  the  time  of  Galen  was  eaten  frequently; 
As  also   dracontium,  with   the   mordicant  arum  THeophrasti,   which 
Dodonaeus  teaches  how  to  dress.     Nay,  divers  of  the  satyaions,' which 
some  condited  with  sugar,  others  boil'd  in  milk  for  a  great  nourisher,' 
now  discarded.     But  what  think  we  of  the  cicuia,  which  there  are  who 
reckon  among  sallet  herbs?     But  whatever  it  is  in  any  other  country, 
'tis  certainly'^  mortiferous  in  ours.     To  these  add  the  viola  matronalisy 
radix  lunaria,  &c.  nay,  the  green  popy,  by  most  accounted  among  the 
deadly  poysons.     How  cautious  then  ought  our  sallet-gatherers  to  be 
in  reading  ancient  authors,  lest  they  happen  to  be  impos'd  on,  where 
they  treat  of  plants  that  are  familiarly  eaten  in  other  countries,  and 
among  other  nations  and  people  of  more  robust  and  strong  constitu- 
tions; besides  the  hazard  of  being  mistaken  in  the  names  of  divers  sim- 
ples, not  as  yet  fully  agreed  upon  among  the  learned  in  botany. 

There  are  besides  several  remaining;  which,  tho'  abdicated  here  with 
us,  find  entertainment  still  in  foreign  countries;  as  the  large  heliotrope 
and  sun-flower  (ere  it  comes  to  expand  and  shew  its  golden  face), 
which,  being  dress'd  as  the  artichoak,  is  eaten  for  a  dainty.  This  I  add 
as  a  new  discovery.  I  once  made  macaroons  with  the  ripe  blanch'd 
seeds,  but  the*turpentine  did  so  domineer  over  all,  that  it  did  not  answer 
expectation.  The  radix  personata,  mounting  with  their  young  heads, 
lu^machia  siliquo&a  glabra  minora  when  fresh  and  tender,  begins  to 
coipe  into  the  sallet-tribe.     The  pale  whiter  popy  is  eaten  by  the  Gef- 


758 

Douese  :  by  the  Spaniards,  the  tops  of  wormwood,  with  oyl  alon^y  and 
without  so  much  as  bread ;  profitable  indeed  to  the  stomach,  but  oflFen- 
sive  to  the  head :  as  is.  also  coriander; and  rue,  which  Galen  was  accus- 
tom'd  to  eat  raw,  and  by  it  self,  with  oyl  and  salt,  as  exceedingly  grate- 
ful, as  well  as  wholsome,  and  of  great  vertue  against  infection.  Pliny, 
I  remember,  reports  it  to  be  of  such  effect  for  the  preservation  of  sight, 
that  the  painters  of  his  time  us'd  to  devour  a  great  quantity  of  it.  And 
it  is  still  by  the  Italians  frequently  mingled  among  their  sallets.  The 
lapathn  personata  (^common  burdock)  comes  now  and  then  to  the  best 
tables  about  April,,  and,  when  young,  before  the  burrs  and  clots  appear, 
being  strip'd,  and  the  bitterness  soaked  out,  treated  as  the  chardoon,  is 
eaten  in  poiverade;  some  also  boil  them.  More  might  here  be  reckon'd 
up,  but  these  may  suffice  ;  since  as  we  find  some  are  left  off",  and  gone 
out,  so-pthers  be  introduc'd,  and  come  in  their  room,  and  that  in  much 
greater  plenty  and  variety  than  was  ever  known  by  our  ancestors.  The 
cucumber  it  self,  how  so  universally  eaten,  being  accounted  little  better 
than  poyson,  even  within  our  memory,  as  already  noted. 

To  conclude,  and  after  all. that  has  been  said  ,of  plants  and  salletting, 
formerly  in  great  esteem  (but  since  obsolete  and  quite  rejected),  what  if 
the  exalted  juice  of  the  ancient  silphium  should  come  in,  and  challenge 
the  precedency  ?  It  is  a  plant*  formerly  so  highly  priz'd  and  rare, 
for  the  richness  of  its  taste  and  other  vertues,  that  as  it  was  dedicated  to 
Apollo,  and  hung  up  in  his  temple  at  Delphi,  so  we  read  of  one  single 
root  brought  to  the  Emperor  Nero  for  an  extraordinary  present,  and  the 
drug  so  esteem'd,  that  the  Romans  had  long  before  amassfd  a  quantity 
of  It,  and  kept  it  in  the  treasury,  till  Julius  Caesar  robb'd  it,  and  took  this 
away,  as  a  thing  of  mighty  value:  in  a  word,  it  was  of  that  account'that 
as  a  sacred  plant  those  of  the  Cyrenaic  Africa  hpnour'd  the  very  figure  of, 
it,  by  stamping  it  on  the  reverse  of  their  coin  f;  and  when  they  would  com- 
mend a  thing  for  its  worth  to  the  skies,  ^cUttou  ariXcpiov  grew  into  a  proverb, 
Battus  having  been  the  founder  of  the  city  Cyrene,  near  which  it  only 


*  Plin.  Hist.  Nat.  lib.  xix.  cap.  3.  et  xx.  c.  22.     See  Jo.  Tzetzes  Chiliadas.  lib.  vi.  cap.  4S.  at 
lib.  xvii.  cap.  119. 

t  Spanheim,  de  Usu  et  Praest.  Numis.  Dissert.  4to.   It  was  sometimes  also  the  reverse  of  Jupiter 
HammoD. 


759 

grew.     Tls  indeed  contested  among  the  learned  botano-sopbists,  whe- 
ther this  plant  was  not  the  same  with  laserpitium,  and  the  laser  it  yields 
the  odoriferous  hen%oin*}     But  doubtless,  had  we  the  true  and  genuine 
silphium  (for  it  appears  to  have  been  often  sophisticated,  and  a  spurious 
sort  brought  into  Italy),  it  would  soon  recover  its  pristine  reputation, 
and  that  it  was  not  so  celebrated  for  nothing  extraordinary ;  since,  be- 
sides its  medicinal  vertue,  it  was  a  wonderful  corroborator  of  the  sto- 
mach, a  restorer  of  lost  appetite  and  masculine  vigour,  and  that  they 
made  use  of  it  almost  in  every  thing  they  eat- 
But  should  we  now  really  tell  the  world  that  this  precious  juice  is  by 
many  thought  to  be  no  other  than  the  foetid  assa  f ,  our  nicer  sallet> 
eaters  (who  yet  bestow  as  odious  an  epithet  on  the  vulgar  garlick)  would 
cry  out  upon  it  as  intolerable),  and  perhaps  hardly  believe  it :  but  as 
Aristophanes  has  brought  it  in,  and  sufficiently  describ'd  it,  so  the  Scho- 
liast upon  the  place  puts  it  out  of  controversy;  and  that  they  made  use 
both  of  the  leaves,  stalks,  and  extract  especially,  as  we  now  do  garlick,, 
and  other  haut-gouts,  as  altogether  nauseous.     In  the  mean  time.  Gar- 
cius,  Bontius,  and  others,  assure  us,  that  the  Indians  at  this  day  uni- 
versally sauce  their  viands  with  it;  and  the  Bramins,  who  eat  no  flesh  at 
all,  inrich  their  sallets  by  constantly  rubbing  the  dishes  with  it.     Nor 
are  some  of  our  own  skilful  cooks  ignorant  how  to  condite  and  use  it, 
with  the  applause  of  those  who^  ignorant  of  the  secret,  have  admir'd  the 
richness  of  the  gust  it  has  imparted,  when  it  has  been  substituted  inr 
stead  of  all  our  cipollati  and  other  seasonings  of  that  nature. 

And  thus  have  we  done  with  the  various  species  of  all  such  esculents 
as  may  properly  enter  the  composition  of  our  acetaria  and  cold  sallet> 
And  if  I  have  briefly  touch'd  upon  their  nature,  degrees,  and  primary 
qualities,  which  intend  or  remit,  as  to  the  scale  of  heat,  cold,  dryness, 
moisture,  &c.  (which  is  to  be  understood  according  to  the  diflFerent  tex- 

*  —— —  Oi?o'  at  Et  Stini  y  I'*"* 
Toy  ir\ovToy  »i/tq»  «»1  to  Bwttou  o-iK^iot, — Arjstoph.  in  Pluto.  act.  iv.  sc.  3. . 
j-  Of  which  some  would  have  it  a  coarser  sort  inamceni  odoris,  as  the  same  Comedian  names  it 
in  his  Equites,  pp.  239  and  340,  edit.  Basil.    See  likewise  this  discuss'd,  together  with  its  proper- 
ties, most  copiously,  in  Jo.  Budaeus  a  Stapu).  Comment  in  Theophrast.  lib.  vi.  cap.  I.  and  Bauhin. 
Hist.  Plant. lib.  xxvii.  cap.  53. 


^60 

turei  of  their  component  particles),  it  has  not  been  without  what  t 
thought  necessary  for  the  instruction  of  the  gatherer  and  sallet-dresser, 
how  he  ought  to  choose,  sort,  and  mingle  his  materials  and  ingredients 

together. 

What  care  and  circumspection  should  attend  the  choice  and  collec- 
tion of  sallet  herbs  has  been  partly  shew'd.,  I  can  therefore  by  no 
means  approve  of  that  extravagant  fancy  of  some,  who  tell  us,  that  a 
fool  is  as  fit  to  be  the.  gatherer  of  a  sallet  as  a  wiser  man ;  because,  Sa^ 
they,  one  can  hardly  choose  amiss,  provided  the  plants  be  green,  young, 
and  tender,  where-ever  they  meet  with  them.  But  sad  experience  shews 
how  many  fatal  mistakes  have  been  committed  by  those  who  took  the 
deadly  cicutce,  hemlocks,  aconits,  &c.  for  garden  persley  and  parsneps; 
the  myrrhis  si/lvestris,  or  cow- weed,  for  choerophilium  (chervil);  thapsia 
for  fennel;  the  wild  cAowdfnY/a  for  succory  ;  dogs-mercury  instead  ;of  spi- 
nach ;  papaver  corniculatum  lutewn,  and  horn'd  poppy,  for  eringo ; 
iknantheaquatica  iovi\\Q  palustral  apium,  and  a  world  more,  whose  dire 
effects  have  been  many  times  sudden  death,  and  the  cause  of  mortal  acci- 
dents to  those  who  have  eaten  of  them  unwittingly.  But  supposing 
some  of  those  wild  and  unknown  plants  should  not  prove  so  deleterious 
and  unwholsome  *  ;  yet  may  others  of  them  annoy  the  head,  brain,  and 
genus  nervosum,  weaken  the  eyes,  offend  the  stomachy  affect  the  livery 
torment  the  bowels,  and  discover  their  malignity  in  dangerous  and 
dreadful  symptoms  :  and  therefore,  such  plants  as  are  rather  medicinal 
than  nourishing  and  refreshing  are  studiously  to  be  rejected.  So  highly 
necessary  it  is,  that  what  we  sometimes  find  in  old  books  concern ing 
edules  of  other  countries  and  climates  (frequently  call'd  by  the  namies 
of  such  as  are  wholsome  in  ours,  and  among  us),  mislead  not  the  un- 
skilful gatherer;  to  prevent  which  we  read  of  divers  Popes  and  Emperors 
that  had  sometimes  learned  physicians  for  their  master-cooks.  I  cannot 
therefore  but  exceedingly  approve  of  that  charitable  advice  of  Mr.  Ray-j*, 
who  thinks  it  the  interest  of  mankind,  that  all  persons  should  be  cau- 
tion'd  of  adventuring  upon  unknown  herbs  and  plants  to  their  prejudice. 

*  Vide  Cardanum,  de  usu  Cibi.  *  Philos,  Trans,  vol.  xx,  numb.  238. 


761 

Of  such  I  say,  with  our  excellent  Poet  *  (a  little  chang'd), 
Happy  from  such  conceal'd,  if  still  do  lie, 
Of  roots  and  herbs  the  unyv'holsome  luxury.  .      ' 

The  illustrious  and  learned  Columna  has,  by  observing  whatinsec 
did  usually  feed  on,  make  conjectures  of  the  nature  of  the  plants. 
I  should  not  so  readily  adventure  upon  it  on  that  account,  as  to 
wholsomness  :  for  tho'  indeed  one  may  safely  eat  of  a  peach  or  abri( 
after  a  snail  has  been  taster,  I  question  whether  it  might  be  so  -of 
other  fruits  and  herbs  attack'd  by  other  insects;  nor  would  one  cohcli 
the  hyoscyamus  harmless,  because  the  cimeic  feeds  upon  it,  as  the  lean 
Dr.  Lister  has  discover'd.  Notice  should  therefore  be  taken  what-ej 
of  insects  are  found  adhering  to  the  leaves  of  sallet-herbs,  and  \ 
quently  cleave  so  firmly  to  them  as  not  easily  to  be  wash'd  off,  and 
not  being  taken  notice  of,  passing  for  accidental  and  harmless  sp 
only,  may  yet  produce  very  ill  effects. 

Gpillus,  who  according  to  the  doctrine  of  transmigration  (as  Plutai 
tells  us)  had  in  his  turn  been  a  beast ;  discourses  how  much  better 
fed  and  liv'd  than  when  he  was  turn'd  to  nian  again,  as  knowing  th 
what  plants  were  best  and  most  proper  for  him  :  whilst  men,  sarcopl 
gists  (flesh  eaters),  in  all  this  time  were  yet  to  seek.  And  'tis  inde 
very  evident  that  cattle  and  other  '7ra,v(pa,yot  and  herbaceous  animals' Whi 
feed  on  plants  are  directed  by  their  smell,  and  iaccordingly  make  electi 
of  their  food  ;  but  men  (besides  the  smell  and  taste)  have,  or  shoi 
have  I'eason,  experience,  and  the  aids  of  natural  philosophy  to  be  th 
guides  in  this  matter.  We  have  heard  of  plants  that  (like  the  Basilis 
kill  and  infect  by  looking  on  them  only  J;  and  some  by  the  touc 
The  truth  is,  there's  need  of  all  the  senses  to  determine  analdgical 
concerning  the  vertues  and  properties  even  of  the  leaves  alone  of  mai 


*  Cowley. 

Ov^'  ciray  h  fUiXcix^  te  ko,]  ar^oSeTuii  lily'  ovEisg 

Kpu'it'*''";  yotp  e;^ouo-»  6eo\  Sim  avSjaiffoio-i. — Hesiod.  Opera  et  Dies.  Vi  1 1, 
t  Concerning  this  of  insects,  see  Mr.  Ray's  Hist.  Plant,  lib,  i.  cap.  24.     " 
}  The  poyson'd  weeds.     "  I  have  seen  a  man  who  was  so  poyson'd  with  it,  that  the  skin  pee 
off  hie  fece,  and  yet  he  never  touch'd  it,  onely  looked  on  it  as  he  pass'd  by."  Mr.  Stafford,  Phi] 
Transact,  vol.  III.  num.  xl.  p.  794. 

5  £ 


762 

edule  plants.  The  most  eminent  principles  of  near  the  whole  tribe  of 
sallet  vegetables  inclining  rather  to  acid  and  sowre  than  to  any  other 
quality,  especially  salt,  sweet  or  luscious.  There  is  therefore  skill  and 
judgment  required  how  to  suit  and  mingle  our  sallet  ingredients  so  as 
may  best  agree  with  the  constitution  of  the  (vulgarly  reputed)  humors 
of.  those  who  either  stand  in  need  of,  or  affect  these  refreshments,  and 
by  so  adjusting  them,  that  as  nothing  should  besufFer'd  to  domineer,  so 
should  none  of  them  lose  their  genuine  gijst,  savour,  or  vertue.  To 
this  end, 

The  cooler,  and  moderately  refreshing,  should  be  chosen  to  extinguish 
t^hirst,  attemper  the  blood,  repress  vapours,  &c. 

.  The  hot,  dry, -aromatic,  cordial  and  friendly  to  the  brain,  may  be  qua- 
lify'd  by  the  cold  and  moist :  the  bitter  and  Sitpmachical,  with  the  sub- 
acid and  gentler  herbs:  the  mordicant  and  pungent,  and  such  as  repress 
^r  discuss  flatulency,  revive  the  spii^its,  and  aid  concoction,  with  such  as 
abate  and  take  off  the  keenness,  mollify  and  reconcile  the  more  harsh 
and  churlish  :  the  mild  and  insipid,  animated  w^t^i  piquaqt  and  brisk  : 
the  astringent  and  binders,  with  such,  as  are  laxative  and  deobstruct ; 
the  over-sluggish,  raw,  and  unactive,  with  those  that  q.re  eupeptic  and 
promote  concoction.  There  are  peqtoral^  for  the  breast  aijd  bowels. 
Those  of  middle  nature,  according  as  they  appear  to  be  more  or  less 
specific,  and  as  their  characters  (tho'  briefly)  are  describ'd  in  our  fore- 
going catalogue  j  for  notwithstanding  it  seem  in  general  that  raw  sal- 
lets  and  herbs  have  experiroeptaHy  been  found  to  be  the  mo^t  soveraign 
diet  in  that  endemial  (and  indeed  with  us  epidemical  and  almost  uni- 
versal) contagion  the  scorbute,  to  which  we  of  this  nation,  and  most 
other  islanders,  are  obnoxious ;  yet,  since  the  nasturtia  are  singly,  and 
alone  as  it  were,  the  most  effectual  and  powerful  agents  in  conquering 
and  expugning  that  cruel  enemy,  it  were  enough  to  give  the  sallet- 
dresser  direction  how  to  choose,  mingle,  and  proportion  his  ingredients, 
as  well  as  to  shew  what  remedies  there  are  contain'd  in  our  magazine  of 
sallet-plants  upon  all  occasions,  rightly  marshal'd  and  skilfiilly  apply'd. 
So  as  (with  our  sweet  Cowley  *), 

*  Cowley's  Garden,  stanza  8,  somewhat  altered  by  Evelyn. 


763 

If  thro'  the  strong  and  beauteous  fence 

Of  temperance  and  of  innocence, 

And  wholsome  labours,  and  a  quiet  mind, 
Diseases  passage  find ; 
They  must  not  think  here  to  assail 

A  land  unarm'd,  or  without  guard, 

They  must  fight  for  it,  and  dispute  it  hard, 
Before  they  can  prevail ; 

Scarce  any  plant  is  used  here 

Which  'gainst  some  aile  a  weapon  does  not  bear. 
We  have  said  how  necessary  it  is,  that  in  the  composure  of  a  sallet 
every  plant  should  come  in  to  bear  its  part,  without  being-overpower'd 
by  some  herb  of  a  stronger  taste,  so  as  to  endanger  the  native  sapor  and 
vertue  of  the  rest,  but  fall  into  their  places,  like  the  notes  in  music,  iri 
which  there  should  be  nothing  harsh  or  grating:  and  tho'  admitting 
some  discords  (to  distinguish  and  illustrate  the  rest)  striking  in  the 
more  sprightly,  and  sometimes  gentler  notes,  reconcile  all  dissonancies, 
and  melt  them  into  an  agreeable  composition.  Thus  the  comical  mas- 
ter-cook, introduc'd  by  Damoxenus,  when  asked  wSg  e<rriv  aCrois  avu(povia, 
(what  harmony  there  was  in  meats  ?)  the  very  same  (says  he)  that  a 
diatessaron,  dic^ente,  and  diapason  have  one  to  another  in  a  consert  of 
music;  and  that  there  was  as  great  care  requir'd  not  to  mingle  sapores 
minime  consentientes  *,  jarring  and  repugnant  tastes,  looking  upon  him 
as  a  lamentable  ignorant  who  should  be  no  better  vers'd  in  Democritus, 
The  whole  scene  is  very  diverting,  as  Athenseus  presents  it ;  and  to  the 
same  sense  Macrobius,  Saturn,  lib.  1,  cap.  1.  In  short,  the  main  skill 
of  the  artist  lies  in  this  : 


*  Sapores  minime  consentientes  k«,\  <TU]ji,irXix.oitims  oux^  <rvii.(puiaui;  a^it:  hftc  despicere  ingeniosi 
est  artificis  :  neither  did  the  artist  mingle  his  provisions  without  extraordinary  study  and  conside- 
ration :  'Axx»^  /iJfaj  vavra  Katd  <nfi.^'mlat.    Horum  singulis  seorsum  assumptis,  tu  expedito :  sic 

ego  tanquam  oraculo  jubeo. Itaque  literarum  ignarum  coqUum,  tu  cum  videris,  &  qui  Demo- 

criti  scripta  omnia  non  perlegerit,  vel  potius,  impromptu  non  habeat,  eum  deride  ut  futilem  :  ac 
ilium  mercede  conducito,  qui  Epicuri  canonem  usu  plane- didicerit,  &c.  as  it  follows  in  the  Gastro- 
nomia  of  Archestratus^  Athen.  lib.  xxiii.    Such  another  braggadocio  cook  Horace  describes^ 
Nee  sibi  coenarum  quivis  temerb  arroget  artem, 
Non  prius  exacts  tenui  ratione  saporum. — Sat.  lib.  ii.  sat.  4. 


764 

What  choice  to  choose,  for  delicacy  best ; 
What  order,  so  contriv'd  as  not  to  mix 
Tastes  not  well  j bin' d,  inelegant,  but  bring 
Taste  after  taste,  upheld  by  kindliest  change. 

As  our  Paradisian  Bard  *  introduces  Eve,    dressing  of  a  sallet  for  her 
angelical  guest. 

Thus,  by  the  discreet  choice  and  mixture  of  the  oxoleou  (oyl,  vine^ 
gar,  salt,  &c.)  the  composition  is  perfect,  so  as  neithef  the  prodigal, 
niggard,  nor  insipid,  should  (according  to  the  Italian  rule)  prescribe,  in 
my  opinion;  since  one  maybe  too  profuse,  the  other  over-saving f,  and 
the  third  (like  himself)  give  it  no  relish  at  all :  it  may  be  too  sharp,  if 
it  exceed  a  grateful  acid;  too  ins;ulse  and  flat,  if  the  profusion  be  ex- 
tream.  From  all  which  it  appears,  that  a. wise  man  is  the  proper  com- 
poser of  an  excelleiit  sallet,  arid, how  many  transcendencies  belong  to  an 
aceomplish'd  sallet-dresser,  so  as  to  emerge  an  exact  critic  indfeed.  He 
should  be  skill'd  in  the  degrees,  terms,  and  various  species  of  tastes,  ac- 
cording to  the  scheme  set  us  down  in  the.  tables  of  .the  learned  Dr. 
Grew  J,  to  which  I  refer  the.  curious.  .  , 

'Tis  moreover  to  be  consider'd,.  that  edule  plants  are  not  in  all  their 
tastes  and  yertues  alike  :  for  as  Providence  has  made  us  to  consist  of 
diflferent  parts  ancl  members,  both  internal  and  external,  so  require  they 
different  juices  to, nourish  and  supply  them:  wherefore,  the  foirce  and 
activity  of  ^oxne  plants  lie  in  the  root ;  and  even  the  leaves  of  some  bit- 
ter roots  are  sweet,  and  ^  contra:  of  others  in.  the  stem,  leaves,. buds, 
flowers,  &c.  Some  exert  their  vigour  without  decoction  ;  others,  being 
a  little  press'd  or  contus'd ;  others  again,  raw,  and  best  in  consort ; 
some  alone,  and  per  se,  without  any  (rxsvourici,  preparation,  or  mixture  at 
all.  ~  Care,  therefore,  must  be  taken  by  the  collector,  that  ,what  he  ga- 
thers answer  to  these  qualities,,  and  that  as  near  as  he  can,  they  consist 
(I  speak  of  the  cruder  salleting)  of  the  oluscula,  and  exfoliis  pubescen- 


*  Milton's  Paradise  Lost,  book  v.  1. 333, 

t  —Qui 

Tingat  olus  siccum  muri^  vafer  in  calice  empt&. 
Ipse  sacrum  irrorans  piper. — Pers.  sat.  vi. 
J  Dr.  Grew,  Lecture  vi.  chap.  3,  3,  read  before  the  Royal  Society. 


765 

ibm,  or  (as  Martial  calls  them)  prototomi  rudes*,  and  very  teuclerest 
arts,  ^erms,  young  buds,  and  even  first  rudiments  of  their  several 
ilants ;  such  as  we  sometimes  find  in  the  craws  of  the  wood-culver, 
tock-dove,  partridge,' pheasants,  and  other  upland  fowl,  where  we  have 
natural  sallet,  pick'd,  arid  almost  dress'd  to  our  hands. 

I.  Preparatory  to  the  dressing  therefore,  let  your  herby  ingredients 
le  exquisitely  cull'd,  and  cleans'd  of  all  worm-eaten,  slimy,  canker'd, 
ry,  spotted,  or  any  ways  vitiated  leaves.  And  then,  that  they  be  rather 
iscreetly  sprinkl'd,  than  over-much  soaked  with  sprhig- water,  especially 
ittuce,  whicli  Dr.  Muffet^  thinks  impairs  their  vertue";  but  this,  I  sup- 
ose  he  means  of  the  cabbage-kind,  whose  heads  are  sufiiciently  pro- 
2cted  by  the  outer  leaves  which  cover  it.'  After  washing,  let  them  re- 
aain  a  while  in  the  cullender,  to  drain  the  superfluous  moisture :  and 
istly,  swing  them  altogether  gently  in  a  clean  course  napkin,  and  so 
tiey  will  be  in  perfect  condition  to  receive  the  intinctus  following.    ' 

II.  That  the  oyl,  an  ingredient  so  indispensib'y  and  highly  necessary 
s  to  have  obtain'd  the  name  of  ciharium  (and  with  us  of  sallet-oyl)  be 
ery  clean,  not  high-coldur'd,  nor  yellow,  but'  with  an  eye  rather  of  ,e^ 
allid  olive  greien,  without  smell,  or  the  least  touch  of  rancid,  or  indeed 
f  any  other  sensible  taste  or  scent  at, all;  but  smooth,  light,  and  plea- 
int  upon  the  tongue,  such  as  the  genuine  bmphacine,  and  native  Lucca 
lives  afford,  fit  to  allay  the  tartness  of  vinegar  and  other  acids,- yet 
ently  to  warm  and  humectate  where  it  passes.  Some  who  have  an 
*rersion  to  oyl  substitute  fresh  butter  in  its  stead;  but  'tis  so' exceedingly 
logging  to  the  stomach  as  by  no  means  to  be  allpw'd. 

III.  That  the  vinegar,  and  other  liquid  iacids,  perfectly  clear,  nei- 
ler  sowre,  vapid,  or  spent,  be  of  the  best  wine  vinegar,  whether  dia- 
ll'd,  or  otherwise  aromatiz'd,  and  impregnated  with  the  infusion  of 
love-gillyflowers,  elder,  roses,  rosemary,  nasturtium,  &c.  inrich'd  with 
levertues  of  the  plant. 

A  verjuice  not  unfit  for  sallet  is  made  by  a  grape  of  that  name,  or  the 
reen  immatur6'clusters  of  most  othier  grapes,  press'd,  and  put  into  a 
nail  vessel  to  ferment. 


*  Epigram,  lib.  x.  48.  ver.  17.  ,         ,  t  Muffet,  de  Diteta^  c.  23. 


766 

IV.  That  the  salt  (aliorum  condimentorum  condimentum,  as  Plu- 
tarch calls  it),  detersive,  penetrating,  quickning  (and  so  great  a  re- 
sister  of  putrefaction,  and  universal  use,  as  to  have  sometitti€#  merited 
divine  epithets),  be  of  the  brightest  bay-salt,  moderately  dried  and  con- 
tus'd,  as  being  the  least  corrosive  :  but  of  this,  as  of  sugar  also,  which 
some  mingle  with  the  salt  (as  warming  without  heating),  if  perfectly 
refin'd,  there  would  be  no  great  difficulty,  provided  none,  save  ladies, 
were  of  the  mess  ;  whilst  the  perfection  of  sallets,  and  that  which  gives 
them  the  name,  consists  in  the  grateful  saline  acid  point,  temper'd  as  is 
directed,  and  which  we  find  to  be  most  esteem'd  by  judicious  palates. 
Some,  in  the  mean  time,  have  been  so  nice  and  luxuriously  curious  as 
for  the  heightning,  and  (as  they  aflFect  to  speak)  giving  the  utmost 
poignant  and  relevde,  in  lieu  of  our  vulgar  salt,  to  recommend  and  cry 
up  the  essential  salts  and  spirits  of  the  mdst  sanative  vegetables,  or  such 
of  the  alcalizate  and  fixt,  extracted  from  the  cakination  of  haulm,  rose- 
mary, Wormwood,  scurvy-»grass,  &c.  affirming,  that  without  the  gross 
plant  we"'  might  have  healing,  cooling,  generous,  and  refreshing  cordials, 
and  all  the  materia  medica,  out  of  tVie  salt-cellar  only.     But,  to  say  no 
more  of  this  impertinence  as  to  salt  of  vegetables,  many  indeed  there  be 
who  reckon  them  not  much  unlike  in  operation,  however  different  in 
taste,  crystals,  and  figure ;  it  being  a  question  whether  they  at  all  retain 
the  virtues  and  faculties  of  their  simples,  unless  they  could   be  made 
without  calcination.     Franciscus  Redi  gives  us  his  opinion  of  this,  in  a 
process  how  they  are  to  be  prepar'd ;  and  so  does  our  learned  Doctor  * 
(whom  we  lately  nam'd),  whether  lixivial,  essential,  marine,  or  other 
factitious  salts  of  plants,  with  their  qualities,  and  how  they  differ.     But 
since  'tis  thought  all  fixed  salts,  made  the  common  way,  are  little  bettei: 
than  our  common  salt,  let  it  suffice,  that  our  sallet-salt  be  of  the  best 
ordinary  bay-salt,  clean,  bright,  dry,  and  without  clamminess. 

Of  sugar  (by  some  call'd  Indian  salt),  as  it  is  rarely  us'd  in  sallet,  it 
should  be  of  the  best  refined,  white,  hard,  close,  yet  light  and  sweet  as 
the  Madeiras ;  nourishing,  preserving,  cleansing,  delighting  the  taste, 
and  preferable.to  honey  for  most  uses. — ^Note,  That  both  this,  salt,  and 

*  Dr.  Grew,  Anat.  Plant,  lib.  1.  sect.  iv.  cap.  1,  &c.    See  also  Phil.  Transact,  num.  107.  vol.  ix. 


7Q7 

vinegar,  are  to  be  proportipn'd  to  the  constitution,  as  well  as  what  is 
said  of  the  plants  themselves ;  the  one  fof  cold,  the  other  forhotsto- 
machs. 

V.  That  the  mustard  (another  i. noble,  ingredient)  be  of  the  best 
Tewksbury,  or  else  compos'd  of  the  soundest  and  weightiest  Yorkshire 
seed,  exquisitely  sifted,  winnow'd,  and  freed  from  the  husks,  a  little,  not 
over-much)  dry'd  by  the  fire,  temper'd  to  the  consistence  of  a  pap  with 
vinegar,  in  which  shavings  of  the  horse-radish  have  been  steep'd ;  then, 
cutting  an  onion,  and  putting  it  into  a  small  earthen  gally^pot,  or  some 
thick  glass  of  that  shape,  pour  the  mustard  over  it,  and  close  it  very 
well  with  a  cork.  There  be  who  preserve  the  flower  and  dust  of  the< 
bruised  seed  in  a  well-stopped  glass,  to  temper,  and  have  it  fresh  when 
they  please.  But  what  is  yet  by  some  esteem'd  beyond  all  these  is 
compos'd  of  the  dried  seeds  of  the  Indian  nasturtium,  reduc'd  to  powder, 
fi,nely  bolted,  and  mixt  with  a  little  levain,  and  so  from  time  to  time 
made  fresh,  as  indeed  all  other  mustard  should  be. 

Note,  That  the  seeds  are  pounded  in  a  mortar,  or  bruis'd  with  a  po- 
lish'd  cannon  "bullet,  in  a  large  wooden  bowl-dishj  or,  which  is  most 
preferr'd,  ground  in  a  quern  contriv'd  for  this  purpose  only. 

VI.  That  the  pepper  (white  or  black)  be  not  bruis'd  to  too  small 
a  dust,  which,  as  we  caution'd,  is  very  prejudicial.  And  here  let 
me  mention  the  root  of  the  minor  pimpinella,  or  small  burnet  saxifrage, 
which,  being  dried,  is  by  some  extpU'd  beyond  all  other  peppers,  and 
more  wholsom. 

Of  other  strewings  and  aromatizers  which  may  likewise  be  admitted 
to  inrich  our  sallet  we  have  already  spoken,  where  we  mention  orange 
and  limon  peel ;  to  which  may  also  be  added,  Jamaica-pepper,  juniper- 
berries,  &c.  as  of  singular  vertue. 

Nor  here  should  I  omit  (the  mentioning  at  least  of)  s^flfron,  which 
the  German  housewives  have  a  way  of  forming  into  balls,  by  mingling  it 
with  a  little  honey,  which,  throughly  dried,  they  reduce  to  powder,  and 
sprinkle  it  over  their  sallets  for  a  noble  cordial.  Those  of  Spain  and 
Italy,  we  know,  generally  make  use  of  this  flower,  mingling  its  golden 
tincture  with  almost  every  thing  they  eat ;  but  its  being  so  apt  to  preyail 
above  every  thing  with  which  'tis  blended,  we  little  incourage  its  ad- 
mittance into  our  sallet.  ^ 


768 

VII.  That  there  be  the  yolks  of  fresh  and  new-laid  eggs,  boil'd 
derate] y  hard,  to  be  mingl'd  and  mash'd  with  the  mustarc^,;;  oyl, 
vinegar;  and  part  to  cut  into  quarters,  and  eat  with  the  herbs. 

VIII.  That  the  knife  with  which  the  sallet  herbs  are  cut,  ace 
ing  to  the  super-curious. (^especially  oranges,  limons,  &c.),  be  of  si] 
and  by  no  means  of  steel,  which  all  acids  are  apt  to  corrode,  and  re 
a  metalic  relish  of. 

IX.  Ninthly  and  lastly,  that  the  saladiere  (sallet-dishes),  be  of 
celane,  or  of  the  Holland  delft- ware  ;  neither  too  deep  nor  shalloWj 
cording  to  the  quantity  of  the  sallet  ingredients  ;  pewter,  or  even  si] 
not  at  all  so  well  agreeing  with  oyl  and  vinegar,  which  leave  their  s 
ral  tinctures.  And  note,  that  there  ought  to  be  one  of  this  dishe 
which  to  beat  and  mingle  the  liquid  vehicles  ;  and  a  second  to  rec 
the  crude  herbs  in,  upon  v^hich  they  are  to  be  pour'd  ;..and  then  wi 
fork  and  spoon  kept  continually  stirr'd,  till  all  the  furniture  be  eqt 
moisten'd.  Some,  who  are  husbands  of  their  oyl,  pour  at  first  the 
alone,  as  more  apt  to  communicate  and  diffuse  its  slipperiness,  \ 
when  it  is  mingled  and  beaten  with  the  acids,  which,  they  pour  on  las 
all ;  and  'tis  incredible  how  small  a  quantity  of  oyl  (in  this  quality 
the  gilding  of  wyer)  is  sufficient  to  imbue  a  very  plentiful  assembl; 
sallet-herbs.  .       .  ' 

The  sallet;-gatherer  likewise  should  be  provided  with  a  light  and  ne 
made  withy  Dutch  basket,  divided  into  several  partitions. 

Thus  instructed  and  knowing  in  the  apparatus,  the  species,  pro] 
tions,  and  manner  of  dressing,  according  to  the   several  seasons, 
have  in  the  following  table. 

It  being  one  of  the  inquiries  of  the  noble  Mr.  Boyle  *,  whfit  h 
were  proper  and  fit  to  make  sallets  with,  and  how  best  to  order  th< 
we  have  here  (by  the  assistance  of  Mr.  London,  his  Majesty's  princ 
gardtier)  reduc'd  them  to  a  competent  number,  not  exceeding  thi 
five,  but  which  may  be  vary'd  and  inlarg'd,  by  taking-in,  or  leaving 
any  other  sallet-plant  mention'd  in  the  foregoing  list,  under  these  tl 
or  four  heads. 

*  Philosoph.  Transact,  vol.  Ill,  num.  xl.  p.  799. 


769 

But  all  these  sorts  are  not  to  be  had  at  the  very  same  time,  and  there- 
fore we  have  divided  them  into  the  Quarterly  Seasons,  each  containing 
and  lasting  three  months. 

Note,  That  by  parts  is  to  be  understood  a  pugil;  which  is  no  more 
than  one  does  usually  take  up  between  the  thumb  and  the  two  next  fin- 
gers,    ^y  fascicule  a  reasonable  full  grip,  or  hatidful. 


Species. 


Ordering  and  Culture. 


Blanch' d. 


Tied-up  to  blanch. 


1.  Endive, 

2.  Cichoi-y, 

3.  Sellery; 

4.  Sweet-1 

5.  Rampi( — ,        _  , ,      , 

6.  Roman  -\  /■  Tied-up  to  blanch. 

a  SiTesLi   fLettuce,  ^  xied  closfe  np. 

9.  Cabbage  J  \.pome  and  blanch  of  themselves. 


^fennel,      \        Earth'd-up. 
ions,        J 


Green  Unblanch'd. 

10.  Lob-lettuce, 
H.  Corn-Sallet, 
J  2.  Purslane, 

13.  Cresses,  broad, 

14.  Spinach,  curl'd, 

15.  Sorrel,  French, 

16.  Sorrel,  Greenland, 

17.  Radish, 

18.  Cresses, 

19.  Turnep,^ 

20.  Mustard, 

21.  Scurvy-grass, 

22.  Chervil, 

23.  Burnet, 

24.  Rocket,  Spanish, 

25.  Persly, 

26.  Tarragon, 

27.  Mints, 

28.  Sampler, 

29.  Balm, 

30.  Sage,  Red, 

31.  Shalots, 

32.  Cives  and  Onion, 
33;  Nasturtium,  Indian, 
34.'  Rampion,  Belgrade, 
35.  Trip-madame, 


>  Leaves,  all  of  a  middling  size. 

J  Seed-leaves,  and  the  next  to  them. 

7  The  fine  young  leaves  only,  with  the  first 
3         shoots. 

Only  the  tender  young  leaves. 

The  seed-leaves,  and  those  only  next  them. 


} 
} 


The  seed-leaves  only. 

The  young  leaves  immfediately  after  the 
seedlings. 


I  The  tender  shoots  and  tops. 

>The  young  tender  leaves  and  shoots, 

i?The  tender  young  leaves. 

The  flowrers  and  bud-flowers. 
?  The  seed-leaves  and  young  tops. 


5    F 


770 


onth. 


Ordering 

and 
Culture. 


Species. 


Proportion. 


Month. 


Ordering 

and 
Culture. 


Species.    * 


Proportior 


an. 


•eb. 


fRampions, 


_,      , , ,       Endive, 
Blanch  d,  J  g^^^^^ 

as  before.  >  —        -■' 


nd 


arch. 


Green 
and  un-    « 
blanch'd," 


ri'O 
I    2 

<    5 

Fennel,  sweet,  |  10 
Sellery, 

"Lamb-lettuce, 
Lob-lettuce, 
Radish, 
Cresses, 
Turneps, 
Mustard  Seed 

lings. 
Scurvy-grass, 
Spinach, 
Sorrel,  Green-' 

land. 
Sorrel,  French, 
Chervill,sweet, 
Burnet, 
Rocket, 


Roots  in 


number. 

j-Apugilofeach 
[•.Three  parts  ea 


■} 


Of  each  one 
part. 

Two  parts. 


!>One  part  of  ea. 


Tarragon, 

Balm, 

Mint, 

Sampler, 

Shalots, 

Gives, 


{Twenty  large 
leaves. 


I  One  small  part 
J      of  each. 

>  Very  few. 

Cahhap-P  Win-  f^'^"  P"Sils  or 
Cabbage,  Wm- I      ^^^^^  ^^^^ 

^^''  \    fuls. 


pril. 


Jay, 


nd 


rLop» 

Silesian 
Blanch'd  •(      winter 
E.oman 

winter 
Radishes, 
Cresses, 


.  Green 
"^  herbs  un 


blanch'd. 

Note, 
That  the 
Lyoung 


}{ 


^  i  Of  each  a 
(    pugil. 


■^  Purselan, 

Sorrel,  French, 
.Sampler, 


{■ 


Three  parts. 

Two  parts, 
fasciat,   or 
pretty   full 
gripe. 

Two  parts. 

One  part. 


June. 


"seedling, 
leaves  of 
Orange  & 
Limon 

.  may  all 
"^  these 
monthsbe 
mingled 
with  the 

LSallet. 


"Onions, young,  Six  parts. 
Sage-tops,  red.  Two  parts 
Persley,  T 

Cressesjlndian 
Lettuce,  Bel- 
grade, 
Trip-madame, 
Chervil,  sweet 
Burnet, 


Of  each  oi 
part. 


Two  parts. 


July, 
Aug. 
and 

Sept. 


"Blanch'd, 
and  may 
be  eaten 
by  them- 
selves with 
some  Nas- 
turtium- • 
flowers. 


Green 
herbs  by  ■< 
them- 
selves, or 
mingl'd 
with  the 
.blanch'd. 


"1  One  whole  L 
I      tuce. 


} 


Two  parts. 


"Silesian   Let- 
tuce, 
Roman    LiCt- 

tuce. 
Cress, 
.Cabbage, 
"Cresses, 
Nasturtium, 
Purslane, 
Lop-lettuce, 
Belgrade,   or 

Crumpen-let 

tuce. 

Tarragon,  One  part. 

Sorrel,  French,"!  Two  parts 
Burnet,  J      each. 

.Trip-madame,     One  part. 


Four  parts, 

1  * 

>  Two  parts. 

l  One  part. 


-} 


Two  parts. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


and 


Decem. 


Blanch'd 


fTwo  if  larj 


Endive, 
Sellery, 


Green  < 


four  if  sm£ 
stalk  and  p 
of  the  roc 
and  tender 
L  leaves. 
Lop-lettuce,      •>  An  handful 
Lambs-lettuce,  J      each. 
Radish,  Three  parts. 

_Cresses,  Two  partg. 

Turneps,  "j 

Mustard  Seed-  >One  part  of  i 
lings,      -      J 
j  Cresses,  broad,"!  Two  parts  i 
LSpinach,  J      each. 


771 


FURTHER    DIRECTIONS     CONCERNING    THE    PROPER   SEASONS    FOR   THE 
GATHERING,    COMPOSING,    AND    DRESSING    OF    A    SALLET. 


And  first,  as  to  the  season,  both  plants  and  roots  are  then  properly 
to  be  gather'd,  and  in  prime  when  most  they  abound  with  juice  and  in 
vigour.  Some  in  the  spring,  or  a  little  anticipating  it  before  they 
blossom,  or  are  in  full  flower.  Some  in  the  autumnal  months ;  which 
later  season  many  preferr,  the  sap  of  the  herb,  tho'  not  in  such  exu- 
berance, yet  as  being  then  better  concocted,  and  so  render'd  fit  for  sal- 
leting,  'till  the  spring  begins  afresh  to  put  forth  new  and  tender  shoots 
and  leaves. 

This,  indeed,  as  to  the  root,  newly  taken  out  of  the  ground  is  true  ; 
and  therefore  should  such  have  their  germination  stopt  the  sooner.  The 
approaching  and  prevailing  cold,  both  maturing  and  impregnating  them; 
as  does  heat  the  contrary,  which  now  would  but  exhaust  them.  But 
for  those  other  esculents  and  herbs  imploy'd  in  our  composition  of  sal- 
lets,  the  early  spring,  and  ensuing  months  (till  they  begin  to  mount, 
and  prepare  to  seed)  is  certainly  the  most  natural,  and  kindly  season  to 
collect  and  accommodate  them  for  the  table.  Let  none  then  consult 
Culpeper,  or  the  Jigure-Jlingers,  to  inform  them  when  the  governing 
planet  is  in  its  exaltation ;  but  look  upon  the  plants  themselves,  and 
judge  of  their  vertues  by  their  own  complexions. 

Moreover,  in  gathering,  respect  is  to"  be  had  to  their  proportions,  as 
provided  for  in  the  Table  under  that  head,  be  the  quality  whatsoever. 
For  tho'  there  is,  indeed,  nothing  more  wholsome  than  lettuce  and 
mustard  for  the  head  and  eyes  ;  yet  either  of  them  eaten  in  excess,  were 
highly  prejudicial  to  them  both.  Too  much  of  the  first  extreamly  de- 
bilitating and  weakning  the  ventricle,  and  hastning  the  further  decay 
of  sickly  te6th  :  and  of  the  secpnd,  the  optic  nerves,  and  sight  itself; 
the  like  may  be  said  of  all  the  rest.  I  conceive,  therefore,  a  prudent 
person,  well  acquainted  with  the  nature  and  properties  of  sallet-herbs, 
&c.  to  be  both  the  fittest  gatherer  and  composer  too ;  which  yet  will 


772 

require  no  great  cunning,  after  once  he  is  acquainted  with  our  table  and 
catalogue. 

We  purposely,  and  in  transitu  only,  take  notice  here  of  the  pickl'd, 
muriated,  or  otherwise  prepared  herbs ;  excepting  some  such  plants, 
and  proportions  of  them,  as  are  of  hard  digestion,  and  not  fit  to  be  eaten 
altogether  crude  (of  which  in  the  Appendix),  and  among  which  I  reckon 
ash-keys,  broom-buds  and  pods,  haricos,  gutkems,  olives,  capers,  the 
buds  and  seeds  of  nasturtia,  young  wall-nuts,  pine-apples,  eringo,  cher- 
ries, cornelians,  berberries,  &c.  together  with  several  stalks,  roots,  and 
fruits  ;  ordinary  pot-herbs,  anis,  cistus  hortorum,  horminum,  pulegium, 
Satureia,  thyme ;  the  intire  family  of  pulse  and  legumena ;  or  other 
sauces,  pies,  tarts,  omlets,  tansie,  farces,  &e.  condites  and  preserves 
with  sugar,  by  the  hand  of  ladies  ;  tho'  they  are  all  of  them  the  genuine 
production  of  the  garden,  and  mention'd  in  our  kalendar,  together  with 
their  culture  ;  whilst  we  confine  our  selves  to  such  plants  and  esculeuta 
as  we  find  at  hand ;  delight  our  selves  to  gather,  and  are  easily  prepar'd 
for  an  extemporary  collation,  or  to  usher  in  and  accompany  other  (more 
solid  tho'  haply  not  more  agreeable)  dishes,  is  the  custom. 

But  there  now  starts  up  a  question,  whether  it  were  better,  or  more 
proper,  to  begin  with  sallets,  or  end  and  conclude  with  them  ?  Some 
think  the  harder  meats  should  first  be  eaten  for  better  concoction; 
others,  those  of  easiest  digestion,  to  make  way  and  prevent  obstruction ; 
and  this  makes  for  our  sallets,  horarii,  and  fugaces  fructus  (as  they 
call  'em),  to  be  eaten  first  of  all,  as  agreeable  to  the  generaL opinion  of 
the  great  Hippocrates,  and  Galen,  and  of  Celsus  before  him.  And 
therefore  the  French  do  well  to  begin  with  their  herbaceous  pottage, 
and  for  the  cruder,  a  reason  is  given  : 

Prima  tibi  dabitur  ventri  lactuca  movendo 

Utilis,  &  Poris  fila  resecta  suis  *. 

And  tho'  this  custom  came  in  about  Domltlan's  tlme-f-,  o  fji.ev  dmtoCioi, 
they  anciently  did  quite  the  contrary, 

Gratdque  nobilium  lactuca  ciborum  :}:. 

*  Mart.  Epig.  lib,  xi.  39. 

f  Athen.  1.  2.    Of  which  change  of  diet,  see  Plut.  iv.  Sympoa,  9.    Plinii,  Epist,  1.  ad  Eretrium. 

X  Virg.  Moreta 


But  of  later  times,  they  were  constant  at  the  ante-coenia,  eating  plen- 
tifully of  sallet,  especially  of  lettuce,  and  more  refrigerating  herbs.  Nor 
without  cause.  For  drinking  liberally,  they  were  found  to  expell  and 
allay  the  fumes  and  vapors  of  the  genial  compotation,  the  spirituous 
liquor  gently  conciliating  sleep.  Besides,  that  being  of  a  crude  nature, 
more  dispos'd  and  apt  to  fluctuate,  corrupt,  and  disturb  a  surcharg'd 
stomach,  they  thought  convenient  to  begin  with  sallets,  and  innovate 
the  ancient  usage. 

Nam  lactuca  innatat  acri 


Post  vinum  stomacho * 

For  if  on  drinking  wine  you  lettuce  eat, 
It  floats  upon  the  stomach 

The  Spaniards,  notwithstanding,  eat  but  sparingly  of  herbs  at  dinner, 
especially  lettuce,  beginning  with  fruit,  even  before  the  olio  and  hot- 
meats  come  to  the  table ;  drinking  their  wine  pure,  and  eating  the  best 
bread  in  the  world ;  so  as  it  seems  the  question  still  remains  undecided 
with  them, 

Claudere  quse  ccenas  lactuca  solebat  avorum, 
Die  mihi,  cur  nostras  inchoat  ilia  dapes?  "I- 

The  sallet,  which  of  old  came  in  at  last. 
Why  now  with  it  begin  we  our  repast  ? 

And  now  since  we  mention'd  fruit,  there  rises  another  scruple : 
Whether  apples,  pears,  abricots,  cherries,  plums,  and  other  tree,  and 
ort-yard-fruit,  are  to  be  reckon'd  among  salleting ;  and  when  likewise 
most  seasonably  to  be  eaten  ?  But  as  none  of  these  do  properly  belong 
to  our  catalogue  of  herbs  and  plants,  to  which  this  discourse  is  confin'd 
(besides  what  we  may  occasionally  speak  of  hereafter),  there  is  a  very 
useful  treatise  J  on  that  subject  already  publish'd.  We  hasten  then  in 
the  next  place  to  the  dressing  and  composing  of  our  sallet.     For  by  this 


*  Hor.  Sat.  lib.  ii.  Sat.  4.  t  Mart.  Epigr.  lib.  xiii.  Ep.  14. 

+  Concerning  the  use  of  fruit  (besides  many  others)  whether  best  to  be  eaten  before  or  after 
meals?  published  by  a  physician  of  Rochelle,  and  render'd  out  of  French  into  English.  Printed 
by  T.  Basnet,  in  Fleet-street, 


■//4 


time,  our  scholar  may  long  to  see  the  rules  reduc'd  to  practice,  and  re- 
fresh himself  with  what  he  finds  growing  among  his  own  lactuceta,  and 
other  beds  of  the  kitchin-garden. 

DRESSING. 

I  am  not  ambitious  of  being  thought  an  excellent  cook,  or  of  those 
who  set  up  and  value  themselves  for  their  skill  in  sauces ;  such  as  was 
Mithacus  a  culinary  philosopher,  and  other  erudites  gulce,  who  read 
lectures  of  hautgouts,  like  the  Archestratus  in  Athenseus.  Tho'  after 
what  we  find  the  heroes  did  of  old,  and  see  them  chining  out  the  slaugh- 
ter'd  ox,  dressing  the  meat,  and  do  the  offices  of  both  cook  and  butcher, 
(for  so  Homer  *  represents  Achilles  himself,  and  the  rest  of  those  illus- 
trious Greeks}  I  say,  after  this,  let  none  reproach  our  sallet-dresser,  or 
disdain  so  clean,  innocent,  sweet,  and  natural  a  quality ;  compar'd  with 
the  shambles,  filth,  and  nidor,  blood  and  cruelty;  whilst  all  the  world 
were  eaters  and  composers  of  sallets  in  Its  best  and  brightest  age. 

The  ingredients  therefore  gather'd  and  proportion'd,  as  above  ;  let 
the  endive  have  all  its  outside  leaves  stripp'd  off,  slicing  in  the  white. 
In  like  manner  the  sellery  is  also  to  have  the  hollow  green  stem  or  stalk 
trimm'd  and  divided  ;  slicing  in  the  blanched  part,  and  cutting  tne  root 
into  four  equal  parts. 

Lettuce,  cresses,  radish,  &c.  (as  was  directed)  must  be  exquisitely 
pick'd,  cleans'd,  wash'd,  and  put  into  the  strainer  ;  swing'd,  and  shaken 
gently,  and,  if  you  please,  separately,  or  all  together  ;  because  some  like 
not  so  well  the  blanch'd  and  bitter  herbs,  if  eaten  with  the  rest.  Others 
mingle  endive  succory,  and  ramplons,  without  distinction,  and  generally 
eat  sellery  by  it  self,  as  also  sweet  fennel. 

From  April  till  September  (and  during  all  the  hot  months)  may 
Gulnny-pepper  and  horse-radish  be  left  out ;  and  therefore  we  only  men- 
tion them  in  the  dressing,  which  should  be  in  this  manner : 

Your  herbs  being  handsomly  parcell'd,  and  spread  on  a  clean  napkin 
before  you,  are  to  be  mingl'd  together  in  one  of  the  earthen  glaz'd  dishes. 
Then,  for  the  Oxoleon  ;  take  of  clear,  and  perfectly  good  oyl-oHve,  three 

*  Achilles,  Fatroclus,  Automedon.    Iliad  ix.  et  alibi. 


parts ;  of  sharpest  vinegar  (sweetest  of  all  condiments  *),  limon,  or 
juice  of  orange,  one  part ;  and  therein  let  steep  some  slices  of  horse- 
radish, with  a  little  salt.  Some  in  a  separate  vinegar,  gently  bruise  a 
pod  of  Guinny-pepper,  straining  both  the  vinegars  apart,  to  make  use  of 
either,  or  one  alone,  or  of  both,  as  they  best  like ;  then  add  as  much 
Tewkesbury,  or  other  dry  mustard  grated,  as  will  lie  upon  an  half-crown 
piece.  Beat  and  mingle  all  these  very  well  together;  but  pour  not  on 
the  oyl  and  vinegar  'till  immediately  before  the  sallet  is  ready  to  be 
eaten  ;  and  then  with  the  yolk  of  two  new-laid  eggs  (boyl'd  and  pre- 
par'd,.  as  before  is  taught)  squash  and  bruise  them  all  into  mash  with  a 
spoon ;  and  lastly,  pour  it  all  upon  the  herbs,  stirring  and  mingling 
them  'till  they  are  well  and  throughly  imbib'd ;  not  forgetting  the 
sprinkling  of  aromaticks,  and  such  flowers  as  we  have  already  men- 
tioned, if  you  think  fit,  and  garnishing  the  dish  with  the  thin  slices  of 
horse-radish,  red  beet,  berberries,  &c. 

Note,  That  the  liquids  may  he  made  more  or  less  acid,  as  is  most 
agreeable  to  your  taste. 

These  rules  and  prescriptions  duly  observ'd,  you  have  a  sallet  (for 
a  table  of  six  or  eight  persons)  dress'd  and  accommodated,  se- 
cundum artem.     For,  as  the  -j-  proverb  has  it, 

'Ou  "sruvTog  uv^pog  Iqtv  apTU<ra<  TcaXug. 
Non  est  cujusvis  rect^  condire. 

And  now,  after  all  we  have  advanc'd  in  favour  of  the  herbaceous 
diet,  there  still  emerges  a  third  inquiry  ;  namely.  Whether  the  use  of 
crude  herbs  and  plants  are  so  wholesom  as  is  pretended  ? 

What  opinion  the  prince  of  physicians  had  of  them,  we  shall  see 
hereafter  ;  as  also  what  the  sacred  Records  of  elder  times  seem  to^,  infer, 
before  there  were  any  flesh-shambles  in  the  world ;  together  with  the 
reports  of  such  as  are  often  conversant  among  many  nations  and  people, 
who  to  this  day,  living  on  herbs  and  roots,  arrive  to  incredible  age,  in 


*  For  so  some  pronounce  it.    V.  Athenaeum,  Deip.    Lib.  ii.  cap.  ?6.  i'Joj  quasi  d'SuVjuk,  perhaps 
for  that  it  incites  appetite,  and  causes  hunger,  which  is  the  best  sauce, 
t  Gratinus  in  Glauco. 


7tQ 

constant  health  and  vigour  :  which,  whether  attributable  to  the  air  and 
cUmate,  custom,  constitution,  &c.  should  be  inquir'd  into ;  especially, 
when  we  compare  the  antediluvians  mention'd.  Gen.  i.  29. — the  whole 
fifth  and  ninth  chapters,  ver.  3.  confining  them  to  fruit  and  wholesom 
sallets.  I  deny  not  that  both  the  air  and  earth  might  then  be  less  hu- 
mid and  clammy,  and  consequently  plants  and  herbs  better  fermented, 
concocted,  and  less  rheumatick,  than  since,  and  presently  after;  to  say 
nothing  of  the  infinite  numbers  of  putrid  carcasses  of  dead  animals, 
perishing  in  the  Flood  (of  which  I  find  few,  if  any,  have  taken  notice), 
which  needs  must  have  corrupted  the  air.  Those  who  live  in  marshes 
and  uliginous  places  (like  the  Hundreds  of  Essex)  being  more  obnoxi- 
ous to  fevers,  agues,  pleurisies,  and  generally  unhealthful.  The  earth 
also  then  a  very  bog,  compar'd  with  what  it  likely  was  before  that  de- 
structive cataclysm,  when  men  breath'd  the  pure  Paradisian  air,  sucking 
in  a  more  sethereal,  nourishing,  and  baulmy  pabulum,  so  foully  vitiated 
now,  thro'  the  intemperance,  luxury,  and  softer  education  and  effeminacy 
of  the  ages  since. 

Custom  and  constitution  come  next  to  be  examin'd,  together  with  the 
qualities  and  vertue  of  the  food  ;  and  I  confess,  the  two  first,  especially 
that  of  constitution,  seems  to  me  the  more  likely  cause  of  health,  and 
consequently  of  long-life  ;  which  induc'd  me  "to  consider  of  what  quality 
the  usual  sallet  furniture  did  more  eminently  consist,  that  so  it  might 
become  more  safely  applicable  to  the  temper,  humour,  and  disposition  of 
our  bodies ;  according  to  which,  the  various  mixtures  might  be  regu- 
lated and  proportion'd.  There's  no  doubt,  but  those  whose  constitu- 
tions are  cold  and  moist,  are  naturally  affected  with  things  which  are 
hot  and  dry ;  as  on  the  contrary,  hot  and  dry  complexions,  with  such  as 
cool  and  refrigerate ;  which  perhaps  made  the  junior  Gordlan  (and 
others  like  him)  prefer  \\\efrigidce  mensce  (as  of  old  they  call'd  sallets) 
which,  according  to  Cornelius  Celsus,  is  the  fittest  diet  for  obese  and 
corpulent  persons,  as  not  so  nutritive,  and  apt  to  pamper.  And  conse- 
quently, that  for  the  cold,  lean,  and  emaciated,  such  herby  Ingredients 
should  be  made  choice  of  as  warm  and  cherish  the  natural  heat,  depure 
the  blood,  breed  a  laudable  juice,  and  revive  the  spirits ;  and  therefore 


777 

iqrd  Bacon*  shevvfi  what  are  best  raw,"  what  boil'd,  and  what  parts 
ints  fittest  to  ilourish.     Galen,  indeed,'*seems  to  exclude  them  all, 
s  well  accompanied  with  their  due  correctivesj,  of  which  we  have 
care.     Notwithstanding,  yet^  that  even  the  most  crude  and  herby, 
lly  cold  and  weak,  may  potentially  be  hot  and  sfrengjthningi  as  we 
n  the  liiost  vigorous  animals,  <whos^  food  is  only  grass.   ,  'Tis  true, 
tl,  nature  lias  providentially  mingl'd  and  dressl'd  a  sallet  for  them 
;ry  field,  besides  what  they  distinguish  by  smell ;  nor  question  I, 
lan  at  first  knew  what  plants  and  fruits  weregood,  before  the  fall, 
i  natural  sagacity,  and  not' experience ;  which  since,  by  art  ^nd 
and  long  observation  of  their  properties  and  effects,  thev  hardly 
jr.     But  in  all  events,  supposing  with  Cardan  f,  that  plants  nou- 
ittle,  they  hurt  as  little.     Nay,  experience  tells ,  us  that  they  not 
lurt  not  at  all,  but  exceedingly  benefit  those  who  use  them;  in- 
is  they  are  with  such  admii'able  properties  as  they  every,  day  disco- 
For  some  plants  not  only  nourish  laudably,  but  induce  a  manifest 
holesome  change  ;  as  onions,  garlick,  rochet,  &c.  which  are  both 
ive  and  warm;  lettuce,  purselan,  the  intybs,  &c.  and  indeed  most 
olera,  refresh  and  cool.     And  as  their  respective  juices  being  con- 
.  into  the  substances  of' our  bodies,! they  become  aliment;  so  in 
I  of  their  fchange  and  alteration,  we  may  allow  them  medicinal ; 
ally  the  greater  numbers, '  among'  which  we  all  this*  while  have 
lut  of  very  few  (not  only  in  the'  vegetable'  kingdom^  but;  in  the 
Materia  Medical  which  may  be  justly  call'd  infallible  specifics, 
3on  whose  performance  we  may  as  safely  depend,  as  we  may  on 
s  we  familiarly  use  for  a  crude  herb-sallet,  discreetly  chosen,  mingl'd 
ess'd  accordingly.     Not  but  that  many  of  them  may  be  iraprov'd 
nder'd  better  in  .broths  and  decoctions,  tlian  in  oyl,  vinegar,  and 
iquidsand  ingredients  :  but  as  this  holds  not  In  all,  nay,  perhaps 
comparatively  (provided,  as  I  said,  the  choice,  mixtui-e,  constitu- 


.  Hist.  cent.  vii.  630.  See  Arist.  Prob.- sect.  xx.  qusest.  36.  Why  some  fruits  and  plants 
aw,  otiiers  boil'd,  roasteilj.&c.  as  becbining  sweeter ;  but  the  crude  more  sapid,  and  grateful. 
1,  Contradicent.  Med.  1.  iv.  Cant.  IS.   Diphilus  not  at  all.     Athenseus. 

5  G 


778 

tion  and  season  rightly  understood)  we  stand  up  iri  defence  iand  Vihdtca- 
tion  of  our  sallet  against  all  attacks  iand  opposers  whoever. 

We  have  mentioned  season,  and  with  the  gffeaf  Hippocrates  proribuHde 
tKem  more  proper  for  the  summer  than  the  winttir,'  and  when  those 
parts  of  plants  us'd  in  sallet  are  yet  tender,  delicatei,  and  impregnated 
with  the'vertue  of  the  spring,  to  cool,  refresh,  and  allay  th6  heat  arid 
drought  of  the  hot  and  bilious,  young  and' over-sanguine,  cold,  pitiiit, 
and  melancholy  ;  in  a  word,  for  persons  of  all  ages,  humours,  and'  con- 
stitutions whatsoever. 

.  To  this  of  the  annual  seasons  We  add  that  of  culture  also,'  as'  of  very 
great  importance.^'  And  this  is  often  discOver'd  in  the  taste,  and  conse- 
quently in  the  "goodness  of  such  plants  and  salletirig  as  are  rais'd  and 
brought  us  fresh  out  of  the  country,  compar'd  with  those  which  the 
avarice  of  the  gardiner,  or  luxury  rather  Of  the  age,  tempts  them  to 
force  and  resuscitate  of  the  most  desirable, and  delicious  plants. 

It  is  certain,  says-  a  learned  jier'son  *,  thatabout  populous  cities,  where 
(grounds  are'over-forc'd  for  fruit  and  early  isalletingi  nothing  is  more 
unwholsomei'  Men  in  the  country  look  so  much  more  healthy  and  fresh ; 
•arrd  commonly  are  longef  liv'd  than  those  who  dwe'Il  in  the  middle  and 
skirts  of  vast' and  crowded  cities,  inviron'd  with  rotten  dung,  loathsome 
:and  common  lay-stalls;  whose   noisome  ^teata's, 'wsifted  'by  the  wind, 
poison  and  infect  the  ambient  air  and  tital'  spirits,  with  those  pernicious 
exhalations  and  materials,  of  which  they  make  the  hot*  beds  for  the  rais- 
ing those  prsecoces  indeed,  and  forward  plants  and 'roots  for  the  wantoh 
palate;   hut  which  being  corrupt  in  the' original,  cannot  but   produce 
malignant  and  ill  effects  to  those  who  ffeed  upon  thein;-    And  the  saime 
was  well  observed  by  the  editor  of  our  famous  Roger  Bacon's  treatise 
concerning  the  Cure  of  Old  Age,  and  Preservation  of  Youth.     There 
being  nothing  so  proper  for  sallet  herbs  and  other  edule  plants,  as  the 
genial  and  natural  mould,  impregnated  and  eiirich'd  with  well-digested 
compost  (^when  requisite)  without  any  mixture  of  garbage,  odious  car- 
rion, and  other  filthy  ordure,  not  half  consum'd  and  ven'tilated,  and  in- 
deed reduc'd  to  the  next  disposition  of  earth  it  self,  as  it  should  be ;  and 


*  Sir  Thomas  Brown's  Miscellaneous  Tracts,  folio. 


hatiiHiSweetj  rising ^^  aery ^ and  mode;^lyp^cflatile  grounds;  where 
lot  only  plants  but.  men-  do  .last,  and  live  much,  longer.  Nor  doubt  I, 
)ut  th%t  every  body  would  prefer  corn  and^  other  grain  rais'd  from  marie, 
:halk,/lime^:and.'Other  sweet  spil  and  amendments,  before  that  which  is 
irodu&'d  from  ihe. dunghill  only,  i  Besides,  experience  shews,  that  the 
■ankness'of  .dung  i^  frequently  the  cause  of  blasts  and  smuttiness ;  as  if 
:he.liord  of  the  Universe,  -by  an  act  of  visible  providence  would  check 
IS,  to  take  heed  of  all  unnatural  sordidness  and  mixtures.  We  sensibly 
ind  this  diflference  in  cattle  and.  their  pasture;'  but  most  powerfully  in 
jowl,ifrom  suchas,  arenourish'd  with. corn,  sweet  and  dry  food.  And 
IS. of,  vegetable ,m.eats,  so  of .  drinks, 'tis  observ'd, •  that  the  same  vine, 
iccording  to  the  soil,,  produces  a  wine  twice  as  heady  as  in  the  same  and 
i  less  forc'd  ground;  and  the  like  I  believe  of  all  otherfruit,  not  to  de- 
termine any. thing  of  the  peach,  said  to  be  poison  in  Persia,  because  'tis 
1  jVidgar  error. 

,Nowj  :beeause  among  other  th.ings^  nothing  more  betrays  its  unclean 
ind  /  spurious ,  jijirth.  thari -what,  is  so  impatiently  longed  after>  as  early 
^paragus,  &c.  Dr.  .Lister  (according  to  his  communicative  and  oblig- 
ing nature)  has  taught  us  how  to,  raise  such  as  our  gardiners  cover  with 
oasty  litter  during  the  winter,  by  rather  laying  of  clean  and  sweet  wheat- 
jtraw  upon  the  beds;,  ^superrseminating  and  over-strowing  them  thick 
with:  the. powder  of  Jbruisedjoyster-shells,  &c.  to  produce  that  most  ten- 
der and  delicious  sallet. .  In  the  mean  while,  if  Hfothing  will  satisfie  save 
what  is.  rais'd  ea;  iewjaorcy  and  by  miracles  of  art  so  long  before  the 
[lime  ;  let  them  study  (^like  the  Adepti)  as  did  a  very  ingenious  gentle- 
man whom  I  knew;  that  having  some  friends  o^  his  accidentally  come 
to  dine  with  him,  and  wandng  an  early  sallet,  before  they  sate  down  to 
bable.^  sowed  lettuce  and  some  other  seeds  in  a  certain  composition  of 
mould  be  had  prepared ;  which,  within  the  space' of  two  hours,  being 
risen  near  two  inches  high,  presented  them  with  a  deUcate  and  tender 
sallet;  and  this,. without  making  use  of  any  nauseous  or  fulsotoe  mix- 
ture; but  of  ingredients  not,  altogether  so  cheap  perhaps.  Honoratus 
Faber(nomean  philosopher)  shews  us  another  method,  by  sowing  the 


*  Caule  suburbano,  qui  siccis  crevit  in  agris, 
Dulcior.— Hor.  Sat.  lib.  2,  eel.  4. 


780 

seeds^  steep'd  in  vinegar,  casting  on  it  a  good  quantity  of  bean~she! 
?ishes,  irrigating  them  with  spirit  of  wine,  and  keeping  the  beds  we' 
cover'd  under  dry  matts.  Such  another  process  for  the  raising  earl 
peas  and  beans,  &c.  we  have  the  like  accounts  of.  But  were  they  prac 
ticable  and  certain,  Iconfess  I  shoiild  not  be  fonder  of  them  than  of  sue 
as  the  honest  industrious  country-man's  field,  and  good-wife's  garder 
s'eiisonably  produce,  where  they  are  legitimately  born  in  just  time,  an 
without  forcing  nature. 

But  to  return  again  to  health  and  long  life,  and  the  wholesoraness  c 
the  herby  diet.  John  Beverovicius  *,  a  learn'd  physician  (out  of  Pete 
Mdxa,  a  Spaniard),  treating  of  the  extream  age  which  those  of  Americ 
usually  arrive  to,  asserts  in  behalf  of  crude  and  natural  herbs.  Dlphilu 
of  old,  as  Athenseus  tells  us-f-,  was  on  the  other  side,  against  all  th 
tribe  of  olera  in  general ;  and  Cardan  of  late,  as  already  noted,  no  grea 
friend  to  them  ;  affirming  flesh-eaters  to  be  much  wiser  and  more  saga 
cious.  But  this  his  learned  antagonist  J  utterly  denies.  Whole  nations 
flesh- devourers  (such  as  the  farthest  northern)  becoming  heavy,  dull 
unactive,  and  much  more  stupid  than  the  southern  ;  and  such  as  feei 
much  on  plants,  are  more  acute,  subtil,  and  of  deeper  penetration  ;  wit 
ness  the  Chaldseans,  Assyrians,  Egyptians,  &g.  And  further  argue 
from  the  short  lives  of  most  carnivorous  animals,  compared  with  gras 
feeders,  and  the  ruminating  kind,  as  the  hart,  camel,  and  the  longsevou 
elephant,  and  other  feeders  on  roots  and  vegetables. 

1  know  not  what  is  pretended  of  our  bodies  being  composed  of  dissi 
milar  parts,  and  so  requiring  variety  of  food.  Nor  do  I  reject  the  opinior 
keeping  to  the  same  species:  of  which  there  is  infinitely  more  variet 
in  the  herby  family  than  in  all  nature  besides  :  but  the  danger  is  in  th 
generical  difference  of  flesh,  fish,  fruit,  &c.  with  other  made  dishes  ani 
exotic  sauces,  which  a  wanton  and  expensive  luxury  has  introduc'd,  de 
baiichlng  the  stomach,  and  sharpening  it  to  devour  things  of  such  diffi 
cult  concoction,  with  those  of  more  easie  digestion,  and  of  contrary  sub 
stances,  more  than  it  can  well  dispose  oi ,  otherwise  foqd  of  the  sam 


*  Thesaur.  Sanit.  c.  2.  f  As  Delcampius  interprets  the  place.  J  Scaliger  ad  Can 

Exercit.  213. 


781 

cind  would  do' us  little  hurt.  So  true  is  that  of  Celsus,  Mduntur  faci- 
mSf  ad  concactionem  autem  materiee,  genus  et  modus  pertineat.  They 
ire  (says  he)  easily  eaten  and  taken  in  :  but  regard  should  be  had  to 
heir  digestion,  nature,  quantity,  and  quality  of  the  matter.  As  to  that 
)f  dissimilar  parts,  requiring  this  contended  for  variety;  if  we  may  judge 
3y  other  animals  (as  I  know  not  why  we  may  not)  there  is  (aifter  all  the 
ate  contests  about  comparative  anatomy)  so  little  difference  in  the 
structure,  as  to  the  use  of  those  parts  and  vessels  destin'd  to  serve  the 
jffices  of  concoction,  nutrition,  and  other  separations  for  supply  of  life, 
that  it  does  not  appear  why  there  should  need  any  difference  at  all  of 
rood;  of  which  the  most  simple  has  ever  been  esteem'd  the  best  and 
most  Avholsome,  according  to  that' of  the  naturalist*,  hominis  cibus 
utilissimus  simplex.  And  that  so  it  is  in  other  animajs,  we  find  bv 
their  being  so  seldom  afflicted  with  mens  distempers,  deriv'd  from  the 
causes  aboye-mentioned.  And  if  the  manv  diseases  of  horses  seem  to 
contradict  itf,  I  am  apt  to  think  it  much  imputable  to  the,  rack  and 
manger,  the  dry  and  wither'd  stable  commons,  which  they  tpust  eat  or 
starve,  however  qualified;  being  restrained  from  their  natural  and  spon- 
taneous choice,  which  nature  and  instinct  directs  them. to.  To  these  a(Jd 
the  closeness  of  the  air,  standing  in  an  almost  continu'd  posture  ;  be- 
sides the  fulsome  drenches,  unseasonable  waterings,  and  other  practices 
of  ignorant  horse- quacks  and  surly  grooms.  The  tyranny  and  cruel 
usage  of  their  masters  in  tiring  journeys,  hard  labouring,  and  unmerciful 
treatment,  heats,  colds,  &c.  which  wear  out  and  destroy  so  many  of 
those  useful  and  generous  creatures  before  the  time.  Such  as  have  been 
better  us'd,  and  some  whom  their  mpre  gentle  and  good-natur'd  patrons 
have  in  recompence  of  their  long  and  faithful  service,  dismissed,  and 
sent  to  pasture  for  the  rest  of  tljeir  lives  (as  the  Grand-Seignior  does.his 
Meccha-camel)  have  been  known  to  live  forty,  fifty,  nay  (says  Aristo- 
tle J)  no  fewer  than  sixty-five  years.     When  once  Old  Par  came  to 


*  Plin.  TVal.  Hist.  1.  iii;  c.  12. 

t  Hanc  brevitatem  vitae  (speaking  of  horses)  fortasse  homini  debet.    Verul.  Hist.  Vit.  &  Mort. 
See  this  throughly  controverted,  Macrob.  Saturn.  1.  vii.  c.  v. 
J  Arist.  Hist.  Animal.  1.  v.  c.  14. 


783 

change  his  simple  homely  dietj  tp  that  of  the  Court  and  Arundel  house, 
he  quickly  sunk  and  dropt  away:  for,  as  we  have  shew'dj,  the  >stonjach 
easily  concocts  plain  and  familiar  food;? but  finds  it  aa  hard  arid. diflSjcult 
task  to  vanquieh  and  overcome  meats  of  dijSferent  substances  *.  Whence 
we  so  often  see  temperate,  and  abstemious  persons  of  a  jcoUegiate  .-.diet, 
very  healthy ;  husbancjmen  and  laborious  people. more  robust  and  lawyer 
liv'd  than  others  of  an. uncertain  extravagant  diet. 

Nam  varise  res 

Ut  Hoceant  homini,  eredas,  memor  ilHus^escas, 
Quae,  simplex  olim  tibi  sederit "f- 

For  different  meats  do  hurt ;  remerabdr  how 

When  to  one  dish  confin'd,  thou  healthier  wast  than  now : 

was  Osellus's  memorandum  in  the  poet. 

Not  that  variety  (which  God  has  certainly  ordain'd  to  delight  and 
assist  our  appetite)  is  unnecessary,  nor  any  thing  more  grateful,*;refresh- 
ing,  and  proper,  for  those  especially  who  lead  sedentary  and  studious 
lives ;  men  of  deep  thought,  and  such  as  are  btherwise  distUrb'd  with, 
secular  cares  and  businesses,  which  hinder  the  function  of  the  stomach 
and  other  organs  :  whilst  those  who  have  their  minds  free,  use  much 
exercise,  and  are  more  active,  create  themselves  a  natural  appetite, 
which  needs  little  or  no  variety  to  quicken  arid  content  it. 

And  here  might  we  attest  the  patriarchal  vyorld,  nay,  and  many  per- 
sons since,  who,  living  very  temperately,  came  not  much  short  of  the 
post-diluvians  themselves,  counting  from  Abraham  to  this  day;  and 
some  exceeding  them,  who  liv'd  in  pure  air,  a  constant,  though  course 
and  simple  diet ;  wholsome  and  uncompounded  drink ;  that  never  tasted 
brandy  nor  exotic  spirits;  but  us'd  moderate  exercise,  and  observ'd  good 
hours.  For  such  a  one  a  curious  missionary  tells  us  of  in  Persia,  who 
had  attaiu'd  the  age  of  four  hundred  years  (a  full  centufy  beyond  the 
famous  Johannes  de  Temporibus),  and  was  living  annb  1636,  and  so 
may  be  still  for  ought  we  know.     But  taour  sallet. 

Certain  it  is,  Almighty  God  ordaining  herbs  J,  and  fruit  for -thC:  food 

* 'AvojMta  ra^ta^^u.  f  Hor;  Sat.  lib.  ii.  sat.  2.     Macr.  Sat.  lib.  vii. 

i  Gen.  ch.  ix.  ver.  3  and  4, 


783 

of  Itten,  speaks>  not  a  word  concerning  flesh  for  two  thousand  years. 
And  when  after,  by  the  Mosaic  constitution,  there  were  distinctions  and 
prtthibitions  about  ;the  legdl?  uneleanness  of  animals;  plantsj.of  what 
kind  soever,  were  left  free  and  indifferent  for  every  one  to  choose  what 
best  he  lik'd.  And  what,  if  it  was  held;  undecent  and  unbecoiping  the 
excellency  of  man's  nature,  before  sin  entred,  and  grew,  enormously 
wieked,  that  any  creature  should  be  put  to  death  and  pain  for  him  who 
had!su<ih  infinite  store  of  the  most  delicious  and  nourishing  fruit  to  de- 
light, and  the=tree  of  life  to  sustain  him  ?  Doubtless  there  was  no  need 
of  it. ;'  Infants  sought  the  mother's  nipple  as  soon  as  born  ;  and  when 
grown,'  and  able  to  feed  themselves,  run  naturally  to  fruit,  and  still  will 
choose  to  eat  it  rather  than  flesh,  and  certainly  might  so  persist  to  do, 
did  not 'Custom  prevail,  even  against  the  very  dictates  of  nature.  Nor 
.question  I,  but  that' what  the  heathen  poets  ^  recount  of  the  happiness 
of  the  Golden  Age,  sprung  from  some  tradition  they  had  received  of  the 
Paradisian  fare,  their  innocent  and  healthful  lives  in  that  delightful 
gaitden.  Let  it  suffice,  that  Adam,  and  his  yet  innocent  spouse,  fed  on 
vegetables  and  other  hortulan  productions  before  the  fatal  Japse;  which, 
by  i:he  way,  many  learned  men  will  hardly  allow  to  have  fallen 'out  so 
soon  as  those  imagine  who  scarcely  grant  them  a  single  day;  nay,  not 
half  a  one,  for  their  continuance  in  the  state  of  original  perfection ; 
whilst  the  sending  him  into  the' garden ;  instructions  how  he  should 
k^p  and  cultivate  it;  edict  and  prohibition  concerning  the  sacramental 
trees ;  the  imposition  of  names -j-,  so"apposite  to  the  nature  of  such  kn 
infinity  of  living  creatures  (requiring'deep  inspection)  the* formation  of 
Eve,  a  meet  companion  to  relieve  his  solitude;  the  solemnity  of  their 
marriage ;  the 'dialogues  and  success  of  the  crafty  tempter,  whom  we 
cannot  reasonably  think  made  but  one  assault;  and  that  they  should  so 
quickly  forget  the  injunction  of  their  Maker  and  Benefactor;  break  their 
faith  and  fast,  and  all  other  their  obligations  in  so  few  moments.  I  say, 
all  these  .particukrs  consider'd,  can  it  be  supposed  they  were  so  soon 
trarisacted  as  those  do  fancy,  who  take  their  measure  from  the  summary 


*  Ovid,  Metam.  1.  fab.  iii.  and  xv.  t  Gen.  eh.  xi.  ver.  19. 


784 

Moses  gives  us,  who  did  not  write  to  gratifie '  mens  curiosity,  bu 
transmit  what  was  necessary  and  sufficient  for  us  to  know. 

This  then  premis'd  (as  I  see  no  reason  why  It  should  not),  and 
during  all  this  space  they  liv'd  on  fruits  and  sallets ;  'tis  little  probE 
that  after  their  transgression,  and  that  they  had  forfeited  their  domi: 
over  the  creature  (and  were  sentenc'd  and  exU'd  to  a  life  of  sweat 
labour  on  a  cursed  and  ungrateful  soil),  the  offended  God.  should  re 
them  with  pampering  flesh,  or  so  much  as  suffer  them  to  slay  the  i 
Innocent  animal.  Or,  that  if  at  any  time  they  had  permission,  it 
;for  any  thing  save  skins  to  cloath  them,  or  in  way  of  adoration 
holocaust  for  expiation,  of  which  nothing  of  the  flesh  was  to  be  ea 
Nor  did  the  brutes  themselves  subsist  by  prey  (tho'  pleas'd  perhaps  \ 
bunting,  without  destroying  their  fellow  creatures),  as  may  be  presu 
from  their  long  seclusion  of  the  most  carnivorous  among  them 
the  ark.. 

Thus  then,  for  two  thousand  years  the  universal  food  was  herbs 
plants ;  whicn  abundantly  recompens'd  the  want  of  flesh  and  o 
liixurlous  meats,  which  shortened  their  lives  so  many  hundred  ye 
the  [/,uK^.ol3foTviTci  *  of  the  patriarchs,  which  was  an  emblem  of  eternit 
it  .were  (after  the  new  concession)  beginning  to  dwindle  to  a  little  s] 
a  nothing  in  comparison. 

On  the  other  side,  examine  we  the  present  usages  of  several  o 
heathen  nations,  particularly  (besides  the  Egyptian  priests  of  old) 
Indian  Bramins,  relicts  of  the  ancient  Gymnpsophists,  to  this  day 
serving  the  institutions  of  their  founder.  Flesh,  we  know  was  banii 
the  Platonic  tables,  as  well  as  from  those  of  Pythagoras,  (seePorphyi 
and  their  disciples)  tho'  on  different  accounts.  Among  others  of 
philosophers.,  from  ,Xenocrates,  Polemon,  &c.  we  hear  of  many, 
like  we  find .  in.  Clement  Alexand.  ^  Eusebius  §  names  more.  Zi 
Archinomus,  Phraartes,  Chiron,  and  others,  whom  Laertius  reckons 
In  short,  so  very  many,  especially  of  the  Christian  profession,  that  so 
even  of  the  ancient  Fathers  ||  themselves,  have  almost  thought  that 


*  Gen.  ix.  f  Poi'phyr.  de  Abstin.  Proclum,  Jambleum,  &c.  J  Strom,  vi. 

§  Prsep.  Ev.  passim.  ||  Tertul.  de  Jejun.  cap.  iv.    Hieron,  advers.  Jovin. 


785 

permission  of  eating  flesh  to  Noah  and  his  sons,  was  granted  them  no 
otherwise  than  repudiation  of  wives  was  to  the  Jews,  namely,  for  the 
hardness  of  their  hearts,  and  to  satisfie  a  murmuring  generation  that  a 
little  after  loathed  manna  it  self,  and  bread  from  Heaven.  So  difficult 
a  thmg  it  is  to  subdue  an  unruly  appetite ;  which,  notwithstanding, 
Seneca  *  thinks  not  so  hard  a  task ;  where  speaking- of  the  philosopher 
Sextms,  and  Socion's  (abhorring  cruelty  and  intemperance),  he  cele- 
brates the  advantages  of  the  herby  and  sallet  diet,  as  physical  and  na- 
tural advancers  of  health  and  other  blessings ;  whilst  abstinence  from 
flesh  deprives  men  of  nothing  but  what  lions,  vultures,  beasts  and  birds 
of  prey,  blood  and  gorge  themselves  withal.  The  whole  epistle  deserves 
the  reading,  for  the  excellent  advice  he  gives  on  this  and  other  subjects ; 
and  how  from  many  troublesome  and  slavish  impertinencies,  grown  into 
habit  and  custom  (old  as  he  was)  he  had  emancipated  and  freed  him- 
self. Be  this  apply'd  to  our  present  excessive  drinkers  of  foreign  and 
exotic  liquors.     And  now 

I  am  sufficiently  sensible  how  far,  and  to  how  little  purpose  I  am 
gone  on  this  topic.  The  ply  is  long  since  taken,  and  our  raw  sallet,  deckt 
in  its  best  trim,  is  never  like  to  invite  men  who  once  have  tasted  flesh 
to  quit  and  abdicate  a  custom  which  has  now  so  long  obtain'd.  Nor 
truly  do  I  think  conscience  at  all  concern'd  in  the  matter,  upon  any 
account  of  distinction  of  pure  and  impure  ;  tho'  seriously  consider'd  (as 
Sextius  held)  rationi  magis  congrua,  as  it  regards  the  cruel  butcheries 
of  so  many  harmless  creatures ;  some  of  which  we  put  to  merciless  and 
needless  torment,  to  accommodate  them  for  exquisite  and  uncommon 
epicurism.  There  lies  else  nq  positive  prohibition ;  discrimination  of 
meats  being  condemn'df  as  the  doctrine  of  devils.  Nor  do  meats  com- 
mend us  to  God,  One  eats  quid  vult  (of  every  thing)  ;  another  olera, 
and  of  sallets  only.  But  this  is  not  my  business,  further  than  to  shew 
how  possible  it  is  by  so  many  instances  and  examples  to  live  on  whol- 
jome  vegetables,  both  long  and  happily  :  for  so, 

The  Golden  Age  with  this  provision  blest. 
Such  a  grand  Sallet  made,  and  was  a  feast. 

*  Sen,  Epist.  108.  f  1  Cor.  ch.  viii.  ver.  8,    1  Tim.  eh.  iv.    Rom.  ii,  3. 

5h 


786 

•     •      The  demi-gpds,  with  bodies  large  and -sound^. 
Commended  then  the  product  of  the  ground. 
Fraud  then,  nor  force  were  known,  nor  filthy  lust,. 
Which  over-heating  and  intemp'rance  hurst : 
Be  their  vile  names  in  execration  held, 
Who  with  foul  gluttony  first  thd  world  defil'd  i 
Parent  of  vice,  and  a:ll  diseases  since, 
"With  ghastly  death  sprung  up  alone  fram  thence. 
Ah !  from  such  reeklngj  bloody  tables  fly, 
"Which  death  for  our  destruction  does  supply. 
In  health,  if  sallet  herbs  you  can't  endure ; 
Sick,  you'll  desire  them  ;  or  for  food,  or  cure*. 

■  As  to  the  other  part  of  the  controversie,  which  concerns  us,  -dtf^otror 
(pd-yoi,  and  Occidental  Blood^eaters-;  some  grave  and  learn'd  men  of  late 
seem  to  scruple  the  present  usage,  whilst  they  see  the.  prohilMtion  ap- 
pearingj  and  to  carry  such  a  face  of  antiquity.  Scripture,  .councils, 
canons,  fathers,  imperial  constitutions,  and  universal  practice,  unless.- it 
be  among  us  of  these  tracts  of  Europe,  whither,  with  other  barbarities, 
that  of  eating  the  blood  and  animal  life  of  creatures  first  was  brought; 
and. by  our  mixtures  with  the  Goths,:  Vandals,  and  other  spawn  of 
Pagan  Scythians,  grown  a  custom,  and  since  which  I  am  persuaded 
more  blood  has  been  shed  between  Christians  than  there  ever  was  before 
the  water  of  the  Flood  ■  covered  this  corner  of  the  world.-  Not  that  I 
impute  it  only  to  our  eating  blood,  but  sometimes  wonder  .how  it  hapned 


*  Has  epiilas  habuit  t^neii  gens  aurea  mundi,^ 

Et  ccense  ingentis  tunc  caput  ipsa  fui. 
Semidetiinque  meo  creverunt  corpora  pucco, 

Materiam  tanti  sanguinis  rile  dedit. 
Tunc  neque  fraus  nota  est,  neque  vis,  nequefgeda  libido;' 

Hbbc  nimii  proles  seeva  caloris  erat. 
Sit  sacrum  illorum,  sit  detestabile  noinen, 

Qui  primi  servae  regna  dedere  gate. 
Hinc  vitiis  patefacta  ^iajest,  morbisque  secntis 

Se  lethi  fades  exerufere  novae. 
Ah  !  fuge  crudeles  Animantum  sanguine  mensas, 

Qu^que  tibi  opsonat  mors  inimica  dapes. 
Posces  tandem  ffiger,  si  sanus  negligis,  herbas. 

Esse  cibus  >nequeunt  ?  at  medicamen  erunt. — Coiileii  Plant.  ]|b.  i.^Lacluca. 


787 

that  so  strict,  so  solemn,  and  famous  a  sanetiony  not  upon  a  ceremonial 
account,  but  (as  some  affirm)  a  moral  and  perpetual  from  Noah,  to 
whom  the  concession  of  eating  flesh  was  granted,  and  that  of  blood  for- 
bidden (nor  to  this  day  once  revok'd)^  and  whilst  there  also  seems  to  lie 
fairer  proofs  than  for  most  other  controversies  agitated  among  Christians, 
should  be  so  generally  forgotten,  and  give  place  to  so  many  other  im- 
pertinent disputes  and  cavils  about  other  superstitious  fopperies,  which 
frequently  ended  in  blood,  and  cutting  of  throats. 

As  to  the  reason  of  this  prohibition,  its  savouring  of  cruelty  excepted, 
(and  that  by  Galen,  and  other  experienc'd.  physicians,  the  eating  blood 
is  condemn'd  as  unwholsome,  causing  indigestion  and  obstructions)  if  a 
positive  command  of  Almighty  God  were  not  enough,   it  seems  suffi- 
ciently intimated ;  because  blood  was  the  vehicle  of  the  life  and  animal 
soul  of  the  creature.     For  what  other  mysterious  cause,  as  haply   its 
being  always  dedicated. to  expiatory  sacrifices,  &c.  it  is  not  for  us  to  en- 
quire.    'Tis  said    that  Justin  Martyr,  being  asked  why  the  Christians 
of. his  time  were  permitted,  the  eating  flesh  and  not  the  blood  ?  readily 
answer'dy  that  God  might  distinguish  them  from  beasts,  which  eat  them 
both  together*.     'Tis  likewise  urg'd,  that  by  the  Apostolical  Synod 
(when  the  rest  of  the  Jewish:  ceremonies  and  types  were  abolish'd)  this 
prohibition  was  mention'd  as  a  thing  necessary  f,  and.  rank'd  with  ido- 
latry, which  was  not  to  be  local  or  temporary,  but  universally  injoyn'd 
to  converted  (strangers  and  proselytes,  as  well  as  Jews.     Nor  could  the 
scandal  of  neglecting  tp  observe  it  concern  them  alone,  after  so  many 
ages  as  it  was  and  still  is  in  continual  use  ;  and  those  who  transgress'd 
^o  severely  punish'd,  as  by  an  imperjal  law  to  be  scourg'd  to  blood  and 
bone.     Indeed,  so  terrihle  was  the  interdiction,  that,  idolatry  excepted 
(which  was  also  moral  and  perpetual),  nothing  in  Scripture  seems  to  be 
more  express.     In  the  mean  time,  to. relieve  all  other  scruples,  it  does 
not,  they  say,  extend  to  that  dxpifieta.  of  those  few  diluted  drops  of  ex- 
travasated  blciod  which  might  happen  to  tinge  the  juice  and  gravy  of 
the  flesh  (which  were  indeed  to  strain  at  a  gnat)  but  to  those  who  de- 
vour the  venal  and  arterial  blood  separately,  and  in  quantity,  as  a  choice 
ingredient  of  their  luxurious  prreparations^nd  Apician  tables. 

*  Qusest.  et  Kesp.  ad'Orthod.  -  Tiiomas  Bartholinus,  de  usu-^anguinis.  f  Acts  xv.  20,  29. 


788 

But  this  and  all  the  rest  will,  I  fear,  seem  but  oleribus  verba  facere, 
and  (as  the  proverb  goes)  be  labour-in-vain  to  think  of  preaching  down 
hogs-puddings,  and  usurp  the  chair  of  Rabby-busy.  And  therefore 
what  is  advanc'd  in  countenance  of  the  antediluvian  diet,  we  leave  to  be 
ventilated  by  the  learned,  and  such  as  Curcellaeus,  who  has  borrow'd  of 
all  the  ancient  fathers,  from  Tertullian,  Hierom,  S.  Chrysostom,  &c.  to 
the  later  Doctors  and  Divines,  Lyra,  Tostatus,  Dionysius  Carthusianus, 
Pererius,  amongst  the  Pontificians ;  of  Peter  Martyr^  Zanchy,  Aretius, 
Jac.  Capellus,  Hiddiger,  Cocceius,  Bochartus,  &c.  amongst  the  Pro- 
testants ;  and  instar  omnium,  by  Salmasius,  Grotius,  Vossius,  Blundel. 
In  a  word,  by  the  learn'd  of  both  persuasions,  favourable  enough  to 
these  opinions,  Cajetan  and  Calvin  only  excepted,  who  hold,  that  as  to 
abstinence  from  flesh,  there  was  no  positive  command  or  imposition  con- 
cerning it ;  but  that  the  use  of  herbs  and  fruit  was  recommended  rather 
fortemperance  sake,  and  the  prolongation  of  life.  Upon  which  score  I 
am  inclin'd  to  believe  that  the  ancient  ^e^aTrevTcn,  and  other  devout  and 
contemplative  sects,  distinguish'd  themselves;  whose  course  of  life  we 
have  at  large  describ'd  in  Philo*  (who  liv'd  and  taught  much  in  gar- 
dens), with  others  of  the  abstemious  Christians;  among  whom,  Clemens 
brings  in  St.  Mark  the  Evangelist  himself,  James  our.  Lord's  brother, 
St.  John,  &c.  and  with  several  of  the  devout  sex,  the  famous  Diaconesse 
Olympias,  mention'd  by  Palladius  (not  to  name  the  rest),  who,  abstain- 
ing from  flesh,  betook  themselves  to  herbs  and  sallets  upon  the  account 
of  temperance,  and  the  vertues  accompanying  it ;  and  concerning  which 
the  incomparable  Grotius  declares  ingenuously  his  opinion  to  be  far 
from  censuring,  not  only  those  who  forbear  the  eating  flesh  and  blood, 
experime,nti  causd,  and  for  discipline  sake ;  but  such  as  forbear  ex  opi' 
nione,  and  (because  it  has  been  the  ancient  custom)  provided  they 
blam'd  none  who  freely  us'd  their  liberty;  and  I  think  he's  in  the 
right. 

But  leaving  this  controversie  (h^  nimium  extra  oleasj  it  has  often  been:, 
objected,  that  fruit  and  plants,  and  all  other  things,  nay,  since  the  be- 
ginning, and  as  the  world  grows  older,  have  universally  become  effcete, 

*  Philo  de  Vit.  Contemp.  Joseph,  Antiq.  lib.  xiii.  cap.  9, 


789 

inapair'd  and  divested  of  those  nutritious  and  transcendent  vertues  they 
were  at  first  iendow'd  withal.     But  as  this  is  begging  the  question,  and 
to  which  we  have  already  spoken  ;  so  all  are  not  agreed  that  there  is 
any,  the  least  decay  in  nature,  where  equal  industry  and  skill's  apply'd. 
'Tis  true,  indeed,  that  the  ordo  foliatorum  Feuillantines  (a  late  order  of 
Ascetic  nuns)  amongst  other  mortifications,  made  trial  upon  the  Jeaves 
of  plants  alone,  to  which  they  would  needs  confine  themselves,  but  were 
not  able  to  go  through  that  thin  and  meagre  diet,     But  then  it  would 
be  enqulr'd,  whether  they  had  not  first,  and  from  their  very  childhood, 
been  fed  and  brought  up  with  flesh  and  better  sustenance  till  they  en- 
ter'd  the  cloyster ;  and  what  the  vegetables,  and  the  preparation  of  them, 
were  allow'd  by  their  institution  ?  Wherefore  this  is  nothing  to  our  mo- 
dern use  of  sallets,  or  its  disparagement.     In  the  mean  time,  that  we 
still  think  it  not  only  possible,  but  likely,  and  with  no  great  art  or 
charge  (taking  roots  and  fruit  into  the  basket)  substantially  to  maintain 
mens  lives  in  health  and  vigour.     For  to  this,  and  less  than  this,  we 
have  the  suflFrage  of  the  great  Hippocrates*  himself,  who  thinks,  ah 
initio  etiam  hominum  (as  well  as  other  animals)  tali  victu  usum  esse, 
and  needed  no  other  food.     Nor  is  it  an  inconsiderable  speculation,  that 
since  all  flesh  is  grass  (not  in  a  figurative,  but  natural  and  real  sense), 
man  himself,  who  lives  on  flesh,  and  I  think  upon  no  earthly  animal 
whatsoever,  but  such  as  feed  on  grass,  is  nourish'd  with  them  still ;  and 
so  becoming  an  incarnate  herb,  and  innocent  canibal,  may  truly  be  said 

to  devour  himself. 

We  have  said  nothing  of  the  Lotophagi,  and  such  as  (like  St.  John 
the  Baptist,  and  other  religious  ascetics)  were  feeders  on  the  summities 
and  tops  of  plants.  But  as  divers  of  those,  and  others  we  have  men- 
tion'd,  were  much  in  times  of  streights,  persecutions,  and  other  circum- 
stances, which  did  not  in  the  least  make  it  a  pretence,  exempting  them 
from  labour,  and  other  humane  oflices,  by  ensnaring  obligations  and 
vows  (never  to  be  useful  to  the  publick  in  whatever  exigency),  so  I  can- 
not but  take  notice  of  what  a  learned  critic,  speaking  of  mens  neglect- 
ing plain  and  essential  duties,  under  colour  of  exercising  themselves  in 


*  Hippoc.  de  Vet-  Medicin4,  cap.  6. 


'>  I- 


790 

a  more  sublime  course  of  piety,  and  being  righteous  above  whatsis  coi 
manded  (as  those  who  seclude  themselves  in  monasteries^,  that  they  rr 
nifestly  discover  excessive  pride,  hatred  of- their  neighbour^  impatience 
injuries;  to  which  add,  melancholy  plots  and  machinations;  and  tl: 
he  must  be- either  stupid  or  infected  with  thesame  vice  himself^  who  a 
mires  thlsldBXoTre^tua-ToQ^a-Keioi,  or  thinks  they  were  for  that  cause  the  m( 
pleasing  ,to  God.  This  being  so,  what  may  we  then  think  of- su 
armies  of  hermits,  monks,  and  friars,  who,  pretending  to -justifie  a-^m 
taken  zeal  and  meritorious 'abstinence ;  not  only  by  a  peculiar  diet  a 
distinction  of  meats  (which  God  without  distinction  has  made  the  m 
derate  use  of  common  and  indifferent*  among  Christians)^,  but  by  oth 
sordid  usages  and  unnecessary  hardships,  wilfully  prejudice  their  heal 
and  constitution  ?  and  through  a  singular  manner  of  living,  dark  a: 
Saturnine,  whilst  they  would  seem  to  abdicate  and  forsake  the- world*  ( 
imitation,  as  they  pretend,  of  the  ancient  Eremites),  take  care  to  sett: 
and;  build  their  warm  and  stately  nests  in  the  most  populous  cities,  a 
places  of  resort^  ambitious  doubtless  of  the  peoplee  veneration  and  oj 
nion  of  an- extraordinary  sanctity,  and  therefore  flying  the  de&artsy  whe 
there  is  indeed  no  use  of  them,  and  flocking  to  the  towns  and  citi 
where  there  is  less,  indeed  none  at  all,  atid  therefore  lio  marvel  that  t 
Emperour  Valentin  Ian  banished  them  the  cities,  and'Gonstantine  Copr 
nymus,  findingthem  seditious,  oblig'dthem  to-marryj  to  leave  their  Gel 
and  live  .as  did  others.  For  of  these,  some  there  are  who  seldom  spea 
and  therefore  edifie  none ;  sleep  little,  and  lie  hard,  are  clad  nastily,  ai 
eat  meanly  (and  oftentimes  that  which  is  unwholsom),  and  therefo 
benefit  none.-  Not  because  they  might  not,  both  for  their  own,  and  tl 
good  of  others,  and  the  publick,  but  because  they  will  not ;  custom,^  at 
a  prodigious  •j'  sloth  accompanying  it ; -which  renders  it*  so  far  f*o 
penance,  and  the  mortification  pretended,  that  they  know  not  how 
live,  or  spend  their  time  otherwise.  This,  as  I  have  often- consider'd,  i 
was  I  glad  to  find  it  justly  perstring'd,  and  taken  notice  of  by  a  learn( 
person  J,  amongst  others  of  his  useful  remarks  abroad. 


*  1  Tim.  ch.  iv.  ver.  3. 

f 'This,  with  their  prodigious  ignorance,  see  Mabillon  des Etudes  Monast.  Part  ii.  c.  17. 
X  Dr.  Lister's  Journey  to  Paris,  See  L'Apocalyps  de  Meliton,  ou  Revelation  des  Mysteres  Cen 
bitiques. 


791 

*' Th6se,''^says -be,*  "  wiilingljs  renouncing  the  innocent  eomforts  of 
ife,  plainly  shew  It  to  proceed  more  from  a  chagrin  and  morose  humouri 
;han  from  any  true  and  serious  principle  of  sound  religion,  which  teaches 
nentob.e  useful  in  their  generation,  sociable  and  communicative,  un- 
iflPected,and  by  no  means  singular  and  fantastic  in  garb  and  habit,  as 
ire  -these,  forsooth,  feithers  (as  they  affect  to  be  call'd),  spending  their 
Jay?  in  idle  and  fruitless  forms  and  tedious  repetitions ;  and  thereby 
ihinking  to  merit  the  reward  of  those  ancient  and  truly- pious  solitariesy 
ivho, ,  God  knows,  were  driven  from  their  countries  and  repose  by  the 
ncursions  of  barbarous  nations  (whilst  these  have  no  such  cause),  and 
jompell'd  to  austerities,  not  of  their  own  chusing  and  making,  but  the 
publick  calamity ;  and  to  labour  with  their  hands  for  their  own  and 
jthers  necessary  support,  as  well  as  with  their  prayers  and  holy  lives, 
jxamoles  .to  all  tbe  world.  And  some  of  these,  indeedj  ("besides  tl^e 
Solitaries  of  the  Thebaid,  who  wrought  for  abundance  of  poor  Chrifrtians, 
sick,  and  in  captivity,)  I  might  bring  in,  as  such  who  deserv'd  to  bave 
Lheir  names  preserved;  not  for  their  rigorous  fare  and  uncouth  disguises, 
but  for  teaebing  that  the  grace  of  temperance  and  other  verfcues,  con- 
sisted in  a  cheerful,  innocent,  and  profitable  conversation." 

And  now  to  reqapitulate  What  other  prerogatives  the  Hortulan  Pro- 
krision  has  been  celebrated  for,  besides  its  antiquity,  health  and  longer, 
v^ity.  of  the  antediluvians;  -that  temperance,  frugality,  leisure,  ease,  and 
Innumerable,  other  vertueis  and  advantages,  which  accompany  it,  are  no 
less  attributable  to  it.     Let  us  hear  our  excellent  botanist,  Mr*  Ray  *. 

"  The  use  of  plants,"  says  he,  "  is  all  our  life  long  of  that  universal 
Importance  and  concern,  that  we  can  neither  live  nor  subsist  in  any 
plenty  with  decency  or  conveniency,  or  be  said  to  live  indeed  at  all  with - 
[»ut  them.    Whatsoever  food  is  necessary  to  sustain  us,  whatsoever  con? 


*  Plantarum  usus  latissimb  patet,  et  in  omni  vitae  parte  bccurriti  Sine  itlis  kutfe,  sine  illis  com- 
nodfe  non  vivitur,  at  nee  vivitur  omnmb.  QuBECUnque  ad  victuia'  necessaria  sunt,  quaecunque  ad 
lelicias  feciunt,  fe  locupletissitno  suo  penu  abunde  subministrant.  Quantb  ex  iis  mensa  innocen- 
ior  mundior,  salubiior,  quhm  ex  animalium  caede  et  Laniena  ?  Homo  certfe  nature  animal  carni- 
^orum  non  est,  nuUis  ad  prsedam  et  rapinaifi  armis  instructum,  non  de^tibus  exertis  et  serratis, 
ion  unguibus  aduncis.  Manus  ad  fnictus  colligendoiS,  dentes  rid  iharidendos  comparati.  Nee  legi- 
nus  ei  ante  diluvium  carnes  ad  esum  concessas,  &c — Raii  Hist.  Plant.  Lib.  i.  cap.  '24. 


792 

tributes  to  delight  and  refresh  us,  are  supply'd  and  brought  forth  out  of 
that  plentiful  and  abundant  store  :  and  ah,  how  much  more  innocent, 
sweet,  and  healthful,  is  a  table  cover'd  with  these,  than  with  all  the 
reeking  flesh  of  butcher'd  and  slaughter'd  animals  !  Certairily,  man  by 
nature  was  never  made  to  be  a  carnivorous  creature ;  nor  is  he  arm'd  at 
all  for  prey  and  rapin,  with  gag'd  and  pointed  teeth  and  crooked  claws, 
sharpned  to  rend  and  tear;  but  with  gentle  hands  to  gather  fruit  and 
vegetables,  and  with  teeth  to  chew  and  eat  them.  Nor  do  we  so  much 
as  read  the  use  of  flesh  for  food,  was  at  all  permitted  him,  till  after  the 
universal  Deluge,  &c. 

To  this  might  we  add  that  transporting  consideration,  becoming 
both  our  veneration  and  admiration  of  the  infinitely  wise  and  glorious 
Author  of  Nature,  who  has  given  to  plants  such  astonishing  properties  ; 
such  fiery  heat  in  some  to  warm  and  cherish,  such  coolness  in  others  to 
temper  and  refresh,  such  pinguid  juice  to  nourish  and  feed  the  body, 
such  quickening  acids  to  compel  the  appetite,  and  grateful  vehicles  to 
court  the  obedience  of  the  palate,  such  vigour  to  renew  and  support  our 
natural  strength,  such  ravishing  flavour  and  perfumes  to  recreate  and 
delight  us.  In  short,  such  spirituous  and  active  force  to  animate  and 
revive  every  faculty  and  part,  to  all  the  kinds  of  human,  and  I  had 
almost  said,  heavenly  capacity  too.  What  shall  we  add  more  ?  our  gar- 
dens present  us  with  them  all ;  and  whilst  the  shambles  are  cover'd  with 
gore  and  stench,  our  sallets  scape  the  insults  of  the  summer  fly,  purifies 
and  warms  the  blood  aga:inst  winter  rage.  Nor  wants  there  variety  In 
more  abundance  than  any  of  the  former  ages  could  shew. 

Survey  we  their  bills  of  fare,  and  numbers  of  courses  serv'd  up  by 
Athenseus,  drest  with  all  the  garnish  of  Nicander  and  other  Grecian 
wits.  What  has  the  Roman  Grand  Sallet  worth  the  naming  ?  Parat 
convivium,  the  guests  are  nam'd  Indeed,  and  we  are  told, 

~ Varias,  quas  habet  hortus  opes. 

How  richly  the  garden's  stor'd !  * 

In  qiiibus  est  luctuca  sedens,  et  tonsile  porrum. 
Nee  deest  ructatrix  Mentha,  nee  herba  salax,  &c. 
A  goodly  sallet ! 

*  Mart,  lib.  x,  epig.  48. 


793 

•  Lettuce,  leeks,  mint,  rocket,  dole  wort- tops,  with  oyl  and  eggs,  and 
mch  an  hotch-pot" following  (as  the  cook  in  Plautus  would  deservedly 
laugh  at).  But  how  infinitely  out-done  in  this  age  of  ours,  by  the  va- 
riety* of  so  many  rare  edules  unknown  to  the  ancients,  that  there's  no 
room  forth^  comparison.  And,  for  magnificence,  let  the  sallet  d rest  by 
the  lady  for  an  entertainment  made  by  Jacobus  Catsius  (described  by  the 
poetvBarlseus  *)  shew ;  not  at  all  yet  out-doing  what  we  every  day 
almost  find  at  bur  Lord  Mayor's  table,  and  other  great  persons,  lovers 
of  the  gardens  ;  that  sort  of  elegant  cookery  being  capable  of  such  won- 
derful variety;  tho'  no^  altogether  wanting  of  old,  if  that  be  true  which 
is  related' to  us  of  Nicomedes -j-,  a  certain  king  of  Bithynia,  whose  cook 
made  him  a  pilchard  (a  fish  he  exceedingly  long'd  for)  of  a  well  dissem- 
bl'd  turnip,  carved  in  its  shape,  and  drest  with  byl,  salt,  and  pepper, 
that  so  deceiv'd,  and  yet  pleas'd  the  prince,  that  he  commended  it  for 
the  best  fish  he  had  ever  eaten.  Nor  does  all  this  exceed  what  every  in- 
dustrious gardiner  may  innocently  enjoy,  as  well  as  the  greatest  potent- 
ate on  earth  i 

Vitellius  his  table,  to  which  every  day 

All  Countries  did  a  constant  tribute  pay. 
Could  nothing  more  delicious  afford 

Than  nature's  liberality. 

Help*d  with  a  little  art  and  industry, 
Allows  the  meanest  gard'ners  board. 

The  wanton  taste  no  fish,  or  fowl  can  chuse,  .      :     •. 

,         For  which  the  grape  or  melon  she  would  lose. 
'  Tho' all  th' inhabitants  of  sea  and  air 

Be  listed  in  the  glutton's  bill  pf  fare  ; 
Yet  still  the  fruits  of  earth  we  see 

Plac'd  the  third  story  high  in  all  her  luxury. 

So  the  sweet  poet  ^,  whom  I  can  never  part  with  for  his  love  to  this 
delicious  toil,  and  the  honour  he  bas  done  me. 

Verily,  the  infinite  plenty  and  abundance,  with  which  the  benign  and 
bountiful  Author  of  Nature  has  stor'd  the  whole  terrestrial-  world  more 


*  Barl.  Eleg,  lib.  iii.  t  Af hen.  Deip.  1.  1 .  t  Cowley,  Garden,  stanz.  <J. 

5  I 


794: 

with  plants  and  vegetables  than  with  any  other  prpvisioh  '{Whatsoever ; 
and  the  variety  not  only  equal,  but  by  far  exeeeding.the  pleasure  and 
delight  of;  taste  (above  all  the  art  of  the  kitchen,  than  ever  .Apicius* 
^new)  seems  loudly  to  call,  and  kindly  invite,  all  her  living  inhabitants 
(none  excepted)  who  are  of  gentle  nature  and  most  useful,  to  the  same 
hospitable  and  common  board,  which  first  she  furnish'd  with  plants  and 
fruit,  as  to  their  natural  and  genuine  pasture  ;  nay,  and  of  the  most  wild, 
and  savage  too,  ah  origine.  ;  As  in  Paradise,  where,  as  the  evangelical 
prophet  Isaiah  adumbrating  the  future  glory  of  the  Catholick  Church, 
-(of  which  that  happy  gardea  was  the  antitype),  the  wolf  and  the  lamb, 
the  angry  and  furious  lion,  should  eat  grass  and  herbs  together  with  the 
px.     But  after  all,  latet  unguis  in  hei'ha,  there's  a  snake  in  the  grass ; 
luxury,  and  excess  in  our  most  innocent  fruitions.     There  was  a  time 
indeed  when  the  garden  furnish'd  entertainments  for  the  mostrenown'd 
herpes,  virtuous  and  excellent  persons ;  till  the  blood-thirsty  and  ambi- 
tious, over-running  the  nations,  and  by  murders  and  rapine  rifl'd  the 
world,  to  transplant  its  luxury  to  its  new  mistress,  Rome*   Those  whom 
heretofore  \  two  acres  of  land  would  have  satisfied  and  plentifully  main- 
tain'd,  had  afterwards   their  very  kitchens   almost  as   large  as   their 
first  territories.     Nor  was  that  enough.     Entire  '^  forests  and  parks, 
warrens  and  fish-ponds,  and  ample  lakes  to  furnish  their  tables,  so  as 
men  could  not  live  by  one  another  without '  oppression.     Nay,  and  to 
shew  how  the  best  and  most  innocent  things  may  be  perverted,  they 
chang'd  those  frugal  and  inemptas  dopes  of  their  ancestors,  to  that, 
height  and  profusion,  that  we  read  of  edicts  §  and  sumptuary  laws  en- 
acted to  restrain  even  the  pride  and  excess  of  sallets.     But  so  it  was  not 
when  the  pease-field  spread  a  table  for  the  conquerors  of  the  world,  and 


*  Hence  in  Macrobius,  Sat.  lib.  vii.  c,  5.  we  find  Eupolis  the  comedian,  in  his  .ffiges,, bringing  in 
goats  boasting  the  variety  of  their  food,  Bos-KojiiES'  uXus  a?rq  n-avToJairiif,  Ix.»tii{,  &c.  After  which  fol- 
lows a  banquet  of  innumerable  sorts; 

;  t  Bina  tunc  jugera  populo  Romano  satis  erant,  nullique^majorem  mcdum  attiibuit :  quo  servos 
paulo  ante  principis  Neronis,  contemptis  hujus  spatii  viridariis,  piscinas  juvat  habere  majores; 
gr'atli'mque,'  si  non  aliquem  et  culinas. — Plin.  Hist.  Nat.  lib,  xviii.  c.  2. 

-^  Intereagustuselementa  per  omnia  quserunt.  Juv  Sat.  xi.  1.  14. 

§  Cicero,  Epist.  lib.  vii.  ep.  26.  Coniplainipg  of  a  costly  sallet,  that  had  almost  cost  him  his  life. 


'79o 

their  grounds  were  cultivatefd  mmere  laureato  et  iriumphaU  aratore. 
The  greatest  princes  took  the  spade  and  the  plough-stafF  in  the  samb 
hand  they  held  the  sbeptre;  and  the  npblest  families*  thbdght  it  no 
dishonour  to  derive  -their  names  from  plants  and  sallet-herbs.  They 
arriv'd,  I  say,  to  that  pitch  of  ingrossing  all  that  was  but  green,  and 
could  be  vary'd  by  the  cook  C^eu  quhm  prodiga  ventris  !)  that,  as  Pliny 
tells  us  (hon  sine  pudore,  not  without  blushing),  a  poor  man  could 
hardly  find  a  thistle  to  dress  for  his  supper;  or  what  his  hungry  assf 
would  not  touch,  for  fear  of  pricking  his  lips. 

Verily  the  luxury  of  the  East  ruin'd  the  greatest  monarchies ;  first 
the  Persian,  then  the  Grecian,  and  afterwads  Rome  her  self.  By  what 
steps,  see  elegantly  described  in  old  Gratius  the  Faliscian,  deploring 
his  own  age  compar'd  with  the  former  : 

O  quantum  et  quoties  decoris  frustrata  paterni ! 
At  quails  nostria,  qu^m  simplex  mensa  Camillis ! 
Qui  tibi  ciiltus  eratposttot,  Serrane,  triumphos? 
Ergo  illi  ex  habitu,  virtutisque  indole  priscse, 
Imposuere  orbi  Romam  caput ; — -  ^ 

Neighb'ring  excesses  being  made  thine  own, 
How  art  thou  fall'n  from  thine  old  renown ! 
But  our  Caniilli  did  but  plainly  fare,  ,      .  , 

No  port  did  oft  triumphant  Serran  bear :  ,,^. 

<  Therefore  such  hardship,  and  their  heart  so  great, 

Gave  Rome  to  be  the  world's  imperial  seat. 

But  as  these  were  the  sensual  and  voluptuous,  who  abus'd  their  plenty, 
spent  their  fortunes  and  shortned  their  lives  by  their  debauches ;  so 
never  did  they  taste  the  delicaces  and  true  satisfaction  of  a  sober  repast, 
and  the  infinite  conveniences  of  what  a  well-stor'd  garden  aflFords;  so 


•  Valeriana,  that  of  Leetucini,  Achilleia,  Lysimachia.,  Fabius,  Cicero,  Lentulus,  Piso,  &c.  k 
Fabis,  Cicere,  Lente,  Pisis  bene  serendis  dicti.    Plin.  , 

f  Miruui  asset  non  licere  pecori  Carduis  vesci,  non  licet  plebeij  &p.  And  in  another  plape, 
Quoniam  portenta  quoque  terrarum  in  ganeam  vertimus,  etiam  ea  quae  refugiunt  quadrupedes  con- 
iciffi.    Plin.  Nat.  Hist.  lib.  xix.  c.  19—43. 

+  Gratii  Falisc.  Cynegeticon^  k  Wase.  See  concerning  this  excess,  Macr.  Sat.  lib.ii.  c.  9.  et  sequ. 


"^96 

elegantly  describ'd  by  the  naturalist  *,  as  costing  neither  fuel  nor  fiiie  to 
boil,  pains  or  time  to  gather  and  prepare,  res  eocpedita  et  parata  semper. 
All  was  so  near  at  hand,  readily  drest,  and  of  so  easie  digestion,  as  nei- 
ther to  offend  the  brain,  or  dull  the  senses ;  and  in  the  greatest  deaa-th  of 
corn,  a  little  bread  suffic'd.     In  all  events, 

Panis  ematUr,  olus,  vini  sextarius  ;  adde 
puts  humana  sibi  doleat  natura  negatis  ■jf., 

Bread,  wine,  and  whdlsome  sallets  you  may  buy,     ^ 
What  nature  adds  besides,  is  luxury. 

They  could  then  make  an  honest  meal,  and  dine  upon  a  sallet,  with- 
out so  much  as  a  grain  of  exotic  spice ;  and  thp  potagere  was  in  such 
reputation,  that  she  who  neglected  her  kitchen-garden  (for  that  was 
still  the  good  woman's  province)  was  never  reputed  a  tolerable  huswife. 
Si  vespertinus  subitb  te  oppresserit  hospes,  she  was  never  surpriz'd,  had 
all  (as  we  said)  at  hand,  and  could  in  a  trice  set  forth  an  handsome 
sallet.  And  if  this  was  happiness,  convictus  J'acilis  sine  arte  mensa  (as 
the  poet  reckons),  it  was  here  in  perfeqtion.  In  a  word,  so  universal 
was  the  sallet,  that  the  un-bloodyj  shambles  (as  Pliny  calls  them) 
yielded  the  Roman  §  state  a  more  considerable  custom  (when  there  was 
little  more  than  honest  cabbage  and  worts)  than  almost  any  thing  be- 
sides brought  to  market. 

They  spent  not  then'so  much  precious  time  as  afterwards  they  did, 
gorging  themselves  with  flesh  and  fish,  so  as  hardly  able  to  rise,  with- 
out reeking  and  reeling  from  table  : 


*  Horti  maximb .  placebarit,  quia  non  egerent  igni,  parcer^ntque  ligno,  expedita  res  et  parata 
semper :  unde  et  Acetaria  appellantur,  facilia  concoqui,  nee  oneratura  sensum  cibo,  et  quae  minjin^ 
accenderent  desiderium  panis.  Plin.  Hist.  Nat.  lib.  xix.  c.  19.  And  of  this  exceeding  frugality  of  the 
Romans,  till  after  the  Mithridatic  war,  see  Athenseus,  Deip.  lib.  vi.  cap.  21. 

t  Horat.  Serm.  Lib.  i.  Sat.  1.  74. 

X  Nequam  esse  in  donio  matrem  familias  (etenim  h?ec  cura  feminee  dicebatur)  ubi  indiljgens. 
esset  hortus.  Plin.  Hist.  Nat.  lib.  xix,  cap.  19. 

§  Alteram  succidium.    Cic.  in  Catone. 

Tiberias  had  a  tribute  of  skirits  paid  him. 


797 


3o  r-  -.  v:"-  yidds,  ut  pallidus  omnis 

GcEna  desurgat  dubia  ?  quin  corpus  onustum     , 
Hesternis  vitiis  animum  quoque  praegravat  unk, 
Atque  adfligit  hiimo  divinae  particulam  aurae*. 

See  but  how  pale  they  look,  how  wretchedly. 
With  yesterday's  surcharge  disturbed  they  be ! , 
Nor  body  only  sufFring,  but  the  mind, 
That  nobler  part,  dull'd  and  depress'd  we  find. 

Drowsie  and  unapt  for  business,  and  other  nobler  parts  of  life. 

Time  was  before  men  in  those  golden  days  :  their  spirits  were  brisk 
and  lively. 

■  Ubi  dicto  citius  .curata  sopori  , 

Membra  dedit,  vegetus  praescripta  ad  munera  surgit., 

With  shorter,  but  much  sweeter  sleep  content,-     ■ 
Vigorous  and  fresh,  about  their  business  went. 

\nd  men  had  their  wits  about  them ;  their  appetites  were  natural,  their 
\}ee^  molli  sub  arhore,  sound,  sweet,  and  kindly.  That  excellent  Ein- 
)erour  (M.  Claudius)  Tacitus  being  us^d  to  say  of  lettuce,  that  he  did 
omnum  se  mercari,  when  he  eat  of  them,  and  call'd  it  a  sumptuous 
least,  with  asallet  and  a  single  pullet,  which  was  usually  all  the  fle&h- 
aeat  that  sober  prince  eat  of;  whilst  Maximinus  (a  profess'd  enemy 
o  sallet)  is  reported  to  have  scarce  been  satisfied  with  sixty  pounds  of 
iesh,  and  drink  proportionaible.  ■' 

There  was  then  also  far  less  expensive  grandure,  but  far  more  true 
tate;  when  Consuls,  great  statesmen  (and  jBuch  as  atchiev'd  the  most 
enown'd  actions),  supp'd  in  their  gardens ;  not  under  ..costly,  gilded, 
nd  inlaid  roofs,  but  the  spreading  platan ;  and  drank  of  the  chrystal 
rook,  and  by  .temperance  and  healthy  frugality,  maintain'd  the  glory 
f  sallets,  ah,  quanta  innocentiore  victu  /  with  what  content  and  satig- 
iction !     Nor,  as  we  said,  wanted  there  variety ;  for  so  in  the   most 


*  Hor.  Sat.  lib.  ii.  3.  76.    Vix  prae  vino  sustinet  palpebras^  eunti  in  consilium^  &c.    See  the  ora- 
m  of  C,  Titius  de  Leg.  Fan,  Macr.  Sat.  lib.  ii.  c.  12. 

* 


79S 

blissful  place  and  innocent  state  of  nature,  see  how  the  first  empress 
the  world  regales  her  celestial  guest : 

With  sav'ry  fruits,  of  Taste  to  please 

True  appetite, and  brings 

Whatever  earth,  all-bearing  mother,  yields 

Fruit  of  all  kinds,  in  cpat 

Rough,  or  smooth  rind,-r-or  bearded  husk,  or  shell. 
Heaps  with  unsparing  hand :  for  drink  the  grape 
She  crushes,  inoffensive  must,  and  meathes 
From  many  a  berry,  and  from  sweet  kernels  prest, 
She  tempers  dulcet  creams  *. — — • 

Then  for  the  board, 

Rais'd  of  grassy  turf 

Their  table  was,  and  mossy  seats  had  round ; 
And  on  her  ample  square  from  side  to  side. 

All  autumn  pil'd  -f" ; ah  innocence 

Deserving  Paradise! 

Thus  the  Hortulan  provision  of  the  Golden  Age  J  fitted  all  plac 
times,  and  persons ;  and  when  man  is  restor'd  to  that  state  again,  it  v 
be  as  it  was  in  the  beginning. 

But  now  after  all  (and  for  close  of  all),  let  none  yet  imagine,  tl 
whilst  we  justifie  our  present  subject  through  all  the  topics  of  panegyj 
we  would  in  favour  of  the  sallet,  drest  with,  all  its  pomp  and  advanta, 
turn  mankind  to  grass  again ;  which  were  ungratefully  to  neglect 
bounty  of  Heaven,  as  well  as  his  health  jand  comfort.  But  by  th 
noble  instances  and  examples,  to  reproach  the  luxury  of  the  present  ,a£ 
and  by  shewing  the  infinite  blessing  and  eflFects  of  temperance,  and  i 
vertues  accompanying  it ;  with  how  little  nature,  and  a  civil  §  appei 


*  Milton's  Paradise  Lost,  Book  v.  ver.  304,  &c.  f  Id.  line  391,  &c. 

*  At  vetus  ilia  aetas,  cui  fecimns  Aurea.  nomen, 
Fcetibus  arboreis,  et,  quas  humus  educat,  herbis 
Fortunata  fuit Ovid.  Met.  xv.  1.  96. 

§  Behe  moratus  venter. 


7^9 

may  be  happy,  contented  with  moderate  things,  and  within  a  little  com- 
pass, reserving  the  rest  to  the  nobler  parts  of  life.     And  thus  of  old. 

Hoc  erat  in  votis,  modus  agri  non  ita  magnus,  &c. 

He  that  was  possess'd  of  a  little  spot  of  ground,  and  well-cultivated 
garden,  with  other  moderate  circumstances,  had  hceredium.  All  that 
a  modest  man  could  well  desire.     Then, 

Happy  the  man,  whotn,  from  ambition  freed, 
A  little  field  and  little  garden  feed. 
The  field  gives  frugal  nature  what's  requir'd  ; 
,  The  garden,  what's  luxuriously  desir'd ; 
The  specious  evils  of  an  anxious  life. 
He  leaves  to  fools  to  be  their  endless  strife  *. 

O  fortunatos  nimium  bona  si  sua  norint 
Horticulos ! 


*  Foelix,  quern  mLser^  procul  ambitione  remotum. 

Parvus  ager  placid^,  parvus  et  hortus,  alit. 
Frsebet  ager  quicquid  frugi  natura  requirit, 

Hortus  habet,  quicquid  luxuriosa  petit, 
Csetera  sollicitse  speciosa  incommoda  vitae, 

Permittit  stultis  quaerere,  habere  malis. Couleiii  PI.  lib.  iv. 


800 


APPENDIX. 


Tho'  it  was  far  from  our  first  intention  lo  qharge  this  small  volume  and 
discourse  concerning, crude  sallets,  with  any  of  the  following  receipts;  yet 
having  since  received  them  frpm  an  experienc'd  housewife ;  and  that  they 
may  possibly  be  useful  to  correct,  preserve,  and  improve  our  Acetaria,  we 
have  allow'd  them  place  as  an  appendant  variety  upon  occasion  ;  nor  ac- 
count we  it  the  least  dishonour  to  our  former  treatise,  that  we  Mndly  enter- 
tain'd  them ;  since  (besides  divers  learned  physicians,  and  siuch  as  have  ex 
professo  written  de  Re  Cibaria)  we  have  the  examples  of  many  other  noble 
and  illustrious  persons  *,  both  among  the  ancient  and  modern. 

1.  AaTicHOAK.-r-Clear  it  of  the  leaves,  and  cut  the  bottoms  in  pretty  thin 
slices  or  quarters ;  then  fry  them  in  fresh  butter  with  some  parsley,  till  it 
is  crisp,  and  the  slices  tender ;  and  so  dish  them  with  other  fresh  melted 
butter.  ,  .        ^ 

How  a  Poiverade  is  made,  and  the  bottoms  preserved  all  the  winter,  see 
Acetaria,  p.  735. 

Ashen-keys — Asparagus — Beets — Broom — Buds— Capers.  See  Pickle. 
Carrot.     See  Pudding. 
Champignon.     See  Mushrom. 

2.  Chessnut. — Roasted  under  the  embers,  or  dry  fryed,  till  they  shell 
and  quit  their  husks,  ipay  be  slit,  the  juice  of  orange  squeezed  on  a  lump  of 
hard  sugar  dissolv'd ;  to  which  add  some  claret  wine. 

COLLYFLOWER CuCUMBER — ElDER-FLOWERS™FlOWERS— GiLLY-FLOWERS. 

See  Pickle. 

Herbs.     See  Pudding  and  Tart. 
LiMON.     See  Pickle. 

*  Pliny,  Athenseus,  Macrobius,- Bacon,  Boyle,  Digby,  &c. 


801 

3.  MusHROM. — Chuse  the  small,  firm,  and  white,  buttons,  growing  upon 
^et  pasture  .grounds,  neither  under  nor  about  any  trees ;  strip  off  the  upper 
:m,  and  pare  away  all  the  black  spungy  bottom  part ;  then  slice  them  in 
larters,  and  cast  them  in  water  a  while  to  cleanse ;  then  boil  them  in  fresh 
ater,  and  a  little  sweet  butter  (some  boil  them  a  quarter  of  an  hour  first)  ; 
id  then  taking  them  out,  dry  them  in  a  cloth,  pressing  out  the  water,  and 
hilst  hot,  add  the  butter ;  and  then  boiling  a  full  hour  {to  exhaust  *he 
alignity)  shift  them  in  another  clean  water,  with  butter  as  befove,  till 
ley  become  sufficiently  tender.  Being  taken  out,  pour  upon  them  as 
uch  strong  mutton  {or  other)  broth  as  will  cover  thema  with  six  spoonsful 
'  white  wine,  twelve  cloves,  as  many  pepper-corns,  ibur  small  young 
lions,  half  an  handful  of  persley  bound  up  with  two  or  three  sprjggs  of 
yme,  an  anchovy,  oysters  raw  or  pickled,  a  little  salt,  sweet  butter ;  and 

let  them  stew.     See  Acetar.  p.  73^5. 

Anotfier. — Prepar'd  and  cleans'd  as  above,  and  cast  into  fountain-water, 

preserve  them  from  growing  black ;  boil  them  in  fresh  water  and  salt,  and 
lilst  on  the  fire,  cast  in  the  mushrooms,  letting  them  toil  tilF  they  become 
nder ;  then  stew  them  leisurely  between  two  dishes  (the  water  being  draijied 
)m  them)  in  a  third  part  of  white  wine,  and  butter,  and  a  small  bundle 

sweet  herbs  at  discretion.  To  these  add  broth  as  before,  with  cloves, 
ice,  nutmeg,  anchovies  (one  is  sufficient),  oysters,  &e.  a  small  onion,  with 
B  green  stem  chopt  small ;  and  lastly,  some  mutton-gravy,  rubbing  the 
ih  gently  with  a  clove  of  garlick,  or  some  rocombo  seeds  in  its  stead. 
me  beat  the  yolk  of  a  fresh  egg  with  vinegar,  and  butter,  and  a  little 
pper. 

In  France,  some  (more  compendiously  being  peel'd  and  prepared)  cast 
;m  into  a  pipkin,  where,  with  the  sweet  herbs,  spice,  and  an  onion,  they 
w  them  in  their  own  juice,  without  any  other  water  or  liquor  at ;all,  and 
;n  taking  out  the  herbs  and  onion,  thicken  it  with  a  little  butter,  and  so 

them, 

[n  Polverade. — The  large  mushrooms  well  cleansed,  being  cut  into  quar- 
s,  and  strewed  with  pepper  and  salt,  are  broil'd  on  the  grid-iron,  and  eaten 
h  fresh  butter. 

;n  Powder.~~-Be'mg  fresh  gathered,  cleans'd,  and  cut  in  pieces,  stew 
m  in  water  and  salt;  and  being  taken  forth,  dry  them  with  a  cloth,  then 
ting  them  into  an  earth-glazed  pot,  set  them  into  the  oven  after  the 
ad  is  drawn  ;  repeat  this  till  they  are  perfectly  dry ;  and  reserve  them  in 
ers  to  crumble  into  what  sauce  you  please.    For  the  rest,  see  Pickle. 

5  K 


802 

4;  Mustard. — Procure  the  best  and  weightiest  seed,  cast  it  into  wa 
two  or  three  times,  till  no  more  of  the  hiisk  arise ;  then  taking  out  the  soi 
(which  will  sink  to. the  bottom)  rub  it  very  dry  in  warm  coarse  cloths,  shi 
ing  it  also  a  little  to  the  fire  in  a  dish  or  pan;  then  stamp  it  as  small 
to  pass  through  a  fine -tiffany  sieve;  slice. some  horse-radish,  and  la; 
to  soak  in  strong  vinegar,  with  a. small  lump  of  hard  sugar  (which  so 
leave  out)  to  temper  the  flower  withj  being  drained  from  the  radish,  and 
pot  it  all  in  a  glaz'd  mug,  with  an  onion,  and  keep  it  well  stop'd  with  a  C( 
upon  a  bladder,  which  is  the  more  cleanly  ;' but  this  receit  is  improv'd 
instead  of  vinegar,  water  only,  or  the  broth  of  powder'd  beef  be  made  i 
of.  And  to  some  of  this  mustard  adding  verjuice,  sugar,  claret-wine,  a 
juice  of  limon,  you  have  an  excellent  sauce  to  any  sort  of  flesh  or  fish.. 

Note,  that  a  pint  of  good  seed  is  enough  to  make  at  one  time,  and 
keep  fresh  a  competent  while.  "What  part  of  it  does  not  pass  the  sarse,  m 
be  beaten  again  ;  and  you  may  reserve  the  flower  in  a  well  closed  glass,  a 
make  fresh  mustard  when  you  please.     See  Acetaria,  p.  748.  • 

Nasturtium.     Fide  Pickle. 

Orange.     See  Limon,  in  Pickles. 

5.  Parsnip. — Take  the  large  roots,  boil  them,  and  strip  the  skin;  th 
slit  them  long- ways  into  pretty  thin  slices,  flower  and  fry  them  in  frt 
butter  till  they  look  brown.  The  sauce  is  other  sweet  butter  melted.  Soi 
strow  sugar  and  cinamon  upon  them.  Thus  you  may  accommodate  otl 
roots. 

There  is  made  a  mash  or  pomate  of  this  root,  being  boiled  very  tenc 
with  a  little  fresh  cream ;  and  being  heated  again,  put  to  it  some  butter 
little  sugar,  and  juice  of  limon,  dish  it  upon  sippets  ;  sometimes  a  few  < 
rinths  are  added. 

Penny-royal.     See  Pudding. 

PICKLES. 

6.  Pickled  Artichoaks.     See  Acetaria,  p.  735. 

7-  Ashen- keys. — Gather  them  young,  and  boil  them  in  three  or  fo 
waters  to  extract  the  bitterness ;  and  when  they  feel  tender,  prepare  a  syr 
of  sharp  white-wine  vinegar,  sugar,  and  a  little  water.     Then  boil  them  or 
very  quick  fire,  and  they  will  become  of  a  green  colour,  fit  to  be  potted 
soon  as  cold. 


803 

8.  Asparagus.— Break  off  the  hard  ends,  and  put  them  in  white-wine 
vinegar  and  salt,  well  covered  with  it;  and  so  let  them  remain  for  six 
weeks.  ■  Then  taking  them  out,  boil  the  liquour  or  pickle,  and  scum  it  care- 
fully. If  need  be,  renew  the  vinegar  and  salt ;  and  when  'tis  cold,  pot  them 
up  again.     Thus  may  one  keep  them  the  whole  year. 

9.  Beans. — Take  such  as  are  young  and^  fresh,  and  approaching  their  full 
growth.  Put  them  into  a  strong  brine  of  white-wine  vinegar  and  salt  able  to 
bear  an  egg.  Cover  them  very  close,  and  so  will  they  be  preserved  twelve 
months;  but  a  month  before  you  use  them,  take  out  what  quantity  you 
think  sufficient  for  your  spending  a  quarter  of  a  year  (for  so  long  the  second 
pickle  will  keep  them  sound)  and  boil  them  in  a  skillet  of  fresh  water  till 
they  begin  to  look  green,  as  they  soon  will  do.  Then  placing  them  one  by 
one  (to  drain  upon  a  clean  coarse  napkin)  range  them  row  by  row  in  a  jarr, 
and  cover  them  with  vinegar,  and  what  spice  you  please;  some  weight 
being  laid  upon  them  to  keep  them  under  the  pickle.  Thus  you  may  pre- 
serve French-beans,  haricos,  &c.  the  whole  year  about. 

10.  Broom-buds  and  PODS. — Make  a  strong  pickle  as  above,  stir  it  very 
well,  till  the  salt  be  quite  dissolved,  clearing  off  the  dregs  and  scum.  The 
next  day  pour  it  from  the  bottom;  and  having  rubbed  the  buds  dry, 
pot  them  up  in  a  pickle  glass,  which  should  be  frequently  shaken,  till  they 
sink  under  it,  and  keep  it  well  stopt  and  covered. 

Thus  may  you  pickle  any  other  buds  ;  or  as  follows : 

11.  Of  Elder. — Take  the  largest  buds,  and  boil  them  in  a  skillet  with 
salt  and  water^  sufficient  only  to  scald  them ;  and  so  (being  taken  off  the 
fire)  let  them  remain  covered  till  green ;  and  then  pot  them  with  vinegar 
and  salt,  which  has  had  one  boil  up  to  cleanse  it. 

12.  CoLLYFLOWERS. — Boil  them  till  they  fall  in  pieces.  With  some  of 
the  stalk,  and  worst  of  the  flower,  boil  it  in  a  part  of  the  liquor  till  pretty 
strong.  Being  taken  off,  strain  it;  and  wheii  settled,  clear  it  from  the 
bottom.  Then  with  dill,  gross  pepper,  a  pretty  quantity  of  salt,  when  cold, 
add  as  much  vinegar  as  will  make  it  sharp,  and  pour  all  upon  the  colly- 
flower;  and  so  as  to  keep  them  from  touching  one  another;  which  is  pre- 
vented by  putting  paper  close  to  them. 

Cornelians  are  pickled  like  Olives. 


804 

1^.  Cowslips. — Pickt  very  clean  ;  to  each  pound  of  flowers  allow  abaut 
one  pound  of  loaf  sugar,  and  one  pint  of  white-wine  vinegar,  which  boil  to 
a  syrup-,  and  cover  it  scalding  hot.  Thus  you  may  pickle  clove-gilly-floWers^ 
elder,  and  other  flowers,  which  being  eaten  alone,  make  a  very  agreeable 
salletine. 

14.  Cucumbers. T — Take  the  gerkems,  or  smaller  cucumbers ;  put  them 
into  rape-vinegar,  and  boyl  and  cover  them  so  close,  as  none  of  the.  vapour 
rnay  issue  forth;  and  also  let  them  stand  till  the  next  day  or  longer.  Then 
boil  them  in  fresh  white-Wine  vinegar,  with  large  mace,  nutmeg,  ginger,  white 
pepper  and  a  little  salt  (according  to  discretion),  straining  the  former  liquor 
from  the  cucumbers;  and  so  place  them  in  a  jarr,  or  wide  mouthed  glass, 
laying  a  little  dill  and  fennel  between  each  rank  ;  and  covering  all  with  the 
fresh  scalding-hot  pickle :  keep  all  close,  and  repeat  it  daily  till  you  find 
them  sufficiently  green. 

In  the  same  sort  cucumbers  of  the  latge&t  size,  being  peel'd  and  cut  into 
thin  slices,  are  very  delicate.  Note.  That  the  cucumbers  and  the  gerkems  are 
not  to  be  boiled  in  either  of  the  vinegars,  but  poured  scalding  hot  upon  them. 

Another. -^"^'vprng  them  clean,  put  them  in  a  very  strong  brine  of  water 
and  salt,  to  soak  two  or  three  hours  or  longer,  if  you  see  cause.  Then  range 
them  in  the  jarr  or  barrellet  with  herbs  and  spice  as  usual ;  and  cover  them 
with  hot  liquor,  made  of  two  parts  beer-vinegar,  and  one  of  white-wine  vine- 
gar. Let  allbe  very  well  closed.  A  fortnight  after  scald  the  pickle  again,  and 
repeat  it,  as  above.  Thus  they  will  keep  longer,  and  from  being  so  soon 
sharp,  eat  crimp  and  well  tasted,  tho'  not  altogether  so  green.  You  may 
add  a  walnut-leaf,  hysop,  costmary,  &c. ;  and  as  some  da,  strow  on  them  a 
little  powder  of  roch-allom,  which  makes  them  firm  and  eatable  within  a 
month  or  six  weeks  after. 

Mango  of  Cucumbers.  Take  the  biggest  cucumbers  (and  most  of  the 
mango  size)  that  look  green.  Open  them  on  the  top  or  side,  and  scooping 
out  the  seeds,  supply  their  place  with  a  small  clove  of  garlick,  or  some 
roccombo  seeds.  Then  put  them  into  an  earthen  glazed  jarr,  or  wide 
mouth'd  glass,  with  as  much  white-wine  vinegar  as  will  cOver  them.  Boil 
them  in  the  vinegar  with  pepper,  cloves,  mace,  &c.  and  when  off  the  fire, 
as  much  salt  as  Will  make  a  gentle  brin«  ;  and  so  pour  all  boyling  hot  on  the 
cucumbers,  covering  them  close  till  the  next  day.  Then  put  them  with  a 
little  dill  and  pickle  into  a  large  skillet,  and  giving  them  a  boyl  or  two,  - 
return  them  into  the  vessel  again ;  and  when  all  is  cold,  add  a  good  spoon- 


805 

fill  of  the  best  mustard,  keeping  it  from  the  air,  and  so  yom  have  an  excellent 
ittango.  When  you  have  occasion  to  take  any  out,  make  use  of  a  spoon, 
and  not  ycfu^  fingers. 

Elder.     5'ee  Buds. 

Flowers.     <See  Cowslips,  and  for  other  flowei's.  , 

15.  LiMON. — Take  slices  of  the  thick  rind  limon,  bodl  and  shift  thejati  in 
several  waters,  till  they  are  pretty  tender.  Then  drain  and  wipe  them  dry 
with  a  clean  doth  ;  and  make  a  pickle  with  a  little  white-wine  vinegar,  one 
part  to  two  of  fair  water,  and  a  little  sUgar,  carefully  scuna'd.  When  all  i^ 
cald,  pour  it  on  the  peel'd  rind,  and-  cover  it  all  close  in  a  convenient  glass 
farr.  Some  make  a  syrup  of  vinegar,  white-wine,  and  sugar,  not  too  thick, 
and  pour  it  on  hot. 

16.  Melon. — The  abortive  and  after-fruit  of  Melons  being  pickled  as 
cucumber,  make  an  excellent  sallet. 

17'  MusHROM.-^Take  a  quart  of  the  best  white-wine  vinegar,  as  much 
of  white-wine,  cloves,  mace,  nutmeg  a  pretty  quantity,  beaten  together  ;  let 
the  spice  boil  therein  to  the  consumption  of  half ;  then  taken  off,  and  being 
cold,  pour  the  liquour  on  the  mushroms,  but  leave  out  the  boiled  spice,  and 
cast  in  of  the  same  sort  of  spice  whole,  the  nutmeg  only  slit  in  quarters,  with 
some  limon-peel,  white  pepper,  and,  if  you  please,  a  whole  raw  onion^  which 
take  out  again  when  it  begins  to  perish. 

Another. — The  mushroms  peel'd,  &c.  throw  them  into  water,  and  theii 
jlto  a  sauce-pan,  with  some  long  pepper,  cloVes,  mace,  a  quarter'd  nutmeg, 
vith  an  onion,  shallot,  or  roccombo-seed,  and  a  little  salt.  Let  them  all  boil 
I  quarter  of  an  hour  on  a  very  quick  fire.  Then  take  out,  and  cold,  with  a  . 
jretty  quantity  of  the  former  spice,  boil  them  in  some  white-wine,  which 
being  cold)  cast  upon  the  mushroms,  and  fill  up  the  pot  with  the  best 
vhite-wine,  a  bay-leaf  or  two,  and  an  handful  of  salt :  afterwards  cover  them 
vith  the  liqubur;  and  if  for  long  keeping,  pour  sallet- oil  over  all,  tho' 
hey  will  be  preserved  a  year  without  it.  ,  . 

They  are  sometimes  boil'd  in  salt  and  water,  with  some  milk,  and  laying 
hem  in  the  colender  to  drain,  till  cold,  and  wiped  dry,  cast  them  into  the 
>ickle  with  the  white- wirie,  vinegar  and  salt,  grated  nutmeg,  ginger  bruised, 
loves,  mace,  white  jJepper  and  limon-peel ;  pour  the  liquor  on  them  cold 
without  boiling. 


806 

Nasturtium  Indicum. — Gather  the  buds  before  they  open  to  flower ; 
lem  in  the  shade  three  or  four  hours,  and  putting  them  into  an  earthen 
d  vessel,  pour  good  vinegar  on  them,  and  cover  it  with  a  board.  Thus 
stand  for  eight  or  ten  days.  Being  taken  out,  and  gently  press'd,  cast 
into  fresh  vinegar,  and  let  them  so  remain  as  long  as  before.  Repeat 
L  third  time,  and  barrel  them  up  with  vinegar  and  a  little  salt. 
:ange.     See  Limon. 

.  Potato. — The  small  green  fruit  (when  about  the  size  of  the  wild 
y)  being  pickled,  is  an  agreeable  sallet.  But  the  root  being  roasted 
r  the  embers,  or  otherwise,  open'd  with  a  knife,  the  pulp  is  butter'd  in 
kin,  of  which  it  will  take  up  a  good  quantity,  and  is  seasoned  with  a 
salt  and  pepper.    Some  eat  them  with  sugar  together  in  the  skin, 

I  has  a  pleasant  crimpness.  They  are  also  stew'd  and  bak'd  in  pyes,  &c. 

,  PuRSELAN. — Lay  the  stalks  in  an  earthen  pan.  Cover  them  with 
vinegar,  and  water,  keeping  them  down  with  a  competent  weight  to 
>e,  three  days.  Being  taken  out,  put  them  into  a  pot  with  as  much 
!-wine  vinegar  as  will  cover  them  again  ;  and  close  the  lid  with  paste  to 
in  the  steam ;  then  set  them  on  the  fire  for  three  or  four  hours,  often 
ng  and  stirring  them.  Open  the  cover,  and  turn  and  remove'  those 
3  which  lie  at  the  bottom  to  the  top,  and  boil  them  as  before,   till  they 

II  of  a  colour.  When  all  is  cold,  pot  them  with  fresh  white-wine  vine- 
md  so  you  may  preserve  them  the  whole  year  round. 

,  Radish. — The  seed-pods  of  this  root  being  pickl'd  are  a  pretty  sallet. 

.  Sampier. — Let  it  be  gathered  about  Michaelmas  (or  the  spring)  and 
wo  or  three  hours  into  a  brine  of  water  and  salt ;  then  into  a  clean  tin'd 
pot,  with  three  parts  of  strong  white-wine  vinegar,  and  one  part,  of 
r  and  salt,  or  as  much  as  will  cover  the  sampler,  keeping  the  vapour  from 
ig  out,  by  pasting  down  the  pot-lidj  and  so  hang  it  over  the  fire  for  half 
3ur  only.  Being  taken  ofi',  let  it  remain  cover'd  till  it  be  cold ;  and 
put  it  up  into  small  barrels  or  jars,  with  the  liquor,  and  some  fresh 
jar,  water,  and  salt ;  and  thus  it  will  keep  very  green.  If  you  be  near 
ea,  that  water  will  supply  the  place  of  brine.    This  is  the  Dover  receipt. 

.  "Walnuts. — Gather  the  nuts  young,  before  they  begin  to  harden^but 


807 

lot  before  the  kernel  is  pretty  white.  Steep  them  in  as  much  water  as  will 
nore  than  cover  them.  Set  them  on  the  fire,  and  when  the  water  boils,  and 
frows  black,  pour  it  off,  and  supply  it  with  fresh,  boiling  it  as  before,  and 
sontinuing  to  shift  it  till  it  becomes  clear,  and  the  nuts  pretty  tender.  Let 
hem  be  put  into  clean  spring  water  for  two  days,  chattging  it  as  before  with 
resh,  two  or  three  times  within  this  space.  Lay  them  to  drain,  and  dry  on 
I  clean  coarse  cloth,  and  put  them  up  in  a  glass  jar,  with  a  few  walnut  leaves, 
iill,  cloves,  pepper,  whole  mace,  and  salt ;  strowing  them  under  every  layer 
)f  nuts,  till  the  vessel  be  three  quarters  full ;  and,  lastly,  replenishing  it  with 
;he  best  vinegar,  keep  it  well  covered  ;  and  so  they  will  be  fit  to  spend  within 
;hree  months. 

To  make  a  Mango  with  them.— The  green  nuts  prepared  as  before,  cover 
ihe  bottom  of  the  jar  with  some  dill,  an  handful  of  bay-salt,  &c.  and  then  a 
jed  of  nuts  ;  and  so  stratum  upon  stratum,  as  above,  adding  to  the  spice 
some  roccombo-seeds ;  and  filling  the  rest  of  the  jar  with  the  best  white- 
svine .vinegar  mingled  with  the  best  mustard;  and  so  let  them  remain  close 
:overed  during  two  or  three  months  time.  And  ,thus  have  you  a  more  agree- 
ible  mango  than  what  is  brought  us  from  abroad ;  which  you  may  use  in  any 
sauce,  and  is  of  it  self  a  rich  condiment. 

Thus  far  Pickles. 

25.  PoTAGE  Maigre. — ^Take  four  quarts  of  spring-water,  two  or  three 
anions  stuck  with  some  cloves,  two  or  three  slices  of  limon-peel,  salt,  whole 
tvhite  pepper,  mace,  a  raze  or  two  of  ginger,  tied  up  in  a  fine  cloth  (lawn  or 
tiffany),  and  make  all  boil  for  half  an  hour ;  then  having  spinage,  sorrel,  white 
beet- chard,  a  little  cabbage,  a  few  small  tops  of  cives,  wash'd  and  pick'd 
:;iean,  shred  them  well,  and  cast  them  into  the  liquor,  with  ,a  pint  of  blue 
pease  boil'd  soft  and  strain'd,  with  a  bunch  of  sweet  herbs,  the  top  and  botr 
tom  of  a  French  roll ;  and  so  suffer  it  to  boil  during  three  hours ;  and  then 
Jish  it  with  another  small  French  roll,  and  slices  about  the  dish.  Some  cut 
3read  in  slices,  and  frying  them  brown  (hieing  dried)  put  them  into  the  ppt- 
;age  just  as  it  is  going  to  be  eaten. 

The  same  herbs,  clean  wash'd,  broken  and  pulled,  asunder  only,  being  put 
n  a  close  cover'd  pipkin,  without  any  other  water  or  liquor,  will  stew  in 
;heir  own  juice  and  moisture.  Some  add  an  whole  onion,  which  after  a  while 
ihould  be  taken  out,  remembring  to  season  it  with  salt  and  spicCj  and  serve 
t  up  with  bread  and  a  piece  of  fresh  butter. 


808 

^6.  Pudding  of  Carrot.  —  Pare  off  the  crust  and  tougher  part  of  a 
two-penny  white  loaf,  grating  the  rest ;  as  also  half  as  much  of  the  root. 
Then  take  half  a  pint  of  fresh  cream  or  new  milk,  half  ^a  pound  of 
fresh  butter,  six  new  laid  €ggs  (taking  out  three  of  the  whites),  mash  and 
mingle  them  well  with  the  cream  and  butter.  Put  in  the  grated  bread  and 
fcarrot,  with  near  half  a  pound  of  sugar,  and  a  little  salt,  some  grated  nutmeg 
and  beaten  spice  ;  and  pour  all  into  a  convenient  dish  or  pan,  butter'd,  to 
keep  the  ingredients  from  sticking  and  burning;  set  it  in  a  quick  oven  for 
about  an  hour,  and  so  have  you  a  composition  for  any  root-pudding. 

27.  Penny-royal. — The  cream,  eggs,  spice,  &c.  as  above,  but  not  so  much 
sugar  and -salt.  Take  a  pretty  quantity  of  penny-royal  and  marigold  flower, 
k6.  'very  weU 'shred,  and  mingle  with  the  cream,  eggs,  Sec,  four  spoonfuls  of 
sack  ;  half  a  pint  more  of  cream,  and  almost  a  pound  of  beef-suet  chopt  very 
small,  the  gratings  of  a  two-penny  loaf,  and  stirring  all  well  together,  put  it 
into  a  bag  flower'd,  and  tie  it  fast.  It  will  be  boil'd  within  an  hour.  Or 
may  be  bak'd  in  i3ie  pan  like  the  carrot-pudding.  The  sauce  is  for  both,  a 
little  rose-water,  less  vinegar,  with  butter,  beaten  together  and  poured  on  it, 
sweetened  with  the  sugar  caster. 

Of  this  plant  discreetly  dried,  is  made  a  most  wholsom  and  excellent  tea. 

28.  Of  Spinage. — Take  a  sufficient  quantity  of  spinach,  stamp  and  strain 
out  the  juice ;  put  to  it  grated  manchet,  the  yolk  of  as  many  eggs  as  in  the 
former  composition  of  the  carrot-pudding ;  some  marrow  shi'ed  small,  nut- 
meg, sugar,  some  corinths  (if  you  please),  a  few  carroways,  rose,  or  orange- 
flower  water  (as  you  best  like  J,  to  make  it  grateful.  Mingle  all  with  a  little 
boiled  cream,  and  set  the  dish  or  pan  in  the  oven,  with  a  garnish  of  puff- 
paste.  It  will  require  but  very  moderate  baking.  Thus  have  you  receipts 
for  herb-puddiugs. 

29.  Skirret-milk. — Is  made  by  boiling  the  roots  tender,  and  the  pulp 
strained  out,  put  into  cream  or  new  milk  boiled,  with  three  or  four  yolks  of 
eggs,  sugar,  large  mace,  and  other  spice,  &c.  And  thus  is  composed  any 
other  root-milk.     See  Acetari^,  p.  754). 

30.  Tansie. — Take  the  gratings  or  slices  of  three  Naples-biscuits,  put 
them  into  half  a  pint  of  cream,  with  twelve  fresh  eggs,  four  of  the  whites 


809 

cast  out,  straih  the  rest,  and  break  them  with  two  spoonsfull  of  rose-water,  a 
little  salt  and  sugar,  half  a  grated  njitmeg.  And  wheU  ready  for  the  pan, 
put  almost  a  pint  of  the  juice  of  spinach,  cleaver,  beets,  corn-sallet,  green 
corn,  violet,  or  primrose  tender  leaves  (for  of  any  of  these  you  may  take 
your  choiice),  with  a  very  small  sprig  of  tarisie,  and  let  it  be  fried  so  as  to  look 
green  in  the  dish,  with  a  strew  of  sugar,  and  store  of  the  juicg  of  orange. 
"Some  affect  to  have  it  fryed  a  little  brown  and  crisp. 

31.  Tart  of  HERBs.T*-An  herb-tart  is  mjade  thijs:  Boil  fresh  cream  or 
milk,  with  a  little  grated  bread  or  NapleS'biscuit  (which  is  better)  to  thicken 
it ;  a  pretty  quantity  of  chervile,  spinach,  beete  (or  what  other  herb  you 
please)  being  first  par-boil' d  and  chop'^d.  Then  add  macaron,  or  almonds 
beaten  to  a  paste,  a  little  sweet  butter,  the  yolk  of  five  eggs,  three  of  the 
whites  rejected.  To  these  some  add  corinths  plurap'd  in  milk,  or  boil'd 
therein,  sugar,  spice  at  discretion,  and  stirring  it  all  together  over  the  fire, 
bake  it  in  the  tart-pan. 

3Q.  Thistle.— Take  the  long  stalks  of  the  middle  leaf  of  the  milky-thistle, 
about  May,  when  they  are  young  and  tender :  wash  and  scrape  them,  and 
boil  them  in  water,  with  a  little  salt,  till  they  are  very  soft,  and  so  let  them 
lie  to  drain.  They  are  eaten  with  fresh  butter  melted,  not  too  liiin,  and  is 
a  delicate  and  wholsome  dish.  Other  stalks  of  ihe  same  kind  may  so  be 
treated,  as  the  bur,  being  tender  and  disarmed  of  its  prickles,  &c. 

33.  Trufles,  and  other  Tubers,  and  Boletj,  are  roasted  whole  in  the 
embers  ;  then  slic'd  and  stew'd  in  strong  broth  with  spice,  &c.  as  mushroms 
are.     Vide  Acetaria,  p.  801  and  805.    • 

34.  TuRNEP. — ^Take  their  stalks  (when  they  begin  to  run  up  to  seed)  as 
far  as  they  will  easily  break  downwards :  peel  and  tie  them  in  bundles. 
Then  boiling  them  as  they  do  sparagus,  are  to  be  eaten  with  melted  butter. 
^Lastly,  .     .,  . 

35.  MiNc'p,  or  Sallet-all-sorts.— Take  almopds  blanch'd  in  cold  water, 
cut  them  round  and  thin,  and  so  leave  l^em  in  the  water ;  then  have  pickl'd 
cucumbers,  olives,  cornelians,  capers,  berberries,  redrbeet,  buds  of  nastur- 
4;ium,  broom,  &c.  purslan-stalk,  sampier,  ash-keys,  walnuts,  mushrooms,  (and 
almost  of  all  the  pickl'd  furniture,)  with  raisins  of  the  sun  ston'd,  citron  and 

5  L 


810 

orange-peel,  corinths  (well  cleahSed  .and  dried),  &c.  mince  them  severally 
(exqept  the  corinths),  or  all  together  ;  and  strew  them  over  with  any.  candy'd 
flowers,  and  so  dispose  of  them  in  the  same  dish  both  mixt,  and  by  them- 
selves. To  these  add  roasted  maroons,  pistachios,  pine-kernels,  and  qf  air 
monds  four  times  as  much  as  of  the  rest,  with  some  rose-water.  Here  also 
come  in  the  pickled  flowers  and  vinegar  in  little  china  dishes.  And  thus  have 
you  an  universal  winter-sallet,  or  an  all-sort  in  compendium,  fitted  for  a  city 
feast,  and  distinguished  from  the  grand-sallet,  which  shou'd  consist  of  the 
green,  blanch'd,  and  unpickled,  under  a  stately  pennash  of  sellery,  adorn'd 
with  buds  and  flowers.  .  '  ;  .   :  v  ,-    . 

...  i  .  '  . 

.  And  thus  have  we  presented  you  a  taste  of.  our  English  Garden  House- 
wifry  in  the  matter  of  Sallets.  And  though  some  of  them  may  be  vulgar  (as 
are  most  of  the  best  things),  yet  she  was  willing  to  impart  them,  to  shew 
the  plenty,  riches,  and  variety  of  the  sallet-garden.  And  to  justifie  what  has 
been  asserted  of  the  possibility  of  living  (not  unhapily)  on  herbs  and  plants, 
according  to  original  aud  Divine  institution,  improved  by  time  and  long 
experience.  And  if  we  have  admitted  mushroms  among  the  rest  (contrary 
to  our  intention,  and  for  reasons  given,  Aceteria,  p.  746),  since  many  will 
by  no  means  abandon  them,  we  have  endeavoured  to  preserve :  them  from 
those  pernicious  effects  which  are  attributed  to,  and  really  in  them;  i  We 
cannot  tell,  indeed,  whether  they  were  so  treated  and  accommodated  for  the 
most  luxurioiis  of  the  Caesarean  tables,  when  that  monarchy  was  in  its 
highest  strain  of  epicurism,  and  ingross'd  this  haut-gout  for  their  second 
course  ;  whilst  this  we  know,  that  'tis  but  what  nature  affords  all  her  vaga- 
bonds under  every  hedge. 

And  now,  that  our  sallets  may  not  want  a  glass  of  generous  wine  of  the 
same  growth  with  the  rest  of  the  garden  to  recommend  it,  let  us  have  your 
opinion  of  the  following: 

CowsLiP-wiNE.  To  every  gallon  of  water  put  two  pounds  of  sugar  ;  boil 
it  an  hour,  and  set  it  to  cool.  Then  spread  a  good  brown  toast  on  both  sides 
with  yeast.  But  before  you  make  use  of  it,  beat  some  syrop  of  citron  with 
it,  an  ounce  and  half  of  syrup  to  each  gallon  of  liquor.  Then  put  in  the 
toast  whilst  hot,  to  assist  its  fermentation,  which  will  cease  in  two  days ; 
during  which  time  cast  in  the  cowslip-flowers  (a  little  bruised,  but  not  much 
stamp'd)  to  the  quantity  of  half  a  bushel  to  ten  gallons  (or  rather  three  pecks) 
four  limons  slic'd,  with  the  rinds  and  all.    Lastly,  one  pottle  of  white  or 


811 

thenish  wine ;  and  then,  after  two  days,  tun  it  up  in  a  sweet  cask.  Some 
jave  out  all  the  syrup. 

And  here,  before  we  conclude,  since  there  is  nothing  of  more  constant 
ise  than  good  vinegar ;  or  that  has  so  near  an  affinity  to  all  our  Acetaria,  we 
hink  it  not  amiss  to  add  the  following  (much  approved)  receipt : 

Vinegar.  To  every  gallon  of  spring  water  let  there  be  allowed  three 
founds  .of  Malaga-raisins.  Put  them  in  an  earthen  jar,  and  place  them 
^here  they  may  have  the  hottest  sun,  from  May  till  Michaelmas.  Then 
(ressing  them'  well,  tun  the  liquor  up  in  a  very  strong  iron-hoop'd  vessel  to 
irevent  its  bursting.  It  will  appear  very  thick  and  muddy  when  newly 
iress'd,  but  will  refine  in  the  vessel,  and  be  as  clear  as  wine.  Thus  let  it  re- 
aain  untouched  for  three  months  before  it  be  drawn  off,  and  it  will  prove 
ixcellent  vinegar. 

Butter.  Butter  being  likewise  so  frequent  and  necessary  an  ingredient 
o  divers  of  the  foregoing  appendants ;  it  should  be  carefully  melted,  that 
t  turn  not  to  an  oyl ;  which  is  prevented  by  melting  it  leisurely,  with  a  little 
air  water  at  the  bottom  of  the  dish  or  pan ;  and  by  continual  shaking  and 
tirring,  kept  from  boiling  or  over-heating,  which  makes  it  rank. 

Other  rare  and  exquisite  liquors  and  teas  (products  of  our  gardens  only) 
ve  might  superadd,  which  we  leave  to  our  lady  housewives,  whose  province, 
ndeed,  all  this  while  it  is. 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


Where  the  letter  n  is  attached  to  a  figure,  the  particulars  will  be  found  in  a  Note  upon  the  page  referred  to. 


A.  A., by  whom  used  as  a  cypher,  30^. 

Abacus,  derivation  and  description  of  the,  382. 

Abbas,  King  of  Persia,  his  plan  for  recruiting  his 
kingdom,  615.  his  examination  of  the  Jewish 
faith,  616,  617.  his  covenant  with  the  Jews, 
618 ;  discovery  of  ditto  by  Abbas  II.  and  his 
proceedings  thereon,  619. 

Abdication  of  kings  and  princes  censured,  517, 
518. 

Academies  of  art  instituted,  317>  319. 

Acadiae,  sculpture  used  by  the,  275. 

Acids  for  salads,  directions  for,  765. 

Acetafia,  a  Discourse  of  Sallets,  1 699,  notice  of 
the  work,  xx.  reprint  of,  721 ;  notice  of  the 
editions  of,  722.  defence  of  its  subject,  725, 
726,  727. 

Acetaria,  what  plants  are  signified  by  the  name, 
733,  734. 

Acroteria,  derivation  and  description  of,  416. 

Act  of  Parliament  against  Moor-burning,  234. 

Action,  the  exi|pnce  of  God,  510;  blessedness 
of,  511 ;  blessings  produced  by,  551. 

Actions,  ever  to  be  consecrated,  115,  139. 

Activity  productive  ofTiappiness,  515,  516. 

Adam,  said  to  have  invented  sculpture,  263,  267; 
books  said  to  have  written  by,  ib.  264 ;  so- 
ciety not  the  cause  of  his  fall,  530. 

Addison,  Joseph,  his  observation  concerning  the 
buildings  of  Rome,  213  n. 

Admiral,  of  France,  his  rank  and  office,  75.  in- 
stitution and  derivation  of  the  title,  662  and  n. 

Admiralty  Court,  of  France,  74.  office  Of  the,'  by 
whom  instituted,  647. 

Adolphus,  Gustavus,  II.  king  of  Sweden,  his  na- 
val victories,  652. 

Adoxous,  explanation  of  the  word,  230. 

Adversity  met  with  fortitude  during  the  civil 
wars  in  England,  519. 

Advocates  General  in  the  Parliamentary  Courts 
of  France,  72. 

.ffileas.  King  of  Scythia,  his  saying  concerning 
inactivity,  517. 

yEIianus,  ClaUdus,  his  praise  of  patriotic  council- 
lors, 514.  his  list  of  philosophers  and  scholars 
in  public  employment,  538,  539. 

Aelst,  Peter  Van,  engravings  executed  by,  302. 


^milius,  Paulus,  causes  his  son  to  be  taught  en- 
graving, 326. 
.^mylius,  his  naval  victory,  644. 
Aeragus,  beautiful  carvings  of,  272. 
iEsculapius,  sacrifices  of  hair  made  to,  138. 
Africa,  discovered  by  Cham/ 639. 
A.  G.  by  whom  used  as  a  mark,  291. 
Agathias,  reference  to  concerning  the  Roman 

philosophers,  19. 
Aglaphontes  used  but  one  colour  in  his  paintings, 

323. 
Agogice,  metal  figures  cast  with  wax,  258. 
Aides  of  France,  when  instituted  and  what,  66/ 
Air,  names  and  nature  of,  215.    character  of  the 

most  pure,  216.     ditto  of  hot,  cold,  and  dry, 

ib.     continual  food  of  the  body,  217.     danger 

of  corrupting    it,    218.     how  it    circulates 

through  the  body,  226.     how  damaged    by 

smoke,  235,  236.    effect  of  upon  the  passions, 

238. 
of  London,  smoky  nature  of,  210. 219.  Fide 

London. 
of  Paris,  dry  and  healthy  nature  of  the,  94, 

95. 
Alaturnus,  destruction  of  by  the  winter  of  1683, 

694.    seeds  of,  directions  for  gathering,  &c. 

474. 
Alban's,  St.  Henry  Jermyn,  Earl  of,  notice  of  his 

mansion,  342  n. 
Alberti,  Cherubino,  his  engravings,  287. 
Leon  Baptista,  his  term  for  the  Volute 

381.    do.  for  Guttae,  396.     his  learning  and 

publications,  561. 
Aldegrever,  Henry,  his  mark  and  engravings, 

291. 
Alexander  the  Great,  his  ungraceful  carriage,  30. 

flattery  of  by  Nicesius  and  Anaxander,  33.    hlis 

rejection  of  flattery,  37.    his  order  concernihg 

his  effigy,  271- 
Alexanders,    their  Latin  names  and  nature  as 

herbs,  735. 
Alexandria,  merchant  fleet  to,  572.    extensive 

commerce  of,  647.    ' 
Alfred,  King  of  England,  naval  power  of,  661. 
Almoner,  Great,  of  France,  head  of  the  French 

ecclesiastics,  61, 


814 


GENERAL,    INDEX. 


Alms  bestowed  by  the  Jews  in  expectation  of  a 
Messiah^  593. 

AloSs,  general  directions  for,  484,  485. 

Alphonso,  King  of  Castile,  his  impious  saying 
concerning  the  world,  629.    '  ' 

Ambition,  to  be  found  in  solitude,  511.  cannot 
be  extinguished,  512.  virtue  afld  vice  of  con- 
sidered, 520. 

America,  butchers  removed  from  the  Spanish 
towns  in,  2^7.  sculptures  found  in  various 
parts  of,  275.  several  claims  to  the  discovery 
of,  654,  655. 

Ammanus,  Jost,  or  Justus,  his  book  of  trades  en- 
graved on  wood,  294.  302. 

Amphiprostyle,  its  nature  and  number  of  co- 

.  lumns,  390. 

Ampoulle,  Sainte,  or  Holy  Phial,  legend  of,  54. 

Amsterdam,  learning  of  the  merchants  at,  540. 

Anaglyphice,  casting  of  embossed  metal  images, 
258i     more  modern  than  sculpture,  269. 

^naxagoras,  resigns  his  patrimony  for  freedom, 
26.  . 

Anaxander,  his  flattery  of  Alexander,  33. 

Anaximines,  his  belief  that  air  was  the  cause  of  all 
things,  215. 

Aiicaesa  Vasa,  notice  of  the,  260. 

Anchors,  first  invention  and  improvement  of, 
637. 

Anemonies,  directions  for  planting,  48 1. 

Angels,  their  struggles  after  liberty,  9. 

Anger,  seat  of  in  the  human  body,  128.  how  to 
be  governed  in  youth,  129,  130. 

Anjou,  Mons.,the  E>uke  of,  his  character,  55. 

Annates,  a  source  of  the  French  revenue,  66. 

Ante  Pilasters,  or  Antes,  what  they  are,  385,  390. 

Antinous,  relation  of  his  apotheosis,  30. 

Antisthenes,  his  reply  on  public  employment,, 
549. 

Antonio,  Marco,  copies  the  engravings  of  Albert 
Durer,  278.  praised  and  employed  by  Raf- 
faeile,  279.  character  of  his  engravings  and 
notice  of  his  other  works,  ib.  280.  marks  in- 
serted on  his  plates,  280.  recommended  to 
Albert  Durer,  ib.  designs  of  J.  Romano  and 
B.  Bandinelli,  engraved  by;  281. 

Antonius  Pius,  his  maxim  concerning  natural  af- 
fections, 21. 

Apelles,  his  picture  of  Alexander,  37.  271- 

Apicius  Cselius,  his  methods  of  dressing  mush- 
'  rooms  referred  to,  747  n. 

Apollo,  sacrifices  of  hair  made  to,  138» 

ApoUonins,  his  objection  to  hunting,  9. 
Apoiogyfor  the  Roynl  Parly,  1659,  notice  of  the 
work,  X.  reprint  of,  169 — 192.     the  author's 
intent  in  wrhuig  it,  189. 
Apophyges,  what  is  meant  by  the,  376, 379. 
Apogphragismata,  Pliny's  notice  of  the,  271. 
Apothecaries  Garden  at  Chelsea,  heating  of  the 

greenhouse  at,  485  n. 
Appanages,  a  source  of  wealth  to  the  crown  of 
France,  63. 


Appius  Claudius,  naval  expedition  under,  643. 

Apples,  names  of  those  in  prime  »nd  lasting  in 
January,  445  ;  do.  in  February,  448  j  do.  in 
March,  451 ;  do.  in  April,  456  j  do.  in  May, 
460 ;  do.  in  June,  465  ;  do.  in  July,  468 ;  do. 
in  August,  472  ;  do.  in  September,  476  ;  do. 
in  October,  480 ;  do.  in  November,  484 ;  do. 
in  December,  437.   catalogue  of  the  best,  495. 

Applientlceship  in  France,  a  diminiUtion  of  ho- 
nour, 81. 

Apricots,  catalogue  of  the  best,  496, 

April,  length  of  the  days,  &c.  in,  454.  work  to 
be  done  in  the  orchard  and  kitchen-garden, 
ib.  fruits  in  prime  and  lasting  in,  456.  work  to 
be  done  in  the  parterre  and  flower  garden,  ib. 
flowers  in  prime  and  lasting  in,  458, 

Aquinas,  St.  Thomas,  reference  to  concerning 
the  fallen  angels,  9.  his  mention  of  the 
writings  of  Adam,  264. 

Arabia,  why  called  the  Happy,  208. 

Arare  campum  cereum,  cleaning  of  a  W9xen  ta- 
blet, 262. 

Arahceologia,  notice  of  Brompton  Park  Gardetif 
in  the,  714  n. 

Archbishop  of  Paris,  his  jurisdiction,  94. 

Archbishops  of  France^  their  number  and  nature, 
78. 

Archers  of  the  Royal  Guard  of  France,  described, 
63.  .    : 

Arches,  or  Vaults,  various  kinds  of  described,  386, 
387.  triumphal  ornaments  and  figures  anciently 

,     used  for,  421. 

Architects,  to  be  more  perfect  in  geometry,  per- 
spective, and  design,  344.373.  qualities  re- 
quired in,  356,  357.  excellence  and  rank  of, 
359.  should  be  gifted  by  sch^ls  and  lectures, 
ib.  knighted  in  Italy,  362. 

Architects  and  Architecture,  an  Account  of,  notice" 
of  the  work,  xvi.  reprint  of,  349 — 424.  its  use 
to  the  workmen  at  St.  Paul's,  352.  origin  of 
.  the  book,  353.  derivation  and  extent  of  the 
word  Architect,  353 — 358.  matter  and  form  of 
buildings  not  treated  of,  and  why,  360.  styles  of 
architecture  intended  to  be  spoken  of,  365. 
terms  used  by  :  Taxis  and  Ordonance,  368  ; 
tiathesis,  369  ;  Ichnography,  Orthography, 
Seenography,  371 ;  Eurythmia,  Decor,  372j 
Foundation,  Stereobata,  Stylobata,  374  j  orna- 
ments and  members  of  the  latter,  375 ;  Sca- 
milli  impares,  ib. ;  the  Base  and  its  parts,  376  • 
the  Plinth,  Torus,  Trochile,  and  Astragal,  377,; 
Sulos,  378;  Capital,  379,  380— 382 ;  Striges, 
383  ;  Pilasters,  384  ;  Imposts  and  Pilse,  385  j 
Arches,  386  ;  Mensula,  387  5  Intercolumnia- 
tlon,  388;  Areostylos,  Diastylos,  Systylos,,ib.  • 
Species  of  Columns,  390,  391  j  Architrave, 
391;  Facias,  Cymaticum,  392,  393;  Taenia, 
.393;  Frieze,  394;  Trlglyphs,  Guttse,  395  j 
Metopae,  Cornice,  396  ;  Ovolo,  Dentelli,  397  ; 
Modilions,  398  :  Mutules,  Projectures,  Corona, 
399 ;  Regula,  401  j  Module,  404  ;  Orders  of. 


GENERAL   INDEX, 


815 


described  :  Tuscan,  405  ;  Doric,  406 ;  Ionic, 
Corinthian,  408;  Composite,  410;  Caryatides, 
411  i  Columns  of  various  species,  419;  Tym- 
panum, 414  ;  Acroteria,  Cupola,  416}  Dome, 
Windows,  Niches,  417;  Tribunals,  Relievos, 
419  J  Ornaments,  4';20;  how  appropriated  to 
various  buildings^  421;  Emblema,  422;  Mo- 
saic and  Tessellations,  423  ;  conclusion,  ib.  424. 

Architecture,  derived  of  the  Greeks,  355.  not 
cultivated  in  England,  but  greatly  encouraged 
in  Italy,  362.  rude  originals  of,  363,  etymon 
of  the  word,  ib,  extensive  meaning  of,  364. 
connection  between  military  and  civil,  365, 
Greek  and  Roman  the  roost  perfect  kinds,  ib. 
monastic  style  of,  censured,  ib,  366.  by^hom 
corrupted,  366.  names  of  its  chief  revivers, 
367.  numerous  requisites  of,  368.  its  con- 
nection with  painting  and  sculpture,  559, 

Arctutectus  Ingenio,  what  is  intended  by,  358, 

■ Sumptuarius,  do.  358, 

Manuarius,  358. 

Architrave,  its  derivation  and  meaning,  391,  in 
the  Doric  Order,  407. 

Areostylos,  what  it  signifies  in  Architecture,  388. 

Argentum  aspenim  et  pustulatum,  rough  and 
embossed  silver,  259. 

Aristippus  the  elder,  his  boast  of  free  speaking,  21. 

Aristophanes,  passage  from  concerning  the  Sil- 
phium,  759  u. 

Aristotle,  various  quotations  from  and  references 
to,  21.  326.  329.  501.  51 1.  777  n.  781. 

Aristoxenus,  his  moisture  for  Lettuce-beds,  743. 

Arlington,  Henry  Earl  of.  Dedications  addressed 
to,  565,  623.  requests  Evelyn  to  write  a  His- 
tory of  the  Dutch  War,  628  n. 

Armada,  Naval,  of  France,  account  of  the,  76. 

Armies  of  France,  numbers  of  the  standing,  76. 
auxiliaries  serving  in  the,  SO. ' 

Army  of  England,  its  monopoly  of  power  in  the 
Civil  Wars,  182.  deception  of  the,  by  the  Par- 
liament, ib. 

Army's  plea  for  their  present  practice,  1659.  ex- 
tracts and  animadversions  on,  180,  181,  par- 
ticulars concerning  the,  ISOn. 

Arrests,  or  Acts  of  the  Parliament  of  France  de- 
clared, 72. 

Arrian,  reference  to  concerning  the  Stoical  doc- 
trine of  Vice,  15.  his  Manual  of  the  Stoic 
Morality,  and  discourses  of  Epictetus,  24. 

Arthur,  King  of  Britain,  his  naval  expeditions,  660. 

Artichokes,  Latin  names  and  methods  of  dressing 
and  preserving,  735.  800.  introduction  of,  to 
England,  and  ancient  price  of,  736. 

Artillerie,  Grand  Mailre  de  1',  in  France,  75. 

Artillery,  at  Havre  de  Grace,  Motto  on  the,  58, 
excellent  stores  of  in  France,  86. 

Artists,  encouragement  of  in  all  ages  and  places, 
317.  intellectual  endowments  requisite  to,  318. 
names  of  such  as  used  but  two  colours,  323. 

Arts,  decay  of  the,  in  Greece  and  Rome,  273. 


lamentation  for  the,  by  Petronius,  274.  means 
of  recovering  in  England;  ib.  275.310.311. 
eulogy  on  the  Patrons  of  the,  290. 317.  aca- 
demies of,  as  instituted  by  Princes,  317.  319. 
terms  of  various,  preserved  by  the  French,  354, 

Arundel,.  Thomas  Earl  of,  his  saying  concerning 
Drawing,  312.  eulogium  on,  and  notice  of, 
555.  Evelyn's  notice  of  his  Library,  556  n. 
marbles  belonging  to,  presented  to  Oxford  and 
published,  557  n. 

Ascham,  Anthony,  notice  of,  178  n.  ' 

Ashen-keys,  directions  for  preserving,  802. 

Ashley,  Sir  Anthony,  Cabbages  brought  into £ng> 
land  by,  738.   biographical  notice  of  him,  ib.  n. 

Ashmole,  Elias,  notice,  of  him,  290  n. 

Asia,  discovered  by  Shem  and  Japhet,  639. 

Asiatics,  eflfects  of  the  air  on  the,  216. 

Asparagus,  qualities  of,  and  method  of  dressing, 
754.  Dr.  Lister's  method  of  forcing,  779.  do. 
for  potting,  803. 

Assafoetida,  historical  notices  of,  759  and  note. 

Astragal,  its  derivatioa  and  meaning  in  Architect 
ture,  377,  378. 

Astronomy,  great  importance  of  to  Gardeners, 
431. 

Astyages,  King  of  Media,  anecdoteof  his  cnielty,  33 . 

Athanasius,  St.  his  mention  of  sacrificing  hair,  138, 

Athenxus,  various  references  to  and  quotations 
from,  30.  33.  636.  637.  739,  740  n.  746.  763, 
and  note.  772  n.  774,  775  n.  777  n,  780.  793  n, 
796  n. 

Athenians,  consequences  of  their  abandoning 
their  Kings,  52.  their  naval  engagements  and 
fall,  642.  643. 

Attic  base,  how  it  is  formed,  376. 

Attila,  King  of  the  Huns,  his  rejection  of  flat- 
tery, 37. 

A.  V.  signification  of  the  mark,  281. 

Aubrey,  John,  his  notice  of  Nonesuch  and  Dur- 
dans  Palaces.  419  n.  Letter  of  Evelyn  to.  from 
his  History  of  Surrey,  687.  additions  to  ditto, 
691  n. 

Audran,  Charles,  hi§  print  of  St.  Catherine.  304. 

Avernus.  Lake  of.  notice  concerning  the,  221  n. 

August,  length  of  the  days,  &c.  in.  471.  work 
to  be  done  in,  in  the  orchard  and  kitchen  gar- 
den, ib.  fruits  in  prime  and  lasting  in,  472. 
work  to  be  done  in  the  parterre  and  flower  gar- 
den in,  473.    flowers  in  prime  and  lasting  in, 

.    475. 

Augustine,  St.  D.  Aurelius,  reference  to  concern- 
ing servitude,  11.  his  admiration  of  Epictetus, 
24.  his  praise  of  his  son,  107.  his  sorrow  for 
him.  111.  calls  Adam  the  inventor  of  sculp* 
ture,  263. 

Augustinoi  Venetiano,  his  engravings  and  cypher, 
280.     employed  by  fi.  Baldinelli,  ib.         . ' 

Augustus  Octavianus  Csesar,  Emperor  of  Rome> 
appoints  Dioscorides  his  Sculptor,  271.  com- 
mands Poditis  to  be  taught  drawing,  330.    ac- 


816 


GENERAL    INDEX; 


tive  viftiCes  of,  celebrated,  513.  his  naval  dis- 
coveries and  conquests,  644.  his  fleets  and 
squadrotis  enumerated,  645.  his  praise  of  let- 
tuce, 743. 

A.  V.  I.  explanation  of  the  mark,  280. 

Aviaries,  various  directions  concerning,  448.  454- 
466. 

Avicenna,  his  remark  concerning  the  Ethiops,  217. 

B. 

Bacchus,  his  discoveries  and  instruction  in  navi- 
gation, 639. 

Bacon,  Sir  Francis,  Lord  Verulam,  various  refe- 
rences to,  and  quotations  from,  xxi.  540.  747- 
777,  781  n. 

Bainein,  signification  of  the  word,  376. 

Baldini,  Baccio,  his  engraving  and  printing,  277. 

BalduSj  Bernardinus,  his  Lexicon  ta  Vitruvius, 
354.  his  term  for  a  capital,  374.  explanation 
of  Sulos,  378.  observation  on  the  architrave, 
391. 

Balls,  style  of  the  English  defended,  161.  de- 
scription aiid  censure  of  one,  164. 

Ballusters,  general  rules  concerning,  422. 

Balm,  its  nature  as  an  herb,  and  method  of  using, 
736. 

Bandinelli,  Baccio,  A.  Venetiano  employed  by, 
281.   his  designs  engraved  by  M.  Antonio,  ib. 

Bankside,  notice  of  buildings  on  the,  223. 

Banquets  of  England,  tedious  formality  of,  167- 

Barbaro,  Daniel,  his  description  of  foundations, 
373.  notice  of  him  ib.  note,  his  derivation  of 
the  Italian  word  Cortice,  377- 

Barbarini,  Rome  despoiled  of  its  architecture  by 
the  family  of,  389. 

Barberries,  catalogue  of  the  best  sorts  of,  496. 

Barclay,  John,  his  praise  of  Greenwich  Palace, 
232,  and  note. 

Bark,  anciently  used  for  writing  on,  267. 

Barlacchi,  Tomaso,  his  engravings  after  Michel 
Angelo,  &c.  283,  284. 

Barlseus,  Gaspard,  salad  described  by,  793. 

Barlow,  Francis,  his  engravings  to  Ogilby's  ^sop, 
310. 

Barristers  of  England,  their  inferiority  to  those 
of  France,  166. 

Bas-de-Soie  shot  through,  what  they  were,  710. 

Bases,  ornaments  of,  375.  their  derivation,  mean- 
ing, and  parts,  376.  various  kinds  of,  ib.  of 
the  Tuscan  Order,  406.  of  the  Doric  ditto, 
407.  of  the  Ionic  ditto,  408.  of  the  Corin- 
thian ditto,  409.     of  the  Composite  ditto,  411. 

Basil,  its  nature  as  a  sallad,  736. 

Bassano,  Giacomo  da  Ponte,  fault  committed  by, 
in  his  pictures,  560. 

Bastone,  the  Italian  name  for  the  Trochile,  377. 

Baur,  John  William,  Battles  etched  by,  298. 

Beale,  John,  his  Latin  verses  to  Evelyn  on  his 
book  of  architecture,  347. 

Beans,  directions  for  pickling,  803. 

Beatrice,  Nicole,  engravings  executed  by,  303. 


Beccafumi,  Domenlco,  engravings  by,  283. 
Bees,  various  directions  concerning,  445. 448. 45l. 

456.  460.  465.  468.  472.  476. 
Beet,  different  kinds  of,  their  nature  and  metHod 

of  dressing,  736. 
Beham,  Hans  Sebald,  his  mark  and  works,  291. 
Belial,  import  of  his  name,  10. 
Bella,  Stephano  della,  his  excellent  collection  of 

etchings,  288. 
Berkeley,  the  Earl  of,  notice  of  his  villa,  at  Dur- 

dans>  419,  and  note. 
■  House,  inlaid  floor  at,  423. 

Bernard,  Solomon,  the  Little,  excellence  of  Tiis 

small  engravings,  303. 
Bernini,   Caivalier,   his  wreathed    and   enlibossed 

columns,  412,     extensive  abilities  of,  561. 
Beverovicius,  John,  vegetable  diet  defended  by, 

780. 
Bibliander,  Theodore,  his  idea  of  the  origin  of 

letters  and  sculpture,  267. 
Bindley,  James,  Esq.  his  MS.  note  in  Evelyn's 
tract  on  Liberty  and  Servitude,  3.     his  copy  of 
the  First  Edition  of  the^French  Gardiner,  97  n. 
his  MS.  note  iin  Evelyn's  Translation  of  St 
Chrysostom's  Golden  Book,  1 12  n. 
Bischop,  John  de,  an  Advocate  and  Engraver,  301,. 
Bishops  of  France,  their  number,  78. 
Blagrave,  Joseph,  his  engraved  diagrams,  327. 
Blazons,  Heraldic,  expressed  by  lines,  323. 
Bleau,  'Willianj  Jansen,  his  observation  concern* 

ing  Durer's  prints,  290. 
Blite,  its  names,  kinds,  and  manner  of  dressing, 

737. 
Bloemart,  Abraham  and  Cornelius,  their  engrav- 
ings, 298. 
Blood,  eating  of  considered  and  censured,  786, 

787. 
Bochart,  Samuel,  various  references  to,  641  ij. 

659  n. 
Body,  vliberty  of  the,  10.     continually  feeding,  on 
air,  217.    how  the  air  enters  it,  226.     archi- 
tectural proportion  derived  from  the,  403. 
Boetius  a  Boot,  Arnold,  his  sentiments  on  New- 
castle coal,  227.     notice  of  him,  ib.  n. 
Bolino,  Bblio,  an  Italian  graving  tool, '262. 
Bolswert,  Adam,  his  rustics  after  Bloemart,  295. 

portraits  and  other  plates  by,  296. 
Boltel,  a  name  for  the  Astragal,  378. 
Bonasoni,  Giulio,  engravings  by,  284. 
Borgiani,  Horatio,  his  engravings  in  Raffaelle's 

Bible,  288. 
Borrage,  its  nature  and  mode  of  using,  737. 
Borromeo,  Cardinal  St.  Charles,  his  admiratiqri  qf 

the  Discourses  of  Epictetus,  24. 
Bosse,  Abraham  du,  his  excellent  copies  after  Cal- 
lot,  307.  peculiar  style  of  his  engravings,  308. 
small  ornamental  plates  by,  and  his  work  on 
engraving,  ib.  335.  his  remarks  on  the  per- 
spective of  irregular  surfeces,  322.  his  inven- 
tion for  executing  single  hatchings,  323.  his 
censure  of  errors  in  costume,  &c,  561. 


GEJifERAL   INPEX. 


817 


Boulla,  import  of  tbe  word,  362, 
Bourbon,  House  of,  how  descended,  53. 
.  Louis  de.  Prince  of  Cond^,  his  descent 

and  character,  55, 56.  Grand  Maitre  de  France, 

60.    a  Member  of  the  Conseil  d'en  haut,  67. 
,  Armand  de,  Prince  of  Contv,  chaiacter 

of,  56. 
Bourdeaux,  Chambre  Miparties  established  in,  72. 
Bow,'  proposal  for  removing  the  t.ondon  Brewers 

to,  233.  , 
Bowling-greens  of  England,  delightful,  167. 
Box,  how  to  remove  its  offensive  smell,  458. 
Boyle,  Hon.  Robert,  Dedication  of  the  Sculptura 

to,  243.     eulogy  on,  and  work  of  referred  to, 

552  and  note,    his  queries  concerning  Sallads, 

768. 
Brass  plates  used  for  engraving,  277. 
wire,  mills  for  the  drawing  of  first  built  in 

Surrey,  689. 
Bread,  engraving  of,  mentioned  by  Pliny, '  272. 

made  of  Turnips,  recipe  for,  756. 
Breast,  supposed  to  be  the  seat  of  anger,  128. 
Breughels,  subjects  engraved  by  the,  301. 
Brewers  of  London,  proposal  for  settling  them 

at  Bow,  233. 
Bridges  with  extraordinary  arches,  386. 
Bridgewater,  the  Earl  of,  his  house  and  gardens 

in  Barbican,  222.     notice  of  the  family,  ib.  n. 
Brill,  Paul,  his  engraved  landscapes,  295. 
Britain,  ancient  unknown  state  of,  644. 
Britons,  early  naval  exploits  of  the,  659. 

lordship  of  the  sea  exhibited,  670.  673. 
Brocoli,  historical  mention  of,  738. 
Bromptojti  Park  Nursery-gardens,  714  and  note. 

715,716,717.     recommended,  497. 
Bronchorst,  John  VE(n,  his  excellent  etchings,  295. 
Brooke,  Robert,  Lord,  death  of,  178  n, 
Brooklime,  nature  and  qualities  of  the  herb,  737. 
Broom-pods  and  buds,  directions  for  pickling,  803. 
Brossehaemer,  Hans,  his  Triumph  of  Maximilian, 

294. 
Brotihcker,  Lord  Viscount,  Letter  to  on  the  Spa- 
nish Sembrador,  1669-70,621.  notice  of,  723  n. 
Browne,  Sir  Richard,   Dedication  addressed  to, 

505.     his  shelter  of  the  loyalists  and  clergy,  in 

the  civil  wars  recorded,  506  and  note. 

_,  Sir  Thomas,  reference  to  his  tracts,  778  n. 

J  Major  General,  particulars  concerning 


thfcir 


him,  177  «• 
Brussels,  the  late  news  from,  unmasked,  1660,  notice, 

of,xi.  reprint  of,  193 — 204.  reprint  of  the  tract 

itself,  195n. — 202  n.    notice  concerning  them 

194.    character  of  the  tract  answered  by  Eve-- 

lyn,  xi.  195  n.    vide  Charles  II. 
Bruyh,  Nicholas  de,  his  engir^ved  wodd  scenery, 

295. 
Bry,  Theodore  de,  his  illustrated  voyages  295. 
Bucher,  Buch-mast,  analogy  of  with  books,  267. 
Buckland,  Mr.  hrs  recommendation  of  the  culture 

of  potatoes  in  England,  447  n. 

.S   M 


Budaeus,  Gulielmus,  his  definition  of  architect 
355.  ' 

Buds  of  herbs,  their  qualities  and  use,  737. 

Bugloss,  its  qualities,»'737. 

Buildings,  requisites  wanted  for  the  constructiqm 
of,  358.  their  matter  and  form,  why  not 
treated  of,  360.  rude  origihais  of,  363.  various 
kinds  of,  all  called  architecture,  364.  of  Rome, 
how  erected  and  despoiled,  389. 

Buonarroti,  Michel  Angelo,  his.  distinction  con- 
cerning sculpture,  261.  retouches  an  engrav- 
ing by  Martin  of  Antwerp,  2"7.  engravings 
after,  ib.  283.  285.     defence  of  his  works,  560. 

Burdock,  its  use  as  a  sallad,  758. 

Bureaux,  signification  of,  65. 

Burials,  ancient  laws  concerning,  236. 

Burine,  the  French  graver,  262. 

Butchers  should  be  removed  from  cities,  236, 237, 

Butter,  directions  for  preparing  for  sallad,  811, 

C. 

Cabbage,  historical  remarks  on,  nature  and  me- 
thod of  dressing,  737,  738. 

Cadmus,  his  colonies  and  inventions,  639. 

Caelatura,  different  kinds  of  work  signified  by, 
259,260. 

Caelum,  Caeles,  Caeltes,  names  for  a  style,  261. 

Caelum  Tornos,  embossed  metal  cups,  260. 

Caesar,  C.  Julius,  various  references  to,  and  quo- 
tations from,  88.  415.  513,  659!  670. 

Caesari,  Alessandro,  fine  medals  executed  by,  389,, 

Calaber,  Peter,  his  mistake  concerning  printing, 
267. 

Calathus  in  a  Corinthian  capital,  381. 

Calcar,  or  Kalcker,  John  Van,  his  anatomical 
designsj  284. 

Cales,  or  Cadiz,  expedition  of  the  Earl  of  Essex 
to,  664. 

Calices  Diatreti,  mentioned  by  Martial,  259. 

Caligulii,  C.  Emperor  of  Rome,  his  endeavour  to< 
tempt  Demetrius,  25. 

Calligraphers,  names  of  eminent  French,  305. 
do.  of  English,  3 10. 

Callimachus,  the  inventor  of  the  flowery  volute, 
381.383. 

Callot,  Jacques,  eulogium  on,  307.  principal  en- 
gravings ,of,  ib.  3Q8.  .  ,  , 

Cambyses,  King  of  Persia,  anecdote  of  his  cruelty, 
33. 

Camden,  William,  Clarenceux  King  of  Arms, 
various  references  to,  419.  677,  679. 

Camp,  Maitres  de,  in  France,  75. 

Cape  of  Good  Hope,  passage  to  India  by  the,  649. 

Capel,  Arthur  Richj  Lord,  his  •  defence  of  Col-- 
Chester,  and  fate,  176  n, 

Gapitaine  de  la  Porte  in  France,  his  guard,  61. 

Capital  of  a  column,  379.  and  its  parts,  ,3807- 
382.  determines  its  Order,  405.  of  the  Tus- 
can Order,  406.    of  the  Doric  do.  407.    of  the 


818 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


.    Ionic  do.  408.     of  the  Corinthian,  do;  409. 

of  the  Composite  do.  ib.  410. 
Capitolinus,  Julius,  reference  to  concerning  Anto- 

nius  Pius,  21.  * 

Capsicum,  Indian,  nature  and  method  of  prepar- 
ing the,  75o; 
Cardanus,  Jerome,  his  remarks  on  wild  plants, 
>  -760n.'   vegetable  diet  rejected  by,  777,. 

Cards,  skill  of  the  English  females  in  playing  at 
defended,  159  n.  their  advantages  at  play,  160, 
161. 

Carew,  Sir  George,  his  relation  of  the  state  of 
France,  ix. 

Carmen,  extreme  rudeness  of  the,  in  England, 
150. 

Carpi,  Ugo  da,  his  engravings  in  Chiaro-scuro, 
282. 

Carracci,  Annibale,  print  of,  impossible  to  coun- 
terfeit, 324. 

,  Augustine  and  Annibal,  their  engravings, 

285,  286. 

Carrots,  Latin  names  of,  and  method  of  raising, 
738.     directions  for  making  a  pudding  of,  808. 

Carter,  Francis,  an  eminent  artist  with  the  pen, 
316. 

Carthaginians,  their  ancient  commerce  and  naval 
povper,  643.  frequent  sea-fights  with  the  Ro- 
mans, ib. 

Carthusians,  Order  of  the,  their  social  prayer,  529. 

Caryatides,  357.  historical  account  of  and  use, 
411,412. 

Gassianus,  notice  of  his  martyrdom,  262. 

Gathetus  in  the  Ionic  volute,  382. 

Catholics,  Roman,  of  France,  their  character,  82. 

Gato,  Marcus  Fortius,  the  Cgnsor,  reference  to 
his  commendations  of  cabbage,  737. 

Catsius,  Jacobus,  his  sallad,  793. 

Cavaglieri,  Giovanni  Battista,  his  engravings,  2S3. 

Cavaglio,  Giacomo  del,  his  works  and  abilities, 
283, 

Cavalry  of  France,  regiments  of,  76.  excellence 
of,  85. 

Gavatores,  engravers  anciently  so  called,  261. 

Caverns,  subterranean,  mortality- of,  225. 

Gaukerken,  or  Caukern,  Cornelius  Van,  his  en- 
gravings, 299. 

Cauliflowers^  to  secure  good  heads  of,  472.    his-' 
torical  mention  of,  738.    directions  for  pick- 
•  ling,  803. 

Ceilings  first  painted,  401. 

Celery,  753.    domestic  use  of;  for  a  sallad,  754.     " 

Celsus,  Aurelianua  Cornelius,  impiety  of,  con- 
cerning Epictetus,  24.     his  rule  concerning 
■foods,  781. 

Cerei  Pugillares,  hand-tables  of-  wax,  262. 

Cesij,  Giovanni  Jacopo,  account  of  him,  569. 
commissioned  to  procure  a  slave  for  Jumbel 

-  Aga,  570. 

Chabot,  John  and  Sebastian,  discoveries  attributied 

-  to,  655. 


Chalk,  excellency' of  drawingtipon  colouried  paper 
with,  316.- 

Cham,  his  exploits,  264.    sculptured  columns  of, 

.    265.     parts  of  the  earth  discovered  by, -639. 

Chamberlain,  High,  of  France,  his  duties  and 
officers,. 60. 

Ghambre^  La  Grand,  of  France,  its  officers  and 
duties,  7l. 

Chancellor  of  France,  office  and  ceremonies  of 
the,  69.     peculiarities  of  his  dress,  70. 

Chaperon,  Nicholas,'  his  engravings  after  Raf- 
faelle,  304. 

Character  of  England,  1659,  141 — 167.  vide 
England. 

Character  of  France,  1659,  notice  of,  143  n. 

Characters,  a  satirical  game  so  called,  164  n. 

Charasch,  Charasao,  Carath,  Charatto,  their  con- 

I    uection  and  signification,  263. 

Chardoon,  the  Spanish,  method  of  dressing,  736. 

Charlemagne,  Emperor,  his'  institution  of  naval 
offices,  646,  547. 

Charles'  V.  Emperor  of  Germany,  his  abdication 
censured,  577-    his  visits  to  the  tomb  of  Buec-^ 

:   keld;  680.    his  maxim  concerning  the  sea,  635. 

Charles  I.  King  of  England,  eulegium  on  his 
virtuous' suffering,  vii.522r  his  proclamations, 
&c.  on  the  British  fisheries  and  fleet  for  guard- 
ing them,  683,684. 

Charles  II.  King  of  England,  his  restoration,  xi. 
adopts  the  Eastern  costume,  xiii.  his  enquiry 
into  the  state  of  English  timber,  xiv.  pre- 
sented with  the  first  pine-apple  raised  in  Eng- 
land, loin.  432 n.  > vindication  of,  from  the 
charge  of  revenge,  185.  195,  196.  198.  203, 
from  popery,  186.  203.  eulogy  on  him  and 
his  brothers,  187-  201.202,203.  pretended 
calumnious  letter  concerning,  195  n. — 202  n. 
his  virtuous  conversation  vindicated,  197.  as- 
sertion of  his  intentions  of  vengeance,  199  n, 
202  n,  his  [)retended  courtesy  to  the  Presby- 
terians, 200  n.  Dedications  addressed  to,  207. 
339.   627.      his  encouragement    of   Evelyn's 

'   Fumifugium,  207  n.      his   buildings,   planta- 
tions, &c.  celebrated,  340,  341.  345.     his  char- 
ter and  grant  of  Chelsea  College  to  the  Royal 
Society,   556.      his    encouragement  of   com- 
merce, 634.     his  encouragement  of  naval  dis- 
coveries, 665. 
Chart  and  Map  engravers  of  France,  &c.  309. 
ehast''ity  of  Youth,  importance  and  means  of  pre- 
serving, 132.   to  be  preserved  by  an  early  mar- 
riage, 134.       ... 
Chaucer,  Geoffrey;  his  orthography  of  Gilly-flower, 

466  n.  .  • 

Chauveau,  Francis,  his .  invention  and.  engravings, 

305. 
Chaulmes,  the  Duchess  of,  immense  value  of  her 

bed  plumes,  81.     > 
Cheerfulness  of  the  people  of  France,  92. 
Chemice,  casting  of.  liietal  figures,  258. 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


819 


Cheret)  Explanation  and  connection  of  the  word, 
263., 

Cheffies,  .in  prime  and  lasting  in  May,  460. 
ditto  in  June,  465.  ditto  in  July,  469.  Ca- 
talogue of  the.bestkinds  of, 496. 

Chervil,  or  Scandix  Cerefolium,  its  variety  in  the 
kitchen  garden,  445  n.  Latin  names  and  cha- 
racter of  as  asEjllad,  738.  . 

Chesnut,  directions  for  dressing,  800. 

Chiaro-scuro,  first  engravings  in,  283. 

Children  (vide  Youth),  of  France,  the  character 
and  disposition  of,  90.  St.  Chrysostom's  book 
on  the  education  of,  103 — 140.  how  sorrow  for 
their  deaths  should  be  mitigated,  105,  106. 
anxiety  of  fathers  to  clothe  them  richly,  113. 
their  manners  to  be  early  and  carefully  cul- 
tured to  virtue,  114,  115.  advice  for  the  go- 
vernment of  the  speech  of,  115,  116,  117.  119. 
ditto  for  their  correction,  118.  ditto  for  guard- 
ing their  sense  of  hearing,  119.  examples  for 
introducing  them  to  the  knowledge  of  the 
Scriptures,  120.  122.  126,  127,  128.  and  the 
duties  of  religion,  122.  repetitions  of  Scrip- 
ture stories  to  be  made  by,  122.  124.  advice 
for  naming  them,  124.  their  smelling  to  be 
kept ,  from  .  perfumes,  126.  sight  of  to  be 
guarded,  127.  means  of  doing  it,  ib.  their 
touch  to  be  carefully  preserved,  128.  how  their 
anger  should  be  governed,  129.  duties  of 
vyards  their  domestics,  130,.  131, 132.  '  of  Lon- 
don, great  mortality  of,  214.  exposure  of  in 
heathen  countries,  ib.  importance  of  teaching 
them  by  pictures,  329,330. 

Chimnies,  means  of  improving  those  in  the  works 
in  London,  213.. 

China,  early  use  of  sculpture  and  chalcography, 
274, 275.  pretended  antiquity  of  the  Chinese 
printing,  .275. 

Chinese,  their  strangely-built  ships,  654. 

Choice  of  mankind  generally  erroneous,  548. 

Christ,  cause  of  his  seeking  retirement,  528. 

Chrysippus,  his  praise  of  Dion,  17. 

Chrygostom,  St.  John  (vide  Children),  Evelyn's 
translation  of  the  Golden  Book  of,  1659,  x. 
103 — ■,140.  reasons  for  its  publication,  106.  dis- 
covery of  the  manuscript  of,  112. .  concluding 
blessing  of,  137.  notfes  to,:  138.  his  Marriage 
Homily  referred  to,  140.  allusion  to  another 
work  by  him  on  the  education  of  children,  ib. 

Chrysostom,  Dion,  reference  to,  8. 

Chrystal,  ancient  name  for  graving  on,  259. 

Church  of  France,  notice  of,  78.  possessions  of 
the,  87. 

of  England,  desolate  state  of  in  the  civil 

wars,  153  n.     #  - 

Churches,  censure  of  the  English  during  the  civil 
wars,  154.    organs  taken  from  the,  and  set  up 
in  taverns,  157.     ornaments  and  figures  pro-- 
per  for,  421. 

Church-yards  should  be  removed  from  tha  city, 

213.  236. 


Cicero^  Marcus  T.,  various  references  to  and  .quo- 
tations from,  226,  327.  356.  510,  511.  5131 
.536.  551;  625.  634.  644,  645.  661.  726.  746. 
794  n.  796  n.   ,      * 

Cigala,  Jbhannes  Michael,  a  pretended  Ottoman 

,  prince,  vide  Mahomed  Bei,  578 — ,586.  his 
pretended  descent,  576. 

,  Scipio,  his  capture,  -profession,  of  Ma- 

hometanism,  and  advancement  in  Turkey,  578. 

,  Sinen  Bassa,  his  real  issue,  584.' 

,  account  of  the  families  of,  585. 

,  Mahomed,  notice  of  him,  584. 

■,  Meni  Pasha,  his  issue,  585. 
Viscount,  false   account  of  his  burial. 


585. 


Circuses,  ancient  ornaments, and  figure^  of,  421. 
Cisij,  Signor  Pietro,  his  account  of  two  impos- 
tors, 565.. 
Cities,  importance  of  their  improvement  and  de- 
coration, 345.    their  neighbourhood  un&vor- 

able  to  vegetables,  778.. 
Cities  of  France, ,  having  parliaments,  72.      in 

what  they  differ  from  that  of  Paris,  ib. 
Civil  wars,  dreadful  state  of  religion  in  England 

during  the,  152,153.    miseries   of,  the,  172,' 

173,  174.  185.  I 

City,  parallel  between, the  government  of  a,  .and 

the  mind  of  a  child,  115,  116.  128.     the  gates 

of  allegorized,  116,  117-  119.  126,  127,  128, 

vide  London. 
Clarendon,  Sir  Edward  Hyde,  Earl  of,  notice  of 

his  mansion,  341  n. 
Clary,  method  of  dressing,  739. 
Claversi  how  used  as  a  sallad,  739-    , 
Claudian,  various  references  to  and  quotations 

from,  6.  48,49.  221. 
Claudius,  Emperor  of  Rome,  poisoned  by. eating 

mushrooms,  .746. 
Clement  of  Alexandria,  his  name  for  the  Egyptian 

priests,  43. 
Cleophanes,  cblours  introduced  by,  323.     ,,. 
Cleyn,  Francis  and  John,  their  astonishingiflraw- 

ings  with  the  pen,  316.  , 

Coal,  the  rarity  of  in  ■  London  of  benefit  to  the 

gardens  and  orchards,  212, 222. 
,  sea,  desirable  to  be  freed  from  smoke,  213. 

immoderate  use  of  in  London,  220.    danger  of 

to  the  air,  227,  228.  230. 
Coasts  of  France,  their  fortifications,  87. 
Cochin,  Nicholas,  his  engravings  after,  Beaulieu, 

306. 
Cock,  Jerome,  engravings  executed  by,  291.  .  '  , 
Cocu,  Girolamo,  engravings  by,~283. 
Cohen,  Nehemiah,  notice  of  him,  605.     di^pytes 

with  Sabatai  Sevi,  606.     his  revenge,  ibid.  607- 
Colaptice,  carving  or  cutting  in  stone,  528. 
Colchis,  Argonautic  expedition  to,  640. 
Cold, :  names  of  plants  bearing  different  degrees 

of,  489. 
Colignon,  Francis,  his  engravings,,  306. 
Collaert,  Adrian,  his  engravings  on  steel,  298. 


820 


GENERAL    INDEX. 


Colours  used  by  the  ancient  artiste,  323.    first 

use  of,  il). 
Columella,  L.  Junius  Moderatus,  various  quota- 
tions from  and  references  to,    425.   431   and 
note,  432  n.  434  n.  729. 
Columbus,  Christopher,  his  maritime  discoveries, 

654,  655. 
Colurhns,  proportions  of  and  propriety  in  using, 
372. 375.  Sulos,  the  name  for,  378.  their 
increase  and  diminution  considered,  ib.  379. 
striges  in,  383.  spaces  or  intercolumniations, 
388.  various  dispositions  of  named  and  consi- 
dered, 390,  413.  human  figures  anciently 
used  for,  391.  411,  412.  of  the  Tuscan' order, 
406.  of  the  Ionic  order,  408.  various  other 
kinds  of  described,  412.  wreathed  ones,  when 
used,  ib.  notice  of  double  ones,  413. 
Columna,  Fabius,  his  discovery  of  the  nature  of 

plants  by  the  insects  feeding  on  them,  761. 
Combabus,  his  sacrifice,  31. 
Combefis,  Padre  Francesco,  his  discovery  of  the 
original  MS.  of  St.  Chrysostom's  Golden  Book, 
112.     his  translation  of  St.  Chrysostom  referred 
to,  140. 
Comines,  Philip  de,  his  commendation  of  English 

manners;  146  n. 
Commenius,    John  Amos,    his  Orbis  Sensualium 

Pictus,  329,  330. 
Commerce,  opulence  of  many  nations  caused  by, 
632.  its  origin  and  progress  considered,  633, 
634.  vast  utility  and  importance  of,  635. 
earliest  memorials  of  noticed,  641.  notice  of 
the  Hebrew,  Phenician,  &c.  ib.  of  the  Ro- 
man, 645,  646,  647-  improvement  of  under 
Charlemagne,  647.  account  of  the  Egyptian,  ib. 
of  the  Venetian  and  Portuguese,  648.  of  the 
Dutch  and  Northern  nations,  649.  651.  decay 
of  in  several  eminent  ports,  650.  notice  of  the 
French,  ib.  of  the  Genoese,  652.  of  the 
Dutch,  658,  659,  681.  of  England,  e«rly  flou- 
rishing state  of,  663. 
Comtiiode,  meaning  of  the  word,  710. 
Commons  of  France,  their  misery  and  litigious 

nature,  80.     passions  and  manners  of  the,  91. 
Commonwealth,  importance  of  pubUc  oHicers  in 

the,  515.  ' 
Company,  trifling  and  virtuous  described,  534,535. 
Compo-Composite  Order,  what  it  is,  411, 
Composite  Order,  how  its  base  is  formedi  376. 
echinus  in  the,  380.    volute  in  the,  381.     aba- 
cus in  the,  382.     striges  in  the,  383.     impost 
in  the,  385.     intercolumniation  of  the,  388. 
architrave  and  fascias  in  the,  392.     modilions 
of  the,  398.     account  and  parts  of  the,  410. 
Compts,  Chambre  d^s,  receipts  and  officers  of,  73. 

Maitres  and  Auditors  des,  their  number, 

73. 
Comte,  Florent  le,  his  mention  of  Nanteuil's  por- 
trait of  Evelyn,  306  n. 
Coninxlogerisis,    ,ffigidius,    his    excellent    wood 
scenery,  295. 


Connestable  of  France,  rank  and  office  of  thfe,  74. 
Conquerors,  good  eflects  produced  by,  515. 
Conseil  I'Etat  et  Priv^,  account  of,  67.    objects 
of  the,  68. 

Conseil  d'en  haut,  account  of,  67. 
Conseil  des  Parties,  objects  of  the,  68. 
Conservatory  (vide  Green-house)  stove,  new  plan 
for  one,  490 — 495.     engraved  views  of  it,  493. 

Consoles,  figures  supporting;  an  architrave,  391. 

Constantine,  Empej-or  of  Rome,  despoils  Rome  of 
its  architecture,  389. 

Constantine  the  Great,  checks  the  flattery  of  a 
priest,  33. 

Constantinople,  imprisonment  there  of  the  pre- 
tended Messiah,  598.  conduct  of  the  JeXvs 
there  regarding  him,  599.  order  published' in 
concerning  Sabatai  Sevi,  609.  second  letter  of 
theChochams  of,  to  the  Jews  of  Smyrna,  6 12,613. 

Continent,  advantageous  situation  of  the,  83. 

Continental  Travel,  advice  for,  viii.  45. 

Conversation,  worthless  condemned,  534, 

CoOte,  Sir  Charles,  republicain  slander  of,  196  n. 
197. 

Copper-plate  engraving  and  printing,  when  first 
known,  276.  ' 

Corinth,  why  used  as  a  name'  for  the  currant, 
465  n. 

Corinthian  Order,  capital  of  the,  357.  how  its 
base  js  formed,  376.  astragal  in  the,  378. 
echinus  in  the,  381.  volute  in  the,  ib,  382. 
abacus  in  the,  ib.  striges  in  the,  383.  impost 
in  the,  385.  intercolumniations  of  the,  388. 
architrave  and  fascias  in  the,  392.  ovolo  and 
dentelli  in  the,  397.  modilions  of  the,  398^ 
corona  ofthe,  401.  height  of  a  column  in 
the,  404.  historical  account  and  measurement 
of  the,  408.     parts,  &c.  of  the,  409. 

Corn  Fleet  of  the  Romans,  its  laws  and  privileges, 
645. 

Corntelian  Cherry,  historical  notice  of  the,  437  n. 
list  of  the  best  sorts  of  the,  497. 

Cornice,  its  name  and  parts,  397,  398.  402. 

Coriolano,  Christophero,  his  portraits  of  the 
painters,  285. 

Corona,  its  architectural  description,  use  and  ex- 
amples of,  399,  400,  401. 

Coronation,  duties  of  the  French  peers  at  a,  59. 

Coronix,  what  it  signifies  in  architecture,  403. 

Corporations  of  France,  cause  of  their  unimport- 
ance, 81. 

Cort,  Cornelius,  engravings  by,  292. 

Cortice,  why  the  Trochile  is  so  called,  377, 

Corvinus,  Matthew,  King  of  Hungary,  notice  of 
his  library,  556  n. 

Cosmo  de  Medicis,  Duke  of  Florence,  his  maxim 
concerning  the  sea,  635. 

Cosroes,  Kin^  of  Persia,  his  protection  of  the 
Roman  philosophers,  19, 

Costume,  carelessness  of  by  eminent  painters,  559, 

Cotys,  the  embossed  Figulian  vase  destroyed  by, 
272. 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


821 


Covilan,  Peter,  his  discovery  of  a  new  passage  to 

India,  649. 
Councils  of  France,  67. 
Council  of  Direction,  objects  of  the,  68. 
Council  of  War,  of  France,  76. 
Country,  vices  in  persons  residing  in  the,  590. 
624,  525,  526  n.    life  in  the,  often  mistaken, 
.     543. 

Cours  in  Paris,  notice  of  the,  162  n.  165. 
Court,  the  servitude  of  considered,  27.  the  con- 
tinual disguise  and  confinement  of,  31.  offi- 
cers of  the  French,  60,  superior  splendour  of 
English,  61.  virtue  and  vice  of  the,  consi- 
dered, 524. 
Court  of  Peers,  the  title  of  the  French  parlia- 
ment, 73. 

Courtiers,  unhappiness  of  their  pursuit,  28.  an- 
cient instances  of  the  complaisance  of,  30. 
their  persons  in  continual  servitude,  31.  often- 
times worthless  men,  533. 

Courts  of  France,  manner  of  proceeding  in  the, 
68.  parliamentary  ditto,  and  their  officers, 
71,  72. 

■I  of  Justice,  ornaments  and  figures  proper 

for,  421. 

Courtships,  descriptive  account  of  ancient  ones, 
700. 

Couvay,  John,  engravings  by,  304. 

-: Dr.    his   hieroglyphical   grammar,   329. 

Cowley,  Abraham,  his  connection  with  Evelyn's 
Kakndarium  Hortense,  427.  dedication  of 
that  work  to  him,  429.  his  letter  and  poem 
to  Evelyn,  called  the  Garden,  xvi.  435,  436. 
Evelyn's  letter  to,  referring  to  his  tract  against 
solitude,  510  n.  poetical  quotations  from, 
xvi,  745  n.  761.  763. 793.  799. 

Cowslips,  directions  for  pickling,  804.  ditto  for 
makirfg  wine  of  ditto,  S 10. 

Cranach,  Lucas,  nature  of  his  engravings,  302. 

Crassus,  L.  Licinius,  his  richly  engraven  clips,  272. 

Crates,  his  advice  to  the  morose  man,  521. 

Craven,  William  Earl  of,  destruction  of  his  houses 
during  the  civil  wars,  175  and  note. 

Crayon,  drawing  with  the,  described,  314. 

Creation,  excellence,  beauty,  and  use  of,  628, 
630, 

Cremona,  Solomon,  his  false  vision  of  Elias,  604. 

Cresses,  various  kinds  and  qualities  of,  739. 

Cretans,  their  invention  of  masts  and  yards,  637. 
their  great  skill  in  navigation,  640. 

Crinitus,  Peter,  verses  quoted  by  on  the  origin  of 
letters,  267- 

Cromwell,  Oliver,  excessive  tyranny  of  his  go- 
vernment, 173.,  particulars  of  his  terrific 
death,  179  n.  his  treason  to  the  English  flag, 
675. 

Cucumber,  various  methods  of  dressing,  739, 740. 
diiections  for  pickling,  804. 

Cullum,  Sir  Dudley,  his  letter  to  Evelyn  on  the 

,  new  green-house  stove,  497.  account  of  him 
and  his  green-house,  ib.  note. 


Cullutti,  Rev.  Sir  John,  reference  to  his  History  of 
Hawsted,  497  n. 

Cupplas,  description  and  examples  of,  416.  de- 
rivation of  the  word,  4i7. 

Cups,  account  of  ancient  engraved  ones,  272. 

Currants,  historical  notice  concerning,  465  ji. 
catalogue  of  the  best  sorts  of,  496. 

Gustos,  Dominic,  portraits  engraved  by  him,  301. 

Cymatium,  derivation  and  description  of,  392. 
various  names  and  places  of  the,  393. 

Cypress,  destruction  of  by  the  winter  of  1683, 
694. 

Cyprian,  Thascius  Caecilius,  his  idea  concerning 
letters  and  sculpture,  267. 

D. 

Daedalus,  sails  invented  by,  638. 

Daffodil,  formerly  eaten  as  a  sallad,  757. 

Daisy,  Latin  names  and  use  of  the,  740. 

Damascus,  wrought  scimetai's  brought  from  pro- 
bably the  first  hint  for  etching,  282. 

Damoxenus,  cook  described  by,  763.    ■ 

Dancing-masters  in  England,'  their  rudeness,  164. 

Dandelion,  Latin,  names  and  uses  of,  740. 

Dane-Gelt,  a  proof  of  English  naval  sovereignty, 
674. 

Danes  and  Norwegians,  Runic  writing  of  the,  273. 

Danes,  their  ravages  and  piracies  stopped  by  the 
commerce  of  England,  632.  character  of  their 
navigation,  651,  652.  tribute  paid  to  the,  by 
Holland,  €86. 

Darius  King  of  Persia,  ferry-boats  used  by,  637- 

Dates  and  marks,  when  first  used  on  copper- 
plates, 276. 

Daughters  of  France,  how  disposed  of,  56. 

Daughters,  notice  concerning  their  education,  137. 

Dauphin  of  France,  notice  of  his  title,  54. 

David,  evil  produced  by  his  want  of  employment 

-  and  solitude,  516,  530.  his  desire  of  social 
worship,  531. 

D'Aviler,  Mons.  his  remark  on  Gothic  ^hitec- 
ture,  366.  his  diagram  for  constructing  a 
tympanum,  415. 

December,  length  of  the  days,  &c.  in,  487.  work 
to  be  done  in,  in  the  orchard  and  kitchen  gar- 
den, ib.  fruits  in  prime  and  lasting  in,  ib. 
work  to  be  done  in  the  parterre  and  flower 
garden  in,  488.  flowers  in  prime  and  lasting 
in,  ib. 

Decks  to  vessels,  by  whom  invented,  637. 

Declaration  of  the  pretended  Messiah  in  Italian, 
594.    ditto  in  English,  595. 

Decor,  in  architecture,  explained,  372. 

Decuriae  Fabrorum  Rhavennatium,  what  he  was, 
646. 

Delices  de  la  Campagne,  notice  of  the  work  so 
called,  100. 

Demetrius  Phalerus,  his  contempt  of  wealth,  25. 

— Poliorcetes,  flattery  of  at  Athens,  33. 

his  immense  ships  of  war,  637. 


822 


GENERAL    INDEX. 


■Demosthenes,  recommends  exertion  even, in  a 
Corrupt  state,  518. 

Denham,  Sir  John,  dedication  to  of  the  Parallel  of 
Architecture,  343. 

Denis,  St.  deposed  fibni -being  the  patron  saint  of 
France,  53.  often  the  frontier  of  France,  94. 
])rivileges  of  the  abbot  of  in  the  French  par- 
liament, 73. 

Dentelli  in  architecture,  397- 

Dephilus,  vegetable  diet  rejected  by,  777  n.  780. 

Desectores,  carvers  in  ivory,  258. 

Desgodetz,  Anthony,  his  rule  for  the  increase  of 
columns,  379. 

Design,  great  and  universal  importance  of,  312. 
-definition  of,  and  its  dilFerehce  from  drawing, 

.     313. 

Devotion,  summary  of  the  duties  of,  528,  529. 

Diaglyphice,  hollow  carving  in  metals,  258. 

Diamond,  when  first  engraven  on,  290. 

Diastylos,  what  it  signifies  in  architecture,  388. 

Diathesis,  in  architecture,  explained,  369. 

Diatretice,  a  work  on  chrystaj,  259. 

Digby,  Sir  Kenelm,  his  observations  on  the  pes- 
■tilent  nature  of  the  air  of  London,  227.    and 
of  coal,  228. 

Dijon,  difference  between  its  parliament  and  that 
of  Paris,  72. 

Dimidiae  Emmentiae,  explanation  of  the  term,  259. 

Dioclesian,  Cains  Valerius  .^ovius,  -Emperor  of 
Rome,  his  maxim  concerning  a  gardener,  98. 
instances  of  Volutes  taken  from  his  Baths, 
381.  his  delight  in  a  garden,  442.  his  abdi- 
cation censured,  517- 

Diodati,  John,  his  wish  concerning  church  musicj 
158.     noticeof  him,  15Sn. 

Diodorus  Siculus,  illustration  from  concerning 
slaves,  11.,  attributes  to  Minos  the  earliest  na- 
vigation, 638.    . 

Diogenes,  his.  saying  when  a  slave,  22.  contempt 
of  imperial  favorj,  26.  saying  concerning  Cal- 
listhienes,  ib.  deification  of  the  air  by,  215. 
hispude  treatment  of  Alexander,  521. 

Diomedes,  his  orthography  of  the  word  sculptura, 
258. 

Dionysius,  jun.  King  of  Sicily,  'complaisance  of 
bis  courtiers  to,  30. 

Djoseordes,  Pedacius,  his  praise  of  mallows,  744. 
his  mention  of  radish,  751,  753. 

Dioscori^es,  engraver  to  the  Emperor  Augustus, 

271. 
Diptere,  columns  and  measurements  of,  390. 
Discoveries  made  by,  the  earliest -navigators,  639. 

made  by  sea  in  Elizabeth's  reign,  665. 
Diseases  commended  in  sport,  229. 
Divines  of  France,  character'of  ,the,  89. 
Dock,  botanical  name  and  use  of,  740. 
Dolci,  Ludovico,  passage  from  concerning  Charles 

V.  517  n. 
Dome,  its  derivation  and  meaning,  417. 
Domestic  Officers  of  the  Court  of  France,  60. 
Domestics  of  Children. to  be  carefully  selected. 


118,  119.    and, watched,   126.    to  assist  in 
their  education,  129. 

Dominican  FHar  burned  by  the  Turks,  572. 

Domitian,  .Titus  Flavins,  idle  leisure  of,  514. 

Donatellus,  his  eulogy  on  design,  312.     - 

Doric  Order,  plinth  and  trochile  in  the,  377. 
striges  in  the,  383.  pilaster -of  the,  384.  im- 
post of  the,  385.  intercolumniation  in  the, 
388,  407.  architrave  in  the,  392.  cymatiurh 
in  the,  393,  frieze  of  the,  394.  roses  on  thfe 
abacus  of  the,  395.  trjglyphs  of  the,  ib.  guttae 
of  the,  ib.  metopae  in  the,  396.  regula,  ovtolo, 
and  dentelli  of  the,  397. ;  modilions  of  the>  398. 
mutules  for  the,  399.    measurement  used  in 

.  the,  404.  historical  description  of  the,  406. 
parts  and  proportions  of  the,  407.  ' 

Doiislaws,  Isaac,  biographical  account  of,  178  n. 

Double  Columns  considered,  413,  414. 

Double  Pedestal,  what  it  is,  374. 

Doucine,  vide  Cymatium,  393. 

Douse,  Mr.  Vander,  an  eminent  artist  for  pen 
.drawings,  316. 
-  Drake,  Sir  Francis,  his  circumnavigatory  voyages, 
656.     his  valiant  actions  against  the  Spaniards, 
664. 

Drawing,  nature  .and  definition .  of,  313.  sup*- 
posed  invention  of  by  a  shepherd,  314.  with 
the  crayon  and  pen,  described,  ib.  directions 
concerning  the  outline  in,  315.  eminent  artists 
in  pen  drawing,  316.  in  chalk,  excellent  effect 
of,  ib.  great  and  general  importance  of,  317. 
326.     use  of  to  the  dumb,  33 1 . 

Drawings,,  the  original  ones  of  the  old-  masters 
widely  scattered  and  carefully  kept,  312.  dif- 
ferently executed  at  various  peridds,  317- 

Dress,  expensive,  the  folly  and  danger  of,  113, 
1 14.  not  the  folly  of  the.  greatest  persons,  547. 
poem  descriptive  of  ancient  female,  703—709. 
dictionary  of  terms  relating  to,  710.  references 
to  ancient  accounts  of,  713. 

Drink-Ordel  of  France,  explained,  159  n. 

Droit  d'Aubaincj  nature  of  the,  66. 

Druef  ken,  engravings  of,  301. 

Duillius,  Caius  Nepos,  Roman  naval  expedition 

,    under,  643.     naval  triumph  allowed  to,  646.  •  - 

Durdens,  Villa  of,  ornamented  from  the  materials 
of  Nonesuch  House,  419. 

Durer,  Albert,  his  manner  of  marking  his  plates^ 
276.  engravings  executed  by,  277,' 278.  281. 
his  contests  with  M.  Antonio,  and  L.  Van  Ley- 
den,  278.  his  designs  engraved  by  the  former} 
280.  great  value  of  his  works,  290.  his  vvo6d- 
cuts  to  the  Tewrdanhckks,  302.  '  to  Petrarch's 
Utriusque  Fortunae  Remedia,  ib.  to  Apuleius' 
GoldenAss,and.Cicero's  Epistles,  ib.,  his  prints 
copied  by  painters,  319.  his  measurements  of 
the  human  body,  404.  •  ' 

Dutch,  character  of  their  travels,  47.     their  early 

.  establishment  of -India. Corapanies,^649.  cha-' 
racter  of  their  commerce,  navigation,  and  naval 
exploits,  658,  659.    inferiority  of  their  navy<to 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


823 


that  of  the  English,  667.  causes  of  their  na- 
tional success,  ib,  'their  petition  to  Queen 
Elizabeth,  668.  dispute  the  claim  of  the  Eng- 
lish to  naval  sovereignty,  673.  '  respect  paid  to 
the  British  flag  by,  675.  privilege  of  fishing 
granted  to  the  by  England,  677i'  684.  their 
molestation  of  the  British  fisheries,  678.  free 
fishing  of  interrupted,  679. '  their  insolence 
checked  by  Kings  James  and  Charles  I.  ib, 
680.     naval  power  of  the,   derived  from  the 

-  herring  fishery,  680.  rent  due  from  the,  to 
England  for  the  use  of  ditto,  681. 

Dutch   Ambassador,  his  complaint  of  Evelyn's 

'   tract  on  Navigation,  628  n. 

Dutch  war,  notice  of  Evelyn's  intended  history  of 
the,  628  n,  629  n. 


E. 


Earth  Nuts,  method  of  dressing,  740, 

Ease,  laboured  for  more  than  retirement,  513. 
examples  of  slothful  and  luxurious,  544,  54S. 

E^t,  ancient  circuitous  routes  of  communication 
with  the,  648. 

Eastern  Nations,  their  navigation  and  ships,  654; 

Eaux,  La  cour  de  les,  et  les  For&ts,  74.. 

Ebur  pingue„unpolished  ivory,  259. 

Ecclesiastical  ofiBces  of  the  French  Court,  61. 

. — ^— '■  Peers  of  France,  59. 

State  of  France,  78. 

Ecclesiastics  of  France,  dues  paid  by,  66.  free  of 
taxes,  ib.  their  seats  in  the  French  Parliament^ 
73. 

Ecclesiasticus,  references  to  the  Book  of,  34. 358  n. 

Echinus,  in  architecture,  its  meaning  and  deriva- 
tion, 380. 

Edgar,  King  of  England,  his  sovereignty  over  the 
sea  commemorated,  673. 

Edict,  Chambre.  de  1",  of  France,  a  Court  for 
.  French  Protestants,  71. 

Education,  St.  John  Chrysostom's  book  on,  103. 
140.     assisted  by  the  use  of  engravings,  329. 

Edward  I.  King  of  England,  his  institution  of  ad- 
mirals, 671. 

II. . his  sovereignty  over 

the  seas,  672. 
III. 


— . ■  his  extensive  naval 

force,  661.  his  sovereignty  over  the  seas,  672. 
grants  the  Dutch  a  privilege  of  fishing,  678. 

Eggs,  use  of  in  sallads,  768. 

Egypt,  immense  use  of  onions  in,  749. 

Egyptians,  mysteries  and  learning  of  the,  43.  an- 
cientand  extensive  commerce  of  the,  647. 

Elder,  ■  botanical  name  and  nature  of,  740.  di- 
rections for  potting,  803. 

Elias,  impostor  representing,  589.  preparations 
for  by  the  Jews,,  603.  ceremonies  in  honour  of, 
604.     supposed  revelations  of,  ib.  605. 

Elisha,  the  condition  of  his  entertainer  consi- 
dered, 530. 


■Eh/sium  Brilannicum,  notice  of  Evelyn's  unfinished 
work  so  called,  xx.  722. 

Elizabeth,  Queen  of  England,  her  policy  regard- 
ing Spain,  S8,_  numerous  bad  pictures  of,  271. 
her  policy  and  naval  forces,  663,  her  maritime 
exploits  and  discoveries,  664,  665,  666.  her 
sovereignty  over; the  seas,  671. 

Emblema,  description  and  use  of  in  architecture, 
423. 

Empedocles,  refuses  sovereignty,  26. 

Employment,  public,  preferred  to  solitude,  1667, 
notice  of,  xvii.  reprint  of,  501 — '552.  great- 
ness afiected  in  more  than  virtue,  512.-  rea- 
sons for  its  being  shunned  by  many,  ib.  513, 
general  views  of  such  as  accept  it,  513.  not 
all  alike,  514.  value  and  importance  of,  515, 
to  be  entered  gradually,  516.  '  riot  the  fcause  of 
evil  passions,  520,  scholars  and  philosophers 
engaged  in,  538.  not  inconsistent  with  the 
love  of  nature  or  learning, ^545.  should  not 
be  forced  upon  men,  548.  %ould  be  entered 
into  in  youth,  ib.  general  advice  concerning, 
549.     descriptive  sketch  of,  551. 

Enamelling,  the  first  hint  of  printing  engraved 
plates,  277. 

Encaustic  art,  explanation  of  the,  258.  occa- 
sioned the  invention  of  brass  prints,  ib.  vari- 
ous parts  of,  259. 

Encolaptice,  explanation  of  the  word,  258. 

Endive,  botanical  names  and  qualities  of,  741. 

England,  defrauded  of  rule  in  France,  by  the  pre- 
tended Salique  Law,  54.  splendour  of  its 
court  preferred  to  that  of  France,  61.  nobi- 
lity of  less  advantage  here  than  in  France,  66. 
disproportion  between  the  revenues  of  and 
those  of  France,  67.  may  probably  keep 
France  in  awe,  88.  balance  of,  witb  regard  to 
France  and  Spain,  ib.  singular  decay  (vide 
London)  of  vineyards  in,  102;''  and  of  timber,_ 
ib.  reprint  of  the  tract  entitled  A  Character  of, 
1659.141 — 167.  notice  of  ditto,  ix.  Letter  in 
vindication  of  ditto,  143 — 146.  satire  contained 
in  it  of  great  use,  and  qXioted  in  a  sermon,  144. 
the  author  of  it  vilified,  144  n,  145  n.  satirical 
examination  of  it,  146  n. — 162  n.  vide  Galtus 
Casiratus.  address  to  the  reader  prefixed  to, 
147.  opening  compliments  of  the  work,  148. 
fertility  and  beauty  of  England  and  its  inhabit- 
ants, 149.  suspicion  and  rude  manners  in,  ib, 
150..  167.  vide  church,  civil  wars,  London, 
Paul's,  St,  Presbyterians,  Parliamentarians, 
Royalists,  numerous  residences  of  the  kings" 
of,  150  n,  fanatical  religious  sects  in,  156, 
beauty  of  the  country  and  parks  of,  167.  rapi- 
dity of  riding  and  driving -in,  ib.  tedious  for- 
mality of  the  banquets  and  visits  of,  ib.  miser- 
.  able  state  of  in  the  civil  wars,  173,  174,  175. 
180.  184,  185.  188.  their  probable  effects  to, 
188, 189.  notice  of  the  principal  engravers  of, 
and  their  works,  309,  310.  means  for  improv- 
.    ing  the  art  of  engraving  in,  310,  311.    con- 


824 


GENERAL    INDEX. 


ceited  and  idle  nature  of  the  workmen  of,  360, 
3(S1.  the  study  of  architecture  recommended 
to,  362.  the  importance  of  commerce  to,  632. 
dominion  of  the  sea  belonging  to,  668.  674. 
respect  paid  to  the  flag  of  at  sea,  675.    kings 

.. ,  ^i,  Iprds  of  the  pce.an,jf71 .  674,  675,  .676.  ex- 
tent of  the  naval  sovereigiity  of,  677-    curious 

.  description  of  a,ncient  manners  and  house-keepf 

'    ing  in,  700,  70li  702. 

English,  their  youth-  compared  with  tjiose  of 
•the  JFrench,  91.  rude  familiarity  of  the,  il). 
hatred  and'  contempt  o!  the,  French  for 
the,  ^2.  suspicion  and  rudeness  of  the,.  1^9, 
150.     attempted  defence  of  it,  146  n.  .147  n. 

.  their  a.bilities  in  any  prpfeggion,.  361.  ,  first 
builders  of    frigates,  633.  .    maritime    diseo- 

'  veries  made  by  ,the,  656.  early  navigation 
of  the,"  659.  and  excellent  navies  of .  the,,  660. 
^heir  ancient  discoveriejs  and  maritime  forces, 
ib.    importance  of  the  sea  and  navy  to.  the, 

661.  naval  forces  under  John  and  Edward  III., 
ib.     ditto,  under  Richard  II.  and  Henry  V., 

662.  ditto,  under  Henry  VII.  and  VIII,  and 
Elizabeth,  663,  664,  665,  666.  celebration  of 
their  numerous  naval  discoveries,  665,  their 
naval  strength  and  exploits  under  James  I.,. 666, 
667.  their  claims  to  the  dominion  of  the  sea 
exhibited,  670—679.  685.  their  attention  to 
fisheries  important,  681,  682,  683. 

English  tongue,  decay  of  from  the  Saxon,  3,53. 

Engravers,  their  ancient  manner  of  marking  their 
plates,  276.  not  to  make  their  shadows  too 
dark,  322.  of  Italy,  their  names  and  principal 
works,  279 — 289,  of  Germany  and  Flanders, 
do.  277,  278.  ^90—302.  of  France,  do.  303— 
309.     of  England,  do^  301,  302. 

JEjigraving,  instruments  for,  various  ancient  names 
'  for,  262.  vide  Sculptura,  243—335.  on  silver, 
272.  when  first  used  on  copper  })l,ateSj  276. 
supposed  inventor  of,  277. ,  on  plates  how  first 
printed,  ib.  means  for  improving  the  art  of  in 
England,  310.  recommended  to  be  practised 
by  painters,  311.  .lights  and  shades,  stuffs, 
&c.  how  they  are  expressed  in,  320,  plate  and 
illustration  of  the  manner,  321.,  a  mixture  of 
the  kinds  of,  most  excellent,  325.  practised  by 
eminent  characters,  ib.  326.  flourished  most 
in  the  most  eloquent  ages,  327, "  new  method 
of,  invented  by  Prince  Rupert,  333, 

Eiioch,  books  said  V  have  been  written -by,  264, 
supposed  inventor  of  letters,  267 . 

Enqufets,  Chambres  des,  of  France,  officers  of,  71. 

Entablature  of  the  Tuscan  Order,  406.  of  the 
Doric  do.  407.  of  the  Ionic  do.  '408.  .of  the 
Corinthian  do.  409.    0/ the  Composite,  411. 

Entasis  or  swelling  of  columns,  378.. 

Epalamius,  his  improvement  of  the  anchor,  637, 

ilpaptroditus,  anecdote  of,  24. 

Ephesians,  their  law  concerning  buildings,  358. 

Epibateriupi,  derivation  of  the  word,  49. 

JEpicurus,   his  limitation  of  freedom,    19,     his 


pleasure  in  gardens,  439.  his  idea  of  the  in- 
activity, of  the  gods,  510,  his  praise;Of  public 
minister^,  ,513,  his ,  observation  on  tKe  :dispo- 
positions  of  men,  519.  .  .1 

Epictetus,  his  derisioq  of  the  Nicopolitans>  16, 
his  absolute, independence  of  spirit,  23,  cha- 
jact^  and  anecdote  of,  24-  .  immense  price 
given  for  his  earthen  lamp,  25,.  his  obsierva- 
tipnspn  society,  521. 

Epictheates,  vide  .CymatJKm,  393. 

Epigenes,  his  remark  on  the  antiquity  of  sculp- 
ture', 263. 

Epigingsko,  rpal  signification  of  the  word,  140, 

Epfmenides,  his  unhealthy  residence,  224, 

Epiphanias, ,  Bishop  of  S^il^mis,.  his  quotation  of 
the  Books  of  Adam,  263.  ...       .v.      ... 

Epistilium,  the  Greek  name  of  the  Architrave,  391. 

Epitaph  on  Richard  Evelyn,  jun.  112. 

Erasmus,  Desiderius,  his  satire  on  butchers  and 
fishmongers,  237. 

Erixion,  notice  of  his  death,  26,2. 

Erythrsei,  oars  invented  by  the,  637. 

Eschevins  of  Paris,  nature  of  their  office,  94. 

Escuyer,  Grand,  of  France,  his  duties  and  officers, 
61. 

— ^ ,  Premier, ,  his  duties  and  officers, 

61. 

Esprit,  St.,  order  of  knighthood  of,  institution 
and  ceremonies  of  the,  77. 

Essex,  Robert  Devereux,  Earl  of,,  biographical 
notice  of,  176  n,  177  n!  his  successful  expe- 
dition to  Cadiz.  664. 

Essex  House,  London,  particulars  of  its  scite,  &c. 
101  n.  pictures  of  Queen  Elizabeth  destroyed 
at,  271. 

Etching  with  Aqua  Fortis,  fisst  used,  282. 

Ethiops,  effect  of  the  air  on  the  life  of,  217.  said 
to  have  the  books  of  Seth  andEnocb,  264. 

Eubulus,  his  term  for  lettuces,  742. 

Eve,  solitude  the  cause  of  her  temptation,  530. 

Evelyn,  John,  his  early  custom  of  journal- 
ising, vii.  notices  of  his  literary  productions, 
vii — xxii.  his  endeavours  to  gain  Colonel 
.Morley  to  the  royal  cause,  x.  his  mention  of 
Charles  II.  entering  London,  xi.  his  letter  toDr. 
Godolphin  on  his  translation  of  Naud^,  xii  n. 
engaged  to  write  an  account  of  English  forest 
trees,  xiv.  his  letter  to  Cowley  concerning  so- 
litude, xviii.  his  Scheme  for  a  Lay  Monastery, 
and  public  labours  of,  ib.  sqlicits  the  engrav- 
ing of  the  Arundel  Marbles,  xix.  his  notions 
concerning  gardens,  xxi.  scheme  for  a  general 
history  of  trades,  ib,  works  of  in  manuscripit, 
ib.  his  love  for  Wotton,  ib.  summary  of  his 
worth  and  writings,  xxii,  his  first  literary  un- 
dertaking, vii.  3,  4.  ■  commendatory  poem  ad- 
dressed to,  6.  reference  to  his  Sylva,  102  n. 
his  grief  for  his  son's  death,  105.  (vide  Evelyn, 
Richard),  supposed  to  be  the  translator  of  .<# 
Character  of  England,  and  author  of  the  letter 
in  vindication  of  it,  ix.  143  n.    Jiotice  of  his. 


GEffERAL    INDEX. 


€25 


portrait  engraved  ty  Nanteuil,  306,  and  note, 
his  translation  of  Du  Bosses  work  on  En- 
graving, 33.^.  Latin  verses  addressed  to  on 
his  book  of  Architecture,  347.  extract  from  a 
letter  by,  on  his  Kalendarium  Hortense,  4<27. 

■  letter  and  poem  called  the  Garden,  addressed 
to  him  by  Cowley,  435,  436.  his  books  rela- 
ting to  the  Jesuits,  500,  and  note,  his  an- 
swer to  Sir  G.  Mackenzie  concerning  his  Tract 
on  Public  Employment,  xvii.  xviii.  504.  his 
account  of  his  translation  of  Freart's  idea  of  the 
perfection  of  painting,  554.  his  letter  to  Lord 
Brounckev  on  the  Spanish  Sembrador,  621. 
notice  concerning  his  poetical  works,  ix.  623  n. 
requested  to  write  the  history  of  the  Diitch 
war,  628  n.  notice  of  ditto,  xix,  xx.  his 
letter  to  Mr.  Aubrey  concerning  an  oak  at 
Wotton,  &c.  687.  his  letter  to  the  Royal  So- 
ciety on  the  damage  done  to  his  gardens>  in 
1683,  692.  his  last  publication,  722.  notice 
of  his  Elysium  Britannicuni,  xx.  722.     allusions 

■  to  his  Hortulan  Kalendar,  729.  his  plan  for 
a  royal  garden,  730,  731.  732.  translation  of 
Gassendus'  Life  of  Peiresk,  dedicated  to,  747  n. 
various  references  to,  and  quotations  from  his 
Memoirs  and  Diary,  xiii.  lo5  n.  112  n.  113  n. 
143  n.  152  n,  153  n.  155  n.  1.58  n.  165  n.  171  n. 
175  n,  194.  207  n.  243  n.  333  n.  339  n.  341  n. 
342  n.  343  n.  351  n.  485  n.  500.  510.  554. 
.556  n.  557  n.  569  n.  628  n.  692  n.  693  n.  698. 
714  n.  .  dedications,  prefaces,  and  addresses  by, 
5.  97.  99,  100,  101.  10.5.  112.  207—209.  212. 
243.  337.  343.351.  353.  429.499.  505.  .507. 

■  555—558,  559—562.  565.  567.  623.  627.  714. 
723.  728.  various  references  and  quotations 
from  his  otherworks,  vii. — xxii.  157  n.209.  339. 
427.  434.  444  n.  449  n.  450,  451  n.  452  n. 
461  n.  464.  472.  476.  480.  483.  487  n.  6'87. 

Evelyn,  George,  Esq.  dedications  addressed  to,  5. 

105. 
"i ,  Mary,  supposed  author  of  the  Muridns 

Muliebris,  xx.  698. 
. ,  powder  mills  brought  to  England  bylthe 

family  of,  689.     damage  done  by  their  explo- 
sions, ib. 
. ,  Richard,  juii.  son   to  John,  his  early 

death,  105.     precocious  abilities  of,  107.-  108. 

piety  of,  109,  110.     blessedness  of  his  death, 

111.      Latin  epitaph  on,  112. 

-, Richard,  Esq.dedication  addressed  to,  1  OS. 


Europa,  fable  of  explained,  640. 

Burythmia,  harmony  and  proportion  in  architec- 
ture, 372. 

Eusebius,  Bishop  of  Caesarea,  reference  to  his  life 
of  Constaiitine,  33.  his  account  of  the  origin 
and  progress  of  commerce,  647. 

Eusebius,  Paoiphilus,  his  idea  of  the  invention  of 
letters  and  sculpture,  267. 

Eustylos,  an  intercolumr|iation  so  called,  389. 

Exchequer  of  France,  offices  of  the,  73. 

Exotics  destroyed  at  Says  Court  in  1^83,  693,  .694. 


F. 

Faber,  Honoratus,  his  method  for  rapidly  raising 
sal  lad,  780.. 

Fable,  a  Persian  one  concerning  court  favourites, 
35. 

Fairfax,  Thomasj  Lord,  particulars  of,  177  n. 

Faithorne,  William,  excellent  engravings  by,  310. 
work  on  engravings  byj  335. 

Falcon  Inn,  curious  particulars  concerning  the, 
223  and  note. 

Fame,  not  due  to  inactivity,  511.    the  love  of  ex- 
cites to  virtue,  512. 

Familiarity  and  rudeness  of  the  English  censured, 
91.  149,  150.  162.     definition  of  worthy,  535. 

Fascias,  dimensions  and  description  of,  392. 

Fasting  days  recommended  to  youth,  132. 

,  Fathers,  their  solicitude  for  richly  clothing  their 
children  censured,  113.  compared  to  kings 
and  gaverriors  ■  of  cities,  115,  il6'.  improved 
by  the  education  of  their  children,  130.  gene- 
.  ral  concluding  directions  to,  137.  the  ancient 
christian,  refrained  from  eating  flesh,  784, 
■788.- 

Fauconnier,  Grand,  of  France,  62. 

Favi,  SignOr'  Giacomo  Maria,  eulogy  on,  246. 
account  of  him  by  M.  Sorbiere,  247.  curious 
collections  of  art  made  by,  248.  his  great  ge- 
nius and  travels,  249.  his  remains  and  in- 
tended publication,  250. 
.Favorihus,  his  servility,  34,  commended  a  Quar- 
tan Ague,  229. 

Favourites  of  kings  too  often  courted,  34,  35. 
,  February,  length  of  days,  &c.  in,  447.    worl$  to 
be  done  in,  in  the  orchard  and  kitchen  garden, 
r     ib.    fruits'  in  prime  and  lasting  in,  448.    work 

to  be  in  the  flower  garden  in,  ib. ' 
.  Fellian^  J.,  a  pupil  of  Faithorne,  310. 
.  FemaleSj  no  succession  of  in  the  royal  family  of 
France,  54.  allowed  peerages  in  France,  59. 
should  not  be  allowed  to  approach  youthi  126, 
128.  their  vanity  censured  by  St.  Chrysosfom 
and  Juvenal,  139.  comparison  between  those 
of  England  and  France,  161 

Fennel,  medicinal  qualities  of,  in  Sallad,  741. 

Ferdinand,  King  of  Spain,  his  encouragement  of 

Columbus  rewarded,  655. 
.  Ferry-boats,  by  whom  invented,  637. 

Feuillantines,  their  vegetable  diet,  789. 

Fifth-Monarchy-men,  of  whom  they  were  com- 
posed, 523. 

FigS,  catalogue  of  the  best,  496. 

Figulina  Vasa  Effilata,  anecdote  of  the,  272. 

Figures,  pedestals  proper  for  various,. 376.    an- 
ciently used  for  Columns,  391:    for  acroteria, 
.  .  416.     to  correspond  with  their  Niches,  418. 
appropriate  one  placed  on  public  buildings, 
421.  .  i 

Filberds,  catalogue  of  the  best  sorts  of,  497. 

Fillet,  a  name  of  the.  astragal,  378. 
5   N 


826 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


finances  of  France,  superintendant  of,  his  duties 
and  officers,  64. 

— : ; — ,  Conlroller  General  of,  65. 

Finigiierra,  Maso,  supposed  inventor  of  engraving, 

277.    „ 

■Finisliing,  not  the  most  important  part  of  draw- 
ing, 315. 

Fisheries,  right  of  the  English  to  the,  677,  678, 
679.  683,  684.  636.  their  importance  to  Eng- 
land,. 681,  682,  683.    licenses  granted  for  using 

.     the,  683,  684.  ■ 

Fishmongers,  Erasmus'  satire  bn,  237. 

Flag,  duty  of 'they  ancient  English  claim  of,  675, 

Flattery,  remarkable  instances  of,  32,  33,  37. 

Flemish  engravers  and  their  works,  notices  of, 
277,278.290—302. 

Flemings,  their  settlement  in  England,  662. 

Flesh,  the  eating  of  productive  of  heaviness,  780. 
the  use  of  first  permitted  to  man,'  783,  784, 
785. 

Floors,  of  inlaid  wood,  423.  works  on  the  con- 
struction of,  ib. 

Flora  Historica,  notice  of  the  Gilly  flower  from 
the,  466  n. 

Florence,  weavers  of  guarded  against  coal  smoke, 
227. 

Flo'ris,  Francis,  the  Flemish  Micliel  Angelo,  292. 

Florus,  L.  Annaeus  Lucian,  his  account  of  Pom- 
pey's  pirate  wars,  644.  ' 

Flower-garden,  directions  for  working  in  the,  in 
January,  446.  do.  for  February,  448.  do.,  in 
March,  451 .  do.  for  April,  456.  do.  for  May, 
460.  do.  for  June,  465.  do.  for  July,  469. 
do.  for  August,  473.  do.  for  September,  477. 
do.  for  October,  460.-  do.  for  November,  484. 
do.  for  December,  488. 

Flowers  proper  for  planting  near  London,  240, 
241.  ,      ■ 

Flowers,  in  prime  and  lasting  in  January,  446. 
do.  in  February,  449.  do.  in  March,  454.  do. 
in  April,  458.  do.  in  May,  461.  do.  in  June, 
466.  do.  in  July,  471  •  do.  in  August,  475. 
do.  in  September,  478.  do.  in  October,  481. 
do.  in  November,  486.  do.  in  December,  488. 
classed  list  of  tender  and  hardy,  489.  taking 
up  of,  directions  for,  463.  466.  470.  473,  474. 
damage  done  to  by  the  winter  of  1683,  695, 
696.     what  sorts  of  are  used  in  sallad,  741. 

Foliage  of  the  Corinthian  capital  considered,  409. 

Food,  the  use  of  various  kinds  considered,  780, 
781,  782,  783. 

Fop  Dictionary,  1690,  reprint  710 — 713. 

Forces  of  France,  account  of,  76.  S3,  84,  85. 

Forest  Trees,  destruction  of,  and  Evelyn's  work 
on,  xiv. 

Fojindation,  what  it  is,  and  its  parts,  374. 

Fountains,  ancient  figures  and  ornaments  of,  421. 
their  pipes  to  be  covered  in  the  winter,  488. 

France,  (vide  Paris,)  tract  on  the  state  of,-  under 
Louis  XIF.  viii."  39 — 95.  excuse  for  writing 
of,  41.  51.  •  intent  of,  42.    use  of  residing  in. 


50,  51..     importance  of  the  Empire  of,  -52. 
Machiavelli's  saying  of,  ib.     King  of,  absolute, 
53.    its  patron  Saint  changed,  ib.     founda- 
tion and  races  of  its  monarchy,  ib.     pretended 
Salique  Law.  of,  54.     ancient  legend  of,  ib. 
titles  and  births  of  the  Kings  and  Princes  of, 
ib.      characters  of  the  Royal  Family  of,  55. 
daughters  of,  how  disposed  of,  56.  lata  King  of, 
without  illegitimate  issue,  ib.  how  the  King  be- 
came absolute,  ib.  57,  58.  Parliament  of,  only  a 
name,  57.  Princes  and  Peers  of,  nature  of  their 
estates,  58.    names  and  number  of  thePeers 
of,  59.     officers  belonging  to  the  Crown,  of, 
60 — 62.  ceremony  at  the  dgaith  of  the  King  of, 
60.  -  household  and  officers  of  the  Queens  of, 
62.    Royal  guard  of,  62 — 64.     increase  of  the 
revenues  of,  by  King  Pepin.  65,  66;     domain 
of,  cannot  be  alienated, ,  66.      Nobility  and 
Clergy  free  from  taxes,  ib.     the  King  of, -  his 
gabels  ofi  salt,  ib.  67-     do.  his  immense  reve- 
nue, 67.-    officers  and  councils  of  State  in,  ib. 
manner  of  propeeding  in  them,  68.    officers 
of  justice  of  France,  69.     Secretaries  of  State 
of,  70.     other  officers  of,  ib.     officers  of  the 
Parliament  of,  ib.  71.    cities  of,  ivvhich  have 
Parliaments,  72 .    difference  between  them  and 
that  of. Paris,  ib.^    Exchequer  Offices  of,  73. 
great  military  officers  of,  74.    officers  of  the 
Crown  of,  75.     Grand  Prieur  de,  his  rank  and 
office,  76,    military  andnaval  forces  pf,  ib.:83, 
84,  85.     orders  of  Knighthood  iri,  77.    eccle- 
siastical members  and  church  of,.  78.  87''    pre- 
sent Government  of,  78.    various  ranks  of,  79, 
rebellions  not  prosperous  in,  80,    Commons 
and  farmers  of,  ib.     auxiliaries  to  the  armies 
of,  ib.     mechanics  of,  ib.  90.    merchants  ot^ 
81.     Nobility  of,  their- dress  and  manner  of 
living,  ib.  ^  learning  much  pretended  to  in,  ib. 
ecclesiastical  state  of,  82.      Catholics  of,  .ib. 
Protestants  of,  ib.  88.    sects  of,  83.   .advan- 
tageous scite  of,  ib.     abundance  of  its  popula- 
tion and  provision,  86.     state  of  its  armsj  &c. 
ib.    ancient  and  modern  acquisitions  of,  87. 
fortifications  of,, ib.    present  exalted  state  of, 
ib.    nature  and  genius  of  the  inhabitants  of, 
88,    learned  men  iu,  89.  °  physicians  and  sur- 
geons of,  ib.     youth  and"  women  of,  90;i91. 
passions  and  character  .of  the  people  of,  91. 
the  King  reverenced  in,  ib.      dislike  pf ;  the 
English  in,  92.    persons  and  temper  of  the 
people  of,  ib.  .  its  frequent  changes,  95.    no- 
tice of  the  tract  entitled  Jl  Character  of  France 
1659,  143  n.    character  of  the  Roysll ,  Palaces 
in,  149  n..    Protestants  in,  their  customs,  ]  53. 
satire  on  the  gallants  and  females  of, -156  n. 
157 n;   158n.."i59n.   160  n.  161  n.     manners 
in,  preferable,  to  those  of  England,  162,  163. 
odoriferous  atmosphere  of  some  towns  in,  208. 
excellence  of  the  air  in,  .225.     vines  of  injured 
by  the  smoke  from  England,  234.  ,  notices  of 
the  principal  engravers  of,  and  their  works. 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


827 


303 — 309.    eminent  print  collectors  in,  328. 
encouragement  of  navigation  in,  634,    absur- 
dity of  its  claim  to  naval  dominion.  669.  • 
Francis  I.  King  of  France,  his  intention  to  call 
in  the  Turks  censured,  84.    good  effects  of  his 
love  for  learning,  32.    how  he,  became  learned 
540,    his  naval  wars,  651. 
Franco,  Baptista,  engravings  executed  by,  284. 
Freart,  Roland,  Sieur  de  Chambray,  Epistles  De- 
dicatory attached  to  Evelyn's  Translation  of 
the   Parallel  of  Architecture,  337.      authors 
cited  in,  342.    excellence  of  the  work,  343. 
>   Latin  verses  in  praise  of,  347.     various  refer- 
ences to  do.  XV.  382.  391.  395.  404.  411.     in- 
troductory epistles  attached  to  Evelyn's  Trans- 
lation of  his  Idea  of  the  Perfection  of  Paint, 
ing,  &53 — 562.    Evelyn's  account  of'do.  xix, 
554.     and  character  of,  559, 
Freggio,  what  is  signified  by,  394. 
French,  their  vanity  in  altering  the  Composite 
order,  410.  rise  and  progi-ess  of  their  navigation 
and  commerce,  650.     their  acknowledgements 
of  British  naval  sovereignty,  674,  675.     pri- 
vilege of  fishing  granted  to,  by  the  English, 
677.    acknowledge  the  English  claim  to  the 
fisheries,  635. 
French    Gardiner,   1658.  1669,  Epistles  Dedica- 
tory to  the,  98,  99.     account  of  the  editions 
of  the,  xi.  97 n.    various  references  to,  the,  444. 
Frieze,  in  Architecture,  description  and  nature  of 

a,  394.    in  the  Doric  Order,  407- 
Frigates,  the  first  attributed  to  the  English,  638. 
Frisius,  Simon,  his  etchings,  293. 
Frontiers  of  France,  fortifications  of  the,  87. 
Frontinus,  Sextus  Julius,  Roman  marine  stores 

mentioned  by,  646. 
Frosts,  cautions  relating  to,  453.  474.  487. 
Fruit,  various  directions  for  preserving,  451.475. 
479.  483.    remarks  concerning  the  eating  of, 
773  and  note. 
Fruits,  exquisite  nature  of,  439.  vide  Orchard., 
names  of  those  in  prime  and  lasting  in  Janu- 
ary, 445.   do.  in  February,  448.    do.  in  March, 
451.     do.  in  April,  456.      do.  in  May,  460. 
do.  in  June,  46.^.     do.  in  July,  468.     do.  in 
August,  472.     do.  in  September,  476.     do.  in 
October,  480.    do.  in  November,  484.    do.  for 
December,  487. 
Fruit-trees,  directions  for  preserving  the  moisture 
■  in,  564.     do.  for  feeding  of,  467.    catalogue 
of  the   best,  495.      damage  done  to,  by  the 
winter  of  1683,  695. 
Fumifugium,  1662,  notice  of,  xii.    reprint  of,  20,5 
— 242.    preface  to  the  reprint  of  1772,212. 
Analysis  of  the  tract  referred  to,  215  n. 
Fungus  Reticularis,  its  place  of  growth  and  par- 
ticulars of  the,  746,  747. 
Furnace,  vide  Stove. 

Furniture,  list  of  old  English,  used  by  females, 
707,  70s. 


G. 


Gabels  paid  upon  salt,  in  France,  66.    immense 

pro&t  and  rigorous  exaction  of,  67. 
Gaffarel,  Jacques,  his  account  of  Talismans,  269. 
Galenas,  Claudius,  various  referencesto,  and  quo- 
tations from,  227.  236.  734  n.  743,  744  n.  752. 
754.757,758.777.787. 
Galdres,  G^n^ral  des,  his  rank  and  office,  75.        ' 
Gallants  of  England,  intemperate  and  unpolished - 
customs  of  the,  157.  159.  160.  163.    their  in- 
feriority to  those  of  France,  161.    some  ex- 
ceptions to  this,  1 63.    advice  to,  on  entering* 
upon  the  town,  699. 
Galle,  Cornelius,  notice  of  his  works,  295. 

~ Theodore,  his  engraved  works,  296, 

Galli  Insubres,  C8esar's  Saying  concerning  the,  88. 
Galius  Castratus,  an  answer  to  the  Character  of 
England,  1659,  notice  of,  ix.    reprint  of  the, 
143  n. — 162  n.    author  of  it  censured,   14.3, 
144,  145,  146.      opening  address  of,   to  the 
ladies  of  England,  144  n.     censure  of  the  au- 
thor of  the  Character  of  England, -ih.^  145  n. 
151  n.  152  n.    scurrilous  examination  of  that 
work,  146n.-^liS2n. 
Gauia,  Vasco  di,* discoveries  in  Asia  made  by,  648, 
Game  and  wild-fowl  destroyed  by  moor-burning, 
235.  i^  ,  ; 

Gamesters,  debasing  nature  of  their  pleasures,  545. 
Garden,  The,  letter  and  poem  by  Cowley  so  called, 
xvi.  435,  436. 

plan  for  a  royal  one,"  730,  731,  732. 

Garden-tools  to  be  kept  in  order,  445.     1. 
Gardens,  list  of  the  luxuries  attached  to  ancient, 
98.    and  orchards  of  London,  damaged  by  .the 
smoke,  212.  221.    improvement  of,  during  the 
siege  of  Newcastle,  222.    proposal  for  plant- 
ing, near  London,  '240.    poem  in,  praise  of, 
436.     the  enjoyments  of,  429.  437,  438.  440. 
•   first  made  by  God,  437.    .the  Creator  to  be 
seen  in,  441.  vide  Flower-garden,^  Olitory,  Or- 
chard, Parterre.  "  notice  of  ,the  Apothecaries  at 
Chelsea,  485  n.     of  Says  Court,  damage  done 
to  the,  in  1683,  692— 696. 
Gardener,  excellence  and  industry  of  the.  life  of 
a  good  one,  430.     should  be  acquainted  with 
Astronomy,  43 1 . 
Gardener's  Almanack,  vide  Kalendarium. 
Gardeners,  plan  for  the  encouragement  and  bene- 
fit of,  near  London,  241,  242. 
Gardening,  anciently-  encouraged  at  Rome,  726 
and  note,    extensive  nature  of  the  study  of/ 
728,  729. 
Garlick,  qualities,  character  of,  and  manner  of 
dressing,  741, 742,      ■•    ,  ,      i 

Gassendus,  Peter,  translation  of  his  Life  of  Pei- 

resk  dedicated  to  Evelyn,  747  n,  ... 

Gassion,-Mareschar  de,  preserves  Paris  from  the 
Spanish,  94.  .  •  . 


8^8 


QSNBRAL;  INDEX.. 


Gates  of  a  city  allegorised,  116,  lir.  119.  126, 

127, 128. 
Gellius,  Aulus,  his  mention  of  the  adoxous  of 

the  GrfeekS,  230,  and  opt?. 
Gems,  sculptures  used  on,  271.     name?  of  emi- 
nent artists  in,  289. 
Generals  of  the  English  Parliament,  instances  of 
their  fall,  and  biographical  notices  of,  176 — 179 
and  notes. 
GeneraUies;bf  France  explained,  65.. 
Genoa,  odoriferous  atmosphere  of,  208.     com- 
merce the  caiise  of  its,  wealth,  632.    Tunny- 
fishery  formed  by,  686. 
Genoese,  their  trade  and  navigation,  652.    naval 

exploits  of  the,  653. 
Gens  d'Armes  of  France,  notice  of,  64. 
Gentry  of  England,  their  ignorance  of  architec- 
ture lamented,  362. 
Gerkins,  or  Gerekems,.  method  of  preserving,  740, 
German  language,  excellent  use  pi  the,  50. 
Geraiajiy,  account  of  the  principal  engravers  of, 

and  their  works,  277-  290— 3Q2. 
Giolito,  Gabrielle,  his  engrayipgs  for  Ariosto,  284. 
Gilly-flower,  varieties  of  the,  465  n,    etymology 

of  the.name,.446ji.. 
Glasses  moulded  into  form  by  laboi^r,  139. 
Globe,  the  doctrine  of  shadows  illustrated ,  by  a, 

321. .  ,  . 
Gloves,  list  of  those  anciently  worn  by  fenifiles, 

705. 
Gluttony,  how  to  guard  agaiiist  it  in  children, 

124. 
Glyphice,  sculptors  of  metals,  258. 
Glyphion,  Stylus,  notice  concerning,  .261. 
Goar,  James,  reference  to,  concerning  the  sacri- 
fice of  the  hair,  138. 
Goats" -heard,  medicinal  qualities  of,  742. 
Gold,  the  power  of,  in  courtship,  705.. 
Goldman,  Nicholas,  reference  to  his  Treatise  on 

Architecture,  382. 
Goltzius,  Henry,  his  excellent  engravings,  294. 
his  imitations  of  Lucas  Van  Leyden,  302.     his 
singular  drawings  with  a  pen  .and  oil,  .3.16. 
,  Hubert,  his  heads  pf  the  Roman  Empe- 
rors on  wood,  302. 
Gombousf,  Mons.  his  plan  of  Paris,  309. 
Gooseberries,  catalogue  of  the  best  kinds  of,  496. 
Gorlaeus,  .Abraham,  his  account  of  ancient  engraved 

rings  and  seals,  269. 
Goths,  their  invasion  destroyed  the  Roman  arts, 
273.    invasion  of  the,  the  origin  of  Monachism, 
532.     and  Vandals,  their  navigation,  649. 
Goudt,  Count,  plates  by  .him,.29,5, ... 
Government,  modern  of  France,  78.    character 

of  ditto,  79.     of  Paris  described,  94. 
Governors  of  Provinces  in  France,  their  rank  and 

commission,  76. 
G.  P.  I.  B.  by  whom  used  as  a  mark,  291. 
Gracchus,  Caius,  censured  for.  retiring  from  his 
duty,  518. 


Gradetti,  their  meaning  and  place  on  eoJamns, 

'  379.  38  J . 
Graef'sex,  of  the  Danes  and  Norwegians  explained, 

•273.',    . 
Grafting,  the  wonderful  nature  of.  celebrated  by 
Cowley,  441.    various  directions  concerning, 

.  447.  449.  483, 
Grand  Conseil  of  France,  nature  and  office  of  the; 

..  63,69. 

Granger,  Rev..  J^nies,  his,  character  of  -Sir  John 
Hothatb,  177  n.    his  notice  of  the  Princess!  of 
Bohemia,  326  ri. , 
Grapes  in  prime  and  lasting  in  September,  477. 

.  ditto  in  October,  480. 
Graphatores,  engravers,  261. 
Gratius,  Faliscus,  verses  from,  795. 
Grave,  Robert,  his  engravings  from  a  curious  pic- 
ture at  Strawberry-hill,  101  n.  432 'n. 
Greatness,  why  some  persons  shun  it,  512.    how 
it  should  be  achieved  and  secured,  516.     the 

,  ,best  defence  against  censure,  &c.  517. 

Greeks,   their   tradition    concerning  slaves,    10. 

,  their  custom  of  sacrificing  their  hair,  138. 
earliest  writings  known  to,  268.  when  they 
received  and  perfected  sculpture^  ibid.  270. 
drawing,  &c.  cultivated  by,  326.  architecture 
derived  from  the,  355.  - 

,  their  naval  exploits  and  discoveries,  742. 

fall  of  the,  643. 

Greffier  en  Chef,  Clerk  of  the  Parliament  of 
France,  his  office,  and  pension,  72. 

Green-houses  and  green-house-plants,  various  di- 
rections concerning,  453.  478.  484.  4S8.  me- 
thods of  warming,  485.  492,  493,  494.  497, 

f  498.  vide  Conservatory,  errors  of  (he  com- 
mon green-house,  490,  491.  proper  measure- 
ments, &c.  for-,  491.  notice  of  Sir  Dudley  Cul- 
lum's,  497n. 

Greenland,  its  discovery  and  appropriation  to 
England,  683. 

Greenwich  Palace,  Barclay's  praise  of>.232. 

Grenoble,  Chambre  Miparties  established  in,  72. 

Grenville,  Sir  Richard,  his  valiant  engagement 
with  the  Spaniards,  664. 

Gresham  College,  meetings  of  the  Royal  Society 
at,  556  n. 

Greuter,  Matthew,  his  engraved  works,  294. 

,  Frederick,  plates  by,  295. 

Grew,  Dr.  Nehemiah,  his  tables  of  the  tastes  of 
plants,  764  and  note,  his  mention  of  vegeta- 
ble salts,  766. 

Groennighen,  Swart  Jan  Van,  character  of  his 
engravings,  302. 

Grotius,  Hugo,  various  references  to,  and  qnota- 
tions  from,  1,11.  636.  661.  664,  665.  673  and 
note,  788. 

Gruter,  Janus,  various  references  to  and  quota- 
tions from,  646  n.  670. 

Gryllus,  his  transmigration,  761. 

Guard  of  the  French  King  described,  63. 


PKNBRAL    INDEX* 


829 


Guernsey  lily^  direction  for  the  planting  of,  &c. 

457. 
Guido,  Rafiaellej^  notice  of  his  engravings,  388. 
Gustavus  I.  King  of  Sweden,  immense  ship  built 

byi  652. 
Gunpowder  Plot,  contrived  by  a  recluse,  522. 
Guttae  or  drops- in  architecture,  395. 
Gut-temberg,  John,  the    supposed    inventor   of 

printing,  276. 
Gymnastic  exercises  and  academies  of  the  French,, 
i   85. 
Gypsochi,  workers  in  plast-er,  258. 

H. 

Hadrianus,  Emperor  of  Rome,  his  love  for  Anti- 

.  nous,  30, 

Hair,  ancient  sacrifices  of,  and  method  of  wearing 

.  it,  1 13.  13S.  technical  words  for  the  dressing 
of  it,  &C.710,  711,712. 

Hakluvt,  Rev.  Richard,  his  collection  of  voyages, 
665n. 

Halifax,  Charles  Montague,  Earl  of,  notice  of, 

.  723  n. 

Hampden,  John,  notice  of  his  death,  178  n. 

Harlaem,  City  of;  bleachers  of  the,  prohibit  the 
use  of  coal,  228. 

Harmony  and  proportion  in  architecture,  372. 

Harpagus,  cruel  treatment  of  by  Astyages,  33. 

Harrington,  James,  allusion  to  the  coarseness  of 
language  in  his  Oceana,  145-  notice  of  him^ 
ibid.  n. 

{latching;,  in  drawing,  what  it  is,  314,  315.  in 
engraving,  directions  and  plate  illustrative  of 
the  various  effects  produced  by,  320,  321,  322. 
single  opes  recommended  322.  counter  hatch- 
ings sometimes  of  good  effect,  323. 

Havens  of  France,  vessels  riding  in  the,  84. 

Havre  de  Grace,  motto  on  the  artillery  of,  58. 

Head,  examples  of  shadows  falling  on  one,  321. 

Head-dresses,  anciently  worn  by  ladies  in  Eng- 
land,  706,   707.    terms  used  in,   710,  711, 

'.'  712. 

Health-drinking  in  France,  uncompulsive  nature 
of,  160.     defence  of.  the  custom,  158  n. 

Hearing,  advice  for  guarding  the  sense  of  in  chil- 
dren, 119. 

Heart,  supposed  to  be  the  seat  of  anger,  128. 

Heaven,  not  a  place  of  indolence,  523. 

Heathens,  their  custom  of  sacrificing  their  hair, 
138. 

Heliodorus,  Bishop  of  Tricca,  amiable  disposition 

of,  109. 

Hemicircular  arch,  386. 

Henrietta-Maria,  Queen  of  Charles  I,  her  orange- 
trees  and  orange-garden  sold,  460  n. 

Henry  III.  King  of  England,  his  institution  of 
naval  commanders,  671. 

V  . ,  his  sovereignty  over 

the  seas,  672. 


Henry  VII.  King  of  England,  his  naval  forces,  663: 
his  increase  of  the  fisheries,  67S. 

VIII. ,  his  naval  forces,. 663. 

emblem  used  on  his  coin,  674. 
Henry  III.  King  of  France,  effects  of  hip  example, 

32.    institutes  the  Order  "of  St.  Esprit,  77. 
Henshaw,  Thomas,  Esq.  epistles-  dedicatory  to, 

97.  99.     account  of,  97  n. 
Heraclea,  naval  battle  at,  643. 
Herbs,  directions  for  'gathering  and  drying,  464. 

directions  for  makings  tart  of,_809. 
Hercules,  Hesiod's  account  of  his  shield,  269. 
Heraclitus,  his  contempt  of  worldly  power,  26. 
Herbert,  Lord  Edward,  of  Cherbury,  reference  to 

his  History  of  Henry  VIII.,  663  n. 

Hermits,  their   unhealthy   abodes,    224.      their 

superstitious  and  useless  lives  of,  530.    notice 

concerning  the  early  ones,  532,  '     .  , 

Herodotus  Halicarnassensis,  various  references  to 

and  quotations  from,  22;  33.2/0.  639.749.,  :. 

Herring  fishery,  amazing  extent  and  produce  of 

the,  680.  682;     rent  idue  for  th^  to  England 

from  the  Dutch,  681. 

Hertford,  Sir  William  Seymour,  Marquess  of,  his 

.  house  and  gardens  in  the  Strand,  222.    notice 

of  him,  ibid:^, 
Hertocks,  A.  plates  engraved  by,  300. 
Hesiod  various  references  to  and  quotE(tions  from, 

268,269.761. 
Hesychius,  reference  to  concerning  the  impiety  of 

Tribonius,  33. 
Hevelius  or  Hevelke,  John,  plates  in  his^  Seleno^ 

graphia,  1647,301. 
Heuter,  Pontus,  his  mention  of  the  naval  exploits 

of  the  Dutch,  659  n. 
Hexastylos,  signification  of  in  architecture,  388. 
Hills  of  Surrey,  various  particulars  concerning  the 

688,  689. 
Hiensius,  his  eulogy  on  vermin,  230. 
Hiero,  hi?  floating  palace,  637. 
Hieroglyphics,   what    they  were,   266.      of  the 
Danes,  notice  of,  273.     of  the^  Mexicans,  275. 
Hieronicae,  vvhere  preserved,  268. 
Hippagines,  ferry-boats  invented  by,  637. 
Hippocrates,   various  references  to  and  illustra.-, 
tions  from,  216,  217.  236.  241.  752.  778.  789. 
Hippodromes,  ancient  ornaments  and  figures  of, 

421. 
Hippus,  large  vessels  invented  by,  637. 
Historians,  fame  given   by  the  best'  only,  533. 

their  rewards  neglected,  542, 
Holbein,  Hans,  rarity  of  his  engravings  on  wood, 
294.    old  English  sea-fight  painted  by,  663  n. 
Holborn,  ancient  improvements  in,  345. 
Holland,  its  wants  and  abundance  equally  great, 
631.     wealth  of  arising  from    the    herring 
fishery,  681,  682. 
Hollar,  Wenceslaus,  multitude  and  excellence  of 
his  etchings;  300.    plates  relating  to  London, 
309.    his  views  round  London,  &c.  31 1. 


830 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


Holly,  fine  one  destroyed  at  Says  Court,  695. 
Holthlizen,  his  skill  in  engraving  On  wood,  '294, 
Homer,  vaiiOus  reFerences  to,  and  illustrations 

from,  IS.  43.  268,  269.  640.  749.  774  n. 
Hondius,  William,  his  maps  and  other  engravings, 

299. 
Hooker,  Robert,  notice  of,  622  n. 
Hoole,  Charles,  bad  plates  to  his  edition  of  Com- 

roenius,  330. 
Hops,  how  to  be  used  and  dressed,  742. 
Hciquencourt,    Mareschal  de.   Grand   Prev&t   of 

France,  62. 
HorapoUinis  Notae,  hieroglyphical  obelisks,  266. 
Horatius  Flaccus,  Quintus,  various  references  to, 

and  quotations  from,  139.  259.  271.  313.  329. 

636.  644  n.  744.  747  n.  763  n.  773  n.  778  n. 

782  and  note.  796  n,  797. 
Horologium  Beatse  Mariie,  earliest  European  let- 
ters in,  275.  '   - 
llorsemanship,  natural  excellence  of  the  French 

in,  85. 
Horse,  Master  of  the  in  France,  his  officers,  61. 
Horse-Radish,   Spanish  black,    method  of  pre- 
■  paring,  752. 

Horses,  causes  of  their  many  diseases,  781.    occa- 
sional longevity  of,  ib. 
Hosts  of  taverns  in  London,  amazing  success  of, 

157.  166. 
Hot-beds,    various  directions  concerning,    449. 

452.  456. 
H6tel  de  Bourgoigne,  a  theatre  in  Paris,  164  n. 
Hotham,   Sir  John,   his   character  by  Granger, 

177  n.     execution  of  him  and  his  son,  I78  n. 
Housekeeping,  descriptive  account  of  old  English, 

700,  701. 
Houses,  general  order  and  heights  of  rooms  in, 

369.     bad  situations  often  selected  for,  370. 

continual  repairs  of,  costly,  ib.    flat-roofed  ones 

of  the  Jews,  375. 
Howard,  Henry,  of  Norfolk,  dedication  to,  555. 

his  jirotection  and  encouragement  of  the  Royal 

Society,  ib.  556  n. 
Howel,  James,  his  Instructions  for  Forreine  Tra- 
vel, viii. 
,  Dr.  William,  his  defence  of  early  British 

navigation,  659  and  note. 
Hoyle,  Thomas,  biographical  particulars  of,  179  n. 
H.  S.  B.  by  whom  used  as  a  mark,  291. 
'Humboldt,  Frederick  Baron  Von,  his  specimen  of 

Mexican  Hieroglyphics,  275  n. 
Humours  of  children  to  be  irequentTy  crossed, 

129. 
Hundred  gentlemen  of  thfe  Guard  of  France,  62. 
Hunter,  Dr.  Andrew,  his  edition  of  Evelyn's  Sylva, 

1772,  xiv.    editions  of  Evelyn's  other  works  by, 

note,  XV. 
Hyde  Park,  ancient  description  of,  165.     a  toll  on 

entering  it,  165  n. 
Hydriae,  or  water  pots  engraven,  272. 
Hypethre,  how  it  is  formed,  391. 


Hypotrachelium,!  in  architecture,  its  derivatipn 

and  meatiing,  380. 
Hyssop,  medicinal  virtues  of,  742. 

J. 

•laek-by-the-Hedge,  its  vegetable  uses,  742. 
Jamblichus,;  reference  to  concerning  •  Pythagoras, 

18. 
James  I.  King  of  England,  his  act  against  Moor 
burning,  234!  fine  ships  built  by,  666.  his 
sovereignty  over  the  seas,  671.  his  proclama- 
tion concerning  his  sovereignty  of  the  seas  and 
fisheries,  678,  679.  limits  the  seas  round  Eng- 
land, 679.  prohibits'  fishing  in  the  island 
fishery,  683. 

Jansen,  Cornelius,  Bishop  of  Ypres,  his  sect  in 
france,  83.    notice  of  him,  ib.  n. 

January,  length  of  days  in,  443.  work  to  be 
done  in,  in  the  orchard  and  kitchen-garden,  ib.' 
fruits  in  prime  and  lasting  in,  445.  work  for 
the  parterre  and  flower-garden  in,  446.  flow- 
€fs  in  prime  and  lasting  in,  ib. 

Japan,  encouragement  of  artists  by  the  Emperor 
of,  SI7. 

J.  B.  M.  signification  of  the  mark,  282, 

Ibrahim,  Sultan  of  the  Ottoman  Empire,  his  de- 
scent, 569.  becomes  attached  to  a  slave's 
child,  571.  nearly  drowns  his  son,  ib.  per- 
mits his  Aga  to  go  to  Mecca^  572.  his  war 
with  the  Venetians,  576,  his  issue  particu- 
larized, 577. 

Ichnography  in  architecture,  derivation  and  ex- 
planation of, '371. 

Idolatry,  the  origin  of,  266. 

Jegher,  Christopher,  his  wood-cut  of  Rubens' 
Temptation  of  Christ,  297, 

Jermaiii,  Lord  H.  Republican  calumny  of,  195  n 
197. 

Jerome,  St.  reference  io  concerning  the  fallen 
angels,  10.  concerning  travel,  44.  passage 
from  his  epitaph  on  Marcellus,  107  n.  •  his  cha- 
riicter  of  Heliodorus,  109.  his  account  of  the 
early  hermits,  533  n. 

Jesuitism,  the  Mystery  of,  notice  of  Evelyn's  trans- 
lation of  1664,  xvii. 

Jesuits  of  Spain,  their  endeavours  to  alienate  the 
people  of  France,  88.  infamous  conduct  of  the, 
499.  volumes  relative  to  the  in  the  library  at 
Wotton,  500  n. 

Jewels,  list'of  anciently  used  by  females  in  Eng- 
land, 704,  705f  709.  711. 

Jews,  their  flat-roofed  houses,  375,  their  ex- 
jaectations  of  a  Messiah,  587,  588,  589.  592. 
letter  to  the  from  the  false  Elias,  59 1,  their 
penance,  alms,  &c.  in  expectation  of  the  Mes- 
siah, 592,  593.     his  declaration  to  the,  59^4; 

595.  fictitious   princes   appointed'  over  the, 

596.  their  constancy  to  the  false  Messiahy  598.' 
conduct  of  those  at  Constantinopleitahira,  599. 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


831 


their  visitations  to  ditto.  600.  605.    form  oF 

-  prayer  appointed, fotthe,  bydittb,  ib.  601.  theif 
honours  to  him,  602.  disbelief  of  some  con- 
cerning him,  ib.  their  revenge,  against  such, 
603.    their  preparations,  &c.  for  Elias,  ib.  604, 

.'  605.  their  distress  and'derision  of,  on  discover- 
ing the  imposture  of  Sabatai  Sevi,  608,  609. 
their  assertion .  concerning  him,  ib.  orders  re- 
lating to  hiin  sent  tothe,  ib.  miracles  attri- 
buted, by;  the  Jews  to  him,  6U..  some  still 
believe  on  him  and  Nathan,  ib.    letter  to  the, 

.  against  Nathan  Benjamin,  612,613.  .history 
of  their  extirpation  from  Persia,  615. — 620. 
their  settlement  in  ditto,  615.  their  usuryand 
danger  in  ditto,  616.  exam.ination  of  the,  by 
the  Sophy,  ib.  617.  assign  a  jJeriOd  for  the 
Messiah's  coming, '618.  cause  of  their  terrible 
destruction  throughout  Persia,  619. 

Jmpostorg,  history  of  the  three  late  famous,  1669, 
notice  of,  xix.  reprint  of,  563 — 620.  vide 
Mahomed,  Ottomano,  Sabatai, Turks,  Venetians. 

Imposts  in  Architecture  explained,  385. 

Inactivity,  not  the  life  of  the  Almighty,-510.  Ci- 
cero's censure  of,  511.  not  deserving  of  fame, 
ib.     nor  vyorthy  of  ambition,  512. 

Incurhbee,  vide  Imposts. 

Independence,  the. sum  of  liberty,  12. 

Independents  in  England-  during  the.  civil  wars, 
155.     their  miserable  character,  156. 

India,  ancient  marts'  for  its  merchandise,  and 
circuitous  modes  of  trading  to,  648.  new 
passage  to,  discovered  by  the  Portugese,  649. 

Indies,  East  and  West,  views,  &c.  of,  recom- 
mended to  be  engraven,  311. 

Infanterie  de  la  France,  Colonel  of,  his  lucrative 
office,  75.  compared ■  with  the  Spanish,  S5. 
Machiavel's  saying  concerning  the,  ib.  im-r 
proving  state  of  the,  86. 

Inferior, officers  of  the  French  Court,  61. 

Ink-maker  in  China,  his  privileges,  275. 

Insects,  various'directibns  for  removing,  455. 466. 
468.  476.  feeding  on  herbs  indicative  of  their 
nature,  761.  their  eggs  to  be  removed  from 
sallads;  ib.  • 

Insulata  Columna,  what  it  signifies  in  architec- 
ture, 388. 

Intaglia,  an  Italian  seal,  262.  very  ancient  use  of, 
•      269. 

Intemperance,  not  the  vice  of  the  greatest  per- 
sons, 547. 

Intercolumniation,  what. it  signifies  in  Architec- 
ture, 388.  •  ' 

Intoxication,  common  in  England,  and  fatal  ef- 
fects of  it,  159.  . 

Jode,  Peter  de,  his  engraving*  after  Vandyke,  297. 
and  other  works,  298. 

John,  Kirig  of  England,  great  naval  force  of,  661, 
Duty  of  the  Flag  claimed  by,  675. 

Johnson;  Dr. ;  Siamwel,  his  authorities  for  the 
derivation  of.  Gilliflower,  466  n. 

Jones,  Inigo,  his .  banquetting  house  compared 
with  Henry  the  Sevenths  chapel,  366. 


Ionic.  Order,  capital  of  tlie,  357.  how  its  base  Is 
formed,  376.    sitiiatian  of  the  Astragal  in  the, 

.  378,  Volute  in  the,. 382.  Striges  in  the,  383. 
Intercolumniation  in  the,  388.  .  Dentelli  in  the 
397.'  Modillipns  of  the,  398.  historical  ac- 
count, description,  and  parts  of  the,  408. 

Joppa,  astronomical  sculptures  erected  at,  264. 

Jose[)hus,  Flavius,  his  notion'of  the  origin  of  let- 
ters, 267.  his,  idea  of  the  oldest  Greek  writ- 
ings, 268.  his  idea  of  the  origin  of  commerce, 
633, 

Journal  of  Science,  Literature,  and  the  Arts,  analy* 
sis  of  Evelyn's  Fumifiigium  in  the,  315  n. 

Ireland,  dangerous  air  of,  218. 

Iron  weapons,  the.  carrying  of,  made  a  capital 
offence,  202..     ,.        ; 

Irefeon,  Henry,  biographical  particulars  of,  1*9  n. 

Isabella  of  Castile,  her  encouragement  of  Colutn- 
bus  lewarded,  655. 

Isles,  a  double  portico,  391.  ^ 

Isocrates,  his  praise  of  men  usefully  learned, 
542.  ';.'       < 

Israel  Van  Mechlin,  one  of  the  earliest  copper- 
( plate  engravers,  276. 

Italians,  their  phrase  for  the  hope  of  a  Courtier, 
28.  :■ 

Italy,  excuse  for  not  fully  •  treating  of;  51.  ac- 
count of  the  principal  engravers  of,  and  their 
works,  279 — 289.  architects  and  architecture 
encouraged  in,  362.  seasons  in,  to  be  care- 
fully observed  by  gardeners,  431.  -  • 

July,  length  of  the  days  in  &c.  467.  work  to  be 
in,  in  the  orchard  and  kitchen  garden,  ib. 
fruits  in  prime  and  lasting  in,  463.  work  to 
be;done  in,  in  the  parterre  and  flower  garden, 
469.     flowersin  prime  arid  lasting  in,  471. 

Jumbel  Aga,  Chief  Eunuch  of  the  Seraglio,  569. 
a  slave  bought  for  him,  570.  brings  up  hei' 
natural  child,  ib.  incurs  the  Sultana's'^ hatred, 
ib.  vainly  tries  to  resign  his  office,  571.'  but 
at  length  departs  for  Mecca,  572.  Dominican 
Friar  burned  by,  ib.  storm  on  his  voyage  ib. 
his  fight  with  Maltese  vessels  and  death,  573. 

June,  length  of  the  days  in,  &c.  463.  work  to 
be  done  in,  in  the  orchard  and  kitchen  garden, 
ib,  fruits  in  prime  and  lasting  in,  465.  work 
to  be  done  in  the  parterre  and  flower  garden 
in,  ib.    flowers  in  prime  and  lasting  in,  466. 

Junius,'  Francis,  praise  of  his  Lexicon,  354.  his 
his  translation  of  a  passage  in  Kings,  260. 
his  names  for  the  style,  261i  262."   ., 

Justice,  officers  of,  in  France,  69. 

Justin  Martyr,  his  assertion  concerning  Socrates, 
26.    his  account  of  Greek  navigation  referred , 
to,  642  n. 

Justinian,  Emperor,  Tribonius'  flattery  of,  33. 

Justihus,  M.  Junianus,  his  history  of  the  Greek 
wars,  642  and  note. 

Juvenal,  Decius  Junius,  various  references  to  and 
quotations  from,  138, 139.  259;  697-  712.  749. 

Ivory,  ancient  names  for  gravers  and  carvers  in, 
258. 


832 


GENERAL    INDEX; 


Kalendarium  Hortense,  1664,  notice  of,  xvi.     re- 

,  print  of  do.  425-i-498.  bibliographical  note  on 
the  editions,  &c.  of  the,,  4S7.  introduction  to 
the,  430.  importance  of  the  monthly  direc- 
tions and  hiethod  pursued  in,  431,  432,  433. 
notice  of  the  authors  consulted  for,  434.  let- 
ter and  poem  addressed  to  Evelyn  on  this  work, 
435,  436.     vide  the  respective  months. 

Keckermann,  Dr.  Bartholomew,  his  praise  of  the 
English  navigation,  666. 

Kephalidion,  what  it  signifies,  383. 

Key-storte,  its'use,  386,  387.  general  rule  for  or- 
namenting the,  422. 

Kilianus,  Lucas,  engravings  executed  by,, 299. 

King-kitting,  History  pf,  1719.  particulars  of  the 
life  of  Dorislaus  from  the,  178  n. 

Kings,  servittide  of,  14.  wise  nien  called  so  by 
the  kStoics,  17.  modesty  to  be  observed  in  the 
presence  of,  34.  their  love  of  extensive  power, 
ib,  the  source  of  honour,  3.5.  the  servants  of 
vanity,  38.  effects  of  the  government  of  >  pow^ 
erful  and  prudent  sovereigns,  52,  53.     evil  con- 

-  sequences  from  forsaking  of,'  52.  of  France, 
absolute,   53.  56,   57-     titles   of  do.   54.     of 

,'  France,  ceremony  at  their  death,  60.  do. 
their  guard,  62.  do.  ancient  revenue  of,  65, 
66.. "  do.  amount  Of  their  present  revenue,  67. 
do.'  his  "affability  and  the  reverence  he  expe- 
riences, 91.      their  abdication  censured,  517. 

-  examples  of  excellent,  526,  527.  deaths  of  by 
recluses,  52S.     their  power  of  dismissing  bad 

'  cofurtiers  and  advancing  good  men,  533.  learn- 
ing greatly  derived  from,  546.  should  be  at- 
tended by  an  eastern  minister,  567. 

Kings  of  England,  their  sovereignty  over  the 
seas,  672.  their  rights  on  the  seas,  675.  ex- 
tent of  their  sovereignty  on  do.  677.  685. 

Kircher,  Athanasius,  his  mention  of  the  obelisks 
of  Misra,  &c.  265,  266. 

Kitchen-garden,  vide  Olitory. 

Knighthood,  Orders  of  in  France,  77. 


Labacco,  Antonio,  his  book  of  architecture,  284. 

Lacedemonians,  their  pride,  521.  ..     . 

(Lactantius,  God's  inactivity  rejected  by,  510. 

Ladles  of  England,  their  free,  and  intemperate 
customs,  158..  160.  .  defended;  from  thosei  as- 
sertions, 155  n.  156  n.  159  n.  160  n.      their 

.  skill  in  card  playing,  160,  161.  inferiority  of 
their  treatment  to  that  customary  iii  France, 
161.  censure  of  their  dress  and  mannersy  162. 
some  exceptions  to  this,  163.  conduct  of  in 
Hyde  Park,  165.:  their 'expectations  ;Qf,  their 
admirers,  699.     mannei-s  of  the  old  English, 

■  701, 702.  poetical  description  of  the  ,dress  and 
dressing  rooms  of,  703 — 709, 

,  LaeJ, ,  John,  his. mention,  of. Acadian. sculpture, 
275. 


L'Alzato,  what  it  signifies  in  architecture,  37L 

Lambard,'.  William,  early  British  navigation  men- 
tioned by,  660  n.    - 

Lambert,  Major  General,  John,  character  and  no- 
tice of,  182  n.  .      . 

Lambeth,  notice  of  the  spring  gardens  ats  240, 
and  note. 

Lamoignon,  Guillaume  de,  notice  of,  624  n. 

Land  forces  of  France,  excellence  of,  84i  85. 

Lanferri,  Antonio,  his  engravings  after  Michel 
Angelo,  &c.  283,  284. 

L'Asne,  Michael,  numerous  portraits  engraved  by, 
305.  ,       .  ■ 

Latins,  commercial  privileges  permitted  the,  633. 

Layers  of .  Gilliflowers  and  Carnations,  directions 
concerning,  469. 

Laws  ever  to  be  enforced,  1 16,  139.' 

Lead,  Hesiod's  poems  engraven  on,  268. 

Learnipg,  state  of  in  France,  89.  much  derived 
from  princes  and  public  men,  546. 

Lfidus,  his  sculptured  battles,  272.  , 

Leeks,  their  medicinal  qualities,  742. 

Leisure  to  be  improved,  not  idle,  514. 

Leith-hill,  beautiful  and. extensive  prospect  from, 
688  and  note. 

Lemons,  botanical  names  and  qualities  of,  744. 
directions  for  pickling,  805. 

L'Estrange,  Sir  Roger,  his  Discourse  of  the  Fishery, 
681  n. 

Letters,   high  antiquity  of,  263,  264.      dispute 
concerning  their  invention,  266.      earliest  in 
Europe,  275.     names  of  French  engravers  of,  ' 
305. 

Letters  from  the  pretended  Elias  to  the  false  Mes- 
siah, 590.  fiom  do.  to  the  Jews,  59 h  of  de- 
claration to  do.  from  the  false  Messiah,  595, 
599,  600.  from  the  Chochams  of  Constanti- 
nople to  the  Jews  of  Smyrna,  609.  612. 

Lettuce,  Genoa,  direction  for  preserving,  480  n.- 

Lettuces,.  historical  notice  of,  and  method  of 
dressing,  742,  743.     various  kinds  of,  744. 

Lex  Julia  de  AduUeriis,  reference  to  Horace  con- 

I    cerning  the,  139. 

Lexicons,  defective  in  terms  of  arts,  354. 

-Libanius,  his  supposition  that  the  powers  of  mars 
are  lost,  313. 

.Liberty,,  enjoyed  by  few,  but  contended  for  by 
many,  8.     the  gift  of  nature,  ib.     essential  to 

-'i  allrexistence,  9. .  struggles  after,  by  the  angels, 
ib.  10.  in  what  it  consists,  10.  .of  the  body, 
ib.  of.the  mind,  11.  *  independence  of  action, 
the  sum  of,  12.    philosophical  notions  of,  13. 

-.  17,  18.  21.  vice  an'. enemy  to,  15.  by 
whom  enjoyed,  16.  important  limitations  to, 
19.  dangers  of  unrestrained,  20.  reason,  the 
bestower  of,  ib.    where  it  most  probably  exists, 

.     23.    extreme  rarity  of,  27.      not  enjoyed  by 

any,  38.  i 

Liber.ty  and  Servitude,  notice  of  Evelyn's  tract  on 

1649,  vii.  reprint  of  do.  -1 — 38. 
Licetusi  Fortunius,.  his  book  of  antique  rings, 
269.. 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


833 


J^ghtfoot,  William,  his  character  as  an  engraver, 
.310. 

Light  Horse  of  France,  76. 

Lights  .and  shades,  how  produced  in  drawing  with 
tJie  pen,  314.  and  in  what  manner  expressed 
in  engraving,  320. 

Lime  and  sulphur,  how  beneficial  to  the  lungs, 
2^3  n. 

Lime-kiln  on  Bankside,  notice  of,  223. 

Lime-trees  in  St.  James's  Park,  first  planting  of 
the,  241. 

L'lmpiedi  Facciata,  what  it  signifies  in  architec- 
ture, 371. 

(Lines  in  engraving,  rules  for  laying  of  the,  321. 
their  perspective,  322.  used  for  heraldic  bla- 
zons, 323. 

Lister,  Dr.  Martin,  his  paper  on  mushrooms  re- 
fen-ed  to,  747.  his  notices  of  insects  feeding 
on  plants,  761.  his- method  for  forcing  aspa- 
ragus, 779.  his  censure  of  religious  recluses, 
790  n,  79U      ... 

Litboxoi,  sculptors  in  stone,  258. 

Literary  men,  their  diffidence  on  speaking,  540. 
reason  for  do.  541. 

Literature,  consistent  with  public  employment, 
538,  539,  540.    fri'vqlaus  pursuits  of,  541. 

Littleton,  Adam,  Hebrew  Etymons  mentioned  by, 

.    263. 

Livius,  Titus,  journeys  made  to  hear  liis  elo- 
quence, 44,  his  mention  of  embossed  plate, 
260.    bis  mention  of  the  Roman  contempt  for 

;    commerce,  633. 

Loadstone,  eulogy  on  the  discoveries  produced  by 

the,  657. 
Lomatius,  Giovanni  Paolo,  his  rule  concerning 

,    Dentelli,  397. 

Lombart,  Peter,  excellent  engravings  by,  300. 

Londerselius,  his  engraved  landscapes,  295. 

London,,  vide  St.  Paul's,  scheme  for  removing  the 
smoke  of,  xiii.  difficulty  of  comparing  it  with 
Paris,  83.  continual  revelry  of,  95.  rudeness 
of  the  common  people  in  to  foreigners,  150. 
fine  situation,  218,  219.  and  poor  appearance 
of,  151.  lop.  210.  defence  of,  148  n.  149  h. 
praise  of,  150  n.  smoke  and  foggy  atmo- 
sphere, of,  219,  220,  221.  and  taverns  in,  167- 
intemperance  common  in,  158,  159.  smoke  of 
assails  the  Court,  207^    how  to  improve  the  air 

'   «/,  208.  213.    improvements  required  in,  210. 

"  and  the  probability  of  their  taking  place,  211. 

unwholesome  and  coarse  trades  and  works  of 

,  on  the  river  banks,  207.  210.212.  22a  231. 
gardens,  pf,  damaged  by  the  smoke  of,  212. 221. 
means  for  removing  the  smoky  works  of,  213. 
church-yards    should   be  removed    from,    ib. 

'  mortality  of  its  air,  214.  220;  soil  of,  219. 
pestilent  nature  of  its  coal  smoke,  220,  221. 
223.225.227,228.230.  diseases, induced  by 
the  air  of,  224,  225,  226.  228.    scheme  for  re- 

'  moving  the  smoky  works  of,  232.  and  for  sup- 
plying i*  with  their  commodities,  23?..    import- 

5  o 


ance  of  t>urifying  its  altmbsphet-e,  238.  ahd 
improvement  of  by  way  Of  plantations,  239. 
spring-gardens  in,  noti<^  df,  240,  and  note, 
ancient  city  of,  484  n.  improvements  and 
building  of  palaces  and  churches  in,  executed 
under  Charles  II.  34a  344.  notices  of  noble- 
men's houses  anciently  in,  341  n,  342n.  ancient 
improvements  in,  344.  351. 

London,  Mr.  George,  his  garden  near  Chelsegt  re- 
commended, 497.     account  of  him  and   his 

.    garden,  7 14,  715  and  notes,  716,  717. 

Longevity,  remarkable  instance  of,  782. 

Losses,  how  they  should  be  borne  by  youth,  132. 

Louis  XI.  King  of  France,  his  saying  of  the 
French  Kings,  53.  his  institution  of  the  Order 
of  St.  Michael,  77.    consequence  of  his  disarm- 

■    ing  the  Commons  of  France,  86. 

— —  XIII.  -■ — — 1  his  peculiarities  in 

large  vessels  built  by. 


selecting  his  guard,  63. 
637. 

—  XIV. 

Court,  36.  state  of  France  under,  39 — 95 


panegyric 


on  his 
de- 


scent of,  54.  his  birth,  education,  and  rela- 
tions, ib.  55. 

Louise  Princess  of  Bohemia,  paintings  of,  326. 

Lufoinus,  Eilhardus,  his  method  of  education  by 
prints,  329. 

Lucan,M.Anneeus,  quotations  from, 225, 226. 546. 

Lucas  Van  Leyden,  his  manner  of  marking  Ms 
engravings,  276.  his  copies  of  Albert  Durer's 
plates,  278.    other  engravings  by,  279. 

Lucatelo,  Don  Joseph,  his  account  of  the  Spanisti 
Sembrador,  621  n. 

Lucian,  his  anecdote  of  Combabus,  31.  do.  of 
Alexander,  37.  sacrifice  of  hair  mentioned  by, 
136.  his  mention  of  Alcxaiider  and  Cssar  in 
another  world,  532. 

Lucretius,  Carus  T.  character  of  Evelyn's  trans- 
lation of  into  verse,  ix.  motto  from  on  a 
smoky  atmosphere,  205. 

Lycurgus,  did  not  encourage  commerce,  and  why, 
634. 

Lysippus,  his  effigy  of  Alexander,  37. 

M. 

Mabugius,  John,  historical  error  of  in  one  pf 

his  pictures,  560.    notice  of  the  painting,  ib. 

note;  <» 

Machiavelli,  Njeolo,!his  saying  concerning  France, 

52.    do.  on  the  French  Infantry,  85.    do.  on 
,    the  geiiius  of  the  people  of  Flrance,  88,  89.     on 

the  oaths  of  princes,  197  n. 
Mackenzie,  Sir  George,  his  Essaif  on  Solitude,  and 

Evelyn's  answer  to  do.  xvii.  503,  504.     notice 

of  him  and  his  works,  502; 
Maerobius,  Aurelius,  various  references  to,  794  n, 

795  n.  797. 
Madeira,  discovery  of  the  island  of,  648. 
JMagaseines,  ornaments  and  figures  proper  for,  42 1 . 
3({aggi,  Giovanni,  his  engravings,  286,  287. 


834 


GENERAX   INDEX. 


•Magi,. pretended  Chaldean  books  of  the,  265.  > 

Mahomed,  Han,  Sultaun  of  the  Ottoman  Empire, 
his  descent,  569.  is  nearly  drowned,  .571.  his 
war  with  the  Venetians,  .576.  i 

Mahomed  Bei,  the  second  Impostor,  his  story  and 
pretensions,  578 — 586.  his  history  published  in 
France,  578  and  note,  his  descent,  and  bring- 
ing up,  578,  579.  his  adventures  and  near 
•.conversion  in  Palestine,  579.  loss  of  his  trea- 
sure and  consequent  travels,  580.  is  baptized 
at  Warsaw,  ib,  pilgrimage  and  travels  of,  581. 
his  imposture  spread,,  ib.  and  encouragement 
of  him  at  various  courts,  ib.  582.  his  reception 
in  France,  582.,.  his  real  descent,  ib.  infamous 
amours  of,  and  departure  from  hi§,  native  coun- 
try, 583.  his  wanderings  and  impostures,  ib, 
discovery  of  in  England,  ib.  58^.  probable 
fainily  of,  585.  remarks  on  the  pamphlet  con- 
cernitig,  ib,  his  .ignorance  and  errors  in  his 
pamphlet,  585.  proofs  of  his  deceit  and  falsity 
in  do.  586. 

Mahometanism  invented  by  recluses,  523. 

Majoragius,  Mark  Anthony,  his  commendation  of 
dirt,  230. 

Maltre,, Grand,  of  France,  his  duties  and  offices,  60. 

Malleiy,  Charles  de,  excellence  of  his  works,  296. 

Mallows,  medicinal  qualities  and  historical  notices 
of,  744. 

Malta,  island  of,  value  of  the  mastership  of  its  re- 
ligion, 7'6. 

Maltese,  spread  the  error  of  Sultaun  Ibrahim's 
son;.  573,  574.  examine  the  identity  of  Padre 
Ottoniano,  574.  and  send  a  messenger  to  Con- 
stantinople for  that  purpose,  ib.  the  imposturfe 
discovered  to  them,  575.  instances  of  their 
covetousness,  5,77.     naval  exploits  of  the,  653. 

Man,  his  greatest  excellence  in  action  and  society, 
550, '551.    prudence  and  industry  required  foi" 

..    his  support,  630. 

Manch,  Gard  de  la,  vide  Archers,  63. 

Manchester,  Edward  Montagu  Earl  of,  biogra-- 
phical  notice  of,  177  n. 

Mangos,  directions  for  pickling,  S04. 
^Manners,  curious  description  of  Old  English,  700, 
701,702. 

Mantegna,  Andrea,  designed  for  Eaccio  Baldini, 
277-     engravings  by,  285. 

Mantuana,  Andrea,  engravings  by,  285. 

Mantuano,  Giorgio,  plates  engraved  by,  282. 

— ^- '—,  Giovanni  Battista,  281,  ,  plates  en- 
graved by,  282. 

Manure;  various  directions  concerning  in  gardens 
and  orchards,  443,  448,  461.  482. 

Manutius,  Aldus,  his  explanation  of  a  passage  in 
Martial,  259, 

Map  Engravers,  eminent  foreign  ones,  309. 

Marbre,  Table  de,  an  admiralty  court  of  France,74. 

Marca,  Giovanni  Battista,  his  engravings,  288. 

March,  length  of  the  days,  &c.  in,  449.'  work  to 

: .  be  done  in,  in  the  orchard  and  kitchen  garden, 
ib. .  fruits  in  prime  and  lasting  in,  451.    work 


,:  to  be  done  in,  in  the  parteri'e  and  fldwer  gar- 
den, ib.     flowers  in  prime  and  lasting  in,  454. 

Marco  di  Ravenna,  his  works,  280. 

Marcolini,  Francesco,  his  engravings,  284. 

Mareschals  of  France,  offices  and  rank  of,  74. 

Maritime  forces  of  France,  improving  state  of 

,     the,  .84. 

Marmora  Arundeliana,  &c.  list  of  editions  of, 
557  n, 

Marriage,  hovv  to  be  spoken  of  to  youth,  128.  to 
be  early  with  secular  youth,  134,  135. 

•Marriages  of  the  Jews  in  expectation  of  the  Mes- 
siah, 593. 

Marryland,  a  Voyage  to,  reprint  of  the  poem  so 
called,  703—709. 

Martelay,  M.  de  la,  his  collection  of  prints  for 
teaching  all  sciences,  329. 

Martens  found  in  Surrey,  690.    • 

Martial,  Marcus  Valerius^  various  quotations  from, 
and  references  .to,  7.  138.  259,  260.  272. 339  n. 
344  n.  734  n.  736.  744.  747.  765.  772  n,  773  n. 
792. 

Martin  of  Antwerp,  engravings  executed  by,  277. 

Martyr,  Justin,  his  reasons  why  blood  should  not 
be  eaten,  787.  ' 

Mary,  the  blessed  Virgin,  made  the  patron  saint 
of  France,  53.  ' 

Masts  and  yards,  to  whoin  their  invention  is  attri- 
buted, 637. 

Matbam,  James,  his  engraved  fruits,  295, 

Mauperche,  'Henri,  his  landscapes,  304, 

Mausolea,  ornaments  and  figures  anciently  used 
for,  421. 

Maximinus,  Caius  JuliusVerus,  Emperor  of  Rome, 
gluttony  of,  797. 

May,  length  of  the  days,  &c.  in,  459.  work  to  be 
done  in,  in  the  orchard  and  kitchen  garden,  ib. 
fruits  in  prime  and  lasting  in,  460.  work  to  be 
done  in,  in  the  parterre  and  flower  garden,  ib. 
flowers  in  prime  and  lasting  in,  463. 

May,  Hugh,  notice  of  him,  343  and  note. 

Mazarine,  Cardinal  Julius,  dedication  addressed 
to,  4.     his  office  and  character,  78. 

Measurements  .in  architecture,  404. 

Mechanics  and  tradesmen  of  France,  character  of 
the,  80.     excellence  of  the  former,  90. 

Mecca,  privilege  of  making  a  pilgrimage  to,  572. 

Medallists,  of  Rome,  times  of  their  excellence, 
273.  names  of  eminent  modern  Italian,  289. 
of  eminent  English,  310. 

Medicine  in  France,  miserable  state  of,  90. 

Mediterranean  Sea,  excellence  of  its  situation,  629. 

Medlars,  catalogue  of  the  best  kinds  of,  496, 

Megalopsuchia,  magnanimity,  512., 

Mela,  Pomponius,  empire  of  the  Sea  mentioned 
by,  668  and  note. . 

Mellan,  Claude,  his  singular  engraving  of  St.  Ve- 
ronica's napkin,  304. 

Melon,  its  nature  and  various  particulars  of  the, 
745.     directions  for  pickling,  805. 

Membretti,  an  Italian  name  for  pilasters,  384. 


GENERAl.'  INDEX. 


835 


Memmius,  his  belief  that  the  gods  were  inactive, 
510. 

Menapius;  Gul.  Insulanus,  his  commendation  of 

a  quartan  ague,  229. 
Men  of  War,  supposed  to  have  been  first  built  by 

Minos,  638. 
Mensula:  or  Iseystone,  its  use,  386,  387. 
Mentor,  his  richly-wrought  ctips,  272. 
Mentum,  origin  of  tliat  term  in  Architecture, 

400. 
Merchants,  their  value  in  a  state,  633.    ancient 

splendour  and  exploits  of,  639,  640.    notice  of 

the  earliest,  641. 
Merchants  of  France,  character  of  the,  81, 
Mercurius  Trisn^egistus,  his  mystical  engravings, 

265. 
Mercury,  English,  745. 
Messiah,  vide  Sabatai,  numerous  pretenders  to  be 

the,  568.     prophecies  concerning  a  pretended 

one,  589, 590.     two  expected  by  the  JewS,  606. 

ideas  of  the  Jews  concerning  the,  616.    yeaC 

of  his  coming  assigned  by  the  Jews,  618. 
Metals,  ancient  names  for  casting  figures  and, 

carving  in,  258. 
Metopae,  meaning,  derivation,  and  ornaments  of 

the,  396. 
Metropolis,  the  best  map  of  a  country,  92. 
Metz,  diflFerence  between  its  parliament  and  that 

of  Paris,  72. 
Meurtrieres,  what  is  meant  by  the  term,  712 
Mexico,  hieroglyphical  sculptures  found  in,  275. 
Mezzo-tinto  Engraving,  enigmatical  account  of, 

333,334.     increased  perfection  of,  334  n. 
M.  F.  explanation  of  the  mark,  280. 
Michael,  St.  Order  of  Knighthood,  notice  of,  77. 
Michelino,    his    imitation    of    ancient    medals, 

289.- 
Migades,  nature  of  the  word  explained,  139. 
Mikropsuchia,  despising  of  gloi'y,  512. 
MiUtary  and  civil  architecture,  how  connected, 

365. 
Milton,  John,  harmony  of  edible  plants  mentioned 

by,  764.  798. 
Mills  in  Wotton,  for  powder  and  brass  wire,  689. 

fulling  do.  690. 
Minced  Sallad,  directions  for  making,  809. 
Mind,  liberty  of   the,  11.    wholly  enslaved  at 

court,  32. 
Ministers  of  state,  their  value,  515.     why  they 

should   sometimes  retire,  549.     evils  of  their 

serving  by  rotation,  550. 
Mint,  Latin  names  and  qualities  of,  745. 
Minos,  Kiiig-  of  Crete,  the  inventor  of  ships  of 

war,  638.  :, 
Miparties,  Chambres  des,  members  of,  and  why 

established,  72,  73. 
Miracles,  related  by  Mahomed  Bei,  579.    falsely 

attributed  to  the  pretended  Messiah,  697.  611. 
Mirandula,  Giovanni  Picus,  earl  of,  his  possession 

of  the  books  of  the  Magi,  265. 
Miriam,  Matthew,  Jiis  etchings,  293. 


Misra,  king  of  Egypt,  sculptured  obelisk  erected 
by,  265, 

M.  M  3.  M.C.  marks  of  early  engravers,  276,  277. 

Model  in  architecture  recommended,  368.  373^ 

Modilions,  description  of,  and  rules  for,  398. 

Modules,  intention,  and  quantity  of,  404. 

Modulus,  use  of  the,  259. 

Monarchy  of  France,  when  founded,  53 .  male  ra- 
ces of  ditto,  ib.  how  it  became  absolute,  56, 57, 
numerous  guards  a  sign  of  the  French,  64. 

Monconys,  Balthasar,  his  notice  of  the  spring  gar- 
dens at  Lambeth,  240  n. 

iVIonier,  P.  his  work  oh  engraving,  334  n. 

Monkish  aichitecture,  censure  of,  365,  366,  j  nu- 
merous specimens  of  extant,  366. 

Monks,  frequent  crimes  (jf,  522.  notice  of  the 
early  ones,  532,  censure  of  their  idle  and  un- 
wholesome lives,  790,  791. 

Monnoyes,  Cour  des,  its  officers  and  duties,  74. 

Monochromists,  painters  who  used  but  one  colour 
in  their  works,  323. 

Monthly  advice  to  gardeners,  great  importance 
of,  431. 

Monument  of  London,  its  carved  pedestal,  375. 

Moor-burning,  act  of  parliament  against,  234. 
penalties  for,  235,  236. 

Moors  and.  Arabs  the  corruptors  of  architecture, 
365. 

Mor^ri,  Louis,  his  account  of  Mahomed  Bei  re- 
ferred to,  578  n.  of  N.  Serini,  581  n. 

Mdrin,  John,. notice  of  his  engravings,  304. 

Morisot,  Claude  Bartholomew,  opposes  the  British 
claim  to  the  dominion  of  the  Sea,  668.  ' 

Moro,  Giovanni  Battista  d'Angeli  del,  283. 

Morris,  Corbyh,  his  enquiry  into  the  mortality  of 
London,  214.  .  .  , 

Mortality,  Bills  of,  increase  of  from  the  atmos« 
phere  of  London,  214. 

Mortier,  President  au,  his  office  and  habit,  7L 

Mosaic- work,  nature  and  examples  of,  423. 

Moses,  sculpture  existing  before  his  time,  265. 
sculpture  mentioned  by,  266.  supposed .inven- 
»  tor  of  letters,  267.  ; 

Mother,  how  she  should  assist  in  the  education 
of  a  child,  118.  121,  122.  137. 

Motto  on  the  artillery  at  Havre  de  Grace,  58. 

Mould,  various  directions  concerning  in  gardens 
arid,  orchards,  443,  444.  450.  452.  469.  486, 

Mouhn,  Peter  du,  his  sect  in  France,  83.  notice 
of  him,  ib.  n.  .         .      - 

M.  R.  signification  of  the  mark,  231 ,  ; 

Muffet,  Dr.  Thomas,  his  directions  concerning 
sallads,,765.   ' 

Mulberries,  list  of  the  best  sorts  of,  49C. 

Muller,  Herman,  his  engravings,  293. 

Mundus  Muliebris,  1690,  notice  of,  xx,  reprint 
of  the,  697— 713. 

Murat,  Ottoman  Sultaun,  his  war  with  the  Vene- 
tians, 576* 

Museum,  the  British,  presentation  copy  of  the 
Mystery  of  Jesuitism  there,  499. 


836 


GENEUAL   INDEX. 


Mushrooms,  various  historical  and  other  paxticu- 
Jars  of,  746,  747.    directions  for  gathering, 

.   dressing,  and  preserving,  801.  805. 

Musquetiers  of  the  royal  guard  of  France,  .62. 

Mustard,  medicinal  qualities  and  use  of,  74S.  di- 
rections for  making  and  using  in  sallads,  767. 
directions  for  making,  802. 

Mutules,  architectural  use  of,  399. 

Mys,  his  excellent  works  in  sculptm-ed  metals,  272. 

Mystery  of  Jesuitism,  notice  of'  a  presentation  co- 
py of  the,  499.  dedicatory  epistle  to  the,  I664<, 
lb.     editions  of  in  the  Wotton  library,  500  n. 

Mythology,  actiife  life  celebrated  in  the  heathen, 
511. 

N 

Naming  of  children,  .pious  advice  for  the,  124. 

Nanteuil,  Robert,  Evelyn's  portrait  engraved  by> 
306,  and  note,  other  works  of,  lb.  307.  his 
drawing  with  a  pen,  316. 

Nasturtium.  Vide  Cresses;  various  kinds  and  qua- 
lities of,  739.     directions  for  pickling,.  806. 

Natalis,  Michael,  his  engravings,  298,  299. 

Nathan,  Benjamin,  a  Jew  perscnating  Elias,  589. 
letter  written  by  do,  to  the  prjetended  Messiah, 
590.  his.  letter  to  tha  Jews,  .5ai.  miracles 
attributed  to  him,  611.  his  imposture  still 
supported,  612.  .is  opposed  by  the  Chochams 
of  Constantinople,  ib. .  letter  addressed  to  the 
Jews  concerning,  him,  612,  613.  conclusion 
of  his  imposture,  614. 

Naval  Architecture,  king  Charles  the  Second's 
knowledge  and  encouragement  of,. 340. 

Naud^,  Gabriel,  Evelyn's  translation  of  his  VKork 
concerning  libraries,  x. 

Nasigation,  eulogium  on  its  utility  and  power, 
635.  the,invention  of  claimed  by  several  coun- 
tries, 638.  numerous  improvements  in,  ib. 
notice  of  the  Hebrew  and  Pheniqian,  64.1.  of 
the  Persian  and  Greek,  642.  of  the  Roman, 
643.  its  improvement  under  Charlemagne, 
646.  notice  of  the  Egyptian,  647.  of  the  Ve- 
netian and  Portuguese,  648.  of  the, Dutch, 
649.658.  of  the.  Goths, and  Vandals,  649.  of 
the  French,  650.  of  the  Danes,  &c.  651,  652.  of 
the  Genoese  and  Swedes,  652,  653.'  of  the 
Rhodians,  Maltese,  and  'Turks,  653.  of  the 
Eastern  Countries  and  Spaniards,.  654.  of  the 
English,  656.  658.  Portuguese  inventions  in 
aid  of,  656.  early  and  imperfect  state  of,  657. 
success  and  increase  of,  under  Elizabeth,  665.. 

Navigation  and  Commerce,  their  Original  and  Pro- 
gress,  1674,  notice  of,  xix.  reprint  of,  625-- 
686.     publication  of,  suppressed,  628  n. 

Navigators,  the  earliest  noticed,  636. 

Navy,  superiority  of  the  English,  under  James  I. 
666,  667.  .  .  ,         , 

Nazianzen,  St.  Gregory,  his  praise  of  pictures,  330. 

Nectariijes,  names  of  those  in  .prime  and  lasting 
in  August,  473.    catalogue  of  the  best,  495. 


Needham,  :Marbhmont,  his  News  fronc 'Brussels', 

1659,  and  Evelyn's  answer  to,  xi. 
Netherlands,  importance  of  travelling  in  the,  50i 

excuse  for  not  speaking  of,  at  full,  51.     danger 

to  England  in  their  accession  to  France,'88. 
Nettles,  qualities  and  use  of,  748. 
Newcastle,  siege  of,  how  of  benefit  to  London, 

212.  222.    coal  of,  diseases  induced  by,  227. 
Niceisius,  his  gross  flatteiy  of  Alexander,  33. 
Niches,  general  account  of,  and  rules  for,  417, 
:  418.  '      ■ 

Nieias,  used  but  one  colour  in  painting,  323. 
Nicomedes  King  of  Bithynia,  deceit  of  his  cook, 

793. 
Nicolas,  Mons.  first  president  of  the  Chambre  des 

Compts,  73. 
Nieulant,  William  Van,  his  etchings  after  Paid 

Brill,  295. 
Nightingales,  their  existence  through  the  winter, 

696. 
Nobility  of  England,  their  ignorance  of  architec- 
ture lamented,  362  < 
Nobility  of  France,  free  of  taxes,  66.     nature  of 

the,  79.  their  service  to  the  king,  ib.    arms  and 

chivalry  their  profession,-  ib.  84.    their  garb 

and  manner  of  living,  81.     magnificence'  of, 

ib'.     great  pretenders  to  learning,  ib.      their 

contempt  of  law  and  medicine,  82. 
Nolpe,  Peter,  engravings  by,  300. 
Nonesuch  House,  materials  of,  used  by  the  earl  of 

Berkeley,  419  and  note. 
Nonius,  Louis,  reference  to  his  commentary  on 

Martial,  744. 
Northern  Countries,  singular  effect  of  the  air  on 

the,  215,  216.     navigation  of  the,  650,  651. 
Northumberland  House  obscured  bythe  smoke  of 

London,  223.      yet  remaining  in  perfection, 

ibid.  n. 
Norwegians,  Runic  writing  of  the,  273. 
Nova  Francia,  Hieroglyphics  in,. 275.    ■     > 
Nova  Zembla,  deleterious  nature  of  its  fuel,"2B7. 
November,  length  of  the  days,  &c.  in,  4.S2.     work 

to  be  done  in,  in  the  orchard  and.  kitchen  garden 
■    ib.  ■   fruits  in  p)rime  and  lasting  in,  484.     work 

to  be  done  in,  in  the  parterre  and  flower  garden, 

ib.     Sowers  in  prime  and  lasting,  in,  426> 
Nouvolstell,  George,  his  engravings,  294. 
Numismata,  a  Discourse  of  Medals, 1697,  notice- of 

Evelyn's  work  so  called,  xx. 

O 

Oak  at  Wotton  Park,,  immense  size  of  .one,  687. 
destruction  of,  in  1683,  693. 

Oars,  first  invention  and  increase  of,  637. 

October,  length  of  the  days,  &c.  in,  479.  work  to 
be  done  in,  in  the  orchard  and  kitchen  garden^ 
ib.. .  fruits  in  prime  and  lasting  in,  480.  work 
to  be  done  in,  in  the  parterre  and  flower  garden, 
ib.    flowers  in  prime  and  lasting  in,  481.      . 

Octostyle  in  architecture,  390. 


G^ENERAJt    JNDEX^ 


837 


O^a.l^i^g  ofJMeifcia,  hi$  league  with  Charlemagne, 

Officers  of  t^e  crown  of  France,  their,  duties  and 
assistants,  60 — 62. 

Offices  iiiFrance  may  descend  to  widows, €5. 

Oil,  directions  for  using  in  sallads,  765. 

Qle^ra,  lyhat  |)l%nts  are  sigmfied  by  the  name,  73^- 

Oleron,  laws  of,  referred  tp,  ,674. 

Olitory  or  kitchen  garden,  directions  for  work  it* 
the,  in  January,  443.  do.  in  February,  447. 
do.  in  March,  449.  do.  in  April,  454.  do.  in 
May,  459.  do.  in  June,  463,  do.  in  July,  467. 
do.  in  Augustj  470.  do.  in  September,  475. 
do.  in  October,  479.  do.  in  November,  482. 
do.  in  Oecember,  487.-' 

Onions,  methods  of  dressing  and  medicinal  quali- 

.    ties  of,  748.    historical  notices  of,  749. 

Orach,  nature  and  use  of,  749- 

Oratfiges,  directions  for  planting,  &c.-  454.  457; 
460.  470.  473.     nature  and  use  of,  749. 

Oi<ftnge-trees,  various,  directions  concerning,  719. 
sold  by  the  parliament,  460  n. 

Qrators  to  be  instructed  in  all  aits,  327, 

Orchards,  directions  for  work  in  the,  in  January, 

,  443.  do.  ia  February,  447.  do,  in  March,  449. 
do.  in  April,  454.  do.  in  May,  459.  do.  in 
June,  463.  4o.  in  July,  467.  do.  in  August, 
470.  do.  in  September,  475.  do.  in  October, 
479.    do.  in  November,  482.    do.  in  December, 

i  4S7.  catalogue  of  fruit  trees  for  a  moderate* 
sized  one,  495. 

Orders  of  Architecture  determined  by  capitals, 
405.  names  and  descriptions  of  the,  ib.  -  Tus- 
can, ib.  Doric,  406.  Ionic,  Corinthian,  408. 
what  they  represent,  410.    the  Composite,  ib. 

Orders  of;  Knighthood  in  France,  77. 

Ordonance  in  Architecture,  what  it  is,  368. 

Ordonation,  vide  Module,  404. 

Organs  taken  from  the  English  Churches,  put  up 
in  taverns,  157. 

Origen,  Adamantius,  his  censure  of  the  blasphe- 
my of  Ceisus,  54.  • 

Orleans,  Gaston  Jean  Baptist,  duke  of,  his  offices 
and  character,  55.  a  member  of  the  Conseil 
d'en  haut,  67.  holds  the  office  of  Constable 
of  Frwce,  74     chief  of  the  French  council  of 

war,  76.  .  .        ,   ,^  , 

.,  Duchess  of,  her  complamt  or  the  smoke 

of  London,  208. 

-,  Anne  Marie  of,  her  character,  55. 


Orlo,  an  Italian  name  for  a  plinth,  377. 

Ornaments  in  architecture,  their  nature  and  use, 
420.  how  tliey  were  adapted  to  ancient  pub- 
lic buildings,  42 1 .     general  rules  for  their  use, 

423.     .        '     ' 
Ornithogalums,  formerly  eaten  as  sallads,  757- 
Orthography,  in  architecturej  explanation  of,  Sfl. 
Ostia,  excellence  of  the  ancient  Trajan  port  at, 

646. 
Ostracism,  fatal  efifect  of,  in  Athens,  519. 
Ottomano,  Padre,  the  first  Impostor;  his  history 


and  .  {wetensiojQs,  !569''-577'-  his  birth,  S70. 
his  mother's  death,  573.  first  called  the  son 
of  Ibrahim,^ib.  the  imposture  spread  byfhe 
Maltese,  ib.  574. .  his  identity  first  eji;amined, 
574.  and  the  imposture  discovered,  575.  be- 
comes a  dominican  friar,  577. " 

Ottomans,  their  power  fpom  supporting  their  so- 
vereigns, 53. 

Ovidius  Naso,  P.  quotations  fjom,  221.  268,  783 
note.-78Sn.  798  n. 

Ovolo,  its  description  in  architecture,  397- 

Outline  in  drawing  not  to  be  too  precise,  315. 

.   directions  for  making  and  finishing,  ib. 

Owen,  Rev.  Mr.  preaches  in  Evelyn's  house  du- 
ring the  Civil  Wars,  1.53  n. 

Oxenham,  John,  his  valiant  expedition  against 
the  Spaniards,  664.  ' 

Oxford,  University  of,  Arundel  marbles  presented 
to  the,  557. 

p.  , 

Painters,  parallel  between  them  and  the  guardians 
of  a  child;  115. .  recommended -to  practise  en- 
graving, 311.  recommended  to  draw  with  the 
pen,  319.  names  of  some  who  used  but  one 
colour,  323.  passions  expressed  by  the  artcient 
ones,  33 1.  careless  of  costume,  557.  -  sipgular 
errors  o£in  their  pictures>  560.  their  inatten* 
tion  to  perspective,  561.  such  as  were  learned  ' 
the  best  skUled  in  costume,  ib.  extensive 
knowledge  required  in,  562.    • 

Painting,  principles  of  the  perfection  of,  by  M. 
Freart,  554.  pictures  used  in  treating  of  ditto, 
ib.  its  close  connection  with  architecture  and 
sculpture,  559. 

Paintings,  difficulty  of  copying  byengravings,S24. 

Palladio,  Andrea,  reference  to  his  comments  on 

Vitruvius,  373i     regulated  the  proportions  of 

.  pedestals,  375.    his  rule  concerning  pilasters, 

383 .     ditto  for  the  Doric  pedestal,  407.     ditto 

for  the  Corinthian  ditto,  409.  -  • 

Palma,  Giacomo,  his  graphical  works,  285. 

Pamphilius,  the  first  decorator  of  ceilings,  401. 

Panderen^  Egbert  Van,  engravings  by,  295. 

Paper,  materials  for  writing  on  used  befoi''e  its 

.   invention,  267-       -■  '  • 

Paracelsus,  P.  A.  T.  his  observation  on  air,  222. 

Paradigmatice,  explanation  of  the  art,  258. 

Paradise,  vegetable  food  used  in,  783,  784,  time 
of  man's  fall  from,  consideredj  783. 

Parallel  of  Ancient  and  Modern^  Architecture, 
1664,  Evelyn's  translation  of,  xv.  other  edi- 
tions of,  xvi. 

Parasol,  Lionardo,^ Isabella,  and  Bernardino,  their 
engravings  and  works,  287.  -    ■ 

Parastatae,  a  Greek  name  for  pilasters,  383. 

Parents,  how  to  excite  in  children  a  reverence  for 
them,  123. 

Paris,-  recommended  for  a  traveller's  residence, 
50,.  the  archbishop  of,.  94.    his  privilege  in 


B28 


GENERAL    INDEX. 


the  French  parliament,  73.  excellent  scite  and 
buildings  of,  92.  immense  crowds  in  the 
Streets  and  houses  of,  93.  houses  of  the  qua- 
lity In,  ib.  difficulty  of  comparison  of  with 
London,  ib.  increase  and  beauty  of  the  new 
buildings  in,  ib.  government  of,  94.  nightly 
disorders  of,  ib.  its  strength  not  equal  to  a 
siege,  ib.  excellence  of  the  air  of>  ib.  plaster 
of,  a  repeller  of  the  plague,  95.  superior  to 
London  in  its  appearance,-  15  L  vulgar  ■  attack 
upon,' 149  n.  cours  in,  what,  162  n.  Hotel  de 
Bourgoigne  there,  164  n.  comparison  between 
the  course  in  and  Hyde  Park,  165.  slaughter- 
houses banished  from,  237  n. 

Parkinson,  John,  notice  of  him  and  his  works, 
433  h. 

Parliament  of  France,  a  name  only,  57.  charac- 
ter of,  70.  established  by  Philip  the  Fair,  71. 
'  courts  and  officers  of,  ib.  tlieir  habits,  ib. 
arrests  or  acts  of  declared,  ib.  names  of  the 
French  cities  possessing  one,  72.  how  it  differs 
from  that,  of  Paris,  ib.  prerogative  title  of  the 
French,  73.  duties  of  ditto,  and  manner  of 
pleading  iii,  ib.    how  ecclesiastics  sit  in  it,  ib. 

^,  Act  of  the  English  against  moor  burn- 

■    ing,234. 

-,  Rump,  political  change  produced  by 


the,  174. 

Parliamentarians,  their  coveteousness  and  cruelty, 
175, 176. 180.  instances  of  their  fall,  ib.  and  n. 
detestable  conduct  of  the,  183, 184.  their  dan- 
gerous state,  184,  185. 

Parmegiano,'  Francesco,  his  engravings  in  chiaro- 
scuro, 282.  one  of  the  first  who  engraved  with 
aquafortis,  283. 

Parr,  Old,  his  change  of  health  in  London,  224. 
change  of  diet  the  cause  of  his  death,  782. 

Parsley,  its  qualities  and  use,  750,  751. 

Parsnips,  method  of  dressing,  749,  802. 

Parterre,  directions  for  working  in  the,  in  Ja- 
nuary, 446.  ditto  for  February,  44S.  ditto 
for  March,  451.  ditto  for  April,  456.  ditto 
for  May,  460.  ditto  for  June,  465.  ditto  for 
July,  469-  ditto  for  August,  473.  ditto  for 
September,  477.  ditto  for  October,  480.  ditto 
for  November,  484.     ditto  for  December,  488. 

Passe,  Crispin  and  Magdalen,  excellent  engravings 
by,  303. 

Passions,  instances  of  servitude  to  the,  15.     men 

'  generally  governed  by  some  of  them,  22.  sup- 
posed seats  of  in  the  human  body,  128,  129. 
how  they  are  to  be  moderated  in  children,  129. 
of  great  men,  conspicuous,  525. 

Patent  Rolls,  various  references  to  the,  concern- 
ing the  British  sovereignty  of  the  seas,  672  ns 
677 n.  680  n.  685  n. 

Patriarchs,  causes  of  their  long  life,  782. 

Patroclus,  his  present  to  Antigonus,  636. 

Paulet,  La,  explanation  of,  65. 

Paul's,  St.  Cathedral  Church  of,  profanation  of 
during  the  civil  wars,  151.  351.     the  neigh- 


■  bourhood  of  infested  with  smoke,  223.  in- 
tended reparation  of,  351. 

Pautre,  John  Le,  his  engravings  of  ornaments 
and  ceremonies,  304. 

Payne,  John,  his  abilities  as  an  engraver,  309. 

Peaches,  names  of  those  in  prime  and  lasting  in 
July,  469.  ditto  in  August,  473.  ditto  in 
September,  476.     catalogue  of  the  best,  495. 

Pearls,"  popular  belief  concerning  the  formation 
of,  115.  139. 

Pears,  names  of  those  in  prime  and  lasting '  in 

-  January,  445.  ditto  in  February,  -448.;  ditto 
in  March,  451.  ditto  in  April,  456.  ditto  in 
May,  460.  ditto  in  June,  465.  ditto  in  July, 
468.  ditto  in  August,  472.  ditto  in  Septem- 
ber, 476.  ditto  in  October,  480.  ditto  in  No- 
vember, 484.  ditto  in  December,  487.'  cata- 
logue of  the  best,  "495. 

Peas,  Sugar,  their  use  in  sallad,  749. 

Pedantry  of  some  French  professors,  89. 

Pedestal,  various  pans  and  names  of  a,  374,  375, 
376.  instances  of  historically-carved  ones,  375. 
where  most  generally  used,  ib.  what  kinds 
were  used  for  various  figures,  37^.  of  the 
Doric  order,  407.  of  the  Ionic,  40S.  of  the 
Corinthian,  409.     of  thfe  Composite  ditto,-  411, 

Peers  of  France,- their  origin  and  number,  58. 
immunities  and  privileges  of,  59.  Court  of,  a 
title  of  the  French  parliament,  73.  ■ 

Peiresk,  Nieh;  CI.  Fabricius,  Lord  of,  artificial 
method  of  raising  mushrooms  described  by, 
747  and  note. 

Pen,  art  of  drawing  with  the,  314,  315.  objec- 
tions to  it,  315.  names  of  masters  who  ex- 
celled with  it,  316,  319. 

Penance  performed  by  the  Jews  respecting  a  pre- 
tended Messiah,  592. 

Pennant,  Thomas,  reference  to  concerning  Bridge- 

.  water  House,  222  n. 

Penni,  Luca,  engravings  executed  by,  284. 

Pennia,  Samuel,  his  conversion  to  the  false  Mes* 
siah  in  Smyrna,  595. 

Pennyroyal-pudding,  directions  for  making,  8O8. 

Pepper,  medicinal  qualities  and  various  kinds  of, 
750.    use  of  in  sallads,  767. 

Pepin,  King  of  France,  increases  the  possessions 
of  the  crown,  65. 

Parelle,'  Gabriel,  his  engraved  landscapes  and 
views,  304.  '       '    ■■  ■■ 

Periptere,  arrangement  and  number  of  columns 
in  the,  390.  - 

Peristyle,  what  it  is,  391. 

Perrault,  Claude,  his  explanation  of  taxis  in  archi- 
tecture, 368.  of  diathesis,  369.  his  rule  for 
the  diminution  of  columns,  379.  observation 
on  ante-prlasters,  385."  place  of  the  taenia 
mentioned  by,  393.  his  idea  of  the  Composite 
order,  410.  dispositions  of  columns  considered 
by,  413.    double  tympanum  mentioned  by,  414. 

Perrier,  Fraticis,  his  engravings  of  antique  Roman 
sculpture,  304,  557 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


839 


Persia,  settlement  oE  the  Jews'in.l615. 

Persians,  their  naval  engagjements  and  discoveries, 
642. 

Persius  Flaccus,  Avilus,  quotations  from,  139. 
764  n. 

Perspective  of -lines,  treated  of  by  Du  Bosse,  322. 
inattention  of  painters  to,..561. 

Penizzi,  Baldassare,  his  engravings  in  chiaro- 
scuro, 282. 

Petalism,  fatal  effects  of  in  Sicily,  519. . 

Peter's,  St.  at  Rome,  number  of  columns  in  the 
peristyle  of,  388.     cupola  on,  416. 

Petit,  Mons.-some  account  of,  248. 

Petronius  Arbiter,  his  lamentation  of  the  decay 
of  art  and  virtue,  274. 

Philander,  William,  his  argument  in  favour  of  a 
model  in  architecture,  373.  his  distinction 
concerning  the  taenia,  394.  his  derivation  of 
the  frieze,  ib.     ditto  of  modilions,  398. 

Philip  H.  King  of  Macedoh,  complaisance  of  his 
courtiers  to,  30. 

King  of  Spain,  anecdote  of  his  mildness 

and  patience,  526.     his  payment  to  England 
for'  thfe  privilege  Sof  fishing,  677- 

Phillips,  ,. : .  ,  particulars. from,  on  the  planting 
of  the  potatoe  in  England,  447  n.  ancient 
prices  of  orange  trees  from,  460  n.  historical 
notice  of  the  Cornelian  cherry  by,  473  n. 

Philo,  his  treatise  on  virtuous  liberty,  17- 

Philo  Judaeus,  his  notion  af  the  origin  of  letters 
and  sculpture,  267-       ' 

Philosophers,  their  giving  liberty  to  confined  ani- 
mals, 9.  Indian  ditto,  prohibit  the  use  qf 
servants,  11.  their  ideas  concerning  liberty, 
13.17,  18.21.  their  retirement  into  Persia, 
19.  boldness  and  confidence  of,  21.  difiBculty 
Of  finding  their  free  man,  22.  instances  of 
such  as  refused  kingdoms  for  freedom,  26.  tra- 
vels of  in  search  of  knowledge,  43.  their  ex- 
pression for  air,  215.  diawing,  &e.  practised 
by^the,  331.  their  action  and  conversation,  617. 
crimes  charged  upon  the,  522.  their  relaxa- 
tion, 537.  much  in  public  employment,  538. 
not  unfitted  for  business  by  study,  539.  re- 
frained from  eating  flesh,  784.  788. 

Philosophical  Liberty,  nature  of,  17- 

Philosophical  Transactions,  various  quotations 
from  and  references  to  the,  497  n.  554.  621  n, 
628  n.  692  n.  747  n.  756.  760  n,  761  n.  766  n. 

768  n. 
Philostratus,  illustration  from  concerning  natural 

liberty,  9.      his  expression  for  design,    313. 

freedom  in  copying  mentioned  by,  315,  445. 
Phoenicians,  supposed  the  oldest  navigators  and 
-      mefchahts,  639,'641, 
Phrygiones,  its  true  signification,  394. 
Physicians  of  France,  character  of  the,  89. 
_        of  Englknd,  their  desire  to  purify  the 

air  of  London,  228. 
Pickles,  various  directions  for  making, -802 —807. 
Pictures,  eminent  collections  of  in  England  open 


to  engravers,  310.  the  collecting  of,  a  relax- 
ation from  business,  332. 

Pietro,  Signor,  his  labours  to  discover  the  im- 
posture of  Padre  Ottomano,.574,  575. . 

Pigeons  Used  by  merchants  as  letter  carriers,  648. 

Pite  in  Architecture  explained,  385. 

Pilasters,  their  nature  described,  384 — 385. 

Pimpernel,  general  use  of,  in  sallids,  751. 

Pine-apple,  first  one  raised  in  England  presented 
to  Charles  IL  101  n.  432  n. 

Pinto,'  Ferdinand  Mendez,  Chinese  act  of  devo- 
tion related  by,  9. 

Pipes  for  green-houses,  of  what  material  they 
should  be  made,  494. 

Pirckhemierus,  Billbaldus,  his  commendation  of 
the  gout,  229.     notice  of  his  library,  556  ni 

Pisa,  extraordinary  arches  in  the  bridge  at,  386. 

Pisaeus,  his  improvements  in  ships,-  637.  • ' 

Pius,  II.  Pope,  reference  to  his  mismes  of  Courts, 
29. 

Plague,  not  always  to  be  found  in  Paris,  95.  sel- 
dom in  France,  225.  singular  scheme  for  re- 
moving the,  239.  ' 

Planceres,  what  is  signified  by,.  400. 

Planta,  Edward,  his  account  of  the  French  slaugh- 
terrhouses,  237. 

Plantations  round  London,  scheme  for  making, 
240. 

Plants,  vide  Vegetables,  classed  list  of  tender 
and  hardy,  489.  damaged  by  Winter  how  to 
recover,  694,'  695.  wild  and  unknown  ones 
to  be  avoided,  760. 

Plaster  of  Paris  a  probable  repeller  of  the  plague, 
95. 

Plastice,  explanation  of,  258.  more  modern  than 
sculpture,  269. 

Plato,  various  quotations  from  and  references  to, 
10.  19.  106.  215.  357.  517.  634.  744. 

Plautus,  his  satire  upon  ships  and  women,  703. 

Plebeians  of  France,  their  misery,  79. 

Plinth,  what  it  is,  and  its  parts,  377. 

Pliny,  C.  Cselius  Secundus,  various  references  to 
and  quotations  from,  43.  232,  259,  260.  263. 
267.  270,  !271,  272.  313.  326.  401.  637,  638. 

•  726  and  note.  734.  736.  738.  743  n.  746,  758. 
781  and  note,  794  n,  795  n,  796  n. 

Plumpers,  ancient  use  of  them,  712. 

Plums,  names  of  those  in  prime  and  lasting  in 
July,  469.  do.  in  August,  473.  do.  in  .Octo- 
ber, 480.     catalogue  of  the  best,  496. 

Plumstead  Marshes,  remedy  for  the  foul  air.  of, 
^32. 

Plutarch,  various  references  to,  and  quotations 
from,  17.  43.  138.  272.510.518. 520.  536,  537. 
541.  549.  644.  734.  761,  772  n. 

Podius,  Q.  a  mute  who  was  taught  drawing,  331. 

Poetry  in  English  and  Latin,  various  pieces  and 
fragments  of,  48,  49.  53,  138,  139.  234.  267. 
271. 339  n.  344. 347.  431  n.  436.  515.  .529. 763, 
764,  785j  786  and  note,  793.  795,  796,797, 
798,  799. 


840 


GENERAL.   INDEX. 


Poets,  their  rewajfds  neglected,  542. 

Poilly,  Nicholas,  his  portrait  of  Cardinal  Richelieu, 
305, 

Poisonous  plants,  wonderful  power  of,  761  and  n. 
.  Pollux,  his.  names  for  engraving  instruments,  262. 

Polybius,  his  mention  of  the  Roman  conquests 
by  sea,  636.  his  account  of  the  Roman  naval 
battles  with  the  Carthaginians,  643, 

Pdycletus,  exactness  of  a  statue  sculptured  by, 
315. 

Poinpey,  Cneus  Magnus,  his  pirate  wars5'644. 

Pontius,  Paul,  portraits  and  other  prints  engraved 
by,  296. 

Pope,  blasphemous  title  given  to  the,  499. 

Poppy,  used  as  a  sallad,  757. 

Porphyry,  his  title  for  mushrooms,  746. 

Portraits  of  eminent  persons  abused  as  signs,  271. 

Ports,  decay  of  ancient  eminent,  650. 

Portuguese,  idolatrous  request  of  one,  19.  disco- 
veries made  by  the  at  sea,  648,  649.  their  in- 
ventions in  aid  of  navigation,  656. 

Potage/maigre,  directions  for  making,  807. 

Potatoes,  notice  concerning  the  planting  of,  in 
England,  447  n.  directions  for  dressing  and 
pickling,  806. 

Pot-herbs,  for  what  they  are  most  proper,  742. 

Powder  Mills,  by  whom  first  brought  to  England, 
689. 

Prayer,  to  be  early  cultivated  by  youth,  134.  why 
ordered  to  be  secret,  528.  form  of,  established 
by  the  false  Messiah,  600,  601. 

Prayers  of  the  Church  neglected  during  the  civil 
wars  in  England,  155. 

Preachers,  irreverent  habits  of,  during  the  civil 
wars,  153. 

Presbyterians,  irreverent  devotions  of  during  the 
civil  wars,  152,  153.  their  character  and  cus- 
toms, 154,  155.  qualification  of  the  censure 
of  the,  192.  the  origin  of  the  civil  wars  in 
England,  196  n.  pretended  courtesy  of  Charles 
II.  to  the,  200  n. 

Presidents,  &c.  over  the  Parhamentary  Courts  of 
France,  71. 

Prevosts  of  Merchands  in  Paris,  94. 

Prev6t,  Grand,  of  France,  his  office  and  power,  62. 

Prieur,  Grand,  of  France,  his  rank  and  revenue,76'. 

Primstaf  of  the  Danes  and  Norwegians,  what,  273. 

Princes  of  France,  nature  of  their  estates,  58. 

Princes,  fictitious  Israelitish  made  by  the  -pre- 
tended Messiah,  596. 

Printing,  earliest  instances  of  in  Europe,  275. 
very  ancient  use  of  in  China,  ib.  unknown  to 
the  Greeks  and  Romans,  276.  doubt  concern- 
ing its  production,  ib. 

Prints,  account  of  some  of  the  most  ancient,  276. 
proper  for  learning  of  hatching  from,  in  draw- 
ing, 314,  315.  names  of  painters  who  copied 
from,  319.  copies  in,  most  easily  detected,  324. 
astonishing  collection  of,  of  the  Abb6  Marolles, 
328.  value  of  some  mentioned  by,  ib.  excel- 
lent use  of,  in  the  education  of  chMren,  329. 


Procaccia,  an  Italian  Guide,  49. 

Process  of  the  Libel,  reference   to  the  book  «o 

called,  663. 
Procharagraphia,  the  first  draught  or  outline,  31 5. 
Procopius,  anecdote  of  Tribonius  cited  J&om,  33. 

his  mention  Of   the  early  navigations  of  the 

Phoenicians,  .639. 
Proctors  of  France,  their  number,  7S.     how  they 

plead  in  Parliament,  73. 
ProjectureS  in  Architecture,  names  and  nature  of, 
,      399. 
Prophecies  concerning  the  year  1666,  587.    of 

the  pretended  Messiah,  589.  596. 
Proplaatic'e,  what  explained,  258.    materials  of 

the  Proplastic  art,  259. 
Proportion  in  Architecture  exemplified,  372.   de- 
rived of  the  human  figure,  403, 
Prostyle,  number  of  columns  used  in  the,  390. 
Protestants  of  France,  doctrine  and  feeble  state  of, 

82.    unanimity  of,  83.    praise  of  the,  155. 
Proteus,  his  skilful  management  of  sails,  &c.  638. 
ProtogeneS,  his  excellent  effigies,  271. 
Prototypus,  use  of  the,  259. 
Proverbs,  various,  14.  27.  139.  231.  274.  312. 

315.389.  511,  512.  516.  540,543.  544.746. 

751.  758. 
Provinces  of  France,  rank  of  the  Governors  of,  76. 
Prudence  how  to  inspire  youth  with,  136. 
Prudentius,  Aurelius  Clemens,  his    mention  of 

ancient  styles,  262. 
Pruning,  various  directions  for,  444.  447.  449, 

450.  455.  459.  467.  471.  487. 
Pseudo-diptere,  arrangement  and  number  of  co- 
lumns in  the,  390. 
Ptolemy,  King  of  Egypt,  sends  the  youth,  of  his 

Country  to  travel,  43. 
Ptolemy  Philopater,  number  of  oars  in  his  galley, 

637. 
Puddings  of  carrot,  penny-royal,   spinage,  and 

tansie,  directions  for  making,  808. 
Purslain,  qualities  and  mode  of  preparing,  751. 

directions  for  potting,  806. 
Pycnostylos,  what  it  signifies  in  Architecture,  388. 
Pyrrhon,  his  invention  of  bended  |danks,  637. 
Pyrrhus,  his  reply  concerning  wisdom,  515. 
Pythagoras,  various  references  to,  43,  44.  744.  '■ 
Pythagoreans,  gave  liberty  to  confined  animals, 

9.     custom  of  the  concerning  rings,  11.     their 

ideasof' liberty,  18>. 

Q- 

Queens  of  France,  their  household  and  officerSj  62. 

Quinces,  catalogue  of  the  best,  495. 

Quintenye,  Mons.  John  de  la,  method  of  prepar- 
ing stocks  in  his  Complete  Gardener,  482.  do. 
of  forcing  sallad  and  asparagus,  487  n.  his 
Complete  Gardener,  714  and  note,  his  Direc- 
tions concerning  Melons  tend  Oranges,  716. 

Quintilian,  Marcus  FabiUs,  various  references  to, 
258.  260.  313.  326,  327. 331. 


©ENEBA.L    INBE36. 


641 


Quiaf  us  CurtioaRufus^Ms  mention  of  the  Yihi- 
,    cula  Gaelata,  ^69. 

R. 

sRadJsh,  medical.qualities  and  domestic  use  of,  751. 
historical  notices  of  the,  752. 

Rafi^elle  Sanzio,  d'  Urbino,  his  praise  of  M.  Anto- 
nio, 279.  his  care  In  hajing  the  plates  of  his 
works  printed  and  marked,  280.  recommends 
M.  lAntQhio  to  Albert  Durer,  ib.  works  of  his 
engraven,  279, 280,  281,  282.  his  bible,  288. 
his  cartoons  copied  with  S  pen,  316.  his  im- 
provement of  costume,  560. 

Rag-women,  what  they  were,  712. 

Rainsborough,  Colonel  Thomas,  particulars  of, 
179  n.  ' 

Raleigh,  Sir  Walter,  his  praise  of  the  English 
navy  under  King  James  I.  666,  667. 

Rampion,  its  use  as  a  sallad„752. 

Rapinas,  Renatus,  Evelyn's  translation  of  his 
Latia  poem  Ongardens,  623  n. 

Raspberries,,  list  of  the  best  sorts  o£,  496. 

Ray,  Dr.  John,  passage  quoted  from  his  Historia 

■  Plantarum,  728  n.  his  paper  on  heiTjlock  re- 
terfed  to,  760.  his  notices  of  insects  feeding 
on  plants,  761  and  note,  his  defence  of  plants 
as  a  diet,  791  and  note,  792. 

Raziel  the  Angel,  said  to  have  invented  sculpture. 


Reason,  true  liberty  in  the  government  of,  20. 
Rebellions  in  France  not  prosperous,  80. 
Recluses,   many  crimes   devised   by,   522 .     fre- 
quently impatient,  527.     misfortunes  of,  528. 
vices  and  miseries  of,  54,6.      descriptive  cha- 
racters of  do.  551,  552. .  religious,  censured, 
790  and  notes,  791. 
Reformation,  great  persons  in  France  inclined  to 

one,  83. 
Reggio,  Sebastiano  del,  plates  engraved  by,  2S'2. 
Regiment  des  Gardes  de  la  France,  notice  of,  63. 
Rdgula  ia  architecture,  what,  397,  401. 
Regulus,.M.  Attilius,  his, naval  battle. at  Hefaclea, 

643, 
Relaxation,  importance  of  to  public  men,  537.  . 
Relievo, 'Basso  and  Mezzo,  259.    their  nature  and 

situations,  419. 

Religion;  servitude  occasioned  by  the  want  of  it, 

16.     of  France,  divisions  of  the,  82.     indif- 

,    ference  of  the  French  to,  91.    children  to  be 

early  instructed  in,  114.  122.     not  assisted  by 

solitude,  528. 

Rembrandt  Van  Rhyn,  his  admirable  etchings, 

300;  . 
Renato,  engravings  by,  284. 
Requ^ts^  Malttes  des,  iln  France,  68.    their  num- 
ber and  duties,  70. 
«—- ri— rdu  Paiak,  Chambres  des,  nature  of,  73. 
Restoration,  calumnious  and  forged  letter  con- 
cerning the,,  195  h.i-202  n. 
Resurrection,  manner  of.  giving  an  idea  of  the  to 
a  child^  121. 

5  p 


Retirement,  when  men  prai?e  it,   513,    how  it 
'     should  be  employed,  514.    wh^n  it  is  justifiable, 
518,     should-  be  universal .  t;o  be  good,  520^ 
lost  on  wickedness  and  folly,  521,    no  defence 
against  vice,  &c.  ib.  625.  527,  •  not  productifte 
of  wise  men,  537.    occupations  and  feelings  of 
idle  men  in,  543,  544,     sloth  and  debasing 
pleasures  of,  545.    its  sjlvan  sports  qei»side«ed, 
546. 
Revenge,  instances  of  lawful  cited,  130. 
Reveqje  of  France,  uncertain  nature,  and  oflScers 

of,  64,     ancient  increase  of,  .65,  66, 
Rheims,  difference  between  its  parliament  and 

-that  of  Paris,,  72, 
Rhodians,  navigation  of  the,  653. 
Rialto,  Arch  of  the  at  Venice,  387. 
Richard  II.  King  of  England,,  his  naval  vifltory 
over  the    French,  662.      his  tribute  .on  thp 
fisheries,  678. 
Richards,  his  translation  of  Palladio,  423. 
Richelieu,  Armand  du  Plessis,  Cardinal  de,  im- 
moral saying  of,  56.    his  subtilty.  in  rendewng 
the  Kii^  of  France  absolute,  57,     hisinerease 
of  the  French  King's  Revenue,.  67,    infringes 
the  privileges  of  the  French.  Parliament,  73. 
his  augmentation  of  thje  office  of  Admiral  of 
,    France,,  75,    seducer  of  the  Scots  in  t^e  civil 
wars,  172,    his  encouragement  of  navigation, 
•    651.  ,     ■ 

Rirastoc  of  thp  Danes  and  Norwegians,  what, 

273. 
Rings  with  engraved  seals,  use  and  dignity  of 

269. 
Rings  round  pillars,  various  names,  places,  and 

proportions  of,  379. 
Robinson,  Dr.  Tancred,  his  paper  on  mushrooms 

referred  to,  747  n. 
Roccha,  Angelas,  his  mention  of  the  columns  of 
■    Seth,  267. 

Rocket,  its  use  as  a  sallad,  752. 
Rocoles,  J.  B.  his  Impostures  Insignes,  1683,  578. 
Roman  way  in  Surrey,  notice  of  the,  68.9. 
Roman  remains  found  in  Surrey,  690. 
Romans,  evil  consequences  of  their  forsaking  their 
kings',  52.     their  custom  concerning  burials, 
236.     invasion  of  the  Goths,  destroyed  their 
arts,  273.     their  contempt  for  commerce,  633. . 
their  great  successes  by  sea,  636.     their  early 
naval  expeditions,  643,.  644,   645.     frequent 
sea-fights  with  the  Carthagipians,  ib.      their 
naval  triumphs,  646,    and  stores  for  maritime 
war,  ib.      decline  of  their  power  at  sea,  ib. 
their  extensive  commerce,  647. 
Romano,  Julio,  engravings  after  his  works,  2S1, 

282. 
Rom^  character  of  its  buildings,  213  n.  its  de- 
formiti.es.!and  reformation  celebrated  by  Martial, 
344,  the  sumptuous  buildings  of,  how  erected 
and  despoiled,  389.  gardeuiQganciently  much 
practised  in,  726  ^nd  note,  excess  of  food  in, 
794,795,796,797. 


842 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


Robfs,  various  kinds  of,  414. 

Rooms,  order  of  arranging  in  a  house,  369.  and 
general  dimensions  of,  ib.  proper  situations 
for,  370. 

Rose,  John,  publication  of  his  English  Vineyard 
Vindicated,  1669,  97  n.  101.  various  refe- 
rences to,  444  n.  painting  of  his  presenting 
the  first  English  pine-apple  to  Charles  11. 
101  n.  432  n. 

Rosemary,  general  destruction  of  in  1683,  693. 
medicinal  use  of,  752.  * 

Ross,  Alexander,  Hexastichon  by,  addressed  to 
John  Evelyn,  6. 

Propertia  di,  her  works  in  sculpture  and 

engraving,  285. 

Rota,  Martin,  engravings  executed  by,  285. 

Roti,  Mons.  praise  of  as  a  medalist,  290. 

Rouen,  difference  between  its  parliament  and  that 
of  Paris,  72. 

JJoussellet,  Giles,  his  frontispiece  to  the  Polyglot 

-    Bible,  305. 

Royal  Society,  Evelyn's  Sculptura  presented  to 
the,  245  n.  culture  of  potatoes  recommended 
by  the,  447  n.  Evelyn's  Sylva,  written  at,  the 
desire  of  the,  339.  Technical  Lexicon  \mder- 
taken  by  the,  354.  historical  account  of,  556  n. 
its  encouragement  from  Lords  Chancellors, 
723.    its  frequent  removals,  724. 

Royalists  of  England,  their  sufferings  during  the 

.  civil  wars,  174. 179. 1 83, 184.  had  no  thoughts 
of  vengeance,  195  n.  204. 

R.  S.  signification  of,  280. 

Rubens,  Sir  Peter  Paul,  engravings  after  his 
works,  296.     his  attention  to  costume,  560. 

Rudder,  by  whom  invented,  637. 

Rueus,  Francis,  his  account  of  Talismans,  269. 

Runic  writings  of  the  Danes  and  Norwegians,  ac- 
count of,  273. 

Rupert,  Prince,  his  excellent  engravings  and 
etchings,  324.  his  new  invented -kind  of  en- 
graving, 333,  334.  his  encouragement  of 
naval  discoveries,  665. 

S. 

•Sabatai  Sevi,  pretended  Messiah  of  the  Jews,  his 
story  and  impostures,  587 — 614.  state  of  af- 
fairs at  his  first  appearance,  587-  his  real  de- 
scent and  education,  588.  banished  from 
Smyrna  and  married,  ib.  travels  and  reforms 
the  Jewish  law,  ib.  and  commences  his  impos- 
ture, 589.  spread  of  do.  ib.  letter  to  do.  590. 
his  directions  to  the  Jews,  591.  his  arrival  at, 
and  disputations  in  Smyrna,  593.  his  recep- 
tion and  declaration  of  his  office  there,  594. 
amazing  spread  of  his  imposture,  595.    delu- 

"  sions  of,  and  Jewish  Princes  made  by^  596. 
his  false  Miracle,  597.  departs  to  Constanti- 
nople, and  his  imprisonment  there,  598.  ad- 
dress to  the  Jews  there,  599.  his  prison 
-changed,  ib.  visitations  of  the  Jews  to,  600. 
605.  aVid  a  new  form  of  prayer  established  by, 
600^  601.     honours  paid  to  by  the  Jews,  602. 


his  announcement  of  "Elias,  604.  his  dispute 
with  Nehemiah  Cohen,  606.  imposture  of, 
discovered  to  the  Turks,  607-  is  carried  to 
the  Grand  Signor,  ib.  announces  his  imposition 
and  becomes  a  Turk,  608.  assertion  of  the 
Jews  concerning  him,  609.  order  published  iq 
Smyrna  relating  to,  ib.  farther  miracles  attri- 
buted to  him,  611.  his  imposture  still  sup- 
ported, ib.  612. 

Sacraments,  neglected  in  England  during  the  civil 
wars,  153. 

Sacrifice,  ancient  place  of  with  the  Jews,  236. 

Sadeler,  Justus,  John,  .^gidius,  and  Ralph,  their 
engravings,  292.  302. 

Saenredamus,  John,  notice  of  his  works,  295, 

Saffron,  use  of  in  sallad,  767. 

Sage,  nature  and  use  of,  753. 

Sails,  by  whom  invented  and  manoeuvred,  638; 

Salamanca,  Antonio,  engravings  by,  285. 

Salique  law  of  FrancCj  deceitful  intent  of,  54. 

Sallad,  rapid  means  of  raising,  779,  780.  com- 
mon nature  of  the  Roman,  792,  793.  795,  796. 

i dishes,  directions  concerning,  768. 

■ — gatherers,  basket  for,  768. 

Sallad-all-Sorts,  directions  for  composing,  809. 

Sallads,  vide  Acetaria.  general  signification  of, 
733,  734.  furniture  and  materials  of,  734, 
,  easily  procured  in  France  and  Italy,  ib. 
names  of  several  sorts  anciently  used,  744.  757, 
758.  remarks  on  the  gatherers  of,  760.  skill 
required  in  the  selecting  and  dressing  of,  761. 
general  physical  qualities  pf,  762.  764.  con- 
geniality in '  the  composing  of,  '^63,  764.  di- 
rections for  the  dressing  of,  765.  768.  list  of 
herbs  for  making  of,  "68,  769.  tables  of  their 
species,  ordering,  and  culture,  769,  770.  di- 
rections on  the  seasons  for  gathering,  com- 
posing, and  dressing,  771,  772.  .774,  775,  776. 
times  for  eating  considered,  772,  773.  ,' 

Sallow  or  Sally,  a  name  for  the  willow,  240. 

Salmasius,  Claude,  his  notice  of  Cavatores,  &c'. 
261.  do.  of  painted  ceilings,  401.'  his  direc- 
tion concerning  sallads,  734. 

Salt,  French  duty  paid  upon,  66,  immense  profits 
and  arbitrary  exaction  of,  do.  67.  directions 
for  using  in  sallads,  766. 

Samphire,  qualities  and  growth  of,  753.  direc- 
tions for  pickling,i  806. 

Sandwich,  the  Earl  of,  a  practiser  of  engraving, 
325. 

SartOi  Andrea  del,  his  copies  from  the  prints  of 
A.  Durer,  31i9. 

Satire,  useful  for  the  improvement  of  a  nation, 
144.  147. 

Savile,  Sir  Henry,  his  edition  of  Si.  Chrysostom's 
works,  1610-12,  140. 

Says  Court,  damage  done  to  the  garden  of  in 
1683,  692, 

Scalse  Cochlides,  winding  stairs,  387. 

Scalae  Ocultae,  bapk  stairsi  387;       ■ 

Scaliger,   Julius    Caesar,  and    Josfephus  Justus, 


GENERAL   INDEX. 


843 


various  references  to,  49.  275.  377.  567.  733- 
780  and  note. 
Scallions,  use  of  as  sallads,  753. 
Scalprum  what,  261,  262. 

Scamilli  impares  Vitruviani,  considered  and  ex- 
plained, 375,  376. 
Sceaux,  Garde  de,  office  of  the  in  France.  69. 
Scenography  and  sciography,  their  signification 

in  architecture,  371. 
Schoen,  Martin,  one  of  the  earliest  copper-plate 

engravers,  276. 
Schurmann,  Anna  Maria  k,  an  engraver,  301. 
Sciabas,   bought  as  a  virgin;  slave,   570.      her 
natural  son,  ibid,    introduced  to  the  sultana 
who  persecutes  her,  571.      leaves  Cairo  for 
Mecca,  572.    her  death,  573. 
Scipio,  his  active  retirement,  536.     his  early  em- 
ployment for,  Rome,  548, 
Scotia  of  pedestals,  what  they  were,  375.  377. 
Scots,  base  conduct  of  the  in  the  civil  wars  reca- 
pitulated, 172.     civil,  wars  first  engendered  by 
the,  i96n.-    defence  of  the,  197. 
Scottish  archers  of  t"rance  described,  63. 
Scriptural  books,  ancient  writing  and  authors  of, 

265.  , 

Scriptures,' Samples  for  introducing  the  histo- 
ries of,  the  to  a  child,  120.  122.  when  the 
terrors  of  the  should  be  taught  to  children,  126. 
Scriptures,  vii^rious  allusions  and  references  to,  and 
illustrations  from  the,  6.  ,11.  19,  20.  34„  35. 
105.110.  113,  114.  117.120.  122.  125.  130, 
13f.  133.  139.  140,  147.  171.  17'4.'  183,  184, 
185.  187,  lS8i  189,,  190,  191.  197,  198.  236. 
243.  260,  261.  265,  266.  358.,  419.  430.  499. 
506n.  511  n.  513  n.  515  n.  517  n.  520  n,  521  n, 
522  n,  523  n.  525  n.  528  n,  529  n,  530  n,  531  n, 
.532  n,  533  n.  535  n,  536  n.  545  n.  547  n.  549  n. 
601,  602.  604.  631.  634.  636,  637.  639.  641. 
645.  650.  713.  724,  725.  729.  734.  776.  782  n, 
783  n,  7  84  n,  785  n .  787  n .  794. 
Sculptores  Marmoris,  multitudes  of,  270. 
Sculptors,  names  of  eminent  preserved  by  Pliny, 

271,  272. 
Sculplura,  1662,  notice  of  Evelyn's  work  so 
called,  XV.  xxi.  re-print  of,  242— :336.  vide 
table  of  contents  and  table  of  titles,  251 — 257. 
notice  concerning  the  additions  to,  257  n.  a 
diflference  between  it,  scalptura,  and  cselatura, 
258,  259.  numerous  arts  signified  by,  ib.  261. 
Sculpture,  its  derivation  and  distinguishing  names 
instruments,  &c  258— 262.  definition  of,  261. 
account  of  its  original,  263—269.  on  brazen 
and  brick  columns,  265.  existence  of  after  the 
flood,  ib.  mention  of  it  by  Moses,  266.  older 
than  idolatry,  ib.  more  ancient  than  modelling, 
269.  time  and  place  of  its  perfection,  270. 
used  on  gems,  271.  its  existence  and  decay  in 
Greece  and  Rome,  273.  of  the  Danes,  ib.  of 
the  Chinese,  275.  at  Nonesuch  and  .Durdans, 
419.  its  close  connection  with  architecture 
and  painting,  559. 


Scurvy.grass,  its  nature  and  use,  753, 

Sea,  importance  of  its  command  to  a  sovereign, 
635,  notice  of  the  most  ancient  voyages,  on 
the,  639.  disputes  concerning  the  dominion 
of  the,  668.  ancient  property  of  noticed,  669. 
claims  of  the  English. to  its  dominion  exhi- 
bited, 670—679.  685.  government  of  after 
the  Norman  Conquest,. 671, 

Sea-kail,  historical  mention  of,  738. 

Seal  of  France,  ,the  great,  kept  by  the  Chancellor, 
69.  .days  and  manner  of  "sealing  with,  ibid. 

Seals,  ancient  name  and  etymons  of,  262, 263. 

Secretaries  of  the  King's-chamber  and  cabinet  in 
France,  61.    , ;         '  ■ 

Sects  during  the  civil  vyars  in  England,  1 75. 

Seine,  river  of  Fra,nce,  notice  of  the,  93.  , 

Selden,  John,  his  Mare  clausurn  referred  to,  668 n. 
his  mention  of  the  Kings  of  England  being 
lords  of  the  sea,  671. 

Self-denial,  how  to  be  taught  to  youth,  132. 

Sembrador,  a  Spanish  machine  for  ploughing, 
sowing,  and  harrowing,  notice  of,  621. 

Semedo,  .Alvarez,  attributes  an  immense  antiquity 
to  the  Chinese  printing,,  275. 

Seneca,  Lucius  Annseus,  various  references  to  and 
quotations  from,  15.  17.  20, 21.  23.  25,  26,  27. 
34. 331.  501.  512.  518.  520,  521.  537.  539.  541. 
543,  544.  549,  550.  .640.  645.  726.' 746.- 7.85. 

September,  length  of  the  days, ;  &c.  in,  475. 
work  to  be  done  in,  in  the  orchard  and  kitchen- 
garden,  ib.  fruits  in  prime  and  lasting;  in,  476. 
work  to  be  done  in,  in  the  parterre  and  flower- 
garden,  477.  flowers  in  prime  and  lasting  in, 
478. 

Seraglio,  slaves  of  the,  how  they  are  made  free, 

572- 
Serenus,  his  mention  of  the  sculpture  of  Cham, 

265. 
Serini,  Peter,  an  impostor  pretending  to  be  his 

brother,  568. 

N.  mention  of,  581. 

Serlio,  Sebastiano,  his  book  of  architecture,  284. 
Servants,  origin  of,  10.  131.     how  to  assist  in  the 

education  of  the  children,  129, 130.     ancient 

Greek  names  of,  140- 
Service  berry,  list  of  the  best  sorts. of  the,  496. 
Servillus  Vatia,  his  luxurious  retirement,  543. 
Servitude,  universal, existence  of,  13.  .  regal,  14. 

to  avarice,  15.     to  the    passions,  ib,  20,    to 

the  world,  16. 
Sesostris,  King  of  Egypt,  his  invention  of  swiftly- 
sailing  ships,  637. 
Seth,  notice  of  bopks .  written  by,  264.    Brazen 

pillars  sculptured  by,  267. 
Sethius,  Simon,  his  praise  of  asparagus,  754. 
Severus,  Emperor  of  Rome,  septizonium  tower 

erected  by,  712. 
Sextius,  his  censure  of  eating  tlesh,  785. 
Shadows,  how  they  are  produced,  by -hatching, 

S14,  315.  320.    plate  and  illustrations  relating 

m,  321.    harmony  of  requireid  in  engraving, 

324. 


B44 


GENERAL    INDEX. 


Shallots,  vide  Onion^  749. 

Sharrocikj  Dr.  Robert,  his  classed  list  of  tender 

and  hardy  plants,  &c.  489. 
Shepherdz-syp^sed  invention  of  drawing  by  one, 

314. 
Shields  embossed  and  engraved,  260. 269. 
Ship,-extraordiDary  one  seen  in  Scotland,  57S. 
Ships,  construction  ■of  the  most  ancient,  636.   by 
whom  improved,  637,   638.    of  the  ancient 
Britons,  659.-    eminent  ones  built  by  James  1. 
■666. 
Shrubs,  flowering,  classed    list  of   tender    and 

hardy,  489; 
Shute,  John,  notice  of  him  and  his  work  on 

architecture,  403  and  note. 
Siderophoreia,  explanation  of,  262. 
Sightof  children  and  yoiith  to  be  guarded  and 

bow,  127. 
Signa,  immense  numbers  of  in  Greece^  270. 
Signcw,  the  Grand,  his  treatment  of  the  false  Mes- 
*   siah,  607,  608. 

Silphium,  historical  notices  of  the,  758,  7.^9. 
.Silver,  ancient  names  for  graving  and  casting  in, 

269.     anciently  often  engraven  on,  272,  277., 
'Simple  fornix  arch,  386. 
Simus,  vide  Gymatium,  393. 
-  Sinai,  mount,  population  and  piety  of,  53 1 .    ■ 
Skeleton,  gigantic  one  found  at  Wotton,  688. 
Skirret^milkj  how  it  is  inade,-  808. 
Skirrets,  medicinal  and  domestic  qualitiesof,  754. 
Slaves  not  permitted  to  draw  or  paint,  326. 
Sleidane,  John,  his  praise  of  Francis  I.  540. 
Smelling  of  children  to  be  kept  from  perfumes, 

126. 
Smoke,  vide  Air.  London,  derivation  of  the  word, 
220.     of  London,  pestilent  effects  of  the,  157. 
207.  212.  223.     -its  chief  sources,  231. 
Smoke-jack,  notice  of  a  singular  one,  690. 
Smyrna,  conduct  of  the  pretended  Messiah  in, 

593.  his   great  success  and  declaration   in, 

594,  595.  fictitious  Israelitish  Princes  made 
in,  596.  false  miracle  in,  597.  ridicule  of 
the  Jews  concerning  their  false  Messiah,  608. 
order  sent  tb  concerning  ditto,  609.  and  of 
Nathan,  612. 

Snails  found  in  Surrey,  690. 

Society,  often  a  preservation  from  vice,  530. 
scriptural  proofs  of  its  excellence,  531.  de- 
scriptive sketch  of  its  blessings,  551. 

Socrates,  his  excellent  life  and  refusal  of  court 
honours,'  96.  his  censure  of  useless  travel,  44. 
resists  the  thirty  tyrants,  518.  538.  Mdiscovers 
the  proud  philosopher,  521. 

Soil,  vide  Manure.  Mould,  causes  of  its  foulness 
and  excellence,   778,  779. 

•  Soldiers  of  France,  commendation  of,  85.  their 
fury  at  the  first  charge,  89. 

Solinus,  C.  Julius,  his  expression  for  a  traveller's 
return,  46. 

Solis,  Virgilius,  his  eyes  put  out  for  his  lewd^en- 
gravings,  294.  » 


Solitude^  vide  Employment.  Retirement,  titfe  of 
Sir  G.  Mackenzie's  vyork  on,  :502.  praised  by 
most  ancient  writers,  507.  ambition  to  Tie 
found  in,  511.  how  proiductive  of  evil,  516, 
not  free  from  vice,  521.  525.  527.  of  no  bene- 
fit to  religion,  523.  its  frugality  not  prai^ 
worthy,  525.  no  defence  from  temptation, 
530.  the  real  use  of,  536.  its  miseries,  551. 
descriptive  sketch  of  ditto,  ib.  552.  summary 
of  the  evils  of,  552. 
Somers,  John   Lord,  Baron,  of  Evesham,  dec^ca- 

tion  addressed  to,  723.     notice  of  him,  ib.  n. 
Sornerset  House,  inlaid  floor  at,  423. 
Sophia,  Saint,  grand  cupola  upon  the  Church  of, 

416. 
Sorbiere,  Samuel,  his  eulogium  on  Signer  Favi, 

246.     his  account  of  him,  247. 
Sorrow,  reasons  for  mitigation  of  in  the  loss  pf 

children,  105,  106. 
Sorrel,  various  kinds  and  qualities  of,  754. 
Southampton,  Thomas  Wriothesley,  earl  of,  no- 
tice of  his  mansion,  342  n. 
Sowing,  directions  for,  482. 
Sow  thistle,  notice  of,  754. 
Spagnolet,  a  gown,  713. 

Spain,  its  greatness  dangerous  to  England,  88. 
iiseful  to  England  to  check  France,  ib.  Queen 
Elizabeth's  policy  concerning,  ib.  has  no  pre- 
tence to  alienate  the  subjects  of  France,  ib. 
odoriferous  atmosphere  of,  208. 
Spanheim,  Ezekiel,  Silphion  Coins  mentiofied  by, 

758  n. 
Spaniards,  historical  notice  of  their  navigation, 

654.     their  custom  in  eating  saliad,  773. 
Spanish,  privilege  of  fishing  granted  tb  the,  by 

England,  677- 
Spanish  Infantry,  excellence  of  the,  85. 
Spanish  Paper,  what  it  is,  713. 
.Sphragida,  nature  and  signification  of  the  word, 
139. 
Spinach,  method  of  di'essing  and  qualities  of,.  755. 

pudding,  directions  for  making,  808. 
Spits  turned  by  water,  690. 
Spring  gardens,  notice  of  some  plantations  in 

London  so  called,  240. 
Sprunking  glass,  713. 
Stafford,    Richard,  poisonous   plants  mentioined 

by,  761  u. 
Stairs,  observations  on,  387. 
Stanley,  Thomas,  reference  to  his  commentary  oh 

iEschylus,  640. 
Stapelton,  Sir  Philip,  notice  of,  178  n.. 
Stapely,  Col,  Anthony,  notice  of,  179  n. 
State,  officers  and  counsellors  of  in  T'rance,  67,  69, 

Secretaries  of,  their  number  and  duties,  70." 
Statesmen,  their  desire  of  retirement,  516.    why 

they  retired  in  Sicily,  519. 
Statins,  P,  Papicius,  verses  from,  261.  332. 
Statuaries,  parallel  between  them  and  the^ar- 

dians  of  aehild,  11-5.  .      ,     ' 

Stawel,  Sir  John,  biographical  notice  of,  176  A. 


GENEBA.L'  mUES:.' 


S45 


Stelai,  derivation  of  the"  word,  375. 

.^teFcobata  in  «:rcbitecture,  wh^  it  signifies,  374. 

Stobsus,  example  of  slotliful  ease  cited  from, 

545.  ■ 

.  $tacks,  various  directions  concerning,  483. 

Stoics,  their  notions  concerning  vice,  15.  con- 
,  cerning  the  liberty  of  wisdom,  17. 

Stone,  ancient  names  of  carving  and  carvers  in, 
anciently  used  for  writing,  267-     Chinese  en- 
'  graving  and  printing  on,  275.    dug  in  the  pa- 
riah of  Wotton,  6S8. 

Stone-street  causeway,  notice  of,  689. 

Storms  raised  in  the  air  by  moor-burnijag,  335, 
236. 

Stove,  bad  effects  ofthe  common  one  used  in  con- 
servatories, 420.  new  invented  one,  directions 
and  plans  for,  492,  493,  494.  497,  498.  letter 
from  Sir  J).  CuUum  to  Evelyn  concerning  it, 
497 — 498.  for  greenhouses,  various  rema-rks 
on,  719.  720,  * 

Strabo,  attributes  to  Minos  the  most  ancient  na- 
vigation, 838.  his  account  of  the  early  Roman 
commerce,  647.  early  British  navigation  men- 
tioned by,  659  n. 

Strada,  Famii^ianus,  his  praise  of  the  Dutch  iiavi- 

.     gation,  652  n. 

Stradanus,  John,  his  Nova  Reperta,  296. 

Strafford,  Thomas  Wentworth  Earl  of,  his  execu- 
tion, 175  and  note. 

Strait  or  turning  arch,  386. 

.Stratonicus,'  fine  sculpture  executed  by,  272. 

Strawberry^  historical  notice  concerning  the,  480 
note.  .  list  of  the  best  sorts  of  the,  496. 

Strawberry  hill,  curious  Picture  there  referred  to, 

,     101  n.  432  n. 

Striges, their  derivation  and  meaning,383.    some- 

'   times  partly  filled  up,  ib.   "  '    ". 

Structure  in  Architecture,  what  it  is,  374.. 

Stylobata  in  architecture  explained,  374. 

Stylus,  various  names  for  the,  261,  262.  fre- 
quently instruments  of  death,  262.  made  of 
hone,  ib. 

Suave,  Lamberto,  engravings  by,  284. 

Substruction  in  architecture,  various  interpreta- 
tions of,  374. 

Succory,  its  use  as  a  salkd,  755. 

Suetonius,  C.  Tranquillus,  various  references  to, 
645.  743  n.  746. 

Sugar,  directions  for  using  in  sallads,  766,  767. 

Suidas,  various  references  to,  262.  264:  266.  513. 

Suisses,  Colonel  G6a6raldes,  in  France,  his  rank 
and  troops,  75. 

Sulos,  the  name  for  a  column,  378, 

Sulphur,  when  beneficial  to  the  lungs,  223  n. 

Sultana,  the  Grand,  her  weakness  at  the  birth  of 
of  Mohi»med,  569.  nurse  provided  for  her, 
570;  banishes  that  slave  and  her  son,  571. 
and  becomes  Jumbel  Aga's  enemy,  ib. 

Sultane,  what  it  is,  713.       ._.,,,,      , 

Sunderland,  the  Countess  of,  Evelyns  letter  to 
conceraing  the  Kalendarium  Hortense,  427. 


-Snn-flower,  egten  as  a  sallad,  757.=    '  ■       ,' 

Supercilium  in  architecture,  what  it  signifies, '392; 
-Stn-geons  of  France,  character  of  the,  S9. 
Surrey,' various  pattiemlars  nelaiting  to,  687^^691. 
Suyderhoef,  Jonas,  his  engraved  portraite,  298. 
Swanevelt,  Herman,  engravings' of,  295i 
Swedes,  thei'r  navigation  and  fleet^i>652.    tribute 
.     paid  to  the,  by  theDutch,  686. 
Swiss  Guard  of  France  described, '63. 
Switiei's,  Christopher,  his  engravitigs  on  wood, 

310. 
Sylva,  or  a  discmrse  of  Forest  frees,  1662,  notice 

of,  xiii.    occasion  of  writing  it,  xiv.    Me  6di- 

tiori  of.  ivi, 
Sylvestre,  Israel,  extent  and  character  of  his  w©rks, 

306. 
Symonds  or  Simon,  ThOnsais,  a  medal'  engraver, 

310. 
Syracusans,  their  naval  exploits,  643. 
Systylos  in  architecttu-e,  what  it  signifies,  38S, 


Table-shook,,  curiousallusiah  to  a,  132.  ancient 
Greek  names  of,  140.  waxen  ones  and  styles 
for,  262.  • 

Table  of  oak  at  Wotton  Park,  immense  size  tif 
one,  687.' 

Tables  for  inscriptioiis,  rules '  and  dh^ctions  fiif , 
421. 

Tacitus,  C.  Cornelius,  his  expression  for  hierc^ly- 
phical  monuments,  266.  his  testimony 'to  the 
British  naval  dominion,  670.  ■     / 

Vopiscus,  Emperor,  his  fondness  few  let- 
luce,  743.     his  temperance  in  food,  797> 

Taille-douce,  French  engraving  so  called,  262. 
when  invented  and  Used,  303. 

Talismans,  constellated  fighres  engraved,  269. 

Talon,  the  French  name  of  the  astragal,  378. 

.Tansy,  qualities  and  manner  of"  dressing  of,  755. 
pudding,  directions  for  making,  808. 

Tarragon,  excellent  qualities  of,'  755. 

Tart  of  herbs,  directions  for  making,  809. 

Tatian,  his  time  of  floiirishing,  268.  passage 
from  proving  the  antiquity  of  recording  by 
Sculpture,  ifa.  

Taverns  in  London,  intemperance  and  success  of 
the,  157.  organs  taken  from  the  churches  set 
tip  in,  158.  in  Hyde  Park,  account -of,- 165, 
166. 

Tavernier,  Bernier  Jean  Baptiste,  his  mention  of 
cucumbers  in  the  Levant,  740. 

Taxes  of  France  how  collectedj  65*  sources  of, 
ib.  66. 

Taxis  in  architecture  explained,  368. 

Taylor,  Jeremy,  Bishop  of  Down  and  Connor, 
his  mention  of  Evelyn's  Lucretius,  x. 

Telamones,  figures  supporting  an  ai*chitrave,  3f)l 

Temples,  ancient  ornaments  and  figures  of,  420. 

T^pest,  Peter,  reference  to  his  plates  of  the 
CTies  of  London,  484  n. 


846 


GENERAL"  INDEX. 


Tempesta,  Antonio,  account  of  his  principal  etch- 
ings, 287. 
Temporal  Peers  of  France,  their  names  and  num- 
ber, 59.    duties  of  at  a  coronation,  ib. 
Tenia,  its  signification  in  archi|ecture,  393. 
TertuUian,  J.  Septimius  Florens,  his  defence  of 

the  books  of  Seth  and  Enoch,  264. 
Tessellated  pavements  and  floors,  varieties  of,  423. 
Testudo  arch  386. 
Tetrastylos,  their   signification  in  architecture, 

388. 
Tewrdannkks,  notice  of  the  Romance  so  called, 

302  and  note. 
Thames  river  preferable  to  the  Seine,  93.    nu- 
'merous  smoky  works  on  its  banks,  207.  210. 

212.  220.  223.     infected  with  coal  smoke,  230. 

works  of  London  to  be  carried  down  the,  232. 

waters  of  sometimes  brackish  near  Greenwich, 

233.    offensive  trades  should  be  removed  from 

its  banks,  237.  .        * 

Thasii,  decks  to  vessels  invented  by  the,  637. 
Theatres,  ornaments  and  figures  anciently  used 

for,  421. 
ThemistocleSjhis  triumph  over  the  fleet  of  Xerxes, 

642. 
Theocritus,  Greek  phrase  quoted  from,  263. 
Theophrastus,  his  definition  of  the  plants  called 

Olera,  733. 
Thermae,  ornaments  and  figures  anciently  used 

for,  421. 
Thistle,  milky,  manner  of  dressing  as  asallad,  755. 
Thistles,  directions  for  dressing,  809. 
Thomasinus,    Philip,  number  and  excellence  of 

his  engravings,  302.  ■     - 

Thomson,  ,Dr.  Thomas,  his  history  of  the  Royal 

Society,  556  n.  ' 

Thucydides,  allusion  to  his  early  admiration   of 

Herodotus,  108.      his  account  of  the  Greek 

naval  engagements,  642. 
Thulden,  Theodore  Vander,  engravings  by  him, 

298. 
TibuUus,  Aulus  Albius,  his  mention  of  the  earliest 

navigators,  639. 
Tilius,  John,  his  confession  of  the  naval  weakness 

of  the  French,  669  and  note. 
Timaeus,  his  expressive  name  for  air,  215 
Timber  of  England,  decay  of,  102. 
Tiphys,  the  rudder  invented  by,  637. 
Titian  Vecelli,  his  engravings  and  designs,  284. 
Todesco,   his  singular  surname,  275. 
Toilet  of  the  ancient  ladies  of  England  described, 

706,  707,  708,  709.     dictionary  of  the  terms 
of  the,  710— 713. 
Tomicae,  what  explained,  258. 
Tondino,  the  Italian  name  of  the  Astragal,  378. 
Tone  in  shadow,  what  it  is,  824. 
Tongue,  advice  for  the  government  of  in  a  child, 

115, 116,  117. 
Tooke,  Benjamin,  the  publisher  of  Evelyn's  works, 

97  n.  ■  -^ 

Toreumata,  embossed  metal  cups,  260. 


Toreutice,  explanation  of,  358. 

Tortoise  destroyed  at  Says  Court  in  the  winter  of 
1683,  696. 

Torus,  nature  and  derivation  of  the,  377. 

Touch  of  youths  and  children  to  be  guarded,  123. 

Toulouse,  Chambre  Miparties  established  in,  72. 

Tornelle,  Court  of  La,  its  objects  and  officers,  17. 

Trajan  Port  at  Ostia,  its  excellence,  646.  ' 

Trajan's  Column,  its  carved  pedestals,  37'5.  en- 
graved plates  of,  557. 

Trallanus,  Alexander,  his  account  of  talisnians, 
269. 

Transplanting,  directions  for,  482,  486. 

Travel,  remarks  on  foreign,  viii.  use  and  end  of, 
43,  46.  instances  of  useful,  ib.  44.  censure 
of  careless,  44.  various  advices  for,  45.  in- 
conveniences of,  48.     scheme  of  European,  50. 

Tray  tor's  Perspective  Glass,  1662,  references  to 
the,  177  n.  179  n. 

Treasurer  of  the  Navy,  first  mention  of,  642. 

Treasurers  de  I'Espargne  of  France,  character  of, 
64.     ditto  of  their  office,  65.    . 

of  the  Parties  Casuelles,'  their  duties,  65. 

Treccia,  of  Milan,  the  first  engraver  on  diamond, 
290. 

Trento,  Antonio  di,  his  engravings  in  chiaro- 
scuro, 282. 

Tribonius,  his  flattery  of  Justinian,  33, 

Tribunals,  what  are  meant  by  in  architecture,  419. 

Trick-Madame,  its  qualities  and.  use,  755,  756. 

Triglyphsy  derivation,  origin,  and  nature  of,  395. 

Trochile,  derivation  and  nature  of  the",  377- 

Tropheis,  signification  of  the  word,  140. 

Truffles,  directioni  for  .dressing,  809. 

Truncus,  in  architecture,  its  signification,   374, 

375.  ■  , 
Tuberose,  Indian,  directions  for  planting,  &c.  457, 

477. 

Tuilleries,  Palace  of  the,  its  gardens  and  company 
preferable  to  those  of  Hyde  Park,  1 66: 

Tulips,  method  of  taking  up,  463, 466.  directions 
fur  planting,  481,  484.  formerly  eaten  in  sal- 
lads,  757. 

Turkish  dominions,  extreme  barbarity  and  idola- 
try of  the,  184,  1S5. 

Turks,  supposed  cause  of  the  war  between  them 
and  the  Venetians,  565.  576.  real  cause  of 
ditto,  5/5.  their  imprisonment  of  the  false 
Messiah,  598, 599,  600.  reason  of  their  tolera- 
tion of  the  Jews  who  followed  him,  602,  603. 
made  acquainted  with  his  imposture,  607. 
their  conquests  from  Christendom  and  piracy, 
653. 

Turner,  Mr.  notice  of,  and  his  works,  433  n. 

Turnips,  various  sorts,  use  and  qualities  of,  756. 
directions  for  dressing,  809. .  , 

Tuscan  Order,  .base  of  the,  how  it  it  is  formed, 

376.  impost  in  the,  385.    intercolumniation 
of  the,  388,  406.     architrave  in  the,  392,  406. 

■  frieze  in  the,  394.  regula  and  ovolo  in  the, 
396.    historical  description  and  examples,  of 


GENERAL    INDEX. 


847 


the,  405;    parts  and  measurements  of  the,  406. 

ballusters  of  the,  422. 
Tuscans,  sculpture  received  and  perfected  by  the. 

270.  ' 

Tusser,  Thomas,  notice  of  his  book  of  husbandry, 

Tyinpanum,   its  description  and  situation,  414. 

other  parts  so  called,  4 15.  how  ornamented,416. 
Tyrannm,    or   the  Mode,   1661,    notice  of   the 

tract,  xiii. 

V. 

Vandyke,  Sir  Anthony,  portraits  engiaved. after, 
^97.    his  own  etchings,  ib.        '  "* 

Vanier,  Jacques,  his  verses  on  the  smoke  of  Eng- 

■    l^rid,  234n. 

Vankessell,  Theodore,  portraits  engraved  by,  299. 

Varenius,  Bernardi  his  mention  of  the  ericourage- 
;  merit  of  artists  in  Japan,  317.  i 

Varro,  Marcus' Terentius,  references  to  concern- 
ing engraving,  259,  260.  his  mention  of  an- 
cient materials  for  writing  on,  267.  his  men- 
tion of  Mentor,  the  sculptor's  works,  272.    his 

.'    mention 'of  drawing,'326. 

Va^ari,  Giorgio,  his  account  of  the  invention  of 
engraving,  277.     his  heads  of  the  painters,  285. 

.Vassallacci,  Antonio,  studied  drawing  from  prints, 
319.     - 

Vatablius,  Franciscus,  his  translation  of  a  passage 
in  Kings,  260. 

Vaults  or  arches,  various  kinds  of,  386. 

Vauxhall,. anciently  infested  by  smoke,  223. 

Vayer,.  Francois  de  la  Mothe  le,  character  of  his 
writingsi  viii.  his  dialogue  on  retirement,  xix. 
notice  of  him  and  his  works,  3  n.  his  dedica- 
tion'to  Cardinal  Mazarine,  4. 

Vegetable  diet,  its  excellence  considered,  775, 
776—799. 

Vegetables,,  proper  to  be  planted  near  London, 
^41. /.'their  use  as  an  aliment  considered  777, 
7  73.  cause  of  their  corruption  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood.^ Of  .cities,-  778.  <  grounds  fittest  for 
the  growth  of,  779-  nutritious '"qualities; of, 
impaired,.788,789.  -  varietyof  the  diet,  and  its 
subsequent  excess,  794.  .  names  of  noble  fami- 
lies derived  from,  795  and  note. 

Vegetius,  squadrons  of  Augustus  mentioned  by, 

,     645.   .. 

Velde,  John  Van  de,  his  engraved  landscapes,  295. 

Venice,  supposed  caVise  of  the  waf  between  it  and 

.    .Tutkey„565.  576.     real  origin  of  ditto,  575. 

Venetians,  Barbary  gallies  destroyed  by  the,  576. 
their  success  in  navigation,  631 .  rise  and  pro- 
gress of  their  extensive  commerce,  648.  652. 
their  claim  to  the  Adriatic,  673. 

Veneur,  Grand,  of  France,  62. 

Verd^ri;  his;  perspective,  views,  299. 
.Vermin,  paste  for  destroying,   446.     directions 
ibrremovifig  in:gardensj''448.  455.  466.468. 
470. 

Veronese,  Paolo,  copied  the  prints  of  A.  Dujrer, 


3 19.    singular  error  in  one  of  his  pictures,  560. 

Vertue,  George,  his  notice  of  Mabugius'  picture 
of  Adam  and  Eve,  560  n. 

Vesputius,  Anhericus,  his  claim  to  the  discovery  of 
America,  655. 

Vestigii  Description  what  it  is,  371. 

Vestigium  Operis,  what  it  is,  371. 

Vessels,  structure  of  the  earliest,  636,  by  whom 
improved,  637, 

Vice,  an  enemy  to  liberty,  15.  intrudes  itself  into 
solitude,  521.  525.  527. 

Vico,  .ffirieas,  his  medals  and  engravings,  283, 

Victories  unwelcome  to  the  French,  92. 

Views  near  London,  &c.  recommended  to  be  en- 
graven, 311. 

Vignola,  Giacomo  Barozzio  de,  his  book  of  archi- 
tecture, 284.  •       '    V 

Villalpando,  John  Baptist,  his  notice  of  a  capital 
-  in  the  Temple  of  Solomon,  381.  395, 

Villamena,  Franciseo,  excellent  engravings  by^ 
286.     his  engravings  of  Trajan's  column,  557. 

Villeloin,  Mons.  de  Marolles,  Abb^  de,  his  Theatre 
of  the  Muses,  299.  extract  from  his  Memoirs, 
327.     his  wonderful  collection  of  prints,  328. 

Vincentino,  Baptista,  engravings  by,  283. 

— : Valeria,  his  works  as  a  medallist,  289. 

Vine,  parts  of  the,  used  in  sallad,  756. 

Vinegar,  directions  for  making,  811. 

Vines,  various  directions  concerning,  447.  463. 
467,  468.  471.  487.  list  of  the  best  kinds  of, 
496. 

Vineyards  in  England,  decay  of,  102.  common 
in  the  time  of  Evelyn,  468  n. 

in  France,  damaged  by  smoke  fronv 

England,  234. 

Viper-Grass,  medicinal  qualities  of  and  manner  pf 
dressing  it,  756. 

Virgilius  Maro,  Publius,  various  extracts  from 
and  references  to,  1.219  .222.231.240.  259. 
425,  431  and  note.  435.  515  n. .772. 

Virgin-love,  a  preservative  ib  chastity,  134,  135. 

Virtues  and  vices,  various  siipposed'seats  of,- 129'. 

Vischer,  Cornelius,  engravings^  by,  299. 

-Visits  in  England,  tedioiis  formality  of,  167. 

Vitellius  Aulus,  Emperor  of  Rome,  luxury  of  his 
table,  439. 

Vitruvius  Pollio,  M.  his  rule  concerning  air  and 
water  by  buildings,  218.  ancient  artists  cele- 
brated by,  318,  editions  of  mentioned,  353". 
Lexicons  to,  354.  qualities  required  by  him  in 
an  architect,  356,  357.  391.'  his  wish  concern- 
■  irig  the  estimates  of  architects,  358.  encou- 
ragement shewn  to  him,'  360.  his  definition  of 
architecture,  364.  his  connection  between  mi- 
litary and  civil  architecture,  365.  propriety  of 
columns  practised  by,  372.-  •  recommends  that 
architedts  should  understand  'drawing,  ib.  his 
'  name  for  imposts,  385.  his' ide'as  of  the  dis- 
'  positions  of  columns,  390.  his  distinction  of  a 
monoptere,  39 1 .  his  derivation  of  architectural 
pifiportion,  403.  ^ 


84a 


aENEKAX,'  INDEX* 


Ulpian,  Domitius,  his  mention  of  the  commerci&l 

privileges  of  tibe  tuatinSi  633  n. 
Ulysses,  King  oF  Ithaca,  character  of  his  tfiavels, 

47.     Boticeof  his  enahosse^  shield,  260.'  ,' 

Understanding,  nature  of  the  liberty,  of  the,  11. 

supposed  seat  of,  1^9.       "    ' 
Voice,  effect  of  the  air  of  London  on  the,  226. 
Votota,  its  <derivatipn,  meaoing,   and  varieties, 

381.    ferther  notices  of,  383.  40^.      .. 
Vflpiscus,  Flavius,  his  mention  of  ancient  mater- 
rials  for  Writing  on,  297. 
Vorst,  Van,  excellent  engravings  by,  297. 
Vossius,  Gerard,  his  account  of  the  title  of  Admir  . 

rals,  662n.  > 

,  Isaac,  his  censure  of  Peter  Calaber,  267. 

Vosterman,  Liicas,  his  effective  way  of  engraving 

Vandyke's  Heads,  297. 
Vouilleiuont,  Sebastian",  Etching  by,  299. 
Voyages  by  sea,  notice  of  the  most  ancient,  639. 
Vrie^  or  Frisius,  John  Fredeman  de,  his  perspec- 
»    tive  views,  299. 

W. 

Waldegrave,  the  Earl  of,  curious  painting  in  his 

possession,  432  n. 
Waller,  Sir  William,  biographical  notice  of,  177  n. 

■ ,  Mr.  his  extraordinary  abilities,  714  n. 

Walnuts,,  catalogues  of  the  best  kinds  of,  496. 

directions  for  pickling,  806,  807.    . 
War,  Council  of  th  France,  place  of  meeting,  76. 
Warden  Pears  formerly  sold  baked  in  London 

streets,  484  n.  '\ 

Warwick,  Robert  Rich.  Earl  of,  his  death,  177  n. 
Wase,  Christopher,  his  Latin  Epitaph  on  Richard 

Evelyn,  jun.  112  n. 
Water,  eulogium  on  the  excellence  and  beauty  of, 

630. 
Watering,  of*garcJf ns  and  various  directions  for, 

451.     of  trees,  directions  for,  464.  .474.  485. 
Water-pipes,  direcy|)ns  for  preserving,  488. 
Wa(ers  in  Wotton,  various  notices  of  the,  689, 

690. 
Water-spouts  of  London,  inconvenience  of  the, 

210. 
Water-works   of  London,   unwholesome  smoke 

arising  from  their  engines,  212. 
Watson,  Dr.  Richard,  his  testimony  of  the  shelter 

afforded  to  the  sequestrated  English  clergy  by 

Sir  Richard  Browne,  506  n. 
Western  winds  of  London,  232. 
Westminster,  much  molested  by  smoke,  223.  Hen- 
ry VII.  chapel  at  censured,  366. 
Whistler,  Dr.  instance  cited' by,  of  the  unwhole- 
some nature  of  London  air,  224. 
White,  Thomas,  reference  to  his  Extasis,  499. 
Whitehall,  Court  of  invaded  by  smoke,  207.  223. 
Whitelock,  Bulstrode,  reference  to  his  Memorials 

concerning  the  Earl  of  Strafford,  175  n.    do. 

on  Col.  Rainsborough,  179  n. 
Widows  in  France,  casual  offices  hereditary  10,-65. 


Wilderness,  no  pceservatidn  to  Israel^  froia:  Sin 

532. 
Will;  liberty,  of  the  considered,  11.    continual  r^ 

nunciation  of  itin  a  Court,  31. 
Windows,  warjous  general  directions  for,  417. 
"  Winegayd,  his  engraved  vestiges,"of  Rome,  299. 
Winter  Of  1683-84,  effects  of  its  severity,  693-*. 

696. 
Wire,  mills  for  drawing  of  brass,  first  building  o^ 

689.  .<       ; 

Wisby,  ancient  port  and  Gommercial  laws'  of,  649. 
Wisdom,  produced  by  society  and  conversation, 

537.  ■■     ■'' 

Wisdom  of  Solomon,  origin  of  idolatry  mentioned 
in  the,  266, 

Wise,  Henry,  a  gardener  at  Broinpton  Park,  re- 
commended, 497.  notice  of  him  and  his  gar- 
dens, 714,  715  and  notes,  716,  717. 

Wisemen,  of  the  ancient  philosophers  difficult  to 
discover,  22.  some  similar  to  them  in  modern 
times,  22,  23. 

Wolson,  Chevalier,  his  invention  of  heraldic 
colour  lines,  323. 

Women,  in  France,  sudden  and  early  decay- of, 
90.  hove  to*  sj)eak  of.  to  youth,  .128.  danget 
of  their  acquaintance  with  do.  133.  drawing 
of  importance  to,  326.  prone  to  bad  passions, 
520.  Plautus'  satire:  on,  703.  descriptive 
poem  on  the  dress  of,  703 — 709. 

Wood,  means  for  the  better  supply  of  London 
with,  231.  ancient  names  for  carving  and 
carvers  in,  25S.  used  anciently  for  writing  on, 
267.  273.  275.  nature  of  engraving  on,  287. 
inlaying  of  for  floors,  423.  growing  in  the 
parish  of  Wotton  in  Surrey,  687,  688.  690. 
damaged  at  Says  Court,  &c.  in  1683,  692. 
recovery  of  after  a  thaw,  693. 

Wood  Sorrel,  notice  of,  756. 

Wool,  exceljence  of  the  English,  662. 

Workmen  of  England,  conceited  and  idle  dispo- 
sitions of,  360,  361. 

World,  enslaving  nature  of  the,  16.  excellence 
of  all  its  features,  629. 

Wormius,  Olaus,  his  notice  of  Danish  hierogly- 
phics, 273. 

Worms,  vide  Vermin. 

Wormwood,  used  for  sallad,  758. 

Wotton,  Sir  Henry,  his  observations  on  statues, 
270.  his  censure  of  Albert  Durer,  277.  his 
remark  on  the  English  language,.  353.  his 
idea  of  the  model  in  architecture,  368.  373. 
his  remark  on  pilasters,  383. 

Wotton,  Surrey,  Evelyn's  Eulogy  on,  xxii.  library 
at,  volumes  there  relating  to  the  Jesuits,  500  n. 
wood  surrounding  the  estate  of,  687.  various 
notices  of  the  parish  of,  688 — 690. 

Wreathed  columns,  bisstorical  notice  of,  412. 

Wren,  Sir  Christopher,  his  house  on  the  Banksidfe, 
223  n.  his  skill  in  engraving,  327.  dedication 
addressed  to,  351.  his  works  compared  with 
gothic  architecture,  366.    eulogy  on,  562. 


GENERAL    INDEX. 


849 


Wren,  Matthew,    the,    editor    of    Harrington's 
Oceana,  145  n. 

Writing,  vide  Letters,  Sculpture,  with  ink,  a  mo- 
dern, invention,  267.    Ancient  materials  used 
for,  ib.     earliest  known  to  the  Greeks,  268.' 
of  the  Danes  and  Norwegians,  273. 

V 

X. 

Xenppfaon,  his  high.estimation  of  the  sea,  636. 
Xenophanes,  his  saying  concerning  great  men, 

31. 
Xerxes,  King  of  Persia,  his  defeat  at  sea,  642. 
Xoilos,  kind  of  engraving  signified  by,  260. 


conduct  of  towards  their  domestics,  129,  13p, 
131,  132.  impprtance  of  their  chastity  and 
means  of  preserving  it^  132 — 135.  their  regu- 
lar lasting  recommehded,  133.  do.  of  watch- 
ing, and  early  prayer,  184.  to  be  early  mar- 
ried, ib.  how  to  inspii'e  them  with  a  love  of 
virginity'and  virtue,  135..  and  with  prudence 
in  tempqt^l  and  spiritual  aifairs,  136.  excel- 
lence of  thus  educated,  and  of  their  posterity, 
ib.  how  to  be  advanced  to  the  duties  of  life, 
ib.  piincipal  dangers  of,  137-  to  be  educated 
by  means  of  engravings,  329.  should  el^ter 
into  public  employment,  548. 


Y. 

Youth,  of  France,  character  and  disposition  uf 
the,  90.  nature  of  their  education,  ib.  com- 
parison between  the  French  and  English,  91. 
not  to  be  approached  by  #iy  females,  126.  128. 
their  smelling  to  be  kept  from  perfumes,  ib. 
s^d  the  sight  of  to  be  guarded,  127.  danger  of 
the  theatre  to,  ib.  encouragements  for  vir- 
tuous, 128.     touch  of  to  be  watched,  ib.     the 


Zanches  de  Huelya,  Alphonso,  his  supposed  dis- 
covery of  America,  655.  |( 

ZeuT^s,  used  only  one  colour  in  painting,  323. 

Zoccolo  in  architecture,  what  it  signifies,  374. 

Zopirus,  his  beautiful  engravings  on  a  cup,  272. 

Zopyrus,  allusion  to  bis  zeal  for  his  sovereign,  29. 

Zowaster,  vide  chain. 

Zuylichen,  Mons.  his  inventions  and  discoveries, 
296,